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Dodge, John Franklin Some geological studies in the Santa Maria fields 1912 BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD TARGET University of California at Berkeley Library Master negative storage number: 03-67.74 (national version of the master negative storage number: CU SN03067.74) GLADIS NUMBER: 184783644A FORMAT : BK AD:991004/FZB LEVEL:D BLT:am DCF:a CSC:d4 MOD: FlL:7 UD: 030623 /MAP CP:cau L:eng INT: GPC: BIO: Fic: CON: ARCV: PC:S PD:1912/ REP: CPI: FSi: ILC: 11:0 040 CUScCU 090 $SbDISS.DODGE.GEOL 1912 100 1 Dodge, John Franklin. 245 Some geological studies in the Santa Maria fields. 260 Sc1912. 300 [i, 18 leaves :$bill. ;Sc29 cm. 502 Thesis (B.S. in Geology) --University of California, Berkeley, May, 1912. 504 Includes bibliographical references. 610 20 University of California, Berkeley.$bDept. of Geology and Geophysics$xDissertations. 690 0 Dissertations, Academic$xUCBS$SxGeology$y1911-1920. 700 1 Krigbaum, Lowell Gaynor. Microfilmed by University of California Library Photographic Service, Berkeley, CA FILMED AND PROCESSED BY LIBRARY PHOTOGRAPHIC SERVICE, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY, 94720 DATE: 08/03 REDUCTION: 10 X A THESIS PRESENTED FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE BY JOHN FRANKLIN DODGE AND LIBRARY COPY LOWELL GAYNOR KRIGBAUM MAY 1912. SOME GEOLOGICAL STUDIES IN THE SANTA MARIA FIELDS. INTRODUCTION, Location. Producing Fields. GENERAL GEOLOGY, Geological column as exposed in Suey Canyon. Sketch, Petrography of Formations. CAT CANYON FIELD. (Small Section Map). Surface Geology. Siructore according to Arnold. Well Records and Information at Hand. L Map of Producing Wells in July 1911. Type Well Record. Summit Well. Formations; Petrography; Fossils. Sections. Three Plates with description of Structure Shown, Probable Future Development and Conclusions. 1911 - 1912. John Franklin Dodge. Lowell Gaynor Krigbaum. INTRODUCTION The Santa Maria oil fields lie in the northeast- ern portion of Santa Barbara County, California, or roughly speaking about half way between Los Angeles and San Francisco. 0il was first discovered in paying quantities in what is How known as the "oil field," a region to the south of the town of Santa Maria. The production in this field has sometime since reached and passed its maximum point apparently and attention has turned to other parts of the Santa Maria Valley. Probably the most important and promising of . these is the Cat Canyon district. This is a region which differs considerably from the oil field in many ways. Oil was first discovered here in 1907 by the Palmer 0il Company which brought in a well of 16° Baume 0il. Since that time this country has been de- veloped rapidly and perhaps half a dozen companies have reached the productive 0il sands. This region is of considerable importance geologically as the sur- face geological indications are vague and the structure not wholly known. It was in an endeavor to contribute to the information on this subject that our present work was undertaken. GENERAL GEOLOGY The oldest rocks exposed in this region are those of the Franciscan formation. In Suey Canyon in the northeast corner of the valley, probably one of the best sections in the district is available for study and the accompanying sketch of the geological section and petrographical resume are the fruits of a rather hurried visit to this locality, FRANCISCAN: As we enter Suey Canyon from the San- ta Maria Valley we come first on the Franciscan, ex=- posed in patches on hill tops and in the deeper can- yons which have cut down through the alluvium which mantles the lower slopes of the foot hills. ' The rocks in this group exposed are greenstones, cherts and sand- stones. The latter are the only ones retaining defi- nite direction of bedding. They are dipping at a high angle to the east and strike to the west and north. The sandstones are intruded by the greenstones as are the cherts, the latter are also much broken up and brecciated. A petrographical resume of the formation is as follows: SANDSTONE: Almost arkose in character consisting of about equal proportions of quartz and feldspar frag- ments (orthoclase and albite). Fragments of green hornblende and biotite make up a small part of the rock. CHERTS: These are much metamorphosed radiolarian cherts varying in color from red to yellow green, lii- croscopically little can be gained from their study as they are largely ferric oxide with the cracks filled with quartz and chalcedony. The forme of the radiola- ria are practically wholly obliterated leaving spots of indefinite shape filled with silica. Brecciated and recemented cherts also occur here. BASIC INTRUSIVES: Samples from a number of out- crops of these rocks proved to be practically the same throughout. They consisted of a greenish ground-mass almost opaque, cris-crossed with a network of veins of serpentine, with considerable calcite in veins and ca- vities. Feldspars occurred as lath-like phenocrysts with a maximum extinction angle of 38° to 40° by the statistical method, placing them as basic labradorite. These greenstones are probably due to the alteration of a basic rock of a diabasic nature, probably also carrying olivine. TERTIARY: Immediately beyond the brecciated chert and intrusives comes a sandstone made of well rounded grains of quartz with very little felspathic or other accessory minerals. It appears to lie unconformably on the Franciscan as it has a much lower dip, being about 50° to the northeast. Passing over this sand- stone for about two-thirds of a mile we come to an area of igneous rocks comprising lavas and tuffs, the latter passing into fine shaly sandstone. VOLCANICS: The lavas appear to be basaltic in character and vary as follows: (a) a very fine grained, £ dark and basic looking rock with only a very few small phenocrysts. It contains much glass and looks as tho it might be on the selvage of a flow. (b) a holycrys- talline rock with an intersertal structure made up of labradorite, in phenocrysts, and laths in ground mass, basaltic hornblende more or less altered to chlorite, interstitial grains of augite, magnetite, limonite and other decomposition produets. This rock is probably a hornblende basalt. (c¢) more coarsely crystalline than (b) but somewhat similar in mineral composition. It is made up of labradorite, augite in large phenocrysts and grains, much olivine and magnetite and olivine ba= salt. The tuffs associated with these flows are very pe- culiar in appearance as well as composition. In hand specimens they appear to be a lava but under the micro- gcope they are seen to be clastic rocks, grading from a fragmental rock containing oligoclase, quartz, cal- cite and other minerals, to a very fine grained sili- ceous shaly rock, full of cavities, some filled with quartz and chalcedony, fragments of glass and crystals of a mineral believed to be zircon. The rock has the appearance of a shale with much volcanic material, which has subsequently been leached and silicified. Beyond here we pass into shales and sandstones a- gain for a distance of almost half a mile where we Celuvmnar Section an Legend. Aluvium . Monterey Formal ron S000 rere TTT : =r TAA (A Volcan ics oy ! Y) (/ sooo’ / _TTaT_a rH 4 NRE Tertiary 5.5 (Vag virer?) SECTION THRU SUEY CANYON Jooo in the viciniTy of the SANTA MARIA OIL FIELDS. Franciscan 2000 # exposed Gearing of Section WN 95 F Sovth Fes? of Jocy Creck Scale P= 2000” John Fram Alig Pedy v. Lowell baymor sr ‘9 bavm. come to two beds of tuff separated by several hundred feet of shales and sandstones. These beds were of mo- derate thickness averaging about twenty-five feet and dipping conformably with the sandstones to the north- east. Petrographically they are very similar, the lo- wer being coarser grained and both consisting of frage- ments of orthoclase and acid glass, very little guartz and few fragments of any ferromagnesian material. From the acidity of the glass and the character of the feld- spar constituent the rock would be placed as a trach- yte or rhyolite tuff. Beyond these tuffs come the shales of the Monterey series, the description of which will be left until the discussion of the formations pierced by the wells. ’ CAT CANYON FIELD As before stated the Cat Canyon Field lies about 16 miles to the south and east of the town of Santa Maria. The topography of the country is determined by a hard bed of conglomeratic sandstone which is underlain by soft uncemented sands so that once the streams have cut through the hard bed they cut down very rapidly into the softer beds below. This has resulted in a series of flat topped ridges or hills with rather deep canyons between. This hard bed of sandstone can be seen to dip gently to the north, as the hills get lower as you proceed northward from Section 23 Township © North, Range 33 West. (See accompanying sketch map.) STRUCTURE. The surface indications are rather indis- tinet but from their study, Arnold, whose bulletin on the Santa Maria Fields we have made free use of, has plotted the two anticlinal axes as shown in the sketch map. Verification of this assumed structure will be attempted in the latter part of this paper. The companies operating in the main part of this field in 1911 were the Palmer 0il Co., The Palmer An=- nex, Palmer Union 0il Co., Union 0il Co., Associated 0il Co., the latter two to the south of the Palmer, the Summit, the Despatch, the Merchants and the Los Alamos Petroleum Co. The position of the last three named is especially interesting as they lie, if Arnold's idea be correct, in the trough or syncline and hence their prospects would not appear as good as if they were further up the limb of the anticline. WELL RECORDS AND INFORMATION AT HAND. In general the records of drilling operations of the companies in this field leave much to be desired. None of the above companies with the exception of the Summit and possibly the Union, to whose records we did not have access, kept a really satisfactory log. Their reports consisted only of drillers' statements without the well samples or "physical log." During the period in which we were in the field we kept a physical rec=- ord of the wells then drilling but necessarily this was only a fragmentary record and very unsatisfactory. Through the kindness of Professor George D. Lou- derback we came into the possession of a very complete physical log and drillers' record of Summit Well #1, and have taken that as a type record for study. The accompanying map of the heart of this dis- trict is from surveys made by us in the summer of 1911. Since that time extensive improvements have been made and many new rigs built, changing the appearance of the field to a considerable extent. We are indebted to the managements of the Palmer and Palmer Annex Companies for the drillers' records of the wells in the field, which have been of great use to us in the structural sections appended later. It might be added here that although we have been forced to use the log of Palmer Well #1, little cre- dence has been placed in it and we have not attempted to explain its apparent discrepancies. TYPE WELL RECORD:- Log of the Summit Well #1. The formations met with may be roughly divided into three groups: (a) Surface Sands. (b) Shales (¢) 0i} Sands Under each of these headings each driller makes a num=- ver of subdivisions for himself, so that unless well samples are available each time a driller makes his record, little can be learned about the material. Even in the Summit log, which we have taken for study, the sample and the drillers name for the formation at that point differ hopelessly. SURFACE SANDS. From 700 to 1200 feet thick, this group comprises beds of sandstone, varying greatly in degree of induration; fine conglomerates; clays gener- ally yellow or blue; and commonly at least one horizon of soft running sand filled with water making the "heaving sand” or "quicksand" of the records. The samples from the Summit well at depths of 728-930, 934 and 1030 differ only very slightly if at all. They consist of poorly rounded grains varying in size up to a diameter of two millimeters. The sand is yellow in color and apparently was not well cemented as the grains are distinct and show no cementing mate~- rial under the hand lens. When examined microscopical- ly by placing them on a slide glass in a liquid of known refractive index (clove oil = n = 1,53 when used), they are shown to consist of quartz grains to the ex- tent of 85%, divided between clear and colorless ones, and smoky or yellow to brown, with the clear fragments in a large majority. . The remaining 15% of the grains are felspathic of refractive index below 1.53 and show- ing straight extinction on cleavage where this is vi sible, placing them as orthoclase. A small number of minute grains of green and pink color are present but they were too small in size to be determinable. The sample at 930 - 934 is markedly different from all the other samples. In appearance it is a light gray, very even grained, sand. Under the mi- croscope it is shown to consist almost wholly of clear quartz grains, well rounded and averaging a half mile limeter in diameter. A few of the grains are of smoky or stained quartz and the only other mineral is a black, non-magnetic, non-metallic mineral that occurs in a few small grains. (Probably a ferro-magnesian mineral.) THE SHALES. These form the second of the "group formations" as outlined above and are fairly uniform throughout the fields. Though variously called "blue shale, brown shale or gray shale" in the drillers' re- cord, the samples from the various parts of the field showed marked similarity in color as well as composi- tion, A good idea of the composition and variation of these shales can be obtained from the record of the examination of the samples in the laboratory. They were separated by agitation in water into coarse and fine particles and each examined separately on slide glasses in clove oil. This liquid is admirably adapted to use in the microscopic study of well specimens as it will not evaporate too rapidly, if covered with a cover glass, and serves the same purpose as balsam in being also of standard refractive index (n = 1.53), a conven- ient point in the scale. Laboratory Record. Sample 920 = 930. Coarse Material. Almost wholly organic. Cloudy material of indefinite origin. Numerous organ- ic fragments chiefly what appear to be sponge spicules. Fines. Practically all organic fragments. Many clear=- ly recognizable. Fragments of Coscinidiscus most com- mon. Many sponge spicules. Numerous dark brown to black bodies, some rounded, some angular. Are mostly opaque, translucent only on edges. Possibly bitumin- ous matter. Sample 1030, Coarse Material. About 50% mineral matter, quartz with a few fragments of orthoclase. Remainder is organic material like fines of Sample 930. Fines, Not very distinctive .or clear specimens. 80% to 90% organic fragments, sponge spicules being common. The above mentioned dark particles together with a few quartz and feldspar fragments make up the rest of the sample. A_— [ Sample 1380, Coarse Material. Numerous quartz fragments with only a few clearly recognizable organic remains. Some of the mineral fragments presented appear to show albite twinning. Brown material also present. Fines. Very fine fragments and almost wholly organic. Fragments are of same kinds as the above. Sample 1700, Coarse Material. Slide resembles a sandstone as there are no organic fragments visible. About 95% of the grains consist of quartz. Rest are feldspathic exhibiting both albite and Carlsbad twinning. Some green accessory mineral of higher refractive index than quartz. Fines. Probably 40% clearly inorganic with the rest of same general composition as fines of other samples. Sample 2025 = 2204. This sample was markedly different from the others in many ways. In the first place it was of even size so that no separation into coarse and fine, or heavy or light, was possible. It was nearly wholly made up of organic fragments containing both of the forms cited before and many others not seen in the a- bove samples. We consulted Arnold's paper on the Santa Maria Fields, the report of the "Challenger Expedition” and a number of other papers and succeeded in recogni- |2 zing besides the various forms of Coscinidiscus; "Acti- noptchus Undulatus", "Lithodesmium Cornigerum" and oth- ers. Besides these there were many fragments which we were unable to classify. Summary of Shale Samples. From the notes a- bove it can be seen that the composition of the shales vary from 75% inorganic and 25% organic material to those deeper down made up wholly up of organic frag- ments. The brown spots or particles above mentioned were the subject of an independent treatment which ap- parently yielded but little information. Suspecting that they were bituminous matter we tried the effect of such solvents as gasoline, kerosene, etc., but with small success. A three day treatment with gasoline cleared the fragments so that they were less opaque and possibly dissolved some but on the whole the num- ber appeared unchanged. The predominant fossil remain or fraghent seems to be the Coscinidiscus forming as it does about 85% of all the recognizable fragments. The variable proportion of mineral matter to organic would seem to indicate quite a decided varying of conditions of sedi- mentation; as in sample #1700 the material is almost sandy, while above and below this horizon the mineral percentage is almost nil, OIL SANDS. These are of a rather heterogeneous 13 composition being at times a fine even grained sand- stone containing pebbles up to a centimeter in diame=- ter and at other times may be made up of a poorly-sized ’ quartzose sand, with a few orthoclase fragments and here and there a pebble of a dark aphanitic rock that looks like a basic igneous volcanic (basalt?). There are two horizons of oil bearing sand recog- nized in the field, one bed usually about thirty to fifty feet thick carrying an asphaltic residue and commonly called the "Tar Sand" occurs about 600 feet above the main body of sand from which the production comes. This latter appears to vary greatly in thick- ness in the different wells having a reported maximum of 400 feet. STRUCTURAL SECTIONS. North and South Section. The section is drawn 200 feet to the east of the property line between the Palmer and Dome 0il Com=- panies which line is the middle of Section 23. It was so chosen because the wells were distributed on both sides of it fairly equally. Records of wells not in or near this line were used with the correction for difference of position computed as follows: several east and west sections were taken gnd the inclination of the beds to the east computed. By the application of this inclination which proved to average 6.25 feet per hundred feet horizontal, the well record in ques- tion could be set up or down, as was necessary, depen=- ding on whether it was to the east (down the dip) or west (up the dip). The section thus constructed proves the Pal- mer wells to be located on the limb of a rather flat an- ticline which flattens out gradually until at the Los Alamos Petroleum Company's well the beds are nearly ho- rizontal. The Despatch 0il Company is situated a little way up on the outer flank of this syncline which contin- ues with an inclination of about 4° up to the lerchants and Summit Oil Companies. These inclinations are not exactly the dip of the beds although the section is taken at a high angle to the axis of the "Gato Ridge anticline" on which the Palmer well is located. The other sections, however, show more correct values for this dip and the pitch of the anticline. The shale parting between the tar sand and the main oil sand appears to be of constant thickness as the beds follow each other very well. This tar sand is not shown in the record of the Despatch or Summit so that it must have faded out before it reached these wells, Si- milarly, lenses of 0il bearing shale are pierced in a few of the wells, which seem to have only a very local extent. As remarked before we have not attempted a detailed corre- lation of oil sands in Palmer #1 as we believe their thick- ness and number to be exaggerated, for obvious reasons. The surface of the blue shale shows a marked thinning of the bed from south to north between the los Alamos Petroleum Company and the Despatch well after which it follows along with even thickness to the north, The water sand conforms fairly well to the ge- neral structure, but as it is merely a more pervious stra- tum in other strata of sandstone, it is to be expected that the surface topography would have some effect on it. Section Parallel to Anticlinal Axis. This section is taken in a line through Palmer #3 and Los Alamos Petroleum Company's well giving it a bearing of N 45° W., It is an approximation or average of the rather sinuous course of the Gato Ridge anticline to the south. This section is practically self explanatory, the lower beds are of regular thickness following each other conformably and showing that the anticline is pitch- ing to the northwest at an angle of about 4°. Such a pitch would keep within the range of profitable drilling for a very short distance only, as the hills get higher to the west and the depth would soon be prohibitive for such a heavy oil. The top of the shale appears to be decidedly uneven as it is much thicker in the middle of the section than otherwise. This may be due to the difference in con- ditions at time of deposition or may have been eroded be- fore the top sands were laid on it as this has been sug- gested in other parts of the field. We have, however, no other definite knowledge tending to lead us to this belief. Section Down the Dip. This section is taken at right angles to the preceeding one or with a bearing of N 45° E. The exten= sion of the field in this direction is very slight and we have only two completed wells in this section. This sec- tion was taken as typical of a number tried in this direc- tion along the fields. It shows the main beds dipping, perfectly even in thickness, at an angle of about 2° or an inclination of 14 feet in a hundred. These sections together show the structure of the immediate vicinity of the Palmer and Palmer Annex per- fectly and also apparently agree in every respect with Ar- nold's conception of the structure. PROBABLE FUTURE DEVELOPMENT AND CONCLUSIONS. It is difficult to prophecy exactly the future of the wells in this neighborhood but indications would seem to be that the wells in the syncline may develop into good pumping wells, although it is hardly to be expected they would flow and show the high gas pressure that the wells high up on the flank of the anticline have shown, nor ever to reach a production of 10,000 barrels a day as did Pal- mer #1. The Los Alamos Petroleum Company's well is repor- ted to be pumping 300 barrels a day of a heavy oil and may do better when this is cleaned out somewhat. Indications would seem to be more favorable for the Summit although at present mechanical difficulties with the casing, ete, are preventing a test of the well. Further development of the district will be awaited with considerable interest as it may throw some light on the effect of such a slight fold oh the pooling of the oil. Until such development takes Place, little more can be definitely known. DOCUMENT FILMED IN SECTIONS MAP PALMER AND PALMER ANNEX: LEASES SANTA MARIA CAL: Scale 1" =200 feel JULY 1911 : Elev-130 = "100 Sea Lavel % | %o tH aoe er e———— ——- — ers ee — preset a oh = — rpm——— ow ass - oor ore i Ove parc 1 E\lev-"\S 7 2) i : | co 10) | M » 4 ol ¢ SKETCH NAP SHOWING THE SECTIONS AND STRUCTURE oa | | | [ } / | l | | | | | am lL 18 ee eS ee CAT CANYON FIELD Sana Maria Cal: JULY 911 | | Scale 1'=1320fee( | | ; : [ Lor a a lB la A | | ILos Alamos | | TPelroleus ] h.{ | ¢ i | Summyt Oi Co [ i LIE, SIR MI ee . " Palmer Annex Oil! Ca. oll i ih I ] ho | io Es NN Ge i oh 2 SEER ~~ , 5 i he, = TE po N he = 5 5 : : 5 NG % pe = pS Ltd NC = Eas : he Ee aaa Ee EE a LT GEND Sand NORTH AND SOUTH SE THROUGH A POR Water Sana th i a Lp ARRRABATRIAR POV | a iii I { Ji in ] fil Le / NI Qu 5S OY SANTA MARIA GAL: JULY 131 Ol Sand ly AW po PEERY 8 fonadid 2% sa Pvrer | Rilmer Annas 6 Ht Palmer S SERS BAL a HN gh Ee fain] dl DOCUMENT FILMED IN * SL UI EE 1 =~ — HEME EET » » a rr Rt OLR 1 ee bre ER a SECTIONS E ou z i er RENE "PPE vr pp SLL : i \ SE J i ba Lo Ed | ! ’ Sea Level | py ) rid 4 7 4 | | Hy . 31 yu: i 4 L | Ah t hy A Ae f gi | iy | / OTE Cd a A140 1000. Da) mT Lt a 7% 2 Pulls li % % rd } / |} t | / | P| 4 Ba : V7] (7 ili f | | y V4 4 vy / Sard 7 EME Wi // i A / ts A } A 1 1 | | | i 7 | Z A | | | | nT Bie Tin We. 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