No. 92-4 ©URRENT WELKDGHIES EN WDE©HNE Gallstones and Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy ..~‘.ss.a~:-,$-:$,..-sz$a..<.§§e‘ss§§ s. '3’ vim-ER 55».- ..:s.:.:=::: National Library of Medicine January 1989 through August 1992 683 Citations US. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service ¢ National Institutes of Health PUBUC HEALTH UBRARY ,‘ nunnx‘ ‘\ UBRARYJ Wm O! KCAUPONA CBM 92-4 Gallstones and Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy January 1989 through August 1992 683 Citations Prepared by Peggie S. Tillman, Ph.D., M.L.S., National Library of Medicine Sarah C. Kalser, Ph.D., and Willis R. Foster, M.D., National Institue of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service National Institutes of Health National Library of Medicine Reference Section 8600 Rockville Pike Bethesda, Maryland 20894 1992 National Library of Medicine Cataloging in Publication Tillman, Peggie S. Gallstones and laparoscopic cholecystectomy : January 1989 through August 1992 : 683 citations / prepared by Peggie S. Tillman, Sarah C. Kalser, and Willis R. Foster. —— Bethesda, Md. : U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine, Reference Section ; Washington, D.C. : For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O., 1992. v. -- (Current bibliographies in medicine ; 92-4) 1. Cholecystectomy - bibliography 2. Cholelithiasis - therapy — bibliography 3. Common Bile Duct Calculi - bibliography 4. Lithotripsy - bibliography 5. Peritoneoscopy I. Kalser, Sarah C. II. Foster, Willis R. III. National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Reference Section IV. Title V. Series OZNLM: ZW 1 M272 no.92—4 Kc; 8":‘1 SERIES NOTE Current Bibliographies in Medicine (CBM) is a continuation in part of the National Library of Medicine’s Literature Search Series, which ceased in 1987 with No. 87-15. In 1989 it also subsumed the Specialized Bibliography Series. Each bibliography in the new series covers a distinct subject area of biomedicine and is intended to fulfill a current awareness function. Citations are usually derived from searching a variety of online databases. NLM databases utilized include MEDLINE', AVLINE', BlOETl-HCSLINE', CAN CERHT, CATLINE', HEALTH, POPLINE" and TOXUNE. The only criterion for the inclusion of a particular published work is its relevance to the topic being presented; the format, ownership, or location of the material is not considered. Comments and suggestions on this series may be addressed to: Karen Patrias, Editor Current Bibliographies in Medicine Reference Section National Library of Medicine Bethesda, MD 20894 301/496-6097 Ordering Information: Current Bibliographies in Medicine is sold by the Superintendent of Documents, US. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. 20402. To order the entire CBM series for the calendar year 1992 (approx. 14 bibliographies), send $41.00 ($51.25 foreign) to the Superintendent of Documents citing GPO List ID: CBM92. For your convenience an order blank is given inside the back cover. Orders for individual bibliographies in the series ($3.25, $4.06 foreign) should be sent to the Superintendent of Documents citing the title. CBM number, and the GPO List ID given above. Use of funds for printing this periodical has been approved by the Director of the Oflice of Management and Budget through September 30, 1992. iii GALLSTONES AND LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY Approximately 20 million people in the United States have gallstones. There are about one million new cases per year, with about one-half having surgery for gallbladder removal per year. As a cause of hospitalization, gallstones are the most common digestive disease, accounting for about 600,000 hospital discharges per year and for an average length of stay of five days. Most gallstones remain asymptomatic for many years and may, in fact, never cause symptoms. However, the complications of gallstones can be severe, ranging from intense pain of a few hours (biliary colic) to life-threatening conditions such as acute cholecystitis and pancreatitis. Until two years ago, major abdominal surgery to remove the gallbladder was the prevailing treatment for symptomatic gallstone disease. The usual course of recovery was a five day hospital stay and a three to five week recovery period. Although the mortality of the operation was quite low (about 0.05% except in older or high risk individuals), non-surgical approaches were pursued and used in special situations. These medical approaches included oral dissolution therapy, contact dissolution through a catheter placed into the gallbladder, and shock-wave fragmentation combined with dissolution. All of these alternate approaches left the gallbladder intact, and therefore stone recurrence in about one—half of the cases was a major drawback. A new surgical technique, laparoscopic cholecystectomy, was introduced in France and the United States in 1989. In this relatively short time, it is estimated that over 15,000 surgeons have received some training in the technique, and the demand for the operation has escalated to the point where probably 80% of cholecystectomies are being performed in this manner. Attempts are being made to evaluate the safety and efficacy of this operation, but it is doubtful that a randomized trial can ever be done in the future to compare it with open cholecystectomy. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy does not require the abdomen to be opened, resulting in quicker healing and fewer postoperative complications such as infection. Recovery usually consists of only an overnight hospitalization and three to five days recuperation. Although complications are infrequent and usually are not serious, there have been reports of trocar injuries, intraoperative bleeding, bile-duct injuries, loss of stones and bile into the peritoneal cavity and other rare events. Since experience with the technique is mounting, complications of injuries during the learning curve and thereafter have been reported and can therefore be compared with older methods. This bibliography was prepared in support of the National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference titled Gallstones and Laparoscopic cholecystectomy held in Bethesda, Maryland on September 14-16, 1992. It consists of citations to journal articles published from 1989 to the present and to monographs and audiovisuals from 1986. For the most part, foreign language material, letters, editorials, case reports, and in vitro and animal studies have been omitted. Arrangement of the bibliography is by type of material. Journal articles are presented first, further subdivided into six subject categories; an article may appear in more than one category and review articles have been separated out. Audiovisuals, listed by title, and monographs, arranged alphabetically by author, follow. SEARCH STRATEGY A variety of online databases are usually searched in preparing bibliographies in the CBM series. To assist you in updating or otherwise manipulating the material in this search, the strategy used for the NLM‘s MEDLINE database is given below. Please note that the search strategies presented here differ from individual demand searches in that they are generally broadly formulated and irrelevant citations edited out prior to printing. SS 1 = CHOLELITHIASIS OR COMMON BILE DUCT CALCULI OR CHOLECYSTECTOMY OR LITHOTRIPSY SS 2 = PERITONEOSCOPY OR LAPAROTOMY OR ALL LAPAROSCOP: (TW) SS 3 = CHENODEOXYCHOLIC ACID OR URSODEOXYCHOLIC ACID OR ETHERS OR DEOXYCHOLIC ACID OR BILE ACIDS A#D SALTS OR SOLVENTS OR DRUG THERAPY ss 4 = (TW) GALL AND ALL STONE# OR ALL GALLSTONE# ss 5 = 1 OR 2 OR 3 ss 6 = 4 AND 5 ss 7 = 6 AND NOT FOR (LA) sss =1 AND 2 AND FOR (LA) SS9=7 0R8 GRATEFUL MEDo To make online searching easier and more efficient, the Library offers GRATEFUL MED, microcomputer— based software that'provides a user-friendly interface to most NLM databases. This software was specifically developed for health professionals and features multiple choice menus and "fill in the blank" screens for easy search preparation. GRATEFUL MED runs on an IBM PC (or IBM-compatible) with DOS 2.0 or a Macintosh, and requires a Hayes (or Hayes-compatible) modem. It may be purchased from the National Technical Information Service in Springfield, Virginia, for $29.95 (plus $3.00 per order for shipping). For your convenience, an order blank has been enclosed at the back of this bibliography. vi SANIPLE CITATION S Citations in this bibliographic series are formatted according to the rules established for Index Medicus'*. Sample journal and monograph citations appear below. For journal articles written in a foreign language, the English translation of the title is placed in brackets; for monographs, the title is given in the original language. In both cases the language of publication is shown by a three letter abbreviation appearing at the end of the citation. Note also that a colon (1) may appear within an author’s name or article title. The NLM computer system automatically inserts this symbol in the place of a diacritical mark. Journal Article: Au hors Article Title Fink A, McFQen D. Gallstone dissolution agents. Ohio Med 1990 Mar;86(i5):210-3. Abbreviated Journal Date Volume Issue Pages Title Monograph: Authors/Editors Title Cass A, Stahlgren LH, editors. Principles of biliary lithotripsy. Mount Kisco (NY): Futura Pub. Co.; 1989. 104 p. Place of Publisher Date Total No. Publication of Pages *For details of the formats used for references, see the following publication: Patrias, Karen. National Library of Medicine recommended formats for bibliographic citation. Bethesda (MD): The Library; 1991 Apr. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; PB91-182030. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Epidemiology and Etiology Treatments of Gallbladder Stones Open Cholecystectomy Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Dissolution Therapy Lithotripsy Other Treatments of Non-Gallbladder Stones Audiovisuals Monographs ix page 12 16 27 27 30 31 EPIDENIIOLOGY AND ETIOLOGY Reviews Buiumsohn A, Albu E, Gerst PH, Subbarao MJ. Cholelithiasis and teenage mothers. J Adolesc Health Care 1990 Jul;11(4):339—42. Busch N, Matem S. Current concepts in cholesterol gallstone pathogenesis. Eur J Clin Invest 1991 Oct; 21(5):453-60. Centonze S, Misciagna G. Relationships between environmental and genetic risk factors in the aetiology of diseases and problems in the interpretation of case—control and cohort studies. Cholelithiasis as a model. Ital J Gastroenterol 1990 Feb;22(1):50-2. Cooper AD. Metabolic basis of cholesterol gallstone disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1991 Mar; 20(1):21-46. Crowther RS, Soloway RD. Pigment gallstone pathogenesis: from man to molecules. Semin Liver Dis 1990 Aug;10(3):171-80. Diehl AK. Epidemiology and natural history of gallstone disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1991 Mar;20(1):1-19. Duane WC. Pathogenesis of gallstones: implications for management. Hosp Pract (Off Ed) 1990 Mar 15;25(3):65-76, 79-80. Friesen CA, Roberts CC. Cholelithiasis. Clinical characteristics in children. Case analysis and literature review. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1989 Jul; 28(7):294-8. Gibney EJ. Asymptomatic gallstones. Br J Surg 1990 Apr;77(4):368-72. Hay DW, Carey MC. Pathophysiology and pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstone formation. Semin Liver Dis 1990 Aug;10(3):159—70. Ikard RW. Gallstones, cholecystitis and diabetes [published erratum appears in Surg Gynecol Obstet 1991 Jul;173(1):72]. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1990 Dec;l71(6):528-32. Ingber S, Jacobson IM. Biliary and pancreatic disease in the elderly. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1990 Jun;19(2):433-57. J orgensen T. Gallstones. An epidemiological investigation. Dan Med Bull 1990 Aug;37(4): 336-46. Krasman ML, Gracie WA, Strasius SR. Biliary tract disease in the aged. Clin Geriatr Med 1991 May; 7(2): 347-70. Lee SP. Pathophysiology of gallstone formation. Clin Ther 1990 May-Jun; 12(3): 194-9. Lim JH. Oriental cholangiohepatitis: pathologic, clinical, and radiologic features. AI R Am J Roentgenol 1991 Jul;157(1):l-8. Misra SP, Dwivedi M. Do gallstones cause chronic pancreatitis? Int J Pancreatol 1991 Sep;10(1): 97-102. Neoptolemos JP. Acute biliary pancreatitis. Ital J Gastroenterol 1991 Dec;23(9):570—3. Patti MG, Pellegrini CA. Gallstone pancreatitis. Surg Clin North Am 1990 Dec;70(6):1277-95. Paumgartner G, Sauerbruch T. Gallstones: pathogenesis. Lancet 1991 Nov 2;338(8775): 1117-21. Tandon RK. Current development in the pathogenesis of gallstones. Trop Gastroenterol 1990 Jul-Sep; 1 1(3): 130-9 . Others Attili AF, Natali L, Cincis M, De Bemardinis G, Properzi A, Simi M, Vittorini C. Incidence and indications for cholecystectomy in a public health district of a small town in central Italy. J Clin Gastroenterol 1991 Oct;13(5):580—2. Cipollini F, Mecozzi V, Altilia F. Increased risk for gallstone disease in subjects operated on for partial gastrectomy with gastro—jejunostomy (BII operation). Ital J Gastroenterol 1991 Jul-Aug;23(6): 351-3. Conte D, Barisani D, Mandelli C, Bodini P, Borzio M, Pistoso S, Segala M, Aimo GP, Fraquelli M, Bianchi PA. Cholelithiasis in cirrhosis: analysis of 500 cases. Am J Gastroenterol 1991 Nov;86(11): 1629-32. Cucchiaro G, Rossitch JC, Bowie J, Branum GD, Niotis MT, Watters CR, Meyers WC. Clinical significance of ultrasonographically detected coincidental gallstones. Dig Dis Sci 1990 Apr; 35(4):417r21. Cucchiaro G, Watters CR, Rossitch J C, Meyers WC. Deaths from gallstones. Incidence and associated clinical factors. Ann Surg 1989 Feb;209(2):149-51. Cuzick J, Babiker AG. Pancreatic cancer, alcohol, diabetes mellitus and gall-bladder disease. Int J ,Cancer 1989 Mar 15;43(3):415-21. Durosinmi MA, Ogunseyinde A0, Olatunji PO, Esan GJ. Prevalence of cholelithiasis in Nigerians with sickle cell disease. Afr J Med Med Sci 1989 Sep; 18(3):223-7. Egbert AM. Gallstone symptoms. Myth and reality. Postgrad Med 1991 Oct;90(5):119-26. Everson GT, McKinley C, Kern F Jr. Mechanisms of gallstone formation in women. Effects of exogenous estrogen (Premarin) and dietary cholesterol on hepatic lipid metabolism. J Clin Invest 1991 Jan; 87(1):237-46. Festi D, Lalloni L, Taroni F, Barbara L, Menotti A, Ricci G. Inter and intra-observer variation in ultrasonographic detection of gallstones: the Multicenter Italian study 'on epidemiology of cholelithiasis (M.I.COL.). Eur J Epidemiol 1989 Mar;5(1):51-7. Fisher RL, Hofmann AF, Converse J L, Rossi SS, Lan SP. The lack of relationship between hepatotoxicity and lithocholic-acid sulfation in biliary bile acids during chenodiol therapy in the National Cooperative Gallstone Study. Hepatology 1991 Sep; 14(3):454-63. Friedman GD, Raviola CA, Fireman B. Prognosis of gallstones with mild or no symptoms: 25 years of follow-up in a health maintenance organization. J Clin Epidemiol 1989;42(2):127-36. Fukuzako H, Hashiguchi T, Nomaguchi M, Nagatomo I, Matsumoto K. Ultrasonography detected a higher incidence of gallstones in psychiatric inpatients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1991 Jul 84(1): 83-5. Gogna A, Kar P, Acharya NR, Anand VJ, Kapoor R. Polarized light microscopic examination of human bile in the diagnosis of microlithiasis of the gallbladder. Trop Gastroenterol 1989 Jul-Sep; 10(3): 167-72. Henriksson P, Einarsson K, Eriksson A, Kelter U, Angelin B. Estrogen-induced gallstone formation in males. Relation to changes in serum and biliary lipids during hormonal treatment of prostatic carcinoma. J Clin Invest 1989 Sep;84(3):811-6. Hopper KD, Landis JR, Meilstrup J W, McCauslin MA, Sechtin AG. The prevalence of asymptomatic gallstones in the general population. Invest Radiol 1991 Nov;26(11):939-45. House AK, Ingram DM. Cholelithiasis in a teaching hospital: a review of clinical and post—mortem experiences. Med J Aust 1989 Feb 6;150(3):137—9. Isogai M, Hachisuka K, Yamaguchi A, Nakano S. Etiology and pathogenesis of marked elevation of serum transaminase in patients with acute gallstone disuse. HPB Surg 1991 Jun;4(2):95—105; discussion 106-7. Jensen KH, Jorgensen T. Incidence of gallstones in a Danish population. Gastroenterology 1991 Mar; 100(3):790-4. Jorgensen T, Rafaelsen S. Gallstones and colorectal cancer--there is a relationship, but it is hardly due to cholecystectomy. Dis Colon Rectum 1992 Jan; 35(1):24-8. Jungst D, Lang T, von Ritter C, Paumgartner G. Role of high total protein in gallbladder bile in the formation of cholesterol gallstones. Gastroenterology 1991 Jun; 100(6): 1724-9. Kefene H, Oljo G, Desta B, Teklemariam M. Gallstone disease in an Ethiopian referral hospital [published erratum appears in Ethiop Med J 1990 Jan;28(1):47]. Ethiop Med J 1989 Oct;27(4): 209-16. Lorusso D, Leo S, Mossa A, Misciagna G, Guerra V. Cholelithiasis in inflammatory bowel disease. A case—control study. Dis Colon Rectum 1990 Sep; 33(9):791-4. Marks JW, Bonorris GG, Schoenfield LJ. Roles of deoxycholate and arachidonate in pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstones in obese patients during rapid loss of weight. Dig Dis Sci 1991 Jul;36(7):957-60. Maurer KR, Everhart J E, Knowler WC, Shawker TH, Roth HP. Risk factors for gallstone disease in the Hispanic populations of the United States. Am J Epidemiol 1990 May;131(5):836—44. Misra SP, Gulati P, Thorat VK, Vij JC, Anand BS. Pancreaticobiliary ductal union in biliary diseases. An endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic study. Gastroenterology 1989 Mar;96(3):907-12. Murray FE, Smith BF. Non—mucin proteins in the matrix of human cholesterol gallstones. Scand J Gastroenterol 1991 Jul;26(7):717-23. Nilsell K. Bile acid pool size and gallbladder storage capacity in gallstone disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1990 Apr;25(4):389-94. Oria A, Alvarez J, Chiappetta L, Spina J C, Hernandez N, Iovaldi M, Ocampo C, Paladino A. Choledocholithiasis in acute gallstone pancreatitis. Incidence and clinical significance. Arch Surg 1991 May;126(5):566-8. Park HZ, Lee SP, Schy AL. Ceftriaxone—associated gallbladder sludge. Identification of calcium- ceftriaxone salt as a major component of gallbladder precipitate. Gastroenterology 1991 Jun;100(6): 1665-70. Pathogenesis and therapy of gallstone disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1991 Mar;20(1): 1-234. Persson GE, Thulin AJ. Prevalence of gallstone disease in patients with diabetes mellitus. A case-control study. Eur J Surg 1991 Oct;157(10):579—82. Ransohoff DF, Gracie WA. Management of patients with symptomatic gallstones: a quantitative analysis. Am J Med 1990 Feb;88(2):154-60. Ravnborg L, Teilum D, Pedersen LR. Gallbladder stones classified by chemical analysis of cholesterol content. Frederiksberg, 1987-1988. Scand J Gastroenterol 1990 Jul;25(7):720—4. Reif S, Sloven DG, Lebenthal E. Gallstones in children. Characterization by age, etiology, and outcome. Am J Dis Child 1991 Jan;l45(l):105-8. Rhodes M, Venables CW. Symptomatic gallstones--a disease of non-smokers? Digestion 1991;49(4): 221-6. Sarli L, Gafa M, Monica C, Longinotti E, Pietra N, Carreras F, Peracchia A. Cholesterol crystals in biliary microlithiasis. Int Surg 1989 Apr—Jun; 74(2):104-6. Simonovis NJ, Wells CK, Feinstein AR. In—vivo and post—mortem gallstones: support for validity of the "epidemiologic necropsy" screening technique. Am J Epidemiol 1991 May 1;133(9):922-31. Sitzmann JV, Pitt HA, Steinbom PA, Pasha ZR, Sanders RC. Cholecystokinin prevents parenteral nutrition induced biliary sludge in humans. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1990 Jan;l70(1):25-31. Tamimi TM, Wosomu L, al-Khozaim A, Abdul—Ghani A. Increased cholecystectomy rates in Saudi Arabia. Lancet 1990 Nov 17;336(8725):1235—7. Tilahun E, Whittaker LR. Comparison of oral cholecystography (OCG) with real time ultrasonography in the diagnosis of cholelithiasis at the Tikur Anbessa Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. East Afr Med J 1990 Jan;67(1):39—42. Warren BL. Small vessel occlusion in acute acalculous cholecystitis. Surgery 1992 Feb;111(2):163—8. Yamamoto M, Nakajo S, Tahara E. Gallstones in gallbladder diseases. Acta Pathol Jpn 1989 Sep; 39(9):582—5. 4 OPEN CHOLECYSTECTOMY Reviews Cahalane MJ, Shapiro ME, Silen W. Abdominal incision: decision or indecision? Lancet 1989 Jan 21;1(8630):146—8. Holcomb GW Jr, Holcomb GW 3d. Cholelithiasis in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatr Rev 1990 Mar;11(9):268-74. Mack E. Role of surgery in the management of gallstones. Semin Liver Dis 1990 Aug;10(3): 222-31. McSherry CK. Advantages of elective surgical treatment of gallstones. Hepatogastroenterology 1989 Oct;36(5):330—2. McSherry CK. Cholecystectomy: the gold standard. Am J Surg 1989 Sep;158(3):174-8. Others Baxter JN, O’Dwyer PJ. Laparoscopic or minilaparotomy cholecystectomy? [published erratum appears in BMJ 1992 Mar 21;304(6829): 771] BMJ 1992 Feb 29;304(6826):559-60. Block P, Kelly TR. Management of gallstone pancreatitis during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1989 May;168(5): 426-8. Bosmans E, Onsea J, Verboven H. Gallbladder cancer as unexpected finding at cholecystectomy for benign disease. Acta Chir Belg 1990 Sep—Oct;90(5):207-12. Bragg LE, Thompson J S. Concomitant cholecystectomy for asymptomatic cholelithiasis. Arch Surg 1989 Apr;124(4):460-2. Burdiles P, Csendes A, Diaz JC, Maluenda F, Avila S, Jorquera P, Aldunate M. Factors affecting mortality in patients over 70 years of age submitted to surgery for gallbladder or common bile duct stones. Hepatogastroenterology 1989 Jun;36(3): 136-9. Cabrol J, Navarro X, Simo-Deu J, Segura R. Evaluation of duodenogastric reflux in gallstone disease before and after simple cholecystectomy. Am J Surg 1990 Sep;160(3):283-6. Chaudhary A, Khanna R, Salunkhe S, Kapoor R, Sachdev A, Aranya RC. Tubeless, drainless, short—stay cholecystectomy. Indian J Gastroenterol 1992 Jan;11(1):9-10. Frazee RC, Roberts JW, Okeson GC, Symmonds RE, Snyder SK, Hendricks J C, Smith RW. Open versus laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A comparison of postoperative pulmonary function. Ann Surg 1991 Jun;213(6):651-3; discussion 653-4. Gadacz TR, Talamini MA. Traditional versus laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Am J Surg 1991 Mar;161(3):336-8. Gilchrist BF, Vlessis AA, Kay GA, Swartz K, Dennis D. Open versus laparoscopic cholecystectomy: an initial analysis. J Laparoendosc Surg 1991 Aug; 1(4):193-6. Gilliland TM, Traverso LW. Modern standards for comparison of cholecystectomy with alternative treatments for symptomatic cholelithiasis with emphasis on long—term relief of symptoms. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1990 J an;170(1):39-44. Glaser F, Kuntz C, Buhr HJ. [Analgesic consumption--laparoscopic versus conventional cholecystectomy]. Chirurg 1992 Mar;63(3):216-8. (Ger). Glinatsis MT, Griffith JP, McMahon MJ. Open versus laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a retrospective comparative study. J Laparoendosc Surg 1992 Apr; 2(2):81-6; discussion 87. Grande M, Torquati A, Farinon AM. Wound infection after cholecystectomy. Correlation between bacteria in bile and wound infection after operation on the gallbladder for acute and chronic gallstone disease. Eur J Surg 1992 Feb;158(2):109-12. Jonson G, Nilsson DM, Nilsson T. Cystic duct remnants and biliary symptoms after cholecystectomy. A randomised comparison of two operative techniques. Eur J Surg 1991 Oct;157(10): 583-6. Kunz R, Orth K, Vogel J, Steinacker JM, Meitinger A, Bruckner U, Beger HG. [Laparoscopic cholecystectomy versus mini-lap-cholecystectomy. Results of a prospective, randomized study]. Chirurg 1992 Apr;63(4):291-5. (Ger). Morgenstem L, Wong L, Berci G. Twelve hundred open cholecystectomies before the laparoscopic era. A standard for comparison. Arch Surg 1992 Apr; 127(4):400-3. Neugebauer E, Troidl H, Spangenberger W, Dietrich A, Lefering R. Conventional versus laparoscopic cholecystectomy and the randomized controlled trial. Cholecystectomy Study Group. Br J Surg 1991 Feb;78(2):150—4. Penninckx F, Aerts R, Kerremans R, Koninckx PR. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: some advantages or just an artifice of new technology? HPB Surg 1991 Apr;3(4):291-4; discussion 294-5. Reddick EJ, Olsen DO. Laparoscopic laser cholecystectomy. A comparison with mini-lap cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc 1989;3(3):131-3. Sonpal IM, Schreiber H, Byramjee AM. The rationale for incidental cholecystectomy during major abdominal vascular surgery. Am Surg 1991 Sep; 57(9):579-81. Soper NJ, Barteau JA, Clayman RV, Ashley SW, Dunnegan DL. Comparison of early postoperative results for laparoscopic versus standard open cholecystectomy. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1992 Feb; 174(2): 1 14-8 . Testas P, Chollet J M, De Watteville J C. [A trial of evaluation of cholecystectomy by celioscopic approach. Apropos of 2266 patients]. Chirurgie 1990;116(10):844—7. (Fre). Vanderpool D, Lane BW, Winter J W 4th, Bone GE. Cholecystectomy. South Med J 1989 Apr;82(4): 450—2. vanSonnenberg E, D’Agostino HB, Casola G, Hoyt DB, Lurie A, Vamey RR. Gallbladder perforation and bile leakage: percutaneous treatment. Radiology 1991 Mar;l78(3):687-9. Westlake PJ, Hershfield NB, Kelly JK, Kloiber R, Lui R, Sutherland LR, Shaffer EA. Chronic right upper quadrant pain without gallstones: does HIDA scan predict outcome after cholecystectomy? Am J Gastroenterol 1990 Aug;85(8):986-90. Wieden TE, Gerberding J, Weiser HF. [Laparoscopic cholecystectomy--benefit or risk?]. Leber Magen Darm 1992 Jan;22(1):22-6. (Ger). 6 LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY Reviews Adams DB, Greene FL. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a time for reflection. J S C Med Assoc 1990 Dec;86(12):613-6. Bouchier IA. The formation of gallstones. Keio J Med 1992 Mar;41(1):l—5. Brandon JC, Velez MA, Teplick SK, Mueller PR, Rattner DW, Broadwater JR Jr, Lang NP, Eidt JF. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: evolution, early results, and impact on nonsurgical gallstone therapies. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1991 Aug;157(2): 235-9. Brooks DC, Becker JM, Carr-Locke DL. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol 1991 Mar;5(1):225-38. Chung RS, Broughan TA. The phenomenal growth of laparoscqpic cholecystectomy: a review. Cleve Clin J Med 1992 Mar-Apr;59(2):186-90. Cuschieri A. Minimal access surgery: the birth of a new era. J R Coll Surg Edinb 1990 Dec;35(6): 345-7. Cuschieri A. Non-surgical options for the management , of gallstone disease: an overview. Surg Endosc 1990;4(3):127—31; discussion 136-40. Farha GJ , Beamer RL. New options for treating gallstone disease. Am Fam Physician 1991 Oct; 44(4):]295-304. Graffis R, Jordan L, Lingeman JE, Moster MB. New alternatives in gallstone treatment. Indiana Med 1992 Jan-Feb;85(1):34—40. Griffith DP, Rubio PA, Gleeson MJ. Percutaneous endoscopic treatment of cholelithiasis. Surg Endosc 1990;4(3):l41-8; discussion 149. Hardy KJ. Surgeons, gallstones and the gall—bladder. Aust N Z J Surg 1991 Feb;61(2):95-101. Holohan TV. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Lancet 1991 Sep 28;338(8770):801-3. Hunter JG. 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