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THE LIBRARY OF

THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

ARCHITECTURE

PRESENTED BY

PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOIDV





i

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9A Sure

METHOD

0 F

Improving ESTATES,

B Y

Plantations of Oak, Elm, Ash, Beech, and other Ti m b f.r-Trees, C o f p t cF.-Woods, &c. Wherein is demonftrated, the NecelTity and Advantages thereof; their Manner of raifing, cultivating, felling, &c. in all Kinds of Soils, whereby Estates may be greatly improv’d.

Offered to the Confderation of the Nobility and Gentry of G REA T-B rit-AIN.

By Batty Langley, of

TWICKENHAM.

LONDON:

Printed for Frahcis Clay, at the Bible, and Daniel Browne,at the Black-Swan, without Temple-Bar. Mdccxxviii.%

A r *	*		V
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To the Right Honourable, the

Lord Viscount

TO RRI NGTONi

And to the reft of the

Lords Commiflioners

;of THE

AD M1RA LTK

My Lords,

O	whom could 1 more jufi-ly inscribe this Treat!fe of the Manner of Improving Lands in general by Plantations of Timber, in Great-Britain and Ireland, than to thofe who are by hit mojl Gracious Majefty entrufted with A X	ih(

&908141DEDI CATION.

the Care and Direction of his Royal Navy; the Bulwark and Glory cf Great-Britain.

The Britifh Nation having been fo renowned in all <*Ages, for its Naval and Maritime ^Affairs; fhould it happen to a Supine Negledt in the prefent Generation of the Eflated Gentlemen and Land-holders, that its Tower and Commerce Jlmld decay by Want of careful Plantations of Timber for our Naval Defence and Trade; What ill Consequences mu(l enfue to the ‘Benefit of the People, the Glory of his MajeflyB Navy, and the lnterefl and Trade of this Country ?

Thefe Confederations, make me humbly prefume, My Lords, to Dedicate the following Papers to your Lord-DEDICATION.

Lordfhips rPatronage and protection, which are intended for the Service of my Country, and the Intereft and Glory ^Great-Britain and Ireland.

I am your Lordfhips Moft Obedient Humble Servant

Batty Langley,

A 3

CON-AdvertiJeMent.

To the Noejlit y and Gentry of Great-Britain.

HE RE AS the Snccefs of Plantations

wholly depends upon the well preparing "of Soils, and adapting the feveral Kinds of Timber-Trees to their various Natures :

These are to give Notice, that the Author’s Advice may be commanded to any Part of Great Britain or Ireland.

As alio, for the laying out, and planting of Gardens in general, after a rural and more grand Manner, than has been done before. And Aro-blemens EJlates moll accurately Survey'd and mapp'd^ with curious Pr'ofpcfts thereof: Alfo,

Grottoes, Baths, Cafcades, Fountains, Canals made, and Engines for raifing Water to any Height required.

Timber mealiired and valued, either growing or fell’d.

And in Confideration that the juft Menfura-tion of Timber being mofl expeditioufly perform’d by the Line of Numbers, on the two Feet, Gr Hiding Rules •, this is to inform the Curious, that the mojl accurate Rules for thefe Purpoles, as well as all other mathematical Injlrumcnts, in Silver, BrafSy Ivory or IVood, arc mofl exactly made and fold, at very reafonable Rates, by Benjamin Scctt, at the Mariner and Globe, againfl: Exeter Change in the Strand, London*■'THE

CO xNTENTS.

—„„ r,Vve the imbibing Force and Perfpirations of Timber-trees. Chap. I. Of the Oak. Its Manner of rai-fing for Timber in ParksWoods j Fo-

Chap. II. Of the Manner of raifing Hei-thorns, Crab-ilocks, and Furzes, for En-

Chap. III. Of the real Exfences incident to the preceding Plantations of Oaks, and the Advantages that arife to Eftates

Chap. IV. Of the Perforations of the fe-veral Kinds of Elms, their Manner of raifing and ordering for Timber3 in Woods^ Parks,, ForeJlsj Hedge-rows &c* And the Advantages that arife rrom fnch Plantations.	48

Page

reflsj Coppices >

1

clofares of WoodCorn> See.

therefrom.

A 4

Chap.CONTENTS.

Chap. V. Of the Perfpiration of the Afb, its Manner of raifing and ordering for Timberj and <T)nderwoodJ and the Advantages that arife to Efiates from fuch 'Plantations.	So

Chap. VI. Of the Beech, its Manner of raifing and ordering for Timber and 'Underwood, in Woodsj Coppicesj 8tc. 96 Chap. VII. Of the Birch-Tree, its Manner of raifing in Coppices j Gardens> &rc.

102

Chap. VIII. Of the Perfpiration of the Platanus, or old Roman Plane-Tree : Its Manner of raifing. and planting in Avenuesj Walks j Groves j &c.	104

Chap. IX. Of the Portugal (or eatable) Chefnut: Its Manner of raifing end ordering for Timberj ‘Underwoodj &c. ic6 Chap. X. Of the Horfe-Chefnut-Tree : Its Manner of raifing and ordering for A-venues, Walks j Groves> WilderneJfeSj &c.	118

Chap. XI. Of the Perfpiration of the \Vall-nut-Tree : Its Manner of raifing for Timber j kc.	125

Chap. XII. Of the Perfpiration of the Linie-T ree : Its Manner of raifing and

plant-CONTENTS.

planting in Avenues, Walks, Wilder-neffes, &c. and in Turks, Woods, &c. for Timber.	19 9

Chap. XIII. 0/ ^ Terfpiration of the Service-Tree : Its Manner of raifmg and planting in Avenues, Walks, Groves, Tafiures, &c.	145

Chap. XIV. Of the Terfpiration of the Maple-Tree : Its Manner of raijing and planting in Avenues, Walks, Groves, Tafiures, Sec.	148

Chap. XV. Of the Sycamore: Its Manner of raijing for Timber, in Tarks, Woods, See.	I53

Chap. XVI. Of the Hornbeam-Tree : Its Manner of raifmg for Timber in Coppices, Woods, Tarks, &c.	155

Chap. XVII. Of the Quick-beamor Witchen-Tree.	162

Chap. XVIII. Of the Hazel : Its Manner of raifing for Underwoods, &c.	1 £4

Chap. XIX. Of the Manner of raifing the Scotch Fir and Pine, in Tarks, Woods, Sec.	165

Chap. XX. Of the Aquaticks, viz. The Poplar, Afpen, Abeal, Alder, Withy Sallow, Ozier, and Willow.	169

Chap-.CONTENTS.-1

Chap. XXL Of the feveral Soils where* in the preceding Trees delight | of which Eftates confift.	182’

Chap. XXII. Of the extraordinary Growths and Magnitudes of Trees.	184

Chap. XXIII. Of the Government of Tim-her Trees, and Coppice Wood, after planting and felling.	20.5

Chap. XXIV. Of Tithes incident to Woodlands j Coppicesj &c.	213

Appendix. Of the Me jifur at ion of Timber, •after the common Method, and the deceitful Ways of taking cDimenfions, with Geometrical Rulesj	the true Men fixation thereof.	216

INTRO-INTRODUCTION.

Having duly confider’d the vaft Quantities of Timber that have been felled, and employ’d in our Civil, as. well as Naval Structures, in this .prefent Age ; and the final! Quantities propagated, for a SuccefTion; find that, if Plantations thereof are* not fpeedily made, our Nation will be entirely exhaufted of building Timber, before fixty Years are ended.

Indeed, at this very Junflure, we have very little building Timber in our Woods and Forefts to boafi: of, and are already much oblig’d to Foreigners, for great Quantities, for our Civil Ufes: But fhould we ever happen (which God forbid) to be obliged to purchafe of them Timber for our Shipping, (by want thereof at Home) his to be feared, that this glorious, and noW* powerful flourifhing Nation, that governs the Seas, muft fubmit to every Invafion

that’sii I NT ROWCTION.

that’s made, for want of its wooden Walls of Defence.

Mr. Evelyn, above fifty Years ago, wrote a Treatife on the Propagation of Foreft Trees: Wherein he Reports in his 33 Chapter, Tage 207. “ That in the great Expe-w dition of Eighty Eight, it was exprefsly “ enjoin’d the Spanijh Commanders of that <c Signal Armada; that if when landed, M they fhould not be able to fubdue our <c Nation, and make good their Conqueft, M they fhould yet be fure not to leave a u Tree {landing in the Foreft of *Dean : It - was like the Policy of the Philiftines, u when the poor Ifraelites went down to u their Enemies Smiths to fharpen every u Man his Tools ; for as they faid, left the iC Hebrews make them Swords, or Spears ; a fo thefe, left the Engiifli build them “ Shipsj and Men of War.

But, befides this Neceflity of national Security, the Advantages and Plea-fures thereof are fo very great, that in my humble Opinion, there’s not one fingle Gentleman, but will purfue the Pleafures and Profits thereof; altho’ ’tis true, that fome may fay, That tornake Plantations of Timber Trees now, that will not bp

fale-JNTROT>V CTION. ill

faleable under thirty or forty Years hence, when they may be in their Graves, will be no Advantage to them; yet, I muft beg leave to inform all fuch (who make no Provifion for Pofterity) that every Year af-ter fuch Plantations are made, their Lands are always encreafing their Value, as the Trees advance in Growth, So that even at the End of the firft Year after Planting* were their Eftates to be fold, they are of a much more confiderable Value, than wheii naked thereof. Befides, the Expence therein at the firft is very inconfiderable, and the Pleafures thereof very great. Which will plainly appear in the following Sheets.

Before that I proceed to the Culture of the following Vegetables, There are two Operations of Nature, that I muft explain, for the right underftanding thereof, viz. The Force with which Nature imbibes Nourifhment for their Support; .and the Power with which fhe difcharges the crude Part thereof by Perfpiration, to permit a Succeftion.

That Vegetables imbibe Nourifhment at their Roots, I need not give my felf the Trouble to explain, it being known to many, and believ’d by every one; but that

Vege-iv INTRODUCTION.

Vegetables do alfo imbibe Nourifhment at their Leaves, as well as perfpire it away there alfo ; there’s but few that are acquainted therewith. And fince that the Succefs of our Labours do’s wholly depend upon the Knowledge thereof, I will illuftrate the fame by Experiments.

To prove that the Branches of Trees will imbibe Water at their extream PartSj when cutj at Pruning> Loppings 8cc.

Made choice of the Branch of an Elm

Tree, that grew almoft perpendicularly, whofe End I cut off, where its Thick-nefs was about an Inch Diameter. On the extream of the remaining Part of the Branch I cemented a Glafs Tube, which I filled with Water, that was imbibed by the Branch with fuch Velocity, that in 12 Hours, (July 20) it imbibed one Win-chef er Quart.

To the like Stem of an Oak, I cemented on another Tube, which imbib’d in the fame Time near one Pint. But the Branch of an Afli, of the fame Diameter, in the fame Time imbib’d near three Pints.

EXPERIMENT I.

This'/ N T R O'DVCTION.

v

This Experiment explains to us; that Timber Trees imbibe great Quantities of Wet, (when unskillfully pruned or lopp’d,) which caufes their Arms and Bodies to decay and grow rotten, to the great Prejudice of their Proprietors.

EXPERIMENT II.

To prove that Vegetables imbibe Nourijh-ment at their Leaves3 viz. Dews^ Rains> &c.

IN April 1727, I cover’d with Sail-cloth, divers Lime, Elm, Oak, Apple, Cherry and Pear-Trees; fo that their Branches were totally depriv’d of the Benefits of Rains, Dews, &c. But their Roots I kept fupply’d with fufficient Quantities of Moi-fture. In this State I continu’d them until the End of July, at which Time their Leaves in general were turn’d yellow, and the Shoots that they had made, were alfo yellow and very weak. The fame kind of Trees planted clofe to the aforefaid, that had enjoy’d a free open Air, were very healthy and green, and, during the fame Time, produc’d very ftrong Branches.

AtVI

t NT ROT>VCTJO K

At the fame Time, I made Choice of parti* cular Branches of fevcral Trees, which I cover’d as aforefaid; which Branches grew very little, and their Leaves turned yellow ; whilfl: the others that poffefs’d the free open Air were green, in a healthy State, and greatly advanced in Growth.

This Experiment proves, that altho’ their Roots were plentifully fupply’d with Moifture; yet, for want of a free Air, their Health was impaired, and confequently their Growths retarded. TheReafons whereof I will hereafter declare in Experiment III.

We are by this fhewn, that when Trees are planted clofe to each other, their lower Branches that are fhaded by the upper ones, mull perifh in the like Manner.

I	planted divers Foreft Trees in large Flower Pots, and in June I fufter’d them to grow very dry for want of Water. In the Evenings, when the Dews began to fail, I weigh’d divers of them very exactly, and cover’d the Surfaces of their Pots with Coverings, to prevent the Dew or Rain from falling on the Earth. Then the next Morning, at Sun rifing, I took a-way their Coverings, and weighed them

again.JNTR OWCTIO AL ix

again, and found tint they had encfeas’d many Ounces Iff their Weights, which En-creale of Weights were the Quantities of Moiflure imbibed by their Leaves \ and when little or any Dews fell, then was their Encreafe very fmall; and on the contrary, when great Dews or Rains fell, then their Encreafe was much greater. In like Manner I cover’d Pots, wherein other like Trees, of the lame Kinds, were planted, whofe Leaves I pull’d entirely off: But their Weights were never augmented any Thing confiderable ; even when Rains fell for 24 Hours together.

These no&urnal Augmentations are plain Proofs that Vegetables imbibe great Quantities of Moifture at their Leaves as well as Roots, that in great Meafure lupports them in very hot and dry Seatons ; and therefore it follows, that we fnould always take Care to plant them at fuch Diitances, that they may enjoy a free open Air in all their Parts, ib as to receive the full Benefits of thole great Bleffings, tlie Rains and Dews of Heaven.

EX

PE-3r I NTRO<DV CT10 N.

EXPERIMENT III.

To prove that the crude Tart of the Nou» rijhmentj imbibed by Vegetablesj is per-fpired away at their Leavesand the ill Confequences attending when their Terfpirations are retarded.

IT having been a general received Opinion, that the whole Moiliure imbibed by Vegetables was always contained in them, and converted to the Formation of Sap, Buds, Leaves, Shoots, &c. may make this Account of the Perfpiration of Vegetables feem fomething flrange, until Experience make it familiar.

The redundant watry Fluid, in the Sap of Vegetables, is perfpired away at their Buds, Bloffoms, Leaves, and Fruits. But the greateft Part is at their Leaves, wherein are their main excretory Du£ts, that fe-parate and carry it off, leaving the liioft nutritive Parts in the Plant to coalefce.

Toxii INTROWCTIO N.

ry that the external Air fhould have a free Communication with the Air, under the Plate of Lead : Therefore I provided two Glafs 'Lubes, the one about three Quarters of an Inch Diameter, and three Inches long, and the other one Fourth of an Inch Diameter, and about a Foot in Length ; which I cemented over Holes, cut in the Plate of the fame Diameters: The fmall Tube I left open, for a free Communication of the Air, and the great one I kept ftopt with a Cork. T he ufe of this large Tube was, to give the Plant Water at-, which, when done, I carefully ftopt, to prevent any Vapour palling thro’the fame.

My Plant being thus prepared, I put it into a Scale, and rook an exatt Account of its Weigl.it, Morning, Noon, and Night, which I noted clown *, as alfo the Weight of Water, when I gave it any. From whence I could difeover the Quantities imbib’d and perfpired every Day and Night, as well as the 'Limes of Morning, Afternoon, and Night. I alfo plac’d a Thermometer by by my Plant, which dilcoverM at every Degree of Heat and Cold, the different Powers of imbibing, (when ’twas in an imbibing

State,

iINTRODUCTION.

xiii

State, as at Night) and perfpiring (in hot and dry Days).

This Experiment difcover’d to me the Demands that Plants make for Moifture in hot and dry Seafons, by the Quantity perfpired away in a hot Day, whole Weight was deficient upon weighing at Night, and alfo, that they are nourifh’d, by imbibing the Dews at their Leaves and Branches, which appear’d by their extraordinary Weight, gain’d fince the Night preceding, when laft weigh’d.

By obferving the Quantities perfpired a-way in hot and dry Seafons, I found, by comparing the Quantities of Water giver, therewith the NecefTity of Waterings at thofe Times, as well as the little Occafion-for it, in wet and cold Seafons, when Plants perfpire very little.

I t has been prov'd by the Reverend Mr. Halesj (to whom I am much obliged) in his vegetable Staticks, that a fmall annu* al Sun-Flower, not quite four Feet high, imbibed and perfpired in twelve Hours Day, one Pound and fourteen Ounces, A-verdupois Weight, when the Weather was very warm and dry ; and in more moderate Weather one Pound four Ounces.INTROWCTIOK

xi

To prove the Terfpiration of Vegetables j I proceeded as follows.

Firftj X Provided a large earthen Flower-A Pot, that was well glazed within, without any Holes in its Bottom, as is ufual for Flower-Pots to have; which I fill’d with good Loam, and therein planted an Apple Tree. This Work I perform’d in OElober, that the Plant might have got good Roots by the May following, when I began my Experiment.

My Tree being thus planted, and the Spring come on, it then began to advance in its Growth, and therefore I did then provide my felf with a thin Plate of mill’d Lead, made fit to the Mouth of the Pot, leaving a Hole or Gap for the Stem, and therewith cover’d all the Surface of the Earth in the Pot, and with foft Cement, fecured the Edges as well at the Hole as at the Stem.

When the Earth was thus cover’d, the Sun could not exhale away any of the Moifture of the Earth contain’d in the Pot.

And as the Plant, in the Experiment,' would require Moifture; and ’twas neceiTa-a 2	ryxiv INTRODUCTION.

In order to difcover the Power of Per-fpiration, I cut off from divers Fruit Trees, feveral thriving Branches, that were at their tranfverfe cut, fomething more than half an Inch Diameter.

Then being provided with Cement, and Glafs Tubes fomething larger in their Diameters, than the Branches; I cemented them to their Ends, as before in the preceding Experiments.

Which being done, I fill’d the feveral Tubes with Water, and hung them with their Branches in the open Air; I alfo fix’d Tubes to other Branches of the fame Kinds and Sizes, which I alfo fill’d with Water, but their Branches I immerfed in Veifels of Water.

Those Branches that were expofed to the free Air, imbibed the Water plentifully, whilft the others immerfed in the Water did not imbibe one twelfth Part the Quantity. Then I took them out of the Water, and expofed them to the free Air, and they imbib’d the Water in the Tubes with much greater Force.

I continued thefe Experiments for many Days, during which Time the Weather altering from hot and dry, to cool and wet,

I couldXV

INTROWCTION.

I could daily difcover their different Per-fpirations, and obferv’d, that in very hot and dry Days they would imbibe and per-fpire very great Quantities, and in wet and cool Weather, very little.

If I let any of thofe Branches immerfed remain in the Water, for four or five Days; thofe fmall Quantities that they would imbibe the firfi: Day, did always grow leffer and leffer every Day after; fo that generally about the fifth Day, they weje fa-turate, and would not imbibe any more. But when I took them out of the Water, and hung them with their Tubes fill’d with Water in the open Air, they would, after an Hour’s Time, or thereabouts, begin to imbibe and perfpire, as thofe that had not been immerfed.

I fix’d in the fame Manner other Branches, that were fome of them wholly difiea-ved, and others but in Part, as J-,

&c. and found, that they all imbib’d the Water, with a Force proportionable to their Quantity of Leaves.

Thus thofe without any Leaves imbib’d but very little, thofe with half their Leave?, with half the Force that the others did, that a 4	hadXVI

IRT ROWCTIO N.

had all their Leaves, and the ethers pro-portionably.

Now, feeing that the Branches im-merfed in Water could imbibe nothing near the Quantities of Water, that the others did in the open Air, we may fee from thence the great Benefit thereof in perfpiring it away to make Room for a Suc-ceflion. This Experiment proves the Rea-fon of the yellow Leaves in Experiment II. and why Fruits are infipid and crude, in very wet and cold Summers; for Want of a due Mixture of dry Weather, to enable the Air to carry off the very great Quantities of Moifture in a kindly Manner, whereby Plants would be kept in a healthy State. And by this Experiment ’tis demonflrable, that Fruit Trees being planted too near unto one another, when the Air cannot have a free Circulation, as in Orchards planted like Thickets; they cannot difeharge the confin’d Vapour in their fhady Parts by a free Perfpiration; and therefore their Fruits are infipid, ill colour’d, and of little Value.

And ’tis always feen, that our belt Winter Aples and Pears that are produc’d in a very wet Summer, are of a flafby Confti-tution, and rot foon after being gather’d

(nay,INTRODUCTION.

XVII

{nay, oftentimes upon the Trees) for the crude watry Vapour remaining in them, that fhould by Heat have been perfpired a-way, Nature cannot give them their true Tafte and Colour, after its own Manner and are therefore immature, and ’tis that Immaturity that caufes their infipid watry Tafts, and immediate Decay.

The only Help in this Cafe, is, to plant the Trees at fufficient Diftances from each other, and keep them pruned thin of Wood, that what Heat does happen in very wet and cold Summers, may have free Accefs to\lie Fruits, whereby that crude Vapour may, in Part, or wholly, be perfpired away; which cannot be performed, when trees are ciofe planted, and full of Wood, for Want of Care and skilful Pruning.

And befides this Advantage, there is another very great one, that arifes from it, which is having the Fruit produced in much .greater Perfection; for when Fruit Trees are planted at proper Diftances, that they have a free Peripiration, and Nature charg’d with no greater a Burden, than fhe can eafily fupport; ’tis from them that we receive our fineft and beft rafted Fruits: But this will be fully demonftrated in my Tomo-xviii

I	NT ROTtVCTIO JST.

wa, in that Part which exhibits the Manner and Diftance of planting Fruit Trees in general.

It is upon thefe Principles preceding, that Foreft Trees in their natural Growth form a parabolical Figure ; for as the Plant advances in Height, from its Kernel, Layer, &c. to its utmoft Altitude, Nature pulhes out divers lateral Branches by the Dilatation of the Sap; which being placed in Order above each other, do thereby receive it in fucli Quantity, as the Situations and Magnitudes of the feveral Branches are to each other. Thus the firft Branches being inferted in the largeft Parts or the Stem or Body, and neareft the Roots, do receive the Sap in greater Quantities than thofe that are immediately above them • and fo on throughout the whole, to the very Top, or leading Shoot of the Tree. And fince that the lowermoft Branches do thus receive the greateft Part of the Sap, ’tis therefore that they exceed the Growths of thofe next above them ; which being furnifb’d lefs and lefs, as they are farther and farther from the Roots, fo doth their feveral Growths diminilh upwards, from whence

isINTRODUCTION.

xix

Is caufed, thofe beautiful parabolical Figures that Foreft Trees appear in.

A s the Plants advance in their Growths, the Leaves of their upper Branches become too powerful for thofe that are next below them; fo that their lateral Branches perifb, for Want of the warm Sun, and free drying Air, to perfpire off their crude Sap, with which they are faturate. So that afterwards all the afcending Sap is drawn to the extreme Parts of the Branches, that are expofed to the free drying Air, where they perfpire it freely, and expand very much.

When Trees are planted very near together, their lower lateral Branches are overfhaded by their upper ones, as noted before in the laft Paragraph. This over and above Shade, hinders the Perfpiration of the lower Branches, whereby they are faturate with Sap, and therefore cannot receive frefh Nourilhment, whilft thofe at the Top enjoy the free Air, and perfpire plentifully.

This plentiful Perfpiration drawsthe Sap to the Top with great Force, whereby Trees advance greatly in their Heights, and not by an Emulation, as Mr. Bradley fays they have, to overtop the reff. Vide his

newXX INTROWCTION:

new Improvements on Planting and Gardening, Part 3, Page 224, on the railing of of feedling Orange Trees.

Now, feeing that the Height of Trees is much accelerated, by their being nearly planted to each other, we are hereby taught how to raife Walks, Avenues, Blinds, &c. in much fhorter Spaces of Time, than when planted at fuch Dihances, as to have a free circulating Air about them ; but I don’t recommend the Practice hereof, where Poherity is to be provided for, becaufe that Plantations of this Kind are of a very fhort Duration.

T o better underhand, that the clofe Planting of Trees is the real Caufe of their afpiring Heights, and Decay of their lower Branches, I will farther explain it.

It is always feen, that when Woods or Groves of tall Trees, that hood very near together, are cut down, there be left here and there a hngle Tree ; that thofe fingle Trees do immediately throw out vigorous Shoots in their lower Parts, which before perifh’d for want of a free Air, and their Top Branches, which before thriv’d only, then are deprived of the Sap, by the new produced Branches at the Bottom,INTROWCTION. xxi

coin, whereby they are in a languifhing State, and at length die. This is an undeniable Proof, that wants no corroborating Evidence.

The Want of a free Air, circulating about Trees that are thick planted, fhews the Ncccliity of pruning their Branches and Limbs, to give the Air a free Accefs: Which Pruning mud: be diicretiortally performed, or otherwifs we may by Chance kill the Top of your Trees, by letting in the Air fo freely at their lower Parts, as before obferved:	For when the lateral

Branches of Trees are vigorous, and make very ftrong Shoots, they do attract Nou-rifhment with fuch great Force, that their afpiring Growths are check’d; and it is therefore, that the Side Buds of young Trees that break out in the Spring, fhould be rubb’d off, at their firft Appearance; for when they are fufier’d to grow all the Summer, as is cuftomary, they greatly check the Growth of the Plants.

Therefore when Layers, or Seedlings of any Sort of Tree are planted out in Nurferies, that are defign’d to make ftan-dard Trees, thofe lateral Buds fhould be

dii-xxii	INTROWCTtON,

difplaced, when they firft appear in the Spring. And particularly Foreft Trees, that are defign’d for Timber; for when their lateral Buds are fo difplaced, their Bodies are clear from Knots, and become {freight and clear Timber.

Chap. I.Chap. I.

Of the OAK.

Its Manner of raifing for Umber in Parks, Woods, Forejls, Coppices, <$cc.

HAT noble Tree the Oak is found to extend its Herculean Arms much farther, when its BS&J Soil is a deep ftrong Loam, than in (hallow light Lands. There are twb Kinds of Oaks that are worth our Notice.

The one is called Quercus SyiveftnsJ whofe Grain is hard and black, producing a very fmall Acorn ; extending its lower Branches very far from the Trunk, as alfo its Roots, and thofe very near to the. Surface of the Ground.

B

Thfz

Of the OAK.

The other Kind is called Quercus urba-ndj which grows much {freighter and higher than the former, making very {freight clear Timber, extending its Roots very deep in the Ground. The neared: Distance in this lad Kind, mud not be lefs than thirty five Feet, when planted in Walks and Avenues, and the former, fifty Feet. But when they are planted out for Timber in Parks, &c. the fird Should be at Sixty or Seventy, and the lad about fifty or Sixty Feet Didance.

The Statute made in the 35 He?i* 8. for the Preservation of Oak Trees, ena£ts, That on every Acre of Coppice Wood, that Shall be felled at twenty four Years Growth, or under, there Shall be twelve Standils of Oak left unfelled,

Now, imagine that Such 'a Number of Oaks were equally diSpofed throughout the whole Acre ; then each Tree would have a Square Space of thirteen Square Rods, and one third to it Self. To avoid Fractions, the Square Root of thirteen, one third, is almod three and three Fourths, which is the Didance of each Tree, when equally difpofed on an Acre.

ThreeOf the OAK.	5

Three Rod, and three Fourths, being nearly equal to fixty two Feet, comes much to the fame Diftance, that I have before dire&ed.

The Diftance of thirty three Feet, af-figned for Oak Trees, intended for Timber by Mr. Bradley j in his new Improvements, Part I. Page 42. is in my humble Opinion, much too near, more efpecially where Underwoods are to be fown or planted between them. The ill Effects of clofe planting, being already proved by many Inftan-ces, doth fufficiently fupport the Truth hereof: Nor is the Timber near fo good, when Trees are very clofe, as not to have a free Air, to perfpire away the Crudities of their Sap. Of this Tliny takes Notice, that the Timber of thofe Trees, which grow in moift and fhady Places, is not fo good, as that which comes from a more expofed Situation : Nor is it fo clofe, fubftantial and durable. 39 Cap. Lib. 16.

But however, it may be, that Mr. Bradley might confider the Diftance of the Oak, when planted, or railed in very rough fto-ny Grounds, and ftrong Clays, wherein they are very long, before they arrive to B 2	any4 Of the OAK.

any confiderable Magnitude ; but at length the bed: of Timber.

Oaks that are produced in light Tandy Lands, have a very fmooth Grain, and thofe in a moift Soil, frow and brittle.

The Growth of Oaks being much flower than mod: other Foreft Trees, are therefore to be planted in Lines by themfelves, that they may rife up together, and not be dripp’d by other Trees of a quicker Growth.

The befl: Oaks are raifed from the Acorn, and efpecially thofe that grow in flony Lands, provided, that the Acorns were perfectly mature, and gather’d from Trees of a good Kind, which fhould be carefully obferved, or otherwife after many Years are pad, we may fail of our dedrcd Succefs.

For the Manner of raidng Oaks in a Nurfery, I refer you to the third Part of my new Principles of Gardening, Page 120. And for the leveral Ufes of its Timber, to the many StruTures, both civil, naval and military, that are built therewith.

Ob-Of the OAK.	5

Obferve its Traije, as given	»Rapin.

Si quando armanda naves & hella paranda,

Det quercus rnutis tabulata, det arma furori Beliantumdet ligna foco, det aratra colono,

Aut aliis porro fumatur in ufus.

JVhen Ships for bloody Combat we prepare,

Oak affords Plank, arms our Men of ff rar, Maintains our Fires,	Ploughs to till the

Ground}

For Ufe no fimber like the Oak is found.

The beft Time to furnifh ourfelves witly the Seed of this noble Vegetable, is at the End of October j or Beg inning, ofNovember^ when they naturally fall from their Cups; wherein obferve, that the beft Acorns are thofe that grow upon the extreme Parts of the Tree, where they have always enjoyed a free Air, and natural Perfpiration, which renders them mature, ponderous, and found.

The Seafon for fowing them, we are told by Nature herfelf, if we do but obferve her Methods of Working. For as fine has no other Prefervatory than the Earth it felf, fbe therefore commits them to it, as foon as B 3	ripe;6

Of the OAK.

ripe ; fo that the Seafon to fow or plant the Acorn, is, as foon as perfe&ly ripe.

Obferve, Lucret. 1. 5.

Nam fpecimen fationis, £5? infttionis origo Ipfa fuit rerum primum natura creatrix : Arboribus quoniam bacc<ry glandcfque cadtica Tempefliva dabant pullorum examina fubter, &c.

Nature herfelf who all created firjl Invented /owing., and the wild Plants nurft : When Majl and Berries from the ‘Trees did dropy Succeeded under by a numerous Crop.

If we would propagate the Oak in Lands that are very wet and cold ; luch as low Clays, &c. ’tis beft to preferve the Acorns in very dry Sand, until the Spring; other-wife they will fhoot out their Radicles before the Seafon of planting, and be in danger of being fpoiled.

There can be no certain Time, in the Spring, alTigned for this Work, becaufe that Seafons differ very much ; fome Years the Spring is later by a Month, than ’tis of other Years; therefore when it appears, that the Frofts and extream Cold of the Winter are over, and the Spring advances,

whichOf the OAK.	7

which is always in February or March ; then is the Time to Tow or plant your Acorns, and other fuch like Seeds fo pre-ferved.

After Towing, ’tis the Nature of all Kinds of Seeds, to pufh their Radicles perpendicularly into the Earth, to fearch after, and imbibe Nourifhment for the Support of their tender Plumes, or firft leading Shoots. And ’tis therefore that we are obliged to draw the young Seedlings of many Sorts of Plants after one or two Years growth, to prune their Radicles or perpendicular Roots, (called, by Gardeners and Nurfery-men, Tap-Roots /) which caufe their lateral Roots to extend themfelves horizontally. Thus Hollies, Yews, Pear-Trees,	are caufed to have great Quan-

tities of horizontal Roots, by pruning a-way their leading Tap-Roots, which caufes them to grow very fhallow, and confe-quently imbibe the richeft Juices of the Earth that always lie near to the Surface.

And it is from this, that the often tranfplanting of Trees in Nurferies caufes them to be much better rooted, and more likely to grow, than thofe that have been very feldom or ever removed, fince B 4	their8	Of the OAK.

their firffc tranfplanting from the Seed Bed. And fince that the Succefs of Plantations does in great Meafure depend upon the Goodnefs of Roots, we fhould therefore be careful, how we buy Trees from Nur-feries, where they have grown without being tranfplanted every third or fourth Year -at longed.

But for Oaks, and other Timber Trees, I advife that you plant the Acorns, &c. in the Places where they are defigned to remain ; for they not only produce the {freighted Timber, but much fooner than thofe that are checked by often tranfplanting. Nor is there that trouble in their ordering, for when they are railed from Acorns, they need no watering, Raking, (frc. which tranfplanted Trees of large Statures do.

It is the Opinion of many, who have ob-ferved young Seedlings, which Nature had low’d in the Woods, to grow fcraggy, and eaten up (as it were) by Mofs: That to let Seedling Oaks remain in the Places where they are (own, is not fo advantageous as to I'aife them in, and transplant them from Nurferies: But as the Acorns, which we propofe to plant, are always to enjoy a free

andOf the OAK.	9

and open Air, free from the Drip and Over-fhade of their Mother Trees, they will therefore thrive as defired, and become ftate-fy Trees; which thofe -cannot do that have not a free Perfpiration, which renders them immature, as has been frc&jre proved by many other Inftances.

Of this Virgil takes Notice, Georg. 2.

Crefcentique adimunt foetus uruntque ferentem.

Thus Englilh’d.

Which checks their Growth, and makes their Bodies pine.

These Reafons are fufficient to inform us, that *tis much better to plant the Acorn in its intended Situation, than to fow it in a Seed-Bed, and afterwards tranfplant it as other Trees. But hear what the learned Rapin f who well underftqod the vegetable World, fays thereof,

~---Quam-10

Of the OAK.

— Quamvis ipfa de Jlirpe parentis Pullulet, & tenues tollat fe quercus in auras, Aut mutata folo, ramis exultet opacis j Forma tamen nemoris non Jit mihi gratior ulla, Quam quod per campos, pofito de femine, crevit; Ft quanquam fit agro pralongum tempus inerti Ducendum, ac tarda furgant de femine quercus ; His tamen, his longe veniunt felicius umbra.

Nam certum efi de glande fatas radicibiis imis Altius in terram per fe defender e plant as, Majorefique adeo in coelum profundere ramos.

Seu quod dedifcant mutatam fimina matrem, Degeneremque ferant alieno ex ubere prolem:

Sive quod ipfa bicognata inolefcere terra Gians primo melius paulatim ajfuevit ah ortu.

Rapinus Hort. 1.2.

------Tho' Suckers which the Stock repair,

Will with thick Branches crowd the empty Air, Or the Ground Oak tranfplantecl Boughs may fnoot j Yet no fucb Groves do's with my Fancy fiit,

As what from Acorns, fct on even Rows In open Fields, at their due Difiance grows.

JVhat tho' your Ground long Time mufi fallow lie5 And fedling Oaks yield but a flow Supply ?

No Walks elf can be for like Beauty prais'd,

For certain ’tis, that plants from Acorm rais'd,

As to the Centre deeper Fibres fpread,

So	to the Zenith mere advance their Head 5

BeII

Of the OAK.

Bp it that Plants for natural Moijlure pine7

And as expos'd3 at Change of Soil decline }

Or that the Acorn, with its native Mold,

Does thrive, and fpread, and firm Alliance hold.

When the Seafon for Towing of the A-corns is near at hand, the Land muft be well prepared for them; for thereon depends the whole Succefs. For when Lands are not prepared, to receive the Seed, his impofTi-ble that the young Plants can thrive: Therefore we are to proceed therein as follows.

Having made Choice of the Land, (which is fuppofed to be clear of Bullies, Furze, Broom, fet out their feveral Diftances, and at every of them, dig Holes about two or three Feet deep, and about four Feet Diameter, laying the Earth, that comes out, in fmall Hills or Ridges, of fucli a Thick-nefs, that the Winters Frofts may thoroughly freeze and meliorateMhe fame. Which Work therefore fhould be performed early in the Winter, or rather in the End of the Autumn.

This early expofing of the Earth to the open Air, caufes it to be by the Spring (when his the Seafon for planting your A-

corns)11	Of the OAK.

corns) finely fweetenM, and fit for their deception.

In the Spring, when the Frofts are over, fill up all the Holes, laying the Turf (if’tis a green Sward) at the Bottom, and the Remainder at Top; forming the Surface thereof fomething concave, the better to retain the Spring and Summer Rains, and in the Centre of each, plant five or fix Acorns, at about eight Inches apart, and four or five Inches deep; and the next Year following, draw from each, all that are unnecelfa-ry for Ufe, leaving the moft healthy one of every Hole to continue.

That our young Plantation may make all the Progrefs that is pofiible, we muft be careful to keep them houghed clean in the Summer from Weeds, and to dig the Earth about them at the End of every Autumn; not'only to meliorate, the Surface of the Earth, but for the kindly receiving the Winters Rains, wherein is contained much Salt and Sulphur, that contributes ts? the fpeedy Growth of Vegetables.

ObferveOf the OAK.	13

Obferve the Advice of Rapn hereon.

Proinde nemus fparfa cures de glande parandum: Sed tamen ante tuo mandes quam femina campo, Ipfe tibi dura robujlus vomere foffer Omne folum fubigat late, explanetque [abaction: Cumque novas fiffo primum de germine ramus Findit humum rurfus ferro verfanda bicorni, Confita vere novo tellus, cultuque frequenti Exercenda, her bee circum ne forte nocentes Proveniant, germenque ipfum radietbus urant.

Nec cultu campura cunHantem urgere frequenti,

Et faturare fimo pudeat, ft forte refijlat:

Culture nam trijlis humus fuperanda colendo eft.

Lib. 2.

Then fee your hopeful Groves with Acorns f own, But e'er your Seed into the Field be thrown,

With crooked Plow firfi let the lufiy Swain Break up, and fubborn Clods with Harrow plain. Fhen when the Stem appears, to make it bear,

And listen the hard Earth with Hough, prepare, Hough in the Spring j nor frequent Culture fail, Left noxious Weeds o'er the young Wood prevail: Te barren Ground with Foil large Manure add, Good Husbandry will force a Ground that's bad.

Where we intend a perfect Wood of Oaks, they may be planted, at about forty

Feet

»14 Of the OAK.

Feet Square of one another, but not nearer; for when they are clofer planted, they have not a fufficient Quantity of Air for Perforation.

’Tis a Cuftom to fow afhen Keys amongft: Plantations of Oak, but I cannot recommend that Work to be done, when we plant our Acorns; for tho’ their Keys will not come up, until the fecond Year after fow-ing, yet their Growths are fo quick to that of the Oaks, that, by over-growing and dripping them, they are greatly injur’d thereby. And the Profit which arifes from an Acre of Afhen Poles, in five or fix Years, is fo inconfiderable, that none, for fo fmall a Gain, would injure the Growth of our moft valuable Plantation. Therefore I ad-vife, that Plantations of Oak be kept free, until they have feen fix or feven Years pafs’d; after which afhen Keys, or the Seeds of any other Underwoods, may be fown amongft them, without the leaft Prejudice. And as I have now explained the Manner and Di-ftances, at which thefe noble Trees fhould be planted, in both Park and Coppice, I fhall therefore conclude with the following Admonitions, viz. That they are carefully preferved, whilft young, from Cattle; for

whenOf the OAK.' 15

when ever they lofe their leading Shoots by being cropt, our Hopes, are over; for as foon as they lofe the leading Shoots, they inftantly become Pollards, which never make good Timber.

You muft alfo with Care and Diligence difplace all the lateral Buds in the Spring; for the fewer are fuffer’d to grow, the more the Trees will advance in Height, and produce the cleaned: Timber, as before noted.

Your Plantations being thus order’d, you’ll find that your Trees will be always in perfeQ: Health, free from all the common Obftruciions, that are daily feen (for Want of good Care in their Management,) that fo much retards their Goodnefs and Growth.

The Seafon for felling this ftately Tree, when ’tis arriv’d to be goodly Timber, is in April; and by i Jacobi. Oaks for Tanners Bark may be fell’d from April to the End of Jane.

’Tis a great Pity, that this ftately Tree fhould be fell’d, before ’tis fully arrived to its utmoft Maturity, as is too commonly done by many.

To prevent which, the aforementioned Statute 35 Hen. 8. enaTs, that the twelve Standils of Oak to be left upon an Acre,1(5 Of the OAK.

lhall not be cut down, until they are teri Inches fquare, within three Feet of the Ground, on Forfeiture of three Shillings and four Pence for every Standil fo cut, to be divided between the King and the Profecutor ; but ’tis a pity that they fhould be cut down, until they are two Feet Diameter, at twelve Feet from the Ground.

One Acre of Oaks planted at forty Feet Diftance from each other, will contain twenty feven Trees, which in twenty Years Time, will be worth as many Pounds Sterling at leaft, befides the Value of the Underwood that may be raifed, in the Jaft twelve Years of the twenty.

In England, there are many thoufand Acres of good Land which lie wade, and great Quantities let for five or fix Shillings an Acre per Annum / which were they thus planted, what vaft Improvements would an Age or two produce ?

Thus by laying out at the firfi Preparation of the Holes, about as many Shillings, with a little Care afterwards, in keeping them free from Weeds, &c. we may receive above twenty per Cent, more than at prefent. There are many Gentlemen in England3 that poflefs upwards of a thoufand 2	AcresOf the OAK.	17

Acres of Land to each Share, that does not bring them in yearly more than five Shillings per Acre, and fome not half fo much, fo that one thoufand of fuch Acres are worth but two hundred Pound per Annum3 and twenty Years Rents produce but four thoufand Pounds, the compound Intereft excepted. But the Truth hereof is mani-fefted by the following Account.

See the Calculation.

The Rent of one thoufand? Acres of Land at 5 s.per> Acre for the firft Year	J

For the fecond Year The Intereft of the firft? Year’s Rent at 5 / pet f Cent.	j

Sum

The third Year’s Rent The Intereft of410/.at 51.7 per Cent.	j

Sum

The fourth Year’s Rent The Intereft of 630	/.	one ,;

Year at Ditto	S

Sum

l.	S.	d.
200	O	0
O  O	O	0
IO	O	0
4IO	O	0
200	O	0
20	10	0
630	10	0
200	0	0
31	10	0
862	0	0

C

Thei8

Of the OAK.

/. J- d;

Brought over 862	?

The fifth Year’s Rent	200 0

The Intereft of 862 /. one ^	~	2	0

Year ^			
Slim	1105	2	0
The fixth Year’s Rent	2 00	0	0
The Intereft of 1105 /. 2 s.)	55	5	0
one Year $			
Sum	'1360'	T-	0
The feventh Year’s Rent	200	0	0
The Intereft of 1360 /. 7 j. 2	68	0	3*
one Year 5			
Sum	1628		
The eighth Year’s Rent	200	0	0
The Intereft of 1628 /. 7 s.	81	0	
Sum	1909	15	72
The ninth Year’s Rent	■ 2 00	O	0
The Intereft of 1909/. 15J.? one Year S	95	9	9
Sum	2205	5	4i
The tenth Year’s Rent	200	0	0
The Intere^: of 2205 /. 5 Jo one Year j	no	5	.3

Sum	2515	10

The Eleventh Year’s Rent	200	o	o

The Intereft of 2515/.	10 Jo	T,-	Itj	57

7 d. one Year	J	____

Sum	2841	^	2:

TheOf the OAK. 19

	/.	s.	
Brought over	2841	6	ai
The twelfth Year’s Rent	QOO	0	0
The Intereft of 2841 l. 6 sX one Year *■	142	1	
Sum	3183	7	5i
The thirteenth Year’s Rent	200	0	0
The Intereft of 3183 /. 7 sX one Year $	9	3	
Sum	3542	10	Si
The fourteenth Year’s Rent	200	0	0
The Intereft of 3 542 /. ioj.7 one Year 2	I 77	2	6
Sum	3919	13	2i
The fifteenth Year’s Rent	200	O	O
The Intereft of 3 919 /. 13 sX one Year	195	J9	7i
Sum	4315	12	10
The fixtecnth Year’s Rent	200	O	0
The Intereft of 4315 /. 12 J*.7 one Year S	215	*5	7
Sum	4731	7	2
The feventeenth Year’s Rent	200	0	0
The Intereft of 4731 /. 7 sX one Year	236	11	4
Sum	5167	18	9

C i	The20

Of the OAK.

/. s. d. Brought over 5167 18 9 The eighteenth Year’s Rent 200 o o The Intereft of 5167 /. i8j.T g one Year	^	'

Sum 5626 6 7 The nineteenth Year’s Rent 200 o o The Intereft of 5626 /. 6 j.T	5	0

one Year	T J*_________

Sum 6107 12	7

The twentieth Year’s Rent 200 o o The Intereft of 6107 /. 12 s. 305	7	o

Sum 6612 19	7

Hence it appears that 200 /.per Annum> with its compound Intereft, will, in twelve Years Time, amount to fix thoufand, fix hundred and twelve Pounds, nineteen Shillings and feven Pence. Now let us calculate the Advantages that will amount from one thoufand Acres of Oaks, planted at 40 Feet Diftance, as aforefaid.

It was before fhewn, that one Acre contain’d 27 Oaks.

Therefore multiply 27 the Oaks on one Acre	by 1000 the Number of Acres propofed. ---

The Product is 27000 Trees, which, in 20 Years Growth, will be worth,

at21

Of the OAK.

at leaft, io s.fer Tree; fo that the whole Plantation will be worth, to the Eftate, 13500 Pounds exclufive of the Underwood or Pafture, which will in that Time be produced.

We may by this Computation, and the following Account, dilcover how eafily we may improve our Lands, at a very fmall Expence, to the great Advantage of the Nation in general.

The Expences of making fuch Plantations have not, as yet, been ftated by any. Our modern Authors direct, that Ditches, to enclofe fuch Plantations, fhould be fix Feet wide; whereas, the cuftomary Width is but four Feet, from the firft Chefi: or Row of Quick-fet or Heithorns, with one Foot only beyond the Edge of the Ditch, for the Workman to lay his Bill and Gloves on. This Breadth is what moll People ufe between Neighbour and Neighbour, and what has the defired End of a Ditch; nor do we plant our Quick-fets treble, as they direCt; for when they are fo very thick planted, they not only ftarve one another, but the middle Row being enclofed on each Side with the outer ones, has not a free Perfpiration, and therefore never makes fo C 3	good11

Of the O A K.

good a Pence, nor fo foon* as when we plant two Rows only. BefideS, the Rates of Quick-fets, that they make Mention, of, at two Shillings per Hundred, is a much greater Price than I ever knew to be paid for them, out of a Nurfery, where they are ufually fold for Sixpence per Hundred, and very often much lefs. And again, as to Labouring Mens Wages, at one Shilling per \Dienij performing about nine Feet in length, in cutting Stakes and Bufhes, and making about five Rod of dry Hedge; there’s no Certainty in it; for fome will do more in one Day, than others will do in a Week: And, ’tis therefore in my humble Opinion, that if one of the moil indifferent deferves one Shilling per Day, that Man, that can and does perform, four or five Times the Labour of the other, ought to have- his Wages as often doubled.

The Computations that modern Authors have made, of digging and ploughing Lands for fowing Acorns, are contrary to what I ever found in Pra&ice. Tho'fe Lands that they make Mention of, that are full of Bufhes, Whinns, if grubbed and digged only, may here, within ten Miles of London> where Mens Wages are the great-

eft.Of the OAK. 23

eft, be performed for four fenceRod; and in Countries, more remote, where Wages, are cheaper, at two or three Pence, inftead of Sixpence per Rod; as by them computed.

Antd where Lands are capable of being made fit for the Reception of Acorns, &c. by Ploughing, it may be perform’d at a much cheaper rate than twelve Shillings per Acre, for every Time of Plowing, as rated in their Computations.

But as I have had the Experience of both thefe Cafes, in all forts of Lands, I always found fucli Lands that were very full of Roots, to be unfit for the Reception of Seeds, when they were only digg’d ; ancl therefore, when fuch Lands will allow of being trenched two Spit and the Crumb in Depth, ’tis always to be preferr’d before digging; which Trenching may be perform’d for Sixpence or Eight-pence the Rod, according to the more or lefs Roots therein, and Nature of the Land in working; for a ft iff and ftrong Land deferves a Price one third more than a light Loam or Sand.

This Work (hould always be performed early in October or November, when the bottom Spit fhould be laid in Ridges, (in-C 4	fteadif 0/ O A K.

fiend of being levell’d, and laid fmooth, as Is ufual) for the Winter’s Frofts and Rain$ to mellow and make fit for tlie Reception of Seeds ; and in the Spi ing to be levell’d down at the Time of fowing.

But when Lands are frefh and clean, and can be plow’d, there may be much Money faved thereby. The Rate of ploughing an Acre, according to Mr. Bradley*s, and other Authors Computations, is twelve Shillings ; yet whether they mean once, twice, or three Times ploughing the Acre, they make no mention ; but the Truth thereof is as following, viz. The cufloma-ry Price of ploughing Lands, about Twick-enkanij IJleworthj Brentford, &c. is eight Shillings per cDiem, for a Team of four Horfes, whole fiated Day’s Work, if in green-fward Ground, (that has lain Failure for many Years) one Acre ; but in arable, or garden Ground, that is annually till’d, one Acre and half.

Those Lands that are intended for Plantations of Wood, fhould be ploughed three Times before the Seeds are fown, viz. a-bout Midfummer, at Michaelmas and in Spring, jull before planting.; at which fe-veral Times, the Furrows of the fecond

andOf the OAK.	Z5

and third ploughing fhould iriterfeft the preceding; that is, if the firffc ploughing was perform’d the Length-ways of the Ground, the fecond fhould be the Breadthways, and the laft the fame as the former.

These contrary ways of ploughing, at thofe feveral Sealons, do thoroughly work the Land, and prepare it fit for Ufe, provided that ’tis ploughed, about ten Inches, or a Foot deep, every Ploughing. When Lands are thus ploughed in fmall Furrows, one Acre is a good Day’s Work, fo that from this ’tis evident, that one Acre, well prepared, as aforefaid, will amount to one Pound and four Shillings, at the Rates a-forelaid • but farther from hondon, where Labour is cheap, it may be performed, perhaps, for twelve Shillings per Acre, thrice ploughed, according to the Computations of fome Authors, that have lately wrote thereon, by hearfay only.

The Mifealculations made by thefe and fuch Authors, does many Times make Gentlemen believe, when the Expences amount to more • than they are told they will; that their Servants Negligence is the Caule thereof; taking for granted, that what an Author writes, is what he has

proved2 6 Of the OAK.

proved by Experience, which very rarely happens, if he was not bred a Gardener, and continually pra&ifing therein.

But however, the real Charges of thefe Works are very inconfiderable, to the great Advantages that are daily arifing from them *, and therefore, I am in hopes, that Gentlemen will, with the utmoft Expedition, make large Plantations of all fuch kinds of Timber which are moft agreeable to the Nature of their feverai Lands, and advantageous to their Countries.

And as I am now enter’d into the young Seminary, or Plantation, I will, before I proceed any farther, explain the manner of raifing Heithorns, Crab-ftocks, Furzes, &c. for the enclofing of our young Plantations, and the real Expences thereof, as paid for at TwickenhamIJleworthj Brentfordj 8rc. where Day Labourers are paid one Shilling and Six-pence per "Diemfor fuch Works, and then afterwards lay down an accurate Account, of the Expences in the firft twenty Years Growth, and the real Advantages that arife therefrom in that Time.

Chap.Of the Heithorn, &c. ij

Chap. It.

Of the Manner of raifing He it horns, Crab-ftocks, and Furzes, for enclofing of Woods, Coppices , Fafures, Corn-lands , Gardens, he. and the great Advantages that arife from "Plantations of Oaks.

HPHE beft Plants, for Fences againft JL Cattle, &c. are the Heithorn, commonly called Quickfet, or Haw-thorn, the Crab-ftock, and the Furze-bufh. .

Quicksets or Heitborns are railed from their Heis or Haws, gather'd at the Fall of the Leaf, in OBober or November, and then fown in Beds of light Loam ; or they may be preferved in Sand from the Time of their gathering, until the February after, and then fown as aforefaid ; but they will not come up until the next Spring.

N. B. That when Heithorn Berries are gather’d, and laid in a Heap together, without Sand, &c. until the lecond Spring after gathering ; they very often heat and fpoii one another; and therefore, tho’ fome may grow, being fo kept, as mention’d by Mr. Edward Lawrence, in his Duty of a Steward28 Of the Heithorn, &c.

ard to his Lord, pag. 47. yet, ’tis by no means to be pra&ifed, fince we are fure that Sand will preferve them, and the trouble therein very inconfiderabie.

Cra.b-stocks are raifed from their Kernels, fown in Seed-beds, as the Heithorns, and come up the firft Year.

Furzes are raifed from Seed, and are beft when fown, where they are to remain j for when they are tranfplanted, they do not thrive fo well.

These two lafl: are fown in the Spring, about the middle of Februaryj and make an extraordinary Fence very foon.

The Heithorn and Crab Seedlings fhould remain in the Seed-beds, before they are planted out for Fences three Years, for in that Time they will be greatly advanced in their Growth ; but if they are tranfplanted from the Seed-bed, the fecond Year into a fmall Nurfery, in Rows, about fix or eight Inches apart, keeping them clean from Weeds ; by the next Seafon of planting, they will be finely rooted, largely grown, and more certain of Succefs-For ’tis a great Mifiake to plant Sets that are very fmall.Of the Heithorn, &c.	19

The Furze delight in light Lands, the Heithorn in loamy Lands, either light, midling, or ftrong, and the Crab, in ftrong Lands and Clay.

The Diftances that they fhould be planted at in the Rows, mull not be lefs than ten Inches or one Foot, nor the Number of Rows more than two, for the Reafons before obferved on their free Perfpirations.

The Rows fhould be about one Foot diftance from each other, wherein the Plants of the upper Row fhould be planted a-gainft the intermediate Spaces of the lower. And the firft or lowermoft Row fhould be planted ; exa&ly level with the Surface for ’tis from the lowermoft Row, that the Breadth of Ditches are accounted.

The ufual Method of planting Hei-tbortis and Crabs is to place the firft Row upon the bare Surface, and thereon lay the Earth, that comes out of the Ditch to raife the Bank, without firft digging the Surface, whereon the firft Row of Plants are placed ; but tho’ this Practice does do well, where the Land is good, yet I cannot but recommend the digging of the Surface, one fingle Spit, before we place our Sets thereon. For ’tis unqueftionable, that the Earth

thusJO Of the Hcithorn, &c.

thus broken up, is more natural for their tender Fibres to ftrike in, than when laid Upon anundillurbed hard Surface of Grafs, &c. that for a long Time refills their free Accefs therein.

When the firft Row of Sets are thus placed, then we proceed to the railing of the Bank, with the Earth out of the Ditch, until ’tis raifed one Foot perpendicular ; at which Time it being made nearly level, the laft Row is. placed as aforefaid ; after which the remaining Earth in the Ditch is laid thereon.

The Ditch being thus dug, and the young Sets planted, we place a dead Hedge upon the upper Part of the Bank, for a Fence, until the young planted Sets fpring up ; which if kept clear from Weeds, will in three or four Years, make an impenetrable Fence againll Cattle in general.

If Lands are not very light and dry, or very cold and wet, ’twill be bell to plant the firft and lowermoft Row with Crabs? and the uppermoil with Heithorn, which together make the bell of Fences; which, as they advance, fhould once a Year be dipt with Shears, as well at their Heads,Of the Heithorn, £tfc. 31

as Sides; which will caufe them in the fuc-ceeding Year to chicken very much.

Young Sets thus planted and order’d, will in three or four Years, make very fubftantial Fences again# all Kinds of Cattle, Swine, &c. and endure for many Years.

But by the Way, I fhould have took Notice that at the Time of planting En-clofures, we fhould not forget to place at equal Distances, in the upper Row of Quickfets, at about forty Foot Diftance, three or four Acrons, or inftead thereof, one thriving feedling Oak, of three or four Years Growth, or at ten, fifteen or twenty Feet diftance, young Layers, or other Plants of Englijb Elms, that are about two or three Years Growth, which in Time will not only become an Ornament, and Grace to the Enclofures, but make good Shelter for Cattle, and Timber alfo, to their great Improvement. Which Plants fhould every Year be carefully disbudded of their lateral Buds, as they appear, and preferved from the Shears, at the Time of clipping the Thorns.

The cuftomary Price paid for Enclofures, thus planted with Ditches, four Feet wide

at31 Of the Heithorn, &c-

at their Tops, one at their Bottoms, and three Feet deep, is one Shilling per Rod, and find the young Sets into the Bargain *, but when the Plants are provided ready to the Workman’s Hand, the ufual Price is, eight or nine Pence per Rod.

The Price of the Workmanfhip of Hedging, Ditching, and planting two Rows of Quickfets, at three Pence per R.od, as mention’d by Mr. Lawrence, pag. 163, is iefs than half the Price, paid about Twickenham; IJleworth; Brentfordj &c. But in more remote Parts, ’tis poflible that poor Mens Labour may be at that very low and mean Rate ; but I mull beg leave to take Notice, that the Quantity of Quickfets, recommended by him to be planted in a Rod runningMeafure,are abundantly too many; for if one Rod is allowed to be 21 Feet? and ’tis planted double, with 150 Plants, their Diftances will be but 5 y Inches, which is full 6 Inches too little ; for when Heithorns, or indeed any other Vegetables, are planted too thick, they not only rob or ftarve each other of the neceffary Juices, but for want of Air, cannot perfpire freely, and thereby their Growths are hinder’d.

N. B.Of the Heithorn,	33

N. B. As to Fences for Lands which are very wet, ’tis beft to raife up very high Banks by larger Ditches, and on the Surfaces plant the Heithorns or Crab-Stocks as before dire&ed.

It is cuftomary in many Parts of England j to graft (at twenty or thirty Foot dillance) fome of the thriving Crabs with Cyder Apples, from whence they often receive great Plenty.

When our Hedges of Heithorns and Crabs have leen five or fix Years, they fhould be plalh’d by a skilful Workman, which caufes them to grow very thick. This Work fhould be done in September> Ottoberj or November: As alfo the firfl: planting of Sets for Fences.

I need not give myfelf the Trouble of dire&ing or fhewing the Country Labourer and Hedger, by Words, or Copperplates, how that Operation of Hedges is to be performed ; fince I am allured, that great Numbers of them underftand it much better than any Author, that has hitherto wrote thereon, can dire£t them.

When plafhed Hedges of this Nature are by Time worn thin, and their Branches become very large; then we mult cut them D	entire-34 Of the Heithorn, (fc.

entirely down, clofe to the Surface of the Bank, leaving fome of the fmall Wood to form a Fence above \ whilft the old Stumps pufh out frefh Shoots, which, in two or three Years, will make a very good Fence again, being order’d as when firft planted.

In the making of Ditches, care fhould be taken to make the Banks with fuch an ea-fy Reclination, as to Hand without calving, or coking down, by the Winter’s Rains and Frofts; and fteep enough to prevent Swine or Cattle from eafily afcending the fame.

When we make Fences of the Furze, we fhould make ufe of the French Kind, which rifes much higher than our Englijh Kind. Furze muft be Town in fhallow Drills, upon the Summit of the Banks, very thinly, at one Foot diftance, each Drill from the other.

Two Drills on a Bank are fufficient, and when the young Seedlings come above Ground, they fhould be kept clear from Weeds, and tingled out to about one Foot diftance in the Rows.

Every Autumn, they fhould be clipped, which caufes them to thicken very much, and gives a pleafant Afpeft.Of the Heithorn, &c.	35

I cannot help recommending the planting of thefe Sorts of Hedges, in our Wiider-jlelfes, and other Parts of the Garden; for during the Seafon that they are in Bloffom, which is a long Time, there’s no Plant makes a finer Appearance. And befides, they are an admirable Covert for Game, as well as to draw plenty of Birds, (fuch as Linnets, Bullfinches, which build their Nefts therein.

The black Thorn, or Slow-bufh, does alfo make a good Fence, when mix’d with Crabs, or Heithorns; but the Stones thereof lie two Years in the Ground before they fpring up. The Manner of planting Fences herewith is the fame, as in the Heithorn and Crab-ftocks.

Young Englijh VAms, being planted in double Rows, at two Feet apart, and plafh-ed by a skilful Hand ; after three or four Years Growth, make an excellent Fence, being kept dipt; and there’s no Plant makes a more beautiful Hedge in the Garden, when skilfully order’d. Of which hereafter, in its Place.

Thus have I given an exa£t Account, of the Manner of raifing, planting and ordering Fences, for the Prefervation of young D 2	Planta-5 6 Of the Heithorn, &c.

Plantations, as well as Corn, Paftures, ?£>c. after the beft Manner ; the Neceflity whereof has been long Time known. For Virg. in Geo. 2. thus advifes,

Fexenda fepes etiam,	pecus omne tenendum eft :

Pracipue, dum from ienera, imprudenfque laborum 5 Cul, fuper indignas byemes, Solemque potentem, Sylveftres uri aflidub, capreaque fequaces Illudunt : pafcuntur Ovesy avidaque juvenca. Frigora nec tantum cana concreta pruina,

Aut gravis incumbens fcopulis arentibus aft as, Quantum illi nocuere greges, durique venenum Dent is, & admorfo fignata in fiirpe cicatrix.

Georg. 2. 371.

PI aft} Fences, thy Plantation, round about,

And whilft yet young, be fure keep Cattle out j Severeft Winters, fcorching Sun inf eft,

And Sheep, Goats, Bullocks, all young Plants moleft:

Tet neither Cold, nor the hoar rigid Froft,

Nor Heat, reflecting from the rocky Coaft,

Like Cattle, Frees and tender Shoots confound, When, with envenom'd Feeth, the Fwigs they wound.

I	had almoft forgot the plain or green Holly, that makes an admirable good Fence (but flowly) in very dry and poor Lands, where the others will not grow ; lb alfo

dothOf the OAK. 57

doth Alder and Willow, in Lands that are very wet and cold.

N. B. Those Timber Trees, which I advifed to be planted in the young Hedges of Heithorn, muft be kept yearly, or every two Years, drefs’d, and pruned up clofe to their Bodies; whereby they will not only permit the Thorns to thrive under them, much better than when fhaded and dript, but become Timber many Years fooner, free from Knots, &c. which makes them the more valuable for many Ufes.

Chap. III.

Of the real ExpenceSj incident to the preceding ‘Plantations ofO\ k, and the great Advantages that arife to EJiates therefrom.

I Will fuppofe, that the Works were to be performed within ten Miles of Lon-don_, where Workmens Wages are at the higheft Rate of any in England. It has been proved, that in one Acre of Land, there may be planted 27 Oaks, which require as many Holes to be dug, of three D 3	Feet38 Of the O A K;

Feet Diameter and Depth ; the Quantity of Earth to be taken out of each is, 21 4-*-cubical Feet. A cubical Yard is 2-7 cubical Feet, which, in Gardening, is accounted a Load, and the cuftomary Price, per Load, for fuch Digging, is four Pence; fo that each Hole is worth two Pence half Penny, and ) of a half Penny.

See the Calculation.

The Diameter of one Hole

Multiply’d by

The ProduQ: is Which multiply’d by

And divided by

3 Feet 3

the Diameter y fquared

11, produces 99, '4) 99 (7.^“ 'of

£18	one Hole

I* Remains.

This Area being multiplied by the Depth of the Hole, 3 gives 21. the Solidity of the Earth in each Hole

The39

Of the O A K.

The Area 27. I The Depth 3

The quantity of Earth? W f bical Feet in one Hole	->	*

Which multiply by the Number of holes in an Acre.

42

17. Q

The folid Feet contain-? « ed in an Acre’s Holes f * 4* 1 +

Now divide 584, by 27, the folid Feet in one Load, and the Quotient is the Number of Loads in an Acre.

27) 584 (21 j; Loads required. 54-

17. remains, which is fome-thing lefs than -f of a Load. Now 21 4 Loads at 4d per Load, is 7 s. 2 d. | the whole Expence of digging the Holes in one Acre.

If 7s. 2 d. 4 is multiply’d by one thou-fand, the Quantity of Acres, the Produfl is the whole Expence of Digging.

D 4

See40

Of the OAK.

See the Calculation,

First, 7000 Shillings is 350 Pounds The Quantity of Acres 1000 multiplied by the Shill. 7 Which divide by 20) 7000 (350 /.

Secondly, a thoufand two Pences is eight Pounds, fix Shillings, and eight Pence. The Quantity of Acres 1000

Multiply’d by	2 Pence, the

Produ£b is 2000 d.

Which divide by 12O the Pence in a Shil-> 12) 2000 (166 ling.	S

8q

72

80

72

8

Now divide \66 Shil-0 Shill, lings by the Shillings> 20) 166 (8 in a Pound.	j 160

6

Remains, equal to >0, or fix Shillings.

Third-Of the OAK. 41

Thirdly, a thoufand Half-pence, is e-qual to 500 d. equal to two Pounds, one Shilling and eight Pence, and the whole Expence of Digging, is as follows.

1. s. d.

Seven thoufand Shillings 3 50 00 00 One thoufand Two-pences 008 16 08 One thoufand Half-pence 002 01 04

Sum Total 360 18 00

The next Expence is, filling the Holes in the Spring, and planting the Acorns, which may juftly be fet at half the preceding Expence. Then will the fecond and laft Expence at planting be	180/. 9 s. d.

To which add the Expence ^ > j g preceding	j ^

And the Total Expence of?

planting one thoufand^ 54T. 07. o. Acres of Oaks, is j----------------

Now let’s compute the annual Expence of keeping them houghed clean of Weeds, and digging about them early in the Winter, to let in the W inter’s Rains.

It41 Of the OAK.

It has been already proved, that the Surface of one Hole is 7 fquare Feet. Therefore multiply the Number of Holes, 27000 By the Area of one, 7. h

189000 1928, t\

And the Product is 190928. Feet.

Now 272£ fquare Feet being one fquare Pole, therefore divide 190928 by 272, But for the more eafy working, we’ll leave the Fra&ions out.	Quotient.

272) 190928 (701 fquare Rods 1904

528

272

25 6 remains, which is very near one Rod; fo that we may compute the whole at 702 Rods.

Now 160 fquare Rods, being one Acre, therefore divide 702 by 160.

I N , ^Quotient, the Acres 160) 702 (4 contain’d therein.

6 40

62 remains, which are Rods, andOf the OAK.	43

and fomething more than of an Acre; but we’ll fetit at 5 Acres.

The Quantity being thus obtained, the annual Expence may be eafily accounted for, as follows.

Firft, The houghing and ftirring the Earth about them moderately deep with the Hough, in the Summer, may be very well performed for Ten Shillings per Acre, once doing; and the digging about them one fingle Spit deep, at the beginning of the Winter, at forty Shillings per Acre, which is three Pence per Rod.

/. s, d.

The feveral Holes fhou’d ber houghed four times in the Sum-< 12 10 00 mer, the Expence whereof is, C

To which add the digging 5? Q0 OQ Acres, at 2 l.ptr Acre	C

And the total Charge of keeping? one thouiand Acres, fer An->22 10 00 hum, will be	3

Our ufual Price to Day-Labourers, is nine Shillings per Week' which is twenty three Pounds, eight Shillings per Annum, and but eighteen Shillings more than the

preced?44	0/ the OAK.

preceding Account:	So it appears, very

plainly, that one Man can very well govern and manage one thaufand Acres oFOaks, fo planted; and the greateft annual Expence, but twenty three Pounds at moft. Now the whole Charge, (the Fencing excepted, which has been already accounted for ) is as follows.

For digging and plantings 27000 Holes of Acorns 3 The fimple Intereft there-7 of, for twenty Years S The compound Intereft ex- 7 traordinary	3

For twenty Years keeping, > at 2 3 /. 8 s. per Annum $ The fimple and compounds Intereft thereof paidV yearly for twenty Years j

Sum

/.	s.	d.
541	07	00
54i	07	oc
250	00	CO
468	00	00
302	06	00
2103	00	00

Which is the Expence of planting and keeping 1000 Acres for twenty Years.

It was before fhewn, that the Rent of 1000 Acres at 5 s. per Acre, with the fimple and compound Intereft, is 6612	19	07

To which add the above 2103	00 00

And the whole Expence is, 8715	19 07

ButOf	theO A K. 45

But ’tis to be noted, that the Value of the under Crops are not accounted for^ to prove the great Advantages exclufive thereof.

Now, every Tree, in twenty Years Time, is, at the very lcaft, worth ten Shillings each, and confeq'uently, the whole 2700c, will be worth 13500 Pounds.

But as I faid before, the Lands may be annually employed for Pafture, Corn, as ufually, whereby the annual Rent of two hundred Pounds, and its Intereft, may in great part, or wholly, be preferved; fo that the real Advantage of a Plantation of one thoufand Acres of Oaks, will be, at the leaft, ten thoufand Pounds, in the firft twenty Years Growth : And if their lateral Buds have been carefully difplaced, as they appear’d, they will have no farther need of houghing and digging about their Roots as before; fo that for the next twenty Years after, there will be no Expence in their keeping; at the end of which Time, they will have more than doubled their Value,

and the ne: ty Years

From w

Expen

and40 Of the OAK.

and be worth upwards of 20000 Pounds, exclufive^of their Bark and Lop.

Mr. Evelyn, in his difcourfe on Forefl Trees, ‘Page 53. fpeaking of Wallnut Trees, lays, That in feveral Places, between Ha-naw and Frankfort, in Germany, no young Farmer, whatfoever, is permitted to marry a Wife, till he brings Proof, that he hath planted, and is a Father of fuch a Bated Number of Wallnut Trees; and the Law is inviolably obferved to this Day, for the extraordinary Benefit which this Tree affords the Inhabitants: And ’tis hoped, that our wife Legiflators will provide fome fuch Law, for the planting and improving Timber Trees in general, throughout the whole Kingdom. I will not afiign what Laws fhould be made for this purpofe, but I wifh they were fuch, that if the Heir of every Eftate did not, within five Years after Pof-feflion, caufe all his Meadow, and other Lands (thofe for Corn excepted) to be planted with Oaks, and other proper Timber Trees, at fit Diftanccs, and his Hedgerows alfo, he fhould forfeit every Acre then found unplanted; which Trees he fhould be obliged to preferve from Cattle, until grown out of their Powers to injure, by

crop-Of the O A K.	47

cropping, Bfc. and not to be fell’d under thirty five or forty Years Growth, unlefs for Repairs of the Premiffes, as for Gates, Stiles, Pofts, &c. on Forfeiture of twenty Pounds to the King, for every Tree cut down before that Age: But all this I fubmit to the Confideration of the Senate.

- Thus have I given an Account of the real Advantages that will arife from Plantations of Oaks, when made within ten Miles of London \ therefore, where poor Mens Labour is much cheaper than there, the Expence will be much lefler, and confe-quently the Advantages greater.

N. B. That the young planted Oaks muft be preferved from the cropping of Sheep, Goats, Cows, &c. by Hurdles, or Stakes, interwoven with Bufhes, as a fmall flak’d Hedge, well known to every Husband-man, and therefore needlels to be mention’d here.

Chap.

*48 Of the ELM.

Chap. IV.

On the Terjpiration of the feveral Kinds of Elms., their Manner of raijing and ordering for Timber in Woods> Tarksj Fo-reftsj CoppicesHedge-rows^ &c. And the Advantages that arife from fuch Plantations.

H E feveral Kinds of Elms in England are three, viz. The Mountain Elm, vulgarly called the Englijh Elm, the cDutch Elm, and the French Elm, call'd vulgarly the witch Elm; of which, the Mountain or Englijh Elm is heft for Timber, and the others to plant in Gardens for Hedges, Avenues, Walks, &c. and to thicken the Quarters of Wildernefles for covert to Game. And indeed the Mountain, or Englijh Elm, is of great Ufe and Ornament in the Garden alfo, for the fame Ufes as the others preceding ; and if I may be permitted to fpeak my real Opinion thereof, I can’t fay, but that it makes as beautiful an Appearance, as any Tree whatever, and more efpecially when Hedges, Groves, Walks, Avenues, &c. are plantqtf therewith; for its Leaves i	areOf the E L M. 49

are not only very beautiful in their Forms and Magnitudes, but of a pleafant Green, and one of the very laft that falls in the Autumn; but the different Nature of Soils does alter this laft very much, for light and warm Lands will pufh out their Leaves in the Spring much fooner than ftiff and cold Lands; but then they have this Evil attending them, they drop fometning fooner in the Autumn.

These feveral Kinds of Elms are increas’d by Layers, or Suckers, and fome fay by Seed alfo; but I never made the Experiment. Mr. Evelyn in his Sylva^ or Difcourfe on Foreft Trees, fays they will, efpecially the Fre7ich Elm, which, he fays, comes well from the Samera or Seed. So doth our curious Botanift Mr. Bradley fay the fame, in the firft Part of his new Improvements, Tage 44.	“ It may be propa-

gated from the Seed or Samera.

I muft confefs, that no two Men did ever agree better in their Opinions, than thefe two Gentlemen do in their Writings, for if we trace them throughout, there’s very little Difference to be found between them, their Language excepted.

E

But50 Of the ELM.

But however, they fay, we may raife Elms from their Seeds, which ripen and fall in Aprils or the Beginning of Mayj being fown in fine fifted Earth, in a fhady Expo-fition, and water’d from Time to Time, as the Earth grows dry; but the common and moft expeditious Ways, that we propagate them, is by Suckers or Layers.

The Suckers are got out of Hedge-rows, Woods, (§c. foon after Michaelmasj when the Seafon will permit them to be drawn, or (much better) taken up with a Spade. ,

The beft Kinds of Soils, out of which we fhould draw our Suckers, are thofe that are light, fuch as fandy Loams, or moderate Sands. When we gather Suckers of Elm, we fhould obferve to dig them up with a Spade, without drawing, if poflible; (for if by drawing their Roots, they are (trained, they will not grow) to carefully preferve them in a Sack from the Wind and drying Air, to immediately plant them after taking up, being firfi: pruned with a very (harp Knife, that cuts elean, and that •all the bruifed Parts of their Roots be carefully pruned away.

That their Roots are preferv’d in as great Quantity as poffible, provided they %	:	areOf the ELM. 51

are found, and free from Bruifes,

And that their Heads be reduc’d within two or three Buds, which generally is about three or four Inches clear off the Roots.

When they are well rooted, then they may be planted in Rows about one Foot apart, and two Feet afunder. Yet if they are but indifferently rooted, then plant them in Beds, at about five or fix Inches apart, where they fhould remain to get well rooted, at leaf! two Years. In the Spring,; when they are {hooting out the feveral Branches from their Buds, we fhould make Choice of the ftrongeft of each, and difplace all the others, by pruning or rubbing them off. But this Work mull: not be done, until the Branches to be preferv’d are about fix or feven Inches in Length, arid capable of drawing Nourifhment from their Roots,' as well, as to perfpire away the crude Part thereof, as ’tis drawn from their Roots.

By this Means, the firffc Year’s Growth will be equal to thofe of three or four, that has had all their Branches fuifer’d to grow together.

For without Difpute, the Roots of any Vegetable can fupport one fingle* Branch E 2	much5^ Of the ELM.

much ftronger, than when there are three or four to be fupported with the fame Nourifhment.

Wren the firft Year’s Growth is over, we fhould determine the Quantity intended for Standards, that is, Timber Trees, to tranfplant out in Avenues, Walks, Parks, Hedge-rows, &c. And thofe for Hedge-Plants in Wilderneffes, Walks, &c. Thofe defign’d to make Timber Trees muft in the fecond Spring have their lateral Buds carefully difplac’d, fome few excepted near the Top, as directed for the Oaks: But thole for Efpalier, or Hedge-Plants, muft have their forward Buds only difplaced, leaving thofe that are in the Line of the Rows, to break out into Branches, to form an Efpalier; and it will not be improper, if in the middle of May we nip or pinch off the extream leading Buds of their lateral Shoots, which will occalion thofe Branches to throw out others, that will caufe the young Plants to be well thicken’d at their Bottoms.

Weien our Trees have been thus order’d, the fecond Year we fhould tranfplant them into our Nurfery, if our Places, intended for them to grow in for good and all, are not

ready,Of the ELM. 53

ready, as directed in my new Principles of Gardening, *Page 118: But if our Lands are ready, where they are to remain, ’tismuch the better and furer Way, to plant them at their next Removal, which fhould be in Ottobcr or November> of the fecond Year, where they fhould have the fame Management as before directed.

When we would raife Elms by Layers, yve fhould provide a Piece of good mellow frefh Land, which, to produce good Layers, fhould be well dunged the Year before we begin to ufe it for this Purpofe. Then being provided with a fufficient Number of well rooted Plants well grown, the larger the better, we fhould trench out Ground in October^ and therein plant our Trees, at eight or ten Feet diftance from one another, their Heads being cut off with-! ; in eight Inches of the Ground ; and in the planting of them, we fhould be fure to place the Stools or Plants of the fecond Row againft the intermediate Spaces of the firfl; for thereby, they will have a much more open Air, than when planted direftly op-pofite to each other.

Each Plant (which Gardeners call Stools, v/hen thus planted for thefe Purpofes) will E 3	produce54 Of the ELM.

produce ten, fifteen, or twenty Layers, and Sometimes thirty, when very large, which are to be laid down in November Or February > and by October following wifi be Well rooted, fit to tranfplant, either into the Nurfery or Hedge-rows.

In the Performance of this Work, Care fhould betaken, not to’place‘the Layers too near one another, fo as to hinder each other’s free Perfpirations, whereby inany, for want of a free Air circulating about 'them, either perifh entirely, or being fatu-'rate with Sap, cannot draw up more, and thereby are render’d incapable of drawing Roots. For the Manner of performing this Work, I refer you to my new Principles of Gardening, Tage 117.

When your Layers have taken Root, which they’ll have done by the Beginning of the fucceeding Winter, we fhould cut 'them from the Mother-Plant, and with a Spade lift them out of the Ground ; and having carefully pruned their Roots, head •them down to about five or fix Inches, and plant them, in the Nurfery, as direfled in the following Page of my new Principles 118, where they are to remain as dire&ed for thofe -railed from 'Suckers j in the followingOf the ELM.	55.

lowing Springs, their lateral Buds are to be difplaced, as before directed, according-ly as you intended them, either for Efpalier or Hedge-Plants, or ftandard Trees for Timber, &c.

But if we are determin’d to purchale Trees from a Nurfery, being not willing to wait for their raifing, we are to note, that the larger they are, the better, provided that they have not flood long in their Places, and are badly rooted ; but have been tranfplanted every third or fourth Year, which furnifhes them with plenty of Roots. I have tranfplanted Elms forty Feet high, and flxteen Inches Diameter, that have thrived very well, being well rooted; but as Trees of fuch a Size are not always to be had, we muft therefore content ourfelves with what the Country produces. The beft Size is, thofe that have handlbme Heads, about ten or twelve Feet high, and four Inches Diameter at their Bottoms; which being planted carefully in October3 and protected from the Injuries of Wind, Cattle, &c. by being well flaked, will foon become fine Trees, to the entire Satisfaction of their Proprietors.

E 4

The5<5 OJ the ELM.

The Soil mod natural to this Plant is, a frefh, moift, Tandy Loam, not but it will thrive very well in a Loam mix’d with Gravel, in chalky and flinty Lands that are moift, in moift rich Sands, and indeed any Soil ; a cold wet Clay, and hot hungry Gravel, excepted.

The proper Diftances that the Plants fliould be planted at, when they are planted to make Hedges, Walks, Avenues, &c. are about ttfo Feet and a half, or three Feet apart, placing a fmall one between two higher ones, to fill the Bottoms thereof. When we plant them as ftandard Trees, to fill up the Quarters of a Wildernefs, where we require a Thicket as Toon as poflible, then we plant them at feven or eight Feet apart, and the like Diftance in Groves, to caufe an immediate Shade; fo alfo in Efpa-liers, before a Houfe, or on a Terrace Walk; but I cannot fay that I approve of this very thick planting, if the Trees are not eve-, ry third or fourth Year thin’d in their Heads, by skilful pruning, to let in a free Air, wherein they perfpire freely and expand much ; by this pruning, I don’t mean cutting them fo very much as to deftroy their Shade entirely, but to prevent their BranchesOf the E L M. 57

es from too much fhading one another, whereby they become naked of Leaves, for want of a free Perfpiration.

The Standards of fhady Walks fhould be planted at a like Diftance, but thofe in Vifta’s, Avenues, &c. may be at greater Diftances, as thirty, thirty five or forty Feet, accordingly as the Magnitude of the Avenue, &c. requires.

When we plant them on purpofe for Timber, in the Park, Coppice, Hedge-rows, &c. we may place them abundantly thicker, at twelve, fixteen, or twenty Feet apart, being kept disbudded every Spring, as before dire&ed. ’Tis a Tree that is fociable, (as Mr. Evelyn terms them) delighting to grow in Confort, as well as fingle, and even very clofe, as to almoft touch one another, and therefore we may plant them very thick in our Hedge-rows.

If we would propagate this Tree in Soils that are very wet and cold, we fhould firft, in OElober^ dig up the Surface of the Earth, where we intend to plant them in the manner of fingle digging, each Place, where the Trees are to be placed, to be about fix Feet Diameter,

Then58 Of the ELM.

Then in February take up your Trees, which -being pruned lit for planting ; place them on the Surface, and raifc the Earth about their Roots, (withfrefli Earth brought to them) a fufficient Depth, wb, fome-thing more than they were when growing in the 'Nurfery, which being well tiofed to their Roots, and made good at that Height about fix Feet round the Stem of the Tree, will undoubtedly profper well. For the fhallower we plant in wet and cold Lands, the better.

And as this Manner of Planting is perform’d in the Spring, when’tis often very dry, efpecially in March / we fhould, to fave our felves what Expences we reafona-bly may, and withal ferviceable to our new planted Trees, lay fome Litter, Dung, or Mowings of Grafs, about the Roots of each Tree, to preferve the Moilfure from being too haftily evaporated from them. But if the Land is very wet, then there will be no Occa-fion for this Defence, but tliey will be rather better without it: For if by Covering we fhould confine the over .and above Moifiure from having a free Evaporation ; his probable that their Roots may become very foon faturated therewith, and then for want of

theOf the E L M. 59

che kincfly Influence of the Sun, to -exhale at away, will perifh. So that the defending of Moifture from the Sun, in thefe Cafes is to he done difcretionally, and not at all times in every Kind of Soil.

This lovely Tree, when planted a6 afore-faid, fhould be protefled from the Infults of Cattle, and Winds, by being fecurely flak’d and buih’d. Wherein we are to ob-ferve, that the common Method of defending Trees from Cattle, by three Oaken Stakes drove into the Ground about them triangular, and clofed on their Sides at Top and Bottom with fmall Rails, is oftentimes of more Prejudice to the Plant, :than the Winds and Cattle are. For when Trees are thus encompafs’d, the Carpenter being ignorant of the Matter, contracts them fo very dole at the Top, that upon every Blaft of Wind, the Tree is gauled againft the upper Rails, whereby its Growth is greatly retarded, and Body rendered dila-greeable to the Eye; if it does not foon after totally perifh, which frequently happens.

Of all the Foreft Trees growing in Eng* land3 there’s none fo inoffenfive and agreeable to Cattle as the 'Elm, under whole Shade in the fieat of Summer they much

delight;6o Of the ELM.

delight ; nor are its Roots of fuch a ravenous Nature, as to wholly deprive Arable and Pafture Lands of their Nourifhment, in all thofe Parts where they extend ; as the Afh will do, whereby Corn and Grafs do foon perifh.

When Avenues, or other Walks of this Tree are very old and decay’d at their Tops, ’tis beft to lop off all their lateral Branches, or Arms, clofe to their Bodies, and their decay’d Heads alfo, leaving nothing but the naked found Body. And that our Work ,may be the more graceful, we fhould ftrain a level Line along their Heads very tight, which will direQ: us how to head them level, which is much handfomer, than when fome are higher than others. The beft Sea-fon for this Work is Februaryj when the Heat of the Spring is advancing, and the Winter’s Wet and Cold over, which their Wounds will imbibe freely, to their great Prejudice. But to prevent their receiving fuch Injuries at their Wounds, I advife that a Salve of Bees-wax and Mutton-fuet be prepared ; with which let all their feveral Wounds be covered, to preferve them from the Injuries thereof.

TheOf the ELM. <5i

The common Method of lopping the Arms of Elm Trees, at a Foot or two Di-ftance from their Body, is entirely wrong ; for thofe remaining Parts do imbibe and communicate Wet to their Bodies in much greater abundance, than when cut clofe, as before directed.

Of this Error Mr. Evelyn takes Notice, in his Sylvaj flag. 32, (where fays he) “ I “ have noted many Elms fo disbranchedj

that the remaining Stubs grewimmediate-“ ly hollow, and were, as fo many Con-“ duits or Pipes, to hold and convey the P Rain, to the very Body and Heart of the Tree.”

The Seafon for felling this Tree for Timber, is in November., ^December, and January ^ at which Time great Care fliould be taken, to fecurely cut their Kerfes before their Fall is made, left their But-ends are greatly injured thereby. And in Oaks, the fame Care fliould be taken, left the Butts are fplit in their Fall, which frequently happens, to the great Lofs of the Proprietor. This I do not mention to an experienced Woodmanj whofe Judgment in disbranching the proper Parts of a Tree, and cutting its Kerfe clofe to the Ground, is not to be

doubt-6l Of the ELM.

doubted: But to caution thofe that are not fo well acquainted therewith.

The great Ufes that this noble Tree is of, for the Rimbs and Floats of Water-wheels, for Engine-trees, Mud-fills, and o-ther Ufes in Mill and Water-works, as Pumps, Pipes, &c. for Wheel-wrights, Turners and Carvers ufes ; befides many others in civil, naval, and military Stru&ures, are fufficient Poofs of the great Benefit it is to the Publick ; wherefore it fhould undoubtedly be propagated in as great an abundance as poffible.

The great Advantages that arife from Plantations of this Tree, has of late been fully declared, to the entire Satisfa&ion of thofe that furnifhed the Timber for the Pipes lately laid in the Water-works of Chel-fea^ Tork-buildingSj New-riverj Weftmin-fter, Shadwellj Rotherith and ‘Deptford; in which laft Work, I my felf, in one Year, laid upwards of one thoufand Loads bored into Pipes.

But excluding all thefe many Advantages that arife from the Timber, its beautiful Verdure, and delightful Shade, is Encouragement fufficient for ns to propagate it as much as poffible. But obferve here

theOf the ELM. <$}

the fweet Defcription of this majeftic Plant, and Advice for its Propagation, by Rafim.

Ut 'virov eft ulmo hetuSy ramique comantesy ArdmtSy alt a petens & levi cortice tr uncus,

Ulmum adhibe ordinibus} quoties fundenda per bortum.

Sunt ferte fpatia ingentiy texendaque totiSy Aifiivos contra foies umbracula campis : '

Unit alios inter texendis aptior ulmus Marginibus fpatioruniy exornandoque vireto.

Seque adeo feriety piano fuper aquorey tendat UlmOram traclu longo y quantum ipfa tuentum LumiMy •vel grejfus valeant luftrare fequentum.

An Elm for graceful Verdure, bufby bough,

A lofty Topy and a firm Rind allow.

Plant Elm in Borders on the graffy Lift,

Branches of Elm into thick Arbours twift j

A Gallery of Elm draw to the End

That Eyes can reachy or a breath'd Race extend.

\Dutch Elms are raifed as the preceding Mountain or Englijh Elm, and are of a much quicker Growth, and therefore planted in Gardens for fpeedy Shade ; but they never make good Timber, nor very large Trees, that I ever faw. Their Barks are very tough, and nothing near fo agreeable

to6\ Of theELM..

to the Eye, as the preceding; nor are their Leaves fo beautiful, being of a darker un-pleafanter green, and much larger.

But however, they are not defpicable, for they caufe an agreeable Variety, and Shade. .

It was propos’d fome Time ago, by Mr. Thomas Greenj NuiTery-man, at Brentford-end, MtddlefeXj to have obtain’d a Patent from his late moft Gracious Majefty King George I. for grafting and inoculating the Englijh upon the Tiutch Elm, which does greatly improve their Heads, for Walks, Efpaliers, and other Ufes in the Garden; but for Timber, this Pra&ice is deftru&ive. For as I before obferv’d, the \Dutch Elm does never arrive to a large Stature, altlio’ ’tis of a quick Growth when young.

Virgil relates, that they will join with the Oak, (who undoubtedly made Experiments thereof) as alfo, upon one another.

The learned Mr. Evelyn reports, that the grafting Elms is an Improvement to their Heads. Which Report of his being upwards of fixty Years old, makes it appear that ’twas not a new Dilcovery of Mr* Green's ; for we may allure ourfelves, that 3	Mr.Of the ELM, 65

Mr. Evelyn would not have related it, had it been fabulous or Conjecture only. Betides, it has been praCtifed by many eminent Gardeners, for many Years paft, and particularly in feveral Parts of Tork/hirej and is ftill to this Day. And nearer at Home, no farther off than Kenjington, I am inform’d, that Mr. Furber_, an ingenious and well experienc’d Nurfery-man of that Place, has many Times grafted the Englijh upon the 'Dutch Elm.

Now, thefe Things being confider’d, ’tis very furprifing, that any Perfon could attempt the obtaining of a Patent for an old Practice* under Pretence of a new Difco-very ; frnce moft Gardeners and Nurlery-men in England, had praCtifed the fame: many Years ago. But to the Matter in Hand, 1 advife every one that plants Elms, with Hopes of having them large and ftately Trees, to plant the true Mountain or En-gl'tjh Elm, railed from Suckers or Layers j which laft is the moft expeditious Way of the two.

And indeed, if we rightly confider the Matter, we have no Sort of Occafion for grafting the Englifl) upon the ‘Dutch Elm, to haften and augment the Growth of their F	Heads)66 Of the ELM.

Heads; fince by railing Elms from Layers, we obtain fine ftately proportion’d Headed Plants, in five or fix Years Time ; that we are certain will afterwards afford both Plea-fare and Profit.

Having thus, for the Sake of Pofterity, caution’d the planting of grafted Elms, I will, for the Encouragement of Gentlemen, demonftrate the great Advantages that arife from Plantations of this ftately Tree, and the beft Manner of performing and ordering them, alter planting, until they become good Timber, fit for the Ufes before mention’d.

The firft Thing to be done, is to make Choice of a proper Soil, as before mention’d, which we will here fuppofe to contain twenty Acres only; by which, we may account for a greater or lelfer Quantity.

Being provided with Land, fitted for our Purpoie, we mult caufe the fame to be well trenched withfmall Spits, in October or Novemberj and therein plant at 20 Feet Diftance, young Layers, or Suckers of three or four Years Growth, that have been disbudded in the Nurfery, in order for making Standards, as before direded, which plant

withOf the ELM. 6y

with all the Roots polhble, and carefully preferve their leading Shoots.

In the Spring following, viz. in March, and Aprils when the Weeds begin to grow, caufe them to be carefully houghed, and plac’d about their Stems, to prevent the Sun from drawing away fuch Moifture, as is neceflary for their Support.

And if Water happens to be near at Hand, it will be well worth our While to keep them well water’d throughout the firft Summer; and therefore at planting, or rather, at firll houghing in Marchj they fhould have Concaves made about their Stems, (which by Gardeners are called Cups ) to contain the Water, at the Times of watering.

A Plantation thus encouraged the firft Year, will become Timber, at lead: ten Years fooner than thofe that have the Spring and Summer’s Rains only, excepting when thofe Seafons are very wet and warm, which no Man can infure or depend on. And fince that there is no Gentleman, but can imploy his Servants, when fuch new Plantations are plentifully fupplied with Moifture from the Heavens; we may at thofe Times decline our artificial Waterings;

F 2	but<58 Of the ELM.

but when they are long abfent, and Seafons become hot and dry, we rauft then begin our Waterings again.

I f Ponds or Rivers are far diftant from our Plantations, it will be beft to fink one or more Wells, if the Springs don’t exceed thirty two Feet, or thereabouts in Depth ; and therein place Elm Pumps, by whofe Help a Water-Cart is foon filled, that with a leathern Pipe fix’d to its Bottom, will very expeditioufly water the feveral Plants. But where Water is inaccefllble, the only Means that we can ufe, is to plant very early, at the End of the Autumn, that they may ftrike Root before the Spring, and have the Benefit of the Winter’s Rains, that are very great Supports to them, if the fuc-ceeding Spring and Summer happens to be dry.

Every Tree being planted at twenty Feet Diftance, each Tree will have 400 fquare Feet to extend its Roots in, and an Acre will contain one Hundred and eight Trees; for in an Acre of Land there is contain’d, one Hundred and eight Times four Hundred Feet, and 360 remaining. Obferve the Calculation.

AnAn Acre contains And each Pole

160 Poles 272^

320

1120

320

40

The Feet in an Acre,div. by

£400)43560(108, The Number of ^	Trees in one

400 Acre*

3560

3200

360 remains.

If we multiply 108 by 20, the Number of Acres, the Produft will be 2160. The total Number of Trees to be planted in twenty Acres.

108

20

Product 2160 as required.

The Expences of trenching may be computed as following^3 3

JO Of the E L M.

/. x. d.

For trenching of twenty y Acres of Land two Spit and a v8o oo oo Crumb at 6 d.per. Rod	b

For taking up, pruning, and y planting the Trees, at 3 s.per C Hundred.	*	^

For one Man, five Months to watering, (the Horfe, Cart,

&c. fuppofed to be already pro- ^90 vided for other Ufes) at 9 s.per Week.

For houghing four Times the 2160 Trees, viz. about 18 Inches about each, ( the whole Quantity being lefs than 60 Rods,) at 10 s.per Acre, every Houghing. Therefore,

The Whole Expence of plan- 1 ting and firft Year’s keeping, is, 5 *

8 6

N. B. The Value of the Land wherein our Nurfery is made that railed 2160 Trees being very inconfiderable, is not worth our while to account it any more than the now and then a Day, for one Man, to dig and hough them, lay them down in the Spring, and tranfplant them out at Michaelmas after.

ThisOf	the ELM.

This new Plantation being thus managed the firfl Year, at the Michaelmas following their planting, they mult be digged about their Roots, as before directed for the Oaks; the Expence of which will amount to, at 3 d.fer Rod, about And if to this we add for the next Summer’s Houghing.

/. s.

o 15

o 15

d.

71

O

o more

The Sum 1 10 o will be the Expence of the fecond Year’s Keeping, and the like for eighteen Years after; at which Time they will require no more fuch Care in keeping.

Now let us pafs through the whole Expence as it arifes, with its Interefl for twenty Years, fuppofing that the Land were of no Ufe, than for the Support of the Trees, which it need not be, for as they are to be yearly disbudded of their lateral Buds, their Top-branches will fhade very little: So that for the firfl ten or twelve we may be fure of good Crops of Corn from among them, and afterwards Failure for Sheep, Cows,	But iiotwithflanding that

F 4	the71	Of the E L M.

the Land is capable of producing thefe Crops; yet I will in this Calculation fup-pole that no fuch Crops were to be produced, and that the Land is wholly employ’d to the Ufe of the Timber Trees.

I will fuppofe the annual Rent of the Land at 5 s. fer Acre, as before in the Oaks.

Being thus prepared, we will now proceed to the Calculation.

/. k A

The Expence of Planting, and 7 Q j the firft Year’s keeping.	5 921	6

The Rent of 20 Acres the firft7

Year,	J_°	°

The Expence at the firft Year’s^ ^ ^ ^

The fecond Year’s Keeping, as7

above.	3	10	o

The Intereft of 97 /. 18 s. 6 d.}

for one Year.	S	41/11

The Expence at the fecond} A Year’s End.	1	4	5

The third Year’s keeping.	1 10 o

The Intereft of 104 /. 6 s. one-} '

Year.	T	5	4	5

The Expence at the third Year’s7 j l End.	j

o 3 TheOf the E L M. 73

/. s.

Brought over hi o 8 The fourth Year’s keeping.	i io o

The Intereft of 111 /. 8 d.	5 11 o

The Expence at the fourth? p 0 Year’s End.	1 S

The fifth Year’s keeping.	1	io	0
The Intereft of 118 /.	5	18	0
The Expence at the fifth Year’s? End. J	[125	9	8
The fixth Year’s keeping.	1	IO	0
The Intereft of 125 /. 9 0)	1 r	05	
8 d. almoft 1	> O		0
The Expence at the fixth Year’s] End. J		5	2
The feventh Year’s Expence.	1	IO	0
The Intereft of 133 l. 5 s.	6	13	3
The Expence at the feventh*}		Q	
Year’s End. J	j’I4I	O	5
The eighth Year’s Expence	1	IO	0
The Intereft of 141 /. 8 s. 5 d.	7	I	5
The Expence at the eighth) Year’s End. J			IO
		l9	

The

274

Of the ELM.

	l.	s.	d.
Brought over	14 9	19	10
The ninth Years’ Expence. The Intereft of 149 & 19	1	10  10	0
10 d. almoft S	’ 7		0
The Expence at the ninth") p Year’s End. JI5d		l9	10
The tenth Year’s Expence	1	10	0
The Intereft of 158 /. 19 s. 10 d. ?		19	
almoft 3	7		0
The Expence at the tenth Year’s! End . J	168	8	10
The Eleventh Year’s Expence	1	10	0
The Intereft of 168 /. 8 s. 10 d.	8	8	5
The Expence at the eleventh")	178		
Year’s End J		7	5
The twelfth Year’s Expence	1	10	0
The Intereft of 178 /- 7 j*. 3 d.	8	18	4
The Expence at the twelfth")	188	15	
Year’s End 3			7
The thirteenth Year’s Expence	1	10	0
The Intereft of 188 /. 15 s.	9	8	9
The Expence at thirteen Year’s!.			
End $	'99	14	4

TheOf the ELM.

75

almoft

The Expence at fourteen Year’s")

End

The fifteenth Year’s Expence The Interefi of 211 /. 4-f. 1 d. 10

The Expence at fifteen Year’s End

The fixteenth Year’s Expence The Interefi: of 223 /. 5 j*. 3 d.

End

The feventeenth Year’s Expence

Year’s End

The eighteenth Year’s Expencc The Interefi of 249 /. 4 s, 4 d.

End

The nineteenth Year’s Expence

The Expence at nineteen Year’s 7 End	S277

/.	j*.	d
199	4	4
: 1	10	0
l 9	l9	9
^211	4	1
1	10	0
10	11	2
£223	5	3
1	10	0
11	3	3
	18	6
j	10	0
11		10
	„ .c	
	&	
5249	4	4
1	10	0
12	9	2
	3	6
1	10	0
13	3	0

6 6 The76

Of	the ELM.

/. j-: d.

Brought over 277 16 6 The twentieth Year’s Expence 1 10 o The Intereft of 277 /. 16 s.	13 17 9

The total Charge in 20 Years 293 4 3

’Tis well known to every Farmer, that an Elm of 20 Years Growth, is worth upwards of 20 s. But there I will Bate their Value. Now the Quantity before fuppofed to grow on 20 Acres, were 2160, which at 20 s. per Tree, comes to 2160/.

The annual Rent accounted for-a in the preceding Calculations being but for the firft Year,/’ ^5 we muft therefore add	j

For the nineteenYearsafter,and9

for the fimple and compound> 83 o o Intereft thereof	j---------

Sum	178 o o

To which add the preceding Sum 293	4 3

Sum	471 4 3

Which being fubftra&ed from 2160/. leaves the neat Profit	2160 o o

47i 4 3

/. 1688 15 9

TheOf the ELM. 77

The neat Profit clear of all Outgoings ; be-fides the Advantages of the under Crop, as before noted.

Now, as ao Acres is to 1688 1$	9

So is 100 Acres to	8443 18 9

And icco Acres to	84439 7 6

Neat Profit, clear from all Expences whatever, Felling excepted, which the Top will over pay.

Again, as the Expence of ?

20 Acres is to	5	47	4	i

So is the Expence of	100 A-l	Q

cres to	3	35	6

And the Expence of 1000 A-7 „	. ^	*

I r	>23526 10 o

cres to	3 rm

Now by comparing thefe Advantages, and Expences together, we may fee what vaft Improvements may be made in the fmall Space of twenty Years. Thus in the largeft Account it evidently appears, that by the gradual advance of 23526 Pounds in twenty Years Time, which is but 1176/. 6 s. o d. per Annum, we gain 84439 l. 7 s. 6 d. which at 5 per Cent, is worth four thoufand, two hundred, and twenty one Pounds, nineteen Shillings per Ammm.

But as Elm is generally at its Maturity, at 40 Years, we fhould with Patience wait

until78 Of the E LM.

until then, at which Time it will be worth three times the Money it was 20 Years before. But if we fuppofe it double the Value, viz. 168878 Pounds, it will be found to have very well anfwered our Labour and Expence.

Nor is here any Danger, or need of In-furance,, as in Building, Trading abroad, &c. or any extraordinary Taxes, Duties, Cuftoms, Gfc. but all free, and in continual Safety, under our own Eyes at all Times : Which to a noble Mind mull: be very entertaining.

Besides the aforefaid Method of Planting entire Woods of Elm, we may reap very great Advantages from the Hedge-rows of our Enclofures; if we are but careful enough to plant them therein at 15 or 20 Feet Diftance, when we plant our Quicklets, and keep them carefully disbudded from their lateral Buds, as they appear in the Spring. And even in old planted Hedges, we fhould plant them in like Manner, firft preparing their Holes before they are planted with good frefli Earth, which will enable them, till they have acquired Strength, to fhift for themfelves.

EveryOf the ELM.	79

Every hundred Rod of Hedging thus planted, will, in forty Years Time, be worth near two hundred Pounds.

I n brief, if the Timber-trees of Oak and Elm, in Hedge-rows, are manag’d with good Husbandry, in many Countries, they will in twenty Years Time be worth all the Land they enclofe, provided that each En-clofure does not exceed 6 or 8 Acres, which are Fields of a very good Size for the Farmer.

Having thus demonftrated the great Advantages that may arife from Plantations of Oak and Elm, I can’t believe, but that every Gentleman will be induced to make large Plantalions thereof with convenient Speed, and more efpecially, fince the Intereft, Commerce, and Safety of this moft powerful and glorious Nation, wholly depends on its Shipping, and they on continued Plantations of Timber; which if negle&ed, whatill Con-fequences muff enfue. And indeed, if I may be permitted to fpeak the Truth, we are purfuing thole unhappy Confequences with all the Vigor imaginable. For as the annual Confumption of Timber is, and has been for many Years paft very large, our Woods are nearly exhaufted ; and where

there’sSo Of the ASH.

there’s one Acorn planted for a Succeflion, there’s a hundred Oaks felled, and no Pro-vifion made for Pofterity.

What a pity would it be, fhould this glorious and powerful Nation, who is blef-fed with an illuftrious Family, become a Sacrifice to its Enemies for Want of Timber to build Ships (or rather floating Caftles) of Defence ; wherein its Power and Commerce wholly confifts. But fuch unhappy Days, I hope, will never happen ; nor is there any Reafon to fear it, fince their molt Sacred Majefties, and the Nobility of Great Britain, are greatly delighted with the rural Pleafures of Planting and Gardening.

Of the B erfpiration of the Ash, its Manner of raijing and ordering for ‘limber, and 'Underwood, in Barks, Woods, Fo-rejis, Coppices, 8cc. And the Advantages that arifefrom fuch plantations.

HERE are feveral Kinds of Afh

growing in England, but thofe for Tiitiber are but two, which are diftinguifli-

C H A P. V.Of the ASH.	8r

ed by the Names of Male and Female : The one bearing Keys in great Plenty, and the other few, if any.

These Kinds of Afh delight in different Soils and Situations, viz. the one on Hills* Mountains, &c. and the other in Valleys* low Grounds, &c. whereby their Growths are different.

The Female Afh delights in the low Grounds, and hath its Wood much whiter than that on the Hills, and grows to a larger Stature in equal Times; and that very foon* The learned Mr. Evelyn reports in his Sylva_, Chap. 6. Pag. 38* That the Female Afh hath many times ri-fen to fuch prodigious Statures, fo as in forty Years Growth from the Key, an Afh hath been fold for thirty Pounds Sterling. And Mr. Bradley^ in his new Improvements of Planting and Gardening, Part I. Page 43. tells us, that he has heard of Afh Trees of forty Years Growth from the Key, that have been fold for twenty five Pounds per Tree.

The Ufes that this kind of Timber is ap-ply’d to, is the making of Oars, Shevers, Boat-Staves, Mafts for Boats, Barges, Spreets, Blocks, &c. To the Gun-fmith for G	Gun-8z Of the ASH.

Gun-ftocks; to Wheel-wrights for Ploughs^ Harrows, Waggons, &c. and in brief, to fo many other Ufes, that they are almoft

endlefs to enumerate--And indeed, were

thefe Trees not very ufeful, it had been im-poflible for one Perfon to have had a Plantation of his own raifing, worth fifty thou-fand Pounds, to be fold, which Mr. Evelyn makes mention of in his Sylva.

The Price that is ufually paid/^r Load for this Sort of Timber, is more or lels, as it is in Length and Girt, fome being worth 3 /. io/. fer Load, and fome but 3 /. 50 /. 40 s. &c.

The belt Afh is always produced in the befi: Lands, which it foon impoveriflhes ; and therefore, fince ’tis of fuch a ravenous Nature, ’tis befi: when mix’d with Tap-rooted Trees, at large Diftances.

I cannot recommend the planting of this Tree in the Hedges of our Enclofures of Meadow or Corn, for their Roots extending themfelves far from their Bodies, and very fhallow withal, do greatly impove-rifli the Grafs, or Corn, growing near them: Nor can the Heithorns have any Share with them, that grow under their Drip; fo thatOf the ASH. 8$

if we intend to have good Fences, we muft not plant the A(h therein.

The Afli is raifed from Seed, (called Keys) which are to be gathered when they begin to fall, about the end of November ^ or beginning of ‘December, at which Time you mud be careful not to bury them too deep : About two Inches deep is fully fuffi-cient; but they will not come up, until the fecond Spring after Sowing; during which time, they muft be carefully kept clean from Weeds, and moift in very dry and hot Weather.

When they come up, you muft keep them water’d during the Spring and Summer, (if the Weather is dry) and free from Weeds. And in the beginning of the Winter following, take them out of the Seed-* Bed with a Trowel, that their Roots may not be ftrained in drawing ; which caufes them to perifh after tranfplanting.

N. B. You muft prune off their down-* right or tap Roots; but not any of their lateral Roots. You muft alfo preferve their Tops from the Knife and Bill at all times, excepting the fecond Year after tranfplanting, when you muft cut off their Heads, within an Inch or two of the Ground, G 2	which84 Of the ASH.

which will caufe them the next Spring to fhoot away with an abundance of Vigour, fo as in few Years to become large Trees.

N. B. That if they are very fmall at the end of the fecond Year, ’twill be beft to let them remain in the Seed-beds a Year or two longer, until they are large enough to tranfplant ; which is when they are a-bout the Bignefs of a Tobacco-pipe, or Goofe-quill.

The Diftances that they fhould be planted at, are about one Foot Square, in ftreight Lines, after the Manner of Beds, leaving between every fourth and fifth Row, an Alley of two Feet and half in Breadth, wherein they may remain for the Space of two or three Years at mod ; after which they fliould be tranfplanted in the Places where they are defign’d to remain ; or into a Nurfery, as directed in my new Principles of Gardening.

The proper Diftances to plant the Afli at, when ’tis planted out for good and all, are fifteen or twenty Feet, provided that we carefully difpiace all the lateral Buds every Spring, as they appear.

I obferve, that Mr. Evelynj in his Dif-courfe on Foreft Trees, Teige 39. direfts, 1	whenOf the ASH. 85

when we make Plantations of Coppices, coning offeveral Kinds of Trees, every third at leaf!: fhould be an Afli. For as the Afh is known to be a very great Impoverifher of Land, by its great imbibing Power, which is fuperior to all other Timber Trees; it therefore follows, that they mull be greatly injured thereby ; and eipecially the Elm, whofe Roots run very iballow alfo. But for Oaks, whofe Roots penetrates the Earth for their Nourifhment much deeper, they may be out of their Power of being prejudiced by them. But however, I cannot recommend the Alii lor a Companion with

Trees, w	hole	Roots	run lhallov	| as theirs;	
and therefore .		1 wou!	d always chufe to		plant
them wit	11 tap roote		d Trees, a:	; Oaks	;, pd
rather til;	an K	1ms, o	r other ilia	ilow r	ooteil
Trees.					
Ashes	iff	nted \	,vith Oaks.	C lie	fnuts.
in P	lurnj:	on i	: lie rops of	little	1 lills
in Parks,	OC .	have a	l very good	Eihha	I and
become g	pod	Tiinbe	r very foon	, theii	' Both
being ver	y fre	fir and	generally fertile.		And
as Ih ave	before pro		■ved, that	Trees	draw’

one another up, when planted very near together, for want of a free circulating Air about their lower Parts:	I therefore re-

G 3	commend8(5 Of the ASH.

commend their planting fomething nearer to one another, than the Diftances before affigned, that thereby they may be foon drawn up to great Heights, whereby they will have a fine Afpe£t in a fhort Time.

’Tis the Opinion of fome, that to propagate the Afh from their Keys, as here deliver’d, requires more time, than to gather Suckers out of the Woods, and plant them ; becaufe fay they, whilft their Keys lie preparing themfelves a full Year in the Ground, thofe Suckers will have ftruck Root, and made a Shoot, and after them others, in the fucceeding Years, much ftronger than thofe from the Keys : But ’tis a great Mistake, for tho’ they will make a Shoot in the firft Year, whilft the Keys are preparing themfelves in the Earth, yet ’tis fo very in-confiderable, as of no Value ; for the Suckers of Afh drawn out of the Woods are very rarely well rooted ; and therefore they are as long (and oftentimes much longer) a getting good Roots, as the Keys are Germinating; which when they ftrike Root, being naturaliz’d to the Ground, are always ftronger, and fhoot with much greater Vigour than the Suckers, whofe Roots^ are at firft planting, unacquainted with the Sofi JOf the A S H. 87

In brief, I muft take the Liberty of advifing againft the planting of Suckers ; for I having feen the Experience thereof, and know that they will never anfwer the defired End of making good Timber in a fhort Space of Time, as thofe Trees raifed from Keys never fail of doing ; I muft alfo caution the planting of another Sort of Afh, that is a low Grower, and very knotty, not worth our while to plant for Underwood, or any other Ufe whatever, known to molt Husbandmen.

Having thusdeclared the railing of Allies for Timber, I will now proceed to explain the Propagation of the Afh for Coppice-wood, which is very advantageous alio.

To have fine Coppices of Afb, we muft make Choice of the belt Land we have, which fliould be well ploughed in the Sum-.mer Seafon to mellow. This being done in.the Spring, when ’tis the Seafon for fow-ing Barley, it muft be plouglrd again, and then fow’d with Afhen-keys, and Barley al-fo ; for as the Keys will not come up until the Spring after fowing, you may very well have the Benefit of the Barley the firft Year. In the end of the following Autumn, after fqwing, caufe the Barley-ftubble to be thin-

G 4	lyS8 Of the AS H.

ly hough’d over, which will mellow the Surface of the Earth, and permit the Rains to pafs freely therein. About the middle of January following, (if the Frofts are over) give your Land a fecond thin houghing again, which will loofen and mellow the Surface, fo that the tender T'fames of the Keys may with eafe rife through the fame.

When the young Seedlings have rifen high enough to ftand the Hough, you muff then hough them out, at about five Feet apart ; and the oftner your Seedlings have the Earth ftirr’d about them with houghing, the better they will thrive. And in the beginning of the Winter following, the Surface of the Ground fhould be turned, (that is, lightly digg’d) about half a Spit deep, which will mellow the Surface, for the tender Fibres to eafily ftrike therein. And afterwards in the Spring, when the Weeds begin to rife, then hough them down ; and fo in like Manner you muft continue to do, until the Shade of yourNurfery prevents their longer Growth.

The Quantity of Plants that one Acre will produce at five Feet fquare of one another.Of the ASH. 89

ther, is feventeen Hundred and fixteen, which I thus prove.

Reduce the Length of an Acre into Feet, and divide them by five; the Quotient is the Quantity in an Acre’s Length. Thus 40 Poles.multiplied by 16 £, produces 660 ; which being divided by 5, the Quotient is 132.	. . .	r

Poles.

An Acre’s Length	40

Feet in a Rod or Pole 16 f 1

240 ■	. 40

20

Divided by 5) 660 (132.

1?	In an Acie’*

'	Length.

16 15

10

*	10

00 Remains.

Now, an Acre’s Breadth being 4 Poles, multiply and divide as before.

An90 Of the ASH,

An Acre’s Breadth 4, Polesf ■ Multiply by ip

Divide by 5) 66.	■

< ...> J	65	ip an Acre’s

-■	' Uieadch. •

_r:.	:	Remains.. .

If you multiply 132, the Number in the Length, by- 13, the Number in the Breadth, the Produd will be 1716, the Quantity required.

Trees in an Acre’s 7 Length.	J 132

Trees in an Acre’s 7 Breadth.	S *

39^

132

Produd 1715

When we are to raife Coppices of Afli mix’d with Oak, Chefnut, &c. we muft prepare our Lands by often and early ploughing, as before direded; and in February fow your Allien-Keys (being gather’d a Year before, and kept in Sand, as

dirededOf the ASH. 91

direfted for the Acorns of the Oak) with the Acorns, Chefnuts, Hazelnuts, &c. ( which alfo lliould be kept in moift Sand, from their Gathering to the Seafon for fowing, or otherwife they will fhrivel and perifh); and when they are all come up, ( which will be by the End of April, 8rc. ) they fhould be hough’d out at the Diftan-ces of five Feet, leaving an Oak, Chefnut, and Hazel at equal Diftances, (or near thereto ) between every two Afhes, whereby their feveral Roots of every Kind will be at competent Diftances from each other, and will be much better nourifhed, than when feveral Plants of one Kind are near together.

This Rule being obferv’d, the feveral Kinds will be at twenty Feet apart from one another, (being accounted forward in a right Line) for they having between every two of them an Oak, a Chefnut, and a Hazel, each at five Feet Diftance in the Line, their Diftances muft be twenty Feet, and the like of all the others. Now, the fecond Line being but five Feet from the firft, you muft obferve to leave the Aflien Plants therein, as nearly againft the Mid ft of the Intervals of the firft as can

be;91 Of the A S H.

be; which being well obferv’d, will place all the other Kinds in the fame Pofitions. The Space that each Kind of Plant. has to extend its Roots, before they meet any of their own Kind, (fuppofing all their Growths are equal) is one Hundred fquare Feet, viz, at twenty Feet Diftance in the Rows, and five Feet Diftance one Row from the other. Now, fuppofe that the Roots of any one Kind of the feveral Trees were forty Years extending themfelves all over the Hundred Feet, and in that Time wholly impoverifhM that Space of all the Nourifhment natural to that Plant: Why then ’tis reafonable to fuppofe, that if the other Trees of Oak, Chefnut, and Hazel were Allies alfo, (as I fuppofe the other to be) that Space of Land would be equally • impoverifhM in the Space of ten Years, it having there four Times the De^ mand of Nourifhment to the fame Kind of Tree. Therefore, to have Coppices endure many Years, we muft intermix feveral Kinds together, and not entirely of any one Kind.

Oaks, Hazel, and Chefnut imbibe the Juices of the Earth with as great a Force as the Afh, but not the fame; for that

Nou-Of the ASH.	9}

Nourishment or Juice that is imbib’d by the Oak, is of a quite different Nature from that which nourifhes the Afh, and the like of all other Plants; for the Earth contains as great a Variety of Juices, neceffary to the Support of Plants, as its Plants differ among themfelves.

Take up a very old Tree of any Kind ’tis no Matter what, and in its Place plant a young one of the fame Kind, and mark the Confequence; or rather take up two of the fame Kind, on the fame Piece of Land, as near to one another as poflible; in the Place of any one, plant another of the fame Kind, and in the Stead of the other, plant another Tree of a quite different Nature ; which laft will thrive very well, whilft the other will but keep its felf alive, and not thrive at all, the neceffary Juices being by the former Tree nearly or wholly exhaulfed:	And therefore ’tis a general

Rule, never to plant the fame Sort of Plant, where one of the fame Kind grew before, in the fame Earth. This is well fuppor-ted by Reafon, for were all Sorts of Plants to imbibe one and the fame Kind of Nou-rifhment, then but one Kind of Land would be neceffary for their Nourifhment,

or94 Of the A S H.

or all Sorts of Plants would thrive equally in any Kind of Land, which they are by Experience found not to do. Thefe are fufficient Reafons, why ’tis beft to plant Coppices with different Kinds; for tho1 their Roots may perhaps run over the whole Ground, as foon as when planted entire of one Kind, yet their different Natures imbibing different Juices, do not impoverifh the Soil fo foon, as when it happens in Avenues of Lime, or Elm-Trees, &c. that one or more die when largely grown.

The beft Way to make good fuch Plantations, is to dig for every Tree a very large and deep Hole where the former grew, carrying away all the Earth, and inftead thereof, bring as much of the firft Spit of a frefh Common or Meadow, and therein plant your Trees, which, if well perform’d, will take Root, and grow away ftrongly.

The Quantity of old Earth to be taken away from each Tree fhould be a Circle of ten Feet diameter, and two Feet deep, wherein the Roots will thrive for many Years before they come toftick in the natural Earth, and in that Time be well fto-red with fufficient Juices, neceffary for the Support of their Roots, to ftrike therein.

TheOf the ASH. 95

The Afti being a free Grower, is. fit to fell for Coppice-Wood, at nine, ten, of twelve Years Growth, but the longer the better ; and for Timber, when it has had about thirty five or forty Year’s Growth, during which Time we iliould obferve, that the firft four or five Years they be kept clean from Weeds, by often houghing; that the Earth be ftirr’d about them, by digging in OBober or November i that they be at all Times preferv’d from Cattle, Deer, Goats, that their leading Shoots be preferv’d, and that thofe intended for Timber have their lateral Buds difplaced, as they break out in the Spring; which will add very very much to their Bignefs and Heighth, and caufe their Timber to be clear from Knots, and confequejitly of a much greater Value.

The Seafon to fell Alb, either in Coppice or Wood, is about the Middle of‘December, when their Sap is mod cotidenfed by the Winter’s Cold ; and in the following Spring they will fhoot up again with Vigour, provided that you cut them off a-bout fix Inches above Ground, and take Care that the Face of their Cuts are towards the South, that the Sun may the

fooner96	Of the\ BEECH.

fooner heal their Wounds, and be lefs fub-jeQ: to imbibe Wet.

Per damna, per cades, ah ipfo

Duett opes animumque ferro.

By Havocky WoundSy and Blows,

More lively and luxuriant grows. ]

N.	B. If the Afh is cut down, when its Sap is any thing vigorous, it will, by putrifying, breed a Kind of Worm, that’s as very injurious to the Timber.

Of the Beechj its Manner of raifing and ordering for Timbera and T)ndervjoodj in Woods> Tarksj Forreftsj Coppices > &c.

H E Kinds of Beech, that we have in

our Woods and Forefts, are two, the one called the Mountain Beech, (where it moft delights to grow, and the other, cam-peftraly or wild, growing in level and low Lands.

Chap. VI.

TheOf the B E E C H. 97

The Wood of the Mountain Beech is whiter than the other,, which is of a blackifh Colour, and a longer Duration.

The Soil wherein the black Kind delights^ (that being the beft to propagate, with Refpe£t tp its Duration) is that in Vallies, or level Lands that are warm, as alfo in ftony and barren, as rich loamy Lands: So alfo will the Mountain Kind, which laft will grow to a ftupendous Proce-rity upon the Tops, and Declivities of chalky Hills, where few or any other Kinds of Trees will keep alive ; and wherever the Gak thrives, the Beech will, they delighting very much to grow in Confort.

These Kinds ofBeeches are raifed from their Seeds, called Maft, which fhould be gathered in Octoberj and may then be fown, or otherwife put into Sand as the Acorns* andfow’d in the Middle of February following, being afterwards ordered in every Re-fpe£t, as the Oak, or Afh: You may alfo gather young Seedlings out of Woods, from under large fruitful Trees, that have flbecf their Maft, which will become good Trees alfo, provided that you preferve all their Roots that’s poflible, and prune their Tops to about five or fix Inches in Length.

H	The-98 Of the BEECH.

The beft Size for to get thofe Seedlings, is about the Bignefs of a Tobacco Pipe, or hardly quite fo large, for it is not the very large Seedlings of a long Standing, that make the beft Trees.

The Diftances that they fhould be planted at, when fo little, is one Foot in the Rows, and each Row two Feet apart.

The beft Seafon for this Work, is about the Middle of October, or Beginning of November; after which, in the Spring, we fhould difplace their Buds, as directed for thofe of young Elms.

But if we would plant them out where they are to remain, when they are fo very young, we fhould allow them fifty Feet Diftance, excepting that we want Plantations thereof to grow very high in a fhort Time, and then we may plant them at ten, twelve, fifteen, twenty, &c. Feet Diftance, which near (landing together, will caufe their lower Branches to be faturated with Sap, and their Tops advance greatly in Heighth, by having a free Perfpiration in the dry open Air.

'Ti s a great Pity, that the Propagation of this Kind of Tree has been (and is) fo little regarded ; its Ufe being fo very great,

thatOf the BEECH.	99

that not only for Fuel, ( which ’tis one of the very beft, and well known to the City of Londonwhich every Year confumes many Thoufand Stacks thereof); but for many important Ufes in Architecture, particularly in building Water-Works, all Sorts of Mills, for Rimbs of Wheels, Staves, Coggs, &c. exclufive of the feveral Ufes of the Houfhold.

Hinc ohm juvenis mundi melioribus annis, Fortunatarum donmum non magna fupellex:

Tota petebatur \ fellas, armaria, lefios,

Et menfas dabat, iff lances, & pocula Fagus, &c.

Couleii PL L. 6.

Hence in the WnlcTs beft Tears the humble Shed, Was happily, and fully furniftdd :

Beech made their Chefis, their Beds, and the join'd Stools.

Beech made the Board, the Platters, and the Bowls.

An happy Age it feems----

------ No Wars did Men moleft,

When only Beechen Bowls were in Requeft.

From the Maft, is extracted an Oil, that would be very advantageous to this King-H 2	domICO Of the BEECH.

dom, had we but plenty of Trees to produce Maft in abundance. ’Tis an excellent Food for Deer, Swine and Fowls, and the Leaves make very agreeable MattralTes.

Nay, Mr. Evelyn fays, the very beftand eafieft of any in the World, being gathered fomewhat before the Froft takes them at their Fall. And further adds, that by their Tendernefs, and loofe lying together, they continue fweet for feven or eight Years; and that he himfelf has fometimes lain on them (when in Switzerland} to his very great Re-frefhment; fo (fays he) of this Tree it may properly be faid,

—Syha domus, cub ilia frondes.

Juvenal.

The Woods a Ho'ufe, the Leaves a Bed\

The Seafon to fell this (lately Tree is November or ‘December ; and the Maft is eatable (for Swine) in Atigufl. Thefe noble Trees make beautiful Figures in the Garden, when trained up in Hedges, to enclofe Walks, Quarters of Wilderndfes? &c.

Their Manner of planting therein, is <ls before, only we ipuft plant them at fit-2	teenior

Of the BEECH.

teen or eighteen Inches apart, inftead of a Foot. And in the Spring, when they break into Buds, rub off all the forward ones, and thereby the others will be ffrengthen-ed very much. And fince that the thickening of Hedges depends upon the Quantity of fide Branches, it would be very commendable in us, to obferve how we place the fide Buds of every Plant, that when they break out in the Spring, their greateft Quantity may lie flufh with the Line of the Hedge, whereby ’twill foon be thickened. And in the Spring, when we obferve any Plants to pufh away with one ftrong Shoot only, then to pinch off the extream Part thereof, which will caufe fe-veral other Branches to break out, that become thick and regular ; whereby ouf Hedges will rife equally in all their Parts,

About the middle of September, we may clip the Sides of our Hedges, but never their leading Shoots; and in four or five Years, they will become very thick and handfome.

N. B. Tiut it is the Pra&ice of many, to plant double (and fometimes treble) Rows of thefe young Plants, to caufe a thick Hedge; but I cannot commend it;

H 3	forioz Of the Birch-Tree.

for by tlieir being planted fo near together, they cannot have a free Perfpiration ; and ’tis therefore that they do not thrive.

In this Manner there are many beautiful Hedges of Hornbeam planted, of which in its Place, that are graceful to Gardens; and when Beech and Hornbeam are difcretionally mixt together in a Hedge, they make a very beautiful Mixture and Variety.

Of the Birch-Tree, its Manner of raijing in Coppicesj Gardens j 8tc.

£ C A U S E that this Tree does not

produce good Timber for building, therefore few or any cares to propagate it: But were the Proprietors of poor barren Lands as well acquainted with its Nature as I am, they would greatly improve fuch Lands, by making Plantations thereof: For the Nature of this Tree is fuch, that let the Soil be dry, wet, gravelly, clayey, fandy, marfh or boggy, ’twill thrive very well; hay, in the uliginous Parts of Forefls, Parks> or. where fcarcclv any Grafs or Weeds

Chap. Vil.

live.Of the Birch-Tree. IOJ

live, they do fpontaneoully grow in abundance, to very-great Statures. '

And altho* its Wood is not fit to be ufed in Buildings, yet *tis ofgreat Service to the Cooper for Hoops, as well as to the Turner, for making divers Houfhold Utenfils, and to the Husbandman, for Withes, Brooms, &c. fo that we may allure our felves of a Market for it, when faleable, to the very .great Improvement of fuch barren Lands, •that before were ufelefs.

These Trees are propagated from the Suckers as the Elm, and become Trees very foon, provided that the Land is not fo rich ; for as I faid before, they delight and thrive belt in barren Lands.

The belt time to plant them is October> that they may ftrike llcot by the Spring, when it often happens to be attended with much Drowth. The Manner of planting them in Coppices, is the fame as of the A Hi, &c.

N. B. Those who defire to know the making of Wine with the Sap of thefe Trees, I refer them to my new Principles of Gardening, Tage 138.

H 4

C 11 A r.106	Of the Portugal Chefnut.

C II A p. IX.

Of the Portugal Chefnut, commonly edited the Englifh, or eatable Chefmit; its manner of raifing for Timber, Under-' wood, &c.

TH E eatable Chefnut, that is now propagated in England, was originally brought from Portugal, altho’ Gardeners call it the Englijh Chefnut; but that proceeds from their want of being better inform’d, or otherwife to diftinguifh it from the Horfe-chefnut, . tho’ a very improper Way: But fuch Miftakes in Gardeners, I hope, will be excufed by the more learned.

The difference between the Portugal, and Horfe-chefnut is very much ; for the Leaves, of the Portugal are long and narrow, fet on their Edges, with fmalf Thornlike Subfiances : And thofe of the Horfe-chefnut are very large, divided into five (and fometimes more) Se&ions, producing a very fine Shade, and agreeable Figure. Their Fruits are alfo different; but not fo much as their Leaves, except in Tafte; the

PortugalOf the Portugal Chefnut. 107

'Portugal being very fweet and crifp, and the other hard, rough in the Mouth, and very difagreeable.

The Portugal Chefnut is rais’d from its Nuts, which being gathered when ripe, a-bout the end of September, or beginning of Offober, muft, after they have laid fome time to fweat, as a Week or ten Days, be put into Sand, and therein kept, until the following Spring, at which Time they are to be planted in the places where they are to remain, (if poflible, for they don’t love to be often tranfplanted) or otherwife in Beds, as directed for the Acorns.

The beft Manner of planting them, is in the Bottom of deep Drills, at about one Foot apart, and not with Dibbers, as is ufual, which oftentimes caufes their Mil-carriage : For when a Hole is made with a Dibber, and the Nut put in with the lower Part, from whence its Radicles fhoot downwards : How is it poffible for them to live, when there is a Hole beneath the Nut, of fo great a Depth, as to be beyond the Reach of the tender Radicles, when they are endeavouring to ftrike therein.

Therefore in planting them, Care mud: be taken to fet the Point of each Kernel

upright,108 Of the Portugal Chefnut.

upright^ and to prefs their lower Parts into the Earth; thereby to fettle and fix it well about them.

The Time that they fhould remain in the Seed-bed, is one or two Years at moft, according to their Strength and Size ; after which Time, when you take them up, preferve all their Roots with Abundance of Care, their tap Roots excepted, which are ever to be cut away; and if your T rees are defigned for Walks, Avenues, &c. their often removing will be ferviceable to them ; but if you intend them for Timber, ’tis much the better Way to plant the Kernels where they are to remain, until fell’d for Timber.

They will thrive very well in moft Kinds of Soils that are not over hot, or wet; but belt of all in a frefh Sandy Loam, wherein they will, in a few Years, arrive to prodigious Magnitudes. They no more, than other Foreft Trees, delight in being dunged, or anywife help by Compoft, than what their own Leaves produce.

Mr. Evelyn advifes, that if any Defire to fet them in Autumn or Winter, to plant them with their Husks on, to protect them from»t!ie Mice, during the Winter; but

finceOf the Portugal ChefnUt. 109

fince we may preferve them with Safety^ throughout the whole Winter in Sand, I can’t lee why we need run the Hazard of lofing our Kernels, by early planting. Indeed I muft confefs, that if we can by Traps fecure our Seeds from Vermine throughout the Winter; ’tis much the better Way to plant them as foon as they are ripe, but not in their Husks: For if we do but ob-ferve Nature herfelf^ we may fee, that as foon as ever fhe has ripen’d her Seeds, fhe opens the Seed Veffels, and commits them to the Earth, from whence they all arile at their natural Seafons.

When Seeds of Trees are thus fown, in their proper Beds, they are continually imbibing and naturalizing themfelves to the Juices of the Earth, whereby their Germination is perform’d more gradually, and with greater Strength, than when fown out of a Bed of Sand in the Spring, whofe Juices are contrary to the Soil that they are then planted in, which muft undoubtedly be a very great Check to the putting forth of their Plumes and Radicles into the Air and Earth.

The heft Seafon to tranfplant the young Seedlings, is, in Offober, if the Weather

is110 Of the Portugal Chefnut.

is moifl: enough, or as foon after as pofc fible.

In which obferve, that you carefully pre-ferve their Leading Shoots, to prune away all their lateral Shoots dole to the Stem, and to preferve and prune their Roots, • as before dire&ed.

When we are to plant them out in a Nur-fery, to be afterwards tranfplanted into Walks, Avenues, &c. they muft be planted, as dire&ed in my new principles of Gardening, but if we are to plant them out for good, in Avenues j &c. they fhould be planted at twenty or thirty Feet afunder, or rather forty or fifty, if their Planters could but have Patience ; for the more Air circulates about a Plant, the better it thrives, by having a free Perfpi-ration, which Plants cannot have, when planted too near together.

I know a Chefnut-tree now growing on the Lands of the late Thomas Vernon, Efq; at Twickenham Park in Middlefex, whole Arms extend full fourfcore Feet, whereby we may eafily know, at what Diftances they fhould be planted for fuch rural Em-bellifhments.

N. B.Of the Portugal Chefnut. hi

N. B*, The Chefnut; is an improper Tree to plant for Shade, in Meadows, to fhelter Cattle from the Heat of the Summer, &c. For ’tis feldom that any Grafs will grow under its Shade.

The mod agreeable Trees for this Pur-pofe are the Englijh Elmsj whole Arms extending far from their Bodies, caufe very agreeable Shades; and their Leaves being very fmall, their Drip is moderate, fo that the Grafs can grow very well underneath.

I fhall now proceed to direft the railing and ordering this Tree, in the Coppice for Underwood, it being very advantageous, when fo planted. In Februaryj or rather Octoberj when you fow AJhen-keys, Acorns and Hazel Nuts„ you mull alfo fet your Chefnuts three or four together in Clufters, at fix or eight Inches a Part: Which Clufi ters mull: be placed at twenty Feet diftance in Rows, if you take the Pains to fet them; or dropt in Parcels, at fuch Difiances, on the Land, when ’tis ploughed, before harrowing ; and between them, in like Clufters., as many Acorns, Alhen-keys, and Hazel Nuts, at equal Difiances, as before dire&ed, in the Chapter on the AJh for

Under-Ill Of the Portugal Chefnut.

Underwood; or if between the firft and lecond Furrow you firft drop half a DozenE Acorns, then at about five Feet forward, half a Dozen Chefniits, after them, at the fame Diftance forward, half a Dozen Hazel Nuts, then half a Dozen Afhen-keys; then begin again with the Acorns, then the Chefnuts, afterwards the Hazel Nuts, and laftly the Afhen-keys; and fo in like Manner drop the feveral Seeds, the whole Length of your Furrow. The firft: Furrow next the outfide of our new intended Coppice being thus Town, meafure off five Feet, and in a Furrow at that Diftance, begin to drop the fecond Row, obferving to begin it with a Kind that differs from the firft ; as for Example, if the firft Row ended with an Afh, begin the next with an Oak, and fo in like Manner continue, until the whole is ended ; at which Time you muft harrow the Ground the contrary Way that it was ploughed, which will bury the Seeds much better than to harrow it lengthways with the Furrows.

Thus would I advife the fowing of Coppices, rather than to fow them at Random,' as I mention’d before in my Chapter on the Alh. For by this Method there will be

noOf the Portugal Chefnut. iij

no Uncertainty of having them at their proper Diftanccs, when they come to he houghed, which mull happen (let Workmen be as careful as poffible) when they are fowed at Random, and afterwards Tingled out with the Hough : Befides, ’tis loon done, and we are certain of a full Crop.

But when they are got about three or four Inches high, they muft be thinn’d, leaving but one in a Place, which fhould be thole that appear to be the Rrongeft and moll healthy Plants.

N. B. If they are kept clean from Weeds, by Houghings, and the Earth ftir’d about them by light Diggings, at the Beginning of every Winter, their extraordinary Growths will pay the Expence a Hundred Fold j for nothing adds fo much to the Growth of Plants, as being kept clean, and the Earth often ftir’d about them. A Copfe thus man^ ged, will be lit to fell within eight or ten Years at long-eft, after fowing, and yield great Plenty of Wood, fit for many Ules.

When we fell Cople Wood, we fhould preferve as many of the Oaks as poflibie, viz. at about forty Feet DIftance from I	one114 Of the Portugal Chefnut.

one another, which being kept pruned elofe to their Bodies when young, will fhade the Under-wood but very little; and in Time produce fine Timber, of great Value.

If by any Accident our Plants fhould fail, or by often cutting fhould grow thin, we muft thicken them, by laying down the laft Year’s Shoots of either Chefnut, or Hazel; but of this more at large, when I come to fpeak of the Management of Copfes.

The Time for the felling this Tree^ either when ’tis become Timber, or Copfe-wood, is the fame as for the Afh or Elm. The Timber of this Tree has been formerly in very great Efteem among Builders, for Girders, Joifts and Rafters; and were it now as plenty in England as it has been, we need not be put to fuch great Expences for Timber from Norway as we now are, but might finifh our Buildings at as cheap Rates as our Forefathers did, when England gloried in its almoft boundlefs "Woods, of ffately Timber Trees.

It mayn’t be amifs, if I fpeak a Woi;d or two in Relation to their Fruits, which are gather’d about the End of Sef>tembery 2	whenOf the Portugal Chefnuc. 11J

ivhen they begin to ripen, at which Time we fhould gather, or rather beat them fome fmall Time before they naturally drop of themfelves ; whereby they’ll keep much longer, than when fully ripen’d upon the Tree.

This Fruit was formerly given to Swine, altho’ it was then efteem’d by Foreigners at a very high Rate : But now a-Days, we l'cem to have a greater Value for them, Which is witnefs’d by the great Quantities roafted every Winter in the Streets of London, and eaten by the Populace thereof. Mr. Evelyn tells us, in his Difcourfe on this Tree, in Page 43 of his Sylva, that in Italy they boil them with Bacon, and eat them, as we do Beans; and alfo boil them in Wine, and then parch them a little. And in France and Italy, he further adds, that they roaft them in Embers,

( or rather parch them, I fuppofe, as our People do in London ) and eat them with Salt and Wine, or Juice of Lemons and Sugar. And in Virgils Time, they eat them with Milk and Cheefc.

This ingenious Gentleman does alfo recommend them for a very hearty Food for Country Husbandmen, being boil’d and I 2	eaten116 Of the Portugal Chefnut.

eaten with Bacon, inhead of Cole, (I fuppofe Cabbage, or C'oleworts): But in England, we value them for eating when parch’d or roafted, as alfo with hew’d Meats, Pyes, &c. well known to our Englijb and French Cooks.

The beh Method of preferving them after gathering, is in dry earthen Veffels, clofe hop’d down from the Air, and kept in a dry, cool Place.

There’s no Plant growing fo fit, to plant in cold, open Lands, as this Chef-nut ; for ’tis fo prevalent againh Cold, that where they hand, they defend other Plantations from the Injuries of the feve-reh Winds and Frohs. And I am perfuaded, that if Plantations of this Kind were made along many of our Sea-Coahs, where few or any Shrubs will live, there might be vah Improvements made thereby.

When we make Plantations of Fruits in England3 we fhould at the fame Time make Plantations of this Kind of Chefnut, at fome Dihance from the Weh, North, and Eah Parts thereof, to skreen them from the Cold, and Injuries of thofe feveral Winds; and indeed, even every Houfe fhould in the like Manner be defended from

thofe

iOf the Portugal Che (hut. 117

tliofe Infults : But before I conclude this Chapter, I muft inform you, that if your Soil is very wet, fo that the Roots ftnke into Water, it gives the Fruits an infipid watery Tafte, and renders the Timber unfit for Buildings.

N. B. That altho1 the Timber hereof is very ferviceable in many Kinds of Building, yet it mufir never be ufed in Ware-lioules, Granaries, &c. where great Weights are laid; for 7tis of a fomewhat brittle Nature, and will not fupport great Weights; and tho’ by cracking it will give timely Notice of its breaking, yet it muft always be avoided in fucli Stru&ures.

N. B. Alfo, that the Afhcs, both of the Chefnut and Afh, being made into a Lee, will ftain Linen very much. T his I thought necelfary to mention, to the good old Country Houfe-wife.

I 3

C it A118 Of the Horfe Chefnut.

Of the raijing and ordering the Horfe-Chef-nut-Tree, for Avenues, Walks, Groves, Wilderneffes, &c.

H E Horfe-Chefnut Tree was brought

from Conjiant inop le to Vienna, thence into Italy, and fo into France; but I think that they were brought to England from the Levant. They are railed from their Nuts, which ripen and fall in September, which is the Seafon for their fow-ing ; but if your Ground is not then ready, you may keep them in Sand until it is.

They are fown in Drills, made about fix Inches deep, and a Foot afunder, drop’d, or rather plac’d, as directed for the Portugal Chefnut, at about one Foot apart.

They mull: remain in thofe Drills, before they are tranfplanted into the Nurfery, at leaft two Years, at which Time their leading Shoots, or Tops, and their lateral or horizontal Roots fhould be preferved; but their Tap Ropts muft be prun’d away entirely.

Chap. X.

TheOf the Horfe Ghefnut. 119

The beft Time to tranfplant them, is October or November. If you tranfplant them inco a Nurfery, to be afterwards remov’d, you muft plant them in Rows, about two Feet apart, and the Rows four Feet afunder.

The Reafon why Iadvifethis thin Planting, is, That as ’tis a Tree of a quick Growth, it therefore follows, that it re*-quires a free circulating Air, to perfpire away the crude watry Part of its Sap, of which it is always imbibing great Quantities; for ’tis always feen, when Trees have a fuf-ficient Quantity of open Air, circulating a-bout them, that they are of a much ftronger and quicker Growth, than thofe that are thick and clofe planted ; for Plants are as eafily ftifled for Want of Air, when too clofe planted, as human Bodies, when too great a Number are confin’d in a fmall Room : But I need not to have given myfelf this Trouble, fince I have already by many Inftances prov’d the Neceffity of a free drying Air, for the Perfpiration of Vegetables in general; which are fufficient Proofs of the Neceffity of thin Planting.

In this State they are to remain in the Nurfery for three Years, keeping them dif-I 4	budded120 Of the Horfe Chcfnut.

budded every Spring of their lateral Buds, and houghed dean from Weeds, which, if fuffer’d to grow, will be a great Hindrance to their Growth ; and digged once a Year, foon after the Full of their Leaves.

At three Years End, they will be greatly advanc’d, and if your Land is not then ready to tranfplant them in for good, you mud: take them up, and replant them again in the fame Places, taking Care not to bruife their Roots, as little as pofiible, and to prune all their Ends with a very fharp Knife.

This Removal and Pruning will caufe them to ftrike frefh Roots, whereby they will become very well rooted, and ft to tranfplant at any Time hereafter; but if your Land is ready to plant them into Avenues, Walks, Groves, Wc. Then plant them at forty Feet afunder, or more, as fifty or fixty Feet, if your Avenues are very long and fpacious. But Avenues that are of a fhort Length, may be planted, at thirty or thirty five Feet apart, and fingle Walks at fifteen, twenty, or twenty five Feet.

Groves and Wildernefics being parts of a Garden, more for the Pieafure of Shade, than Profit of Timber, may therefore be

planted12. r

Of the Horfe Chcfnut.

planted fomething thicker, efpecially where their Shade is required immediately: And in fuch Cafes the Diftance of eight, ten twelve, or fifteen Feet, may be allowed. And when you plant a Grove on Purpofe for Shade, you may be allowed to cut off the Heads of your Plants,- which will caufe them to fpread very much ; but this Work fhouldbe never praftifed in any other Plantations, as in Avenues, Walks, where the leading Shoot carries on the Height of the Tree, which is both graceful and advantageous.

The Heads of your Chefnuts fo cut, fhould be cover’d over with Bees-wax and Mutton Suet, to preferve their Bodies from imbibing Rains, &c. that are very often their DeftruTion. And fince I am now got into the Grove, I mull give you a Word or two of Advice therein, as to their Manner of planting, which fiiould always be after Nature’s own Rule, by placing them in an irregular Manner, and not rang* ing every Way like Apple or Cherry Trees in an Orchard.

The Care that is required in the Management of thefe Trees, after they are planted out in Avenues, Groves, is to

fee u reill Of the Horfe Chefnut.

fecure them from being difturb’d in their Roots, by Winds, to keep them moift in the Spring, after planting, as alfo the Summer afterwards, if they prove dry. And the next Spring following, prune off the leading Shoot of every Branch, juif as they are going to break into Leaf, which muft be done again, for three Springs next after. The Reafon of their being thus ffop’d, is to ftrengthen them, near to their Bodies, whereby they are lefs liable to be broken by violent Winds, which they are lubjeft to, when permitted to fhoot out very long jointed Arms at their firif planting:	For

the oftner a Branch is lfopt at its leading Bud, the thicker and clofer jointed it grows, and confequently ffronger; and therefore the better able (as being very brittle Wood) to refill the Violence of the Winds, which oftentimes for Want of their being lo ordered, ruins many a noble Tree.

When this Tree is planted at a fufficient Dilfance from others, fo as to enjoy a free Air, it will produce great Plenty of Beautiful Flowers in the Spring, that make a graceful (or rather as Mr. Evelyn lays ) a glorious Appearance, luperior to all other Forell-trees at that Time; therefore that

weOf the Horfe Ghefnut. 12,3

we may not deprive ourfelves of this Beauty, let their Diftances in Avenues, Groves, &c. be rather thinner than the aforefaid Diftance ; or otherwife when their Heads begin to meet, caufe them to be reduced, both in Length and Number, to let in a free drying Air, which will caufe them to fhoo: afrelli, and produce Flowers in great Plenty.

Sometimes in large Gardens we make Hedges of this Kind of Plant; And I do afc fure you, that there is none more beautiful, if they are skilfully order’d.

Most other Hedge-Plants will bear the Sheers to clip them at any Time, but this will not. Thefe muft be pruned with a Knife, cutting them in every Year, to the inward Buds, which the next Spring will fhoot forth, and produce great Plenty of Flowers.

The Seafon for pruning them, is the Spring, juft before they break into Leaf; for then the Sap being in Motion, and the Weather warm, their Wounds are foou healed.

If you prune them in the Winter, they will imbibe Cold, Rains, &c. that are prejudicial ; and fince that the Trouble114 Of the Horfc Chcfniit.

ble and Ex pence are the fame, I can’t fee* why they may not be prun’d in the Spring, when all the Frofis and cold Rains are over; but if you had rather prune them at another Seafon, when your Bufinefs is not fo much upon your Hands as ’tis in the Spring, and can’t fo well fpare Time, you may perform the fame in Septemberwhen their Nuts are fallen, and have almoft done growing; for then their Wounds will be healed before the Winter comes on.

N. B. That altho’ Hedges of Horfe-Chefnuts are very beautiful, both in Leaf, Flowers, and Fruits; yet they are not to be planted in fmall Gardens ; for notwith-ftanding their annual Prunings, they will gather and cover a great deal of Ground, as four or five Feet in Breadth, which fmall Gardens can’t well fpare.

M B. That the aforefaid Breadth of four or five Feet fhould be allowed for at their Planting, or other wife the Walks will become too narrow, as they advance in Growth.

The Difiance they fhould be planted at in the Hedge-lines, is three or four Feet ; and as their Branches are produced every Spring, you muft nip off the leading Bud of each,

(theOf the Wallnut Tree. 115

(the upright one excepted) which will caufe them to grow thick and handfome in a fliort time.

Thus have I given you a full Account of the Culture of this noble Tree, which tho’ a very quick Grower, and generally of a large Stature, yet is not above the Imploy of an Efpalier, to enclofe our Orangeries, Fruit Gardens, &c. to protect them from thelnfults, and Injuries of Winds,

Chap. XI.

Of the Terfpiration of the Wallnut-Tree, its Manner of rat fug for Timber> 8rc.

r ''HE Kinds of Wallnut Trees that \ve

have in England are two, the one a very large Kind called the French Wall-nut, and the other a Idler, called the Eng-lijh Wallnut.

Or thefe Kinds, the belt for the Table is the Englijh, its Kernels being much Tweeter, firmer, and fuller, and Shell very thin ; whereas the other, tho’ very large, yet its Kernel is very fmall, in Refped to

■

its12 6 Of the Wallnut Tree.

its Size, and of a very watry'Flavour ; nay,* fometimes a Jelly only, and the Shell of a great Thicknefs: And indeed, fome of the Enghjb Kinds have very thick Shells, and very fmall alfo ; but their Kernels are for the generality very firm and good, tho’ difficult to get at. The befi: Kinds of Wallnuts, are thofe whofe Shells are very thin, and ea-fy to crack, of a middling Size, that grow in a dry rich Loam, and enjoy a frefh drying Air in all their Parts.

But altho* the French Wallnutis the leaft valuable for the Table, yet ’tis excellent for Pickling; and the Tree produces fine Timber in a few Years, that is of great Value to Cabinet-makers, e?r. for inlaying of Tables* Chairs, Looking-glafs Frames, &c. This Kind of Wallnut is very plenty in Virginia, as well as in France ; and ’tis a great pity that we don’t propagate them in every Eftate, where the Soil is natural to them* fince they will profper as well with us, as they do in their own native Country. AC Twickenham Park in MiddlefeXj are divers planted, by that late Encourager of Planting and Gardening, the honourable Thomas Vernon, deceafed, that are arriv’d to very great Statures in lefs than thirty Years from the Nuts.	TheseOf the Wallnut Tree. 12,7

These Kinds of Trees are propagated from their Nuts, which are to be planted as foon as ripe, or kept in Sand till the March following, and then planted out, as directed for the Chefnuts : But plant them when you will, great Care muft be taken to prefer vc them from Mice, and other Vermin, left they difappoint you of Succefs.

Mr. Evelyn advifes, that they be planted with their green Husks on, with Strew-ings of Furze cut fmall, to prevent their Accefs thereto ; but if feveral Traps are fet, whole making and fetting are well known to Gardeners, they may be kept fecure from them, without any kind of Danger.

Mr. Evelyn recommends their being fteep’d in Milk before they are planted • but if they are kept from the Air in Sand after gathering, or planted as foon as gather’d, according to Nature’s own Method, they will thrive very well, and produce ltrong and healthy Plants: And here obferve, that if ’tis poflible, you muft plant the Nut where ’tis defign’d to remain, rather than to be fown in a Seed-bed, (as before directed) and afterwards tranfplanted into a Nur-jfery for fome Time, before they are planted out for good.

BothIl8 Of the Wallnut Tree.

Both Kinds of Wallnuts thrive bed in moderate, dry, rich Soils; and Mr. Evelyn fays, efpecially if it incline to a feeding Chalk or Marie, where ’tis prote&ed from the Cold, though it affe£t Cold, rather than extream Heat, as in large Pits, Vallies, &c. nay, even in ftony Grounds, and on Hills.

If we plant entire Woods of them, they fhould be at fifty or fixty Feet Diftance; but in Meadows, Corn-fields, &c. a hundred Feet is near enough. Mr. Evelyn reports, that in Burgundy> where they abound, they are planted in their bed: Wheat Lands, at fixty Feet, and an hundred Feet apart ; nor do they injure their Crops, but rather keep them warm : In fhort, this Tree is of fo great a Value in that Country, that when ever they fell an old or full grown Tree, they always plant another near thereto ; fo that their Number is never diminifh-ed : And had the People of England obfer-ved the fame Rule, of planting an Acorn when they felled an Oak, we might have had a continual Supply of Timber for our civil and naval Ufes, which ’tis to be fear’d, we fhall ftand in very great need of, before fixty Years more are ended, if a timely Pro-vifion is not made, and that very fpeedily.

AndOf the Wallmit Tree. 129

And fince that the Strength and Glory of this Nation depends on our Ships of War and Commerce, what a Condition fliall we be in, when our Woods are exhaufted of their Timber, and we become oblig’d to other Nations for Timber to build our Ships with?

This being well confider’d, is fufficient to induce every Britifh Subject to fpeedy Plantations of Timber Trees in general, and more efpecially, fince that thereby they not only enable themfelves with proper Materials for Defence, &c. but their Eftates are vaftly improv’d, to the great Advantages of themfelves, and their Pofterity after them.

In the Management of Wallnitt Trees, we are to obferve, firft to preferve their leading Shoots at all Times; fecondly, to difplace their lateral Buds, as they appear in the Spring; and laftly, to preferve them front being injured by Cattle and Weeds whilft young.

These Trees are very proper for Avenues, Walks, &c. being planted at forty or fifty Feet diftance in Lines, and the Lines double that diftance from each other,'130 Of the Wallnut Tree.

Mr. Evelyn makes mention in his Sylva, Tage 54. that the Bergjlas, (which extends from Heidelberg to 'Darmftadt) is all planted with Wallnuts, chiefly for their Ornament and Shade ; fo as a Man may ride for many Miles about that Country under a continued Shade or Arbour, which in hot Seafons muft undoubtedly be very refreshing to the Traveller, as well as diverting, when their Fruits are ripe. Now could we but once entertain fuch noble Spirits within us, how valfly it would improve the Glory and Wealth of the Nation in general ? That glorious Defign (mention’d by Mr. Evelyn > in his following Fage 55.) in Henry the Fourth’s Time, of planting all the Highways of France with Elms, would have enrich’d and ifrength’d that Nation to a very great Degree, had not the rude and mifchievous Teafants deftroy’d their firft Plantations, which caufed the thorough Pro-fecution of the Defign to be flopt, whereby the Roads of France continu’d naked. But had that Defign been then executed what a glorious Country would France have been by this Time ? Its own Hedge-rows, by the Way-Sides, would have produc’d fuch immenfe Quantities of valuable Tim-2	berOf the Wallnut Tree. 131

her for building of Ships, Forts, Gaftles* that would have greatly added to the Strength and Wealth of that Nation. And fince that the Britijh Soils are as fertile as any in Chriftendom, we might, were we to plant our Hedge-rows in like Manner, foon arrive to the fame, if not a greater Glory therein, and at little or no Expence in the Operation.

The Smell of thefe Kinds of Trees is disagreeable to many, and fo is the Smell of Violets, Pinks and Rofes, which to the general Part of Mankind are delightful: But in Irelandj they are chiefly propagated for the agreeable Smell of their Leaves.

IndccD, when their Leaves fall in the Autumn, and putrify on the Ground, they do emit a Steam, which is diiagreeable to many; but 7tis foon over, and therefore not worth our Notice. Mr. Evelyn reports, that the Juice of the fallen Leaves is obnoxious to their Roots ; but for my Part, I cannot fay any thing thereof: But this I know, that the Husks and Leaves being infus’d in warm Water, will deftroy Worms in Grafs-plots and Gravel-walks. And Mr. Evelyn fays, that the Water of their Husks is fovereign againft all peftilential Infecli-* K 2	ons,IJZ 0/ the Wallnut Tree.

ons, and that of the Leaves, to cleanfe and heal inveterate Ulcers. The green Husks or outward Shells being boil’d, make a very-good dark yellow Dye, without any Mixture; and’tis with this, that thofe Vagabonds, vulgarly call’d Gypfies, difcolour their Skins, in Imitation of Egyptians. ’Tis further added, by the aforefaid Gentleman, that their Leaves being diftilled with Honey and Urine, and apply’d, caufes Hair to grow in bald Places ; which if true, would be very ferviceable to Horfe Dealers, who have Horfes on their Hands, whofe Knees are broken and batter’d by Falls, &c. and want Hair, to conceal thofe Faults from their Chaps.

Their Kernels produce a fine Oil, which in Italy is drank by the Country People when they are afflidted with Pains in their Sides, and gives them immediate Eafe. Mr. Evelyn fays, that one Bufhel of Nuts will produce between feven or eight Pints of Oil, which the fooner ’tis drawn, is the more in Quantity ; but the drier the Nut is, the better in Quality.

The bed Method of keeping Wallnuts is to gather them when they are full ripe^ in a dry Day ; after which let them lye a

PayOf the Wallnut Tree. 13 3

Day or two in a dry Place, being clean’d of their Husks, and rub’d very dry. Then put them into leaden Pots cover’d, over, and bury them in the Ground, where the Rains or Wet cannot get at them, and they will keep the whole Year about.

When you have not the Conveniency of leaden Pots to preferve them in, or fliould by NegleCt fuffer them to be very dry, and their Kernels fhrivePd, you muft infufe their Kernels in very warm (but not fcald-ing hot) Water, which will in afliort Time caufe them to fwell as large as when firft gathered, and their Tafle be nearly the fame.

It is the Opinion of many, that thele Sort of Trees thrive much better, when their Nuts are beaten off, then when gathered. But ’tis a Miftake, for inftead of thriving better, they thrive lefs ; but they are abundantly more fertile. This Fertility is caufed by the feveral Wounds and Bruifes that they receive in their Bark when thrafh-ed, that hinder the Sap’s free Paifage • whereby ’tis much fooner infpiifated into a glutinous Subftance, fit for new Productions ; then when the Sap Veffels are whole K 3	andi j 4	Of the Wallnut Tree.

and entire, and abounds with a greater Plenty of frelh crude Sap.

In Italy„ they drive the Tops of their Poles that they thrafh them with full of Nails, and Stubs of Iron, on purpofe to gaul and break off the Bark, in thrafhing off the Fruits ; which they believe to be an Im-proverhent to their Trees.

Mr. Evelyn^ in his 55th Tage of his Sylvaj fays, that a curious Friend of his obferved, that the Sap of this Tree afeends and defeends with the Sun’s diurnal Courfe, (which it vifibly flackens in the Night) and more plentifully at the Root, on the South Side, than on the North Side, notwith-ftanding that thofe Roots on the North Side were much larger.

By many of the preceding Experiments, I have proved, that Vegetables perfpire moil in the Day Time, and that proportionably to the Heat and Moifture of the Weather. I have alfo proved by the foregoing, that ?tis the Heat of the Morning that ratifies the Sap, and prepares it fit for Perfpiration • and that when the Cool of the Evening advances, the Sap is thereby condenfed in its Vefiels, whereby it recedes towards the Roots; and at the fame Time, to fupply

theOf the Walnut Tree. 135

die Place of the rarified Sap, the Dews of the Night, and the Air alfo, are freely imbibed by the Vegetable : So that what Mr. Evelyn’s Friend obferved, on the rifing and falling of the Sap diurnally, was no more than the Beginning and Ending of its diurnal Perfpirations, and imbibing Force, when ’twas by the Cool of the Evening changed from a perfpiring, to an imbibing State, & contra. And the Caufe of the Sap’s being in a greater Motion on the South Side, than on the North Side, proceeded from the different Degrees of Heat, that the South Side was expofed to, more than the North Side ; for the greateft Heat demands the greateft Supply of Moifture to fupport the Perfpiration of that Part of the Plant, and for want thereof, it often perifhes. Now feeing that Plants perfpire away their Sap, in all their feveral Parts, with Velocities equal to the feveral Expofitions of their Parts ; it therefore follows, that the North Part of Plants that are leaf!: expofed to the Sun, imbibe Moifture with a lefs Velocity than thofe of the South, which confequent-ly caufes their Growths to differ very much. But if the Sap of Vegetables did circulate, as Blood does in Animals, then by its Cir-K 4	culation,136 Of the Wallnut Tree.

culation, the South Part of the Vegetable would be affifted by the Sap from the North Side, and confequently the Sap in the South Side would afcend with a Velocity equal to that of the North, S&c. which it does not do: But more of this when I come to prove the Non-circulation of Sap.

The Ufes that we might apply this Beautiful Timber too, had we great Penty thereof, are almoft endlefs. ’Tis now of great Ufe to the Gun-fmith, to the Cabinet-maker, to the Joiner, &c. and had we Plenty thereof, we might wainfcot our Rooms, after the beautiful Orders of Archite&ure, which would furpafs all other Wainfcoting whatever; and more efpecially, if ?twas judicioufly mix’d with Cedar, Ebony, Man-fbaneel, Mohoggony, its Surface being very beautiful when polifh’d.

The Manner of preparing this Timber for polilhing, is to fet it in a very dry Place, to be well dry’d before you work it, for it will fhrink very much. Some Joiners will put it in an Oven, after the Bread is drawn out, for ieveral Times, one after another, until it become very dry ; others will place it in a dry Houle, and keep it a Year or

twoOf the Wallnut-Tree. 137

two before they work it, which I take to be much the beft Way. However, ufe it which Way you will, it muft be very well dry’d before ’tis work’d: And when ’tis work’d into its defign’d Form, then they polifh it over with its own Oil very hot, which gives it a pleafant fhining Black, that is very beautiful.

The moft valuable Part of this Tree, is the very Heart or inward Parts thereof, both of Body and Roots; fo that when thefe Trees are fell’d, great Care flhould be taken to preferve their large Roots, for ’tis oftentimes feen, that their Roots only are of greater Value, than all their Body and Branches together. But when thefe Trees are fuffered to grow very old, as forty or fifty Yeats, ’tis very rare, that their Bodies ever fail of having a very beautiful Grain in their Hearts, which are the only Parts that are valuable to the Cabinet Maker.

Their Sap is ufeful for making of Gun-Stock, Chairs, Table-Frames, and other like Ufes.

These Kind of Trees are fold by the Foot folid, as other Timber, but the Price is as uncertain, as the Quantity of Heart happens to be more or lefs. I have known

a138 Of the Wallnut Tree.

a Wallnut Tree, that contain’d about fifty folid Feet of Timber, whofe Heart was very good, fold for twenty Pounds to a Timber Merchant, and afterwards to a Cabinet-maker, who undoubtedly had a Profit therein. And I have known others much larger, whofe Hearts were very inconfiderable, fold for an eighth Part of the Money, at one Shilling per Foot; and at that very low Price they are as valuable to an Eftate as Oak, Elm, &c. But when they happen to be of a fine Grain, and have good Store thereof, they are of an unknown Value.

I have feen fome Afhen Trees, which have been full of large Knots, that were very beautiful in their Grains, and of great Value to the Cabinet Maker, but they are always accidental.

Beech is oftentimes very beautiful in its Grain, and therefore is ufed by Cabinet-Makers for inlaying; and very often, they by wafliing it over with a Deco&ion of the green Husks of Wallnuts, fell it for Wall-nUt-Tree to thofe who are unacquainted therewith.

This Kind of Wood is of a very brittle Nature, and therefore mull not be ufedOf the Lime Tree. 139

in Buildings, for Girders, Joifts, Rafters, GJr.

The Seafon to fell this Tree, is ‘December, at which Time they fhould be carefully grub’d, and not faw’d off at their Butts, as other Timber Trees are, except that the Buyer confents thereto.

Of the Terfpiration of the Lime-Tree, its Manner of raifing3 and planting in Avenues 3 Walksj WildernejfeSj Groves3 &c. and in iPdrks3 W)ods3 &c. for Timber.

HE Lime-Tree is alio called the L 'tn-

den-Tree3 of which there are two Kinds, tlie Male and the Female ; the Male is of a flower Growth than the Female, its Leaves very fmaTl, fomewhat like an Elm, but a harder Wood, very full of Knots, and a reddifh Green. The Female Kind is of a much quicker Growth, producing Leaves of a much larger Size, and odoriferous Blolfoms in the Spring, that perfume the Air, and fupport the induftrious Bee with great Plenty of Food. About 70 Years

Chap. XII.

ago140 Of the Lime Tree.

ago we receiv’d this Kind of Tree from Flanders and Holland, notwithstanding that, at the very fame Time, our own Woods produc’d them fpontaneoufly; fuch has been our Folly, to value the Product of foreign Countries, and to negle£t that of our own, which in many Refpe&s is vaftly fuperior to them 1

Both thefe Kinds are raifed from Seed? or by Layers and Suckers, flipped off from the Roots of the old Trees. The Soil that they delight in, is a rich moift Loam, with a ftrong holding Bottom ; but not a Clay, which is of too cold and wet a Nature, that chills and rots their Roots; and on the contrary, a Sand is of too hot and dry a Nature, which ftarves their Roots. And fome Loams that are of a Tandy or gravelly dry Nature, are alfo too hot, caufing them to fhoot out, very early in the Spring, and to drop theif Leaves, or turn yellow about Midfummer, whereby their Beauty is foon over.

Their Seeds are ripe, and fit for gathering about the End of October ox the Beginning of Novemberj at which Time they may be Town in a Seed-Bed as Heithorns, or pre-ferv’d in Sand until the February following,

andOf the Lime Tree. 141

and then fowed in Beds, as before directed, wherein they muft remain two Years; after which tranfplant them into a Nurfery, as dire&ed for the Englijh Elm. But if you increafe them by Layers, the ufual Seafon to lay them down is February ; but I muft confefs, that the Fall of the Leaf is much the better Time ; for when their tender Shoots are laid in the Earth fo very early, they have a much longer Time to imbibe the Juices thereof, and prepare themfelves to ftrike Roots with much greater Vigour, than when laid down in February, and oftentimes attended with dry Weather in the March following.

Their DiftanCes that they ftiould be planted at, in grand Avenues, Walks, Groves, &c. is from thirty five to forty Feet, but in Avenues, that are lefs noble, they may be at thirty, twenty five^ or twenty Feet. And in fingle Walks in a Wildernefs, at fixteen Feet, in Groves at ten or twelve.

These Trees make very beautiful clofe Fledges, and very foon, being planted at about five or fix Feet apart, or nearer, if his required, to make a full Hedge at once. At which Time his beft to plant Plants of

twoH1 °f the Lime Tree.

two Sizes, the one very low, to thicken at the Bottom, and the other fomething taller. But obferve, to reduce their Heads proportionably to their Quantity of Roots, as directed in the preceding Lectures : To cut away all the capillary Roots that they are attended with, which being generally very much matted together, prevent the Earth from clofing to their fibrous Roots, and thereby often perifh :	To

clofe the Earth very carefully about every Root, to prune them with a fharp Knife, to cut away all Parts bruifed by the Spade in taking up, and to plant them as foon as pofiible, after being taken out of the Nurfery. The bed Sizes are thofe about two or three Inches Diameter’; or if they are larger as four or five Inches, they will do very well, provided that they are well rooted. I have planted Trees of this Kind, and of Englijb Elms alfo, that have been eighteen Inches Diameter at their Butts, that have thriv’d very well.

The Seafon to plant this Tree is, at the general Fall of the Leaf, in Ottober or Novemberj at which Time you mud fecure them from the Injuries of Winds, Beads* and worfer Creatures, that take Pleafure in

de*Of the Lime Tree. 143

deftroying young Plantations. Their Bark is eafily cut, by Boys in Play ; and therefore, as they are our chief Ornaments for Efpaliers, or Skreens before our Doors, to proteO: us from the Sun, Duff, Winds, we lliould, whilft they are young, defend them, by large Trunks, placed at fuch Difhnccs, as to admit the Air’s free Circulation, and their Bodies to dilate.

The Shoots of this Tree are of a beautiful Red, and very pliable, fo as to cover Arbours, fhady Walks, &c. in a lhort Time, that produce a very pleafant and agreeable Shade. And Mr. Evelyn fays, That the fvveet Odour of their Bloffoms, is admirably prevalent againft the Epilepfy, that is the falling Sicknefs; and therefore recommends their being planted before every one’s Door, as well in the City as Country ; and were the broad Streets of London, as the Hay-market, Eell-mellj Strand\ Fleet-ftreetj Holbounij Qheapjide, &rc. planted with thefe Trees, at about eight Feet Diftance from the Houfes, on the inward Edges of the Kennels, and kept neatly cut in Efpaliers, or Pyraments, nothing would be more delightful and entertaining ; Then might we view a City in a Wood.

Stat144 Of the Lime Tree.

St at Philyra \ baud omnes formofior altera furgit Inter Hamadryades 3 Molliffimay Candida, l<evisi Et viridante comd, & bene olenti flore fuperba, Spargit odoratam late atque aqualiter umbram.

Coulei L. 6. PI.

The fiately Lime, fmooth, gentle, freight, and fairy

(JVith which no other Dryad may compare)

With verdant Locks, and fragrant Blojfoms deckt, Does a large, ev'n, odor ate Shade project.

The Timber of this Tree, is vaflly ufe-ful to the Carver, Cabinet-maker, Heel-maker, &c. and therefore in fome proper Part of our Lands, we fhould make Plantations thereof, exclufive of Avenues, Walks, for felling, when arriv’d to a fufficient Stature, which between thirty and forty Years never fail to produce.

Cha^Of the Service Tree. 145 Chap. XIII.

Of the Terfpiration of the Service Tree,, its Manner of raifing and planting in Avenuesj Walks, GrovesTa-f tires, &c.

E have two Kinds of Service in

Englandj the one called Tor min alls, which is that as is moft frequent among us; and the other, that bears its Fruits fomething like a very fmall Pear, very plentiful in Francejf where ’tis called Cormier :	Whofe Leaves are narrower, and

lefs indented.

These Kinds of Trees are railed front their Seed, or Suckers

Their Seeds are ripe in Offoberj at which Time, mixing them with dry Sand, rub off their Pulps; and afterwards being dried in the Sun, keep them in Sand until the Spring following, and then fow them in Seed-beds, as directed for the Beech-Maft in the preceding LeTures. They fhouid remain in the Seed-beds for the Space of two Years, during all which Time, you

L

mu ft146	Of the Service Tree.

muft be fure to keep them clean from Weeds, and moiften’d in very hot and dry Seafons.

The Soil that they delight to grow in, is a good ftrong Loam, rather cold than hot. The Diftances that they fhould be planted at in the Nurfery, is the lame ( and in the fame Manner ) as dire&ed for the Wallnut, and other Trees, in the preceding Chapters.

These Trees do oftentimes arrive to great Statures, and therefore may be planted in Avenues, Walks, as the Lime, ‘Platanusj &c. or in Woods for their Timber, which is of very great Value to the Joiner, to the Engraver, to the Gun-fmith, to the Turner, and even to the Mill-wrights, and Carpenters. ’Tis a Wood of a very great Duration, and being rubb’d over with Linfeed Oil, looks very beautiful. ’Tis of a very fine Grain, and with Staining, may be made to counterfeit Ebony, and many other curious Woods.

The Fruits are ripe in Ottober> but they are gathered in the End of September> when the Weather is dry, or otherwife they are apt to grow mouldy, before they are eatable, which is when they are (as it were) rotten, like unto Medlars.

ThisOf the Service Tree. 147

This Tree affords a very agreeable Shelter to Cattle, and does very little Hurt to the Grals that grows under its Drip; fo that we may plant them in our Paffure Grounds, to their very great Improvement.

The Diffances that they fhould be planted at in Paffure Grounds, is about fifty or fixty Feet from each other; and if they are planted out when young, and kept clean from Weeds, and moift in very dry Sea-c Tons, they will arrive to very large Statures in a few Years Time ; for when Trees are planted out young, and have a free circulating Air about them, fo as to perfpire freely, they never fail of Succefs, provided that the Soil is natural to them, and they are under the Government of a judicious and careful Guardian.

These Fruits may be improved by Budding or Grafting; and indeed ’tis much the belt Way ; for Nature is as wanton in thefe Productions, as in others; and ’tis very rarely that we have a Fruit raifed from the Seed, fo good as the Mother Plant. Indeed ’tis fometimes found, that from Seedlings we have fome Kinds that are much better; but ’tis very rarely that it happens fo. Therefore that we may not be L a	de-148 Of the Maple Tree.

deceived by their degenerating Qualities, ’tis beft to bud, or graft all thofe Trees that we defign to propagate for their Fruits, with Kinds that we know to be good ; which will caufe them to produce Fruits very early, and in great Abundance.

Chap. XIV.

Of the Terfpration of the Maple Tree: Its Manner of raifing in Woods, Wilder ncJJeSj Avenuesj Walks > Hedges j 8tc.

r"|~HE Kinds of Maple that we have JL in England are many; but the mod valuable are the French Maple, and the Peacocks Tail Mapple ; which laft is that Kind fo elegantly undulated, and turned into Variety of Curls. Thefe Kinds are very beautiful in their Leaves, and were by the Ancients elfeem’d at a very high Rate.

They are all propagated from their Keys, in the very fame Manner as the Afh, or by Suckers or Layers: And the Soil that they delight in, is a found and dryifh Loam, and therefore they are very proper for deep dry Lands, or Banks.

TheirOf the Maple Tree. 149

Tiieir Keys remain in the Seed-bed, until the fecond Spring; at which Time, if they are kept clean from Weeds, they will come up very ftrongly, and become good Plants in a fhort Time, being tranfplanted therefrom, at the End of two Years, into a Nurfery, as directed for Elms, Limes,

These Sorts of Maple make good Hedges in a Garden, Wildernefs, &c. where nothing elfe will live. They alfo thrive exceedingly under the Drip of any Sort of Tree whatever; and therefore are a very good Furniture for the Quarters and Hedges of a Wildernefs. But there are few or any Trees or Shrubs care to grow under their Drip, or rather can live under their Shade; foruthey being of a very ftrong, attra&ing, ravenous Nature, fomething like the Alb, draw away the greateft Part of the Moi-fturc, and llarve the other Plants^ efpeci-ally thofe, whole Roots run fhallow. But Eorpft Trees, whofe Roots are deeper than theirs, are not injured thereby.'

If we plant thefe Trees in Woods, and keep them drelfed to {freight Bodies, they will foon become very large, and valuable to their Owners.

I 3

Thei$0 Of the Maple Tree.

The Timber of thefe Trees, is of greater Value than Beech or Elm to Joiners, for the inlayings of Floors, Sounding-boards, Pannelling, &c. And efpecially when its Knots are delicately diapred.

’Tis alfo of very great Service for many other Ufes, as Knife-Handles, Cups, Mufical Inftruments, &c.

‘Pliny feems to value the Maple at a very high Rate, as may be feen by his Report thereof, as following.

Acer Operum elegantid & fubtilitnte Ce-dro fecundum ; plura ejus genera : Album, quod pr£cipui candor is vocatur Gallic um.

In Tranfpadand Italia3 traujque Alpes nafcens. Alterum genus crifpo macularum difeurfiij qui cum excellentior fait a Jlmi-litudine caud<e pavonum nomen accepit.

4 The Maple, for the Elegancy and Fine-* nefs of the Wood, is next to the Cedar 4 it felf: There are feveral Kinds of it, efc 4 pecially the White, which is wonderfully 4 beautiful : This is called the French Ma-4 pie, and grows on that Part of Italy\ 4 that is on the other Side of the To be-4 yond the Alps : The other has a curled 4 Grain, fo curioufly maculated, that from

4 aOf the Maple Tree. 15 r

4 a near Refemblance, it was ufually called 4 the Peacock’s Tail, &c.

Besides thele two Kinds, Pliny makes mention of two others, in his fixteenth Book, Chap. xvi. The one he calls the Brtif cum Maple, and the other the Mollufcum.

His Account thereof is as followeth.

Bulcherrimum vero ejl Brufcum multo-quc excellentius, etiamnum Mollufcum tuber' utrumqne arbor is ejus Brufcum tutor-this crifpum. Mollufcum fmplicius fpar-fum > & fi Magnitudinem menfarum caperet, baud dubie pncferreter CedrOj mine intrd pugillares, lebtorumque filicios aut laminas, See. & Brufco jiunt menfe nigrefeentes.

4 The Brufcum or Knur is wonderful fair,

4 but the Mollufcum is accounted more 4 precious; both of them producing Knobs.

4 or Swellings out of the Tree. The Bruf 4 cum is more intricately criiped; the Mol-4 lufcurn not lo much ; and had we Trees 4 large enough to faw into Planks for Ta-4 bles, ’twould be preferred before Cedar 4 or Citron, (for fo fome Copies read it) but 4 now they ufe it only for fmall Table Books,

4 and with its thin Boards to wainfeot Bed-4 Tellers, The Brufcum is ofablackifh L 4	4 Kind152 Of the Maple Tree.

4 Kind, with which they make Tables. Thus far our antient Italian Author.

Mr. Evelyn reports, that Cicero paid ten thoufand Seilerces for one Table of this Wood, and that King Juba, fifteen thouland. And that he has read of another that was valued at 14000 H. S. which at about three Pence Sterling each, amounts to 1750 Pounds ; and yet that of the Mauritanian Ttolomie, that was four Feet and half Diameter, and three Inches in Thick-nefs, was far richer, which is reported to be fold for its Weight in Gold. 4 Of that 4 Value they were, and fo madly luxurious 4 the Age, that when they at any Time re-4 proached their Wives, for their wanton 4 Expenfivenefs in Pearl, and other rich Tri-4 fles, they were wont to retort, and turn f the Tables upon their Husbands.

These Trees will undoubtedly arrive to very large Statures, if they are well managed, as before directed, and not made Pollards, by the lofs of their Heads, which ipoils Timber Trees in general.

And if we obferve how Virgil made Choice of one ofthefe Trees for the Court of his Evanderj one of the worthieft Princes in the belt of Poems, fitting in his Ma-

pleOf the Sycamore. 153

pie Throne; we may from thence allure our felves, that in thofe Days they were of great Statures.

And when he brings JEtieas into the royal Cottage, he makes him this memorable Complement: Greater, fays the great Cowley, than ever was yet fpoken at the Efcurial, the Louvre, or Whitehall.

-----H<ec (inquit) limina Victor

Alcides---

This humble Roof j this ruftick Courts [aid he, Receiv'd Alcides crown'd with ViBory:

Scorn not (great Guefi) the Steps where he has trod, But Wealth qontemn^ and imitate a God.

N.	B. The Time for cutting, or felling this Tree, is December or January.

Chap. XV.

Of the Sycamore, its Manner of raifng for Timber, in Barks, IVoods, See.

H E Sycamore, or the Acer majus, Jl is encreafed by the Layer or Keys, fown and order’d, as the Acer minus, or

Maple.154 Of the Sycamore.

Maple. ’Tis a Tree of a very quick Growth, when the Soil is natural to it, which is a light and dry (rather than a wet and cold) Loam.

The Timber of this Tree is very fer-viceable to the Turner, Wheel-wright, Sadlers, &c. and ’tis very beautiful, when mix’d with other Foreft Trees, in the Quarters of a Wildernefs.

Besides this common Kind, there is a-nother, whofe Leaves are variegated, that are very beautiful in a Wildernefs, as afore-faid: But both tliefe Kinds are very much attended by Flies in Summer Evenings, which has often occafioned their Removal from the Hedge-lines of Walks, into the middle of large Quarters, where they have a fine Effect, and at a fufficient Diftance from being offenfive.

Mr. Evelyn confents to their Banifhment from all curious Gardens, becaufe that their Leaves, in very hot and dry Seafons, fall very early, and turn to Mucilage, and pu-trify, with the firft Rain that falls, fo as they contaminate and fpoil our Walks: And indeed, fo will the Leaves of a great many other curious Forreft Trees, if they are fuf-fered to remain on the Ground when fallen:

ButOf the Hornbeam. 155

But in our curious Gardens, we always take Care to cleanfe away all kinds of Leaves as they fall, fo that they are never offenfive. But when they are planted in the middle of large Quarters, as before directed; their Leaves cannot be offenfive, tho* never taken away.

In moft Eftates, there are dry hilly Lands, wherein few other Kinds of Foreft Trees will live; and this kind will thrive very well, and become good Timber in a few Years Time, whereby thofe Lands may be greatly improved. The Diftances, Time, and Manner of planting is the fame as of the Maple.

Of the Hornbeam-Tree, its Manner of rai-fing for Timber in Coppices> IVoods> Tarks, See.

HE Hornbeam is raifed from Seed

fown in Auguft or Septemberwhich is the Time of its Maturity; but it will not come up, until the fecond Spring after fow-

C H A P. XVI.

mg.

It156 Of the Hornbeam.

It is the PraQice of many, to keep the Seed thefirft Year in Sand, and to fow it the fecond February after gathering. But I do not approve thereof fo well, as to fow it immediately after gathering, when ’tis always imbibing thofe Juices that are at its Spring, to be the Support and Nourifhment thereof: But this Reafon has already been declared more at large in the preceding Chapters.

But for thofe that are defirous to get what Time they poffibly can, they may be furnifh’d with young Sets of Nature’s own Produce from the Woods; by which Means, three or four Years may be gain’d.

This Tree, like the preceding, delights to grow in barren Lands; but with this Difference, that they are rather cold and * expofed, than hot and dry.

The Manner of Pruning and Planting this Tree when young, and its ordering in a Nurfery, is the fame as of the Elm, Lime, &e.

Amongst all the Eoreft Trees that are received in the Garden, there’s none makes a more beautiful Hedge than the Hornbeam; provided that ’tis not planted too thick, and that it be young and healthy at planting.

The158 Of the Hornbeam.

Sap, for want of Perfpiration, in Hopes of having good Hedges in a fhort Time, which they never make; for altho’ their lower Parts are fully expofed to a free Air, when tranfplanted out; yet their Bark is of a very hard Nature, and their Growth none of the quickeft : ’Tis feldom feen that they thicken at their Bottoms, fo as to make a full and handfome Hedge; and therefore it is, that they are, after three or four Years Growth, cut down, within nine Inches, or a Foot from the Ground, to caufe them to thicken from the Bottom, as they advance in Height.

Now from hence it appears, that to plant very large Sets from the Woods or Nurfe-ries; that is, fiich that are five or fix Feet high, we mu ft either be contented with im-pcrfefl Hedges, or lofe three or four Years of our Life, by cutting them down as a-forefaid; but if we will have but a little Patience, and plant the young Sets of two or three Years Growth, as before directed, we may allure our (elves of having very fine Hedges, in four or five Years Time, that will ever after be very clofe and beautiful in all their Parts.

ItOf the Hornbeam. 159

Ir may be faid by fome, who have not the Knowledge of the imbibing Natures, and Perfpirations of Vegetables, that Hedges of this Nature, that are thin at their Bottoms, may be thicken’d, by planting of lower Plants between them ; but ’tis a Miftake, that will not do; for when hot and dry Seafons happen, then thofe fmall Plants at the Bottom, being over-cover’d with the tall Plants, cannot perfpirc freely, and receive Nourifhment from the Dews; and again, their Roots being very fhallow, and letter than thofe of the high Plants, they have not an equal Power to attraft Nourifhment to them, and thereby foon perilh.

In the Gardens of the Right Honourable the Earl of Straffordj at Twickenham in MiddlefeXj are many beautiful Hedges of this Plant; fome of which are upwards of twenty Feet high, whole uncommon Beauty and Stature is in great Meafure due to the extraordinary Skill and Management of that ingenious and well experienc’d Gardener, Mr. John Wyat, Gardener to that Honourable and truly Noble Lord.

And in the adjacent Gardens of the Honourable Mr. Secretary JobnJlonj there 1	areOf the Hornbeam. I 57

The beft Plants for thefe Purpofes, are thole of two or three Years Growth in the Wood, or Seed-bed, being pruned in their Heads, to about fix Inches in Length, and the like of their tap Roots.

The Diftance from each other in the Hedge-lines fhould- be never lefs than nine Inches, nor more than one Foot, and each Hedge to confifl but of one fingle Row only.

It has been, and is ftill the PraHice of many, to plant Hedges with double, and oftentimes treble Lines, in order to make them thick ; but they do never profper fo well as the fingle lined Hedges, and therefore not to be practifed. The Perfpiration of Vegetables being confidered, we may from thence very eafily account for the Reafons, why fingle-lin’d Hedges thrive better, and make a Hedge fooner, than thole that are double, or treble planted.

It has been alfo pra&ifed by many, to plant very large Plants from the Woods for Hedges, and oftentimes from Nurferies, wherein they have flood very clofe to each other •, and fo for want of a free drying Air at their Bottoms, their lower Branches have perifhed, by being faturated with crude

Sap,160 Of the Hornbeam

are likewife Tome beautiful Hedges of this Plant, whole graceful Afpeft: does alfo de-clare the extraordinary Knowledge of their late Governour Mr. John Lee Senior, whom I take the Liberty to recommend for one of the moft skilful and univerfally experienced Gardeners in England.

That pleafant and moft delightful Seat of Twickenham Park, hath its beautiful Gardens embellifh’d with Hedges of Hornbeam, which I planted but few Years ago, from the Seed-Beds, as before advis’d, which by the indefatigable Care of the ingenious Mr. Henry Timber liny Gardener to the Honourable Mrs. Vernon of that Place, are now become very great Ornaments to thofe Gardens.

And, befides thefe aforefaid Gardens, there are many others that are enrich’d with beautiful Hedges of this Kind, which are fufficient Teftimonials of their great Ufe and Beauty : And therefore I need take no further Pains to recommend the Propagation thereof for Shade in Gardens, t£c.Of the Hornbeam.

161

In tralius longos facilis tibi Carpinus ibit,

Mille per crrores, indeprebenfofque recejfus,

Et molles tendens fetto feu pariete ramos,

Prabebit viridem diverfo e margine fcenam.

Primus honos illi quondam, pojl aditus ordo eft, Attonfeque coma, & for mis qua fit a voluptas Innumeris, furtoque via, obliquoquc receffu :'

In i rati us afla eft longos, & opaca vireta.

Ehiinetiam egregia tendens umbracula frottdis Temper at ardentes ramis ingentibus aftus.

Rapiri.

In Walks the Horn-beam ftands, or in a Mazei Through Thoufand felf-entangling Labyrinths fir ays ; So clafp the Branches copp'd on either Sidet As though an Alley did two Walks divide:

This Beauty founds Order did next adorn The Boughs into a Thoufand FiguresJborn \

Which pleafing Objefls Wearinefs betray*d,

Tour Feet into a Wildernefs convey'd.

Nor Better Leaf on twining Arbor fpread,

Againft the fcorching Sun to Jhield your Head.

The Hornbeam is a Tree of middling Growth, but oftentimes arrives to a large Stature; its Timber is of great Ufe to the Mill-wright, for Coggs to his Wheels* as well as to the Turner, Carpenter and Joiner; and far Fire-Wood there’s none bet-M	tetv16z Of the Quick-beam.

ter. It burns like a Candle, and ( as Mr. Evelyn reports) was of old fo employed;

Oarfinus tadas fijfa facefque dabit*

T o have Plantations of this Timber come to Maturity in the fhorteft Time, we mull plant them out at twenty or twenty five Feet Diftance from the Seed-beds, as before directed for the Hedges, being annually kept clean from Weeds, and defended from Cattle, as before dire&ed for Oaks, Elms,

Of the Quick-beam^, or Witchen Tree.. 'HE Quick-beam, or Witchen-trce, is

alfo called wicky and Sfanifl) Afh, it being a Species of wild Afh: ’Tis a Tree of a quick Growth, rifes to a reafonable Stature, grows very Freight and fender, when planted very clofe together, as all other Trees will do: But if it enjoys a free open Air, it will become very thick, and

Chap. XVII.

produceOf the Quick-beam.

produce good Timber in twenty five or thirty Years Time.

’Tis a Plant that will grow as well on the Mountains, as in Woods, provided that the Soil be not over firong and cold, for it delights in light mellow Lands.

The Manner of propagating this Plant, is the fame as of the Alb, by fowing its Berries which ripen in the Autumn, as I directed the fowing of Afhen Keys.

The Timber is of great Service to the Wheeler, (it having but very little Sap in it) as alfo to the Husband-man for Tools, &c. and 7tis very good Fuel.

The Leaves of this Tree are very like thole of the common A-fli, but fometbing fmaller; and therefore I believe they are called by the Name of the Spanijh Afh.

I n the Spring the Trees make a glorious Appearance, with their fine Clutters of BlolToms, which produce a grateful Scent, and afterwards beautiful red Berries, that are tempting Baits for Black-birds, Thrufhes, Who are very pleafant Companions in a delightful Wildernefs; and ’tis therefore that I recommend their Planting in all fuch rural Parts of our Gardens,

M 2

Chap.1(54	0/ ^ Hazel Tree.

Chap. XVIII.

Of the Hazel, its Manner of raijing in Coppicesj &c.

HE Hazel j or JVild-Nut ^ is raifed

from the Nuts, which may be fown in a light Soil as foon as fully ripe, or they may be kept in Sand until February following, and then fown; which I rather recommend, becaufe that fometimes they are de-ftroy’d by hard Frofts.

They are alfo increafed by Suckers, as Virgil obferves.

Plantis & duue Coryli nafeuntur.

Georg. 2^

Hazels from Sets and Suckers take.

The bed: Manner of fowing the Nuts, is in a Seed-bed well prepared and made mellow ; from whence they may be tranf-planted, at two or three Years end ; but if we would make our Plantations immediately with Suckers, we muft make Choice of fucli as are well rooted, and about the Size of a large Reed.

TheOf the Fir and Pine. 16$

The fooner your Suckers are planted after taking up, the better, at which Time their Heads muff be prun’d, within five or fix Inches of their Roots.

They delight in cold, barren, dry and Tandy Lands, and the bell Time to plant them is in November or ‘December :	Their

Dilfances are the fame as Afh, Oak, and other Coppice-Woods.

The ufual Time before the firfl Felling is ten or twelve Years, and fometimes fooner, according as the Nature of the Land agrees with them.

The fecond, and all other Fellings, are generally every fix or feven Years.

This Wood is very ferviceable to the Publick in many Ufes, as for Hoops, Hurdles, Poles, &c. and makes a very great Return to the Owner.

Of Fir, and Pine Trees, their Manner of raifing for Timber in 'ParksWoodsj &c.

HE feveral Sorts of Fir that we

have in England are the Scots Fir the Silver Fir£ the Spruce Fir> and the

Chap. -XIX.

bh166 Of the Fir and Pine.

Norway Fir; but the moft likely for our Purpofe is the Scots Firwhich in Scotland is very plenty, and of great Statures, fit for many Ufes in Buildings, as well for Pipes to convey Water for the Service of Cities, Towns, $3c. and in cDevonfbire there are many Firs of this Kind which are very large, raifed from their Seed by a Gentleman now living in thofe Parts, who has affured me, that they are a very great Improvement to his Eftate, and may now be felled lor the Ufe of Builders: Therefore, as their Growth is fo very quick, as to be fit for Building-Ufe in twenty five or thirty Years Growth, and their Ufe fo very great, I am in Hopes, that our Englijh Gentlemen will fpeedily make large Plantations thereof, fince they thrive with great Celerity, where few or any other Kind of Trees will grow.

The Soils that they are obferved to thrive belt in, are moift and barren Gravels, ffrong Loams, and indeed any other Soil that is not over fandy and dry.

They are raifed from their Seeds, which ripen in their Cones, which are taken from thence, by foaking them in warm Water, until they open, or by expofing them to a gentle Fire.

TheOf the Fir and Pine. 167

The Seafon to fow them is March ; and beft when in a North Eafl Border, that they be but little expofed to the fcorching Heat of the Summer.

The Mould fhould be very mellow, and the Seeds fown therein, at about three or four Inches apart, fhould be cover’d about half an Inch thick with fine Mould. When they come up, be careful in preferving them from the Birds \ and when they are about two Inches high, earth them up with fine Mould, within half an Inch of their Tops. This Earthing will very much contribute to their Growth. When they have flood two or three Years in the Seed-bed, you may remove them into the Nurfery, (but much better to the Places where they are intended to grow for Timber) for they, no more than the Pine, delight in often tranfplant-ing ; and therefore, if they were to be fown in the Places where they'are to remain, ’twould be much the better Way, when it can be done. For the firft five or fix Yrears, they do not thrive fo faft, as they will in two Years after, when they have gotten good Roots in the Earth. It will be neceflary to disbud their lateral Buds as M 4	they168 Of the Fir and Pine.

they appear, and to preferve their leading Shoots with all the Care imaginable.

Their Diftances in Tingle Lines may be ten or twelve Feet, and in Woods, &c. a-bout fifteen or twenty.

The beft Seafon to tranfplant thefe Trees, is in July or Auguft, as directed in my new Principles, Tage 46. But beware of Mixtures of Dung or rich Earth.

If your Land is very flifF, then you may allay the Stiffnefs, with a moderate Mixture of Sand ; but at all other Times, Sand muft be omitted.

N. B. That the Pine is ordered in every RefpeQ: as the Fir, the Towing of the Seeds excepted, which may be covered an Inch and half, inftead of half an Inch, as of the Fir Seed.

Now in Confideration, that the Propagation of thefe Trees are very eafy and pleafant, their Growth very quick, that they afiefl: Soils, where no other Tree will thrive, their very great Ufe, their perpetual Verdure, and Ornament to an Eftate, I am in hopes that our Britijh Nobility, will be eafily induced to make large Plantations thereof, with all convenient Speed, 3	where-Of the Aquaticks, ©V/	169

whereby their Eftates that are now of very little Value, will be greatly improved.

Of it Aquaticks, M5M

The Poplar, Afpen, Abeal, Alder, Withy Sallow, Ozier, and Willow.

HERE be feveral Kinds of Poplars

growing in England > but the moft common is the white Poplar ; they are in general propagated from Suckers, which rife in great abundance, as far as their Roots extend. And I have known great Quantities produced by Chips only, where the Trees have been hew’d after felling, and were never known to grow there before. The Soils that they delight in, are thole that are moift and boggy, by the Sides of Rivers, &c. and in moilt fertile Loams. They may be alfo encreafed by planting large Cuttings or Trunchions, about three or four Feet long, being buried within fix or eight Inches of their Tops. The Diftances of planting thefe large Cuttings, or Suckers well

Chap. XIX.

rooted,170 Of the Aquaticks, &ci

rooted, may be about three or four Feet, when they are intended for Coppice Wood ; but if we intend them for Timber, their Diftances fhould be twelve or fifteen Feet.

N. B. That altho’ I have directed the burying of the large Cuttings, within fix or eight Inches of their Tops, yet it is to be noted, that they are to be laid Hoping into the Earth, and not drive down perpendicularly, as is commonly done by the unskilful. And again, when we are to make Plantations of Suckers, we fhould take Care to plant them as fhallow as poflible.

Plantations thus made, being kept clean from Weeds, and their lateral Buds difplaced, as has been hitherto often advi-fed, will in fixteen or eighteen Years Time become good Timber, provided that their leading Shoots have been carefully preferv’d, which muft be always done, when we intend to have good Timber.

The black Poplar, is naturally a ftronger and taller Tree than the white, and more fcarce ; ’tis propagated as the white ; but feldom permitted to grow any otherwife than Pollards, or feven, eight, or nine Feet high, which are lopp’d every fccond or third Year. The Soil is the fame as for the white.

N.	B.Of the Aquaticks, &c.	171

N. B. That the white Poplar before defcribed, is not the Abeal, which is a Poplar alfo, with Leaves tliat are much larger than the preceding white, as well as its Growth; but the Form of the Leaves are much the fame.

The Abeal is increaled as the preceding, and delights in the fame Soil; but it arrives to a very large and high Stature in few-* er Years.

The Tulip Tree, lo much famed for its beautiful Flowers, that are produc’d in Form like unto a Tulip, is faid by Mr. Evelyn to be a Poplar, brought from Virginiaby an ingenious Lover of Planting and Gardening, Mr. John Tradefcant f which may be encreafed from its Seed, or by Layers. Vide, my New Principles, Page 168.

The Afpen is alfo a white Poplar; but its Leaves are much fmallerthan the fmalleft of the preceding, and being more tremulous, are therefore compared to the Tongues of many of the fair Sex. This Kind of Poplar delights beft in Soils that are fomething deep, becaufe its Roots are more pendant than either of the foregoing.

Besides the many Services that all thele preceding Poplars are of, for Park-pailing,

Houfholdi^jl Of the Aquaticks, fyc.

Houfhold Ufes, to the Turner, Wheelwright, &c0 They are very hofpitable Trees, for any thing grows very well under their Drip, and their Shade is very kindly to Cattle in the Heat of Summer.

But their Loppings for Fuel, I cannot any wife recommend, the Quantity of Sulphur contained therein being very little, and their Sap abounding with great Quantities of Water *, they therefore moulder away, and cannot maintain folid Heat, as other Woods will do, that have their Principles more ftored with Sulphur, and lefs with Water.

The very quick Growth of the Abeal, recommends its being planted in naked and unlhelter’d Places, where immediate Shade is required, and would, (as Mr. Evelyn obferves) put a Guife of Antiquity upon any new Inclofure, fince its Growth is fo very quick, that whilft a Gentleman makes a Voyage of three or four Years, his Houfe and Lands may be fo cover’d, as to be fcarcely known at his Return.

The Alder is alfo a very advantageous Aquatick, and will thrive very well in Lands that are too wet for the Poplars, of which many Eftates abound,

TheOf the Aquaticks, ©V.	173

The Manner of increafing this Plant, is by planting large Cuttings or Trunchions thereof in the Spring, as before directed for the Poplars, at about three Feet diftance.

But ’tis always the beft Way to lay the Cuttings in Water, for the Space of two Days before they are planted, and that their Bark is not bruifed or ftripp’d at planting, by thrufting their Ends in the Earth, which to prevent, ’tis beft to let them in with an Iron Crow, and afterwards with fine Earth to clofe up the Holes very firm about them.

This Sort of Wood will lie a great many Years under Water, or Earth being always wet ; and therefore is very ufeful in Water-works, as Sluces, Mills, &c. 7Tis alfo of great Ufe to the Pattin and Clog-maker, Heel-maker, and Turner. Its Coal helps to make Gun-powder, and the Bark is very ufeful to the Dyers: In brief, its Ufes are very many, and therefore well worth our Notice.

Mr. Evelyn fay, that of old, they built their Boats with the largeft* Parts of thefe Trees ; and Noah's Ark excepted, the firft Boats we read of were made of Alder.

Tujic174 Of the Aquatick?’ ft

Tunc alnot primum fluvii fensere cavatas,

Georg, i.

When hollow Alders fir ft the Waters trfd,

• Nec non & torrent cm undam levis innatat alnus

MifidPado.----

Georg. 2.

And down the rapid Poe light Alders glide.

Vitruvius recommends this Tree, to be ufed in all Sorts of Foundations that are conftantly wet, where it becomes as hard as Stone ; and fays, that the MoralTes about Revanna in Italy were piled with this Timber, to iuperftruft upon.

And Mr. Evelyn fays, that at the famous Bridge at Venicethe Rial too, which palfes over the grand Canal, they ufed great Quantities of this Wood.

The frnall Wood is of great Service in draining of wet boggy Lands, being buried in Trenches; but where good Store of Brick-bats, Tyle-lheds, large Pebbles, &V. can be had, they are much the better of the two.

The next in Order of thefe Aquaticks, are the Withy’s, of which we have two Kinds, viz. the Greek or red Withy, which

isOf the Aquaticks, (fc. ij?

is of a very tough Nature, and therefore very ufeful in binding; and the hoary or white Withy, which is of a more brittle Nature.

The red Withy commonly arrives to a very great Stature, and its Roots extend themfelves much deeper, than either Salley or Willow ; for which Reafon, they fhould be allow’d the Diftances of fifteen Feet at the lead:, and they delight more on the tops of high Banks by River Sides, than in the Water. Their Growths are much flow-ea than the Salleys, which delight to grow within the reach of the Water, and in very moorifh or flat Lands, that are unfit for either Ploughing or Meadow.

But we have three Kinds of Salleys, the one called the Hopping Salley, delighting (as aforefaid) in fpewy wet Lands, and grows with great Celerity. The fecond Kind delights in Banks that are more dry (as the Withy) as alfo does the third Kind, whofe Colour is different from both the others, having a reddifh Bark, with Leaves of a darker green, of a lelfer Length, very brittle when young, but more tough when largely grown.

Oflj6 Of the Aquaticks, eg

Of thefe feveral Kinds, the firft mentioned is the befi, as well for quick Return, as Ufe, to the Husband-man, for Rake-Staves, Fork-Staves, and other Utenfils of like Nature, which they produce at the End of four Years Growth, ( being cropped the fecond and third ).

The Manner of planting all thefe Kinds, is the fame as of the Poplars, excepting their Lengths above Ground, which may be from one, to fix, feven, or eight Feet, which great Heights are often ufed, to avoid the biting of Cattle ; but the befi: Shoots are produced from thofe Sets, that were about one Foot, or eighteen Inches above Ground, when planted: The Time of planting is December and January.

The Diftances that thefe Salleys fliould be planted from one another, muft be according to the Nature of the Soil wherein they are planted. If the Soil is very fat and moift, we may allow them fix or (even Feet Diftance, but in Lands lefs furnifh’d with Goodnefs and Moifiure, five or fix Feet.

And altho’ this Kind of Salley delights in much Moifiure, yet ’tis obferv’d to thrive better, when at fome Difiance from

theOf the Aquaticks, (fc. 177

the Water, as a Foot or two, than when altogether immerfed therein.

Every Plant thus planted, will, at the End of three Years, produce fifteen or twenty Staves, each about eight or nine Feet in Length, that will turn to a very great Account in the Market.

The Seafon to cut them for Ufe is the Autumn, but for Fuel in the Spring. The Coal of Salley being of a foft free Nature, is therefore very ufeful to Painters, in drawing the Out-lines of their Works, in-Eead of Black-lead Pencils, &c.

Oziers are diftinguifh’d from Salleys, as Salleys are from Withies, being propor-tionably leffer, of a fhorter Duration, and requires a more conftant Moifture.

The various Kinds of Oziers are almofl endlefs; but the moft known and ufeful I will defcribe.

We have three common Sorts, of which one is very like the Salley, but very brittle; another Kind is that which produces a very {lender Leaf, with limber green Shoots, called the Terch Ozier, and the third Sort is in its Leaf exa£Hy like the fecond, but the Shoots are more yellowifh and lefs N	green,178 Of the Aquaticks, (f c.

green, and of a very tough and hardy Nature.

The Basket-Makers diftinguifh the feve-ral Kinds of Oziers, by the Names of Hard Gelfter j Horfe Gelfter, Whyningj or Shriveled Gelfter j Black Gelfter; the hard and foft Golfton, the Jharp and ftender Top’d yellow Golftonj the fine Golfton : To which may be added the yellow Ozier_, the green Ozierj the Snake or fpeckled Ozier j, the Swallow-Tayl> the Spaniard\ the Flanders Willowj the white Willow> and the Golden Tellow.

The Seafon for planting either of thefe Kinds, is 'December or January. They are encreafed by Sets commonly planted at two or three Feet apart, but much better in my humble Opinion, at four or five Feet.

Before we make Plantations hereof, we fhould prepare the Ground (by early trenching) very mellow, and therein plant our Sets of about five or fix Feet high; and when they have grown three Years, then in February cut them off, at two Feet and a Half above Ground, and their Heads will break out into great Numbers of Shoots, that by the next Autumn will be fit for ufe.

2

ItOf the Aquaticks, &c.	179

It is the Cuflom of many, for to turn Sheep into thefe Plantations, when the young Shoots produced after cutting down? are about fix Inches in Length; which being cropp’d by them almofi: clofe to the Heads from whence they fpring, the new lateral Buds of the Parts left, do then each produce a fingle Shoot, which are by the Autumn, fit for Ufe.

The Improvements that are made by Plantations of Ozier, may be very great, and efpecially where the Nature of Lands are fuch, as to produce nothing elfe.

M r. Evelyn reports, That he has heard of twenty Pounds being paid for one Acre of Oziers in his Time, which is above fifty Years fince; but at this very Juncture, where the Carriage is reafonable, they are worth ten Pounds per Acre, to be bought by the Basket-maker, and be allowed a very great Pennyworth.

I t has been faid by a late Theorical Author now well known, that if Plantations hereof were made in greater Abundance, that the Markets would be overftock’d, and confe-quently their Value leflen’d. But if we confider the great Confumption that is annually made, by Packers, Fruiters, Garden-N 7	ers?'180 Of the Aquaticks, &c.

ers, Fifhermen, &c. and the great Quantities that have been, and are annually brought from Abroad, we (hall find, that we may very furely go to Work, and reap great Benefit thereby, to the very great Improvement of fuch moift Lands.

Willows are the lall that I'have to treat of, that are of the Aquatick Tribe, of which there are divers Kinds; but thofe that I fhall recommend, are the White and the Black.

The White is alfo of two Sorts, the one having its Bark of yellowifh, and the other of a brown Colour.

These Sorts of Willows are propagated, by planting very large Branches, that are ftreight and young, about fix or feven Feet in Length, being foaked in Water, before planting, for the Space of two or three Days.

The Seafon for this Work is February, and the Manner of doing it the fame as of the Withy, ?§c. at the Diftances of fix, eight, ten, twelve, fifteen, or twenty Feet; in the Operation of which, be careful that, by cutting or otherwife you don’t peel or bruife the Bark at the lower Ends of your Sets that with a very fharp Bill

youOf the Aquaticks, Ck. i$i

you cut off their Ends a little doping, at the Time of planting, and to fix the Earth very tight about them, and defend them from Cattle, who greatly delight in eating their Leaves either green or dry.

When three Years are pafs’d (they having been kept disbudded of their lateral Buds, and fucker’d) you may dif-cretionally prune their Heads, by cutting away the moft unpromifing Branches, and leave the mod: hopeful for Ufe; which, when large enough, may be cut away, and the other fmall ones left to fuc-ceed: And fo on in like Manner, you may every four or five Years, continue for twenty or thirty Years, with good Profit, it being a very ufeful Wood, for many Neceffa-ries in Life.

N. B. That mod of the Aquaticks may be cut every third or fourth Year, either in the Autumn before the Winter comes on, or in the Spring, when the Winter Colds are over.

N 3

Chat.l8l Of the Soils for Trees ',

Chap. XXI.

Of the feveral Soils wherein the preceding Trees delight, of which EJiates confift.

IF we confider how wonderfully thp Omnipotent God has adapted each Plapj: to its proper Soil, we fhall find, that there’? no Sort of Lands, but may be cultivated with great Advantages to their Proprietors : For Inftance,

The Oak will thrive in warm and deep Loams, in moift, clayey, Stony, flinty Lands, but not in a hungry Gravel; but the Abeal and Hafel will profper very well therein. And again, if our Lands are mountainous, chalky, Bony and barren, the moft proper Trees are Hazle and Beech; if barren and much expofed, the Hornbeam: But if a good Loam, tho’ hilly and dry, tile Maple and Sycamore, and for light mountainous Lands, the Quick-beam.

The Birch will thrive very well in any dry, or wet, fandy or flony Lands, Marfhes or Bogs,

TheOf the Soils for Frees.	183

The Poplars, Afpen, Abeal, and Alder, in moift and boggy Lands, and the Salley in fpch, that are by Over-moifture unfit for fhe Plow or Pafture, and Scots Firs in moift and barren Gravel, fo it be not over-fandy.

The Withy delights on the Banks of Rivers, and to be rather out of the Water, than in it: As alfo does the Willow, as by the Brinks of Ditches, &c. and the Ozier in Lands that are conftantly moifr, but not oyer and above wet and fpewing. Thus may we fee how all the moft indifferent Kinds of Lands, may with Care and Diligence be greatly improv’d to a very high Degree.

The feveral Kinds of Loams, which differ only in their more or lefs Quantities of .Sand and Clay, which are the Principles, or Compound thereof, are the belf of Soils, wherein all the preceding Trees will alfo profper very well; as likewife the Elm, Afh, Chefnut, Wallnut and Service; which laft delights in a cold, rather than a hot Loam.

Now, feeing that the different Natures of Soils caufe very great Differences in the Growth of Vegetables ; I believe it will N 4	not184 Of the Growth, and

not be amifs, if in the next Chapter I fhould give an Account of the extraordinary Growth and Magnitudes of Trees, that have been produc’d in England\ as well as of fome very remarkable ones Abroad.

Of the extraordinary Growth and Mag-

R. Evelynj in his Difcourfe on Fo-

, reft Trees, Chap. 30, *Page 148, gives us a very furprizing Account of the Growth and Age of Trees, which muft undoubtedly have had a free Perfpiration throughout their whole Growth, or other-wife could never have arriv’d to their prodigious Magnitudes.

The firfl that he takes Notice of is an old decay’d Horfe-chefnut, whole1 very Stump did yield thirty fizeable Loads of Loggs; and in Glocefterjhire was another, within whofe Bowels was contain’d a hand-fome wainfcoted Room, with Windows

Chap. XXII.

nitudes of Trees.

toMagnitude of Trees. 185

to illuminate it, furnilh’d with Seats, &c. to anfwer the Lician Plantanus; which I fhall fpeak of hereafter.

The third (that, he mentions) is a very large Lime, or Linden Tree, then growing at ‘Depeham in Norfolkten Miles from Norwich, whofe Circumference at fix Feet above Ground, was twenty five Feet and a Half, at eighteen Inches above Ground near thirty fix Feet; about the Root nigh the Earth, forty eight Feet, and the Height to the uppermofi: Boughs about ninety Feet.

The Diameter^

At Six Feet above Ground, was fomething more than eight Feet

At eighteen Inches above Ground, about nine Feet and a Half.

Clofe at the Ground, twenty eight Feet nine Inches.

The Magnitude and Height of this noble Tree muft, without Doubt, have a majeftick Afpeft ; as alfo that Poplar Tree, which he fays was not much inferior to it, which lately grew at Harlingly Thetford,

atj86 Of the Grotpth, and

at the Gate of Sir William GawdieSj blown down by a Hurricane.

Those memorable Oak Trees, that were flourifhing not many Years ago, in Bennington Park, near Newburyj were as remarkable ; but more particularly three? which were faid to foe planted by the famous Englijh Bard, Jeoffry Chaucer r /of which' one was called the King’s, another the Qpeep’s, and the other Chattels Qqk.

Th£ King’s Oalf was fifty Foop clear in the Body,. before any Knot or Bough appear’d, and held when fquarcd full five Feet Diameter at the Butt-end. .

The Queen’s Oak held very ftreight, full forty Feet, being four Feet Diameter at the Butt, ,and near three.Feet at the Top; fo that even the remaining Top \vas not much lefs than the common Size of the largeft Oaks that are now fell’d for Ule, and what are valued at 'a very high Rate.

At CunsburroWj ( he farther tells us ) grew feveral Trees, of whofe Butt-ends, the Proprietor made ten, Pounds per Yard, •for three or four Yards: But thofe that produced each a Main-Maft for a Man of War, ninety nine Feet high, and bare thirty five Inches Diameter; and the other four

fquareMagnitude of Trees, 187

fquare Beams, each four and forty Feet in Length, of a fuflicient Bignefs as to lie a.-crofs her, did much exceed theip ; which Trees grew at Farmingbam in Suffolk,, a Country that has produced fome of the largeft Trees perhaps in the World*

There is now, (fays Mk, Evelyn') at Wotton in Surrey y a large Table, that was, before being fhoitened, full ten Feet and half in Length, above five Feet broad, and fix Inches thick, al] entire and clearr which muft beproduced by a noble; and uncommon fized Tree.	. ^

Merfennus tells us, that the great Ship called the Crown, which Lewis XIII. cauf-ed to be built, had its Keel Timber, one hundred and twenty Feet long, the Main-maft twelve Feet diameter at the bottom, and its Altitude eighty five Feet.

He alfo makes mention of a fuperannua-ted Yew Tree that was growing about fifty Years ago, in Braburne Church-yard, not far from Scot's Hall in Kent, which was near twenty Feet Diameter, .whole Arms produced great Quantities of large Plank and Timber. And at Sutton Churchyard, near PFincbefier, he was inform’d,

there188 Of the Growth, and

there was then growing another of the fame Size.

Now had not Mr. Evelyn been known to be a moft curious, learned, and judicious Gentleman, we might have much quef-tion’d the Truth of thefe Accounts : For to confider what a Bulk a Tree muft make, whofe Diameter is twenty Feet, would al-moft feem incredible.

The prodigious Growth of Vegetables, is again confirm’d by another Gentleman, who fent the following Account to Mr* Evelyn.

4 In Sheffield Lordfhip, there -grew an 4 Oak in the Hall Park near unto R'tvel'tnj 4 whofe Body was eighteen Yards in Height, 4 clear from Knot or Branch, and full three 4 Feet and half fquare at the upper End, 4 and but little bigger at the Butt. This 4 Tree was fell’d about fixty Years ago, and 4 was then fold for eleven Pounds. ’ What would it be worth now at London was it there, at the Rate of fifty Shillings per Load, which is. now the cuftomary Price of fmall Timber ? We will firft meafure the Quantity, and fuppofe the Square of the Butt-end to be no larger, than the Square

ofMagnitude of Trees 189

of the Top-end, which was faid before, to be three Feet and half.

Feet. Inches.

3	^

3	6

9	o

1	6

1	6

o	3

T ~	o lne HIH content 01 the

12	3 Bute.

Which mul-7 .	r-p, T	«

tiplyby	15+	The Length.

4^

60

13	6

The foiid content.	661	6 which divide	by

50, the foiid Feet contain’d in a Load of Timber, (leaving out the half Foot).

50) 661 (13 Loads.

50

161

150

(11 Feet.

Thirteen Loads of Timber, at two Pound ten Shillings per Load, is thirty two

Pounds196 Of the Growth, and

Pounds ten Shillings to which add fot the eleven Foot, eleven Shillings, and the Sum will be thirty three Pounds, one Shilling, which is two thirds more than ’twas fold for.

But Timber of that Size is now worth double the Money, when required for the Shafts of Water-wheels, &e.

In the upper end of Rivelin, grew an Oak, known by the Name of the Lord’s Oak, whofe Circumference was thirty fix Feet, and Top produced one and twenty Chord, or Stack of Wood.

N. B. A Chord or Stack of Wood, is three Feet high, as many wide, and twelve Feet long.

In Sheffield Park, about 58 Years ago, there was cut down a Tree that was thirteen Feet Diameter at the Kerf, where ’twas cut off near the Root.

In the fame Park (faith my Author, Mr. Evelyn „ who wrote about fixty Years ago) near the Old Fordj is an Oak Tree yet (landing, of ten Yards Circumference, which is ten Feet Diameter.

In JVorkfopp Park, at the white Gate, grew an Oak, whofe oppofite Boughs meafured from their Extreams, one hundred and eighty Feet.	IfMagnitude of Trees. 191

If we confider 180 Feet, as the Diameter of a Circle, we may eafily find the fu* perficial Content, as following.

Multiply	j8o

by	180

14400

180

Product 32400 Multiply by 11

32400

32400

Divide by 14) 356400 (25457 4 Square F. 28

76

70

64

56

80

70

100

■

2	Remains, — f

Divide192, Of the Grovjthy and

Divide 25457 by 9, the fquare Feet in a Yard.

9) 25457 (2828 fquare Yards.

18

74

72

25

18

77

72

5 Remains.

This 2828 ~ Yards, is the Quantity of Ground that this Tree covers, or perpendicularly drops upon ; which being reduc’d into fquare Poles, is equal to half an Acre, and fourteen Rods, as following.

Yards.

One Rod in Length, is	5	i

Which multiply by	5	1

The fquare Yards in one Rod 30 J-

3

NowMagnitude of Trees. 193

Now divide 2828 by 30, leaving out the

3 o) 2828 (^94 R°ds» etjutl to half an Acre, and 14 Rods.

2 70

123

120

8 Remains.

Suppo s e that a Horfe, when Handing, takes up the Space of three fquare Yards, then there may Hand nine hundred and forty two Horfes under the Drip of that Tree. For 2828 being divided by 3, the Quotient is 942. See the Divifion.-3) 2828 (942 4'

27

12

08

6

2	Remains.

In IFelbeek-Lane, there Hood an Oak called Grindal Oak, whofe Circumference

Feet Feet Feet.1 The

C1 Foot? above t{ie Surface of

at4?etC the Earth.

Co Feet >	C25

O194- I Of the Growth, and

The Height to the top-moil: Bough, 81 Feet. Vide Evelyn’s Sylva^ Page 157.

These Accounts of the very great Growth of Trees are fomewhat more modern, than thofe that Tliny tells us were growing in his Time in the Hercynian Fo-reft, whofe Roots had raifed even Mountains ; and where they encountered in their Growth, raifed up, and form’d large Arches, like unto thofe cf the grand Enteran. ces into magnificent Cities.

We may from the preceding Lectures find, that as Vegetables abound more or lefs with Quantities of Oil, fo do they fooner or later arrive to their Maturity, and after that, their Decay.

The ingenious Mr. Exelyn obferves, that the Age of Timber Trees, efpecially thofe whofe Natures are compact, refinous or balfamical, (that is very Oily) are thereby capable of very great Durations : Of which the Yew, Box, Juniper, Cedar, and other Evergreen Trees more abound, than the Oak, Elm, Beech, or Afh; and thofe more than Willows, Abeals,

He further adds, that the Duration of Trees may in fome Meafure be adjudg’d by their natural Growth, and Nature of their 2	Roots.Magnitude of Trees. 195

Roots. Thus faith he, thofe Trees that produce the largeft Roots, are Trees of the longeft Duration, as alio thofe that are what he calls Gummy ; that is, abounding very much with oily Particles; for thofe that abound greatly with Moifture, are of a much quicker Growth, and confequently oi a {hotter Duration ; for, as the old Proverb fays, Soon riy>Cj foon rotten : And therefore ’tis very reafonable to believe, that Trees which produce Fruit, cannot be of fo long a Duration, as thofe that are barren ; becaufe where much Fruit is produc’d, much Nourifhment is required, which muft unqueftionably reduce the Strength, and confequently the Duration of the Tree alfo.

The old Platanus planted by Agamemnon, mention’d by Thcojthrajlus, and the Herculean Oaks ; the Laurel near Hypocreiij the Vatican Ilex, and the Vine, which was grown to fucli a Magnitude, as to make Columns in Juno’s Temple, have been fuffici-ent Evidences of the great Growths and Duration of Trees. And ‘Pliny makes mention of a Vine that was fix hundred Years old, which undoubtedly grew in a warm natural Soil; for as I have before obferved, and proved, Vines delight more in Heat than in O 2	Moi-196	0/ the Grozvlh, and

Moifture, which contributes very much to their immediate decay.

At Eguan3 the old Duke of Montmo-ramy*s Houfe, is a Table (faith Mr. Evelyn) of a very large Dimenfion, made of the fame Plant.

The old Lotus Trees, recorded by Valerius Maximus ; and the Quercus maria-na3 celebrated by that Prince of Orators. The great Latrix of Tliny, and thofe that grew in the fortunate Iflands, were alfo famous for their very great Duration.

And ’tis affirm’d by St. Hierome3 that he faw the Sycamore Tree that Zaccheus climbed up, to behold our blefled Saviour ride in Triumph to Jerufalem: And at this Time in the Aventine Mount, they fhew us the Mains Me die a, planted by St. Dominic.

’Tis reported, that in Congo3 there are Trees capable to be excavated in Velfels, that would contain two hundred Men a-piece.

To which may be very juftly added, thole very old Tili<e3 now at Bafil and Aufpurg3 under whofe delightful Shade, they fo often feaft and celebrate their Weddings; not with regard to their Shade only, but

theirMagnitude of Trees. 197

their reverend Antiquity ; for to Trees of fucli Age, they paid divine Honours, as the neareft Emblem of Eternity, tanquam facros ex vetujlatej as Quintilian fpeaks.

To mention every Plant in the World, would run out this Volumn beyond its intended Magnitude, as well as deviate from the Defign of the Work; and therefore I fhall only fome few others, with which Mr. Evelyn concludes, referring the more curious Reader to thole undoubted Records mentioned by our Naturalift, in his 44 Chap. Tib. 16. where he’ll be entertain’d with an Account of the Olive Trees of Scipio A-fricanuSj cDiamis Lotus^ the ruminal Fig-tree, whofe Duration, according to the Calculation of Tacitusj was 840 Years. The Ilex, or evergreen Oak, of very great Antiquity, imported by the Hetrufcian Infcrip-tion, thereon reported.

Taufanias in his ArcadieSj is of the Opinion that the Samian Vitex, is one of the longed: Date ; and the 'Tlatanus planted by Menelaus.

The ‘Delian Palm, he further adds, to be coaevous with Apollo ; arid the Olive that Minerva planted alfo.

O

These198 Of the Crozvthy and

These very large Trees were in very great Edeem of the Antients; infomuch that, that hot prudent Conful, jPaJJienus Crifpus^ fell in Love with a beautiful Beech, of a very great Magnitude and Age, And that judicious Prince Francis the Fird, did the fame with a huge durdy Oak, which by his Order was curioufly immur’d at Bituriges.

Th a t mod beautiful Tree the Roman Fla-tanus, of which I planted many in the Gardens of the late Thomas Vernon j Efq; at his Seat of Twickenham Farkj Middlefexj was antiently in the greated Edeem, tho’ now not fo much, in regard to its being late in the Spring before it comes into Leaf, and drops its Leaves very early in the Autumn ; which lad is caufed by being planted in a dry, indead of a moid Soil, wherein it mod delights.

JEliaiij and feveral other Authors adure us, that Xerxes coming to a fine, large, and dately Tree of Flat anus, dopt his Army of feventeen hundred thoufand Soldiers for many Days, to admire the Statelinefs, and folemn Beauty thereof; and became fo much in love therewith, that he adorn’d it, withnot not only his own Jewels, Gold, &c. but the Necklaces, Scarfs, Bracelets, and infinite o-

therMagnitude of Trees. 199

ther Riches of his Concubines, and others of his great People about him.

This beautiful Production of Nature had jo .great an EffeCt on him, that for many Days he laid afide all Thoughts of his grand Expedition, Intereft, Honour, &c. nob*J withftanding tlie neceffary Motion of his Portentous Army did endeavour to per-fuade him from it. His very great Love to this lovely Vegetable, caufed him to ftyle it his Miftrefs, his Minion, and his Goddefs : And at his Departure from it, caufed the true Figure thereof to be ftampt on a Medal of Goldj which he always wore about him, in Memory of that good and ftately Tree.	,

Thus may we behold how vaftly fhort we are, in knowing the true Value of the moft valuable Plants.

’Tis alfo recorded, that the Lician Fla-tanus had a Room in it of eighty one Feet Circumference, richly furnifh’d with ftate-ly Seats, and Tables of curious Stone, adorned with pleafant Fountains.

The vaft great Beauty and Magnificence") of this Tree, did often invite Licinius Muttanus (thrice Conful, and Governor of that Province) to feaft his whole Retinue O 4	w ithinZOO Of the Growth, and

within it; delighting more therein, than in his magnificent Palace, whofe Roof was cover’d with Gold.

And of later Date, we have an Account of that vaft Cerrus, wherein an Hermit built his Cell and Chapel, fo much celebrated fcy the noble Fracaftoriusj in his Poem Malteide, Cant. 8. Stro. go.

But the mod furprifing, are what Mr. Evelyn further adds, Rage 151. of which Sir Francis ‘Drake meafured the Girt of a Maftick Tree, to be one hundred and two Feet. Flow j fine e that the Ratio of the Circumference of Circles to their Diameters, is as 355 to ng ; or in lefier Numbers, as 22 is to 7 ; therefore the Diameter thereof was 32 n Feet. See the Work,

Circ. Feet. Circ. Feet.

As 22 is to 7, fo is 102, to 32 11 Feetv 7

9 714 (32 H 66 -

54

44

to if, equal to

10	Remains, equal AndMagnitude of Trees.	201

And thofe of Nicaragua and Gambra were vaftly great, when feventeen Perfons of a common Stature could hardly fathom about the Bodies.

T/iujy reports. That in India, Arbores tanta: proceritatis, tradmitur, ut fagittis fnperari ncqueant. Hac facit nbertas Jolij temperies ccclij & aquarnm abundantia.

Those Trees recorded by Theophraflus and others, growing in Corficaj and near Memphis, were of the like Kind : But the moft furprizing Trees for Height, are thofe unparallel’d Palms Royal, of two and three Hundred Feet perpendicular Altitude, de-ferib’d by Captain Ligon, growing in Bar-badoes. The Relations of Bembus and Gar-dan are alfo as furprifmg the firft fpeaking of thofe twenty Fathom’d antartick Trees, and the latter of thofe called Ciba^ whofe Nature is to rile at about twenty Feet Diilance, in Stems of the like Circumference, and to unite together at fifteen Feet above Ground, conftituting grand Arches, fomething like unto thofe of the Gothicks_, from whence they all aicend in one entire Body or Shaft of 37 Feet Diameter, to a prodigious Altitude.

2	In202 Of the Grozvth, and

In the Ifland of Cyprus^ (Matthiolus reports) grew a Tree that contain’d one Hundred and thirty Feet Altitude of found Timber :	And upon Mount ALtna in Si-

cily is a Place called the Ire Caflaynej from three Chefnut Trees there growing, in one of which that was remaining about fixty Years ago, a confiderable Flock of Sheep were ufually folded. And Kercher having feen them, faith, Et quod forf m 7ra^/o|ov videri pojjit, ojlendit mihi via duxj unius Caflanea Corticem tanta amplitudintsut inter earn integer pecorum grex d pajiori-bus., tanquam in Cauldj commodijjima noElu includeretur. China Fluff. P. 185.

Now to conclude this ffrange Account of the Growth of Trees, with fome Things Fill more furprizing, Mr. Evelyn further reports, That in the Province of Chekiang, there grew a Tree that was fo Ifupen-doufly large, that eighty Perfons of a common Stature could hardly embrace or fathom about it; and if we account the Fathom of each Perfon to be but four Feet, one with the other, ( which is much too little) the Circumference of the Tree will be three Hundred and twenty Feet.

80 People.Magnitude of Trees. 10 j

80 People

4	Feet each Fathom,

Feet 320 The Girth or Circumference. Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet.

Now, as 22 is to 7, fo is 320 to ioi rT the Diam. 7

22) 2240 (101 tt Feet Diam.

0040

22

c remains equal to ' f 18 1 orT'T.

Now, to avoid Trouble, we’ll omit the Fraction *T ( altho’ we might very juftly make it an Integer, and reckon the Diameter 102) and account what Quantity of Timber is contain’d in one Foot high at that Girth, allowing the Diameter to be but 1 o 1 Feet.

101

IOI

IOI

IOI

The Diameter 1 fquared. J 10201 Multiply by	11

10201

.10201204 Of the Growth, and

I020I

Divide by 14	112 211 (8.015. t\ folid Feet

112

021

14

71

70

1 Remains 4.

Now, divide 8015 by 50, the Number of folid Feet in one Load of Timber, and the Quotient will be 160 the Number of Loads contain’d in one Foot in Height.

50)8015(160 Loads 15 Feet, 5o

301

300

15 Remains =	&

Which is a furprifing Quantity; but much more the whole Tree. There was within

aMagnitude of Trees. 105

a Hundred Years ago, fome ftrange and almoft incredible Oaks, growing in JVeJi-phalia^ whereof one was one Hundred and thirty Feet high, and ( as reported by fome ) thirty Feet Diameter; and another fo vaftly large, as to ferve both for a Cattle and Fort.

Scamozzi, one of our Celebrated Archi-te£fo, reports, That he law a Table made of Walnut Tree, at St. Nicholas’s in Lorraine, that held full twenty five Feet in Breadth, all of one entire Piece, with a Length and Thicknefs proportionable, and beautifully adorned with its natural Colours, which undoubtedly render’d it the moft beautiful Table of the World*

Chap. XXIII.

Of the Government of Timber Trees, and Coppice IVood, after planting and felling.

J'TpHE firft Care required after plan-JL ting, is to preferve our Plantations from the Injuries of Winds and Cattle ) the

firft105 Of the Government

firft by (taking, and the laft by fencing, as dire&ed before.

2.	To keep them clean from Weeds in the Spring and Summer, and digg’d early in the Autumn, to let in the Winter’s Rains, and mellow the Surface.

3.	That the Side or collateral Buds of Timber Trees be difplaced, when they firft appear, for by this Means the whole Nou-rifhment will be imploy’d in the Growth of the Boal, and confequently will make Timber much fooner, than when the greateft Part is fpent in unprofitable Branches.

4.	That the neared Diftance of Coppice Wood be never greater than five Feet at fird planting; becaufe every Felling will render them wider, at the Will of the Woodward, as the Timber Trees grow up.

5.	That young planted Trees, in Orchards, Meadows, or plow’d Lands, be always kept clear of Grafs, Corn, &c. a full Yard at lead about their Stems ; for when ’tis permitted to grow nearer, the Trees are depriv’d of their proper Nourifhment, and cannot thrive as defir’d.

6.	It often happens, that from one Root, many Branches arife confufedly, of which you mud make Choice of the very bell,

andOf Trees, See, 207

and difplace all the others. By this Means you will have a Timber Tree in a fhort Time, whereas had they all been continued, they would be only fit for Fuel, &c.

7.	By the preceding Directions of disbudding the Side Budds, when they appear, our Timber will naturally be {freight, and free from Knots, and confequently of much greater Value than Timber that is full thereof.

But fince that crooked Timber is of great Value to the Ship-wright, Wheelwright, and Mill-wright, we may for their Ufes bend to fuch Curves, aS are belt fit for their feveral Purpofes, as many young Oaks, Elms, Beeches, &c. as we pleafe, fixing their Heads bow’d down, by twilling them in their next adjoining Trees. But they fhould in general be bowed towards the South, becaufe their Sap will then have its natural Attraction by the Sun’s Heat, and they will remain in their curv’d Pofi-tions; whereas, when they are bent to the northward, they will, by the Attraction of the Sun, break loofe, and become perpendicular again.

8.	When Timber Trees grow crooked, by . the Contraction of their Sap Velfels,

more2o8 Of the Government

more on one Side than the other; the only Help, is to cut or icore the Bark horizontally, nearly through on the inward Side, in feveral Places: And Trees that are Bark-bound, may be relieved, by fcoring the Bark from their Tops to their Bottoms, perpendicularly.

9.	Copses are oftentimes fell’d at feven or eight Years after planting, but one felling at fixteen Years, turns to, a much greater Account than two of eight Years each ; for the feldomer that Coppices are fell’d, the greater Profits arife.

By the Statute of 35, Henry VIII. all Copfes fell’d under 24 Years Growth, were to leave twelve Standils of Oak upon every Acre, or the like Number of Elm* Afh, Afp, or Beech, if not Oaks, fufficient; but as ’tis to our Intereft to leave more, as I have already prov’d, we fhould, inftead of leaving twelve on an Acre, leave thirty; and inftead of leaving them, until they are ten Inches fquare, within a Yard of the Ground *, leave them, until they are at leaft double that Magnitude. If thefe Direfti-ons are duly executed, we fhall reap a quadruple Return more, than when they are cut down fo very often, and under Size.

iOrf ’Tisof Trees, (fc. 209

10.	’Tis fuppofed, that there’s no Occafi-of direding the Place where to begin felling, fince by beginning at one Side, the Carts and Horfes can enter, without doing any Prejudice to thofe Trees that are left ftanding.

11.	The Seafon for felling of Underwoods, is from the midft of September, to the Mid ft of November, and no longer, for when Wounds are made in very wet and cold Weather, the Trees imbibe the Wet and Cold, that oftentimes does them very great Injuries.

And about the Middle of January> when the Frofts are over, you may begin felling again, and continue, until the Middle of March.

1?. In the felling of Underwoods, we fhould always obferve to cut them within fix Inches of the Ground, with the Hope Part of their Cuts, next the fouth Sun, thereby to be heal’d as foon as poftible.

13.	The Time for felling Oaks, is the Middle or End of Aprils when the Heat of the "Spring has rarifted the Sap to fuch a Degree, as for the Bark to ftrip eafily oft, which is of great Service to the Tanner.' But Elms,- Afh, Beech, fhould be fell’d P	in2H0 Of the Government

in the very Depth of Winter, when their Sap hath the leaft Action.

14.	There is great Care and Judgment required in the felling of large Oaks, to difcharge the Boal of all large Branches, Limbs, that may endanger the Fall, and to cut a Kerf round the Body, to prevent their Butt-ends from fplitting in their Fall.

15.	Before that we begin to make our Fall, we fhould make a Survey of our Trees, and examine which are in a thriving State, and which are declining ; which laft fhould undoubtedly be fell’d firlF, and the mod: thriving hereafter, when more largely grown ; and indeed we fhould alfo con-fider of the feveral Ufes that we intend them for, and make our Choice accordingly,

16.	When your Timber is thus fell’d, be careful that you are not deceiv’d in the Meafure, by which you difpofe of it; for if Care is not taken herein, you may be cheated out of above one Half of your Timber, and think that you are juftly dealt by alfo; an Account of which I have given, and demonftrated in the Appendix hereof.

17.	You muft carefully cleanfe away, and bind all the Brufh-wood, as Loppings,

beforeof Trees, &c<	lit

before the Roots begin to fhoot afrefh, that the young Shoots may not be interrupted in their firft advance:	And to preferve

them from the Injuries of Cattle, until largely grown.

By the 19. Elizabeth, yearling Colts and Calves may be put into inclos’d Woods, after five Years, and no other Cattle till fix, when the Growth is under fourteen Years, or until eight, if exceeding that Age till the laft Felling.

18.	Fuel-wood may be cut from Michaelmas until Candlemas3 and Stack-wood may be cleaved at any Time. When you fet up Stacks ol Billet Wood, their loweft Courfes fhould be fet on End, and the others length and breadth-wife at Pleafure.

By the Statute, every Billet fhould be three Feet and four Inches in Length, and feventeen Inches and a Half compafs; ten or.fourteen, as they are accounted for one, two, three, &c.

A Stack of Wood is a Solid made, of twelve Feet long, three Feet wide, and as many in Height, containing 108 cubical Feet; and in fome Places a Stack of Wood is made of eight Feet in Length, four wide,-and as many in Height, containing 128 P 2	cubicalHZ Of the Government, &c.

cubical Feet, which is twenty Feet more than the preceding.

Faggots ought to be made truly round and not flat,' (for then they contain much lefs than they fhoulddo) their Length by the Statute is a full Yard, and their Circumference two Feet. By the 7th Edward VI. Billets of one Cafl; are to be ten Inches about ; of two Cafl:, fourteen, &c. which are to be marked with Notches ; thofe of one Cafl:, within four Inches of the End, and thofe of two Cafl: within fix Inches of the Middle. But by the 43 Elizabeth, every fingle Billet being round, to contain feven Inches f Girth, but no fingle Billet to be made of cleft Wood ; if marked one and round, to contain 11 Inches Girth; if half round 13, or if quarter Cleft 12 Inches £.

If marked two being round, to contain 16 Inches ; half round 19 ; quarter round 18 £, and their Length as before.

All the Sticks in Faggots mull be full three Feet in Length, one excepted, which is to wedge and harden the Binding, whofe Length is to be but one Foot.

Oaks being headed, and made Pollards, are in fome Countries very profitable, and will laft for many Ages; but the Elm will

not>Of Tithes, See. 11 j

not; for immediately after the heading of an Elm, it imbibes the Wet, and foon becomes rotten and hollow.

And the fame does generally happen, when the Arms of Trees are lopp’d, with the face of the Cut upwards, as reprefent-ed by the Arm C, of Fig. A B ; which is a perfect Pipe to convey the Wet into the very Heart of the Boal, which caufes an immediate Decay. To prevent fuch Damages, the Cut mull: be made upwards, as the Arm D, or rather cut clofe to the Boal, as at E.

Chap. XXIV.

Of Tithes incident to Woodlands> Coppices,, See.

L L Timber-trees, upwards of twenty

Years Growth, are not to pay Tithes; but if they are cut down before that time, they are tithable; and therefore all manner of Coppice Woods are tithable, becaufe they are generally cut down twice or thrice in that Time.

P 3

But2.14	O/’ Tithes, &c'.

But if we cut down Coppice Wood'fop the Ufe of the Pretniffes, either for Mounds, Fencing, Plow-boot, or Fuel for the Owner, no Tithes are due.

When Trees are lopp’d under twenty Years Growth, and afterwards permitted to grow paft twenty Years, and are then lopp’d again, no Tithe is due for them, though at the firft Lopping, it were not fo.

N o Tithe is paid for Hop-poles cut down, where the Vicar is paid Tithe for the Hops that grow upon them. But more hereof may be more largely feen in Cook's Reports, n, 48, 49, 81. Blow. 470. Brow-low's Reports, Yart\.p. 94. BartII./. 150. D. and iy?. 169. &c.

An Acre of Coppice Wood, of fixteen Years Growth, muft undoubtedly be worth a great deal of Money, if it has been well managed: But at one and twenty Years end, the Value is much greater; fo that I advife every one that plants ten Acres of Coppice Wood, to have Patience till the 21 Years are expired, and then to deal with the Country Parlon as they pleale. But if you cut it before twenty Years are over, you muft comply with that as pleafes him beft.

TheOf Tithes, tfc. Z15

The preceding Directions being well executed by the Woodward, every Gentleman that’s concern’d in thefe noble and rural Imploys, will find an abundance of Plea-fures, and great Profits alfo. : Befides, ’tis the only Means of perpetuating the Glory and Happinefs of this now powerful and profperous Nation, to the lalf Age of the World.

I fhall now by Way of Appendix, proceed to demonftrate the great Lofles that Gentlemen fuftain, when they fell their Timber by the common Way of Meafuring, and how impofed on when they buy the cufto-mary fquare Meafure : A Deceit in Trade that’s highly worthy of the Confideration of our Legiflators.

p 4

APPEN-APPENDIX.

Of the Mensuration of Timber, af-

' ter the common Method, and the deceitful Ways of taking Dimenfions with Geometrical Rulesj for the true Menfu-ration thereof

H E Cuftoms ufed in meafuring | Timber, is to take the Lengths to Feet and half Feet, and the Girths in Inches only, which is ufually taken at the middle of the Trees Length. Thus if a Tree is forty Feet in Length, the Girth is taken at twenty Feet from Top or Butt, provided that the Tree hath a gradual Diminution from End to End (as Fig, A B) : But if the Body of the Tree to be meafured has a very large But-End, for fifteen, fixteen, eighteen or nineteen Feet long, when the whole Length is forty Feet, (as aforefaid) as Fig. D E, and afterwards its Thicknefs falls off very confiderably, as G

H;APPENDIX. 217

H; then the Part G H mu ft be meafured fingly by its felf, as A B, fo alfo muft the Part D G ; and their Quantities added together, will be the Content of the whole. ,

But had this Piece of Timber been meafured by one Dimenfion as the other Piece, Fig. A B, then its Girth would be taken at I, where his very fmall; and the extraordinary Thicknefs a a, quite about the fmall Body G E, would be loft in the Mea-fure.

This is one Way, that many times Gentlemen are cheated out of great Quantities of Timber ; but not the moft material one.

When a Piece of Timber is meafured at two or three Dimenfions, as D E is at twice, 'tis called by Workmen, Joggling the Piece.

It is a common Thing among Workmen that buy Timber, and find the Meafurer againft them to be an eafy Man, or a Green-horn at the Bufinefs, of which we have many, to agree before they begin to meafure; that let the Middle of Pieces of Timber fall how they will, great or fmall, their Girths fhall be taken there. This the young Meafurer thinks to be very fair Dealing, and therefore agrees to it, not con-fidering that where one Tree is largeft, or

its218	^APPENDI

Its mean Thicknefs in the middle, there’s ten that are lefs; fo that when he takes their Girths at their middle Lengths in general, he never fails of lofing many Loads of Timber in a large Quantity. Therefore to be certain of the true Dimenfions, the Mea-furer muft always obferve the. Figure of every Tree, and when they are not of an equal Diminution from Butt to Top, then he muft joggle them, as before dire&ed.

There is alfo another great Injury that People fuffer, by the manner of taking the Dimenfions, which the Seller thinks is an Advantage to him ; which is, leaving the Pieces with all their taper Tops on to a great Length, whereby the Girth is taken in a much fmaller part of the Tree, than when twenty or twenty five Feet of the Top is cut off, and meafured by it felf.

Would it not fur prize any one to think, that to leave 16 Feet in length on, to a Piece that is but twenty four feet long in the whole, fhould caufe the whole, being meafured together (by the common way that gives a Content about one fifth lefs than the true Way;) to be near two fifths lefs than it actually is ? Or, would it not again furprize us as much, that eight Feet in

Length,aAP P E NE> 1X.Z19

Length, cut from the Butt, and leaving the other fixteen Feet in Length as nothing, fhould meafure to four folid Feet and an half more, than when the Top of fixteen Feet was meafured with it.

That the Fraud hereof may appear plainly to the whole World, for the Advantage thereof, I will illuftrate the Fa£t thereof.

Suppose that a Piece of Timber is twenty four Feet long, as K, O, that the Girth at the Butt K is 6 Feet, one Fourth thereof is 18'Inches, that the Girth at the Top, O, is 12 Inches ; one Fourth thereof is three Inches; for you mull note, that the Method of girthing Timber, is to girth it about with a Line, and then take one fourth Part of that Girth for the Side of a Square, and then meafure it as fquare Timber, whofe Sides are feverally equal to that one fourth of the Girth fo taken. But this is notori-oufly falfe, as will appear in its Place.

The Girths at each Ends, and Length, being determin’d, ’tis alfo fuppofed, that the Sides of the Timber are Freight from Butt to Top, viz. from K to O, which feldom or ever happens; for to the contrary, jnoft Trees hold an equal Thicknefs, many

Feetno	^APPENDI

Feet forward from the Butt, whereby they meafure much more than when they immediately diminifh from the Butt:	But

that Advantage I’ll give to the Workman.

Since the Sides are fuppofed to be {freight, it therefore follows, that the Girth in the Middle at M, muftbe 36 Inches, viz. 9 Inches, one fourth Part thereof, and con-fequently the Girths at every third Part of the Length, viz. every eight Feet at L and N, will be, that at L four Feet, one fourth thereof being one Foot, or twelve Inches, and that at N two Feet, one Fourth thereof being fix Inches; for as the fourth Part of the Girth at O, 3 Inches, is to the one fourth Part of the Girth at N 6 Inches; fo is the one fourth Part of the Girth at L 12 Inches, to the one fourth Part of the Girth atK. 18 Inches.

These feveral Dimenfions being thus fettled, we will now proceed to the Work in Hand, which when clear’d, as will immediately be, will greatly furprife the ho-nefb Gentleman, that has fold great Quantities of Timber, and guard him for the future; and if I miftake not, make the crafty Timber Merchant blufh, to fee his fraudulent Dealings expofed.

Thea	4TTEND1X.in

The common Way of meafuring Timber, is by the double Line of Numbers, placed on a Aiding Rule for Expedition Sake, and fometimes arithmetically; but tjiat both Ways may be made plain, I will illuttrate this Example, firft arithmetically, and laftly inftrumentally.

The whole Length KO being 24 Feet, we muft therefore girth it in the Middle at M, where the fourth Part of the Girth, is 9 Inches.

The £ of the Girth 9 Inches multiplied into its felf 9

— r- fquare Inches, X the fuppofed Product 81 c mean Area be-) tween the Butt and End.

The Length 24 Feet, muft be reduced into Inches, 'j by being multiplied > 12 by	X

48

24

The Product is 288 The Length in Inches.

Whichin APPENDIX

Which 288

multiply by 81 the mean Area,

288

2304

Product 23328 The fuppofed fo-lid Inches in the whole Piece ; which divide by 1728, the folid Inches in a (olid Feet.

A.  Divilbrs. T	imes.
' I728	I
345^	2
5^4	3
6912	4
8640	5
10368	6
12096	7
13824	8
J5552	9

1728)23328(13 folid Feet. 1728

6048 5184

Remains 864 Inches.

B. 1 1728 1 Foot. 1296 3 qrs.

864 half Foot.! 432 1 qr. I 2x6 half qr. j

A7". B. That before you begin to divide the Quantities of Timber, after the folid Content is found in Inches, ’tis beft to make a Table of Divifors, as the Table A, wherein you’ll readily find how often your Divifor is contain’d in your Dividend,

withoutAPPENDIX. iZ3

without any Trouble of making Effays by Multiplication, &c. This Table is made by placing the Divifor at the Head thereof, writing againft it the Number i, figni-fying once; then double it, or multiply it by 2, and write down the Quantity 3456 under 1728, and againft it the Number 2, fignifying twice; then to this add the upper one, and againft it write the Number 3, fignifying three Times; and in like Manner, by adding the firft and laft together, you may make your Table of Divifors, as in the Margin. If a Table of Divifors thus made be laid by, or rather written on a ftnall Piece of Paft-Board, and hung up in the Study, or Counting-Houfe, &c. It will be ready at all Times, when we have Qccafion to meafure Timber.

We fhould alfo make a Table of the fo-lid Inches in an Half, Quarter, and half a Quarter foot, as the Table B. This Table is eafiiy made, by halfing the Inches in the feveral Quantities; by which you readily fee the Quantity of the remaining Inches, after Divifion is made. Thus much for the Tables.

By224. APPENDIX.

By the preceding Divifion it appears* that the folid Content of the Piece of Timber KO, is 13 Feet 864 Inches, which is equal to f of a folid Foot, This well obferve.

Now I will fuppofe, that the Top is cut off at N, and that we have but a Length of fixteen Feet, inftead of twenty four Feet, as before. The mean Girth of the Middle of this laft length is 12 Inches, Now obferve this Operation,

fuppofed mean Area between the Butt and Top.

Now, reduce 16 Feet, the Length into Inches.

12 Inches.

Multiply into its£ felf by	3	2

12

Produ£f 144 fquare Inches, the

The<tAPPENDIX.Z25

The Length 16 Feet.

Being multiplied by 12

32 16

The Produft is 192 the Length ininches; ^yby	*44 dhe mean Area,

768

768

192

Produ£t	27648 the fuppofed folid

Inches in the whole Piece.

Now, divide this Quantity in Inches, by a Foot folid, and let’s fee the Quotient.

1728 ) 27648 (16 folid Feet. 1728

10368

10368

coooo Remains.

Ik?* Now, is not this furprizing, that tho’ the Top NO, which is eight Feet long, and not taken any Notice of in this Q	Men-ISA APPENDIX.

Menfuration; the folid Content now found fhould be fixteen Feet, when the whole meafur’d together, by the fame Rule, meafu-red but to thirteen Feet and a half.

Hence it appears plainly, that by cutting off the Top NO, we gain two folid Feet, and an Half, and the Top alfo. IO- 'But obferve further, which will yet furprize you more.

We will now fuppofe, that the Butt is cut off at L, and that we are to take no Sort of Notice of the TopL O. The Length of this Butt, is but 8 Feet, and its mean Girth in the Middle at P, 5 Feet, one fourth thereof being 15 Inches. Now, obferve this Operation.

The Middle Girth 15 Inches. Multiplied by its felf 15

75

15

The Produ£f is 225 fquare Inches, the fuppofed mean Area between Butt and Top.

TheAPPENDIX. 227

The Length of the Piece 8 Feet,

Being multiplied by 12

n j n. r f The Length in Produa 96 { Inc[ies,

Which multiply by 225 the Mean Area;

96

225

480

192

192

ProduQ; 21600 The fuppofed folid Inches in the whole Piece.

Now, divide this Produft by a folid Foot, and obferve the Quotient:.

1728) 21600 (12 folid Feet,

1728

4320

3456

864 Remains.

6C* Here we are again aftonifh’d, for tho’ there is 16 Feet cut from the Length, and but 8 Feet in Length of the Butt mea-fured; yet the Butt meafures to 12 folid Q 2	Feer.2.2.8	oA P P E ND IX

Feet and^J, which is but one Foot lefs than the whole when meafured together. And t.ho’ this laft Menfuration gives 12 \ fo* lid Feet, which is much more than any one could imagine; yet I will prefently prove, that the fame Butt-End does a&ually contain a fifth Part more, viz. 15 § folid Feet-But before I proceed to the true and exa£t Way of meafuring Timber, ’twill be beft to make an end of the falfe W^y, which loudly cries out for Redrefs from our Le-giflators.

The feveral Quantities produced by thefe three feveral Dimenfions, are as following.

Solid Feet.

The whole Piece K O, 24 FeeO

long, mean Girth 9 Inches, >	l3 l
Quantity. 0 The Fruftum KN 16 Feet long, 1 mean Girth 12 Inches, and>	16
Quantity. ' j The Fruftum KL 8 Feet long,0 mean Girth 15 Inches, and>	12 ±  x i 2
Quantity. 3  Now let us mcafure by the fame Method.	

the Fruftum or Top L O, firft entire in

one Dimenfion, and afterwards at twice fuppofing it to be cut off at N.

3

The^APPENDIX. 2Z9

The mean Girth of L O at N is 6 Inches, Multiplied by its felf,	6

Produces	3 6	the

mean Area in fquare Inches, between Butt and Top.

The Length of the Piece is 16 Feet, Being multiplied by	12

I 32 16

Product	192

the Length in Inches, which multiply by 3^.

192 the Length.

36 the mean Area.

1152

576

Product 6912 the fuppofed folid Inches in the whole Piece.

a

Nowijo APPENDIX.

Now (as before) divide this Produd by a folid Foot.

1728) 6912 (4 folid 6912

0000 Remains.

Hence it appears, that the Top L O contains 4 folid Feet exadly.

Now let us cut it in two in the middle at N, and meafure each Part by it felf. For tho’ the whole is always equal to its Parts, in all mathematical Operations, yet the Quantities produced by the Menfurati-on of tliefe two Parts, by the fame Rule, will be found to be otherwife.

We will firft meafure the Fruftum L N? whofe mean Girth in the middle at M, is 9 Inches \ which being multiply’d by	9

Produces	81 fquare Inches for the

mean Area.

TheAPPENDIX. 131

The Length being 8 Feet, is equal to 96 Inches.

81 the mean Area.

96 the Length.

4	86 72 9

7776 the fuppofed folid Inches, which divide by a folid Foot

1728) 7776 (4 folid Feet.

6912

864 folid Inches, equal to | of one folid Foot.

See here this one Fruftum LN, mea-fures to half a folid Foot more than both Fruftums did before, when meafured together, they both meafuring but to four folid Feet, and this one meafures to four folid Feet and half, exclufive of N O.

No w again, we will meafure the Fruftum N 0, and fee what that contains. The mean Q, 4	Girth231 APPENDIX

Girth thereof in the middle is which being multiply’d by 7

it felf.	5

4

4

Inches,

16

Produces	16	fquarc

Inches, the mean Area,which7 , p multiply by the Length j$ ec *

95

144

Product 1536 thefuppos’d folid Inches j which is almoft one folid Foot.

Thefe three laft Operations ftand thus. The lolid Content of thep

whole when meafured>4 folid Feet, at once	3—

The Solidity of the Fruf-7 , turn L N	J 4 7

The Solidity of the Fruf-7 ftum N 6 almoft	j 1

Sum of the two Parts almoft 5

which is almoft one folid Foot, more than

the whole meafured to.

{f'NowAPPENDIX. I?*

Now feeing that the whole is ever equal to all its Parts taken together; ’tis demonstratively plain, that this Method is absolutely falfe, and fo much, that whoever fells Timber by this common Way of Meafuring are certain of being very greatly injured. ’Tis plainly proved, that when this whole Piece of Timber was mea-fured by one Dimenfion, its Quantity was found to be but 13 \ folid Feet; whereas by being meafured in three feveral Lengths, its Quantity is found to be 23 £ folid Feet, which is 10 Feet * difference.

Solid Feet.

The whole meafured together	13	±

The Fruftum K L meafured fingly	12	\

The FruStum LN meafured fingly	4	£

The Fruftum N O meafured fingly > f almoft 5

Their Quantities taken together,	18

The Diiference of the Parts ta-7	4	\

ken together from the whole.) Solid Feet.

And again, this Difference of 4 £ folid Feet is not all; for by and by, I will make it plainly appear, that there is actually very near 4 folid Feet more, that yet ly conceal’d :Z34-	APPENDIX

ceal’d : So that the true Quantity of this Piece of Timber, will be found to be very near 22 Feet, inftead of 13 Feet}, which it was meafured to, according to the ufual and cuftomary Way of Meafuring.

This being well underftood, we have now no Room to wonder how Timber-Merchants, Carpenters, &c. can afford to fell Timber at the fame Price per Load, as they bought it at, and get great Profits by it alfo.

This to many has been a Paradox ; but herein ’tis explain’d : For fuppofe that a Carpenter had bought this Piece of Timber according to the common Method of Meafuring, at one Shilling per Foot, and was to fell it again by the fame Method of Meafuring, at the fame Price, he would get 8 s. 6 d. clear by it, provided that he cut it into three Lengths, each 8 Feet, as herein fuppofed, and fold them as their feveral Quantities then appear’d to be by Meafure. For were Timber-Merchants, &c. to fell their Timber entire, as they bought it, they eould have no fuch great Advantages in the Meafure, (provided that they did not fquare it, as they call it, viz. hew off a fmall skirting of the Convexity, from four oppofite

PartsAPPENDIX. z$5

Parts of its Curvature, whereby they become rather Oftangular than Square) : But this I fhall explain in its Place). The great-eft Advantage then that the Buyer hath, when he fells his Timber entire as he bought it, without cutting the Butt-ends off'(as before explained) or fquaring, is one fifth Part of the Quantity, or very near it, which he gains by felling it by the true and juft Way of meafuring it, as he ought to have bought it by, to deal fairly.

In my Paffage through this Difcove-ry, I have once or twice promis’d to prove, that even when the Dimenfions of Timber are juftly taken, that their Quantities then produced, are above one fifth left than the real Quantity : So that what by their unjuft Manner of taking the Dimenfions when they have an Opportunity, and their unjuft Method that they meafure by, the Seller is fure of being defrauded of very near (and oftentimes more than) the one half thereof.

This notorious fraudulent Method, is as follows.

Suppose that the Girth of a Piece of round Timber is four Feet, or 48 Inches, then one fourth Part thereof is 12 Inches ; which they fay is, (or take for) the Side of

SLZ3<5	^APPENDI

a geometrical Square, whofe Area, they fuppofe is equal to the Area of a Circle, whofe Circumference is equal to the Girth *, or if the Timber was cut in two at the Place of girthing, to the Area of either End.

But ’tis notorioufly falfe, and what is well known to every one that’s tolerably acquainted with the Elements of Arithme-tick and Geometry; I will demonftrate the Fa£t thereof.

A geometrical Square, whole four Sides are equal to 48 Inches, hath each Side equal to 12 Inches, and its Area to 144 Inches.

12

12

Produd 144 the Area of a geometrical Square, whofe Sides are feverally equal to one fourth of the Girth.

A Circle whofe Circumference is equal to the Girth 48 Inches, hath its Area equal to 183 Inches, which is above one fifth Part more than the geometrical Square of the lame Circumference. See the Work. But firft we mull find the Diameter of the Circle, for which this is the Analogy.

Asa	4PPEND1X.;•

As 22 is to 7, fo is the Circumference given to the Diameter required.

22 7	48	15 ,f.

‘	7

22) 336 (15 ii Diameter required.

22

116 110

6	Remains, equal to 2f, or

Now having the Diameter given or known, find the Area. The Rule is as fol-. lowing.

Square the Diameter, multiply the Pro-dud (always) by 11, and divide (always) by 14, and the Quotient will be the Area required.

The Diameter	i5 m  15 T	
	75  15  4 if	
Produd	411  233 ^	the Diameter
fquared.		Broughtz 38 APPENDIX

Brought over 233 TV Multiply by 11

233

233

2

Divide by 14) 2565 (183

The Area of the Circle, whofe Circumfercnc* is equal to 4& Inches.

14

Il6 11 2

45

42

3	Remains.

Now, if to 144, the Area of the Square, we add one fourth Part thereof, viz, 36. the Sum will be 180, which is 3 lefs than 183, the Area of the Circle:	Hence it

plainly appears, that the Difference is above one Fifth.

For as 144, the Area of the Geometrical Square is to 183, the Area of the Circle,

(leavinga	APPENDIX.239

(leaving the Fraction f* out). So is 4 to 5 and h>

144; 183 :: 4. 5.

.83

I44)732(S- A 720

12 Remains, which is equal to K: But we will rejeQ: the Fra&i-on K, and then the Analogy will be as Four is to Five. Q^E D.

I having thus demonftrated, that the Area at the Place of girthing is a full fifth more than it is meafured to ; it therefore follow's, that all Quantities fo mealur’d are a full fifth more than they are meafur’d for, and even when their Dimenfions are juftly taken: But when Tricks are play’d therein, then God knows how far their Knavery may extend.

I n the fmall Precedents preceding, I prov’d, how by the Deceit of taking the Dimenfion of the Piece K O, at once, four Feet and half were loft, even by their common Way of meafuring, exclufive of the fifth Part wanting befides, as before

prov’d,240	^APPENDIX

prov’d, which is four Feet more ; for the true Solidity of K O is 22 folid Feet, and not 13 \ as the common Way meafures it to.

For as 4 is to 5, fo is the Quantity before found at three ieveral Dimenfions, iS to 22 folid Feet, the true Content thereof.

4, 5 : 18 : 22

Now, feeing that in the common Way of felling but one fingle Stick of Timber, the Seller is defrauded of near two fifth Parts; it therefore follows, that where great Sales of Timber have been fold, the Sellers have fuftain’d very great Loffes, unknown to them.

The feveral Calculations here made, being arithmetically performed, I will now (according to my Promife) proceed to fhew how the fame may be performed inftrumen-tally, by the double Line of Numbers (commonly called Gunter*s Line) on the Aiding Rule.

The Analogy for meafuring Timber that is really fquare, as the common Method fuppofes it to be, is as following.

The

\a	APPENDIX.24.1

A s the Lengtli of the Piece in Feet, accounted on the Slip of the Rule, is to 12 in the Girth Line, on the Rule ; fo is the fourth Part of the Girth in Inches and Halfs, accounted on the Girth Line, to the Con-tent on the Slip, in folid Feet. But,

The true Analogy for meafuring Timber that is round, is the following.

As the Length of the Piece in Feet, accounted on the Slip, is to 10 + in the Girth Line ; fo is the fourth Part of the Girth iii Inches and Halfs, accounted on the Girth Line, to the Content on the Slip, in folid Feet.

N. B• That the firft Analogy gives the Content of round Timber, according to the common erroneous Method, viz. one fifth lefs than the true Quantity; and the latter^ the true and exa£t Quantity of round Tim* ber, as it fhould in Juftice be meafured, between Buyer and Seller.

T o illuftrate them, I will perform fome Examples by both Analogies.

Let it be required to meafure the Fru-ftum L K, whofe Length is 8 Feet, and mean Girth 15 Inches.

1ft, By the erroneous Method.

R

PRACTICE,141 qAPPENDIX.

practice.

Set 8 on the Slip, to 12 on the Girth Line, and againft 15 on the Girth Line, {lands 12 \ on the Slip, the fuppofed Quantity required; and when Timber is really fquare, then this laft Number is the true Quantity required: But in this Example, *tis fuppofed to be round, and meafured as ufual. Now, we will meafure the fame Stick by the true Way.

2dtyj By the right Method that gives the true Solidity.

PRACTICE.

Set 8, (the Length in Feet) accounted on the Slip, to 10 * — (inftead of 12) on the Girth Line; and againft 15 the mean Girth on the Girth Line, ftands 15 J —, the true Quantity required, which is 3 folid Feet more than the erroneous Method produces, viz. one fifth Part.

E X A M P.

Let it be required, to meafure (as afore-faid) the Fruftum L N.

fft* By the erroneous Method.

PRACTICE.APPENDIX. Z45

PRACTICE.

Set 8, the Length accounted on the Slip, to i a on the Girth Line, and againft 9, the mean Girth accounted on the Girth Line, hand 4 \ Feet, the Solidity required*

2dly„ By the exa£t Method.

Set 8, the Length accounted on the Slip, to 10 4, (as in the preceding to 12) on the Girth Line, and againft 9 the mean Girth' accounted on the Girth Line ftands 5, the Solidity required.

And the like of any other Quantity whatever, that is either fquare or round.

I f we have Occafion to meafure Timber^ and have not a Hiding Rule, we muft caft up the Dimenfions, if the Timber is fquared, as before delivered, by fquaring the * Girth ; multiply the Product into the Length, and divide the laft Product by 1728, the cubical Inches in one cubical Foot ; the Quotient will be the Content required.

But if the Timber be round, then you muft find the Area of a Circle, whofe Circumference is equal to the whole Girth, as R 2	before244 APPENDIX.

before was fhewn: Which Area being multiplied into the Length, and the Produft divided by 1728, the Quotient is the Content required.

T o make this intelligible and plain, I will meafure the Fruftum K L, after the true Method, arithmetically.

The Length is 8 Feet, and mean Girth at P 5 Feet, or 60 Inches.

ANALOGY.

As 22 is to 7, fo is 60 to 19 A 7

The Diameter of the Circle N /■ yrequir d. who e 2j 4.20 09\Circumference is equal to the Girth given.

2CO

I98

cRemains, equal c to iS

Having thus made known the Diameter, we muft now proceed to find the Area

ofAPPENDIX. 245

of the Circle, not but that we might have done that, without finding the Diameter; but I think ’tis not fo ealy a Method, and therefore I recommend the finding of the Diameter, before we proceed to find the Area. This being done, proceed to find the Area as follows:	Square the

Diameter 19 — .a.

T9 ~ 'V v

171 *9

361

364 A The Diameter fquared. Which multiply by 11.

364 A 11

”6* 'V—t

Produd 4009

R I

Di-i4<5	^APPENDI

Divide 4009 by 14, and the Quotient will be the Area of the Circle required.

14)4009(286

28

120 112

89

84

5 Remains, equal to A.

Now, multiply 286 A, by 8_Foot, viz. 96 Inches, the Length given.

2 86 A 96

1716

*574

34	$

27490—14 The Solidity in Inches.

This’APPENDIX. H7

This Solidity in Inches divide by 1728 and the Quotient is 15 §, the Content in Feet required.

§

1728)27490(15 folid Feet.

1728

10210

8640

1570 folid Inches remain, which are nearly tequal to a folid Foot.

Now, here we’ll lee, that this Piece of Timber, by taking in all the Fra&ions, as I went on in the Calculation, makes the Quantity thus performed arithmetically, to exceed the Quantity that the fame Piece meafur’d to, when meafured inftrumentaily, by the Aiding Rule, almoft Half a Foot. But fince that the Cuftom in purcha-fing Timber is never to mind fuch fmall Trifles, ’tis not worth our Notice.

N. B. That if the Barkis on Timber, when ’tis meafured, the Cuftom is, to allow one Inch out of the £ of the whole Girth for it, viz. if the one Fourth of a Girth is found to be nine Inches, then one R 4	Inch1$	<iAPP END 1X.

Inch is abated, and the Girth is reckoned at eight Inches only : But I muft advife, that this Cuflom be no longer allowed on by the Selfer, for ’tis greatly to his Lofs.

Observe the following Operations.

Suppose that the Bark is on the Butt-End K L, whofe mean Girth is 60 Inches, and the Area thereof 2 86 fquare Inches, as in the laft Page.

N o w, according to Cuftom, abate one Inch out of the fourth Part of the Girth, 'viz. out of 15 Inches; then the Remainder will be 14 Inches, which taken 4 Times for the whole Girth, is 56 Inches. Now,

As 22 is to 7, fo is 56 to 17 The Diameter without the Bark

17 — 17 —

T

4

T

119 17 32

321 The Diameter fquared.aAPPENDIX, z0

'321

II

321

321

.—... I fquare Inches the Area, when

1 tour Inches are abated in the S ai (1 < 'i / Circumference, and the re-4^5 >5 ' ^ \ gaining Girth mealured as I a Circle, whole Circumfe-L rence is equal thereto.

28

73

70

31

28

3

If we confider, that when one full Inch is abated from the Surface, all about the Tree, or if the Bark is actually one Inch in Thickne& ; then the Tree, when the Bark is taken off, muff be two Inches lefs in its Diameter; fo that the Fruftum or Butt K L; with its Bark on, being then

jp A250 APPENDIX

19 M Inches Diameter, is but 17 A Inches when disbarked.

We will now fee what the Area at the mean Girth is, when the Bark is taken off.

Diam. 17-/7

17— I

119 —

17

292 —tt The Diameter fquar’d, which

Multiply . -by	* *

292

2921

14)3213(229

28

\

fquare Inches the Area, when two Inches are abated in the Diameter of the whole, for the Thicknefs of the Bark.HAPPEN'D IX.

By thefe two laft Calculations it appears, that when four Inches are allowed in the whole Girth, viz. one Inch in the the Area of Timber is 252 Inches: But when two Inches are abated in the Diameter, viz. one Inch at each Extreme, for the Thicknefs of the Bark; then the Area is but 229, which is 23 Inches lefs than the firft : So that herein the crafty Buyer is a Lofer.

But this never happens, when Timber is meafured after the cuftomary Method, the Allowances therein being fo very extravagant.

For fuppofe the mean Girth of K L to be feventeen Inches, exclufive of the Bark, then according to the cuftomary Way of meafuring, its Produft is 289 fquare Inches, and not 366, being confidered as the Circumference of a Circle, equal thereto : See the Calculation.

17 TheAPPENDIX.

152

j cThe fourth Part of the Girth, ' X. allowing i Inch for Bark.

*7

119 17

Product

o jfquare Inches, the Area at " V \ the Girth.

But this Diameter being truly calcu-7 lated, as Page 250, the true AreaS* 342 ? of Timber at the Girth is, S

By this laft Account, after the ufuab o Method, it is but	5* ^

The Difference is Solid Inches.	053 f

If we multiply 53 f, the Difference by 96, the Length, the Produft gives 5120 $ folid Inches, which is the real Lofs in the Butt-End KL, when ’tis meafur’d with the Bark on, after the common Method, which is three folid Feet, wantii but 64 Inches ; that is, the *> Part of Foot.

From

fcA aAPPENDIX	2.J 5

From what I have here deliver’d, it apparently appears, that to fell Timber by the common Method of meafuring, (as ’tis, falfly termed,) the Seller, by the feveral Frauds therein, is actually cheated out of a full Half of the Quantity that he fells. ■ Is not this a Shame? does not this vile Practice deferve the Confideration of his moft Sacred Majcfty and Parliament, to put a final End thereto, that Honefty may take Place for the future, and be no longer a Skreen to Knavery, where nothing but Frauds and Villany are a&ing ?

This I fubmit to the Confideration of all our worthy, learned, and judicious Gentlemen of Great Britain^ who have been, and are the only Sufferers by this long pra&ifed Villany; and as I am here inviting them to the Propagation of Timber on their feveral Eftates, to their very great Improvements, by undeniable Rea-fonings and Proofs, I thought it my Duty to declare the Fa£ts of the many Frauds ufed in buying of Timber ; that hereafter, when their Plantations arrive to Maturity, they may reap the full Benefits of their Produce, according to my Calculations here humbly offered, and not be defrauded

i*54 APPENDIX.

ded out of one Half thereof, for Want of juft Menfurations.

In my Calculation of the great Advantages that would arife from Plantations of Elm, it is there prov’d, that one Thoufand Acres planted with Elm, (as there directed) will, in twenty Years Time? produce 84439 Pounds neat Profit, clear from all Outgoings. Now, would not it vex any Gentleman, that in felling of this Timber by common Meafure, he fhould be bit out of half the Quantity, which is worth 42419 Pounds ten Shillings? I need not wait for an Anfwer to this Queftion, it being natural to think, that every one who knows, will undoubtedly take all poflible Care to prevent it.

To confider how long a Time this bafe and vile Method has profper’d, and how many bright ingenious Mathematicians have been bred in Englandthat dayly have been and are concerned in the Menfuration of Timber, ( who undoubtedly knew the Frauds therein) ; ’tis very furprifing, that no one among them would (for the common Good) take the Pleafure of making a publick Declaration thereof, (as I have here done) which is doing no honeft Man any

Sort^APPENDIX. Z55

Sort of Injury, and I hope no fmall Service to my Country in general.

And as our late Parliament thought it neceffary to make an Act, forbidding the making of Bricks, under the Standard Size, and without Mixtures of Sea-coal Afhes (calPd Spanifl;>) therein, which they wifely conceived was prejudicial to the Subject; So I make no Doubt, but that this our new Parliament will, upon a mature Confiderati-on hereof, ena£t, that for the Future, whatever Quantity or Quantities of Timber is, or are meafured by any Perfon or Perfons that affume the Pra£tice of meafuring, (who fhall mark after the ufual Manner, with his own Hand, before Evidence, the Contents); and the Content or Contents by him or them warranted, are a&ually confiderably lefs than the true folid Content or Contents afterwards found upon a juft Menluration thereof; that the faid Meafu-rer or Meafurers fhall be profecuted by the Party or Parties fo grieved, as if he or they had felonioufly ftole fuch Quantities of Timber, as their Meafurements given under their own Hands are lefs than the true and real Quantities in the Timber, by them (faid to be) meafured.

But,1$6	Z4PPEND1

But, as Punifhments for all Offences arc confidered, and executed by the Orders of our wife Legiflators, I therefore fubmit the whole to their better Judgments.

The only Objections that any of the Buyers of Timber can make to this Reformation of the Meafure of Timber, is, that before the Body is hew’d to a Square, there is a Wafte in the Chips and Slabbs, which are only ufeful for the Fire; and that the Expence of hewing, is more than the Chips are worth. Now, all this I allow: I know, that when Timber is to be fquared, there is fome Lofs in hewing, and Expence alfo: But then, let an Allowance (that is reafonable) be made in the Price per Load, and not in the Meafure-ment; for then the Seller knows what he is doing, as well as the Buyer, which he knows nothing of, when he is deceiv’d in the Quantity. Befides, ’tis very often feen, that round Timber is never fquared, and confequently has no Lofs by hewing, as when ufed for Pipes to convey Water, and for Pumps, &c.

The Motives that moved me to this Declaration being fully - declared at large, in

manyoAPPENDIX. 257

many of the preceding Pages, are thus in Brief,

FirJij By the deceitful Method of leaving on the finall Tops to a great Length, under a Pretence of making the Quantity the greater; his greatly diminifh’d thereby, which is prov’d by K O, that is, 24 Feet long, mean Girth, in the Middle 9 Inches, and Quantity 13 \ folid Feet. Whereas if from the fame Piece at the Butt, 8 Feet in Length only be cut off^ or meafu-red by its felf, the real folid Content thereof (exclulive of the remaining Top L O, which is 16 Feet long) is 12 \ Feet, which is but one Foot lefs than the whole mealured together.

Secondlyj B y the Allowance of an Inch, out of the fourth Part of the Girth, ’tis plain, by the preceding, that fuch an Allowance being made, in the Menfuration of the Butt K L, there is a very great Lofs to the Seller, when Quantities are very large.

LaJlljj It has alfo been proved, that when the Dimenfions of Timber are truly taken, yet if they arc call up, after the common Method, the Quantity pn> duced is lefs than the true Quantity, by S	fome-.1$ 8 APPENDIX.

fomething more than a full fifth Part. All which Pra&ices fum’d together, are fully fufficient to prove the Neceffity of a fpeedy Reformation in the Menfuration thereof; and there’s no Doubt, but this publick Grievance will be timely redrefs’d, to the great Advantages of eftated Gentlemen and Landholders; as that of ufing Sea-Coal A flies in Brick-earth, to the great Prejudice and early Decay of Buildings, when ufed in too great a Quantity. But new Buildings do foon decay, and oftentimes fall to the Ground, before they are fmifh’d, when they are built with the founded Bricks that can be made, where Workmen have not fufficient Quantities of Timber for Lentils, to bind the Work together ; or when they are not allowed to make the Walls of fufficient Thicknefs, to fupport the Weights of the feveral Floors and Roof.

In thefe Cafes the very beft Workmen and Materials may fail, as well as when the Spanifo is work’d into Brick-earth in too great a Quantity, which, in burning, burns the very Life and Strength of the Earth to nothing, whereby they are incapable of fupportmg their own Weights: But when

SfianifhAPPENDIX 259

Spanijb is moderately mix’d with Brick-earth in the making, and the Earth of a good Kind; thofe Bricks fo made, are much Wronger, and of a longer Duration, than others that are made of the fame Earth, and burnt in the fame Manner, without a moderate Mixture therein. For Bricks made of Earth only, as the late A& direfts, cannot be fo throughly burnt, as thofe that have a moderate Mixture of Afhes, which burns within the Brick, proportionably to the circum-feribing Heat about them. For altho’ that in Brick-earths there is contain’d great Quantities of Oil, and confequently Sulphur alio ; yet his in fo fmall a Quantity, to what is required, that before the middle Parts of a Brick can be half burnt, the out Parts are ready to run into a liquid Mafs, (called Clinkers}. And if the Heat is fo proportion’d as to burn the out Parts of the Brick no more than they fhould be, then the middle Parts are fcarcely more than half burnt. This I thought neceflary to recommend to the Confideration of thofe whom it may concern, and beg Pardon for the Digreflion.

I will now proceed to exhibit the Manner of placing the Dimenfions of Timber, S 2	Il6o	vA P P E N D1

as they are taken at Meafuring. That when you have any to meafure, we may be ready therein, as well as to know when others are fo aifo, that are fent to meafure againfl us,

The Manner

thereof is as following.

Round2 6t	APPENDIX.

When we meafure Timber by this new and exa£t Method, we need have on each Leaf of our Book but four Columns ; the firft denoting the Number of Pieces, the fecond their Lengths, the third their Girths, and the fourth their Quantities.

But when we meafure againft aMeafurer after the common Way, then ’tis necefTary to have two other Columns, as here exhibited, to exemplify the Differences.

When we meafure Timber that is hew’d we muff be provided with a large Pair of Callipers, to meafure the Thicknefs or Diameters of the Pieces in the Middle, between both Ends where we did before (in the round Timber) girth it. Which Thicknefs is always taken for the Sides of Squares, as the fourth Part of the Girths were before •, and in like Manner multiplied into the Length for the Solidity*

But this is alfo a notorious Method ; for all the Cants, or angular Parts that are wanting, to make the Timber perfe&ly fquare, are meafured in, and accounted for (tho7 not there) as fo much real Timber. By this Method, moft Timber Merchants, and other Dealers, fell the greateft Part of their Timber ; but few or any care to buy

byAPPENDIX.

by it, except, when by deceitfully takin the Dimenfions, they can bite the Seller.

The lead: Lofs fuftain’d by buying hew’d Timber, if the Dimenfions are juftly taken, is * Part of the whole; but it very often happens to be d 7, and very often % Part-

F 1 N I S.

toaAPPENDIX.261

Round Timber men fared, September, n. 1727. for the Right Honourable the

Earl of-------at his Lordjhip’s IVoodj

called Bramble-wood, in the Idarijh of -------per B. L. of Twickenham.

	Picc. Len.		Sol. Con Sol. Contents after tents after		Diffe. between the
			the ufualjthe trui Method. Method.		11 fe and j ■rueCont. j
	Feet Ine,	inches.	Load. Fe.	1  Toad. Ft.	■ |  Load. Fe. j
I	101 6	Z'J	0 28 j	j « ' 35 4	0 74:!
2	55 0	17	0 i&i *■	O 13, £	O £, ;j
g	0 6 9	24	0 27 I	0 1 33 4	0 <54
4	l5 3	16 i	1 24 ;l	1 43	0 18 \
5	11 0	12	0 11	0 13^'	0 2 T
6	70 6	9 2	1 44	0 5 5 i'	0 it j
R	\ -4 » ;	9	0 1321	0 17	O ! '5 |
8	O	6	0 4	■ 5	0 1
1	16 O	1 2	0 16	O	0 4
10	1 4$ p 1	(8 O	O 18	jo lit f	0 4 2
11	! 8 0 |	4 2	0 1*10]	! >0 1 J t	0
12	! 9*v a	„ I JL i© 4	11 5 J	15 10	3 5
	1 t2 )	1 I	j 0 iR,£	■0 23 4	,0 42T
H	*7 6	*5 * I	! 0 '29	O j	0 7 5
f 5	59 O j	12 0	1 9	I 24	0 15 j
n	60 O	14 9 j	“I 19 !;	1 BH	O 15
17	i 70 O	15 B	z 17	a 4 6-	0 *9 ■
.8  *1	I 70 O	1 j 0 j	: 2 9 t]	i 1 '44 *;	-tJ t7 ]:
	8$ 4	20	4 38. -j	1 47I	1 9
40	99 tf	32 2	*4 /Pi	is 10	1 3® 1
21	18	6 0	0 4*i	U s	0 110
;2	19	-9 2	3 19 !	4 24	45
2 5	50 0	29 0	3 31	I 4 j	0 47	
oo\  ll	■983 : 9	,387 : |	51 10	os  +•	! 3 i 4 j

j5V *







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Vs

A;

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+

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*



»TINDEX.

a£u	Tage

----how order’d when

fow’d in Coppices

87

----Quantity in an A-

cre	89

ra~how order’d when Town with Oak, Chefnut, &c.	90

■—its Juices necelfa-ry for its Support

E .

----Time of felling 9 5

Abeal	17 *

its Soil and Manner of raifing

ACORNS, when to gather 5

---when to fow 5

---how to preferve 6

---how planted 12

Ajben-Keys, injurious to Oaks when fown together	14

Acorns inHedge-rows

Ajh, the Kinds 80 >—'its Soil	8t

■—its Ufes	81

•—its Value 82 ■--injurious to Hedg-

es, Meadows, &c. Afpen

82	Alder

---raifed from Seed ----how raifed

83	--Ufe

---how pruned 83 Age of Trees.

---their Dilfances 84

;—planted in Platoons	8 5

171,

172

T7l

172

73

194

B.INDEX.

X66

B.

Tage

■HANKS of Ditch-** es, not too deep 34

Blackthorn, good for Fences	3 5

Beech, the Kinds 96

---its Soil	97

«—raifed from Seed 97

r—raifed from Seedlings got from the Woods	9S

•—Diftances at firft planting	98

---Diftances when

planted out for good	9S

---its Ufes	99

■—Maft produces Oil 99

---Mafl good Food

for i)eery S'lxinc, &c.	JOO

---Leaves make good

Mattrefles ioo -—Seafon.of felling

IQO

---Manner of plant-

in Hedges ico -—Scafon of clipping 101

Tagc

Birch, the feveral Soils it delights in 102

—-its Ufe 103

---how raifed 103

—-Time of Planting ic3

Beech-Tree, of very great Stature 198 Billet-IFood, 211, 212

Bark, the Allowance in Girthing 247, 248, 249,250,25!.

e.

pATTLE inju-^ rious to young Plantations 14 Crab-fiocks, how raifc ed for Fences 27

---when fown 28

---their Soil 29

---their Diftance 29

---how planted 29

Cyder - Apples , in Hedge-rows 33 Cows, injurious to young Plantations

47

Cop-z67

INDEX.

•Page

Coppices of divers Kinds of Trees are better than when of one Kind only .93

Coppices, how thickened by Layers 114 A C.errus, of a vaft Magnitude, wherein a Hermit built his Cell	200

Chefnut-Trees of very great Magnitudes	202

Coppices, their ordering, felling, &c. 206 Colts, Calves, when to run in Woods, by 13 Eliz. 211

D.

D ITCHES,their

■d___ij-i! __j

Breadth	and

Depth	21

Dead-hedge	50

Ditching, the Expence	32

Delian Dalm.	197

E.

‘Page

p A R T H, how to be prepared for the Reception of the Oak	11

Expences of making Plantations of Oak 21, 37. Elms in Hedge-rows

Elms make good Fences	3y

Elms, the Ki/ids 48

---how encreafed 49

---their Sets, how to

take up, and from what Soil jo

---how to preferve

after gathering 50 -—their Roots to be preierved as much as poflible 50 —their Heads to be reduced	51

•r—their Diftance at firfb Planting 51

---their unnecelTary

lateral Buds to be difplaced in the /Spring	51

I—howz<58

J N D b-X.

"Page

—how order’d the fecond Year for 1 Hedge -plants, Timber-trees, &c.	52

----how raifed by

Layers	53

----its Soil	5 6

•—-their Diftances in Hedge-rows, Avenues, &c.	5 6

----how propagated

in wet Soils 57

*---Seafon for felling

61

-—its Ufes 62 ----their Grafting,^.

.6+

Expences of making Plantations of Elm 66

F.

fVRZES, how '*• raifed for Fences

27

—when fown 28

---their Soil 29

---their Dirtance ib.

French Furze, the ' beft for Fences 34

Fage

—when to be clip-

ped	$4

Furze-Hedges, very beautiful in Gardens, &c.	35

Firr-Tree	165

■--Kinds	165

■—Soil	166

---hov/raifed	166

---Diftance	167

Faggots, their Size 212

G.

O AT S injurious to young Plantations	47

Girthing Timber 236

H.

H

jEI-thorns, how raifed for Fences

27

---how planted 29

Hedges, when to be plafh’d	33

Holly, for Fences 36 Horfe- Chef nut	118

---how raifed 118

—Dif-INDEX.	i6<)

Vage

---Diftance at Sowing	ibid.

——Time of tranf-planting	i I 9

---Manner of ordering	120

------Diltances in

Groves,	IVilder-

neffes, lx>c. 126 ■—.Manner of planting	121

---Manner of doping their Branches, to (Lengthen them againft the Injuries of Winds 122

---Manner and Sea-

fon of Pruning 123 —Diftances in Hedges	124

Hornbeam	1 5 $

---how raifed 155

■—Seed how prefer-ved	156

---propagated by

Sets got from the Woods	156

---Soil	156

---Manner of pruning and planting

El

Tage

—Hedges very beautiful in Gardens 15^, MP, 160.

---Diitance 157,162.

---Ufe	i6e

Hazel	164.

---how raifed 164

---Soil	165

■—Ufe, and Time of felling	165

Ilorfe -Chefnut - Treey very large Stature 184

Hewing Timber 256 L.

T ATERALBuds ■®-/ to be difplaced as they appear 15 Labourers Wages 22, 26,43. Land, how prepared by ploughing 24

---by trenching 23

Land, how prepared for Stools of Elms, to make an En-creale from	5 3

Lopping of Trees oftentimesViO	INDEX.

... T.ase

tentimes injurious 61

Lime-tree	139

—Kinds 139 -—how railed 140 *—-Seed when ripe 140

*—how fbwn 141 *—Diftance in Walks, ' Avenues, Groves, &e. .	141

-—Manner of pruning their Roots 142

—Time of felling 142 ---their Rloflbms o-

doriferous	143

-—Ule ' /	144

Lime-tree of a very large Stature	185

Lot us-tree	\ 96

Liciaii Tlatanus 199 M.

jlJATLE	148

****'—the Kinds 148 —raifed from Seed 149

.—Ufe	150

—Time of felling

---Majiick-Tree of a

Tage

very great Magnitude	200

Meafuring Timber the common Way dete&ed	216

({5* Notes thereon 225,227,231,233

a

r\AK> its Soil 1 ^ <—its Kinds i —its Diftance 2,13 —their Number on one Acre 3 5 H.8. 2 Oak in Clay	3

in light Tandy Lana 4

how rais’d 4 when to be fell’d 15 Number in an Acre 16

at 40 Feet Dif-ftance	16

Oaks to be preferv’d, when Coppices are fell’d	113

Oziers	177

—the Kinds 177178 —hovv rais’d 178 —-Soil	178

Oaks of very large Sta-INDEX.

zji

Page

Statures 186, 188, 190, 193. ^

——whofe Drip would contain 942 Hcrfes 193

Oaks made Pollards

21:

P.

PROFITS arifing from Plantations of Oak 20, 45 Ploughing per Acre 22

Profits arifing from Plantations of Elms 76

Platanus, how en-creasM	104

---its Soil	104

fc*—its Ufe for Walks, Avenues, &c. 105 ‘Portugal Che font 106

---how raifed	107

*—Time	108

---Soil	108

---Seafon	to	transplant Seedlings 109

---How raifed in

Coppices 111 —-Seafon of felling 114

Page

—their Fruits when ripe, and their Ufe 115

---how preferv’d 116

---beft for cold open,

Lands	116

---its Afhes ftain

Linen	117

Pine-tree	165

Poplar	169

■--Soil	169

---how raifed 169

---Di fiance 170

—Ufes	172

---Manner of planting	176

Palms Royal of vaft great Heights 201

rYDICK-Sets, their Pittance of planting for Fences 21 ^nick-fetSj their Rates 22

—their Number in a Rod	32

Qnick-beam i6z ■—its Several Names 162

-—Soil	163

—how

SoilXjz INDEX.

Tage	Tage

-—how raifed	163 -----Ufe 154,1 5 5

-—Ufe	163 Salleys	175

i—Bloffoms and Berries beautiful 163

R.

JUDGING Land Ratio of Circles 200

S.

C QUAKING Titn-^ ber	234

Slow Bulh, good for Fences	35

Sheep injurious to young Plantations 47

Staking Trees 59 Service Tree 145

---the Kinds 145

--- raifed 145

•--Soil	14 6

——Diftance 146,147

---when ripe 146

---improv’d by budding	147

Sycamore	15 3

---how increas’d 154

---Soil 154) 155

---their Soils 175

---their Ufe	176

---Manner of planting	176

---Diftance	175

Soils proper for the Oak	182

---Elm	183

---The Abeal	182

---The Hazel	182

---Maple	182

---Sycamore	182

---Quickbeam	282

---Birch	182

—AJhen	183

——Alder	183

—-Scotch Firr	183

---Withy	183

*—Willow	183

---Ozier	183

---Ajh	183

■—Chefmit	183

---Wallnut	183

*—Service	183

Stack of Wood	190,

211 T.

X AP Roots, when '*• to prune 7,118 T ranfplanted Trees belt

1IN VEX. Z7J

Tage

beft rooted 7 Trenching	23

Timber Trees, when to be prun’d or drefs’d	37

Trees in a declining State, how recover’d	60

Tables of very large Dimensions 196, 205

Trees of prodigious Magnitudes 196 Tilia, at Brafil and Aufpurg 196 Tithes incident to Woodlands, Coppices, &c.	213

V.

’XT INES of great ^ Magnitudes 195 ---their Soil 195

W.

TX/’ET Lands, how enclofed 33 Winds injurious to

'Page

new planted Trees

... 55 Wet Lands injurious

to the Portugal Qhefnut	117

Wallnuts,	125

---the Kinds 125

---for pickling 126

---Ufes 126, 13 6

---how encreas’d 127

---Soil	128

---Diftance 128,129

— Management 129

---Oil	132

■—preferving 132

---Why fertile by

threming off the Nuts	133

---How polifh’d 136

---Value	138

---Seafontofell 139

Withy	174

---the Kinds 174

*—Place and Diftance 175

Willows	180

---the Kinds 180

---how increas’d 180

—when to be fell’d 181

3C

x.274	INDEX.

Page ' .	Page

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