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NEW SYSTEM or ARCHITECTURE:

PARTICULARLY ADAPTED

TO' ' ,

THE PRESENT STYLE OF BUILDING

IN

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CONTAINING,

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Geometrical Lines.
Twenty difi'erent Designs for Mouldings.
The five Orders of Architecture, with great alterations, both in
all size and expense. '
Glueing up and diminishing of Columns.
How to find the difi‘erent Brackets of a Groind Ceiling.
Base and Surbase Mouldings, Architraves, 8m.
Twenty four difl'erent Designs for Cornices, both for external
and internal finishing.
Stone Window Caps and Sills, showing the manner of setting
them in a Brick Wall.
Sash Frames, Sashes, and Shutters.
Straight and Circular Stairs.

 

 

FORTY FOUR ENGRAVINGS,

REPRESENTING,

Roofs and finding the Length and Backing oinps, either square
or bevel. . I

Ornamental Capitals, Mouldings, Friezes, Leaves, and Ceilings.

Chimney Pieces.

Frontispieces.

Urns, Banisters, Key Stones, sac.

Plans and Elevations of three Houses for Town, and two for
Country. ,

Plans and Elevations for two Meetinghouses. .

Plan and Elevation for a Summerhouse.

Plan and Elevation for a Courthouse.

Plan, Elevation, and Section of the Branch Bank of Boston.

With particular Directions for executing all the above Designs.

 

 

B Y ASHER BENJAMIN; ARCHITE CT AND CARPENTER,

- .4in ,
DANIEL RAYJVERD, _ARCHITECT AND STUCCO WORKER.

 

 

' “Boston:

PUBLISHED BY ETHERIDGE AND BLISS, PROPRIETORS OF THE WORK.

«1' ' RIDGE, PRINTER, CHAR

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DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS, TO WIT :

BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the eighth day of September, in the thirty
first year of the Independence of the United States of America, Asher Benja-
min and Daniel Raynerd, of the said district, have deposited in this office the
title of a book, the-right whereof they claim as authors, in the words following,
to wit: ‘

“ The American Builder’s Companion; or, a new System of Architecture.
Particularly adapted to the present style of Building in the United States of
America. Containing, forty four Engravings, representing Geometrical Lines.
Twenty difi'erent Designs for Mouldings. The five Orders of Architecture, with
great alterations, both in size and expense. Glueing up and diminishing of
Columns. How to find the different Brackets of a Groind Ceiling. Base and
Surbase Mouldings, Architraves, &c. Twenty four different designs for Corn-
ices, both for external and internal finishing. Stone Window Caps and Sills,
showing the manner of setting them in a Brick Wall. Sash Frames, Sashes, and
Shutters. Straight and Circular Stairs. Roofs and finding the Length and Back-
ing of Hips, either square or bevel. Ornamental Capitals, Mouldings, Friezes,
Leaves, and Ceilings. Chimney Pieces. Frontispieces. Urns, Banisters, Key
Stones, 8w. Plans and Elevations of three Houses for town, and two for Country.
Plans and Elevations for two Meetinghouses. Plan and Elevation for a Summer-
house. Plan and Elevation for a Courthouse. Plan, Elevation, and Section of the
Branch Bank of Boston. With particular Directions for executing all the above
Designs. By Asher Benjamin, Architect and Carpenter, and Daniel Raynerd,
Architect and Stucco Worker.”

In conformity to the act of the Congress of the United States, entitled, “ An
Act for the Encouragement of Learning, by securing the Copies of Maps,
Charts and Books, to the Authors and Proprietors of such Copies, during the
Timestherein mentioned ;” and also to an Act, entitled, “ An act supplemen-
tary to an act, entitled, An Act for the Encouragement of Learning, by securing
the Copies of Maps, Charts and Books, to the Authors and Proprietors of such
Copies during the times therein mentioned : and extendingt he benefits thereof
to the Arts of Designing, Engraving and Etching Historical, and other Prints}?

W. S. SHAW, Clerk
Of the District of Massachusetts.

 

4; 1.. .

 

 

 

RECOMMENDATION.

 

BOSTON, September 8th, 1806.
GENTLEMEN,

HAVING , been chosen a committee by the government. of the Boston
HousewrightSOciety, to examine the proofsheets of a new book you were pub-
lishing, entitled, “ The American Builder’s Companion; or, a New System of
Architecture :” and being satisfied that a work of this kind has been much
wanted, and that yours is better calculated to assist the American builder than
any that has come within our knowledge, we therefore do not hesitate to say,
we shall cordially recommend it whenever we have it in our power.

THAT your exertions may meet with success, and your book have an exf

tensive circulation, is the wish,
Gentlemen,

Of your very humble servants,

THOMAS W. SUMNER,
JONATHAN LORING, COMMITTEE.
JAMES BOLTER.

Mess’rs. RAYNERD and BENJAMIN.

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PREFACE.

 

BOOKS on Architecture are already so numerous that
adding to their number may be thought to require some apology;
but it is well known to any one in the least conversantwith the
principles of Architecture, that not more than one third of the
contents, of the European publications on this subject are of any
use to the American artist in directing him in the practical part
Of his business-

THE style of building in this country differs very considerably
from that of Great Britain, and other countries in Europe, which
is partly in consequence of the more liberal appropriations made
for building in those countries, and of the difference of materials
used, particularly in the external decorations. The American
Mechanic is, therefore, in purchasing European publications,
under the necessity of paying two thirds the value of his purchase
for what is of no real use to him; and as‘the principal part of our
designs have been executed by our own hands, we feel confident
that this publication will be found to contain more useful infor-
mation for the American workman than all the European works
whichhave appeared in this country, and which, for the most

part, are mere copies one from the other.
B

 

vi PREFACE. ‘

WE are well aware that the, magnificent temples of ancient,
times still retain a degree of romantic grandeur, which would do.
honour to the present age. It will, at the same time, be readily
acknowledged, that an exact imitation of those noble productions
of . former times, on account of the present expense of materials
and labour, would require no common degree of opulence for
their completion: and, indeed, a strict conformity to. the orders
of Architecture seems to be demanded in the construction of-
public buildings only, iand others of immense magnitude; in such
situations they have a most noble and majestic appearance; but in
private buildings, and others of less magnitude, their massy size.
and the expense attending them, are little suited to our conveni-
ence and means of appropriation. A principal part therefore of
our design, in this work, is to lighten their heavy parts, and
thereby lessen the expense both of labour and materials. This ,
we expect to accomplish so as to effect a saving of one sixth, and,
in many cases, one fourth part: the building shall occupy less
ground, and, at the same time, be more commodious.

WE do not conceive it essentially necessary to adhere exactly
to any particular order, provided the proportion and harmony
of the parts be carefully preserved. If, for instance, in any of the
cornices an ovolo should be changed for an ogee, or for a hol-
low, so trifling an alteration could not destroy the effect of the

whole, provided it were done with any degree of judgment.

PREFACE. vii
Attempts which have sometimes been made to compose fancy \
orders, have only Spoiled the work, and no reduction of the
expense has been‘efi‘ected. It is, therefore, as necessary that these
modern fancies should be reduced to a regular system, as it was in
fermer ages, that the Grecian and Roman— orders should assume a
hired character. One important object of improvement, is a
method of preserving the apparent size of an'object elevated above
the eye, While, at the samevhtime, the real size is considerably
diminished, It is easy to "conceive that the size and effeét of a
cornice for instance, does not so much depend on itsheight as it
does on its projection 5 because cornices are always elevated
at considerable distance above the eye, and, of course, the
apparent size depends principally on the projection. [See Plate
No. 15.] It Will at once be perceived, that the diminution 'in
the height of the cornice is not the most considerable advan-
tage to be derived from this constrUction ;'but that the same
is-r-“gained' in the height of the wall that is taken from the
height of the cornice. i
WE have ventured to make some alteration in the prppor-
tions of the different orders, by lengthening the shafts of the.
columns tvvo diameters. Their entablatures and pedestals .
bear nearly the same proportion as formerly, except that the
architrave has less height, the frieze more height (except in i

I I ' O \ O C I
the DOIIC) and the cornlce less helght and more proglectlon.

viii PREFACE.

WE have given a great variety of fancy cornices and capitals,
both for external and internal finishing; and calculated both for
wood and stucco.

BEING the first who have for a great length of time, publish-
ed any New System of Architecture, we do not expect to
escape some degree of censure. Old fashioned workmen, who
have for many years followed the footsteps of Palladio and
Langley, will, no doubt, leave their old path with great reluct-
ance. But impressed, as we are, with a conviction that a re-
form in some parts of the system of Architecture is loudly de-
manded, and feeling a confidence from our knowledge of the
theory, and from having long been conversant in the practical
part of that science, we have ventured, without the aid of sub

scription,gto exhibit our work to public View.

BOSTON, 1806.

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AMERICAN BUILDER’S COMPANION.

 

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PLATE 1.

FIG. 1,’

' IS a drawing board, and a T square; a pine board will do for common use,
which must be perfectly square on every side, the size conformable to the
paper, which may be secured to the board by four pins, fig. 9, or by sealing-
wax; the T square may be made of mahogany, or any other hard wood; the
blade may be bevelled a little on the under side, to prevent the ink from
blotting the paper.

FIG. 2,

Is a trammel which is a useful machine to strike ovals or ellipsis of any
size; a trammel is made of two pieces of wood, with a channel grooved in the
centre, and mitred together at right angles; the rod A is a straight strip of
wood with 2 pins B C, which are sometimes made to slide on it, with screws
to fasten them. When the length and breadth of an oval are determined,
bore a hole in the rod at D, then move the pin B to half the intended length
of the oval from D, then move the pin C to half the breadth from D, and
proceed to describe your ellipsis; thus an oval of any dimensions maybe
drawn. When an oval is wanted for stucco mouldings, the mould may be

nailed on the rod at D, by which means a moulding of any size may be run
all In one piece. ' '

FIG. 3,

Shews how an oval may be drawn by means of two pins, D B, and a string
or cord. By this method you may draw an oval similar to the one made by

10 THE AMERICAN BUILDER’S COMPANION.

the trammel; but on account of the elasticity of the cord, it will not answer
where accuraCy is wanted, but is of use in gardening, to lay out grassplats, file.

FIG. 4,

Shews how an oval may be drawn with the compasses by first describing
two circles around the centres A A, then from the centre B, describe the seg-
ment C D, then from E to F C, which completes the oval.

FIG. 5.

To draw a triangle, first describe a circle, then divide it into three equal

parts and draw the lines from point to point.

FIG. 6.
To draw a square, on the base line B, set ofi" two equal parts (31 D E,
then describe the arc F G, and draw the perpendicular line L D.

FIG. 7.
To draw an octagon, first describe a circle, then divide it through the centre
at right angles, and divide each section in two.

FIG. 8,

Is a pentigraph or physiOgnotrace. This is a useful machine to diminish
drawings, and is simply made by four strips of wood which are pinned
together at A A A A, and all of them moveable. It is secured to a table, or
partition, by the pin B, which is likewise moveable. When thus secured if a
pencil be put in the arm at-C, and another at D, then will the pencil C trace
the outlines of any figure, (a profile for instance); the pencil D will move in a
transverse direction, and will form a figure similar but upside down. It may
be made smaller or larger by moving the pencils nearer to or further from the
centre, Observe that the two pencils and the pin B are always on a straight
line.

This machine has been used of late in the United States for drawing
profiles, and is said to have been invented by a Mr. Hawkins, of Philadelphia;

but this is a mistake, as it is an old invention, and has been in use in Europe
for a’century‘ at least. ‘

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. PLATE 2.

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0n plate 2. are eighteen different mouldings.- To draw the quirk ovolo on

the t0p and left hand side of the plate, divide its“ heightinto five parts; ”give: ' 3
one part to the lower fillet;-make the projection of the fillet and ovoloeqnal. ' I
> to the height, and divide it into five parts; make the dotted line 4. c parallel to,"

5 5, and equal to three and a half parts; malte‘_ the line a d and d c cutting e
equal to the distance a. b; e is the centre for drawing t1"; curve from the line
5 I: to b and a’ the centre for draining the curve c a.

The quirk ovolos andhdlldWs, on the left hand side of the plate, cannot be,

drawn by centres. We therefore shall proceed to explain the quirk ovoloA B,

which will make the others sufliciently clear.

Divide the ovolo and fillets, into seven parts; give one to the lower fillet,
four to the ovolo, and two to the upper fillet; divide the ovolo into four parts,
and the two extreme fourths in two; from 3 describe a half circle touching
the lines of the fillets; draw the line A B, and draw lines from I to I, 2 to 2,
3 to 3, 4 to 4, 5 to 5, parallel to the fillets. Suppose the ovolo to project seven
parts equal to its height and height of its fillets, transfer the distances from
I I, 2 2, 3 3, 44, 5 5, on the halfcircle, to I I, 22, 33, 4.4, 55, onthe
line A B, and from those points trace the curve A 5 4. 3 2 I up to the
fillet of the ovolo. Observe that the greater the projection the lower the upper
end of the line A B mustibe‘ dropped, as is shewn by the line c D.

“11“

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PLATE 3:

To proportion the Tuscan order on a subplinth, divide the line cd into
twenty three parts, two of which are the diameter of the column at its base;

i 7 ‘1 give forty five minutes to the subplinth, give nine diameters to the height of the

column including base and capital, and one diameter and forty-five minutes

to the height of .the entablature. If a pedestal is requiredz divide the line cf

into thirteen parts, 01w of which is the diameter of the column; give to the
height of the pedestal two diameters and fifteen minutes; give the column and

entablature the same height as if they stooduon a subplinthw All the mould-
ings and parts of the Tuscan, Doric; Ionic, Corinthian..an.d Composite orders,
are figured from a scale of sixty parts, or minutes, made on the diameter of
their respective columns : see the scale a c on the Tuscan column, which is
first divided into twelve parts, and one and a half into five, and those parts to
be given to the mouldings in height and projection, as figured on the plate.
The column diminishes ten minutes as is figured on the plate.

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To proportion the Doric order on a subplinth, divide the line A B into twenty
five parts,!two of which are the diameter of the column at its base; give forty
— five minutes to the height of the subplinth ; give ten diameters to the height
of the coluInn, ,including base and capital, and one diameter and forty five
minutes to, the height of the entablature. If a pedestal is required, divide the
line C D into fifty seven parts, four of which are the diameter of the column
at its base ; give to the height of the pedestal two “diameters and thirty min-
utes ; give the column and entablature the same height as if they stood on a
subplinth. The triglyphs and mutules arethirty minutes in front; the distance
from centre to centre of triglyphs is seventy five minutes, which leaves the in- '
terval between forty five minutes, equal to the height of the frieze. Care should
be taken in placing columns and pilasters in this, and in the Ionic, Corinthian,
and Composite orders, so as to have the central line of them exactly under the
central line of triglyphs or modillions.

NOTE. The plancere of the mutule is represented with holes bored in it,
instead of bells, which will save one half the labour of making them 5 and, at a
distance of fifteen or twenty feet, look as well, if not better.

C

14 ' THE AMERICAN BUILDER’S COMPANION.

PLATE 5';-

To proportion the Ionic order, on a subplinth, divide the height 0’ c into
twenty seven parts; two of which are the diameter of the column at its base ;
give to the height of the subplinth forty five minutes; give eleven diameters to
the height of the column, including base andrcapital, and one diameter and
forty five minutes to the height of the entablature. If a pedestal is required,
divide the height a 5 into thirty one parts, two of which are the diameter of
the column at its base; give rtWO/ diameters and forty five minutes to the
pedestal; give the column'iand ,e‘ntablature the same heights as if they stood
on a subplinth. The modillions are eleven minutes front, and thirty eight and a
' half minutes from centre to centre. 'For explanation of capital, see plate 8.

Plate 5.

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PLATE 6‘.

,_ To proportion the Corinthian Order on a subplinth, divide the height a' c into
‘ twenty nine» parts, two of which are the diameter of the column at its base ;-
give'to the height of the subplinth forty five minutes; to the height of the
column twelve diameters, including base and capital, and one diameter and
forty five minutes to the height of the entablature. If a pedestal is required,
divide the height a 6 into thirty three parts, two of which are the diameter of
the column at its base; give two diameters and forty five minutes to the
pedestal; and give to the column and entablature the same height as if they
Stood on a Subplinth. The modillions are ‘twelve minutes in front, and thirty
five minutes from centre to centre. For explanation of capital, see plate 9.

is ‘ THE’AMERICAN BUILDER’S "COMPANION. .

 

PLATE 7.

THE general proportions of the Composite order, are the same as the
Corinthian. The proportions of the 'entablature are nearly the same as theDoric.
The planCere of the mutule-isgepresented with flutes-“CI'OSsing each other at
right angles. C is a section 'of the mutule, taken from A to B. The cornice A
was figured from the same scale of ‘ minutes-as the orders were, and may be
used with the columns of the Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, or Composite orders,
for inside or outside finishing, for frontispieces, or for capping of posts.

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,«%"‘TI?/¢\ 2‘4}. PLATE 8:» 1 it}: .. xiii: 1r: W‘q it»: 41-: ’3. ._,

~ ~ «*5 A, {CR3 I. , g, ,5; sink“. ." .A A, A a A
AAA A THE IONIC CAPITAL ~ ~‘ --

, THOUGH vCry ancient is still "very. ornamental and although we have laid
down several more modern ones, we have still given it a place; and have here
pointed out a better method than the one mostly used 1n the working of it.

BIG. 3. ‘
The mouldings (fig 3,) may be turned er worked out of a solid plank.

  

. FIG. 4. -
, d ahaCus may be made out of a solid piece of timber.- Let the
grain Of the wood; 3e horizontal. Those may be completely finished before

they arC put together.
FIG. 2,

pShews’the projection of the volute and abacus from the face of the column.

«a 7 FIG. 1,
Is the appearance when put together. The minutes may be got by dividing
the neck of the column 1nto fifty parts, which are called minutes.

~ FIG. 5,

Is a simple way of drawing a volute, the height 1s twenty four minutes,
which divide 1n twelve parts; No. 7 will be the centre of the eye. A square '
must be drawn in the centre of the eye the size of one of those parts or two
minutes. Those angles which are No. 1, 2, 3, 4., will be the four first centres.
This square being divided into four. parts both ways, will give four more
centres, 5, 6, 7, 8, which are all that arepwanted. A circle being described
at the angles of the square is the size of the eye. Erom 1 on the eye draw the 1
line from A to B, then from 2 on the eye draw the line frog B to C, and so

on until 1t is completed.
FIG. 6,

Is another method of drawing a volute laid down by Nicholson, which is a.
very easy way. It answers better for drawing than working, as it inclines to
to be oval, and has two many revolutions, which will make it appear crowded
when seen at a distance.

it; WWWIWWW 'Wrfiii'lMERICAN BUILDER’S COMPANION.
.1: ‘1 ”PLATE 9., _: 1‘ ' «a.»
EXPLANATION {f j -

THE CORIVTHIAN CAPITAL.

THIS beautiful piece of mechanism IS one of the most noble ornaments beW- ..
longing to the Whole Sysgeni ofArchitecture. \Ve have, therefore, not attempted
to alter its elegant fOr{I1, but have lightened it a little In some of Its parts, to
make It more conformable to our present style of building; and have laid down
an easy and better way of working It than is commonly practised. The
common way of carving it in wood, in this country, is, to get it out of a solid

piece of timber, which, for large ones is very difficult to obtain, and are lia— ’ ‘

ble to split when exposed to the $3,113,411ch they are very difliCult to work in
one piece. " ‘ ‘ “ 2
We have here laid (lOwn a method of- getting theIiIi out in pieces, which Will
:take less stock and stand better _; beside being much less trouble.
The first thing to be done 1s,Wto get outibur blocks, fig. 1, forty two minutes
square and sixty one minutes long; these being formed like fig. 2, and tacked
together, will form the block; the projection and height of all Its parts may be
got from fig. 4., and drawn on the block, after which, each quarter may be
worked separate. 4 The corners being taken off at C, fig. 2, Will give an
Opportunity of securing it to the bench, be niuch easier to get at to
relieve its parts, be in less danger of breaking, and likewise save some
“time in cutting a hole through to fit on the neck of the column. The abacus
may be got out of plank In four pieces in fOrm of A, fig. 3 and nailed or
dowelled together. The floWer, in the centre, must be made separate, and
nailed on; all the rest of the parts may be got from fig. 6.

— NOTE. As capitals are generally placed at a considerable distance above
the eye, their beauty does not .so much depend on the delicacy of their carving
as a strict attention to the proportion of their parts. A few bold and masterly

strokes will often produce a better effect, at a distance, than a great deal
of labor.

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THE AMERICAN BUILDER’S COMPANION. ' 197

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

ON

PLACING OF COLUM‘NS.

it

/ COLUMNS when well disposed of are very ornamental, and, in. some cases,
of real use ; but care ought to be taken, that they be properly placed in such
situations as they will appear to advantage, and in such numbers, and of
such size, as Will best suit the building on which they are placed. A
single column cannot be ornamental any where; nor can much be expected
from one being placed at each corner of a building ; ' nor a great deal from one
at each corner of a portico, although it is often done, and is sometimes suffi-
cient. ' a
Columns when placed within one, or one and a half diameter of each other,
maybe made smaller than if placed singly. They never ought to be placed at equal
distances from each other, if it can be avoided ; nor nearer to each other than
one half of their diameter. When more than two are wanted, the largest opening
ought to be left in the centre ; if more than four are wanted, place two of
them about one diameter from each other, at each angle of the portico or
building on which they are placed. When placed in front of a building, they
ought to stand in front of the piers, and never before windows or doors.
When they are placed one over another, they ought to be exactly so, and the
lightest on the top, as the stoutest is best calculated for support. Where one
column is placed on the top of another, the diameter, at the base of the upper
column, ought to be taken fromthe diameter of the neck of the lower one.
Columns for the support of galleries in churches, should be no larger than is
necessary to support the weight they have to sustain; on account of their occu-
pying too much room in the pews, and obstructing the sight of the congrega-
tion. The columns may be from twelve to fourteen diameters high; their

20 ‘ THE AMERICAN BUILDER’S COMPANION.

entablature taken from a scale made on their diameter. If columns are placed
over them for the support of the roof, they must'be'placed on a pedestal, which
will continue round the front of the gallery, and ought to be ornamented with
the base and cornice of the pedestal, or some other mouldings of their size, or
nearly so. Avoid making the cornice of the pedestal from five to nine inches,
and placing a small cornice (nearly the size the cornice of the pedestal ought to
be) just above the lower columns, which awkward manner of finishing fronts
of galleries is very often to be met with in churches and meetinghouses,
especially in country towns.

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m.

PL’A’TEWiO.
OF DIMINISHING, OF COLUMNS.‘

FIG. I.

DIVIDE the shaft of the column C D into four equal parts ; draw a half circle
at one quarter the height A B ; divide the remaining three quarters into six
parts ; take twenty five minutes, half the diameter of the column, at D ; place
one foot of the compasses on the central line of the column, with the other
foot at a right angle ; make a point on the circle B A; divide from B, on the
_ circle, to the line 50, and transfer the distances from I to I, 2 to 2, 3 to 3,
4 to 4, 5 to 5, on the circle A B, to I I, 2 2, 3 3, 4 4, 5 5, on the column,
and trace the curve line B I, 2, 3, 4, 5, to the neck of the column.

FIG. 2 AND 3,

Show the manner of laying out flutes and fillets on columns and pilasters,
. and of gluing up the column with four pieces of plank. The dotted lines 6 b
and b 12 show where the planks are glued, and a a a a shows the sections of

blocks glued in the internal part of the column to istrengthen the joints
6 b and b b.

FIG. 4,

Shows how to draw the ribs of a groin Ceiling. Let E D G F be the
plan, or sides of the room ; let A, be a given arch ; divide its , circumfer-
ence into twelve or more parts ; draw the diagonal line D F, which is the
base line of the angle bracket; draw lines from I, 3, 5, 7, 9, &c. on the
circle D G, cutting the base line D F at I, 3, 5, 7, 9, &c. and at right
angles to 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, Ste. then transfer the distances inA from I to 2, 3 to 4,
5 to 6, f: to 8, gm Io, toC, andBfrom I to 2, 3 to4, 5to6, 7to 8,9to
lo, and trace the curve D I, 3, 5, 7, 9, &c. on B, which completes the
side bracket, and D 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, &c. which complete the angle bracket C.

D

22 THE AMERICAN BUILDER’S COMPANION.

FIG. 5.

Shows how to find the form of a raking cornice, which will mitre
with a level one. Let No. I be the given cornice, No. 2 the raking cornice,
No. 3 return for an open pediment ; make the back of No. 2 at a right angle
with the raking line of the pediment, and cause the thicknesses at A B, I 2, 3 4,

5 6, 7 8, to No. 2 and 3 exactly to correspond with A B I 2, 3 4., 5 6, 7 8, of
No. 1, and trace the curves c 8, 6, 4, 2.

 

 

 

 

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THE AMERICAN BUILDER’S COMPANION. , 23

PLATE 11.
OF BASE AND SURBASE MOULDINGS, AND ARCHITRAVES.

TO proportion base and surbase mouldings to the pedestal part of rooms,divide
from the floor to the top of the surbase into ten parts, give one tothe height of the
surbase. Suppose the height from the floor to the top of the surbase to be two
feet, eight inches, one tenth would be three inches and one fifth of an inch,
which divide into as many parts as are contained in the height of the surbase
you make use of, and those parts given to the mouldings in height and pro-
jection, as figured on the plate. The same scale, or parts, will draw the base
mouldings in proportion to the surbase; let the plinth be from five to six
inches wide.

To proportion architraves to doors and windows, divide the door into eight
parts, give one to the width of the architrave. If a door is three feet six inches
wide, one eighth would be five and a quarter inches. Divide five and a quar-
ter inches, into as many parts as are contained in the architrave you make
use of, and those parts given to the moulding as figured on the plate. It is
very often necessary to vary this proportion, and oftener for inside of windows
than for doors. For example, if a door is three feet six inches wide, the open-
ing between the architraves to the windows of the same room, would proba-
bly be as much as four feet, four inches ; one eighth of which would be six
and a half inches, which would be very improper, as you would have two
widths of architraves in the same room. We therefore should advise to make
the architr‘ave to the window five and a quarter inches. Again, if a door
should be Six feet wide, one eighth of it would be nine inches, which would
be too large, and may be reduced to six and a half or seven inches. Some
judgment should be exercised respecting the situation in which architraves
are to be used. If they are on external parts of buildings, and at a considerable
distance from the eye, it will be proper to make them larger than if used on
internal finishing, and near to the eye.

24 THE AMERICAN BUILDER’S COMPANION.

PLATES 12 AND 13.
OF CORNICES-

TO proportion cornices to the eves of buildings, divide the whole height
into thirty parts, give one part to the height of the cornice. For example,
suppose a house to be thirty five feet high, divide thirty five feet into
thirty parts, and one thirtieth will be fourteen inches, which must be
divided into as many‘parts, as are contained in the height of the cornice you
make use of, and those parts given to the mouldings in height and projection,
' as figured on the plate. It is sometimes necessary to vary the above proportion.
If it is required to proportion a cornice to a basement story house of forty
feet high, and twenty five or twenty seven feet front, and unconnected with
any other building, we would recommend to divide the height into forty parts,
which would be twelve inches for the height of the cOrnice. Again, if a
house should be forty feet high, and from fifty to sixty feet front, or a block
of buildings from seventy five to one hundred feet front, one thirtieth may
not be too large for the cornice ; and if a house of two stories high, say
twenty five feet whole height, and from fifty to sixty feet front, one thirtieth
would be ten inches, which would not be large enough; we would in that case
advise to make it eleven and a half or twelve inches. A, is a copy of the
original drawing, for the eve cornice of that elegant house which was lately
built for Thomas Amory, Esq. in Park place, sixty four feet on Park street,
onerhundred and five on Beacon street ; walls sixty two feet high ; cornice
twenty inches high, which is about one thirty seventh part of the height ; the
drops, or bells, at the foot of the cornice, lie on the brick wall, so that the
bricks in the interval between the drops are plainly seen, and ought not to

 

Plate 12

  

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THE AMERICAN BUILDER’S COMPANION. 25

be considered as a part of the cornice. B C and D are intended for eve cor-
nices, and B C and D, on plate I 3, are also intended for eve cornices. The
entablature A, in plate 13, is intended for frontispieces, and is drawn from
the same scale of minutes as the orders, and may be used With any of their
columns. H G F E, on plate 12, and I H G F G, on plate I 3, are intended
for cornices for rooms, i&c. They may be made either of wood or stucco.

\Ve shall give as a general proportion for cornices to rooms, one fortieth
part of the height of the room. If a room is ten feet high, one fortieth will be
three inches, which is to be divided according to directions given for eve
cornices.

26 - THE AMERICAN BUILDER’S COMPANION.

REMARKS ON CORNICES.

1

AS cornices make a very considerable part of Architecture, there cannot be
too much care taken to make them appear to as much advantage as possible, and
to manage their mouldings so as to take up no more room than is sufficient to
answer the purpose; for it ought to be remembered, that every inch that is added
to the height of the cornice on the wall line, beside increasing size and expense, is
-- robbing so muchfrom the height of the wall,which is increasing another expense,
therefore a large projection ought to be recommended. It has always been
remarked, that the Doric cornice has a more noble appearance than the cornice of
any other order; and, by exarriination, we find that its parts are few in number, but
bare a just proportion to each other, and are of simple construction ; and that it
projects one fourth more than it rises on the wall line, which is one fourth
more than any of the other orders. Now, if this is all the Doric order has to
give it a preference, for it really has nothing else, we can easily imitate it ; at
the same time, make a saving of nearly one fourth part of the expense. As
we have had a good deal of practice in this part of our business, we have paid
particular attention to it. We have appropriated plate I 5 to prove, geometri-
cally, that the size and beauty of cornices do not so much depend on their
height as on their: projections ; but as that, and the size, are treated in their
places, we shall here only make a few remarks on their constructions.

The projection of a cornice ought to be, at least, one fourth more than’ its
rise ; the parts should be as few as possible, and those well proportioned ; not
crowd in any moulding that cannot be seen. About one half the projections
ought to be given to the plancere, which will prevent its looking bulky, and
give it a light appearance. Their fillets ought not to be too small, and to
have a good projection before each moulding ; at least as much as they rise.
Their quirks ought to be large, and as many as the cornice will admit of, as the

THE AMERICAN BUILDER’S COMPANION. 27

principal beauty or plaiii earhié‘és‘ depends on the. shadows Of their quirks.
When mouldings are ornamented, they may be larger than when plain, as
carving lightens them. They ought never to be too much crowded with
ornaments, but always leave a sufficiency of plain space to form a contrast.
Three embellishments are generally sufficient foganycornice, and one ought
always to be in the plancere. Stucco cornices admitiof “much greater variety
than wooden ones, but nearly the same rules apply to both.

Observe that the ornaments be bold, and proportioned to the heightpf the
room ; not to make the same mouldings serve for aroom of twenty feet high
that was modelled for one of ten ; and that they always be such as will appear
natural and open. In some cases where the room is low, the plancere may
be laid flat on the ceiling, or even sunk level with it. Their projection may
in some cases, be double their height, and their height, when enriched with
three ornaments, about a thirtieth part of the height of the room. Their pro-
jection ought, in some measure, to be conformable to the size, as well as their
height, to that of the room. This will admit of no exact rule ; therefore
must, in a great measure, depend on the fancy of the designer.

[0
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THE AMERICAN BUILDER’S COMPANION.

PLATE 14.

This plate represents six cornices, principally calculated for stucco, though
most of them may be done in wood if they are not too expensive. To propor-
tion any of them, take one thirtieth part of the height of the room, and divide it
into as many parts as are marked on their perpendicular line, which will be
the parts they are proportioned by ; then give to each member the number of
parts that are marked on them.

 

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' W PLATE 15. , : 'T““’“'“_”““

FIG. I.

A 13 a Tuscan cornice copied from Langley, and seen at an angle of fortywr'
-five degrees from the horizon, (fig. 2,) which is the angle cornices are commonly
seen at. B 18 a modern cornice, which IS only two thi1ds of the height. This
experiment proves, that a cornice, when seen at the angle of forty'five degrees,
maybe diminished one third of its height, and appear to the spectator to be
diminished only two elevenths ; and when seen at an angle of fifty degrees,
(fig. 3) which .is a little nearer to the building, it may be diminished one third,
and-only appear to be diminished one sixth. Now, by this it appears, that if
cornices are in the original orders one sixth too large, which they really are,
that they may be diminished one third, and have the appearance of being
diminished only one sixth, which will make .a saving of at least one fourth
of the expense, beside saving so much of the height of the wall of the whole
building, afid at the same time have a lighter and better appearance.

FIG. 4.
A is an ovolo, or quarter round, which is commonly used in the orders.
This figure shows the advantage of quirked mouldings. Beside looking bet-
ter, their size may be increased one third without increasing their height, as
seen by B, or their height may be diminished one third, without appearing

much less, as seen byC
E

30 ., {THE AMERICAN BUILDER’S COMPANION.

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“OF 11002115 ANn sASHEs. :1

A IS intended for an inside door. To proportion the frieze panel; divide
its width into four parts , give three of them to the height of the panel. All
the other parts are figured 1n feet and inches on the plate. ‘ .

B 13 intended for an outside door; divide the Width of the frieze pa‘nel1nto
five parts; give four of them to its height i

C D E and F sashes; and are intended to go over either inside or outside
doors. Their Small bars may be made of either W00d,'1ron, or pewter.

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THE AMERICAN BUILDER’S COMPANION. 31

'PLATE 17.
OF WINDOWS, &c.

4

FIG. I,

SHOWS the manner of setting a sash, frame stone cap and sill, into a
brick wall. To find the size of the keystone and bevel of the ends of the cap,
divide the lower edge of the cap into three parts, and the middle third into six
parts ; 'give two to the centre part of the keystone, and one to each of its
wings, with the distance I 2 ; make the dotted circular lines I and 2 intersect,
which is the centre for drawing the edges of the keystone. Take one half of
the line 3 a and set it to b ; draw the line 3 b, which completes the bevel of

the cap.
A Face of stone sill.
B Bead round sash frame, from one inch to' one and a half inches in

diameter.

FIG. 2,
Is a section of fig. I, taken from the top of the stone cap to the floor of the
, house.

E Section of stone cap.

F Section of cap to sash frame.
G Face of pulley. stile. '

H Section of sill to sash frame.
I Section of stone sill.

K Elbow.

:32

THE AMERICAN BUILDER’S COMPANION.

L L Shutters.
M Section of lintelover windows.
N Section of plank furring on brick wall.

0 Section of plastering.
P P P Section of brick work.

_ FIG. 3.‘
Section of sash frame set in a brick wall.

FIG. 4.
Section of stiles, panel, and mouldings of a shutter.

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THE AMERICAN BUILDER’S COMPANION.” 33

PLATE 18. Sig-.1} 3:73.11,“
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i ’V i. I; . II, U “ FIG.‘ I. .. 'r'.' Lf'CfJF if? ’TW‘
r Section of cap to sash frame.
~7- Section of somt. .j I _:‘",";T§_,:’,",._,?; A 11" i." LJ.’ :1 ,1.

13 Inside bead. '. 1i," i
g Parting bead. ' ' ‘
a outside lining.

FIG. 2.
Section of sill to sash frame, &c.

, 17 Inside bead. , , .

g Parting bead; the shaded part between I? and g is a sectibn of the bot-

tom rail of the sash.

a Outside lining.

t Section of sill to sash frame.

12 Section of back under window.

a Section of bead, tongued into sill of sash frame.

FIG. 3. ‘
Section of the meeting rails of the top and bottom sash, with the side ele-
vations of 'the upright bars. G E and F are plans for upright bars.

FIG. 4,

Is a section of a sash frame shutters, back lining, rough furrings, plastering
grounds, and architrave. I

a Section of outside casing.

& Section of pulley stile. ‘

c Section of inside lining.

d Section of back lining, next to bricks.
6 Section of parting strip. ‘

:34 THE AMERICAN BUILDER’S COMPANION:

f f Section of weights.

g Section of parting bead. '

12 Section of - inside bead. '

2' Section of sash stile.

k and 1 Section of shutters.*

m Section of back lining of the boxing, tongued into the ground.
:2 And inside lining c. '
,0 Section of 'architrave.

[5 Section of plank furring.
9 Section of plastering.

A B I and H Mouldings at large for shutters. C and D Mouldings at
large for doors.

I

9* THE hinge which hangs the shutter k, to the inside lining c, ought-to have one half of its
thickness letinto the inside lining c, which, by mistake, is not represented on the plate.

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THE AMERICAN :BUILDER’S COMPANION. 35

PDATE 19.
DESCRIPTIEIDN OF STAIRS.

-= t FIG. 1,. . p _ .
SHOWS the manner Of placing newels. They always ought to be placed so-
as to cause the extreme part of the nosing of the step to be flush with them, as
they are representhd bfit the dotted lines on the plate.

, 15.1G 2.
A is a“ newel for a plain staircase. D Side View of hand rail. B and B Sec-
tions of steps. C and C Section of risers. .
FIG. 3, _ . .
Shows the manner of framing carriages to circular stairs. a c d e b are the
ends of the plank riser. D is a side View of a plank riser. The shaded parts
are the mortaises to receive the tenons of ,6, 8:29 77 72 77 72 72 72 72 7e 72 are sec—

tions of open plan}: pagxtion.

FIG. 4, ,
Is an elevation of fig. 3, with the circular part stretched out. a c d e and (5
_ are the end views of the plank risers, and f g 19 z é side views of f g [7 z k. In.
fig. 3, the dotted lines show bOth mortaises and tenons to a f c g d I: e z' 12 and k. .
Z 772 are the sections of a stringboard made of plank of which I m in fig. 4. is
a side View

3.11 s.

at} THE AMERICAN BUILDERS COMPANION.

PLATE 20.

DESCRIPTION OF STAIRS.
How 2‘0 draw tbe scroll ofa 134ml mil to 1.4321137221773613?“ of revolutions. ,

__ FIG. A.

DRAW a circle from the centre y, G I 5 14 L K J 1H, about three and a half
inches 1n diameter, and divide the circumference 1nto eight parts , at the points
G I 5 I4. L K J and H through all those pOints, and from the centre y, draw
lines o, 4, I, 5, 2, 6, 3, 7. Suppose that y o is the distance you intend the
gentre of the scroll to be from the beginning of the twist ; from o draw [5
perpendicular to, o G on o,with the distance 0 G, make the quarter of a circle p G.

Now suppose it were requn ed to make two revolutions in this scroll; and, since
every rev olution contains eight parts,there will, of course,be sixteen in two revo-
lutions- , therefore divide the quarter circle [2 G mto sixteen equal parts,and draw
lines from each of those sixteen divisions, parallel With 0 1), cutting o G at I, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, IO, ”1 1, 12, 13,34 and 115,313). place one foot of the com-
passes, and extend the other to I on G 0 ;'make a point with the foot,
which falls on, I, at 1 on the outside of the rail; still keep one foot at y, and
take the distances 3/ 2, y 3v 3! 4, y 5, y 6, y 7, y ’8, y 9, &c. and prick
them down at ’2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,. &c. on the outside of the rail. To draw
the curv‘e’, draw the line a a parallel to o y, which is the beginning of the
twist ; and about two inches from the line a 3!, take the distance 0 y in your
compasses, and place one foot at I, on the outside edge of the rail, and inter-
sect the line a a at a, which is the centre for drawing the curve a I. Take
the distance I y in the compasses , place one foot at2 , and intersect the line
1 a, at l), which is the centre for drawing the curve I 2. Take the distance

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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THE AMERICAN BUILDER’S COMPANION. _ 37

2 y, and from 3, intersect the line I a at c, ‘which is the centre for drawing
the curve 2,’ 3. Take the distance 3 y, and from ‘4, intersect the line 2 b at d,
which is the centre for drawing the curve 3, 4. Take the distance 4 y, and
from 5-, intersect the line 3 c, which is the centre for drawing the curve 4. 5,
and so 'on, until the whole is drawn round to 14., which completes the outside
curve. To draw the inside, set off the thickness of ‘ the rail on the line a a,
and take the same centres which the Outside was drawn‘from. The curtail
step is also drawn from the same centres of the rail. V

To draw tliefizce mould.

FIG. B.

Make 7: f parallel to 2 6 on fig. A, and make f 3' equal to one riser; and draw
lines from g [7, cutting the lines I: f and 2 6 on fig.A at right angles,to the outside
of the scroll i j k l m n, &c. then continue those lines at right angles from
b g, as far as the whole breadth of the face mould; make the line 2 6, on B,
parallel to b g ; then transfer the distances from the line 2 6, on A, to the line
2 6, on B, 2' i, J j, )6 .6, ll, m m, n n, &c. and from those points, trace the curve
line of the scroll, which completes the face mould.

To draw we filling mould.

Make the pitch board C ; make (3 d equal to the tread of one step, and d 6
equal to one riser; divide d 6 in six parts, and draw the line I af 3, and make
I a equal to the distance from the face of the second riser to the beginning of
the twist ; make a 3 equal to the distance from a, on A, Where the twist
begins, to 3, where the rail becomes horizontal; divide f 7 on G, into seven
parts, also f 3 into seven parts, and, by intersecting the lines 3 f 7, the curve
of the. top of the rail is given.

F

33 THE AMERICAN BUILDER’S COMPANION.

To draw the inside filling mould.

The inside falling mould, D, is drawn in the same manner as the outside
falling mould, C, excepting its being shorter, which is occasioned by a differ‘
ence of length between the inside and outside of the twist part of the rail.

In practice the above mould should be drawn on and cut out of pasteboai'd,
which will bend round the rail.

E is a. design for nosing to steps, full size for practice.

ta

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X , THE AMERICAN BUILDER’S COMPANION. 39

RN ‘ ' 7r- -, 4,1
\ \\ PLA TE 21
i\, \
‘”‘ “~ tFIG. A

SHOWS how to find the moulds for mafimg biltqomts of a hand rail, when
got out of the solid. Let B C D E F G H‘I, be @fiplan of the winding steps
Let I 2 3, and I 2 3, be the plan of the inside and outside edges of the Iail.
Let I 2, and I 2, make the half of the circle; draw the linefg, also the
line I e, parallel to f g, divide from I to2 on f 3 into any. number of parts,
the more the truer, from 2 through a draw the dotted line 2 c d, at right an-
,‘ gles from I 6; make e 2’ equal to all the riseis from I to 2 on the plan, draw
the lines on; the plan of the rail I 2‘, aa, 44, 5 5, 66, 7 7, b 5, 2,4’ then
at right angles from the raking line of. the face mould, I 2, draw I I, q a,
4.4, 5 5, 6 6, 7 7, b b, a’ d, then transfer the'distances on the plan from I 2',
aa,44, 5_,5,66 77,65, 2d,toIi,aa, 44, 55, 66,77,135, (111,011
4 the raking line of the face mould, Which completes the outside of the face
= mould. The inside is got by taking the distances from the line f g, to the
inside of the rail, and setting them off at right angles from the raking line of
the face mould.
FIG B

Is the circular part of the Stringboard and rail stretched out straight. I I,
2 2, and 3 3, are lines at right angles With the rail, and show where the
joints are made. 1 and 3, show how to ease the {an Between the straight
and circular parts. The letters A, B, (3,11,11,11, G, H I, K, on the eleva-
tion of the stringboard B, correspond with the letters on the plan of the
steps in fig. A. ‘

FIG. C, __

ShoWs the finish of the bracket and nosing of i the step, and also how to

dovetail the banisters into the step. i ‘

FIG. D AND E,_
Are sections of hand rails, with all their centres for drawing marked on them,
which will make them sufficiently clear without any further explanation.

40 I THE AMERICAN BUILDER’S COMPANION.

PLATE 22.

FIG. 1,

IS a plan for a roof. 4, 5, 6 and 7, are the corners or angles of it. Sup-
pose a b on A to be the height or pitch of the roof. To find the length of
the hip rafter, draw the base line of the hip from the angle, 5 to 8, on the
centre of the beam; then set up the height of the pitch to 9, and at right
angles from 8,5, and draw the line 9, 5, which 1s the length of the hip.
To find the backing of hips, draw the line e i 17 f at right angles from the
base line of the hip, place one foot of the compasses at z', extend the other
to b, and turn it round to g, draw the lines g e and g j, which gives the
backing of the hip. This method will give the backing of any hip, square,
or bevel.

FIG. 2 and 3,
Are examples for principal rafters, &c. for roofs.

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FIG. 4.
This capital is one diameter in height ; the abacus is one sixth of its height,
which is circular. This capital, on account of its circular abacus, is parti-
cularly adapted to circular porticoes. The base may stand on the step without

a. plinth, which will look better than when put on one where the portico is
of circular form.

FIG. 5..

This capital is not fit for every situation, but will answer for windows or
shop fronts. It was used in the windows of the state house, in Boston, by
Charles Bulfinch, Esq. Where it is well adapted.

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THE AMERICAN BUILDER’S COA’IPANION. 43
PLATE 24»,

ARE four designs for ornamental mouldings. If intended to be finished
in stucco, they must first be modelled in clay. All the parts should be made
as open and free as possible, and proper leaves made to finish the miters,
both external and internal. Care must be taken to put them up perfectly
straight, and not to show any joinings.

In 01 der to model them, or any other moulding, good, fine tempered clay
should be provided, (pipe clay 18 best.) A templet must be made of wood, to
fit the profile of the moulding. Then run on a board, a piece of clay moulding
about a foot long, . This moulding may then be modelled to any pattern, and
a wax mould taken of it, which will do to cast a great number of feet.
In modelling mouldings, they ought to be cut as deep as possible, to give
them a bold appearance, and the parts not crowded too close together. After
they are cast theyamust be under cut, to releave them from their ground,
which will give them a rich and bold appearance. '

NOTE. They may be ailittle larger than plain mouldings that would be'
put in the same situation, and not: so much quirked, as it will be difficult to,
get them out of the moulds.

* i?
4.4:. * THE AMERICAN BUILDER’S COMPANION.

PLATE 25.

THREE DESIGNS FOR FRIEZES.

/ 0

‘TO model friezes for Stucco, the first thing to be done, is to prepare a
ground of clay, of proper size, and about half an ixf‘ch thick, which must
be floated perfectly even on a stiff board. The drawing of the frieze may
then be laid on it, and the outlines traced with a tool or pencil, which will
leave indented outlines on the clay. A sufficient quantity of fine clay may
then be laid on all the parts which are to be raised, With a small trowel or
tool. The artist will then exercise his own skill in embossing it to a proper
degree of boldness, according to the height of the room, and the good or
bad effect it may have, depends a good deal on this first emboss. This may
be performed with small spear shaped tools, made of Iron, wood, or bone.

kThe fingers must do a great part in rounding and softening its bold

pangs, when it is embossed, to have a proper effect. It may then be finished
by smoothng it with the fingers and small tools, using a small quantity of
oil. \Vhen the modelling is finished, and a mould taken off, it must be cast
with plaster of paris, and neatly undercut and relieved in all the bold parts.
The cornice and architrave should be finished before the frieze is put up, and
a sinking made in the wall to receive it, the thickness of the cast, so that
when finished, the ground of the frieze should be exactly over the line of
the wall. The casts must be soaked before put up, and the joinings finished
so as not to be seen. The same process Will do for any ornament that has
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THE AMERICAN BUILDER’S COMPANION. I . 45'

PLATE 26,

ARE leaves of centrepieces for ceilings. In modelling these, the same pro-
cess may be taken that is laid down for friezes, except that they must be
modelled and cast without a ground, and must be perfectly well trimmed,
and made as open in their raflleings as possible. Many things of this kind

may be copied from nature, and a great variety might be made that would
be very ornamental.

46 THE AMERICAN BUILDER’S COMPANION. '
PLATE 27, ' ,

ARE six designs for ornamental stucco ceilings, with some of their parts
enlarged. , .

It was not our intention when we first began this work, to lay down any
rules for ornamental stucco work, but merely to give a few examples by
drawings ; but as it has never before been attempted, to. our knowledge, and
our principal aim being to explain those parts of architecture which have
been overlooked by others, and willing to give the student every, informa-
tion in our power, although it is the most difficult branch in architecture to
learn, and still more so to instruct ; yet we hope the following hints will be
of some use to those who are young in. the business, and be no injury to
those who are well acquainted with the art of stucco working. When a ceil-
ing or walls of a room are to be ornamented, the first thing to be done after
the size, height, and form are known, is to draw a design; after which, all the
parts are to be drawn at large. When this is done, and the plastering finished,
which should be floated perfectly even, there are two ways of executing it
in stucco work, the first is by what is called laying it on by hand, which is
modelling it on the ceiling with stucco* with small iron or wooden tools.
This kind, if executed in a masterly style, is to be preferred, but where
workmen cannot be got to execute it, or its expense is too great, the parts
may then be modelled in clay, and moulds taken from them, and the orna-
ments cast with plaster of paris. Though this is not the best method, it is much
less expensive, and requires less skill to perform it ; and if well man-
aged will have a very good effect. In ornamenting ceilings, the figure should

9* The stucco is made of lime-putty, mixed with pulverised marble, or raw plaster of paris,
with sometimes a little white sand and a little white hair, to prevent it from cracking. The mixture
‘is then put on a dry brick wall for twenty four hours, after which it is taken off and well beaten,
and put on again. This is repeated for four or five days, when it will be fit for use. This prep-
aration makes it tough, and prevents it from cracking. ’

THE AMERICAN BUILDER’S COMPANION. 47

be of a proper boldness and strength of shadow to the height of the room,
and be significant of its use. They ought to be such as will appear ornamental,
or they had better be left out; and those parts which are cast with grounds be
sunk level with the line of the ceiling, or they will have a heavy appearance.
When a room is low, all the parts of the ornaments should be correctly
finished, with very delicate strokes, and light in proportion to the height; ‘
yet to preserve a proper boldness of tint. When a room is very high, there
may be bold and well placed strokes, Without regard to a great deal of deli-
cacy. The principal Object is to show a sufficient quantity of shadow,.to give
it a rich and bold appearance, without having the parts too large and heavy.
A ceiling may sometimes be panelled to advantage, but ought not to be laid
out in too many geometrical figures. Regard ought to be paid to the use of
a room, as it is as easy to introduce emblematical subjects as those void of
meaning. An ornament, however well executed, is not fit to be put in
every room. Those that would be exceedingly well adapted to a dancing
room, for instance, would be ridiculous if 'put in a church or a courthouse ;
or even those modelled for a drawingroom or a bedroom, would not be fit
for a diningroom or a hall. ,

In ornamenting a diningroom, there may be introduced grapevines,
wheat, barley, or fruit of any kind; cups, vases, &c. or any thing that
denotes eating or drinking; but care must be taken to group them in some“
graceful form.

In a drawingroom, foliage, wreaths, festoons, or baskets of flowers, with
myrtles, jessamines, convolvalus, roses, &c. displayed with taste, and in a
lively manner. Every subject that is introduced, ought to approach as“ near
‘ to nature as art will admit of. A hall, saloon, or staircase, ought to exhibit
something Of more solidity and strength. Therefore trophies of dilTerent
kinds may be introduced, and not so highly ornamented as the rest of the
house. \Ve would not recommend the last mentioned apartments to be
finished higher than the Doric order, if regard is paid to any. It is to be
remembered, that objects are not to be dispersed about a room withOut order,
but should be grouped into trophies with a great deal of judgment, and care

48 THE AMERICAN BUILDER’S COMPANION.

taken to give them as easy and natural’ an appearance as possible, and
introduce nothing that will look stiff or mechanical. To imitate nature
requires a great deal of art. A trophy of love may be composed of cupid’s
bow and quiver, hymen’s torch, doves or a wreath of roses, myrtles‘or
jessernins, &c. &c. A trophy of music ; harps, violins, flutes,- hautboys,
music book, French horn, with laurel branch, &c. A trophy of "War;
drums, fifes, trumpets, swords, battle axes, fascine, colours, palm branches,
&c. or any warlike implement. A trophy of peace; a caduceus, doves, olive
branch, a sword, burning, &c. &c. Atrophy of commerce; the anchor and
rudder of a ship, bales, truuks, cornucopias, with other articles of com-
merce. A trOphy of navigation ; anchors, cable's, rudders, mariners’ compass,
speaking trumpet; quadrant, pendant, &c. &c. A trophy of agriculture;
wheat, corn, scythes, si'ck'lés, rakes, forks, flowers of any kind, &c. &c.

 

   
  

 

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THE AMERICAN BUILDER’S COMPANION. 49

PLATE~ 28.

CONTAINS eleven designs for chimneypieces ; some of which are plain,
and some ornamental. Care should be taken, hOWever, not to overload them
‘with ornaments, as they are exposed and liable to be broken. The propor-
tion of chimneypieces we are obliged to leave to the judgment of the work-
man ; for, in our opinion, no exact rule can be laid down that Will answer for
every room. A room, however small, must have a fireplace large enough
to be useful, and should the same proportion be used in a room of twenty feet
high, and large in proportion, it would be so large as not to look well, and
be too high in the opening for the smoke to ascend Without spreading into
the room. It will be found by Count Rumford’s experiments, that the nearer
the throat of the chimney is to the fire the better the draft. The smallest
Opening should never be less than two feet nine inches in height, and the
largest ought not to be higher than three feet two inches, but tWo feet eleven
inches will be found to be a useful height for common rooms, and the width
may be about four feet. ' ' —

50 THE AMERICAN BUILDER’S COMPANION.

PLATE 29.

FIG. 1,
IS a door intended for inside finishing, where the size of the room is such
as to require more than architraves. The architrave may be one eighth of the
opening , the frieze and cornice may be one eighth of the height of the
opening (which ought to be too diameters) and may be proportioned by any
of the orders. The truss is one twelfth of the height; the tablet one third
more, the side pilasters may be the same width as the architrave.

5

FIG. 2,

Is a front door with only two columns or pilasters. This 18 intended for a
situation that will not admit of more in width, and where there 13 sufficient
height. The entablature may be proportioned by the Corinthian order, with
fancy capitals of one diameter in height. The tablet may be one half of the
Whole width of the frieze in length, but not less than two of its diameters.
Where there is sufficient room, and the expense not too great, we would
always recommend more than two columns, as a single column on each side
of a door has but a naked appearance.

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THE AMERICAN BUILDER’S COMPANION. 51

O

i ' PLATE so.

. FIG. I,

IS a Venetian door, calculated for a brick house. Where a great deal of light \
is wanted, the pilasters may be fifteen or fixteen diameters ; the architrave
the same size ; the side lights may be two thirds the height [of the opening.
This kind of door is very fashionable at present.

FIG. 2,

Is a front door, calculated for a low story, that will admit of no light over
the door. The Whole height is seventeen diameters of the column. The block-
ing, course, and tablet, help to make up the deficiency of the fanlight.
It will be seen, that the columns and pilasters of this door are very slender,
‘which ought always to be the case when placed very near together.

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THE AMERICAN BUILDER’S COMPANION.

PLATE 31.

CONTAINS two designs for trusses; four for key stones; with a profile plan,
and front of a modillion. It would be absurd to confine the student to any
particular dimensions for trusses, as their: “situation mustr,—~..in a great measure,
determine their size and dimensions. We frequently see them, and with pro-
priety too, of every size and dimension. 'We would, h0wev’er, recommend
them to be made with less projection than is commonly practised. Key
stones are less used now than they were formerly. The ancients used them in
almost every door or Window. This might be going to excess, but they are
very useful, as Well as handsome, in some situations ; serving to wedge and
strengthen the arch, as well as to give its centre a bold and conspicuous appear-
ance. If: ornamented, they ought to be bold and striking, and emblematical
of the building. Masks or heads are the most proper ornaments for them, if
well executed.

 

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THE AMERICAN BUILDER’S CbMPANION, 53

- PLATE 32.
Seven Designs for chz'sz‘ers, and five Design: fir U rm.

TO proportion banisters, the height must be first found, then divide it
into six part-s, one of which will be the diameter; the plinth is one half
the diameter, the abacus one third. In whatever-form they are made, let
them be slender at top, and stout at bottom.

Banisters, when used for balustrades, may be considered as a pedestal to
an order, and the proportion may be the same. When a balustrade is placed
over an order, its height must be the same as the entablature it stands on ;
there is no situation that requires them to be lower, but it is often necessary
to make them higher. The plinth of the balustrade must be placed exactly
on the line of the wall ; if on the top of a house, or if on an Ientablature, it
must be perpendicular over the frieze. We frequently see balustrades project
out as far as the nose of the cornice, but this is a very bad and unnatural
practice, for should another order be put on such a balustrade, it would cer-
tainly break down the cornice.

Urns admit of a great variety of forms, and when wellexecuted, will be
very ornamental in their proper places, but they ought not to be used in every
situation. The ancients used them to deposit the ashes and bones of the dead,
and for sacred uses only ; and while the mind is impressed with these ideas,
it cannot be pleasing to see them in every situation. Their use ought to be
principally confined “to monuments, wall' pieces, churches, mausoleums,

mourning pieces, &C. &c..
H

54, THE AMERICAN BUILDER’S COMPANION;

PLATE 33,

Plan and Elevation fir a small Town/50mg.

No. 1.
Kitchen and cellar floor, twenty seven by twenty five feet, from out to out.

a Cellar, nine by twenty two feet.
5 Kitchen, sixteen by fifteen feet.
e Kitchen closet, six feet square.

No. 2.

Parlour floor.

.11 Parlour, sixteen feet square.
6 Breakfast room, eight feet six inches by sixteen feet.

3 China closet, six feet square.
leront entry, eight feet six inches by six‘feet.

No. 3.
Chamber floor, with the dimensions figured on the plate.

3'

No. 4.
Upper chamber floor, with all the dimensions figured on the plate.

 

 

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THE AMERICAN BUILDER’S COMPANION:

in
C71

\ ' ~ ' PLATE 34.
Plan and Elevation ‘fir a Townbouse.

. No. I.

0

~ Basement story floor, twenty five by thirty seven feet.

a Kitchen, fifteen feet six inches by seventeen feet, in the clear.

6 Breakfast or counting room, fifteen feet six inches by tWelve feet
six inches.

No. 2. »
Parlour floor.
c'andd, Parlour and dining room, fifteen feet six inches by seventeen feet.

f China closet, seven feet by six feet.
a Library, seven feet square.

No. 3.
Chamber floor.

g Spare chamber, thirteen feet six inches by seventeen feet.

2' Lady’s or gentleman’s bedchamber, fifteen feet six inches by seven—
teen feet.

é Dressing room, seven feet by six feet.
I: Small bedchamber, nine feet by twelve feet.

Glass. in basement story, eleven by seventeen inches, six lights each window.
Principal floor, eleven by sixteen inches, twelve lights each window. Chamber
floor, eleven by fifteen inches, twelve lights each window. Upper chamber
floor, eleven by fifteen inches, nine lights each window.

es THE AMERICAN BUILDER’S COMPANION,

PLATE 35.

Plan and Elevation fir a Tami/Jame.

No.1.

Basement story floor, fifty four by thirty five feet.
a Hall, or principal entrance,
5 Kitchen, tWen‘ty feet square.
6 Office, eleven by twenty feet.
42’ Library, ten by twenty feet.
6 Storeroom, ten by eleven feet.

No. 2.
Parlour floor.

f Diningroom, twenty by thirty feet, in the clear.
3 Parlour, twenty feet square.

la Breakfast room, eleven by eighteen feet.
z'vPantry, or china closet, ten by eleven feet.

A, Represents that part of the railing which is placed exactly over each
window; from a to 5, is the width of the Window ; from b to c, is a part
of the panel and railing, which is placed over the peers, between“ windows.

Glass, in basement story, six lights in a window, of twelve and a half
by twenty three inches. Principal 'floor, twelve and a half by twenty one
inches ; twelve lights to each window. Chamber story, twelve and a half by
twenty inches; twelve lights each window. Upper chamber floor, twelve

1nd a half by nineteen inches ; nine lights each window.

.222. x . it
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f Gellar, seventeen feéfi‘square.

c Kitchen, seventeen by twenty one

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72 Foumlwationv of step

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1 Back stairs and entry.
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THE AMERICAN BUILDERSCQMBANIOE " . 59
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WHICH contains fi peggs ion? thelfirstv~ floorfandivvill accommodate about 1

. ich will be" suflioi‘ently large for most country par-
front gallery, is. intended to come exactly, over the
‘ncluding théJéVe themes, is ' thirty three feet high.
.~ cut one tv‘venty eighth parts: of thirty three feet;
I ‘1'er, about one twenty sfifth? part’of 1 the ' height,
ake the cornice to the next story, which is an
. of the height, which is nine inches. The cornice
a be proper for aggieve cornice; and D, on plate
zie.tower. D, on plate thirteen, for the cornice

four hundred people,
ishes. The front 0
partition A. The w
Make the eve Corni
make the cornice t:
which is eleven 1 0
octagon, one twen
B, on plate
twelve, for the
to the next story.

 

'1: story, are to contain twenty four panes of glass,

4'

31% id story, twenty eight panes of glass, ten by
i ilt of wood, and on account of its

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panels.

The eve cor-nice is taken from B, on plate twel’: , 1151-3 one twenty eighth
part of the height. The3 third story of the pore . , ,.' ortioned exactly
after the Doric order, as laid down 1n this book. The cornice to the attic

fataken from D, on plate

the level parts of the ceiling, ,.a§1211116nted with sunk

 

   

inches. Windows of the second star-7'1”“ ' fiofifglass,
of eleven by sixteen inches. Wmdows 113.; hefllrd story of the porch C911...
tain twenty eight panes of glass, eleven ‘_ ; :31 w1thc1rc ., . heads.

  

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64 THE AMERICAN'BUILDER’S COMPANION.

Over 19 and i may be two lobbies, about fifteen by seventeen feet each ; and
over the circular seats c c c, a gallery, which will contain about one hundred
people. It is intended to have a dome in the ceiling over the courtroom, of
thirty feet diameter, and to rise above the’horizontal ceiling five feet.

 

 

 

Plate 43‘

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THE AMERICAN BUILDER’S COMPANION. 65'

PLATE 43.
An Elemitz'on gfz‘be‘ U 722760! State: Bank, in Boston.

THIS building was erected in seventeenihundred and ninety eight, and was
designed by Charles Bulfinch, Esq. _Its front is about fifty feet, exclusive of
the Wings, which are only gateways ; the front is finished with Philadelphia
bricks ; the balustrade and cornice are Bath stone ; the pilasters, arches, &c.
are marble ; the eagle, capitals, and other ornaments, are artificial stone.
This building, though small, is very just in its proportions, and is entitled to
the name of the neatest public building in the state.

66 THE AMERICAN BUILDER’S COMPANION.
i ' PLATE 44..
, no. 3.

Section of’ the »United States Bank, Boston. The bankingroom occupies
two stories in height, with a gallery around it. >
' FIG. 2.
Ground plan.
A Bankingroom. ’
i B B Day vault.
C Messengers’ room,
E Passage.
D ' Staircase.

FIG. I.
Plan of vault, ézc.

A Great vault.
B Area around vault.
(3 Stairs. _ i _ p ,
The vault is arched over, and built with a very thiCkwall. The floor is laid
with very large and hard stones ; the least of them' weighs upwards of a ton.
We cannot say that we have in this plate done justice to the design of the
building. We had none of the drawings to go by, nor had we an opportu-
nity of being on the spot to take the dimension. It is, however, allowed to be
one of the most secure deposits for cash in the United States.

THE AMERICAN BUILDER’S COMPANION. 67

OBSERVATIONS

0:: building gf Houses, to elucidate tee preceding plans, and assist the
student in the practical parts.

THE first thing to be done in planning 3a house, is to know the wants of
the person who is to dccupy it ; the next, to know the situation of the ground
it is to cover ; then to take into consideration the number, size, and height
of the rooms wanted ; also, proper and convenient stairs, entries, passages,
&c. ' Let the kitchen be situated, so as to have as easy a communication
with the dining and breakfast rooms as possible ; let the 'pantry or china
closet communicate with the diningroom by a door, and2with the passage
from the kitchen by a door or window. Place the doors in such a manner
as to make the distance from one part of the house to the other, as short as
possible; still keep uniformity in view, as it is one of the greatest beauties
in architecture ; yet convenience ought not to make too great a sacrifice to it.
The eye ought to see, at the same time, every part of the building, and be
sure that no one part of it interferes with another; also, to see that the
rooms are properly lighted, and at the same time, that there are a sufficient
number of windows, and of a size suitable for the external part of the
building. .

Strength, convenience, and beauty, are the principal things to be attended
to. To have strength, there must be a good solid foundation; and never
place piers over openings of windows or doors. Openings of windows or
doors in different stories, ought to be exactly perpendicular, one over the
other. Care ought to" be taken, not to place heavy girders or beams over
doors 0r windows, or to lay timber of any kind under fireplaces. As to the
proportion of windows to rooms, we do not believe any certain determined
rule can be given for their height and breadth, although there are several
European writers, who have given rules for their proportion. “’6 think sir

\

W" .i _ a.
68' THE arrears-EN; mime comANEoN.

\Villiam Chambers has given the best proportion of any one we have seen,
yet we do not find it to answer in all cases; he adds the depth and the
height of the rooms on the principal floor together, and takes one eighth part
thereof for the width of the window.‘ The Width and 'height of doors,
depends on the size and height of rooms in; some; degree, although there is
not any room so small as not to require a door sufficiently large for a person
to pass through its opening. In the course of our own practice, we have
made doors for rooms of sixteeriwliy‘ eighteen or twenty feet, and ten feet
high, three feet wide, and seven feet or seven feet two/inches high. When
rooms have been twenty by twenty three or twenty four feet, and twelve or'
fourteen feet high, we have madethe doors three feet six or .seven inches
wide, and seven feet eight inches, or eight feet high 3 [all the doors in the
same room ought to be of the same size, except VVhCI‘C-itWO’ doors are placed
together'between the two principal rooms, which are called folding doors.
They ought to be made from eight to twelveiinches higher than the other
doors of the room, or they will, on account of their width, appear to be
lower than the others ; these folding doors are commonly used in Boston,

,and are very convenient, particularly so when placed between Small rooms,

both for the circulation of air, when windows and doors are opened, and for
the reception of large companies.

The size of outside doors, must be governed by the building 1n which
they are placed. If 1n a townhouse with a narrow front and small windows
on each side, like plate thirty four, three feet four or six inches, will do very
well for its width, but if wanted fora large house, and without side lights,
it ought to be made much wider; say from three feet ten inches to four feet ;
and in some cases, four feet four or six inches wide, and’nev‘er less than two
diameters high. ‘

The chimney ought not to project into the room more than from. fifteen
to twenty inches if it can be avoided, and care should be taken to place them
on the most convenient side of the room. For size of fireplaces, ,see‘expla-
nation of chimney pieces. Never make the funnel less than twelve inches
square, and if there is sufficient room, sixteen inches is a good size where
a fireplace is about four feet between the jambs.

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS._

‘rLATE

1 Geometrical lines . . . . . . .’ . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 Eighteen different Designs for Mouldings . . .‘ .
3 Tuscan Order . . . . . . . V. . l.
4. Doric Order . . . . . . . . . . . ~
7 .5 Ionic Order . . . . . . . . . . . .
6 Corinthian Order . . . . . . . . . . .
7 Composite Order . . . . . . . . . .
8 Ionic Capital . . . . . . . . . _. .
9 Corinthian Capital . . . . . . . . . .
General Observations on placing of Columns . . .

O O D O O O O Q I
C O o O a I o O n

I O n u 0 I O

10 Diminishing, gluing up, and fluting Columns and Pilasters, Brackets for
Groind Ceiling, and Raking Cornices . . . .

11 Architrave, Base, and Surbase Mouldings . . .

12 and 13 Cornices for both inside and out . . . .
Remarks on Cornices . . . . . . .

14 Ornamental Cornices . . . . . . . .

15 Geometrical view of two different Tuscan Cornices . . . . .
16DoorsandSashes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17 and 18 Sashframe, Sashes, Shutters, Mouldings at large for Doors and Shutters,
Stonecap, and Sill for Windows . . . . . . . _. .
19,20and2iStairs.......................
22 Designs for Roofs . . . . . . . . . . . .

23 and 24 Fancy Capitals and Mouldings . . ' . . . . . ‘
25 Ornamental Friezes . . . . . . . . . . .

26 Water, Parsley, and Acanthus Leaves . . . . . . . . . . . .

K

 

1A6:

11
12
13
14-
15
16
17
18
19

'21

23
24s
26
28
29

$ 03
$330913

  

 

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Wiri- fr- ‘4‘». magi“

“ 27' Fragments for Cexhngs

 

E; Q i 3.4; .‘ '2 I v~ 2"“: . .
28 Fragments for Clumneypleces . . 3 . . .3 .. . 5
29321330 Frontispaeces ‘ 3' - . «:31. .53“; '

2' 32 Banisters am Umw ‘ a -.
33 and 34. Plants and EleVatio‘ns for £370 small Townhouses

1 o '0 o

35 Planaahd Elevende 3 Towflumse . ' 3 . . *5 . .;"3:'
36 and 37 Plans and Elefatlo‘ns for “$0 Countryhouses . . T. . ’v’.
38 and 39 Plans? Twirl) Elévations fOF €330 Meethlghmises . . “'.
~ 40 Plan 9313 Elevation for a _ ' e . . . " 3. .
41 Section of Plate ’39, 8:6 . 3 1; ““16 . '3‘.” L. .
, 42 Plan and Eileva’éidh fora Courflxohs "‘ ‘1” .1 {F T.

43 and“ Plans, Elevation, ahd Section oftfiehrm‘fifiifik
' ‘ E 0b3ervatmnsan bulldmgof Houses, 8:02 . .' . . ."l‘?

31 Corinthian; Moaxlliofi, 'I‘i'usseSfiK‘eysfbnefi W If ‘45

.Irq 3V

  

   

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W ALKE R’S Critical Pronouncing Dictionary.

Iohnson’ s Dictionary, with Walker’ 5 Pronuncia-
tion. . ..

Johnson’ 5 Dictionary 1n miniature.

Webster’s Dictionary.

Cumberland’s Memoirs.

Secret History of the Court and Cabinet of St.
Cloud.

Mariners’ Chronicle, 4 vols. 12 mo. containing
an account of the most remarkable ship‘wrecks,
fires, famines, 8m. &c. by Archibald Duncan,
Esq. late of the royal navy. .

Life and pOi1t1ficate of Leo the Tenth, 4 vols.
8 v0.

American Letters from Europe, 2 vols.8 v0“

This work contains a series of letters during

‘ THEY DESIGN TO KEEP CONSTANTLY FOR SALE,
A great variety of Mathematical Instruments; draWing, Writing, and letter paper, together
with liléevé’s Colours, India ink, Camels’ hair and lead pencils, of the best quality. Those gen-

semen who design to make Architecture their study, Will find it for their interest to apply as ,
share, to furnish thérfisei‘ves with books and every other article necessary to facilitate their study.

 

SAID E. 8: B. HAVE NOW IN PRESS,

ROLLIN’S ANCIENT HISTORY,

IN EIGHT VOLUMES OCTAVO,
TO BE ILLUSTRATED WITH SEVERAL USEFUL MAPS.

THIS work will be comprised 1n eight volumes 8 v0. of 500 pages each. The price to subserib-
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nonsubscribers the price will be considerably enhanced. It is printing on a superfine paper, with
an elegant, new pica type, cast at Philadelphia expressly for the work. It is the intention of the
publishers to print it in a style superior to any edition heretofore published.

 

ALSO FOR SALE,
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School Books of every description; Psalm and Prayer Books; a variety of religious Tracts,

‘fi

No.12, CORNHILL, BOSTON,

f4

   
  
 

a tour through Switzerland and Italy, 1n th V V
'years of 1801 and 1802; Written by a nati
of Pennsylvania. ;_

Massilon’s Charges,- by Bishop of Clermont,
addressed to his clergy._:

Ewel’s Discourses.-

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THE

I x
‘ . LAY OF THE LAST MlNSTREL.
.A POEM-A '
BY WALTER SCO'f‘T, ESQUIRE.

 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
  
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 

1’ T HIS elegant POEM has received great encomiums from the European Reviewers; and the fol-
‘ lowing flattering commendation is taken from the Monthly Anthology, of October, 1806, printed
at Boston. . V '

_ “ European Reviewers have so justly displayed theheauties, and appreciated the merits of
this interesting composition, that we have little, if any thing, to add to their remarks ; but we cor-
dially join them in praising a poem, ‘which has afforded us exquisite pleasure, and which “ has
raised its author to a permanent rank among the classical poets of his country.”

“ In towns, where trade occupies every thought, at all times and-seasons,and in every company
monopolizes the greatest share of conversation ; where its maxims and spirit pervade every class
of society, and would confine all mental exertion within its own contracted sphere ; it must be pe-
culiarly gratifying'to the few, whose faculties are not shackled and benumbed, to read of other
times, of other manners, of other men 5 with different objects in view, with more ardent, as well
as nobler passions : and whose vices, while they neither exceeded in number or enormity those
of later times, were balanced by many virtues ; among which unbounded generosity, steady friend-
ship, faithful love, and heroic valour, shone conspicuous. It is therefore with great satisfaction that
we strongly recommend, to the rising generation particularly, this vivid effort of genius and
’ learning ; but as it is probable more attention will be paid to samples, than to mere recommend-
ation, we shall select a few specimens and vouch for the goodness of the whole.”

THE Editors of the Monthly Anthology, after selecting nearly two pages from this poem, and
clothing them in the highest terms of commendation, close with the following just and pertinent
v remarks.

“We pretend not to say we have selected the most beautiful passages of this delightful poem,
but they struck us as possessing great force and beauty; nor do we fear, that those, who can feel
with the poet, will think our quotations too long, or numerous. If our admiration, warmly CX-;
pressed, can induce many to read the book, it may kindle the pure and ardent flame of native
genius in bosoms, where the spark now lies dormant; and the view of its rare excellence may
repress the presumption of obtrusive poetasters, who would not pester the public with so many
vavid rhymes, clumsily strung together, did they not mistake pertness and selfconceit forbrilliant
talents and uncommon powers.”