LAB DAILY «~~ LV Filmed & Processed by the Library Photographic Service University of California Berkeley 94720 2 22 fa 12 gaz cle ll22 “22 Il lls Oo l= NO On Il B MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHARI NAT ( N Al Bl INCHES 1 METRIC 1 2 6 8 10 11 1,2 13 14 1 DOCUMENT SOURCE: “Maw an Wh Une, of Coty, Ake. v FIRES AN BRT Be WS SSUER iE - Position Filming Unit no. UNKNOWN a. Stata gr TH ET —— THE MASTER NEGATIVE ,FROM WHICH THIS REPRODUCT ION WAS MADE, IS STORED UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF THE LIBRARY PHOTOGRAPHIC SERVICE, ROOM 20, MAIN LIBRARY, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA 9 4 7 2 0 FOR ADDITIONAL REPRODUCTION REQUEST MASTER NEGATIVE NUMBER 1083 hw Str Sees Il SIXTEEN YEARNS CHILE AND PERU From 1822 ro 1839. BY THE RETIRED GOVERNOR OF JUAN FERNANDEZ. But thou Defoe, o’er that lone isle has thrown A spell so potent, who hath felt it not? Unto my boyhood "twas a fairy spot; Yet to my fancy so familiar made. I seem’d as well to know creek, cave, and grot, Its open beach, its tangled greenwood shade. As if I there had dwelt, and Crusoe’s part had played.” BAarTON. nA 55 THF. R IN [IRIVERSITY QE CAL IrgRsS iF HM OA WW 4 FISHER, SON, AND CO. NEWGATE STREET, LONDON; RUE ST. HONORE, PARIS, Fe] x mopuo ‘o)) x uog CIOS] "VINK dO SEANONLSO0D "RH propmy kL al R= ee Bc age DEDICATION, THIS WORK IS INSCRIBED, AS A TOKEN OF RESPECT, TO THE NOBILITY, CLERGY, AND GENTRY, WHO HAVE HONOURED IT WITH THEIR PATRONAGE, BY THEIR MOST OBEDIENT, AND VERY HUMBLE SERVANT, i 1 | EEN eee Vr? PREFACE. Captain Basi. Have has published a sixth edition of his work, entitled ¢ Extracts from a Journal written on the coasts of Chile, Peru, and Mexico, in the years 1820, 1821, and 1822,” in the advertisement of which we find the following allusion to the momentous scenes passing at that period :— “ A similar work, or one executed on the same plan, at the present moment, after an interval of nearly twenty years, would unquestionably afford matter for one of the most interesting, and perhaps useful, comparisons between promise and perform- ance that the political world has ever witnessed. “Such a task, however, could be executed only by an eye-witness, who, with equal opportunities to those which I enjoyed, and no less fidelity and dili- gence, should unite higher powers of observation, and greater capability of giving them effectual expres- sion. For the describer of the present state of things in South America would be required, not only to relate what he should actually see, as I have at- vi PREFACE. tempted to do, but to trace and expose the causes as well as the probable consequences of the dreadful unting in some places almost to anarchy—which, to the sorrow of every lover of itical freedom and of social improvement, t00 y of that magnificent state of confusion—amo pol deeply characterises the societ continent. « Nevertheless, when preparing this editio the press, I set on foot some inquiries—not indeed with a view to any change in the text—but to the ‘troduction of such explanatory notes, as might help to throw light on the progress of those stupendous events of which I saw only the commencement. But I soon discovered that, so far from these researches enabling me to furnish information to others, they only tended still further to mystify my own notions ; at last I gave up the inquiry in perfect despair, o touch a word of my original nar- London, March, n for resolving neither t rative, nor to add anything new.”— 1840. Encouraged by these remarks, I have ventured to write the following work, presenting my readers with a narrative of sixteen years’ residence in South Ame- in the course of which I have described, in detail, the manners and customs of the natives of Chile ;—their struggle for independence,—and the unfortunate political convulsions which have occurred, since their final emancipation from Spain, up to the period of the establishment of the government now rica ; vii PREFACE. in authority, and which tolerated the following dis play of ingratitude. ae “ At the commencement of our political emanci pation, we committed the error of admitting ito our service various adventurers of the old world who, if they were allowed to assist us in that e ey a time ought to arrive when their services i not be required by us; but to our misfortune, many still remain with their respective grades, and io Pp tolerated till now, we have at I tae Taotives to separate them entirely from the service It is our wish that government would take this ie | consideration, and ordain it so, that in the servic of the republic, we may only observe Chilians, fo i is those that at all times have given to it a ’ \ and unfading glory.”— El Cura Monardes; Santia i . March, 1838, by Portenos de Valparaiso oe - a other eulogy could be expected from the 1] wi Ti of a faction, composed of the partizans of T he following reply, however, from the pen of an | eminent citizen, proves that the Chilian patriots were ! Dries incapable of depreciating our services. Pr be ¢« El Valdiviano Federal,” Santiago, * Let it be the editor of the ¢ Valdiviano Federal,’ at 1s supported by government, [ironically] that will take it upon himself to contradict dices gpublications. hi EE viil PREFACE. « During the first years of our emancipation, the government invited foreigners to come and establish themselves in this country, and in the meantime offered to them the most generous hospitality. A number have emigrated ; it is a pity that they have not been more numerous—and what benefits have we not received from them ? They have taken part in our war of the independence, and in proportion as our dangers increased, so did their zeal and endeavours in favour of American liberty. « The following is a notorious, and an interesting anecdote ; whilst we were assembled in the municipal hall, on the very day that the news of the dispersion and defeat of our army In Cancharayada arrived, and when every one had abandoned all hopes of being enabled to save their country, twelve Englishmen and one of them, Mr. James Barnard, (an ,) spoke as follows :—* The Patria have come to offer our willing to sacrifice our entered ; eminent merchant is in danger, therefore we services, and are ready and lives and fortunes in its defence.’ « This generous offer induced other foreigners to imitate their example, and awoke the fond hopes that the Patria might be saved, which were soon realized. ¢« Messrs. Barnard and Haigh (Mr. Samuel, ) armed themselves, joined the cavalry as volunteers, and acted their part in various brilliant charges that were made, which decided the battle of Maipu. aT ren SERIE NTR ERT Leanne ails ui SRR essa asin ORS es ses Be aR PREFACE. ix And in what battle have we not seen foreigners running the same risks, and not with less enthusiasm than the natives of the country, to defend it ? « It is only the basest ingratitude, only the indif- ference, or, I should say, aversion to ‘La Patria,’ that can make them disown such eminent services. « Generous foreigners—preserve for ever that love and the zeal which you have shown for your adopted country, whose soil you have assisted to irrigate with your blood, and to give it that independence which we NOW enjoy. | «¢ All true Chilians, who are friends of liberty, do not forget your services, but constantly preserve the esteem you are worthy of. ¢ Countrymen—see in the foreigners who are your fellow-citizens, the best co-operators towards your prosperity, and who have contributed to deliver you from the abjection in which you were held by Spain.” —El Doctor Don Jose Miguel Infante. This impugnation has induced me not only to be circumstantial, but to introduce extracts from the works of uncontroverted authors, who have detailed the «res gest®” of the American patriots, the coad- jutors of our gallant tars, who sealed the independence of Chile and Peru, so that the progress of those events may be traced from the first struggle for liberty down to the period when the rulers of Chile ehetiod their ports to the Spaniards. A HA SN Oe SLA mss: I ———————— LT PREFACE. Unaccustomed to literary pursuits, I have aspired to no elegance of style—solicitous only to state the simple facts with all their original freshness ; and I am willing to hope, that a plain, unadorned account of a country, which, notwithstanding the unforeseen and dreadful calamities by which it has been dis- tressed, still posseses the elements of prosperity, and is important to England, were it only from the amount of British capital invested there, may not prove wholly uninteresting or unprofitable to my countrymen. Ashton-under-Line, 1st June, 1841. CONTENTS. CHAP. L Embark in the brig Bruce for Valparaiso—Becalmed off Kinsale— Peak of Teneriffe—Cape de Verde Islands—Falkland Islands— Staten Island— Cape Horn—Chile—Anchor in the Bay of Valparaiso—Effects of the recent earthquake—Don Bernardo O’Higgins— Lord Cochrane......... 1 : CHAP. IL Prowess of the patriots under Generals San Martin and O’Higgins— Chile liberated— Gallant affair of Captain O’Brien— Successful cruise of Com- modore Blanco—Capture of La Maria Isabel—Lord Cochrane’s first cruise— Second cruise, and important achievement at Valdivia— Third cruise, and expedition of the liberating army under General San Martin—— Lord Cochrane’s daring and brilliant capture of the Esmeralda, at Callao— Lima and Callao surrendered to General San Martin—Last cruise of Lord Cochrane, and sufferings of his crews—General San Martin abdi- cates the supreme command, and quits Peru—His reception in Chile— Lord Cochrane leaves Chile in-disgust—General O'Higgins deposed, arrested, vindicated— He leaves Chile for Peru.......cc..ccvenininnnnnn. 22 CHAP. IIL Second expedition to Peru— Voyage to Callao — General Bolivar, El Marques de “Torre Tagle, General O’Higgins—Occurrences since the abdication of General San Martin, up to the arrival of El Libertador— Revolution of El Sor Rivaguero— Approach of the Spaniards— General O'Higgins and family leave for Truxillo—Mutiny at Callao—My escape and return to Chile..........cscciisisscansisivivensnsnse sssntsssssesssaensares 71 CHAP. IV. Journey to Coquimbo— Campaign against |{Pincheyra— March to Santiago and to Talca—Battle of Maipu—Operations against the bandits and Indians—Chiloe conquered— General Freyre resigns— Government of General Blanco—Revolution of Chiloe, and suppression of do.—General Blanco resigns. cc cccocirmersersrsnenssnssarssnsane, ssssssessnssnssnsarenses 89 CHAP. V. Administration of Don Augustin Eyzaguirre— Campaign against Pincheyra— Operations of General Borgofio— Revolution and deposition of El Seiior Eyzaguirre—And re-appointment of General Freyre—He resigns RO CNT PIO: co... oiaarr rvs etani ative tons sinannnss sasshsnthurasivssnerss 136 CHAP. VL Anecdote of the conchologist, and narrative of my escape from Corfou— Administration of General Pinto— Revolution of San Fernando...... 171 CHAP. VIL Revolution of 1829—General Pinto resigns—Don Francisco Ramon Vicuiia elected president of the republic—General Prieto’s defection— Battle of Ochagavia—The president deposed, and a junta nominated............ 204 CHAP. VIIL Conclusion of the war with Pincheyra............cccciuviniiniiiiiniiininnn. 292 CHAP. IX. Wanderings on half-pay—Mode of managing the haciendas in Chile— Rodeos, Mantanzas, Trillas, Vendimias— And field-sports............... 314 PRE a CONTENTS. CHAP. X. Acts of the new administration—Bold attempt of the Spanish faction to open the ports of Chile to the vessels of Spain—Their disappointment, and energetic reply to five members of the commission appointed by the senate— Verses to liberty 34 CHAP. XL Description of the provinces of Coquimbo, Aconcagua, and Santiago— City of Santiago—Foreigners—Climate—Earthquakes—Description of the provinces of Colchagua, Talca, Maule, and Concepcion, and of the dreadful earthquake that ruined them in the year 1835 CHAP. XIL Province of Concepcion — Its Statistics — Earthquakes — Political and Military History ........ sili det Bi Sian vi din aese sia war ee 400 CHAP. XIIL Government of Juan Fernandez— Expedition of General Freyre, his capture and exile— Seizure of Peruvian vessels of war— War with the confedera- tion— Revolution of Quillota, &c CHAP. XIV. Notes of occurrences that fell under my observation during the campaign of Peru, in 1837—Treaties of Paucarpata, &c ; 444 CHAP. XV. Description of the city of Arequipa—Expedition leaves Peru— Scandalous conduct of the “ Portefios de Valparaiso”—Treaties annulled—General Blanco arrested—War continued with the confederation—Scurrilous publications— Vexatious conduct of government— Strange order—Anec- dote—The Honourable Colonel Walpole’s letter—My memorial—Dis- missed from the Chilian service and cashiered—My answer and memorial— Reinstatement CHAP. XVL Trial and acquital of Lieutenant-General Don Manuel Blanco Encalada 510 CHAP. XVIL Description of Valparaiso—Earthquake of 1822—Auto da fe — Magna- nimous act—Barbarities of the Spaniards—The frogs in the fable— Influence of Superstition — Executions —Espafioles—Memorials—Con- duct of government— General Blanco’s letter—My Farewell LIST OF PLATES. Rape of Dofia Trinidad Salcedo Escape from Corfu Vignette. Exmo Sefior Don Bernardo O'Higgins 66 Costumes of Lima Exmo Sefior Don Manuel Blanco Encalado. ................ 173 Bl'"Sefior Don Benjamin Biel. ................. oi nds 316 Chilians hunting the Guanacoe............... TARAS 336 . Principal Square and State-house, Sant ago 361 . Submarine Eruption at Juan Fernandez ..................... 387 Map of part of Chile POPS R LOO J Frontispiece. A RESIDENCE IN CHILE, &c. §e. On the 8th of August, 1822, I embarked on board the brig Bruce, Captain Greig, bound from Liverpool to Valparaiso and Callao. The vessel lay opposite the powder magazines ; she had eleven steerage passengers on board, principally young men, going to seek situations in mercantile houses in South America ; besides a Mrs, Frederic, with her son and daughter, going to Valparaiso, where she expected to join her husband, an Italian settled in that city. Getting under weigh, we rounded the rock with a good breeze from the north-east; our pilot left us near the north-west buoy, bearing information to the friends of nearly all on board, that we had bid adieu to England. Sailing with a fair wind, we were, however, becalmed near the coast of Ireland, off Kinsale, and made no pro- gress for three days ; during this time, we caught aquantity of fish, principally gurnet and hake; a breeze from the B 0 JOURNAL OF i 1 la Ss. > ) ) ) ( oO : . i : h S 1 mos t I 1 1a yl 8 efor t er ‘a ~ an al o 7 s str Dh 0 W } te 1 | 1 . 111 1C Ll = » A V J L ) V 3 ~ 1 oming | 5 5 0 W 0 Iso ac ed as n 0 1S 1 COTS ’ ’ be } ( nd ecel . J lage, C A RESIDENCE IN CHILE. of butter, some cheese, many pleasant looks during our made me his guest, and I took se wthhim ; quails and guinea-fowl island. In one of our rambles tree, on the trunk of which ma visited the place, had inscribed t In several small plant sweet potatoe, yam, c productions, I observed an enormous, ny individuals, who had heir names, ations I found the sugar- assada, cotton Where they have w soil, it appears fertile, hut the greater part of the island, or at least of what ] saw, seemed arid g goats of a very large size g cane, » and other tropical ater to irrigate the nd barren : re numerous here: ; and, when- ever we engaged in field-sport, we returned loaded with game, The sailors obtained water from a well at some djs. tance from the beach ; and, soon after our arrival, there was a regular market established, at w gers and sailors disposed of the in exchange spirits, fruit, island, hich our passen- ir old clothes, and received and other products of the A celebrated personage called upon us at the consul’s. residence, she wasa blac k woman, known by of English Mary ; she showed us ce captains, who had left the her, and to whom she had Leen purveyor of fowls, vegetables, and fruit. We gave her ladyship a good order, which pleased her exceedingly, and she fulfilled jt to our entire satisfaction. the appellation rtificates from several ir recommendations with The troops in Porto Praya were, without e the most ragged and miserable I ever beheld ; and accoutrements seemed entire xeeption, their arms ly unfit for service, and some of the sentinels were nearly naked, B2 3 porter, and biscuit, which excited stay. The governor now veral shooting excursions are rather plentifulin the het een 4 gn a Le ER ER ER ne = ps = ——— — > wi SRE ee A AR ORR 6 a el JOURNAL OF The batteries, from our anchorage, had a Ve midable appearance, but the few guns I was pars gu see were badly mounted; I approached to pois kaos dered the principal battery, but a ikon 1 Oe me to retire, so that I was deprived of t e opp a pe anchored, the third day after . Be from London to the Cape of Sey 2 oi on! on board, but did not descend to the . gh on ET PE seen by strangers; they ha : Ys: Hi ossessed therefore a right of exe us i is a miserable place, inhabited enh tunate beings, principally Portuguese ei a Frenchman who was confined here, ? Maal formerly been a jeweller, occupied the only oy ne dwelling in the town, with the exception o g ’S consul’s houses. | : wn remained six days in port, during With fie igeing w t up, our water filled, and the ship sup LL d other stores; we plied with fruit, vegetables, fowls, an Soe weighed anchor with a good breeze from Sipe iy which carried us to the Line, ere Se ge ter of course, such of the passengers an 5 Se had never been so far southward before, here non ted to Neptune; however, the sports of the day too severe, and all passed oe in Ho Dogs atl as very fortunate when fis nd So gaveral albicore, boneto, Colin i Yona ; but what is still more remarkable, for ilies te 4 he sively, about the hour of dinner, I caught a dolp a towline. : * In the latitude of Rio Janeiro we spoke the Vultu A RESIDENCE IN CHILE. d American whaler, a full ship from the Pacific, bound to Nantucket; the captain informed us that a British ves. sel had been taken on the coast of Ch the crew murdered; on hearing this, as a means of employing our time, and that we might be prepared if we were attacked, I amused myself by drilling the pas- sengers, and teaching them the broadsword and manual exercises, We next made the Falkland Isles, and passed close to Beauchain, where I struck and caught a porpoise; it was beautifully striped with black and white, and all we saw afterwards were similarly marked : ve also caught numbers of Cape pigeons; when first taken they were disagreeable, on account of discharging an oily matter, but when kept for some time, and fed with biscuit, were esteemed by the sailors as a ple I shot an albatross, and got it on fifteen feet between the tips of the wings, and was five feet high. I also caught several with a hook and line baited with pork skin. When we made Staten Island fine weather; we ran alongshore with our top - gallant stud-sail set, until within about seven leagues of Cape Horn ; here the wind headed us, and in an hour we w under close-reefed topsails : for eightee ile by pirates, and they asant article of food : board ; it measured , we had remarkably ere n days the weather was dreadful; our carpenter fell overboard, and all attempts to save him were in vain, so we had to lament his fate ; we also lost a hencoop, containing a quantity of fowls, which was thrown overboard at the time, Off Chile we were spoken by the Chili Independencia, Captain Wilkinson; Lieutenant Gran- ville boarded us, and said they were er uising in order to intercept a Spanish brig : they had only been out from an ship of war ag Ee ao oe > mp Ses a Em TM i reir = oad Hie, a 5 Sl G JOURNAL OF Valparaiso four days, when the city was ian ky " earthquake. We anchored in the bay of Va Pn z the 30th of November, having been one hundred an n our voyage. BE in i guard - boat with Lieutenant Wilson, son of Sir Robert Wilson, who politely ye fe a passage ; I also called on board the flag-ship, u lordship, Admiral Cochrane, had left for Quintero, oo The appearance of the city of Valparaiso we a) resting, approached from the port; but, on 5 the sight that presented itself was distressing : ; ; extreme; wherever I turned my eyes, 1 behe ny desolation, the buildings that were spared seemed terrib y shaken, whilst great numbers were thrown down, an ir ruins lay mingled together. es ee er of this month, (November,) Sant three-quarters past ten o'clock at night, a Severo ul of an earthquake was felt throughout this part o he, especially to the northward of the capital ; fhe grea o part of the churches, houses, and other edifices mn s paraiso, Casa-blanca, Quillota, Illapel, and other tow were destroyed, and many lives lost; In a 4 churches and other public edifices were much injured, bu none fell ; fortunately it happened at an early hour, when, on account of its being about full - moon, the greatest part of the inhabitants were up, and walking out, other- wise the results would have been still more disasizons. The supreme director, Don Bernardo O Rusa, was with his staff’ in the government-house at the time 9 the shock, and was just enabled to escape into the street uilding fell in. beksn ue of the inhabitants was greatly inereased by the conduct of some evil-disposed persons, whose object A RESIDENCE IN CHILE. 7 was plunder; these scoundrels gave out a report that the sea was rising, and threatened to overwhelm the town ; for- tunately they failed in their object, and many of them were afterwards found buried in the ruins, with their booty upon their persons. Lord Cochrane sent a party of seamen and marines on shore, and the merchants formed patroles, which kept the place in order : many of the ships in the harbour were converted into receptacles for the families of the foreigners, and they were for- tunate in having such a home, for the rain poured down in torrents; such were the horrors of the scene, that language is inadequate to their description. When I landed, scarcely a house could be found which was habitable, and numbers of temporary sheds had been erected. I called upon the governor-general, Don Ignacio Zen- teno, who lived in a log-house in the dock-yard, and was received kindly; I then informed him that I came to Chile with the intention of joining the navy: he for- warded my letters to the capital, and proposed to faci- litate my being conveyed there, by supplying me with horses; I preferred, however, seeing Lord Cochrane, previously to my waiting on the supreme director in Santiago. I met several old acquaintances in Valparaiso, some of whom were in the Chilian navy; there were three Chilian ships of war in the bay, also his majesty’s ship Aurora, Captain Prescott, and United States’ 74, the Franklin, Commodore Stewart, and about forty sail of merchant vessels. Having procured a lodging, earthquake-proof, (being built with wood,) I left the Bruce, bag and baggage, heartily tired of being penned up in a small cabin; and ’ ES — " Ri ee SR ws Rec rai SI RAL re 5 : i > ony ~~ SET —— 8 : JOURNAL OF to make up for the inconveniences suffered during a long passage, I bought a good horse, which only cost me about half the sum that I paid for a common saddle; and amused myself for a few days in riding and shooting / in the neighbourhood of Valparaiso. The appearance of the females, such asa new-comer generally sees, did not speak favourably of the Chilian belles, for at first sight I fancied they were all smokers, having noticed them in the evening sitting with what ap- peared to me to be a pipe in their mouths ; but they were only taking “matte,” of which they are very fond : this is an infusion of the herb of Paraguay, to which they add sugar and milk ; it is taken out of a bowl of ornamented silver, cocoa-nut shell, or calabash, into which they intro- duce a silver tube, or reed ; strangers at first find it diffi- cult to sup matte, and many manage to burn their lips, before they acquire this Chilian accomplishment : a great quantity of this herb is consumed in Chile, but many of the natives drink tea and coffee. On one of my excursions, about two leagues from the port, I met with a family, who were living in a shed, (ramada); their dwelling having been destroyed by the earthquake ; it was the Carrera family, who had an estate called Vina-dela Mar : I remained with them two days, and was entertained in a most hospitable manner ; the young ladies were amiable, handsome, and accom- plished, and my prejudices against the Chilian matte- drinkers were entirely dispersed in their interesting society. As soon as Lord Cochrane had returned from Quin- tero, I waited upon him on board the O'Higgins, a fri- gate that bore his flag ; he received me kindly, and invited me to spend the next day with him; I accepted the A RESIDENCE IN CHILE. 9 invitation, and was introduced by him to his officers aft which he invited me to visit him at Quintero lion H proceeded that night, in the schooner Moston hi His estate is situated about fifteen leagues to the nortl of Valparaiso on the sea-coast, and has a small port called the Herradura ; the houses on his property had falle during the earthquake, and his lordship and his gue : lived in sheds and tents ; here I met with an old ac a ance, a colonel in the Spanish army, Don Fausto u y who had been governor of Valdivia. iy Unfortunately for me, I arrived in Chile on the eve of a revolution formed against his excellency Don Be nardo O'Higgins, the supreme director, to whom 1 had strong recommendations. I had Hy the honour of serving under Lord Cochrane, but his lordship decided upon relinquishing the Chilian service, and tn command of the Brazilian navy: before I wosinfirmad . his determination, I had forwarded my letter of recom- mendation, and received an invitation to visit the "capital from his excellency Don Bernardo O’Higgins, and ee waited the conclusion of a little business in A" ’ ; 1 amused myself with several officers in shootin and riding about the estate, during mystay with Mr Vor lane who had the management of it. | 4 Here are several lagoons, on which are immense flocks of ducks of many varieties, also a great number of swans, and amongst them two of the black spe. cies from New South Wales, which had been — to his lordship ; the Chilian swans have black necks, the * His lordship, Mrs. M. Graham, Col | : , . M. Gr: y onel Don Fausto H i Crosbie, Lieutenants Sheppard, Grenfelt, Cluley, and the eo o Bi tain Graham, late commander of His Majesty's ship Doris, embark vu board the Colonel Allen, that the admiral had freighted t : os Rio de Janeiro. hi ; 8 } $4 10 JOURNAL OF \ rest of their plumage being white: the partridges here resemble an overgrown quail, they are very numerous, and fly singly, but feed in pairs. As I sauntered along the beach one day, I found part of an American naval uniform coat, hung upon 4 bush, near to whicha crosshad been erected; on making inquiry 1 was informed that some North American officers, belonging to a ship of war, who had come out to Valparaiso oh a shooting excursion, were drowned near he spot, with ; 1e exception of a midshipman, a native of Nantucket, 0 being an excellent swimmer, saved himself ; the bodies were buried underneath the cross. From Quintero, I proceeded to Quillota, a large town about fifteen leagues from Valparaiso, where I took up my residencewitha Mrs. Grimshaw, the sister of the eurate : her hushand, who was an Englishman, was then on his way to his native land. The governor of this place, Mr. Eanllener, (or Fu dr) who, I had been informed, was an Englishman, sent for me to show him my passport, as the revolutionary troops from Coquimbo were in the neighbourhood. ae I called upon him, he was assembling the militia to del en the town ; he inquired whether I belonged to the Chilian service, and on my stating that I was only a travel. ler, visiting Quillota for curiosity, he seemed anxious to break off the conversation. I then inquired if he wok an Englishman, but he replied, I am from the U a States, a native of Rhode Island: adding, that he was then too much engaged to converse with me any longer ; I therefore took my leave, and returned to quarters, In the evening the troops entered Quillota, after having a slight skirmish with Fulner, whose soldiers Lng om, loading him with imprecations; it seemed that he was A RESIDENCE IN CHILE. 11 not a favourite. Itis generally the case that governors of provinces, or petty states, have many secret enemies to encounter, especially if they do their duty ; but the outcry raised against Fulner had noreference to his official capacity —“1I could a tale unfold.” A new governor was elected instead of Fulner, and, to celebrate the change of affairs, a dance was got up, to which myself and several other foreigners were invited. As it was the first that I had seen in Chile, I was greatly amused ; the company consisted of about two hundred persons ; there were two minuets, three country-dances, and a few waltzes; but the “bayles de golpe,” a kind of dance peculiar to this country, in which there is no lack of agility or humour, formed the principal part of the entertainment, and was continued to a late hour: the punch-bowl passed quickly round amongst the mili- tary personages who had headed the revolutionary troops, and who seemed greatly exasperated against the supreme director Don Bernardo O'Higgins, and the governor of Quillota. The bowels of the earth seemed also to join in the revelry of the night, for I had scarcely laid my head upon my pillow, after leaving the dance, when my fears were considerably awakened, and I scampered into the public street without any covering but my shirt, a poncho, and part of my bed-clothes; I had frequently wished, after my arrivalin Chile, to feel the shock of an earthquake, but had no idea of being so much alarmed ; the ground seemed threatening to open and engulf us, the buildings rocked, and tiles were falling from the roofs in all directions ; some of the houses were razed to their foundations, and the streets and squares were filled with the inhabitants who had fled in dismay from their dwellings, many of 12 JOURNAL OF them kneeling and praying in a state of complete nudity ; in fact, though the moment was by no means heh ting, I could not refrain from laughing at the droll ik S which I witnessed; the sensation which I felt from t 0 shock, setting aside the fear which I had of the: houses falling upon me, was, as nearly as I ean describe it, simi- lar to that which would be experienced by a person standing on a drawbridge whilst a loaded coach was deta quickly over it. The shock was preceded by a Joa. rumbling noise, and lasted about thirty seconds ; i i several repetitions of it, but the first shock was t be win severe; the churches and houses had been greatly injurec by the earthquake of November, and the late shock ren- dered the latter nearly uninhabitable. ; Be The vale of Quillota is very fertile,producing chirimoyas, plantains, and other tropical fruits, besides sweet potatoes in abundance ; hemp is also cultivated, of which a superior quality of cordage is made. This valley is the “ market gar- den,” from which Valparaiso is supplied with fruit and vege- tables; the river Chile, which gives its name to the state, waters it, and empties itself into the sea at ConsCon, I returned hence to a cottage, which I had hired at Con- Con, where I had left my dogs, gun, &e. i The troops created no small alarm us they advpncod towards the port of Valparaiso, seizing any horses they thought fit, and even dismounting the riders in some instances, to “por ratto” their horses, a term used here by the military, when they press the horses of civilians. An English gentleman, Mr. Miers, with 1b lady and sister, resided at Con-Con. I rode into Ya . paraiso, and found that the late supreme director, on Bernardo O'Higgins, had arrived there, having Fesigne the command ; I waited upon him at the governor's; he A RESIDENCE IN CHILE. 13 received me kindly, and blamed me for not having visited the capital whilst he held the command, as he might then have fulfilled my wishes, and given me a suitable employment. He informed me, that he was about to take the com- mand of the Chilian army then in Peru, and that he would get me appointed his aide-de-camp ; and, on my express- ing a wish to accompany him, he promised to write by the next post for my appointment. I left him, and went the next day to Con-Con, to give up my cottage, and, having remained there a few days, returned to Valparaiso. Con-Con is a small village, inhabited principally by fishermen, who supply the capital and inland towns with excellent fish ; they employ small canoes and balsas, (floats made of two seal - skins Joined together and inflated.) on which the fishermen venture out to sea, and cross and recross, with perfect safety, over breakers in which no boat could live; the skins are well sewn, and the seam is always above water; a small tube is fixed to a hose, through which they blow at intervals, to inflate the balsa, and make it more buoyant. There are great numbers of penguins in this neighbourhood, here called “ paxaros ninos,” from the plaintive note they utter, which is not unlike the cry of an infant ; the women in the valley are better-looking than those I first saw when in Valparaiso, but they use a profusion of carmine and soliman, (c.sublimate,) which destroys their teeth, and gives them a very haggard look when they arrive at twenty-five or thirty years of age. The huassos, or country farmers, are almost alw horseback, and are reputed to be excellent riders ; they wear a kind of garment called poncho, which is a square ays on 14 JOURNAL OF piece of woollen or cotton cloth, worked fantastically ; it has a hole in the middle, generally bound with a silken riband, through which they slip their heads, and the garment hangs in folds upon their bodies ; their saddles are composed of a number of sheep-skins, generally dyed blue; they have large wooden stirrups, and their heels are ornamented with enormous spurs, generally made of silver, the rowels of which are very remarkable. Most of the foreigners residing here imitate the huassos, and keep their own horses; even the beggars follow their occupation on horseback ; it is diverting to sce the sailors at Valparaiso on liberty, riding along the beach, and frequently measuring their length on the ground; on Sundays a toll - gate was placed near the Almendral, and all that passed on horseback had to pay a small sum, to defray the expense of repairing the streets. A few days after my return to Valparaiso, several vessels entered the bay, and amongst them, the Chilian ship of war Independencia; this occasioned Some eon fusion, for no signal of their approach had been given; as soon as they neared the beach of the Almendral, a number of boats filled with soldiers put off, and landed, these formed themselves into a close column, and a party was detached who surrounded the dock-yard, and made the late supreme director a prisoner; they were under the command of General Don Ramon Freyre, who had come down to aid the party against Don Bernardo O'Higgins. A short time after they had landed, my servant came to inform me, that my horses had been taken from the stable by an officer; I went immediately to ascertain the fact, and found one of them with a military saddle upon it, the other had been taken to La Mereed, a convent, A RESIDENCE IN CHILE. 15 where the troops were quartered, or rather bivouacked, under some olive trees; I accordingly had my own saddle " transferred to my horse, and rode to the camp, where I had an interview with General Freyre, who ordered my horse to be returned to me; he treated me politely, and on being informed that I had just arrived from England, for the express purpose of joining the Chilian service, he offered me an appointment in his corps of artillery. Finding that Don Bernardo O'Higgins was not to pro- ceed to Pern, I obtained his recommendation to General Freyre, and put myself under the orders of Lieutenant- Colonel Don Ramon Picarte, who commanded the artil- lery. Colonel Beauchef, a Frenchman ; Captain William Tupper, an Englishman; Doctor Green, an Irishman ; Lieutenant Arrangren, a Swede; and an Araucanian casique, Benancio, accompanied by a party of Indians, came with General Freyre. The infantry marched on the third day, and the artillery on the day following ; the division was composed of a part of two regiments, and a detachment of artillery. The Indians were powerful men, about the middle size ; their weapons were, a lance of great length, which they seemed to wield with the greatest ease; they had also bolos and lassos; their dress was a poncho and a chiripa, a piece of cloth wrapped round them, descending to their knees, and not unlike to a Highlander’s kilt; they are said to be a brave set of men ; their casique wore a scarlet coat embroidered with gold lace, and a laced cocked hat, the remainder of his dress was appro- priate: I was informed that he was a severe scourge to the old Spaniards. Colonel Picarte provided mules for my baggage, and we left Valparaiso about seven o'clock in the morning ; ay Gd ee np a—— 16 JOURNAL OF General O'Higgins gave me letters to his mother and sister, and I had several others for some of the most respectable inhabitants at Santiago. The road from Valparaiso, for about three leagues, was very tedious, being exceedingly hilly; the first post-house at which we rested, is situated on an extensive plain called Pefiuellos; after continuing our march until night, we halted about two leagues from Casa Blanca, and ten from the port; during the march I shot several partridges, which deserip- tion of game appeared to be plentiful. About midnight we were greatly alarmed by some men riding up to our sentinels at full speed; they had been sent by the governor of Casa Blanca, to request assistance from us, as he had been forcibly deposed by the inhabitants; the next morning we met him, in the custody of some soldiers, on the road to Valparaiso, and | he told us that he had been wounded, and treated harshly: | when we came to the place where the town of Casa Blanca had stood, we found nothing but a mass of ruins, pA not a house having escaped destruction by the shock of 4 the earthquake; here we were met by the new governor, accompanied by the people, who rent the air with cries of « Viva Freyre!” We next passed over an immense hill, called the Cuesta de Sapata. The great- est part of the road that we had traversed was in good repair, it was made by Don Ambrosio O'Higgins, father to the late director, who was formerly president of Chile ; he was a native of Ireland, and his name is still venerated by all who recollect him, in consequence of his benign character, and the many improvements made by him in Chile. The view of the country from the summit of the Cuesta was very fine, and the troops, artillery, &e. wind- A RESIDENCE IN CHILE. 17 ing up the zigzag path, would have been a good subject for a painter. We halted at the house of a widow Dofia Madalena Prado, who entertained us in a hos it able manner: marching at daylight, we passed Se valley of Curicabe; the bed of the river only re- mained, to denote the course in which the torrent flowed during the rainy season; here we saw an old church, and several houses in ruins: we halted at Bus- tamante, and in the evening crossed the Cuesta de Prado wirch is higher than the Cuesta de Sapata; the oid over it is in excellent repair; at the foot of the hill we found a travelling cart (or coach) capsized, which proved to be the stage from Santiago to Valparaiso, (the proprietor was an American, named Moss.) We passed the night at the post-house, kept by a Chileno, who was i “ Judge Prevost,” on account of some curious adventure of which he had been the subject. At sunrise we marched, and halted at the Hacienda of El Espejo, on the banks of the river Mapocho which was nearly dry ; there we joined the rest of the division, and General Freyre received a deputation from the junta; the result was, that he had to remain a few days longer previously to entering the capital; in the mean time I obtained permission to visit Santiago. The entrance to the city was by no means inviting; the suburbs, with the exception of a few quintas, oi houses,) consisted of nothing but miserable huts a cottages ; the principal entrance, Calle San Pablo, is a shabby street for an approach, but the pps IEnce of Santiago improves near the centre, or Public Square : I took up my residence at the English hotel kept by a Mrs. Walker; we had an excellent table hate and the daily charge for bedroom, &e. was tlie C a ——— 18 JOURNAL OF reales, * which was very reasonable, as half a bottle of claret was allowed to each person at dinner. I had many letters of introduction to Chilenos and foreign residents, which I sent with my card ; none but the natives did me the honour of calling upon me, and they were very kind, particularly the Marquis Don J. Torribio Larrayn, Don J. Antonio Rosales, Don Felipe Santiago del Solar, and others, who pressed me to take up my abode with them; and on my pleading an excuse, they seemed to vie with each other in their attentions, which, to me, a stranger, were of essential service. The general and his troops entered the capital, and were quartered in the convent of La Merced, El Basural, and Maestranza, the military arsenal, where all the guns and warlike stores were kept and repaired. The junta gubernativa lasted only a short time, for the provinces of Coquimbo and Concepcion would not agree to such a government, but named their pleni- potentiaries ; so that, acting with those of the capital, they might elect the person who would be most advantageous to the state, under present circumstances, as supreme director. On the 31st of March the election was made in the consular hall, (“ el consulado,”) where the plenipo- tentiaries met—Don Juan Egafia for the province of Santiago; Don Manuel Novoa, for Concepcion ; and Don Manuel Antonio Gonzales, for Coquimbo: having examined their powers, and discussed the election of supreme director, they with one accord named for the charge, the Field - Marshal Don Ramon Freyre, who was then in the capital, and on the fourth of April he was installed in the hall of government, where all the corporations were assembled to receive and administer the * About six shillings. A RESIDENCE IN CHILE. 19 customary oaths, with all the necessary ceremonies ; after which the people evinced their joy by fireworks, &e. I remained attached to the artillery, until several days after General Don Ramon Freyre had assumed the supreme command of the republic; and on account of my being a volunteer, and not entitled to pay (officers in the Chilian service have no rations) he desired me to send in a memorial, for unless I did so, he could not give me a commission in the Chilian service. I replied, that I thought it would be more honourable for me to receive my appointment from government, particularly as I had joined the division in Valparaiso, and since then had considered myself attached to the service, although I had not yet received a commission. I also stated, that General O'Higgins had applied to the junta, in order that I might accom- pany him, as his aide-de-camp to Peru. His excel- lency replied, that unless I acted conformably to the established rules, he could not serve me; at the same time remarking, that Captain Tupper, who had been serving many months under Colonel Beauchef, had to adopt this method. My friend Colonel Picarte intro- duced me to General Lastra and General Rivera, who had charge of the marine and army departments: I shewed them my certificates of service in his majesty’s navy, a Waterloo medal, as well as the commissionI had received in London from the Columbian agent in 1816, also that of “chef d’escadron,”* which I received pre- viously to my capture and detention in the Havannah in the year 1817, with several other documents which I had presented to Lord Cochrane on my arrival in Val- paraiso. The ministers were perfectly satisfied with my * Lieutenant-Colonel of cavalry. C *) ~ 20 JOURNAL OF testimonials, and seemed decided on my serving in the navy; but Lord Cochrane had left for the Brazilian service, and as there were a number of meritorious offi- cers out of active employment, and no more than two ships in commission, I requested to be employed where I should escape the envy and jealousy of the officers on half-pay, &e., until government could form a just estimate of my conduct and ability. His excellency accordingly gave me the commission of a captain attached to the liberating army in Peru, offering me at the same time the brevet rank of my Columbian commission; which I declined accepting, to prevent rivalry, &e. Many of my friends were surprised to see me accept an inferior grade; but a little explanation soon satisfied them. The pay of a captain of cavalry unattached is forty- eight dollars, and when in charge of a troop seventy- six ; a major, receives eighty; a sergeant-majorof cavalry one hundred and eight; and a chef d’escadron, one hun- dred and fifty ; so that I had a poor pittance to commence with, considering the rank that I had ceded. A short time after I had joined the service, his excel- lency informed me, that he intended sending me to Peru, to take the command of the corps that formed the general's escort, which was then vacant, for General Pinto had superseded Commandant Ibafies and several of his officers: during the interview, I asked for per- mission to accompany the mother and sister of General O'Higgins to Valparaiso, where he was still detained. I was referred to General Calderon, the chief of the staff, who readily assented to my accompanying™the family of his friend, for so he called General O'Higgins, and intrusted me with a packet containing the general's passport, to present to him on my arrival. TT TE TE SRR A RESIDENCE IN CHILE. 21 Colonel Borgofio, with his lady, Colonel Arriagada, and Lieutenant-Colonel Martines, accompanied us; the two first returned, after having ridden a few miles to show their attention ; we halted at Dofia Madalena Prados’ house, near the Cuesta, de Sapata, to whom I have be- fore alluded ; she treated us with the greatest civility and attention ; on the next day, when within a few leagues of Valparaiso, one of the wheels of the carriage got out of repair, and became almost useless ; to prevent delay, I galloped on towards the port, and had not pro- ceeded far when I met General O'Higgins and Don Miguel Safiartu. I.informed them of the disaster: the general went forward, and his companion returned with me, to procure some other conveyance; but before another carriage was ready, they fortunately arrived, having got a person to repair the wheel, I remained some time with the general and his family ; they resided in a comfortable house in the Almendral, and, notwithstanding the outery that had been raised against the late administration, he was visited by most of the respectable families in the port, as well as by several individuals who were known to be determined enemies of the general during his government, but had now become his friends. And here let me suspend my journal, while I pre- sent to my readers a connected account of the prowess of those patriots whose noble deeds consolidated the freedom of Chile, swept the Pacific, and carried independence into the heart of Peru:— PROWESS OF THE PATRIOTS. CHAP. IL PROWESS OF THE PATRIOTS, UNDER GENERALS SAN MARTIN AND O'HIGGINS—CHILE LIBERATED—GALLANT AFFAIR OF CAPTAIN O'BRIEN—SUCCESSFUL CRUISE OF COM- MODORE BLANCO—CAPTURE OF LA MARIA ISABEL—LORD COCHRANE’'S FIRST CRUISE ~—SECOND CRUISE, AND IMPORTANT ACHIEVEMENT AT VALDIVIA—THIRD CRUISE, AND EXPEDITION OF THE LIBERATING ARMY UNDER GENERAL SAN MARTIN—LORD COCHRANE’S DARING AND BRILLIANT CAPTURE OF THE ESMERALDA, AT CALLAO— LIMA AND CALLAO SURRENDERED TO GENERAL SAN MARTIN—LAST CRUISE OF LORD COCHRANE, AND SUFFERINGS OF HIS CREWS—GENERAL SAN MARTIN ABDICATES THE SUPREME COMMAND, AND QUITS PERU—HIS RECEPTION IN CHILE-— LORD COCHRANE LEAVES CHILE IN DISGUST—GENERAL O HIGGINS DEPOSED, ARRESTED, VINDICATED—HE LEAVES CHILE FOR PERU. GENeraLs San Martin and O'Higgins recrossed the Andes with an army composed of Buenos Ayreans and Chi- lian emigrants, and defeated the Spaniards at Chacabuco, on the 12th of February, 1817, upon which General O’Higgins was elected supreme director of the republic. General Ossorio invaded Chile with an army from Peru, and routed the patriots at Cancharayada; but he was finally defeated at Maipu on the 5th of April, 1818, where 2,000 of his troops were killed, and 3,500 taken prisoners; however, he escaped with a few to Tal- cahuano, and soon after fled to Peru. General O'Higgins had conceived the gigantic idea of disputing the navigation of the Pacific with the Spaniards, whose vessels were blockading the ports of Chile; ata time, too, when affairs were in a eritical state, and when the government had neither ships, mariners, arsenal, money, nor any material for such an undertaking; which, to many, appeared to be the maddest enterprise ever projected. However, the general, although he had to wade through many difficulties, as well as encounter a PROWESS OF THE PATRIOTS. 23 strong opposition to his laudable designs, had, previous to the battle of Maipu, managed to purchase the Wynd- ham, of 44 guns, formerly an Indiaman; he commis- sioned her, with the name of a brave Araucanian chief, Lautaro; and appointed an Englishman, Lieutenant O’Brien, R.N. to be her commander ; she was officered and partly manned by foreigners, the rest of her com- plement were Chilians, mostly landsmen ; and such was their patriotic enthusiasm, that many swam off to her, to be enrolled amongst her crew. The general having now completely gathered the fruits of the victory of Maipu, became desirous of raising the blockade of Valparaiso, and Captain O’Brien was ordered to attack the Spanish fri- gate Esmeralda, of 44 guns, with the Pezuella, of 18 guns, which was cruising off the port ; and, in ten hours after the Lautaro had sailed, she was engaged. I shall here give an extract from Miller's work, for, although I have received various accounts from eye-witnesses of this brilliant exploit, I prefer that given in his memoir, which I have accurately extracted. ; “The Esmeralda seeing a frigate-built vessel approach, mistook it for H. M. S. Amphion, Commodore Bowles, who had before communicated occasionally upon subjects relative to the blockade, with the Esmeralda ; which last, therefore, lay to, with her topsails to the mast, to speak the supposed Amphion. In that situation the Lautaro ranged upon the weather-quarter of the enemy, when, having hauled down British colours, and hoisted the Chilian, she discharged her foremost guns. Itwas Captain O’Brien’s first intention to have laid the Lautaro alongside, but having altered his mind, he ran upon the Esmeralda’s] quarter. The Lautaro’s bowsprit caught the enemy’s mizen-rigging, and hung her in a way so inconvenient for boarding, that O’Brien jumped on board, with only thirty followers. The marines kept up a steady fire from the forecastle of the Lautaro, which caused a heavy loss to the Esmeralda’s crew, who, panic- struck by the appearance of the boarding party, ran below, and the Spanish ensign was hauled down by the assailants. Unfortunately, it did not occur to any one to prevent the two ships from separating, by lashing them together, or to disable the prize by cutting her wheelropes and topsail- halliards ; a jerk of the sea canted the ships clear of each other, upon which 24 PROWESS OF THE PATRIOTS. the Lautaro lowered her boats, to send a reinforcement, but before that could be accomplished, the Esmeralda’s men, seeing but a handful of patriots upon deck, rallied, fired from below, and shot the gallant O’Brien, whose last words were, ¢ Never leave her, my boys, the ship is ours!’ mean- while, the Lautaro had incautiously left the main object, to take possession of the Pezuella, which had struck, but was stealing away. “ Upon perceiving the change of fortune on board the Esmeralda, the Lautaro gave over chasing the brig, and steered for the frigate; but before she could approach, the boarders were overpowered, and both the Spanish ships having rehoisted their own colours, escaped by superior sailing, Lieutenant Walker, (of the H. E. I. Companys service,) distinguished himself considerably, and, before the Lautaro returned to port, captured a vessel, having on board passengers who had fled from Concepcion to take refuge in Lima; upon them the Chilian [government levied a contribution in the shape of ransom, which more than reimbursed the original purchase- money of the Lautaro.”* By this, the primary object of raising the blockade was carried into effect; and, as the routed Spaniards had taken shelter. in Talcahuano, General O'Higgins posted down to Valparaiso, where, in a short period, he augmented the navy to five vessels, in order to blockade the port of Talecuhuano, which the Chilian army had already invested by land. The patriots of Chile came forward in the most liberal manner, and contributed largely towards defraying the vast expen- diture of the fitting out, arming, manning, and victualling the squadron, so that it was enabled to leave the port of Valparaiso on the 9th of October, 1818, under the orders of Commodore Blanco, to intercept the Spanish expedition, that had left Cadiz under convoy of the Maria Isabel, of 50 guns. This enterprise was crowned with success, for, on the 7th of November, the inhabitants of Valparaiso, “Portefios de Valparaiso,” were gratified with the glorious spectacle of the following vessels and their prizes enter- ing the port. Commodore Blanco, Captain Wilkinson. San Martin, of 56 guns, § * Miller's Memoirs. PROWESS OF THE PATRIOTS. Lautaro ... 44 guns Captain W. Wooster. Chacabuco ... 20 ... Captain Dias. Araucano ... 16 ... Captain Morris. Galvarino ... 18 .. Captain Spry. PRrizEs. Maria Isabel ... 50. Seven Transports. The frigate was cut out of the port of Talcahuano, where she had been run on shore close to the batteries, notwithstanding a galling fire which was kept up by the troops that had been sent from Concepcion; and the transports were taken as they came to their appointed rendezvous, (the island of Santa Maria) ; for, on account of a mutiny having taken place on board one of the convoy, she had been carried into Buenos Ayres, and from her the government got hold of the instruc- tions, private signals, and rendezvous—which were re- mitted, with all possible speed, to that of Chile; and, luckily, they arrived in time for General O'Higgins to show the Chilians they were delivered from one of the greatest evilsthat could have befallen them, and that their indepen- dence was now consolidated through his exertions and the aid of a few foreigners, as the enemy’s naval and military forces amounted to more than 3,000 men, and only three vessels escaped to Callao, two of which had landed their troops before the capture of the frigate. General O'Higgins, in order to ensure to Chile the dominion of the Pacific, had invited Lord Cochrane, (afterwards Earl of Dundonald,) to whose fame he was no stranger, to take command of the navy, which, fortunately, his lordship not only accepted on the condi- tions that were offered, but engaged several naval and military officers of known experience, who had rallied around the Chilian admiral, desirous of distinguishing themselves under the command of a leader, whose 20 PROWESS OF THE PATRIOTS. naval achievements had gained him so much honour; —and in 1818, the names of the following distinguished foreigners were, with that of their noble leader, en- rolled in the Chilian service: Guize, Carter, Forster, Charles, Miller, Spry, Esmonde, Cobbett, Freeman, Gren- felt, Granville, Simpson, Oseason, Wynter, Wilson, Hall, Davies, Dean, and many others, who have assisted to give days of glory to Chile, and in consolidating its independence. Lord Cochrane, his lady, and son landed in the port of Valparaiso in November, 1818, and was received with enthusiasm by all denominations of patriots, invested with the chief command of the navy; and the plans of General O'Higgins were now put in execution, in order to libe- rate Peru from the thraldom of Spain. The squadron was fitted out with the greatest despatch, so that Lord Cochrane might proceed to annoy or capture the enemy's vessels, and at the same time sound the inclination of the Peruvians On the fourteenth of January, 1819, the Chilian squa- dron, composed of the following vessels, sailed for the coast of Peru :— Vice-Admiral Lord Cochrane. O'Higgins . of . 50guns. . . Captain Forster, San Martin: 86a vice Captain Wilkinson, lagtare™ , ', 48 Ua Captain Guize, Chacabyco. . . 9 ,''. vv, Captain Carter ; and on the twenty-eighth of February entered the port of Callao, where his lordship had intended to have carried the Spanish frigates Esmeralda and Venganza, by boarding ; these were moored close in under the bat- teries, and before they got near to the shipping the wind fell, and his lordship’s plan was frustrated : how- " TRI RR SE RE on 5 PROWESS OF THE PATRIOTS. 27 ever, he anchored, with springs on his cables, within gun-shot : the admiral withstood, and returned the fire of the batteries and shipping for more than an hour; the loss in killed and wounded did not amount to many, but this proof of cool and undaunted bravery gave the Spaniards a just idea of the men they had to deal with. On the twenty-second of March his lordship made an attempt to destroy the shipping by fireships, which proved a failure on account of a ¢ brulot,” he had sent in, getting a ground, and being destroyed by the batteries; the flag-ship also sustained a heavy fire from the forts and shipping. The enemy made an abortive attempt to disable the squadron, but were soon forced to regain their moorings under shelter of the batteries. ~The Spaniards had two frigates, two brigs, and twenty-six gun-boats. The Chilian squadron were reinforced by two vessels that Rear-Admiral Blanco had brought—the Galvarino of 22 guns, and Puyrredon of 16: he hoisted his flag on board the San Martin, and, with the Lautaro, remained to blockade Callao. The admiral, with the rest of the squadron, visited the ports of Huacho, Supe, Huarmey, Paita, Huambacho, and all returned to Valparaiso in June. Lord Cochrane sailed from Valparaiso on the twelfth of September, and on the thirtieth re-entered the bay of Callao, with the following vessels :— O'Higgins . of 48 guns, Admiral Lord Cochrane. bu San Martin . . 46 . . Rear-Ad. Blanco, Capt. Wilkinson. Lautaro . . 46 . . Captain Guize. Independencia . 28 . . Captain Forster. Puyrredon . . 14 . . Captain Prunier. Galvarino . . 18 . . Captain Spry. Araucano . . 16 . . Captain Crosby. And two fire-ships. On the second of October the admiral made an attempt to destroy the enemy's shipping by rockets, but on account olla ER nl 28 PROWESS OF THE PATRIOTS, of the badness of their composition, it was unsuccessful ; about twenty of his men were put “hors de combat” being burnt by the bursting of the rockets. It has since been ascertained that the Spanish prisoners inthe capital of Chile, being very improperly employed in the labora- tory of the military arsenal, had embraced every opportu- nity to mix neutralizing matter with the ingredients given to them to fill the tubes, by Mr. Goldsack, who had come out from England purposely to manufacture Con- greve rockets. How could it be expected that these poor fellows would execute such a task with fidelity to the Chilian republic ? Another attempt was made to destroy the enemy’s vessels by a fire-ship, which Lieutenant Morgel conducted in a gallant style ; but the wind fellbefore she reached the shipping, and as she was sorely crippled by the fire from the batteries and vessels of war, that brave officer was obliged to fire and abandon her, but at such adistance that her explosion caused little damage to the enemy. The Spaniards having their vessels moored close under the forts, and secured by booms and a flotilla of gun-boats, the admiral found it impracticable to destroy them, with- out endangering the existence of the Chilian squadron ; and now, on account of a Spanish frigate La Prucba of fifty guns, having made her appearance off the port, and effected her escape to the northward, he altered his plans; and sailed for Pisco, where a detachment was landed under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Charles and Major Miller. As this gallant affair has only been slightly mentioned in ¢ La Gazeta ministerial de Chile,’ of the 18th of December, 1819, I beg to introduce here the following extract from the memoirs of an eve- witness. : PROWESS OF THE PATRIOTS. 20 “It was known that a strong detachment of regular troops had been stationed in Pisco, at the request of the royalist merchants and landowners, to protect their property in depot there. The patriots intended to land in the night, and take the garrison by surprise ; but the wind failing, the ships ‘would not get near enough to disembark the troops until broad daylight on the 7th of November, 1819. On landing, information was given that the Spanish garrison amounted to one thousand men. It might, there- fore, have been prudent for the patriots to have re-embarked, especially as two-thirds of the marines were new recruits, who had not been even taught the platoon exercise ; but the remembrance of the disappointment before Callao, produced an unanimous desire to attack. The Spanish force, consisting of six hundred infantry, one hundred and sixty cavalry, and four field-pieces, under the command of Lieutenant-General Gonzales, were drawn up to receive the assailants. The field artillery, supported by their cavalry, occupied on their left a piece of rising ground, which commanded the entrances of the town, in the square of which their infantry was formed. Their right was strengthened by a fort on the sea-shore. Lieutenant- Colonel Charles, with twenty-five men, filed off to his right, to reconnoitre the enemy’s left, whilst Major Miller pushed on the town with the rest of the marines. Captain Hind, with a rocket party composed of seamen, occupied the attention of the fort. The Spaniards kept up a brisk fire from the field-pieces, and from the artillery in the fort, as well as from the infantry posted behind walls, on the tops of houses, and on the tower of the church. Not a musket was fired, or a word spoken, in the patriot column, which marched with the coolness and steadiness of veterans, in spite of the loss it sustained at every step. The silence, rapidity, and good order with which they advanced, struck a panic into the Spaniards, who fled when the patriots approached within fifty yards of their bayonets. The royalists were completely routed. The gallant Lieutenant- Colonel Charles was mortally wounded whilst charging four times his own numbers outside the town. The last volley of the Spaniards in the square brought down Major Miller.* “ They were conveyed on board the Lautaro. The two friends, both apparently on the brink of the grave, took leave of each other in the most affectionate manner, as Charles was conveyed aft, through the fore-cabin, in which Miller was already placed by the kindness of Captain Guize. In a few hours Charles expired, cool and collected to the last moment; the manner in which he died would have done honour to any hero of ancient or modern times. He was brave and talented, and his gentleness and suavity of manners had acquired for him universal love and respect. * A musket-ball wounded him in the right arm, another permanently dis- abled his left hand. A third ball entered his chest, and, fracturing a rib; passed out at the back. For four days the surgeons considered it impos- sible for him to survive, and for the next seventeen, slender hopes were entertained of his recovery. t Charles was educated at the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich. Having obtained a lieutenancy in the royal regiment, he went out to a_i... 30 PROWESS OF THE PATRIOTS. ‘ Captain Sowersby,* who succeeded to the command of the marines, remained on shore for four days, unmolested, in which tlme all that was required for the ships was embarked. “¢ Two hundred thousand dollars’ worth of brandy, lying on the beach, was wantonly destroyed bya party of seamen. Amongst the officers who distinguished themselves, besides those already mentioned, were Captain Don Manuel Urquisa, (severely wounded,) a Buenos-Ayrean; Captain Guitica, a German; Lieutenant Rivera, a Chilian; Lieutenant Carson, a North American; and Monsieur Soyer, a Frenchman (purser of the Lau- taro), who acted as a volunteer.” + The squadron procured refreshments and other neces- saries, visited and took the town of Santa, when the ma- rines distinguished themselves again. Rear-Admiral Blanco returned to Valparaiso with the San Martin and Independencia, with the sick and wounded : the body of the brave and unfortunate Colonel Charles was preserved in spirits, and afterwards interred with military honours in the fort of Valparaiso. Lord Cochrane proceeded to the river of Guayaquil,and captured two merchant vessels; but the object of his visit, La Prucha, had been lightened, and taken into Portugal, in the year 1808, with a detachment of artillery, appointed to serve with the ZLusitanian Legion, then raising under the orders of Sir Robert Wilson, who, perceiving the excellent qualities of Charles, appointed him his aide-de-camp ; and throughout the service in the Peninsula, he distinguished himself on every occasion by his talents, activity, and intre- pidity. When Sir Robert Wilson was sent to Constantinople, to assist in the negociations for peace between the Turks and Russians, Charles was again put on his staff, but his junction with Sir Robert was delayed till that general had been appointed military commissioner with-the Russian army. Charles, during the whole of the campaign in Germany and in Italy, con- tinued to do the duty of aide-de-camp to Sir Robert Wilson, and gained the affection and esteem of the allied commanders. The sovereigns particularly distinguished him, conferring on him the cross of St. George of Russia, of Merit, of Prussia, and of Maria Theresa or Austria. There never perhaps was an officer, serving in foreign armies, who was more universally a favourite, and who displayed qualities which more entitled him, professionally and personally to estimation. * Killed at the battle of Junin. t Memoirs of Miller, Vol. 1. Pages 226 to 228. PROWESS OF THE PATRIOTS. 31 shallow water, where she was moored close under a fort : the squadron procured refreshments, and made sail for Valparaiso ; but the admiral stood as far to the south- ward as Valdivia, where he captured a boat, and the Spanish brig of war Potrillo of sixteen guns, that was sent from Callao with specie and military stores for the garrison of Valdivia. The information which his lordship had obtained from the officer and crew of the boat, (who being deceived by the flag had left the port to pilot the frigate into Valdivia,) induced him to enter the port of Talcahuana, and visit the governor of the province of Concepcion, Colonel Don Ramon Freyre, who received and entertained the admiral in the most hospitable manner. His lordship communi- cated his information, and explained the possibility of seizing the important fortress of Valdivia by a “ coup de main ;” and the colonel coinciding with his views, gave him two hundred and fifty men, who, under the command of Major Beauchef embarked on board the frigate, and two small vessels that his lordship had taken up as trans- ports. “ His want of effective officers caused him the greatest difficulties : he had only two officers on board, and they were lieutenants ; one of these was under arrest for gross disobedience of orders, and the other was utterly incapable of performing the requisite duty of alieutenant. Lord Cochrane was, therefore, compelled to perform the several duties of captain and lieu- tenant, and to take turn in the watch with his only officer. On leaving the bay of Talcahuano, the wind fell, and the ship was becalmed, under the island of Quiriquina; he did not leave the deck till after midnight, when having given his orders, he went into his cabin to take a short repose. His order to the lieutenant was, to call him up on the least stir of wind. Scarcely had the admiral left the deck, when the lieutenant quitted his post, leaving a young lad, a midshipman, in command of the vessel. A breeze sprung up, and the lad, instead of calling the admiral, attempted to work the ship himself, and ran her on a sand-bank close to the shore. The tide was falling, but Lord Cochrane, ever ready with means suited to the emer- gency of the case, succeeded in getting her off the bank ; she was, however, BE Na 32 PROWESS OF THE PATRIOTS. considerably damaged. Part of her false keel was knocked off, and the planking, called the garboard streak, was crushed; and she made water fast. Lord Cochrane still, however, resolved to take the ship to Valdivia, and accomplish his purpose. Notwithstanding the pumps were kept inces- santly at work, the water increased to eight feet; she sailed badly, and every one except himself expected she would founder at sea. Finding that the water now no longer gained upon the pumps, he persevered, and, on the evening of the second of February, landed the troops in the most orderly manner at the landing-place of the Aguada del Ingles, outside of the harbour. The soldiers advanced to attack with spirit, while he went in his boat to reconnoitre the condition of the forts, so that by hailing he could more effec- tually animate and direct their operations, as he had the fullest confidence in the bravery of the military commanders. So admirably were the mea- sures taken, and so promptly executed, that the fort of the Aguada del Ingles was taken before the garrison had time to give the alarm. San Carlos was then stormed and taken, the garrison flying in the dark to Chorocomayo Alto: so quick was the pursuit, that the conquerors in the dark entered pell-mell into the succeeding forts, which were open to receive the affrighted Spaniards, who cried out to their comrades to be received: in this way before midnight the strong holds of Aguada del Ingles, San Carlos, Amargos, and two Chorocomayos, and Coral Castle, fell into the hands of the con- querors. Lord Cochrane brought his ship into the bay next morning, under a heavy fire from the enemy's forts, and anchored in front of Niebla, at the same time embarking the military from the opposite side in boats, so as to land them in two divisions, the one to storm Niebla and Pioja, and the other to capture Manzanera: the affrighted garrisons having seen the patriot flags hoisted on the opposite fortresses, and observing the O'Higgins low- ering her ports to open a fire upon them, and at the same time perceiving the approach of the patriot troops, fled from their guns with precipitation towards the city, abandoning these strong holds to the possession of the victorious troops. Thus with a single ship, and with less than half the number of troops which garrisoned these impregnable forts, did the well- judging, brave, and gallant sailor capture the important post of Valdivia; his loss was only seven men killed, and nineteen wounded: in the forts were captured the commander of the place, Colonel Hoyos, five commis- sioned officers, seventy-six non-commissioned officers and privates, besides a loss on the enemy’s side of three officers and ten soldiers killed, and twenty-one wounded. This is one of the most splendid feats ever recorded in history. All the military stores of the Spaniards fell into his hands, among them upwards of a thousand cwt. of gunpowder, 10,000 cannon-shot, of which 2,500 were brass, 170,000 musket cartridges, and other stores in proportion. The troops, including those who escaped from the batteries on the south-side during the night, as well as those who fled from the north, retired with consternation to the town of Valdivia, whither Lord Cochrane followed them at the head of the soldiers, marines, and sailors : he marched to the plaza, or square, in the centre of which he planted with his own hand, the independent standard of Chile; he found here no opposition, as the affrighted Spaniards had retired to the woods among the Indians. Hav- PROWESS OF THE PATRIOTS 33 ing arranged matters for the government of the town, leaving the troops in garrison, and the O’Higgins to be hove down in Coral bay, in order to repair the terrible damages she had sustained on leaving Talcahuana bay, he re- turned alone to Valparaiso in the little schooner Montezuma, which only mounted one swivel-gun, having his flag waving at the head of ber small mast. “On Lord Cochrane’s return, instead of being hailed by the government for the services he had rendered, was annoyed by every possible vexation ; the minister of war declaring, that instead of reward, he deserved to have lost his life in the enterprise, as it was the act of a madman !!! This minister secretly carried on a series of intrigues, the object of which was, to degrade the admiral, and lessen the glory which his brilliant services bad so well deserved. This originated from motives of the most narrow-minded jealousy and the most unworthy prejudices. He did not even receive a public acknowledgment of thanks for this brilliant exploit, till, for his own indemnification in having acted without orders, and for the satisfaction of the officers and men serving under him, he was obliged, after a long delay, to solicit the boon; and even then, the payment of prize-money for the stores taken in the fortresses was actually refused to the victors! It was only when Lord Cochrane’s indignation was raised by the ingratitude of the government of Chile, and it was feared he was about to retire in disgust, that the requisite vote of thanks was conceded, that medals were distributed to the victorious troops, and that a mere nominal reward of the grant of an estate was given to Lord Cochrane as a compensation for his brilliant services, ”* The following despatch from Lord Cochrane confirms the details already given: * Sir,—I had the honour to inform you, from Talcahuana, that, taking advantage of the opportunity which presented itself of communicating with Colonel Freyre on the means most effectual towards expelling the enemy from the south of Chile, and freeing the country from future incur- sions, I availed myself of the assistance of that zealous and active officer; who supplied me, on the 28th ult. with the troops and other assistance I required. The O'Higgins, Intrepid brig, and Montezuma schooner, sailed with a fair wind, and on the 2d instant arrived at the preconcerted rendez- vous, ten leagues to the southward of Valdivia. All the troops were then embarked in the small vessels; and, leaving the O'Higgins outside, we stood in for the Aguada Inglesa, where we anchored at a moderate distance from the battery and fort of San Carlos. The troops were disembarked at sunset ; but this was not effected before the castle commenced a fire upon us ; and in consequence of the heavy surf retarding the disembarka * Miers. [His Lordship has subsequently been deprived of this token of Chilian gratitude. — Author's remark. D $ : BR Ses aa A ——— Pe oF — - Sgn AEE ee. ims 34 ‘PROWESS OF THE PATRIOTS. tion, the enemy gained time to collect a considerable force behind the pre- cipices which line the beach. : . Nevertheless, the marines of the O'Higgins and Intrepid, with the military, having reached the shore, put the enemy to flight ; and, Posting them to the forts of Aguada Inglesa and San Carlos, immediately too possession of the first. The second was taken by assault after fie spite of all the efforts the enemy made to defend it. The rapidity wit which we took the forts and batteries of Avanzado, Barro, Amargos, and Chorocomayo, can only be compared with the valour and resolution of the officers and men who entered the castle of Corral along with the enemy, whom they were pursuing to this last point that remained to them. In this manner fell all the batteries and forts on the southern bank, whose artificial strength is nothing when compared with their advantageous natural situation. “I enclose you the letters of Major Beauchef, who commanded the brave detachment of 250 men, with which the patriot Colonel Freyre sup- plied me, and of Major Miller, who commanded the marines. Of the gallant conduct of these two officers, and that of Capt. Erezcous, who commanded the detachment from the Intrepid, as of all the rest, I can say nothing in praise adequate to their merit, and consequently I shall recommend them in expressive silence to the consideration of his Excellency the Supreme Director. : “ I had almost forgotten to mention, that these forts and batteries mount seventy pieces of cannon, and that we have taken in the port the ship Dolores. “ On board the Montezuma, (Signed) “ Valdivia, 4th of February, 1820. “ COCHRANE.” Lord Cochrane, with his 318 heroes, captured fifteen forts, that were garrisoned with 1,600 men, and the number of guns mounted upon their batteries when taken possession of were as follows :— No. of Pounders. Pounders | 24 | 16 | 14 12 | 8 | 47 2 1 | Total. Sn | s— —— e— —— — es | — has 17 4112( 418) 3) 2 2} 58 Iron if 7 | 4 1 The following is an extract from the Dumfries [ Monthly Magazine of November 1825. “ Another important acquisition was added to these by the capture, in the port, of the ship Dolores, which had formerly belonged to Chile, but PROWESS OF THE PATRIOTS. 35 which, in November 1819, had been treacherously seized by a part of her crew, and put into the hands of the pirate Benavides. “ After providing for the quiet and safety of the city and province, by establishing a provisioual government, and leaving a part of his force to garrison the place under the command of Major Beauchef, his lordship proceeded with the Montezuma and Dolores—the Intrepid having recently been wrecked on a sand-bank within the bay during a strong gale of wind —to Chiloe, with a view to wrest that island also from the hands of the royalists. He departed from Valdivia on the 13th of February, and on anchoring off Chiloe, immediately landed a body of troops under the com- mand of Major Miller, to attack the fortifications of San Carlos; but Miller, after taking and demolishing two batteries, was obliged to retire to the boats with considerable loss, the military, as also the natives, headed by several friars, having made a determined resistance. his lordship that the cause of Spain was devotedly adhered to upon the island ; and his force being too small to attempt the reduction of the town, he returned, without having effected anything farther, to Valdivia. He then ordered the O'Higgins to be repaired, and, issuing such instructions as were necessary for the regulation of affairs until orders should arrive from the supreme government, he departed with the other vessels for Valparaiso on the twenty-eighth, carrying with him the stores taken at Valdivia, toge- ther with five Spanish officers and forty privates, prisoners. ** After the departure of Lord Cochrane, the patriot forces left in Val. divia were obliged to dispute the possession of their recent conquest with the royalists whom they had expelled, and who had taken shelter in Chiloe. Intelligence having reached Beauchef that the Spaniards were determined to return, and to attempt the re-conquest of Valdivia, he collected the whole force of the place, consisting of those troops he had brought from Concep- cion, and such volunteers as had joined the patriot standard in Valdivia, which, when assembled, amounted to two hundred and eighty men ; and with these he advanced from the city to engage the enemy at a distance. He met them near the river Toro, on the sixth of March, where the contest was soon decided ; the Spanish officers having mounted their horses and fled, in about an hour after the commencement of the attack. Their men, left to the mercy of the enemy, instantly surrendered, and were made prisoners, to the number of two hundred and seventy. The whole of their arms and baggage was also taken: and with these trophies Beauchef returned on the 10th in triumph to Valdivia. “The repairs upon the O'Higgins being finished by the 11th of April ensuing, she rejoined the rest of the fleet under Lord Cochrane on the 18th, in the harbour of Valparaiso. “ For the sake of despatch, the executive government had, previous to this, removed from Santiago to Valparaiso, the better to co. operate with San Martin in embodying the army, and making the necessary preparations for the invasion of Peru. The arrival there of the admiral, crowned with glory from the conquest of Valdivia, was hailed by all classes with unbounded enthusiasm. Medals were struck by government in com- memoration of the event, and distributed among the officers, and + Long 9 D ~~ This convinced some time SoA 36 PROWESS OF THE PATRIOTS. live Cochrane, the hero of Valdivia! resounded in every quarter. His lordship, on his arrival, immediately directed his views to the great object then in contemplation, and began to co-operate with the executive in repairing and recruiting the navy. But the funds of government were low, the seamen were tardily paid, and the prize-money promised them by Lord Cochrane was altogether refused. This at first occasioned secret murmurs of discontent ; but at length complaint became loud and general, and his lordship, to whom the seamen looked for the vindication of their rights, found himself reduced to the necessity of proposing to government the alternative of either acceding to the request he had made, or of losing his future services. He therefore addressed to his excellency, the supreme director, a long exposition of his conduct since receiving the command of the squadron, and pointed out the manner in which his operations had often been retarded, and his measures counteracted, by the remissness or the wilful design of government. He reminded his excellency of the promises which had frequently been made to him, and which had been as frequently broken, regarding the pay and prize-money due to the seamen ; he drew a vivid picture of the consequent distress of the crews, and the straits to which he was thus reduced in managing so heterogeneous a mass of materials as that of which the fleet was composed, consisting of men of all nations, and of all religions, whose characters were fierce, and their conduct ungovernable, exeepting by appeals to the great leading principle of self- interest ; he also justified his own actions and motives from the aspersions of his enemies, by a reference to incontrovertible facts ; and concluded by begging the acceptance of his resignation in the following terms :— “ ¢ These circumstances, and many other similar ones, oblige me to adopt a line of conduct which my duty to your excellency, to the state, and to myself, most imperiously prescribes ; this is, to solicit your acceptance of the important commission with which I have been honoured, and which I now beg leave to resign. « «1 have detailed some of the motives which oblige me to abandon the service of a state in which I have been so highly honoured, particularly by your excellency ; but my firm conviction is, that if I agree to the tardy and procrastinated measures of the government, I shall make myself tacitly instrumental in forwarding that ruin which cannot but be the result of the plans of the advisers of your excellency. “ ¢ Valparaiso, May 14th, 1820.’ “ This high-spirited determination of Lord Cochrane was a result which his excellency, or rather his ministers, had not anticipated. His lordship’s presence and services were indispensable to the success of the expedition ; and therefore to soothe his resentment, and secure his farther co-operation, were acts of the first necessity. The justness of his lordship’s complaints was accordingly acknowledged, and the most conciliating assurances were given of attention and good faith on the part of government in future ; in consequence of which an agreement took place, and Cochrane consented to retain his commission. An estate had previously been offered him by government, of which he did not accept; and on the present occasion the PROWESS OF THE PATRIOTS, 37 offer was repeated, but was again respectfully declined. Yet, that his refusal might not be attributed to any other motive than disinterestedness, he purchased for himself an estate about eight leagues to the northward of Valparaiso, thereby to evince his attachment to the country, and his desire to be ranked among the number of its citizens. Shortly after concluding this purchase, he visited the estate, and having remarked the favourable situation of a bay which it contained, named Herradura, he gave in to government a statement of the advantages which it possessed over that of Valparaiso, and proposed that it should be resorted to in future by the ves- sels of war, as a much more convenient station ; offering, at the same time, to grant a sufficient space of land for the establishment of an arsenal and marine depot. But instead of receiving thanks for this gratuitous offer, he was informed that as the harbour of Herradura, and the estate of Quintero —the name of his lordship’s property—were, in consequence of the advan- tages pointed out by his lordship, of the highest importance to Chile, he must desist from making any improvements upon them, as the state should not re-imburse his expenditure; and that the said estate should in future be appropriated by government ; Lord Cochrane receiving back his pur- chase money, and being also remunerated for such improvements as he might already have made.—The chagrin and indignation of Lord Cochrane may easily be conceived, on the receipt of this information. He instantly demanded an explanation from the supreme director, of such unaccountable conduct, and received in answer a polite apology, attributing the whole affair to the officiousness of the attorney-general, who had founded the proceeding upon an old Spanish law which yet remained unrepealed. His lordship’s devotion to the cause of liberty induced him to pass over this insult ; but though he generously forgave such instances of mean jealousy, or childish policy, it was impossible that his proud and independent spirit could forget them. These little covert acts of baseness or ingratitude sting a lofty and generous mind infinitely more than the bold and open attacks of a dishonourable foe; and the recollection of these, no doubt, gave additional keenness to his lordship’s feelings on many future occasions, when farther injuries called for a still farther extension of his generosity. ‘“ Several circumstances, tending to subvert his lordship’s authority, occurred also about this time in the navy, which again led to a remon- strance and a tender of his commission. He had made application to the minister of marine for the appointment of Captain Crosbie to the rank of tlag-captain on board the O'Higgins, and on the eve of sailing with the expedition, he was astonished to learn that instead of Crosbie, Captain Spry had been promoted. On the order to ratify this appointment being transmitted to the admiral, he flatly refused to obey it, and answered that although no personal objection to Captain Spry induced him to adopt this line of conduct, he was determined that that officer should never tread the quarter-deck of his vessel as flag-captain, and that no such encroachment upon his own privilege as admiral, should be permitted by him so long as he retained the command of the fleet. This spirited reply had the desired effect ; Captain Spry was continued in his former command, and Captain Crosbie was promoted according to his lordship’s former request. A So ig 33 PROWESS OF THE PATRIOTS. “The conclusion of this affair was followed by another of a much more serious nature. Captain Guize of the Lautaro, who had been guilty of neglect of duty, and of several acts of disobedience to his commander, was arrested by order of the admiral, and kept in confinement until ae, which was immediately put in possession of the charges against him, shoul institute a court-martial to decide upon his punishment. The members of government, who seem never to have formed a just estimate of the bold and uncompromising character of Lord Cochrane, resisted this act of his authority in the most decided manner, until the following letter, which was received from his lordship by the minister of marine, restored them to a sense of their true interest : — ¢¢ Sir—The apparent determination of the supremacy to support a junior officer in the commission of the most outrageous breaches of his public duty, and of acting not only contrary, but in direct opposition to the orders communicated to him by his commander-in-chief, not only encourages his dereliction from duty, and is a precedent of the most pernicious character for the imitation of others, but brings my authority into contempt, aud ren- ders my exertions in the service of the republic nugatory. I have apne to add at present to what I have already stated to you, except that you wi ! place in the hands of his excellency, the supreme director, my resignation o the command of the squadron of Chile, and express to him my sincere wish, that whoever may be appointed to supersede me, his endeavours to gerve the cause of liberty in the New World may be crowned with greater success than mine have been ; and that he may be better qualified to preserve that discipline in the squadron, which is not only essentially necessary, bug indispensably requisite, for the honour of himself, the success of his wa tions, and the welfare of the cause he serves. I have to request you wi inform me at the earliest period of the acceptance of my resignation, that I may order my flag to be struck; as also, whether it would be agreeable to the present views of the supreme government that I should continue to reside as a citizen of Chile, among those persons who, after having exerted themselves in support of her sacred cause, have retired to enjoy the fruits of their labours; if not, I request permission to leave the country ; and my passport constituting my ultimate request, I remain, &e., : “ Valparaiso, July 16, 1820.” “ COCHRANE. “ On the following day, before any answer had been returned to the above communication, an anonymous paper was found upon the capstern head of the flag-ship, inviting all who felt themselves attached to his lordship, or who were aware how much the honour, safety, and interest, not only of the navy, but of the state of Chile, depended on his continuing in the command, to meet on board the Independencia, at one o’clock, for the purpose of taking into consideration what measures it might be most proper to adopt in con- sequence of his lordship’s determination to resign. The events of the 18th showed that this invitation had been attended to. His lordship on that day received two communications, one from five captains of the fleet, and another from twenty-three commissioned officers, stating, that having heard with regret of his lordship’s determination to abandon the service of a state PROWESS OF THE PATRIOTS. 39 from which he had received so ungrateful a return for his many splendid services, and being aware that he was the only man capable of commanding with effect the naval forces of Chile, they had come to the resolution of also abandoning the service with his lordship. They begged him, therefore, to forward their resignations to the proper quarter, and assured him at the same time of their devotedness to his person, and their esteem for his brave and honourable character. These documents were respectively signed by the five captains and twenty-three commissioned officers with whom they originated, and were answered by Lord Cochrane in the most obliging man- ner. He thanked them for this gratifying proof of their attachment ; but he concealed the circumstance altogether from Government, that the deter- mination of its members might not thus be biassed by a fear of such conse. quences, in deciding upon the subject of his own resignation. The secret, however, soon reached the ears of the Executive, by means of those—among whom were Captains Guize and Spry—who had not adopted with their com- rades the resolution of sharing in the fate of their admiral. This momentous secret operated with so speedy an effect, that an answer to Lord Cochrane's communication was received on the 20th, of which the following is a copy: — “‘My Lord,—At a moment when the services of the naval forces of the state are of the highest importance, and the personal services of your lord- ship indispensable, the Supremacy, with the most profound sentiments of regret, has received your resignation, which, should it be admitted, would involve the future operations of the arms of liberty in the New World in certain ruin, and ultimately replace in Chile, your adopted home, that tyranny which your lordship abhors, and to the annihilation of which your heroism has so greatly contributed. “His excellency, ‘the supreme director, commands me to inform your lordship, which I have the honour of doing, that should you persist in resigning the command of the sqadron, which has been honoured by bearing your flag, the cause of terror and dismay to our enemies, and of glory to all true Americans ; or should the government unwisely admit it, this would be indeed a day of universal mourning in the New World. The govern- ment, therefore, in the name of the nation, returns you your commission, soliciting your re-acceptance of it, for the furtherance of that sacred cause to which your whole soul is devoted. “The Supremacy is convinced of the necessity which obliges your lord- ship to adopt the measures which placed Capt. Guize, of the Lautaro, under an arrest, and of the justness of the charges exhibited against this officer of the state; but being desirous of preventing any delay in the important ser- vices in which the ships and vessels of war are about to proceed, it is the pleasure of his excellency the supreme director, that the arrest of Capt. Guize be suspended, as well as his trial by a court-martial on the charges exhibited, which will remain in the archives of the marine department, to be postponed till the first opportunity which does not interfere with the service of the squadron, so important at the present epoch. (Signed) “ Jose YeNacio ZeNTENO, “ Valparaiso, July 20th, 1820.” Minister of Marine.” 40 PROWESS OF THE PATRIOTS. “ Lord Cochrane, on receipt of this note, immediately set Capt. Guize at liberty, and returned to the various officers of the squadron their commis- sions, with the assurance that he duly appreciated so flattering a testimony of their personal esteem. “It would require more minute and extensive information regarding the state of parties, and the characters of the various individuals composing the machinery of government in Chile during this period, to account in a satisfactory manner for so strange a system of alternate opposition and con- ciliation being thus persisted in towards Lord Cochrane. The amiable dis- position of the supreme director O'Higgins, and his ardent devotion to the republican cause, go far to establish his freedom from active guilt in these transactions. But passively a considerable share becomes his due, in having permitted those over whom he exercised a direct control to exceed, the pre- rogatives of their office, and to destroy the balance of public justice by casting into the scale their own private feelings and interests. We have already seen the political evils to which he gave rise by creating the sena- torial court of consultation, and endowing it with privileges imcompatible with his own supremacy, and the due subordination of parts in the scale of government. The uprightness of his motives no doubt disarmed the tongue of censure upon that occasion, while common sense taught the public to exonerate him from the direct odium of acts performed by a body of men, who had derived from him merely the power of performing them. Yet still he was adverted to as the remote cause of all, upon the same principle that we account for inherent depravity in moral nature, by referring to the unwary deed of a common progenitor. O'Higgins appears to have wanted that energy and decision in the cabinet which characterised his actions in the field ; he was incapable of overawing and binding to one common pur- pose the wills of those beneath him in authority; and thus, by giving scope to the passions and caprice of individuals, the general good became a fre- quent sacrifice, and measures of the last importance were either rejected or delayed until their rejection would have been the much safer course. Perhaps it is in this way, rather than in any other, that the cause of the treatment which Lord Cochrane experienced is to be explained. A ray from Mr. Stevenson’s* pen has fallen amid the obscurity upon San Martin, and pointed him out as the author of the whole; but this will not be admit- ted until it is distinctly proved that San Martin exercised an unbounded influence over the government, and that he studied his own interest more than that of the public. That government alone ought to be deemed culpa- ble, is proved by the treatment which Lord Cochrane still continued to experience after San Martin had altogether forsaken its councils, and was exclusively occupied with the affairs of Peru. The same feelings were still retained in Chile which had formerly displayed themselves, and the same conduct was the result, until at length his lordship carried the resolution which he had so often adopted into practice, and quitted not only the ser- vice, but the precincts of a country which had proved itself undeserving of either his support or his presence. So illustrious and talented an indivi- *Private Secretary to Lord Cochrane. PROWESS OF THE PATRIOTS. 41 dual as San Martin would have possessed a weighty influence in any country, and under any political system, for such is the tribute which mankind invo- luntarily pay to superior merit; and if this tribute was awarded to San Martin in a more than ordinary proportion, the cause is explained by the circumstances with which he was surrounded. The unsettled state of society, the jealousy of superior merit among some in power, and the clash- ing of individual opinions among others, afford a more satisfactory answer to this problem. Ingratitude to public benefactors is a crime of frequent occurrence in revolutions, where the ascendant of to-day may be the slave of to-morrow, and where present expedience, more than maxims of general justice, form the motives of action with those to whom is committed the direction of affairs. The disputes which occurred between the government and Lord Cochrane are therefore nothing extraordinary ; and I should not have dwelt so long upon their detail, did not every circumstance connected with the history of so romantic an individual, possess a degree of importance which ought to save it from oblivion.” Dumfries Monthly Magazine of November, 1835. THE THIRD CRUISE AND EXPEDITION OF THE LIBERATING ARMY. On the 21st of August, 1820, an army of near 6,000 men, well equipped, armed, &e. besides an ample store of arms, ammunition, and clothing, for the patriots in Peru, were embarked in twenty transports, mostly prizes, who sailed under convoy of the Chilian squadron, from Valparaiso, in order to liberate Peru; at a time when the treasury of Chile was in an exhausted state; and the greatest opposition had been manifested through the machinations of the enemies of liberty, who were still a powerful part of the aristocracy of Chile. Notwithstand- ing which, the indefatigable supreme director, Don Bernardo O'Higgins, with the co-operation of the com- mander in chief General San Martin, Admiral Lord Cochrane, and a few other distinguished patriots, had managed to surmount every difficulty, after having already paid 480,000 dollars for the following vessels of war: Lautaro, San Martin, Galvarino, Araucano, and Chacabuco. 42 PROWESS OF THE PATRIOTS. On the thirteenth of August, the Supreme Director issued the following proclamation. “In the tenth year of the South American revolution, and the three hun- dredth of the conquest of Peru, a people whose rank in the social scale has hitherto rated below its destiny, has undertaken to break the chains which Pizarro began to forge, with his blood-stained hands, in 1520. The govern- ment established in Chile since its restoration, having conceived this great design, deems it right that it should be carried into execution by the same person who, having twice promised to save his country, has twice suc- ceeded. An expedition, equipped at the expense of great sacrifices, is at “length ready to proceed, and the army of Chile, united to that of the Andes, is now called upon to redeem the land, in which slavery has longest existed, and from whence the latest efforts have been made to oppress the whole continent. Happy be this day on which the record of the movements, and the action of the expedition commenced! The object of this enterprise is to decide whether or not the time is arrived, when the influence of South America upon the rest of the world shall be commensurate with its extent, its riches, and its situation. “ O’HiGGIns.” The expedition arrived on the coast of Peru, and the vessels anchored in the bay of Tarapaca, three leagues to the south of Pisco, on the sixth of September; on the eighth a division landed and took possession of Pisco ; on the twelfth the troops had all disembarked, and General San Martin established his head-quarters there, when, after having gained some advantages over the enemy, and sent General Arenales with a division into the in- terior, he embarked the troops, and proceeded to Ancon, leaving Lord Cochrane to blockade Callao. The following are extracts of proclamations from the supreme director of Chile, and General San Martin, that were issued by the liberating army after it had disem- barked at Pisco. PERUVIANS ! “ Behold the pact and condition on which Chile, in the face of the Supreme Being, and calling on all the nations of the earth as witnesses and revengers of a violation, faces fatigues and death, to save you. You shall be free and independent ; you shall constitute your own laws by the unbi- assed and spontaneous will of your representatives ; no military nor civil PROWESS OF THE PATRIOTS. 43 influence, either direct or indirect, shall be exercised by your brethren in your social dispositions ; you shall discharge the armed force sent to pro- tect you, at the moment you choose, without any attention to your danger, or security : should you think fit, no military force shall ever occupy a free town, unless it be called in by a legitimate magistracy : neither by us, nor through our assistance, shall any Peninsular or party feelings, that may have preceded your liberty, be punished : ready to destroy the armed force which resists your rights, we pray you to forget, on the day of your glory, all past grievances, and to reserve the most severe justice for future obstinate insults. “ O’HigcIns.” PeorLE oF Peru! “I have paid the tribute, which as a public man I owe to the opinien of others. Ihave shown what is my object and my mission towards you. I come to fulfil the expectations of all who wish to belong to the country which gave them birth, and who desire to be governed by their own laws. On that day when Peru shall freely pronounce as to the form of her institutions, be they whatever they may, my functions shall cease ; and I shall have the glory of announcing to the government of Chile, of which I am a subject, that their heroic efforts have at last received the consolation of having given liberty to Peru, and security to the neighbouring states. “ SAN MARTIN.” His lordship being determined to humble the pride of the Spaniards, (who, vain of having frustrated his former attempts of capturing or destroying their vessels, had ridiculed them in every possible mode, even by repre- sentations in the theatre of Lima,) and after having re- connoitred the enemy's position, who were on the « qui vive, he fixed the night of the fifth of November, for one of the most daring enterprises ever recorded ; and after having called out volunteers, and selected a part (for the crews of the shipping volunteered to a man,) he issued the following proclamation :— “ SoLDIERS and SArLonrs ! “To-night we are about to give a mortal blow to the enemy; and to-morrow you will present yourselves with pride before Callao: all your comrades will envy your good fortune; one hour of courage and resolution is all that is required of you, to triumph. Remember that you have conquered in Valdivia, and be not afraid of those who have hitherto fled from you. The value of all the vessels that are captured in Callao will be yours, and the same reward in money will be distributed amongst you, sis Eh pt tt 41 PROWESS OF THE PATRIOTS. that has been offered by the Spaniards in Lima, to those who should capture any of the Chilian squadron. The moment of glory is approaching. I hope that the Chilians will fight as they have been accustomed to do, and that the Englishmen will act as they have always done at home and abroad. “ Given on board the O'Higgins, Nov. 5th, 1820. “ COCHRANE.” Fourteen boats left the O'Higgins, at half-past 10 p.m. under the command of his lordship ; they were formed in two divisions :(— Ist. 2d. O’HiGaIns. LAUTARO AND INDEPENDENCIA. Captain Crosby. Captain Guize. Lieutenant Esmonde. Lieutenant Bell. Lieutenant Brown. Lieutenant Freeman. Lieutenant Morgell. Lieutenant Grenfelt. Lieutenant Robertson Lieutenant Gilbert. Lieutenant Wynter. Gardiner, Master of Lautaro. Midshipman Delano. Midshipman Hanower. Midshipman Orello. Midshipman Simonds Well, surgeon Midshipman Parker. Tailor, boatswain. Midshipman French. Davies, gunner. Midshipman Oxley. Mullins, carpenter. Michael, surgeon. Captain Geron, artillery. Frew, purser. Soyer, volunteer. Lieutenant Romero, infantry. ~~ Thompson, boatswain. Blasher, gunner. And 240 seamen and marines, The following is the order that was issued preparatory to the enterprise. ¢ Chilian States’ Ship O'Higgins, 1st of Nov. 1810. “ The boats will proceed, towing the launches in the two lines parallel to each other, which lines are to be at a distance of three boats’ length asunder. “ The second line will be under the charge of Captain Guize. Each boat will be under the charge of a volunteer commissioned officer, so far as circumstances permit, and the whole under the immediate command of the admiral. “ The officers and men are all to be dressed in white jackets, frocks, or shirts, and are to be armed with pistols, sabres, knives, tomahawks, or pikes. PROWESS OF THE PATRIOTS. 45 “Two boat-keepers are to be appointed to each boat, who on no pre- tence whatever, shall quit their respective boats, but are to remain therein and take care that the boats do not get adrift. f Each boat is to be provided with one or more axes, or sharp hatchets, which are to be kept slung to the girdle of the boat-keepers. The frigate Esmeralda being the chief object of the expedition, the whole force is to attack that ship, which, when carried, is not to be cut adrift, but is to Yous In possession of the patriot seamen, to ensure the capture of the fi On securing the frigate, the Chilian seamen and marines are not to cheer as if they were Chilians, but, in order to deceive the enemy, and give time for completing the work, are to cheer * Viva el Rey?! “ The two brigs of war are to be fired on by the musketry from the Esme- ralda, and are to be taken possession of by Lieutenants Esmonde and Mor- gell, in the boats they command ; which being done, they are to cut adrift run out, and anchor in the offing as quickly as possible. The boats of the Inde- pendencia are to busy themselves in turning adrift all the outward Spanish merchant-ships; and the boats of the O'Higgins and Lautaro, under Lieu- tenants Bell and Robertson, are to set fire to one or more of the headmost hulks; but these are not to be cut adrift so as to fall down upon the rest. " The watch-word, or parole and countersign, should the white dress not be sufficient distinction in the dark, are ‘ Gloria” to be answered b ¢ Victoria y ( Signed) “ COCHRANE.” I will now give an extract from the journal of a distin- guished naval officer who commanded his Majesty's ship Conway, at that period in the Pacific, and who, on account of the station he held, must have been an impar- tial historian. “ At midnight, the boats having forced their way across the boom, Lord Cochrane, who was leading, rowed alongside the first gun-boat, and taking the officer by surprise, proposed to him, with a pistol at his head, the alter- native of * Silence or death '—No reply was made—the boats pushed on unobserved—and Lord Cochrane, mounting the Esmeralda’s side, was the first to give the alarm.” The sentinel on the gangway levelled his piece and fired; but was instantly cut down by the coxswain, and his lordship though wounded in the thigh, at the same moment stepped on the deck. The frigate being boarded with no less gallantry on the opposite side by Captain Guize, who met Lord Cochrane midway, on the quarter-deck ; ad also by Captain Crosbie; the after-part of the ship was soon carried sword in hand. The Spaniards rallied on the forecastle, where they made a desperate resistance, till overpowered by a fresh party of seamen and marines, headed by Lord Cochrane. A gallant stand was again made for sometime on the 46 PROWESS OF THE PATRIOTS. main-deck ; but before one o'clock the ship was captured, her cables cut, and she was steered triumphantly out of the harbour, under the fire of the whole of the north face of the castle. The Hyperion, an English, and the Macedonian, an American frigate, which were at anchor close to the scene of action, gut under weigh when the attack commenced ; and, in order to prevent their being mistaken by the batteries for the Esmeralda, showed distinguishing signals : but Lord Cochrane, who had foreseen and provided even for this minute circumstance, hoisted the same lights as the American and English frigates ; and thus rendered it impossible for the batteries to discriminate between the three ships: the Esmeralda, in consequence, was very little injured by the shot from the batteries. * The Spaniards had upwards of one hundred and twenty men killed and wounded ; the Chilians eleven killed, and thirty wounded. “This loss was a death-blow to the Spanish naval force in that quarter of the world ; for, although there were still two Spanish frigates and some smaller vessels in the Pacific, they never afterwards ventured to show them- selves, but left Lord Cochrane undisputed master of the coast.”* General San Martin's Official Despatch to the Chilian Government. “ Head-quarters, Supe, Dec. Ist, 1820. “ Seiior Ministro.—I have the honour of forwarding to you the despatches of ¢ El mui honorable Lord Cochrane,” vice-admiral of the squadron, re- lative to the heroic capture of the frigate Esmeralda, by boarding her under the batteries of Callao. *“ It is impossible for me to eulogize in proper language the daring enter- prise of the 5th of November, and by which he has decided the superiority of our naval forces, augmented the splendour and power of Chile, and secured the success of this campaign. “1 doubt not but that S. E. the supreme director, will render the justice due to the worthy chief, officers, and other individuals, who have had a share in that successful action. Itis painful to record the loss of a few brave men, also to state that his lordship was severely wounded, but he is now happily recovered, and ready to confer new glories on the Chilian flag. “I have not been able to send you the flag of Admiral Vacaro, of which mention is made in the despatches, on account of a mistake, and the great distance I am from the squadron, but it will be forwarded by the first opportunity. “ I beg you will honour me by congratulating S. E. on this important suc- cess, and principally on account of the influence it will have in the grat object that occupies his attention. “ Dios guardea V S. muchos anos.” « Al Senor Colonel Don Jose Ignacio Zenteno, Minister of war, “Jose SAN MARTIN.” * Captain Bazil Hall's Extracts. PROWESS OF THE PATRIOTS. 47 “ O’Higgins before Callao, Nov. 14th, 1820. “ Ex’mo Sefior.—The efforts of the S. E., the supreme director, and the sacrifices of the patriots of the south, to acquire the dominion of the Paci- fic, have hitherto been frustrated, chiefly by the enormous strength of the batteries of Callao, which being superior to those of Algiers or Gibraltar, rendered every attack against the naval force of the enemy impracticable, with any class or number of ships of war. Nevertheless, being desirous of advancing the cause of rational liberty and political independence, which is the great object your excellency has in view, and to promote the happi- ness of mankind, 1 was anxious to dispel the charm which heretofore had paralysed our naval efforts. With this intention, I carefully examined the batteries, the ships of war, and the gun-boats, in this port ; and being satisfied that the frigate Esmeralda could be cut out by men resolved to do their duty, I immediately gave orders to the captains of the Independencia and Lautaro to prepare their boats ; and acquainted them that the value of that frigate, together with the reward offered in Lima for the capture of any of the ships of Chile, would be the recompense of those who should volunteer to take part in this enterprise. * On the following day, a number of volunteers, including Captains Forster, Guize, and Crosbie, with other officers, offered their services ; the whole amounting to a force sufficient for the execution of the project. Every thing being prepared, the boats were exercised in the dark, in the evening of the 4th inst., and the night of the 5th of November was chosen for the attack. “ Captain Crosbie had charge of the first division, consisting of the boats of the O’Higgins ; and Captain Guize, of the second, which was formed of those of the other ships. At half-past ten, we rowed in two lines to- wards the enemy's anchorage, and, at twelve, forced the line of gun-boats guarding the entrance. The whole of our force boarded the Esmeralda at the same moment, and drove the enemy from the deck after an obstinate resistance. “ All the officers employed on this service have conducted themselves in the most gallant manner. “To them, and also to the seamen and marines, I feel under extreme obligations for their activity and zeal in boarding the Esmeralda. “1 was sorry that the necessity of leaving at least one captain in charge of the ships, prevented my acceding to the wishes of the captain of the Independencia, who accordingly remained with the squadron “1 have also to lament the loss we have suffered, which is detailed in the adjoining lists. * “ That of the Esmeralda cannot be exactly ascertained, on account of the wounded and others who leaped overboard ; but we know that, out of 330 individuals originally on board, only 204 have been found alive, including officers and wounded men. The Esmeralda mounts forty guns, and is not in * O'Higgins, 3 killed, “ E1 mui honorable Lord Cochrane,” and 14 indi. viduals wounded— Lautaro, 3 killed, 8 wounded— Independencia, 5 killed, 8 wounded. Senne rg > {hi i 48 PROWESS OF THE PATRIOTS. a bad state, as was represented, but, on the contrary, very well found, id perfectly equipped. She has on board three months’, provisions, Bees a supply of cordage and other articles for two years. A gun-boat o ot guns, which lay directly in the passage of our boats, was boarded and towe out on the following morning. “I hope the capture of the flag-ship Esmeralda, secured by booms, bat- teries, and gun-boats, in a situation always before deemed impregnable, and in sight of the capital, where the fact cannot be concealed, will produce a moral effect greater than might be expected under other circumstances. “I have great satisfaction in sending you the flag of Admiral Vacaro, that you may be pleased to present it to his Excellency, the supreme director of the republic of Chile. : “ I have the honour to remain, Ex’mo S’or, “ Your excellency’s most obedient servant, “ COCHRANE.” His lordship sent a more laconic epistle to S. E. the supreme director of Chile ; and on the arrival of the news, the following eulogy was pronounced in the National Institution of Santiago in favour of the success of the maritime campaign of Lord Cochrane. In order to preserve the originality of this document, I will not attempt to translate it. “El elegio de Lord Cochrane, pronunciado en el instituto nacional de Chile sobre los succesos de la cam- pafia maritima.” “ Llega al Callao: este puerto se halla defendido por las mejores forta- lezas de todo el pacifico, y coronado de baterias: 10 buques de guerra, y con gran numero de cafioneras presentaron una barrera formidable. “El gallardo Almirante se apodera de la isla de San Lorenzo, ancla alli su escuadra emprende forzar la entrada del puerto y se adelanta con la O'Higgins, y el Lautaro: 300 piezas de artilleria vomitan la muerte al rededor de el y por tres costados vienen rayos a destruir sus buques ; pero el avanzo a un paso siempre igual par entre estos torrentes de fuego: asom- bra a sus enemigos, derama el horror y la muerte; la maltrata sus buques y el terror llego a un extremo que se valian de arbitrios prohibidos, despi- diendo balas rojos por todos los castillos. 7 *“ Despues de escarmentarlos gravemente, vuelve sereno, y victorioso al resto de su armada. “ En este mismo punto y bajo de estos'mismos fuegos despues de un afio de preparacion para aguardar la Escuadra de Chile, y de dos meses de verla en sus puertos el virey, es quando se ha hecha prisionera la Esmeralda mon- yy EL PROWESS OF THE PATRIOTS. 49 tada de los principales oficiales de la; marina del Peru, y defendida de tanta tropa, que despues de una terrible mortandad hemos tomado 174 hom- bres. * A series of success followed the expedition, and on the third of December, the regiment Numanica deserted the Spanish army, and joined that of General San Martin. “On the 5th of July, the Spaniards abandoned Lima, and took shelter in the fortress of Callao ; on the 12th, General San Martin, after various invitations, entered the city ; on the 28th, the independence of Peru was proclaimed ; and on the 21st of September, the castles of Callao surrendered to General San Martin, who had been elected Protector of Peru. Some misunderstanding had unfortunately broken out between the Admiral and Protector, who, it was said, had seduced Captain Guize and other officers to leave his lordship, and join the Peruvian Navy. «The admiral made a claim; 1st, for arrears due to the squadron ; 2nd, a bounty equal to one year’s pay for each individual of the squadron, agreeable to the promise made before sailing from Valparaiso ; 3d, 50,000 dollars which had been promised to the seamen, in the event of their taking the Esmeralda; 4th, 110,000 dollars, the estimated value of the frigate. The protector con- tended that the Chilian government was alone responsible for the first and fourth claim. He admitted the Justice of the second and third, but required to have time allowed him to liquidate them. The admiral was highly dis- satisfied with the answer,” and the breach being still widened with other circumstances, “the protector transmitted to Lord Cochrane a copy of that part of his private instructions from the Chilian government, which au- thorised San Martin, as commander-in-chief of the liberating expedition, to employ (disponer) the whole or any part of the squadron, as he may deem most expedient. In virtue of these powers, he ordered the admiral, and the vessels under his command, to leave the coast of Peru.” “Lord Cochrane sailed in the month of October, 1821, with the O’Higgins, Valdi- via, Independencia, and a small vessel, in pursuit of the Spanish squadron, and ascertained at Panama that it had touched there. This enterprising sea- man proceeded in his leaky and inefficient vessels to the coast of California; but, learning that the Spanish frigates had not gone in that direction, he returned to the coast of Peru. The dangers and sufferings endured on this cruise have been seldom surpassed. The crazy ships were tossed about in a tempestuous and unfrequented sea, while the ill-paid, and discontented crews, suffering from great scarcity of fresh water and of provisions, were constantly obliged to keep working at the pumps. At one time, after a long calm, when ninety leagues from the nearest land, there only remained as much water as would fill a pipe, in the whole squadron. The crews were in a state of consternation at the horrid death which seemed to await them, and which no human effort could avert. Every eye was lifted towards * Gazeta Ministerial de Chile. E z= 4 $ pans A TARE IB » p> ng Ol) PROWESS OF THE PATRIOTS. heaven ; fervent ejaculations were uttered, for on such trying occasions there are no unbelievers. The crews were a medley of all religions; but the same thoughts, the same fears, and the same hopes in the all-powerful Director of events, pervaded every breast. When the feelings of all were approaching to frenzy and despair, when they had arrived at that pitch of heart-rending agony, of which none, but those who have experienced simi- lar calamities, can form any idea ; in this critical period, the sky assumed a threatening aspect ; the lightning flashed on the horizon, black clouds arose, peals of thunder resounded through the air, and every thing indicated an approaching storm. The drooping spirits of the sufferers revived, and one and all earnestly looked for the speedy approach of the tempest. Dangers which, at other times, would have been dreaded, in such shattered vessels, were now hailed with rapture. Torrents of rain fell, and, as if escaped from shipwreck, the men wept with joy. Every awning and sail that could be made available was spread. “It rained in torrents for twenty-four hours, and every cask was filled. The wind, boisterous at first, soon moderated into a fair, steady breeze, and the trials and dangers of the sufferers were forgotten. “In the mean while the Spanish naval commanding officer, Don Jose Villegas, fearing to come in contact with the patriot admiral, had made the best of his way from Panama to Guayaquil, where he capitulated to the Peruvian agents in that city, on the 15th of February, 1822. One of the frigates and the corvette remained in the river. The other frigate sailed for Callao, where she arrived on the 31st of March. « All were delivered up to the Peruvian government. Lord Cochrane arrived in the bay of Callao on the 25th of April, and demanded the vessels as his prizes. “The Peruvian government alleged he had no right to them, and refused to comply with the demand. “ Some altercations took place, and finally Lord Cochrane sailed for Chile on the 10th of May, 1822.” * The Chilian squadron anchored in the port of Valpa- raiso on the 13th of June, and his lordship sent the fol- lowing official report of his operations to the Chilian government. Admiral Lord Cochrane's official report to the Chilian government, on his return with the Chilian squadron in June 1822, “ The anxious desires of his excellency the supreme director are now ful- filled, and the sacrifices of the people of Chile are rewarded. The naval power of Spain, in the Pacific, has succumbed, it is now extinguished. The * Miller's Memoirs. INTRIGUES OF THE SPANISH FACTION. 51 following vessels having surrendered to the unceasing efforts of the squa- dron of this free state: the frigates, Prueba, of ty guns, Esmeralda, of forty-four; Venganza, of forty-four; Resolution, of thirty-four; Siliusii. ana, of thirty-four . brigs, Pezuela of eighteen ; Potrillo of sletoon schoon. ers, Aransasu ; Prosupina, and seventeen gun-boats ; the armed serdar ships, Aguila and Begonia, at Guayaquil, and others employed as block ships at Callao. It is highly gratifying to me, after labouring under such difficulties as were never before witnessed on hoard vessels of war, to an- nounce the arrival of the Chilian squadron in Valparaiso, its cradle ; where ’ owing to its constant services in the cause of the liberty and independence of Chile, Peru, Colombia, and Mexico, it is the object of admiration and gratitude to the inhabitants of the New World. “ COCHRANE.” Soon after the Chilian squadron and Liberating army had sailed for Peru, the Spanish party, who, unfortunately for Chile, were a wealthy and numerous class, headed by the Bishop of Santiago, who had great influence over the natives, began to exert their power of intrigue, and con- spire to overthrow the patriot government, and regain the ascendency; but General O'Higgins, ever on the alert, frustrated their machinations, by exiling the pre- late to Mendoza and Melipilla ; others were punished by heavy contributions and imprisonment, besides which, their Spanish titles and dignities were annulled, until the court of Madrid deigned to recognize the independ- ence of Chile. He gave freedom to the slaves, as well as to all who should enter the republic, and abolished that inhuman traffic. He invited foreigners to emigrate to, and settle in Chile; and as an inducement to such as were not Roman Catholics, he granted a boon that had hitherto been denied, viz.,the rites of sepulture! The first protestant that was publicly interred in the burial-ground allotted to them in the capital, (Santa Lucia,) was an English merchant, George Perkins, Esq. who had been barbarously murdered in his dwelling, and, what makes this circumstance worthy of notice, is the following fact : E 2 Ey pian T CARE To = - Birks iy - HR Svs oa ip 52 ADMINISTRATION OF GENERAL SAN MARTIN. The criminals were taken, tried, and led from their prison to the place of excecution; at the same time the corpse of their victim was borne to the cemetery, and shot at the moment it was lowered into the grave. This, and many other just and laudable acts of the worthy Director, gained him much popularity amongst the foreigners; but he did not escape the censure of those who strove to attri- bute such measures to sinister motives; and his secret enemies, finding that nothing could be done openly, strove to create dissension amongst the chiefs of the patriot army and squadron; and, unfortunately for the cause of independence, they were too successful, for no sooner had the party intrigues caused a rupture between the protector and the admiral, than the former found his popularity and power on the wane, which the following extract will fully explain : « San Martin, now freed from the presence of a troublesome rival, began to carry into effect the arrangements he had so long contemplated regarding the maritime establishment of Peru. The few vessels belonging to the republic were formed into a marine, and placed under the Sona of Captain—now created Admiral Guise, the personal enemy of Lond ogh- rane, and such other European officers, among whom was Captain pry, as had, like their admiral, left the service of Chile. This marine was not less deficient in equipment than in number of vessels, for Lord Coote had already swept the Pacific, and gathered into the harbours of Chile almost all that remained of the Spanish fleets in that quarter of the world; but as, from that circumstance, no enemy existed to cope with them, it was, for the present, sufficient for the purposes of government. « On the 8th of October, the protector issued a Provisional Statute for the Administration of the Free Departments of Peru,’ in which he invested himself with the power of exercising, without control, all the various functions of the administration; and also assumed to himself the sole command of the naval and military forces, with a right to increase or diminish their numbers as he might judge necessary, to Impose taxes, contract loans, conclude treaties, and declare peace or war. The assumption of this sovereign power he justified upon the plea of necessity, and limited its con- tinuance to the declaration of independence throughout the whole of the provinces ; when he promised to constitute a general congress, for the pur- pose of establishing such a form of government as might appear best suited to the wishes and interests of the people. PERUVIAN LOAN. 93 “ Previous to this, upon the 12th of August, a decree of a more liberal and gratifying kind emanated from the same quarter, declaring that all children born of slaves, on or after the 28th of that month, (1821,) should remain free, and be admitted to the same rights and privileges as the other classes of Peruvian citizens. This act of humanity and justice had pre- viously been performed by all the other free states of South America— a transaction which sheds a redeeming lustre over many more questionable occurrences during their struggle for independence. “The difficulties of the protector’s situation were now beginning rapidly to increase, and to assume avery formidable appearance. The power which he had assumed was soon felt to be too weighty for the exercise of one indi- vidual’; the working of the mines, commerce, and agriculture, were at a stand ; and money and provisions were no longer to be obtained in sufii- cient quantities for his large army, which was crowded into the narrow limits of Lima and its immediate environs. The royalist army was also increasing in spirits and in strength, and extending its reconquests to the very skirts of the capital. In the beginning of 1822, it amounted to fifteen thousand men, in three divisions; one under General Canterac in Jauja, a second under Ramires in Arequipa, and the third under the Ex-Viceroy l.a Serna _ in Cuzco, where the latter had for the present established the seat of his government. Thus, superior both in numbers and in discipline, and in quiet possession of almost the whole country, these three commanders waited only a favourable opportunity to return and possess themselves of Lima. “In this critical posture of affairs, San Martin adopted the expedient of negociating a loan in England, and caused, for that purpose, a number of proposals to be circulated through the medium of his agents in London. The terms which these held out were not deemed too unsatisfactory by some of the more speculative of British capitalists, so that but a short while served to fill up the list of subscribers. This, however, was but a temporary measure. The causes of his embarrassment lay deeper than in the mere financial wants of government ; and perceiving all other resources to be unavailing, he at last determined to assemble a congress, but upon such a footing that it might prop and sanction rather than share his real power. For this purpose he reserved to himself the right of nominating deputies for those provinces which, being held in check by the enemy, were not likely to engage in the election; by which means a majority would be secured, upon whose support he could calculate for the furtherance of his measures. The 1st of May, 1822, was appointed for the opening of this legislative assembly, although, from intervening causes, it was ultimately postponed until the month of September following. But in the mean time, to give to his administration an appearance of popularity, the protector united to himself in the government a few of the leading men of his party, the principal of whom was the Marquis of Torre Tagle ; yet as the spirit of his administration still remained unchanged, this step tended only in a small degree to allay the general discontent. San Martin was now regarded with suspicion by the great majority of the people, and, being well aware of this feeling, he exercised less caution in his public measures, than he might otherwise have been inclined to do. — Tk wee 54 REGULATIONS OF TRADE AND COMMERCE. “ The poor Spaniards, who, according to his last proclamation, had remained in the country and sworn to the maintenance of its freedom, had the misfortune about this time again to experience his severity. From some unknown cause, most probably from jealousy, a tribunal of purifi- cation was erected, for the purpose of examining into the past conduct of those unhappy individuals, and as it was impossible that men who were bound by a thousand ties to the old government, could appear immaculate in the eyes of the new, the proceedings which took place in consequence were productive of much misery, but of little benefit. Among other restrictions imposed upon those victims of public contempt and hatred, it was ordered that no Spaniard should leave his house after the hour of sun- set, under pain of having his property confiscated, and himself banished from the country; and some time afterwards, another decree followed the above, awarding a like penalty to such Spaniards as should wear a cloak in the streets, and also to any two who should be found engaged in private conversation. In this latter decree, the punishment of confiscation and exile was changed to that of death for the offence of appearing after sun- set; and death and confiscation of property was ordained to all who should be known to retain in their houses any description of weapons, other than the knives used at their tables. From these provisions, the alarm and insecurity which prevailed in the capital may easily be conceived. « Another cause of confusion and discontent was, that the regulations which had lately been made by the protector in regard to trade and com- merce, had fallen very far short of the end proposed, for, by their differing only in a few instances from the late colonial system of commercial policy, they had increased rather than relieved the embarrassment of the country. The ports of Callao and Huanchaco were alone declared free ; the coasting trade was permitted only in vessels belonging to the state, and limited to the ports of Paita, Huacho, and Pisco ; while the embargo laid upon foreign vessels was such, that it amounted almost to a total interdict. Thus the hands of the industrious were bound up, and hope, the great motive to action, in a manner extinguished. Tt has been reserved for still more recent legislators to discover and act upon the important truth, that the only path to commercial prosperity is that of free competition.* “ With regard to foreigners resident in the country, a mode of legislation was adopted peculiar to the emergency of the times. They were invested with the rights of citizenship, declared amenable to the laws—and sub- jected, like native citizens, to all contributions which might be levied by government, as well as to the bearing of arms for the maintenance of public tranquillity. In one particular only, a slight provision was made in their favour—that they should not be called upon to march against the public * The reader will scarcely require to be told, that the ministers of Great Britain— Liverpool, Canning, Huskisson, and Robinson—are here alluded to, whose names, like the snowball so frequently used as a simile by writers when speaking of fame, must still increase in popularity the farther they advance into posterity, and the more their enlightened prin- ciples of policy are understood. - r LIBERTY OF THE PRESS. 55 enemy. But the most arbitrary clause of the decree was, that they should no longer enjoy the privilege of complaining to, and claiming the protection of, the commanders of vessels belonging to their several nations;—a singular breach of that international law respecting subject and state, which 1s attended to even in the most despotic of governments. It is chiefly for the purpose of standing as a protector between the governments of foreign countries, and the subjects of their own, who may be engaged in commerce, that consuls are established abroad; and the principle involved in this regulation is held so sacred, that its infringement never fails to call down the vengeance of the offended upon the offending power. But as, previous to the recognition of the South American republics, no such officers could be established, the governments, whose subjects ventured within their ter- ritories, generally ordered a naval force upon that service ; and had not then those governments by whom this policy was pursued, a right to consider themselves insulted when their officers were thus deprived of the liberty of interference ? “ About the same time that these various decrees were issued by the protector, the liberty of the press was established; every citizen being allowed the right of freely publishing his opinions, uncontrolled by any act of censorship on the part of government. A conservatory junta was, how- ever, instituted, to guard against all publications abusive of religion, or pernicious to morality, and also against all such as tended to disturb public tranquillity, or to injure the honour of private citizens ; the penalty in such cases to be proposed and inflicted by the junta. How public writers were to avoid giving offence upon one or other of those points, in the eyes of a body of men who were permitted the utmost latitude of construction, might have formed a question of too much subtlety for common sense to deter- mine. That tyranny is of all others the most insufferable, which makes a show of conferring some privilege, but at the same time accompanies it by so many restrictions, as amount to an absolute prohibition of its use. Imprisonment is rendered tenfold severe when our situation leads us to contrast it with the freedom of the world around us ; and in like manner is our sense of oppression heightened, by being insulted with the empty show of liberality. “ Meanwhile an act of state policy had been performed, which has in all countries been found of much importance in conciliating those whose friendship or enmity depend upon trifles. This was the formation of a public institute entitled the Order of the Sun, for the purpose of rewarding civil and military merit, and composed of three different classes— Founders, Well-deservers, and Associates or Fellows. The badge to be worn by the first class was a white ribbon passing from the right shoulder to the left side, with two gold tassels and a gold medallion of the Order; the wearer to be addressed by the title of Honourable Lordship. That of the second was a gold medal, attached to a white ribbon suspended from the neck ; the wearer to enjoy the title of Lordship. The third class was distinguished by a silver medal suspended from the left breast; no title being attached to the dignity of its wearer. The medals, which were afterwards changed to golden suns, bore each the arms of the state, with appropriate inscrip- —— | | i a pa 56 ORDER OF THE SUN. tions; a pension was conferred upon the several members, all of whom, upon their admission, were sworn to defend the liberties of Peru, to main- tain public order, to further the general welfare of America, and to devote to those ends both their lives and their properties, San Martin was nomi- nated President of the Order, which at its first institution included within its list of members no fewer than two hundred and sixty-six individuals. Females were also declared eligible to the dignity, and of that sex one hun- dred and twelve additional members were added. “ All measures, however, were of no avail in effecting the object desired. The tide of popularity had turned against the protector, and no partial acts of this nature were sufficient to change its course. The disaffection of the citizens was now also spread to the army, and desertion, as a natural con- sequence, was every day diminishing its numbers. A feeling of jealousy had likewise been excited, owing to the partial conduct of the protector, between the Chilian and Puruvian soldiers; the latter of whom had been preferred in the service to the prejudice of the former, who regarded themselves as entitled to superior consideration, in consequence of having fought for Peru in the more magnanimous character of deliverers. This, combined with other subjects of complaint, had caused several officers to quit the service, and return to Chile; while the common soldiers, actuated by a similar feeling, chose to remedy and partly to avenge themselves by desertion. Partial evils have always a tendency to become general in their effects, and the protector, alarmed at the spread of this spirit throughout the army, issued strict orders for checking its tendency by severely punish- ing the offenders. To render their apprehension more certain, it was decreed that all persons who should be known to harbour or protect a deserter, were in the first instance to suffer a general confiscation of their property, and, should the offence be repeated, to be condemned to perpetual exile. For this purpose, also, slaves were invited to inform against their masters, with a promise of manumission upon the truth of their reports being proved. “ During this troublesome period, the only military operation of import- ance which took place, was the march of a division of the Liberating Army, amounting to two thousand men, under the command of General Don Domingo Tristan, a native of Arequipa, to possess itself of, or rather to retain, the valleys of Pisco and Ica, by which a communication might be kept up with the provinces of Upper Peru, and the rich districts along the coast protected from the incursions of the enemy. A part of the royalist army, under the command of Generals Canterac and Caratala, at that time held possession of Huamanga and the parts bordering on the position of Tristan ; and having resolved to dislodge him, and reduce that district to its former obedience, they advanced on the night of the 7th of April, and surrounded his division without being resisted, or even perceived. Tristan, having thus allowed himself to be taken by surprise, was incapable of offering much resistance. By daybreak the whole of his troops, arms, ammunition, and baggage, together with a hundred thousand dollars, were in the hands of the enemy. He himself, with his staff, and a few of his officers, escaped to bear the tidings to Lima. GENERAL TRISTAN DEFEATED. 57 “ Nothing could have been more unfortunate for the protector at so critical a moment, than the news of this defeat. His was truly an empire of opimion—an empire pleasant to contemplate in theory, but totally unsuited to the disjointed and untoward circumstances of real life. So many such circumstances had of late been occurring, that the exercise of an agent very different from that of opinion, had been rendered necessary to the maintenance of tranquillity ; and now that the charm of the army’s invincibility was broken, the last prop of the protector’s power might be said to be undermined. The news spread a general gloom over Lima ; and what rendered the disaster still more disagreeable was, that it led to fresh acts of oppression towards the already too much persecuted Spaniards. On the night of the 4th of May, the houses of those unfortunate individuals were broken into by parties of soldiers despatched for the purpose, and the inmates, without distinction of rank or age, were dragged from their beds and driven down to Callao, where they were placed on board a vessel then lying in the harbour. Clergymen, military officers—in short, all classes of Spaniards in the city, shared in common this act of unnecessary rigour. The greater number were not even allowed time to dress themselves ; several were hurried off almost naked, and ali were forced to travel upon foot from the city to the shore. After being placed on board, they were left during two days without provisions, and deprived of all communication with their wives and families, who crowded round the vessel in boats, and implored, with unavailing tears, to be allowed the consolation of a last interview. On the first night of their confinement, two aged gentlemen perished from want of clothing and of food. Passports were at length offered them for sale, with liberty to embark in neutral vessels, in order to leave the country ; while those who were unable in this manner to pur- chase their freedom, were transported to Chile. Upon what grounds— excepting a suspicion that these people could not regard with feelings of perfect cordiality the new government—such proceedings were justified, remains yet to be explained. “ Previous to the defeat of Tristan, San Martin had entered into corre- spondence with with the Liberator Bolivar, with a view to procure from Colombia a reinforcement of troops for the prosecution of the war in Peru, and had also, for that purpose, solicited a private interview with the liberator at Guayaquil. To this Bolivar assented, and San Martin, having delegated the supreme authority to the Marquis of Torre Tagle, and appointed General Alvarado commander-in-chief of the army in his absence, departed for the place of conference about the end of June, 1822. “ The two chiefs met according to appointment at Guayaquil, and remained together for a few days, but of their conference no particulars were suffered to transpire. The result alone was explained to the people of Peru. by the return of San Martin without having effected any of the objects of his visit. “ During his absence, Lima had been the scene of much popular com- motion. His secretary, or prime minister, Monteagudo, who had been appointed to the office about a year previous, had from the first been an object of detestation among all classes in Peru. The late arbitrary decrees a a imi pminni sii a —ei ER ———— Se ghost JE 58 MONTEAGUDO DEPOSED AND EXILED. and acts of cruelty enforced and sanctioned by the protector, were all traced to his contrivance and advice as to their first causes; and in this opinion the citizens were fully confirmed by the intolerable conduct of Monteagudo immediately upon the departure of San Martin for Guayaquil. The secre- tary then entirely threw off the mask, and, using as his agent the supreme delegate Torre Tagle, who either wanted firmness or authority to control his actions, he confiscated the property and exiled the persons of the citizens upon the most trivial pretences, and, by his open cabals, and through the agency of his spies, whom he had distributed through every part of the city, he in a few days, according to the language used in describ- ing this period, converted Lima into a ‘mansion of the most afflicting torments.” The inhabitants at last, goaded to desperation, assembled in a body, and demanded vengeance upon their oppressor. A meeting of the corporation was called, to examine into his conduct; at whose recom- mendation, the council of state, headed by the supreme delegate, deprived Monteagudo of his office, and placed him under an arrest. A committee of the council of state was to have been appointed for bringing him to trial ; but so violent was the resentment of the people, and so great was their fear lest his influence with the Marquis of Torre Tagle should save him from punishment, that the corporation, to avert farther tumult, prevailed upon the council to convey him secretly on board a vessel, and decree his per- petual banishment from the country. Monteagudo was exiled accordingly, and the people dispersed in the quiet enjoyment of their triumph.* “ Immediately after the termination of this affair, San Martin arrived in the harbour of Callao. Astonished at the sudden proscription of his secre- tary, and afraid lest the condition of the capital might be even more dan- gerous than report had represented, he judged it most safe to remain on board, until fully assured of the fidelity of the army. He then ventured on shore, and proceeded to Lima, where, upon his arrival, he expressed in strong terms his displeasure at the proceedings against Monteagudo, and threatened to recall and reinstate him in office. But perceiving that the respect and awe which he formerly inspired, had in a great measure sub- sided, and not daring to push matters to an extremity, he suffered the decree of the council to remain in force, and, leaving the Marquis of Torre Tagle still to administer the affairs of government, he retired to his country residence near Callao. ‘ Orders had previously been issued for the convocation of the congress; and upon the 20th of September, 1822, the deputies from the various pro- vinces assembled accordingly. An individual of their body, named Xavier de Luna Pizarro, was elected president, and after the necessary forms of instalment were gone through, a vote of thanks was unanimously passed, and * In 1825, Monteagudo ventured again to appear in Lima, under the protection of Bolivar, by whom he expected to be reinstated in the ministry. But the recollection of his former crimes was still fresh in the minds of the citizens, and on the night of the 28th of February, some daring avenger of his: country’s wrongs, terminated the career of this obnoxious individual by assassination. ABDICATION OF GENERAL SAN MARTIN. 59 forwarded to San Martin, expressive of the deep gratitude which, as the representatives of the Peruvian nation, they felt for his services, and honouring him with the title of author of their political existence, and first soldier of their liberty. A deputation of members was at the same time appointed to wait upon his excellency, and solicit his acceptance of the supreme command of the army; but this honour he declined, as being incompatible with that perfect independence which he knew to be the general wish of the people. ¢ Iam resolved, says he, in his answer to the president,’and after expressing his gratitude for the honour intended him— ‘ I am resolved not to betray my own feelings, and the great interests of the nation. Permit me, therefore, to observe, that long and painful experience has induced me to say, that the distinguished rank to which your sovereignty has deigned to elevate me, so far from being useful to the nation, should I fill it, would only oppose your just designs, by alarming the jealousy of those who desire a positive liberty; it would divide the opinions of the people, and decrease the confidence which you alone ought to inspire in the absolute independence of your decisions. My presence, sire, in Peru, con- sidering that power which I have left, and the force which I should possess, is inconsistent with the morale of the sovereign body, and with my own opinion ; because no forbearance on my own part would defend me from the shafts of malediction and calumny. Sire, I have fulfilled the sacred pro- mise that I made to Peru; I have seen her representatives assembled ; the force of the enemy does not menace the independence of a people deter- mined to be free, and who possess the means of being so. A numerous army, under the direction of chiefs inured to war, is ready to march in a few days to terminate the contest for ever. Nothing remains but to offer to your sovereignty the expression of my most sincere gratitude, and the firm assurance, that if at any time the liberty of the Peruvians should be threatened, I will dispute the honour of accompanying them as a citizen, to defend their freedom on the field of battle.’ * San Martin had already adopted the resolution of retiring from the country ; and on the same day on which the above communication was delivered to Congress, the following farewell address to the people of Peru was published and put into circulation :— “ PERUvVIANS !'—]I have witnessed the declaration of the independence of the states of Chile and Peru. I hold in my possession the standard which Pizarro brought to enslave the empire of the Incas, and I have ceased to be a public man ; thus I am more than rewarded for ten years spent in revolution and warfare. My promises to the countries in which I warred are fulfilled ; to make them independent, and leave to their will the election of their governments. “ The presence of a fortunate soldier, however disinterested he may be, is dangerous to newly constituted states. Iam also disgusted with hearing that I wish to make myself a sovereign. Nevertheless, I shall always be ready to make the last sacrifice for the liberty of the country—but in the capacity of a private individual, and no other. “ With respect to my public conduct, my compatriots (as is generally the A Bs 60 CHARACTER OF GENERAL SAN MARTIN. case) will be divided in their opinions; their children will pronounce the true verdict. “Peruvians ! I leave your national representation established: if you repose implicit confidence in it, you will triumph; if not, anarchy will swallow you up. “ May success preside over your destinies, and may they be crowned with felicity and peace ! “ Pueblo-libre, September, <0 de 1820. (Signed) “SAN MARTIN.” “ Having thus wholly resigned his power into the hands of the congress, San Martin prepared immediately for his departure. His exit from the territory which he had visited to emancipate, differed widely in splendour from his entrance. The former resembled a sun-rise in a clear sky; the latter, a sun-set amid clouds and storms. The protector of Peru embarked and departed like a private individual, amid silence which sprung from other causes than regret and affection, and landed at Valparaiso on the month of October, 1822. His sudden appearance excited much surprise in Chile, where no one had entertained the slightest suspicion of his aban- doning, at so critical a juncture, the state of Peru. An escort shortly afterwards arrived, to conduct him to Santiago, in which city he remained until the latter part of December, when, owing to the unsettled state of the Chilian government at that period, he crossed the Andes, and once more took up his residence in the town of Mendoza. “ Such was the departure of San Martin; an event which will in all like- lihood prove a lasting subject of inquiry among the speculative part of pos- terity. Yet that inquiry, however ingenious, will end as all such inquiries must, the premises of which are founded upon human character. That is a book which, like the oracles of the Sibyl, is susceptible of many inter- pretations ; and while one writer assumes as a position founded on fact, that San Martin owed only to unavoidable misfortunes the questionable light in which his patriotism was eventually placed, another may with equal plausibility assert, that those misfortunes alone prevented him from thoroughly establishing his character as a tyrant. So much for decisions drawn from the secret motives of human conduct. When we reflect how much even our highest virtues are indebted for their operation, if not for their existence, to causes directly at variance with their nature—how often charity is the result of self-love, religion of superstitious terror, apparent liberality of a secret wish the more surely to accomplish by that mean some object of oppression ;—in short, when we reflect how much all men are given to conceal their true motives until their tendency has become irre- sistible, we will be inclined to regard only the ulterior consequences of conduct as affording safe ground for final decisions respecting it. “ Yet, in the case of San Martin, we are not left entirely without other and more certain grounds of opinion. His public proceedings while in Peru, however involved and contradictory, furnish a clue by which we may, with considerable precision, trace the progress of his dereliction from that fair and manly system which he originally followed, to that chaos of arbi- HIS RECEPTION IN CHILE. 61 trary measures into which, as if by unavoidable destiny, he latterly was so deeply plunged as to be capable of extricating himself only by a precipitate retreat from the scene of confusion. It has been the misfortune of every public benefactor, to have his character vituperated and his actions misre- presented, by that portion of the community whose interests are identified with the abuses which he has tasked himself to reform—by those whose ignorance or prejudices prevent them from perceiving and entering into his extended views, and by those whose envy is excited by the presence and triumphs of superior merit. Of such enemies San Martin found a host in Peru. Instead of a people unanimous in sentiment, he found himself in the midst of factions that were severally eager to profit by his services, yet slow to reward him with their gratitude. He also shortly discovered him- self to be an object of secret aspersion, and the disgust which he con- sequently felt, and the contempt which he must necessarily have enter- tained for the national character, so much more degraded than that of the other free states of South America, might naturally inspire him with the idea, that it was only with a high hand that the regeneration of the country could be effected. He appears, accordingly, from that period to have acted upon the specious but false reasoning so common in such cases—that the ultimate object would justify the means which might be used to accomplish it; and had he proved successful, perhaps the world, as it has frequently done by others, might, by its applause, have borne him out in the truth of his opinion.” General San Martin met with but a cool reception in Chile ; but on his way to Buenos Ayres he passed a few days with General O'Higgins, at his country seat, where he was received with every demonstration of friendship and respect. The worthy director could do no more; for he also had to contend with various factions, who, as each obstacle to the independence of Chile had been removed, the freedom of Peru nearly established, and a loan of one million sterling contracted in London in order to con- solidate the liberation of both—the supreme director of the republic of Chile became an object of envy: and he who had steered the vessel for nearly six years through a tempestuous sea, was, when she arrived in a tranquil haven, ungratefully dismissed from his well-earned dignity, by the crew whose lives and liberties he had preserved— “ Oh incultum vulgus !” 62 PERUVIAN GRATITUDE. Such had been the exertions and intrigues of the malcon- tents, that in the short space of three months, those champions of liberty, San Martin, O’Higgins, and Cochrane, had ceased to command: thus Chile and Lima became the prey of con- tending factions. The legislature of Lima, considering that they were indebted for the freedom of that department to the efforts of Generals San Martin and O’Higgins, invested the first with the title of Generalissimo of the IForces of Peru; the second, Captain General of Peru; and forwarded the fol- lowing decrees to the general and admiral of the liberating expedition. DECREE. “The sovereign constituent congress has resolved that his excellency the Generalissimo of the forces of Peru, Don José de San Martin, be distin- guished with the title of “ Founder of the Liberty of Peru;” that he retain the privilege of wearing the “ bicolor cordon,” which was the insignia of the supreme chief of the state; that in every part of the territories of the nation be paid to him the same honours as to the executive power ; that, on the conclusion of the war, a statue be raised, on the pedestal of which to be engraved an appropriate inscription ; in the mean time, his bust to be placed in the national library ; that he shall enjoy his former pay; and that a pen- sion for life, in imitation of that to Washington, shall be granted, in con- formity to the decision of the committee. “ Sept. 22d, 1822. Signed, &e. Vote of Thanks from the Peruvian Congress to Lord Cochrane. “The sovereign constituent Congress of Peru, contemplating how much the liberty of Peru owes to the Right Honourable Lord Cochrane, by whose talents, valour, and constancy the Pacific has been freed from our most inveterate enemies,and the standard of liberty has been displayed on the coasts of Peru, resolves that the Junta of Government, in the name of the Peruvian nation, do present Lord Cochrane, admiral of the squadron of Chile, expressions of our most sincere gratitude for his achievements in favour of this country, once tyrannized over by powerful enemies, now the arbiter of its own fate. The Junta of Government, obeying this, will com- mand its fulfilment, and order it to be printed, published, and circulated. Sept. 27th, 1822. Signed, &ec. LORD COCHRANE RETIRES. 63 A pension of 20,000 dollars per annum was decreed to General San Martin; one of the finest sugar estates in Peru, (Montalban,) settled on General O'Higgins ; and the amount of 500,000 dollars (confiscated property) was distri- buted amongst twenty general and field officers; but those of the Chilian squadron, whose daring prowess had freed the Pacific, and enabled the Liberating army to enter and invade Peru, were not only excluded from being partici- pators of the Peruvian bounty, but had the mortification of being denied the prize-money that was due to them; and on their return to port, were paid their arrears in notes issued by a Spanish speculator,* or in tobacco, by which they had to suffer a considerable discount, or sell the latter at an enormous loss: such treatment, and other flagrant acts of injustice, from the ministers, who were personal enemies of Lord Cochrane, caused him, and a few of his brave followers, to abandon Chile in disgust, rather than suffer a repetition of such indignities, or embroil themselves with the malcontents, whose chief had forwarded the fol- lowing invitation to the admiral, which I now publish with a few other documents, that will throw a considerable light upon the subject of the revolution by which General O'Higgins was deposed. My Lorp, Concepcion, December 18, 1822. “The province under my command being tired of suffering the effects of a corrupted administration, that has reduced the republic to a state of greater degradation than it was suffering when it made the first struggle to obtain its liberty ; and when by means of an illegitimately created con- vention, without the will of the inhabitants, (pueblos,) they have traced the plans of enslaving them, by constituting them to be the patrimony of -an ambitious despot, and when, in order to insure him in command, they have trodden underfoot the ‘imprescriptible’ right of the citizens, exiling them in the most arbitrary manner from their native country. “ Nothing now remains for us, but heroically to resolve, that we will strive to place the fruit of eleven years of painful sacrifices in the way of salva- * Don Antonio Arcos. 64 LORD COCHRANE’S ADVICE TO THE CHILIANS. tion ; to which effect, I have deposited in the hands of its legal representa tives who are united in this city, the ¢problematica,’ authority, that I have hitherto exercised ; but, notwithstanding my want of merit, and sincere renouncement, that constituent power has deigned to place upon my weak shoulders this enormous weight, by again depositing the civil and military command in my person; which the adjoining resolution, I have the honour of remitting, will explain to your lordship. God preserve your ship many years. it, lorinits 7 (Signed) “ RAMON FREYRE.” I never could learn what kind of answer his lordship returned to General Freyre, but he issued the following wholesome advice to the Chilians, at his departure. “ CurLenos! You have expelled from your country the enemies of independence; do not sully the glorious act, by encouraging Wisp), i promoting anarchy, that greatest of all evils; consult the dignity to which your heroism has raised you; and if you must take any steps to secure your national liberty, judge for yourselves; act with prudence, and be guided by reason and justice. : «It is now four years since the sacred cause of your independence called me to Chile: I assistedyou to gain it; I have seen it accomplished; it only now remains for you to preserve it. : : “1 leave you for a time, in order not to involve myself in matters foreign to my duty, and, for reasons concerning which I now remain silent, that I may not encourage party spirit. “ Chilenos ! you know that independence is purchased at the point of the bayonet; know also, that liberty is founded on good faith, and is sup- ported by the laws of honour; and that those who infringe them, are your only enemies—among whom you will never find, (Signed) “ COCHRANE.” The provinces of Concepcion and Coquimbo refused obedience to the supreme government, and formed of themselves their independent assembly or form of govern- ment, and with one accord began to raise troops, to depose General O'Higgins; and on the twenty-eighth of January, some of the inhabitants of the capital assembled in the ¢ Consulado,’ to treat seriously about the deposition of the supreme chief of the republic of Chile, who was cited be- fore them by a respectable deputation. HE ABDICATES THE SUPREME COMMAND. 65 General O'Higgins at first thought of compelling the respect of the people, but finding that the minions, upon whom he had heaped honours with the greatest prodi- gality, had tampered with the opposite party ; after taxing them with their treachery, and with his own hands tearing off the badge of distinction from the commandant of his body-guard, in the presence of his soldiers, he res- ponded to the summons, rather than cause one drop of blood to be spilled, or suffer further insults, and in the presence of all assembled, he dictated the following abdi- cation to his secretary. “ Firmly believing that during the present circumstances I have it in my power to contribute to the tranquillity of my country by retiring from the supreme command of the state, and having well deliberated on the subject, I have finally agreed with the inhabitants of Santiago, who are here met, and are the only body with whom I can at the present crisis treat, that I hereby abdicate the supreme direction of the republic of Chile, and consign the provisional exercise of my authority to a junta gubernativa, composed of the citizens Don Agustin Eyzaguirre, Don J. Miguel, Infante, and Don Ferdinand Errazuris, because there is not a national representation at pre- sent, unto whom I could verify my abdication ; which representation the said junta gubernativa must procure to unite, and form, with the greatest brevity, in consideration, that if the present doubts are not settled by the provinces, the junta will cease, and the inhabitants of the capital will de- liberate, as to what steps it will be most convenient to take ; and, in order that they may know what are or will be their prerogatives and faculties, a regulation, stating this, must be made by the committee, that are proposed by the inhabitants, viz. Don Juan Egana, Don Bernardo Vera, and Don Joaquin Campino. “ Print, publish, and circulate, “ Given in Santiago, January 23d, 1823. “ BErNaRDO O’HiGGINs.” “This act of abdication was read to all present, and General O'Higgins proclaimed the newly elected go- vernment himself; he then divested himself of the tri- coloured scarf, which is the distinctive badge of the supreme command of Chile, placed it in the hands of the junta, and gave them possession of the elevated charge to which they had been called; and having F Teenage RN 66 ARREST OF GENERAL O'HIGGINS. received from each of them the customary oath, he added that of fidelity to them, which was also given by the chiefs of the garrison, and the principal inhabitants of Santiago. A document, of which the following is a copy, was circulated in the capital on the 6th of February. “What name shall we give to the memorable occurrence of the twenty- third of January ? It was a movement of liberty, exercised in a gener- ous and worthy manner, resisted with valour, and accepted with heroism at last. The sons of Arauco never belie themselves, commit base actions, machinate in darkness, nor act by surprise; neither do they expect aught from criminal acts. “ The northern and southern provinces are in a state of independence, and in actual hostility ; the inhabitants of Santiago, united with the municipal authorities, have consulted the decorum and risks of the ¢ Patria,” and being conscious of the necessity, of a new pact with the provinces, of a new administration, new ministry, and, lastly, a new national representation, worthy of the name, that will produce and insure civil liberty by proper institutions ; the inhabitants know their power, but desire nought by vio- lence ; they wish that their “ majestad” may be known to be as pure as their intentions. The supreme director, the first sword of America, the terror of the enemies of Arauco thought himself insulted, but he respected those he had defended, and who had raised him to the su- preme authority ; the inhabitants and the director enter at last into the arena, as if to fight a duel, (combate singular) which could only be wit- nessed amongst a generous and magnanimous people, a fight of reasoning who can paint or describe such a new and interesting scene ? What vigour ! what dignity ! what energy ! united with so much moderation! “ The foreigners who were present proclaimed it admirable, and to our- selves it seemed that the Chilians appeared greater on that day, than when they defeated and confounded their enemies; the scene soon changed its aspect, and was compacted into a union of brothers, who, in common, deliberated and adopted measures for the quietude and welfare of all. The inhabitants elected, and the director proclaimed, the junta, who have begun to exercise their power. “ General O'Higgins, restored to the career of his genius (genio) that destiny has assigned to him, may still give days of glory to the ¢ patria.’ The trumpet of war still sounds at a distance, and calls him to victory.” (ieneral Freyre’s note to the Ex’ma Junta. “ Valparaiso, February 6th 1823. « 8, 8. of the Junta Gubernativa of the capital of Santiago. “ On my arrival at this port, with the army of the province of Concep- cion under my command, which acts in concert with that of Coquimbo, 7 ’ UNI "OF TH VERSITY a cry ER re - » EI ARREST OF GENERAL O'HIGGINS. 67 dec I have found the ex-director, Don Bernardo O’Higgins, about to march to Peru, with permission of this government. As this person has exercised the supreme magistrature, and as all the inhabitants of the republic have a right to demand a just (residencia) account of his proceedings from him, I have subjected his person to a decorous arrest, and the same measures ought to be adopted towards the ministers and public magistrates of the late administration, in the other towns as well as in the capital, because the representation of your government is confined to the capital, and is not sufficiently qualified to determine upon these and other objects, that, from their nature and importance, belong to the © representacion general’ of the state, that ought soon to be established. “ On this account, and making V. S. S. responsible for any contrary act, I hope you will take every necessary measure concerning the object men- tioned. “ God preserve V. S. S. many years. a ——————— - E . Eos ET i wel EE CR RR a IR NE EN = ‘ RAMON FREYRE.” ( General O'Higgins, as well as his ministers, suffered, for the space of five months, the strictest examination. ~ in ERIE Rk rv ERE TE —————————— How far he was culpable, the following note will explain :— “ Conservative Senate, “ Santiago, June 30th, 1823. “To His Excellency the Supreme Director-General Don Ramon Freyre, “ Ex'mo Sefior, “ The reasons specified by the fiscal of the tribunal, “de residencia,’ are so powerful; the good sense of your Excellency, upon the public convenience of acceding to the solicitude of the Captain- General Don Bernardo O’Higgins, is so respectable; and so evident is the maxim, that particular interests ought to be ceded to the general welfare, and all private considerations as usually occur in such cases, ought to he waived : that the senate do not hesitate one moment in assuring your Excellency, they find no objection against acceding to the solicitude of the general but have taken into consideration, that the name of O'Higgins is blended with the glories of this country, and is to be found in all the pages of our glorious struggles. The general has, for a very long period, represented the n nation ; therefore the senate cannot do less than charge your Excellency, rd that the permission which is to be granted for him to leave this country, be 2 worded in the most honourable terms, that it may serve as a testimo- nial of the high estimation and consideration of this country towards him, when he arrives amongst those to whom he will be a stranger: the senate hii proffer to your Excellency the votes of their highest esteem. A ——————————— i a —_ nal M ENO ON BERNARDO QO RUCGLED. “ AcusTIN EYZAGUIRRE, President, Ado § a) JE 00 WJ AWN 20) 04 JALAN ¢ Noe \ : . (Itis a true copy.) “ CamiLo HENRIQUES, “ HENRIQUES.” Be SUPREMO DIRECTOR DE LA REPUBLICA ihe id 4 r 5) DE CHILE. AE a Fisher. Son & C° London & Paris. A —————— Ps CA rE Sh A hn lB teh LA 68 HIS VINDICATION AND PASSPORT. On the receipt of this document, the supreme director remitted the following passport to General O"Higgins. “To His Excellency, Captain-General of the Armies of this Republic, Don Bernardo O'Higgins. “ Ex'mo Seiior, « Only the repeated requests of your excellency, have been able to tear from me the permission I concede you to leave the country in which you are numbered amongst its distinguished sons, and whose glories are so closely entwined © estrechamente enlazados” with the name of O’Higgins ; that the most brilliant pages of the history of Chile are monu- ments consecrated to the memory of your Excellency: in whatever part your Excellency may reside, you must hold the government of this country in your most ardent request. 1 urge also that your Excellency will never forget the interests of your dear country, and the consideration that your fellow-citizens deserve. «I should be neglectful in my duty, which your Excellency knows how to appreciate, if I did not add the two following conditions: first, I cir- cumscribe your leave to only the term of two years; second, your Excel- lency will advise the government continually in what part you reside. « This same note will serve as a sufficient passport, and, at the same time, a recommendation to all the authorities of the republic, and the envoys, and other public officers, you may meet in foreign countries, in order that they may render all the attention due to your character, as well as the consideration of this government. “ God preserve V. E. many years. “ RamoN FREYRE.” On the thirteenth of July, His Majesty's ship Fly, Captain Phipps, arrived from England. I went on board her with Colonels Arriagada and Martines ; she was a fine corvette; the commander and officers treated us in a hospitable manner, and on returning to the shore, whilst at dinner, I informed the general what a fine ship she was, &e. stating that, had he intended to go to Peru, a favourable opportunity offered; (I had previously understood that the general's intention was to leave for Europe :) he paid a marked attention to what I was re- lating, and as soon as we arose from table, his sister Dofia Rosita, called me aside, and informed me, « that the general EMIGRATES TO PERU IN H. M. SHIP, FLY 69 1s edt 2 wish d 0 go to Peru. The general overheard her and ’ b ic ; Sa to chide her,on which I requested him to inform m ] such was really his desire : he told me i was, but th . ¢ intended to sail in he ; an English merch ih : ant-vessel Shan a Captain Wilson, with whom he bod e a partial agreement: I : then went out 2 out, and was ont to mount my horse, when the general tial I would not mention the subj : ject to any of hi VI ay y S countrymen. ¥ n Sonn leave to speak to Captain Phipps, 0 8, at the same time, that he would lend me his fo show that he could leave, on which the 1t to me, as well passport, ‘ general gave ie , as 1mstructions how to act in case he ule 1 : oo go own in the Fly. I went on board, and Captain pps received my intimations in the most manner, but was afraid th having to sail the next day, favourable at, on account of the vessel A there would not be sufficient essary preparation : 1 Y preparation ; “but,” said he, « Jet iy he to fet We went on board his majesty’s ship som, and found Captain Maclean on the point \f eaving for Santiago ; and on being referred to th most obliging manner, gave Captain Phi le " ie remain twenty-four hours longer, th BE enabled to serve so distinguished a - went to the Governor-General, Zenteno, who thanked the captain for his kindness, and then nn Yani to the general, to offer his services. Raha The general and family wer a favourable opportunity, an e to at he might be onage. We then e overjoyed at having such and, after returnin Ir si g their sin- fo est thanks to Captain Phipps, they informed him that e would not be detained longer than the next i the time appointed I had the honour of co reneral O'Higgins and his family to the por day, and nducting t, where 8 70 DEPARTURE OF GENERAL O’HIGGINS. n waited upon them, to take them on hip's boats, which was decorated in embarked at the custom-house ; d, who took leave of the Lieutenant Wyn board in one of the s a handsome manner. We , mbers assemble oe pads the honour of being the only one that eneral, nied them in the boat belonging to the Chilian and Don Felippe, Race del jacada, and Lieutenant-Colonel Mar- a os ne > a boats. Captain Phipps wished to Sun general by a salute ; i on his seeing the pre- o defer 1t. ire > : i the vessel left the port, and, an taking leave, the general made me a d. a brace of pistols, his saddles, and he also gave me a letter to his or, as well as one of re- f notes and cards to accompa service ; the governor, previously to my present of a swor other accoutrements : : excellency the supreme gratis ho jon. besides a numbe iy aA the capital, whither I wen " fier iy landing ; next morning I waited on bs 50 o Ba seemed surprised at the general ae Sfiaf Skony I also gave him the following letter of rec L 2 1 1 ment. and. “ I believe, in an improper mo ¢ Valparaiso, July 15th, 1823. « Frxmo Sr. Don RAMON FREYRE, « Respected Friend, ; Dean Don Thomas Bae, worthy of your consideration ; he is - a0) 3 which is accredited by his having = ye a parts of the world. He has also suffere freedom, (liberty.) « These considerations have " e I am sure he will be worthy of those honours y the bearer of this, is an officer tly instructed in his profession, any campaigns in different w years for the cause of impelled me to recommend him to you, be- ? u are accustomed to caus it them. bestow on such as meri 3) « | hope you will continue to €njoy goo riable friend, d health, and command your 1inva- > « BerNArRDO O’HicGIns.’ CHAP. III SECOND EXPEDITION TO PERU—VOYAGE TO CALLAO—GENERAL BOLIVAR, EL MARQUES DE TORRE TAGLE, GENERAL O’HIGGINS—OCCURRENCES SINCE THE ABDICATION OF GENERAL SAN MARTIN, UP TO THE ARRIVAL OF EL LIBERTADOR—REVOLUTION OF EL SOR RIVAGUERO — APPROACH OF THE SPANIARDS — GENERAL O’HIGGINS AND FAMILY LEAVE FOR TRUXILLO—MUTINY AT CALLAO—MY ESCAP E AND RETURN TO CHILE. SHORTLY after General F reyre was elected to the supreme command, he entered into a treaty, by means of plenipotentaries, with the government of Peru; in which it was stipulated, that Chile should assist that republic to overcome the unexpected difficulties in which they were involved, in consequence of the recent successes of the Spaniards. An expedition was formed, composed of two battalions of infantry, a corps of cavalry, and the skeletons of two more battalions, and Colonel Don Jose Maria Benevente was named commandante-general. As there was a want of military stores, instead of being sent, as I had been promised, to take the command of the general's escort, I was directed to hasten to Valpa- raiso, to await the orders of the government ; and having remained there a few days, I embarked on board the brig Colon, with despatches to Peru. There were several passengers on board, and, after a pleasant voyage of twelve days, we made the island of San Lorenzo, and at eight p.m. on the seventh of September anchored at Callao. I passed the night on board His Majesty’s ship Aurora, Captain Prescot, who greatly excited my surprise by informing me that General Don Simon Bolivar, and a division of the Columbian army, was in Lima. I landed carly in the morning, and the governor of Callao, Colonel 2 THE LIBERTADOR. Valdivieso, provided me with horses : as soon as I reached Lima, I went to the residence of Captain General Don Bernardo O'Higgins, who expressed much pleasure at seeing me, as well as at hearing from his friends in Chile, several of whom had sent letters to him. I had scarcely been half an hour in the city, before an aide-de-camp of General Bolivar came in quest of me; but as my despatches were addressed to the president of Peru, I waited on that personage first: he had scarcely per- used the correspondence, when another aide-de-camp of the Libertador, (for so General Bolivar was called,) came, and demanded the letters, &c. which I had brought. The president, Don Bernardo Torre Tagle, gave them to hive, telling him to inform the general, that it was a most sin- gular demand of the Chilian government, concluding with « ahi va este pastel” (here, take this nonsense)—he needed not to have made use of this expression, for so soon as General Bolivar had read the documents, he was so enraged, that he declared if it were not, that the step would expose the cause he was serving to the ridi- cule of our enemies, he would have the correspondence published. 5408 The « Libertador” recognized me, and inquired why I had left the Columbian service; I informed ; his excellency that (according to the account I hod received in England, from Don Francisco Zea, the Columbian envoy), allthose who had joined General Mac Gregor after the retreat from Santa Magarita, or followed him to Florida or Porto Bello, had been cashiered, and that I was considered one of that class, although I had been cap- tured previously to my getting to Amelia island, and sent to Havannah, where I remained until 1821. The general urged me to return to his army, and HE IS SOLICITED BY THE PATRIOTS, 73 made me very liberal offers; but having joined the Chilian service, though in an inferior grade, I begged to be excused from changing again. General O'Higgins informed me the next day, that the despatches which I had brought, announced to government that the expedition was nearly ready to embark, but that it would be necessary to forward a quantity of warlike stores to Arica, which could not be procured in Chile; this accounts for the displeasure which the Libertador expressed when he read them. I had to pay four ounces of gold for my passage, as well as fifty dollars for my horse ; therefore, as the army was much in arrears, and badly rationed, I should have had to suffer many inconveniences and privations, but fortunately General O'Higgins made me his guest; he was highly respected, and was visited by the principal inhabitants of Lima, as well as the chiefs of the Peruvian, Buenos Ayrean, and Columbian armies. General Bolivar was very affable at these tertullias, and often urged me to return to the Columbian service; but as I preferred the character of the Chilians, I declined his offers : notwith- standing which, he treated me with the utmost cordiality and friendship, and, as an acknowledgment of my former services, he recommended me to General Guido and others. I will now narrate the lamentable occurrences that caused the patriots to solicit the aid of General Bolivar, in order that what had been gained at the cost of such im- mense sacrifices might not be wrested from them by the Spaniards, or, what was still worse, a few denaturalized Americans, who were still devoted to their cause. The Junta Gubernativa, that ruled Lima after the abdication of General San Martin, only remained in 74 APPROACH OF CANTERAC. office five months and a few days, for on the 26th of Feb., 1823, they were deposed by General Santa Cruz, who headed a military movement, and obliged the sovereign congress to elect Don Jose de la Riva Aguera president of Peru. As the junta had been acused of apathy, in- decision, and disloyalty, the new administration were determined to act with energy, and at first gave general satisfaction, so as to establish the credit of the govern- ment, and obtain the co-operation of the native and foreign merchants, and negociate a loan in England. General Santa Cruz was appointed commander-in-chief of the Peruvian army, and sailed with an expedition of about 5000 men to the south of Peru, in order to draw the at- tention of the Spaniards from the capital; notwithstanding which, the Spanish army of 9000 men, under General Cantarae, invaded Lima, and invested the fortresses of Callao. All the exertions and sacrifices of Chile and Buenos Ayres, towards liberating Peru would have availed little, had not that champion of liberty, General Bolivar, been at hand, and who, foreseeing that the Spani- ards were gaining ground in Peru, generously sent a division of his army, with one of his best generals, (Sucre), and who arrived in time to secure the fortress of Callao. General Bolivar had just sealed the independence of Colombia, at the base of “ El Chimborazo,” for the last division of the Spaniards were defeated, captured, or killed, on the 24th of May, 1822, at Pichincha, and in which affair a division of Peruvians, under Colonel Santa Cruz, and Buenos Ayreaus, under Colonel Lavalle, had highly distinguished themselves. On the approach of General Canterac, the president, sovereign congress, and other employées, as well as BOLIVAR ARRIVES AT LIMA. 75 such as were addicted to the patriot cause, fled to Callao, on the 17th and 18th of June, after having publicly ap- pointed General Sucre to the chief command of the troops, who took up a position outside of the castles; he had about 4000 Colombian and Buenos Ayrean troops, and 1000 Peruvians, mostly militia, and with which he en- gaged the Spaniards on the 20th, who advanced within gun-shot of the castles, but retreated to their position, after having suffered considerable loss. On the 22nd General Sucre was invested with the supreme command by the congress, who had deposed El San Rivaguero, who left for Truxillo. General Canterac, finding that nothing could be gained by beseiging Callao, levied heavy contributions on the Limanians; and after having committed a few absurdities, that served to depreciate the Spanish cause, he retired to the interior, and was followed by a division of Buenos Ayreans under General Martiner ; and 3000 Colombians and Chilians were sent to co-operate with General Santa Cruz. General Sucre delegated the supreme power to the Marques de Torre Tagle, and after having appointed General Guido to be governor of Lima, he marched to join the last division, and act under the orders of the Peruvian commander-in-chief. A revolution broke out in Truxillo, whither the ex-president Rivaguera had retired, for the congress had resumed their sessions there, and authorized him to levy troops, &c. &c. However, they had soon to re- pent their having restored the president, for no sooner had he organized a respectable force, than he dissolved the congress, and exiled many of its members. Such was the state of affairs when General Bolivar’s opportune arrival in Lima, on the lst of September, i AA 8 SVG aR NTI LLL ¥ Er ism > Nt oun A RAE ACRE LR ; ha \ 76 CHARACTER OF THE LIMANIANS. 1823, dispelled the cloud that threatened the destinies of Peru, he was invested with the supreme authority ; but El Marques de Torre Tagle still retained, although in a manner curtailed the nomination of employées and detail of the government. General O'Higgins very kindly took me with him to repay visits, and to private parties, which gave me an ex- cellent opportunity of being introduced to many of the first families in Lima; and, as far as I could observe, their manner and habits, &e. were far superior to what I had been led to expect; from what I had read and heard repecting the Limanians, I confess I had imbibed no small stock of prejudice. This, however, wore away as I be- came better acquainted with them ; and, with the excep- tion of a few peculiarities, such as the “saya,” and “ manta,” “capa,” and “sombrero ;”“ segar,” and mode of riding on horseback, I found them the identical people I had met with in all the Spanish colonies I had hitherto visited ; and I am confident, that, had the ladies of Lima the benefit of professional teachers, they have talent and vivacity enough,combined witha proper educa- tion, to compete with many of our European belles. The multitude of works that have been published in Europe during the grandeur and decadence of this once opulent metropolis, must have given such as have perused them a strange idea of its inhabitants; but many of these authors have only portrayed the characters of the black sambo, mulatto, and mixed population; in their description of the manners and customs of the Lima- nians, they have only “observed the dark side of the shield,”and forgotten that there are good and bad in Lon- don, Paris, and Madrid. Why not such in Lima? In January we received information of the defeat of Ja JOMUAN. « OIF Fisher. Son & CV, Londan & Pans. COST UMIBS os rr a RE — pi A ———— THE MONTEZUMA SCHOONER ATTACHED 77 General Santa Cruz, in Upper Peru; the division of General Sucre, Miller, and Pinto was also taken by surprise, at Arequipa; but they fought their way to the coast, and embarked for Callao: the schooner Monte- zama, in which General Pinto embarked, fell in with the convoy that were conducting Colonel Benevente’s diyi- sion from Arica, whence they had been obliged to em- bark, after destroying their horses, (I lost two :) after a short conference, it was determined that the troops should return to Chile, the infantry to Coquimbo, and the cavalry to Valparaiso: the Colonels Aldunate and San- cher, who were at g distance, sailed to Callao, which was the rendezvous. Op this occasion General Pinto had a narrow escape, a Spanish privateer, commanded by a daring Ttalian, « Martelini,” engaged the Montezuma, but the intrepid Captain Wynter and her crew, mostly English, defended her with so much valour and success, as to oblige the privateer, a vessel of superior force, to sheer off, with the loss of many killed and wounded. The infantry were thirty-nine d at Coquimbo, but they who wer British ship, the ays before they arrived 1t to Valparaiso in ga Sesostris, made a good passage of twenty days, and did not suffer so much as their comrades. Colonels Aldunato and Sancher disembarked their troops, part of which were quartered in the castle of Callao, and the rest in Bella Vista. The squadron of cavalry to which I expected to have been commandant, arrived under the command of Major Latus, a Chileno, who held a commission in the Buenos Ayrean service; there were also two other captains who held commissions in the Buenos Ayrean service; Captain C. C. Wood, of the engineers, (an Englishm an,) also arrived, and acquainted me that General Pinto h ad placed I hs 78 REVOLT IN TRUXILLO SUPPRESSED. Major Latus in command, in consequence of Lieut.-Col. Castafieda, an old Spaniard, who was the acting com- mandant, having been taken prisoner in Arequipa, there- fore nothing could be done until I saw General Pinto ; and being out of favour with some of the leading poli- ticians in Chile, on account of the little service I had rendered to General O'Higgins, I visited the major and officers of the corps of cavalry, as one appertaining to the Chilian army, and passed muster with them as such, until Colonel Sancher embarked with them for Chile, leaving me with Colonel Aldunato, to procure and prepare a transport to conduct the rest of the Chilian troops to Valparaiso. I hired a Liverpool brig, the Laurel, Capt. Gill, which was soon got ready, and provided with water, provisions, &c. However, General Bolivar was in want of soldiers to quell a revolution which General Rivaguera had raised in the province of Truxillo, and to meet the Spanish army who were approaching to Lima ; he, therefore, ordered our troops to be detained ; but Colonel Sancher, who had his detachment on board, and was out of the reach of the batteries, thought proper to sail for Chile; this march exasperated the Libertador, who was com- pelled to send troops, and go in person to quell the insur- rection; this revolt was soon put down by Colonel La Fuenta, a Peruvian, who acted in concert with others against General Rivaguecra. On account of the fear that was excited by the Spani- ards, who were often reported to be within a day’s march of the city, a party of cavalry went out to reconnoitre, and marched upwards of forty leagues, without seeing, or even hearing of the enemy, excepting a detachment of cavalry, that were at “El Tambo de Cafete” under GENERAL O'HIGGINS QUITS LIMA. 79 the command of a Spanish colonel ; and in order to dis- pel the fears of the Limenos they sent them intelligence every four hours until they were recalled. The state of Lima being so disturbed, General O’Hig- gins removed to Callao, and took a passage for himself and his family in an English brig to Truxillo., The following is a copy of the passport given to him by the president “ El Marques de Torre Tagle :” Seal of Office].—“ Er. CuinapaN0, PRESIDENT oF THE REPUBLIC BY THE ConstituTioN PeEruaNa.—His Excellency Captain General Don Bernard O'Higgins passes to “ Huanchaco,” with all his family, by sea, in what vessel soever he pleases ; or by land, if he should think it convenient. “ The eminent services that he has rendered to Peru, imperiously demand, not only that no embarrassment be placed in his way, but that he shall be assisted in the most advantageous manner with whatever shall be necessary. “ The Government will make all the authorities responsible for the smallest omission “en el particular” (with regard to this), for Peru ought highly to respect his excellency, and treat him with consideration, as a just recompense for the stupendous efforts he has made for its liberty. “Given in Lima, December 23rd, 1825. “ TAGLE. “ By order of His Excellency, “JUAN DE BERINDOOJA.” As soon as the general and his family were ready to embark, he gave me his passport, which I took to the Governor of Callao, and to the port admiral: the first offered a guard of honour, which the general declined in a suitable manner; the latter, General Vivero, called upon the general, and conducted us to his barge, which was decorated for the occasion; and whilst taking us off to the vessel, he expressed the highest satisfaction, in having the honour of conducting the son of his old friend Don Ambrosio O'Higgins, who had been the viceroy of Peru. Several of the principal Peruvians, as well as 7m gsi SUS a — RE SS as Fb Dg 80 ARRIVAL OF GENERAL O’HIGGINS AT TRUXILLO. a number of foreigners went off, to take leave of the general. * I need scarcely remark that I felt extremely pained to see the general and his family so much buffeted about, particularly now, when all their fortune was at stake, in consequence of the Spaniards having taken possession of their only dependence, “ El Hacienda de Montalban,” which the Peruvian government had given to the general, as a recompense for his having been the founder of their independence. I learned from a letter that I received, that they had reached Truxillo in safety, and that the general had ren- dered important services to two of his conntryman, Las S.8. Novoas,who had involved themselves by aiding General Rivaguera, notwithstanding his scanty means, and he sup- plied them with pecuniary aid, and successfully interceded with General Bolivar for their liberty. I here insert a copy of a letter which General O’Hig- gins gave me when we separated, addressed to General Pinto. “ Lima, December 24th, 1823. “My esteemed friend, Captain Don Thomas Sutcliffe, will be the bearer of this. He was sent here by Government, to continue his services in the army under your command. I recommend him to you, because I'know he is a good officer, and will merit those marks of distinction which you always confer on patriots of his class. “I remain your unchanging friend, “ BERNARDO O’HiGGINS.” * I then bid farewell also to a chief, who, if he had remained in command, or even continued in the republic, he had almost freed from the Godos,” 1 am confident would have secured to me at least a higher grade in the Chilian service after fifteen years’ honourable connexion with it, than that which I held previously to my entering into it: however, I feel unmingled satisfaction, in having, from a sense of duty, made sacrifices, that I might serve those who were worthy, whilst others were mingling in the internal broils that have taken place in Chile, from no other motive but their own aggrandizement ; it will be seen in the sequel, that every new government, at the beginning, has treated me as a partisan of the fallen one. MUTINY AT CALLAO. 81 The Buenos Ayrean, with a few Peruvian and Colum- bian troops, remained with the detachment of Chilenos, to garrison Lima and Callao; a part of the former showed Symptoms of dissatisfaction on account of want of pay, (during the few months that I was in Peru, I never saw a pay-day,) and they were unwisely sent to the castle of Cal. lao; for General Bolivar had sent for the Columbian troops, and about this time Colonel Valdivieso was superseded by General Alvarado ; besides Colonel Aldunate, on account of the detention of his troops, stopped the preparations for embarking, and paid Captain Gill, of the Laurel, for the time his vessel had been delayed. It was concluded that T must leave for Chile by the Laurel, with despatches ; and, on my departure, General Guido gave me the letter, of which the subjoined is a copy. “S'or Don Francisco a Pinto, * “My dear Friend, ‘ The captain of cavalry, Don Thomas Sutcliffe, returns to Chile, to continue his services in the army to which he belongs. I have been in- formed that the services of this officer to the interests of America are djs. tinguished, and that his conduct has not ill deserved (demerecido) our confidence and protection ; permit me to recommend him to you in the Strongest manner, because I am sure he will be worthy of your esteem— ‘porque confio que correspondera al pais como un caballero patriota no menos que 4 las atenciones que tenga la bondad de dispensarle.’ “ Your commands will be attended to with satisfaction, at any distance by your affectionate friend. “ Lima, February 3rd, 1824. “Tomas Guino.” On the fourth of February, I received my passport, and went to Callao, along with Major Cavaredat who was to have a passage to Chile with me ; but the brig not being ready until the next day, the major returned to Lima, and I took up my quarters with Colonel Morla, who commanded the Chilian artillery, * Published in my Manifest. t Now minister of war. PR RTT TRE oe "or A. 82 MUTINY AT CALLAO. and resided in the castle. I supped with the governor, who put his signature to my passport about midnight, and gave me several letters for Chile and Buenos Ayres; he was a native of the latter state: the colonel returned with me to his house, and I had scarcely retired to rest, and begun to doze, when I was roused by a confused noise, as if from a multitude of persons engaged in a warm dispute ; I arose and went to the door, but a soldier, the servant of the colonel, told me not to go out, for there was a row, “bochince,” amongst the Peruvian and Buenos Ayrean soldiers; this alarmed myself, the colonel and the rest of his family; he was immediately seized with a fit of trembling, being upwards of sixty years of age, and said, « Sotaliffe es asunto de los Godos, estamos, perdidos !” (Sutcliffe, it is an affair of the Spaniards, we are lost )—1I bade both him and his wife to be quiet ; and in order to discover what was really the matter, I secreted my papers and money about my person, disguised myself in one of the soldiers’ great coats and cap, and went out by the backway. I soon found that it was only a second edition of what had occurred in Lima : the soldiers had made General Alvarado, Colonel Estomba, and other chiefs, prisoners, and prevailed on all the detachments to join them : the Chilian artillery respected their colonel, and, on that account he was not imprisoned with the rest. Of this act of violence Sergeant Moyano, of the battalion No. 11, was the ringleader; he had formerly been an officer, but had been reduced to the ranks for misconduct. Returning to the colonels, I found a corporal’s-guard at the door; I then recollected that a number of English and American sailors had been arrested for smuggling, whom I had been endeavouring to release; at this moment the guard had left them,and they were standing in a group, AUTHOR'S ESCAPE FROM CALLAO. 83 near to the place of their confinement: at first they did not recognize me, but as soon as I made myself known, I readily obtained from them a pair of trousers, a red shirt, and pea-jacket, which, with a hairy cap, completely disguised me, particularly after having my mustachoes shaved off; my own uniform was packed up amongst their clothes : here we remained without molestation until eight o'clock, when all were set at liberty. No sooner had I obtained my freedom than I went to Captain Fisher’s, who kept a tavern, and had been a passenger with me in the Bruce; here I procured a fresh disguise, and hastened to the mole, but found that no shore-boats were allowed to take passengers off to the shipping: whilst I was considering what to do, Captain Brechard, a Frenchman, who commanded a Peruvian corvette, La Santa Rosa, came down to the mole; his boat was there, but one of the men was absent, upon whom he began to bestow some hearty curses; seizing the oppor- tunity, I stepped forward, and offered to take the man’s place, which was immediately accepted; I pulled the after- oar, until we came alongside his vessel ; he gave some orders to an officer, and then took us alongside a French ship, L’Amerique, of Havre, Captain Haselin, a friend of mine; he had no sooner got on board, than I jumped off the gangway upon the quarter-deck; he inquired what the d—I I was after; I answered by thanking him for having been the means of my escaping from shore; the captain shook hands with me, and welcomed me on board his vessel, but Captain Brechard took the affair in a serious light, and began to talk about compromises. I then hailed the brig Laurel, and requested the mate to send her boat for me, telling Captain Brechard, that if the flag of the ship I was on board could not protect me, I would G 2 eee rt. f8 % ea Seana Di van ra RE nea BL a A SEE sg 8 84 © POPULARITY OF GENERAL CORREA. leave her ; he then desired me to give him my hand, and begged of me to keep the affair secret from the new rulers on shore ; we then all sat down to breakfast; and Captain Haselin, his surgeon, and officers, heartily enjoyed the narrative of my escape. The mutineers seized the port-admiral General Vivero, the harbour-master, and all the chiefs and officers they could find, and confined them in the castle. I had a few articles of my equipage on board, but the greatest part of my property, amongst which was my horse, remained in the castle; I had sold the horse to a friend for 200 dollars, but Moyano appropriated it to his own use, which made my losses considerable; however, I regained my liberty, and therefore was pretty well satisfied. The merchants in Callao suffered greatly, for they were not only deprived of all the articles of provision that were in their stores, but had also to pay a contribution to supply those in the castle with pay, &e. However, the disorders that were committed were not very great. On the sixth, several detachments came from Lima to Bella Vista ; the castles fired upon them, and killed many. General Martines, who commanded the Buenos Ayrean army, and other chiefs, came with a flag of truce ; and the mutinecrs allowed General Correa, who was a favourite, to enter the castle; here the leaders, Moyano and Parejas, had a eonference with him, which lasted above two hours. They demanded the arrears of pay due to them from the Peruvian government, and insisted on being sent back to Chile. The soldiers cheered General Correa as he returned to Lima. No satisfactory answer being returned at the time ap- pointed, and as there were not wanting agents, or spies, CAPTAIN GILL SAILS FROM CALLAO. 85 of the common enemy, it was strongly rumoured that if the terms were not complied with in twenty-four hours, the castle would be given up to Casa Riego, a Spanish chief, and other officers who were then in confinement in Casas Matas. In the evening, the castle opened a heavy fire upon Bella Vista; and, fearful lest I should be made a prisoner, I went on board a Buenos Ayrean brig, the Protector, Captain Neeson. About ten o'clock at night the batteries opened a heavy fire upon the shipping, on account of two vessels—the Mirror, an American ship, and a Chilian schooner, the Sea Serpent—having got under weigh, and made their escape: many of the ships had their hulls damaged, and the Santa Rosa received five shots in her bows; but no lives were lost. On the seventh, I went on shore with an officer of H.M. ship Fly, and Captain Gill, who procured his vessels papers from the harbour-office, for she had been cleared out before the mutiny took place. An old Spaniard, Gonzales, had got into office as harbour-master, and, although I was in disguise, he taxed me with being an insurgent; I produced my passport, in which I had fortunately been described as a civilian, on account of the Spanish privateers that were fitted out in Chiloe, and boldly presented it to him for his signature; he then appeared satisfied, and sanctioned my embarking. Shortly after we got under-weigh the forts began to fire upon us; we, therefore, stood towards H. M. ship Fly; they still continued to fire; and as the shot might have endan- gered her, we stood straight out of the bay, and though we ran the gauntlet of the three castles, which expended a few dozen shots upon us, none of them hulled us. The har- bour-master’s boat at first gave chase to us, for which we 86 RETURN TO CHILE. were prepared, having on board plenty of muskets and ammunition, as well as a few deserters, who had taken refuge with us. Although Captain Gill was advanced in age, both he and his mate, who had formerly been master of H. M. ship Blossom, seemed determined to act upon the defensive. The brig belonged to Mr. Gladstone, of Liverpool, and the captain, mate, and crew richly deserved a recompense for saving her, for as she had been taken up as a transport, she would eventually have been captured, and perhaps condemned. After we got out of reach of the batteries, we hove-to, got in our boats, and made all snug on board,* and after a pleasant passage, we anchored, on the 4th of March, in the bay of Valparaiso. The moment I disembarked, I waited upon the Go- vernor-General Zenteno, and acquainted him with the events that had occurred: he was thunderstruck at the intelligence, and informed me that General Freyre had left for Concepcion, to take command of an expedition against Chile, whither I sent all the particulars; I also communicated the facts to General Miller, who was at the baths of Colina. The governor did not pay my passage, but told me to make out a memorial to government, that they might authorize him to remunerate Captain Gill for * What a providential escape! The fortress was given up to the Spaniards on the 10th, and such of the patriots as were not shot, or trans- ported to the island of Chucuito in the lake of Titicaca, had to suffer the horrors of famine; for about 3,800 individuals, prisoners, refugees, and garrison, perished in the most miserable manner, amongst whom were the Marquis Torre Tagle, ex-president, with all his family, the Conde de Luriganche, ex-vice-president, and a number of wealthy Peruvians, who had proved themselves traitors to the patriot cause. The Spanish governor, General Rodil, withstood a blockade and siege for eighteen months, and, after having consumed every horse, mule, ass, dog, cat, or anything that could be made available to support life with, he made an honourable capitu- lation on the 19th of February, 1826, and embarked on board H. M. S. Briton, Captain Sir Murray Maxwell. ARRIVAL IN SANTIAGO. having brought me, and several articles, such as arms, provisions, &c., belonging to the Chilian detachment, that was to have sailed for Valparaiso. Some of the “wiseacres” in Valparaiso would not give credit to my statement, because they said I was an NL hob ahtepess 98 . ‘ O’Higginista;” however, their own experience soon convinced ther, of what they were unwilling to admit upon my evidence; for many of them being merchants who traded to Peru, suffered severely. / . . ~N . x, : . . My friend, Don Felippe Santiago del Solar, invited me to accompany him and his family to the capital, and offered to supply me with horses, &c. In this case I realized the truth of the proverb—“A friend in need is a friend indeed.” aa . . y The information I brought was highly important, both to government and the merchants, as there was a numn- ber of vessels ready to sail for Callao and other parts; but, as no one seemed to eredit my statements, I obtained no thanks for the exertions I had made. I may here Jv remark, that government never remunerated Captain '“ . : : Gill, although I sent in a memorial, according to General Zenteno’s directions. I had expended all my money in Callao to assist Cap- tain Gill to provide a supply of fowls, vegetables, and other necessaries, so that 1 had not a dollar in my pocket when I landed ; and, as the governor could not supply . » » . . me with any of my arrears of pay, I was in an awkward predicament. However, Don Felippe Solar performed « a» .: r : —~ ® " the needful, and I arrived in Santiago the next day, and presented myself before the acting supreme director, Don Fernando Errazuris, who was so much taken up, at the time, with the pope’s nuncio, El 5’or Mussi, who had lately arrived from Rome, that he could not attend to my rela- Ee i HERR TTR a el pi SRE Ae SER ERT 88 CONDUCT OF THE PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT. tion respecting Callao,* On the day following, however, I had a short audience with his excellency, and the minis- ter of war, and hacienda: they seemed so ineredulous as to my story, “ that my feelings became greatly excited, and I expressed myself in terms that did not at all please his excellency,” in consequence of which I received orders the same day to march to Coquimbo. I called upon the minister of war, Don Diego Benavente, to whom I was unknown, and stated my inability to proceed for wont of money, horses, and even uniform ; upon hearing which he ordered me to make out a memorial, and request two months’ pay, which I received ; he also gave me a sword, which he had as a sample, together with an order to the intendente, General Lastra, to supply me with two horses and a mule—all which were attended to; to these he added a document authorizing me to demand others from the magistrates or governors to whom 1 should have oc- casion to apply during my march to Coquimbo. General Miller, whom I had previously met in Lima, having come in from the baths of Colina, I called upon him; he resided with General Blanco, the chief of the staff; he was very particular in his inquiries, and seemed satisfied that my account “ was too true.” * The nuncio did not remain long in Chile, but government obtained from him a diminution of the feast-days, and abelition of other ceremonies. He gave license also to the friars to secularize themselves. —— HAP. 1V. JOURNEY TO COQUIMBO—CAMPAIGN AGAINST PINCHEYRA—MARCH TO SANTIAGO AND BLANCO — REVOLUTION OF CHILOE, AND SUPPRESSION RESIGNS. OF DO.— GENERAL BLANCO I commENCED my march in the evening of the 15th. Don Felippe Solar gave me letters to his friends on the road, and to his relatives at Coquimbo; these enabled me to take up my first night's lodgings with one of them, who resided a short distance from Santiago ; he treated me with great attention, and furnished me with a better horse, which was very acceptable to me, as those which I had were both « sore-backed,” without ears, and scarcely able to carry me—(such were the « caballos del Estado.”) Passing the village of Colina, we halted at the foot of the mountains of Chacabuco. Here Generals O'Higgins and San Martin defeated the Spaniards. 1 strolled over the field of battle, where the bones of the slain « lay bleaching in the sun” my soldier and the guide, who had both been in the battle, stopped to show me the places where the “ godos ” held out, when they were overcome. We passed the night at an « alojamiento ;” a small “ramada” (shed) had been erected near to some shady trees; here two women, one of whom was a musician, sold eatables and “ chicha.” I ordered a “ casuella,” a stew of fowls and potatoes, which these road-side cooks understand how to prepare, and is the best article to be obtained on a march in this part of the country. I listened until a late hour to the masculine voice of the songstress, who accompanied herself with a cracked guitar; 90 JOURNEY TO COQUIMBO. my men related to her some stories of the pa. of He Portefios and Chilenos, and sung 2 few ih i ns popular songs, until sleep overcame us ly oe ig cious party had taken © quantum sufficit” 0 : Shieh molla,” (a kind of beer made from a berry not un . of tuniper;) I believe they deemed this beverage to be 1ighly ns as a great deal was said next morning about necessary, \ ng | y spirits of which the (‘hilenos have strong 2 « animos’’ apprehensions. | i eight o'clock we crossed the Cuesta de Chacabuco, and had a beautiful prospect down the vale of Copy The roads over the mountains were almost a e, and in many places two horses cannot pass eac : 0 on which often creates disputes between travellers an Ingle teers. There are many Crosses erected on the a ie in memory of individuals who had besa loa 1e Ei eternity; the sight of these alarms the solitary trav ; r but there are few instances of highway-robbery, especially th of Santiago. fe ps the valley, the road to Mesum, pranches off to the right through Santa Rosa, ie 1 8 the nearest Chilian town to the pass of the Cordi on and is about three leagues distant Pinon oh traversing about four leagues through his fertile va » I crossed the hanging-bridge of « Bl Rio de Araneng and arrived at the city of San Felippe, about twenty- ke leagues from the capital : 1 called upon the Sven Lieutenant-Colonel Perez, he reccived me €00 Y & i“ although it was his dinner-hour, he told a so if i conduct me to my quarters, which was a room, a’ Lt fleas, adjoining the (cabildo,) Tel) Houde: > tunately I met with Mr. Plumb, an Englis ae We made amends for the governor's hospitality, und > a, I was informed, had given me the «sobriquet of O Hig- JOURNEY TO COQUIMBO. 91 ginista.” I staid one day with Mr. Plumb, and exa- mined the town; it was neat, laid out in squares, with several churches and convents, besides a handsome “ alameda,” ornamented with poplars; nearly all the buildings and walls were whitewashed, The population of the valley exceeds 14,000; it is very fruitful, and has many fine haciendas, well stocked with animals, besides many rich mines, mostly of copper. Next day I halted at Putaendo, six leagues distant, and remained there more than a week with my friend Don Tomas Vicufia; his family were with him, and I enjoyed their amiable society. This is also a verdant valley, sustaining about 5,000 inhabitants ; the river Chile passes through it, and waters a great number of haciendas; the Cordilleras are here infested by what the natives call leones, or puma, a species of animals about the size of a Newfoundland dog, and not much unlike to a huge mountain-cat ; they play havoc amongst the cattle, but are seldom known to attack men, except when they are closely pursued ; they are hunted by dogs trained for the purpose ;—my friend Vicufia had several of their skins stuffed, and hung up about his outhouses, as trophies of the sports of his herds- men ; besides these animals, there is another species about this locality called guanacoes, and vicufias, which in winter, when the snow drives them from the mountains in numbers, are hunted, and easily caught. The gold and copper mines here are numerous, there are also excellent gold-washings, especially at the Cuesta de Minillas.—I left my friends on the 28th, and had not proceeded above four leagues before I was overtaken by two gentlemen, who informed me that a vessel, La Minerva de Valparaiso, had also escaped from Callao on the night of the same day that I left, and that I had CAL SR I li 92 JOURNEY TO COQUIMBO. been sent for by government, on account of the captain not being able to state the particulars. They also informed me that the confirmation of the news I had brought had excited a great sensation in the capital, and they advised me to return to Santiago ; but on account of the treatment I had received, I thought proper to continue my route.— I now changed the course I had intended to have taken, for the romantic one nearer the Cordilleras: after pass- ing the Cuesta de Garillas, I halted at the hacienda of Alicagua, fifteen leagues from San Felippe, where I remained two days, and partook of the hospitality of Don Pedro Marcoleta. There are several valuable gold mines in this district; from one called Lepileo, 1 was informed that gold had been cut with the chisel : I here witnessed for the first time the process of grinding and washing gold ore. On the 31st of March I left Alicagua, and passed the Cuesta de Por Cura, which took me four hours; at noon I arrived at Petorca, twelve leagues; this 1s a mining district, and well populated ; great quantities of gold, of a superior quality, are procured from the nume- rous mines that are constantly at work here. This is a small and neat town, and I have to acknow- ledge the urbanity with which I was treated by the governor, El Sor Silva, who procured me several speci- mens of rich ore. I remained here two days, marched on, and passed the village of Fierro Viego, two leagues ; and halted at Pedegua, seven leagues ; next day I crossed the Cuesta de las Palmas, over a very bad road; this moun- tain is studded on the west side with a countless number of palm trees, producing small nuts, which, with the syrup that is extracted from the trees, brings in a very con- siderable revenue to the proprietor; at three I halted at the village of Tilama, eight leagues. JOURNEY TO COQUIMBO. 93 April 4th, I passed La Cuesta de Naranga, a very hig] mountain, and at three halted at the villa ” of r - : mining district, seven leagues ; next To I So i f ot de Pupido, which occupied me more than three flours in crossing. Isawa puma that had Just been killed it was a large one; the Guasos were skinnin it; the informed me that it had been a great anno a t P oe and “muy lobo” very cunning and shy ; eo I te the river Chuapa, and halted at the Hacienda del Peral lillo i i , famous for its copper mines; I here saw upon the surfice of the earth a small vein of pure copper ; morning I passed La Cuesta de los ny Sy twelve arrived at the town of Illapel, Hiryefive lea % from Petorca; the governor, Don Miguel Ets made He his guest, and treated me with Bo att ; on ! continued with him several days; ditine i : ih humeral ceremonies of his father, the late Need ws la Pica, were celebrated ; all the relatives of the rio od that could attend, besides a great number of the he Oo bouri x ing gentry, were present ; it lasted two days, and w . C as conducted with all the “ ranco.” : a3 Sv) » oran 1 afforded. grandeur, that the place oe amon took me to visit the neighbouring 5 vas much pleased with my « we also visited the famous gold-mine of La Vaca bel ing to El Senor Montes; I descended more th 4 hundred yards, but the heat and RA . » jaunt ; z- ri : ign , enced m this kind of research, made me abandon 1n - - . tention of visiting “los labores,’ my bJ the place whi ch was worked : : ed; there was a great deal of water in the mine and a 1 : we Phe: of Peones kept ascending and descending v 10° ‘ . . - Bo? ad to carry it out in sheep-skins, as well as others who i $i 1 | carried the ore; in consequence of this I was a 94 JOURNEY TO COQUIMBO. pretty figure when I emerged from the adit of the mine, my clothes being completely saturated with dirty water and my own perspiration ; besides which, I was heartily laughed at for my pains ; however, “1 had descended a gold mine,” and made a promise that I would never make so foolish an attempt again, unless I became interested in one: I procured a few fine specimens of ore. Having witnessed the mode of operating, I will here endeavour to describe the process of procuring, and of grinding gold ore. The ore when brought from the mine is ground in a mill, which is erected near to a stream of water, often at some leagues distant ; and gene- rally belongs to an individual who receives payment for the use of his « trapiche,” and whose profits are surer than those of the miner, especially if his mill be kept going. The ore is put into a trough, in which a large round stone is forced to revolve by awater-wheel; a small stream of water runs into the trough, which carries away the earth and light particles of gold, that have to pass over several shorn sheep or goat skins, to which the gold adheres; these are afterwards washed in a wooden trough, and the antimony and gold are diffused by water over the skins; again, these are washed, and then a quantity of quick- silver is introduced in the trough, which adheres to the particles of gold; then all is put into a piece of linen cloth, and strained until nearly all the quicksilver has been separated from the gold; this residuum is then placed under a retort, and the rest of the quicksilver is ev aporated, when there remains a lump (pella) of pure gold: the earth is sometimes worked four or five times, and as often as it yields sufficient to repay them for their labour, the process is repeated. The valley of Illapel is well cultivated, and there are JOURNEY TO COQUIMBO. 95 several large haciendas. Some of the best horses in Chile are bred here, and their hoofs are said to be th hardest, especially those in the neighbourhood of Chua a great quantity of wheat, barley, Indian corn ly Ying; and brandy, is produced. There are silt of all kind of metals, but principally those of gold and coppe are worked ; of the latter about 6,000 quintals on annually to Valparaiso from this district. The old generally sent to the mint in Santiago, or nd ; od no exact account can be given of the quantities atoll The town of Illapel has, with the exception of the Pluss, a shabby appearance, being nothing else but a lon straggling street, with small thatched houses, that see : to have suffered from the earthquake of 1822 and . have undergone but little repairs. I found the tubing very hospitable ; the females are reputed handsome ; i the town has the “ sobriquet” of Sal si puede,” deste He if you ng 1) I here witnessed a strange sight, called an i angelita, or wake : the owners of dancing-houses chinganas,” of which there are no scarcity even in the smallest villages, no sooner hear of the death of an infant amongst the poorer class, than they hurry to appl for it, and the highest bidder carries off the prize : 4 then dress it in a gaudy manner, paint its face wl id its eyes open ; then it is put up in a —_ In the dancing-room, and surrounded with candles; a few Tockets are let off, to warn the neighbours, and the room is soon filled with revellers, who eat, drink, dance, and sing to the tunes of a harp, guitar, and ravel, (a fiddle with three strings,) for several nights and days 0 that small profit is derived from the exposure of a did child, or, as they call it, “ an angel.” I have been ubormed that many of the chinganeros have been known to pre- 96 JOURNEY TO COQUIMBO. serve the body in spirits or vinegar, en escaveche,” so as to be enabled to continue their saturnales, or hire it out to others. An Englishman of the name of Carter, who resided in this district, called upon me, and invited me to accom- pany him to his “ chacara,” which was a short distance from the town: I was surprised at the neatness of his house ; and the appearance of everything I saw reminded me of an English farm : he was married, and his wife was reputed to be very industrious; she had a flour-mill under her own management. Carter was an excellent horseman, and managed his “lasso” as dexterously as the natives: he had been many years in Chile, for he was cabin-hoy on board of the ship Scorpion of London, a vessel that formerly traded on the coast of Chile, whose captain was enticed on shore, and murdered in a bar- barous manner by a set of villains, accompanied by a person that Captain Banker had raised from-indigence, and who had acted as his agent. The ship was captured by boats that had been manned and sent from Valparaiso, to aid those who on shore represented themselves to be some of the principal gentry in Chile, wearing crosses or badges of condes, and marquesses, they had borrowed to carry on their infernal plot; however, they were all hated and stigmatized by their countrymen ; and few of them, with the exception of the villain who betrayed the captain, ever prospered with their ill-gotten booty. A merchant of Coquimbo warned Capt. Banker to avoid the snare; but he lost his life and ship by putting too much confidence in an ungrateful wretch. I left Illapel on the 9th, and halted at the foot of the Cuesta de los Hornos, ten leagues, and passed the night in a miserable- looking hut ; and, what surprised me was, althongh there JOURNEY TO COQUIMBO. 97 was neither a door, (a loose hide served as 1 window, or even a chair to sit down Ee 4 REY ; upon; all the dishes, P es, torks, spoons, and even other utensils, were of silver; these articles, a decent and clean bed wit] a few pictures of saints, three pair of Chinese " and several country saddles, with a r : ok half of the floor, and a lar we ip oe pu fi ge copper chafing-dish, “brasero” ders and charcoal, completed the furni- ture of the habitation of one of the principal miners, who Ty me his guest; and although there were no oe il an seven persons, a supper was placed before us suffi cient for forty. I cannot but say that I admired th od cheer, &c. of this hospi ’ Whi ospitable miner far better than the appearance of his dwelling ; however, such is the case many of the mining districts, for they have a 200d h ee 4 the town, and content themselves with a “ rancho Li they attend to their mining occupations. The . a > of lapel, no doubt ashamed to see a Arr ry obliged to march on horses belonging to the EE i me a fine black horse asa present, #hich, on Art en recent losses in Callao, was a valuable acquisition. A p 10th, I passed the Cuesta, where there are many copper mines, several of which are open close to the o a SO that it would be dangerous for a traveller to pass ht " the night, besides which it 1s one of the worst AS passes I had yet seen ; at noon I passed the river Pes oy at om Loavived at the town of Combarbala, ten itis: : i to a Hapmg aise, and has a population of abors 000; here are several good gold mines, and washings i many copper mines, the produce of which is ory Aipareiss, 1 saw little eultivation, except in the neigh- bourheod of the town, which is small, and has a re t parish church; I took up my quarters with CH H a. BIS RR CRT Pin REE aa te LL bh 98 JOURNEY TO COQUIMBO. acquaintance, El Sor Salas, who treated me a 2 oo table manner. Next day I passed the rivers on i bala and Cogoti, halted for a few hours at the i ge o La Ligua, and took up my quarters for the nigh han hacienda near St. Marcos; here there was oy pe house, and I obtained leave to stay, and was ! on ie a “quarto,” an empty room, which I Soon us Te infested with fleas, however I managed to ny : up : by of my saddle geer under the « corridor; an gold marched twenty leagues, 1 soon fell He aon midnight I was aroused to take my supper, w ich a first declined, but the landlord and his chaplain, a poss friar of the Franciscan order, were so A i I accompanied them, and sat down to a splendi Jo where there was an ostensible show of plate, an Soh cheer. There were about fourteen persons present ; t landlord, his lady, and daughters, inquired hr Syl officers I had known in Peru, and I dare say ns 3 ™ : prolonged their conversation to a late hour, 14.0 inet pleaded an excuse. 1 confess I thought it Srange Y leave such an entertainment, to occupy my a lodging ; however I soon learned that sels in we must take their « almofrez,” (bedding) or a gooc nr 5 sheep skins with them, or they will often have Join even at the wealthiest houses, for beds are ins 0 ae a1 any, except such as go on a visit, and know that oy va a provided with them. There are we inns on this ae " that travellers are of course entertained by private amilie , and the service is repaid with answering tind telling the news of the part they have oe fon In " the poorest inhabitants give a hearty Selon a g : 2 their repast with such as choose to stay with ji the night, without accepting or receiving any er CITY OF LA SERENA. 99 ment.—Twelfth, I passed the village of Guatemala, on the banks of the Cogoti, and at eleven at Yaiillo, where I found the Marquis of Monroy on his death-bed., I had a letter to him, but on account of the distress his family were in, I continued my march, and halted for a few hours at a farm, La Punta de Guano, where I purchased an enormous copper stirrup that weighed several pounds, and served for a bell, that had for- merly belonged to El Cura Monardes, an original, and of whom I had heard many curious anecdotes, I passed Rio Grande, which was not fordable at this season, over a small wooden bridge at Monte Patria, and at four I halted at the village of Sotaki, fifteen leagues, and took up my quarters with the curate, who treated me in the most hospitable man- ner. The valleys of Sotake, Monte Patria, and Yaiilla, are well populated and fertile. Thirteenth.—] went next day to Guamalata, the estate of Don Bernardo Soler, uncle to my friend Don F elippe, who had given me letters of introduction. Here I halted two days, and spent the time agreeably with the old gentleman's sons, who had charge of a copper-smelting establishment. On the sixteenth, after having been supplied with good horses by the SS. Solers, I traversed the plains of Kitayaco, and about three o'clock in the afternoon saw the sea, and port of Coquimbo, and shortly afterwards I entered the city of La Serena, the capital of the province; twenty-two leagues, I called upon Commandant Boyle, for, the Intendente, General Don Francisco A. Pinto, had left the day before to meet his lady, whom he expected from the province of Cuyo ; and, as he had left no orders respecting me, I called upon Don Gregorio Cordoves, who was acting intendente. He, also, had not received any instructions; so, on presenting my H2 a. a SH Atta wT RR a NRE Sn a EE RE —— & ARE = a 5 ER oh his Lo SES A bg 100 FAILURE OF THE EXPEDITION TO CHILOE. passport, I was attached to the squadron of a ought to have commanded in Peru, ke Sagem me hy and on half-pay. However, the hospitality 0 Pha nardo Soler, and the rest of his family, who foal 5 their guest, placed me in very comfortable Fr : hese I had the satisfaction of receiving a letter of t he the supreme director, General Don Ramon Sse or the service I had rendered him, by Ee i ders ous to his sailing for Chiloe, of the affair of Ca ao, ow unhappily made the expedition prove an Sane ons 0 the Spanish governor, Quintanilla, had eh fu and encouragement to hold out, on account o inept Callao being again in he one of Sie SR do now may be seen, that had the prope : Ho tion to my information, and taken the nee y es "4 might have blockaded Onsen, a perhaps have intercepted the vessel OE conductor of the despatches, Boney, os ¢ i. and officers, to relieve that place. Genera iii his return complimented me on my escape, and § ‘ y afterwards I was put in command of the first op uf the squadron of the Granaderos Lanceros, vacat 3 Jie death of Captain Molinares.* I remained UT hs in Coquimbo, and received the greatest Spin ani natives, as well as the foreign residents. La Se * into was called to be minister of state in the war Shar. ment ok ore on Je ari Deneve scl, grr AE oh I ne avers had been nearly ‘deserted on account of ating a sal i larized themselves, decreed that all the conven i or of at the same hour throughout the republic, hs he Se Jide and treasure, registered and deposited 7 the ii Shacts rs had been named for that trust. This would re to the Spanish faction; but commiseration to a . f 1 : : . . d I . 14 S, SO 0 h CITY OF LA SERENA. 191 nearly surrounded by a mud wall. It has six churches, four belonging to the convents of San Francisco, Santo Domingo, San Agustin, La Merced ; the others are La Matrix, parish-church, and that of the hospital of San Juan de Dios. There is a fine view of the port and bay, for the town is delightfully situated on three tables (mesetos), rising above each other, the streets are laid out at right angles, the houses are built of « adobes,” bricks dried in the sun, and of one story, they are spacious, have a court-yard and garden, so that eight or tw a square of about 18,844 yards; the streets are paved and irrigated, and each house has an asequia” to supply their gardens, &e. with water, which tends to the salubrity of the climate, for in this province they have little rain, and that only during a few days in June, or J uly, which is their winter season. During my stay I observed that there was little need of medical men; surgical aid, owing to accidents, or quarrels amongst the lower classes, w frequently required. The Coquimbanos live to a good old age; I knew many who had passed their 70th year and were hale and active; also there are instances of people passing 100. They marry very young ; it is common to see men of 15, and women of 13, commence the matrimonial state, so that it often happens that a couple that marry so young, after having brought up a numerous family, are, before they attain their 40th or 50th year, not to be recognized as their parents. Ata party I have actually met with females, differing so little in apparent age, that in more than one instance I have taken the daughter to be a sister, and on one occasion to be the mother. The residents of the capital are generally and Habilitadores, the first are wealthy the latter are merchants or store-keepers elve occupy as Haciendados landholders, and , who are the pur- Bh EE aE RE 102 CHILIAN MINERS veyorsof the miners,and in reality reap all the real benefits of their labourious and improvident customers. I have known very few operative miners, excepting such aswere so fortunate as to discover or possess a good silver or copper mine,realize any thing handsome, whilst the habilitadores, some of whom began with a very insignificant capital, have often in a few years become very wealthy. By what I have seen of the miners in general, their habits of ex- travagance is proverbial, for few toil harder for their money, and none lavish, or throw it away with more pro- digality. Molina says “they are extravagant in their expenses, and passionately addicted to gaming, in which they pass almost all their leisure moments, and instances are not unfrequent of a miner losing one or two thousand crowns of a night. Losses of this nature are considered by them as trifles, and on such occasions they gaily con- sole themselves with a professional proverb— that the mountains never keep accounts.’ Nothing is more ab- horrent to them than frugality, and whenever they find one of their companions who has amassed a sum of money by his economy, they leave no means untried to strip him of it, observing that avarice is a vice peculiarly degrading to the character of a miner; and so addicted are they to ebriety, that those who on first joining them are remark- able for their abstemiousness, are soon led from the influence of example, to participate in the general intem- perance. From these causes none of them acquire pro- perty, and they generally die in the greatest poverty and distress, while the profits of their labour are wholly absorbed by those who supply them with provisions and liquor.” | The dress of the miner is different from the other classes of labourers. They wear a cap made of uncut scarlet velvet sewed up in such a manner that when placed CHILIAN MINERS. 103 upon the head, it has the appearance of a boat when capsized, one point of which touches the lower part of the forehead, and the other the back of the neck. The dress is a shirt which is worn loose over a pair of short trowsers that are very wide, generally of a coarse blue cloth, and only reach to the knee, under which may be observed two or three pair of drawers of the same length and magnitude. They wear long stockings, mostly of white worsted, over which they use socks that just cover their ancles. These are of red worsted ; and over them they fasten sandals, made of hide, that have a peak upwards at the toes. They tie their stockings with black or blue garters, which are ornamented with tassels that hang below the calf. Round their waist they wear a broad coloured sash, to which is attached their knife, and a curious leathern pouch, made from the entire skin of a kid, which is fantastically ornamented. In this they carry their money, tobacco, and implements for striking a light. They have also a curi- ous leathern girdle which almost covers their posteriors, and is ornamented with a fringe of thongs. They have gene- rally one or two waistcoats, no jacket, but wear their poncho thrown in a careless mannerover their left shoulder. Their wives and daughters dress in a gaudy and extragavant manner, and wear the most expensive shawls and trinkets. The natives of Coquimbo are very hospitable, and fond of giving balls, tertulias, and pic-nics, or excursions to the port, or other favourite resorts, where sheds are erected of myrtle, or other evergreens; and the enter- tainment often lasts for several days, which are passed in feasting, gaming, and dancing. There is an annual feast held about twelve leagues from the city, at an Indian village, Andacol, where there is an image of the Virgin that is said to have performed many miracles, and pilgrimages are made to its shrine, by devotees from 104 FEAST OF ANDACOL. every part of Chile, and even from the provinees of Rio de la Plata. I, with several of my acquaintance, visited this festival, and was greatly amused to observe the manner in which the devotions, or, I may say, saturnalia, were car- ried on. In the morning several masses are perforried, and a sermon is preached, in which the Virgin 18 landed extravagantly ; after which, eoek-fighting, gambling, racing, dancing, eating and drinking, are earriol oa until the ensuing morn, and continued so long as the feast lasts. I knew a friar, Padre Concha, who was a noted gambler, gain from 12 to 15,000 dollars, and nearly lose i all again at this feast: many have cause to rue the offeets of their visit to Andacol. A lady, the wife of a friend of mine, had been elected the patroness, and was indulged so far as to be allowed to provide and entertain the prin- cipal guests, for they have a free table; and a i thing necessary has to be brought from the city, it cost her a considerable sum. There are good gold-washings at Andacol, and whenever it rains numbers of the natives are employed in washing the earth, and Hany Pieecs of pure gold (pepitas) have been found that weighed severa pounds, and of the best quality (entyssires carats). I have been credibly informed that a « pepita of an extraordinary size was once found in this neighbourhood, and the finder was so overjoyed with his success that he gave a feast, and during the entertainment he unwisely placed the gold in a large bowl of punch ; unfortu- nately for. him the splendid prize vanished, and is said to have soon found its way to the royal museum at Madrid. Molina quotes the following instances :— “ A person, on opening a water-course to an estate in He Hea 9 Hi quilemu, discovered, with much surprise, a vein of gold dust, i oe pe i! more than fifty thousand dollars, without the ieast aw, ef : fol fortune occurred to another in ploughing a piece of land for go. Tu Ee instances are not unusual, and naturalists have given the name 0 mont: these kind of casual mines, which are always of small extent. PORT OF COQUIMBO. 105 Lcould cite many other corroborating facts that are re- corded in Chile; but the above afford a fair sample of the golden treasuresthat have been found before my visit to this province, which has since been enriched {f the silver mines of Ay made the fortunes of many of the lucky proprietors. The port of Coquimbo is about two and a half leagues from the city, in lat. 29° 55'S. long. 73° 35' 45" W. In 1824 there were only a dilapidated barrack, and ruinous fortifications, in fact, everything seemed to be in a poor state; there were seldom any vessels at anchor; now and then a whaler, or casual vessel to take in copper, or a coaster, arrived; and during my stay H. M. ship Fly, and the U.S. sloop, Peacock, and schooner, Dolphin, arrived ; the latter came from Callao, and brought me several articles which I had left in the castle when I escaped; a Spaniard, whom I had treated with attention, Casa Riego, had pre- served my writing-desk and sword, and sent them to me. The Chilian squadron, under Admiral Blanco, put in to refit, for he had fallen in with a gale that disabled his vessel ; he had been on the look-out, for the Spaniards had a line-of-battle ship, the Asia, and a brig, El Aquilles, in the Pacific, and others were expected ; but shortly afterwards, these vessels being seized by their crews, the Asia was delivered up to the Mexican gov the Aquilles to the Chilian. The port of Coquimbo is well sheltered from the pre- vailing winds, and vessels may anchor near to the shore. Good water cannot be procured, except from a rivulet that enters the bay about two miles distant from the city ; and in fine weather vessels may either anchor raft the water to the port. ernment, and near it, or by the discovery queros and Copiapo, where veins and lamps of pure metal have been met with, that have two decent houses, some stores, J i SE IRE can a oid Sa Ger dee a 106 PORT OF COQUIMBO. Fish is abundant and good ; the pechihuen, cameronss, and ostions are celebrated. Game is also plentiful on the neighbouring hills, and water-fowl are plentiful in the gan province of Coquimbo is the most arid and uncultivated in Chile; yet I have a statistical account which represents it to produce 90,000 fanegas of Fh (a fanega is 150 pounds;) 5,000 of barley ; 13000 0 beans; 14,000 of Indian corn; 10,000 of figs; 150,000 gallons of wine; and 27,000 of brandy ; and its popu- lation is estimated at about 90,000. ; The following treasury statement will show the imports isi | 'n provinces, by sea :— rovisions from the southern provinces, i prey « La Serena, July 30th, 1832. « CUSTOM-HOUSE AND TREASURY OF COQUIMBO. ns hs \ / . 32297 Fanegas. ( lo £52.) Ta do. oar Ti a ronnoT do. Pout for : 6,549 do. Wallnuts . ‘ ; . 7 do. Potatoes ‘ : : Regi 2 Soe Galvanzes . . ; . oo do Aniseed . : . Fi | Charqui (dried beef) 3 : 1g Quinigle Tallow . ‘ i 403 do Cheese : . . : 03 jo. Butter . ; : iy 2 0, Almonds . . . , ‘ , i im Jo : : : 1,065 “Jose Novoa.” ams . : . : The prices of provisions in the year 1834, were as follow : i from 6 to 7} per quintal. ky : " from 3} to 5 per fanega. Beans . . . (Frijoles) 5 to6 do. which are considerably dearer than in the other provinces, with whom a carrying and coasting trade is carried on. ; Wheat varies every year, according to the crops ; still, the average is from four to six shillings a fanega, In is southern, and from twelve to twenty in the northern : bee tricts. There is a great deal of manceuvring and speculations in grain. Corn laws have been established in order to il tect the landed proprietors, vize— When the Chilian flour TE ———r—— ns ON PRICE OF PROVISIONS. 107 does not exceed the value of four dollars the quintal, 1001bs.) flour that is imported, pays two dollars per quintal : or, as follows :—- PRICE IN CHILE, DUTY ON FOREIGN FLOUR. 4 dollars per quintal . 100lbs. 2 dollars per quintal. 4todb do. ‘ ' . 1to4 do. 5to6 do. ; . we do. 6to7 do. : . 4 do. 7 upwards do. Free from Duty. All the wheat and flour that is imported into Chile, can only be allowed to enter the port of Valparaiso. There are many ports in this province, but only two be- sides the principal one are frequented, Huasco and Copiapo. The Cordilleras are low, and nearly all are passable during the summer, which facilitates the trade with the Buenos Ayrean provinces. On the 21st of January, 1825, the first squadron of the Granaderos Lanceros, my company No. 1, and Captain Bascufian’s No. 2, received orders to march with all possible despatch, towards the capital. I took leave of my friends in Coquimbo with regret; on the eve of my departure I was sent for by the governor- intendente, who informed me that he had recommended me to government, and, as a further proof of his friendship, gave me two letters, the one to his brother, who was minister of state, and the other to his friend General Rivero, governor intendente of the province of Conception. “ Mi Diego, “ Captain Sutcliffe will deliver this. with thy friendship, and that thou will introduce him to thy friends, for his conduct and morals make him accredit thy distinction. “ Adieu, my Diego, be as happy as is the desire of thy “Jose MARIA.” “ Sor Don Juan de Dios Rivera, “ Serena, 28th January, 1825. “ My good Friend, Captain Sutcliffe, of the Lancers, is to deliver this letter. The honourable conduct of this officer has made him worthy of my recommending him to thee; the knowledge you have of him, and this re- commendation, may, I hope, make him merit thy friendship, “ Dispose as you wish of your friend, who kisses thy hands. “ Jose MARIA BENEVENTE. “ Al. Sefior General y Governador Intendente de la provincia de Concepcion Sor Don Juan de dios Rivera.” “ Serena, January 28th, 1825. I hope thou wilt distinguish him cm AN TERT or RE Rie RE Fae CRs alr Lx Bei # 4 3 & ee C- 106 PORT OF COQUIMBO. Fish is abundant and good ; the pechihuen, camerones, and ostions are celebrated. Game is also plentiful on the neighbouring hills, and water-fowl are plentiful in the i province of Coquimbo is the most arid and uncultivated in Chile; yet I have a statistical account which represents it to produce 90,000 fanegas of oe (a fanega is 150 pounds;) 5,000 of harley; 13000 0 beans; 14,000 of Indian corn; 10,000 of figs ; 150,000 gallons of wine; and 27,000 of brandy ; and its popu- lation is estimated at about 90,000. : The following treasury statement will show the imports isl 'n provinces, by sea :— rovisions from the southern provinces, of for “ La Serena, July 30th, 1832. « CUSTOM-HOUSE AND TREASURY OF COQUIMBO. / . 52997 Fanegas. ( 150 £42.) VASE Fee ene Sha do. i a do. Plous es Lire Ban HOSA do. Wallnuts . . . . ‘ ii 5. Potatoes : . ; i . 2 So. Galvanzes : : . . 3 fe, Aniseed . . . . | ; Charqui (dried beef) } . 15H Quinials Tallow . . a 02 So. Cheese . . . : : os fo. Butter : 4 . ad 2 a, Almonds . . ; : . 7 - Fu dare : . 1.065 “Jose Novoa.” ams . . : . The prices of provisions in the year 1834, were as follow : Charqui / . from 6 to 7} per quintal. Wheat tii . . from 3} to5 per fanega. Beans . . . (Frijoles) 5 106 do. which are considerably dearer than in the other provinces, with whom a carrying and coasting trade is carried on. : Wheat varies every year, according to the crops ; still, the average is from four to six shillings a fanega, In is southern, and from twelve to twenty m the northern / i tricts. There is a great deal of manceuvring and speculations in grain. Corn laws have been established in order to peor tect the landed proprietors, viz.— When the Chilian flour PRICE OF PROVISIONS, 107 does not exceed the value of four dollars the quintal, 1001bs.} flour that is imported, pays two dollars per quintal : or, as’ follows : —- PRICE IN CHILE. DUTY ON FOREIGN FLOUR. 4 dollars per quintal . 100lbs. . 2 dollars per quintal. 4tos do. « Tito d do. S5to6 do. : . cl do. 6to7 do. ; ; . 4 do. 7 upwards do. : ‘ . Free from Duty. All the wheat and flour that is imported into Chile, can only be allowed to enter the port of Valparaiso. There are many ports in this province, but only two be- sides the principal one are frequented, Huasco and Copiapo. The Cordilleras are low, and nearly all are passable during the summer, which facilitates the trade with the Buenos Ayrean provinces. On the 21st of January, 1825, the first squadron of the Granaderos Lanceros, my company No. 1, and Captain Bascufian’s No. 2, received orders to march with all possible despatch, towards the capital. I took leave of my friends in Coquimbo with regret; on the eve of my departure I was sent for by the governor- intendente, who informed me that he had recommended me to government, and, as a further proof of his friendship, gave me two letters, the one to his brother, who was minister of state, and the other to his friend General Rivero, governor intendente of the province of Conception. “ Mi Diego, “ Captain Sutcliffe will deliver this. with thy friendship, and that thou will introduce him to thy friends, for his conduct and morals make him aceredit thy distinction. “ Adieu, my Diego, he as happy as is the desire of thy “Jose Magia.” “ S’or Don Juan de Dios Rivera, “ Serena, 28th January, 1825. “ My good Friend, Captain Sutcliffe, of the Lancers, is to deliver this letter. The honourable conduct of this officer has made him worthy of my recommending him to thee; the knowledge you have of him, and this re. commendation, may, I hope, make him merit thy friendship. “ Dispose as you wish of your friend, who kisses thy hands. “Jose Maria BENEVENTE. “Al Sefior General y Governador Intendente de la provincia de Concepcion S'or Don Juan de dios Rivera.” “ Serena, January 28th, 1825. I'hope thou wilt distinguish him SB 5 Fo ER 108 MARCH TO SANTIAGO. As the lancers had no horses belonging to the corps, the intendente made a requisition, or porrato, from the neigh- bouring villages and estates, which had to provide us with all that were required, as well as baggage animals, until these were exchanged for others, which the governors of the several departments we had to pass through, would, previ- ous to our arrival, have collected for us. The cavalry of Chile do not keep their horses in stabling; all, with the ex- ception of the president's guard, are sent to graze in fields that belong to the state, or are rented, and when wanted they are collected in a pen, and each soldier throws his lasso over any horse he may choose for the day. Curry- combs, and brushes, or even wisps, are seldom, if ever, seen in the army; nor are veterinary surgeons required. This accounts for the maltreatment and destruction of so many of those useful animals during a campaign, or a long march. We marched from La Serena on the 29th, for our pre- parations had detained us longer than was expected. The second squadron remained under the command of Major Latus: and Commandant Boyle accompanied us; we were two troops of 100 men each, and about as many women ac- companied them, most of whom were obliged to walk. Each soldier in Chile has a wife, or companion, most of whom are “ Chinas,” (half Indians). These are very useful, generally preceding the corps when on a march, and having a com- fortable meal ready, and often a small shed erected for the weary soldier at his journey’s end. They are hardy and indefatigable women; and I have seen them ford deep and rapid torrents, and make their way through apparently impassable sloughs. We exercised the soldiers an hour each day on horse- back, whenever we came to a suitable spot. This was MARCH TO SANTIAGO. 109 hi hoy at as we had no opportunity of doing it in $ quim o for want of horses; and several of our soldiers aving been minors, were unaccustomed to riding, and would have been unfit for servi ervice, had the t through a course of regular drilling. yi. ot upassen We returned by the same route from the capital to Coquimbo, and entered the capital on the 16th of February. We halted in the principal squ where his excellency General Don Ramon F i supreme director, and General Don of the staff, reviewed us, We performed various evolutions, lance and broad-sword exercise, His excellency was pleased to pass a public commendation on the troops, in iw their general appearance, and the state of their fin li 5 He shewed a particular mark of attention to Crm " Boyle, and the officers of our squadron, by ordering al on oes ns of savalry to Ohsenve the tactics we had adopted, isn oderna Espafiola,” which had been reprinted in Previously to this time, medley, in respect of its corps using what tactics now ordered that all muy which secured uniformity. that I took when going reyre, the Louis Crux, the chief and went through the the Chilian army was a complete discipline, each commandant of a he thought proper; but it was st adopt the same manceuvres, Soon after my return to the capital, I made sion to view the field of battle on the plains of two officers belonging to the Lance tably entertained at the Hacie leagues from Santiago ; the ground in high glee, particulars of the glorious As this v an excur- Maipu, with rs, and we were hospi- nda del Espejo, about three my companions galloped over and amused me by rel 5th of April, 1818. ictory sealed the independence of Chile, T will ating the i = . 8 & % Le oe fi ie vo 4 ¥ 5 1 y ig Ff 2 vi IS 3 # 5 be 4 RE a ¥ FSS TS CEE ce —— Saba i Pu PROWESS OF THE PATRIOTS, 111 | ik 110 VISIT TO THE PLAINS OF MA . { | . ; ss ol that country ; and, whilst the emigrants were enjoying tg i 7 YP i ricf account of the prowess o il ; ib present my Mey from Cenoial Sandiartin's the hospitality of their neighbours, and those less for- 2 te a i on 3 : re wh " itl of Chazalinto and tunate enduring the taunts of their enemies, in Juan Fer- 1 official despatch relative : Iso that of tl ing victory of Maipu nandes and Quiriquina, the Buenos Ayrean army was also that of the erowni . recruited, organized, and prepared for the invasion of he its freedom from the battles ; ’ Chile ought ctv Gea the first popular Chile. General Don Jose San Martin marched from of San iy Te shar iih Prodidont Cur Mendoza on the 17th of J anuary, 1817, and crossed the commotion occur ’ rasco, was deposed by the In " Santi s, with an army of about 5,000 men. 10 field-pieces inhabitants of Santiago, and a ndes, w 1t 5, ; : sco, was deposed by the 1 And nicht. or unite was elected, thelr tide 2 howitzers, 1,600 horses, upwards of 9,000 mules, and provisional a a of the rights of the king 700 head of horned cattle. The artillery and heavy was only that o ge der of affairs caused a baggage cost a deal of fatigue and loss of cattle in S new or ; we : : is ne the march; and although every possible precaution during his captivity.” ; a ated series of revolutions; and, as those who were denominate that could be devised, was put in practice whilst cross- ing, above 500 horses and 4,000 mules perished. An extract from General San Martin's despatches to the president of Rio de la Plata, will give the details of the battle of Chacabuco— patriots, were contending factions, the Spaniards and their adherents got hold of the reins of Suvernsieny again, Generals O'Higgins and Carrera were, after a gallant defence, and sanguinary conflict of thirty-six oxide. feated at Rancagua; and, with the rest of the patriots, men, women, and children, forced to fly across the 2 had to leave on “On the 28th of March the army was in the best condition, and united Cordillera de los Andes, and, as many at Los Mananteales on the road to Los Patos, from which station I com- f the hardships and sufferings they had to under go menced to combine and direct my movements, so that I could command oot, the I : . he Spanish generals, the four passes of the Cordilleras, and break through any obstacles the are not to be described > whilst the p g adi enemy might oppose to me in the defiles of those I penetrated. Osorio and Ordonez, on the 9th of October, 1814, made “The army was divided into two divisions—the vanguard, under the : ived by the inhabitants of command of General Don Miguel Soler, and the second was led by General their entry, and were receive y ; i d O'Higgins and Colonel Sapiola, with two squadrons of cavalry. The Santiago with every possible demonstration of joy an artillery and artificers followed after. 2 eden hacerse “I sent Major Don Antonio Arcos on our left with 200 men, and ordered as antas democstraciones pu , : gladness (con cu : ich: Lave ‘Ve re. him to penetrate the defile of Valle Hermosa, and attack one of the enemy’s de jubilio y alegria.*) And Chile nig t hav y Rid posts, then mount the Cumbre del Cusco, and leaving the Cordilleras de mained in the kind and paternal possession of Spain, 1a Piuquenes in his rear, open those passes, and march on to Los Achapayas, take possession of that position, and put it in a state of defence, so that he h suite ior to Men- not the sufferings of the patriots, who emgt ated to could return to the army, and debouch in Putaendo. doza and Buenos Ayres, raised the sympathy of the chiefs « This officer entered Achapayas on the evening of the 4th, and attacked > Puerredon, and Ge- the military commandant of San Felippe, who, with about 100 soldiers, § of that republic, Los SS. Alvares, Pt To ‘ and all the militia he could collect, opposed him, but they were routed and neral San Martin, who promised to aid 1n liberating pursued by the brave Lieutenant Lavalle, and 25 horse grenadiers; and the towns of Putaendo and San Felippe were abandoned, as well as their b baggage, horses, &c. # Gurman’s History of Chile. Lee Es 12 PROWESS OF THE PATRIOTS. « General Soler made forced marches, and advanced rapidly with the in- fantry ; on the 6th he mounted the artillery, and united all the corps of the vanguard above Putaendo, leaving Commandant Negochea with 80 of my escort, and 30 of his squadron, on the heights, and Commandant Melian occupied the small town of San Antonio; and on the same day he en- camped and established the head-quarters of his division at San Andres del Tartaro. The enemy received considerable reinforcements on the evening of the 6th, passed the river of Aconcagua, and before day-break took up a position in front of Commandant Negochea, with 400 cavalry, 300 infantry, and 2 field-pieces. « This gallant officer, without vacillating a moment, called in his ad- vanced-guard, and without firing a gun, allowed the enemy to approach within 60 yards ; and having given the right to Captain Don Manuel Soler, and the left to Adjutant Don Angel Pacheco, he charged them in such a gallant style, that he routed and pursued them to the heights of Coimas, where, atter having left 34 killed and 4 wounded, they sheltered themselves under cover of their infantry. These, however, abandoned their position, as well as the town of San Felippe, and recrossed the river. «In the mean time Colonel Las Heras, who had taken the road of Huaspallata to Santa Rosa, obtained great advantages and brilliant success for his vanguard, under Major Don Henrique Martines, attacked and car- ried the post of the Andes with the bayonet, after an hour and half’s re- sistance, and took 47 prisoners, arms, ammunition, and other articles. « This division was ordered to enter Santa Rosa on the 8th, and remain in communication with the vanguard of the army that had occupied San Felippe, which was executed within an hour's interval. « On the night of the 7th, the enemy abandoned the positions of Aconcagua and Curimon, leaving their baggage, &c., and began to accend the Cuesta de Chacabuco ; on which I resolved to follow, and march upon them and the capital with all possible rapidity, and attack them on every opportunity that offered, notwithstanding my field-artillery had not yet arrived. « On the 9th, the bridge of Aconcagua was repaired, and Commandant Melian marched with his squadron, to reconnoitre the enemy. The army followed after, and Colonel Las Heras having joined us, we halted at the entrance of the ravine. “The enemy's intentions were now visible ; the position they had selected on the heights, and the resolution with which they appeared dis- posed to defend themselves, shewed they were decided upon sustaining their ground, « Our advanced parties halted within a musket-shot of theirs, and the necessary information was procured durirg the night, and a plan of the position taken, so that at daybreak we would be able to attack the enemy. « Your excellency will see in the plan I have sent, our movements deli- neated, as well as the enemy’s position. “] gave the right to General Soler, who, with No. 1 Cazadores ; com- panies of Granaderos-bolteadores of 7 and 8, in charge of Lieutenant- Colonel Martines No. 11, 7 field-pieces, my escort, and 4 squadrons of Granaderos a Caballo. in order that he might attack their flank, and throw them into BATTLE OF CHACABUCO. 113 disorder, whilst General O’Higgins, who had charge of the left, attacked them in front, with the Bolteadores Nos. 7 and 8, and 1st, 2nd, and 3rd squadrons, and two field-pieces. ati “The result of our first movement was just as I had expected, for the enemy had to abandon the position they had taken on the heights, and the rapidity of our movements did not allow them sufficient time for the troops that were in the houses of Chacabuco to arrive and dispute our gaining the heights. It was necessary to consider that their infantry marched on foot and had to retreat across a plain of four leagues, and although they were covered by a strong column of cavalry, experience had already taught us that one squadron of Granaderos a Caballo were sufficient to throw them into disorder, and put them to the rout. " Our position was the most advantageous ; for General O'Higgins could continue his attack in front, whilst General Soler remained always in a situation of throwing them into disorder, in case they attempted to lly before they descended to the plain. So I ordered Colonel Zapiola to rh with the Ist, 2nd, and 3rd squadrons, to charge and detain the enemy until the Bolteadores Nos. 7 and 8, got up. This piece of service crowned m expectations, for the enemy were obliged to take up a position ee in the plan. General Soler continued his movement on the side with Judgment, dccision, and combination, notwithstanding he had i ascend and descend the most rugged and almost impracticable precipices. The enemy did not observe this manceuvre until the general had cottmoand of their position, and menaced their flank. They now made a desperate and tenacious resistance for more than an hour amidst a horrid fire. Above 1,500 infantry, the flower of their army, disputed the victory with the greatest ardour. They were supported by a respectable body of cavalr Notwithstanding, the decisive moment presented itself, and the Wi General O'Higgins, with the Bolteadores 7 and 8, Commandants Cramer and Conde formed close column of attack, and charged the enemy’s left with the bayonet, Colonel Sapiola, with Commandants Melian and Molina broke the right—all was the effect of an instant. General Soler fell apo their position. The enemy sent 200 men to defend an elevated part, but Commandant Alvarado arrived in time with his Cazadores, and detached two companies with Captain Salvadores, who charged the enemy with the bayonet, and to rout them was the work of an instant. Lieutenant Soria of the Cazadores distinguished himself in this affair. “In the mean time the cavalry, led on by their commandant, charged in the bravest manner ; the enemy’s infantry were broken and routed ; the slaughter was terrible, and victory complete and decisive. “ Commandant Negochea, who, with the 4th squadron and my escort, fell on the right, (marked in the plan;) made terrible havoc, and the cavalry pursued the fugitives to the Portzuelo de Colina. “ Thirty-two officers, many of superior rank, and above 600 rank and file, were made prisoners, about as many slain, all the artillery, military stores, baggage, were taken, and the first trophy of the day were the colours of the regiment of Chiloe.” ErSeipanaeiener eT g 114 PROWESS OF THE PATRIOTS. The general —after recommending the valour and particular services of Generals Soler and O'Higgins, the staff-officers, and his aids-de-camp, Don Hilarion de la Quintana, Don Jose Antonio Alvarez, Don Antonio Arcos, Don Manuel Escalada, and Don Juan O'Brian, Captain Aldao and El Patrioto Ramirez, who took the president General Marco and his party prisoners at San Antonio, where they had fled to in order to embark—concluded his despatch with the following article: “ Lastly, El Commandant Cabot upon Coquimbo, Rodrigues on San Fernando, and Lieutenant- Colonel Freyre on Talca, have each had equal success; in one word—the echo of patriotism resounds at the same time in every part ; and to the army of the Andes ever remains the glory of saying—‘ In twenty-four hours we have concluded our campaign, passing the most elevated Cordilleras in the globe, concluded with the tyrants, and given liberty to Chile.’ “Jose SAN MARTIN.” The Chilians, willing to show their gratitude to General San Martin, offered him the supreme command of the republic, which he declined accepting ; so General Don Bernardo O'Higgins was elected supreme director on the 14th of February; and, having appointed his ministers, and placed confidential patriots in command of the provinces, his first endeavours were to liberate the unfortunate captives, who had so long suffered confine- ment, and other vexations, in the depots of the islands of Juan Fernandez and Quiniquina. In this enterprize his efforts were so well seconded by an intrepid Englishman, Captain Morris, who had been an officer in the royal navy, that in a few days above one hundred of the most respectable citizens, some of whom were of an advanced age, had the unspeakable satisfaction of re-entering their homes, and receiving the embraces and welcome of their families and friends, who loaded their deliverer with every possible demonstration of gratitude and respect. The following is one of many of the letters the general received from the liberated captives, and one who had been opposed to the new order of things at the com- mencement of the revolution, on account of his titles and dignities. BATTLE OF CHACABUCO. 115 “ Valparaiso, April 4th, 1817. “ S'or Don Bernardo O'Higgins. “My esteemed Friend, “ Hope maintains the end of all things, and makes persecution tolerable. We have suffered distinctly, and are now happily reunited by the heroic services which you and your brave companions in arms have rendered ; by which, affliction has disappeared from this country, and more than one hundred citizens have been restored to their families and homes, that had been so long suffering a cruel banishment. “ You have manifested so much interest in our behalf, that no one can doubt but that your constancy has gained our eternal gratitude. “To testify which, as well as my constant regard towards your person, [ for my part assure you, that I shall consider myself for ever beholden to you, and feel it indispensable and satisfactory to solicit your commands, so that I can accredit my profound gratitude, and obligation to manifest it to the satisfaction of the best regard, with which, “ I remain your affectionate and obedient servant, “ MARTIN CaLvo ENcaLADA ” The General next turned his attention towards liberat- ing the southern provinces; for the enemy had garrisons in Taleahuano, Los Angeles, Valdivia, and Chiloe. The troops that had fled to the southward were pursued by the brave Colonel Las Heras, who on account of the reinforcement that General O'Higgins had sent, was enabled to oblige General Ordofies to take refuge in Concepcion. Las Heras encamped on the heights, and, on the 5th of May, General Ordofies made a sortie; but he was beaten, and obliged to return, with a considerable loss, to his entrenchments. The patriot army, commanded by General O'Higgins, who had left the capital in charge of General Don Luis Cruz, then named supreme dele- gate, remained during the months of May, June, and August, in front of Talcahuano; and, although it was the winter season, it was constantly employed in harassing the enemy, recruiting, and disciplining the army. During this period, a French general, Brayer, who had distin- 1 2 116 PROWESS OF THE PATRIOTS. . guished himself under Napoleon, arrived at Jed qui accompanied with several officers, who had served in t 8 French army. Through the recommendation of Gener! San Martin, he became not only a welcome visitor, but was appointed major-general of the Cidlion army ; ho his discipline and tactics were not suited to the patriots; a circumstance which caused some bickerings, and led to his retirement from the service. The independence of Chile was sworn to, and pr claimed in the capital, on the anniversary of the battle 0 Chacabuco, (12th of February ;) therefore, this pot will for ever be a memorable monument of the services of Generals San Martin, O'Higgins, Soler, the brave Buenos Ayrean and Chilian patriots. ; The viceroy of Lima being determined on the i of Chile, sent another expedition, commanded by his son- in-law, General Ossorio, of more than 3,500 men, who disembarked, with a respectable train of artillery,at Talca- huano, where he soon formed an army of shout 6,000 men, with which he advanced towards the capital, waa succeeded in routing the Patriots at Cancharayada. The particulars of this action are detailed in the following official despatch. i. « BUENOS AYRES GAZETTE. “ Wednesday, 22d April, 1818. « Despatch of his Excellency the Captain- General of the Andes to the Supreme Government. “ MoST EXCELLENT SIR, : “ The unlooked-for events which took place o ie ght of the 9 ws ; ‘ d to annihilate the liberties o . as at Cancha-rayada, threatene : Jos certainly a spectacle in the highest degree alarming to see i sey; Solas posed of valiant, disciplined, and veteran soldiers, completely dispers ithout fighting. ALL " Ever a the opening of the campaign, as I had been pesfhenty i fident of success, all my movements had for their object to Tose i ae 0 y ae § CESS, © ; : ST isi in fact, from the moment he a mplete and decisive. The enemy, or bdonel Carico never occupied a position in which our troops did not harass an PATRIOTS ROUTED AT CANCHARAYADA. 117 threaten to turn their flanks. Thus circumstanced, both armies encamped at the same moment in the neighbourhood of Talca, and in such a position that it was impossible to recross the river Maule. “ Our situation was the most unfortunate possible, and was rendered dis. astrous by the most unlooked-for incidents. Our infantry did not reach their position till sunset ; and as I found it impossible to commence the attack at that hour, the army was formed for the time in two lines, while a reconnoissance was made in order to ascertain which was the most advan- tageous ground to take up. On further examination, I decided upon occupying a position on the left, and directed that wing of the army to move upon it; but the troops were scarcely in motion when a vigorous attack was made by the enemy, the effect of which was to throw the bag- gage and artillery into confusion. This was about nine o’clock in the evening, and the disorder soon spread to the left wing of the army, which, after a brisk fire of half an hour, was dispersed likewise. The enemy, however, lost many men ; and on our side we had to lament that the gallant General O'Higgins was wounded. “ Aided by the officers, I did everything in my power to rally the troops on a neighbouring high ground, and this was presently accomplished under the protection of the corps de reserva. An obstinate contest now took place ; but our people became stupified and confused in the darkness, and there was nothing for it but to abandon the post. “The right, meanwhile, had not been nearly so severely pressed, and Colonel Las Heras had the address to retire with the infantry and cavalry under his orders. This was the only point we had to trust to when I reached Chimbarongo. I immediately took steps to establish a communi- cation with our scattered forces, especially in the narrow pass or gorge of Regulemu. The head-quarters were at San Fernando. Here we con- tinued for two days; and I can assure your Excellency our situation was embarrassing enough. All the baggage, and the whole of the materiel of the army, was gone; everything had been taken from us ; and we were left absolutely without the power of facing such a superior force, flushed as they were with victory. In this predicament, there was no alternative left but to fall back with all speed upon Santiago, and to put every possible means in requisition to obtain supplies, which might enable me to save the country. “ Your Excellency will scarcely believe it possible, that, at the end of three days, the army was once more organized and encamped on the exer- cising ground, at a league's distance from this city. Their spirits were completely revived ; and within thirteen days of their dispersion, and after a retreat of eighty leagues, were again in condition to face the enemy. The zeal, energy, and perseverance, with which the commanding officers, and indeed every individual of the army, co-operated to re-establish order and discipline, is beyond all praise. It must be confessed, however, that our force was still greatly inferior to that of the enemy : many corps were reduced to mere skeletons, and some battalions could hardly muster two hundred men. “ Meanwhile our opponent came on rapidly ; and on the 1st instant 118 PROWESS OF THE PATRIOTS. i i sed 1 received certain information, that the body of his EY Bering ened the Maipu by the fords of Longuen, had marched in the OR f Calera ; but his position was neither secure nor skilfu ly chosen. or ad arched and took post near the aqueduct of Espejo. Dosing th ho there was a good deal of skirmishing between the sharp-shooters, and the troops continued under arms on both these nights. hithediion « On the 5th the enemy drew still nearer to us, evidently wit Hed of turning our right flank, intending thereby to threaten the el By ba t off our communications with Aconcagua, and open : fre Be to V paraiso. As soon as I discovered this movement, Sees 4 a was come for attacking him ; and [fants ? es i myself directly in his front by a movement to the Pg ic 408 propane Re to all the succeeding operations. I placed the w g e oh guia under the command of General Balcarce: the right flan i tagsmne diate orders of Colonel Las Heras, the left under Lieut.-Co ides, Sb and the reserve commanded by Colonel Hilarion de la on Bh " ht division of the cavalry was placed under Colonel Don Matias Pio nt Pry adrons of grenadiers, and the left division under Colone De a with the body-guard of his Excellency the Director of Chile, S. : gi Jenna! AE ig nee movement, medina Joounied a strong position in front of our nora) deticiel D gtansen 9 ; ee Sens i in order to ma - tery ¢ 39 : These dispositions were most Tdddy ae as they completely secured his left, whilef his fire protecte Wilson o Plisens ote column, marched to the right go iho teny, offering an oblique face to their attack. The FE ns time, to be ready to cover and support our right. A a Fpiob ne commanded by Captain Blanco Ciceron, was vance SRA MEEN and another of four guns occupied nearly the centre 0 or in ’ commenced playing with great a on apes Lire 5 hs init “ Things being thus arranged, our c § ue rising ts which formed our fosun) od chased Gisietien Vs as e were received with a furious fire, but con , al rh flanking battery of four guns amoned us ad AL fissnan, a considerable body of the enemy’s cavalry, idee Wl i geile forward and charged our mounted grenadiers, who ha or : i i leading squadron was under by squadrons considerably in advance. The saline Soualron gras nae: Captain Escalada, who, the instant he saw an Sk at Hiaied listed forward, sword in hand, upon the enemy, an 2p as Yodioasichonen immediately. The enemy turned about, and galloped o oliuil, i rape-shot from the four-gun battery, and the Vangie] uy be ones drove our Se hee sels, ", Bose Sous lione soon formed anew, and, leaving the fortified hill to their right, press Sore i i enemy’s cavalry, who retreated to a height in the i EE AR) they attacked Colonel Zapiola, i withstood this new charge with great steadiness. At last the enemy g RT ER BE A 1 AY vg SE A Meira tad THE DEFEAT AT CANCHARAYADA. 119 way, and were finally driven entirely from this point. Meanwhile, a most vigorous and destructive fire was kept up between the enemy’s right and our left. His best troops were stationed in that quarter, and presently they were advanced in close column, accompanied by a body of cavalry. “ Captain Borgofio had by this time gained the summit of the hill forming our position, with eight field-pieces, which he was carrying to our extreme left, with the intention of raking the enemy’s line. He very promptly, however, availed himself of the opportunity, and opened such a fire of grape upon the enemy’s advancing columns, that he very soon threw their cavalry into disorder. Notwithstanding this advantage, and the gallant efforts made by Captains Alvarado and Martinez, our line began evidently to falter. At this critical moment | gave orders for the reserve, under Colonel Quintana, to charge the enemy ; a service which was performed in the most brilliant manner. The troops employed consisted of the first and third battalions of Chile, and the ninth battalion of the Andes, under Captains Ribera Lopes, and Conde. This energetic charge, and one by Captain Tonson of the Coquimbo regiment, gave a new impulse to our line, and the whole fell upon the enemy with more decisive effect than ever. “ The squadrons composing the body-guard, and the mounted chasseurs under the intrepid Colonel Freyre, charged at the same period, and were in turn repeatedly attacked by the enemy. It is difficult to give an adequate idea of the numerous feats of bravery which distinguished the troops on this day. I speak not only of bodies of troops and commanding officers, but of individual soldiers, It may, however, be safely asserted, that a more daring, vigorous, or well-supported attack, never was made ; neither, it ought to be allowed, was there ever a more determined resistance. At last, however, the perseverance and gallantry of our soldiers succeeded, and the position was wrested from the enemy at the point of the bayonet. “These important successes alone, it might have been thought, would have given us the victory ; but it was not in our power to break the enemy’s columns completely. Our cavalry, indeed, hung upon their flanks and rear, and harassed them excessively. Still, however, they retreated in a compact body, till, on reaching the narrow lanes near Espejo, they obtained posses- sion of a hill, where they commenced a new action, which lasted above an hour. On our side, this was maintained by the third regiment of Arauco, the infantry of Chile, and other detachments, which were successively engaged. Eventually, however, the gallant Ist and 11th battalions of Coquimbo, which had already borne the brunt of the action on our right, attacked the enemy so briskly, that they entirely overthrew them, and put them torout. The gates and lanes being occupied by our cavalry, only the commander-in-chief Osorio, and two hundred horse, escaped ; and it is probable that he will not long evade the pursuit of the troops which are in search of him. All the enemy's generals have fallen into our hands; and, up to this date, we have taken 3,000 men and 190 officers ; and on the field of battle lie 2,000 killed. All the artillery and ammunition, the hospitals and stores, the military chest, and every article it contains— in a word, everything appertaining to the royal army, is either dead, or prisoner, or safe in our power. SARL San ER i OR 120 PROWESS OF THE PATRIOTS. “ Qur own loss amounts to one thousand killed and wounded. As soon as the returns of their names are received, they shall be transmitted to your Excellency, together with those of the officers most distinguished on this occasion. “1 have to acknowledge the greatest obligation to Sefior General Bal- carce, whose talents have materially sustained the army since the very first moment of the campaign. To Adjutant-general Aguirre I may give the same praise ; and the other individuals of my staff, including Don Diego Paroissiens. “ I am also highly satisfied with the conduct of the chief engineer, Dalbe, and my aides-de-camp, O'Brian, Guzman, and Escalada; the secretary of war, Zenteno, and my own private secretary, Marzan. My only regret is, that I cannot do adequate justice to all parties, as it is to their united valour and exertions that the country is indebted for so glorious a day. «] entreat that your Excellency will permit the names of the officers who have assisted in this severe and honourable campaign, to be inserted after this despatch. «1 am aware that it will hurt the modesty of our gallant supreme director, Don Bernardo O'Higgins, but I feel it right to mention that his Excellency, ‘notwithstanding his being severely wounded, having insisted upon being placed on horseback, actually rode to the field, and was in the battle at its conclusion. I grieve, however, to add, that these exertions have aggravated his wound. “ God protect your Excellency many years, “ Jose SAN MARTIN.” « P.S. The action commenced at nine in the morning, and ended at sun- set. The force of the enemy was 5,300 men ; ours was 4,900.” During the panic which had been created by the advance of the Spaniards, the government of the capital decreed, “ that a part of the immense plain, then uncultivated and without water, should be divided amongst the chiefs and officers of the Patriot army ;” attended to. I met with an accident on this plain, which I am sure it would offend some of my Chilian friends, if I were to omit describing here. I had been on a shooting excursion with two Ame- ricans, who were officers in the Chilian service, Captain Delano, of the navy, and Major Ross, of the marines ; and, on crossing the plain of Maipu, we observed several which has not yet been VISIT TO THE PLAIN OF MAIPU. 121 whirlwinds of an unusual magnitude, one of these came in the direction of our road, and made the dust fly about so as to form a dense column. I was determined to try what effect the discharge of my fowling-piece would have, and, notwithstanding the intreaties of several Chilians who accompanied us, and strove to dissuade me from the attempt, I dashed into it, and discharged both barrels; the report of which, with the effect of the whirl- wind, frightened my horse, and on account of one of my stirrup-leathers breaking, he threw me, and I remained for some time senseless on the ground. On recovering from the effects of the fall, I inquired of Major Ross where I was, and he replied in a Jocular manner, “ You are here now, but a short time ago you were dancing upon the top of the whirlwind ;” the joke, as well as the bruises 1 had received, put me out of humour; this made matters worse, for, on nearing the city he galloped forward ; and on my arrival, and for some time after, I was so jeered about the adventure, that I made a reso- lution to let the whirlwinds alone for the future. We remained nearly two months in the barracks of San Diego. During my stay in Santiago, Don Felippe Santiago del Soler made me his guest, and I passed my time very agreeably ; his amiable lady, Dofia Mercedes Rosales, together with his family, and the rest of my Chilian friends, treated me with the greatest kindness. On the 3rd of April we marched, and were obliged to ford the river Maipu, the bridge being out of repair ; the bed of the river was full of large stones, and the tor- rent very rapid, which made it difficult to pass; some of our horses fell, and their riders narrowly escaped drowning. ; RRR RR NE SR 122 PROWESS OF THE PATRIOTS. We halted for the night at the Hacienda of Dofia Concepcion Xara, from whom we received the greatest kindness. On the next day we passed the beautiful vale of Maipu, and the pass of Angostura, and halted at the Graneros, houses belonging to the estate of La Compania, and next day entered the town of Rancagua, where we took up our quarters in the convent of San Francisco. Rancagua is about twenty-two leagues from Santiago; it is the capital of the department, situated near the river Cachapaul, which fertilizes the beautiful plains of Rancagua, Mendosa, and El Olivar. Rancagua had suffered greatly by an attack from the Spanish army. Here Generals O'Higgins and Carrera furnished their enemies with a proof of the gallantry of the Chilian troops. The marks made in the tower of San Francisco by the cannon and musket balls, still re- main a monument of the defence of Rancagua. We ought to have been supplied with horses at this place, but as they were not collected in time, we left an officer to wait for them, and conduct them after us. We marched the next day, April 6th, and crossed the river Cachapaul, which was deep and rapid, in consequence of the melting of the snow on the mountains ; we suffered no farther damage than getting our baggage wet. The squadron halted at the Hacienda de Apalta, on the plains of Mendoza. This place belonged to Don Valentin Valdivieso, who treated the commandante and officers hospitably. I passed the greater part of the night with Captain Bascufian, at the Requingua, the estate of Don Francisco Valdivieso, who was there with his family and several visitors; and, as they were an agreeable party, we passed a few hours pleasantly, and joined our troops at daybreak, as they were preparing to march. We PASS THE RIVER TINDEREDICA. 123 passed the village of Rio Claro, which lies in a valley of that name; and at sunset entered the city of San Fernando, the capital of the province of Colchagua. Here we halted a few days, and obtained several re- cruits, and some horses belonging to the state, of the most miserable description, worn out, with sore backs, and without ears, (the national mark), Pilones. San Fernando is a populous town, but has a shabby appearance, and suffers at times from the inundations of the Tinderedica. On the 15th of April, we were ‘summoned to defend the town of Curico, which was menaced by Pincheyra, a noted bandit, who, with a few old Spanish officers, de- serters, robbers, and a party of Indians, infested the Cordilleras, and struck terror into the inhabitants, by sacking all the towns and estates that lay near the Andes. We passed the river Tinderedica, over the hanging bridge, and halted at the convent of Chimbarongo. On the next day we passed the Serrillos de Teno, a place noted for robberies; we then crossed the river Teno, halted at Curico, and took up our quarters in the con- vents of San Francisco and La Merced. We found the inhabitants in the greatest alarm; the governor and his family, with several others, had left the place, and the rest were preparing to emigrate towards the coast, for they had reason to fear a visit from Pin- cheyra, who had been seen in the neighbourhood. Curico is only three leagues distant from the Cordil- leras, and, as it was about the time of full moon, our arrival inspired the people with confidence; the acting governor, El Sor Labra, and a worthy citizen, Don Francisco Merino, did all they could to supply us with 124 PROWESS OF THE PATRIOTS. horses, as well as to put a stop to the emigration, and assemble the militia; the latter were without discipline, and in want both of arms and accoutrements. We ob- tained a few of their horses, as well as some from the governor; and other resources were afforded, by which our men were better mounted, and rendered fitter for tae days after our arrival, we were informed that Pincheyra had surprised Don N. Pavez and bas family, who were on their way to Mendoza, and that the forces of Pincheyra were marching towards Curico. ; We set out to meet them, accompanied by Don Francisco Merino, and about 150 militia, who were armed with carbines, others with lances, the rest with words and clubs. The main body halted in the Hacienda of Guaico, and a division was sent to reconnpiize. About nine at night they had a skirmish with the advanced guard of the robbers, who fled on the approach of our troops; and before we could overtake them, they had ascended the Cuesta del Planchon, where it was impossible to follow, for the defile was exceedingly steep, and by rolling down stones they could have destroyed us. Nor would it have been wise to pursue them further, as we should then have given them an opportunity of selecting another pass, and entering Curico, whilst there was no force to protect it. Two officers remained with a party of men to guard the pass; the rest returned to the Hacienda del Guaico, and on our arrival there we found that all the militia had Wbseonded during the night, along with their officers; but El Sor Merino remained with us to the end of the pursuit, We killed several of the robbers, took nine Prise and might have captured more, had our soldiers pai CAMPAIGNING IN CHILE. 125 as much attention to the men as they did to their horses and booty. However, we rescued the female part of Pavez’s family, and he himself made his escape, but his brother and several of his servants were most cruelly butchered. We saw their bodies, which were literally cut in pieces. Pavez recovered the greatest part of his baggage, and we recaptured a quantity of cattle, some of which had been hamstrung. If we had been supplied with better horses, and conducted by proper guides, we should doubtless have destroyed this foraging party; one of the leaders, a Spaniard, Captain Godet, received a severe wound in the head. By our timely arrival, this department was spared the horrors of a visit from these inhuman desperadoes. The prisoners were lodged in the gaol of Curico, from which they were allowed to escape through the connivance of their partisans, and thus avoided their merited punish- ment. Our commandant kept a strong party in the Cordilleras for several weeks ; and, on one occasion, we were shut in by a heavy fall of snow, which confined us twenty days; and so great was our destitution, that we were obliged to kill several horses for our maintenance. Horse-flesh, without salt, bread, or vegetables, is poor food for an European ; but the Chilian soldiers, especial.y those from the frontier of Concepcion, are said to be partial to this food, and mares are often given them when short of other provisions. I found campaigning in Chile to be much more harrassing than I had ever experienced on the Peninsula, or in Flanders. I also learnt that we had to expect no quarter from our barbarous enemies, should we have the misfortune to fall into their hands, and there was little 126 PROWESS OF THE PATRIOTS. honour to be gained in fighting with a horde of robbers. However, the kind treatment of the Chilians acted as a stimulus to exertion in their defence. We remained in Curico seven months, and experienced the kindest treatment from the inhabitants; and I am proud in being able to say, that our soldiers gave them no occasion to complain of their conduct during that period. Whilst we remained here, we broke up and captured several gangs of marauders who had infested the Serrillos de Teno, and rendered the roads almost impassable. On the 22nd of October I received orders to march with my troop to Talea, to relieve part of a regiment (No. 4), that was on its march to Valparaiso; my orders were, to get to my station without halting. We marched at sunset, and passed the river of Lontue and Rio Claro in the dark, and arrived at Talca early on the next day, distance 22 leagues. I relieved Major Gana, who marched the same day after his regiment. Commandante Boyle arrived five days afterwards with the other troops; he came to my quarters at mid- night, and, after some preamble, informed me that a revo- lution had broken out in Santiago, and that General Freyre had been deposed. He showed me an official despatch, in which I saw that Colonel Sanches of the 4th regiment was supreme director. My commandante was named Coronel, and had orders to take the military command of Taleca, and to place me in command of the squadron of Lancers; this news surprised me, but knowing my commandante to be a great friend of General O'Higgins, and that the revolution was brought about by his partisans, I concluded that they thought BOYLE DISMISSED FROM THE SERVICE. 127 Commandante Boyle to be a person in whom they might safely repose confidence. Under such i however, he thought it prudent to await further Ante from the capital ; and it was well that he was persuaded to do 50, for on the next day I received an official com- munication from government, authorizing me to take command of the squadron; and Commandante Boyle received another to deliver it up to me, with all the te ments belonging to the military chest and stores. for order had been restored in the capital. Twenty-four hours after the revolution, Colonel Sanchez Don Felippe Santiago del Soler, Colonel Biel nd several others, were made prisoners, and exiled. Government was rather severe with Commandante Boyle, for he was dismissed from the service, though he had taken no part in the revolution; and the governor of Talca, with the most respectable part of the inhabitants offered to give their testimony in favour of the niin of Commandante Boyle. I had scarcely gone through the ceremony of receiving the command, the papers, &e., when an officer, Captain Bascuiian, commander of the 2nd troop, arrived with an order from the minister of war, to take the command from me, as the order did not come from the general-in-chief’ * Commandante General de Armas.” I did not obey it ol informed Captain Bascufian, that as I could not act wi out orders from the chief of the staff, he had better join his troop and take charge of the Archives, and receive the military chest from Commandante Boyle, until I should have further communications. ; I forwarded the minister's order to the Commandante General de Armas, and stated the particulars. 128 PROWESS OF THE PATRIOTS. Commandante Boyle, on leaving, gave me the follow- ing certificate :— lie and “ Don Jose Maria Boyle, Licutenant-Colonel of the Chilian army, Commandante of the squadrons of Grane LO is PO i tain Don To ’ : “I certify that the conduct of Cap : tells }g the time he 4 served under my orders, has been irreprehensible a beth the fulfilment of his duty he has given Jolie Soden Win rae is pri I can say in this matter is, i to his private conduct, all i bb acted Ly the strictest honour, which has ever been hs gue feds « At the request of the bearer, and for his own particular ends, 1 g in Talca, this 30th day of October, 1825. iy rr pad I soon received a communication from Santiago, in which the general informed me that I had acted ina cordance with the rules of service. He gave me orc os to retain the command until a new commander shou as days after, a Major Zimenes, an officer of “i fantry, who had lately joined the squadron In Ca ” as captain, arrived ; he went directly to the : iv summoned the officers together, and on hearing that : had not obeyed the order that Capfain i = brought, he began to call me an “ 0 Higginista, and tolc them that he was major of the regiment, for the corps ] raised to a regiment. i a produced His commission, the trampeters assembled to welcome their new chief. This ra ih my knowledge, I went straightway to the fie $ the adjutant, and inquired why the band had heen P zy i without my knowledge ; he informed me that “his winjo had arrived. I ordered him to sound parade ; he i no obey me, but went to the major, who ease ont to a quired if I had ordered that call, I replied that i a I requested the adjutant to bring me the standing orc PROMOTIONS AND DISAPPOINTMENTS. 129 of the corps. Major Zimenes informed me that he was “my jefe,” and shewed me an order from the minister of war, empowering him to take command of the squadron, until the commander of the regiment should arrive ; on this, I told him that I was sorry he had adopted such pro- ceedings without first seeing me; and on all the officers assembling, I took the book of orders from the adjutant, and gave him into custody of the officer on guard ; after which I read the standing orders of the army, and my correspondence with the chief of the staff relative to Cap- tain Bascufian. I then informed Major Zimenes that he was welcome to take up his quarters with me until I should hear further from government; at the same time requesting that he would not interfere with the troops, until he was properly installed as major of the corps: this he did not seem to relish. However, during our controversy, Lieutenant-Colonel Don Ambrosio Acosta happily arrived and delivered an official note from the Commandante General, in which I found that he had be- come commandant of the regiment of Lancers. This officer was a Spaniard, who had embraced the patriot cause, and had married a sister-in-law to General Zenteno, who was related to General Blanco. He was a good cavalry officer, and had the manners of a gentleman. However, I felt hurt at the conduct of the minister of war, Don Jose Maria Novoa, because, though the corps had been raised to a regiment, and augmented to three squadrons, he had not only deprived me of the major- ship to which I was justly entitled, but had also ordered me to serve under a junior officer; in consequence of this, on Captain Bascufian’s arrival, I sent in a memorial complaining of such usage, to which I received the following answer through the medium of the new com- K Sa e E RR 130 SATISFACTION. mandant, and which was also inserted in the general orders of the army : « Santiago, November 10th, 1825. “ DECREE. « The Supreme Government have had no cause to detract from the credit (concepto), that Captain Don Tomas Sutcliffe has gained ; the orders of which he complains were dictated in a critical moment, and when despatch was necessary, with the equivocal belief that he was not the senior cap- tain of the squadron. The commandant-general of the army will make this public, and return the original document into the hands of the said Captain Sutcliffe, « A rubrie of His Excellency, « Novoa, Minister of War.” Finding it impossible to preserve harmony with Major Zimenes, I sent in (previously to Lieut.-Colonel Acosta taking the command) another memorial, requesting my removal on half-pay. My friend, Colonel Benavente, having received the command of the regiment of Casadores a Caballo, and all the troops in the canton, came from Coquimbo, and, on my visiting him, he prevailed upon me to remain until the campaign was over; his head-quarters were at Quelchedeguas, and we received orders to march to Serro Verde, a league distant. His Excellency General Freyre, notwithstanding his want of success during the last expedition against Chiloe, felt determined in wresting that hold from the dominion of the Spaniards; who, whilst they held possession, fostered the hopes of their partizans in Chile, and, with the few friars that remained, were using all their influence and energies in order to gain their ends ; for, ever since the secularization of the friars, and the seizure of their wealth, they had propagated the grossest calumnies against the administration, and accused it of having destroyed the religion of their forefathers, in order INTRIGUES AND DEFEAT OF THE SPANIARDS, 131 to introduce the licentiousness of the foreigners who had been tolerated to enter and reside in the country; and devised every art to agitate and alarm the consciences of the Chilians, No sooner had the supreme director sailed with the expedition against Chiloe, than the bishop of Santiago, El Doctor Don Jose Santiago Rodrigues, a Chilian, who was the oracle and leader of the Spanish party, with his auxiliaries, began to bestir themselves, in order to persuade the people, who had received their lessons at the “ confessional,” to rise, and purge the country from its heretical rulers; but their mtended enterprize was frustrated by the vigilance of the government; and the acting director, Don Jose Miguel Infante, put a stop to the proceedings of the “ Spanish faction,” by arresting the bishop of Santiago* on the night of the 23d of December, 1825, and sending him directly to Valparaiso, from whence he was trans- ported to Acapulco. On the 15th of January, 1826, the war of indepen- dence was at last terminated by the valour and constancy of the Chilian arms, and that of Pern ended eight days afterwards: for by the perseverance of Generals Bolivar, O’Higgius, Sucre, and other eminent patriots who had united in the common cause, the armies of Spain were defeated at Junin, Ayacucha, and in Bolivia. These were decisive blows, for, after the two first, the viceroy, General La Serna, capitulated, and on the 19th of January, 1826, General Rodil delivered the important fortress of Callao to the Peruvian government. Previously to our leaving Talca, some Indians arrived, from whom we received information that Pincheyra was _ : ‘ . : This prelate was particularized on his arrival at Madrid by the marked attention of his sovereign, Ferdinand VII., and was entertained at court as a distinguished exile !! EQ fa APR SRE ain Ta 132 ‘A FORAY OF THE BANDITS. meditating an attack on that city, which prolonged our stay, and preparations were made to defend the place. A corps of cavalry was formed of volunteers, and the militia were placed under discipline, and bivouacked every night in the principal square, which was in- trenched. One night we received information that Pincheyra had left the Cordillera, and was on his march towards « El Astillero,” an hacienda, distant about ten leagues from Talca, in the direction of the Cordillera ; we marched towards the place, and on approaching the houses of Don Fr. Salcedo, we found that Pincheyra had plun- dered them, and killed two peones; but, hearing of our approach, had made off with his force towards the Cordillera, taking with him a young lady about sixteen years of age, who was sister to the owner of the estate, and who had a brother, Captain Don Mateo Salcedo, in the second squadron of our corps, that lay in Coquimbo. This information was a powerful stimulus to our exertions, and incited us to make all possible haste in pursuit of the robbers, who unfortunately gained the pass of the Cordilleras before us; we took several prisoners, and obliged Pincheyra to relinquish his booty ; and when we returned to “ El Astillero,” we had the unspeakable pleasure of hearing that the young lady was restored to her family, and in Talea. The robbers came upon them so suddenly, during the night, that the females of the hacienda had only time to escape into the vineyard, whence they were dragged, and placed on horseback by the Indians, who galloped off to the Cordillera, where they thought them- selves safe for the night ; but our advancing upon them sooner than they expected, put them to flight; during DONA > 1BIDO 4 SAIUC TIRIONIIDAID OF oA TPE CW nt SR A pra "OF THR RR { 1) NI v ERS ITY BW so, WW 4 OF te 4 ho VY wun gm wo +3 : LITOR NSF A te WW BY me —— =) 4 Va No — By oo , ESCAPE OF DONNA TRINIDAD SALCEDO. 133 the confusion that ensued amongst them, the young lady escaped into a thicket, where she remained concealed until daylight; she heard the firing, but could not dis- tinguish friends from foes ; when they had all passed by the place where she lay, she ventured out, and turned towards home ; but, having lost her shoes, her feet were so much lacerated, that she was compelled to seat herself by the wayside, in a situation where she could see all who passed by, without being observed herself: fortunately one of her brother’s servants who had been sent to look after cattle, passed near her; she hailed him, and he bore her proudly to his master. I called upon her with Captain Bascufian, when she returned us many thanks, telling us that she should ever feel grateful, for we were her deliverers. Poor girl! she was never seen to smile after this disaster, and refused to be seen by any, except her family; before she had returned home, she made a vow to take the veil, and is now a nun in the convent of Trinitarias in Concepcion. I am not able to describe the sufferings of Dofa Trini- dad Salcedo, in language adequate to convey a proper impression of their severity ; my friend, Don Maurice Rugendas, to whom I related the affair, gave me a beau- tiful oil-painting to commemorate it, which is an accurate and striking picture of the ferocious savages who com- mitted such atrocities. On the 17th of February, we marched to our station at Serro Verde, three leagues from the pass of Rio Claro ; a few days after our arrival, the wife and daughter of Don N. Maturano, and a peon, arrived, and informed us that Pincheyra had attacked Rio Claro, and that they had escaped with difficulty ; we informed Colonel Bene- vente, and made every preparation to march; he had wn ETRE To 134 R10 CLARO SACKED. previously been advised by El S’or Maturano, who had escaped on a bare-backed horse, to Quelchedeguas. He accordingly sent an order for us to march ; and on our joining the casadores,” we halted, and passed the night J in front of the hacienda. On the next morning we entered the village of Rio Claro, and found that great havoc had been made ; all the houses were completely gutted, and five dead bodies lay under a shed. We advanced about seven leagues in the Cordillera; but the robbers had one day’s start of us, and got off with more than a thousand head of cattle, which they had collected before they attacked Rio Claro. We returned to our station, and on the 28th of February I received my discharge from the regiment, and was attached to the staff of the war-office on full pay; so I gave up my troop to the first lieutenant ; and, after having obtained a receipt and certificate from Com- mandante Acosta, I marched to the capital. ‘General Freyre had just returned after taking the islands of Chiloe, and he seemed surprised at the usage I had received ; a few days after I was appointed adjutant to General Don Jose Manuel Borgofio, who was made chief of the staff. Repucrion oF THE CHiLiaN Navy.— General Freyre reduced the army and squadron.. Three ships were sold to the Buenos-Ayrean government; one, a frigate of 44 guns, foundered at sea, and all on board perished. Captain Cobbett commanded her; he was a nephew to the politician, a brave officer, and his loss was sincerely regretted by all who knew him. I am ignorant of the names of the other officers, therefore I can only say, that many of the brave patriots who performed such acts of gallantry under the orders of Admiral Cochrane went down in her. Brea rar Fe en THE rl sition Hille a d © ADMINISTRATION OF GENERAL BLANCO. 135 I'he Estanco was established, whereby a monopoly of teas, tobacco, foreign liquors, and cards, was given a company, who had to remit the proceeds to the bond- holders, in order that the debt might be redeemed, and the Interest paid. Don Diego Portales, Zea, and Com were the proprietors. il Also several estates belonging to the convents were sold as well as lands appertaining to the state, in order to lis funds to meet the payments of contracts, and other ex- penses incurred during the expedition of Peru, and the two expeditions of Chiloe; as well as the war occasioned by that horde of bandits, called a Spanish army, that was ravaging the province of Concepcion and Mule, General Freyre renounced the supreme command on the 4th of July, 1826, and General Don Manuel Blanco Enclada was elected president of the republic on the 8th An attempt was made in the provinces of Chiloe ond Valdivia, at this time, to restore General O’Higgins to the supremacy. Colonel Don Jose Antonio Aldunate was deposed, and sons to the continent, by those troops which, with the acting governor of San Carlos, had declared themselves favourable to General O'Higgins ; after having solicited a court-martial, which was granted, he justified himself, and was sent back with troops, by means of which he restored order in the province. ; As General O'Higgins had been “ dado de bajo.” (dismissed the service,) for having exceeded the wi of his leave of absence, General Freyre was promoted to the rank of captain-general, and Colonel Acosta was promoted and placed in command of the canton of Maule. € - ~ 2 et dr, = Se " ps i od 4 3 : CHAP. V. ADMINISTRATION OF DON AUGUSTIN EYZAGUIRRE—CAMPAIGN AGAINST PINCHEYRA— OPERATIONS OF GENERAL BORGONNO—REVOLUTION, AND DEPOSITION OF EL SENOR EBYZAGUIRRE — AND RE-APPOINTMENT OF GENERAL FREYRE—HE RESIGNS TO GENERAL PINTO. General Branco was soon tired of the supreme com- mand, and sent in his resignation to the congress, in which he stated very powerful motives that had induced him to take this step. On General Blanco’s resignation being accepted, the vice-president of the republic, Don Augustin Eyzaguirre succeeded him on the 10th of September, 1826, as presi- dent. The election of this citizen, whose patriotic services are often recorded in the annals of the emancipation of Chile, did not please a few, who could not bear to see any one occupying the post of president of the republic, who had not obtained military rank in the army during the war of Independence. They did not bear in mind, that he was one of the few citizens that had always been the firmest and most per- severing supporters of liberty, of which the republic could boast; who had, on more than one occasion, been safely entrusted with the public confidence, when it was hard to tell where that confidence could with advantage be re- posed, and who suffered for his attachment to the cause of freedom in Juan Fernandez. I am extremely sorry that I cannot do justice to my worthy friend, for such he was as long as he lived ; but STNG WIT 7S J aN) PRESIDENTE DFE Ld REPUBLICA DE CHILE. Fisher, San & Co, London & Pars. los a ema Ro BT RT } i 8 qu CHARACTER OF EYZAGUIRRE. 137 with the few documents I have been able to save or col- lect, I will show, that during the short period of his government he devoted himself, without reserve, to the work of improving the state of the republic, particularly in the southern provinces, which were almost ruined by the incursions of Pincheyra; mischiefs that were tolerated to an incredible extent. . He made an appeal to his fellow-citizens to aid him during the almost exhausted state of the treasury, in pro- secuting his laudable plans; and, that he might secure an energetic agent, he named General Don Jose Manuel Borgofio to be the general-in-chief of the army. With the advice of this general he strove to ameliorate the condition of the soldiers, by increasing their pay from six to seven dollars; and in order to lessen the abuses that had crept into various corps, he issued decrees for better regulating punctuality in the payments. This gave umbrage to several commandants of corps, one of whom refused to pay the customary honours to his excellency. He named General Freyre commandante-general-de- armas and inspector-general of the army and militia; he protected foreigners from extortion; and besides other beneficial acts, he made many new regulations with re- spect to the standing army, the militia, and other different branches of the administration; he sent General Borgofio to the south with all the disposable forces, adopting every proper expedient to raise funds for their armament and maintenance during their campaign against Pincheyra ; and, lastly, he dissolved the regiment of Granaderos Lanceros, which was totally unfit for service, and, accord- ing to the statement of their commander, “falta de moral,” without discipline. A gpg ong A He pu wn AL 138 THE LANCERS DISBANDED. I shall now proceed to relate the particulars of the campaigns of General Borgofio, who had honoured me by appointing me his aid-de-camp. November 15th, we marched in company with the regiment No.8, Colonel Beauchef, and on the 24th entered Talea ; the general took up his quarters in the house of Dofia Maria Antonia Donoso, mother to his lady, and one of the most respectable matrons in the city. Shortly after our arrival, the regiment of Granaderos Lanceros was disbanded. Colonel Acosta, after having been promoted and made commandante-general of the Canton del Maule, had en- trusted the management of the corps of Lancers to Major Zimenes. The 2nd squadron, Commandante Don Manuel Latus, Captains Salcedo and Rodrigues, had just arrived to join the regiment; and I was sorry to see them and other meritorious officers thrown out of employment. My comrade, Captain Bascufian, retired from the regiment in disgust shortly after I left it; he married and took up his abode in Talca. The non-commissioned officers and privates, with the exception of a very few, were drafted into the corps of infantry, and thus the regiment of Granaderos Lanceros, which only a few months before had been held up as a model to the army, ceased to exist, at a time when called upon for active service. So much for intrigue. Government and the general attached the blame to the proper parties. The expedition intended for the Cordillera being nearly ready for action, I was sent to the capital on the 18th of December, and returned with an ample remittance in specie on the 24th instant. On dismounting at the general's house I met with a cool reception, and before 1 PASSAGE OF THE MAULE. 139 could recover from the surprise I was thrown into by the general stating that “I had deceived him,” or even before I could explain myself, we heard the trampling of the escort, and the soldiers crying out “Plata, Plata, ahi veine la Mosca ;” and on their entering the court-yard, the ge- neral said “ Que Plata.” On my answering that it was what I had brought from the capital, he embraced me, and the opinion was soon changed in my favour. The general had been informed only two days before by an officer, that I had remained some time in Curico, and that he had seen me at a dance there. This circum- stance, connected with my appearance so many days be- fore they had any reason to expect my return, led them to conjecture, when they saw me arrive, that I had not fulfilled my errand, never supposing that I could march 150 leagues in less than six days, and bring treasure from the capital, where it is no easy task, after a decree is made out by government for the commissary to issue the money, to be able to obtain it without the delay of some days ; but through the exertions of the president, Don Augustin Eyzaguirre, I was despatched in twenty-four hours: so the soldiers received a month’s pay; and as the general had got every thing that was necessary, he despatched Colonel Beauchef and his division to the Cordillera. On the 3rd of January, 1827, the general marched ; we passed the river Maule at the ferry, and halted at the hacienda of Longomillo, on the banks of a deep and navigable river, that entered the Maule from the south- ward ; on the next day we halted at Linares, about fifteen leagues from Talca ; this is a small town, but the country around it is populous and fertile, wearing a very different aspect from all that I have seen north of the Maule; here the woods are numerous, and there is less need of irriga- f Ll 4 & i § } i i ey 2 ih ] 4 5 it B HY 8 i X 140 DEATH OF JOURDAN. tion ; we here found a troop of dragoons, from which the general took an escort. The day following we crossed the rivers Putagan and Achygueno, which were deep and rapid, and halted at the hacienda of Longabi, where we found a squadron of cavalry. The houses of this hacienda were fortified. Pin- cheyra had once made an attempt to attack and plunder this estate; Commandante Jourdan was stationed with a squadron of dragoons to defend it, and on Pincheyra's advancing from the Cordillera, he marched against him rather too hastily ; for there were troops on their march from Talca, and a squadron of dragoons from the neigh- bourhood of San Carlos, intending to operate jointly with him; however, he considered his force sufficient ; but, on charging the maurauders, he fell, his horse being entangled by the bolos ;” only one officer and a few of his soldiers escaped. Poor Jourdan’s body was found cut to pieces, with several others, and afterwards interred with military honours in the chapel of Longabi; he was a good officer, and his fate was much regretted ; he left a widow to deplore his loss. ; In the evening we marched, and passed the river Lon- gabi, which is fordable, and halted at El Parral, about fifteen leagues distant. : This is a small town surrounded by a ditch, or palli- sades ; there is also a kind of fort; the place has been visited by Pincheyra, and the Governor Commandante Urutia, and his lady, with a few resolute men, defended their house, and obliged the villains to retire, after losing several of their number; a friar, Padre Gomes, accom- panied the robbers, and strove to stimulate them in their efforts to storm the house of the governor; he was seen to sit astride a gun that had been taken, in js Pa pi PR i i ba i y . ud EA TR NBs rts PASSAGE OF THE NUBLE. 141 order to reanimate them: he was chaplain to the fol- lowers of Pincheyra.* We found a troop of dragoons stationed here; we passed the night at the governor's ; and, next morning, just as we were preparing to march, we received intelligence that Pincheyra was on the road we had to pass. It was well for us that we did not leave at daylight, as we were informed that they had been in ambush until after sunrise, and decamped after murdering six paysanos. At six in the evening we halted at the town of San Carlos, about twelve leagues. January 7. Halted ; the general visited the military station of Gauna, where a corps of cavalry is generally fixed ; it is an elevated situation, and has an observatory, which commands an extensive view of the surrounding country ; there is a tower in San Carlos capable of con- taining two companies of infantry. January 8. We marched, passed the river Nuble at the ferry, and halted at Chillan, eight leagues ; this is the head-quarters of the army of the south, and the capital of the department : shortly after our arrival, the general sent Commandante Godoy, and Lieut.-Colonel Tupper, with a reinforcement, and provisions ; they marched by the pass of Alico. The worthy promoter of this campaign, Don Augustin Eyzaguirre, was obliged to abdicate the presidency of the republic, on the 26th of January, by a military tumult, and the congress elected Captain General Don Ramon Freyre to be his successor. General Borgofio, Colonel Biel, chief of the staff, and several other chiefs and officers, left the head-quarters on the 5th of March, and after passing the rivers Chillan, Diguillin, Itata, Lavendafio, and Bermejo, arrived at * Now much respected and revered in Chile. 142 VOLCANO OF ANTUCO Yumbell, about twenty leagues; the road was, for the most part, sandy and heavy; but the country fertile. We passed several large haciendas, the blackened ruins of which, marked the ravages that had been committed by the royalists, the Indians, and other marauders that had joined the remnants of the Spaniards, during the latter part of the struggle for the independence of Chile, under the command of Neira, Pico, Benevides, and Pin- cheyra. From Chillan to Yumbell we did not see a single house that had escaped their ravages. We were met and conducted to our quarters by the military governor, Lieutenant-Colonel Don Juan de Luna, Commandante Ukiso, of the Casadores, and his officers, with several others. Yumbell, as a military station, is a miserable place; it contains two barracks, a church, and about ten or twelve decent houses; the rest of the habitations are miserable-looking straw huts : it is surrounded by a mud wall, open in various parts, stands upon about eight acres, and is commanded by hills within musket-shot. T he Bermejo, a small river, passes close by the town ; but the water is bad, and what is generally consumed is brought from Rio Claro, distant about a league. From the neighbouring height, La Sierra de la Cen- tinela, there is a delightful view of the country ; the Cor- dillera is seen at about twenty leagues distant ; the volcano of Antuco is situated bearing by compass E. 1 N., its top was covered with snow, and smoke issued from it, which was propelled to the northward ; its irruptions are frequent, and are sometimes visible to a great distance; near to it there is another volcano, which has for many years ceased to emit its smoke, the name of it is Serro Veludo, and sulphur is collected from it. Sr a ! nm 4 _ ; - CR 4 Ag i 4 aa aE a ——————— a THE SALTA DE AGUA. 143 A neighbouring elevation is called Serro Quintana, in honour of a patriot chief, who defended himself and his detachment successfully there against a superior force of Spaniards and Indians; the country southward and eastward has a wild appearance; but in the neighbour- hood of Yumbell there are excellent vineyards, which produce the best grapes and wine in Chile; those of Serro Parra are the most famed. During our stay in Yumbell, Commandante Bulnes arrived with his squadron of cavalry from the Cordillera, and was quartered in the neighbourhood; the general received favourable communications from Colonel Beau- chef. Whilst we were here, a cacique, and a few Indians arrived from Marilaun, an Indian chief, with whom the general had entered into correspondence; the general dispatched him with presents, and invited the caciques to meet him in Los Angeles, or Chillan. A French gentleman, Don Bertran Matieu, who had resided for some time on the frontier, wrote to the Spanish officers, Sinosain and Sanchez, (who had left Pincheyra,) and were at this time with Marilaun, accele- rating their delivering themselves up to government, which had promised to give them passports, enabling them to return to Spain, if they would quit the Indian territory. The general marched on the 20th; we passed Rio Claro at the “Salta de Agua,” a beautiful cascade, and crossed the river Laxa, at the ford of the islands, (Vado de las Islas;) this is the broadest river I have seen in Chile; the river Claro enters it about half a league from the ford, and the Laxa enters the Bio Bio, about four leagues lower. The governor of the district met us here, accompanied by a party of militia on horseback, and at 144 THE FORT OF NACIMENTO. eleven o'clock we arrived at his hacienda, « La Palma” here we found large and well-built houses; for, during the war it had sustained no injury from the Indians, in consequence of the respect entertained towards the owner. El S’or Armasa was a Spaniard, and his conduct towards the Indians, and all others with whom he came in contaet, was such, that he obtained the name of « Taita,” father. Whilst we were here, two Indians came to inform the general that Marilaun could not meet him at the time appointed, because it was the « chicha” season: this is a drink these people are very fond of, and much resembles our cider ; it is extracted from apples. On the 24th, we marched, accompanied by El Sor Armasa, and his chaplain, El Doctor Ruis; we crossed the river Guanque, about a league from its confluence with the Bio Bio; here we were met by a cacique and his followers, who began to harangue us in the Indian language ; but as they were settled on the north bank of the Bio Bio, we soon dismissed them. And at eleven o'clock came to Bio Bio, and crossed at the ferry, about a quarter of a league from the foot of the fort of Nacimento; we took up our quarters in a shed that had been prepared for the general in the fort; all the buildings had been destroyed by the Indians. When the fort was attacked, the governor of El Parral was one of its defenders, and lost his left hand ; the walls and edifices of this fort were brick and stone; it occupies a commanding situation near the confluence of the rivers Bergara and Bio Bio. The Bergara is a deep and rapid river, and runs from the Indian territory in a northern direction ; there is a ferry close to the fort: I took up my quarters outside the walls; and the owner of the house at which I staid, enter- A {nd PROGRESS THROUGH CHILE. 145 tained us with a “ bayle;” the party, a mixed assembl of Indian and Chilian extraction, were gay and dtl, the harp, “ravel,” and guitar were played until a late hour; but there was more drinking than dancing ; I was astonished to see the women drink such quantities of raw spirits, “ blanco toro,” and « peelque.” Our beds were made on the floor of a room, and, shortly after I had fallen asleep, I was suddenly awakened and alarmed : and when I opened my eyes, found myself nearl tr thered with onions, a long pole on which a oh man strings of onions were suspended, having either Wd pulled down by some of the party intentionally, or fallen hy its own weight. It was well for me that I escaped without serious injury, for the end of the pole had ad a hole in the floor, near my head. Shortly ATi a woman in the next room began to cry out in a dren] manner, and was in a few minutes delivered of a female child ; our chaplain, Ruis, was with us, and previously to our leaving Yumbell, he baptized the child, and I on i father to it. During the night, one of our party Wi his horse, and after some search the bones and offal Wore found ; it had been killed, and perhaps the owner -e complained greatly of the rascality of the Tndion, had eaten his share of it at supper. It is always advissisie for travellers on the frontier to take particular are of their horses. March 25. We again crossed the Bio Bio, and had a pleasant ride of about eleven leagues over the most fertile part of Chile: we passed many farms, but all the houses were in ruins; not a living animal was to be seen except wild horses and foxes. We passed El Pangal, where Lieatenant-Colonel Don Juan Maria O’Carrol, commandante of dragoons, L Bal 146 CITY OF LOS ANGELOS. a brave and excellent officer, was barbarously wg having been taken prisoner. A cousin of i N na Don Miguel O’Carrol, on us, who with sorro is relative’s death. pi in a beautiful orchard of fruit trees, where we dined, and regaled ourselves ; the peaches were oe and of an excellent quality; this farm, which contamec about 600 quadres, 2,400 acres, had formerly bons a private soldier, who was orderly to the gensraly bs he been obliged to emigrate with his family, and was xe! hon to beggary : such was the fate of thousands that onc peopled the Island de la Laja. : ul At 4 o'clock, we entered Los Angelos, ones the oh cipal city of the frontier, but now a heap of ruins; f A : had been erected by El S’or Armasa for our reception ; but the rain compelled me to seek drier quarters, a in company with Lieutenant-Colonel Tupper, I $0 : " night’s lodging in an oven, which luckily had nn entire, amongst the ruins of a house that once belonged to 1 O'Higgins. ; as city, De the surrounding country, had ae 30,000 inhabitants about seven years before we visite ibs but the Spaniards, on their retreating to the Indian bervi- tory, had destroyed it; and their cruelties, in pn with those of the marauders who accompanied them, re- duced it to a desert without an inhabitant. Here was an extensive fort in ruins, the ditch of which was nearly filled up; a numerous garrison might have been quartered i The city had been well and regularly built; the Sige $ being formed at right angles; it contained an SH square, and almost all the ruins were of brick We oa those of the principal church, and 1 went with Colone Viel to see the tomb of one of his countrymen, an officer CITY OF LOS ANGELOS, 147 who had been killed and interred there ; he was the son of the French Admiral Brueys, who was with the fleet at the battle of the Nile, where he fell. We visited Los Angelos, in order to place a corps of cavalry to protect it, and to repopulate it, by recalling the emigrants who were scattered in the northern provinces, and bore the appellation of “ Arrivanos.” El S’or Armasa, and several others from Yumbell, had brought peones to commence this laudable enterprise; and his chaplain, who was a patriot, became the curate, he and his patron, were the “ restauradores” of this city. I will now show what a horde of monsters the predeces- sors of Pincheyra were—and who had commenced their career of desolation, and unheard-of barbarities, in their native province, and on their defenceless countrymen, under the plea of serving the cause of “ Ferdinand the Seventh, and the Spanish Nation ;” by giving the following translation of a document that was published on the very day that their leader, Benavides, was executed in the capital of Chile, and subsequently in a work published by El Doctor Don Juan Ascencio, in Lima, 1833. Pages 103 to 110. Vinbicra PusLica.—Chilians, who are interested in the glory of your country, and all others who observe the con- duct of the Americans—know that the execution you have this day witnessed, does not in the least offend the delicacy with which Chile has observed the laws of nations, in the war she has so vigorously sustained against the tenacious endeavours of the usurpers. Vicente Benavides, son of Torribio, the gaol-keeper of Qurihue, in the province of Concepcion, a de-naturalized Chilian, was a soldier of the Patria, and rose to be a ser- geant of grenadiers during the first epoch of our revolution ; he deserted to the enemy, and in the memorable action of L2 148 CHARACTER OF BENAVIDES. El Membrillar, gained by General Makenna, he was taken prisoner, and brought to the town of Linares, whence, during a dark night, and whilst the army were preparing to make a vigorous attack on the enemy, he escaped to them, after having set fire to some ammunition. He continued with the serviles of Ferdinand, and was again taken prisoner on the glorious 5th of April, at Maipu, tried by a military tribunal, and sentenced to be shot as a deserter ; but, having escaped in a most extraordinary man- ner, he presented himself to the general-in-chief of the army of Los Andes, who had interested himself in his be- half, in order to save his life. He made an offer of his services, showing that it would be easy to dissuade the Indians, and, inhabitants on the southern frontier, or on the margin of the Bio Bio, from being deluded by the Spani- ards, who were striving to engage them in a desultory war, and against the laws of nations. His offers being accepted, he received his instructions and passport ; and, after having arrived at the city of Los Angelos, he passed over to the fort of Nacimiento, where he convinced the commander of the enemy’s forces, Don Juan Francisco Sanchez, that he was qualified to carry on a desultory war; so that on this chief’s retiring to Valdivia, he confided the command of the frontier to Benavides, who renewed his services to the king, by one of the most scandalous acts, and in open viola- tion of the usages of war. He attacked and took the fort of Santa Juana, where, after a sanguinary conflict, an officer and fourteen soldiers were taken prisoners ; he proposed to exchange the officer for his own wife, who was in the city of Concepcion. Lieutenant Forres was sent, with a flag of truce, by the general of the army, who had acceded to the proposals of Benavides, but this barbarian detained the officer and sent Riveros alone, as soon as his wife had passed CHARACTER OF BENAVIDES. 149 the fort of San Pedro; and that very night he consummated one of the most unheard-of acts of ferocity in the present age, for, no sooner had the poor lieutenant, who had borne the flag of truce, taken his supper with Benavides, than he was murdered along with the fourteen prisoners captured in Santa Juana. His instructions to his officers seemed to be written in cha- racters of blood, for he imposed no gentler punishment than that of death on every insurgent. These orders were scrupu- lously obeyed by the vile instruments of his cruelty; for each of the monsters who had been so authorized, dealt death and destruction around him, and in order to augment their forces, offered the terrible choice to their peaceful countrymen— “to follow them or die.” In order to conceal their route, or place of ambush, when on their marauding parties, they did not scruple to murder both children and aged persons. [In the month of June, 1820, General Freyre met a woman in the Hacienda del Tortoral, whose husband had been murdered a few days before by one of these commandants of guerillas, because he had mentioned his having been in his house. Innumerable acts of this kind might be cited, and are notorious in the departments of Chillan and Rere. In the valley of Palomares, a party of the enemy finding a man, sixty years of age, his wife, sen, and three grand-children asleep in their houses, robbed and murdered them, and all the inhabitants of the city of Concepcion saw their bodies interred, in April, 1821.7 They had commenced this kind of warfare in 1819: and at times the general-in-chief of the army of the south had been obliged to retaliate, although with the moderation that characterizes him, and in obedi- ence to the instructions he had received from the supreme government, in order to put a stop to their barbarities; he also used more conciliatory measures, by issuing general wtp ee ot $ i a Eh a eh A i i a 150 CRUELTIES OF BENAVIDES. pardons, which were most religiously observed, even with the most abandoned, when they presented themselves; he further prohibited and impeded the officers and soldiers from wreaking their vengeance upon such as had been instru- mental in the murders of their companions in arms; but nothing could mitigate the insane fury of Benavides, and his barbarous satellites. Lieutenant-Colonel Don Carlos Maria O’Carrol was taken prisoner in El Pangal, on the 23rd of September, 1821, and shot in cool blood, along with Captain Bourne, for Benavides said he had orders from the king to shoot all foreigners. On the 26th, he attacked a detachment of the battalion, No. 1., of Coquimbo, 300 men, on the banks of the river Laja, near the ford of Tarpellanea; and next day he sent them an offer of quarter, which General Don Andres Alcara received at a time when the worthy old veteran had expended the whole of his ammunition, and his soldiers were nearly exhausted with fatigue and hunger. He capitulated, but no sooner had the soldiers surrendered their arms, than they were inhumanly butchered, and the officers shot, even without the consolations of religion; and what was still more atrocious, the poor general, Major Ruir, and about 300 families that had been collected in-the Isle de la Laja, were given up to the Indians, who accompanied Benavides, in order that they might be lanced to death. He also burnt and destroyed the towns of Los Angelos, Nacimiento, Huelqui, Talcamavida, Santa Juana, San Pedro, and Arauco, as well as all the haciendas of the departments of Rere, Puchacay, Chillan, and San Carlos. On the 27th of November he sent in proposals to capitu- late, in order to cover his perfidy; yet, whilst his emissary, a clergyman named Ferrebur, was enjoying the immunities of a flag of truce, Benavides pushed forward a detachment CRUELTIES OF BENAVIDES. 151 of cavalry to continue hostilities. Finally, he threw off the mask of the king of Spain, when General Don Joaquim Prieto communicated notice of Peru having fallen, and upon which he depended (for the viceroy had promoted him to be a colonel of the Spanish army); he sent an answer pro- testing that he would make war against Chile with his last soldier, although the king and the Spanish nation should acknowledge its independence. Irom one crime he precipitated himself into another. Or, was it because he had dared to trample upon the laws of nations? for his government could never tolerate acts of piracy. He armed a vessel, and sent her to cruise off the coast of Chile, with orders to respect no flag, and his instructions were, to put the crews of every insurgente, or other suspi- cious vessels, to death; orders which were strictly obeyed : for the situation of Arauco, on account of being so near to the island of Santa Maria, where vessels entering the Pacific were accustomed to touch for refreshments, &e. made the capture of the following vessels easy to them - The ships Perseverance, Hero, and brig Arsella, were taken, as well as several boats belonging to other vessels. The captains of the vessels were shot, and the son of that of the Hero perished with his father. I cannot name them but Sub-Lieutenant Sanchez, who witnessed their eco tion, said that he and others shed tears over the fate of the innocent and unfortunate youth who was shot with his father. The vessels were English and North Americans. He has since exulted that he has caused damage and destruction to the amount of millions of dollars. At last he was reduced to offer terms of surrendering himself to General Prieto; and during the negociation, he EXECUTION OF BENAVIDES. embarked with a few others in a boat in the port of Lebu, and tried to escape for the coast of Peru, and rejoin the royal army ; but being obliged, on account of want of water, to put into the bay of Topocalma, in the province of Col- chagua, a soldier, who was sent on shore, and tired of his associates, informed two patriots, Los SS. Hidalgo, and Fuenrelida, who, with others, captured the boat, and re- mitted Benavides to the capital, where he has been tried according to the laws of this country, and sentenced to bo executed—for, as a deserter to the enemy, he ought to die; and as he has violated the laws of nations, he has lost all pretences to military honour due to prisoners of war; as a pirate, as the barbarous destroyer of many towns, &e., it has been found necessary to inflict that kind of death which will avenge humanity, and terrify others from having the audacity to imitate him; therefore he was, on the 21st of this month, sentenced to be dragged on a hurdle to the gallows, at the tail of a mule, and after he had been hung up till dead, his head and hands were to be cut off, and fixed upon pikes, to decorate the towns of Santa Juana, Tarpellanca, and Arauco. He has had three days allowed him to make his peace with his Creator, so that he has re- ceived all the necessary aid and consolation of religion, although this faithful vassal of the Catholic king denied such indulgence to General Alcarar, Lieutenant-Colonel O’Carrol, Major Ruis, and the other unfortunates who fell into his clutches. March 27th, we left Los Angelos, and on our way over the plains, crossed several patches of wild strawberries and roses; at twelve we halted near a small lake, Caugui, where there was an abundance of wild ducks. The woods In the ARRIVAL AT ANTUCO. 153 Montaiia, a range of above four or five leagues, were on fire, and nothing but rains could stop the progress of the flames. We saw a party of Indians hunting horses at a distance, but they took to the woods. We halted an hour at the Hacienda of Cantera, belonging to General O'Higgins. There is a remarkable hill here, from which I took the bearings of Los Angelos, Nacimiento, San Carlos, a ruined fort on the Bio Bio, and Serra de la Centinela Yumbell, to correct others which I had taken on my march, in order to make a croquis of our route. The houses on this hacienda had been lately burnt, and the vineyard destroyed by some spiteful enemy of the general. At seven o'clock we arrived at the village of Antuco, about twenty leagues from Los Angelos; the inhabitants of this village were delighted to see us; they had not seen a priest for many months; and when they were informed that our chaplain, Ruis, was intended to be the curate of Los Angelos, they were overjoyed; but I cannot adequately describe the effect that was produced among them when they found that the general-in-chief of the army was with us; he was soon beset with persons lodging complaints against the military commandant, who seems to have been a petty tyrant. The general referred them to Don Pedro Palazuellos, the auditor of war; and Colonel Viel, the go- vernor, was put under arrest, and ordered to Chillan, and another officer was appointed in his place; this appoint- ment gave general satisfaction. A large entrenchment serves to fortify this place, and two companies of infantry are stationed in it. Near the village is a small solitary rock, of a conical form, about twenty yards high, where, some time ago, a brave officer, named Arkinigo, with a few soldiers, with- stood an attack from the marauders, until he was left alone ; nS erg MS or 154 FORT OF ANTUCO. on being promised quarter, he surrendered himself, but the villains no sooner got hold of him than they butchered him in a most barbarous manner. The morning after our arrival, we visited the fort of Antuco, situated near the base of the volcano, of which we had a fine view : there is a large lake at the foot of the hill, called Laguna de Antuco; and what is remarkable, it is said to ebb and flow like the sea; there are no fish in it, neither do any birds approach its waters. This pass of the mountain is such, that it is said a car- riage may be driven across from Chile to the province of Mendoza; an entrenchment crosses the valley near to what is called the fort, which is a small house capable of con- taining forty men, built upon a hill near the centre of the valley, where the road passes; it was without either palisades or loop-holes. The ride in the Montafia, before we reached the Cor- dillera, was very romantic. We here met a detachment of infantry returning from the expedition ; they had with them about forty Chilenos, whom they had rescued ; also a number of prisoners, amongst whom were the sisters of Pincheyra and their families. The general wrote to Colonel Beauchef, who was in Trapa-Trapa, collecting Chilian captives and treating with the Indians. The houses of Antuco are well built, and generally of wood. The apartments are separated by partitions made of cane. ‘The inhabitants are cleanly, very industrious, and of a fair complexion. We saw several handsome women here, one of whom attracted general notice. We left Antuco on the 29th, crossed the river De la Laxa at a ford distant about a league from the village, and VILLAGE OF TUCAPEL. 155 halted at the Laguna Tupan ; here were immense flocks of ducks, and they afforded us some profitable sport. Whilst traversing the Montanna, we were all at once Saran by a party of armed men, whom we at first took to be rob- bers, but to the unspeakable joy of some of us, they proved to be a party of mounted militia from Tucapel, who, on hearing our firing, had marched to reconnoitre : their con mandante, El Sor Salvo, was complimented by 4h general Sh a we were accompanied by them to the ort, a dis a tance of about ten leagues, where we took up our Tucapel is a straggling village, the houses are built in a manner nearly similar to those at Antuco; the fort is extensive, and surrounded by a deep ditch. Major Vidaurre was there with a detachment of the battalion No. 6. Th source of the river Itata is near this place. il : March 30th, we left Tucapel at daylight, and crossed the rivers Itata, Trillalen, Damcalque, Pemuco, and N quillen; halted at noon at Pemuco: here were he or choi houses, and a church, the only one that remained on th south-east frontier save that at Yumbell ; the curate had been tutor to General Borgofio, to whom he gave a heart welcome. One of the released captives gave birth to : foes child on the march, and, immediately after it was ie immersed it in a torrent of melted snow——how At sunset we arrived at Chillan, after a march of nearl twenty-six leagues. : The governor and principal inhabitants of Chillan called to compliment the general on the happy result of the expedition against Pincheyra, and all with the excep- tion of a few who considered Pincheyra to be the cham > of their “rey y religion,” church and king, a 156 INDIAN CACIQUE, MARILAON. their satisfaction at being almost freed from such a plague. The captives who had been rescued, were restored to their friends, and such as were so young when taken as to be unable to describe their place of residence, or family name, were taken and adopted by others. The sisters of Pincheyra, with their families, were delivered to my landlord, Don Gregorio Moreno, who offered to support them in his hacienda, on account of their kindness to his niece, whom he had ransomed from Pincheyra. Colonel Beauchef returned with the rest of the expe- dition to Chillan, or their cantonments; and such had been their success, that if it had not been for Com- mandante Carreno, a Spaniard, deviating from his instructions, neither Pincheyra nor any of his followers would have escaped. The cacique, Don Nicolas Marilaon, his son, and four other caciques, Lieutenant-Colonel Zinosain, and El S’or Sanchez, who had left the Indian territory under the safe conduct of an escort sent for them ; sixty Indians well mounted, armed with lances, lasso, and bolas, and pre- ceded by a band of music that had been sent to meet them ; a guard of honour, and cortege of the staff officers, and a number of persons who had collected together out of curiosity—made their entry into Chillan. The general and his aids met them, and on the commandant of the frontier presenting the cacique and his followers to the general, the Indians were conducted, with their caci- ques, to the quarters which had been prepared for them, and regaled according to custom; for no business was attended to until three days after their arrival, during which time they enjoyed themselves, in eating, drinking, 157 MANNER OF SLAUGHTERING SHEEP. and listening to martial music, which they desired might be played during their entertainment ; nothing seemed to delight them more than the band of trumpeters, and they often called for the instruments to be sounded close to their ears. The sheep that were given them were killed in the following manner : the throat of the animal is first cut, after which a quantity of salt is thrust down the wound, and the blood, heart, liver, and lights are generally devoured raw, the rest was given to the women to cook ; some of them had as many as four wives. Some of the women did not appear to be above twelve years of age, and, on account of their youth, had rather an agreeable appearance ; but the more aged had a forbidding look; their hair was put up in numerous plaits, to which were attached glass beads of various colours, and thimbles, which made a jingling noise like so many bells; they had also a profusion of beads round their necks, arms, and ankles. They generally wear a short woollen petticoat, « chiripa,” and a piece of red or blue cloth, or baize, which is thrown over their shoulders, and fastened in front, or on one side, by an enormous silver pin, called a toupa; some of these are more than a pound in weight: they also wear large silver ear-rings of several ounces weight, called oupellas. The women with their children kept apart from the men whilst they were feasting, and always managed to secure their weapons, for during the © borracheros” drink- ing bouts, they are continually relating or singing their traditionary stories, or songs, and often work themselves into a frenzy, and frequently vent their rage on each other: as these were strange and novel sights to me, I enjoyed them, and often repeated my visit during the time they lasted. af TE 2 ws ff 158 TREATY WITH MARILAON. On the fourth day, Marilaon, accompanied by his caci- ques, his son, Fermin, and his « mosetons,” warriors, made his appearance at the general's residence, who with the staff-officers were ready to receive them. Marilaon was dressed in an old embroidered scarlet coat and cocked hat, and cut a droll appearance ; although he could speak the Spanish language fluently, for the Span- iards had him educated in the college of Chillan, yet in the presence of the Indians he had his interpreter, and spoke to the general in the Araucanian language; there were several interpreters on both sides, to prevent mistakes. The « parle” or conference lasted nearly two hours, and was concluded by Marilaon, declaring himself a patriot; and to consolidate the peace that he and his allies had made, he gave up his youngest and dearest son, Fermin, as a hostage, charging the general to educate him. The general satisfied the cacique that he would take the greatest care of the youth; and also gave the cacique a Chilian uniform. After receiving numerous presents, the Indians departed from Chillan, accompanied about a league by an escort, similar to that which led them into the city. April 25. The general sent me to the capital with despatches, on my way I halted at Tango, where I visited the ex-president, Don Augustin Eyzaguirre, and gave him several letters; he received and treated me in the most friendly manner. It was past eleven o'clock at night when I arrived, and as his servants were retired to rest, he placed some refreshments on the table ; but on observing me smile at the circumstance, he begged of me to excuse the cold supper, and to pardon his awkward service. Whilst doing honour to his viands, for I had rode nearly forty leagues that day, he seemed to devour the contents of the SOME ACCOUNT OF EYZAGUIRRE. 159 letters, and every now and then the ejaculations, “ Gracios a Dios,” thanks be to God, escaped from his lips ; we con- versed until a late hour, he was well satisfied with the operations of the army, and more so with General Bor- goio, and that he himself had been the promoter of the expedition, and had thus facilitated the re-populating of the southern provinces. The following is an unvarnished and impartial state- ment of the eminent and patriotic services of his Excel- lency Don Augustin Eyzaguirre, up to the date of his abdication, extracted from official and authentic docu- ments. In the year 1810, he was elected alcalde of the city of Santiago; and, on the installation of the first junta guber- nativa, which after the deposition of the president, Carrasco, were put into power, on the ever memorable 18th of September, he refused being one of the members; although he was elected by the unanimous vote of his fellow-citizens, on account of his having displayed such energy in creating a patriotic government on the eve of the aurora of the liberty of Chile, to avoid being accused of interested motives. He afterwards, with the same disinterested motives, rendered various important services to the state, until the disastrous epoch of 1813-14, when the viceroy of Peru, Aboscal, sent an expedition to invade Chile; and, whilst the chief of the republic marched against the invaders, El Senor Eyzaguirre was elected president of the junta that had been put in charge of the supreme government, at that time surrounded with innumerable difficulties and dangers. All the true patriots of Chile well may have cause to recollect the termination of that unfortunate cam- paign; for the country was again enslaved, and El Senor 160 THE HALL OF CONGRESS INVADED. Eyzaguirre was exiled, with many other illustrious patriots, to the island of Juan Fernandez, where they underwent the greatest hardships and sufferings, until the glorious restora- tion of 1817. He was afterwards usefully employed in various com- missions, and gained the esteem of all his fellow-citizens. In 1823, he was once more placed in charge of the republic, as president of the junta gubernativa that succeeded the supreme director, Don Bernardo O'Higgins. He was subse- quently elected the representative of the province of San- tiago, and member of the conservative senate, where he exercised the functions of president. On the 9th of July, 1826, that hazardous period in which the public order was subverted, he was elected vice-president of the republic ; and afterwards, on the renunciation of his Excellency Lieut.-General Don Manuel Blanco Encalada, El Sefior Eyzaguirre reassumed the supreme magistrature, where he acted in such an energetic and impartial manner, that he displeased a few, who revolutionized the troops stationed in the capital. An armed force, led on by an adventurer in the Peruvian service, Don Fro. de P. Latafriatt, pro- ceeded to, and invaded, the precincts of the Hall of Con- gress, where the national representatives were holding their sessions, and, in the most insulting manner, strove to dis- perse the deputies, by ordering his soldiers to prepare their arms; but a spirited member rose, and by a short and well-directed harangue, caused the fanfaron to be ashamed of his temerity, and the troops to retire; the con- gress then issued a decree, in which they strove to throw a veil over what had occurred ; and after having admitted the resignation of his excellency, and elected his successor, he retired to his estate at Tango, where he passed the evening of his life in quiet peace, and pleasing enjoyment DEATH OF DON AUGUSTIN EYZAGUIRRE. 161 of ease, rest, and freedom of body, as well as mind, agree- able to the practice and sentiments of the wise senators of Rome, who, on like occasions, used to retire to their rural seats, as given us by one of their own poets :* “ How blest is he, who, tired with his affairs, Far from all noise and vain applause prepares To go, and underneath some silent shade, Which neither cares nor anxicus thoughts invade, Does, for a while, alone himself possess, Changing the court for rural happiness.” * This worthy patriot departed this life in his 70th year, on Wednesday, July 19th, 1837 ; and the ministerial paper of the 28th of July, 1837, says as follows :— « The republic has to regret a great loss in the person of Don Augustin Eyzaguirre, one of the founders of its independence, and one of the indi- viduals that has most signalized himself by his private virtues, as well as his ardent zeal in favour of the public good, and for his accredited integrity and purity in the various public employments he owed to the confidence of his fellow-citizens.” (Here followed an enumeration of his services, &c. nearly the same as I have already stated.) El Araucano, No. 361. Doiia Ana Josepha Guzman de Larrayn, widow of the Marquess de la Cassa Larrayn, and mother-in-law to the late Don Augustin Eyzaguirre, sent me the following letter in answer to the one of condolence. « S'or Don Thomas Sutcliffe, « Santiago, August 12, 1837. “ Estecmed Sir, « 1 have received yours of condolence for my loved and departed Eyza- guirre. « T am sure it would be a great loss to you, for he professed a true regard for you, and you have maintained his constant friendship. “ You may well suppose how afflicting our loss has been ; it was a severe blow for me, and all his family ; for although he was long an invalid, his respectable presence served to console us. «1 return you my sincere thanks for your kind attention, and hope you may continue in health, and that you will command, S. A. S. “Q. B.S. M. “ ANA JOSEFA GUZMAN.” 162 ADMINISTRATION OF GENERAL PINTO: Whilst I remained in the capital, I. E. Captain-General Don Ramon Freyre retired from the supreme command, and he was succeeded by General Don Francisco Antonio Pinto, who soon despatched me with a considerable remit- tance for the army. During the remainder of this cam- paign, I was sent on various duties to the Cordilleras and frontier, and made use of this opportunity to survey the country, so as to make a plan; for we had no other mode of ascertaining the distances on marching from place to place, but under the direction of guides, and these were not always to be depended upon. At the latter end of May the army retired to their cantonments for the winter; and the general and his staff left Chillan on the 12th of June : we had a fatiguing march, for it rained almost inces- santly until we arrived, which was on the 25th. On the 2nd of July, General Borgofio, who had been appointed minister of state, took charge of the war department; and did me the honour of retaining my services, and making me his guest. I will now subjoin an official account of the campaign against Pincheyra, which was published in the Government Gazette. OrriciaL, Documents. —¢ War department, March 1st, 1827. Head-quarters, Chillan, February 20th, 1827. « Sefior Minister.—On the 24th of January, I informed V. S. of the plan of the campaign I intended to undertake against the hordes of bandits that infested, and found shelter in, the Cordilleras, and the measures I had adopted to insure an entire execution. Now I have the honour to detail to V. S. the movements of each division, and the results up to the 10th of this month. « According to the orders I had imparted to Colonel Beauchef, he marched with his division from the Invernada de los Girones, on the 23rd, taking the road that leads to OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS. 163 the Cajon de Roque, where on the 23th he was joined by the governor, Antical de Malalqui, the cacique, Leviman del Campanario, and two hundred Indians from each reduction. “ On the 29th, he continued his march to the Barancas, where he was met by various caciques, who, with one hun- dred and fifty warriors were in readiness to follow him. Colonel Beauchef well knew the importance of making the Indians act so as to compromise themselves at the commencement of the campaign, and in order to take advantage of the good disposition they manifested ; he resolved, and ordered Captain Ruiz of the Cazadores, with fifty soldiers of his corps, and one hundred Indians, to march on the 30th, to take a party of the enemy that were situated in the Cordillera del Saco. “On the 31st, this officer met and captured seven out of nine in the Cajon de las Palmas; besides fifteen families, amongst which there were two sisters of Pincheyra, one hundred horses, and forty head of horned cattle. “ On the 1st of this month, Captain Ruiz joined Lieut.- Colonel Bulnes, in the Cuesta del Saco; this chief had, two days previous to his leaving Longabi, attacked and routed a strong detachment which Pincheyra had sallied out with on a maurauding party. They were obliged to fly, abandon the cattle, and suffer three of the party to be taken prisoners. “ On the 2nd, Colonel Beauchef made a forced march of sixteen leagues, and by which he joined Lieut.-Col. Bulnes, in order that, at daylight on the 3rd, they might both fall upon the encampment of the bandits, which was situated in Casa Trama; but on account of having anticipated their flight to the opposite bank of the Nieuquen, they paralyzed the effects of our divisions. Our auxiliary Indians, M 2 164 OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS. with twenty-five Cazadores, were ordered to follow them but not having sufficient resolution for the enterprise, they returned the same day. It was then necessary to appoint Captain Ruiz, with seventy-five soldiers; in this much time was lost; and in the pursuit of the enemy, we did not obtain the success we expected ; notwithstanding which, the Indians, by taking another route, captured twelve families, and killed six of the bandits, one of whom was Paulino Arquiero, adjutant of Pincheyra, who was formerly a serjeant of the battalion Chacabuco, and was the ¢ cau- dillo” of the mutiny of the grenadiers, at San Carlos: on the 5th Captain Ruiz returned, and on the 6th the division halted on the right of the Nieuquen. « Commandant Carrero,* who, according to my orders, was to have marched on the 28th from the foot of Antuco, in order that, on the 8rd, he might arrive at the Juntas de Daquegue, and from thence pass the Nieuquen, where he would remain in aptitude to cut off the retreat of the bandits, when they would be attacked on their front by Colonel RBeauchef, found it necessary to vary the direction of his march on the 29th, and take the road that leads to the Lagunas de Epulauquen, instead of that to the Juntas de Daquegue. He sent me information that his motives for taking this determination were, the unexpected and sudden separation of the Indians of I'rapa-Trapa, Queo-Queo, and Guayli, who, to the number of one hundred and fifty, had joined him; their desertion was occasioned by their having been informed by a messenger, that Marilaon was preparing to invade their territory, for the assistance they were giving us, besides other exaggerated reports, that they through fear came to the determination of returning. On which Commandant Carrero thought it prudent, under * A Spaniard. + All this was false. OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS. 165 such circumstances, to avoid a disadvantageous encounter on the other side of the Nieuquen with the Indians, who, according to the account of the same messengers, were waiting to attack him, and embraced the alternative of marching to strengthen the main body of the division to the northward. Through this incident our combinations were all frustrated ; and these would, aceording to the information of Colonel Beauchef, if properly conducted, have produced a decisive result. ¢ Commandant Carrero joined the division on the 7th, which marched to the Vado de la Invernada, and next day continued to the south, passed the Daquegue, and on the 9th arrived at Rarinleubre, from which place Colonel Beauchef forwarded his communications to me relative to his operations. and remitted to head-quarters some sick, as well as part of the baggage, &e., to facilitate his move- ments, so as to be enabled to follow Pincheyra into the territories of the Mulatto. “The bandits have lost twenty-two killed ; six prisoners and six deserters have given themselves up to Colonel Beauchef, more than forty families, besides two hundred horses, and one hundred head of cattle. “The operations on this side of the Cordillera have been reduced to send a divisien under the command of Lieut.- Colonel Godoy, by the Boquete de Alico, composed of three companies of his corps, battalion of Chaeabuco, and ome hundred dragoons, under the command of Lieut.-Colonel Tupper, in order to eceupy the Vega de Roble Guacha, a necessary station, so as to be enabled to maintain our communication with Colonel Beauchef, and afford protection to the convoy of provisions remitted to the division. On the 4th, they took possession of this port, after having left a stockade, with forty men on the 166 OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS. summit of El Caracol, to put an entire stop to the bandits passing by that road. On the 10th I sent a convoy of seventy loads, which, with some cattle, reached Roble Guacho on the 14th, all safe. «The light detachment of infantry that were destined to beat and scour the woods, have by various surprises taken forty horses, twenty-five of them saddled; some muskets, pistols, and swords; but on account of the I intricacy of the thickets, they have not been able to capture a single prisoner. “ Dome the honour of placing this in the hands of S. E., the president of the republic, and receive the sen- timents of my greatest consideration and esteem. « JosE ManveL BorGono.” “To the S’or Minister of War,” &c. — —— « Yumbell, March 19th, 1827. « Sefior Minister.— Although on account of not being able to verify the movements of the southern division, according to the plan of operations which I have remitted to V. S., I may not be allowed to expect a decisive result of the campaign ; still there are some hopes, for by the communications I have just received from Colonel Beau- | chef, Pincheyra will either have to surrender or perish; he informs me from the valley of Las Damas, date 7th of March, that a cacique, in company of many more from the territory of El Mulato, have presented themselves in his name, offering security of friendship and assistance, as well as to deliver up Pincheyra, and his secuases, begging only to be allowed time to negociate in a secret manner the defection of Neculman, the only cacique that still accompanies the enemy ; they also offer to leave in hostage any of those present as a security of their pro- OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS. 167 mises, stating at the same time, that the cacique Mulatto could not visit the colonel on account of a complaint in his eye-sight. “This success is almost equal to a decisive one, for it de- prives our enemy of his best ally, and will subject him to a cruel persecution, where he had thought to find an asylum, and from whence he has no means of escaping, for he has neither provisions nor horses. I am told to believe at the same time, that some movement is about to take place amongst the fugitives, for, according to what intel- ligence I can get from the deserters that arrive daily to incorporate themselves in our division, the greatest part of them are quite discontented, and are only waiting for the surety of a pardon, to reunite themselves. “ Some of Marilaon’s messengers have paid me a visit here, whom I have dismissed with the interpreters “ capi- tanes de amigos,” who are charged to unite all the Indians, and offer in my name a ¢ parlamento,” where peace will be made, and for which they seem to manifest the most cordial desire; but I will take care that it will not be established without taking good precautions to insure its observance. “ All of which I hope you will do me the honour to in- struct his excellency the president of the republic, and protesting towards the person of V.S., the sentiments of my most distinguished consideration. “ Jose ManveL Borcono.” « Seiior Minister, War Department, &c.” “ Head-quarters, Chillan, April 18, 1827. “Senor Minister,—I have the satisfaction to inform V. S. that the Cacique Don Francisco Marilaon, governor of the plains, with three more caciques of Butalmaipu, have 168 OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS. arrived at Yumbell, on the 15th, according to advices I have received from the commandant-general of the frontier, Don Juan de Luna, In consequence of the invitation this chief has made in order to celebrate peace. « Lieutenant-Colonel Don Miguel Zinosain, and Don Tiburcio Sanchez of the Spanish army, have abandoned the asylum they had found with the Indians, our enemies, and are in Yumbel under the security of the pardon which has been offered them. They will be shortly presented to me at my head-quarters, by the chief of the frontier; and I doubt not that the renewing of our friendship with the inhabitants of the plains, being supported and secured bv a respectable force that is now situated in the Isla de la Laxa, which will not only consolidate the peace on our southern frontiers, but also notably influence the conduct of the Pehuenches with respect to the rest of the bandits that have found shelter in their territory, under the orders of Pincheyra. Do me the honour, &e. « Jose MaNveL BorGoNo.” «Sefior Minister of War, &c.” ) « Head-quarters, Chillan, May 30th, 1827. «Seftor Minister,—On leaving the command of the army of operation, and the campaign where 1 was destined being concluded, I have considered it my duty to make known to his excellency, through the medium of V. S. the excellent conduct of the chiefs, officers, and troops that composed it. «The happy results which have been obtained are owing to the constant endeavours of all, who have fulfilled their duties in the most satisfactory manner. (‘olonel Beauchef, who was in charge of the command of the three OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS. 169 divisions destined to act in the Cordilleras, by the activity that characterizes himself, and by his decision in over- coming all the obstacles that seemed to frustrate a march of more than one hundred leagues in the most difficult and rugged part of the Andes, has recommended himself. “ Commandantes Puga and Bulnes, who served under his orders, and Commandante Godoy, have equally given proofs of their zeal in maintaining good order and regulated discipline in their corps; and although, after that fatiguing and painful expedition had been terminated, it was found necessary to destinate these same troops to operate in the woods, where the bandits had their hiding-places, they succeeded on various occasions to take them by surprise, and chastise them, until possessed of that ter- ror, that so tenacious a persecution ought to inspire them with, they were at last obliged to look for se- curity in the most distant, retired, and hidden recesses of the woods. “ Lieutenant-Colonel Luna,commandant of the frontier, has, in the performance of his duty, conducted himself with the prudence and propriety that only could have insured the success of the participation of the Indians; his loyal and frank conduct has inspired them with senti- ments of the greatest confidence. “I ought, above all, do justice to the merit of the chief of the staff, Colonel Viel, who, by his laborious, energetic mind and knowledge, manifested in the fulfilment of his duties during the operations of the campaign, in the branch of his administration, made himself worthy of the good reputation he enjoys. I feel it an honour in recom- mending him to the consideration of his excellency, the 170 OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS. vice-president, as well as the whole of the army, who have omitted no sacrifice for the termination of the horrors and evils that have afflicted those departments. I have the honour, &c., « JosE ManuEL BorGono.” i 1 «To the Minister of War, &c.” CHAP. VL ANECDOTE OF THE COXCIIOLOGIST, AND NARRATIVE OF MY ESCAPE FROM CORFOU—~ ADMINISTRATION OF GENERAL PINTO—REVOLUTION OF SAN FERNANDO. Ox the 9th of July I was promoted to the grade of major of cavalry, which when effective with my gratification of ayudante de campo, gave 124 dollars per month. This, and the general's hospitable table, with little duty to per- form, made my situation respectable and agreeable, and quite independent of the foreigners who were residents in Chile; for although my relatives and friends had, pre- vious to my leaving England, procured me many letters of introduction to my countrymen who were settled in South America, I am sorry to say that in only one in- stance, Alexander Miller, Esq., I did not receive even common civility; and several expressed their reasons to be so, on account of having to maintain a strict neu- trality. This was illiberal, for, had 1t not been for the patriots, and a few adventurers like myself, they, nor any other foreign merchants, would have ever found their way to South America, or the means of gaining wealth, or the importance they displayed ; and many who, I knew, had few pretensions to affect such dignity. On more than one occasion, on account of their pointed remarks against the poor “ pat-riots” as they called us, I had to call to their memory certain epochs which were not over agreeable to them, and prove that my memory was too retentive: and 1 could relate many anecdotes, from which I will select the following : 172 ANECDOTE. “On passing through the town of Casa Blanca, I dis- mounted to take dinner at Ferroni’s Hotel, (an Italian who had settled there); he informed me that there were three foreigners who had arrived before me, and with whom I could dine, if I chose to do so: wishing to pro- ceed on my journey as soon as possible, I assented ; but my host soon returned and informed me that they ob- jected dining with a patriot officer. This did ok at all surprise me, but I was curious enough to inquire who they were, and recognized the individual who had been the spokesman, the others were perfect strangers. I could. not help smiling at the importance of this man of : conse- quence, and soon exposed his motives for shunning my company. “On my arrival at the capital, I met a person who had just arrived, and had made a beautiful collection of shells, and who put many questions to me relative to some rare specimens he showed to me: I informed him I had never studied conchology, although I had made many collec- tions myself; but as he was going to Valparaiso, I could refer him to a scientific conchologist and artist, who could paint shells admirably. This pleased him, and he was still more so when I gave him the address of the gentle- man alluded to, for he was acquainted with an intimate friend of his. I then informed him that Mr. B. was very backward at acknowledging that he had ever painted shells, except to such as myself, who was an old aquaint- ance of his; but I would give him a talisman, in case he could not succeed in acquiring his assistance as an artist. I then gave him my card, on the back of which I put— ¢ at Colin Mitchell, Esq., Havannah, 1820. “Some days after the gentleman had left for Valparaiso, a friend of mine arrived from the port, and on meetmg ANECDOTE. 17 with me, said, ¢ Sutcliffe, you are the d—1 at finding people out, for there is poor B. has been terribly roasted on your account ;’ and he informed me that Mr. B. and a friend had been invited by Mr. C. to see his collection of shells, thinking he had made a valuable acquisition, but he had found that Mr. B. knew nothing about painting small shells, for it turned out that he had only been employed by a Mr. Nichols, superintendent of the foreign burial- ground in the Havannah, to daub coffins and shells, in which he often crammed two dead bodies. This and a few other laughable affairs were the cause of some amusement ; and the following circumstance put a stop to all speculations relative to my travels, &e., previous to my visit to South America : The French government sent out consuls to Chile and Peru, who, with the captain of the French vessel of war that brought them out, visited the capital; Monsieur La Foret was consul for Chile, and Monsieur Chaumet de Fosse, consul for Peru: shortly after the first had been acknowledged by government, Colonel Don Ben- jamin Biel, a native of France, gave them a dinner, to which the ministers of state and several other personages were invited. I had also the honour of being one of the party, and a circumstance took place which caused some surprise and admiration; Monsieur Chaumet de Fosse had travelled a deal, and was extremely fond of relating passages of what he had seen; so after dinner he strove to entertain us with an account of the Morea, and the Black Sea. Now, as I had, whilst serving in the navy, visited the Levant, I entered into the conversation, which seemed to annoy two or three foreigners attached to the Chillan service, who were present; and who, as they had never served in Europe, seemed to doubt my ever 174 ANECDOTE. ‘having been in the Mediterrancan, and made some such remarks to Colonel Biel and Monsieur de Fosse, who, as it were, to turn the laugh against me, mentioned having visited a part where he was the fourth stranger who had resided there since the Turks had taken possession of the country : this remark caused several at the table to smile, and I inquired where the secluded spot lay ; on which he informed us it was Yannina, the capital of Albania. I then asked him whether his visit was previous to the latter end of 1809, which question rather surprised all at table ; he said he went there in 1810; on which I replied, I had visited Albania before him, and that I knew a French consul, Monsieur Poqueville, his secretary, and several Englishmen, who had visited Ali Pasha in 1809, one of whom was Dr. Holland, who had been sent from Malta to assist him during his illness; next Captain Lake, of the Engineers, who went to erect a fort for him ; besides which, two officers of my ship, the Kingfisher, Mr. Weeks, the purser, and Mr. B. Festing, midshipman, went to Yannina, whilst the Kingfisher was lying in the port of Prevesa: this and a little “romaic” conversation with Monsieur de Fosse, convinced all at table that I had been in Albania. General Borgofio was so well pleased with the occurrence, that he not only congratulated me, but he made me the warmest proffers of his friendship. I then claimed the attention of all present, and after pulling out my watch, and taking a paper out of it, I showed them a drawing of a boat, with a solitary individual in it at sea, with an oar for a mast, boat-hook for a yard, and a French flag for a sail, which was handed round : I sent for one of my Journals, and, when my servant brought it, I read them the following extract. 175 ADVENTURES WHEN A MIDSHIPMAN. “ Blockading Squadron, off Corfu, 1809. We had just arrived on our station off Corfu, after having accompanied the expedition that had, under the command of General Oswald and Commodore Spranger captured the islands of Zante, Cephalonia, Itaca, Sant Maura, and Cerigo, when we fell in with several vessels from Brindisi, and Ancona, bound to Corfu, laden with Wheat and assorted cargoes. I was sent with one as prize-master, with orders to take her to Cephalonia. I left the Kingfisher on the 28th of October, off Fanu and, on the 30th, when in sight of the port I was bad to, it began to blow a gale from the S. E. I had the misforinne to lose my rudder, and during the gale to be driven in among some small islands near to Corfu, where I had every expectation of being wrecked ; luckily, as we neared the coast, the wind changed, and, to prevent my being driven on some rocks that were still to leeward I let go both anchors, which brought us up close to the small island of Melira. Next day it became more moderate, and I began to prepare a temporary rudder; but just after sunrise, one of my men informed me, that two boats were approaching us from Fanu. I secon observed they were full of soldiers, and immediately lowered down my boat, secured my clothes, and some provisions, &e., scuttled the prize before I left her, and pulled into a small creek, where we landed, for I fancied the island had been uninhabited ; however, we were made prisoners by some Greeks, who were hid amongst the rocks; they treated us well, and did not deprive us of a single article we had brought on shore. I had the satisfaction to see the prize sink before the boats got to her; so they had only a few such articles as floated, to repay them for their trouble and disappointment. We 176 ADVENTURES WHEN A MIDSHIPMAN. were taken next day to Fanu, and delivered up to the French commandante, who ordered my men to be put into confinement, and treated me with attention. On the 7th of November, his Majesty's ship, Leonidas, Captain Griffiths, came with a flag of truce, and landed a number of prisoners, who had been taken from the prizes; and on hearing we had been captured, demanded us in exchange, which not being acceded to, he got permission to send us a little money. On the 9th, we were sent to Corfu, and landed at Cassope, the north-west point of the land, I had a horse provided me, and we arrived at the citadel, at four p.M. The governor, General Donslou, sent the men on board a vessel of war, and politely gave me a seat next him that day at dinner. I passed a few days very agreeably, although a prisoner of war, until a messmate of mine, Mr. E. Barnard, who had been cast away during the gale, and made prisoner, with several seamen and marines, near to Parga, on the Albanian coast, were brought in, and with whom I was sent on board of the French brig of war, San Felippe, Captain Colounne. Mr. B. and myself messed with the officers, and our men with the crew ; and on the whole we were treated with civility, and at times had permission to go on shore with the officers. Another prize’s erew, that had been com- manded by a quarter-master, were also brought to join us. They had also been wrecked. It was reported that we were to be sent to Italy by the first opportunity, which made me very uneasy, and I began to forma plan of escap- ing. There were two frigates, the Flora, and Dane, of forty guns each; the brig we were on board, of ten guns ; the Joubert ketch, of four guns; and several gun-boats. The frigates lay close under the island of Vedo; the ketch and gun-boats in the Mole. Our brig lay on the THE CREW DESERT. 177 Quarantine grounds, and we were at least two miles and a half from the harbour, or any battery ; besides which, there was an island between us and the frigates. There were eight officers, and a crew of forty men on board, mostly Italians and Greeks; several of whom were dis- satisfied ; and had informed me that they would aid me, if I would attempt to take the brig. I refrained from giving them any encouragement, fearful that it might be only a snare laid to entrap me, although I longed for an opportunity to seize her, with my own men, for we were in all twenty-two prisoners on board, but could not pre- vail upon my companion to join in the enterprize. I was also informed that eleven men, and nearly all belonging to the same watch, were determined to embrace the first opportunity of deserting. Most of the officers were daily on shore, some of whom often remained all night; and when the men had determined to put their plan into exe- cution, I was advised, and intended, to accompany them, with several of my men, but one of them, Handsford, an American, whom I had invited, informed the commander of my intention ; luckily he did not know that any of the crew were concerned, and I was conducted under a guard on shore to the office of the Commandante de Marine, and underwent a strict examination ; after which I was taken on board of the Joubert ketch, which was fitting out in the arsenal, in order to be sent over to Italy. On the same night of my arrest several of the crew made away in one of the San Felippe’s boats, and got safe to Previsa. On the 27th of December, the crew of the ketch received their pay, and liberty for twenty-four hours. Monsieur Martin, the commander, took me along with him, and his officers to the opera. Previous to my leaving the - vessel, he enjoined me not to stay on shore all night; on N 178 DELIBERATE MANCEUVRE. which I answered, that I would return on board before midnight. I spent a pleasant evening, and on the con- clusion of the first act, I had occasion to leave the opera- house, and went to the landing-place. On seeing several boats * lying there, an idea occurred of the facility of escaping in one of them, to the Albanian coast; but having given my promise to return on board, I felt a certain qualm of conscience, so I went into the citadel, answered the queries of the sentinels, descended to the arsenal, and got on board the ketch, which lay alongside the Mole. There were only three men and a boy on board, the last was servant to the captain, and in order to amuse myself, I had begun to teach him to write ; the men were below, and, to keep the boy employed, I set him a copy, and informed him I had returned on board on account of an indisposition which made it uncom- fortable to remain on shore. I placed my linen, &e. which was in a bag, near to the cabin-window, also a French flag, and a fishing line; these I fixed so, that I could get at them from the outside ; then taking a small lantern, and a cane with a hook fixed to it, I went on the Mole to fish for polipuses, as I had often done before. I caught one, and leaving the boat close under the stern, I returned on board; after giving the fish to the boy, I entered the cabin, and opened the window. I then wrote the following on the boy’s copy-book :—* Mon Captaine, je me suis sauvez apres d’avoir relourne abord.”—I then told the boy I would go and fish again, and should the officers enquire for me, he might tell them I was on the Mole fishing. I watched my oppor- tunity, got my bag and the French flag in the boat, and . began to scull alongside of the Mole, and got out unno- ticed, although I had to pass close by the guard-vessel. PROVIDENTIAL ESCAPE. 179 I then took two oars, and pulled out towards the island of Vedo, and when I got a considerable distance past the frigate and the island, I heard the sound of oars; I then placed the lantern on a loose thwart, and I left it there, and, changing my course, I pulled directly towards the Albanian shore. I soon saw the lantern lifted up, and the light extinguished ; so I happily escaped my pursuers. The wind being fair, and blowing fresh, I made a sail of the French flag, mast and yard of an oar and boat-hook, and stood out towards Fanu, in hopes of falling in with some of our squadron. I remained twenty-four hours beating about; and on account of having no provisions, nor water, I was compelled to bear up to the island of Sasno, and got there, after having been out three days and four nights. I then procured water, but had the mortification to see the squadron nearly hull down to windward ; so I was obliged to put into Avlona, a port in Albania, where I arrived nearly exhausted by fatigue and hunger. After I landed, I was taken to the palace of Ibrahim Pasha, the Turkish governor, who received me kindly; and on hearing I was an English officer, gave orders I should be supplied with food and lodging, until I had an opportunity of rejoining the squadron. The Albanians treated me well, and entertained me a fortnight; I then embarked on board a small Greek vessel, bound to Cephalonia, and had the boat towed astern; when we neared Corfu, I found that the vessel would have to pass inside the island, and as there was a probability of our being examined by the French guard- boats, I came to the determination of taking to the boat again; so, after procuring some provisions and water, I took leave of the Greek captain and crew, who gave me a most hearty “ callo-catif-odio,” (good voyage.) A short N 2 180 GENEROSITY OF MOUCTAR PASHA. time after I had left her, a large boat put off from shore towards me. I was soon overtaken, and interrogated ; they secured my boat astern of theirs, and began to search me, and ransack my bag; they took my watch, and some trinkets, also twelve sequins; and afterwards pulled into a small creek, where I certainly believed they would have murdered me, had it not been for a party of horsemen, who luckily approached us. One of the villains showed me his pistols, and bade me be quiet; but expect- ing the worst, should they be left to themselves again, I sprang up, and called out as loud as I could, “ Aman, aman!” (mercy, mercy!) in the Turkish language. The horsemen compelled the villains to land me; by good luck, it was the « Billibash” of Ajio Seranda, a port close by. I soon informed him who I was, how I had been treated, and how sensible I was that he had saved my life. He then ordered four of his men into the boat, and gave them orders to conduct her to the port where he resided. When he arrived he made them restore the plunder, and had them punished. I here met with a Greek merchant, who took me to his residence in Ajio Seranda, where I was introduced to a son of Ali Pasha, called Mouctar Pasha, who ordered a boat to be man- ned, in which I was sent to Panorma, a port opposite Fanu, and close under the mountains of Strada Bianca ; and in the course of a week I was put on board of his Majesty's brig, Imogene. The captain gave the boat- men one hundred piasters on my account, and I made them a present of the boat, besides sending my watch to the Billibash, for his kindness and attention. The French captain, who had accompanied the consuls, seemed to pay great attention to my narrative; and as soon as I had concluded, he gave me his hand, and LIBERAL VIEWS OF GENERAL PINTO. 181 informed the party present, that he was lieutenant on board of the frigate Flora, which was lying in Corfu at the time, and recollected the circumstance of my escape, as well as most of the particulars I had just related ; which caused a general feeling in my favour, and did away with the impression of many, who had been, through their Jealous disposition, biassed against me. The president of the republic, General Don Francisco Antonio Pinto, did me the honour to invite me the next day to dine with him, and complimented me on the manner in which I had entertained the company at Colonel Biel's, for he had been informed of every particular; and Monsieur La Foret, the French consul, was so well pleased at the eclaircissement, that he invited me to be his guest until I should return to the army. Sometime afterwards, in + Valparaiso, whilst in company with Captain Simpson, of the Chilian navy, in the store of an American, E. L. Scott, Esq., a French officer, who had been a midshipman on board of the Joubert ketch at the time I made my escape, recognized me, and the by-standers were greatly amused at the Frenchman’s mode of relating the occur- rence of my leaving them in the lurch. General Pinto had travelled in Europe, and was con- versant in the English and French languages: he was unprejudiced and tolerant, and strove to establish a liberal and paternal government, and every encourage- ment was given to promote public education; scientific professors were invited from Europe, in order to illustrate the Chilians. A military college was founded for the education of cadets; and boarding-schools for young ladies and gentlemen were for the first time established in Chile. A Philharmonic society was formed, under the direction of Los S.S. Masonni y Drewicke, that served 182 BIGOTRY OF THE PRIESTHOOD. to enliven the winter of 1827 ; however, these and many other laudable undertakings were of short duration, for the enemies of independence, aided and abetted by those friars, who, through the commiseration of government, had been allowed to remain in possession of part of their cloisters even after the reformation of the monasteries, managed to keep the republic in constant agitation, for to these may be traced all the disorders that had occurred ever since the Pope’s Nuncio had opened the way to the secularization of the friars, and subsequently the exile of the Bishop of Santiago. The friars and a few fanatical priests had redoubled their energies, so as to gain many proselytes,and to whom they incessantly inveighed against the wickedness and immorality of a government which had dared to promote so many heretical innovations. I have heard some of these fanatical orators preach, and strain every nerve in order to induce their hearers, and especially such as had placed their consciences under their paternal care, to beware of foreigners and their per- nicious books, for to these they attributed the cause of earthquakes, inundations, and every other judgment. During the passion-week of this year there were groups of penitents parading the streets of the capital and other towns, flogging themselves with armed disciplines, and sprinkling the by-standers with their blood ; others were crawling about with heavy beams attached to their shoulders and arms. However, government, to put a stop to their fanaticism, prohibited such exhibitions, but this only tended to make them more violent; many of the former nobility and rich proprietors, who still longed to regain their lost titles, and restore the aristocratical government of their beloved Ferdinand, assisted these revivals of their holy cause by private con- INDIAN BORRACHEROS. 183 tributions, and held “ missiones and exercicios” on their estates,* and used every species of intrigue, in order to discredit the administration of General Pinto, so as to effect a change. Such was the state of affairs when Ge- neral Borgofio, after having entrusted the war department in the hands of his secretary, left, in December, 1827, for the army of the south. We had a pleasant march, and reviewed the troops at their different stations, previous to their marching to the Cordilleras. Pincheyra had been kept in the Indian territory ; and since General Borgofio had taken the command of the army, that commenced its operations in 1826, not a single town or estate had been plundered by the marauders. In order that the frontier might be properly guarded, and the troops kept in readi- ness to act at any given point, the general had several forts and stockades put into repair and constructed, one of which was in the pass of Alico, a port of importance. Shortly after our arrival at head-quarters, the general visited the Cordillera ; I accompanied him; we were a party of sixteen. We halted on the first night near the Montafia, and bivouacked under some shady apple-trees. There are immense woods of this fruit, and they were then ripe ; no sooner had we halted than our soldiers set to work, and we had plenty of good cider. There we found two large troughs (canoas), near which were several calabashes and clubs, the latter to bruise the apples to a pulp, and the former to preserve it in: our soldiers knew how to manage them admirably well, and I was amused at their dexterity. The Indians generally, when the fruit is in season, assemble to hold their borracheros (drinking bouts), which I have heard described in the following manner :—A quantity of apples is collected, put * Penitential devotions. { 184 STRATAGEM OF COLONEL BIEL. into the canoa, and then beaten and bruised until the mass is reduced to a pulp, a little water is added, after which it is pressed and the liquor poured off into calabashes, which are shaken and passed from hand to hand, until it ferments; it is then drank, and a fresh supply made; and so the process is repeated as long as the chicha season lasts. Next morning we passed by several haciendas, two of which belonged to my old friends, Colonel Arriagado and Lieutenant-Colonel Matines, they were both in ruins; near to these was one, the vineyard and outhouses of which were in good repair, but the principal houses seemed to have been recently burnt. On inquiry I learned that the estate belonged to Dofia Crux Arraos, “ who was a staunch adherent to her king and all his faithful followers,” for as such she had often entertained the gentlemen who accompanied Pincheyra. This came to the ears of a patriot officer, who, not liking to get the ill-will of this lady’s connexions, managed to take a party of Pincheyra’s followers, who were in the neighbourhood, and got the report circulated, “ that one of this lady’s at- tendants had informed where they where ;” this exasperated their comrades so much, that, forgetting “ the pasteles* of Dona Crux Arraos,” they set fire to her houses. We found that the marauders had too many allies and friends in the neighbourhood, some of whom actually supplied Pincheyra with arms, and the earliest intelli- gence of our movements, for we never could despatch a party from Chillan but the robbers were informed of the fact before we could surprise them; however, Colonel Biel devised and adopted a plan to prevent this, and he sent the soldiers out singly to different places, with orders * Pastry. CAPTURE AND DEATH OF CHAUKETTA. 185 to unite themselves into one party at a stated point; by this mode he succeeded in capturing several of the worst of the marauders. One of them, a desperate villain, named Chauketta, who often came to plunder even in the suburbs of Chillan, was taken, and brought, with two of his com- rades, where they were all shot on the next day in the “plaza.” Colonel Biel had at this time an Indian captive, who had lately come from the interior of Arauco, named Cafiime ; this man went, out of ‘curiosity, to witness the execution of the robbers, one of whom was an Indian; after he returned, the colonel ordered him to fetch a look- ing-glass out of his trunk, that he might shave himself. Shortly afterwards he heard Cafiime rush out of the room, uttering a dreadful shriek ; not knowing the cause of his alarm, the colonel sent a soldier to bring him in, but he had hard work to accomplish his task, for Cafiime fled into the stable, and tried to hide himself in the straw; however, when he was brought in, his countenance expressed the greatest alarm, and the perspiration was running from his face in streams. When questioned as to the cause of fear, he roared out “ Chauketta longo Chauketta,” and pointed towards the room, meaning that Chauketta’s head was in the trunk. The colonel, at once surmising what had occasioned his terror, went and fetched the glass, and, on placing it before the Indian, he broke away from the soldiers and ran out into the street; it was a long time before he could be convinced that it was the reflection of his own face which he saw in the glass; for he had never seen a looking-glass before; and the belief in witchcraft and ghosts is universal amongst the Indians, although their bravery is pro- verbial. Lae Ee 186 THIEVISH PROPENSITIES. I have often amused myself at their expense with a phosphorus bottle and lucifer matches; and whenever they saw my quadrant, compasses, or theodolite, they pro- claimed me a “machi,” and often have I overheard them calling me “ Machi huinca,” European sorcerer. On one occasion I really gave them motives to believe that I was one: some Pehuenche Indians had arrived, and had their « parla” and presents; but on their leaving the town, they were informed that the general had not treated them so well as others, and that their presents were not so numerous and valuable; on which they re- turned to Chillan; when they came to the general's, he was engaged preparing despatches, and ordered me to detain them for a short time. I then asked some of them into my apartment, and gave them bread and wine; they seemed very curious, and made several attempts to purloin a pair of spurs and a bridle, which I had to order my servant to take from them, and to keep his eye upon their movements. After they had finished their repast, one of them took a knife and attempted, in a very de- liberate manner, to cut my uniform buttons from a coat that was hanging up; I told him to desist, but he still persevered, on which I got up, in order to take the coat away, the man still persisted, and put me into a rage; I suddenly spoke to him in English, and pulled off my wig, which he no sooner perceived than he cried out “longo, longo, ”* and both he and his companions scampered away as fast as their legs could carry them, until they came to their horses, which they immediately mounted and rode off without seeing the general, who was highly amused when he heard of the occurrence. The failure of the expedition in accomplishing the * His head, his head. DISHONOURABLE CONDUCT OF OFFICERS. 187 total ruin of Pincheyra was brought about by the agency of the Godos, the name given to the Spaniards, and those who were the enemies of emancipation, for Mariloan never intended to attack our allies, and Fermin, his son, with whom I had a great deal of conversation on this subject, told me that when his father and Pincheyra were allied, not a week passed without his receiving informa- tion of our movements; he also told me that great in- terest had been made to persuade him to distrust the offers of General Borgofio, and to remain in his own territory. Pincheyra sent his secretary, Vallegos, ac- companied by Lavandero, to communicate with General Borgofio ; I had some conversation with both of these, and Vallegos, a long-headed fellow, who was a native of Cauquenes, told me that his chief, Colonel Don Antonio Pincheyra, served the cause of El rey Fernando, and had many friends in Chile ; he stated that the reason of the atrocities and cruelties that were committed, was our not regulating the war ; for he said “ you hang and shoot your captives, and we act as we do only in revenge,” Lavandero, whose mother resided in Florida, thought better, and was persuaded by some of our party to accept the generals offer of pardon, and to desert the cause of Pincheyra. The general had to contend with many difficulties in this expedition, not only from the intrigues of the godos, and of the faction who were opposed to the present administration, but also from several officers in the army, particularly on the frontier, who were known to be the fomentors and instigators of disturbance, by means of which they enriched themselves; these were dis- charged, and their places filled up by others more worthy of the trust. 188 RETURN TO CHILLAN. On our entering the Montafia, we passed Naguel Toro, where a squadron of cavalry was stationed ; we then traversed the woods to the distance of about eight leagues, and halted at the fort which was erected on the banks of the Nuble, near to where a rapid stream enters the river ; the fort was merely a large stockade, in which barracks and huts were erected, capable of holding one hundred and fifty men. Here were great numbers of tall trees, with the names of which I am unacquainted; beside cypress, cedars,apple, canela, mayten, peumo, and avellanos, the fruit of the last is not unlike filberts, but the shells are soft: this forms a part of the food of the Indians ; they also eat the pifion, which grows on the southern mountains. Whilst we were here, we captured a party of Pin- cheyra’s followers, and amongst them several women ; we then returned to San Carlos, and thence to Chillan. The general sent me to the capital for the arrears of the money due for the maintenance of the army ; and on this occasion I received 15,000 dollars. Whilst in Santiago, I was introduced to a French gentleman, Monsicur St. Roman, who being desirous of seeing the country, accompanied me: this time I narrowly escaped being robbed at a place called Chimbarongo ; but I fortunately caught the villains attempting to steal the soldiers’ arms, and next day drove them on foot three leagues, and on entering the estate of El S’or Armasa, who was a judge, they were punished for their temerity. We had very heavy rain during our journey, and my companion remained in Talca, with a countryman of his, to whom I had introduced him. I was only thirteen days absent from Chillan, and my return was a welcome one, on account of the specie I had brought. MODE OF KILLING PEOQUENES. 189 General Borgofio visited General Freyre at his estate, Cucha-Cucha, near to Chillan, where he stayed three days ; General Rivero, and others, were there also; this is a fine hacienda, and produces the best wine in the province, not much unlike port wine. When we returned to head-quarters, the general gave me leave to visit the frontier, and different parts of the province, in order to finish my survey; during which time I had a good opportunity of amusing myself, and of observing the manners and customs of the inhabitants. I first visited the hacienda of Niken, belonging to a gentleman in whose house I resided whilst at Chillan, and with whom I enjoyed myself in fishing and shooting. The rivers Niken and Perquilauquen abound in fish, such as perch, cauque, and pexerey ; the country around is visited by immense flocks of peoquenes, a species of geese that migrate from the Cordillera; there are two kinds of them, the grey, and the variegated ; their weight is gene- rally from six to eight pounds, and they are a good article of food ; like our geese they feed on grass ; after having been on the plains for some time they get fat, and find great difficulty in raising themselves completely from the ground, to effect which they always have to run a little. The Huassos kill numbers in the following man- ner ; they first fix a number of stakes, or bushes, so as to form a crescent, near the ‘centre of which they make a pen, where the stakes are placed closer, so as to prevent the birds from running ; then three or four men on horse- back begin to drive the birds toward the enclosure, for they seldom fly, even when within gun shot; after this the rest of the party close round the space where the birds are confined, and as soon as they have forced them into the pen, they commence an attack upon them with sticks, 190 ATROCITIES OF PINCHEYRA. and by these means generally secure an ample reward for their trouble. There are also numerous flocks of peroquetts of various size and plumage; besides partridges, ducks, and dif- ferent kinds of doves. This hacienda was once visited by Pincheyra, during the celebration of a feast; and whilst the guests were at mass, he murdered several, robbed the church and houses, and carried off several women, one of whom was the niece of the owner, Don Gregorio Moreno; this gentleman fortunately escaped into a morass, but his poor old mother was beaten so unmercifully, that she died shortly after ; this treatment was used to make her tell where the plate was secreted. Don Gregorio afterwards ransomed his niece for three hundred dollars; and on account of the kind treament she received from the sisters of Pincheyra, he brought them to his estate, when they were taken prisoners ; but they no sooner collected a supply of pro- visions, than they decamped to the Cordillera, and joined their husbands. After leaving Niquen, I visited all the different passes from that of El Parrall to the Bio Bio; I also revisited Los Angeles, and found many settlers, and that the new buildings had begun to make a show amongst the ruins. I next visited San Carlos, and saw my “ commadre” at Nacimiento; I found my god-daughter in good health, and received a quantity of pifiones from her mother ; and at my departure gave her a suitable present. I there re-passed the river,and visited Rere, returned to Yumbell, and went to see the neighbouring lakes, one of which, Avendano, produces pearls of a good colour, but of a very small size. sh Ea EB a A RAT as Jaton id CHARACTER OF THE CHILLANEJOS, 191 After three weeks’ absence I returned to head-quarters highly delighted with my tour. On the 12th of February, a ball was given to celebrate the anniversary of the battle of Chacabuco and which was kept up two days. The females of Chillan and the southern provinces are good-looking, and reputed to be very industrious; excel- lent carpets, ponchos, bed-quilts, and various kinds of course cotton, and woollen cloths are made by them ; they dye these by means of a coloured matter which diy extract from roots and plants of various kinds. Some of these colours are bright, and do not fade; the women are amiable, and seem to be good housekeepers, and from the little observation that I could make, I should judge them to be good wives. E The Chillanejos are also an industrious people; their farms are well cultivated, and the land is very fertile; wheat produces from eighty to one hundred fold, and the ground requires very little preparation. Notwithstanding the distress which prevailed in these provinces, provisions were very cheap; good wines are produced here, partis cularly the Cucha-Cucha and Carlon wines; potatoes French beans, and frigoles, which are the principal articles of provision amongst the labouring classes, grow in abundance. a The locusts are often very destructive here, laying wisle and sweeping away whole crops ; their devastations bring no small emolument to the friars, or clergy, who are often called out to « conjure” them, and get well paid for performing the ceremony; but I have never known the locusts obedient to their charms: I once tried an experiment with a mixture of gunpowder and sulphur, which during one morning destroyed more of these insects 192 THE CHILLANS WELL INFORMED. than all the « conjuration” of the priests will do in an age ; this action gained me the ill-will of a noted “ con- jurador;” so that I never attempted to spoil his trade afterwards ; recollecting that it is well to allow every one to have his own ideas—* for without faith we are not to be saved.” A manufactory of woollen cloths was once established in Chillan, by El S’or Lantafio; where, I have been in- formed that excellent cloth was made; this was burnt by the Spaniards, and is now superseded by a good tannery, which supplies excellent leather. On account of the missionary convent being in Chillan, the men are generally well-informed, and some of the best counsellors, or lawyers in Chile are natives of this city ; nearly all that I knew were what are there ealled « Tintirrilos.” I was amused during the election of their municipal corps, particularly at the desire each manifested to become a member, and at the quarrels that ensued, frequently the candidates came to blows with each other. General Borgofio once sent an officer with a party of soldiers to preserve the peace, on which both parties set off to the city of Concepcion, to lay their complaint be- fore the governor-intendente, nor did they return until a person was sent to pacify them; they then brought an order for the governor to retire ten leagues from the city; but General Borgofio having received ample instruction, on finding the umpire to be partial, ordered him to return to Concepcion, which of course gained the ill-will of the fallen party towards the general. A short time afterward, there was an election for a president and vice-president of the republic, but this caused no alteration at all in the course of affairs, because here they had no private interest at stake ; for in Chillan, TRICKS, AND CONVENTUAL ILLUSIONS. 193 and nearly all the provincial towns in Chile it is well to be a“ Cabildante,” for then they have justice in their own hands, which in some cases is quitc necessary. Chillan was once a large and populous town, but it was greatly injured by an earthquake ; and afterwards it suffered severely by the ravages of war. During the time that General Carrera besieged the Spaniards, who were shut up here, the friars, among other inventions, made the image of the Virgin open and shut her eyes, and nod her head ; and on General Sanchez pre- senting his baton, she received it, and returned it to him : this being pronounced a miracle, animated the beseiged ; the priests also strove by various illusions to terrify the besiegers ; but General M‘Kenna* soon exposed their tricks ; and by taking some of them, who went out at night, with the intention of alarming the outposts, he made the rest desist. Sanchez, in order to reward and gain proselytes, made several of the ladies of Chillan colonels, lieutenant- colonels, majors, &ec.; some of these, with whom I became acquainted, have shown me their badges. The missionary college was destroyed by a Buenos Ayrean officer, Pastoriso, who it is said set fire to it on the retreat of the patriots, to deprive his enemies of the good quarters it afforded. This was both a wanton and unnecessary action; judging from the ruins, it must have been a noble edifice ; it was built of stone ; the church is still in good repair; the ruins of the convent have been in part cleared away, and are converted into barracks for cavalry; and a few sheds have been added. The other convents and principal buildings are partly in ruins ; but lately there has been a spirit of renovation, * A native of Ireland. © 194 DEPLORABLE STATE OF THE TREASURY, for whilst I was in the south, eight or ten good houses were built, some of which had two or three chimneys—a sicht in Chillan. : go et of the disturbances created by the dis- affected, we suffered the greatest necessities, through the exhausted state of the treasury; and as the re- mittance for the purchase of rations for the month of February had not arrived in due time, General Beroe despatched me to the capital, where I was Satine 0 fortnight, and then did not receive more than 4, dollars ; and this was when the congress had awarded the proceeds of the « Estanco,” that had been grassed for the payment of the foreign debt. The following ¢ er that was published by a zealous patriot, El Doctor on Jose Miguel Infante, and that of El Padre Guzman, wi explain matters better than I can do, relative to the ex- hausted state of the treasury, &c. ARMY OF OPERATION OF THE SOUTH. « CHILLAN, April 6th, 1828.— Major Sutcliffe bas arrived % wi hi 4,500 dollars, to pay for the rations that correspond to the mon he ary, and another officer leaves to bring the sum that Sate Wis oe month of March. Now, if this aid be sustained, all will prosp 3 =n now time to put a stop fo sedition ; and the manner in which 1 ae a complished is, not to be deprived of what is absolutely i wl oR maintenance ; then we may have good order and diseip jie, & i ha public may depend upon the co-operation of an army, x I a small one, may serve its urgency, without becoming a {00 of fe , } of anarchy. Rito vist are sent from a military encampment, who does not yerceive the unhappy state of affairs? wh Gr wn ih the ¢ Estanco,’ jointly with the 4,500 dollars i ee been remitted from Santiago, scarcely cover two-thirds of the mont yp % &ec., but we may deduce the consequences, by having the above extract fro my of the south before us. ey nt is created to pay the interests of the ( emprestito J Londres) foreign loan ; and congress have taken it from the Wa tl i year 18.6, and placed it under the control of the treasury, yi ¢ 2 pron ° that the proceeds should be applied to the payment of the bondholc ws. { was then to be feared that government would apply the whole or part 0 THE CAUSE OF ANARCHY AND SEDITION. 195 this capital to other purposes: and in a short time after the decree of its translation was issued, the legislature was requested to subministrate the whole proceeds of a year, under the protest, that it would only be expended in paying the arrears of the army, and other debts, in order to regulate the treasury department, &c., which was granted ; therefore, by this means, the receipts of the ¢ Estanco’ were placed at the disposition of government, for the term of one year, after which it was to be expected that those funds would of course re-assume their natural application ; but it was not so, for govern- ment applied to the National Commission, in order that they might continue receiving the proceeds for the period of four months longer; and the com- mission prorogued it until the day the congress should be installed : I have not made this statement merely to demand how it has happened, that after these two concessions have been made, the army and civil officers should be still in arrear. No, that is a matter of little importance. But to speak properly, I should state, that from the 25th February, in which the congress was installed, the products of the ¢ Estanco’ ought to have reasumed their legal application—that is, to be employed in the payment of the interest of the English loan ; instead of their having since been destined to pay the army. This appears to be a controvertion of the laws. Can it he justi- fiable, even if the impoverished state of the treasury be alleged? No: Because, if it were in such a state, why did they not apply to congress, the only authority that could alter the laws ?"— Valdiviano, Federal, May 22nd, 1828, An extract from El Reverendo Padre Fray Jose Javier Guzman’s work, published in Chile, in the year 1836, under the auspices of His Excellency General Prieto, and in the government press. “ No sooner had General Pinto been invested with the supreme com- mand, than the direful effects of the Reformation of the (Religiosos) Friars, decreed in the year 1824, [ General Pinto was Minister of State at that period,) was made manifest, but more especially during the latter part of his ad- ministration, not only on account of the penury and sufferings that the few who had retained their cowl had been reduced to, by being deprived of their revenues, and confined to a reduced locality in their convents; but on account of the demoralization of the people, which arose principally from the want of operatives to assist the curates in the administration of their religious duties. “ Yes, at this period many of the subaltern rulers of the provinces took possession of the convents, treated the friars as the most abject and des- picable people, and persecuted them in such a furious manner, that many were obliged to secularize themselves and abandon their holy vestments which they loved so dearly; thus passing, as if it were by force, from the clerical state. “ Yes, the immorality and depravation of the manners of the people, had risen to such a pitch, that the former religion of Chile was unknown. “ The want of a bishop to ordain the clergy, and above all, the introduc- 0.2 £3 196 END OF THE CAMPAIGN OF 1828. ous books, which were publicly e who purchased them, to their cause of so much lbertimsm tion of a multitude of immoral and pernici sold, and read without any shame by thos families, was, in my opinion, the principal being introduced into Chile. « Amidst such lamentable circumstances, a acne : had established its throne in the republic, t e TADn 2 Ne f benign God was exemplified ; and who, In the mi bof ols hie Hs the clamours of his servants; and several p ous en Wh ler men and friars, dedicated themselves with the grea st and Be Nee ublic and private devotions, in order to put a Stop 40 eS Bt of iniquity, and restore piety, devotion, belief, an ve a happily see re-established and prosper throughout republic.” in which it appeared, that 1m- On the rainy season setting in, our army pes io their cantonments, having taken about Meng i the robbers prisoners, with some horses, on t 2 o : paign ; beside keeping Pincheyra pent up i is : g place, without having had an opportunity of making « ” : : CE for the intrigues of hs eli an secret friends, this war of ¢brigandage would have ith the campaign. giv a 4 Moy, and had a wet and Weaslsome march ; we were detained twice on account of ie rivers being impassable ; this season was more ope se any other that I had seen during my residence in Chi i” : The large and populous village of Rio Claro Boag was nearly destroyed, and many lives lost a os ers 2 houses were thrown down; trees torn up by the Hoo and cattle swept away by the impetuous fone the banks of the rivers were filled with the trunks o ios that had been swept from the Cordillera ; and yn y the rivers and streams had changed their course; In + y the ruin and devastation that had taken place on our is of march cannot be fully understood, or aiived y any who have not beheld such scenes for themselves. REVOLUTION OF SAN FERNANDO. 197 When we arrived at the capital, we found that it had been threatened with an inundation ; and had it not been for the “ taja-mar” (parapet,) which was erected as a defence, and government taken the precaution of causing part of the river to take its course to the south of the city El Aguado, much more damage would have been done. A great number of houses and mills were washed away in the suburbs of La Chimba; besides an assem- blage of huts belonging to the poorer class, who had formed a settlement, called Guangali, on the bank of the river. A subscription of considerable amount was raised, to which government not only contributed, but assigned a site for the people to rebuild their huts upon. The general reassumed his functions as minister of war, and still retained me in his service. A revolution broke out in the province of Colchagua ; the battalion, No. 6, stationed in San Fernando, had been corrupted by two dissatisfied persons, Sefiores Silva and Urriola, who with a few others of their party, were striving to revolutionize the rest of the army. General Borgofio, with the battalion No. 7, Colonel Rondisonni, marched from the capital, and were joined in Rancagua by two companies and a squadron of militia. On our march we halted at the Requingua, an estate belonging to the father-in-law of Urriola; here an attempt was made to steal or disperse our horses. Next day, hearing that Urriola was on his march, we went to meet him; but finding that he had taken up a position at Pelequin, a narrow pass, where the road was rendered almost impassable by the heavy rain that had fallen ; and knowing that an engagement could not take 198 REVOLUTION OF SAN FERNANDO. place there without great loss of life, which the general wished to avoid, as his object was simply to re-establish the power of government in the province; and besides this, expecting to be joined in San Fernando by a regi- ment of dragoons that had been ordered to meet him; he took another route by the Cuesta de Cuenca, and left the battalion, No. 6, without molesting them, intending, on his arrival at San Fernando, to send Lieut.-Colonel Tupper, with a division of cavalry and infantry, to bring them to their duty, or attack them ; but all his plans were frustrated, for no sooner had our advanced-guard entered the city, than they were attacked by a party of dragoons belonging to the regiment that was to have joined us; they were soon repulsed, leaving one dead, and several wounded in the “plaza.” Lieut.-Colonel Tupper took up a position, and awaited the arrival of the rest of the troops, who, on hearing the firing, made all possible haste to join him. On account of the firing that was kept up from the convent of San Francisco, the general thought that the dragoons had possession, so he ordered No. 7 to form close column, and attack it; we marched, and on silencing their fire, discovered that the regiment of dragoons had carried away all our bag- gage and spare horses, and continued their march to join Urriola. In the midst of this disorder, the colonel of the regi- ment of dragoons arrived, and informed the general that his major and subalterns had revolted, and made him a prisoner ; the general sent a letter to the major, who would not answer it; but continued his march to join Urriola and Vidaurre, who then commanded No. 6. Major Bosa, Captain Rivera, and several soldiers of our party, were badly wounded, and two killed. REVOLUTION OF SAN FERNANDO. 199 The general marched afier the dragoons; but they and the revolted battalion made forced marches, and by fording the Maipu, during the night, got considerably ahead of us; we were also deceived by the intelligence that we received, which led us out of our direct route ; indeed all seemed combined against us. When we were passing the Maipu, we heard the firing, which announced that they had been attacked by the troops which remained in the capital : on hearing this, the general halted at the Hacienda del Espejo, where we heard Vidaurre had routed the troops which had been sent to oppose him, and that the president and his ministers had fled ; so the general determined to march to Valparaiso, where the congress had met, to place himself under the orders of the legislative body. As I was about to march with an official despatch to Valparaiso, an aid-de-camp of the president arrived at the Cuesta de Prado, to call the general to an interview with his excellency at the Hacienda del Espejo, who immediately set out, accompanied by Lieutenant-Colonel Tupper, two aids-de-camp, and orderlies. Shortly after we had reached the Espejo, an officer, Captain Soto, arrived, and gave the general a particular account of all that had transpired, and mentioned the fact that Urriola, Lattapiat, Vidaurre, and others, were in the “ maestranza,” military arsenal; and that when he left, they were aware that the general was alone in the hacienda ; this information made us feel that our situation was rather a critical one ; and as the night advanced, we took some precautions to prevent surprise; whilst at supper, conjecture being on the wing, we began to sur- mise who would be most likely to disturb us; and the general impression was, that none of the rebels was more 200 LA TAPIA. fitted to such a commission than Lattapiat; he had already immortalized himself by attacking the legislative body ; and we thought it very likely that he would now attempt by a midnight dash, to make prisoners of the president and minister of war, and thus gain the applause of those who were opposed to government: such conver- sation as this by no means tended to allay our appre- hensions of a nocturnal visit; we, therefore, determined to keep watch, and those of us who retired to rest, had not been long asleep when we were aroused by a violent knocking at the gate; we all jumped up in haste, and after arming ourselves, proceeded to examine the cause of the alarm ; on challenging the disturbers, and enquir- ing who they were, the reply was, la Tapia.” We ay prepared for a fight; but only observing two persons, we opened the wicket, when, to our surprise, it was a « Latapia,” who had come to inform the general thse commissary had arrived safely in the neighbourhood. ; This unnecessary alarm served to furnish us with a source of merriment, and then we all retired to rest; this was highly necessary, for as we had been continually drenched by the rain, and our baggage and bedding having been taken by the enemy, we had neither the means of repose, or of changing our raiment for several days. nif I had just closed my eyes, when we were again dis- turbed, and one of the president’s aid-de-camps arrived to call General Borgofio and Lis troops nearer the capital, as there seemed to be a diversion in favour of govern- ment. * The family name of Lattapiat is La Tapia ; but on his going to Pork in company with a foreign officer, S'or Margutti, who had begun to teac him French, he altered his name to Lattapiat. Le i a i {a VIDAURRE. 201 I was ordered to march to the Cuesta de Prado, to Colonel Rondsionni, and had to pass the Mapocho, which was considerably swollen; I had also to go through several thick woods, which, on account of the darkness of the night, and the heaviness of the rain, was by no means pleasant; but the calls of duty were imperative, and I was not therefore at liberty to consult my own ease. Shortly after my arrival the troops marched, and after enjoying three hours’ rest, which the general had authorized me to take, I followed them: they halted until night in the Chacara de la Merced, and then after passing through the city, took up their quarters in the powder magazines. Whilst we were in La Merced, Urriola formed his troops in the principal plaza, and there made an attempt to organize a new government; but in this he was disap- pointed, and both he and his partisans were loaded with execrations by the inhabitants of Santiago. General Pinto sent for “Major Vidaurre,* who on entering the palace, was interrogated as follows : — “What cockade is that which you wear? Answer, The Chillian. What troops have you under your command ? Anwser, Chillian. What has brought you to act against government? Answer, We were called by El Pueblo. What co-operation have you received? Do you not see that you have been led astray, and have acted improperly ? Return with your troops to your duty, and I will grant you my pardon.” To this Vidaurre made a short reply, left the palace, and soon evacuated the plaza; and then, in spite of the exertions of Urriola and his partisans, order was restored. The dragoons marched to Apoquindo, and the battalion, No. 6, to the Chacara de la Merced. * This officer was shot in Valparaiso, July 4th, 1837, by those he had aided during the disorders of 1829 and 1830. 3 Bi ei “% sae 2 oa SAI las nr i sero ~~ € 4 202 DEFECTION OF THE DRAGOONS. A general pardon was issued; and all the officers, excepting myself, were promoted. By this mad enterprize, the “moral” discipline of the army was almost destroyed; for there had been several attempts made to revolutionize the battalion, No. 7, and Captain Bricefio was caught attempting to seduce the soldiers: several lives were lost, and many were severely wounded ; amongst whom, Captain Winter, aid-de-camp to his excellency, and Dr. Buston, the staff surgeon, were two of the greatest sufferers.” A short time afterwards, the dragoons again revolted, and were carried to the south by two subaltern officers, but were intercepted by Colonel Bulnes, who obliged them to capitulate ; after this the regiment of dragoons, and the battalion, No. 6, were disbanded. About a month after this, Urriola made another at- tempt, and the palace was attacked at daybreak : but a part of the battalion, No. 7, arriving at the time, dispersed the rebels, and compelled them to take shelter in the con- vent of San Pablo, from whence they were dislodged, routed, and several of them taken prisoners, tried, and shot. General Borgofio had sent me to inform his excellency, that although he was an invalid, he might command his services ; but the president told me to remain with the general, at the same time stating, that he would not send for General Borgofio, unless some more serious circum- stances should require his attendance ; the general sent me to the palace in the evening to await orders, and I with several other chiefs and officers bivouacked there, that we might be ready to act, if necessary. Next day all was quiet; but Urriola and several others * Sir Harry Verney, a major in the English army, was on a visit at Santiago, and he went out to see the fight. URRIOLA'S ESCAPE. 203 escaped the pursuit of Colonel Tupper, who dispersed the remainder of the disaffected troops at Colina. General Borgoiio suffered so much fatigue by the affair at San Fernando, that he was obliged to retire from the ministry ; and previous to his giving up office, he ap- pointed me field-adjutant of the army, and retained me still in his service. CHAP. Vil REVOLUTION OF 1829 — GENERAL PINTO RESIGNS — DON FRAXCISCO RAMON VICUNA ’ pe — ELECTED PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC—GENERAL PRIETO'S DEFECTION—BATTLE OF OCHAGAVIA—THE PRESIDENT DEPOSED, AND A JUNTA NOMINATED. Tue RevorurioN oF 1829.—General Pinto was obliged to retire on account of ill health, and the president of the senate, Don Francisco Ramon Vicufia took charge of the government during his absence; several of the partizans of the late revolution were taken, tried, and executed; which, in place of deterring others from joining the malecontents, strengthened their party; and on General Pinto’s resum- ing his avocations, he, on account of General Borgofio’s illness, appointed General Don Joaquin Prieto to the com- mand of the army of the south; I had been on friendly terms with this gentleman, who was a decided O’Higginista, and he invited me to accompany him, as his aid-de-camp, to which I acquiesced; but government ordered me to remain with General Borgofio, and allowed me my pay and gratification, just as if I had been serving at the head-quarters of the army. The general went to reside with his family in the coun- try, until he recovered his health; and I obtained leave to visit the estates of Los S. S. Toros, at Huachun. I also made an excursion with my friends, Don Jose An- tonio Rosales, his brother, Don Manuel, and Don Felippe Santiago del Solar, to their gold mines, at El Chivato, near Talca, and I had intended visiting General Prieto with El Sor Solar: but on passing the town of Curico, a friend GENERAL PRIETO. 205 of the general, who thought I was his aid-de-camp, in- formed me that there was a defection in the army—which was soon manifested; for those soldiers who, under the command of General Borgofio had hitherto withstood the machinations of the factious, were at last induced to act against government. On my return to the capital I ap- plied to be included in the military reform that was estab- lished by congress, whereby a national credit of 600,000 dollars was effected, and six per cent. allowed for it, in order that all the chiefs and officers, who were not actively employed, might receive a remuneration for their services, and retire from the army, which, it had been calculated, would materially reduce the annual expenditure.—Num- bers of these officers, although they had been remunerated by government, joined the malecontents, and were placed on full-pay, as soon as their party obtained power; and so remained. I was not allowed to participate in this indul- gence, on account of my services being required. The following extract will exemplify the manner in which General Prieto commenced his operations against the horde of Pincheyra. “ GENERAL PRIETO. “ Ambition is the mania of the day, but as no one dares to confess this defect, it must be covered with the mask of patriotism. “ Also, the desire of living at the expense of the public treasury is pre- dominant, a system that is commonly preferred to labour and industry, and from which has resulted a bad interpretation of the word disinterested. “ Let us speak of General Prieto. . . . . . . . The president, Don F. A. Pinto, whose generous protection extends to all such as have bean unfortunate ; whether it has been through his own deliberation, or the insinuation of others, took pity of the situation of General Prieto, and to the surprise of every one, has confided the command of the army of the south to him. Much has been said on this subject, and its consequences have been calculated by some who imagined that he would be grateful to his benefactor, and others that he would act contrary. These have judged right, 206 GENERAL PINTO RESIGNS. for a few days after he had arrived in the south, were sufficient for him to trace his plans, and began by ridding himself of a chief, ( Colonel Biel,) who might have retarded his progress. Ty ee We ee « In the conduct of General Prieto, speaking as seriously as the case de- mands, we see the development of a plan projected in Santiago, and which ought to be executed in the south, by the very person who had received a nobler charge from his benefactor. « El Verdadero Liberal, No. 76, July 11th, 1829.” ] The situation of government became every day more and more alarming; placards of the most inflammatory kind were stuck up in different places, and seditious papers publicly distributed; and what made things worse were, the legislative and executive bodies being at variance; so General Pinto sooner than compromise his own honour, and that of the nation, sent in, on the 29th of October, his resignation to the congress, in which he stated his motives in a frank and honest manner. This was acceded to, and they named Don Francisco Ramon Vicuifia, president of the republic. Shortly after- wards, General Prieto detached the cavalry, and a party of mounted militia towards the capital, and when they had advanced part of the way, a corps of cavalry that was in Santiago, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Baquedano, and another in San Fernando, left their commandant, Ugquiso, and joined Colonel Bulnes, who being thus rein- forced, continued his march, until within a short distance of Santiago. Colonel Don Benjamin Biel was first in com- mand of the troops in the capital; he had three battalions of infantry, a squadron of cavalry, and a park of artillery ; these were commanded by Colonels Rondisonni and Tupper, Lieutenant-Colonels Castillo and Amunategui, and they were marched out of the city to the neighbourhood of Tango, nine leagues distant. DEFECTION OF GENERAL PRIETO. 207 On the 7th of November, government issued a decree for the nomination of an electoral body, to assemble on the 15th of March, 1830, to appoint a president and vice- president, on account of the national congress having admitted their renunciation. The same day, the mal- contents in the capital met in the “ Consulado,” and extended an “acta,” by which they deposed the vice- president, and elected a “ Junta Gubernativa,” which was made known to the president by a deputation, but he received them coolly, saying “he acknowledged no au- thority in those who had united to usurp the command,” and ordered them to disperse, and at the same time, that the « Consulado” should be closed. They then met in the national institute, where about five hundred persons signed a paper, in which all the inhabitants of the pro- vince were called upon to acknowledge the provisional junta; but the troops that were stationed at Tango, under the command of Colonel Biel, would not acknowledge them, and sent in an “acta,” dated November 9th, signed by the principal chiefs and officers, stating ‘that they would support the national authority.” His excellency, the president, in order to relieve himself from the per- sonal inconveniences he and his family had to experience, left on this night for Valparaiso, in company with the ministers of state, taking the government seal, and every requisite to fulfil the duties of his charge, and gave ample instructions to Colonel Biel, “advising him upon no ac- count, if it could possibly be avoided, to come to blows with the opposite party. On account of the illness of General Borgofio, I might have remained quietly with him, but I considered it my duty to act with the government and legislative body, and presented myself to the minister of war, Colonel Don 208 LOYALTY OF COLONEL TUPPER. Jose Antonio Cotapos, who gave me orders to attend his excellency the president, which I did, until he left for Valparaiso; as I had no previous intimation, and on ac- count of his leaving at midnight, with the ministers of state, I was unprepared to march with them, but on inquiry I was ordered to remain with General Borgofio, antil I should hear from his excellency, who thanked me for my services. I then retired to my quarters, resolved to take no further part in the civil broils, unless my ge- neral should be actively employed ; for, as a foreigner, I considered it the best policy to let the Chilians end their domestic quarrel without my voluntary co-operation, and was thankful that I could do so, without compromising myself for the sake of promotion, as hitherto I had only acted in favour of government, although at times against my own interest. Colonel Biel's division returned to the capital, when on the 12th they agreed to acknowledge General Freyre as commander-in-chief, in order to put an end to the disorders that menaced the republic, and preserve the moral discipline of the army, without separating them- selves from the obedience they had sworn to the supreme executive, which they acknowledged and would only obey, antil the nation had resolved by the unanimous vote of the provinces to elect another. But unfortunately, the very next day General Freyre, accompanied by General Blanco and others, proceeded to the barracks of the battalion, No. 8, and strove to persuade the corps to obey and acknowledge the junta; Colonel Tupper was absent at the time the generals entered, but on being advised, he rushed forward to the place where the troops had been put under arms by the orders of the commander-in-chief, and spoke to the soldiers in a spirited and undaunted manner, THE GENERALS RETIRE. 209 as follows: —*Soldiers, the general has led you to victory ; I also have led you to victory. Whom do you choy? your colonel, or the general ;” he was instantly answered “ We obey our colonel—* Viva el Colonel Tupper!” " iis the generals, and those that had accompanied them finding their plans were frustrated, thought proper » retire. A mob had collected outside the barracks, which was soon dispersed, and all the troops in the capital put themselves again under the command of Colonel Viel and declared in an acta dated November 13th, signed Ww all the chiefs and officers, that they had wilidizavin them- selves from under the command of General Freyre, on account of his having refused to act in accordance with the legitimate government, and placed themselves under the command of Colonel Biel as commandante-general. This was a severe blow to the opposite party, who, in order to make the division unpopular, called it «El Exercito Frances,” the French army. The cavalry from the south, under the command of Colonel Bulnes, had taken up a position in the Chacara de Ochagavia, about one and half league from the capital and Colonel Biel marched out to a Chacara in the sighs bourhood ; and then General Don Francisco Lastra iE appointed chief of the division, in order that the army might become “a national one,” and Colonel Biel re- mained second in command. His excellency, the president, had installed the govern- ment in Valparaiso, and the ministers carried on their communications with the legitimate authorities as usual. T he governor of Santiago, El S’or Bilbao, with the mu- nicipal body, did all they could to supply the division of General Lastra with men, horses, and resources, and summoned the militia: however, only a small corps that Pp 25 210 HOSTILITIES COMMENCED. were brought by El Sor Colonel Romo, obeyed the order. On the 15th, Lieutenant-Colonel Amunatigui marched from Valparaiso with two companies of artillery, but were intercepted on the 18th whilst passing the Cuesta de Prado, by Colonel Bulnes and five hundred cavalry, and were obliged to capitulate; after which the greatest part of the soldiers and two officers joined the vanguard of the army of General Prieto. Previous to General Prieto’s arrival at Ochagavia, two deputations from the governor-intendent of Santiago, met him on the 30th, at Codegua,* when the division of Colonel Bulnes was ordered to suspend hos- tilities, until the chief of the division in Santiago, and the government, sent a deputation properly authorized to treat, which was to be on the 5th of December, on which day the Colonels Don Manuel Bulnes, Don Antonio Villagran, on the part of General Prieto; Colonels Don Benjamin Biel, and Don Pedro Godoy, on the part of General Lastra, agreed, that a suspension of hostilities should take place until two P.M. of the 6th, at which time two persons, named on each side, should conclude a treaty of peace, before the specified hour, in order that an end might be put to the political quarrel. General Lastra named on his part General Don Manuel Borgofio, and the minister of the supreme court Don Carlos Rodrigues, with Colonel Don Pedro Godoy, as secretary; and General Prieto named El Sargento Mor Don Jose Antonio Vidaurre, and El Doctor Don Jose Antonio Rodrigues Aldea, but nothing definitive took place on account of various informalities, so the armistice ended, and hostilities recommenced. On the 8th, the Aquilles, brig of war, was taken out to * El Sor Don Javier Rosales, now the envoy of Chile, was on this deputation, for he belonged to the liberal party, BATTLE OF OCHAGAVIA. 21} sea, by two mutinous officers. She had a considerable quantity of specie and government documents on board, that had been placed in security; so government applied for the assistance of Captain Bingham of his majesty’s ship Thetis, who having his excellency, the president, and the vice-admiral of the Chilian squadron, C. C. Woorster,* on board, got underweigh, went in pursuit of her, and, after exchanging a few shots, brought her into port again. This affair nettled the opposite party, and augmented their hatred against foreigners. General Prieto took up a posi- tion in the Chacara de Ochagavia, and General Lastra in El Olivar, close to the city; he had the principal square fortified, and frequent skirmishes took place between each party. General Borgofio used to visit General Lastra daily; on the 13th of December he staid late, in order to prevail on General Lastra, and the other chiefs, to refrain from attacking General Prieto, but in vain, for next morn- ing they marched at daybreak; on our hearing that they had commenced hostilities, the general ordered me to ascend the hill of Santa Lucia, and report to him what should occur. I observed the division of General Lastra attack the left of General Prieto’s, and dislodge him from the Chacara de Ochagavia, after which General Prieto’s cavalry made several charges, but still General Lastra’s division continued their march till near to the Chacara de Eyzaguirre, which had been on the right of General Prieto’s army ; then the firing ceased, and General Lastra’s division halted nearly on the same ground as that on which General Prieto’s army had been formed. Before the battle ended, a party of mounted ragamuffins denominated «La Partida del Alva,” (break-of-day boys,) entered the city, and committed various depredations, and * The following government annulled his commission of vice-admiral., p2 212 CELEBRATION OF PEACE. entirely gutted the house of Mr. La Foret, French consul, situated in the Chimba, who, with his family, managed to escape to a friend's in the neighbourhood, and afterwards remained, concealed for two days, in the house of General Borgofio. Both parties claimed the victory, and in my humble opinion they were right, for what General Lastra had gained by fighting was lost; for in the end he was completely outwitted by General Prieto, the particulars of which are well known in Chile. An armistice was agreed upon for forty-eight hours, during which time General I'reyre was appointed commander-in- chief of both armies, and plenipotentiaries were named, who cele- brated a definitive treaty of peace, by which the com- mands of both generals were to cease, and the division of General Lastra to leave the capital. A provisional junta, composed of Don Jose ‘Thomas Ovalle, Don Isidoro, Errazuriz, and Don Jose M. Guzman, was appointed to govern until a president should be elected. General Freyre was acknowledged by both divisions on the 17th, and on the same day General Borgofio and Don Santiago Antonio Perez protested against the mal-inter- pretation of the treaty. On the 18th it was publicly pro- claimed; on the 19th the militia of Aconcagua, and other districts that had joined General Prieto, were ordered to return to their places of residence; and on the same day the newly raised corps of Carbineers of the Constitution, belonging to General Lastra’s division was disbandoned, and the general gave up the command of his division; both of the contending parties met at Ochagavia, and the troops celebrated the peace by a fraternal embrace. I presented myself to General Freyre, to receive his excellency’s orders, in company with Lieutenant-Colonel Ross; he made the latter his aid, and ordered me to remain with General OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS. 213 Borgofio. The troops of Colonels Rondissoni, Tupper and Castillo, were sent into cantonments at Quillota, und General Prieto, who, disregarding the treaties, had still kept the command of his division, entered the capital and was received by his partisans as a conqueror. Soon afterwards a rupture commenced between General Freyre and General Prieto, which the following documents wil elucidate. “OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS. No. 1. “ Head-quarters of the Liberating Army, at Ochagavia, December 17, 1829. “To his excellency Capt. General Don Ramon Freyre, 4 In conformity with the definitive treaty of peace ratified yesterday afternoon, your excellency has been or cognized by this army. The soldiers, who fought so ardently in the war of independence, are the some who wish to augment their glory, serving as protectors to the liberty and rights which Chile acquired in its emancipation: this emancipation would have been useless without the enjoyment of these, and, for this reason, the army of the south believed themselves justified to undertake new labours, not to lose those they had consecrated to their country against their old oppressors. The chiefs and soldiers of the army of the south, without other designs, without other aspira- tions than the most laudable, to cause to be respected the fundamental laws, and the freewill of the country, feel a double pleasure in seeing their desires realized, without more shedding of blood, through the happy intervention of your excellency; and, in the nomination of you, as their plenipotentiary, they feel more and more satisfied. They hope, and have reason to hope, that under the orders of your excellency, they will never be converted into instru- ments of oppression, but rather that they may be the shield a oy a ra z 3 ERASE Poa om Cacia a a = a - oo cms oo SE SRS TES 214 OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS. of the will of the country, which your excellency has known how to respect always: this consideration has contributed, without doubt, to the joy with which: the liberating army has submitted to your excellency. «On this occasion, I assure your excellency of my senti- ments of esteem and respect. (Signed) «Joaquin PrieTo.” No. 2. « Captain General of the Army, December 19, 1829. « Having informed myself of the contents of your esteemed note of the day before yesterday, in which you were pleased to communicate to me, the recognition made to the army of my person, as general in chief, by virtue of the definitive treaty of peace; I have to assure you, with every effusion of my heart, that the blood we so prodigally shed in twenty years of war, to gain our independence, must be economised in the contests for liberty, which, if it is the more difficult to acquire, ought only to be protected by the soldier. That army, which under your command, has constantly proved these sentiments; I doubt not, being as brave as it is generous, it will sincerely embrace our old and common companions of so many glories, with that noble generosity, which is emblematic of the Chilian cha- racter. I glory in commanding an army as virtuous as it is brave, and I have an especial satisfaction in signifying to you my distinguished esteem. (Signed) « RamoN FREYRE.” «To the Sefior General of Division, Don Joaquin Prieto.” No. 3. “ Captaincy General, December 19, 1829. « DecrEE.—Desirous that the evils should cease, which until now the republic has experienced through military HE ; . RR TG OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS. 215 preparations, which the circumstances have occasioned, and being prejudicial to agriculture and the arts, that the citizens destined to these various occupations should re- main any longer away from their homes. I decree the following : — “1st. The division of national guards from the province of Aconcagua, and others of this class, who may be found incorporated in the division of the south, shall return to their homes, from whence they came, in charge of their respective chiefs. “2nd. It is hoped that their zeal for order will give no cause for complaint from their fellow-citizens during their transit, but rather that they will continue, as they have ever done, to show an example of discipline and morality. “3rd. The major-general of the army will charge him- self with the execution of this decree. (Signed) “ FREYRE. “ OBEJERO, Secretary.” No. 4. “ Captaincy-General, December 19, 1829. “ Decree.—Having augmented the corps in the army, owing to the critical circumstances of the republic, and out of which danger” it has now happily escaped, and there being no object for the continuation of the squadron lately created, I decree the following: — “1st. That the squadron denominated Carbineers of the Constitution is disbanded. “2nd. The chiefs and officers that compssed it, will return to occupy the destinations they held previous to their incorporation in it. “3rd. The major-general of the army will see that the arms and other things that have belonged to the 216 OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS. said corps be received into the government stores, under the most ample inventory, as also to the due compliance of this order,—let note be taken of it, communicated, and printed. (Signed) “ 'REYRE, « OBEJERO, Secretary. No. 5. “The Captain-General of the Army. « Soldiers,—After having given to the republic the in- estimable treasure of internal peace, it is requisite that you manifest to your pacific fellow-citizens, that in the generous breast of the Chilian soldier the ignoble passion of resentment is not harboured; and that if military ardour made you interrupt, by a fatal casualty, the happy harmony with which you knew how to distinguish yourselves in the glorious epoch in which you fought for the national in- dependence, already you are reconciled with the sincerity which distinguishes true brothers. « Soldiers,—The days of bitterness, which political circumstances brought upon our dear country, have disap- peared for ever—erase them from your memory, and let a mutual embrace be the bond to distinguish the sons of the republic. This is the wish of your general and companion in arms. (Signed) “ RamoN FREYRE.” No. 6. TO THE NATION. ® “ Santiago, January 18th, 1830. «To the Most Excellent Governing Junta, «| have exhausted all the means dictated by prudence, in order that the excellent Sor Captain General Don Ramon Freyre should co-operate in sustaining the cause ini Ha sa a as . a TORR A ee a / ; OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS. 217 of the people, as he appeared to do previous to the signing the treaty of peace, in which I manifested to him an un- limited confidence ; but, unfortunately, the suggestions of men Interested in disunion, and a never stifled predis- position against me, have opposed themselves. “ That treaty was signed, and when we hoped that he should seek all his support in the army under my command because the three battalions that covered the garrison of the capital had given him a terrible lesson of disobedience I began to discover that not only was he surrounded by chiefs belonging to those battalions; and even the very man who menaced him with the preparation of arms in the bar- Tacks of St. Augustin, but that he was taking measures to diminish the effective force of the army under my com- mand, always postponing it in the armaments and whatever succours were required. i I sought the important mediation of your excellency, to induce the S’or Captain-General to adopt another line of conduct; and there was a meeting in the very palace, where bases were laid down and stipulations made, which for the future, should produce frankness and mutual soon Nothing was accomplished by the captain-general and the most excellent junta found itself likewise crippled in its operations, because its powers were disputed, and I was denied the character with which I am invested as general of the army of the south. The evil had now no remedy In negociation. The reports respecting my destruction, and that of the army of the south multiplied; and yet notwithstanding I passed to his excellency the letter No. 1., which I annex in copy, in which I recapitulated a part of my just complaints. In reply I received that of No. 2, and with it the official communication No. 8, in which he wants to dispossess me of the command of the army. RS 218 OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS. « The captain-general affects to be ignorant, that by the treaty of peace, I only ceased to be general-in-chief of the liberating army ; which was composed of that which I held for the government, and of the forces from the provinces of Colchagua and Aconcagua, and from the departments of Melipilla and Rancagua. There was not, nor is there now a national government : for this reason, I was an indepen- dent general, and authorised by the provinces to re-establish the constitution, and protect the free opinion of the country. By the treaty, perhaps ceding my powers, I sacrificed all to peace and union; and I divested myself of that character, returning to that position and state that I held previously to the provinces taking up arms; the same did General Lastra, he remained without any command, as he was before ; but I retained that of the army of the south, as so charged by the government and by the provinces of Concepcion and Maule. « Even the captain-general found himself in a similar position to that of mine in 1823; he was then inten- dent of the province of Concepcion named by the go- vernment, and he submitted to that honourable assembly, and in this character came to the capital, where General O’Higgins had been already deprived of the command, and a governing junta was already installed with general ap- plause ; such as the whole population have shown in the installation of your excellency. Even in order to take at that time command of the republic, the captain-general had to resort to the honourable assembly of Concepcion, soliciting leave and consent. «In fine, reflections, convincing arguments, and media- tions, deserving the greatest respect, have not sufficed ; and now in this position, true to the trust which the people have put in me, and seeing so many violations against the treaty OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS. 219 of peace, and the representations of the army under m command, I have felt it incumbent on me to place it in safety, so as to cause its rights, and those of the countr to be respected. The steps I am going to take, have thi object, with this view I shall go and encamp " self out of the city, where I will always be at the es of . excellency. As soon as your excellency, or any oriss citizen, may be nominated for the general IL b the plenipotentiaries of the provinces, or I" by bud fod my troops will give proofs of on : eon f oA ie down my command with pleasure, if “] hasten to impart to your excellency this inevitable resolution, that your excellency may take measures of safety with the civic corps of your command, and on this Shana cians the homage of my high consideration (Signed) “Joaquin Prieto.” No. 1. “ Santiago, January 17, 1830 “My Esteemed General, hr “I have often sought you out that we might agree to oppor- tune measures for the tranquillity and plist of the try, and I have done so because in all my public i I have not proposed to myself any other object, nor have I other views than the welfare of my country od becaus you also have manifested to me on several otis desires, and the expediency for these interviews 4 I have the sorrow of observing that they have not odie d up to this day, the beneficial effects we had belioved would, and I apprehend, as does the public, that far i advancing in the great work which I thought to accomplish with your consent and co-operation, it Te getting rte Eg ER pr i EO Se ay { 220) OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS. from day to day; the fatigues and laudable Gis of So and distinguished patriots, who have sacrificed ¢ ose Te to destroy the order of things which wis Oy ” . public to its complete ruin, and to substitute anotl er w 4 should conduct it to the happiness of which it 1s worthy, d. a we have resolved upon verbally between ourselves, and in the presence of several respectable os habitants, has unfortunately remained without seen and, as a state of things that appears to result from : wa i" of confidence, and in which the apparent object “ 0 pe : secute me, is already perceived ; the occasion i arrive that we act in this matter frankly, i Ee my part were possible, that this be in writing, SO bes any case my reputation may not suffer; and, Bose : to vindicate myself before the people who have are en the justice to believe in the sincerity and good Se oo with which I have resolved to suffer for them, Is auste “ the legal resources, with which the majority of t pe tions of the republic solicited the remedy for the vio : ® that our fundamental code, and that of the electora a : suffered, the provinces of Concepcion and Maule tn the cry against the infractors, certain that they wou seconded, as we have seen, by the rest of the prone ; and, as the vote of that of Colchagua and Santiago ov stified by armed force, I was called upon to Sn ; obstacle which impeded its free utterance. The on ” demanded of me this important service, and I di hesitate in affording it, exposing myself to the ithe a sacrifices from which others wanted to fly. You aa the Chilenos have been witnesses of the approbation Ww wi the movement merited, at the head of which my fate a my ardent desires for the public good placed me. Xo A NL Cn OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS. 221 were the first to justify my resolution. You have gone on in consonance with my sentiments, and have repeated a thousand times that you would not take command of the oppressive force, which the fallen government offered you, because the resistance that was intended to oppose to the army under my command, which army reclaimed the fulfil- ment of the law supported by the general vote, was revolt- ing to justice and your own heart. In fine, the entire nation has expressed itself, and its expression justifies but too well the enterprize which patriotism made me undertake. “By the true republicans, by the real lovers of their country, I was invited long since to move from Chillan, to celebrate with you an intimate alliance and friendship, which should form the column and irresistible support of the rights and liberties of the country given to it by law. On the first suggestion I showed myself disposed and ready to sacrifice on the altar of the country minor resentments, which must be silent when the public cause speaks; and sincerely did I decide upon that union, which I looked upon as the rock on which would be shattered the miserable aspirations, the anarchy, and the invasions against the liberty and rights of Chile, and of the Chilenos. Scarcely had I put myself in contact with your friends, and with mine who have influence more particularly in the public affairs, than I declared to them my most sincere desires to strengthen that union indirectly entered into, and 1 offered them to avail myself of every opportunity which might be presented to give to you and to all, proofs of my good faith. “In fact, on the 14th of last month, when the victory over the forces that oppressed the people, was about to secure completely their liberty, I was invited by the chiefs who commanded them to a negociation ; which, economizing Chilian blood, might produce the same happy results as a si ERR a Ra Re 222 OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS. triumph. Then did, I believe, arrive the {oi to prove the good faith with which I had lent i to your friendship, and I did not hesitate to deposit in yout hands my fate, that of the faithful and virtuous army commanded, and that of the whole of the republic, naming you plenipotentiary on my part io adjust that enty ; thas treaty was verified, and in its ratification I wished to give you another new proof of confidence, hoping that it would oblige you to give me yours. «The day after the treaty of peace was sealed you pre- sented yourself in the encampment of Ochagavia with 50 pretensions which were fatal to the treaty. The first w as to explain article eight, with an addition, which left m existence the local authorities, of whose nullity the mite had repeatedly complained ; and the second was, thas should withdraw myself from the command of the aTiny in the south by virtue of article three of the reat. Your friends made you perceive that the commissioners had not the faculty to explain, nor add to the treaties after their ratification ; that for such a proceeding new powers were necessary, and all the formalities which are used in such one ventions ; that the interpretations which you suggested w oe equivalent to a defeat on our part, because 1t was Ne to oblige the city of Santiago to groan under the yo te 0 null and despotic authorities; that they should continue arbitrary, disposing of the persons and rights of the citizen, without vou or any other having the power to prevent them, because, by the treaty, neither was given, nor could be given to you the attribute to interpose in the resolutions of {se authorities. In the same manner they persuaded you a8 I complied with said article three, ceasing to be general- : asi an inde- in-chief of the liberating army, ceasing to be pendent general, to submit myself to you as the sole OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS. 223 chief of both divisions, until the necessary means were prepared for me, and the general government of the republic established, so as to return to my appointment as intendant of the province of Concepcion, with the com- mand of the army of the south, which a general power had confided to me. You yielded to the conviction, and 1 could not but attribute your solicitudes to a surprise or equivo- cation, and the more so when I found you rationally decided to seek your security, and that of the people in the army under my command, which sustained it, rather than in the corps of the garrison of Santiago, which had repeatedly disturbed its tranquillity. The character and pretensions of the general of the army of the south, and that of the persons about him, inspired more confidence than the character and pretensions of the chiefs who com- manded the garrisons of Santiago, and that of the persons who surrounded them, and indeed it was blinding myself much, not to discern which of the two divisions offered the best guarantees. Satisfied on the point, sundry persons supplicated you in my presence, not to separate one single soldier from the army under my command, until the bat- talions commanded by General Lastra were cantoned, so that it might calm the inquietude in which their presence put the inhabitants, and the apprehension of a reaction which would not be difficult, considering that.already on another occasion they had failed in their engagements, and in the obedience which they had promised to you, and con- sidering likewise that the suggestions of the persons with whom you were in intimate friendship might have their effect; the chiefs and officers of those corps declared that you would yield to that supplication, founded in the same treaties, because, if the article 1st places under your orders both armies, and empowers you to canton them as you 224 OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS. may consider convenient to the better service of the state, its security and public tranquillity, neither that nor any of the other articles authorizes you to diminish nor augment the strength in which the divisions were found, and in which they were delivered up to you. Nevertheless you thought proper to decree under date of last 19th December, ¢ that the division of national guards from the province of Aconcagua, and others of this class, who may be found incorporated in the divisions under my command, do return to their homes, from whence they came in charge of their respective chiefs; and although I might have objected to this disposition, on account of its being contrary to the tenor of the treaty, 1 allowed it to take effect, giving up the militias of Aconcagua, and those of the cavalry of Rancagua; and I caused a person, of whom you could entertain no suspicion, to write to you, informing you that the decree referred to, tacitly extinguished the battalion of Maipu, which in its greatest part was composed of the militias of Rancagua; and you replied through Don Manuel Gandarillas, that you were ignorant of this information, and that it would be better not to comply with that part of the decree amicably objected to. I confided in the good faith and remained tranquil, until I knew that after your reconciliation you complained of me, as if it had not taken place, for having left in the Maipu the militias of Ran- cagua. «In a few days you ordered that the one hundred artillerymen of Valparaiso, who on the Cuesta de Prado, passed over to the vanguard of the army of the south, should return to Valparaiso; then it was that I submitted to you in a friendly manner, through Don Fernando Erra- suriz, a representation that these artillerymen formed part of the Maipu, and that their return to Valparaiso | eu OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS. 225 would weaken the division under my command, which you ought to maintain entire, so as to frustrate with it attempts of the enemies of public order and tranquillit You agreed with Senor Errazuriz, and consented that artillerymen should remain as they were, incorporated in the Maipu;; and agreed also with the same person that the battalion of Carampangui should remain in garrison in Santiago, while one of the three battalions actually can- toned out of the province, should be given to me, in "el that it might march with me to Concepcion; this agree- ment you did not think fit to carry into teen : i Knowing that you unjustly complained that the arm of the south maintained itself in hostile array in the encam y ment of Ochagavia, that I retained with me the ind four pounders I had brought from Valparaiso, to demolish the trenches, which was done in virtue of the treaty of peace and being equally aware that you attributed to me the Seton fon from the corps in the division of General Lastra, I visited you personally on distinct occasions, and begged of several persons that they would do the same, so as oh re- move the suspicions and want of confidence with which you had been inspired, by some evil-minded individuals, who, it appears, are carrying out their plan of introducing disonrd, The result of these explanations was, that you sent for me to your house, in order that, in presence of five of the most influential inhabitants, we should enter into explanations and take the necessary measures to secure the er tranquillity, and my return to Concepcion. Then did we make mutual protestations of friendship, and of a sincere union; then did you enthusiastically express yourself in favour of the cause I have defended, and witch I shall never abandon; then, not only did you approve of my remaining in command of the army of the south, not only Q dh A 226 OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS. did you assure me that you in my case, would never leave it; you then said that you were perfectly satisfied and tranquil; and then, lastly, you yourself proposed, and it was agreed upon that the battalions No. 1 and Maipu, should form one only, and should remain in this capital under the command of the sergeant major, Don J. A. Vidaurre (form- ing the garrison with the regiment of horse cazadores,) that the battalion Pudeto should remain in Curimon, that the squadron of Hussars, and the Concepcion battalion should go to the Canton of Maule; that the battalion Caram- pangui, and the horse grenadiers should accompany me to Chillan to cover the frontier: that you would issue a pro- clamation pardoning the deserters of Chacabuco, Pudeto, and Concepcion, and leaving them at liberty to incorporate themselves in the corps they pleased. The day after this agreement was made, in presence of the before-mentioned individuals, you retracted ; from motives of which I am ignorant, and all remained in the state in which it was, until information arrived that the city of Concepcion had been surprised by a hundred country people, which Felix An- tonio Novoa had got together, made me return to see you, to concert the means to be sent to that province, and the force with which I should pass the Maule: we did then agree that I should take with me the battalion Maipu, commanded by Major Vadaurre, two companies of the Carampangui, that of its sergeant major Anguila, and the regiment of the horse grenadiers; and that you would shortly treat about sending a force of infantry and cavalry to the canton of Maule. 1 am also assured that you failed in this agreement; and new measures, new dispositions entered into by you, which have for their object to isolate me, and take from me the command of the army of the south, daily comes to my knowledge, for which act you have no OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS. 20% faculty or authority whatever. I know, with certainty, that you insist on attributing to me designs of placing Coen O’Higgins at the head of the republic, against the wish of the country; and this appears to be nothing else than seeking pretexts with which to ruin me, now that there is no motive or proof to convict me. “The man who labours for the liberty of the nation; he who has given repeated proofs of his stvinrestodnens ind respect for public opinion, cannot think of stifling it b obliging the republic to receive a mandatory oom , resists. To deliver myself up to you as I have don as o the 14th and 16th of December ist, was not the best es gerior general, to place in the government Don Beronrdio 0 Higgins. Even children look with contempt upon the imputation through which unjust suspicions are wished to be infused. What proof? What indication even is there to attribute to me such a design? It would be easie and more likely if I could bring myself to it, to on the execration and hatred of the public, seonding unde foot the will of the people, that I should do it in oder place myself in command, and not in order to place in it another. Undeceive yourself, as all have ee : for br there is no General O'Higgins, nor other Section. but th law, the liberty of the people, and public hy which respect, and which I never will oppose. The v that [ swerve from these sentiments, let the indignation my countrymen, and all the ill iy ) s that can affect man, fall upon “If my honest intention—if my disinterested services to the couniyy—if my true impartiality and disinterestedness have gained for me the esteem of my fellow. citizens, I shall always feel honoured to merit it through these BTS ; well supported by just public opinion, any OTS Q2 228 OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS. will be an honour to me. No one can be persuaded, that the friendship I have professed for General O'Higgins is sufficient cause for condemning myself to an eternal obscurity. « One letter is not sufficient to detail all the occurrences with which my moderation has been exercised and proved; but you know them, and the public is not ignorant of them. We cannot remain longer in this state, and it is now necessary that you decide frankly; and make known to me your pre- tensions and designs, even as I do to you. « I beg of you to examine minutely, and impartially, the powers which the treaty of peace has given to you, the only powers that can be brought into action; and I pray of you, for the good of the country, that you will give to the articles of that treaty their true meaning and tenor. Lastly, that you examine and see, whether if it lies within the limit of your attributes, to make essential variations in the corps which were given up to you by treaty—such as changing the chiefs, more particularly when the general government is upon the eve of installation, in which resides exclusively such acts. « We never can, without a good understanding proceed harmoniously ; and never were these explanations more necessary than now. «The treaty of peace has been broken in Concepcion, here likéwise, and in other parts; but until now 1 have considered it prudent to dissimulate to these violations, for the love of peace: it is In your hands to prevent a con- tinuance of disorders; and if you have not ceased to be the same general who drew your sword to make the country’s rights respected, and who has known likewise how to respect ts wishes, I cannot doubt but that you will lend yourself to the prevention of the ills that threaten us. pC be Sng, SEL a " - i bition ROE OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS. 229 “I you doubt my good faith, if you even still suspect the rectitude of my intentions, I shall offer to my country the last sacrifice, to put on one side entirely all my wrongs so that guarantees of tranquillity may be arrived at; and if this be not sufficient, it will not be difficult to a on whom will fall the responsibility, and the misery that will come upon the country, owing to your want of confidence Frankness, I repeat, is necessary to arrive at,—what we Rr desire.—Speak then to me, and dispose of yours, &ec. (Signed) ‘““ Joaquin PriET0.” No. 2. : Santiago, January 18, 1830. “To Sefior Don Joaquin Prieto, “My esteemed friend; I have received yours of this date, which you have been pleased to send me, with yours of yesterday, relating to the demanding of explanations upon certain events, which can only be imputed to you masmuch as you disregarded the orders I have Seed as general-in-chief of the whole army of the republic. In accepting this command, contrary to my character, I have only considered the critical situation in which the country found itself, and as citizen and general of it, it was my dut; to employ all the means within my reach to the end ol restoring to it order and tranquillity. : “You accuse me, that I take measures that appear to be dictated by a want of confidence; and to this I must reply to you, that as general-in-chief of the army, I am invested i power, as well by my situation as according to the latins tions of the treaty of peace, to dispose of the army as I deem necessary ; thus it is, that if I had resolved upon sending some troops to Concepcion, it was under the idea that no revolution had taken place there, which you are not ignorant 230 OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS. of; but convinced, that had you gone there with troops, you would do nought else than commence a war, In my opinion, interminable by these means; I resolved to sus- pend the march of them for the present. : «You talk to me of having been invited, before you moved from Chillan, to a close alliance and friendship ; but I cannot do less than satisfy you, that on my part there was no indication to justify such a step; notwithstanding, I know not the ignoble feeling of resentment, and even if this hypothesis were admitted, 1 have sufficient fortitude to stifle it, when the object is to unite with my fellow-citizens, in co-operating to sustain their rights. ¢« When I repaired to the encampment, in which you were the day after the treaty of peace was sealed, with the pro- positions upon which you take your stand, I went only with the object to explain any doubt you might have with respect to various articles of it ; but neither I, nor the other impartial citizens, have given any other interpretation than that expressed in the tenor of them. The army neither could, nor ought to interfere in anything relating to the provincial and local authorities, and was confined to the general of the country; because, otherwise, the army would have been made the instruments of a party—conduct which would have degraded it to the utmost abasement. « The third article leaves no doubt, that by it the generals of both divisions had ceased to hold their respective com- mands, and General Lastra, on his part has complied most religiously ; and when I rermonstrated at the commencement with you, you satisfied me with the pretext that you had not the baggage to appear in the capital. « If I permitted you to continue at the head of the divi-. sion, believing it then convenient, it has been througl . TO . Ss OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS. 231 tolerance ; but the recent events in the province of Con- cepcion, and other circumstances, oblige me not to replace you in the command, as I had thought to do. This power the treaties give me, and the character of general-in-chief; with which I am invested. You, contrary to what is i vided in them, say, in order to retain it, that it was con- ferred on you by the legitimate government. It is certain that the legitimate government named you provisionall and until General Borgofio’s health should be restored . which case your command should cease. I do not 2) myself of these grounds to convince you of the error in which you are, but I am impelled by the duty of seein the treaties duly executed.’ : “ When you endeavour to exculpate yourself from the suspicions that many citizens have, (that you exert yourself for the return of General O'Higgins), I must allow the powerful reflections which you allege ; but, am also certain that your conduct has been sufficiently tortuous, since you openly disobey the commands, which, as general-in-chief, I dictated ; and I am even aware that you gave a coer order to the authorites of Coquimbo, that they should reject Colonel Tupper, whom I had destined to that point, believing that his services would be advantageous. « With respect to the collocation of Colonel Puga, can you be ignorant that the general-in-chief of an army has the power, in such circumstances to replace and suspend the chiefs in it? But it is his duty to give account of it to the general government. The said Colonel Puga was un- justly deprived of the command, and for that reason I had him replaced in it; he is recognised by the army, and the same body of Cazadores consider him in command. « Lastly, S’or General, the army and the nation recog- 232 OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS. nize my authority as general-in-chief of the forces of the republic; under this supposition, I dispose of them as 1 think convenient, satisfying in this manner the public con- fidence. I alone have to answer to the nation for the charge I exercise; and you and other individuals of the army only have to execute what may be commanded for the public service, by the supreme chief whom it recognizes. « If perchance you have any doubt relative to the cessa~ tion of the command of the division in conformity with the treaty, you can call upon the plenipotentiaries who acted in it, and you will be convinced with their exposition of the same, of what I assure you; moreover, your own uncle, Don Augustin Vial, assured frankly the rest of the citizens who composed the deputation to treat, that he would answer, that you would comply most religiously with the tenor of article three with the greatest pleasure. «If, after whatis stated, you should dare not to listen to the imperious voice of your duty, from this moment I shall hold you responsible to the nation for the evils that may arise from your disobedience, as a subaltern general. Who- ever may address to you other language, desires to precipi- tate you into an abyss of evils, which you may lament when no remedy is left you. ¢ On the 16th of last December, the commission ceased, which you say the country conferred on you, in this case you fulfilled its wishes, and to day the cause that you en- deavour to give currency to is very different. Do not be deceived, and listen to the exposition which your attached friend lays before you. (Signed) ¢«¢ RaMoN FREYRE.” SRL Th OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS. 233 “ Santiago, January 18, 1830. “ Captaincy-General of the Army, “Until now have I tolerated your permanency in the command of the division of the south against the tenor of the treaties of peace, because I believed it convenient; but those motives having ceased, and the present circumstances demanding your retirement; you are exonerated, from this date, from the charge which was confided to you, conforming In this particular with the tenor of article three of said treaty. “With this object in view, I repeat to you my distin- guished consideration, &e. (Signed) ““ RamoN I'REYRE. I'o the Sefior General of the Division, Don Joaquin Prieto.” “ Santiago, January 18, 1830. “The Junta has received the honourable communication from the Senor General of the Army of the South, and it is with extreme sorrow the Junta perceives the disagreement it endeavoured to impede by all prudential means; and feels extremely that this incident, caused doubtless by the enemies of the public good, obliges it to take this measure of separating the army, whilst the Junta has not been able to organize the civic troops, owing to difficulties which it has not been possible to remove. “Under these circumstances the Junta hopes that the Sefior General, in retiring from the capital, will not leave the province, for in it he may obtain security for his army, and protect the liberty of the country, threatened again with new troubles. om GEE asm a BE SE ee ly Ei i PH pra La 232 OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS. nize my authority as general-in-chief of the forces of the republic; under this supposition, I dispose of them as I think convenient, satisfying in this manner the public con- fidence. I alone have to answer to the nation for the charge I exercise; and you and other individuals of the army only have to execute what may be commanded for the public service, by the supreme chief whom it recognizes. : « If perchance you have any doubt relative to the cessa- tion of the command of the division in conformity with the treaty, you can call upon the plenipotentiaries who acted in it, and you will be convinced with their exposition of the same, of what I assure you; moreover, your own uncle, Don Augustin Vial, assured frankly the rest of the citizens who composed the deputation to treat, that he would answer, that you would comply most religiously with the tenor of article three with the greatest pleasure. \ «If, after whatis stated, you should dare not to listen to the imperious voice of your duty, from this moment I shall hold you responsible to the nation for the evils that may arise from your disobedience, as a subaltern general, Who- ever may address to you other language, desires to precipi- tate you into an abyss of evils, which you may lament when no remedy is left you. ; ¢« On the 16th of last December, the commission ceased, which you say the country conferred on you, in this case you fulfilled its wishes, and to day the cause that you en- deavour to give currency to is very different. Do not be deceived, and listen to the exposition which your attached friend lays before you. ¢¢ RamMoN FREYRE.” (Signed) SR ea OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS. 233 “ Santiago, January 18, 1830. “ Captaincy-General of the Army, “Until now have I tolerated your permanency in the command of the division of the south against the tenor of the treaties of peace, because I believed it convenient; but those motives having ceased, and the present circumstances demanding your retirement ; you are exonerated, from this date, from the charge which was confided {o you, conforming in this particular with the tenor of article three of said treaty. “With this object in view, I repeat to you my distin- guished consideration, &e. (Signed) ‘““ RamoN FREYRE. “To the Sefior General of the Division, Don Joaquin Prieto.” “ Santiago, January 18, 1830. “The Junta has received the honourable communication from the Senor General of the Army of the South, and it is with extreme sorrow the Junta perceives the disagreement it endeavoured to impede by all prudential means; and feels extremely that this incident, caused doubtless by the enemies of the public good, obliges it to take this measure of separating the army, whilst the Junta has not been able to organize the civic troops, owing to difficulties which it has not been possible to remove. “Under these circumstances the Junta hopes that the Sefior General, in retiring from the capital, will not leave the province, for in it he may obtain security for his army, and protect the liberty of the country, threatened again with new troubles. 234 RUPTURE BETWEEN FREYRE & PRIETO. > " I « These are the sentiments of the junta, y ise oh 1 ims the honour to 1 hscribes himself has the president who su + ot h ? the general for his patriotism and ida | g him, at the same time, all the considerations of its offering him, great respect. : : (Signed) «Jose Tomas OVALLE, President. Sig « Juan Francisco MENESES, Secretary. «To the General-in-chief of the Army of the South, January 19, 1830.” General Freyre sent for the horses of he tae) but they were delivered up to General Prieto; ot : re marched from their quarters to the artil ery De i” However, General Prieto, during don oh possession of the hill of Santa Be Wai Se manded the whole, got up some cannon, an “ 8 mm the barracks, obliged or hyn a Bo left the capital So oe a jol lions Nos. 1, 7, and 8. night, for Quillota, to join the batta ms General Prieto sent for me, and strove fies in hi self on account of being a1 foo a that it would be impossible 2 il or in an army, even if I had been unattached, en such an excitement had been fomented in iio (los estrangeros.) He said that ue the army of the south, of which he was no Se and that I had been included in the late promo : i fare was my friend, and expected me to jon him. ai him that I had been ordered by the Fostumen an with General Borgofio, and that I did not wis HE esa i OBTAIN LEAVE OF ABSENCE. 235 grade by seconding a revolutionary movement, and added, that if he was my friend, he would not oblige me to take part against General Freyre, who was also a friend of mine ; but in case he would allow me, I would retire to an hacienda, and remain neuter until the unfortunate rupture would be at an end, The general's brother, Don Manuel Prieto, Don Joaquin Echaveria, Don Gaspar Marin, Col. Arriagada, Major O’Carrol, and others, who were present, strove to induce me to join the general; and as a stimulus, Don Manuel Prieto told me they were striving to get their injured friend, General O’Higgins, back to Chile. I re- plied, that unless the general could return to his native country without any disturbance, I would never wish to see him in Santiago, for I well knew the parties who had caused the late revolution, and who had deceived them; on this, an old friend of mine, Don Gaspar Marin, re- plied rather hastily, and in an angry manner, that I wag mistaken ; I replied that General O’Higgin’s name had been made use of on more than one occasion, and that it had afterwards been prostituted to serve other purposes. Don Manuel Prieto strove to contradict me, and per- suade me they were certainly toiling for O'Higgins ; on which I said he was only fagging for a roll of tobacco (alluding to the estanco) as big as himself, for he was very corpulent; one of the factors of the estanco of tobacco, Don Juan Badiola, who was present, left the room; and soon after Major Arteaga, one of the aid-de- camp’s, called me out, and the general chided me for having spoken so freely ; after which he inquired on whose estate I wished to reside ; I replied, that of Don Juan Francisco Larrayn, at Aculeu; on this, and after a little considera- ERS Sere aR ¥ a ge al ore a a — ge ea ree 236 RECALLED TO THE CAPITAL. tion, he gave his leave. Next day, when on the point of setting out for the estate of my friend, I was arrested, and conducted to the governador-local, Don Angel Ortuzar, who informed me that the junta had ordered him to do so, on account of having received information that I was about joining General Freyre ; on which I re- ferred him to General Prieto, and soon afterwards I was permitted to leave for Aculeu. I was also stopped at the bridge of Maipu by a party stationed there; but on ex- plaining matters, was allowed to proceed. I had not been many days in the country, before 1 was sent for again by the general, and, on my presenting myself, he demanded why I had not acknowledged the government. I was surprised at this question, and stated that I had received no intimation to that effect; he said, that the chief of the staff, had by his orders, sent me an official note ; and on my informing the general I had not received any but the one that had called me in, he sent for Major Santivanes, who informed the general that he had sent the note to General Borgofios ; on this General Prieto exonerated me from any neglect, and bade me, as a friend, send in a suitable answer. On visiting General Borgofo, I received the following note :— “ No. 183. « Commandancia- General de Armas, « Santiago, February 17th, 1830. « La Ex'ma Junta Gubernativa has thought proper to issue on the 12th of this month the following decree. « ¢ Tupper, Lsq., W 's invasion, and for t The late P. Carey Tupp Spain during Napoleon's invasion, . his services in Spal Spanish barony. ling a the offer of an English honey ii ocllgetion whic d he formed a very valu: . i > in that country Wi rapeer Dusizgs bony it part of which were sent to Sosa, A young Frid consul at Caraccas, and subsequently at Riga. of paintings d brother was British MEMOIR OF COLONEL TUPPER. 251 exposed his life to extinguish a conflagration which threatened to destr oy a whole barrier of the city. Here his vanity was constantly excited by exclamations in the streets on the manly beauty of his person. The profession of arms continuing his ruling passion, he embarked at Guernsey late in 1821 for Rio de Janeiro, proceeded to Buenos Ayres, Chile. His family was aver whence he and thence overland to se to his joining the patriot cause, as it was then termed, and he arrived at Santiago a mere soldier of fortune,—without, we believe, a single letter of introduction to those in authority. But his ap- pearance and manners, and a perfect knowledge of three languages, English, French, and Spanish, all of which he spoke fluently, soon procured him friends. The Italian, in a less degree, was also another of his a The garrison of Valdivia having revolted, C chef, who had served in Europe, and wh Miller, the troops in the successful attack of that fortress by Lord Cochrane, was sent from the capital to endeavour to bring the mutineers to submission, and he requested that young Tupper might accompany him. They landed there alone, and, with great personal risk, succeeded in securing the ringleaders, who had ordered their men to fire on them as they approached in a boat; but Colonel Beauchef having previously commanded them and ob- tained their regard, the men fortunatel ceed to extremities with their cquirements. olonel Beau- o led, with Major y refused to pro- old commander. Young Tupper is also said to have excited their astonishment by the manner in w hich he seized on one of the ringleaders, a very athletic and powerful man, and led him captive to the boat. For this service, and for his conduct in paign against the fierce Arauc had never heen able a cam- anians, whom the Spaniards to subjugate, he was made in Janu- NL a = ER Um digg 252 MEMOIR OF COLONEL TUPPER. ary, 1823, over the heads of all the lieutenants, captain of the grenadier company of battalion No. 8, commanded by the same gallant Frenchman, Colonel Beauchef. This company consisted of upwards of one hundred exceedingly fine men, and accompanying the battalion shortly after in an expedition to Arica, it excited the surprise of the com- paratively diminutive Peruvians, and to which its captain appears not a little to have contributed. This expedition was soon recalled from Peru to proceed under the direc- tor, General Ramon Freyre, against the island of Chiloe, so long and so bravely defended by the Spanish governor, Quintanilla. On the return voyage from Arica to Co- quimbo, the vessel, which conveyed the grenadiers of No. 8, was short of both provisions and water, and of the latter only a wine glass full was at last served out in twenty-four hours to each individual. Although the heat was intense, and two of the grenadiers died, the company, when drawn up to receive the scanty draught, invariably refused to touch it until their captain had tasted of each glass ; and one dying soldier would confess himself to no one but his captain, so strong a hold had he already gained on the affections of those he commanded. « We have already said that an attempt was about to be made to wrest the island of Chiloe from the dominion of the Spaniards. In pursuance of this object, battalion No. 8 was embarked at Coquimbo in January, 1824, and landed on the small island of Quiriquina, in the bay of Talcahuano, where it remained until the preparations were completed. The troops were formed into three divi- sions, and Captain Tupper was named second in command of the third, but the nomination giving great umbrage to several majors and lieutenant-colonels who had been passed over, this arrangement was annulled, and battalion MEMOIR OF COLONEL TUPPER, 253 No. 8 was directed to take the advance, The expediti reached Chiloe on the 24th of March, and the oo ya battalion No. 8 gained possession of the fort of Ci which offered but a slight resistance. On the ee detachment consisting of two battalions, Nos 7 . : and the grenadier company of No. 1, Tr ide Deleague, and at noon on the 1st of April Cr its march, through a very woody and broken countr towards the town of San Carlos. Two compani 4 grenadiers, under Captain Tupper, formed the on " a of this detachment. A strong Spanish force Re in ambush at Mocopulli, which is an immense b 0g Founded by underwood, having a masked ie A adjacent eminence. The grenadiers and No tin through the mouth of the defile perfectly i. 4 od their danger, and when within a few paces of the a : 50 murderous a fire was opened upon them that the oy thrown Into the utmost confusion. The enem id iy i en) in a short time two hundred of the ed allen, while No. 7 halted in the rear and refu Nevonen Captain Tupper is represented as Ts aved here with the most devoted heroism, charging twice into the thickets with the few grenadiers who would follow him to so perilous a service. In the second charge three men only accompanied him, one of whom was killed and another received a bayonet wound in the face il Captain Tupper was himself slightly wounded in oh fide by a bullet,—another perforated his cap.— oh : Spanish sergeant made a blow at him with a red bic . Which he struck down with his sabre, and it went a, his leg. : The bushes, however, favoured their esca : en after being nearly surrounded, they rejoined the Wo oe which had retreated a short distance. Colonel Bander 254 MEMOIR OF COLONEL TUPPER. as a © dernier ressort, now boldly resolved on Attacking the enemy in close column. Animated by their gallant commander, the men formed, although they were pe viously in complete disorder, and No. 7 had retreated, and carried the position at the point of the bayonet, phy suing the royalists for about half a mile. But the oh was dearly purchased, the detachment engaged, of sedree y five hundred men, having three hundred and twenty killec and wounded, including thirteen out of eighteen officers, and seventy-one out of one hundred aidlinyas grena- diers composing the vanguard. The division having thus suffered so severely, and the nature of the country being so favourable to its defenders, Colonel Beauchef returned next day to the ships; and the lateness of the Season, added to the intelligence of the arrival in the aad from Spain, of the Asia, 64 guns, and Achilles brig, of 20 guns, compelled the squadron to sail for Chile. The latter vessel is the same which Colonel Tupper attempted, in 1830, to carry by boarding. He Was rewarded with a brevet majority for his conduct in this disasgrous affair, and he wrote nearly two years afterwards, in allusion to some remarks relative to the Chile troops, as follow :— ‘The observationsin F ’s letters, respecting our troops, are not at all just; the Chile soldiers are as fine a class of men as I have ever seen, extremely brave, and very eapa- ble of fatigue, indeed to a degree of which your English soldiers have no idea. Moreover, they are very robust, supposes, we have not a and so contrary to what F 0508, We single black in the regiment. The discipline is tolerable now, and the clothing is superior to any I have seen in Spain. I perhaps speak passionately, as I dote on all my brave fellows, particularly on my old company of grena- MEMOIR OF COLONEL TUPPER. 255 diers, with the fondness of a brother ; the feelings of absolute adoration with which they regard me, and of which so many have given me such melancholy proofs. are surely sufficient to draw my heart towards them. I wish you could see my gallant servant as he now stands before me,—his dark and sparkling eye intently fixed on my countenance, his sun-burnt visage, his black mustachoes, and his athletic figure, fine a soldier as can well be seen.’ “ Early in the year 1825, Major Tupper expressed an anxious wish to obtain an appointment in one of the British mining associations, which at that period were established in Chile, and, as his letter on the subject contains other information, we extract the following parti- culars :— “¢ Santiago, 25th of May, 1825. — Military services are here no longer required, and foreign officers are therefore looked upon as a burden, which, sooner or later, must be shaken off, A feeling of envy attends us, which renders our situation extremely galling to every man of honour; and some of my companions in arms are indeed to be pitied, who, having lost their limbs in the service, are totally dependent upon the generosity of this ungrateful republic. As to myself, I cannot so much complain, as I suffer little or no inconvenience now from the bayonet wound I received in the last action, my leg only swelling occasionally in cold weather, “Nor is it easy to steer a safe course in a country so disposed to anarchy: a congress has been established in three different periods, and has always terminated its sessions in tumult and disorder. There is no stability in affairs, and the director, Freyre, is totally destitute of political courage ; he dare not he absolute, and the mass altogether forming as RRR ons a. APR Se py ri 256 MEMOIR OF COLONEL TUPPER. of the people is much too ignorant to admit of other government than the iron hand of a despot.’ « In October, 1825, the director, Freyre, was deposed by an asistocratical faction, and the conduet of Major Tupper, (now effective of No. 8,) on the oceasion, will be best explained in other extracts from his letters, dated at Santiago in 1826, and addressed to his family. « ¢ February 18.—The director has wished frequently to make me his aid-de-camp, and I have as often declined the situation. In a country like this, distracted by party, and still subject to all the disorders of the revolution, the stout heart and the stalwart arm are of more effect when they are backed by a few good soldiers. About a month before our departure for Chiloe, the director was deposed by the efforts of a party supported by two regiments,—he was obliged to leave the city in the morning; at two in the afternoon Colonel Sanchez was elected in his place; in the night I formed a counter revolution in my own corps, brought over No. 7, and, in spite of the other two regiments, replaced Freyre in his situation before ten o'clock the next morning.’ « The Morning Chronicle in January, 1826, concluded an account of this political commotion in the following words :— « While the conduct of an English officer, Major Tupper, is mentioned in terms of high commendation for the firmness and steadiness with which he prevented the troops from being drawn aside from their duty, we are, on the other hand, very sorry to perceive the manner in which French influence has been exerted on this and other occasions in Chile.” The decisive battle of Ayacucho having, with the solitary expectation of the fortress of Callao, effected the MEMOIR OF COLONEL TUPPER. 257 liberation of the whole continent of Spanish America, it was resolved to renew the attempt to drive the Sponinnds from the islands of Chiloe, which form the natural kevs of the Pacific when approached from Cape Horn. re expedition in consequence, commanded again by the Sirestor in person, set sail from Valparaiso, in November 1825, and, after touching at Valdivia, reached Chiloe "" January, when barely two thousand men were disem- barked. Major Tupper commanded the grenadier com- panies of Nos. 6 and 8, forming part of the advanced division, and was left by its commander, Colonel Aldunate chiefly to his own direction. The enemy, in Syren considerably above three thousand men, including fons hundred cavalry, occupied a strong entrenched sedition his right flank resting upon the sea, his left guarded b Impenetrable woods, his front palisaded and rma by a deep and muddy rivulet, which offered but two passes, one near the wood defended by three hundred men, the other on the beach. On the 14th Colonel Aldunate, with six flank companies, took the breach, while Major Tupper with his two companies, carried the pass near the wood in a few minutes, with little loss, by jumping over the palisade, when he escaped almost miraculous] oe before his men could join him he was exposed to a So mendous discharge of musketry, which covered him with ud, and shot away one of his epaulettes, The royalists having been driven also from a second position, their cavalry attempted a charge, but were completely routed by the grenadier company of No. 8. The enemy now retreated to his last and strongest position on the heights of Bella Vista on the road to Castro, the principal town of the island, and was attacked unsuccessfully three dif- ferent times by five flank companies. Colonel Aldunate S b i i o 3 i #4 aT TRE ade pe ~ gpa 3 258 MEMOIR OF COLONEL TUPPER. inti lists then called Major Tupper, and pointing to i 7674 i . said,— The glory is reserved for you—dislodge he y This was a most desperate service, as th of only . 3 immediately. oe admit road, or rather path, was so narrow as to in his left three or four men abreast; but taking a flag un 1 ho hand, Major Tupper ordered his Pe fo ollow in 1 1 1e reac ] By running quickly without firing a shot. . i the crest of the heights with the loss of only oe 3 1 shin killed behind him, his escape appearing so astonis ay the survivors that they were convinced he wore ? “ A 3 Here he encountered a Spanish officer, name a 4 sl xe 0 commanding we believe the rear-guai d, who : intained his ground; a personal combat Sa i os : vhich nearly clove 1 s killed by a sabre cut, whic the Spaniard was killec Tp i as unhappily no a ) his head in two. There w va s the gallant Lopez would neither surrender Boe giv : f the Spani- ime fourteen or fifteen o way. In the mean time ; es having fallen by the bayonet, the remainder fo: a ! ‘0a were vigorously pursued for about a league on t 5 1 8 to Castro. when orders were brought to the grenadiers : en were lonel and about fifty m halt. In this pursuit a co a ] tion lasted altogether nearly made prisoners. The ac en four om and on the whole the enemy, whose Joos J : , consisted partly of militia, showed but little aan 9 1 the eight com- i deed been routed by g courage, having In Pe - i ich w ly troops seriously engag anies, which were the only : oe side of the patriots, whose entire loss did 3 = : in ki rounded. ‘enty-five men in killed and wou one hundred and seventy : g A gallant North American, Lieutenant ay cha " 3 neer illed i two gun-boats, the strong was killed in an attack on We ] Major Tupper, having volun . which was taken. Major ; Hoge i I though, as a Chileno office assisted at its capture, a gh, as Yor et his reeiment, from whom we derive the information, 118 2 D ) MEMOIR OF COLONEL TUPPER. 259 writes, “ it was not necessary that he should, as an officer of the army, seek to fight by sea, particularly when he was not ordered.” Major Tupper mentioned, that through- out the action “ Colonel Aldunate had distinguished him- self much, and that General Borgofio had given great proofs of ability.” The surrender of the island was the immediate consequence of these successes, and Major Tupper was rewarded with a brevet lieutenant-coloneley, although much more was promised him when the impres- sion, which his behaviour left, was fresh in the mind of the director. But a foreign officer in any country must naturally expect that his gallantry and devotion will be viewed by many a native with a jealous eye, and indeed too often treated with frigid indifference when his services are no longer required. “The chief part of the expedition having returned to Chile, and Colonel Aldunate being appo inted governor of the islands, No. 4 w as left in garrison; but in May following that battalion revolted in favour of O'Higgins, and the governor arrived at Valparaiso for assistance, having been made prisoner by the insurgents, and com- pelled to embark. Lieutenant-Colonel Tupper volunteered to accompany him back, and they proceeded with less than three hundred men to Chiloe. On the 12th of July the Resolution transport, in which was Lieutenant-Colonel Tupper with the troops, Colonel Aldunate being in the Achilles brig of war, was obliged to bring up to the east- ward of the island of San Sebastian, the tide run- ning out so strong that she could not stem it. They attempted to reach the Achilles, anchored on the opposite coast, with the flood, but the ebb making again before they could do so, they were driven so fast on the island 82 CA Spi Hor a A ESA A Ee - Te » BN A ro 33 Ep pT 260 MEMOIR OF COLONEL TUPPER. of San Sebastian that they had scarcely time to drop an anchor, which brought them up with a very oS reef on their lee quarter. Here they remained for Ap hours in imminent danger of losing both the ship =" their lives, when they fortunately drove past the Tos 2 consequence of the anchor breaking. On their near the small island of Lacao on the 13th, at ri : Lieutenant-Colonel Tupper was ordered to aitagle “i fort of Chacao with one hundred men, and he I 1e ship at midnight with his favourite company of grena iers of No. 8 and a few soldiers of No. 1, landing in the cove of Remolinos, where he surprised a neighbouring bo making prisoners the few artillerymen who Sa it. From them he learnt that in the battery of San Gallan, which occupied a strong position on the road from hon to Chacao, there were two officers and fifty men 9! fe insurgents, and instantly directing himself towards ; by a road almost impassable, as it was very boggy, an a tersected by fallen trees, he reached the battery at five o'clock a.m. Advancing alone with the guide, he Jan ceived that no sentry was guarding the land-side, a throwing himself on the enemy with intrepidity, he managed to take them prisoners—not one, exgopt an officer, escaping. In the attainment of this object, no more than twenty soldiers could keep up with their “oh mander, owing to the narrowness of he road, and a because it was necessary that those mn advance shou push forward, so as to arrive before daylight. On our part there was no loss whatever, and on that of the ney only four wounded. This undertaking being complete : Lieutenant-Colonel Tupper marched towards the port of Chacao, and took the battery there, which was abandone MEMOIR OF COLONEL TUPPER. 261 by the enemy. On receiving intelligence of these opera- tions we made sail at eleven o'clock A.m., and at five in the afternoon anchored in the said port.’ “Colonel Aldunate having landed with the remainder of the troops, the insurgents were reduced to submission without further difficulty, as the natives in great numbers presented themselves, and offered to act against them. Indeed the greatest danger apprehended throughout was from the season, the gales of wind on that coast being very violent during the winter.” “In horrid climes, where Chiloe’s tempests sweep, Tumultuous murmurs o’er the troubled deep.’ “ A newspaper, published in English at Buenos Ayres, observed in reference to the departure of this small ex- pedition, which left Valparaiso in the Achilles and Reso- lution on the 25th June oj “¢Colonel Aldunate is an officer of honour, and if he has been surprised once, he will, for this reason, know how to take better precautions hereafter. Besides, he is ac- companied by Major Tupper, whose character is well known, and whose valour cannot be better estimated than in the words of our correspondent :—¢ Four hundred brave soldiers, and Tupper at their head, are sufficient to an- nihilate all the royalists there may be in Chiloe.’” “The above extract reached England in October, 1826, and about the same time the bailiff} or chief magistrate of Guernsey, received the following letter from a British * Extract translated from Colonel Aldunate’s despatch. Of the des- patches, in which we know that honourable mention was made of Colonel Tupper’s name, this only has accidentally reached us. t On this day his brother, Lieutenant Tupper, mortally wounded, was in the last agonies of death on board H. M.S. Sybille, at Malta. t Daniel De Lisle Brock, Esq., succeeded the late Sir Peter De Havil- land as bailiff, in 1821. a ——————— 3 a A oe on met ARH ol 262 MEMOIR OF COLONEL TUPPER. officer* of high rank and reputation, who had previously been lieutenant-governor of the island ii « «Though I always like to converse with you, . . . 4 yet I do not know that I should have sat down to write to you exactly at this time, but that I have had a long conversation with Mr. Miller, who is brother to a cele- brated general of that name in the Peruvian army, and who has himself lately arrived from Santiago. ; «“¢He there knew your nephew, young Tupper, and his account is so creditable to that fine fellow, so honourable to our country, and must be so gratifying to bis highly respectable family, that I cannot defer communicating it to you. He says that in point of appearance be is the handsomest man he has ever seen in either hemisphere; that he is esteemed one of their best soldiers, extremely active and habile ; and stands so well with all parties, that no change in the local politics of the country could be in any way disadvantageous to him; and he adds, that he is perfectly idolized by the troops he sama, particularly those who have served with him 1m aefion : and to crown all, he says, with a partiality very justifi- able, especially to so distinguished a brother, that whe they speak of young Tupper they call him another Ge- neral Miller. This, at all events, in coming from my friend, is the acmé of panegyrie, for the brother is really a first-rate character. I could not resist telling you all this upon the testimony of a cool, sensible, and unpre- judiced observer. Pray remember me to Savery and my other friends, and believe me, &e.’ : « Lieutenant-Colonel Tupper, on his return from Chiloe to Santiago, in August, 1826, learnt that he had become lieutenant-colonel effective, ir: consideration of his services * The late General Sir John Doyle, Bart., G.C.B., &ec. MEMOIR OF COLONEL TUPPER. 263 in the recent reduction of that island. In December he joined at Talca the army of the south, under General Borgofio, whose object was to destroy a horde of bandits composed chiefly of Indians, and of nearly a thousand strong, who ravaged the province of Concepcion in sum- mer, retiring on the approach of winter to the eastern side of the Cordillera.* Their incursions had been of late so frequent and destructive, that it was absolutely necessary to put them down. Three divisions, to act on different points, were accordingly formed, and Lieutenant- Colonel Tupper was appointed to command a squadron of dragoons, with which he passed the Cordillera, parallel with the town of Chillan, in pursuit of the bandits, and went to the eastward as far as the river Nanken, in the province of Mendoza. Pincheira contrived, however, to elude all pursuit, and before the end of the campaign Lieutenant-Colonel Tupper was sent by General Borgofio on a mission to the capital, where he arrived in April, 1827, and on the first of May following was appointed first aid-de-camp to the supreme government, an office of trust and respectability. At this time General Pinto, a statesman of liberal principles and enlightened views, although perhaps wanting in political firmness, was elected president in the place of General Freyre. Much was ex- pected from the administration of the new president, and it was hoped that he would be powerful enough to remove many existing abuses, but those interested in their con- tinuance proved in the end the stronger party. General Pinto, having been employed in a diplomatic capacity in England, was a warm admirer of every thing English, * They were commanded by Pincheira, the son of a European by an Indian mother, who held the rank of colonel in the Spanish service, and committed his depredations under the Spanish standard. Ee Mu EQUA Fr a os Re St es 264 MEMOIR OF COLONEL TUPPER. and his chief aid-de-camp ever found in him a sincere and steadfast friend. He wrote on June 27th :— «J consider my commission in this service as secure as an employment under any South American govern- ment can well be. My pay is that of a lieutenant-colonel of cavalry, with one hundred and fifty dollars per month, and my situation is at present ¢ Edecan Mayor,’ or aid- de-camp in chief to the president of the republic, General Pinto, a very clever man, who has resided in England for some time. This situation I shall probably hold for some years if I continue in the service.” “ And on August 4, 1827 :— “ Aan Colona) Tupper again wrote on April 5, 1828, “Our congress met on the it i very badly composed, and will WE Pi " 0 The provinces begin to be greatly divided thanks oh fystem of federalism. I think the whole of South A : rica is na dreadful state of anarchy and confusi i much ignorance and so little morality ir impossible that the different selves for many an age; and w ase the consequence I believe it is states can constitute them- Rinly a close approximation to savage life, not only i the liberty which they enjoy, but in the vidlenes wy spirit, and of private animosity which results from ey “ While acting as aid-de-camp, Lieut.-Colonel Tu Op was engaged in the suppression of two or three & gerous revolts, incited by the party to which w re Just alluded, and whose private interests had rn ; suffered when, in 1823, many exclusiv : e privile i Their first object was to Aroln ae high office, so as to accomplish their insidious desjo under the cloak of legal aut from two letters, which the to a brother at this period. “QQ. 1 Saha Mo i I7th, 1828.—My long silence has i g rip which I made last month to San erngndo, (forty leagues south of Santiago) to suppress g ua among the forces quartered there. General goo, having heen ordered to take command of the hority. We subjoin extracts subject of this memoir wrote EL hy wid 266 MEMOIR OF COLONEL TUPPER. troops destined to put down the mutineers, requested the president to allow me to accompany him, which was acceded to. We left this place on the 4th of July, with two hundred infantry, and were subsequently joined by about four hundred militia cavalry. On arriving near San Fernando we found that the mutineers, battalion No. 6, about three hundred in number, had taken up a strong position to the north of the town. Not judging it prudent to attack them, we passed on to San Fernando; the general sent me before him, with two weak companies of infantry, to take possession of the place ; on arriving in the Plaza Mayor I was charged by a body of dragoons, two hundred strong, who, having declared for the muti- neers, had just arrived from Curico, about twelve leagues south of San Fernando. After a little skirmishing I suc- ceeded in driving them out of the town, having lost on our part two men killed and five wounded, which casual- ties arose from the fire of a detachment of No. 6, which had possessed itself of a church steeple. The general soon after joined us. Immediately after this affair the dragoons reunited out of the town, and joined battalion No. 6. Both corps marched to Santiago, seizing all the horses on the road, and were so expeditious as to put it altogether out of our power to overtake them. They were met near Santiago by one hundred cuirassiers and four hundred militia infantry. After exchanging a few shots, the government party took to their heels, and ran into Santiago. About sixty of the militia were cut down by the dragoons, and the mutinous troops marched in the evening to the artillery barracks. We arrived next day close to the capital, and they, finding our force so near, the people enraged against them, and altogether opposed to the change of government which they had in view, MEMOIR OF COLONEL TUPPER, 267 accept HE pardon, and submitted to the con im ne And thus ended the busin about to nd on hae * te i reported i : outh America. I og d a I had been killed in the ih chamiel, have an q hope the report will not, by any pass, the congress : you. Sines these things came to Sti : a as sanctioned a constitution, which while: others mami y io allay our political effervescence woe aay ohne it will prove another apple of dic. political tT oh am of opinion that the elements of inefficient to th Ion Pras throughout South America is ‘ states, that despoti i hi po anarchy, will ere long wi — oe vell the seeds of discord as the tree of liberty on ess, being, While yet upon Col ié ov The op olumbia’s rising brow 2 Showy ha ¢ of young presumption plays, Even now in ot oe a hot ot: ov ‘ e her sickly bre: Si Wi the taint of empires a ah i he DypLs of her own withering dine In youth, she’s blasted in her prime !' MooRE. “@ ‘Aue _— gust 18.—I have been compelled to melt the seal 1 i ‘ of this letter to inform you that av conspiracy was disc Toe was angerous overed last night, of which the object , as usual '] 1 Ts , to drive the president from his situation ascer ; 5 amed that the intention of the conspi S$ to murder the president, General B hi an | ; : : d ho ten others, among them Vi art of the ar of battalion No. 6, and the dr ntered to the conspiracy. orgofio, myself, el, a French officer. agoons, had already The principal persons ac- Ran Co gts I cs i = i i : : { i 268 MEMOIR OF COLONEL TUPPER.’ cused have absconded, and we have only been able to seize three of the subordinate agents.’ « ¢ September 15.—1 think I mentioned in my last letter that a conspiracy had been discovered, the object of which was to effect an entire change in the government ; st was intended to seize upon the president, and upon several of those who surround him, putting them to death, if the least resistance were offered. We had, however, of the affair, and were enabled to suppress the mutiny entirely in one battalion. An order having been sent at the same time to arrest some officers of dragoons ; the whole regiment rose and marched to the being met by a superior On the timely notice province of Concepcion, where, force, they were obliged to lay down their arms. 18th of this month, the civil authorities and military will swear to the maintenance of the constitution. There are two houses of representation elected every two years; s can occupy every situation excepting that of On the whole I think ular elections foreigner president and minister of state. the constitution is not a bad one, but the pop are too frequent.’ « On March 10, 1829, he again wrote to his brother as follows :— «¢] procured Miller's memoirs yesterday, and turned over to the taking of Chiloe in 1826; the author had much better have said nothing about it. He states our at four thousand wen, while the real number em- force parked at Valparaiso was this :— ¢ Artillery ‘ ‘ . ‘ . . 59 Battalion No. 1 . : ‘ . . 459 ’” 4 ‘ ‘ ‘ . 583 » 6 . : . . .. 550 ” Tr. ‘ : . . 37 » 8 . ‘ ? ‘ oi S4S Dismounted Cavalry . 142 2542 MEMOIR OF COLONEL TUPPER. 269 “ . and galloped furiously to the barracks. He rushed and the difficulty of his situation will be easily by a foreigner opposed singly to a native of the highest pre- sent military and late civil rank, and beloved also b Hi soldiery,—but the result will best prove the ta of his men towards him. Addressing them in Spanish, he T te aT wn I Ra 3s = a HT TR a — “o 274 MEMOIR OF COLONEL TUPPER. spoke briefly to this effect .—«Soldiers! the captain-general has led you to victory—your colonel has also led you to. victory : whom do you obey,—your colonel or General Freyre ?” The whole battalion instantaneously responded as one man,—< We obey our colonel—Viva el Coronel Tupper !” and General Freyre and his suite, among whom was Admiral Blanco, were happy to escape unhurt, the soldiers having, we believe, levelled their muskets at them. On their way to the barracks they were followed by a large mob, who attempted to force the gates, but on hearing Colonel Tupper order the guard to prime and load, the people well knowing his resolute character, dispersed in a moment. This attempt was the more dangerous, as bat- talion No. 1, was quartered in the same barracks, and would have immediately followed the secession of No.8. Freyre, on his return home, was taunted by his wife with the base- ness and inconsistency of his conduct on this occasion. Her family belonged to the constitutional party, and this beautiful young woman told her husband that the soldiers had acted like men of honour, and in her indignation she threw a plate on a marble table, whence it glanced off and shattered a large and valuable mirror into pieces. She was probably the cause of his returning to that party which he should never have forsaken. It may be added here that Colonel Tupper, during his short command, had been en- abled, from his personal influence with the president to do much for the welfare of his battalion, which, having been repeatedly distinguished in battle, was proud and jealous of its reputation; and the officers, who were principally very young men of the first families in the country, adhered to their colonel to the last with inviolable fidelity. He had established a school in the regiment, and whenever the pay of the men was in arrear, he borrowed money on his own MEMOIR OF COLONEL TUPPER. 275 ” Litas wn yom his friends, and discharged the claims : ga Amid the distrust and confusion which prevailed dur Ing this eventful period in Santiago, General Prieto tired by easy marches in the neighbourhood, and encamped his jong on Some heights within a league of the city. General astra, having served chiefly in the navy, was appointed as he was a native Chileno, first, and Colonel Viel sion mn command of the constitutional troops, and daily skir mithes preceded the decisive action of Dian Lath. Subjoined in a transcript of the last unfinished letter whieh Colonel Tupper addressed to his brother, and which not only best explains the origin of the contest, the fete ar the different leaders, and the part which he adi this trying moment, but affords a general specimen of his style of correspondence without the most distant idea of iy tion. It should, however, be remembered, that the letter was written in the hurry and confusion attendant on his approaching departure for Concepcion, for which port h sailed with his battalion on the 28th of January. P : “Valparaiso, January 26, 1830.—I have not the slightest idea when I addressed you last, or indeed what cha ter in my history I then concluded ; it is nevertheless a that the eventful period, which has since intervened, has been so chequered with incident, so replete with seals and strife, that had I the pen of Caesar I could almost imitate his commentaries, if indeed any string of occurrences in this wretched country could merit such a book with such a name. “‘I am afraid that poor Chile has forfeited for ever the reputation of comparative tranquillity and organized government, which hitherto had been the boast of those Interested in her welfare. The scenes we have lately wit- T 2 Tn te RA a MG Si Re cP ol Se :. ? wR fn » 5 x po - . " - - - a TT — LEE pt AE > x w— T Sn so a Se hi Ch a ho i LN 1 i bi 276 MEMOIR OF COLONEL TUPPER. nessed, and the illiberal and even furious hatred evinced throughout the country against all foreigners, have perfectly astonished even those who were least friendly to the cha- racter of these people, and least sanguine in their prog- nostics of future prosperity. «¢<] really sit down in absolute despair of being able to make you understand the cause and course of late events, or to write such a narrative as will not confuse you, and of which the tediousness will not disgust you; it is indeed a hard task, and I would rather make bricks for the Egyp- tians ;—but I know that you will expect some account from me,— let me therefore cross the Rubicon at once. I would give you Caesar's language in his own words if I recollected them, but much riding has long jostled classic lore out of me. « «You know that the elections closed about six months ago: they were gained by a party called the ¢Liberales,’ in contra-distinction to the ¢ Peleucones,” who are the aris- tocrats of the country and shun all innovations, and to the Estanqueros, who are the vampires of the state, a party whose object is to raise itself to opulence by exclusive commercial privileges, inconsistent with the general pros- perity. The O’Higginists form another party, the object of which is to bring back O'Higgins and absolute govern- ment. «¢<] have said that the ¢Liberales’ gained the elections; General Pinto, their chief, was elected president for five years by the electoral colleges, (not by congress,) the con- stitution stating that any individual, having more than one half of the votes of the electoral colleges, becomes pre- sident of course,—otherwise the election is left to congress. The vice-president is elected by congress, who, next to the president, unite most votes from the electoral colleges, or, MEMOIR OF COLONEL TUPPER. 277 as the ¢ Liberales’ have it, from among all those who have votes at all. Now Pinto had more than half the votes of the colleges, and was therefore recognized president. Th election of vice-president became the attribute of ot re . and this Was amost interesting point, as by this En General Pinto had positively declined the acceptance of the presidency. sri “¢The constitution enacts, that the vice-president is to bs elected by congress from among those having the im diate majority of votes,—- Mayoria immediata.’ Those opposed to the ¢Liberales’ construe the meaning t " that the vice-president is to be elected from the we big fla vies from the colleges, while on the other hand the ; iberales contend that the vice-president may be elected indiscriminately from all those who have votes. In on Sagan congress, composed almost exclusively of ¢ Libe. rales,” elected as vice-president the individual third hj list of candidates, that is, leaving out the tw ey o with more This individual, however, resigned also, and th functions of government then devolved on the A t : the upper house, who issued a convocation orderin io election of presidents by the electoral colleges. De — “¢ General Prieto, an old friend of O'Higgins, had b named, previous to the elections, general of the ey f oe south, (situated on the Indian frontier,) and Hote oe no doubt that from the day of his nomination he Was to subvert the government, and to render the O'Higgin party once more paramount in Chile. Even ver LH after his nomination, reports were received in Sis ” : his conduct was extremely suspicious, and that im i tions were secretly hostile. - “On learning General Pinto’s election to the presidency he declared himself, and issued a proclamation in which i i : ! : } i f ar 278 MEMOIR OF COLONEL TUPPER. asserted his refusal to obey the established authorities, avowing as his motive the necessity of liberating the people from the rule of an illegal congress. When the news of Prieto’s revolt reached Santiago, the president of the upper house, Don Francisco Ramon Vicufia, was exercising the functions of government from causes already detailed. He had the more reason to be alarmed at his situation that both the Estanqueros and Pelucones declared for Prieto, and coalesced to destroy with one effort the government and the liberal party, by which it was supported. ; « a. ony SCN 284 MEMOIR OF COLONEL TUPPER. if not most treacherously, admitted into the capital, although his infantry had, or might have been made prisoners, his artillery captured, and his cavalry completely discomfited. This action was fought on the morning of the 14th of December; the numbers on each side were, we believe, about two thousand men; and fully two hundred men appear to have fallen, the greater part of whom belonged to Prieto’s army. Colonel Tupper is represented to have behaved on this day with more than usual gallantry, although his letter is so barren as to his own conduct ; but he had the bitter mortification of seeing the success, to which he had mainly contributed, rendered perfectly un- availing by this ridiculous treaty. During the battle about one hundred and fifty of Prieto’s mounted followers pene- trated into the city, either in search of plunder or in the hope of causing a diversion; and after sacking the French consulate, for which outrage a compensation of thirty thousand dollars was exacted by a French squadron in 1831, and committing other depredations, they proceeded to the house of Colonel Tupper with the view, it would seem, of murdering his wife, who was far advanced in pregnancy. Not finding her at home, and understanding that she had taken refuge at the bishop's residence, they galloped thither, and, breaking open the portal, declared that they were come to kill «la muger del Ingles Tupper.” The bishop approached them in his robes, with a large crucifix in his hands, and the demons fled almost as soon as they saw him. On hearing their cries, a deep swoon happily came to the relief of their intended victim; but the previous anguish of this unhappy young woman, then in her twenty-third year, may be more easily conceived than described. She had heard, during the morning, every MEMOIR OF COLONEL TUPPER. 285 shot fired by the contending armies, and did not yet know he fate of her husband ! The day after the action, Colonel r upper waited in plain clothes on General F ogre and re- signed the command of his regiment, determined to serve no longer under such leaders and in such a cause: but unfortunately he was prevailed upon by his old —— to aceept the appointment of commandant of arms, or military governor of the town and province of Coquimbo. a very desirable part of the country, and a situation of emolument, as well as, at that time, of great responsibilit To a young officer, with an increasing family and trait means, the offer was too tempting to be refused, although he never entertained a favourable opinion of General Freyre’s abilities, giving him credit only for good intentions He was at Valparaiso, preparing to embark for Condi, when Freyre arrived in the former town, Prieto havin Colonel Tupper had all along foreseen and ha attempted to take him prisoner, and compelled him to Hook security in flight from the capital. In this manner Prieto obtained possession of a fine park of field artillery, and in- corporated the constitutional cavalry with his re Amon other charges of duplicity, General Freyre accused Prieto, in a letter of January 18th, which was published, of havin : excited the authorities of Coquimbo not to receive Sr Tupper, whom he had destined for that command in the conviction that he was best fitted for it. Colonel Tupper now bound in honour not to abandon Freyre in his diff. culties, very reluctantly resumed the command of his batta- lion, and proceeded with it to Concepcion, which province was in favour of the liberal party. The three battalions of infantry, which had fought against Prieto on the 14th of December, followed the fortunes of F reyre; each, previ- ously to their departure from Valparaiso, issued a manifesto 286 MEMOIR OF COLONEL TUPPER. to the citizens, and we translate that of Pudeto, or No. 8, which was by far the most poignant and uncompromising, and although written in an inflated tone of defiance, the language was well suited to the Spanish character of those to whom it was addressed. «The battalion of Pudeto, ever faithful to its oaths, swears to maintain the constitution.—Fellow citizens, con- fide in its honour which has never been violated. Enemies of order tremble: you well know Pudeto. « His Excellency, Captain-General Ireyre leads us to victory. His name electrifies the hearts of the brave, and guarantees the pacific citizen in his employments. «The infamous Prieto will be for ever intimidated ; this soldier without honour, who, deriding in repeated in- stances the most sacred engagements, aspires to despotism by the most unjust means. « Valparaiso, 27th January, 1830.” Prieto doubtless never forgave this fearless, but perhaps imprudent, mention of his treachery, and probably the com- mandant of the battalion was from that moment marked out as the object of his sanguinary vengeance. Brief Extracts relative to the late Colonel Tupper. « Few situations can be more distressing than those of foreign officers, having entered the service of the new republics, in order to combat have in the end found themselves involved in the and at times either from prin- have been in a manner obliged who, the foreign enemy, domestic disputes of their adopted country, ciple, old attachments, or other strong causes, to take active service with one or other of the parties. « These observations have been elicited from us on reading a letter from Chile, which, although dated in December last, throws some light upon the situation in which the late Colonel Tupper was placed; an officer who, in the war for the independence of Chile, was one of its most distinguished heroes, and had gathered ¢ golden opinions from all sorts of people, and yet be fell a victim to civil dissensions.”— British Packet, Buenos Ayres, July 17, 1830. A letter from Valparaiso, of the 29th April says: “In a battle near the Maule, on the 17th of this month, eight hundred men fell. Freyre is de- GOVERNMENT OF DON THOMAS OVALLE, 287 feated, and three forei ated, gn officers, (among whom i i killed.” — English Chronicle, FH 24, To30, ail Conelusi i ‘ Wig Ba feat dated Santiago, May 14, relative to the affairs of ho mde Ra seventeen hundred, and Prieto with two thousand RR 00s el pan at Cancharayada, when the former was Be ee hi ot hundred rank and file were killed. Amongst mi a i ell, of the navy, and, it is believed, Rondisoni Tt scaped with three hundred cavalry, and have made thelr antiago, towards Coquimbo. Troops have been sent In them I rieto re i y a . mains at Talca. < Concepcion. V e do not know what has occurred at I v g . 1 death is sincerely 1 ‘ i ; iy y lamented by all parties.”— Times, London, September 3, His Excellency Don Francisco Ruiz Tagle not bein willing to allow himself to be dictated to, by the leaders : the Spanish faction, offended them; and finding it im > sible to govern under such circumstances, i command ; and Don Thomas Ovalle was, on the 21st i March, elected in his place. Don Francisco Tacle retired to the Calera; and on the 16th of April I was i rived fe the rank of lieutenant-colonel,, and placed on Whi . my pay as Sart. Mor. ? “ Commandacia General de Armos, “ Bantiago, April 17, 1830. “ The minister of war ha s on th : . decree. e 16th of this month issued the following 6 < : "D ; = . that ay Ra it convenient to suspend the commission of Militia es en 2 Sargt. Mor, Don Thomas Sutcliffe, as Instructor 9 sas place this chief on the half-pay list until farther orders.’ Which I communicate to you for your information a ’ results, and corresponding “ God guard you, Ms As. “ JUAN DE Lona.” 1 waited on his excellency the president, who w entirely ignorant of what had occurred : Bowsver "i referred me to Don Diego Portales, Wlio had oo a s pomted minister of war; he stated that he had de ivi me of the employment I held, on account of my te a Les mg 288 DESCRIPTION OF ACULEN. « pipiblo,” (one of the liberal ‘party,) and for not having accompanied General Prieto. Although I was included in the general promotion that took place during the civil commotion, I never applied for although I had the decree of the my commission afterwards, tion former government, on account of the new administra having cancelled all the promotions made by Don Francisco Ramon Vicufia, and General Don Ramon Freyre, and the repugnance 1 had to receive the one offered to me by General Prieto. Being now reduced to the paltry sum of forty dollars per month, in place of one hundred and fifty, which would have been my pay as lieutenant-colonel of cavalry; and having no expectations of active employ- ment from government, I was obliged to economise, - SO I sold all my horses but one, dismissed my servants, gave up my apartments, left off smoking cigars, and by making arrangements with an hotel keeper, I found I could make ends meet, so as to reside in the capital; but the outery which was got up against all foreigners, made it disagree- able for me to remain in Santiago, so I accepted the invita- tion of Don Juan Francisco Larrayn, and obtained leave from government to accompany him and his family to their estates, which was one of the most charming spots in Chile. Aculen is nearly thirteen leagues from the capital ; there is a beautiful lake adjacent, which is about eight miles in circumference; also two small islands in it, which at times are almost covered with nests from the innumer- able quantity of aquatic birds that resort to it; there is also a good supply of excellent perch, and pere-reys, (king- fish;) and being a lover of field sports, I enjoyed myself in shooting, hawking, and fishing during the day, and the evenings with the amiable and accomplished family of my host, enjoying ¢otium cum dignitate,” on half-pay: one PINCHEYRA’S ATTACK ON RANCAGUA. 289 Res we were alarmed by the sudden appearance of the y and father of the governor of Rancagua, who in ad fl i made hi : . bouring valleys. § made Jus appearanes in fie neigh- On this I ordered m y horse, and taki my servant, and one or two ¢ Huassos,” who had — soldi i i I Set off I Rancagua, and on my way called at ompanma.” My friend, Don J i uan de dios Co h sent off a party to the C | an ordillero; and aff 1 oo ; ; after refreshing m i . I continued my route to Rancagua, which I os oe : greatest confusion; I called upon the governor - ee Quadra, and informed him that his family wai e 2 pi and that I had arrived to render any assist ance he should require; h I ; he thanked me for m offer: I amas took an account of the arms, &ec., ES after gre put myself in possession of what had occurred and what measures had been : adopted, I wrote to th mandante Gral. of the arm 1 a : ¥> who immediately sent an off | cer with arms ; however, Pincheyra, retired after having Oo dered a few that resided near to the Cordillero ne I had the satisfaction of receiving the following offic note and certificate from the chief of the staff, i f 1al «© ? Commandancia General de Armas “ Santiago, January 9, 183]. which you announce your having to assist the approach ordi : governor, on acco Pp of the bandits, who have menaced that department To Ofhe ,» as been so satisfacto i account “i 10a i ine to express to you my full assurance, on SOU, 10 thie. Dench ag isp ayed the noble sentiments that characterize Honourable offices Th ® public Security, thus acting like a good and a, i ble anger having now ceased, there is no further be repeated ; in that cas ommode yourself, unless such occurrences should in order that You 700 je Lp > hay offer yourself again to that government you are setually § ployed with utility, whilst you remain where Sl feciier. I 8 eave of absence, which I state to you for y ’ swer to your note. God guard you Ms. As your “The perusal of yours of the 6th, in marched to the city of Rancagua, “Juan DE Luna? 299 DEATH OF OVALLE. ¢ Juan de Luna, Commandante Jeneral de Armas, e Inspector Jeneral Interino del Ejercito, &c. &c. « Certify, that El Sargt. Mor de Caba. Don Thomas Sutcliffe has served as adjutant of this staff, from the beginning of March, 1830, when I took the command ; that afterwards he was commissioned to instruct the cavalry of Tango, from which he was retired and placed on half-pay until this date. That his behaviour during all this epoch has not merited the slightest cen- sure. He has always been punctual when called upon for duty, and observed the best conduct; and for the ends that may suit him, I give the present in the city of Santiago, April 28, 1831.* « Juan DE LUNA.” I experienced still farther satisfaction, when the governor of Rancagua, Don Manuel Ortuzar, got me the appoint- ment of military commandant of the department, which for particular reasons that were stated to him, I declined accepting. On the 91st of March, 1831, his excellency the president of the republic, Don Thomas Ovalle, de- parted this life after a short illness, at the age of forty- three ; he was generally respected, and his loss regretted : he was succeeded by El Sefior Don Fernando Errazuriz, as provisional president, who governed until the 18th of Sept. and then General Don Joaquin Prieto, who was elected president of the republic, took the command. As he had to govern five years, and on account of the cool re- ception which I experienced from his excellency, I requested and obtained leave to reside in the country all the time I should be on half-pay, so as to be exonerated from having to attend processions, and other duties imposed upon the officers residing in the capital; so I returned to Aculeu, and was determined to remain quiet until the period of his government should end; in fact, I had little choice, for he had as minister of state in the war department, Don Pedro turbances, that occasioned so Utrriola, the hero of the dis much bloodshed in 1827 and 1828; besides which, almost * Published in my manifesto. URRI OLA APPOINTED MINISTER OF WAR 201 all the other offices in Wen government had been A po were well known to Son - cs oro ey governments, as well as others who ft us Rhos a all the disorders that had afflicted hy ys 2, in order that they might creep int es ane b A to restore, as they have said 0 e of liberty and justice. af AH NI ———————————— CA, er ————— i CHAP. VIIL CONCLUSION OF THE WAR WITH PINCHEYRA. : AmonesT the promotions that followed the consolidation of the new government, was that of General Don Manuel Bulnes, who received the command of the army of the south, when his uncle, the president Don Joaquin Prieto, was called to the supreme government. General Bulnes commenced by adopting active measures against the horde of bandits, who having taken advantage of the civil broils of 1828-9 and 1830, had, with the assistance of their allies, not only been enabled to re-organize their «royal army,” and act again on the offensive, but had the audacity to lay the rich haciendas of the departments of San Fernando and Rancagua under contribution, and even plunder the mines, and defenceless town of San Jose, situate on the banks of the Maipu, a few leagues distant from Santiago, the capital of Chile, and thus strike terror to its inhabitants. However, the general had the satisfaction of putting an end to this cruel and destructive warfare on the 11th of March, 1832. As I have already, in the former part of this work, mentioned many particulars respecting Pincheyra, I will now give a brief account of the final extermination of this horde of merciless bandits, by translating a few documents and an extract from the work of El Reverendo Padre Fr. Jose Javier Guzman, which was published in Chile, by the director of the ministerial press, and under the patronage of the supreme government :— WAR WITH PINCHEYRA. 203 MEMORABLE ACCOUNT OF THE GENERAL DESTRUCTION THE HORDE OF THE BANDIT PINCHEYRA.* “One of the actions that have given glory to the of the Patria, is the triumph that has ian obtained de the command of the valiant General Don Manuel Bulnes, =” = hs 9 January, 1832, against the daring pundit Pincheyra, and his associates. In order that this proposition may be truly understood, I will give som previ notice of the character of this cruel and fie pa i Gy Patria by referring to several of his a 2 clude by giving an account of our glorious “ Paul Pincheyra, a native of the department of S Carlos, and a man who followed no occupation or So nor was he ever willing to be a soldier, turned robber, a d In company with his brothers, and others of the same cl . committed many depredations in the haciendas of iy eastern part of the provinces of the bishopric of Co . dion, This courageous leader was cunning, im A) daring, enterprising, tyrannical, and ferocious: he a no other system than that of robbing, plundesin od marauding. The fame his name had acquired, , en reprobates join him daily, principally deserters, and oth y who followed dishonest practices. In this Deter or monsters collected almost insensibly such a force, that Wy short time they were well enabled to assault the Yiiond : and towns, and caused great uneasiness to the governm " of the state. This horde left their impenetrable le many times during the year, and spread terror and devaste. tion amongst the unprotected towns ; they were also aided and assisted by the Indians, who were interested in th plunder of the haciendas, and the numerous captives det * Guzman, book 2, page 692—702, rr dr e— AN CH PR a a 294 WAR WITH PINCHEYRA. they took with them from the towns and villages. I will now relate some of the daring enterprises of Pincheyra :— About the end of November, 1825, the Spaniard, Zinozain, with twenty-five followers, joined the bandits. These marauders had taken refuge amongst the Indians, in order that they might, under the pretext of serving the cause of the King of Spain, commit depredations and incom- mode the patriots, although they were in quiet possession of the government. After having made some arrange- ments with Pincheyra, they on the 1st of December marched against the province of Chillan with more than 200 soldiers, and 600 auxiliary Indians. On the general's receiving information of this daring movement of the enemy, he ordered the brave Commandant Don Manuel Jordan to meet them with a squadron of cavalry, and other detach- ments, who were on the 25th of December, 1825, unfor- tunately defeated in the hacienda of Longabi, and on account of the superior force of the enemy, all were slain, except one ensign and six soldiers of this valiant band, who escaped to carry the dreadful intelligence of the fate of their unfortunate commander and comrades, to the head- quarters at Chillan. Pincheyra and his colleagues were elated, and profiting by this unequal victory, not only was supplied with arms,* but augmented his horde daily with the deserters and robbers who flocked to him in numbers, so that he soon became so strong as not to content himself with pilfering the haciendas that were contiguous to the Cordillera, but advanced so far as to visit Niquen, and the neighbourhood of Cauquenes; and what seems most In- credible, his daring courage made him venture to march within the Cordillera de los Andes, to plunder the defence- Jess town of San Jose,T distant only ten or twelve leagues * By the Spanish faction. + Since the disturbances of 1829 and 1830. WAR W ‘HEY R WITH PINCHEYRA. 205 £ ; ; ; Sa a having traversed above one hundred and agues of the almost im z leras to perpetrate this a wee I « Pi oe en had fea with his numerous followers a or intrenchment, which wa 8 constructed in an almost impenetrable valley, from which he sallied forth or to make hi his assaults upon the towns, and bring femal e captives to form hi 8 seraglio. All thi Pes g this foretold the rui g lon, and even the predomination of th i opportune stop were not a before this insolent and darin numerous. put to their proceedings, g band would become more 6 In IQ : : gee he Hah and distressed state of tribulation and » was the republic, when Sa our president, Prieto, t fen a of government, for he no sooner received oss em Sa Sites known to General Bulnes his welifitmed a : a i steps he had taken and already adopted t sh Pincheyra, and extermi : rminate the str em strong force h ye i fnsnlang : he gave him secret as how ie Tug by surprise, and route him in his intrench 0 ly ich were considered inexpugnable. The oe hes Bulnes desired this moment as eagerl To . . p esident, and did not demur an instant in pth # i oneried plans that his excellency had com Sn him, into execution.” Bigatio I he i 1 re take the liberty of interrupting El Reverend 0 Padr J 1 y least in this work, the memorable occurrenc : ‘ences whi fits Scone: of Longabi, 1825, until i a Nittnepneale ge | enoral Don Ramon F reyre, Ba e ne Encalada, El Sefior Don Augustin g and lastly, General Pinto, whilst president f e republic, did their utmost, and I will prove by the oficial General 206 WAR WITH PINCHEYRA. documents I now cite, that General Don Jose Manuel Borgoiio nearly put an end to this horrible warfare in 1827; therefore the motto of «Palmam qui meruit ferat,” ought not to be effaced from the shield it had honoured. Out of the respect I owe to a gencral, whose aid-de-camp I had the honour of being, from 1826 to 1830, and the meritorious chiefs and officers that accompanied him in the arduous campaigns of 1827 and 1828, against the horde of bandits, and who so nobly sustained the reputation they had gained by their honour and bravery; I will attempt to assist my worthy friend, El Padre Guzman, for I am sure that he must have forgotten the decided interest his meri- torious and patriotic relative, Don Augustin Eyzaguirre, took, to effect the extermination of those marauders; and that one of his first acts as president of the republic was, to call upon the “magnanimidad y civismo” of his fellow- citizens, by a proclamation he issued on the 25th of Sep- tember, 1826, of which I will translate an extract. « CHILENOS, «] am aware of the losses you have sustained during the sixteen years’ struggle, but 1 am speaking with Chilians that have undertaken the most imminent sacrifices, not only for their liberty, but also for their honour and glory. « Remember that your virtuous magnanimity made you the rulers of the Pacific, with a squadron, that, subjugating the Spanish forces, fixed the basis of the liberty of the south; recollect your immense aid and voluntary exertions to send the liberating army to Peruchilenos; remember the battle of Maipu, and measure my confidence by your civism. «To-day I do not treat of the glory, but of the pre- servation of the fortunes of Chile, and the lives of its citizens. I speak to you who know how impetuous, obsti- WAR WITH PINCHEYRA. 207 nate, and terrible is the war of the barbarians who with- out doubt will attack us the moment the as will swine them; and if we do not anticipate, and prepare resources and troops to chastise them, we shall either fall victims, or a desolating war will be prolonged. I am in wink of assistance, and, out of respect to your property, I can onl depend on your spontaneous oblation, to which you co Invited: succour me now, and by the end of the year I hope that, with the new organization of the oon I shall be enabled to redeem the branches that are now in pawn, and then our natural resources will be sufficient to cover the wants of the state. “ EYZAGUIRRE.” 5 Hisnoxs step was to appoint General Don Jose Manuel orgofio to the command of the army of the south, and place the provinces of Colchagua, Maule, and Concepcion under martial law, during his military operation. The official reports of that general, at the close of the campai of 1827, will show how far his patriotic exertions oe crowned with success. I also refer to the following official statement :— > ‘ Ministry of War, rohan “The evils and disasters that a prolonged and destructive war has occasioned in the meritorious provinces of Con- cepcion, having ceased, with almost the total extermination of the horde of bandits that have to this period afflicted it whilst favoured by the Indians of the frontier, who were through the medium of fallacy and intrigue brought by their instigators to pervert the tranquillity of the districts In which they have exercised their acts of cruelty; and the staff of the army being at present of no object, or only AAs 298 WAR WITH PINCHEYRA. but as well as the corps that 1 son on account of this reason, as belonged to it being stationed in differen 1 d:— ter. 1 have decree 7 fiw ’ fis The staff of the army of operations 18 Sng > “« a The chiefs and officers that formed 1t it oe 1 ied w and continue their services In the post they occup inted to this commission. : : : : prion The general-in-chief will continue with a ow ‘ | : % f the expressed army, and retain the same acu mand o 9 cision. ath. The minister of war of this decree, of which account w 3 * and order it to be printed. « FREYRE. « OBEJERO.” is charged with the execution ill be taken—circulate 1t to all concerned, po PADRE GUZMAN'S .vaTION OF EL REVOREN ys « (Jen. Bulnes gave the command of a corps . 2 f Iry of about two hundred men of the i se gras of cava ahi] SER do Letelier; an 1 Colonel Don Bernar : ; oo fs sixty-four from the battalion Compre 9 % . . . r Lie ut.-Colonel Don Estanislao Angiuita; also two 9% fo € . . » a f : 1 the battalion Valdivia, which were given to G 2 i” ets Barbosa ; and to the second in command 0 on olonel Don Jose Antonio Vidaurre, he pee ‘ : ir hundred and forty of the battalion Maipu, and thi “ a v ‘litia to Don Ramon Pardo, and eighty Pehuenc of them : : : Indians to Brevet Captain Don Domingo i isd «This division marched on the 10th of a y an d halted at the foot of the mountain during the . and ha « Official documents printed by order of go NARRATIVE.— division, C vernment. WAR WITH PINCHEYRA. 299 and there captured one of the chiefs of Pincheyra, Berra, with two soldiers ; they continued their march, and the expeditions halted in the Vinilla, from whence Ensign Lavendero advanced with thirty grenadiers, conducted by Commandante Rojas, Captains Gatica and Suniga, Ensign Vallejos, and six more that had abandoned Pin- cheyra. “This party was so fortunate as to take Pablo Pin- cheyra in the place called Roble Guacho, whilst in the house of Vallejos, with two of his servants, and one that had belonged to the regiment of cazadores, a Caballo ; these, and three more that had fled to the thickets of Magin, fell that day into the hands of Rojos, and were immediately shot. “The division destined to attack the principal force of Pincheyra had to struggle with almost insuperable diffi- culties, that the elevated and rugged range of Cordilleras presented ; but the ardour and resolution of the soldiers triumphed over all the embarrassments that were opposed to them, and in less than three days, after incredible fatigues and exertions, they traversed the distance of eighty leagues. “On the 14th, after a march of fourteen leagues, they arrived near to the encampment of Jose Antonio Pin- cheyra, and took seven out of nine that guarded the pass of El Estretcho de las Lagunas, the other two escaped. “When the division arrived within two leagues of the enemy, they formed in three columns, and continued their march in this manner until they arrived at Las Lagunas de Epulanquen, where the bandits were stationed. “The general's orders were executed with so much precision and celerity, that, notwithstanding the enemy had intelligence of the expedition, the effect of the TAY - id A SF A si a—r—— Res OA 298 WAR WITH PINCHEYRA. but as well as the corps that on account of this reason, ent cantonments for belonged to it being stationed in differ 1 have decreed :— f the army of operations is dissolved. formed it will pass cupied when the winter. «1st. The staff 0 «9nd. The chiefs and officers that and continue their services in the post they oc appointed to this commission. «3rd. The general-in-chief will continue with the com- mand of the expressed army, and retain the same faculties that were conferred when put in charge of this important commission, which he has executed with so much de- cision. ath. The minister of war is charged with the execution ken—circulate it of this decree, of which account will be ta to all concerned, and order it to be printed.” « FREYRE. « OBEJERO.” CoxTINUATION OF EL REVORENDO PaprE GUZMAN'S N arraTIvE.— Gen. Bulnes gave the command of a corps of cavalry of about two hundred men of the horse grena- diers to Colonel Don Bernardo Letelier; and two hun- dred and sixty-four from the battalion Carampangue to Lieut.-Colonel Don Estanislao Angiuita; also two hundred from the battalion Valdivia, which were given to Captain Don Juan Barbosa ; and to the second in command of the division, Colonel Don Jose Antonio Vidaurre, he gave two hundred and forty of the battalion Maipu, and thirty of the militia to Don Ramon Pardo, and eighty Pehuenche Indians to Brevet Captain Don Domingo Salvo. « This division marched on the 10th of January, 1832, d at the foot of the mountain during tne 11th, and halte « Official documents printed by order of government. WAR WITH PINCHEYRA. 299 and there cap a es i “i “ i ey of Pincheyra, Berra, Iw & continued their march Sean jee in the Vinilla, from — “ » undead with thirty grenadiers, conducted Ensign Vallejos a Copteine Cation an2 Sonim : Jos, and six more that had abandoned Pi | cheyra. Ht alftpt a oy so fortunate as to take Pablo Pin- ra f ace called Roble Guacho, whilst in the oo "a g wa two of his servants, and one that a anh 0 the regiment of cazadores, a Caballo : a oe es on that had fled to the thickets of He y into the hands of Rojos, and were ce caie 4 Se destined to attack the principal force of Sagem 4 struggle with almost insuperable diffi- Se ye State and rugged range of Cordilleras a at aon and resolution of the soldiers SE e embarrassments that were opposed an 87 : ess than three days, after incredible a xertions, they traversed the distance of ghty leagues. « re fe) $9. he a march of fourteen leagues, they mie : e encampment of Jose Antonio Pin- diay Soutien rn out of nine that guarded the pass “ When ay] ea : i Schau al. ; rrived within two leagues pm: Sa in three columns, and gga ne 8 manner until they arrived at Las Lagunas ou quen, Where the bandits were stationed. a a — were executed with so much JRun on erity, that, notwithstanding the enem elligence of the expedition, the effect of a I —— 5 AMIN Be — — ig i. ir 300 DEFEAT OF PINCHEYRA. simultaneous movement of the columns was, that of the most complete surprise; and after taking advantage of the panic, and to impede the possibility of their flight to the territory of the Indians, various detachments were sent to take possession of the passes. The result of this movement was, that, after a short resistance, in which many of the bandits and their allies the Indians fell, the rest surrendered, with the exception of Pincheyra and fifty-two more, who, favoured by darkness and good horses, escaped by scaling a mountain hitherto thought impassable. « The greatest mass of Indians fled at the commence- ment of the onset, and were stopped by a party of cavalry that had gained the pass; they then turned upon their pursuers, who completely routed them, and left the ground, for the space of three leagues, strewed with dead bodies. The famous caciques, Niculman, Coleto, and Triqueman, fell in this action; these were the principal allies of Pin- cheyra, and furious instigators of the ravages committed by the race of Pehuenches. « Few of this confederated band escaped being killed or taken prisoners, and their families fell into the hands of the conqueror. « The general, by the intrepidity and good conduct of the troops, not only managed to defeat the enemy, but happily exterminated that formidable horde, and by adopting such precise manceuvres, he obtained a com- plete victory with little loss on his part. «The general, in the official despatch sent to govern- ment from the field of battle, spoke in the highest terms of the brilliant conduct of his chiefs and officers, and recommended the meritorious co-operation of Rojos, Zuniga, Gatica, Zapata, Yafies, and Vallejos, who, de- ESCAPE OF PINCHEYRA. 301 fending the cause of the king,* joined Pincheyra ; but being horror, struck with the ferocity of that horde of Sans had ceded to the insinuations of General Prieto, ot he gave up the command of the army of the i General Bulnes did not consider he had fulfilled the object of his expedition, on account of the escape of Pincheyra; and in order to consummate the victor sent fifty horse-soldiers, who were accompanied b Rojo and thirty of the late followers of Pincheyra ; td on eleven days of fruitless pursuit, in which fhioy were, on account of scarcity, obliged to live on horeostleds re- turned to the encampment without having effected diclr object.” , I here conclude Padre Guzman’s narrative, and will give a translation of General Bulnes’ official account to government respecting the final surrender of Pincheyra. “ OFFICIAL DOCUMENT. ‘“ Head-quarters, Chillan, March 12th, 1832. “ Sefior Minister, “The triumph that was obtained by the forces under my command on the 14th of January last against the “Caudillo,” denominated Colonel Don Antonio Pinchoves ought to be consummated by the capture of his Tr on account of the importance of his name ; for the Re ble remnant that cscaped, scarcely merited our attention to follow them. To this end I detached parties of about ” Whi individuals had never served in the Spanish army, but had, to hy ow edge, been the inseparable companions of Pincheyra, (and as blood. sty and rapacious as any of their gang) ever since I had commenced to serve against these marau i i ey ders, in 1826, as aid-de-camp to the commander- i ——— A ——— A—————— AA AW a 302 SURRENDER OF PINCHEYRA. one hundred men under the command of Don Antonio Zuniga and Adjutant Aguilera, composed of cavalry and friendly Indians, who by forced marches managed to find them between the rivers Latue and Salado, situated at the distance of one day’s march; they halted with the design to fall upon them by surprise at daybreak the fol- lowing day ; but Pincheyra having discovered the track of two of the spies that were sent to reconnoitre, fled with fourteen men just in time to evade the attack, in which the individuals whose names are included surrendered. « The party took every advantage of their success, and considered they had penned Pincheyra up in the Cor- dillera ; but he was then on the banks of the Malalue, and requested an interview with ensign Don Pedro Lavanderos—which was granted ; he there declared that his formal resistance to deliver himself up to Zuniga, was on account of the pardon that had been offered to him by the supreme government, which he hoped to obtain, and in that case he would only surrender himself to me— permitting him to present himself accompanied by Lavandero: which being agreed to, he came with the four- teen men that formed the remainder of his routed forces, to which may be added the Indians who invaded Talca Regue, to steal cattle, amongst whom was found Pedro Fuentes, well known for his crimes, and he was imme- diately shot. «I can well assure V.S. that only four men, conducted by one Vicente Pereira, who had separated from the fugitive Pincheyra previous to the attack of Latue, and who took the direction of the’ Pampas, now form the re- liques of this gigantesque banditti, whose terrible fame has disappeared jointly with its existence, leaving the republic to lament no more their destructive warfare. ENCAMPMENT OF PINCHEYRA. 303 I'have the satisfaction to announce this to V.S.. to the end that you may inform S. E., and recommend ® his con- sideration the conduct and laudable privations with which Zuniga and the others I have mentioned have contributed to the success of this enterprise. “Dios Guea V. S. “ ManveEL BuLNES.” Pincheyra maintained above 2,000 souls in his encamp- ment of Latue ; the spoils that fell into the hands of :- Sen Were considerable, for the enemy was well Sie vi I ae. ‘ Sau HE stores, and had immense droves of About 200 were killed, and more than 700 made pri- soners ; upwards of 1,000 women were released , restored to their relatives and homes. ) Zuniga and his honourable companions were rewarded with commissions in the army; a corps was formed of th followers of El Sefior Colonel Don Antonio Pinche re denominated Carbineers of the Frontier ; and his To cellency, the President of the Republic, gave this fall : and faithful ally of the Spanish faction, an asylum on bia own estate. Thus ended the war that had nearly annihi lated the ill-fated provinces of the south, and kept Chile In constant agitation ; and which had been fomented and encouraged by many who now had acquired a share in the administration, and aggrandized themselves at th cost of so much bloodshed. 2 The following document will show that the wil “godos” had completely outwitted their eredulous allies, the “ O’Higginistas,”—who had materially aided ad sisted them against the liberal party. Some months had elapsed since General Prieto had A ————————— A SL a “ ea RR Ns 304. MOTION IN FAVOUR OF O'HIGGINS. been invested with the supreme command, and nothing had been done with respect to the restoration of General O'Higgins to his rank, and native country. Many of the too credulous “ O’Higginistas,” finding they had been duped, began, when it was too late, to repent having lent their energies to the common enemy ; and one of their leaders who had a seat in the legislature, tired of waiting to see his coadjutors put their promises into practice, pre- sented the following propositions to congress :— “ The deputy who subscribes, has the honour of submitting a few reflections to the consideration of the representatives here assembled, and by which they are called upon to support an eminent act of national justice, long since reclaimed as an indemnification due to a public man for his great services and elevated virtues. «I speak, Sefiores, of the restitution of that distin- guished citizen, Don Bernardo O'Higgins, to his rank of captain-general. « It is unnecessary for the justification of this chamber, to refresh your memory by detailing the important services our illustrious countryman has rendered the republic, and for which it is deeply indebted to him, for his name is united with the most memorable events of our political revolution, and identified with the most glorious recollec- tions of our emancipation.” Yet this victim of the vicissitudes that are inseparable from a prolonged revolution, and the animosities that are fomented by domestic dissensions, has been residing for nine years in a foreign country, and suffering the reverses of fortune with heroic resignation. « The whole republic knows the necessity of redeeming MARIN SUPPORTS THE MOTION. 305 th i fhe national honour, and of fulfilling this duty in a man- fe “" to merit the public gratitude, for which the x puty t at subscribes submits the following articles for rina and deliberation of this chamber :— , st. Demand the executive power to show the vi Ne that caused Captain-General Don Bernardo 1ggins to be cashiered. « 2 : or ok That a report be immediately given relative to a nduct and adhesion that citizen has shown towards ; country, ever since his name had been erased from th military list. Ho “«@ 3 a iin obtained, a commission must be named out of this chamber, to report nan ; port on the following pro- &«@ 1 3 Sain unico :—To satisfy the national honour, ac- % ing to the public wish, and as an indemnification due 3 services, we restore citizen Don Bernardo 9 Ts bors rank as captain-general, from which he egally deprived. Communi i dy 1cate this to the execu- “ Santiago, July 13, 1832.” Don Gaspar Marin supported his views in an abl md eloquent speech, which, with the motion, was iy sdivad wd responded to by a general nocluiniion for the godos, "who were present, found it impolitie to offi oe slightest opposition ; but they observed, that as th . Sot General Prieto, “ was known o be an A, ns Y igen, ad to whom he was indebted for “as | In the army,” he could, without the necessity ili projected law, make use of his own prerogative, and an pe ® General O'Higgins the justice that was de- X i —— CSE ————— vos PE greet A dE 2 A wet aR Er Tiina I PN 7 yy 306 MANGEUVRE OF THE © GODOS.” duced Don Gaspar Marin to leave the affair in the hands of his friend, General Prieto. The. ad no sooner gained this point than they caused ated, in which it was stated that the :t was the desire of the nation that General O'Higgins should be reinstated in the rank he had been so unjustly deprived of, had not only performed that act of justice, but had written to him, and inclosed a passport, with an invitation for him to return to his native country. This farce was carried on still further, for the minister of state sent for a stanch friend of General O'Higgins, who was about to leave for Peru, and entrusted him with a packet, sealed with the seal of office, and directed—* To his Excellency Senior Captain-General of the Chilian army, Don Bernardo O'Higgins, (this con- tained a blank enclosure). By this dexterous manceuvre the « godos” gained time, which was all they desired, for they knew well that before the trick could be discovered, they could invent another that might retard the voyage of a man they dreaded, and whose presence in Chile was so much desired by the true patriots. I shall now take a retrospective view of the leading events that occurred in Peru since my escape from Callao, in which may be seen a brief narrative of the noble deeds of Bolivar, O'Higgins, Sucre, and Guize,—how the final consolidation of the independence of Peru had been thwarted by the Spanish faction,—and how the treat- ment of those two champions of liberty, Bolivar and Sucre, in Peru, equalled that of 0’ Higgins and Freyre, in Chile. After the affair of Callao, General Bolivar concen- trated his forces at Pativilca, and sent to Colombia for all the troops that could be spared; for his situation became daily more critical, as the Spaniards, whose parti- These arguments in “godos” h a report to be circul president, on seeing PERNA DUPLICITIES OF TORRE TAGLE. 307 it ro the fortresses and Lima into their hands, ee RE rapidly. Nothing gave the Liman- a a than that of seeing the ex-president, vernor of the a ’ om ng ge : ; , ichaveria, and others yi] in Lima until the Spanish —_ oa onet and Rodil entered), receive the St Ne oa other demonstrations of joy. aw ose © traitors to the patriotic cause” BAIA tr an ie Aly nd party feuds tha yer Nr checks to the on of i os iy io associates were daily seen dining pr Sn ] e Spanish chiefs ; and the former a proc Atiation to the Peruvians, in which oral. Da i was depicted as a tyrant; and he as i sie to remain faithful to the Span- Sa Tr e pug on rulers ; however, this | : plicity brought upon him th execration of his countrymen ; and he was obli . refuge with some of his ellen ues i a ets they subsequently ld oe is Hi “ SR i ni Rr had protracted Rivaguera or Torre Tagle re wo a oe . e traitors: and whe- 5 Nei not render an important service to Seat nS Sa : oser, by net only appreciating the ser- See ian auxiliaries, but by inviting General var to come also with 5,000 or 6,000 more troops. if Dostana. and take the command of the whole #] 1% pve kh and had not that magnanimous and ik i i: Pasig Tonal to the summons, what e es Peru, under the auspices of Gi A ———————— A ————ha— 1 iE 144 i A dR aE i" is A RO TE AH 308 GALLANT CONDUCT OF ADMIRAL GUIZE. Torre Tagle, Echaveria, Berindoaga, and their worthy partisans ? No sooner had news arrived at Pisco of the affair of Callao, than Admiral Guize, who commanded the Peru- vian navy, sailed for Callao, and his gallant conduct there is fully explained in the following letter :— « Protector, off San Lorenzo, 97th of February, 1824. “ DEAR SIR, « The government of Lima despatched expresses to the admiral at Pi according to arrangements he anchored near to this island, and imm sent a flag of truce to the Mulato general, and received an answer, that the forts were in the hands of the Spaniards, and that he could not listen to the proposals of surrender and forgiveness, which the admiral promised. « The admiral weighed immediately, to attack the forts and shipping in this single frigate; and, notwithstanding the unequal forces, for three pur- poses: 1st. To try the disposition and capacity of his men, who were mostly landsmen and recruits, and unaccustomed to the imposing appear- ance of those formidable batteries. 2nd. To give an opportunity to the revolted, to rise against the Spaniards ; and the 8rd. To contradict in an indisputable manner, the malicious reports spread by the other enemies of South American Independence, that the crews of the frigate and the squadron, had listened to the various proposals made to sur- render on the most advantageous terms to the enemy. « We went into action at three o’clock p.M., (the flag of truce having arrived at half-past one,) and kept them in play till twenty minutes past four: having fulfilled the object for which the attack was made, we hauled off and anchored in our former berth, with the loss of only one man killed, and several shots in our hull, but not to injure us ; the admiral now resolved on the destruction of the Venganza, which we heard was fitting out for sea; and in effecting this, Captain Addison of this ship, (Spry having resigned) in four boats and fifty men, all volunteers, effected as brilliant a piece of service as has ever been performed with such inadequate means, since the commencement of the war; perhaps, it stands unrivalled, for under the fire of the batteries he boarded, cut adrift, and burnt the Venganza and Santa Cruz, and returned without the loss of one man. « The result of this gallant enterprise was four ships, a brig, schooner, burnt, and fourteen vessels of various classes cut out, whose names are as follow : — Ships of war, Venganza, frigate, 50 guns; corvette, sco, and ediately Spaniards, and and BOLIVAR DICTATOR OF PERU. 309 isl , 1 1 a ill sail lady for Valparaiso. The forts are saluting, whilst I bi Sy, Je oubt for the arrival of the Spaniards; and we are pre to you hig er attack to-night, the result of which I hope to eas Ro Ishing you health, happiness, &c. I beg to remain yours sin- “ HENRY FREEMAN.”® “ Admiral Guize was killed i : there by accident.” llled at Guayquil, and the frigate Protector burnt The last act of the Peruvian congress was a patriotic and laudable one, for Gener ‘ . ’ al Bolivar 1 . the dictatorship of Peru. was mvesied. wii The i Pa Colombian army was concentrated at Huaras afterwards marched to Pasco, where General Bolivar having fixed hi s head-quarters. o ; his army. ; » Organized and augmented 3 General O Higgins, wishing to participate in the glories out to be acquired in Peru, addressed General Bolivar ’ B® ‘“ res Ha. Huaras, June 14th, 1824. “© T 3 : ae oo of your esteemed letter has given me much pleasure, and —— at i y my Se Heres, who repeated the idea that I bed of eing in the fie ¢ ols vie g of battle on the day that we decide the fate “1 h 3 3 i: ae already indicated to you my desire to see you in the liberatin ly ye $ wy general like you—feared by the enemy, and well known . ets and officers, cannot do less than give a greater estimati ne Imation to our [3 : i ip ees gon s command, which, if it does not correspond and rank, will at least be sufficient : y nd rank, w. to honour an i i wishes to distinguish himself in the field of glory, for a ae Olompians under your orders will be confident of victory ° : %, my dear general and friend, I urge you to accept my invitation, if Yous p bysiea it moral state can permit such a sacrifice ; if your health is » 1t will not be a great one, unless your evi : il star ing been generous and constant. ! a_i AY mE — sae AAT SR AS — i Santa Rosa, 20 guns; merchantmen ships burnt, Ocean, O'Higgins, Pre- A : ‘ : | sident; Ships cut out, Canton, Huron, Americana, China, Tomas, Pro- ‘“ My dear general, ac i » accept the sentiments and distingui . ‘ {5k 8 guished consideration Sidi oR | | vidence ; brigs, Ontario, Herald, Mercedes, Ariel, Chile, and a Genoese of your friend, &e. H brig, name unknown; schooners, Betsy, Caroline, and one burnt, name “ BOLIVAR."} ht unknown : as I write to you in the greatest haste, you will excuse further * Captain Freeman was killed in attempting to board the brig of b Arequipei 6 e brig of war 15f ia réquipena, t This letter was published in Chile, Nov. 7. 1832 Boh - FER i EEE : tod 3 i particulars at present, as the Shakspeare (whose captain was buried in this SE SS Ie, 310 BATTLE OF JUNIN. General O'Higgins responded, by joining the ny : in which he was incorporated, and acknowledge « Or ariscal” of Peru. ns Bolivar reviewed his army at Pasco on Be 2nd of August, 1824, which was about Son sans ; i on the 6th he defeated the Spaniards at Junin, wi 2 vs shot having been fired on either side, for the Bet e a decided by the cavalry, whose arms were the lance “oh sabre, and only lasted three-quarters of an hour. ag loss of the patriots did not exceed fifty: killed, an oe hundred wounded ; the Spaniards lost about Yhree dred and sixty killed, about one hundred fiscnen 2 y a number of wounded, who, as well as those of the Bn . died on account of the intense cold they experienced. a Whilst General O'Higgins was at the ans at Huamanga, General Bolivar gave him a Soa paper, and after referring to the calumnies that ha en circulated all over America, in the Chilian papers, Ls s follows :—* I am intimate with the author of this le which speaks so honourably of you, so that, had I ve as personally acquainted with you previous to my oy perused it, I should have become a great addeajrer of y ; for I know no one in whose penetration, Judge i ; impartiality I could place more confidence, than x Seftor Rivas, who is a man of such strict Uomo a integrity, that nothing could induce him to inser - y article, favourable or unfavourable, that was not In § ce to the dictates of his conscience. ae Rivas had resided in the capital oh Sil) during the years 1818, 1819, and 1820, therefore f “ ; a favourable occasion of forming an exact opinion 0 8 character of General O'Higgins, and he had no soon i in perused the calumnies that had been remitted to him 1 BATTLE OF AYACUCHO. 311 Chile, than he published an article in a paper he had the honour of forwarding to General Bolivar, and from which the following is an extract. “The virtuous General O'Higgins does not merit that his countrymen call him arbitrary, whilst he is suffering in adversity, after the important services he has rendered to them. “He who conquered in Chacabuco and Maipu, and gave a constitution to the Chilian people at a time he had been proclaimed dictator by the voice of the people, is a creditor to their respect, gratitude, and even admi- ration— “ He who organized the treasury, created the national army, established the press, and even protected the writers who impugned government— “ He who founded schools on the Lancasterian system, conceived the idea of liberating Peru, and has given credit to Chile, by the wisdom and circumspection with which he carried on his administration—merits at least the esteem, and consideration of the Chilians.”* General Bolivar, after having given the command of the army to General Sucre, returned to Lima; and the Spanish generals, wishing to profit by the absence of a chief, whose name alone spread terror and dismay amongst their followers, concentrated their forces, which amounted to about 13,000 men, and 24 pieces of artillery. In November, the viceroy, General La Serna, calculating on an easy conquest, marched against General Sucre, but was totally defeated by the patriots at Anacucho on the 9th of December, the Spaniards leaving 15 generals, 16 colonels, 68 lieutenant-colonels, 484 officers, and 3,200 soldiers, prisoners of war; while the rest were killed, wounded, * El Venezolano. % a RG Aa EE A — a a a a a i 6-™ sR ona: AT TR - aT, ppp a a > 312 CONSTITUTION OF BOLIVIA ABOLISHED. or dispersed. This victory, and the death of General Olafieta, who was subsequently killed in Tumusla, Oper Peru,) with the surrender of Callao, crowned the FE of the patriots; but General Bolivar, after jsteiny wi - fered many disappointments and vexations throug hs intrigues of the common enemy and their partisans, io not only had spread the flame of discord Sey patriots of Chile and Peru, but had also managed to create civil disturbances in Colombia; iorefure, he having been elected president for life of Peru, Genera Sucre also of the state of Upper Peru, (called Bolivia, in honour of the liberator,) and his constitution adopted by both states; than he embarked for Colombia on the 3rd of September, 1826. General Santa Cruz was left % president of the council of government, and (Genera SUCRE EVACUATES BOLIVIA. 313 The inhabitants of Bolivia were also induced to act as their neighbours had done, (i. e. get rid of the foreigners,) and the malcontents were assisted by troops that were com- manded by General Gamarra,* who attacked their libera- tors, the Colombians; and General Sucre, after having been badly wounded, and finding it impossible to main- tain his authority, came to terms, and evacuated Bolivia in a manner that corresponded to his honour and pa- triotism ; thus Peru in 1826, and Bolivia in 1828, only changed masters, under whose auspices they had to experience the fruits of that anarchy and disorder which subsequently occurred. + * Now (1841) president of Peru. t The details of the battles of Junin, Ayacucho, and the occurrences up to the final expulsion of General Sucre, may be found in the “ Memoirs of General Miller,” book 2. A EA 5 isi 5 i | Lara remained with the Colombian troops in Peru. No H sooner had General Bolivar left Peru, than the enemies | it of order corrupted a Colombian colonel, Bustamente, | | who arrested Gen. Lara, and other chiefs, and sent ther A to Guayaquil. General Santa Cruz, MAMA. : fl | his ministers had resigned their offices, remained at the head of affairs ; and the rest of the Colombians were got if rid of in March, 1827, and the constitution of Bolivia if abolished, by a congress, which, in June, 1827, elected | 1 General La Mar, a native of Guayaquil, and who had 1 | 1 : been governor of Callao during the Spanish government, 1 to be president of Peru.* of 41 i * One of the first acts of the government of La = Regaties of Hit : i augmenting his army to 12,000 men, waging war wh 9 hi i" 1 8 then sending troops to revolutionize Bolivia; thus to over Jory ples i i ; that had been put into practice to free Peru, and South Amer 5 I Hl 4h the influence of Spain; and they were about to RAE i) bl ii i he vessels of that nation, and fo t i opening the ports of Peru to t ressels ) \ hd | | re hw criticized by that patriot Vidaurre, who in one of his a Pe | says : —* I wish for security, justice, and good laws, but you only ¥ | open our ports to the fleets of our enemy.” A —————— id a pes rE EAN I ne ESET ‘ _— oon ———— ta > Bo - . w= ——— ES SN a CHAP. IX. WANDERINGS ON HALF-PAY—MODE OF MANAGING THE HACIENDAS IN CHILE—RODEOS MANTANZAS, TRILLAS, VENDIMIAS—AND FIELD SPORTS. Previous to the destruction of the forces of Pincheyra, and shortly after his visit to the province of Santiago, I had requested active employment on the frontier, which was not acceded to—but in May, 1832, I was ap- pointed to the civil and military command of the depart- ments of Donigue and El Parral, which were in an unsettled state. This was both a good and honourable charge; but as I was intimate with many of the malcon- tents, who were of the liberal party, 1 felt awkwardly situated ; I therefore requested his excellency, the pre- sident of the republic, to exonerate me from the civil appointment, for, being a foreigner, I was not the most proper person to fulfil the magisterial duties during such a crisis, nor did I wish to interfere in the political dis- turbances, except when obliged in the performance of my military duties. His excellency would hear no excuses, I therefore thought it proper to inform him that I was personally acquainted with several of the liberals, and intimate with El Sefior Gutierres, who was a bitter enemy of the government. The president seemed displeased at my naming the latter individual; and after calling him everything but a gentleman, he stated that I had no desire to be employed, and upbraided me for being a « Pipiollo.”* * One of the liberal party, or patriots. WANDERINGS ON HALF-PAY. 315 However, I had no sooner left the audience-chamber than I made out a memorial, in which I requested to Ye employed in the army on the frontier, and added the certificate and official note I had received from the com- mandante-general of the army, and sent it in to the war- office ; but as I received no answer during a fortnight returned to Aculeu, satisfied that government could Ain pense with my services. In July I received the following decree, signed by his excellency, the president of the republic, and his minister of war, Don Pedro Urriola :— War Department. “ June 7th, 1832. ““ 1 As there is not at present any appointment where the supplicant ean be employed in : 4 an active manner, he will b » e attend . offers. ed to when an occasion “ Rubric of S. E. ¢“ URRIOLA.” General Don Jose Ygnacio Zenteno, who had charge of the war-office, forwarded me the memorial with the following letter :— & ¢ Santiago, “ Sefior Don Thomas Sutcliffe. antiago, June 28th, 1832. “ Muy Seiior Mio, “ I enclose to you the decree of the supreme government, whose dela has impeded me from answering your esteemed of the 31st of last win 4 The want of a proper appointment for you is at present an obstacle to ve you active employment ; but the decree of the supreme government "4 to your good and meritorious services, recommends you so highly that our desires will soon be satisfied; and to forward them I will este it honour to use the utmost influence of " “ Your Aff’mo. S. S. Q.B. S. M. “Jose Y. ZENTENO.” As I now had leisure, I was resolved to profit by the occasion, and visit my friends who were residing near the sea-coast. Descending, therefore, the Maipu a far as the hacienda of Huachun, I visited Dofia Mercedes Guz- I AG hy ANA PSU ais — I 9 316 WANDERINGS ON HALF-PAY. man de Toro, who was residing at Las Juntas with her family. The two haciendas are divided, and managed by her sons, Don Bernardo, Domingo, Alonzo, and Nicasio. These young gentlemen, although they have been educated in Europe, reside on their estates, and dedicate themselves to a country life ; they have their cattle in good order, having increased their artificial pastures by irrigation, and raise extensive crops of wheat and hemp; they are industrious, and it is rare to see young gentlemen content themselves in attending to the drudgeries of a farmer's life ; their domains are extensive, and they take a lead in the modern improvements which have of late been introduced into Chile. This family was favourable to the late government, and the husbands of Dofia Louisa and Dofia Juana Toro were great sufferers, the first being an exile in Europe, and the latter, whose brother was the last president of the liberal government, had met with severe pecuniary losses.* I visited the neighbouring estates of Las Esmeraldas and San Diego, belonging to S.S. Lecaros and Barros, and the port of San Antonio, which is now open for the export trade ; there are but a few decent houses, although it is a favourite bathing-place. Some of the neighbouring gen- tlemen have begun to erect substantial granaries ; and they have laid out ground for a new town, which, in a few years, may be a very flourishing place. The anchor- age is pretty good, the bay is well sheltered from the northward, but entirely open to the west and south- west, so that there is almost always a deal of surf, which makes it difficult to load or unload the boats. Quan- e Since I visited Huachun, the family have obtained leave for the colonel to return to Chile, on condition that he remains quiet; and he now resides with his lady on the estate. DON 8, BN ACL MAYOR GENERAL DEL EXERCITO DE CHILE . Fisher, San&: C2 London & Paris Ten JBI0)a 1, 7 4 TT CI Ie EE, nr WANDERINGS ON HALF.PAY. 317 tities of fine fish are sent from this to the capital and neighbouring towns. The river Maipu enters the sea about one and half leagues from the port, but is not navigable. The estates of Santo Domingo, belonging to Don Fernando Luco and Don Francisco Zerda, are on the south bank of the Maipu, and extend along the coast. There are several lagoons, from which a quantity of salt is collected annually. Both of these gentlemen cultivate large quantities of wheat. Don Fernando Luco has built a fine and commodious house, and generally resides there with his lady, in a manner, as we at home say, “ quite comfortable.” On my return I visited Melipilla, the capital of the department, which is a neat and middle- sized town, its population is about thirty thousand three hundred souls. This is one of the most fertile districts in the province of Santiago. I also visited Dofia Zabiera Carrera, at San Miguel ; she was accompanied by her daughter, Dofia Domitilla, and sons, Don Santos and Don Pedro Valdes; the latter is a lieutenant in the U.S. navy, on furlough. This lady may be classed amongst the heroines of South America; having played a conspicuous part; she has consequently suffered much from the perse- cutions of her enemies, and the untimely end of her unfortunate brothers, Don Jose Miguel, Don Juan Jose, and Don Luis Carrera. Her faithful friend El Doctor Tollo resided with her; and as he condoled with her in her troubles, and accompanied her on her emigrations, he may some day publish her history. The following is an extract from the the Dumfries Magazine of 1825. “The three Carreras, who acted so conspicuous a part in the first revolution of Chile, have ceased to be spoken of since their escape to Buenos Ayres, along with Gr NG | be i: af ey, ot he 318 WANDERINGS ON HALF-PAY. O'Higgins and others, from {haongesnee : wo cessful Ossorio. General Cn OE a om his visit to the Umnite b i officers, and a small supply o , astonished to find his two brothers at : Mn re upon their parole of honour, and also to i A had not been permitted to join the army of Indep in Chile. He himself shortly afterwards became an ob- re : and was seized, and sent prisoner on sect of suspicion, Te : government. Alarmed at rie belonging to the ; AE he olin Don Louis, i fo heen upon the 19th of July, and was followe yD Wh Jose upon the 8th of the ensuing month; pes in on being to effect their or Cae oy Da near Mendoza on ; ; oA and afterwards brought to py Monteagudo. On the morning of the 8th of wn they were sentenced to be shot ; at three 2 c oo ere afternoon, the unfortunate brothers were in hae fate which awaited them; and at Wis o’cloc on sen evening the sentence was carried ato Oe ya while their brother, Don J seas or ‘ pass justi . the vengeance of I'uy . ee 4 which he had been confined at Buenos Avres, and flying for i Mosse Wue ai xtracted the following : : “ Ee As in Buenos Ayres, by an English- i 1 hers. Don Louis and man.”’—The execution of his two brothers, Juan Jose, in Mendoza, and other political affairs, had w eternal enmity to the omen ¢ 3 1 ‘hom he Buenos Ayres; particularly to San Martin, ww 2e much disliked. In his vengeance, he had He i Indians to assist him. This act lost him many friends. n i made him vo WANDERINGS ON HALF-PAY. 319 He was betrayed into the hands of his enemies, in the city of Mendoza, and immediately put to death ; which it is almost needless to observe, he underwent with courage, and was buried, it is said, in the same grave with the brothers he so dearly loved. “ Carrera was in the prime of life, tall, and elegantly formed ; his desperation and courage rank him as one of Lord Byron's heroes, though not exactly, ¢ with one virtue linked to a thousand crimes.’ “ His widow, who was a fine woman, and infant family, I afterwards saw at Buenos Ayres. One of the latter, a little girl not five years of age, was imprudently asked, in my presence, what had become of her father? ¢ Mur- dered by the Mendoceans,’ she quickly replied.” During the government of General Pinto in 1828, their remains were translated to the capital of Chile, when I witnessed the honourable manner in which they were laid in state in La Compania; their obsequies and interment were attended by the public authorities and principal inhabitants of Santiago. The faithful friend of the family, El Doctor Don Louis B. Tollo, pronounced a short but pathetic funeral oration to their memory. Dofia Zabiera occupied herself in her garden, which is handsomely laid out in the English style, and in attending and assisting the poor in her neighbourhood. The kind treatment visitors generally receive in San Miguel, leaves a lasting impression on such as have experienced the polite attention of this worthy lady and her amiable family. I next visited La Calera, in the department De la Victoria. This estate belongs to the late president of the republic, Don Francisco Ruis Tagle, where I was stationed during his government. It is extensive, well laid out and cultivated ; a deal of hemp is a ———— = — —— — Sr —————— 2 OC A BE i; rT . |__|" - "I! Sr a hr a aa: 320 WANDERINGS ON HALF-PAY. and there is also a quantity of cordage Jame he houses are substantial and commodious, a Dnt Se . The gardens and pleasure-grounds ar 2 Diane oa ib and there is an artificial lake, wit Estoy > oy I have visited this estate fre- NR gy ed the hospitality of Don Francisco ny Os PDofia Rosaria Larrayn. we ne ty belonged to the J fie Su po 1 ceremonies are still observe ; : a gives two or more « corridos de pi CR on many of the large Indends Ry “i a series of chambers, almost contiguous to Cu W 1. in order that those who attend may be com- 2 oo ed. called Casa de Exercicios; and some fr Se wet by the former proprietors, with a ae a for this purpose. When there i be : Ye Wi tice is generally given, and a number of tic e es Be i Re or women on the estate, according co 2 take the lead, for each has nine days of 0 fn ” ing ; and the sermons of the most oe De pp that can be procured, must be heard, oe J: be shrived ; and then they consider them- Wp “ Efile the world again. Alte) Bley i 1 ith plenty of good and substantial 10 : ows. uti is no sinecure, for they Ss 9 BG > converse with each other, and generally have 1 ly covers ief ti their heads, that nearly Ss hea rly and late at their prayers and ir eyes. They are ea wi A . and, for the seven first nights they ha istr ; and, aes ih. the flagellate themselves, with a discipline, with Wh he y > rovided, or a strop, during the period a hes ER the penitential prayer. 1 frequently have RESIDENCE OF BORGONO AND PINTO. 321 them at this work, and wondered how they could stand such a self-flogging, but one animates the other. Their poor backs get sorely lacerated, and the walls show that they have been unmerciful, even to themselves ; others mortify themselves by wearing a belt of bristles or pointed wires, called “ cilicios.” It is the interest of the landed proprietors to have these exercicios, for they keep their. “yA ““inquilinos™ im order ; many a restoration of stolen pro- perty and remuneration follows, as well as marriages. The friars and other priests are well paid and fed, and are extremely fond of following up the rules of San Ygnatio Loyola. There are several houses of this kind in the capital, other towns and haciendas, where the poor of both classes are admitted gratis. On some estates where there is no house of exercicios, they have missions, that are attended only during the morning and evening service, and nearly the same ceremonies, especially that of flagel- lation, are performed. On leaving La Calera, I rode over to Serro Negro, the estate of General Don Jose Manuel Borgofio; he and his family had retired from the capital ever since the pseudo-patriots had deprived him of his rank and pay. General Don Francisco Antonio Pinto was his neighbour; he also had been cashiered, but both managed to live respected, and bring up their families, by imitating Cincinnatus ; and turning ‘their attention to agricultural pursuits. I next visited the hacienda of El S’or Xara; here is a fine garden, and his lady, Dofia Transita, has bestowed extraordinary pains in adorning and keeping it in order; she is of the Carrera family, and the hospitality of Santa Rita is pro- verbial in the province. On my return to Angostura, the family of Don Juan Francisco Larrayn were prepar- ing to leave for the capital, and I accepted the invitation Y TS 530 322 WANDERINGS ON HALF-PAY. of a neighbouring gentleman, Don Justo Salinas, who had been suddenly bereft of his lady, Doha Ana Maria who had been alarmed during the period that Cotapos, th a report of Pincheyra was in the neighbourhood, wi she received a fall that occasioned her death. left with seven children ; (the lady’s first unfortunate General Carrera, of whom ) AsIhada favourable oppor- of the Haciendadoes managing a description of the Rodeos, and other field sports of fire arms ; Don Justo was husband was the mention has been made tunity of seeing the mode their estates, T will now give Matanzas, Trillas, Vendimias, Chile. The haciendas in Chile, especially < extend over a large tract of country, the rest are from 8,000 ), all under this those of May- orazgo especially if situated near the Cordilleras ; to 12,000 quadras (a square of four acres 1 « hijuelas, estancias, and chacaras. side with their families in San- vince where their estates size are callec The rich proprietors re tiago, or the capital of the pro * The mode in which property was distributed in the Spanish colonies, and the regulations established with respect to the transmission of it, whether by descent or by sale, were extremely unfavourable to popylation. In order to promote a rapid increase of people in any new settlement, pro- perty in land ought to be divided into small shares, and the alienation of it should be rendered extremely easy. But the rapaciousness of the Spanish conquerors of the new world paid no regard to this fundamental maxim of and, as they possessed power which enabled them to gratify the many seized districts of great extent’ they obtained the privilege of policy ; utmost extravagance of their wishes, and held them as encomiendas. By degrees converting a part of these into Mayorasgos, a species of fief, introduced into the Spanish system of feudal jurisprudence, which can neither be divided nor alienated. (During the administration of General Pinto, the congress wisely abolished the mayorasgos ; and the administration of the government that got into power by the revolution of 1829 and 1830, re-established them again.) Thus a great portion of landed property, under this rigid form of entail, is withheld from circulation, and descends from father to son unimproved, and of little value either to the proprietor or to the community.— Robert- son's History of America. A “BATTU” IN CHILE. 323 lie, and only visit them at stated i i : periods, ac i A i a few friends, to re eta . i e. It is highly amusing to a stranger on Ju mua party, for in the country the CE — In their true native character, and as he) st themselves of all etiquette, are fi Say : ree and con- On th en ay arg a those’ are but few persons that De > ; g ° proprietors consider themselves al y have from two to three hundred « in- Les : 1ese may be called serfs, although they are > Yl Ue: their domicile at pleasure ; but ony hy esi fron. the estate they have to perform Snags en So assist at all the rodeos and trillas, Lm "i er emolument than their rations, the fravhiegios age, with a small plot of land, and leave a few animals. However the “ huassos” seem TE i, ——— A es od the bye, is no burden to the cottagers aaa os A or generally employed as labourers, a . fo wo reals per day (nine-pence Bs ye es their rations; however, the money i ns on the estate, for the owner has a Se Son, (store), where he disposes of no small pro- Dosh o = meat, grain, Wine, and spirits, as well as 4 Art es, to his “inquilinos a rodeo.” The wavor oma - en the capatazes,” and “ vaqueros,” Th Jar his i bJoir 40 the place appointed, on horse- I ote oe oak station, and when read rien Son tess the operation ; this, and A ekg ogs, arouse the animals from their lair , when thus alarmed, generally flock together, aid Y?2 well sati . ; mass —— : satisfied with their condition, and bring up large 2 ™ ang ge = EEA Eee InN 324 WANDERINGS ON HALF-PAY driven from their pastures, (which often covers f woody and mountainous land, without is a series are easily several miles o leaving many behind) into the « rodeos.” This of staked enclosures. The accompanying plan exhibits the design of one that was on the Hacienda de la Compania, belonging to my friend, Don Juan de Dios Correa de Saa :— DESCRIPTION: No. 1. The principal pen, where the whole of the cattle are shut in when driven from the Potreros. For such as are selected, to cool in, their pastures. For the animals that are to 3 4. For the horses. 5. Passage from the pens to No. 3. 6 7 8 whilst the rest are let out to Qo be sold or slaughtered. For the small droves, separated in No. 2. For the calves. Entrances. 7) %, > E (IL TCTTTTTEL TE ES 8 Length three hundred varas, two hundred and seventy-six yards. It is during a rodeo that the Chilia to advantage, riding at full gallop u almost impervious thie patches of cardoon, where a stranger could scarcely n Huassos are seen whilst they are scouring the woods, and p and down the steep hills, and kets of thorn, “algaroba,” and find DEXTERITY OF THE CHILIAN HUASSOS. 325 a passage, or be able to ride without incurring the d of breaking his neck, or being sorely eh Sie often seen them throw their lasso at full s oud fon tangle and secure the wildest animal in Ein ; i have surprised me ; and still more so, to see the wh i” a strayed one back to the herd in perfect hry ™ lasso is a strip of green hide of considerable len ee male pliable, some are plaited, at one end a running noose, the other is fastened to the Stoel iy saddle; few Chilians travel without their re i " Be of which they are uncommonly expert ; in fact % ir to be so, for when children their stsnert a snaring of cats, dogs, and even poultry, with their Vos fo The lasso has often been used in warfare, and HWE Spaniard has been dragged from the yanks or Se > mounted by the intrepid huassos. In the Hy = vinees a missile is used, called “bolas,” that So from three stones, or round pieces of iron or lead, en ot : in a piece of leather; these weigh from six to ei 4 ses each, and are attached to thongs of about ec Cn length, which, when, knotted together, complet o i" bolas. The person who uses this ile tah b : : by the knot, and gallops after the animal, or ot oh may be in pursuit of, and when he arrives at a oe on distance he lets two of the balls slip through, and r He the other in his hand, and begins twirling tow ep his head, and casts them from him, as a stone w ig propelled from a sling. An expert huntsman, or > ra called a good “boleador,” can almost ensure hi i hy the distance of one hundred paces. The bolas i entangle the legs of the animal, and causes it b otherwise impede its flight; then the huasso is dbl ol to secure it with his lasso; the bolas is also used n I NN 326 WANDERINGS ON HALF-PAY. warfare both by the Chilian cavalry and the Indians, and ‘« a fearful missile. The huassos have a peculiar way and generally depend on their enormous spurs, and stirrups to keep their seats. The principal rodeos are in September, (spring) ; the rest are held in order to change pastures, unite the cattle, or to count, castrate, and mark the calves. ¢Apartando ” is the separation and selecting of the cattle. This is an amusement of which my friends Don Justo Salinas, Don Jose Rafael Larrain, and others whom I visited, were very fond, and showed their dexterity, not only in horsemanship, but in the precision and celerity with which the animals were ge and condition, and sent of riding, separated, according to their a to their different pastures. When they castrate, and mark the calves, they are taken out of the pen by tens, their fore and hind feet are secured with lassos, and when tight, the animal is thrown down on its side; the points of their horns are cut off, and then they are branded and castrated. The animals when set at liberty, are so enraged, that they run about bellowing with pain, and attack such as are near them, to the no small diversion of the by- standers. The animals that are to be sold, or slaughtered, are put into good pastures of alfalfa (lucerne). The matanzas (time of killing), commences after Christmas, and the number of cattle that are to be slaughtered is regulated according to the size and quality of the pastures; a certain portion is always kept as stock, the rest must be either sold or slaughtered. The animals when killed are dragged into the shed, a man takes charge of two, and with the assistance of a boy, skins and cuts them up ‘n such a manner, that the meat, fat, and bones are separated with the greatest precision and dexterity ; the meat is cut up into shre ds, a little salt is sprinkled over it A TREAT IN A RAMADA DE MATANZA. 327 and it is then hung up to dry; next day it is laid on t} ground which has been covered with brushwood . when perfectly dry, is packed up into parcels called thon generally weighing about two hundred and fift ne I hese are secured by strips of green hide. The oe ro fat are tried and rendered, and the result poured into tl paunches of the dead animals that are preserved for tl is purpose, and when filled, are called “ panzas de ne the suet is cut up into bits, pounded into a es : and packed up in hides, each package weighing ab oe two hundred and fifty pounds, half a mule iy heads, kidneys, and offal, except the livers whith Xa dried for the dogs, are the perquisites of the Fashions 4 have often passed hours in the ramadas, witnessin i 1 mode of cutting up an animal, and admired Ye with which the peon separated or disjointed each ee previous to cutting the meat into shreds, and callin De by its proper name, as in anatomy. The pro ee 'S regale their friends during the “ matanzas,” with on lomos, matahambres, and estomagillos; these are ra roasts, which they seem to relish best when cided by a peon, and eat in the ramada; they are generall served up with potatoe sauce, called “ pevre,” hot ben and “ chacoli,” (country wine). I often nde a he breakfast, and considered it no bad fare for “a half: ia officer, who had been obliged to rusticate.” The a A regard is paid to cleanliness, for « charke,” (dried beef ) ’ the common food of the Chilians, and it is sold at the ’ of 2d. or 3d. per pound ; it is eaten either roasted boiled, or concocted into the national messes of *“ charke cl aid valdiviano.” The hides and horns are bought b : the agents of foreign merchants for exportation, and rs a sure sale, but the charke, fat, and suet are setailed on the TI O—— EN SO —— 1 E34 re : SCE NS SC 4 328 TRILLAS. estate, or sent to an agent to dispose of in bs ogy Valparaiso. One of my friends with whom da : ved a few weeks’ hospitality, Don Valentin a , He ed for his “ cecina” (dried beef) which 1s made up . a and assorted packages; and, as the cleanliness of i i P 3 cc » ’ his produce. Ga —_The harvest follows the matanzas. Don Juan de Dios Correa de Saa, whom I used to ony b . for several weeks during the spring and harvest, had t Ie t crops of wheat of any haciendado In Chile, he fanega is one had above one thousand fanegas (a g generally hi unt; which, sown on his own account; hundred and fifty pounds),sow in the department of at a fair average, yield fifty for one1 ; peso} Rancagua; and in the southern provinces, from si y oS ’ one hundred: yet there are many drawbacks, meh 4 smut and other diseases, as well as heavy rains an a: ai ‘ Several kinds of wheat are cultivated in Chile— 0 Blanco, (white), and Candial, (brown), are the os choral: the first is most esteemed, but more liable i Blin the last is hardy and sure; barley ina ok tivated, but I never saw either oats or rye. In fa wis nce i i e calle i their substitute, and may Guinea corn serve as | the poor peon’s friend ; for the former may be considered a 5 article of food soon after the ear 1s formed, figs 3 . . . are called Chocolos; next 1 the Chilian staff of i (frigoles) Kidneybeans are the almost Soil 00 he Ch t the con- ili nd are to be found a of the Chilian labourers, a , : : ventual, as well as at the tables of the richest inhabitants ot rous i ir “ porotos,” (one of the nume who deign to eat their “po , : names of the bean). Common peas, beans, and galvance n small quantities. cut about a foot from the greates are grown, but i At the harvest the wheat 1s VENDIMIAS. 329 ground, and carted into a circular enclosure, called an “area,” which varies in size according to the quantity ; it is surrounded by stakes interwoven with brushwood ; which is piled up in the centre, and, when considered full, a part is spread on the ground, then a number of mares are driven into the “area,” several mounted men follow them, and keep driving them round, and changing them, until the whole is trod into atoms. The wheat is then separated from the straw and chaff by being thrown up into the wind, which carries the lighter particles to a distance ; when there is not sufficient wind, the wheat, straw, &ec., is thrown into a heap, called a “ parva,” and I have known the rain to commence before sufficient wind could be had to winnow it; and, it often occurs that the wheat is either lost or damaged : this mode of winnowing wastes a great deal of grain,* for I never saw any straw used, but what had still a quantity of wheat amongst it ; when the winnowing is concluded, the wheat is transported to the granaries, and the straw generally remains in the field, if distant from the capital, and is either used as fodder for the cattle during winter, or in the manfacture of adobes, or mud walls. VEnpimias.—The vintage is conducted in Chile as in all other wine-countries, except that, in order to preserve the liquor, a quantity is boiled until it becomes a sirrup, “arrope,” which, when mixed with the rest, is called “cosido :” wine “mosto” is only made in the south- ern; cosido, chicha, and chacoli, is made in all the northern districts. Almost every hacienda has one or more vineyards; the farmers also have them in their * My friend, Alexander Caldcleugh, Esq., has got me to send him a thrashing and winnowing machine, which may suggest some change in the present mode of thrashing. A i Sr a on id BAS er 330 DON JUSTO SALINAS. estancios and chacaras; and in the year 1834, it was estimated that there were about 25,000,000 vines in culti- vation ;* and these are valued at two shillings each (half a dollar.) The wines and brandy are very cheap; for an « grroba’ of about thirty-two bottles seldom sells for more than three or four shillings ; and the chacoli, and chicha, are still cheaper ; the same quantity of spirits may be had for twenty-five or thirty shillings ; good wines, not inferior to European, might be made, but these do not suit the tastes or pockets of the Chilians; so the proprietors only make a little for their own use. I have tasted excellent white wine on the estate of Don Justo Salinas, from the chacara of General Don Francisco Lastra, at Opaquinda, and red wine at Cucha-Cucha ; that from the hacienda of Gen. Don Ramon Freyre, may be compared to marcella, sherry, and port; and Alexander Caldcleugh, Esq. has taken wine from Copiapo, and the estate of Don Justo Salinas, to England, which has been pronounced fit for the best tables in Europe; still there is no encourage: ment for the proprietors to make such wines, as nothing but chicha, chacoli, sancochada, mosto, chivata, and la yegua tordilla, can please the taste of the Chilian huassos, or COMMON cONSUMers. The estate of Don Justo Salinas is delightfully situated at the foot of the mountains of Angostura ; there are only about nine hundred quadras of level land that can be irrigated, and this is in the highest state of cultivation; his fields are laid out in the European style, and the a « On account of the distance of Peru and Chile from Spain, and the \modities of such bulk as wine and oil across the difficulty of carrying con isthmus of Panama: the Spaniards in those provinces have been permitted to plant vines and olives; but they are strictly prohibited from exporting wine or oil to any of the provinces on the Pacific ocean which are in such a situation as to receive them from Spain,”—Recop. lib. i. tit. xvii. i. 15 —18. ANGLING AT ANGOSTURA. 331 roads i " Benji shaded with poplars and willows ; ctefilly eid o 2 wn and spacious, and his aiden of Angostura Li ibe Whole being watered from the river I : w ich, in Summer appears to be only a Esced 4 a a the rainy season it shows itself a Dok ttiain 2 i Team, that often does much damage to dry season, are a oe A os a doting hie a : : stal. is has now ” ae gt in the summer, for I — hie i * on Salinas, to build an inn or posada SL ight find every convenience ; and welling modation ;: and iy over the stream for their accom- the satisf: Pa provioe to my leaving Chile, I had efteile OE of hearing my friend say, it Badbienn a abound oy Hi The streams about Angostura water-fowl ; and Slopitsishintlicrantonisg quantities of Slinigiat ro bo I was fond of field-sports, I found iain, a, hid en, Dea Justo, and his ¢ me on a fishing excursi Say alte haa it Such a source of i One ai ie ie w s leisure on the banks of the river. caught a Yo e oh aplain, who was a Franciscan friar J 0 had sh, and was elated with his success. Don friar or m or n less fortunate, and, unseen by either the he o Sa to hook the fish, and slip it into iit hn hog suid he had a bite, and, on his giving a” 3 I he his rod ; however, he jumped into ET an ed his fish, which was still alive, and it oe Ain said, as he was wet, he would alco hipliin for : A A I was highly amused with the cha ’ e considered that Don Justo had ex- nged fishes, and taken the one he had caught a was the largest with him ; but, on examining oe in ’ Ee SR RT ii TE RE i fia EE 330 DON JUSTO SALINAS. estancios and chacaras; and in the year 1834, it was estimated that there were about 25,000,000 vines in culti- vation ;* and these are valued at two shillings each (half a dollar.) The wines and brandy are very cheap; for an « arroba” of about thirty-two bottles seldom sells for more than three or four shillings ; and the chacoli, and chicha, are still cheaper; the same quantity of spirits may be had for twenty-five or thirty shillings; good wines, not inferior to European, might be made, but these do not suit the tastes or pockets of the Chilians; so the proprietors only make a little for their own use. I have tasted excellent white wine on the estate of Don Justo Salinas, from the chacara of General Don Francisco Lastra, at Opaquinda, and red wine at Cucha-Cucha ; that from the hacienda of Gen. Don Ramon Freyre, may be compared to marcella, sherry, and port; and Alexander Caldeleugh, Esq. has taken wine from Copiapo, and the estate of Don Justo Salinas, to England, which has been pronounced fit for the best tables in Europe; still there is no encourage- ment for the proprietors to make such wines, as nothing but chicha, chacoli, sancochada, mosto, chivata, and la yegua tordilla, can please the taste of the Chilian huassos, Or common consumers. The estate of Don Justo Salinas is delightfully situated at the foot of the mountains of Angostura ; there are only about nine hundred quadras of level land that can be irrigated, and this is in the highest state of cultivation ; his fields are laid out in the European style, and the * « On account of the distance of Peru and Chile from Spain, and the difficulty of carrying commodities of such bulk as wine and oil across the isthmus of Panama: the Spaniards in those provinces have been permitted to plant vines and olives; but they are strictly prohibited from exporting wine or oil to any of the provinces on the Pacific ocean which are in such a situation as to receive them from Spain.”—Recop. lib. i. tit. xvii. i. 15 —18. ANGLING AT ANGOSTURA. 331 roads are beautifully shaded with poplars and willows ; his houses are well built and spacious, and his gardens tastefully laid out ; the whole being watered from the river of Angostura, which, in summer appears to be only a brook; but during the rainy season it shows itself a broad and rapid stream, that often does much damage to the estates in the neighbourhood ; its waters, during the dry season, are as clear as crystal. This has now become a fashionable resort in the summer, for I persuaded my friend, Don Justo Salinas, to build an inn or posada, where parties might find every convenience ; and bathing sheds were also erected over the stream for their accom- modation ; and previous to my leaving Chile, I had the satisfaction of hearing my friend say, it had been a profitable undertaking. The streams about Angostura abound with excellent fish; there are also quantities of water-fowl ; and, as I was fond of field-sports, I found plenty of occupation; my friend, Don Justo, and his chaplain, often accompanied me on a fishing excursion, and the latter found it such a source of amusement, that he generally passed all his leisure on the banks of the river. One night, the chaplain, who was a Franciscan friar, caught a large fish, and was elated with his success. Don Justo had been less fortunate, and, unseen by either the friar or myself, managed to hook the fish, and slip it into the water ; he then said he had a bite, and, on his giving a sudden jerk, broke his rod ; however, he jumped into the stream and landed his fish, which was still alive, and, to keep up the trick, said, as he was wet, he would take it home, and left us. I was highly amused with the chaplain ; for he considered that Don Justo had ex- changed fishes, and taken the one he had caught, which was the largest with him ; but, on examining the fish, I Hol 0 EN SN I SE I Ea a merrell = tte we cm ase BG i“ sy ST RNG ls a To I a a 332 ANGLING. found that he had left part of the line and hook which was fastened outside of the fish’s mouth ; which let me into the secret, and made me enjoy the joke. I often accompanied other friends on fishing excur- sions; and a neighbouring gentleman, Don Eulogio Vidal, who was married to La Sefiora Dofia Josefa Dumont, Countess de la Conquista, with whom I often resided, enjoyed all manner of field-sports; his lady was the mother of the wife of Don Juan de Dios Correa, and was the richest heiress in Chile. Most of the rivers in Chile abound with fish, such as peje-reyes, king-fish; cauque, another species * truchas, river perch; bagre, loach; anguillas, eels; tollo, dog- fish ; lisa, mullet; robalo, a species of pike, and craw-fish. Peje-reyes and cauques are fine fish; the first are like sparlings, and grow to the size of a herring; the back, sides, and belly are covered with silver scales, with a dark golden streak on the back ; they are delicious food, and are to be got likewise in the mountain streams amongst the Cordilleras, as well as in the sea; they are caught in abundance in the bays and sea-ports; they take the bait greedily. The largest are to be found in the lake of Aculeu, where I have caught many, by trolling with an artificial fish, or a grub, called “guzano de trevol;” grass- hoppers and worms are good ground-bait. The cauque is of the same species, but larger, and rises to the fly; they afford excellent sport, but are not so good to eat as . the peje-reye. The trucha is a fine and well-flavoured fish ; it abounds in all the southern rivers; it is similar to the river perch. I have caught many above sixteen inches in length. They afford excellent sport, and take a worm bait, or the eye of a fish, and are trolled for by an artificial crab made of partridge feathers. As they ANGLING. 333 are very strong good tackle is requisite. They bite best about sun-set and sun-rise, but may be caught at all hours. The bagre is a delicious fish, not unlike the loach, but much larger, for I have caught them above five or six pounds weight; it has no scales ; its back and sides are of a dark brown, its belly white; it has a sharp spine on its back, not unlike the cat-fish, and barbs on each side of its mouth. They are caught from sun-set to sun-rise, with a worm or fish-bait. Bagre fishing is profitable, but not amusing ; they often annoyed me when trolling for other fish, by breaking my tackle. Eels are only plentiful to the southward of the Bio Bio, where they are caught in buckets or fish-pots ; they are more like snakes than the European eels ; they are pretty good food, but not esteemed by the Chilians. The tollo is a species of dog-fish; I have caught them in the Maipu, Mapocho, Payne, and Angostura; they are good eating, and easily caught by trolling, or with a worm-bait; they have a sharp spine on the back, and are caught at the mouth of the rivers; at sea they are of a large size; their skin is used by cabinet-makers to polish their wood with. Two kinds of mullet are caught at the mouths of the rivers or lakes that admit the sea ; they are from twelve to sixteen inches in length, and afford excellent sport, for they rise to the fly; they are strong and vigorous, and delicious food. The smallest species is reckoned the best. The robalo is a sea and river fish. I call it the pike, for its habits are nearly the same, and it is caught either by trolling or with ground-bait. They are generally from two to three feet in length ; the flesh is white and delici- ous, and they afford excellent sport. There are several a EN rn SAA NARA WAL ORAS sn - eS teers cami 334 ANGLING. other kinds of fish, but of little note, the correct names of which I am unacquainted with. Crayfish and small crabs are to be met with in all the rivers ; the first are excellent, and caught in weirs that the natives throw across the streams, and from which they derive more profit than from angling ; I almost always caught as many fish as I could conveniently carry, in a few hours; and often whilst at Chillan, the head- quarters of the army, I used to amuse myself by angling. I was often so successful, that General Borgofio, and the staff-officers, used to jeer me by stating, that I must have purchased the fish. One morning, however, they followed me,—I had only been about an hour and a half at the river, and had caught more than thirty fine truchas and cauques, when my servant informed me of their approach ; I had just time to secrete all but a few. The general and those that accompanied him expressed their surprise to find me there; and on observing me catch several, the General, Colonel Biel, Colonel Beauchef, Lieut.-Colonel Tupper, and one or two more, scemed eager to have rods, so I gave two which I had to spare to the General and Colonel Beauchef': although the day was wet and uncom- fortable, they remained until dinner time, and enjoyed the sport, for they caught several; the colonel proved the best fisherman, for he produced more than I had in sight ; but when I displayed those which I had hidden, they were all fully convinced that I had not purchased the fish. They afterwards provided themselves with tackle, and often accompanied me on fishing excursions, or went by themselves to profit by the amusement. There are many species of foxes in Chile, which are either hunted by the natives for their skins, or on account of the damage done to their poultry or lambs; the FIELD SPORTS. 335 ~ culpeu is nearly as large as a harrier, and is easily taken. Foreigners in the neighbourhood of the capital often purchase foxes, and turn them out in a large enclosure, which affords some amusement to the natives, who often assemble to see the “ gringos” congregate at the farm of a Yorkshireman who was fond of this sport, and who encouraged these “ soi-disant” hunters, until he, as well as many of them, was obliged to desist on account of the many falls and bruises they had received. There is also an animal called “ biscacha,” which may be compared to a rabbit, though different in size and shape; they burrow in the earth, and may be found about sun-set at the mouth of their holes. What the Chilians call « liebre,” (hare,) is like a diminutive species of deer; they are good eating, and found in the southern provinces; there is also a very large species called “ guamul ;” this animal is one of the supporters of the Chilian arms: Molina has described it as partaking of the horse and deer; but the skins of this animal that I have seen, were not different from those of deer. An animal called chinchilli, is much in repute on account of its skin, and numbers are trapped annually, as well as two species of castors; ~ “quipo,” and “ guillin ;” the first abounds in the northern provinces, and the latter are caught in the lakes and rivers ; the sea-otter also, with the seal, is caught on the coast, but mostly to the southward of Concepcion. As I have visited my friends in the neighbourhood of Aconcagua, and Putaendo, and amused myself in hunting the guanacoe; I shall give a brief account of the field- sports of Chile. During the winter, and just after a heavy fall of snow, which generally covers the Cordilleras to their base, numbers of gnanacoes descend to the low country; and 2 2 ox = S 3 2 z i “3 3 336 FIELD SPORTS. as there are particular spots where it is easy to drive the - animals into natural enclosures, many are caught and killed ; the Chilians display great dexterity on these occasions, and the young gentlemen turn out in a fanci- ful manner, with long untanned boots, or gaiters, that cover their thighs; they are often made of the skin of the puma, or seal, and have an infinite number of buttons, and thongs, the first are generally of silver; these and their enormous and showy spurs, whose rowels pre- vent their heels from touching the ground,—their lasso, and bolas, large knife, and a profusion of sheep-skins, are their accoutrements; and, when mounted on a fiery steed, with their neat jackets, poncho thrown over their left shoulder, straw hat, and segar; they are what the Chilians call a « lacho, “ exquisite.” The flesh of the guanacoe is pretty good, but it is mostly hunted for its skin and wool ; the latter is, as well as that of the vicufia, another species, manufactured into hats; I have also attended the puma hunts, which are more fatiguing than profitable ; however, it is the interest of the haciendadoes to destroy the “leones,” and a smaller species called the “guinas,” a species of wild cat; and huntsmen are retained, who with their dogs follow, and often destroy the puma. I once, shortly after my arrival in Chile, went to the Hacienda of Cauquenes, belonging to the late, Marques de la Casa Larrayn, for the purpose of seeing a puma hunt; the party was led by a Vaquero, and a huntsman, with several dogs of a small size, who soon scented out the track, and we followed for the space of two leagues amongst the Cordilleras, where they stopped, and we discovered part of a dead calf, that was covered over with branches and leaves, which I was informed had been GUANA COE, THE BOUNCING BULAN S C London & Pans 0 1 Son & C° Fisher, ST 337 2 4 done by the puma. We were some time before we found out the track the animals had taken, and at last one was ‘discovered in a “ quillai,” (soap-tree.) The Vaquero ordered the dogs to be secured, and then a man got up the tree with a cane and a lasso, to secure the puma; but he became faint-hearted, and dropped both of them to the ground : he was so situated as almost to impede another from climbing up, so I took aim with my double- barrelled rifle, and let the puma have the contents as near as possible under the fore-shoulder ; but, it remained stationary, and soon afterwards the poncho of the poor fellow was covered with blood. The Huassos were alarmed, and afraid I had wounded him ; and whilst they were making such allusions, both fell from the tree. The puma was killed by my shot, and the Huasso almost dead with fright. One of the dogs that had got loose fastened upon him, which soon brought him to his senses, to be sorely roasted and annoyed by his companions. The animal was about the size of a large Newfound- land dog; it was soon skinned, and the fat, of which there was no great quantity, was preserved for some medicinal use. I have often seen puma hunts, but none so amusing as the one at Cauquenes ; however, I soon got tired of such adventures, for it is too harassing to have to traverse many leagues of a mountainous country, and often to remain a night or two away from home in quest of these animals; however, the huntsmen and dogs seem to enjoy their sport, and they get well rewarded for all that are destroyed. Molina has given the following description of this animal :— “The pagi (felis puma), called by the Mexicans Mitzli, and in Peru, puma, the name by which it is best known Z EE PINE Eh wi aR ts A CER SP 338 DESCRIPTION OF THE PUMA. to naturalists, has by the Spaniards been denominated the lion, which it resembles in its shape and roaring, but is wholly destitute of a mane. The hair on the upper part of its body is of a greyish ash-colour, marked with yellow spots, and is longer than that of the tiger, particularly on the buttocks, but that on the belly is of a dusky white. Its length, from the nose to the root of the tail, is about five feet, and its height from the bottom of the foot to the shoulder twenty-six and a half inches. It hasa round head, shaped much like that of a cat; the ears are short and pointed ; the eyes large with yellow irides and brown pupils. Its nose is broad and flat, the muzzle short, the upper lip entire and furnished with whiskers, the mouth deep, and the tongue large and rough. In each jaw it has four incisors, four sharp- pointed canine teeth, and sixteen grinders. Its breast is broad, the paws have each five toes armed with very strong nails, and its tail is upwards of two feet in length, like that of a tiger. «The female is rather less than the male, and is of a paler colour, like the African lioness; she has two dugs, and brings forth but two at a time. « §uch is the lion of Chile; it may, perhaps, in other parts of America, offer some shades of discrimination, as I have been informed that those of Peru have a longer and more pointed muzzle. The pagi inhabits the thickest forests, and the most inaccessible mountains, from whence + makes incursions into the plains, to attack domestic animals, particularly horses, whose flesh it prefers to that of any other. The mode in which it seizes its prey, re- sembles a cat; it approaches it by drawing itself upon its belly, glides softly through the shrubs and bushes, conceals itself in the ditches, or, if it shows itself, assumes DESCRIPTION OF THE PUMA. 339 a mild and fawning appearance, and watching the fa able opportunity of seizing the animal which it has oi tod for its victim, at one leap fastens itself upon its back 1 : hold of it with its left paw and teeth in such a an oo to render its escape impossible, while with the ri eg - it tears it to pieces in a few minutes; it then kin blood, devours the flesh of the breast, and carries kn carcass into the nearest wood, where it conceals it ir leaves and boughs of trees, in order to eat it at its leisure As it is a common practice for the husbandman to fast two of their horses together in the fields, wherever " pagi finds them in this situation, it kills dns and dra ® it away, compelling the other to follow by striking it fo time to time with its paw, and in this manner almost always succeeds in getting possession of both. It favourite haunts are the streams to which animals voll repair to drink, where it conceals itself upon a tree, a y scarcely ever fails of seizing one of them. The we: however, have an instinctive dread of these places el even when pressed by thirst, approach them with : eh precaution, carefully examining upon every side - dis cover if there is danger; at other times one of he blest £0 WH and, on finding the place secure, gives notice to his ighing i fo laps companions by neighing in a sprightly “The cows defend themselves well against the pagi ; for, as soon as he appears, they range themselves in ‘ circle around their calves, with their horns turned towards their assailant, await his attack in that position, and unfrequently destroy him. : i “ Notwithstanding his ferocity, the pagi never ventures to attack a man, although he is continually hunted and persecuted by the latter. he z 2 ‘ ~ TE Sub fie sara dl Ci BR A ae | THR rR mead oul ee ae Taal ad Ca ¥ of rae a I ea START 338 DESCRIPTION OF THE PUMA. the Spaniards been denominated the s shape and roaring, but is The hair on the upper part our, marked with yellow to naturalists, has by lion, which it resembles in it wholly destitute of a mane. of its body is of a greyish ash-col spots, and is longer than that of the tiger, particularly on the buttocks, but that on the belly is of a dusky white. Its length, from the nose to the root of the tail, is about five feet, and its height from the bottom of the foot to the shoulder twenty-six and a half inches. It hasa round head, shaped much like that of a cat; the ears are short and pointed ; the eyes large with yellow irides and brown Its nose is broad and flat, the muzzle short, the pupils. kers, the mouth upper lip entire and furnished with whis deep, and the tongue large and rough. In each jaw it has four incisors, four sharp-pointed canine teeth, and sixteen grinders. Its breast is broad, the paws each five toes armed with very strong nails, and have like that of a its tail is upwards of two feet in length, tiger. «The female is rather less than the male, and is of a paler colour, like the African lioness; she has two dugs, and brings forth but two at a time. « Such is the lion of Chile; it may, perhaps, in other parts of America, offer some shades of discrimination, as I have been informed that those of Peru have a longer and more pointed muzzle. The pagi inhabits the thickest forests, and the most inaccessible mountains, from whence it makes incursions into the plains, to attack domestic animals, particularly horses, whose flesh it prefers to that The mode in which it seizes its prey, re- it approaches it by drawing itself upon ough the shrubs and bushes, s, or, if it shows itself, assumes of any other. sembles a cat; its belly, glides softly thr conceals itself in the ditche DESCRIPTION OF THE PUMA. 339 a mild and fawnin g appearance, and able o i : ’ watching the f: for oo tunity of seizing the animal which Ay Fn ictim, at one leap fastens i rke s 1tself upon its b to render its as es : 1 torte ta Pi impossible, while with the richt paw ces In a few mi : 2 blood, dev inutes; it then sucks t » devours the flesh of the breast, and i ie carcass Into the nearest w ? carries the leaves and boughs of iy where it conceals it with ghs of trees, in order to eat it at its leisu re. As it is i hin Deswmen practice for the husbandman to fasten ea Ses together In the fields, wherever the A ei po this situation, it kills one and drags Tan 2 . Dike se other to follow by striking it fron aan its pav, and in this manner almost eum ayy possession of both. Its an gs t e streams to which animals usuglly an “oh ere i conceals itself upon a tree, and Tar dss ils of Seizing one of them. The horde, fw on a an Mstinetive dread of these places, a a. den’ pr essed by thirst, approach ther for: precaution, carefully examining upo oy cover 1f there is danger ; Ete with great ery side, to dis- goes forward, and, on iti times one of the boldest . 4 ng the pl ‘ n : y Place sec ; otice to his companions by neighi ure, gives manner, ghmg in a sprightly “mT he cows defend themselves well against the p for, as soon as he appe agi ; ars ars, they range themselves in a elr ass a ’ unfrequently destroy him. “ Notwiths 1 1 i ithstanding his ferocity, the pagi never vent g ‘er ventures to attack a mai é 1, although he ji : > iS persecuted by the Vater, continually hunted and z 9 “A ; 4 340 HUNTING OF WILD HORSES. « He is hunted with dogs trained for the purpose, and, when hard pressed by them, either leaps upon a tree, seeks an asylum upon a rock, or, placing himself against the trunk of some large tree, defends himself in a furious manner, killing many of his enemies, until the hunter, watching his opportunity, slips a noose around his neck. As soon as the animal finds himself taken in this manner, and sheds a torrent of tears. The skin er for boots or shoes 1s idered as specific he roars terribly, serves for various uses; good leath manufactured from it, and the fat 1s cons in the sciatica.”* Hunting of wild horses, (lobos) : There are but few s in Chile, at least on the north of the Bio he Isla de la Laxa. principally for of these animal Bio, for I have only seen them on t The Indians come over to hunt them, food, or their skins. Yet, on the eastern side of the Cordilleras, there are numerous herds. Those who hunt wild cattle are provided with lacs, or bolas, which I have already described. The horseman follows the wild animal, and, whilst at full speed, whirls the bolas round his head, and, often at the distance of one hundred paces, succeeds the feet of the one he has pursued, and he then secures it with his ild horses in in entangling thus impedes its flight ; lasso. The Gauchos of Uraguai hunt w the following manner :— « Caza de los Baguales.”—It is ne hunt wild horses, to have at least thirty men well mounted, under the orders or direction of their leader or employer. Their first care is, to observe the route which the animals generally take when pursued, then they form what is called a“ manguera,” which is nothing more than an immense « rodeo,” already described. From the principal cessary in order to pen, + Natural History of Chile, by Molina. ghighig ie Ti HUNTING OF WILD HORSES. 341 entran 1 a, Sy om two lines, composed of stakes, that are ae oa Ba distant from each other, and secured a . eep the animals from breaking through al 2 a these two lines are sometimes sion as no > oo form an angle; the extreme points a 181 le from one to the other, and affords a A Te from four to five thousand horses. Sr y arrangement is concluded, they be- ay wa : Yay Win mares, or horses, to set off at until they arrive in ets Opus : sy SOMA oy arge “rodeo.” These are called g ;" and if stopped in their career, the h Ss , the hunt will be 3 s 5 and all the labour entirely lost. ” es oi of fe Gy whieh has been appointed for are agua es’ are driven to that part of the aman 44 fbasise the . manga,” and at daybreak the A wo reconnoitres the animals; after which et : men at the distance of two hundeed Da Nis often and separates the trained guides wi hy a one opposite the entrance of the — e other in the centre; and then eight or En. a Sent to unite the “baguales,” taking care ay arge circuit, so as not to be seen too soon, which 3 ou endanger the result of the hunt, which commences or i Suse In getting the animals Nebvocs Gua anga; they then gallop towards them aking : resound with their shouts, and acitati ” a large flags of red cloth. Their charges a : Re ane executed, in a straight line, and with Co Sea . oon as the ‘““baguales” pass by the men th 1ave been previously stationed by the leader, these x "os i fish and {charge with them; the eh as 2 the trained guides, hearing the approach of the herd 342 HUNTING THE OSTRICH. of wild horses, when at a league’s distance; and as they near the men, give the appointed signal, and retire behind the stakes. The baguales, on observing the guides, gallop on before, redouble their speed to join them; then the men follow up, excite the ardour of their horses, redouble their shouts, and by agitating their red flags, they augment the terror of the frightened animals, so as to impede them from seeing the snare, and by this means are driven into the rodeo. The huntsmen follow immediately after, and form up before the entrance, while ten or twelve close it up with strong poles. This ends the hunt. Two days afterwards, those animals, which have not tasted food or water, are slaughtered. Hunting of baguales, when successful, is lucrative. The formation of a rodeo capable of containing from four to five thousand, costs about nine hundred dollars; the hide of a horse when sold, brings to the proprietor about one and a half to two dollars, without the mane or tail, which is also an article of consideration.* The ostrich, © avestrucho,” is only to be met with on the plains of the eastern Cordilleras and Pampas; they are caught with bolas, and afford good sport; their flesh is not eaten, but their eggs are reputed good; they are generally hunted for their plumes, which are coarser and inferior to those of the African or Asiatic ostrich ; the natives make them into parasols, or dusters, plumeros.” The condors are often caught and killed in the following manner :— The Huassos make a pen of sticks and bushes of about seventy yards in length, and place a dead animal in it, which soon attracts the condors, for although none may be within sight, such is their acute sense of smelling, that * T1 Araucano, No. 865. August 25, 1837. MODE OF CATCHING THE CONDOR. 343 numbers are soon seen to soar above the carrion and alight and commence their attack, and soon glut marr : Sieh a manner as to almost impede their taking the rt 1 he men, who have been secreted behind ho ie being armed with clubs, rush out upon them, and oy destroy many; for the confined space of the jon that has various crossings prevents the escape of the condors; and the sportsmen repay themselves for their trouble, wid for a severe contusion, perhaps, from the wing or beak of their aerial opponent, with the feathers of the wings, for which they have a sure and ready market. Molina gives the fol- lowing description of the mode of catching the condor “The husbandmen make use of every Atdiogen to destroy so dangerous a bird. For this purpose dicy foinee times envelope them in the skin of an ox newly oy and place themselves on their backs upon the droit condor, deceived by the appearance, approaches the oo “ posed dead animal, to devour it, when the person i whose hands are protected by strong gloves, dexterousl seizes the legs of the bird, and holds it until his companion : concealed hard by, run up to his assistance, and d : it with clubs. FN i“ The condors feed either upon carcasses, or upor animals which they kill themselves, and thus suppl a place of wolves, which are unknown in Chile, Pays “They frequently attack flocks of sheep or goats, and even calves, when they are separated from the owe I the latter case there are always several of them toned 8 who fly upon the calf with their wings extended Po : eyes, and in a few moments tear it to pieces.” ii : The bird is in Chile called “manque,” and is unques- tionably the largest that has the power of supporting elf in the air. Linnaeus makes its wings, when extended, sIX- 344 MODE OF CATCHING WILD PIGEONS. teen feet from one extremity to the other; but the largest that I have seen was but fourteen feet and some Sa The body is much larger than that of the royal eagle, a is entirely covered with black feathers, excepting the bae ’ which is white. The neck is encircled with a white fringe, composed of projecting feathers, about an neh in length. The head is covered with short and thin hairs; the irides of the eyes are of a reddish brown, and the pupils black. The beak is four inches long, very large and crooked, black at its base, and white towards the point. The greater quills of the wings are usually two feet nine inches long, and one-third of an inch in diameter. The thigh is ten inches and two-thirds in length, but the leg does not exceed six inches; the foot is furnished with four strong toes; the hindmost of which is about two inches long, with but one joint, and a black nail an inch in length; the mide toe has three joints, it is nearly six inches long, gd 18 jor minated by a crooked whitish nail of two inches; the ot e toes are a little shorter, and are armed with strong an crooked talons. The tail is entire, but small in proportion ize of the bird. : gi Bn female is less than the male, and of a brownish colour ; she has no fringe about the neck, but a small i upon the hinder part of it. She builds her nest upon the most steep and inaccessible cliffs, and lays two white eggs larger than those of the turkey.”* The “ torcas,” ring-dove, affords a profitable RuNseTen to the poor iuhabitants of Chile, who, during certain periods, kill numbers in the following manner. These birds, when they leave their roosting-places, fies rally the head of a valley or ravine, fly In hon: % and within a few feet from the ground, and do not diverge a ; ‘ter > afl arms. * The condor forms ene of the supporters to the Chiliun arms HAWKING. 345 until they descend to the plains, or are alarmed ; so the natives generally erect a series of blinds of the branches of trees, or squat themselves behind the cactus or stunted myrtles, and await the successive flights that generally descend for the space of half an hour about sunrise, when, with a forked stick, crossed with a thong, they often suc- ceed in killing several birds with a single blow, and, if the sportsman be adroit, he seldom returns with less than a dozen. I have often accompanied Don Justo Salinas, and other friends, whilst at Angostura, and as we stationed ourselves with our fowling-pieces in the rear of the whole, we, without interrupting their sport, made havock amongst the birds, and brought down numbers at each shot. The ring-doves are good food, and many of the natives derive no small emolument from these as well as from thrushes ; they kill perroquets nearly in the same manner. Parrots in Chile are also an article of food, and when unfledged are con- sidered a delicacy. During the winter of 1834, whilst residing on the Hacienda de la Compania, I was surprised one morning, after a smart frost, to see the Huassos arriving with numbers of parrots which they had found benumbed on the trees, so that by shaking the branches they fell to the ground; on inquiry, my friend Don Juan de Dios Correa, informed me he had often heard of parrots being caught in such a manner. Hawking in Chile is confined to the chase of the par- tridge, and is a pleasant and profitable sport ; the Chilians are fond of it, and display a deal of tact and dexterity in the training of the falcon, and in hawking. There are no game-laws here, but it is requisite to ask leave of the owners of the property, on account of the 346 HINTS TO SPORTSMEN. ed by the guns, and the danger of set- the dry season; the trouble of a kind invitation to lodge cattle being disturb ting fire to the fields Oe : ing leave is often repaid by 4 | Sn night; and a guide 1s generally sent to pomt © : out where game is abundant. CHAP. X. THE SENATE—VERSES TO LIBERTY. ON the 14th of September, 1830, it was decreed that all the monasteries should be re-established in Chile, and their revenues and property, that had been alienated by the former governments, restored to them, and every encourage- ment given to repopulate their vacant cloisters. On the 11th of January, 1832, the convent of mis- sionaries of Chillan was reorganized, and subsequently Los R.R. Padres Gonzales and Zenon were commissioned to fetch friars from Italy and Spain, to illustrate the Chilians. Don David Barrey, in his “Noticias Secretas de America,” book 2nd, page 509, says as follows :— “During several years’ residence in Cadiz I had an excellent opportunity of informing myself how the apostolic companies assembled, and left that port, which was the one selected by government to provide a passage for all who were sent to preach the ¢ Evangelio,’ in the Indies. “ Almost every year missionary commissaries of various communities arrived from America, in order to take rein- forcements to their convents; these soon visited the in- terior of Spain, and began to enlist their ‘religious recruits’ circumstances permit me to use such a profane expression for the turbulent, who were persecuted by their superiors ; others, who would not subject themselves to the rules of the cloister, and who had become the scandal of the pro- vince ; and others, who, being informed of the happy life of the friars in South America, as well as their numerous 348 SPANISH MISSIONARIES. advantages, became desirous of making a change, flocked around the commissary of the mission, and prepared to leave their native country. « When the number was completed, they were taken to Cadiz, where the governor compelled the owners of vessels to transport the friars to their destined port. But although government paid their passage, the captains, sooner than take them on board, have often been known to retard their voyage for months, rather than be troubled with such passengers. And the friars generally wished to go in the vessels of such as had manifested their repugnance to re- ceive them, so that the governor had frequently to send a party of soldiers with the friars, to oblige the captains to receive them, or to force the missionaries to embark in another vessel.” With such missionaries, the South Americans will re- turn to that happy and religious state they formerly enjoyed under the pious, moral, and austere guidance of those holy friars, whose sainted deeds are immortalized by those eminent writers, Los SS. Don Jorge Juan y Don Antonio de Ulloa: see “Noticias Secretas de America,” pages 347, 882, 490, 492—499, 500, 503, 507, 511, 518, 520, 523—535. An invitation and funds were sent to the Bishop of Santiago, who, ever since he was exiled from Chile, in 1826, had been a pensioner of the court of Spain, at Madrid, for his decided loyalty to Ferdinand the Seventh. On the 27th of June, 1823, the minister of state read a message from his excellency, the president of the republic of Chile, to the senate, in which he called upon them to sanction the following law :—¢ That all the Spanish * This prelate died on the eve of his return to Chile, and now there are three bishopries in the republic. ACTS OF THE ADMINISTRATION. 349 vessels should be treated as neutrals, and such as might enter the ports of Chile from Spain, or any other frei port, should be subject to the same rules, and pay the he duties for the merchandise they imported, &ec. as the vessels of any other nation that had not obtained greater pri- vileges by treaties.” The minister also stated to the senate, that government had, on the 6th of last September, re- quested the legislature to make a law, in order to abolish the discretional and arbitrary power that had been conferred by the legislature on the 5th of May, 1821, relative to the sequestrated estates of the partisans of Spain; and, as this was the second time it had been urged, he desired the senate to attend to it in preference to any other business. This was attended to, and all the confiscated property that had been publicly sold by the former administrations, was subsequently restored to the parties that reclaimed it without any other remuneration to the purchasers for ne provements, than the acknowledgment of such sums as had been paid into the public treasury, and this to be considered as part of the consolidated debt of the repub- lic. But the project of opening the ports of the republic to the commerce of Spain caused great excitement, both in the senate, and amongst others, who although they had been deluded so as to have made a common cause against the administration of 1828 1829, and 1830, would not prostitute their opinion any longer, nor tolerate the inordinate presumption of the Spanish faction.* Govern- * Five out 3 i i upon the Wt of be o $1 ani Mio ness DECI, Sa reton Izquierdo, Don Jose Antonio Huici, Don Juan Augustin Alcalde, and Den Mariano de Egana’s opinions, were, “ That the president of the republic a if y Hhought it convenient, enter into negotiations of peace with g of Spain, should that monarch acknowledge our independence, =, on the congress approving the articles of his message of the 26th of uly last, as the stipulations that might take place in the said treaty.” 350 ENERGETIC DISPLAY OF PATRIOTISM. ment, aware of the fermentation of the Chilians, and the energetic speeches of several of the senators, who in stre- nuous language declaimed against the project, and unreason- able request of government, and, in the most pathetic style depicted the excessive cruelties of the Spaniards, who had moistened every part of the territory of the republic with the blood of the patriots; and who still breathed nothing but hatred, blood, and vengeance against the Americans; and appealing to their auditors, questioned them, whether, in case the ports of Chile should be opened to the com- merce of Spain, “would not that nation propose new and exorbitant pretensions, as a recompense of the acknow- ledgment they might accede to?” Therefore the minister of state had the mortification of having to make his ap- pearance before the senate on the 25th of July, and say that « Although government is perfectly persuaded of the utility of the proposed law, in the message of the 26th of June; he, in consideration of a superior order, would with- draw it, ‘en voz,’ and in the name of the president of the republic.” The president of the senate told the minister, “ That as the motion was in its second discussion, it could not be delivered to him without the consent of the senate ;” but on being put to the vote, it was unanimously returned; and on the secretary delivering it to the minister, he took his departure. A paper edited by some of the Spanish faction, «El Constitucional,” expressed in the most indig- nant terms their reproval of this act of patriotism, and said that, “ The president of the republic, his ministers, the members of the council of state, with the exception of one, various senators, many of the deputies of congress, and an infinite number of citizens, were in favour of the project of opening the ports of Chile to Spanish vessels. The editors of that paper are well known in Chile; and if their state- VERSES TO LIBERTY. 351 ment be true, the following verses from the press of that worthy patriot, Don Jose Miguel Infante, published at that period, may serve to show the decadence of illustration in Chile :— A DIOS LIBERTAD BUEN VIAGE, Y VOLVERAS? YO TE ESPERO. Oh! que mal que conocias El caracter de este pueblo ! Aquellos arcos triunfales, Los vivas y juramentos De Independencia o muerte De no sufrir ni un momento Las cadenas... .inosente ! Eran solo pasatiempo. A Dios libertad, etc. Los maturangos, por mas Que los llamen majaderos, Son los hombres que ban mostrado Atucia y entendimiento : Al verte se acurrucaron, En las conchas se metieron, Y ahora salen triunfantes Erguidos y peri-puesto A Dios libertad, ete. Ya se cierran las escuelas, Ya se abren los conventos ; Frailes de todos matices Ya preludian el Te-Deum Ya la Santa inquisicion Prepara los quemaderos Para tantos herejotes, Y tantos libritos nuevos. A Dios libertad, etc. Ya vuelven las distinciones De nobles y de plebeyos: Desgraciado del que exija Su salario a un caballero ! Que lo lleven a la carcel, Que lo metan en un cepo, Y si chista, que se pudra Y paguc su atrevimiento, A Dios libertad, ete. 352 0! pueblo docil y amable ! O mansisimos corderos ! Ya empuiio vuestro pastor El gran cayado de hierro : Ya no andareis estraviados Ya tendries quien os equilme, Por falta de buen gobierno ; Quien os lleve al matadero. A Dios libertad, etc. No, libertad, no te alejes; No abandones este suelo Que broto bajo tus plantas Nuevas flores, frutos nuevos: Verdad es que no te quieren Ciertos beatos y opulentos; Pero si te aman los Chilenos, Pero te adoran los patriotas. A Dios libertad, buen viaje Y volveras? Yo te espero. VERSES TO LIBERTY. CHAP. XI. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROVINCES OF CO0QUIMBO, ACONCAGUA, AND SANTIAGO—CITY OF SANTIAGO — FOREIGNERS — CLIMATE — EARTHQUAKES — D PROVINCES OF COLCHAGUA, TALCA, DREADFUL EARTHQUAKE THAT RUINE ESCRIPTION OF THE MAULE, AND CONCEPCION, AND OF THE D THEM IN THE YEAR 1835. As I have given but a succinct description of the provinces which I visited during my military vocations, I will now, withwhat Ihave been enabled to add from subsequent obser- vations, proceed to submit an historical account of what is now termed the republic of Chile, with its political division into provinces, departments, sub-departments, and districts. In 1826 the legislature of Chile divided the republic into the following provinces +—Coquimbo, Aconcagua, San- tiago, Colchagua, Maule, Concepcion, Valdivia, and Chiloe, but subsequently a new province, Talca, has been created from a department of that of Colchagua. The jurisdiction of the state extends from the desert | of Atacama in lat. 24° N. to 45° S., and from the Cordilleras de Los Andes to the Pacific ocean with its adjacent islands, and those of Juan Fernandez. Chile has since 1826 been governed by a president, who is elected for five years, and may be re-elected to serve five years longer ;* he is assisted by a council of state, and the legislature is composed of senators and deputies. Each province is governed by an intendant, who has the aid of governors of departments, and subaltern magistrates. * His Excellency General Don Joaquin Prieto, has be in 1836. en re-elected 2a 354 COQUIMBO. CoqQuimBo. This province extends from the confines of Bolivia to the river Chuapa, and is divided into eight departments— Copiapo, Freirina, Vallenar, Elqui, Ovalle, Combarbala, Illapel, and La Serena. Its principal rivers are Copiapo, Huasco, Serena, Barrasa, and Chuapa. It has three ports—Huasco, Copiapo, and Coquimbo; sixty-two dis- tricts; 1,549 haciendas and farms; and in 1834 a popula- tion of 99,841 souls. Its capital is the city of La Serena, founded in 1542, by General Valdivia, and rebuilt in the year 1554, by Don Francisco de Aguirre. It seldom rains in this province, especially to the northward of the capital, and the temperature is mild and salubrious. As I have already given a description of the city, port, and productions of the province, I will conclude with an account of the newly discovered mines in the northern departments, and a few official statements. The silver mines lately discovered in the mountains of Copiapo, may compete with those of Potosi in Peru, and Guanajato in Mexico. * «In May, 1832, the rich veins of" silver of Chanarcillo, Pajonal, and Bandurias, were discovered, from which ore was procured that yielded from one to three thousand marks, a cajon.* «Tn the mines of Volados and Peraltas, lumps of pure silver have been found, one of which has been calculated to weigh from thirty-five to forty quintals, (a quintal is 100 1bs.), and it is presumed that in less than two months the owners of the mine will clear half a million of dollars. I have to state that this is not supposed to be the best mine, for there are two or three that are calculated to be still richer—such is the progress of our national wealth. *\* A mark is eight ounces, and a cajon of ore is about fifteen mule loads. COQUIMBO. 355 In other times, no sooner would such a treasure hav been discovered, than a vessel would have been sve to Foceive 1t on board, to have had the honour and glor of carrying the lump of silver, in order to present it to i monarch of Spain. E “This mine is of a considerable extent, and the vein of metal so rich, that the proprietors, who were poor men have become gamblers, and have staked as much as ne hundred doubloons on a card. In order to i their immense wealth, they generally sit at the mouth of their mine on a lump of pure silver, about a yard in heigh and of the same width.”* go The silver mines of Chile, under the Spanish govern- ment, did not produce more than 23,500 marks; but in J 834 they yielded 164,953 marks, seven times more than in the former period; and those of copper, which gave onl 25,000 quintals annually, have tripled their products which on adding the value of the gold that is coined, sod the copper ore that is exported, the wealth of the mining dis- tricts can scarcely be calculated. However, the shore and following statements will give a pretty fair estimate :— G r OLD, SILVER, AND COPPER, EXPORTED IN THE YEAR 1834 FROM CHILE, AND COINED. hi. Marks. Oz. p Gold exported from Valparaiso 11 7 ae Gold coined in the Mint . . 8840 2 Doll : 3 ollars. Total: . i, . . 8859 1 .. 5259816 SILVER. Exported from Valparaiso . ; 67.703 ° Ditto Coquimbo . : ‘ 83.979 J Ditto Huasco . : 3,879 1 8 . . . yO Ul Ditto Copiapo : ; 3878 0 Coined in the Mint : 5.405 0 Total ‘ : : 164,935 1 Yate . oo 1,484,416 1 * Guzman’s History of Chile, book i. pp. 73. 74. 2A2 COQUIMBO. COPPER. Quintals. Pounds. Value. Exported from Valparaiso : ONIN 37 Ditto Coquimbo . : 33,360 58 Ditto Huasco . ‘ . 23434 71 Ditto Copiapo . . 2,698 36 —_— Dollars. Total . . 77,265 2 1,081,710 2} COPPER ORE. Exported from Valparaiso : ., 6889 32 Ditto Coquimbo . 9,499 0 Ditto Huasco . : . 20,961 92 Total . . 96850 24 66,791 Total value 3,158,149 1} This is the treasury report for 1834, but in 18338 I was credibly informed that the amount had greatly increased, on account of the prosperity of the mines of Copiapo. Also, near to Chillan, in the province of Concepcion, a valuable gold-washing had been found. Although the vigilance of the coast-guard has diminished the clandestine exportation of the precious metals, still the small bulk of them offers such facility for smugglers, that no inconsiderable part of the mining products leaves the country without having paid the duties. Notwithstanding the cargoes of ore that are shipped off to Europe, the exportation of copper has been augmented; and, in order that the reader may form a just estimate of the progressive wealth of the mining districts, I will insert a treasury statement of the years 1831 and 1832 :— “ La Serena, August 14th, 1832. Silver. Marks. Copper. Quintals. 1bs. « Exported from Coquimbo 58,907 . . ‘ . 61,892 0 « Sent to Santiago . . 12,000 sent to Valparaiso 16,000 0 Total . . 70,907 67,892 0 « Jose Novoa.” COQUIMBO. 357 Although I was personally acquainted with the trea. surer and collector of customs, Los SS. Almenavar 5 Cordovez, : ! I could never obtain a true statement, but | 1ave been credibly informed that the whole amount af the custom-house, &ec., did : —— 3-0 not exceed 103,000 dollars in the TRIBUNAL DE CUENTAS. i: he treasuries of the province and custom-houses of 4 Soe Huasco, and Copiapo, produced, during the years 1831 and 1832, 141,335 24 and 154,537 33 dollars “ RAFAEL CORREA DE SAA” he industry of the mining districts places 3,000,000 dollars in circulation annually, more than and their supplies are imported from Aconcagua, Santiago, Colchagua, Talca ’ 3 Maule, Concepcion, and Chiloe. The following Treasury ite . . 5 statement will show the imports of provisions from the southern provinces, by sea :— “La Serena, July 30th, 1832. CUSTOM-HOUSE AND TREASURY OF COQUIMBO Whe: ig . . . 32,297 Fanegas, (1501bs). Meal : . . : ‘ 2,809 do. Pout ‘ : . 26,397 do. eans . : 6 o . 6,549 1 Wainuts . . ‘ 470 a Potatoes . y : 550 1 8 Galvanzes . . . 93 = Aniseed d . : 70 oy Charqui (dried beef ) 4,684 Q im al Tallow . : : . 2.4062 . an Cheese . : . . 508 - Butter : , : . 69 = Almonds : 49 a Fat Jars : ; 7.442 g Hams : . : 1,066 “ Jose Novoa.” COQUIMBO. The prices of provisions in the year 1834, in Coquimbo, were as follows :— Charqui . ‘ from 6 to 7} per quintal. Wheat ' ‘ . . from 3} to 5 per fanega. Beans (Frijoles) 5 to 6 do. which are considerably dearer than in the other provinces. Wheat varies every year, according to the crops; still, the average is from 6 to 24 reals* a fanega, in the southern, and from 24 to 40 reals in the northern districts. There is a great deal of manceuvring and speculation in grain. Corn laws have been established, in order to protect the landed proprietor, viz— When the Chilian flour does not exceed the value of four dollars the quintal, flour that is imported pays two dollars per quintal, or as follows :— Price in Chile. Duty on Foreign Flour. 4 dollars per quintal 2 dollars per quintal. 4tod do. . . . . Yio 4 Hto6 do. : . . 1 6 to 7 do. . . ‘ a 7 upwards ' Free from duty. All the wheat and flour that is imported into Chile, can only be allowed to enter the port of Valparaiso. Molina states that « Copiapo and Coquimbo, although near the sea, and as rich in minerals as the others, have never suffered from earthquakes; and while the other parts of the country have been violently shaken, these have not experienced the least shock, or been but slightly agitated.” However, since my residence in Chile, several severe shocks of earthquakes have been felt in this province, and particularly that of the 23rd of April, 1833, which nearly destroyed the town of Huasco, and many houses, &ec. in the department. A dollar 1s eight reals. ACONCAGUA, 359 ACONCAGUA. This province extends from that of Coquimbo to the Cuestas de Chacabuco and La Dormida, and the rivers of Limache and Con Con; it is divided into six departments, San Felippe, Andes, Putaendo, Quillota, La Ligua, and Pe- torca, and subdivided into fifty-eight districts, in which are 1,380 haciendas and farms, with a population of 137,039 souls; there are three ports, Papudo, Conchali, and Quintero, and the principal rivers are Quillota, Putaendo, La Ligua, Longotoma, Quilimari, Conchali, and Chuapa, and its capital is the city of San Felipe, founded in 1740, by Don Jose Manso y Velasques. The principal pass to Mendoza is in this province, and although there are eight “boquetes,” or passes in the cordilleras of Chile, this is the most fre- quented, for there are generally guides and muleteers in waiting at each side, to accompany and conduct travellers, and “ casuchas,” (hovels), constructed of brick and stone, have been erected by a former president of Chile, Don Ambrosio O'Higgins, an Irishman, where, at certain dis- tances, shelter from tempests or snow-storms may be pro- cured. Many dread the passage of the cordilleras, but I have known several, amongst whom were females, who have crossed them in the winter, without having experienced many difficulties; and, during my residence in Chile, few casualties occurred which had been attended with the loss of life. This province is very fertile, and produces abundance of cattle, wheat, fruits, hemp, (the best in South America), wines, and spirits, and has many excellent gold, silver, cop- per, and other mines. SANTIAGO. This province extends from that of Aconcagua to the river Cachapaul, and is divided into six departments, RL 360 SANTIAGO. Santiago, Victoria, Rancagua, Melipilla, Casa Blanca, and Valparaiso; these are subdivided into sixty districts, in which are 1,788 haciendas and farms, and have a popu- lation of 253,887 souls; there are five rivers, Lampa, Colina, Mapocho, Maipu, Cachapaul; and two seaports, Valparaiso and San Antonio. The city of Santiago 1s the capital of the republic, and was founded in 1541 by General Valdivia; it is well built, but its churches and public edifices are of so many different orders of archi- tecture, that I find it a difficult undertaking to describe them; they are generally built of burnt brick, or stone; and some of them have withstood many earthquakes, espe- cially those of 1647, 1657, 1822, and 1835. A procession is held annually, in order to commemorate the earthquake of the 13th of May, 1647, which nearly destroyed the city. The president of the republic, and all the eccle- siastical, civil, and military bodies, with a numerous con- course of citizens, attend it; and the image of our Saviour, «El Sefior de Agonia,” is carried about the city in great pomp. This image was saved during the earthquake, and received no other damage than that of the crown of thorns having slipped cver the head, and got tight round the neck. El Reverendo Padre Ovalle says, in his fourth volume of his History of Chile, that this miraculous image « suffered no other injury than that of the crown of thorns having got over the head, and on account of the nnpos- sibility to replace the crown there again, it has ever since remained round the neck;” and El Illmo. Senor Don F. Gaspar de Villarroel, bishop of Santiago, says, that this image of our Saviour is the work of El Padre Figeroa, who, being neither a carver nor a joiner, made it by a miracle.” The city of Santiago would, if it was properly regulated EE —_— eo i — . A > « Neh LUE 74/~ OF THE AT ue Sa en rr A onsinrses : reno ER re = re— 2 § i CG IBLIT ILE: » GO EDAD A 18s 4 JALOOWOrr es SSVIC ALE, LD WAN I He A Se ILPIER NUE CCI TERA MC, SANTIAGO. 361 by its municipal body, be one of the cleanest and most salubrious cities in South America. It is laid out in squares of 138 yards in front, and divided by streets of about 11 yards in width; all are paved, and the principal ones flagged on each side; those that run from the east to west have canals, which are constructed to irrigate the town, and carry off the filth. Since my arrival in Chile, a great many improvements have been made in the capital, and a spirit of innovation has commenced in the mode of building, for in lieu of the low-built houses, built of «adobes,” (bricks dried in the sun,) that took up the sixth or eighth of a square, there are now substantial houses built of brick and stone, that only occupy one-half of the ground, and are of two or three stories in height. Don Ambrosio Aldunate has built an edifice, occupying one side of the principal square, that is four stories high; the lower range is occupied by the stores of the most respectable tradesmen; but the upper stories are all empty, and will, perhaps, have to remain untenanted on account of the dread of earthquakes; there are also a series of neat wooden shops under the portico, which give it the appearance of a bazaar. The state-house or palace is a long irregular building, divided into three departments, one of which is the residence of the president of the republic; the treasury and public offices; municipal hall, and prison: on another side is the cathe- dral, and the residence of the bishop; the other is of private dwellings and shops. In the centre of the square is a fountain, in which is a beautiful marble monument made in Italy, allegorical of the independence of Chile, from which pure water gushes to supply the city. There are two promenades ; that of winter is on or along the Tajamar, which is a series of strong parapets, that 362 SANTIAGO. are built of brick and stone, about eighteen feet from their foundation, six in thickness, and well supported by but- tresses; this was projected and partly built by Don Am- brosio O’Higgins, Conde de Ballenar, when he was pre- sident of Chile, and now extends along the margin of the Mapocho, about 4,260 yards from the bridge, in order to protect the city from the river, which, although in the dry season it appears to be nothing but a petty stream, has often during the rains been so swollen and rapid as to threaten Santiago and La Chimba with destruction. I have often heard strangers express their surprise at seeing the superb bridge, and wonder at the Chilians having commenced such an expensive undertaking as the building of it and the Tajamar must have been; and the Chilians themselves have often said, “ O vender puente, 0 comprar rio ;” “ Either sell the bridge, or buy a river ;” in order to ridicule Los SS. O’Higgins and Zanartu, who projected these useful, and now properly appreciated undertakings; for had it not been for the parapets during the year 1827, Santiago would have been washed away. The walk on the Tajamar is incommodious, although a favourite one; close to the city there is a short alameda, with a few seats, and a fountain, with several willow and poplar trees; and near to the east end is a race-ground, where on a feast-day numbers of Chinganas are congregated. The races in Chile are of a short distance, and from one to two or three quadras; the horses are not saddled; they are rode only with a sheep-skin, or cloth, and by boys who are well trained; the horses start at full speed. The Chilians are very fond of such sport, and there are often races of consideration; these are run on the Lomas, a plain about one and a half or two leagues from the capital, on SANTIAGO. 363 the Valparaiso road ; on these occasions it is well worth the while of a stranger to attend, for both high and low almost vacate the capital; and there is a great display of equipages, from that of his excellency the president, to the primitive bullock-cart, or as our countrymen say, “ Noah’s arks.” An Englishman, and from Yorkshire too, Don Thomas Ap- pelby, was fond of racing, and had one of the best breed of horses in Chile; I saw him sell one of his mares to a com- modore of the American navy for 100 dollars, an enormous price in Chile, for the common brood-mares are only worth from six reales to a dollar in the southern provinces. The following advertisement copied from a Chilian paper, will show the value of his horses. “To complete the number required to effect the above-mentioned raffle, only a few are wanting. Any person being desirous of a share, is referred to the English hotel in Santiago, or to the house of D. Basilio Benegas, called Sto. Domingo, who at the same time begs leave to impress upon the minds of every true sportsman, that this beautiful animal is brother to the renowned chesnut horse bought by Messrs. Sewell and Patrickson for 29 ounces, and sent to Lima; the day after the sale was made, Mr. Thomas Roskell arrived from Lima with instructions to give 55 ounces (doubloons of £3. 12s.) for the horse.—Mr. Richard George from the same place, who came shortly after, would have given 1,000 dollars, and two gentlemen from the house of Mr. Jno. Begg, were authorized to go even to the immense sum of 2,000 dollars. This wonderful animal was the theme and admi. ration of every foreigner as well as the natives, for his beauty and superior qualities, in speed, wind, and bottom. He may be justly termed the Chile Eclipse,—he never was beat by any horse either in Chile or Peru. The mares, sisters to the said horses, have been sold for 100 dollars and upwards. The present horse in point of colour is by far superior, being a beautiful jet-black fine soft hair, with only one small white speck on one hind foot.— I have no doubt but that his racing qualities would be fully equal to the others, were he trained for the turf.—20 ounces (doubloons of £3. 12s.) have ‘been offered for him by Mr. Hemmenway of Valparaiso, and 18 by Mr. Robert Macfarlane of the same place, for the purpose of sending him to England. “The only motive that induces the owner to dispose of him, is in con- sequence of the breed now being increased.— Mercurio de Valparaiso. The chinganas are held either in houses, *ramadas.” sheds made of the boughs of trees, or in carts, that are 364 SANTIAGO. latticed over, and covered with gaudy trappings, and flags; each has two or more musicians and singers; these are well dressed and decorated, and no small quantity of paint 1s bestowed on some of their faces; their instruments are the harp, guitar, and ravel; and as the carts and ramadas are generally close to each other, their music, if so it may be called, is to a stranger the most discordant noise that can be heard; for let the reader figure to himself, about twenty or more persons in an area of about thirty yards, singing, or bawling as loud as their lungs will allow them, to the tunes of the above-named instruments, as well as others who are drumming with their hands on the bottom of the harp, whilst the “samba queka,” or other favourite step, 1s danced; these are the amusements of the lower classes; but still many even of the most respectable enjoy a “ baile de golpe,” and the chingana of ¢ Las Sefioras Petorquinas,” who were the stars of their profession, was well patron- ized, for they drew an immense concourse on their com- mencement, and reaped no small emolument from their agility. The Alameda de la Canada is one of the handsomest in Chile, or of any I have seen in South America. General Don Bernardo O'Higgins commenced it in 1821, and the following governments have continued it. It is about 970 yards in length, and may be of advantage to the proprietors and inhabitants of the west end of the city, if the succeed- ing governments will take the hint, and carry the alameda to the river, then the entrance to the city would be greatly improved ; and not only accessible to every street, but it would increase the value of all the property in that neigh- bourhood. This promenade is divided into three walks, and on each side is a road for carriages; there are three canals SANTIAGO. 365 or asequias, two of which are handsomely constructed, and lined with bricks; there are six rows of beautiful and shady poplars, that protect such as frequent the walk during the day from the sun; the middle walk is furnished with stone seats, and at the bottom is a foun- tain, placed in an octagon. During the summer evenings, and especially on a feast-day, it is a pleasure to visit this promenade, for it is then crowded with the beauty and fashion of the capital, who leave their equipage in the outer street, and take a few turns, to enjoy the cool breeze, and animate and enliven the scene. Santiago is governed by a municipal body, and divided into eight departments, each has an inspector, and subal- terns ; there are three hospitals, a house of correction, and depot for the convicts, who are employed as scavengers. The porters and water-carriers have a tax imposed upon them, which is to assemble once or twice a month with clubs and lassos; they are divided into several gangs, have a district assigned to them, and then commence at an early hour to catch and kill every dog they meet with, in order to free the city from them, except such as have col- lars, or are with their owners; a cart brings up their rear, into which the carcasses are thrown, and no small emolu- ment is derived from the skins; however, this cruel spec- tacle might be obviated, by imposing a small tax upon those who keep more than one dog, and a fine when found at large, and recognized without a collar having the owner's name and number on it. The police of Santiago is composed of a mounted corps of four commissaries, two adjutants, five sergeants, seven corporals, one trumpeter, and sixty-seven men, whose duty it is to keep order during the day; and the night-watch is 366 SANTIAGO. under the control of a person appointed by government, and consists of thirty-seven on foot, and sixteen mounted: the whole are supported by a rate levied on each house- holder. There are several market-places; the principal, La Recoba, is a building that occupies a “quadra,” having shops on each side, and encloses a space that is divided into departments for the sale of meat, flour, fruit, vege- tables, &ec.; it is kept tolerably clean, and well worth the while of a stranger to visit it on a morning; but he must not expect to meet any ladies or respectable persons mak- ing purchases, for all the marketing in Chile is performed by the servants, who are tenacious of this privilege, and at times insult such foreigners as dare to introduce the custom of their own country, by being their own purveyors; for, it is a matter of notoriety, that almost every servant has his own interest at heart, and no few ¢llapas,” douceurs, are given to the *caseres,” customers. Shopping is almost always performed by the respectable class in the evenings, and it is surprising to see their judgment of colours. A few foreigners keep retail-shops, and these are principally Frenchmen. Few foreign merchants reside in Santiago, for ever since the custom-house has been built in Valparaiso, the prin- cipals reside there; but there are a number of tradesmen and mechanics; the last, if steady, get constant work, and I have known several, such as tailors, shoe-makers, coach- makers, cabinet-makers, &c. realize a handsome competency in a few years. The neighbourhood of Santiago, and the valley of Ma- pocho, is laid out in villas and ¢ chacaras,” which are in the highest state of cultivation, and in which nearly all European SANTIAGO. 367 fruits are grown; but their principal produce are the vine, and a species of lucerne, (alfalfa ;) the latter supplies the capital with excellent forage. The plain of Maipu, which was an uncultivated desert, and infested with robbers, has since my arrival in Chile been transformed into a multitude of good farms; and two canals have been added (to irrigate these hitherto unpro- fitable lands) by a joint-stock company formed in the capital; and in Coquimbo another has been established : thus by the perseverance of its spirited members, immense plains of barren lands have been brought into cultivation ; since the year 1822, landed and almost every other pro- perty has increased considerably in value. What would have been the situation of Chile had she enjoyed peace and quiet, instead of the many years of disorder and revolutions that have followed her emanci- pation from Spain! but now as the fertile provinces of the south are freed from that marauding banditti who so long infested them, no calculation can be made of the increasing wealth of the republic. Foreigners are allowed to carry on mercantile affairs, deal as retailers, or follow their profession or trade, in any part of Chile ; their persons and property are respected, and protected by law, for they have the same recourse to it as the natives. Neither themselves nor their vessels can be pressed, nor detained for the public service; and in order to make their situation still more congenial to them, consuls are allowed to reside in the seaports ; all foreigners, whe- ther resident or not, may make their wills in any part of the republic, only subjecting themselves to the same formalities and laws as the natives, without any reference to the difference of religion of the testator or heir: they can also dispose of their property, that may be out of the 368 SANTIAGO. dominion of the republic, just as they may find convenient, but must adhere to the laws with respect to what is in Chile, with the following exceptions :—¢ They are not sub- ject to the Chilian laws, that determine the legitimate por- tion of their descendants or ascendants, only with respect to such as are domiciled in Chile, or who have become citizens of the republic; they are not subject to any kind of manda forzosa,’ tax. “ The succession of such as die intestate, and leave pro- perty in the territory of the republic, will be ordered according to the laws of their respective countries, but the lawful heirs must prove them, and their family rights; but if such heirs are established in Chile, or become citizens, they will be subject to the laws of the country. “ Such as leave widows, ¢chilenas,’ cannot deprive them of their right, although entitled to testate according to the laws of their own country. “The consuls may represent the rights of the heirs, without necessity of a power of attorney; but it will be necessary, in order to receive the property. «If a foreigner dies without an executor or heir, the consul must be notified, who, as soon as he hears of the death, must take an account of the property; and should there be no consul of the nation he belonged to, an account of his death must be advertised in the newspapers; and a magistrate will take an inventory, and see the property deposited, (of such as die in Chile,) with the assistance and intervention of the minister, or consul of the nation he belonged to; and should there be no diplomatic agent, the defender of absentees will act in their place. « If the period of two years should expire after due notice had been given to the consul, or published in the papers, before any heir or empowered agent should pre- URBANITY OF THE CHILIANS, 369 vent himself to claim the property, it will be sold by auction, and the amount must be deposited in the public treasury, where it will remain for two years longer; and if not claimed within that period, it will be adjudged to the State. Such property as cannot be kept without loss, or extraordinary expenses, must be sold, with a judicial authority, on showing in a legal manner the necessity, or utility of such a sale. “ Those who hold the property in deposit are subject to all the obligations and responsibility; they have the power and faculties of administrators, and enjoy the emoluments that are allowed by the laws to the ¢ curators,’ of the pro- perty of absent persons. “A foreigner may, if he wishes, become a naturalized citizen of the republic, by proving that he professes some art or trade, or that he has property either in land or com- merce, and that he has resided ten years in the territory of the republic; but if he has married a Chilian, three years will be sufficient ; if a foreigner, and has a family, SIX years. The municipal body of the town he resides in will, without any cost of stamp, &c. give him the necessary docu- ment, and then the senate will declare whether or no he will be competent; and the president of the republic order his ¢ carta de naturaleza’ to be made out.” In conclusion: Foreigners are nowhere received with more urbanity, or treated in a more hospitable manner, than in Chile; for, nearly all I have known have, after a few years’ residence, become so much attached to the country, as to leave it with regret when called away; and several who had visited Europe with their families have, as soon as they had concluded their business, returned with plea- sure. This bespeaks the Chilian character. The climate of this part of Chile is the finest in South 2B 370 CLIMATE OF CHILE. America, and well merits all the praises its historians have published. The summer, which is during Doms January, and February, is not so hot as in other na fe under the same latitude ; and, although the heat of 3 day may at times be oppressive, the evenings and nig 4 : are delightfully cool and refreshing ; and the natives, y generally take their “siesta” during the day, fs : amends by enjoying themselves until a late hour at 8 ' in visiting, or other recreations, under the Canopy 0 a blue and cloudless sky ; still the inhabitants of a and other parts of the coast, enjoy a milder climate, i are less subject to the mutations experienced near to the Cordilleras. The winter, which is in the months of J we July, and August, is not, as some have reported, “so very chilly ;” for, during my residence, I only on one occasion, and that was in the month of August, 1832, saw SHAW fall on the plains, and this was considered a rons novelty. There is sometimes a little frost which freezes -the water during the night, but it almost always disap- pears before mid-day, except to the southward of the A the want of a comfortable fire-side, in lieu “ fhe Spanish chafing-dishes, “ braseros,” makes an English- man feel the nights, during the rainy season, uTieom. fortable; and many have, not withoul great ml obtained permission to erect fire-places in the houses they had rented; but now several of the modern alin have one or more fire-places, in which wood or ehareos is burnt. It never rains on the north frontier of Chile, except in the Cordilleras, and twice or thrice during Sort winters in Copiapo; four or five times in Huasco ow Coquimbo ; and more frequently in the departments o Combarbala and Illapel. BAROMETRICAL OBSERVATIONS, 371 The following observations may se vinees of Aconcagua, Santiago, and may be wel] to remark, that the w sidered a severe one, Travels in Chile, and t rve for the pro- Colchagua ; but jt inter of 1832 was con- I have copied them from Mier’s he Mercury of Valparaiso. * arometrical Observations made between Valparaiso and Mendoza, at several Stations on the High Road over the Cordillera de los Andes, in the Months of October and November, 1819. Height | ied M 1 /] - of Bar in Degree of Thermom. Stations. its le tinterey inches. |———u| — | ofseain | height. Attached. Detached. feet, 30.002] 59 57 Valparaiso in a house ...._ 30 — 28.683] 68 57 Summit Cuesta of Valparaiso 1260 1260 29.023 62 60 Post-house Peiiuelas......... [94] 941 29.185 57 56 Casa Blanca ................ 745 745 28.972 52 51 Villa. ncentonnn | 893 l 917 26.892 42 39 D0 ise apemesstrsccnnes l 942 |¢ 27.991 51 45 Summit Cuesta de Zapata .| 1850 1850 28.355] 62 8! 1Curienvi,........ 0% | 1560 1560 27.4 75 62 Summit Cuesta de Prado... 92543 2543 28.184) 72 65 | Post-house Prado ............ | 1773 1773 28.235 55 56 Santiago de Chile......... 1665 } 1691 | 28.188 62 65 DEO « sennteornunsmmoncnnrns at rs | 1797 27.876 62 93 | Post-house Chacabuco cee.) 2020 |” 9189 27.318 70 56 Summit Cuesta deChacabuco' 92632 2896 27.473] 58 56 Villa Nueva, Santa Rosa ca 2499 — 26.898 70 67 Primera Quebrada...... .. [8050 —— These were taken by Don Felippe del Castillo Alba, in Santiago, by an English barometer, whose “ termine medio” is 28 & and in a room situated on the north side of his house, in which the barometrical height has been corrected, and was of a regular temperature. “ Santiago de Chile, 1832. e was felt on the 18th, at five ightning in the Cordilleras on ght 28 degrees 27} minutes or “January. — A slight shock of an earthquak minutes past 2 p. m., and heavy thunder and | the 31st, from 7 to 9 p, M.—Barometer’s hei - pees aoc tess oe cg * Barometrical Observations, t This gentleman has a chronometer and other nautical instruments, that are said to have belonged to H. M. ship Bounty, Captain Bligh; I have seen the first at the store of Mr. Smith, watchmaker, of Santiago de Chile, it was as large as a saucer, and in a silver case, 282 372 BAROMETRICAL OBSERVATIONS. the 4th, lowest 28. 10. on the 28th, 29th, 30th, and 3lst.—Maximum of Farenheit's thermometer 79. on the 28th, 20th, 30th, and 31st in the after- noon. “ February.—Minimum 71. on the Ist of Feb. 29., we had a slight shock on the 2nd, at 8 A. M., and thunder and lightning on the 1st, from 6 to 8 P.M. — Bar. 28. 30. on the 22nd, lowest 28. 10. on the 2nd and 3rd. — Max. ther. 82. on the 3rd, 80. and 81. on the 2nd, 6th, and 7th.—Min. 73. on the 18th. « March.— Smart showers on the 14th and 27th.—Bar. 28. 35. on the 28th, lowest 23. 10. on the 14th and 9]st.—Max. 68. on the 27th and 28th. « April. — A slight shock on the 17th, at 37 minutes past 1 p. M., and rain on the 12th, 28th, 29th, and 30.—Bar. 28. 35. on the 13th, 19th, and 23rd, lowest 28. 15. on the lst, 6th, and 7th.—Max. ther. 72. on the 6th.—Min. 64. from the 25th to 30th. « May.—A slight shock on the 9th, between 3 and 4 A. M.; rain on the 9th, 19th, and 31st.—Bar. 28. 33. on the 20th, lowest 28. 10. on the 8th. — Max. ther. 64. on the 8th.—Min. 56. on the 30th and 31st. « June.—Rain on the 2nd, 5th, 6th, 14th, 24th, 28th, and 29th, with a slight frost on the 24th.—Bar. 28. 40. on the 14th, lowest 28. 11. on the 19th.— Max. ther. 58. on the 2nd and 19th.—Min. 53. on the 26th. « July. —Rain the 14th, 22nd, 23rd, and 26th.— Bar. 28. 40. on the 14th, lowest 28. 10. on the 5th.—Max. ther. 53. on the 31st.—Min. 52. on the 3rd and 26th. “ August.— Rain on the 7th, 12th, 18th, 20th, 25th, 26th, 27th, and 30th, during the commencement slight, but latterly very heavy; on the 11th a severe hail-storm, but of short duration ; and on the 12th it snowed from 5 in the afternoon until half past 6, and the depth of the snow on the ground, and tiles of the houses was from 5 to 6 inches, which remained for 48 hours.—Bar. 28. 55. on the 3lst; lowest 28. 10. on the 3rd, 4th, and 7th.— Max. ther. 69. on the 6th.— Min. ther. 52. on the 17th and 18th. « September.— Rain on the 6th with thunder, 7th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 19th, 22nd, 25th, and with hail on the 26th. — Bar. 28. 50. on the 12th; lowest 28. 05. on the 19th.—Max. ther. 61. on the 23rd.—Min. ther. 53. on the 13th. « October.— Rain on the 1st, heavy and as usual on the 2nd, 6th, 30th, and 31st.—Bar. 28. 40. on the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th ; lowest 28. 05. on the 5th.— Max. ther. 64. on the 31st.—Min. 57. on the 3rd and 4th. « November.— A smart shock on the 7th at 11 A.M, and on the 19th a severe one at 63 A.M., but no damage was done. Rain on the 3rd and 5th with some showers with thunder on the 6th.— Bar. 28. 30. on the 5th, 9th, 13th, 14th, 20th, 21st; lowest 28. 05. on the 29th. — Max. ther. 7. 5. on the 30th. — Min. ther. 62 on the 8th and 9th. « December.— Cloudy with strong winds and meteors, particularly on the 20th, the 7th, 9th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, and 16th.— Bar. 28. 35. on the 15th; lowest 28. 05. on the 20th, 21st, and 29th.—Max. ther. 75. on the 99th — Min. 70. on the 7th, 9th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, and 16th.” CLIMATE OF CHILE. 373 : In the province of Talca, Maule, and Concepcion, th rains are still more frequent, and heavier. I have hoy it to rain for fifteen days without ceasing, except at sh . intervals, during the year 1827, in Chillan, To Ee ward of the Bio Bio, and in the Archipelago of Chiloe, I was informed that it rains at least two-thirds of the yor The snow generally commences, in the Cordilleras " March, and continues falling until November Hail. storms are unfrequent, and seldom do much damatn Thunder is often heard, and lightning 1S seen whi st the Cordilleras ; but I have never known of its fallin y doing any damage, in the low countries, « Cela " ” meteors, frequently appear, and are said to il : earthquakes; but I have often seen them, and felt severe shocks for many years afterwards. The winds a generally from the south-west, and blow very or , especially when the sun is to the south of the equator ; but although it blows ceases, or falls calm i oy ety : ay -set. The high winds during the summer, and the clouds of dust and sand they raise, are almost intolerable, especially to travellers _ prefer the night, and particularly so when they hn moonlight to pursue their journey. : The north winds only blow hard when the sun is t the northward, and almost always during the wint > months bring snow or rain; there are seldom nd wings from the eastward or westward, except during i evenings or night; those during the summer are aes able, and often entice the Chilians to enjoy a sromeriade under an unclouded sky, and who, when they have 72009 light, often remain in their public walks till morning Mr. Miers justly says, “ Whatever advantaces Chile may present in the excellence of its climate i have , and the pro- 374 EARTHQUAKES. ductiveness of so much of its soil as can be irrigated, they are more than counterbalanced by the earthquakes, to which the whole country is continually subject ; for of all our terrestrial phenomena, none can equal the frightful sensations of the violent agitations of the grounds beneath us, attended, as they are, by the loud hollow rumbling noise which accompanies them, and by the cracking sound of the materials of which the houses are constructed. Nothing can be more lamentable or awful than witness- ing large houses, nay, whole towns, in a short space of time levelled to the ground, crushing perhaps in the falling ruins their miserable inhabitants: nothing can approach the consternation of the people, who, on the first alarm, rush into the open air with the greatest terror depicted on their countenances, calling for mercy and salvation. Even the brute creation participates instinet- ively in the general panic; the animals, affrighted, run in all directions, sending forth mournful cries, as if con- scious of the danger that awaits them. « Upon the first symptoms of an earthquake, all the natives rush out of their houses, fall upon their knees, beat their breasts violently, and cry aloud, “ Misericordia ! misericordia !” (mercy! mercy!) For three years I was mortified at their pusillanimity, and was frequently repri- manded for never stirring out of the house upon the occurrence of preity smart shocks; but having been a witness of, and a sufferer by, the great earthquake of 1822, I confess that my courage failed me, and I was afterwards no less forward than others in flying out of doors on the slightest annunciation of an earthquake. The natives distinguish the shocks into two classes: the slighter ones are said to be “ temblores,” and those strong enough to produce fissures in the ground, or to overthrow or damage ; Hd : Es) of # Ee i EARTHQUAKES. 375 buildings, are called “terremotos.” The temblores are of very frequent occurrence; their intervals are irregular; they happen at all hours of the day or night, and in ever month in the year; sometimes, though rarely, at the distance of two months ; at other times at the ional of every few days; while at others many frequently happen In one day. Sometimes there is an indication of their approach by a previous rumbling noise, like that of a very heavy artillery waggon rolling quickly over a stone pavement at a distance: at other times, the shocks happen instantaneously, without any noise; and sometimes the noise alone is heard without the slightest sensation of motion. I have noticed the occurrence of strong and frequent shocks in May or June, after the first falls of snow in the Cordillera ; or in October or November, after a storm in the Andes. These observations, Howewer. oust not be taken as a rule, as they may have Hee mere accidental results: we cannot, indeed, reasonably expect to meet with any exterior prognostic of these phenomena Since they proceed from internal and subterraneous dios rations, the causes of which we can only conjecture. Captain Hall's observation is correct, when he says, that the susceptibility of persons to the approach of earth- quakes increases by a continued residence in the country ; arising probably from the apprehension and a more cons stant anticipation of their occurrence, as well as from the observation of the greater uncertainty of their extent their force, and duration. After the great earthquake of 1822, I never retired to rest without making preparations In anticipation of their possible occurrence, by opening all the doors of the house, and clearing away chairs a tables, that we might not fall over them in running into the open air in the dark. Even in the soundest repose, EARTHQUAKES. I have generally found myself upon my legs, in the act of retreating from my room, without being sensible of any motion or the first indication of the rumbling noise preceding a shock, and have even reached the open air before I was awake, or before the shock itself has fol- lowed the noise. A person who has become alive to the feeling can acutely distinguish a slight shock, when an- other newly arrived, and a stranger to the sensation, will notice no motion whatever. “ The great earthquake before alluded to happened during my residence at Concon, at the mouth of the Quillota, or Concon river. At half-past ten o'clock on the night of Tuesday, the 19th of November, 1822, as my family were retiring, the first oscillation was felt. It was very sudden and violent ; we were all alarmed, and paused for an instant, when the falling of the glasses from the sideboard, the cracking of the timbers of the roof, and the rattling of the falling tiles, caused us to rush out of the house. The earth was violently convulsed, heaving up and down in a manner hardly conceivable, and as little capable of being accurately described, as our feelings. The timbers of a large corridor were breaking in all directions, and flying off in fragments, while the air was filled with dust from the falling roof. The situation of our two children instantaneously occurred to us. I rushed into the falling building, snatched one boy from one of the front rooms, and, carrying him in my arms, ran to the back of the house, where the other boy was in bed ; my sensation in this painful situation cannot be imagined. I ran with my two boys to their mother and their aunt ; and by the time I joined them, the great shock was ended ; it continued about two minutes. After a lapse of about three minutes, the agitation returned violently, and con- EARTHQUAKES, 377 tinued for about a minute, when several of the stron pillars of the corridor were shivered. During this os there was a loud rumbling noise, like the distant echo of thunder in a mountainous country. The heaving of the ground seemed not only to consist of horizontal oscilla- tions, but also of violent uplifting concussions, as if re- peated explosions were exerting their force pon the roof of a hollow cavern under our feet, threatening to burst open the ground, or blow us all into the air. Our sensa- tions were truly horrible. There was nothing ——— In the appearance or state of the atmosphere ; and stars shone with their usual rospléndents, Anxious to ascertain the state of my mills, which were on the ede a Hayle about fifty yards from the house, I a owards the spot, and was met by my Enelish w who told me the building had on SRR the walls on both sides had been precipitated toto the mill-stream, and the roof had fallen in. While makine a suivey of the damage, another violent shock waned me of my danger: the mill at the time of the first shock was In action ; the miller, a young man recently arrived from England, on hearing the first noise of the earth- quake, concluded that a nail, by some accident, had got be- tween the mill-stones : he therefore shut down the sluice- gate, and raised the running-stone. the moon 01% : At this moment the walls of the outer room fell, and caused him precipitately to quit the building. During three quarters of an hour we experienced continual and severe shocks, the intervals between which s ch seldom exceeded five mj i e minutes, ev aa ‘ tes, every time g down portions of the buildings. Our Creole Tn walked about the inclosure almost in a state of despair 1 ir breasts I I i l air, thumping their breasts, and repeating their Ave Maras. Another of my English workmen, who lived in 378 EARTHQUAKES. a cottage close by, soon joined us; part of his house had been thrown down. The major-domo of the neighbouring estate, sent by his master, came to learn our fate, when we heard that his house, as well as the chapel, had also been levelled to the ground. In the course of the night, a friend came from his residence at Quintero, a few miles to the northward, to ascertain what had befallen us—his own house, like ours, had been shaken to pieces; he informed us that the ground over which he had passed was much altered, and torn in many places in wide rents. The sand-hills had been thrown into the Quintero lake, and the ford at the usual place across it was greatly swelled so that the water rose above his saddle. This ap- pears to have been caused by an influx of salt-water into the lake, during the great rise of the sea which aceom- panied the first and most violent shock. At Quintero great part of the house was destroyed, and the family, consisting of my wife's sister, her husband, child, and servants, had escaped without much serious injury ; though, in the endeavour to make her escape, a large book-case fell, knocked her down with her infant in her arms, and fell upon them. She was happily extricated from this perilous situation by her husband, with only a few bruises. We lighted a fire in the middle of our inclosure, and seated ourselves around it till the morning dawned, when I was better able to ascertain the damage that had been done. The house was not so much ruined as I expected; the outer walls were rent in several places, and the partition walls thrown down. I had recently put on a new roof of good carpentry, one hun- dred and twenty feet long and fifty wide; and this was secured by the corridor, and strong iron ties running through the walls at proper intervals, and but for this we EARTHQUAKES. 379 should probably have been all buried in the ruins of the building.” I shall now introduce an account of the great earthquake experienced in Chile on the 20th of F ebruary, 1835, written by Alexander Caldcleugh, Esq., F.R.S. F.G.S. F.L.S.. with which I have been favoured by the Royal Society y “The phenomena attending this great disturbance of the surface of the earth have been so varied, and the extent of its effects so considerable, that I should almost deviate from my duty, if I did not endeavour to draw up and transmit to the Royal Society some account of a convulsion which has laid in ruins three provinces, and caused incal- culable damage to the southern part of this country. Iam the more inclined to take this step, from a happy concur- rence of circumstances having drawn several scientific ob- servers to Concepcion shortly after the catastrophe, who have obligingly confided their notes to me. I trust ay fore the Royal Society will not consider that I am about to trespass upon its time. ; “An idea, in some degree fanciful, prevailed for some time after the conquest of these countries by the Spaniards that these convulsions of the earth’s crust occurred at je tervals of a century; afterwards it was supposed that about fifty years was the term which usually elapsed between great shocks ; but, since the commencement of this centur the repeated catastrophes which have occurred, pee in the years 1812 in Caraccas, 1818 in Copiapo, 1822 . the province of Santiago, 1827 in Bogota, 1823 in Lima, I829 in Santiago, and 1832 in Huasco, have prepared the minds of the inhabitants to expect at all times these frightful oscillations of the earth, which, although the cause little sensation at first, after some time ssi tr nerves in a manner not easy to account for, by ordinary — 380 EARTHQUAKES. causes. That they happen at all times and in all states of the atmosphere seems clearly decided. The finest weather, and the most variable, equally prevail at the moment ; but many are the fancied signs by which the coming earthquakes are predicted, and in the faith of which the inhabitants confide, as they think their experience bears them out. While some place great confidence in rats running violently over the ceilings of the room, others prepare for a shock when they observe the stars twinkling more than usual, and all fears are removed when much lightning coruscates in the Cordillera. As far as my own observations go, little reliance can be placed on the two former prognostics ; something more certain seems to be due to the latter. A few hours previous to the earthquake which I am about to describe, immense flocks of sea-birds proceeded from the coast towards the Cordillera, a circumstance which occurred prior to the great shock of 1822; and it is affirmed, by too many respectable persons not to be entitled to some degree of credit, that on the morning of the convulsion all the dogs disappeared from Talcahuana. « The summer in Chile had been rather colder than in preceding years. The mean of the thermometer in San- tiago (two thousand feet above the level of the sea) for the months of January and February was 72° of Fahr. The mean of the barometer for the same period was 28:25, which is about one-tenth of an inch below its usual height. «From the 1st of February the barometer was unusually low in Santiago; and on the 14th, six days prior to the earthquake, the barometer at half-past six a.m. stood at 28-1, the thermometer at the same time being 73°. A slight oscillation, which lasted twenty seconds, was felt on this day; on the 20th the barometer marked 28-17, and the thermometer rose to 76°: the weather fine. In Concepcion, EARTHQUAKES. 381 in the night of the 17th to 18th the barometer fell four- tenths of an inch, but gradually recovered itself, and indi- cated nothing extraordinary on the morning of the 20th In Valdivia, according to the observations most oad communicated to me by Captain Fitzroy, of the Beagle surveying ship, the barometer stood on the 16th of Feb- ruary at 29°92, and continued to rise gradually until the end of the month, with an increased temperature. From my own observations, deduced from many oscillations, I have remarked that the barometer usually falls shortly poe fore any considerable shock, and then returns to its ordinary mean. On the 26th of September, 1829, a very severe earthquake was experienced in this city, which did much damage to most buildings ; the front of the house I then inhabited fell down; and it is worthy of remark, that the instant after every shock a burst of rain fell, which soon moderated, until a fresh tremor caused it to re-commence. “The igneous vents of the whole range of the Cor- dillera may be said to have been in remarkable activity both preceding and at the moment of the late convulsion From the flat-topped volcano of Yanteles, in front of Chiloe, to the lofty range of the Andes in Central America all the information which has been obtained gives detolle of violent eruptions. On the 20th of J anuary the volcano of Osorno, north-east of Chiloe, burst forth with incon- ceivable fury; and the lava was seen at night rushing out of the crater and rolling down the side of the ROHL, tain, elevated 3,900 feet above the level of the sea. The reflection of the flame reached double that height, and is described to me by Mr. P. G. King, of the Beagle, as presenting the most magnificent object he had ever er held. From the plains of Talca, eighty leagues to the south of the capital, two volcanos were oboereed in activity 382 EARTHQUAKE OF 1835. a few days after the 20th of February. They are both situate near the lake of Mondaca, twenty-five leagues eastward in the Cordillera ; and another new rent was observed on the estate called Cerro Colorado, on the right bank of the river Maule, and near its source. The voleano of Peteroa, and another near it, whence a stream of asphaltum flows, and those of Maipu and Aconcagua have been for some months in a state of activity. “ In the month of January the volcano of Coseguina in Central America became exceedingly active, and ejected a body of lava which covered a circumference of eight leagues three yards and a half deep, burying all the farm- houses, sugar-works, and cattle: the ashes continued falling for five days, and reached upwards of three hun- dred leagues from the centre of desolation and ruin. “It was at half-past eleven o’clock on the morning of the 20th that the earthquake commenced, with an atmos- phere as serene and beautiful as the elements beneath were convulsed and threatening. The first oscillation, gentle, and attended with little noise, was but the pre- cursor of the two succeeding undulations, which were extremely violent ; the duration from the first to the last vibration was about two minutes and a half, and the di- rection appeared to be from south-west to north-east. The sensation occasioned by the undulatory movements, seemed to me to be similar to that which would be pro- duced by standing on a plank, the ends of which rose and fell two feet from the ground. The small streams of water which ran down the streets were checked, and thrown over the edges of their channels. In Talea, eighty leagues to the south, the effects were still more violent : the oscillation commenced without being accom- panied by that rumbling noise which usually is the fore- - a 4 i] 4 EARTHQUAKE OF 183; 383 runner of these awful phenomena. In Concepcion, where the great violence of the earthquake was felt, it was the second undulation which caused the havoc in the build. ings; and previous to that and the many succeeding shocks, a violent report was heard, proceeding from the southward, as from a volcano in that direction. All ihe houses in the port of Taleahuano, which were situate on the low lands beneath the hills, were laid prostrate ; and about half an hour after the vibration, when the in habitants were returning to their houses from the heights and open spaces, it was remarked that the sea had retired so much beyond its usual limits, that all the rocks and shoals in the bay were visible.” It flowed again, and again retired, leaving the ships dry which were at snichior in the harbour. Then an enormous wave was seen slowly approaching the devoted town, from the direction of the Boca Chica. For ten minutes it rolled majestically on, giving time to the inhabitants to run to the heights, whence they saw the whole place swallowed up by this immense breaker. “ In this moment of terror, men saw the roller with little accordance as to size ; some compared it to the height of the loftiest ship, others to the height of the island of Quiriquina. It carried all before it, and rose by accurate measurement twenty-eight feet above high- water mark. A small schooner of eighty tons, nearly ready for launching, was lifted over the remains of the walls, and found lying among the ruins three hundred yards from her stocks. The reflux of this roller carried everything to the ocean. Another and a larger wave succeeded ; but taking a more easterly direction, the ruins of Talcahuano escaped, but the Isla del Rey was ravaged by it. A fourth and last roller, of small dimen- 334 EARTHQUAKE OF 1835. sions, advanced, but nothing was left for further devasta- tion. While these great waves were rushing on, two eruptions of dense smoke were observed to issue from the sea. One, in shape like a lofty tower, occurred in the offing ; the other took place in the small bay of San Vicente, and after it had disappeared, a whirlpool suc- ceeded, hollow, in shape like an inverted cone, as if the sea were pouring into a cavity of the earth. In every direction in this bay, as well as in Talcahuano, vast bub- bles broke, as if an immense evolution of gas were taking place, turning the colour of the water black, and exhaling a feetid sulphureous odour. “ At San Tomé, on the other side of the bay, the roller did immense damage; and on the island of Quiriquina the cattle dashed off the cliffs from panic. In this island the waves injured houses forty feet above the present level of high water, and during the three following days the sea ebbed and flowed irregularly. “ In the bay of Concepcion, the strata of clay-slate have been visibly elevated, from about three to four feet. This alteration of the relative position of sea and land is clearly distinguishable, by a rock off the landing-place, which, previous to the shock, was nearly level with high water, being subsequently found to be raised three feet higher ; and the buoy on the Belen Bank has now four feet less water than formerly. A vessel lying at anchor had one fathom less water alongside her than before the shock; but it is very likely that she changed her position. At the port of San Vicente, a little to the south of Talcahuano, the land has also risen about a foot and a half; and along the shore of the latter bay, even at high water, beds of dead muscles were left as proofs of the upheaval of the strata. EARTHQUAKE OF 1835. 385 *To the southward of the entrance of the bay of Con- cepeion there is a small island called Santa Maria, about seven miles long and two wide. Capt. FitzRoy soln with great care the line of beach in the southern cove, as well as the northern part of the island ; and from the visible evidence of beds of dead shell-fish, from soundines and from unbiassed oral testimony, it appears placed ee yond the shadow of doubt, that on the latter side the elevation of the land has not been less than ten feet, in the centre of the island about nine, and in the soliton cove about eight feet. This upheaving has almost de- stroyed the southern port of the island, for it now affords but little shelter to vessels, and the landing is bad Everywhere around the island the soundings ve Bern diminished a fathom and a half ; and hy cliffs, of the height of 150 or 200 feet, are split and rent in all direc- Hons, and huge masses precipitated below. Both Captain FiizRoy and Captain Simpson, of the Chilian ni, are of opinion that the uprising of the strata, both tor ile island and in Concepcion, at the time of the earthquake was considerably greater, and that the many Abseqnont minor oscillations may have caused a subsidence to the level before recorded. At Subul, a little to the south- east of Santa Maria, the elevation of the str to have been about six feet. “At Nuevo Bilbao, the port of the river Maule seventy leagues north of Concepcion, about an hour ad a half after the shock, the sea flowed above the usual Water-mark, and continued for half an hour in that state before a reflux took place. Fifty minutes afterwards the sea, greatly agitated, rolled on the coast and up the river with extraordinary violence, and reached a height of twelve feet above the water-mark. By this last Saal ata appears 0 ~ C 386 EARTHQUAKE OF 1835. two schooners, anchored in the port, carried away their cables, and were found among the bushes one hundred and fifty yards from the beach. « A third rush of the sea occurred half an hour after- wards, which ascended to a height of nine feet ; and for the space of forty-eight hours repeated rollers came for- ward, but with diminished violence. No elevation of the coast has been discovered at this port, but on the bar at the mouth of the river, which has always rendered the entrance to the port both difficult and dangerous, two feet more water has been remarked ; and in consequence of the fall of an immense point of a mountain into the sea, it is hoped that, owing to the new direction given to the current, no further accumulation of sand will take place. « In Valparaiso the sea was observed to advance and recede rapidly, but gently and without violence. « Tt would be of little avail to distress the Society with the details of the ruin caused in all the southern provinces of Chile by this convulsion. To the southward of Talca scarcely a wall has been left standing, and even to the north of this line the damage caused to every description of building has been most serious. Throughout the pro- vinces of Cauquenes and Concepcion, the entire crust of the earth has been rent and shattered in every direction. In some places fissures of several feet in depth and width have been discovered, intersecting the country for con- siderable distances. On ong estate near Chillan, thirty leagues from the coast, extensive fissures have been the vents of muddy eruptions of salt water, which have made large deposits of a kind of grey pulverulent tufa; and on the same estate a great many circular pools of salt water were discovered, and many new thermal springs PE ———— Fazrla nd lth 183 ALI FH 5 12 ICC JEP NIN 72 EARTHQUAKE OF 1835. 387 have burst forth. In many places the ground swelled like a large bubble, and then bursting, poured forth black and extraordinarily fetid water. “ The limits to which the oscillations extended were, to the north as far as Coquimbo, and to Mendoza on the eastern ridge of the great chain of the Andes. Vessels navigating the Pacific within a hundred miles of the coast experienced the shock with considerable force. The bark Glenmalia, bound to Valparaiso, when ninety-five miles from the coast, and in front of the Maule, had her course through the water suddenly checked, and her rate of sailing altered from seven knots to one, and the master conceived the vessel was dragging over a sand-bank, The sea was strongly agitated, and appeared to lift the vessel twenty feet. Such was the alarm, that the boats were nearly lowered ; no soundings were met with. “The Island of Juan Fernandez, a mass of basalt three hundred and sixty miles from the coast, experienced the earthquake, but with less violence ; the sea rose to the height of the Mole in a similar manner to that of Con- cepeion, and then receded, leaving the bottom of Cum- berland Bay dry to some distance from the shore, and in the second rush rose fifteen feet above the usual level, carrying all before it. At the same time the governor, Major Sutcliffe, observed a dense column of smoke issuing from the sea about a mile off the Point Bacalao, which lasted until two o’clock in the morning, when an immense explosion took place, which threw the water in every direction ; during the rest of the night great bursts of flame rising from the same spot illumined the whole island. Captain Simpson, about a month after, sounded near the spot in every direction, and found no bottom in less than sixty-nine fathoms. It is worthy of remark, that 2¢2 388 EARTHQUAKE OF 1835. : . . n hen on the 24th of May, 1751, the city of Consepiio ; ’ ad o was destroyed by an earthquake, and the iusenns the sea, the rising colony of J uan Fernan ne is lowed up in a similar manner by immense ro er : = overnor, his family, and thirty-five persons, perished by g > | * he catastrophe. ) : “ After he earthquake, the usual atmospheric changes curred. In many places the most awful anes oc ; : completed the dismay of the inhabitants, and added to : athe To these succeeded deluges a rain, on ¢ ear. circumstance most unusual at that period of the oss At the hot springs of Cauquenes, where the Wier i es e t the temperature of 118° of Fahr., the heat Sophon a a after the earthquake to 92°, a cireumstance MY “ curred after the shock of 1822. The diminished temp t time. ture lasted but a shor : : « At the risk of being tedious, 1 have giv “ a oo is ] th’s surfac Soci hanges effected in the ear to the Society of the ¢ A is vi lsion. After examining by this violent convu a, its vibrati fter observing the up sive area of its vibration, a geo! an island and the adjacent coast, together i ae ‘ ; » ote ye a ] i leano, it is difficult to deny tion of a submarine vo 1b ) is ame causes are still in operation, which ages Sa Hid : . . . r tertiary formations to their present lofty i in : e gies ] ith these - dillera. Surrounded wi ' Rep h, it is impossible face of the earth, 1 p tinued changes on the sur anlnNe0S ini f those philosophers not to respect the opinions o soph a ive a the continent of America has risen into existe cei " t a more modern period than that which darian may, ? . with more propriety, be termed the Old Wor of the earthquake * The author of this journal publ.shed an account ich S f rm, PROVINCE OF COLCHAGUA. 389 “ Owing to the early hour on the 20th that the oscilla- tion commenced, comparatively the frequent occurrence of these organic defects, may very probably explain the causes of the short duration of human existence in these countries,”* “ Santiago de Chile, 12th June. 1835.” few lives were lost, but catastrophes, by causing Province op CoLcHAGUA. This province extends from that of Santiago to the river Teno ; ; it has three other rivers, Rio Claro, Tin- guirica, and Chimbarengo, that unite with the Cacha- paul, which takes the name of EJ Rapel the sea; there are also several rivulets, which is El Bichuquen. lakes, Tagua- before it enters the largest of In this province are three Tagua, Cauquenes, and Caguil ; the latter was occasioned by an explosion of the volcano of Peteroa, which took place on the 3rd of December, 1760, and threw out such a quantity of lava and ashes, that it filled the neighbouring valleys, and caused the waters of the Tinguiriea, as well as the course of another river, to rise, the latter being impeded, for ten days, by part of a mountain which fell, and filled its bed. The water at length forced a passage, overflowed all the neighbouring plains, and formed the lake. + Tagua-Tagua covers a large extent, and is beautifully studded with islands, which, as well as the shores, are covered with trees. flamingoes, scarlet and white s and divers, frequent the lake; besides a species of otter, called guillins, and quipos : here is an abundance of fish, principally truchas and pexereys. The lake of Cauquenes is in the Cordilleras, and often nearly dry; it abounds in wild-fowl, and in its neigh- * Don Alexander Caldeleugh’s report. Numbers of swans, poonbills, wild geese. ducks, t Molina’s History. 388 EARTHQUAKE OF 1835. when on the 24th of May, 178, the a estroyed by an earthquake, an hl ee — rising colony of J uan ure a lowed up in a similar manner by immen Re ee oe his family, and thirty-five persons, per gove : ly se Fo ras the usual atmospheric anges d. In many places the most awful pe i” rs he dismay of the inhabitants, and adde 0 ee To these succeeded deluges of rain, a sp most unusual at -that perio of on Soar po 1 uquenes, where the wa Bh A : an Fahr., the heat was A Sn thquake to 92°, a circumstance which o ne by chock of 1822. The diminished tempera- ON time. : jai A i tedious, 1 bene geen : 5 Geta »d in the ear ° Baton 5 Ea aa the grin J i a vibration, after observing the uprising o no” ie a the adjacent coast, together with the mp ” rine voleano, it is difficult to deny that t “ i ha still in operation, which ages since raise a at ns to their present lofty site in the grea {any pees Cordillera. Surrounded with these i er : # on the surface of the earth, it is impossib 8 fines oo the opinions of those philosophers hoon Bk HE he continent of America has risen into existe ar mas period than that which therefore may, re propriety, be termed the Old World. hquake : unt of the earthqua is journal published an acco I orm, which Wii Shp Sn of Juan Fernandez, in a separate for hat occurre 3 De be had of all booksellers. PROVINCE OF COLCHAGUA. 389 “Owing to the early hour on the 20th that the oscilla- tion commenced, comp aratively few lives were lost, but the frequent occurrence of these catastrophes, by causing organic defects, may very probably explain the causes of the short duration of human existence in these countries,” * “ Santiago de Chile, 12th June. 1835.” Province op CoLcuAgua., This province extends from that o river Teno ; it has three other rivers guirica, and Chimbarengo, that unit paul, which takes the name of EJ the sea; f Santiago to the ,» Rio Claro, Tin- e with the Cacha- Rapel before it enters vulets, the largest of In this province are three a-Tagua, Cauquenes, and Caguil ; the latter Was occasioned by an explosion of the voleano of Peteroa, which took place on the 3rd of December, 1760, and threw out such a quantity of lava and ashes, that it filled the neighbouring valleys, and caused the waters of the Tinguirica, as well as the course of another river, to rise, the latter being impeded, for ten days, by part of a mountain which fell, and filled its bed. The water at length forced a passage, overflowed all the nei formed the lake. Tagua- and is beautifully studded w the shores, are covered wit there are also several ri which is El Bichuquen. lakes, Tagu ghbouring plains, and Tagua covers a large extent, ith islands, which, as well as h trees. flamingoes, scarlet and white spoonbill and divers, frequent the lake ; besides a species of otter, called guillins, and quipos : here is an abundance of fish, principally truchas and pexereys. The lake of Cauquenes is in the Cordilleras, and often nearly dry; it abounds in wild-fowl, and in its neigh- * Don Alexander Caldeleugh’s report. Numbers of swans, s, wild geese. ducks, t Molina’s History. \ al ~ TA. 390 PROVINCE OF COLCHAGU auquenes, visited baths of Cauqu are the famous ints, or by bosons ds who have rheumatic complaints, by mnvall g S a use- other auquenes for am rt to C hs many reso . ides here Hisutevmerimesy; ois friends as are invalids; he modation i here accom idi led an inn, Ww . building cal 1S a square it is advisable le rate; but 1 : be had at a reasonab period, to provide their ment. or to visit such of ’ ma ) Dh as have to remain fave as n ’ ing and plenty o a . eens PE aap! for their comforts a me about five feet long, two ol Whicl, brillo, are so hot, that it 1s ) . 1 ibed for 1m- 1 time prescribe 1 in in them for the i Sd Hn the patient is taken out of the wy . " d carry him i in blankets, an 2 ts wrap him up ry Tn ess rm pepliaion that ensues 18 exc Se. heh og known to have visited these Dgthant De rrive hy d the cure to be effectual, and many Tern 45% d other parts of South America, to visi Peru, and o \ nes and Colina. EE ae savs, “ that mineral waters he hy Ma iy He BS celebrated are those of Set Chae The source of the former 1s i Bo Stan: S. oe a the exterior mountains of the ne uitpge % ¢ Santiago. It consists of two asl a " , ther : TE temperature, one hot, and A a r is sixty degrees above the wi he pes ¢ thermometer, the latter four egr cap 8 : 8 Reser about eighty feet distant, a BS Se Ey 1 to form a s, SO as ow ited by means of cana ; naps i Nerd very efficacious In many da OE . f the hot spring is oily to the i Joins Tuy ds: it abounds with mineral alkali, p-suds; 1 altogeth are four baths or holes, El Pelhambre and Pelham mersion. like soa PROVINCE OF CoLCHAGUA. 391 appears to be combined with an yu 1ctuous substance in a state of solution, It is clear, inodorous, impregnated with a very little fixed air, and its specific weight is but two degrees above that of common distilled water, [tg heat is probably owing to the effervescence of a large body of pyrites in the vicinity of its source, The water of the cold spring is iron and vitriolic, and, when mixed with that of the warm, deposits Glauber’s salt and a yellowish ochre.” The baths of Cauquenes are in one of the valleys of the Cordilleras, near the source of the Cachapaul. The springs are numerous, and of various qualities and tem- peratures. others hot; some ter or less degree nt or vitriolic, and ely gaseous. The Some of them are cold, acidulated, and impregnated in a grea with iron ; while others are alkalesce several, like those of Pisa, are mer principal spring is very warm and sulphuric ; its margin is covered with a yellow efflorescence of sulphur, and the water has a strong hepatic smell ; it contains, besides, an alkali and a neutral salt. The surrounding moun- tains abound with every kind of mineral, and near the Spring are great numbers of Ww illows, which are covered with a species of manna, in globules of the size of grains of gunpowder, The province of Colchagua is ver y fertile, and exports great quantities of grain, cattle, charke, dried fruits, and wine; there are many gold mines, some of which are worked by foreigners, especially those of Yaquil, belong- ing to my friends Los SS. Davidson and Nixon, Marbles of a superior quality, both of the black and variegated kinds, may be got in any quantity near to San Fernando ; and yeso (calx vuleanica) is abundant in the Cordilleras of this province; this is used by the Chilians in their 392 PROVINCE OF COLCHAGUA. ‘ Htowashin os whitewashing f making wines, as well as in salt-water rocess oO A nat ahoands in sali-we + odifices and houses ; the coast abo 2 alt 16 Jn thelr edl A $4: g 0 sa lakes, and from which great quantitie akes, cured. : f this province were the The original inhabitants o welled the ‘he 2 brave race of people, that repelle ne 1s - ¢ rav 3 a >romaucians, a : . onquered : a0 ‘on of the Incas of Peru, who had ee a ander y J & on R11 ¢ AS invasic art of Chile. The Spaniarc the northern part « y yowerful for them ; Al y found the Promaucaes too | eae Almagr is sagaecity and p ’ INTE. RAR his sagacity . but Valdivia, in 1545, by to become his faithful mn rs fC - : : z brave warriors . »d his iced these . ontinue nly gos 1 with their assistance he co auxiliaries, anc } IOV. conquest into the Araucanian tc : ) pital of the pro- oy 1s the capt: y “#v of San Fernando Sure: The city of Se 31 Conde de Sup i it was founded in 1741 by El om y convents, ince, as .iil as tw ; y it is laid out in squares; and has ssed Sta hurch. This eity has not progresse . a parish church. BC —_m besides a paris , sndence; for it is h since Chile has gained her independer he lone con- meh si : ¥ . nina which has de y 1 d by the river Tinguirica, which h: lation to ony menaced. b) v in contemplatic ide ble damage, but it has been In Se } ul of the sla ers a Lom ! C vz t 1e capil « ’ ak urico . archives, and make sre dile smove the arc hives, anv hickerines, and ren : This change has caused many bickerings, A yrovincee. 118 ¥ => . . CAS 1at broug 1T : 1 to have created the disturbances tl aii ho Tution of 1829 and 1830; for rbialion > yf AY 4 . et Ir ila ul Sill ebr Anal a lossy he lecal authorities in Santiagc - ~ : « t le eg . Be Hl No. 6. which attacked 2 featine the liberals at in 1828, and finally aided in defeating mn O&O, « v Vivaah, livided into three departments, San 1 rg 0 1S Ua1vid el .. : to The province 1s ‘ bdivided in thie e Su Neos a »neo, which ar scvdia rico, and Rengo, Fernando, Curico, S S o S ] 4 ] S ols, I I S11eS 2 yublie scho ] i 1 C t¢ nin 21 pa 18 h Ny A 1 16 dis t 1cls, conta Hs I Span] Ercilla, lebrated by the Spanish poet, rel * The Promaucians have been celebr } 1e ages 13 to 15. -aucana,” Book 1. pages see « La Araucana,” B of the 20th, this earthquake ; culars to the governors them to forward all the make ; of the damage, &e. [ neighbourhood ; formation, I will inform V. 8 answers to my circulars. In the principal towns in churches much injured, and a few old hou lost, This is the smallest ] was a department of that of Colch separated by the r Maule ; parishes, 472 haciendas and fa 60,810 inhabitants. The the province, and was PROVINCE OF TALCA. 393 2,662 haciendas and farms, with a population of 167,518 souls. The following r earthquake of 18 intendant. eport of the province, relative to the 35, was drawn up by the governor- “ Intendencia of Colchagua, “ San Fernando, February 27, 1835. “ Sefior Ministro, “At twenty-six minutes past eleven on the mornin province has experienced a frightful and the moment ijt had ceased, I sent cir- of the departments, requesting particulars, in order that I might a circumstantial report to the supreme government, “This city has not suffered muce h from the shock, and have heard that little d amage has been done in the but as I cannot depend upon this in- - a8 soon as I have received “ Dios Guarde, A.V. 8. “ FELICIANO SiLva.” this prov ince, only the and publie buildings suffe red ; the roofs were ses fell, but no lives were Province op TaLca. rovinee in Chile, and, until 1833, agua, from which it is iver Lontue, and extends to the riv er it is divided into 17 districts, whic h contain six rms, with a population of city of Talea is the capital of founded in the year 1742 by 394 PROVINCE OF TALCA. near to the rivers Claro and ines 1n Superunda, = Bouse many good gold and copper m of former are those d amongst the : ato. on the banks of the Maule ; ther minerals, Lircai : this province ; ; Chuchunco, and El Chiv . and o there are also good gold-washings, that “a little hill . Molina says, ful marbles. : : toclu sob sn it of Talca consists almost entire ye Slime Some are found enclosed in a grey qua : : for a matrix, and others isolate gy fect both in colour th; and were amethysts. i tl which serves mong the sand. They are more per a ir dep in proportion to their on ond them to dig deeper, they would, those who search sink sm in the hig discover them In _y most probably, short time before I left Chile, I saw some Joshren and would cut glass that were of a beautiful violet, . . its, 1 1 ing their pon edly without mnjur sdb iol : i them were a few of as fine a wa m S to rve 4s precursors orhaps, they may serve iamond, and, perhaps, Tehistiess fa valuable gem. They are so Shani ' wo , 1e i) By the crevices of the rocks, those of a fine | some 0 ’ ’ be discovered at almost ev ery step EE me :. also « a little hill which furmshe " arel ve d, known by the name of Talca sand, a dr f Puzzuoli mn i is finer than that o is). This sand is fine ; Slik sleeps appears to be a volcanic Plodtelion ie EL ined. he and ferruginous parts are half % oi Lh Ho employ it, in their buildings, for HE a ] 1 orm 3 , hev intend to whiten; as of itself it 8 Fit ipacy lime adheres firmly. : f way between Santiago an Jes from Valparaiso; yet it El Maule, 01 cemen strong cement, tO which the The city of Talca is hal 1 bout 270 m1 neepeion, and a on n advantage of having a navigable riv oi :ves El Rio Claro, about four leagues iv which rece and a half PROVINCE OF TALCA. 395 from it, and by which the produce may be easily trans- ported to the port of Bilbao or Constitution. This may in a short time be a great trading place. During the administration of General Pinto, steps were taken to improve it, and Captain Forster of the C. N. was sent there for that purpose: the port, as it is, cannot be entered by vessels that draw more than eleven feet, for the bar is dangerous ; yet with a little expense, and an experienced person who would undertake to make a breakwater, to connect a point of land with a reef that forms a bank at the entrance of the Maule, so as to prevent the river during the rainy seasons from flowing over it ; the channel would then be deepened, and vessels of heavy burden might enter with safety. The harbour is capable of holding many vessels; and it is well sheltered from the prevailing winds : of the sudden rise of the been carried out to sea, and Major Carson, who had rece; had settled here trade; but one the only inconvenience is that waters, whereby vessels have lost : an old comrade of mine, ved a pension for his services, » and was carrying on a good coasting- night his vessel, completely laden, was taken out to sea ; her crew managed to leave her before she crossed the bar; she was a fine schooner, called the Juanna. A Chilian man-of-war fell in with the vessel not far from the port of Valparaiso, her commander boarded her, and found the hatches battened down, and in good order, her anchors out, and a dog on board ; however, although the Monteagudo was bound to Valpa- raiso, this naval officer, knowing that the vessel belonged to a “ Gringo,” would not allow any of his crew, although he was intreated to do $0, to man her, and conduct her to port. The English commodore ordered a vessel to go in search of the schooner, as soon as he heard of the eircum- 396 PROVINCE OF TALCA. i iderable " Iparaiso, after a consi . The governor of Valp 8 a sent on] also; but no tidings were A dt the schooner, and poor Capen dost Li hase him ano : i hants offered to purc oh ras so sorely annoyed at the conduct of (he Be do of the Monteagudo and his SR tr that he would not risk any capital during odos, inistration. : ed Or is carried from this port, and i s as 1 s have eomm i d cheap, several foreigner g sg ol Te couple of small Ses aus oll. were they to ply between this posts AP eo for they could ascend the Maule, and jis i 5 1 o Rio Claro and Longomilla, where pro for oy i” Nn fot be purchased cheaper than in any 4 i pest or Chile. and be had in great abundance. =’ x : : as wi . ine the earthquake ; d greatly during t : i in or oth the following account of that drea cien ful calamity. « Talca, February 26, 1835. 1 f Con- «] had commenced this letter in the port Bray titution, and discontinued on account of the earthq stl . 20th. : SD # es first shock was announced with the usual w e \ ings, sO that every one had time to escape. a « The earthquake lasted about two minu but the shocks did not exceed a minute. a he « The town has been completely des 0% ” ie ] 0 th opened in many places, and water issue i on 1 ut alarmed us; but what filled us 5 Sen : : violent inundation of the sea, ; SR - the shock, so that the lace one hour and a half after Pp three minutes reduced the city to lamentable effects, that the have been obliged huts, or beneath trees, little difference the same as in all the prov culars of which I must defer detailing unti information, The onl Omnipotent Being has he has PROVINCE OF TALCA. 397 river rose about three yards, and i n thirty minutes fel] to its level again. “I was with a friend on the side of the hill observing this extraordinary phenomenon, which, after a space of fifty minutes, was repeated, and then the sea was agitated as if with a tempest ; the river rose to about four yards, and the vessels broke from thejr anchorage, one of which was left in a potatoe field: the flux and reflux continued for forty-eight hours, when the se a and river returned to their natural level. “ El Araucano, No, 234, March 6th, 1835." “ Intendencia de Talca. “ February 22, 1835. “ Sefior Ministro, “The morning of the 20th of this month appears to have been destined as the epoch in which Talca was to have disappeared from the list of cities. “ At twenty minutes past eleven the earth began to shake gently, without any rumbling noise, as has been observed in other earthquakes. This alarmed the inha- bitants, who, fearful of the results, fled from their dwell- ings, and a most terrible shock followed, that in less than ruins, “In a word, the earthquake has caused so many greatest part of the citizens to accommodate themselves in straw “The effects of the earthquake have been with very ince; the parti- 1 I obtain exact Y consolation we have is, that the , amidst the tribulation with which afflicted this city, been merciful, for we have only 398 PROVINCE OF MAULE. lost twelve persons killed, and three badly hurt. Still the conflict of the inhabitants is considerably augmented, on account of the near approach of winter, and the scarcity of our resources whereby we might be enabled to construct a place to dwell in. “ Dios Guarde A.V. S. “ Jose DoMiNGO DE BusTAMANTE.” The city of Talca was well built, and had a fine parish church, with convents of the Franciscan, Dominican, Augustin, Mercedari, Jesuits’ college, and an hospital, dedicated to San Juan de Dios. This was a fine build- ing, and did credit to its munificent founder, El Conde de Maule; there was also a fine municipal hall, and a large building for exercicios. Talca has fifteen districts, and was the second inland city of Chile, and its inha- bitants of some of the best families, and mostly decided patriots ; still it was in its neighbourhood, Cancharayada and Lircai, that the Spaniards and their prototypes defeated their opponents. ProviINCE oF MAULE. This province extends from the river Maule to the Nuble; it has seven other rivers, Longomilla, Putagan, Achiguena, Longabi, Purapel, Perquilanquen, and Niken ; six of these enter the first, which is navigable to that of Niken. The port of Constitution belongs to this province; and the city of Cauquenes is the capital. There are five depart- ments, Linares, Parral, San Carlos, Qurihue, and Cau- quenes; these contain thirteen parishes, 2,219 haciendas and farms, and 120,185 inhabitants. This province is rich, for its productions of grain, wine, fruits, cattle, cheese, (the best in South America), gold mines and lavaderos, salt and PROVINCE OF MAULE. 399 timber, are abundant, all which may be conducted by water to the port. The following are the official and private accounts of the disasters occasioned by the earthquakes :— : ‘“ Intendencia del Maule. *“ Senor Ministro, rn Te 1a nr ye) 1 This is written on a hill close to where the city stood : ’ and from whence I direct it to V. S., that S. E may be informed that C > ; at Lauquenes, as well as all the towns of the yrovin : > : stroy ] es, have been totally destroyed by an earthquake ¢ 1 » : on the 20th of this month, at a quarter past eleven. Only seven dead bodies have as yet been found, but it is feared many more are interred in the ruins, which, as soon as the movements of the earth cease, which still frequently occur, will be sought for. This is all I can report at present. “ Dios Guarde A. V. S.. DoMinGo Ururia.” ‘“ Cauquenes, February 22, 1835.” “I went to El Parral, to see if ought could be saved from my ruined granaries, and witnessed the most singular phenomena :—first, a storm, where hailstones as laree as filberts, not only destroyed the wheat that had Neen collected in heaps and covered with straw, but entirely demolished farms, vineyards, &c. Next a furious whirl. wind, that tore up and destroyed trees, huts, &ec. and carried the roofs, as well as a wine-press, into the air, and made such a noise, that the theologians of the place ‘said 1t was the last trumpet.” All the women paraded about, begging mercy, with the images of saints that had been disinterred from the ruins. In the seventy districts of this province there is not an edifice left standing.” CHAP. XIL a “ —-— 3 3 pus 2 pu— A AND ‘ S Pp IT PROVINCE OF ( NCEPCION ATI IC QUA COX LLU a 0 ) ITS ST TISTICS I ri U KE OL IC L N Tuis province extends from that of x Yet river Imperial, and is divided into eig iar STs Concepcion, Talcahuano, Puchacay, Ro A oe Coelemu, and Chillan; these contain 2s : Wn 118,384 inhabitants. Its principal ran : 5 haar Bio, Damas, Carampangue, Cauten, T aba 9 “ Shen B . ara : there are several other considera e iy ht soll lakes; and the prindpal ag i a - huana, (open to foreigners), the seth Go cura, , other bays, are only visited by Sg ea Concepcion, were it not for nk, - the Indians, and ravages of domestic pos on now have been the wealthiest provives Sn te fertility of its soil, temperature of its air, ’ WE in, fruits, wines, (the best in Chile), rie g oe J d os especially those recently discovered ne i oa I of fish, "and, above all, its incomparable Be pp i y Talcahuana, will, Rana fos Sat drawbacks, induce many to migrate, and he I visited Talcahuano and Concepcion ma ii he earthquake of 1835, and found Heavn i in stores and houses erected, both in the pox So i tly by foreigners; others had erecte ol a ls and a bay-fishery for whales has been es . tng some foreigners, headed by one called th PROVINCE OF CONCEPCION. 401 Flying Dutchman, on the Island of Quiriquina, from whence ana bundance of e xcellent testaceous fish, choros and picos, are procured, and sent to every part of Chile. Numbers of seals and sea-otters are caught on this coast and adjacent islands, The city of Penco, or Concepcion, was founded by General Valdivia, in October, 1550, and soon became the second city in Chile, but it was abandoned and afterwards destroyed by the Indians, by whom, under Lautaro, it was burnt down in 1554; it was again rebuilt, and that Indian destroyed it aga in, after having massacred the garrison and inhabitants. Don Garcia de Mendoza rebuilt the city, and, being well fortified, it withstood repeated attacks of the Indians until the year 1603, when it was destroyed, as well as all the cities and towns founded in the Araucanian territory, by the great Indian warrior Paillamachu, It was rebuilt again and well fortified, and was the most populous eity in Chile, for the Indians had ceased to molest it; but in 1730 it was totally destroyed by an earthquake, attended by an inundation of the sea, which overflowed the greatest part, and swept away everything that it met with in its course. N otwithstanding these re- peated misfortunes, the inhabitants obstinately resolved to persevere, and built it anew in a handsome manner, but did not enjoy it long, for in the month of May, 1751, this devoted city was again destroyed by an earthquake, and an influx of the sea, which entirely covered it: the in. habitants fortunately escaped, and took refuge in the neighbouring hills, but continued for thirteen years in an unsettled state, not being able to agree among themselves in rebuilding it. At length they resolved to abandon its former site, and founded a new city at the distance of 2p b 402 EARTHQUAKE OF 1835. i 1 led Mocha, leacue from the sea in a beautiful plain, i as na northern shore of the we py ishopric ; there v | 1 s erected into a bis RE . oe Eis Santo Domingo, Mer oo Ba : Jy initari uns, bes jos. and Trinitarian nuns, A San Juan de Dios, ay 1 was a fine its. The cathedra : es - Si buildings of note, and the city had hes a 1 e a when it was again destroyed - hy an 4) or 1835. The following are the ebruary, 5. es private accounts of that dreadful calamity « Govierno Militar de Valparaiso. « March 5th, 1835, « Sefior Minister, s that have «By the correspondence and ah we a on the 3rd, 4th, and to-day, a ps et . received respecting the cars : f Concepcion iy and its disasters in the province 0 February, and Maule, has been confirmed. Cortes APSE ¢ Concepcion, Talcahuano, De tose Flom ¢ e : bel Rere, Los ng ‘ie Pemuco, Yum ’ uirigue, ey lemu, Ranquil, Cauquenes, San (ohn Wo ly ha y das of these provinces, have beer Pond er ; and ot d. as well as the ports of Taleahuano, destroyed, g . Colcura. i on but few are missing 1n Talcahuano, b > EARTHQUAKE OF 1835. 403 the national schoone been left high and d rs, Juana, and J ertrudis, that have ry in the port of Constitucion, “ Dios Guarde A.V, S. “ RAMON CAVAREDA.” El Araucano, No, 233. The governor-intendente of the province of Con- cepeion reports :-—“ From Concepcion, in the midst of its ruins at half-past six in the evening of the 20th of February, 1835 .— “ Senor Minister, “A tremendous earthquake has entirely destroyed this city ; not a temple, public edifice, house, room, has escaped ; horror frightful ; have I expressio catastrophe, sufficient, or a single the ruin has been complete, and the there are no hopes of Concepcion, nor ns wherewith to describe the dreadful This may appear exaggerated, but it is in- The families are wandering about, errant and bewildered, there is no safe retreat or shelter for them— all, all is in ruins, our age has not witnessed such com- plete or universal destruction. Do me the honour to inform S. E. of our sufferings, and state that I have not yet heard the results, “ Dios Guarde A. V. S. “ Ramon Bosa.” El Araucano, No. 233. A PRIVATE LETTER. “ Concepcion, February 22, 1835, “Who could have expected, my dear R., that I should r be enabled to write to thee again ! [have been 1 the 20th 1 eve preserved as y a miracle from the terrible earthquake of 2092 404 EARTHQUAKE OF 1885. ; itted the «I scarcely believe that I may yet be pe Ha pleasure of speaking to thee! how ho bv ndence, in order to desp dictating the last correspo a three-quarters past e he post, when about fhe : Se I felt the first impulse of the Sind t “ m . in a few moments reduced the city of Coneepeion 0 nothing but a vast and afflicting heap of a on 1 t of the inten . «I ran directly to the cour ho as the edifices began to totter and fall around i F n ments of self preservation made me use every oo odin ew extricate myself, and find my way I scarcely ot ow through the immense clouds of dust that arose o ruins, and observed the horizon, for I ER 2 disor objects that were within my reach; but, i ict of nature a su igious! For, during this conflic TR : I saw the gateway, ] he atmosphere. ust of wind cleared t : od rushed into the street, which to my terror had wp ents: my house was in the front of me, I saw the r . thing. : fall in and bury every : v « The necessity I had of attending to the pre . eneral, made me forget my own losses, nor a y ; ’ . Be what has been the fate of my books, documents, it rai ill be lost. nd should it rain all wi os ; : «T traversed the ruins in every direction to fron the help of the police, for it was necessary to ee extinguish the fires, that almost always occur ingen : calamities. Concepcion has disappeared ) pri Se . : In i i I reside with the intenden single dwelling. hae ] ite this to thee at twelv a cipal square, and write ot % i knees under a shed where several BL ni a huddled together, for there 1s no other iin . tion : besides which, I am badly provided hii Tos materials ; this, and the fatigue of having bee EARTHQUAKE OF 1835, 405 ‘stant bustle and apprehension ever since our troubles commenced, impede me from relating to thee all the in- credible disasters I have witnessed. “ No correct account of the numbers that have perished has yet been obtained ; fifty bodies have been found amongst the rubbish, two are of elderly ladies, who have left no family ; and the searchers are still busy amongst the ruins. However, the number of individuals that have been found missing are inconsiderable, amidst such devastation. “ By the next opportunity, further details will be com. municated to thee by thy brother.” El Araucano, No. 233, ‘“ Intendencia de Concepcion, March 5, 1835. “ Sefior Minister, “I herewith forward to V. S. copies of the reports given to this intendencia, by the governors of the depart- ments, in which they announce their ruin. “ We still experience continual shocks, but none like that of the fatal day in which the fright of the second shock made the greatest part of the inhabitants fly to the neigh- bouring hills, where they remained for several days; such was the want of shelter, that they with to defend themselves from the score sun, which were almost intolerable. and had not where- hing rays of the The heights were covered with fires during the nights, that dispelled the darkness, for their light seemed to con sole them during their sufferings. “ Members of each family sought each other, for the instinct of self-preservation had made all could. How afflicting it was to climbing the heaps of rubbish, that almost obscured the atmosp escape as they see fathers and mothers amidst clouds of dust here, in order that they tt 406 EARTHQUAKE OF 1835. might save their children, or relatives, in the vicinity of ir homes, or schools! ; a ay a were frequent, and oe ao every direction ; and the streets, which for es Bn freed from the clouds of dust that arose from ! : hs edifices, presented to our view numerous > abi os whose lamentations at times broke through the oe deafened the subterraneous ie that occurred during that succeeded each other. a Shay for me to describe every Drier occurrence that took place during ghis terrible ea quake, or enumerate the extent of its disasters. - « In the midst of so much desirurfienhete as as yet been only fifty-one killed, and eight badly ba Wi have received contusions, and it is impossible to collec : exact account, until the whole of the inhabitants return to gi the first moments of terror and dismay, 1 pe my attention towards protecting the property; hor : ing the fires, and preparing everything py y ous tricate such as had fallen amongst the Pains, e Fn of the garrison were detached to cover different par : ie city, where they still remain, and the police are pa g ight. a public offices, and troops are om modated in the principal square under shore b timber, &e. procured from the ruins; but this she ief = scarcely been erected, to screen us from the burning W that was so severely felt during the first four Th yp on the 5th we had a severe shower, and continua ol for several hours during the day and night. a wil as if were to consummate the ruin that the earthqu had commenced. EARTHQUAKE OF 183; 407 “The unfortunate inhabitants were exposed to the inclemency of the rain, nor had they time to save the remains of their property that had been buried. It is therefore incalculable the losses that this accident had occasioned. But what will the extent of damage be in the province, at a time when all the crops of grain, its principal production, have been without shelter from the rain ; besides which, nearly all the roads that cross the mountains are destroyed, nor can they easily be repaired under existing circumstances. “We were sorely afflicted with the idea that the whole of the cities of the republic had experienced the dreadful effects of the earthquake, founded on the extra- ordinary violence we had felt, and with which its first shocks reduced this city to ruins; and the unusual move- ment of the earth, which was accom panied with a dreadful roar, that made it appear as if waves were coming from the southward, where it has originated; and what is most remarkable is, that each shock was accompanied with a noise, as if occasioned by the explosion of a volcano in that direction. “My fears were still augmented with the daily intel- ligence of the devastation of the cities of the neighbouring provinces of El Maule, and Talca; but it is impossible for me to describe the heartfelt pleasure and universal content that we all experienced when we received the joyful intelligence that the capital, and other towns in the northern provinces, had escaped the dreadful calamity. “This statement does not contain a proper or eir- cumstantial account of what has occurred, nor ought I to occupy my time any longer, whilst so many 408 EARTHQUAKE OF 1835; sufferers require my utmost exertions to alleviate their miseries. « Do me the honour to explain this to S. E. « Dios Guarde A.V. S. « Ramon Bosa.” El Araucano, March 16. «“ Govierno de Talcahuano, « February 23, 1835. « Sefior Intendente, « My hand trembles whilst I am describing the dread- ful spectacle this town presents, and that ten days ago formed the hopes of this province, but is now nothing more than a heap of ruins, nor can we ever calculate on its re-edification. « On the 20th instant, at twenty minutes past eleven o'clock A. M., we experienced a most tremendous earth- quake, which in the space of three minutes threw down all the roofs, and the greatest part of the edifices of this town; and the almost continuous shocks which followed, augmented progressively the destruction. « About half past twelve o'clock there appeared near the Boca-Chica, and near the coast of Tome, an immense rolling wave, which in a majestic but dreadful manner advanced, overwhelmed, and destroyed the numerous villages on the coast, overturning the rocks in its passage; and, to consummate the work of destruction, sweeping to their foundation the edifices to the eastward. « In a few minutes the sea receded about twelve quadras, leaving the vessels in the bay dry, carrying with it the property which formed the fortunes of my towns- men, and of the inhabitants of the province; and it was as if the inhabitants of the centre, and the creek (caleta), EARTHQUAKE OF 1835, 409 were not to be favoured, for there came at half past one a mass of water, as smooth as a basin of milk, which bathed all that had escaped the fury of the first rollers, and destroyed their habitations. About twenty nites after fe sea retired, the vessels began to run foul of each 35 ane got their cables entangled in an inconceivable is bans the fame fime was observed near the Boca ande de la Quiriquina, (an island so ecalled,) an Immense foaming wave of a prodigious height, which passed by the island of Rocuan, overwhelming in orituns ton the villages, drowning at the same time the inha bitants and cattle, up to the Perales. “The shocking effects of this terrible phenomenon are shown by all the buildings being torn from their founda- tions, and so mixed, that no one can find or discern his property ; in the town from thirty to forty have fallen victims to this dreadful blow. ‘Tan feroz como ines- perado.’ “The particular accounts of what has happened from the movements of the earth and sea are so strange and numerous, that I have abstained from relating them, for foar of exaggeration. The following one is sufficient be ‘The lady of Captain Hodges, on the sea’s first wilting strove to embark with her children, but was so itl tunate as to be thrown by the rolling billow to the dis- tance of six quadras, (above 800 yards) inland, with three of her children, in one of the fragments of the boat ; her fourth child, who had held fast to a piece, not the bron: tieth part of the boat, was picked up near oo Lilcuen, by a boat coming to this port, nearly exhausted ; but daw this fortunate little creature is recovered. Lastly, a huge mass of rock, which it is calculated must welch 410 EARTHQUAKE OF 1835. 25,000 tons, fell from the mountains of the Quiriquina, on the side of Boco Grande, in the bay of Taleahuano. « Dios Guarde A.V. S. « MicueL Bayon.” El Araucano, March 16. The governors and military commandants of the dif- ferent departments wrote on the 20th and 21st, and all their reports were nearly similar to each other, for all the towns and houses in each district had been reduced to ruins, &e., so I will only give the following extract from a letter published in El Araucano of March 16th, 1835, in which is a brief detail of what was experienced in the city of Chillan. «The earthquake of that unfortunate day is not at all to be compared to any on record. « The most indifferent observer would have felt as if a torrent of fluid was passing beneath him, just as if he was placed upon a plank, over the falls of La Laxa. The fluid passed as if in waves that were repeated every second, and at times with such a shock, that to me it appeared as if the globe would fall to pieces, for the foundations of the houses started from the ground. This frightful move- ment, and the mortal agony of those who experienced it, lasted about three minutes and a half ; since then, with the interval of hours, we have had several shocks, that do not let us forget the first; but what has left us as free from worldly cares as the Franciscan friars, is the heavy rains that has fallen at intervals during six days, that will inutilize all the earthquake has buried in the ruins or left exposed.” The perusal of these and many other accounts were appalling ; but still a kind Providence had preserved the northern provinces from this dreadful calamity, and A SOF Fir : gq = 1 DPuertv del Hanlg Eo _ Nr Se? 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Tolten > 7 I] olelchaue = Sn Villarica = ( hell alu ° ~~ = ° Quanteque — bo J j i A, 57 lose > = MHIR | I | { NW a WN \ y | /i \ A I Wi patti wz, / Gs mag || f S » / / BS \ & : & < V | 7 lewre qua ja : ~ Y - NGL cul \ o Mei SS x \ ] of Z LLL 77 me ~~ A N NS “Rega cha ll — { Valdivia ~~ = 2 7 Pde Nig oy de aaa, = Ta erte Morro Bomtacie { PROVINCE OF VALDIVIA. 411 enabled government to assist and provide for the dis- tressed inhabitants of Talca, Maule, and Concepcion. But what specially displays the wonderful dispensations of a kind Providence still further is, that although the devas- tation had spread over these devoted provinces, where 169 districts were almost reduced to ruins, out of a popu- lation of about 466,877, only 120 have been enumerated amongst the dead. VALDIVIA. This province extends from that of Concepcion to El Rio Negro ; its principal rivers are—Rio Bueno, Calla Calla, Cruces, Queuli, Tolten, and El Negro; there are many other considerable streams, and six lakes—OQOsorno Chinchileo, Huanahue, Villarica, Raneo y Puyegue; there are several small ports, but only that of Valdivia is open to foreign vessels. The province is divided into three departments— Valdivia, Osorno, and Union ; these only contain 8,860 inhabitants, for the greatest part of the territory of this, as well as that of the pro- vince of Concepcion, to the southward of the Bio Bio, is still in the possession of its rightful owners, the Araucanians The port of Valdivia is safe and commodious. The entrance is marked by the Morros de Bonifacia and Gon- zalo. The castle of Niebla stands on the north entrance, and that of Amargos on the south; there are several islands in the bay, the largest is that of Manzera, on which is a fort that commands the entrance and anchor- age; near to La Niebla is the fort of Piojo; and near to that of Amargos are two batteries, called Chorocomayos, one of which covers the other; a little farther to the south 1s the castle of Corral: all these command the 412 ATROCITIES OF THE INVADERS. anchorage. There are some others, in all fifteen forts, which were captured, although well garrisoned, and mounted with one hundred and twenty-eight guns, by the heroic Lord Cochrane, with a single frigate. The capital of this province was founded in 1551, by General Valdivia, the conqueror of Chile. As the territory from the south of the Bio Bio has been the scene of many ad- ventures, recorded by the poet Ercilla and La Monja Alferez, a Spanish nun, who, after having effected her escape from a convent in Biscay, entered as a soldier, and was promoted to be an ensign, in the same corps with her brother, unknown to him. I will give a brief account of the conquest of Chile, and of the prowess of the Arau- canians, who are still unconquered :— Don Diego Almagro invaded Chile from Cusco mn 1535, after a fatiguing and disastrous march over the Cordilleras, where he lost many of his followers through cold, famine, and fatigue. On entering the territory of Chile, he was well received by El Inca Paulo, who met him in Copiapo ; and who, to make a display of his wealth, gave Almagro a quantity of gold, supposed to be worth 1,000 ducats. Almagro was so elated with the munificence of the Inca, that he distributed it amongst his followers ; and, also, forgave them a debt of 250,000 dollars he had advanced them, to equip themselves for the expedition. This show of liberality caused them to call him “the generous Almagro.” However, he still was cruel: whilst on his march towards Huasco, two of his soldiers destroyed the harmony that had hitherto existed, by making extortions on the natives, whe not only resisted, but put them to death. Almagro, being enraged at this, on arriving at the place where their bodies were exposed, ordered the ruler of that district, ATROCITIES OF THE INVADERS. 413 with twenty-seven of the principal inhabitants, to be burnt alive. As this man was one of the conquerors of Peru, I shall give an extract from the work of Colonel Stevenson, who has recorded the most interesting and connected account of the murder of the Peruvians, and their Inca, Atahualpu:— “The Spaniards landed in Peru, at Tumbes, and after possessing themselves, not without great opposition on the part of the natives of that place, Pizarro began his march towards the south. Atahualpa was at Caxamareca, and hisbrother Huascar prisoner at Andamarca,about forty leagues from Pachacamac. Atahualpa immediately sent his brother Titu Atanchi, as his ambassador to Pizarro, with most magnificent presents, including two golden bracelets worn only by the Incas, to welcome the arrival of the Viracochas, to solicit their protection, and to invite them to visit him at Caxamarca. Huascar, at the same time, although a prisoner, found means to send his am- bassadors to Pizarro, informing him of the situation in which he was placed by Atahualpa, and craving his protection. “ Pizarro now found himself the arbiter of the fate of two monarchs, both soliciting his friendship and protec- tion, and each alleging his own right to the empire of Peru; but Pizarro, determined that it should not belong to either of them, and the only thing that engrossed his attention was the safest and easiest means of possessing himself of the treasures of both. He therefore deter- mined to go first to Caxamarca, judging that the reigning Inca would be in possession of the greater wealth, and Hernando Pizarro was afterwards sent to Pachacamac. “ Francisco Pizarro pushed forward to Caxamarca, where he arrived with a hundred and sixty soldiers. At sous EE REET a Ea ae & 414 PREDICTIONS VERIFIED. this time Atahualpa was at the baths, and Pizarro sent to him as his ambassadors his brother Hernando Pizarro and Hernando de Soto, and as interpreter, an Indien, named Felipe, a native of the Puna Island, in the Guayaquil river; these were accompanied by two hun- dred noble Indians, appointed by the Curaca of Caxamarca to attend on them ; Atahualpa being informed of the approach of the two Spaniards, ordered one of his gene- rals to form his troops, and do them the honours due to the children of the Sun. On their arrival at the palace, they were immediately presented to Atahualpa, who embraced them,and said, “ Welcome, great Viracochas, to these my regions!” and having two seats covered with gold brought in, he ordered them to sit down. Atahualpa then speaking to his courtiers, said, “ Behold the counten- ance, the figure, and the dress of our god, the same which appeared to my antecessor Inca Viracocha, and whose arrival was also predicted by my father, Huaina Capac: A species of wine was brought, and the Inca taking one of the golden goblets, the other was given to Hernando Pizarro, to whom the Inca bowed, and drank a small quantity, giving the goblet to his brother, Titu Atanchi, who drank the remainder ; two more were then brought, and the Inca taking one, sent the other to Soto, to whom he bowed, and drank a little of the beverage, and gave the goblet to his other brother, Choquehuaman. Different kinds of fruit were then presented to the ambassadors, of which they partook with Atahualpa. « Hernando de Soto rose, bowed to Atahualpa, re- sumed his seat, and delivered his embassy, stating, that «in this world there were two most potent princes, the one was the high Pontiff of Rome, vicar-general to, a representative of God on earth, who governed his church CREDULITY OF ATAHUALPA. 415 and taught his divine law. The other was Charles V. Emperor of the Romans, and King of Spain. “These two monarchs,” said Soto, “being informed of the blind idolatry of your highness and all your subjects, have sent our governor and Captain-general Don Francisco Pizarro, his companions, and some priests, the ministers of God, to teach your highness and your vassals the divine truths of our holy religion, and to establish with your highness ever- lasting relationship, concord, and peace.” “To this harangue, interpreted by Felipe, the Inca answered to the following effect :—*¢ Divine men, I am most heartily glad that you and your companions have arrived at these regions during the days of my life, for your arrival has fulfilled the vaticination of my forefathers; but my soul is sorrowful, because others must also be now fulfilled; notwithstanding, Viracochas, I welcome ye as the messengers of our God, and hope that the changes prophesied by my father, Huaina Capac, and now about to take place, will lead to the good of myself and my people; it was on this account that neither I nor my cap- tains have opposed your progress, as the natives of Puna and Tumbes did, because we believe you to be the children of our great God Viracocha, and messengers of the eternal and all-creating Pachacamac—in obedience to our laws, and the orders and injunctions of my father, we have re- ceived ye, and will serve and worship ye; but have pity on me and on my people, whose affliction or death would be more distressing to me than my own.’ “ Pizarro and Soto begged leave to retire to their own camp at Caxamarca, and Atahualpa embraced them, and said, that he should soon follow them, to enjoy the com- pany of the children of his God, Viracocha, the messengers of the great Pachacamac. When the two Spaniards 416 TREACHERY OF THE INVADERS. had mounted their horses, presents of gold were carried to them by several noble Indians, who begged of their divinities to receive those humble marks of their respect and adoration. Pizarro and Soto then repaired to Caxamarca with their rich presents, astonished at the enormous quantities of gold which they had seen at the palace of Atahualpa. «On the following day, Pizarro placed his cavalry, com- posed of sixty men, on each side of the square of Caxamarca, behind some high walls; inthe centre of the square he had built a small breastwork, behind which he placed his two field-pieces, and behind these he stationed his infantry, a hundred men, and thus awaited the arrival of the Inca. « Atahualpa made his appearance on a throne of gold, carried on the shoulders of his courtiers and favourites, with a guard of eight thousand of his soldiers in front, eight thousand on each side, and eight thousand more in the rear, besides an immense number of nobles and attendants. The troops were commanded by Ruminavi, who advanced in front, and acted as herald. Friar Vicente Valverde stepped forward a short distance in front of the Spanish infantry, holding a cross of palm-leaves in his right hand, and waited the arrival of Atahualpa, who was surprised to see a figure so different from the strangers whom he had seen the preceding day; and being informed by Felipe, the interpreter, that Valverde was the captain of words, and the guide of the supreme Pachacamac, and his messenger, Atahualpa approached, when Valverde began his most extraordinary harangue, requesting Felipe to translate it to the Inca as he proceeded to deliver it. The priest then, in a long speech, explained to him the doc- trine of the creation, the fall of Adam, the incarnation, the sufferings, and resurrection of Jesus Christ, the appointment of St. Peter as God’s vicegerent on earth, the transmission of VALVERDE'S ABSURD HARANGUE. 417 his apostolic power by succession to the popes, and the donation made to the King of Castile, by Pope Alexander, of all the regions in the New World. In consequense of all this, he required Atahualpa to embrace the Christian faith to acknowledge the supreme jurisdiction of the pope oe to subm to the king of Castile as his lawful soem; promising, if he complied instantly with this quisition, that the Castilian monarch would protect his douirions, and permit him to continue in the exercise of his oust authority ; but if he should impiously refuse to obey this summons, he denounced war against him in his master’s name, and threatened him with the most dreadful effects of his vengeance. “ Felipe, the interpreter of this discourse, was a native of the Puna, where the Quichua language, generally spoken in Peru, was not understood; and what little he knew of it he had learnt of some Peruvians, who at different times had visited his native island. The Spanish that he spoke he had acquired during the time he had lived among the soldiers whom he served; thus it cannot be expected thai he gave to Atahualpa a faithful translation of this absurd harangue, equally filled with incomprehensible matter, furious bombast, and unjust threats ; indeed many mistakes are recorded, such as one God, trinity in unity, which he translated one God, and three, four Gods: that God made dust of man on the earth, which they could not possibly understand ; and many other like passages were rendered equally ridiculous. The impossibility of translating the words trinity, unity, Jesus Christ, Virgin "Mary, io Pontiff, Emperor of the Romans, &e., is quite obvious, for they could bear no translation at all, and a description of their meaning was as much above the powers of F elipe and perhaps of Valverde himself, to explain, as the i 2 418 ATAHUALPA'S JUST REQUEST. prehension of Atahualpa to understand, who now for the first time heard that such things did exist. « When Atahualpa heard the conclusion of this rhodo- ade fulminated by Father Valverde, he sighed, and ¢ Ah! atay’—ah! how hard ; and after a short pause, he addressed himself thus to Valverde: i zarro opposed this for some ‘ clogs op He al his pride, and made Atahualpa personally put all TRIAL OF ATAHUALPA. 421 odious to him. Some of the Spanish officers had written the word “God” on the hand of the Inca, and when he shewed it to any one, the person would point upwards; at length he showed it to Pizarro, who could neither read nor write, and was therefore unable to make any sign of the meaning of the word. Atahualpa was surprised, and Pizarro was abashed; his feelings were wounded, and he began to hate the man who had discovered him to be more ignorant than his inferiors. Atahualpa began to forebode his doom, and became dejected ; his own servants were not permitted to wait on him; their places were supplied with Indians who had attached themselves to the Spanish camp ; some of whom were unacquainted with the Quichua language, had never been the vassals of Atahualpa, and all of whom were inclined to insult him. “The Indians began to arrive from different parts, bringing with them the gold which they had been assured would ransom their captive monarch; but that which by them was destined to save his life, was changed by his cruel masters into the cause of his death. From the number of Indians who arrived daily, the Spaniards began to fear a revolution in favour of their prisoner: they had already received an enormous quantity of gold; Huascar was dead, and Pizarro presumed, that by securing to himself the pos- session of the country, he should consequently become master of the treasures which it contained. He therefore determined to bring Atahualpa to trial; for which purpose he constituted himself president of the court, and nominated the other members. “The libel exhibited against him consisted of various articles; that Atahualpa, though a bastard, had dispossessed the rightful owner of the throne, and ‘usurped a royal power; that he had put his brother and lawful sovereign 422 EXECUTION OF ATAHUALPA. to death; that he was an idolater, and had not only per- mitted, but commanded the offering of human sacrifices; that he had a great number of concubines; that since his imprisonment he had wasted and embezzled the royal trea- sures, which now belonged of right to the conquerors; and that he had incited his subjects to take arms against the Spaniards. « After this shameful libel had been read to the court by Sancho de Cuellar, Pizarro stated, that all those who should now attempt to defend the life of Atahualpa were traitors to the crown of Castile and to the Emperor, their master, and might be justly accused of opposing the increase of his kingdom and revenue; that the death of the tyrant Ata- hualpa would secure to Castile an empire, and to all pre- sent their lives and fortunes; that if any one opposed his death, it should be reported to his majesty, that he might reward his faithful servants, and punish those who endea- voured to deprive him of his right. After this diabolical harangue, it is almost unnecessary to say, that the unfor- tunate Atahualpa was sentenced to death. « Atahualpa was immediately informed of his fate, and told, that if he were baptized, he would be put to an honourable death, such as was inflicted on noblemen in all civilized countries; but if he refused to receive this sacra- ment, he would be burnt to death: hearing this, he desired Friar Vicente Valverde to baptize him: the friar complied with the request, and called him Juan Atahualpa. He was then led out to the place of execution, in front of his own palace, where he was tied to a pole, and strangled; and his body received Christian burial on the spot where he was murdered, notwithstanding his last request—that he might be carried to Quito, and buried in the tomb of his forefathers. DEATH OF PIZARRO, VALVERDE, AND ALMAGRO. 423 “ Pizarro attended the execution of his prisoner, after- wards wore mourning for him, and ordered his exequies to be performed with all possible pomp. It may, perhaps, be satisfactory to some of my readers to mention here, that Pizarro was afterwards murdered by his own countrymen at Lima ; and Father Valverde, by the Indians of Quispi- cancha. According to Zarate, the treasure which had been brought for the ransom of Atahualpa, and which fell into the hands of Pizarro, amounted to four hundred and ninety- eight thousand ounces of fine silver, and one million five hundred and ninety-one ounces of gold.” * The severity of Almagro caused many murmurs amongst his followers, and from that day nothing but disasters befell them. The Chilians were a superior race to the Peruvians, and who not only after being exiled, defended themselves with bravery, but they sought every opportunity to incom- mode or destroy the invaders; and, perhaps, would have annihilated them all, had not the civil broils of Peru re- called them. Almagro had penetrated Chile as far as the river Cacha- paul, and found the Promaucaes a brave race of people, and who had hitherto repelled the attacks of the Incas of Peru. The Spaniards returned by the coast, and preferred to encounter the arid sands of the desert of Atacama, to the storms and snows of the Cordilleras; Almagro on his return to Cusco demanded the government of that country, which Pizarro refused to give; they had several encounters, in one of which he was taken prisoner, and, in spite of his entreaties, &c., Pizarro had him beheaded in Cusco, and appointed Don Pedro Valdivia to conquer Chile, who with two hundred Spaniards, some European women, and four friars, with a numerous body of Indians, and almost every * Stevenson. 424 VALDIVIA INVADES CHILE. necessary for colonizing the country, entered the province of Copiapo in 1539. He met with a warm reception, for the natives of Copiapo, Huasco, and Coquimbo gave him a deal of trouble and uneasiness, especially those of Quillota ; however, he arrived at last in the valley of Mapocho. Valdivia was an excellent orator, and animated his fol- lowers by an eloquent speech on their entering Chile; he also cajoled the principal cacique of Mapocho, Guelengala, out of his possessions, at the base of the hill Guelen, (now Santa Lucia,) where he built a fort, and founded the city of Santiago del Nuevo Estremo. Having divided it amongst his followers, they, with the help of their auxiliary Indians, soon placed themselves in security from any sudden attack from the Mapochians, who were supposed to exceed 200,000 souls; these, with their caciques, viewed the pro- gress of the works of the intruders with a jealous eye, and formed plans to destroy them; but Valdivia penetrating their views, seized several of their caciques, and had them confined in the fort as hostages. No sooner had he marched with part of his forces to attack the Promaucians, than the Mapochians assaulted the abhorred city with fury, and set fire to many of the newly erected houses. The soldiers and inhabitants defended themselves in the fort with bravery, until Valdivia came to their assistance, and by a brisk attack routed the besiegers; during the assault, a female, Dofia Ines de Zuares, cut the throats of the caciques that were in confinement. The Mapochians, notwithstand- ing that they had always been severe losers, repeatedly renewed their attacks, and annoyed the Spaniards so much, that some of the soldiers conspired to kill Valdivia, and return to Peru, where they might enjoy tranquillity: but their plans were discovered, and the conspirators were executed. Valdivia, then, in order to keep his followers em- THE SPANIARDS DEFEATED AT TILICURA. 425 ployed, sent an expedition to the valley of Quillota, to attend to the Indians who were employed in the gold mines and lavaderos ; for gold being at that time so abundant, it excited the cupidity of the Spaniards, who soon founded the town of Quillota. Having built a vessel at Con-Con, and sent her to Peru for a reinforcement, he despatched two officers with a party by land, and, in order to make a dis- play of the wealth of Chile, and excite the viceroy to send a reinforcement, he had the stirrups, bits, buckles, &e. made of solid gold; his plans were crowned with success, for two expeditions were soon sent, one by land, and the other by sea; both of which arrived in Chile about the same time. His next project was to send the admiral, Don Juan Baptista Pastene, a Genoese, to survey the coast of Chile, who on his return reported his successful voyage and discoveries; upon which he was ordered to Peru for fresh succours, whence he soon returned with a reinforcement of three hundred men. Valdivia having now a respectable force, and the city of Santiago well fortified, he marched against the Promau- cians in 1545, and, by his sagacity and prudence, managed to conciliate these brave Indians, and make them his ois federates; after which he marched towards the coast as far as Tilicura, where he was surprised by a large body of Indians, and forced to retreat to Santiago. embarked with Pastene, and arrived in P to quell the civil broil that existed between the vicero Gasca, whom Charles V. had sent against Gonzalo Prine This important service not only made Gasca his fitond, but he sent him back to Chile with his title of neon renewed, and an abundant supply of military stores, &e. besides two vessels laden with troops and adventurers, wir had been engaged in the civil broil, Valdivia on his return to Santiago marched again to the southward, and in He afterwards eru just in time 426 PROWESS OF VALDIVIA. October, 1550, having arrived on the banks of the Bio Bio without molestation, he founded the city of Penco, close to the bay of Talcahuano, that had already been surveyed by Pastene. The Araucanians having united with the Indians on the north of the Bio Bio, commenced a series of “ataques” on the Spaniards, in one of which their leader, El Toqui Aillabilu, and many caciques, were killed. This did not dishearten them, and another army of more than 4,000 warriors, under the toqui Lincoyan, marched against the Spaniards, who having fortified themselves in Penco, obliged the Indians to retire. Valdivia followed them, and drove them before him, until he came to the river Cauten, where he founded the city of El Imperial, which was concluded in 1552; after which he marched to the southward, and founded the city which bears his name, and gave his name to the pro- vince ; he sent his general, Don Jeronimo de Alderete, to found the city of Villarica, so called on account of the great quantity of gold that was found in its neighbourhood. Val- divia built forts at Puren, Tucapel, and Arauco, to secure the cities he had founded, and facilitate the communication with the city of Valdivia; he afterwards built the city of Angol, in a fine fertile country, and rich in gold; for lumps of gold (pepitas) were found in the lavaderos* of * Lavaderos, (gold-washings,) are in Chile worked by the poorer class of people, who, for want of capital, are unable to work a mine ; their labour is confined to excavating and collecting the earth and sand that has been deposited in the beds of rivulets, or parts that have been inundated dur- ing the rainy season ; for, in the neighbourhood of gold mines, the earth is generally more or less impregnated with large or small particles of gold; this earth is generally of a reddish colour, and a practical gold-washer can in a few minutes inform himself whether it will or not repay him for his trouble ; they always carry a porufia, (part of a cow’s horn that has been cut in a manner so as to form a long bowl, that will contain more than a pint of water,) in which they mix up the earth with water, and by adding water and shaking it in a peculiar manner, all the lighter particles are soon separated, and if there is any gold, it may easily be seen at the bottom of the porufia; others extract the gold from the earth by the same process PROWESS OF CAUPOLICAN,. 427 eight or ten marks weight; the mines of Tucapel, Villaric El Timon, Angol, and Valdivia, were also wiry rich a productive; and it is said that each Indian had to gi Valdivia the value of from thirty to forty ducats per iy El Inca Garcilaso says, «that Valdivia received a tribut of More than 100,000 from the Indians.” : Whilst Valdivia was busied in building cities and forts an old cacique named Colo-Colo, who had great authorit proposed to his countrymen the election of another to - who might fulfil the duties of such with honour and on : and not suffer the degradation of being slaves to a Spaniards : many of the ulmenas (chiefs) met, and Linco " the timid, was superseded by the brave toqui Covpaton who soon commenced operations by taking and destro ng the fort of Arauco, commanded by Don F feadisee Rein : with eight pieces of cannon. Caupolican marched a the fort of Tucapel, which being only garrisoned Li men, became an easy prize; the toqui did not destro this fort, but garrisoned it with his followers, and anit the approach of Valdivia, who with his cavaliers, and 5,000 auxiliaries, were marching against the Araucanians. The Spaniards being terrified at the sight of the dead bodies of their comrades, who had fallen in the fort, and of others that were suspended from the trees in its neighbourhood, would had it not been for their spirited leader and officers who ait mated them, have returned, for they were only about two hundred Europeans. The armies soon came in sight of each other, and halted to prepare for battle. The vice-toqui, Mariantu, who commanded the right wing of the Arau- used at the mills w i icksivr. ‘The A Pr piv a line between the Cordilleras and the coast ; at present, nei i pelihor mines or lavaderos are allowed to be worked in the Araucani erritory, for the Indians have prohibited it under pain of death x TR TRL 428 VALDIVIA DEFEATED. canians, attacked the left of the Spaniards, commanded by General Bobadilla, who was defeated and slain, as well as another chief whom Valdivia sent to support him. The cacique, Tucapel, who commanded the left wing, attacked the Spaniards and their confederates in a gallant style, and the action soon became general, and obstinate ; but the Spaniards, whose horses, armour, and arms were so far superior to the Indians, dealt such havoc around them, that seeing so many killed, and getting into disorder, they commenced to fly before the Spaniards. At this crisis a young Araucanian of sixteen years of age, who had been brought up by Valdivia, and served him as his page, feeling ashamed to see his countrymen abandon the field; as if inspired, he seized a lance, abandoned the conquerors for the fugitives, and stigmatizing them as cowards, who were un- worthy of the name of Araucanians, rallied, and managed to reanimate them for a renewal of the attack; for Lautaro assured them that the Spaniards had lost many of their chiefs, that numbers were wounded, and as they were sorely fatigued, they could make but a feeble resistance. Turning then towards his old master with his lance, cried aloud, “ Follow me, countrymen, follow me,—victory awaits us with open arms”* This energetic display of courage and patriotism electrified the Araucanians, who charged their pursuers with fury, and in their turn com- pletely defeated, and put them to the route; almost all the Spaniards fell on the field of battle, and only two of the auxiliaries escaped to carry the sad tidings to Con- cepcion. Valdivia, seeing all was lost, attempted to escape with his chaplain, but they were taken prisoners, and brought before Caupolican, fron whom he supplicated for his life, and also implored the intercession of Lautaro, pro- * Ercilla, Canto 3, page 53. DEATH OF VALDIVIA. 429 mising at the same time, that if allowed, he and all his followers, who were in Chile, would return to Spain. The noble and generous Caupolican was inclined to accede to the, petition of his prisoner, and assembled a council of caciques to deliberate ; but whilst they were in discussion, whether he should be liberated or not, Leocato, a veteran cacique, who had great authority, felt enraged at hearing the proposals, and before he could be prevented, with a severe blow from his club, he levelled Valdivia at his feet, and putting his foot upon the dead body, said, « This is the mode to stop your altercations ; what madness would it not have been to have acceded to the proposals of an ambitious enemy ? who, if he had escaped, would have laughed at his oaths, as well as at our stupidity and folly in believing them.”* In this manner, as tragical as sorrowful, did Don Pedro Valdivia, the founder of this city, meet his fate. This total extermination of the Spanish army, and their allies, the Promaucians, was celebrated by the Araucanians, and at their feast, the Toqui Caupolican taking the youthful Lautaro by the hand, presented him to the chiefs and warriors who were assembled, and in a masterly speech, attributed their late victory to his valour and intrepidity, on which he was elected lieutenant-toqui, with the faculty of commanding an army, notwithstanding his tender age, and his nomination was applauded by all the caciques. Then followed a council of war; in which were various opinions—that of the brave Tucapel was to follow the Spaniards, not only to Santiago, but to Spain.® Colo-Colo and Caupolican’s votes were, that previous to adopting the plans of Tucapel, they had better destroy all the Spanish forts that had been erected in the Araucanian territory ; and Lautaro was ordered to defend the frontiers whilst it could * Ercilla, Canto 3, page 61. 430 VILLAGRAN DEFEATED AT MARIGUENO. be put into execution ; to effect this he fortified himself upon the heights of Marigueno, to await the Spaniards, who were expected to take revenge for the death of Valdivia. The arrival of the two Indians who had escaped from the field of battle, and their account of the extermination of the army, threw the inhabitants of Concepcion into consterna- tion; but the brave Villagran took charge of the govern- ment, and, placing himself at the head of the troops, exhorted them to defend what had been conquered, and to revenge the death of their countrymen. Then having made preparation, with a strong body of Spaniards and auxiliaries, he crossed the Bio Bio: here he was soon attacked by the Araucanians whilst passing a defile ; but after an action of three hours, he defeated and pursued them to the foot of Marigueno, where Lautaro had fortified himself, and who awaited the approach of the Spaniards. In vain did Villa- gran attempt to carry the fort, nor could he dislodge his adversaries with six pieces of artillery, which he kept play- ing on them from a neighbouring eminence. Lautaro ordered the intrepid Leucotar to take the can- non with his company, and not to return without executing his order. The warrior no sooner heard the commands of Lautaro, than he attacked the artillery with resolution, and brought the six guns in triumph to his chief, who charged the Spaniards with such desperate fury, that they retreated in great disorder, and Villagran, who was wounded and unhorsed, would have been a victim, had not thirteen of his soldiers, who performed prodigies of valour, rescued him from the Indians, and remounted him again. The Arau- canians did not lose 1,000 men, while their enemies lost 3,000, who were left dead on the field. Villagran, with the fugitives, returned to Concepcion, where he found the inhabitants overwhelmed with sorrow and dismay, and, on DEATH OF LAUTARO. 431 the approach of Lautaro, they embarked their women, chil- dren, and aged parents in two vessels that fortunately were in port, and abandoned the city, that they might march with the troops to Santiago. Lautaro, finding Concepcion abandoned, set fire to the city, and having reduced it and all its riches to ashes, he returned to celebrate his triumph, and receive further orders from Caupolican. But Villagran returned with a rein- forcement, and rebuilt the city, which was again destroyed by Lautaro, who, proud of his victories, was determined to march against Santiago. This warrior left the camp of Caupolican with only seven hundred warriors, and without meeting any opposition he crossed the Maule, and then commenced operations against the abhorred Promaucians, fortifying himself on an advan- tageous position on the banks of Rio Claro. There he was attacked by Don Pedro Villagran, cousin to the general, who was an invalid. Lautaro, having been attacked repeatedly, at last defeated the Spaniards, who retreated to Santiago. General Villagra having recovered from his illness, left the capital with 196 Spaniards, and 1,000 Indians; and by marching near to the coast, with great precaution, he took Lautaro by surprise, who at the first attack was transfixed by an arrow from the bow of a Promaucian, and he fell dead in the arms of his followers, who, sooner than yield to their enemies, defended themselves to the last extremity, and shared the fate of their young and intrepid leader. (Ercilla records the death of Lautaro in Part 1st, Canto 14.) This victory was celebrated in Santiago, and the Spaniards could but applaud the valour and military prowess of Lautaro, whom they called the Chilian Hani- bal. In 1577, the viceroy of Peru sent his son Don Garcia Hurtado de Mendoza, with ten ships and a nume- 432 DEATH OF GAVARINO. rous reinforcement of cavalry, who disembarked at Penco, and began to treat with the Araucanians; but during the armistice he built a fort on the Serro Pinto, and had it well served with artillery. The toqui Caupolican was no sooner informed of this act, than he crossed the Bio Bio, attacked the fort, and would have carried it, had not a reinforcement of 2,000 Indians, and a squadron of cavalry arrived from the city of El Imperial, to assist Mendoza, who defeated the Araucanians after hotly a disputed battle. Amongst the prisoners was the brave Galvarino; and his conqueror vented his rage upon his captive, by ordering his hands to be chopped off, and then setting him at liberty. On his joining his countrymen, they were so much inflamed against the Spaniards, that they swore eternal vengeance; and such was their excitement, that the women took up arms, and embodied themselves as soldiers. Caupolican attacked the Spaniards, and after an obstinate battle, in which he had at one time the advantage, he was beaten; he lost twelve caciques, amongst whom was the crippled and furious Galvarino; these were hung upon trees near to the field of battle, in order to strike terror amongst the Araucanians. General Mendoza then marched to Tucapel, and founded a city, where Valdivia had been defeated, and called it Cafiete, (his family name ;) after having fortified it, and left a good garrison, he marched to El Imperial, where he was received with acclamations of joy by its inhabitants. The general sent a convoy with provisions and warlike stores to the new city; but the Araucanians attacked and routed them at Callincupil: the soldiers escaped to the fort of Cafiete, where their arrival was of the greatest benefit, for Caupolican, notwithstanding his last defeat, marched against it, and assaulted it; the attempt lasted five hours, and finding it impossible to take CAUPOLICAN DEFEATED AND BETRAYED. 433 it by storm, he had recourse to stratagem, and disguised one of his officers, in whom he had great confidence, whose name was Pran; he entered the city as a deserter, and passed and repassed without any notice being salon; and after having informed himself of the strength and youll of the fort, he communicated his dbase to in polican, who decided on attacking the city at the hour of siesta. Pran had made a confidant of an Indian named Andresillo, who served the Spaniards, and who offered to assist him by opening the gate on the day appointed ; but the fellow deceived him, and gave information to the Spaniards, who occupied themselves on the eve of the attack, in making preparations to receive the tdisus Next day, Caupolican was posted in ambush with 5,000 waLTiors, and, on Andresillo making the signal, the Ardrh canlans approached the fort with caution and silence, and began to introduce themselves in great order, when all at once the gates were closed upon them, and a tremendous fire opened on all that were approaching, that caused great destruction, few being able to escape; for the cuvalde wiv were ready, pursued them in every direction. Al wi entered the fort were put to death, and three of the principal caciques were fastened to cannon, and their bodies blown to pieces by their savage conquerors. The body of Caupolican was sought for in vain; he had fled with ten followers and secreted himself in a deep ravine, where he as betrayed into the hands of his enemies; his wife, Palla seeing him surrender without resistance, ahd havii exhorted him to die, or gain his liberty, became Ridin and, throwing her infant at him, cried out, “ Coward talks thy child, for I will retain nothing that has pidge to thee.”* Reynosa ordered Caupolican to be ipod and * Ercilla, Canto 383, page 338. 2F I —— i —— —— 434 © CAUPOLICAN IMPALED. shot at with arrows; on which the toqui, without any change in his countenance, said as follows: — With my death thou wilt reap no other fruit than that of inflaming the hatred my countrymen have against thy nation; they are far from being dismayed by the loss of an unfortunate chief; from my ashes many Caupolicans will arise, perhaps more fortunate than I have been; but if you will spare my life, I can, with the great authority I possess over my countrymen, be useful to the interests of your sovereign, and contribute, with my influence, towards the propagation of your creed, by ordering the Araucanians to embrace the faith of Jesus Christ. If you spurn my offers, and deny my request, nothing can be gained ; and if you will not spare my life, I only request you will send me to your king; and if he considers it just that I must die for having defended my own country, I shall then end my days in Spain, without creating fresh disturbances in this country.” Nothing could soften the heart of the cruel and inflexible Reynosa, and Caupolican finding he was to become a sacrifice, embraced the Christian faith. No sooner had he received the sacrament of baptism, than he was con- ducted to the scaffold, which had been erected for the pur- pose; where, observing the pointed stake and executioner, who was a negro, he became so much enraged, that with a kick he hurled him to the ground, saying in a loud voice, « Is there not a sword, nor a hand more worthy of execut- ing a man of my character ? this is not an act of justice, it is one of vengeance, by men who have neither honour nor education.” Reynoso ordered the victim to be seized, and he was impaled, where he expired pierced with arrows, A.D. 1558. The poet Ercilla has recorded this infamous act of cruelty in the Araucana, Part 3, Canto 34. CAUPOLICAN’S DEATH REVENGED. 435 The Spaniards had little rest after the tragical death of Caupolican ; for the Araucanians, after a war of fort -four years, succeeded in destroying the cities and ie that had been buiit by their enemies, and freeing their territor from the Spaniards, who were never after able to re ye it. The city of Valdivia was twice besieged, ineffec- tua ly, by the toqui Caupolican; but it was not so fortu- nate In resisting the talents and activity of the celebrated Paillamachu, who, in the year 1599, surprised it at night with 4,000 men, and put the garrison to the sword, tt cit and carried off an immense booty, consisting of the ators of the inhabitants, and, it is said, a million in gold ; he iY made many captives, and, imitating the Spaniards he uar- tered all that bore arms, and hung those ody i upon trees; the women and girls were distributed amongst the conquerors, whilst the boys were adopted, and those with their descendants, became the fiercest enemies of hi Spaniards. The brave Paillamachu destroyed the cities of Concepcion, Chillan, Angol, Lumaco, Puren, Colla, Arauco Cafiete, Villa Rica, Imperial, and Osorno, and, after havin Tevenged the wrongs of his countrymen, and freed a Araucanian territory of the Spaniards, he died in the vy 1603. pe The Dutch took possession of Valdivia in the year 1640 but were obliged to abandon it after having held it for sires months. The Spaniards returned, and, notwithstanding their having erected forts in Valdivia, Osorno, Arauco, and other Places on the frontier, the Araucanians never allowed them to remain at ease; nor has that valiant race of Americans yet been conquered, although considered as the inhabitants of the republic of Chile. The president of Chile, Don Ambrosio O'Higgins, did a deal towards reconciling the 2r2 ry ET ey 436 PROVINCE OF CHILOE. Indians, and restoring harmony and confidence, for Wi the government of Spain rewarded him with the title o Marquis of Osorno. I have been informed that on Teun! of his amiability, &ec. the Indians called him « Patiru Paddi Huinca,” (Father Paddy* European.) Province oF CHILOE. This is the most southern of the republic, for it extends from that of Valdivia to Cape Horn, and has innumerable rivers, and many ports; but as the archipelago of Chiloe is only inhabited’ by the Chilians, little is yet known of the territory occupied by the native Indians. Chiloe 1s divided into ten departments, San Carlos, Carelmapu, Chacao, Calbuco, Dalcahue, Quenac, Quinchao, Castro, Lemuy, and Chouchi; these contain four parishes, 1,149 haciendas and farms, and a population of 43,832 souls; its capital is the city of San Carlos. As I have never visited this province, I must refer my readers to the work of Captain Fitzroy. There still remain the islands of Juan Fernandez, a description of which will be given in a separate work, entitled ¢ Providence Displayed,” &c. * He was a native of Ballina in Ireland. CHAP. XIII. GOVERNMENT OF JUAN FERNANDEZ—EXPEDITION OF GENERAL FREYRE, HIS CAP- TURE AND EXILE—SEIZURE OF PERUVIAN VESSELS OF WAR—WAR WITH THE CONFEDERATION—REVOLUTION OF QUILLOTA, ETC. In 1834, I was ordered to supersede the governor of Juan Fernandez, who had been committing various excesses and acts of cruelty there. I gained the ill-will of personages in power for having exposed various dishonest acts of Lieutenant-Colonel Lattapiat, their protégé. In 1835, the Chilian patriots who had been exiled to Peru, formed the plan of returning to, and revolutionizing Chile, in order to depose the Spanish faction, called « Faroleros,” who had almost got possession of the reins of government; and as the elections for the president of the republic were at hand, they might materially assist the opposition, denomi- nated ¢ Liberales,” and ¢ Filopolitas,” the latter were a few patriots, who, although they held a part in the adminis- tration, were opposed to the fanaticism and intolerance of their colleagues in power, the Faroleros,” and, it was said, to the re-election of General Prieto. In the month of June an attempt was made to get hold of the Chilian brig of war Aquilles, whilst at ancher in the port of Callao. Shortly after this was made known in Chile, the most wily of the Faroleros” conceived the plan of withdrawing the garrison, and depopulating the islands of Juan Fernandez. This was opposed by the « Filopolitas.” who kept the 438 INTRIGUES OF THE FAROLEROS. « Faroleros” in check. But the latter, fearing that General Freyre or his friends might attempt to seduce the garrison, who with the convicts might serve them materially, con ceived the plan of revolutionizing the island, and Ss the blame of withdrawing the troops, &e. to the erue . and misconduct of the governor. I have already Oe the particulars of the disasters I experienced on the a , during the dreadful earthquake that desolated the sout ern provinces of Chile, and subsequently, through the i of a set of villians, who revolutionized the island, in a smal work entitled «The Earthquake of J uan Fernandez as it occurred in the year 1835,% and from which I will extract * « Many of our readers may recollect the accounts yn A f rs ago, relative to the total destruction, by an ear he ; w ye J oo Fernandez, in the month of February, 1835; as well a A of a new group of islands in the neighbourhood, the pro- e ducts of volcanic influence. « These accounts seemed altogether so well authenticated, that we our- lves never for a moment doubted their truth, especially - gregiaphary ha oy aid open to our view so many proofs of the creative, as Na he destructive and mutative powers of volcanic Sey ; " rh Yate that these reports were mot true: ‘and for the 9 e 9 A d of geognostical accuracy especially, bearing as 1t doe hm ey % navigation, we rejoice that we have a true and well-authentica sa account laid before us. « Our neighbour, Mr. Sutcliffe, a > ti the earthquake my, was at the time of go - of Jw ¥ oer (then occupied by the republic as a criminal ny Sah tive of the events occurring about that time are plain an sa a ry. Re Th pamphlet before us however, contains not only a graphic deserip- e ’ i f the earthquake, but likewise of the insurrection of the prisoners m tion 0 é the island ; the public docu who has held a high rank in the Chilian governor of the island of Juan ments relative to which must for ever silence press of that day, and especially the Nautical AVE ions which the . any aspersions have chet upon the character or pru dence Magazine, for June, 1837, must of the brave and talented ex-governor. « The work is illustrated by severa arts.’— Stockport Advertiser. ; “ Cato Ee a ere urrection, at the bottom of which was a friar! (verifying the «“ An ins ’ ischi 71 a friar for Goanish proverb, which says, there never was mischief without y : rie « S . . 1 i H Spanish p lor) took place at Juan Fernandez, in which the secon } on | ' s trial ¢ d the governor who was subsequently put on his tri » y > 1 well-executed lithographic views the counse mand depose MUTINEERS AND THEIR ABETTORS REWARDED. 439 a few documents which I received in September, 1835, on the day of my expulsion by the mutineers, in order that the editor of the following handsome encomium on the conduct of the governors of the Island of Juan Fernandes, may see that his assertion ought to have been made previous to my administration of that colony; and that I had little to expect from the “abettors of such as had not only mani- fested their eagerness to depopulate the islands, but who have notoriously protected and rewarded the very persons who were the promoters and actors of all the disgraceful scenes that had taken place on Juan Fernandez.* It was the minister of war, Don J. Zavier de Bustamante, Chile, and declared to have fulfilled the duties of his office with good faith and efficiency. Those who plotted and executed the affair, were also tried, and, as might be expected from Spanish justice towards Spaniards, where an Englishman was an accuser, escaped comparatively unharmed, instead of forfeiting their lives for their conduct. Now all these particulars were entirely unknown to our correspondent, Captain Masters, and we have done our duty in adding them ; a course which, we hope, will serve to remove impressions considered highly injurious to the character of Mr. Sutcliffe. For our own part, however, we are unable to see any such tendency in Captain Masters’ account ; we can fully appreciate the difficult situation of Mr. Sutcliffe, in dealing with such persons he had under his orders, and we trust that he may find the government just and generous enough to compensate him for his losses. He may then with truth say, ¢ Los pueblos no estan siempre ingratos.’ “The views and plans which accompany the work, representing the bay during the earthquake, are useful and interesting.”— Nautical Magazine, No. 2, February, 1840. * The chaplain, Padre Lopez, was not tried, as ordained, by a general court-martial, but he went through the farce of a “eonsejo,” where Major Toledo, one of my judges, and who had taken a decided interest against me, was the president, and where neither myself nor my witnesses, Joseph Duncan, Rojos, &c., were cited to appear against him; and on Saldes re. tracting his former declarations, wherein he, as well as Ensign Riquelme, had accused the padre of being their adviser, &e. &ec., he was found inno- cent and set at liberty, and claimed an indemnification from me to the amount 500 dollars for his losses. Saldes, in place of being transported, as a convict, to Juan Fernandez for ten years, according to his sentence, (to expiate his crimes on the spot he -t = » I ten 440 MUTINEERS AND THEIR ABETTORS REWARDED. who informed me that several members of the government wished to break up the establishment, and the following extract of the ministerial “Gazette El Araucano” will show that his information was well founded :— ¢ [NTERIOR. « We know that Government intends to remove the establishment (el presidio) of Juan Fernandez to the con-- tinent of the republic. The convicts will have to be occupied in the public works, where they are so much wanted, and for which there are actually a competent number of carts nearly ready, and made of iron, in order to transport them to and fro. «We have considered this measure under different aspects, all of the greatest importance, and find it the most opportunate and regulated to the public, to the particular, and to the moral good that by every means ought to be introduced and preserved in this country. « Qur readers are aware of the immense expense that the subsistence of the ¢ presidio’ of Juan Fernandez is to the treasury, the freight of the convicts, their maintenance in that depot, that of a competent garrison, and of the go- vernor, under whose command is the island, have consumed always a great quantity of dollars in the year without any other benefit than that of having a number of malefactors had committed them), was allowed to reside in Copiapo, and received a civil appointment from the governor. Ensign Riquelme was not even censured for the part he took, but was, shortly after the trial, promoted to be a captain. Lieutenant Dias, of the Colocolo, also escaped censure, and was promoted to be a commander in the Chilian navy. El Sefior Don Marcelo Ugalde was rewarded with a commission in the army, and received the grades of lieutenant of infantry, lieutenant of cavalry, and “ adjudante mayor” of the * battalion Colchagua,” in less than twelve months after the padre’s trial. THE FAROLEROS REFUTED: 441 separated from us for a certain period, that for the most part become more hardened in that establishment, and return amongst us to commit more depredations, and perhaps to receive the punishment of death. * * “The separation of the island, the quality of its in- habitants, their want of occupation, and in many cases the bad disposition and irregular conduct of the governors have promoted different insurrections ; that, at the dime time, have caused damage in the parts where the mutineers have arrived, and have obliged the government to spend extraordinary sums; and have made the punishment of being transported to that ¢ presidio’ lose the greatest part of its importance, because the convicts have been practicall shows the possibility of escaping, and laughing at the punishment they were condemned to suffer for thier crimes. - We therefore believe that government, in putting this tke execution, has meditated seriously upon the means of pre- serving the important possession of the island; and which truly never could be worse taken care of than in having it occupied as a ¢ presidio.’ "—EL Aravucano, 1835. ; I received the following letter from a worthy friend (one of the first personages in Chile, Don Manuel Solar, who, during the return of the Spanish government, had been exiled to Juan Fernandez, and had resided some time upon the island), which, with those of the ministers of state, serve to refute the assertions of the FF aroleros :— “ Santiago, September 1st, 1835 * Sefior Don Tomas Sutcliffe, Gobernador Politico y : “ Militar Juan Fernandez. “ My Estimable and Valued Friend, “I reply with pleasure to your two letters of the 23rd of April and 18th of June, which have but recently come to hand, and almost on the same day. Although I regret their delay, I feel great pleasure at their contents. I am a A A 442 THE FAROLEROS REFUTED. filled with delight at the idea that that hell, the centre of wretchedness, desperation, and immorality, is about to be converted into a theatre of virtues, of which not even the sound had yet been heard. All may be accomplished by constancy and by rectitude of intention. « St. Helena is at the present day a garden, formed from an arid and solitary rock, and New South Wales is going to become one of the most brilliant parts of the British empire. If you pause to consider what humanity may be indebted to you, and those who enjoy the benefits, always increasing, of which you may be the immortal author, you will hold firm your benignant resolutions and thoughts, to which consecrate your zeal, your talents, and your time. Friend, great works are meritorious only in proportion to the difficulties by which contrasted, and the smallness of the means of carrying them into effect. You find yourself in this case; but do not be disheartened, nor easily believe in such stumbling-blocks as you indicate to me; the solici- tation of Don Marcelo Ugalde ought not for one moment to cause you anxiety, as it is a matter which has not invited the slightest attention. 1 have inquired about it to the very bottom, and have availed myself of the opportunity to learn the good opinion which the president and the three ministers entertain of you, and in which I shall endea- vour to continue them as far as my influence extends. «The Island Floriana, which, but a few years since, was nothing but a sandy soil, inhabited by turtle, is now a place where whalers touch, who leave there large sums, utensils, and even people. « Juan Fernandez offers much greater advantages to a beneficent and active genius. The clays and soils of various colours brought to my memory the minerals of Golconda and Brazil. Nature is systematic; their geogra- THE FAROLEROS REFUTED. 443 phical position places them in a like situation, and renders probable the same effects and equal productions. It would appear madness to those who do not wish to think, but not to those who know that this has been the beginning of all discoveries. For the furtherance of such investigations you have fortunately three or more men with you a and clever, and some with an idea of arts, who - be made useful if applied and directed with ‘sagacity and vigilance. Some of your predecessors reaped advantages from such colleagues ; extracting anchors and things which had been lost on the anchoring ground; improving the fisheries, and of curing (salting) ; besides other expedients of which we are ignorant. One occurs to me which might be of great importance; such is the making of bricks, of which immense quantities are brought from England ail the United States, and for which you have all the elements in abundance; these are, the firewood, the clays, and, above all, the idle hands. “ Friend,—The celebrated Buren, by having taught in Holland the manner of fishing and curing the rit has provided occupation for more than two hundred iran persons; and Don Luis Louison, by the establishment of the manner of preparing pescado (fish corned, and dried in the sun), in Valparaiso, furnished to that poor place the entry of more than seventy thousand dollars. What a benefit! How enviable a memory! What examples ! “To prevent this suffering the delay or going out of the direct course, as happened with your favours, I avail myself of the kindness of the ministers, under cover to whom you may send me your commands. “I enclose the annexed from our mutual friend Campino, to whom you may send your letters through the same channel. 444 THE FAROLEROS REFUTED. “If you find, among the fish on your coast, one called ¢ berrugate,’ or ¢ tollo,” which has on the middle of the ridge of the back a bone, which is discovered to view, to it is attributed the virtue of curing the tooth-ache. This, how- ever, is not the most beneficial and important: but its bones, of whose admirable effects I have been a witness and an agent, administering the weight of an ounce dis- solved in wine, broth, or water, are successful in stopping haemorrhage, or the effusion of blood, infallibly, whether from the mouth or any other way. Whilst I was in that quarter I used much diligence, but did not succeed in ob- taining this admirable specific, which may perhaps be now obtained. You might thus have the satisfaction to alleviate many, and of obliging one who is well aware of its im- portance. “I heartily wish you much health, constancy, and patience ; and reckon upon the good offices which may be in the power of, your sincere friend and servant, “ MANUEL DE SALAS.” (Seal of Office.) “ Santiago, September 1, 1835. « Minister of the Interior, “I have given an account to the president of your official note of last June, No. 250, in which you give a detailed relation of the state in which the establishment is at present, as also of the works you have commenced ; and his excellency feels satisfied with your diligence as a public functionary, and philanthropic views as a promoter of industry, by which means the condition of those un- fortunate persons there detained may become alleviated. - God preserve you. “ JoaQuiN TOCORNAL. ~ THE FAROLEROS REFUTED. 445 (Minister of War's Letter. )’ “ Santiago, September 6, 1835. “My Laborious Friend, “ Being always in a hurry, I cannot extend my letter to manifest my satisfaction at your industry and advance- ment of your insula : this will be the best attestation of the conduct of its worthy governor, who has so much honoured my fortunate election. Continue, and do not fear your detractors. The actions are what speak per- petually, and not the unjust detractor of the moment. By this vessel you will receive all that has been required, and shortly I will send your commission of Lieutenant- Colonel, that the earthquake of February robbed you of. Now you will receive a good remittance, and amongst them “ birds that will be troublesome,” persons of family, on whom you must keep your eyes. I have no more time : continue in good health, and command your affec- tionate friend that kisses your hand, * “Jose ZAviER DE BusTAMANTE,” Previous to my return to the capital, my friend, the minister of state in the war department, Don Jose Zavier de Bustamante had retired from office, for the Faroleros had disgusted him, on account of the interest he had dis- played towards the restoration of the generals, chiefs, and officers, that had been cashiered in 1830, many of whom were suffering the greatest privations and misery. Don Diego Portales took charge of the war department; and shortly afterwards that indefatigable minister of finance, Don Ramon Rengifo, resigned also (he had incurred the censure of the ¢ Faroleros,” who were ever clamorous to obtain pensions and other acts of commiseration for the unfortunate and faithful adherents of their beloved * These documents have been published in Chile. 446 EXPEDITION OF GENERAL FREYRE. Ferdinand * besides the payment of what had been taken from the partisans of Spain during the war of indepen- dence, in preference to all others.) He was succeeded by Don Joaquin Tocornal, who had vacated the home and foreign departments, which were annexed to those of war and marine; and now, as all the partisans of the ¢ Filopolitas’ had been expelled, the ¢ Faroleros’ had every thing their own way, and they re-elected the president of the republic for five years longer. About the latter end of July, 1836, government was informed that General Freyre had sailed from Callao with three vessels of war, one of which, the Monteagudo, mounted fifty guns, and their rendezvous was to be the Islands of Juan Fernandez. A vessel was sent to Chiloe to warn the authorities, and another went to bring the garrison and settlers from Juan Fernandez. The expedi- tion proved a failure, for the Monteagudo was seized by a part of her crew, and brought into Valparaiso; from whence, after having received a detachment of troops, &ec., she was sent to Chiloe, where, by a stratagem, they succeeded in entrapping General Freyre and his com- panions. All were brought to Valparaiso, where they were tried ; and now, as there was no danger to be ap- prehended, they were sent, under custody of a detachment of infantry, to the island of Juan Fernandez, where they underwent many privations ; after which, Gen. Freyre, and several others, were shipped off to New South Wales. * « El Antiguo contador,” Don Manuel Fernandes, with several others, received pensions, for they had been found fit subjects for the commisera- tion of a benignant and just government, who allowed the first, the trifling sum of 1000 dollars per annum, and 600 to his wife and daughters for life, should they survive him, for the services he had rendered to the Spanish government, previous to the battle of Chacabuco; and at a period when many of those unfortunate patriots, who had been (“ dado de Daja,”) cashiered, were either starving, or reduced to the greatest misery !! REVOLUTION OF QUILLOTA. 447 The rest were finally released by a Peruvian squad under General Moran, who set them at libert . d tly armed the troops who capitulated. ar After Garrido and Angulo had consummated thei midnight seizure of the Peruvian vessels of war os were in Callao, the Chilian government declared oy against the confederation; the army and squadron ore re-organized, and Lieutenant-General Don Mind Blanes Encalada took the command. I had the hon "” of being appointed his aid-de-camp. A revolution br xe out in Quillota, where many lives were lost; and ry minister of state, Don Diego Portales, with his AY wero assassinated. General Blanco defeated his Te their chief colonel, Vidaurre, and several others,* Vert “taken, tried, and executed on the 4th of July, a day period by all patriots; but, as those who governed ile at that period were the enemies of such, it seemed as if that day was chosen : y on purpose, by the sapi Faroleros. I y the sapient * The unfortunate Vidaurre, and his officers, received A wrre, s, received the punis oi from foery seme individuals who had corrupted oo aaa ii Lig ; ave a copy of a document he wrote previous to his (fh hn We, e stated that he had made the attempt to rid Chile OS Boer y 0 So its ruin, and to subjugate his countrymen, &c I hike A Sool ending nine of the officers, two of whom were hot a e, aptain Forelius, who, in happier times, had enjoyed Jean) r favour of his monarch, (Bernadotte, of Sweden), and wh a widow and child to bewail his fate. yu CHAP. XIV. THE CAMPAIGN OF OCCURRENCES THAT FELL UNDER MY OBSERVATION DURING pore OF PERU, IN 1837—TREATIES OF PAUCARPATA, ETC. Ox the 15th of September, the expedition entitled « El Ejercito Restaurador del Peru,” left Valparaiso under the command of Lieutenant-General Don Manuel Blanco Encalada, under whom I had the honour of i id-de- The force consisted of serving as first aid-de-camp. four battalions, and two corps of cavalry, with a brigade of artillery, besides the skeletons of two or three corps, L and a numerous accompaniment of staff-officers, &e. tha C 1 . . nominated ¢ La had emigrated from Peru ; these were de ’ The convoy consisted of seven 3» Columna Peruana. f i vessels of war, and sixteen transports; the Perua schooner of war, with a transport, the Napoleon, had sailed two days previous for Copiapo, under the ao mand of Major Frijolet. The British sloop of war, ompanied us. EE anchored in Iquique : the general went on shore with several of the staff, and found i the authorities had deserted the place; and it was Sa that General La Fuente’s brother went with them, (is general, as well as the Generals Castilla 0 Dasign accompanied the expedition.) A picket of soldiers, wi ; a band of music, landed, in order to publish a proclama tion; the vessels lay at single anchor without furling their sails, and a calm prevented our proceeding to sea DESCRIPTION OF IQUIQUE. 449 until the following day. Iquique is in lat. 20° 12. 15. S. long. 70° 13. 0. W. Its appearance is by no means inviting, and the coast and surrounding country has the appearance of a sandy desert, for not a symptom of vegetation was to be seen; the port is an open bay, shel- tered from the S. and S. S. W.; there is a reef and a small island that shelter what may be called the harbour, where there were two small schooners at anchor. As I did not land, I can only describe what I saw from the ship : there appeared to be about twenty houses; the best had English, French, and North American flags hoisted, to show they were inhabited by foreigners ; the rest I could see were nothing more than miserable-look. ing cottages or huts. The principal trade of Iquique is saltpetre; and the produce of the mines of Tarapaca, about fourteen leagues inland ; there is no water in this district, nor does it ever rain, so that the inhabitants have to supply themselves with water by boats from a river a few leagues distant fo the north. Here are the ruins of an old fort, but the place was defenceless ; IT was informed that dead bodies, when buried, do not putrify, on account of the saline qualities of the earth. On the 24th, about noon, we saw the “ Moro” of Arica, and when within a short distance of the port, the convoy hove-to, and a detachment of infantry embarked in the boats belong- ing to the vessels of war; the Achilles brig of war, Captain Simpson, took them in tow, and stood in towards the beach to the southward of the port, as if to land them ; but shortly afterwards she bore up, and, with the Libertad, flag-ship, entered the port; there were two batteries, one of which fired a gun, and the colours were hauled down as they neared the beach, where they landed without any resistance ; as the authorities and garrison had left the 2a 450 DESCRIPTION OF ARICA. place ; the vessels came to an anchor, and Ra night without furling their sails: uext morning, <9 } I went on shore with a Peruvian, Colonel Lapse, an Major Wood of the Chile staff. ~The city of Ar jen, Is n lat. 18°28. 35. S. long. 70° 16. 0. W., the bay 1s wa sheltered from the southward by El Morro Blanco, an a small reef that runs out to the N. W. The oman defended by three batteries; there 8 a mole Mr on : may load or unload when the tide serves : i ¢ watering-place is close to it. The valley of Aric a fertile, but its neighbourhood, or as far as I could see, wes like Iquique, a sandy desert. A good bade is fur 4 on from Arica with the interior, and the principal depo and residence of foreign merchants is at Focus. shou fifteen leagues inland, where British and other Eur opel goods are disposed of to the natives of Upper Peru an Bolivia; a great deal of specie, cotton, wool, Donn bark, and other productions of Peru, are exported from Arica. The city had suffered much during the late revo- lution of General Salaverry, and the whole had a shabby and dilapidated appearance : as it never rains, the houses have flat roofs, covered only with mats or waitled ie ; the streets are at right angles, and there 1s an SBrpuecs with two rows of willow-trees. All the Soreonens a their respective flags hoisted to denote their dwe han which were upon the whole the best and mest sabstantia those I conversed with seemed to be inimical to mn expedition, for it caused a stagnation in trade; an ” that was their errand to South America, hey Sra feelingly. The two batteries were —— . i guns rendered useless, the carriages burnt, and shot, 8 taken on board : during the night the custom-house W # plundered, and goods to a considerable value had bee OCCURRENCES AT ARICA. 451 stolen, for which a strict Inquiry and search was set on foot. I was surprised, as well as my friend the colonel, who accompanied me, to see some females run from their doors on our approach, which showed we were unwel- come visitors. During my stay on shore, I was informed that General Santa Cruz was more popular than had been represented in Chile, and that his troops were well officered, and under good discipline ; also that the most severe decrees had heen issued to oblige the inhabitants on the coast to retire into the interior, the moment they received information of our attempting to land, as well as to destroy their pastures and the animals they were unable to take with them. On account of the transports having got under weigh, I was obliged to repair on board, and on informing my fellow-passengers what I had learnt on shore, they laughed at my intelligence, as proceeding from my countrymen, who were reputed to be one and all partisans of General Santa Cruz, and, of course, enemies to the Chile-Peruvian expedition. About three P. M. signals were made to anchor again, and all com- munication with the shore prohibited. In the evening I was informed that two Peruvians had arrived from the interior, with favourable intelligence. Next day, 26th, it was ascertained that the soldiers who had charge of the town, had, in company with some villains, who had in- formed them that there was a considerable quantity of specie belonging to government, deposited in the custom- house, entered it through the roof, and plundered it of merchandise only, as no cash was to be found. The general, on learning the account of the losses sustained, made them good from the military chest, and ordered Captain Carrillo to be shot, which was accordingly done in front of the custom-house ; also, the subaltern officer 262 452 DESCRIPTION OF ISLAY. was cashiered, for neglect in not taking FrecuRionaty measures to prevent such scandalous proceedings. or transports having completed their water, we Be on . . evening ; and on the 29th, about, sunset, We anc oo 7 Islay. The general landed, und appointed ou Lopero to be governor. We received orders to be in readiness to disembark at daybreak ; but shortly after- wards these orders were countermanded, as the general had been deceived with regard to the distance, roads, and resources, from this port to Arequipa, and SI orders to proceed to Aranta and Quilca. Islay is in lat. 17° 1. 0. S. long. 72° 0. 15. W. I did not land here, i from our anchorage I counted about forty tolerable houses, besides a large building, two stories high, that was the governor's residence, and custom-house ; there were four batteries, but the guns had been taken away, or thrown over the rocks into the sea. This is the heaves port to Arequipa, and had only been made a place of an of foreign goods a few years before; it was then a y occupied by fishermen; there is no walker, except i a spring, or small rivulet, upon the hills, about one il a half league distant, where there is an olive grove: the rest of the coast is, as at the last mentioned place, barren and sandy ; Arequipa is about thirty-four leagues distant, and the roads are over a range of mountains and a desert, till within two and a half leagues of the capital ; only one resting-place, El Tambo, invites the traveller to alight, where refreshments may be procured, although water has to be brought from a river more than eight heaguos distant. The bay is sheltered from the S. W. by an a and where we anchored, we had seventy fathoms of Pe out. At sunrise, on the 30th, we got under weigh, wo ’ on leaving the port, a Genoese brig arrived from Arica DISEMBARKATION AT HUATO. 453 with Colonel Ugarteche on board, who had been sent with a flag of truce to General Lopez, who was with a division of the army of the “ Confederacion” in Tacna. The Libertad, Monteagudo, and several transports that had horses on board, came to anchor near the Caleta of Huato. This is a creek or small cove, where some fisher- men reside, who have a few miserable stone hovels ; they had no boats nor canoes, but used balsas made of inflated seal-skins ; there was a little brackish water, and the anchorage was deep and rocky. The rest with troops, &e. proceeded with the Achilles, and other vessels of war, to Quilea. On anchoring near the Libertad, several vessels got foul of one another, and the barque Carmen ran on shore ; she had the greatest part of the staff and a corps of cavalry on board, upwards of thirty horses, and the greatest part of the military stores of the Peru- vian column, besides the horse-shoes for the whole of the cavalry. Luckily no lives were lost, but the officers and soldiers were bereft of the greatest part of their arms and equipages ; the horses, with the exception of two that were bruised, got on shore in safety ; few of the stores were saved, and two launches or boats were stove and sunk before she went to pieces. The process of disembarking and landing the horses was tedious; several made their escape from the beach into the interior, and were brought back by the natives : here two or three Peruvians visited the general, and made the most generous offers of mules and cattle, which made every one believe that we should be gladly received, and every aid given us on our landing, and advance up the country. October 1st.—The schooner Carmen arrived here with despatches from Chile ; the horses, as soon as landed, Were sent away to Quilea, and had to traverse a barren 454 DESCRIPTION OF QUILCA. ven leagues, before mountainous country, for six or se they could meet with water or verdure. On the 3rd, we sailed and anchored in Quilca; next day, the 4th, I left the barque Isabella, Captain Gaymer; this vessel took down one hundred horses, of which we lost six or seven; we were very much crowded on board, on account of the between-decks being occupied as far aft as the cabin with the horses ; and two days previous to leaving, five « jefes,” one captain, five subalterns, three printers, and seventy soldiers, belonging to the Peruvian column, were sent on board. There was only one state-room, and two berths in the cabin; the first was taken possession of by myself, and the rest had to battle the watch for a place to lie down ; however, the * Vicario jeneral,” chaplain of the Peruvian army, Doctor Armas, and Colonel Lopero, were put in possession of the two berths. The five “ jefes” arrived on board, and sailed without having brought the rations that government had provided for them, and would have fared ill had they embarked in any other vessel ; but Captain Gaymer, being owner of the Isabella, and pitying the case of the poor emigrants, generously invited them to his table, where, with his viands and my wines, they fared tolerably well. The landing-place at Quilca is in lat. 16° 41. 50. S. long. 72° 27. 15. W. The cove or creek is about one hundred yards wide ; the vessels anchor out in the bay, on a bank to the south of the river. There is generally a very heavy swell in the bay. This was formerly the port of the department, but was aban- doned for that of Islay, and not a single dwelling was remaining ; it is about three-quarters of a league from the village, which is in a deep gulley, (quebrada,) where 2 small rivulet enters the sea; its water fertilizes a few acres on either side, which were in the highest state DISEMBARKATION AT QUILCA. 455 of cultivation. There were some patches of excellent “alfalfa,” (clover ;) in one of which, nearly consumed, I found the officers’ horses that had been brought foam Huata, amongst whom my bat horse was only visible ; but after a search of more than two hours in the cinliy of the encampment, I at last discovered my dora stowed away behind a hut, at a considerable distance : and what hurt me most was, that his back was so sore I avald not mount him; a worthy officer of the Peruvian column had possession of him, and did me the favour to mount him in Huata, and ride him during the time he had been at Quilca. ; General Aldunate, and General Castillo, had marched with a battalion of infantry and a party of cavalry previous to my arrival; as soon as I landed, I wilted upon the general, and received orders to be in readiness to march in the evening. On account of the scarcity of mules, I was obliged to order my baggage to be sent on board the Libertad, as Captain George kindly offered to take charge of it for me, and with Lieutenant- Colonel Espinosa engaged an “ arriero” to carry a few necessaries, which scarcely amounted to half a load,and for which we had to pay fifteen dollars, whilst the regular price for a mule-load from Quilca to Arequipa is at the dearest time only five dollars. It is a tedious walk over the hills to the village, where there is a church, and about fifty or sixty small houses, made mostly of cane and timber : Quilca has been reputed unhealthy, and is about thirty-six leagues from Arequipa. October 5th.—The Generals Blanco and La Fuente their aides, and several others, marched after sunset, ad crossed the Cuesta Colorado and the Lomas, a moun- tamous range, for about four leagues : here we passed the 456 MARCH TO SIGUAS. cavalry, and a battalion of infantry ; the road was heavy, and the soldiers apparently fatigued; the commandant and officers were marching on foot, as those that had horses had given them to the soldiers who appeared most fatigued ; and several of the officers were seen carrying their muskets, for the soldiers were heavily laden with their knapsack, great-coat, musket, accoutre- ments, and six packets of cartridges each, besides three days’ provisions, and their canteens with water. The general, previous to leaving Quilca, had sent for all the empty bottles from the vessels, which had been dis- tributed to those that had not canteens to carry it in; also some of the soldiers had to carry camp-kettles, on account of the scarcity of animals. On leaving the Lomas, we entered a sandy desert covered with “medanos,” which are large heaps of sand in the shape of half-moons, formed by the wind, and constantly shifting so as to deface the roads, which makes it extremely difficult for travellers to find their way, especially during the night ; and we were, on account of the inexperience of our guides obliged to dismount, and halt for about three hours, during the coldest night I ever experienced. However, at daylight, (6th,) the road was discovered ; at seven we descended an unpleasant zig-zag path, entered the valley of Siguas, and took up our quarters at the Hacienda of Pachagui. Here we found Gen. Aldunate, and the advanced division; he had taken two pri- soners, a major and a captain; the first had been set at liberty, and the latter joined us, and acted as aide to General La Fuente. Next day, (7th,) part of the rear division arrived, and the advance marched. Our general was informed that two or three of the soldiers had expired on the road, and that several others had been left behind, OCCURRENCES AT SIGUAS. 457 on which the “arrieros” that came with the general’s baggage were sent with water, &c. to search for the strag- glers, and render assistance to the Peruvian column, who were to arrive next day. During the night upwards of twenty horses had escaped from where we had a guard several of the best were amongst them; a party woul in search, and returned next day with five or "die of them, and some people that had possession of them. A reward of twenty dollars had been issued for every horse that might be carried to the enemy’s head-quarters ; however, on the individuals that had the horses, proving they had not left the valley of Victor previous to their finding the horses, were liberated, except a negro who had joined the Peruvian column, on account of having been formerly one of Gen. Salaverry’s soldiers, In Siguas bread was brought for sale, and there was plenty of forage. On Sunday the 8th, I had the honour of hoisting and displaying the Peruvian flag for the first time slits we landed ; and what surprised me was, the indifference shown by a group of Peruvians who were present* ; for as soon as I had done, I took off my cap and gave three cheers, in which I was not assisted by any one of them. The owner of this estate, Don N. Ribero, was a great partisan of General Santa Cruz, two of his sons were in his service, one in command of a corps of cavalry, and the other in charge of a college; besides which, his nephew was the sub-prefect and present governor of Arequipa; another son was on the estate of Don Mariano Ribero; this gen- tleman had been twice in Chile, and was intimate with our general, and several others that accompanied him ; #* - 2 : Generals Blanco and La Fuente, Major Wood of the engineers, the roneralle fe FO 3 ge neral s secretary, and several of the aides, were by-standers during this Operation. 458 MARCH TO VICTOR. he received and treated us with the greatest hospitality ; this gentleman showed us the papers published in Arequipa, wherein a celebrated friar, Padre Valdivia, depicted the Chilian soldiers as a horde of savages and robbers. The “arrieros” arrived with some stragglers, and their timely assistance rescued them from certain death ; however, they did not fall in with the Peruvian column, on account of their having taken a different route, by which they entered the valley of Siguas, some distance below us. The artillery, that is to say, only two guns of the six, arrived, on account of the scarcity of mules, and none could be obtained here, as they had been all carefully col- lected, and driven away by the agents of the government. October 9th—We marched at four p.m., and after having ascended a cuesta, nearly as bad as the one by which we entered the valley of Siguas, we traversed a sandy desert for about nine leagues; we had a fine view of the volcano of Arequipa, which bore by compass N.E. distant about twenty-four leagues, and said to be about 14,000 feet in height. We passed a deep ravine, called Quebrada Honda ; and afterwards descended a cuesta still worse than any we had hitherto passed and entered the valley of Victor, which had a fine appearance by moon- light. It is extensive, and there are many fine haciendas, principally vine and sugar-cane. We proceeded about two leagues, and halted at the hacienda of Churunga, where we found the advanced division. Next day, 10th, General Blanco sent Lieutenant-Colonel Espinosa with a flag of truce to Arequipa; at three p.m. the advanced division marched: three Peruvians joined us here; one was made governor of Victor, in place of the one that had emigrated ; the other was D. N. B, an officer of militia; and the other D. N. N., who had OCCURRENCES AT VICTOR. 459 Just arrived from Arequipa; this person seemed to give a deal of favourable information concerning the co-opera- tion of the Arequipefios, and urged the general to push on with his army ; he also informed us that a son of his who had taken charge of some letters from General Castillo, whilst at Siguas, had fallen into the hands of the enemy, and had been carried with the correspondence to their head-quarters. Although this person seemed to give a deal of favour- able information concerning ‘the co-operation of the Arequipefios, &e., I could not help observing how coolly he took the capture and detention of his son, who, ac- cording to the custom established in such cases, had forfeited his life. During his conference with the general, I was surprised at hearing an individual, who was with others listening at the door, make use of the expression in French, “ Que coullon.” I immediately demanded who he was ; he informed me he was a Frenchman, and that he had emigrated from Islay by the orders of the governor, and that the manager of the hacienda was an mmtimate friend of his, and at the same time mentioned that N. N. was no better than he ought to be. I imme- diately informed the general; and on bringing the French- man to his presence, the other did not appear to be at ease, and shortly afterwards he retired.* We remained * General La Fuente, on speaking to General Blanco in the presence of Major Wood, myself, and others, respecting resources, observed, that he would angment the Peruvian column by one or two more battalions after having filled up the vacancies in those already formed. : General Blanco replied to this, stating that it was better to fill up the Chilian battalions with what remained, than load the state with the ex- pense of S0 many petty corps. General Blanco had also a warm dispute with El Seiior Martinez about the impropriety of forcing resources by break- ing open doors, &e., which conversation was continued and disputed warmly by the generals secretary, Don Juan Ramirez, and the auditor of war, Don Ramon Rosas. 77 460 MARCH TO UCHUMAYO. two nights at Victor, the last without any guard, and, on account of being distant from the advanced and rear divisions, exposed, and at the mercy of any enterprising person. However, the aids and their ser- vants mounted guard, and we passed the night un- molested. October 11th.—Part of the rear division arrived; at noon the flag of truce returned with an answer from the prefect of Arequipa; and the soldier that accompanied Colonel Espinosa, made his appearance on foot, having lost his horse, &c. In the evening we marched, ascended the cuesta, and traversed a sandy plain for about four leagues, and then began to ascend the mountainous range of the Caldera, where we fagged for four or five leagues among steep defiles and ascents, where a handful of determined soldiers might detain and perplex an army superior to ours. We travelled all this distance without an escort; but on arriving at Uchumayo, we found a detachment of infantry in charge of the bridge; thisis an important pass, where a strong position could be taken on either bank of the river, which during certain seasons is not fordable; it was here that General Salaverry kept General Santa Cruz at bay, and cut one of his best battalions in pieces, who attempted to force the pass, and Colonel Guillarte, who led them, was taken prisoner. We passed the night near the bridge, and next morning, 12th, the cavalry of the rear division arrived ; three in- dividuals from Arequipa came, and gave the general flattering accounts of its inhabitants, &ec., one of which was the son of Don N. N., who gave a lame account of his being captured with the correspondence, and how he obtained his liberty ; he also gave information respecting the enemy's position and force, which proved to be false. MARCH TO AREQUIPA. 461 In the evening we marched, and halted for a short time at Chayapampa, half a league distant from the city, where our advanced division was stationed in ‘a commanding position. About sunset we entered the city of Arequipa ; a few “vivas” were expended on our passing the bridge, and the public square, where the Peruvian flag was dis- played above the enemy’s. Whilst our advanced division was passing the Caldera, they were fired upon by the militia of Arequipa, who wounded several of our men, one of whom died shortly afterwards. On account of there being no house provided for our general, he took up his quarters with Don Felipe Pardo, at that of his friend, Don Miguel Parejas: some musicians came, to celebrate the arrival of the general; and on his being informed that there were several soldiers in disguise, he ordered me to go, and request a reinforcement to be sent into the city. October 13th.—The general having been informed that the lady of General Cerdena had abandoned her home, and taken refuge either in the house of a foreigner or a convent, sent me to ascertain where she was, with orders to visit her in his name, and deliver his respects to her, and request she would return to, and reside in her house; and that by so doing she would confer a favour on him, and be as safe as if her husband was in command of the city. I received good information that she was in the house of Mr. M‘Clacklin, where the English consul resided; and on informing them, both the owner of the house and the consul expressed their surprise at my visiting them on such an errand, saying they knew not where the lady was, but supposed she had gone to Moquegua to join the general; on which I re- quested, if they had an opportunity, to let her know the 70 462 OCCURRENCES AT AREQUIPA. purport of my visit, took my leave, and made my report to the general. Shortly afterwards, the English, French, and American consuls waited on the general; and on Monsieur Le Bris offering the house of General Cerdeia to General Blanco, I was sent with a person to see what accommodation it afforded : the house was one of the best in Arequipa, newly fitted up, and papered, but there was not a single article of furniture, all had been removed to houses of different friends of the general, to prevent their being destroyed, &c. On inquiring whether there were any articles of furniture to be had, I was conducted to the house of Don Juan Marco del Pont, where I was shown a few articles barely sufficient to fit up a bed-chamber. I requested a list, and on obtaining it, made my report to the general, who declined this courteous offer. General La Fuente was elected “ presidente-provisional” of the republic of Peru, by the Arequipefios; and Don Felipe Pardo was named “ ministro-general ;” General Castillo, prefect of the department; and sundry other appointments took place. Shortly after the new government was organized, measures were taken to facilitate horses and mules, to mount the remainder of the cavalry, as the corps of Peruvian cavalry had marched on foot from Quilca to Arequipa, and the generals escort also towards Islay and Tambo ; and as all the horse-shoes belonging to the cavalry, as well as the saddles, &ec. of the Peruvian corps, had been lost in the Carmen, orders were given to procure them, and other articles necessary for the cam- paign, with the greatest despatch; but as most of the artisans had emigrated, they could not be provided as soon as was desired. Every thing on our arrival in Arequipa seemed to favour us, for the first news we re- ceived was, that a revelution had broken out in Bolivia; Hea? OCCURRENCES AT AREQUIPA. 463 and the congress had declared the republic to be separated from the confederation, as General Santa Cruz was very unpopular ; and that Don Ventura Blanco, brother to General Blanco, was to be president ; also, that the Argentinos had defeated General Brawn, and were ad- vancing into Bolivia; that Cuzco, Puna, Lampa, and Chuquibamba were about to pronounce against General Santa Cruz; and that General Lopez was to unite the troops he had in Tacna to ours, or operate in our favour; also that General Cerdefia, the prefect, was unwell, and unfit to serve against us, &c. The “arrieros” having arrived from Quilca with two more guns, as they had been sent back to fetch them—and on account of not having the means to transport the whole of the brigade—the general gave orders for the two remaining guns to be kept at Quilca, until the mules that had been promised, or others could be procured, as the authorities of Arequipa, had, previous to our arrival taken particular care to collect and send away all the “arrieros” with their mules, to their own army. October 19th.—The general having sent Major Wood of the Engineers, and myself, to survey the country between Paucarpata and the city, we fixed upon the quintas of El Palomar, which is on the road from Arequipa to Tingo, for the right; the quinta of Don Pio Tristan and three others, on the road that leads to Socabaya for the centre; and the quintas of Porongoche and Miraflores, on the road from the city to Paucarpata, for the left. On the rear of these stations there was a road of considerable width, which crossed the front of the city, called Llolla Grande, where the troops might be formed, and be in readiness to march to any given point, for the Llolla not only crossed the roads that led from aa 72 464 OCCURRENCES AT AREQUIPA. the city to the southward, but it eons i the plain of Miraflores, and that of the Panteon; hi these stations were not the distance of more than a quai tes of a mile from each other. Whilst we were occupied in taking a plan of the country from the ie of a quinta near to Paucarpata, a party of aa ot the prefect had sent out from Arequipa, to guard the road, as an advanced party, deserted, and went pesto the enemy; we were lucky they did not take us w . them, to enhance their services. The general Approves 0 {he stations, and selected the quinta of Tristan for head- quarters, placing the cavalry in his rear, the Batallones Portales and Colchagua on his right, Valparaiso in front, and the Battalon Valdivia on his left. In the evening they left their position of Challapampa, and took up the new one. On the 21st Commandante Garcia, with a detachment of infantry and cavalry, marched in order to surprise the advanced division of the enemy ; but on falling in with some militia in Savandia, he attacked them, killed one or two, and sent in four prisoners, from which we learned that General Cerdefia was in Apoquina, in a good state of health; and that several of the sragglers who were missing had been carried to the enemy's head- quarters by their militia. The general despatched a courier to Quileca, and almost all the officers of the amy as well as myself, embraced the opportunity of wring by this conveyance, as the schooner Carmen was to hess the despatches to Chile. The provisional governmen published a gazette, the first numbers of which being full of favourable accounts, were sent to Chile. As chief aide-de-camp to the general, I kept a list of the personages that visited him, in order to find out Ri they resided, so as to be able to conduct the general Leia OCCURRENCES AT AREQUIPA. 465 when disposed to return the visits; to my astonish- ment, I found that only a few were persons of respecta- bility, and that nearly all the persons of the first class, clergy, &e., had emigrated previous to our arrival. The provisional government issued severe decrees against those who had emigrated, and “forced their tenants, under pain of imprisonment,” to advance their rents in order to meet the expenses of the army. On the 23rd the general was informed by the officer of the advanced party, that a flag of truce had arrived from the enemy; the general sent me out to receive the officer and conduct him to his presence; but before we started for the city, Commandante Olavarrieta, of the staff, came out to accompany us. Whilst passing the head- quarters the officer was blindfolded, and when near to the city the trumpeter and soldiers that accompanied him were detained until his return with an answer. On the 24th another flag of truce, Colonel Landasuri, arrived from General Herrera, president of the republic of S. Peru, requesting an interview, which the general answered, and gave orders to prepare the quinta of Tristan, head-quarters of our army, for his reception ; but on the general's arriving sooner than he was expected, General Aldunate accompanied him into the city, and General Blanco received him at his residence, and during his stay there was a cessation of hostilities ; he passed the night with the general; and next day, the 25th, on taking leave, he was grossly insulted by a group of Arequipafios which offended General Blanco so much, that he not only reprimanded those present, but sent an aide-de-camp immediately with a letter to General Herrera, in which he stated his dissatisfaction, &c., at the scandalous proceeding. On the 28th the 2H iE 41] 72 466 OCCURRENCES AT AREQUIPA. general received information that the enemy intended surprising our advanced posts, on which we marched at eleven p.m., and took up a position on the plain of Mira- flores, near to the Rancheria, remaining under arms all night, and next morning we found the information was totally unfounded. On the 30th Colonel Necochea marched with a detachment of cavalry and infantry, in order to attack the enemy’s advanced position ; and in Molevalle he took one lieutenant-colonel, one lieu- tenant of cavalry, and a subaltern of infantry, with twenty- four soldiers, prisoners. He pushed on to Poxi, three leagues further ; but the enemy, on his arrival there, had escaped, on account of having received information of his approach ; the lieutenant-colonel of cavalry was sent to Quilea with Captain Valdivieso of the Peruvian column, who allowed Lieutenant Villeno, of the cavalry, to escape; and the subaltern was liberated on “ parole of honour.” The soldiers, as well as several others who had deserted from the enemy, joined the Peruvian column, and by their accounts it was expected that many others would do the same, should an opportunity present itself. Our horses being mostly shod, and the general's escort having arrived with a few horses and mules from Tambo, he reviewed our army on the 2nd of November, near to the Panteon, about a league from Arequipa; the soldiers made a fine appearance, and mustered about 3,000 men. I could not avoid noting the indifference of the Arequi- panians ; for only about twenty individuals, three of whom I knew belonged to the city, were assembled to see this (if considered a liberating army), welcome and gallant sight. On the day following, the 3rd, information was given that General Santa Cruz was on his way to join General Cerdeiia, and that the latter had left Puquina for MARCH TO POXL 467 Poxi, to receive the protector. On the 4th the general gave orders for the cavalry to take possession of the roads to prevent intelligence being carried to the enemy of or movements, and ordered the army to be in readiness to march between nine and ten at night. He could only procure Arrioros and mules sufficient to carry two of the four field-pieces ; the rest he was obliged to leave in care of a corporal’s guard, at head-quarters, with the rest of the articles belonging to the staff, &c. The army accord- ingly marched at ten. At midnight the general marched also, and sent me forward to the quinta of Tristan, in order that his escort might be in readines to join him On his arrival I informed him that the army had — without their provisions, on account of not beine able to procure mules and arrieros to carry ten sacks of bread that had arrived just after their departure : nor could a paysano be found to drive a few head of cattle. The general ordered Captain Reyes, who commanded his escort, to remain with the greatest part of his soldiers, in order to conduct, in the best manner he could, the prial and animals. We overtook the advanced division at day- light on the 5th in Mollevalle, about four leagues distani from Arequipa. Here we could not procure provisions of any sort; and the curate of this place not only in- formed the general that the Argentinos had defeated the Bolivian General Brawn, but he also gave him intel- ligence that General Cerdefia had taken up a strong position near to Poxi. We marched, and ascended 2 Cuesta and defile for about two leagues; and when within one of Poxi, we observed the enemy's videttes on an eminence, who retired as we advanced; and shortly afterwards we met an Indian who informed us that the ’ -. enemy’s troops had left Poxi. The general gave orders mu 2 282 7e 468 MARCH TO POXL to halt, and, in company with General Aldunate and his aides, with a few cuirassiers set off towards Poxi, ordering Colonel Destua, who had command of a detachment of light infantry, to march after him. On entering Poxi the general was informed that the enemy had retired to the heights covering the road that led to Puquino; and that General Herrera commanded the division ; also, that General Santa Cruz was expected hourly to join General Cerdefia by another road, which proved that the news given the general in Arequipa was false, and which had induced him to undertake a march into such a wilderness as that in the neighbourhood of Pox. The generals consulted about encamping in Poxi; but on account of there being no forage in the vicinity, and the army being as it were entirely without provisions, I was sent with orders for it to countermarch, and return to Arequipa ;* also that the cavalry, under the command of Colonel Necochea, should halt where they were until further orders. On account of a few cavalry’ making their appearance, the general sent one of his aides, Captain Murillo, and another officer, who had charge of the cuirassiers, and on advancing exchanged a few shots ; but the enemy retired after having requested and obtained a parley, in which the officer in command stated, that he had orders not to molest us, &c., his name was Lieutenant Valdivia, a native of Arequipa. Previous to descending the Cuesta of Mollevalle, I met a person who had been sent by General La Fuente to make inquiries, and on my relating what had taken place, he retired; I had difficulty in procuring any one to prepare a breakfast, and found that no bread had been got ready for us, * General Aldunate undertook this march in a state of ill health. OCCURRENCES AT AREQUIPA. 469 so each soldier received from the provisions that had been. brought from Arequipa, on his return in the evening, but one small loaf of three ounces weight during a march to Poxi and back, of about fourteen Peruvian leagues. Two days afterwards, (7th,) we were putinto confusion by a person bringing information, that a division of about five hundred men had arrived at dusk in the neighbourhood of Tingo; I was sent about eleven p. m. with the informant, and another, to head- quarters, to inform General Aldunate of this report, who on questioning, sent an officer and a party to seonie: This person returned at sunrise, saying, that all was quiet in that quarter; on which I returned, and gave informa- tion to the general, and retired. I had not been in my quarters more than half an hour, when I was sent for, and informed that a person had arrived, who positively stated that the enemy were there, for he had seen them; on which the general was enraged at the seedhnltering parties not having done their duty, and gave orders for the army to march directly in that quarter.—(8th,) Accord- ingly we went, and after having advanced upon Tingo found we had been deceived, and that not a soldier hod been seen in the neighbourhood : this so irritated the ge- neral, that he gave orders to break up the line in front of the city, and directed the troops to enter, and be quartered In Arequipa, until the enemy should make their appear- ance, as it was impossible to gain any true intelligence of their movements ; whilst we, on the contrary, were sur- rounded by spies and enemies, who gave the earliest and truest information of our movements. The day after our return (10th) to Arequipa, a flag of truce arrived, and Colonel Irizarri was sent to Swvridia two leagues distant, in order to treat with General Herrera : 470 OCCURRENCES AT AREQUIPA. an armistice was proclaimed, and commissioners from each camp appointed to observe punctuality, &c.; but information arrived of a Colonel Gruesso having with a party of cavalry attacked Islay, and proceeded to the valley of Victor, and taken all the cattle that had been collected, besides some prisoners. This affair caused a suspension of the armistice; and on General Herrera retiring from Savandia, he wrote to General Blanco, stating, that he had received information from Arequipa that he was unsafe, and regretted the conference had been broken up by such a disagreeable circumstance, at the same time sending orders to Colonel Gruesso to return the cattle, and liberate the prisoners, which order was fully complied with. The general must have had spies near his person, for there were only five individuals pre- sent, when one of them proposed that the general should retaliate by taking General Herrera, and those whe accompanied him, prisoners; the general was highly offended at such a proposal, and ordered Colonel Lopero to march against Colonel Gruesso, and he also sent me with a letter to Colonel Irizarri: on my arrival at Savandia, about an hour after the conversation had taken place, I was surprised at hearing that General Herrera knew almost every word that had transpired. Colonel Irizarri returned in the evening, and the commissioners left Arequipa next day, accompanied by an officer, who came to inform the general that Colonel Gruesso had, according to the orders of General Herrera, given up the prisoners and cattle that he had taken. Captain Morillo also returned from the enemy’s head-quarters, and had left General Santa Cruz there with the Generals Cerdefa, O'Connor, Quiros, and Villagra, with all their force, which he calculated to amount to about four thousand men. OCCURRENCES AT AREQUIPA. 471 under pretty good discipline. General Blanco would not agree to the proposals presented to him by Colonel Irizarri; and finding it impossible to remove his army for want of resources, so as to force the enemy either to terms or blows, he proposed the singular mode of decid- ing the war by a partial combat, which was accepted. On the 12th, the general immediately assembled the chiefs of the army, to whom he read General Herrera’s accept- ance, authorized by General Santa Cruz, and his own answer, in which he named eight hundred men as com- batants, Thursday the 16th as the day, and the neighbour- hood of Socabaya the appointed place. I was sent by the general for the English, French, and American con- suls, whom he named as umpires, and they accepted the appointment ; the chiefs not only acquiesced in the gene- ral’s proposals, but we offered ourselves as candidates in this chivalrous mode of warfare. But we were soon disappointed by the receipt of another communication on the 13th, from General O'Connor, stating that Ge- neral Santa Cruz would not agree to the terms ; for those proposed were only fit to prove the physical strength of soldiers, and not the art of “estratige,” On the 14th, the general sent an officer with an answer to General O’Connor’s letter to Poxi, and shortly afterwards he received positive intelligence that General Santa Cruz had marched from Poxi towards Cangallo, on which he gave orders for the troops to be in readiness, in case of necessity ; and removed from the house of Don Miguel Parejas to the Estado Mayor, where General Aldunate resided, and paid five hundred dollars for the expenses of board and lodging of himself and those that acecom- panied him, which proved that our landlord did not suffer much by his guests. Next morning (15th) our enemy Te 472 OCCURRENCES AT AREQUIPA. was seen on the heights, near the base of the volcano, marching toward Paucarpata, where they took up a strong position ; there was a little skirmishing on the plain of Miraflores, between our advanced parties and those of the enemy. At noon a flag of truce arrived with an invitation from General Santa Cruz to General Blanco for an interview, which was accepted; and about the same time received information from Lieutenant-Colonel Espinosa, who was on his retreat from Chuquibamba, that General Vigil had arrived there, and was following him up. On account of plausible reports being given to the general about the inhabitants of Chuquibamba, which induced him to send a detachment to that district, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Espinosa, to receive supplies of men and animals, &e., the general learnt the true state of the feelings of the inhabitants; for they, in lieu of co-operating with us, or providing any resources, received our troops in an hostile manner, and forced them to retreat just as General Vigil was advancing, and nearly upon him, of which he had received no previous intel- ligence, nor had our general, until Lieutenant-Colonel Espinosa sent to inform him. On General Blanco leaving his quarters, in order to meet General Santa Cruz, he expressed himself to the effect, that he was awkwardly situated, having to treat when his rear was menaced ; he also sent me back with a letter of General Santa Cruz, which guaranteed his safety, to be deposited in the hands of General Aldunate. I overtook the general near Poron- goche, where General Herrera, with several other officers had met the general, in order to accompany him to their head-quarters. We entered the village of Paucarpata, and found it crowded with paysanos, mostly inhabitants of Arequipa and its neighbourhood, who followed us into a—-aa OCCURRENCES AT PAUCARPATA. 473 the “ patio” of the curate’s house, where General Santa Cruz had taken up his quarters. On General Santa Cruz making his appearance, in order to receive General Blanco, the paysanos began to cry out, “ Viva el Protector ;” but they were silenced, and ordered to leave the premises. General Blanco had taken off his cap, in order to return his thanks, in case a scene had taken place similar to the one in Arequipa ; but he was spared that mortification. The generals met, embraced, and retired into a private room, where they remained some time alone; I met several old acquaintances, and we passed the time agree- ably during their interview ; after which, a celebrated personage, El Padre Valdivia, made his appearance with another person, and he asked me several improper questions relative to the present state of affairs, which I silenced by analyzing this said friar’s publications, which so offended his reverence, that he ceased and retired. We dined with General Santa Cruz, and were served at dinner by his aides-de-camp. About 11 p. m. the general retired, accompanied by General Herrera, and some officers of the staff. On the 16th, after having held a council of war, General Blanco went out to meet Generals Herrera and Quiros, at the “ Quinta” of Tristan ; we arrived first, and shortly afterwards the generals, accom- panied by Colonel Irizarri, and the secretaries who were appointed to draw out the treaty. I was sent into Are- quipa with an aide-de-camp, who was despatched to fetch the uniforms of General Quiros, and, on arriving at his house, his lady informed the aide that the general’s trunks had been deposited with a friend in the neighbourhood; and on going there, we were told that they had been placed in a convent for better security; the aide-de-camp sent for the trunks, and it was highly amusing to see Te 474 TREATIES OF PEACE. the pleasure evinced by the inmates of the house on the aide’s arrival, and to hear how much the nuns expressed themselves interested in the welfare of General Santa Cruz; for only a few days had elapsed since I had, in company with Generals Blanco and Aldunate, and others, visited the same convent, and then the nuns assured us that all their prayers and wishes were in our favour, and that they had distributed their escapularios” amongst our soldiers, to preserve them from harm; however, as these ladies never meddle in politics, it is a proof of their subtleness. I returned to the Quinta with the aide, and met the general on my way; on dismounting, the aides of General Herrera embraced me, and informed me that we were no more enemies, and that Generals Santa Cruz and Blanco had come to terms. I took my leave of the generals and the rest, and returned to Arequipa, and went direct to the house of Mr. Maclaclin, where the lady of General Cerdeiia had resided, with a message that the general had requested me to deliver; but she had retired to rest, Mr. Maclaclin, therefore, received the! message, and was glad to learn such favourable intelligence. November 17th.—Something occurred during the early part of the day that nearly put a stop to the negociations, but in the evening they were concluded and confirmed; and the moment it was made known, the bells of Arequipa, and other demonstrations of its inhabitants, showed in a positive manner to whose interests they were attached. As soon as Generals La Fuente and Castilla knew the results of the treaties, they left the city on the 18th; numbers of the citizens that had emigrated returned to their families; many of whom had not shaved their beards since they left. I conversed with several, and, on speaking about the affair of the day, I was confidently informed that they did not TREATIES OF PEACE. 475 like General Santa Cruz personally; but that he had, since he had been protector, kept Peru free from internal dis- turbances ; and, also, that their persons and property were more safe and respected, during his administration, than during those of his predecessors. On this account they would support him against the pretensions of the various candidates that had appeared; at the same time, stated reasons, which, if true, were sufficient to justify their conduct. On the 19th, General Santa Cruz reviewed his army, which consisted of seven battalions of infantry, two regi- ments of cavalry, and one brigade of artillery, about five thousand in all, on the plain of Miraflores: afterwards he entered the city of Arequipa, more like a conqueror returning amongst subjects that adored him, than the per- son he had been represented to us prior to our entry. My pen is inadequate to describe the particulars of this triumph, and the emulation evinced by the citizens in general to show their partiality towards him. In fact, the veil was withdrawn from my eyes, and many others expressed themselves undeceived with respect to the patriotism of the Arequipaiios. General Blanco dined with Generals Santa Cruz, Herrera, and Cerdena, at the house of the latter, which had been fitted up for their reception in an elegant manner; there were several officers of rank at dinner; and what is most remarkable, only one Chileno (General Herrera, president of the republic, “ S. Peruano,”) sat at table. For General Blanco, and Commandante Roxas of the battalion Valdivia, and myself, who accompanied them, were, although in the Chilian service, reputed to be ¢ estrangeros.” Previous to the treaties, the general assembled the staff-officers and commandantes of battalions, &c., and laid before them the 476 ACTA CELEBRATED IN AREQUIPA. exact situation in which they were placed; in fact, they had little to learn;* for, on account of the scarcity of resources, and the malice of the Arequipafios, who had used every art to entice our soldiers to desert, which had obliged the general to make a severe example, by order- ing the execution of one who had been caught; also to steal our horses, even during the period of armistice, together with many other circumstances, tending to mani- fest how critically we were situated; they unanimously agreed in considering it the most honourable way of extri- cating themselves from the labyrinth, in which so many untoward circumstances had placed them ; notwithstanding, all would have preferred, had there been the least shadow of possibility, to have decided the contest by a battle. A Cory OF THE “ ACTA” CELEBRATED IN AREQUIPA. «The chiefs of the army, cited by order of El S'or Jenl. en Jefe, to meet at his quarters this day, in order to hear him explain to them, and lay before them, the situation in which the army is placed, as well as that of the enemy, in order that he may hear the opinions of the chiefs, so that he may also be enabled to adopt the measures he may think convenient to further the interests of Chile. « Su Sefioria stated, that up to the moment in which the enemy had arrived within a league of the city, with a force about double that of the Chilian army, it had not been in his power to impede the re-union of the corps of General * We had begun to feel a scarcity of funds, that were to be provided by the provisional government, although our army had received one month’s pay in two instalments since we arrived in Arequipa, from our military chest of * comisaria;” I have been credibly informed that the subaltern officers and soldiers of the Peruvian column had only received what was allowed since 21st of October, viz. two reals per officer, and one real per soldier, daily. j~ ACTA CELEBRATED IN AREQUIPA. 477 Santa Cruz, which have been brought from the north and south of the confederation; and that this was owing to the scantiness of the resources provided by the provisional government, which had been created on his arrival in this city; and that this government has not only placed the Chilian army in the impossibility of making any move- ments, but they have left the army many days without rations; and when they were supplied, it was seldom at a proper time: also, if these resources were of little con- sideration up to that period, it is now plainly to be seen, that they were entirely consumed; for during these last four days, nothing has been provided for us to ration the corps of the army, and maintain the hospital. “ That all the hopes that were held out for the co- operation of the inhabitants of Peru and Bolivia, ought to be considered as lost ; for it is plain to be seen, that the inhabitants, instead of receiving the Chilian army as their supporters, have risen “ en masse;” and we have the ex- ample of those of Chuquibamba, who have acted against the division of Lieutenant-Colonel Espinosa. Here, in Arequipa, we have not had a single recruit. It is to be seen that, in this manner, the Chilian army, in place of augmenting its force in proportion as the circumstances require, is not at all able to replace the vacancies it has suffered, and which now exceed two hundred men. “ That the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata have not co-operated as was expected; nor have they enter- tained the Bolivian division which General Brawn was enabled, after the action of Humaguaca, to send to our enemy’s camp. We have now in sight, the greatest part of the troops, that ought to have been occupied on the Bolivian frontier, by the Argentinos. “That in the situation our army is placed, we have no 5 wpe SARI Se Sete Te SR 72 478 ACTA CELEBRATED IN AREQUIPA. other alternative, « partido,” than to retire towards Uchu- mayo, with the hopes that the enemy, who, confident in their superiority of numbers, may follow us, and then we might give them battle in the plain, trusting to the valour and enthusiasm of our troops, and the superiority of our cavalry; but it is to be feared, that should we be permitted to execute our retreat to Quilea, it would be attended with difficulties, and a scarcity of provisions, on account of a division of the enemy occupying our rear; and if even the re-embarkation of our infantry should be effected without any loss, our cavalry, with the horses only, would have to go by land; and after a march of fifteen or twenty days, it may be supposed they would arrive in a very bad state, and that we should be obliged to regulate our navigation according to their rate of marching ; and as for what we have seen in this city, we ought to draw the same consequences, that we shall find on the coast where we should touch at, the same difficulties as in Islay and Quilca, without being able to commence our operations against Lima, on account of the superior forces that protect that city. « All the accounts that have hitherto been given us, respecting the forces of the protector have been false, as well as the hopes that had been held out to us, of the co- operation of the inhabitants, supply of resources, aug- mentation of the army, &ec. « Believing the enterprise that we have undertaken to be superior to our exertions, it appears that there remains no other alternative, than that of making an honourable and advantageous peace, or fight against double our forces, in the confidence, that if we were not conquered, the honour of the Chilian armies will remain unsullied. TREATIES OF PAUCARPATA. 479 “That the sacred interests of Chile, deposited in the ATHY, counsels us to act in this manner, bearine also in consideration many other causes that are too plotily seen by Los SS. chiefs ; and what makes us see how painful it would be for Chile, and the army, the result of their sacrifices and bloodshed, even should fortune crown us with a triumph. Los SS. chiefs having found the judg- ment that Su Sefioria, the general-in-chief had formed the situation in which the Chilian army is placed, is exact ; and all make the most solemn protest, to salfice themselves in the service of the republic, although the should have to do it without the least hope of Fain the triumph, only with the object of maintaining tn honour of the Chilian arms. But they know that the interest of the republic, its honour, its tranquillity, in- terests, and glory, will almays remain secure, when aude such critical circumstances as those in which the oh is now placed, an honourable peace may be obtained in front of a powerful enemy. (Signed) ae ~ MANUEL BLANCO ENCALADA. MANUEL GARCIA. JOSE SANTIAGO ALDUNATE. JUAN VIDAURRE EL LEAL. ANTONIO JOSE DE IRIZARRI. MARIANO ROJAS EUGENIO NECOCHEA. LORENZO LUNA. Arequipa, 16th November, 1837. JOSE YNOJOSA. CARLOS OLAVARRIETA.” TREATIES OF PAUCARPATA. “ En el Nombre de Dios, &e. &e. “Art. Ist. Perpetual peace and friendship will be established between the confederation of Peru, Bolivia wd the republic of Chile; each government will tts their respective eomplaints in oblivion, and in future a ee AR —— Se Te SAA aE 480 TREATIES OF PAUCARPATA. abstain from all « reclamaciones” respecting what may have occurred in the course of the misunderstandings that have occasioned the war. «9nd. The government of the confederation repeats the solemn declaration so often made, that they have never authorized any offensive act against the indepen- dence and tranquillity of the republic of Chile, and in its turn, that government must declare that it never intended to seize the vessels of the confederation, and make prizes of them, but only to keep them in deposit, in order that they may be restored, as they offer to do, according to the stipulations of this treaty. « 3rd. The Chilian government compromises itself to restore the following vessels to that of the confederation. The bark Santa Cruz, brig Arequipefio, and schooner Peruviana; these vessels will be given up to a commis- sioner of the protectoral government, eight days after the treaties are signed. « 4th. Six days after the treaty is ratified by S. E. the protector, the Chilian army will retire to the port of Quilca, where its transports are, to embark for Chile; and the Chilian government will forward the ratification of the treaties to the port of Arica, within fifty days from this date. « 5th. The governments of the confederation and of Chile, compromise themselves to celebrate special treaties relative to their mutual mercantile interests, which will be reciprocally considered from the date on which this treaty is ratified by Chile, as those of the most favoured nation. « 6th. The protectorate government offers to celebrate gentine provinces, as SOON of Chile must bind itself to inter- a treaty of peace with the Ar as they wish, and that TREATIES OF PAUCARPATA. 4381 pose its best endeavours, in order that the said object may be gained upon the basis on which the two a ments agree to. 4 7th. The two contracting parties will adopt as th basis of their mutual relations, the principle of not inte . meddling in their domestic affairs; and they consent : : bind themselves, that no plans of conspiration aor § ataques,” against the existing government ond the Insiitptions of each other, shall be Awol in their respective territories. “8th. Both contracting parties oblige themselves ngver to take up arms one against the other, without having understood, or given all the explanations that ay be sufficient as a reciprocal satisfaction, and without having previously used all possible means of conciliation or agreement, and without having explained these wines to the government who is guarantee. “9th. The protectoral government acknowledge in tavour of the republic of Chile, the million and half of dollars, or such a sum as has been delivered to the minister plenipotentiary of Peru, Don Jose Larrea y Loredo, from what was received from the loan that had bien con tracted in London, by the Chilian government, and no entered into obligations to satisfy it, in the ee Yorn and periods in which the republic of Chile pay ve referred capital of the loan. AP i 10th. The interests that have accumulated on this capital, and owing to the bondholders, will be paid b the government of the confederation, in the terms oy convenient periods, in order that the Chilian wich: may pay the bondholders, with the solid interest, o - tunely. fis “11th. The corresponding part of the interest of the 21 ~~ 482 TREATIES OF PAUCARPATA. capital mentioned in the 9th article, that has been already paid by the Chilian government to the bondholders, or the dividends that have been paid up to this date, and that ought to have been paid by the Peruvian govern- ment, according to the agreement made between the minister-plenipotentiaries of the republic of Chile and Peru, will be paid by the government of the confedera- tion, in three instalments. The first instalment, six months from the ratification of these treaties, by the Chilian government ; the second, six months afterwards; and the third, at the same period. «12th. The government of the confederation offers to take no notice of the political conduct of any in- dividuals of the territory that has been occupied by the Chilian army; and considers the Peruvians that have accompanied that army, as if they had not come with it. « 13th. The fulfilment of this treaty will be placed under the guarantee of his Britannic Majesty, whose aquiescence will be solicited by both contracting govern- ments. « In faith of which, this treaty is signed in the town of Paucarpata, on the 16th of November, 1837, and refrended by the secretaries of the legations,—Manuel Blanco Encalada, Ramon Herrera, Anselmo Quiros, Antonio Jose Irizarri, Doctor Juan Gualverto Valdivia, S.L.P.B, Juan Henrique Ramirez, S.L.C. « Andres Santa Cruz, Gran Ciudadano Restaurador, Capitan-General y President de Bolivia, Supremo Pro- tector de la Confederacion Peru, Boliviano, &e. &e. « Having found this treaty agreeable to the instruc- tions given by me to the plenipotentiaries named for that purpose, I solemnly ratify it in all its parts, and charge TREATIES OF PAUCARPATA. 483 my secretary-general to see it observed, printed, and pub- lished. Given in the head -quarters of Pauecs the 16th of November, 1837. Heorpate, fon “ ANDRES Santa CRUZ, 11 ManvEL DE LA Cruz MENDEZ, “ Secretary- General.” CHAP. XV. DESCRIPTION OF THE CITY OF AREQUIPA—EXPEDITION LEAVES PERU—SCANDALOUS CONDUCT OF THE *‘ PORTEXNOS DE VALPARAISO” — TREATIES ANNULLED—GENERAL BLANCO ARRESTED—WAR CONTINUED WITH THE CONFEDERATION—SCURRILOUS PUB- LICATIONS—VEXATIOUS CONDUCT OF GOVERNMENT—STRANGE ORDER—ANECDOTE— THE HONOURABLE COLONEL WALPOLE’S LETTER—MY MEMORIAL—DISMISSED FROM THE CHILIAN SERVICE AND CASHIERED—MY ANSWER AND MEMORIAL—REIN- STATEMENT. Nor only the citizens of Arequipa, but even our greatest enemies, expressed their satisfaction at the conduct of our army since they had disembarked at Quilca ; not a single complaint having been preferred against any individual ; so the Chilian army will long be remembered for mode- ration and discipline, during its short campaign in the department of Arequipa. The troops began to retire from head-quarters on the 20th at daybreak, and on the 21st all had made their exit, except General Blanco, and a few of the staff. Colonel Irizarri and two officers remained in Arequipa in charge of the sick, and to await the ratification of the treaties of Paucarpata. General Blanco accompanied Generals Santa Cruz, Cerdefia, Herrera, and others, to a ball that was given by the citizens of Arequipa, to cele- brate peace; it was well attended, and the company did not retire until daybreak. I shall now give a brief de- scription of the city of Arequipa. It isin lat. 16°18. 0.5. and is delightfully situated on the banks of the river Chile, almost at the base of the volcano: Arequipa is said to be the second city in Peru, and its population is estimated to be about 35,000; the plains of Arequipa, DESCRIPTION OF AREQUIPA. 485 Savandia, Characata, and Mollevalle, where water can be procured to irrigate them, are very fertile, for not a topo” (Peruvian acre,) that is susceptible of cultivation is neglected. Nearly all kinds of tropical and —_—— fruits are produced in this department ; and its wheat is esteemed superior to any in America; the bread of Are- quipa can be transported in a good state to any part of Peru, and keeps for months without becoming mouldy In the process of agriculture a deal of « ain? oy ment of sea-fowl brought from islands near the coast of Peru) is used ; it fetches a good price. The roads are very narrow, except upon barren land ; I saw no wheeled carriages, but those that are used to conduct the sacra- ment to sick persons. In the neighbourhood of Arequipa it rains at stated periods; but at the distance of about twenty-five leagues from the coast it never rains; but still from the appearance of the gullies, and hill-sides there must have been rain formerly ; and what is A only an arid and sandy desert, may have been a more inviting spot. The climate of Arequipa is temperate during the day, but at night I have felt it excessively cold and at times there are sulphuric exhalations that acention a shortness of breathing, which the natives call (sorroche.) The waters are also sure to purge new-comers. The volcano of Arequipa resembles Mount Etna more than an y I have seen, but is not so high ; it seldom emits smoke ; and the surrounding country has the appearance of Sicily. The public edifices and bridge are of stone, and well built; all the buildings are vaulted, and have flat roofs on some of which are “ miradores,” from which a pldstin view of the surrounding country may be seen. The market of Arequipa was pretty well supplied with flesh-meat and vegetables; and ices and other refreshments are cheap, 486 MARCH, AND VOYAGE TO CHILE. and of a good quality; there are many beautiful villas in the neighbourhood of the city. The inhabitants were very kind and hospitable, and had much of the Chilian character, especially the ladies; they have a taste for music, and in almost every house I saw the piano, harp, or guitar, and their principal apartments were well furnished, and some splendidly decorated. The foreigners spoke highly of the character of the females; and their strongest testimony is that of several having married natives, and with whom they seemed to be happy and comfortable. A good trade is carried on with the interior and Upper Peru. There are English, French, and North American consuls in Arequipa, whe have their establishments in Islay. The produce 1s brought to the city on mules or llamas; the last is a sin- gular beast of burden, and in my opinion none but a Peruvian Indian would have patience to drive or accom- pany them. : On the 21st of November, about two p. Mm. General Santa Cruz and his staff, who had accompanied General Blanco a short distance from the city, took leave; we halted for the night at Uchumayo, and carly next morn- ing crossed the Cuesta de la Caldera. Halted and dined at Victor, where we were hospitably entertained by an officer that had been commissioned by General Santa Cruz to provide for us. At nine at night, we halted at Siguas, where Lieutenant-Colonel Rivero was stationed, with a detachment of Peruvian troops; he treated us hospitably, and next evening we embarked at Quilea. All the horses belonging to the army had been sold to General Santa Cruz, who sent persons to receive them; and the officers got fair prices for theirs, for many Peruvians had followed them to make purchases. On | TREATIES OF PAUCARPATA ANNULLED. 487 the 24th of November, the vessels of war and transports sailed for Valparaiso, after having received orders to make the best of their way there. 1 embarked with four officers on board of the brig Geumul, Captain Langmaid, and after a pleasant passage, we arrived in Valparaiso on the 15th of December. A portion of the inhabitants, mostly « employées,” took upon themselves the task of being arbiters of the public opinion, and hailed our return in a most harsh and uncouth manner. I had the mortification of being told by various individuals, that had General Blanco disembarked at the mole, he would have been received with execrations, and that many had collected missiles to have pelted him with: next day, the militia paraded the streets, and their officers gave in a memorial to the governor, in which they manifested their disapproval of the treaties of Paucarpata ; and in case government would annul them, and continue the war, they offered to serve without pay or rations. Lieut.-Colonel Don Victorino Garrida was the governor of Valparaiso, and he seemed to take a decided interest in the affair. I could be more circumstantial, but I will only add, that although there had been a manifestation in the capital in favour of peace, with some modification of the treaties, they were, through the interest that had been displayed in Valparaiso, an- nulled. EL PresipenTE pE LA RepuBLica pe CHILE. “ Santiago, December 18, 1837. “ Considering,— “ Ist. That the treaty celebrated at Paucarpata, on the 17th of November last, between the general-in-chief of the Chilian army, Don Manuel Blanco Enealada. and 488 TREATIES OF PAUCARPATA ANNULLED. Don Antonio Jose Irizarri, plenipotentiaries of the Chilian government, and Generals Don Ramon Herrera, and Don Anselmo Quiros, plenipotentiaries of General Don Andres Santa Crux, has not satisfied the just demands of the Chilian nation, obtained a reparation for grievances, nor, what is of more importance, relieved the adjacent countries to Peru and Bolivia from the danger in which their independence and security are menaced with. « 2nd. That although some of the articles are favour- able to Chile, still there are clauses that are doubtful, and a want of explanation that renders the whole of the stipulations inutile, as they will only give place to tedious and useless altercations that may renew the war. «3rd. That the plenipotentiaries of the Chilian govern- ment have exceeded the limits of their instructions, which they explained to General Santa Cruz previous to the negotiation, thereby confiding in the honour and loyalty with which the Chilian government gave them that special charge (especial prevencion). “] declare,— « That the Chilian government disapproves the said treaty ; and that hostilities will commence against the government of General Santa Cruz, and those who sus- tain it, as soon as notice has been given of this deter- mination. « This government, who ardently desires peace, and is disposed to renew the negotiations by treaty, will omit no sacrifice to obtain one that may be compatible to its independence and national honour: satisfied that such a peace is the only one that the Chilians could desire, and which the justice of their cause, constancy, the efficacious co-operations of their allies, and the resources that the favour of a Divine Providence has placed at TREATIES OF PAUCARPATA ANNULLED. 489 the disposition of government, gives them a right to expect. ® “ PRIETO, “ Joaquin TocornaL.” * In order that the authenticity of these documents may be preserved, I present a Spanish copy of each of them, from the ministerial gazette, El Araucano, No. 382, of December 22nd, 1837 :— CHILE. —MINISTERIO DE LA GUERRA. El Jeneral Don Manuel Blanco Encalada y Don José de Irizarri, como Plenipotenciarios del Gobierno Chileno. acordaron con el Jeneral Santa Cruz el tratado siguiente. En el nombre de Dios todopoderoso autor y lejislador de las sociedades humanas. Deseando los Gobiernos de la Confederacion Pera-Boliviana y de la Republica de Chile restablecer la paz y buena armonia, que desgraciada- menta se hallaban alteradas, y estrechar sus relaciones de la manera mas franca, Justa y mutuamente ventajosa, han tenido a bieu nombrar para este objeto por Ministros Plenipotenciarios, por parte de S. E.el Supremo Protector de la Confederacion, a los Ilustiisimos Sefiores Jenerales de Division Don Ramon Herrera y Don Anselmo Quiros, y por parte de S. E. el Presidente de la Republica de Chile al Exmo. Sr. Jeneral en Jefe del ejéreito de Chile Don Manuel Blanco Encalada y al Sr. Coronel Don Antonio José de Irizarri; los cuales despues de haber canjeado sus respec- tivos plenos poderes y haberlos encontrado en buena y debida forma, han convenido en los articulos siguientes, 1°. Habra paz perpetua y amistad entre la Confederacion Peru-Boliviana y la Republica de Chile, comprometiéndose sus respectivos gobiernos a sepultar en olvido sus quejas respectivos, y abstenerse eu lo sucesivo de toda reclamacion sobre lo ocurrido en el curso de las desavenencias que han mortivado la guerra actual. 2°. El Gobierno de la Confederacion reitera la declaracion solemne que tantas veces ha hecho de no haber jamas autorizado ningun acto ofensivo a la independencia y tranquilidad de la Repfiblica de Chile, y a su vez el Gobierno de esta declara que nunca fué su intencion al apoderarse de los buques de la confederacion apropiarselos en calidad de presa, sino man- tenerlos en depdésito para restituirlos como se ofrece a hacerlo en los términGs que en este tratado se estipula. 3°. El Gobierno de Chile se compromete a devolver al de la Confedera- cion los buques siguientes, la barca “ Santa Cruz,” el bergantin, “ Arequipefio™ y la goleta “ Peruviana.” Estos buques seran entregados a los ocho dias de firmado el tratado por ambas partes a disposicion de un comisionado del Gobierno Protectoral. 4°, A los seis dias despues de ratificado esta tratado por S. E. el Protector el ejército de Chile se retirara al puerto de Quilca, donde estan sus transportes, 490 TREATIES OF PAUCARPATA ANNULLED. General Blanco published an “exposition,” in which he gave an account of his conduct, &c. during the campaign, para verificar su embarque y regreso a su pais. El Gobierno de Chile enviara su ratificacion al puerto de Arica dentro de cincuenta dias contados desde esta fecha. 50. Los Gobiernos de la confederacion y de Chile se comprometen a celebrar tratados especiales relativos a sus mituuos intereses mercantiles, los cuales serén reciprocamente considerados desde la fecha de la ratifica- cion de este tratado por el Gobierno de Chile, como los de la nacion mas favorecida. 6°. El Gobierno Protectoral se ofrece a hacer un tratado de paz con el de las Provincias Arjentinas, tan luego como este lo quiera, y el de Chile queda comprometido a interponer sus buenos oficios para conseguir dicho objeto sobre las bases en que los dos Gobiernos convengan. 7°. Las dos partes contratantes adoptan como base de sus mutuas rela- eiones el principio de la no intervencion en sus asuntos domésticos, y se comprometen a no consentir que en sus respectivos territorios se fragien planes de conspiracion ni ataque contra el Gobierno existente, y las institu- ciones del otro. 8°. Las dos partes contratantes se obligan a no tomar jamas las armas la una contra la otra, sin haberse entendido y dado todas las explicaciones que basten a satisfacerse reciprocamente, y haber agotado antes todos los medios posibles de conciliacion y avenimiento, y sin haber expuesto estos motivos al Gobierno garante. 9°. El Gobierno Protectoral reconoce en favor de la Republica de Chile el millon y medio de pesos, o la cantidad que resulte haberse entregado al Ministro Plenipotenciario del Pera Don José Larrea y Loredo, procedente del empréstito contraido en Londres por el Gobierno Chileno, y se obliga a satisfacerla en los mismos terminos y plazos en que la Republica de Chile satisfaga el referido capital del empréstito. 10°. Los intereses devengados por este capital y debidos a los presta- mistas, se ratificardn por el Gobierno de la Gonfederacion en los términos y plazos convenientes para que el Gobierno de Chile pueda satisfacer oportunamente con dichos intereses a los prestamistas.. 11°. La parte correspondiente a los intereses del capital mencionado en el articulo 9° ya satisfechos por el Gobierno de Chile a los prestamistas en los dividendos pagados hasta la fecha, y que ha debido satisfacer el Gobierno del Peri, segun la estipulacion hecha entre los Ministros Plenipotenciarios de las Republicas de Chile y el Peri, se pagara por el Gobierno de la Con- federacion en tres plazos; el primero, de la tercera parte, a seis meses contados desde la ratificacion de este tratado por el Gobierno de Chile: el segundo a los seis meses siguientes ; y el tercero despues de igual plazo. 12°. El Gobierno de la Confederacion ofrece no hacer cargo alguno por wlvlvlolo] D. D. Manuel Rodriguez Tonce . D. Camilo Torices So ad The Count de Casa Valencia D. Pedro Felipe Valencia (colonel) D. D. José Maria Davila D. Salvador Rizo D. Pablo Morillo D. Francisco Cabal D. Francisco de Paula Aguilar D. Vicente Monzalve D. D. Francisco de Ulloa D. D. Miguel Montalvo D. D. Francisco Caldas D. Miguel Buch D. D. José Maria Chacon Six Soldiers . D. Francisco Morales Two Soldiers . D. Nicolas Nueva Ventura KIND OF PUNISHMENT. 535 " through the back. / Shot, and placed on a gibbet. Shot through the back. _— Shot, placed on a gibbet, their heads } cut off, and placed in a cage at the entrance of the { city. \ Shot through the back. EXECUTIONS. KIND OF PUNISHMENT. {i after being BE 1 DATES. NAMES. D. Miguel Gomez Plata, aged 80 tortured three times.* Decem. D. Antonio Campuzano D. N. Ponce Ditto. A distinguished individual of Ambalema ZIPAQUIRA. f Shot, gibbeted, and his head L cut off. Aug. 8. D. Augustin Zapata D. Juan Figueroa D. Francisco Zarate D. José Gomez Shot. D. Luis Sanchez D. José Riano Cortez FAcArATIVA. Aug. 81. D. Mariano Grillo : D. Joaquin Grillo $ Ditto. Mgzsa pE Juan Dias. . Francisco Olaya : . Andres Quijano § pitto. Oct. 7. oo ViLrLA DE LEYBA. Oct. 27. D. Manuel José Sanchez . Juan Bautista Gomez Shot. . Joaquin Vinana oo TunJa. . Santiago Abdon Herrera . Antonio Palacio . Alberto Montero Ditto. . Ignacio Palaza . Manuel Otero Sep. 20. oogooo NEIBA. . D. Luis Garcia : . José Dias > Ditto. . Benito Salas 26. ooo # This individual came to London in 1814, with Colonel Duran, com- missioned by the province of Socorro to purchase muskets, and, on his return, he fell into the hands of the Spaniards, and was tortured, for the purpose of forcing him to declare whether tae English government, or any house in London, sold him the arms which he brought with him from Europe ; but nothing could be extracted from him. EXECUTIONS. 637 DATES. NAMES. KIND OF PUNISHMENT. D. Fernando Salas D. Francisco Lopez Shot through the D. José Maria Lopez back. D . Miguel Tello Porayan. July 8. Augustin Rosas ) José Espaia . Rafael Lataza Carlos Montufar (lieutenant-colonel) D. Miguel Angulo Emerigildo Troyano D. José Antonio Ardila Pedro Monzalve José Monzalve erjeant Basquez . José Acuia José Maria Cabal José Maria Quijano . Mariano Matute . José Maria Guiterrez ) . José Maria Ramirez . D. Manuel Vallecilla . José Pino and D. José Navia . D. Frutos Guiterrez he officers Salias, Vaez, Olmedilla, and two more. D. Leon Armero . D. Juan Nepomuceno Niifio . D. Cayetano Vasquez . Pedro Manuel Montano . José Buitrago . D. Francisco Antonio Caicedo 10. Aug. opoPEErPY mn Ditto. Hoo oooooDy Togo Dec. 12. Joaquin Villacella José Maria Perlaza ooovo “ Another report says, ¢ General Morillo entered Santa Fe de Bogota in the month of June, 1816, and remained there till November following. More than six hundred persons, of those who had been in the congress and pro- vincial governments, as well as the chiefs of the inde- pendent army, were shot, hanged, or exiled, and the prisons remained full of others who were yet waiting their fate. Amongst those executed were the botanists Don J. Caldas and D. Juan Lozano, (who had been ordered by the congress of New Grenada to publish the works of Dr. Mutis;) D. M. Cabal, an eminent chymist; D.C 538 EXECUTIONS. Torres, highly distinguished for his learning; D. J. G. Guiterrez Moreno, and Don M. R. Torices, both well known for their early devotion to the cause of their coun- try; Don Antonio Palacio-Fajar; D. J. M. Guiterrez; D. Miguel Pombo; D. F. A. Ulloa; and many other learned and estimable characters. The wives of persons executed or exiled by Morillo were themselves exiled.’ The names mentioned in this account are not included in the preceding official list. The active agent of Ferdinand, General Morillo, in a letter to his master, published in the ¢ Diario Mercantil’ of Cadiz, 6th of January, 1817, observes, that his work is to be done in precisely the same manner as the primitive conquest was established ;’ and boastingly assures his majesty, ¢ that he has not left alive, in the kingdom of New Grenada, a single individual of sufficient influence or talent to conduct the revolution.’ On his return to Spain, Morillo was received into special favour, and created Count of Carthagena. “ It was not until above one million of Spanish Ame- ricans had been victims; until almost every Spaniard, whom, with a blind generosity, they had retained in situations of trust, had deceived and betrayed them ; until they found no hope left, from either prince or people, that the film fell from the eyes of the natives. They at length discovered that the phantom which they had hitherto worshipped was unable to protect, and unwilling to serve them, and that they had been, under the king’s name, the victims of treachery, avarice, and cruelty. “ Upon this discovery, the spirit of enlightened pa- triotism walked abroad. Their duties to their children, and to the land of their nativity, became at once apparent. The kingdoms of a vast continent immediately, and almost simultaneously, declared their independence ; and, in the ESPANOLES. 239 assertion of their rights, placed their whole reliance upon the justice of their cause, and the goodness of their swords.” * ESPANOLES. Cory oF A Lerrer pusLisHeD IN “ Er Dia YeL GoLpe” oF Marcu 30, 1838.—No. 23. “ Valparaiso, March 25, 1838. “To-day, a Spanish bark, called Santa Susana, has anchored in the port ; it is said, she is short of water and provisions, and is on her voyage to Mexico. “ The Spanish flag is flying in our bay, and amidst the Chilian squadron. What a contrast ! “It is now two p.M., and no one has ordered the detestable flag of our enemy to be hauled down. “The sight of it causes the greatest indignation, for it calls to our memory all those atrocities which the monsters who followed that flag so pitifully committed on the Ame- ricans. “It is impossible for me to remain indifferent to the impulse of my heart: I am a Chilian, and love my coun- try dearly. Nothing gives me more rage, than to observe the impudence of our former oppressors. I cannot explain the uneasiness I have experienced, when I have considered the want of respect that these ‘ malvados’ show to our institutions.—The Susana has entered without any other flag, than that of Spain. ¢ Is not this like a dream?’ And without having acknowledged our independence, we are shamefully insulted !” AN ARTICLE FROM THE SAME PAPER. “The editors of the Mercury, of Valparaiso, assure us, in their number 2787, ¢ That the inhabitants of that * Miller's Memoirs. 540 ESPANOLES. city have experienced the sweetest sympathy, at seeing the Spanish flag flying again, after a twenty years’ war; and that only a very few have manifested their displeasure caused by the appearance of the Spanish vessel, Santa Susana. ¢“ But that such scruples only arise from their ignorance of the motives that have embarrassed the Spanish cabinet from issuing the royal decree of the acknowledgment of our independence.” “ It is only the editors of the ¢ Mercurio,” whose politics are so well known, that could proffer such blasphemies. Until when shall we suffer, the enemies of our liberty, of our tranquillity and ease, to abuse our tolerance ? “The author of the article that occupies our attention is a Spaniard. Look out, fellow-countrymen!!!—After having used seduction and deceit, the ¢ Mercurio’ de- scends, or if not, his mentor, to employ menaces: up to this point has arrived the insolence of our enemies. ‘We only await, he says, ‘until the difficult and unhappy political circumstances that afflict Spain, shall be ended, that its ¢ relations,” with these countries will be re-estab- lished, and regulated on the basis of a perpetual peace, and sincere reconciliation.’ “Can any true American read this daring announce- ment without indignation? Are the bayonets those that are going to make the acknowledgment that it is to be hoped, on the Peninsular war’s ending there. But what acknowledgment? Reconciliation, it is said. And is this what is prescribed to us, by those who have the arms in their hands ?” AN EXTRACT FROM THE SAME PAPER. “ Although the Spanish vessel, which has so justly excited the public notice, arrived in Valparaiso on the ESPANOLES. 541 26th of last month, the Araucano (ministerial paper) that was published four days afterwards, has not said a word relative to this singular occurrence of our history. It is reserved for a future day; for all that may be wished for cannot be obtained: ‘no todo lo que se quiere se ’”» puede. “ Valdiviano Federal.”— El Doctor Don Miguel Infante.— Editor. EL Dia vy EL Govrrg, ArriL 1, 1838.—No. 34. “ SE CORRE, “That the supreme government, in accordance with the council of state, (having been consulted by the go- vernor of Valparaiso, on account of the audacious and unexpected arrival of the Spanish bark, Santa Susana,) have decreed on the 27th of March, all the ports of the republic free to vessels of Spain, as a friendly nation!!’” “ Imprenta de Colo- Colo.” The preceding pages of this work will give a pretty fair idea how the Chilians have allowed the fruits of so many years of toil and danger to be wrested from them by the partisans of the monsters, whose atrocities have just been detailed, and who still strive to delude their infatuated dupes, by persuading them that the earth- quakes and other calamities they have experienced, have been a judgment upon them for their not only having warred against their sovereign and his satraps, but allowed their soil to be polluted with heretical foreigners, whose commiseration and patriotism had induced them to brave every danger, and aid the South Americans to free their country from their “ religious, paternal, mag- nanimous, and humane rulers!!!” whose creatures have not only usurped the government of Chile, promoted 542 ESPANOLES. their partisans to hold the highest posts of confidence,* but they have opened her ports to the commerce of Spain. Extracts FROM EL VALDIVIANO FEDERAL, OF APRIL lsT., 1838.—No. 128. A SPANISH VESSEL HAS ARRIVED AT VALPARAISO. « The Spanish flag is now flying amidst the Chilian squadron. The “ Mercurio” of the 27th of March, who has given us this notice, deduces that the appearance of this vessel, after a prohibition of twenty years, has excited the sympathy that the inhabitants of this country are disposed to manifest towards the nation, to whom they owe their origin. « What a calumnious imputation to American pa- triotism. The appearance of the Spanish flag in Valpa- raiso, shows there are traitors amongst us, who have fagged, and are incessantly fagging, in order to consum- mate their perfidy ; or how is it? How could a Spanish vessel have the audacity, unexemplified during the whole epoch of our revolution, to enter our ports? These enemies, in disguise, are those who have sympathized with Spain; and in order to communicate it to the inhabitants, they tell them to recollect, to whom they owe their origin. The depopulaters by fire and blood of America, supposing themselves to be the populaters of it, as if the republic had no others, but what have descended * Don Vietorino Garrido, (a Spaniard), one of the most active agents durihg the disorders of 1829, 1830, 1836-7, and 1838, now military-governor of the department and port of Valparaiso, commandante-general de marine, visitor-general of the public offices, and intendent-general of the restoring army of Peru. Lieutenant Sessi of the Spanish army, arrived from Cadiz, in 1838, and he was soon promoted to a lieutenant-colonelcy, and put in command of the battalion Santiago. I could cite many other cases, but these are a fair ensample. ESPANOLES. 543 from the Spanish race. With the same reasons could the Jews and Moors demand such sympathy from Spain, and pretend to introduce themselves again into the terri- tory that had been for ages the patrimony of their con- quests; not to degrade it or destroy it, but to introduce and propagate agriculture, commerce, and the arts, that disappeared with their expulsion; whilst in America, all has been the reverse. It would be difficult to calculate to what grade of prosperity this country would have been elevated, without that conquest of horror and blood ; and to what number would have been its population at this period.” El Doctor Don Jose Miguel Infante.— Editor. EL Acuuion, Santiaco, May 15tu, 1838.—No. 1. Extract.-— There are still writers in Chile, who, with extraordinary daring impudence, proclaim the necessity of re-uniting the Americans with Spain, by the most indelible and eternal ties.* This raises the just indigna- tion of every true patriot, who never can descend to tolerate any acts of reconciliation, under such pernicious aspects. The natural movements of true patriotism, that we have fortunately preserved, notwithstanding the secret designs and deep meditations of the enemies of inde- pendence, in order that they may captivate the hearts of the incautious, are qualified as acts of exaltation. “ The nation, jealous of its political existence, has repulsed the first attempt that has been made respecting our alliance with the ancient metropolis, with character and energy. « Every citizen has raised his voice against a measure that would compromise the liberty that has been gained, * Previous to my leaving Chile, a Minister Plenipotentiary was appointed for the Court of Spain. 544 ESPANOLES. at the cost of so much bloodshed, in order to be freed from the talons of the Iberian lion. “ The fermentation was general ; and government has at last repented a determination that was believed to be consonant with the wish of the nation; and was obliged to desist, to the impulse of a popular demonstration. « But still, El Sota Cura, (under curate), strives to bring forward a question that has received its merited disdain, and been consigned to oblivion; he declaims, with an emphatic tone, and still more enthusiasm than a Spaniard, upon the advantages that America would derive from the free and unlimited communication with Spain. “ If the editors of that Spanish ¢ Folleto’ would bring to their memories the history of three centuries of the most sanguinary oppression and tyranny, how could they conceive to delude us with the weak voices of identity, language, religion, and of consanguinity. Puerile logic! and with which they have striven in vain, to entrap the incautious. Twenty-eight years of independence are not sufficient to make them forget their cruel oppressors ;* * The Indians, after enduring the most cruel oppressions for ages, in the hopeless apathy of despair, were roused to vengeance in 1780, and Don Jozé Gabriel, Condorcanqui, cacique of Tungasuca, in whom education had awakened the dormant feelings of human nature, placed himself at the head of his countrymen. He was a descendant of the inca Tupac Amaru, who, in the year 1562 was most unjustly beheaded by order of the viceroy Don Francisco de Toledo. The cacique of Tungasuca was educated at the college of San Borja at Cuzco, and possessed virtues which in private life render a man amiable and respected; but he wanted those essential qualifications which are requisite to constitute the restorer of an empire. His countenance was noble. his manners prepossessing, his stature lofty, and frame robust; his disposition intrepid and enterprising ; but his passions were violent, and his knowledge and views in every respect too confined to realize the grand idea of recovering the lost happiness of his country. Instead of uniting and making common cause with the Spanish Americans, who, born on the on ESPANOLES. 54 and our invincible hatred towards the Spaniards cannot root out the extravagant declarations of ¢ El Sota Cura, no, not if all the magical power of eloquence were united. The tolerance of ¢ La Santa Susana’ has been badly inter- preted by this editor, and has stimulated his pen to defend a subject, the memory of which is an offence to the national dignity ; such an act, that has raised the public censure, ought not to be considered by ¢ El Sota Cura,’ as a guarantee to forward his plans, so as to be induced to publish an article so flattering to the hopes of the Spaniards. He ought to remember, that La Patria can never condescend to accept such measures, notwith- standing the low state of desperation that it has been reduced to by political convulsions. “ America and Spain can never be re-united again ; their political and religious ties forbid it. States that same soil, and held perhaps in more galling fetters, were entitled to the same rights with himself, he directed his hostilities equally against them as against the Spaniards, the real tyrants of both; and he met the fate which a policy so isolated and so unjust could not but ensure. The popularity of his cause, however, amongst his own people soon attracted to his standard a multitude of undisciplined Indians, whom he had not the talent to train in military tactics, or the means to arm. He assumed not only the name of his ancestor Tupac Amaru, which means, in the Quechua language, the highly endowed, but the attributes and the pomp of the incas. Some partial successes attended his career. The desperate valour of his unarmed followers, in which even their females partook, seemed to coun- terbalance the discipline, the arms, and skill of their opponents; but in the end, Tupac Amaru was taken prisoner. The details of his execution warrant a strong presumption that civilization, which in every other country in Europe has alleviated the horrors of war, and mitigated the rage of the victor, had not reached, or at least not softened, the Spaniard in America. The punishment of Tupac Amaru was dictated by the same ruthless bar- barity that had formerly condemned the young and heroic Guatemozin, the last of the emperors of Mexico, to expire upon burning coals. Tupac Amaru beheld from the scaffold the execution of his wife, of his children, and of many of his faithful followers ; after which his tongue was cut out, and wild horses, harnessed to his legs and arms, tore his limbs asunder. — Miller's Memoirs. ; 2x8 246 ESPANOLES. have been constituted under a republican system never can keep pace with a nation that has been the continual tool of tyrannies, and ¢ curiastical’ passions. Our neces- sities, our manners, and habits, that have been formed under the shade of liberal governments, can never be confounded with the vices of the Spaniards, and which have been acquired in the schools of the most unbridled despotism. These can never associate with Americans, who are governed by laws that are sanctioned by the common weal. « With respect to religion, unfortunately, there are still many pre-occupations in existence, as well as defects, that are contrary to the spirit of moral evangelism, and the pernicious legacy of Spanish dominion. The ¢ Sota Cura’ may cry out in vain against the progress of liber- tinism, that has been introduced by foreigners; he, as well as the fanatics, hypocrites, and violent enemies to the progress of reason, or the acquisition of learning, have given that name to those whose frankness and gene- rosity, have striven to illuminate America. We do not . wish, as the ¢ Sota Cura’ does, to retain the heap of abuses, and ridiculous practices of the religion of Spain; these are not compatible with the grandeur and sublimity of Christianity. No, the foreigners that this editor abhors so much, are the fathers of American enlightenment, and not the propagators of libertinism ; they have cleared the opaque horizon, that has been obscured for 300 years, they have ¢ illustrated’ our spirits with useful knowledge, modified our hearts with salutary maxims, and, in one word, they have civilized us, and taught us to know our political condition, and our rights. We are eternally bound by gratitude to them. America will be the con- stant friend of the illustrious nations of the old world, MEMORIALS. 547 and the inflexible enemy of the superstition of Spain. This sincere, just, and profound regard is deeply rooted in the soul of the Americans, and cannot be debilitated by those miserable writers who, under the mask of religion, language, and consanguinity, wish to derogate liberty. Imprenta de Colo- Colo. The preceding may, with those documents in the preface, explain who have given never fading glory to Chile, and the reasons why foreigners who had escaped the risks of a prolonged war, should at last be expelled as exotics and mercenary adventurers. I will now conclude by presenting the following memorials, &c., which speak for themselves :— No. 1. “ E’xmo Seiior. “ Thomas Sutcliffe, &c. &ec., appears before your excel- lency, and states,—That during the earthquake of the 20th of February, 1835, it was notorious to all the inhabit- ants of the island of Juan Fernandez, and the documents, Nos. 200, 210, and 215, remitted to the ministers of state, prove, that during that terrible and unforeseen catastrophe, I, at the risk of my life, saved all the provisions, arma- ment, boats, &c., belonging to government ; whilst all my personal property, amounting to more than 3,000 dollars, without enumerating a number of other articles, were swept into the sea; which I present, so that your excellency may be informed of the extent of my losses, and, in con- sideration thereof, remunerate them, so that I may be enabled to cover my losses, and return to my native country. “ Trowas SUTCLIFFE.’ “ Portanto, &c.” 9N9 MEMORIALS. DECREE. “ Santiago, May 9th, 1838. «“ The petitioner must prove, in the courts of justice, the action he believes himself to have against the treasury, or particular persons, for the losses stated in this memo- rial.— Rubric of his Excellency, “ CAVAREDA.” No. 2. “ E’xmo Sefior. « Thomas Sutcliffe, &c. &c.—In the court martial that was held at Valparaiso respecting the revolution of Juan Fernandez, no notice has been taken of the severe losses I have sustained in the fulfilment of my duty by the dis- orderly conduct of the mutineers, Don Nicholas Saldes, and Chaplain Friar Juan Evangelista Lopez. During the trial of this religious man, though his principal accuser, I was not even cited; nor the two witnesses, Joseph Duncan, and Pedro Juan Rojo, my store-keeper, who were compelled to deliver up the articles of my personal property, stated in the documents, Nos. 3 to 6, against my wish, and during the time T was a prisoner. On account of this informality, the chaplain has been set at liberty, and considered an innocent man. “ Upon my arrival on the Continent, I gave notice, in my note of the 20th of September, of the scandalous con- duct of the commander of the Colocolo, Don Manuel Dias, who, forgetting his duty, rendered assistance to the chief of the mutineers, receiving me as a prisoner on board of his vessel—conducting me to the Continent, and obliging me to abandon all my personal property, although Saldes sent part of it alongside the vessel. I have made him responsible for 80 cwt. of dry fish, valued at 8 dollars per ewt. which the document No. 1, in the said note in the records of the court-martial, pages 62 and MEMORIALS. 549 63, prove; also 200 ewt. of sandal-wood, valued at 6 dollars per cwt., but since sold at the low price of 3 dollars to the captain of the American brig, Lady Wrangle, which is also proved by his two certificates, that are archived in pages 47 and 48, jointly with the manifest from the custom-house at Valparaiso, which gives an account of the 200 ewt. of sandal-wood, and other articles of my pro- perty that had been sold to Captain Paty. “ With what I have here stated, and without enume- rating many articles of value, my losses amount to 2,458 dollars 5} rials, which I present to government, in order that your excellency may deign to take them into con- sideration, and lessen the losses I have sustained on account of the disorders which have taken place upon the island ; and on consideration that the authors of such diabolical intrigues, as well as my detractors, have been made a laughing-stock by the sentences of the ‘ consejo de guerra y corte marcial, where I have been vindicated in the most satisfactory manner from all the charges that had been invented at the head-quarters of the army in Chillan and Juan Fernandez, and now archived in ‘the records of my trial, which are of the same date, and nearly of the same tenor. ¢ Por tanto.” I beg and sup- plicate your excellency to minorate my losses, so that I may be able to cover my credit, and return to my native country.— Es gracia, &c. Ex'mo Senor, “TnromAs SuTcLIFFE.” DECREE. ‘ Santiago, May 9th, 1838. “ The petitioner must prove, in the courts of justice, the action he believes himself to have against the treasury, or particular persons, for losses stated in this memorial. — Rubric of his excellency, “ Ramon ('AVAREDA.” MEMORIALS. No. 3. “« Ex’mo Sefior. “ Thomas Sutcliffe, &c. &c.—In answer to the two decrees of the 9th of May, 1838, to my memorials, in which I have requested the supreme government to diminish the losses I have sustained in the fulfilment of my duty, during my government of the island of Juan Fernandez, I beg leave to state, that I do not intend to enter into a suit, nor commence any proceedings with the (‘ Fisco’) treasury’s tribunal, nor even against the authors of the revolution of the 1st of August, that took place in that establishment, because these do not possess wherewith to pay me ; nor have the sefiores, judges of the trial of the principal criminals, made any remarks respecting their robberies and disorders, nor in the manner in which I ought to be indemnified. It is notorious, and in the archives of the trial there is more than sufficient proof, that the revolution had been premeditated ; and that in this scandalous affair, at the risk of my life, with the help of the convicts, who voluntarily ran the risk of losing theirs, by accompanying me to the assault,* I retook the Santiago, August 19, 1836. * Sir,—I am ordered by the minister of war, Don Diego Portales, to answer your letter of the 16th, by remitting you the copy of one he has forwarded to the governor of Valparaiso. Soy S. S. 8. Q. S. M. B., MANUEL Cavapa. (cory. ] “ Cruz Sanchez, José Maria Espinosa, Irene Carrasco, Mariano Rivera, Joaquin Arrevalo, Tadeo Arriagada, Andres Oliva, Alberto Briones y José Maria Perez. “ My Dear Friend,—As these individuals are to be rewarded for their good conduct during the revolution against * Sutcliffe,” by the council of state, it would be well for you to treat them kindly, and place them separate from the rest, and free from irons, until the resolution of the council of state is forwarded to Valparaiso. “ Yours, “ PORTALES.” “ August 19, 1836.” 561 MEMORIALS. castle of Santa Barbara, &e.&c., that had been vilely given up by the garrison to a set of villains who had lately been transported from the Continent; and after having restored order on that island, I was deprived of the command, and suffered, whilst a prisoner, for the term of six weeks, inju- ries and vexations. I have been transported by the com- mander of the mutineers to the Continent, and obliged to abandon my personal property, to the amount of more than 4000 dollars, of which there is proof to the amount of 2458 dollars, in the archives of the court-martial. I have been judged in a ‘ consejo de guerra’ and a ‘corte marcial, not only for the occurrences on the island, but on charges that have been invented (fraguados) and remitted from the head-quarters of the army of the south, on account of private declarations, taken from Captain Don Norberto Aguayo, that are also in the archives of the trial, and of the same date, and almost the same tenor, of those that were remitted to government with my person from Juan Fernandez, which proves that, with antieipation, they had been framing imputations on the Continent to effect I experienced an inward satisfaction on receiving this mark of attention from the minister: the poor prisoners were treated accordingly, and on the 7th of September I received the following copy of their pardon :— [copy] « Commandancia Gral de Armas, « His excellency the president deemed it necessary to issue, under date of the 3rd of this month, the following decree :— * In consequence of the merit due to the convicts, Cruz Sanchez, José Maria Espinosa, Irene Carrasco, Mariano Rivera, Joaquin Arrevalo, Tadeo Arriagada, Andres, Oliva, Alberto Briones, and José Maria Perez, assisting the governor of Juan Fernandez to suffocate the last revolution that took place in that island, I have, in accord with the council of state, pardoned them the three-fourth parts of the time for which they were transported.’ Which I transcribe to you for your intelligence and correspondent effects. “ God preserve you, &c., “ Sept. 6, 1836. “ DoMinco FruTos. “To the Governor of Juan Fernandez.” 562 MRMORIALS. my ruin, without having had any intelligence of the dis- orders which had taken place on the island. I can cite many other particulars, but I believe it is sufficient only to state, that I have been completely vindicated from all the charges that the diabolical malice of my detractors had invented to accomplish their malignant intentions. “The decisions of the ‘consejo de guerra y corte marcial’ declare that I have fulfilled the duties of my charge, as governor of that island, with purity and utility. ¢ Con pureza y utilidad.’ “In the accounts presented to your excellency, I have clearly stated the powerful motives that have obliged me to solicit my retirement from the military service, during the present war, in the memorial in which your excelleney has thought proper to allow me to retire with my perma- nent rank, &e. “If this exposition merits the consideration of the supreme government, I hope that your excellency will deign to allow me, at least, what will be sufficient to cover the losses I have sustained in consequence of my expulsion from Juan Fernandez, and cover the expenses of a voyage to my native country. For which I beg and supplicate your excellency to accede to this my petition, &e. &e. “THOMAS SUTCLIFFE.” DECREE. “ Santiago, August 7th, 1828. “Act according to what has been resolved by the decrees of the 9th of May, of this present year, in the two memorials of the same nature that were then pre- sented to government. “ Rubric of his excellency, “ CAVAREDA.” MEMORIALS. 553 No. 4. “ E’xmo Sefior. “Thomas Sutcliffe, &c. &e.—When I solicited my separation from the military service of this republic, I was, by a decree of the 13th of last March, cashiered and excluded from a compensation for my past services. “Therefore, justly considering that such a determina- tion must have been caused by an erroneous interpretation of my memorial, or on account of my having omitted stating what were the powerful motives that had obliged me to request my separation—on consideration that they were too public and notorious to be repeated, and in order that I might be relieved from the stigma of such a decree, and maintain my reputation unsullied, I sent in the memorial No. 5, which I now reiterate. Your excel- lency has found my motives just, and, in consideration thereof, derogated the decree of the 13th, by restoring me to my rank, &e. “1 protest to your excellency that I should have been serving with the same enthusiasm and honour as up to this period, in the restoring army, had I not felt aggrieved with the illegal proceedings that are manifested in the document (A). “ As well as my being ordered to serve where Lieu- tenant-Colonel Latapiatt was first aide-de-camp to the general-in-chief, and who has been the author of all the disagreeable occurrences which have taken place ever since I had the misfortune to supersede him in Juan Fernandez, which is clearly stated and proved by the printed documents I here accompany, which accredit in a proper manner the motives I have already specified ; my situation was still more painful, and my feelings were also wounded by the insults that were published against wit 504 MEMORIALS. me and other foreigners for having sustained the honour of the army, and the truth of its operations, during the campaign in the department of Arequipa, No. 19. These, E'xmo Sefior, were, in my opinion, more than sufficient reasons to oblige me to request my separation, and I hope that your excellency will take them into your bountiful consideration, and not allow fifteen years of honourable service to pass unremunerated, and make my case a notable exception, without having given sufficient motives, so as to be excluded from the recompense and grants bestowed on other chiefs and officers, and I refer to the following case :— “In the year 1829, the ¢ reforma, (law of military pensions), was promulgated, and a number of chiefs and officers received the ¢ reforma, or compensation, decreed by the national representation for their services. As the war of the independence had ended, I also requested my ¢ reforma,” which was not acceded to, on account of my services being required by government. In 1835, El Capitan de Navio Don Carlos Woorster, (North American),* solicited and obtained his separation, with a compensation ; and during the last month (September), El Commandante Don Ambrosio Acosta, (Spaniard), has, at his own request, received his separation with a compensation for his services. «In virtue of which, I beg your excellency will take my case into consideration, and deign to decree a remu- neration for my past services, « Es Gracia, &ec., E’xmo Seiior, “ THOMAS SUTCLIFFE, “ Santiago, October 30th, 1838. « Decree,—The circumstances of the petitioner having solicited his separation, when recently employed in the * Formerly vice-admial of the Chilian squadron. MEMORIALS. 555 restoring army, which was about to commence operations, places him in a different case to that of El Captain de Navio, Don Carlos Woorster, and Lieutenant-Colonel Don Ambrosio Acosta. These chiefs, although they made the same solicitudes, in order to be recompensed for their services, it was because they knew that government did not require their services, and when they were not effec- tually employed. « Rubric of his Excellency, “ CAVEREDA.” I answered this decree by the following memorial. No. 5. « E’xmo Sefior, «“ Thomas Sutcliffe, &e. « I have manifested to your excellency in the memorials and documents that accompany them, a sufficient proof, that circumstances have placed me in a different and far more critical situation than El Captain de Navio, Don Carlos Woorster, and Lieutenant-Colonel Don Ambrosio Acosta. « I protest to your excellency, that had I received from the bounty of government an effective employment in the army, or been attached to any corps of cavalry, I would now have been serving in ¢ El Exercito Re- staurador.’ «The decree which I received, to place myself under a general, who had given me just and sufficient motives to excuse myself from serving under his orders, and to be employed ° as he should think fit,” wounded my feelings, but, complying with the duties of a soldier, I stifled my grievances; and through ‘La Commandancia General de Armas, 1 specified my obedience, and requested my 5566 MEMORIALS. general's commands; but previous to my receiving an answer, I was informed that Lieutenant-Colonel Lata- piatt was his chief aide-de-camp. This confounded me, and more so when I learnt I should have to serve under him, which was impossible. “I am extremely sorry that I did not state, in my first memorial, the motives which delicacy urged me to consign to oblivion. “J was not aware that the general would forward it to your excellency, until I arrived at head-quarters. The order I received to march to the capital, impeded me from having an opportunity of explaining my motives to him a reserved manner. “ I was cashiered, and my commission was called in to be cancelled, on the very day on which I gave my depo- sition to the judge-fiscal, who was appointed to try El Sefior General Blanco ; this prevented me from having an audience with your excellency, and El S’or Ministro de Guerra, in order that I might have stated my case, to the end of obtaining some other employment, &e. «If I have not felt satisfied with the decree of the thirteenth of March, it is on account of my firm belief, that my conduct has not merited the displeasure of the supreme government, for having requested my separation from the service, when the circumstances that I have already cited, have obliged me to take such steps; nor that T am in the case of losing fifteen years’ services, or the recompense I solicited when I was dismissed the service— without consulting my motives, even when I had been some time in the capital previous to its being decreed— which in my humble opinion, is an evident proof, that my services were of little value, or unnecessary. “ Por Tanto.” MEMORIALS. hh7 «I beg that your cxcellency will, in consideration of what I have stated, and presented in my memorials, deign to decree a compensation for my services, and which I consider myself entitled to, in order that I may return to my native country, &e. “ Es justicia, « E’xmo Sefor, “ THOMAS SUTCLIFFE.” This memorial was presented shortly after I received the decree of the 30th of October, and I got no answer, until I published all the other memorials and documents cited in them ; as well as the last I had sent in to govern- ment. I published one thousand copies, and they were distri- buted as soon as printed. I took several copies to govern- ment on the 18th of December. The next day, my memorial was sent to me with the following decree. “ Santiago, December 19th, 1838. “ The many and multiplied attentions, that the actual state of war, in which the nation is engaged, require, does not at present permit government to take this memorial into consideration ; but they will do so, as soon as circum- stances have changed. “ Rubric of his Excellency, “ RAMON CAVAREDA.” I now had clearly and fully justified my motives for having requested my retirement, and compensation for my services, as well as a remuneration for the many losses I had sustained, in the performance of my duty in Juan Fernandez. Therefore, as I was convinced that it would 558 CONDUCT OF GOVERNMENT. be imprudent to leave, at a time when I well knew that my services would be required ; I gave a further proof of my adhesion and attachment to Chile, by sending In a memorial, wherein I made a voluntary offer of my person and services, so that government might employ me as they should think convenient; but, an evasive decree led me to perceive that it would be impolitic to remain any longer in Chile, or whilst the administration of General Don Joaquin Prieto continued. Therefore, having completely deprived my calumniators of the power to tax me with having left the republic at a time that the war called upon the services of every soldier, I sent in a memorial, stating, that as my ser- vices were not at present required by the republic, 1 requested leave of absence, until circumstances should allow me to return, and follow up my claims, which was granted. Lieutenant-General Don Manuel Blanco did me the honour to accept my power of attorney, and take charge of my documents, in order that he might reclaim the com- pensation, in the event of my remaining in England. I published the memorials cited, and as a finale, I also added the decree respecting the laws of the press, to show the public that Latapiatt, and others, whom I had exposed, had not found it convenient to accuse any of my publications, in order to justify themselves ; also, that the proper authorities had not acted according to the tenor of the decree, by suspending Latapiatt and the « commandante de armas” from their functions. Previous to quitting the capital, I took leave of the most of my friends, personally, and am proud to state, that many expressed their regret at our parting; but, almost all of them justified my mode of proceeding, GENERAL BLANCO’'S LETTER. 569 and my having embraced such a golden opportunity, for the purpose of visiting my relatives and friends in Europe. I cannot refrain from stating, that I had the pleasure of leaving my old friend, General Borgofio, reinstated in his rank, although he was appointed to the intended mission to Spain. I had the satisfaction of receiving many letters from my friends on the eve of my departure, of which I shall insert one from General Blanco, together with my fare- well to the Chilians. « Santiago, January, 17th, 1839. « Sefior Don Thomas Sutcliffe. “ My Esteemed Sutcliffe, « In answer to your appreciated of yesterday, I wish you a good voyage, and every happiness. «I can never forget the attachment and loyalty you have shown towards my person in one of the most critical circumstances of my public life, and whilst the lowest pas- sions had risen against me, under the shade of an ungrate- ful government. « Preserve this testimony of my gratitude, ¢recono- cimiento, and be assured, that at all times, and at any distance, you may depend upon the esteem and friendship of your, « ManvueL Branco Excarnapa.” My FAREWELL. «Being about to retire from Chile, I am impelled by sentiments of gratitude, that will ever accompany me, to adopt this mode of bidding farewell to those worthy Chilians who have favoured me with their friendship and esteem, during a residence of sixteen years in this country, as well as a tribute to them of my most sincere and grate- Ten ’ 560 MY FAREWELL. i ful thanks for the many favours I have received, and offer my services, should they consider me of any utility; for I will, in any part I may reside, feel the greatest pleasure in having an opportunity whereby I may return their kind- ness, with unequivocal proofs of the unalterable profession of my esteem. «In order to satisfy the desires of many who have pro- fessed an interest in my concerns, and are desirous to learn what are the motives that have compelled me to retire from the military service of this republic, I published on the 14th of last month the documents in circulation, and to which I have now added others, where may be seen, with- out the necessity of commentators, a chain of misfortunes and vexations, that have not only obliged me to retire from the army, but from a country in which it would have been my greatest happiness to have passed the rest of my days. “THOMAS SUTCLIFFE.” « Santiago, January 10th, 1839. " THE END. a Acta, act or decree of congress, or any municipal, or military assem- bly. Ag chief municipal officer. Alameda,public promenade,or avenue of trees. Alfalfa, a species of clover. Adobes, bricks dried in the sun. Animas, spirits of the dead. Albricias, thanks, or rewards for good news. Alojamiento, place of rest or lodging. Aguardiente, ardent spirits. Arriero, muleteer. Arroba, weight of about 25 lbs. Arroba, measure of about seven gal- lons. Arribano, native of the southern frontier. Angelito, angel, or dead infant. Almofrez, leather case to carry bed- ding in. Atento servidor, A. S., attentive ser- vant. Blanco, white. Bahia, bay. Balsa, raft, or float. Banos, baths. Bolas, missile of three balls. Blanco toro, raw spirits. Brasero, chafing-dish. Bayle, dance. Baguales, wild horses. Bando, the act of publishing a de- cree. Beata, sanctified person. Bochinche, tumult. B. S. M., 1 kiss your hands. Cabo, cape. Cacique, Indian chief. Cazadores, light infantry. Cazadores a caballo, light cavalry. Canada, water course. Cabildo, municipality. Cabildante, municipal officer. Cura, curate, GLOSSARY. Cedula, decree. Chingana, dancing-house. Chinas, trulls. Cerro, hill. Chilena, Chileno, Chilians. Casas Matas, dungeon of Callao. Cazuela, a stew of meat or fowls. Corral, cattle-pen. Chacara, small farm. Chica, country wine. Chicha manzana, cider. Charke, dried beef. Charke-can, a favourite Chilian mess. Consulado, court of commerce. Cuesta, road over a mountain. Capa, Spanish cloak. Chiripa, Indian garment. Concepto, reputation. Capataz, overlooker or driver. Consejo de guerra, court-martial. Corte marcial, military court of ap- peal. Corte suprema, supreme courts. Compadre, a relative through bap- tism. Corredor, gallery, corridor. Conjurador, exorcist, cne Who lays evil spirits, or drives away locusts, or other vermin that annoy the agriculturist. Cavallo, horse. Chili, Chile. Don, Spanish title. Doctor, Dr., collegiate title. Dado de baja, cashiered D. S. S.'S., from your obedient servant. D. S. S. A., from your true friend. Dios que a v., God preserve you. D.G. A. V.M. A. God preserve you many years. Espanoles, Spaniards. Estanco, monopoly. Estancia, grazing farm. Estanciero, grazier. Estero, rivulet. 20 Ane 562 © GLOSSARY. Escaveche, pickles. Ezercicios, penitential devotons. El pueblo, the people. Fanfarron, vain boaster, braggart. Fanega, a measure from 150 to 200 lbs. weight. Fiscal, attorney general. Frayie, Fr., friar, monk. Frigoles, French beans. Fuerte, fort. Farolero, one of the Spanish faction. Gluasso, or huasso, a countryman of Chile. Gaucho, or lanero, a countryman of Rio de la Plata. G'ranadero, grenadier. Granadero a caballo, heavy hors man. Grrassa, fat. Glodos, Spaniards, or their partizans. Gringoes, Europeans, not Spaniards. Hacienda, La, the treasury. Hacienda, Una, an estate. Haciendado, landed proprietor. Habilitador, purveyor. Insurgente, American patriot. Indio, India, Indians. Jefe, a chief, or field officer. Intendencia, provincial court. Intendente, governor of a province. Junta, state committee. Isla, island. Juez Fiscal, attorney-general. Laguna, lake. Lasso, a missile made of hide to catch cattle with. Lomas, small hills. Lavaderos, gold washings. Longo, head. Mayoral, overseen, Mago domo, head servant. Malone, Indian foray. Machi, Indian sorceror. Moeetones, Indian warriors. Marco, mark, eight ounces. Matanzas, place of slaughter. Mate, herb of Paraguay. Monteneros, Guerrillas. Montanas, a range of woods at the base of the Andes. Montes, woods. Montns, heaps of gold dust found in lavaderos. Mantas, garment. Maturango, Spaniard. Ms. As. many years. Negro, black. Nuestro Senor, our Saviour. O’ Higginista, partizans of General O’Higgins. Oupellas, Indian ornaments. Onza, an ounce or doubloon. Padrino, godfather, defender. Philopolitas, patriots. Pipiolos, liberals. oncho, square mantle worn in South America. uente, bridge. Puerto, port. Porteno, native of a sea-port. Porteno de Valparaiso, native of Valparaiso. Parla, Indian palaver or conference. Plaza, square. Principal, principle. Patio, court. Pella, lump of pure gold. Pepita, lump of gold found in a lavadero. Pilon, horse without ears. Peon, labourer. Pulperia, ashop where spirits,liquors, and provisions are retailed. Pelucones, aristocracy of Chile. Pulgque, wine. Porrata, impressment of horses, &e. Pueblo, El, the people. Pasteles, pastry. Patria, our country. Patriotos, Patriotas, patriots. Patria la vieja, first epoch of the revolution of Chile. Pinones, Araucanian pines. Punta, point. Prieto, a dark colour Plata, Plata, ahi viene la mosca, money, money, here comes the fly. Quarto, a room. Quartel, barracks. Quadra, a measure of four acres. Quebrada, ravine. Quinta, villa. Quintal, one hundred pounds. Q. B. S. M.,who kisses your hands. Ramada, shed. Rodeo, a gathering of cattle. Rodeos, cattle pens. : Ravel, a fiddle with three strings. Rancho, hut. Rio, river. Restaurador, restorer. Santo, saint. Senor, Sir. S. E., your excellency. S.S.S., your faithful servant. S.S , your servant. S.S.A., your faithful friend. Sobriquet, nickname. Sierra, mountain. Serrillos, hills. Saya, petticoat. ; Socabon, adit of a mine. Trabaja, V. mi amigo, que los pueblos no siempre son ingratos, preserve my friend, the people are not always ungrateful. GLOSSARY. 563 Temblores, Terramotos, earthquakes. Taita, father. Tertulia, evening party. Trilla, harvest. T'rajes, costumes. : Tajamar, a parapet on the sea side, or banks of a river. Tintorrillos, pettyfoggers. Trapiche, water-wheel. : Toqui, Indian Generalisimo. Toupa, Indian ornament. Ulmen, Araucanian noble. Vado, ford. Villa, town. Vaquero, herdsman. V. B., approval. Vara, Spanish yard. V. S., your lordship. Vendimia, vintage. V. E., your excellency. Yeyua, mare. Yegua tordilla, warm punch.. PAGE 150, 152, 226, 311, 119, 239, line 17, 5, 86, 192, 145, 75, 256, line 33, 432, 310, line 33, 285, 288, 10, line 8, 89, 277, 280, 287, 240, 107, 358, 195, line 41, 296, do. 28, 323, do. 26, 330, do. 14, 330, do. 15, 334, do. 10, ERRATA. FOR Alcara Anguila Anacucho The defeat at Cancha- rayada Ba Chile Chillans Don Juan El San Expectation Gavarino In Chile Las S.S. Prleto Pere reys To Valparaiso Taleu Tutter and Tuper Vrriola 4 to 5 dollars pr. quintal 6 to 7 do. From the clerical state To Pern To his inquilinos dele that. Freyre, may be I was often so successful READ Alcazar. Anguita. Ayacucha. Battle of Maipu. Bade. Chiloe. Chillanejos. . Don Carlos Maria. + El Senor Rivaguero. Exception. Galvarino. From Chile. Los SS. Novoas. Prieto. Peze reyes. From Valpariso, Talca. Tupper. Urriola. 1 dollar 4 reals. 4 reals. To the clerical state. Chilenos remember. A Rodeo. Freyre, that may be. And was so successful. Extracted from “ Dumfries’ Monthly Magazine,” pages 52 to 61. LONDON : FISHER, SON, AND CO., PRINTERS. THE MASTER NEGATIVE,FROM WHICH THIS REEPRODUCT ION WAS MADE, 1S STORED UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF THE LIBRARY PHOTOGRAPHIC SERVICE, ROOM 20, MAIN LIBRARY, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA 9 4h 7 2 0 FOR ADDITIONAL REPRODUCTION REQUEST MASTER NEGATIVE NUMBER 8/1 03 JOB NO.__ pATE 89 year month Reduction Ratio _g_ 1 2 (0 Re Jz ) | = lz fo 20