'«F'r'-j £^M&v..y«tfteewREEF POINT GARDENS LIBRARY The Gift of Beatrix Farrand to the General Library University of California, Berkeley« / / * / ► / itl •V * / * N % / \ k 9 \ l /  JfJ *;' «»i' «• . <£.. y^■•«WfTii,iri¥WBrAflCT.«a>MSfc•. •/•'-' ,-V:: V \ * > <• < «5* * • r I * V ÎU**- 'r'v/t^V * • V.r THE MANNER O F Raising, Ordering, and Improving FOREST-TREES: WITH DIRECTIONS how to Plant, Make, and Keep Woods, Walks, ' Avenues, Lawns, Hedges, ALSO RULES and TABLES Viewing how the Ingenious Planter may meafure Superficial Figures, divide Woods or Land, and meafure Timber and other folid Bodies, either by Arithmetick or Geometry : With the Ufes of that excellent Line, the Line of Numbers^ by feveral new Examples,-and many other Rules, ufeful for moll Men. Illuftrated with Figures, proper for Avenues, Walks, and Lawns, By MOSES COOK, Gardiner to the Earl of Effex at Cajhioberry. The Third Edition, Correteci. LONDON, Printed for F.liz. , John Darby, Arthur Bcttcfwwlt, Francis Tayram, John Pemberton, \ Charles Riv'tngton, 'John Hooke, Francis Clay, Jer, Bntley, Edward Symon, M.DCC.XXIV. T \ * * * <■ P t « * / I • », » » V N .• » ƒ ./ j ( v ) 11 nHR % SH * silik ___________^§c» fars-g •» •» gads? TO His EX CELLENCY ARTHUR CAP ELL, Lord Lieutenant and General Go^ernour of the JQngdotn of Ireland, Earl of Eflex, Fifcount Maldon, Lord Capell, &c. $ and it will have greater Leaves than ordinary ; it is likely, if you bud the great-leav’d Elm upon the fmall.leav’d, whilft it is young and full of Sap, it will have larger Leaves,, especially than an old Tree; but that I judge fignifics little* Enquiry may be made, whether by budding the Elm, and alfo the Lime-Tree, it would not make their Seeds keep better than they do many Years with us : I wifh it were tried. As for the Manner of Budding and Grafting, I refer you to other Authors, for there are many have written largely thereof. 4. The Iafl and beft way to raife your Foreft-Tvees, is by their Seeds ; and how to do that, I iliall fhew you in every particular Chapter, by me experienc’d. I wifli every Nobleman or Gentleman, that takes Delight in tliefe ftately Monuments, would follow the Example of the Right Honourable, and very much knowing in thefe Lines, the Earl oiEjJexj who hath now feveral Thoufands of my railing. Let me be bold to tell you, that one Afh-Tree rai-fed in a Nurfery, and order’d as is hereafter fiiew’d, is w'orth five taken out of a Wood ; for there you lhall have them grow taper and ftrong, fo that when you remove them, cut but off fome of the Side-Boughs, and fet them with great hopes of a ftately Timber-Tree. But if you take them out of a Wood, then will they be not fo well rooted, nor taper, but top-heavy; therefore you muft be forc’d to take off the Heads before you fet them, and then expeff at beft but a good Pollard ,• and it is pofftble you may wait long before you get him to thrive: for the Head being taken off, leaves fuch a Wound which is long a curing; which you muft do, or elfe his Roots will not maintain that Head. Ever let me advife you to be as fparing in taking off the leading Top-fhot of an Afh or Walnut as you can pofftble. Thus have I fhew’d the feveral Ways to raife Trees; for the performing of the fame, read here-B i after:4 The Manner of Q^ifing and after: and this is certain, that a few of your .Trees raifed in a Nurfery, are much better than thoie you take out of Woods. My Lord was, a little before I came to him, at fome Charge more than ordinary to raife fome Oaks : Their way was to fence in a great Oak in the Park, and then dig the Ground; and when the Acorns were mod of them down, then they raked them in. By this Husbandry, my Lord had got eight young Oaks about fix year old ; I per-fuaded his Honour to take up his Fence, fatisfying him we fhould raife them at a much cheaper lay. He therefore order’d me to take up thefe Oaks very carefully ; I having then two Men at work with me, I bid the elder go and take up thefe Oaks, but could not get him to go by any means : he alfo had pof-fefs’d the other with fuch a tragical Story, that I could not perfuade him; which was, that there were few which took up an Oak, but either they or it died in a little time after. I told them that it was pofli-ble the Oaks might die in a fhort time, but they never the fooner. The reafon may be the fame with that before, of railing an Afh by laying ,* it being not ufed to be removed, makes them the more difficult to grow when they are. But I went and took up my eight Trees, and loft fix of them the Winter following. Had they been taken up at two years Growth, and the Tap-root cut, you afterwards might remove them with little danger. I Judge, if you can, it will not be amifs to fave your Acorns or Seeds of this Tree that hath been removed. CHAP.Ch.2. Improving Forefk-Trees, See. 5^ CHAP. II. How to obferVe and know the Nature of Seeds, fo as the better to raife them. I Ever obferv’d the Shape, Tafte, Skin or Shell that my Keys, Nuts, Stones, Kernels or Seeds had : and it I found by their Shape they were pory, and by feeling fpongy, tailing little or very mild; I then did conclude to few thefe forts of Seeds as foon as they were ripe, or as foon at lead as I receiv’d them : which if they were kept but a little aft^r tl>e time of their being ripe, I then expe&ed but little Simceft of thofe Seeds. To give you a Tafte of this Novelty, obferve but thefe few among many more ; that is, the Elm, Sallow, Poplar, &c. and Angelico, Pafpere, or Garden Samphire, Scofa-nara, &c. I know ’tis a Tradition, that the Elm and Sallow have no Seeds : Then how could I raife feveralof them ol Seeds, as 1 have done ? But if you will not believe me, I pray you ask the Earl of EJfex, or fe-veral others. Therefore, Be gone ‘Tradition, never more appear, Out of the Kalendar before next Tear : Truth with Experience through this Nation Shall fainted be by a right Obfervation. Leave room, Aftrologers, for Truth, and fee You write it next Year in your Diary • Now thofe Seeds that are of Tafte mild, Skin or Shell clofe, you may keep them till the Spring approach, and longer, if temperately dried ; and dry, keep as your Acorns, and your Chefnuts, drr. but B 3 the6 The Manner of tffyifing and the Spring, after they be gather’d, is a fure Seafon to fcfw, them ; therefore defer no longer. But as for your Seeds that are of a hot or bitter Tafte, or have clofe Skins or Shells, you may keep them till the Autumn following after they be gather’d, if occafton be, if they be ripe gather’d, and dry kept, fo the flefhy part be clean taken oft' when that is ripe; Tho I know an ingenious Perfon did hold, that to fow them with their Flefh on fas Peaches or Cherries,) they would grow as well, as he laid ; but that was his Miftake : for the flefhy part was ordain’d by the Almighty for the Ufe of Man, Beafls or Birds, and tends nothing to the Growth of the Seed or Stone, but rather to its Diflolution, by ftupefying it, as I have tried, by fowing the Kernels of rotten Pears and Apples, which would not grow, tho but a little time rotten. There be many Stones, Keys and Seeds which be of a hot and bitter Tafte, as your Afli, peaches, Almonds, the Mizerion, Muftard-Seed, &c. yet tho I fay they may be kept long, I advife you not to negled your Seafon ; for many of thefe Seeds and others will lie near two years in the Ground before they come up : if you fow them in Oclobert it will be the Spring come Twelvemonths before they come up ; and if you fow thqm early in the Spring, they then wifi come up the next Spring. Another way whereby you may know Seed of this nature, is, by their long hanging on the Trees; for there Nature. finding it felf ftrcng, taketh the lefs care to feek out early to preferve its Kind, and alflo Almighty God hath made thefe very ufeful for the Creatures in this World, therefore hath order’d it thus by his Divine Providence. The Afh, Holly, &c. hang long on the Tree, and lie long in the Ground; the Elm, Sallow, Sycamore, fall foon, and come up foon. QHAP.7 Ch.}. Improving Forefl-Trees, See, CHAP. III. The Shape of Seeds and their Weight do inform you horn to fet them, THE very Form and Shape of Seeds hath in-ftru&ed me how to fet them ; as an Acorn faljs to the Ground rnoft with its fmall End downwards : Thus if they fall upon Mould or Mofs, you may ob-ferve the moft of them to be on one fide, with the fmall End tending moft to the Earth. And I fup-pofe that this Pofture is the beft for to fet any Stone or Nut, if you will be curious; for if yon obferve any Seed, of what Tree foever it be, that grows in England, firft it puts forth a Root at the fmall End, and when that Root hath laid hold of the Ground, then it puts forth the Shoot for the Tree at the very fame place where the Root came. Then feeing that both Root and Shoot put out at the fmall End, if fet with the fmall End downwards, the Body of the Stone or Seed may hinder rhe Shoot; fo that it is the beft way to lay them on their fides in the Ground: if they be heavy Seeds, you may fow them the deeper ; as Acorn, Peach, Apricock, Walnut, Chefnut, &c, about two or three Inches deep. If light Seed, then cover them with but little Mould; as the Elm, &c. as half an Inch deep. To conclude then, lay the flatteft fide of your Seed downwards ; as if it be a Peach-Stone, fet it as it will -lie on a Table, or the like, and it will lie with the Crack where the Shell parts uppermoft, and the other Crack lowermoft to let out the Water, as I judge ; for Kernels in Stones or Shells do not love too much Water at firft. B 4 ThusCh. 4. Improving Foreft-Trees, See. 9 be the larger and folider ; therfore by confequence they be the abler and likelier to {hoot the flronger, and to maintain themfelves the better: And I know by Experience, that the Seeds gather’d of old Plants or Trees, or old Seeds, fo the Seeds be perfed, will come up fomewhat fooner than the Seed of young Trees. My aforefaid Reafon doth this fomewhat demonftrate : or take it thus; Nature finding her felf weak in thefe Seeds (like a provident Mother} feeks the focner to provide for her weak Children ; as a great Philofopher and Naturalift faith, That Nature is one in divers things, and various in one thing. See Par ad. p. 90. of the “Tree of Life. And to gather them olf a {freight and thriving Tree, *tis likelier they will run more up, and grow {freighter than thofe which be gather’d of Pollards. This I know, that Nature doth delight very much in Imitation j and in Plants and Trees, like doth endeavour to produce its like : tho I know, by the Situation, or Ground, or Grafting of fome fort of Stocks, that by any of thefe the Trees may and will alter fomething, both in Growth and Largenefs of Fruit, and earlier, or the contrary, but the Species will be {fill the fame. To which 1 add, good keeping or drefling of any Tree doth much improve its Growth, and Largenefs of Fruit or Seeds. Now the Seed being that part of the Plant which •is endow’d with a vital Faculty to bring forth its like, it contains potentially the whole Plant in it, therefore it may, and is the more to be obferv’d. Or as a learned Phyfician has ir, fpeaking of Man and the World The Chaos, or firft Matter, w'as made a World, and of this World was made Man: So a Tree groweth from the Seed, the Seed is the beginning of the Tree, and in every Grain or Seed of a Tree there lies hid another Tree. See Philofo-phy reformed, p. 58. The indufirious Farmer or Yeoman will take care that the Grain he foweth be of the belt Kind for Largenefs8 The Manner of $alfing and Thus have I fhew’d you the feveral Ways to raife Trees; that is, how they , may be raifed,’ and how to know the time, at leaft to afftft you to know the time to fet them by their Shapes, &c. as alfo how to fet them the beft way by~their Form and Weight, which may be fome afliftance to you, if you. meet ■with Far-Country Seeds. My Lord had.,thirteen forts of ftrange Seeds fent him, as I remember, from Goa; I never faw the like, nor none that faw them here. By the help of thofe aforefaid Reafons, I rais’d ten of the thirteen S*orts, tho forne of them lay almoft a year in the Ground; but I alfo muft tell you, I loft all my ten Sorts, the firft Winter, but one Sort, and that the fecond, for want of a Green-houfe : Some of them, I fuppofe, were Annuals. I fhall give you one Chap* ter more of Seeds, and then I will fhew you fully what as yet I have but nam’d. ' O great Jehovah, thee I do adore, . . 7%y Works I do admire, and thee implore So to afjifl me,; as that I may write With Solomon’jr Wifdom; that I may indite My few Lines, fo that they may be Ufeful unto this Land, pleajing to thee. C H A P. IV. Obferyations of all Sorts of f\eys and Seeds. LET your Keys be thorow-ripe, or when you find them to begin to fall much, which is a fure fign of any Fruit or Seed’s Ripenefs (unlefs by accident) gather them oft* fome young, ftreight, thriving Tree: my reafonof gathering them off from,a young thriving Tree, is, then will your Keys or SeedI o The Manner of fyijtng and Largenefs and Goodnefs in every Particular; and bath oft found by Experience to his Lofs, that the Corn which is taken to fow from that which was your fmutted or mill-dew’d, doth oft produce fmut-ted or black Com again ; he knowing alfo that this black Corn, which is like Dull: within, will not grow. Then what fhould be the Reafon that that which grows in the fame Ear, will oft-times produce black fmutted Corn, that hath nothing but a little black Duft in it, or a black flinty Kernel of little or no ufe, but harmful to the reft, tho that which yon fow feem found, and a very likely berried Corn ; when I have found by Experience, that Wheat which hath not been fo likely to the Eye as that which was freer from fmutted Corn, hath brought or produc’d clearer Corn by much than the others > Now I have difcours’d with fome who would not fpare to fay pofitively, that your fmutted or black Wheat would grow, and fo produce black Wheat again; which is a great Miftake. But this I know, that your Wheat which is like black Duft within, will not grow at all ; nor fome of your black flinty Wheat, but fome of it will produce Blades, fome Stalks with Ears, but no found Grain ; fome with good and bad in one Ear, and fo the nearer it is to pcrfcft found Grain, the nearer it produceth its like : Yet tho this may and will produce fome good and fome bad, as I fay, yet no black fmutted Grain funlcfs meeting with fome accidental Caufe, if the Grain be perfect found} but according to its Defeift, fo may be the Succefs of your Crop. Now this which I call the accidental Caufe is the Mildew, which may well be fo call’d, becaufe of its Malignity, cfpecidly to Wheat and Hops, becaufe in them moft perfe&cd, tho many other Plants fufler as much. This Maldcw or Mildew, is a Dew which is drawn from the Earth and Herbs in a dry and calm time, and when Herbs are in their Prime, by the Sun, and wants Wind to fan off their * Groflnefs,Ch. 4. Improving Torefl-Trees, See. 11 Groffnefs, and alfo being drawn from Herbs, which make it thick and fweet, and not fo aftive to af-pire : 'tis moft in your inclofed Grounds and Valleys, and in thofe Grounds which lie tending to the Oriental Part of the Heavens, as all blafting Winds are. Now I fuppofe thefe may be the Reafons your Valle\s do afford more Moiffure than your Hills, as is oft feen by your Miffs, which are more frequent in them than on Hills; this being drawn up by the Sun in the Day-time, and wanting Wind to afHft its Motion (as I faid before) doth hang in the lower Region : and when the Sun fets, it falls upon your Plants with its thick clammy Sub-ffance : and in thofe whofe Bark is tender and young, and Pores open-with the Heat of the Sea-fon, hinders the Sap of the Plant or Tree to afeend to nouriffi his Flowers or Shoot. ’Tis obferv’d, that when your Wheat doth /hoot up to ear and flower, it doth it fuddenly, and likewife your Hops, and then this Clammy or Mildew comes upon it before the Air hath hardned it, to refill it; for the Air being warm, Nature doth not fo much as dream of this unkind Enemy: And if it falls on Wheat, when the Ear is new form’d, then there is the black fmutty Wheat; but if the Ear hath blown, even when or before it comes, or that the whole Stalk be not furrounded with it, then you fhall have fome of your Grains good, and fome bad, according as they were in fetting, or find Nou-rifhment. I have oft obferv’d in your black-Heart, white-Heart, and other great-leav’d Cherries, this Dew to fall upon them at the top, juft at the beginning of Midsummer-Shoot, and hath fo flopped the Shoot, that it hath ftiot forth in other places below; and on the top of die Shoots you may fee many little Flies feeding on this Dew ; and on the Leaves of Oak and Maple, ’tis plainly to be feen and tailed;1i The Manner of &c. tp CHAP. VII. Of fuel? forts of Trees as may be raifed by the (Z^oots of another Tree$ and how to raife them. AS for fuch forts of Trees which may be raifed only from part of a Root of another Tree, there be many ; bnt of thofe that I have made expe* rience, I fhall in this place give an account, Firft, Let the Tree be a thriving Tree, but not too young, nor ari old Tree : for if it bp too young, then the Roots will be too finali for this purpofe ; if too old, ’tis poffible the; Roots, may be decaying, and then not fit for this purpofe. Let the Roots be from a quarter of an inch to an inch arid a half diametér, and from fome young,thriving Tree is the bèft ; for in them the Sap is plentiful,' and therefore willput forth the greater flioot. Then in the latter end of February, or the beginning of March, dig'round the Trees you intend to iriereafe from, till you find fuch Roots as before are mention’d, and taking your Knife, cut them three or four inches from the great Root, fmooth at the plaée you cut off then raife up that end, putting in. the Earth to keep itf up, that "when your Grouna is levelled again, the end of this Root fo cut off may be two or three inches above-ground* I do judge the forefaid time of the Year to be the belt ; for then the Sun hafining to the Vernal Equi-nodial, or rather this Star of the Earth to Libra^ the Sun having Heat, and a fironger drawing Faculty on the Head of the Tree, draweth by its fecret Influence on the feveral Branches on the Head, and the Head from the Body, and both Head and Body from the G z Roots j< 20 Th Manner of <%aijing and Roots ; and the Root being furnifh’d with Sap from the Earth, to fupply the Body and the Head, is then : the fitter to produce with that Sap a new Tree, likelier than when *tis in its full Sap, viz,, in Summer : for then the abundance'of Sap will rather choke a Bud, than produce one out of the Root, if the Root be of fuch fort as will produce Trees from part of the Roots; and then the Weather is fo hot that it fuffo-1 cates a new Bud that will be fo full of Sap, as that will be, if any: and as to the opening of the Roots at that Seafon, how unnatural *tis to the Roots of the Mother-Tree, you may eafily judge. And then, to do this in Winter, tho there is a continual Motion and Afcending of the Sap from the Roots (unlefs accidentally hindred by Frofts) all the Year long, (for Nature is no Sluggard) yet to cut the Roots then, and to expofe them thus cut, as aforefaid, to the Extremity of the Weather, which then ufually is great, the Froft and Wet pierce that ' new Wound fo much, that ’tis more likely to ruin, than to increafe its Kind *, but if it doth live, the Spring is the time when it will bud, therefore by confequence the beft. My reafon for cutting the Root two or three inches off from the great Root, is (then) that two or three inches of the Root will put forth many Roots at the end, efpecially if fmooth cut off, and fo the better for the Tree from whence you take the Roots. Thus much for the Manner of Raif-■ ing by part of Roots : the Kinds which may be thus raifed, are thefe that follow, viz.» Elm, Maple, Poplar, Afpen, Abete, Cherry, Crab-l’ree, Plumb, White-Bufh, Serves, CHAP.Ch.8. Improving Foreft-Trees, See. 21 CHAP. VIII. What Soil, or Dung, is befl for Trees, or their Seeds, &c. AN Y fort of Dung that is very hot of it felf, as Pigeons, Hens-dung, Sea-Coal, or Wood-Afhes, Soot, or Malt-duft; or fuch as heats after *tis laid in the ground, as Horfe-dung and Horfe-Litter, or green Grafs, or Weeds : thefe or the like, unlefs a fmall quantity, and in very cold Ground, are better faved than ufed for Trees, efpecially Foreft-Trees; and fome Reafons may be given for this. Firft, Their Forefathers have not met with fuch Kindnefs, therefore their Children do not, nor cannot digeft it fo well. Secondly, Thefe Sorts of Dungs are good for feveral Sorts of Plants, efpecially Annuals ; for Jtis the Nature of them, where they meec with fuch warm Entertainment, to come up the fooner, provided the Dung be not fo hot as to bum them : for Nature has accuftomed them fo much to a yearly Decay, that the Seeds of them will lay hold of the firft Opportunity, and put forward for their Journey, either Spring, Summer, Autumn, or Winter ; according as they meet with Provifion for their Pro-grefs, till they have accomplifli’d that which was done for them, viz.- produced Seeds. When your Foreft-Tree knoweth its continuance to be long, and that naturally it hath many Years to produce its like, it will not be much forced by Art or artificial Means ; for who can by the belt Art or Care that can be ufed, force the Keys of an Afti to come up in a Year, or to grow but one Inch ? For it will lie a Year or more before it will begin to C 3 Ihootj21 The Manner of fyifing find fhoot; whereas feverai forts of Annuals will at any time of the Year come up in three or four days, if their Entertainment be accordingly. Therefore neu ther your Foreft-Trees nor their Seeds require much Dung, but love a Groutid trg'ncfied deep with fome addition of fre/h Earth, fuch as they delight in : as, if your Ground be a ftrong Cl?.y, then trench it deepj and mix it 'with fat San$’ Kubbifh of Build-' ings, Seacoal-Afhqs, Highway-Earth that hath drift Sand in it, or fmall Gravel-Lime, or Lime-Rub-bifh, &c. And if your Ground be a Gravel or Sand, then trench it and mix it with Loom-Clay; the Turf and upper part of each is very good, digging the Ground deep, and mixing it well: But if it be for an Orchard, you may add any fort of Ground ; fome rotten Dung of Horfe or Cow, &c. will do very well, fo it be not where your Root is : but fet the Roots of any fort of Trees ip frefh fine Mould. In ftiff Ground it is good to trench it with Straw, Thatch, Litter, Woodftack-Earth, or fmall Wood; but let not your Roots ftand upon thefe by any means, nor upon any Dung or Turf, but let them be at leaft one inch or two from every Root: and then in a Year or two, when the Roots of your Tree come to this Dung, or Soil, the Ground will then have made it rotten, and fit to lead your Root along in the Veins as it lieth for them, to find their Nourifhment the better. Note, That thofe Trees whofe Roots run /hallow, do moft delight in light Ground; as on a Gravel your Beech, Cherry, Afh ; if mixed with Loom, the Elm, or any j on a brick Earth the Oak, Elm, Pear, &c. But for thefe I fhall refer you to each particular Chapter of their Kinds. Of all forts of Ground for Trees, or moil forts of ■ Plants, I take your Clays to be the worft; that is, ^ your ftrong blue, ftrong white, or ftrong red : but if any of thefe have fome Stones naturally in them, 1 theyCh.8. Improving Foreft-Treesy &c. 2$ they make them the better ; and the nearer they turn to a mixture of Loom, they are fo much the better. So likewife gravelly or* Tandy Ground, the nearer a Loom the better; for a Loom, that is, a light Brick-Earth, is the moft natural Ground for Gardens or Plantations. Your ftrong Grounds are worfe for Trees than your light, efpfecially for their Seeds; for they are more fubjeft to great Weeds, as Couch-grafs, Thif-tles, Nettles, &c. When your gravelly Ground hath in moft places a fhort Grafs, or Mother of Thyme, or Mofs, commonly the greateft Plant is Fern, which is very natural to Seeds of Trees, and to the Roots of Trees. You may often fee feveral young Trees come up in Tern, which naturally grows on your light Ground, therefore is moft natural for the increafe of Wood. But your ftrong Ground doth moft commonly produce the greateft Oak, and your gravelly or fhallow Ground the fineft Grain ; that is, when Trees are on fuch Ground as they do naturally love to grow on, they then produce the greateft Grain, for then are their annual Circles the greater: therefore fuch Trees are your ftrongeft and tougheft Timber. But when a Tree grows on a Ground it naturally doth not like, then the annual Circles being fmall, the Grain of fuch a Tree muft of confequence be finer, and the Wood not fo tough. So that thefe ftately Trees do not love fuch great Variety as your Annuals : for if they be in a Ground which they do not very well like, if you give them but room by deep and often digging, they will then fearch the further from home, and provide fuch Nourifliment as will make them thrive, and be ftately. Whereas your annual Plants, and others that be not very long-lived, will defire better and more variety of Dung than your Foreft-Trees. I have often admired w hat fhould be the reafon that feme Plants will not come to their perfe&ion, unlefs they ftand C 4 on14 The Manner of Qtyifing mi on Dung, or that which will give a great heat; which would kill the Seeds of feveral others, did they but (land there one day : But as for the Reafon of the Heat that fuch Plants defire, it is becaufe they were made for hot Countries, and therefore if we would have them come to Maturity in our cold one, we muft give them warm Lodging, efpecially in the Spring, which is too cold with us for them. But what is it then that Plants do feed on ? Now to confider this wrell, why the Heat of Grafs Or green Weeds fhould bring them forward as well as the Dung of Horfes, provided you can keep it but as temperate (for ’tis fubjeft to be too hot) and as long lafting, for it will not keep its Heat long : where is then the Salt, Sulphur, and Mercury or Spirit in the Dung more than in the Grafs, to feed thefe Plants ? Alfo I have obferv’d, that if you take rich Mould, half or more of it rotten Dung, and cover one end of your Bed; the other end cover the fame thicknefs with poor hungry Mould, provided you make it fine, and fit for the Roots to run in: this Iaft fhall do as well, and many times better for any Seeds on a hot Bed than the rich Mould. Where is then the Salt, Sulphur, or Mercury in. the rich Mould, more than in the hungry ? as moft do hold, that the richer the Mould, the more of them, and that all Plants draw their Nourifhment from thefe Matters; when I know that the Seeds (moft we fow on hot Beds) could well digeft that Matter in the rich Mould, if it were there more than in the poor, and come on much forwarder in thefe Moulds, each, if not on a hot Bed: the rich Mould would bring on Plants much ftronger than the poor, provided the Seeds be of fuch Plants that are quick of Digeftion. Pigeons Dung, fown thin upon cold Land, and early in the Spring, is very good for Barley; but if fown late, and cn dry hot Ground, it will therj do more harm than good, for it will burn up your SeedsCh. 8. Improving Fore ft'Trees, &c. 25 Seeds or Plants. This Dung is too hot and' quick for the Seeds of Trees; for ’tis the Nature of Pigeons to eat Salt, and to go to the Sea-fide early in the Mornings, and there to pick up Salt, which the Heat of the Sun makes by drying up the fait Water, and then leaving the Salt upon the Sand. Now this Fowl feeding fo much upon Salt, the Dung of it is hotter and falter than any Fowl I know. Now the Reafons why it is good for cold Lands, and withal to fow it early, are thefc: Every one knows that ’tis the Nature o.f Salt, that the dryer and hotter ’tis kept, the more it keeps its own Body, and doth not turn to Water; and when it Hands in a cold and moifl place, it then diflolves in a little time to Water ; and when ’tis turn’d into this Element of Water, then it is fit for the Nourifliment and Feeding of Seeds, efpecially Annuals: for they be always prepar’d to fet forward in their Journey, provided they meet but with fuitable Entertainment. But the Seeds of moll ForeH-Trees will Hay the time that their and our great God hath allotted them. But then why Salt fhonld be a Feeder of Plants or Seeds, I take the Reafon to be this, namely, Salt-Water; (yet I do not mean of Salt in a great quantity, and in meet places that will turn it into Water.) I have oft obferv’d, that Salt, if fallen upon a Board or other place, will be long a drying ; and if Heat have made it dry, then Dews or Rain make it moiH again, then it Hearns forth ; and that it is which nourifheth all Plants : when if on a hot and dry Ground, and late in the Spring, if dry Weather come, then it doth not, nor cannot yield its Steam or Fume: a sParacelfus, in his Philofophy to the Athenians, lib. 3.p. 57. faith; Every Body, or tangible Subflance, is nothing but a curdled Fume ; whence (faith he) we may conclude, that there is a manifold Coagulation, one of Wood, another of Stones, a third of Mewls, but the Body is nothing2 6 The and but Fume, fmoaking out of the Matter of Matrix |n which it is. So that which groweth out of the Earth is a Fume, riling out of the Moifture of Mercury, which is various, and fendeth forth feveral Fumes for Herbs, Trees* &c. I do remember when I was a Boy, about fourteen Years of Age, the Sea brake a Bank into a Marfh of my Father’s, in Lincolnfhire, and did overflow that Marfh and fome others with fait Sea-Water: the next Summer proving dry, all our Grafs was clearly burnt up, fo that I was very much concern’d for fome particular Reafons, thinking that all our Grafs bad been quite kill’d; and indeed fo it appear’d* The next Summer prov’d wet, fo that towards the latter end we had fome Grafs again; and the third Summer we had Grafs enough, but the fourth and many after in abundance. So that it appears the Ground was ftupify’d with 'too much Kindnefs at firft, but after the Rain had allay’d the too much Strength of the Salt-water, then the Grafs could well digeft the gentle Fume. I would have thofe that lay Salt on their Gravel-Walks to kill their Weeds, obferve if in a few Years more they do not produce more Weeds than fome other that had not Salt laid on them at all. Sea-fand is a very good Compoft for Ground, ef* pecially for ftift Ground, for there it doth the two main parts to Plants, or any Seed or Tree; that is, it makes way for the Tree or Seed to root in ftiff Ground, and makes a Fume to feed it: but this is too nimble for the Seeds of Trees (unlefs a very little) obferve the Reafons before. Malt-Duft is a moft excellent Compoft in a fmall quantity, for many forts of Annual Seeds, as I have oft try’d V'ith good Succefs; but the Reafons are ftill the fame : for this being a fmall part of the Roots of the Barley, and being very dry, drinks in the Element of Water, which is the principal and firft Matter of all things (as a learned Author hathCh.8. ImproYmg Foreft-Trees, See. 27 it, in the Genealogy of Mineral*, p. 44.) So wonderfully hath God created Water, the firft Matter of Nature, which tho it be fo tender and feeble a Sub-ftance, yet from thence is created the moffc folid and durable Fruit; that is, from the Fume of an oily, earthy Water, is the Life of all Plants. The Parts of the Dull being thus fill’d, upon the Sun’s attracting that and the Plant, the Root embraces this Fume : This little Root, it having not Life to grow, turns to Earth, and its Grave is a Room to lead the Root of another Plant in; it will give good Entertainment to its own Kind. Thus you fee the DefiruClion of one is the In-creafe of another: A little of this is good for fome Seed of Foreft-Trees ; but fow it not too thick, for any thing, left it mould, or turn mufty. Note, that the place which is beft for the Root to be in, when the Tree or Plant is growing, is the place that bringeth it fooneft to Deflru&ion when dead, and contrary; for a Tree cannot live in Water, or ahvays dry, and thofe preferve the Timber longeft when the Tree is dead. This may be further improv’d by Ingenuity. Note alfo, that the Place which is beft to keep the Fruit of a Tree in, is the very worft for a Tree or Plant to grow in, and the contrary. Old Rags of Woollen-Cloth, as is found by Experience by the induftrious Farmer, cut into fmall Pieces, are a good Compoft for their Ground ; they draw the Dewr and Rain to them, and keep it till Sol’s Prefence makes it fit for the Roots of the Plant : I judge them to be beft for a pure dry Soil, becaufe they hold their Moifture long, and Ifuppofe ’tis a Soil that is lafting ; for Wool will not rot with Wet fuddenly. A little of this for the Trees or Seed on a dry Ground will do good to them, as appears by the aforefaid Reafons ; for Annuals better. Conny-28 The Manner of fifing and Conny-Clippings are of the fame nature (but I do fuppofe they will not laft fo long) and are better for a ftiff Ground. Saw-Duft, if well rotten, and of foft Woody, is very grateful to the tender Roots or Seeds of any fort; ’tis good for dry Ground, for it holds Water; and makes way for the Roots of Trees very well, and is as good as moft Preparers are. Rotten-Duft out of hollow Trees, efpecially thofe of foft Wood, is a rich Leader of tender young Roots: the Reafon is fhew’d before. Soot is good to kill Mofs, for its Heat kills the Roots, for they lie on the top of the Earth; and good alfo to keep Worms from doing harm to young Seeds. Sea-Coal Allies are very good in cold ftiff Ground, cither for Trees, or any other Plant, to make that Ground work well, and to keep it hollow for the Roots to run in, &c. Rubbifhof Buildings, that is, broken Bricks, and Stones and Lime, is very good for the Roots of Trees in a ftiff cold Ground; the Reafon is told you. Chalk broken fmall into pieces, is a very good Compoft for ft iff cold Grounds. There is much difference in Chalk, but that which is foft fat Chalk, is good for fuch Ground as aforefaid, and for Ground that is not very ftiff. Let your Reafon inftruft you further. Lime is a very rare Compoft for cold Grounds and ftiff Clays; for its Heat caufeth a Fume, and its Tendernefs makes way for the Roots, to fetch home their Nourifhment; and its Heat is great at £rft, therefore lay not on too much on any Ground, and let that be flacked, If your dry Ground be what your Trees delight to grow in, and you are forc’d to fet them on wet, then add fome of this Lime a-mong your Earth. Clay, efpecially that fort which is a light Brick-Earth, is very good for fuch Land that is a light fhoveyCh.B. Improving Vorefl'TreeS) &c, 29 fhovey Gravel, or hath too much Sand in it. Such Grounds as thefe do not retain the Spirit of Plants ; for when Nature hath by the two Lovers, Star-Fire and Water, generated their Babe, fuch Ground as this doth drink down too fail, and again doth dry too haftily ; fo that the Water cannot have time to leave nor to prepare its Slime : which is the Mercury that makes that Fume which feeds all Plants and their Seeds. But this Clay mud not be digged too deep, for then it wanteth of that which feedeth Plants, I have taken the green Slime that is common in Standing-Water (I do not mean the Frogs Spawn, which is caft many times into this) and have dry’d it and beat it into fine Duft, and then have mix’d it with good frefh Earth, and have found very good Succefs in railing feveral forts of Flower-Seeds and others: tho I have Notes of them, yet it is out of my Road to fpeak of them now, becaufe I am writing of theftatcly Foreft-Trees. However, I may (it’s poflible) write fomewhat of them, if the Lord permits, and according as I find thefe few Lines accepted of by fome of the Royal Oaks of this our Age. For I do fuppofe that there is not one thing in Gardening yet well known : For (as a learned Author hath it) be that knows a thing vxlly muß know what it was, is, and JbaU be ; therefore all human Knowledg is but a Shadow of fuperficiai Learning, reflecting upon Man’s Imagination, but not the leal! thing comprehended fubftantially. But to the Bufinefs in hand : Take Clay or Loom, and lay it on your Ground, not too thick, the beginning of Winter, and there let it be till the Froft; hath made it fall into Mould ; then in fome dry open time harrow it all over: and if it be Ground yon plough, then plough it in a dry time; but if it be Ground you trench for Foreft or Fruit-Trees, ob-ferve to order it fo : for by thus doing, the Clay will mix with the Sand or Gravel much better. The better' The Marnier of fifing and ' better that any Man cheweth his Meat, it is cef-* tainly the eafier to digeft; and the dryer you put it into your Grouiid (provided it hath but tifne to water* it felf well before your Trees be fet) ’tis the better; for then it draws the Mercury, and ftores it up till the Roots have occafion for it, foi* ’tis quickly exhaled out Of Sand : but the Clay holds his Store till a time of Neceflity, and then contributes to the Roots, that is, in dry Weather; and the fmaller you make it to mix with your Ground, the likelier the fmall Roots (as well as the great) are to meet with it. Note further, that the fmaller your Plants be, the finer muft your Earth be made, by skreening, lifting, beating, turning, &c. I know by good Succefs this to be true; for the Right Honourable my Lord (and the more to be honour’d becaufe a great Planter, and as great a Lover thereof) gave me order to make three Walks of Lime-Trees, from the new Garden to the new Bowling-Green, and withal to make them defcend towards the Houfe, as near as we could; which to do, I was forc’d to cut thro one Hill thirty Rod, moft of the Hill two Foot deep, into a fharp Gravel, and the greateft part of all the Length of the Walks was the fame r they beingTrees that I rais’d of Seeds, moft of them, and the reft of Layers, at Hadhant-HaU, they '.being with my Lord ever fince their Minority, and he many times their Barber, engag’d him to have the more particular Kindnefs for them, therefore he order’d me to do what I thought good in preparing thb Ground for them; which I did as‘ followeth. , ■' FirftT - Ieveil’d the1 Hill, and when I had brought the Ground near to the Level concluded on, Iftaked out my Ground where every Tree Ihould ftarid,* and then order’d my Holes'to,be made formy Trees1, each Hole three Foot deep', add four Foot wide, beca’ufe'the Ground was fo bad; This I did near a year beforeCh.8. Improving Forefl-Trees> See, jj I fet my Trees; and having the Convenience of Brick-Earth near, I got near a Load to every Hole, and mix’d this with the Earth digged out of the Holes, turning it over twice, and in dry Weather throwing out the greateft Stones, but the Turf I did throw into each Hole (the Grafs-fidè downward) as foon as they w ere made; but the Hill of Gravel | trench’d with Loom, Cow-dung, and the Litter wilder the Cow* racks, two Spade deep, and five Foot on each fide every Row of Trees. * Thus having prepar’d my Ground, andthe.Seafort of the Year come, about the beginning óf ISfovember 1672, I had the 'Frees taken up with good helj^j a$ carefully as I could, and carry’d to CaJhhUerry, thé place of their now Abode; and then having good ftore of Help, and good Mould prepar’d, of the fmallefl and fineft, I fet the Trees with the upper part of the Roots of each Tree level with the tbp of the Ground, making a round Hill half a Foot high about every Tree, and the Compafs of the Hole. Having prun’d the Heads of each Tree, and cut off the bruifedRoots, and the Ends of fuch Roots as were broken, I forted the Trees, and obferv’d this Method in placing them ; namely, I fet the higheH next the Bowling-green, and fo Ihorter and fhorter till the lowefl: w'ere next to the Garden ; which I did for thefe Reafons : Next the Green was the worft Ground, and the Trees more in‘ danger of being fpoil’d, by reafon of a Market-path that goeth crofs that end of the Walks to Watford. Thus having fet my Trees ftreight in their Rows; and trod the Earth clofe to their Roots, and made my Hills, I then laid round every Tree, upon thofe Hills;> wet Litter taken off from the Dunghill, a good Bar* row-full to every Tree, and cover’d that with a little Mould, leaving them to take their refffcf a time; but early in the Spring I found them to begin their Progrefs, and that Summer they had fuch Heads diof forth, that I was forc’d to cut off fome of their Heads31 Tie Manner of (Ratjing and - Heads (that is* the Side-boughs) to keep thè Wind from breaking them. There are in thcfe four Rows of Trees 296, and of thefe I loft not one Tree the firft Year : but they did grow and fhoot fo well, that there wrere feveral Noblemen, that faw them, did think, as they faid, that they were not remov’d the Year before ; but the. Year after we had three fpoil’d by fome bafe Men or Boys. Of the very fame Parcel of Trees my Lord gave Sir William Temple thirty of the bcft of them, which he himfelf faw chofen out \ they were fet at Sir William's Houfe at Sheen, a much better-natur’d Ground than ours, yet they loft all of them but fix the firft Year. I faw a Walk of Lime-Trees (but I think they were the Baftard-kind, w'hich we have growing in many of our Woods in England) fet at Dehden-Hall, the Right Worfiiipful Sir Richard Browns Houfe ; the natural Ground was not bad for them, but how they were order’d I do not know, for thgj had the firft Year not above one in ten that did gro.w any thing confiderably. I faw' the like (or worfe) Spoil of the fame Trees at my Lord Chief Baron Turners near Stratford, where the Ground might eafily have been made very good, for them. I only write this, to perfuade Noblemen, and others that are Lovers of Planting, ito remember the old Saying, viz,. A thing once well'done, is twice done; and thofe that are refolv’d to plant* that they make their Ground fit for thofe Trees before they’ fet them, and not bury them in. a Hole like a dead Dog, a? too many db. -Let me then beg that they may have good “and frefh'Lodgings fu? table to their Quality,; and good Attendance alfo,.to preferve them from their Enemies, till they be able to encounter with them : they that will not do this, let them never refolve to plant Trees; for why fhould they fpoil the leaft of thofe ftately Monuments, and in fo doing throw away their Money ? For let fuch note that Nature beftows not her Gifts butCh. 8. Improving Foreft-Treesy fkc. 3 3 bat where, flic finds futable Convenience j therefore order your Ground well, and then you may fee a good Succefs, as my Lord hath had in feveral of his Plantations, tho as bad Ground as moft is to plant on. One Night fmechoughts) walking up one of my Lord’s Lime-Walks, I heard the grateful Trees thus paying the Tribute of their Thanks to his Lordfhip : Like Pyramids our flately 'Tops we’ll wife, To fing our Noble BenefaElors Praife; Frejhly toe will to After-Ages /how What Noble Effex did on us befiow : For we our very Being owe to him, Or elfe we had long fence intomled been . In Crop of Bird, or in Beafis Belly found, Or met our Death neglected on the Ground. By him we cheri(b’d were with Dung and Spade, For which we’ll recompenfe him with our Shade : And fence his Kindnefs faw us prun’d fo well, IVe will requite him with our fragrant Smell; In Winter (as in Gratitude is meet) We’ll ferew our humble Leaves beneath his Feet t Nay, in each Tree, Root, Trunk, Branch, all will be Proud to ferve him and his Pofterity. ' Thus having ihew’d you by Example the good Effe&s of a light Brick-Earth upon Gravel, I could alfo tell the fame of a Fat-Sand, Drift-Sand, fmall Gravel upon your Clay or ftiff Ground ,• but I hope that I have inform’d your Judgment fo much, that you will reafonably conclude wdth me, that the preparing of Ground for Trees, is, only to mix Ground fo together, that there may be convenient room for the Roots to fearch for their Nourifhment,- and to humour the Tree fo, that there may be a good part of the natural Ground which each Tree delights to grow in. I know if your Ground be a iliff Clay, then to trench and mix it with Fat-Sand, Drift-Sand, Lime, D Rubbifh,34 The Manner of aifing and Rubbifh, or Chalk and Lime, are great Helps to fuch Ground, either tor Trees, or Corn, or Grafs ,* and more lading than Dung, and for Fored-Trees full as good as Dung: for it doth not only give leave, and make way for the Roots to run in the Earth, but takes away that Over-moidnefs in the cold diff Ground, which hinders Conception, by letting the Water down into the Earth, and by keeping it from cracking; and fo nouriflieth the Spirit of the Earth, and alfo keeps it from fpending too hadily. Horfe-Dung is the bed to make your hot Beds with, for fuch Plants as are commonly rais’d of them by Annual Plants; but it is too hady for the Seeds of Trees, unlefs it be rotten, and well mix’d with natural Mould: it is bed for your diff dbld Lands, and if you lay it upon ploughed Ground (which ’tis bed for) then plough it in as foon as you can, for if it lies there to dry, there will a great part of the oily Subdance, which makes the Fume for Nourifhment of Plants, be exhaled out by the Sun. Let no fort of Dung lie long on the top of your Ground un-ploughed-in, but plough or dig it in as foon as you can; for by lying fo, it doth not only lofe a great part of its Goodnefs by the Sun (efpecially if it lies thin) but where your Dunghil lies, every Shower will wafh the Strength of the Dung into the Ground; fo that if you take the Dung off from that place as clean as you can, yet you fhall have that place bear ranker Corn than where you thought the Dung had lain much thicker, if it lies long in a place. The Obfervation of this taught me many good Ufes,• as jfird, to lay Dung about the Roots of Trees is much better than Stones, as my Lord Bacon advifes in his Natural Hidory; for this keeps moid the Ground better than they, and Rain wafhes the Strength to the Roots, as is aforefaid: and if you dig in this when the Strength is gone, and your Trees drong, it then prepares way for the Roots, and there is a great Benefit to your Trees. Or if it is not digged l in,Ch.8. ImproYmg Foreft-Trees] See. ] j in, but lies on the top, and there turns to Earth, it then feeds the Roots on the top, and leads them upward. And feeing where Dung lies, the Ground is id much improv’d by the wafhing in of the Strength of the Dung, it may well inform you that Dung fteeped in Water is very good, efpecially if you ufe Dung in quantity according to the Nature of your Plants, and Strength of your Ground ; the weaker youf Ground, make your Water the ftronger. There is in fome places in Farmers Yards, a Water that wafh-eth from their Dunghils, a Load of which is not inferior to a Load of Dung, yet by them totally rteg-lefted ; but of Waters I fliali fpeak more in the next Chapter. Thus having hinted of thefe two ufeful and common Dungs, Cow and Horfe, in the Example of thefe Lime-Trees, only obferve this, and then I fliali proceed : Horfe-Dung is beft for Plants that are quick of Digeftion and Growth, and for Trees or Plants that /hoot much in a year; for it yields a great Fume, and fuch Plants can well difpofe of it* Cow-Dung is a good Soil for moft Trees or Plants of hot Ground, and better for durable Plants than it is for Annuals: It is excellent for many forts of rare Flowers, if firft it be thorow-rotten, and thetl dry’d and beaten to Duft, and fome frefli fine Earth then mix’d well with it. Deers-Dung is much of the Nature of CowS of Bullocks; but ’tis more proper for tender and fmallet Plants. Sheeps-Dung is alfo of the fame Nature, but more agreeable to tender and fmall Seeds and Plants : By this our Yeomen and Farmers find good Profit, by folding their Sheep every night on their own Lands; for there they find a certain Benefit on their Ground by the Dung and Urine which the Sheep make in one Night; tho it is not long lafting, yet *tis a fure Help for the firft Crop, and a good Addition to the f'econd. D % Th&The Manner of ^aijtng and This may teach you, that a thin fprinkling of Dung is more fure moft Years for your Corn-Land than greater Quantities,* and alfo that to break yoiir Dung fmall is beflj for the fmaller the better, ef-pecially if you have laid it on your Ground not long ■ before you low, particularly for your Summer-Crops. From this I do advife my ingenious Countrymen of thefe few Rules which are fpoken to before. To yvell obferve the Nature of your Land, and by fo doing to enrich it with fuch Soil and Dung as is moft natural to the Ground, and to the Seeds you intend to fow on it; and to lay it on your Ground at the moft convenient times. Firft, as to the Ground; I have hinted at many ufeful Compofts, and alfo that feveral of them are far more proper for fome Grounds than they are for others: tho there be many more forts that may be, and are made ufe of to very good Effed, yet I /hall not trouble my felf nor you with the naming any more, knowing that he that underftands to number T9 20 in Arithmetick, may foon count to 100, Now as to the Seed you intend to fow, whether it be of Trees, Plants, or any. fort of Grain, the finalleryour Seed is, make the Ground the finer; the quicker your Seeds be of Growth, and the more they run into Stalks or Leaves, your Dung may then be the newer and ftronger, and the more in Quantity, according to the Digeftion of your Plants. But if for Trees or Plants of long lafting, then let,the Dung be the more rotten ; and the more they be apt to fhoot great ftiootl^ the more.you may allow them ; •but let them be fure of fome.fuch Ground as they .naturally delight to grow in, and alfo to allow them room that is large enough : for high and lofty Spirits do not love to be confin’d to little and fmall .Cottages.^ And as for laying it on your Ground, if the time be^ the Spring*,.that .is,moft proper to fow your Seed, then lay ftich'Dung as is hot and dry early on your .,rp f- •{• Ground;Ch.8. Improving Foreft-TreeSj See. 37 Ground ; and rather err in too little than too much, fuch Dungs as be your Pigeons, Hens, Seacoal-Allies, c'7c. But if they be hot and moift, fuch as Horfe-Dung, Horfe-Litter, or green Grafs, Hay, &c. thefc be moft proper fot Annuals, and it is not good to be too fparing toward thefe tender Plants; rather err in keeping your Dung too dry than too wer, for in fo doing you ihall keep its Heat the longer^ and have the more Command fpirttep it fo. But if you haveoccafion to lay Dung on Ground to help fuch Trees or Plants as are not Annual, but more flow in their Progrefs, then mix fuch DuOg thlft, and not too near the RoOt$0 hut if it be the Autumn Seafon that you have occafion to lay it on your Land, then lay it fomething thicker, for the Winter w ill qualify the Strength and Heat of it. To conclude, if you are to lay Dung on Land, that you are to fow with'S&sd, which doth not run much into Stalks, and is but flow in growing, then do as our Farmers do; let it be rotten, and mix’d well with Mould before you lay it on your Land, and then your Grain or Seed will the better agree with it; or elfe you may find on your Landftrong great Weeds, fuch as the Ground is mbit inclined to: for flrong Land will produce the ftronger Weeds, and the other the contrary. Therefore if your Dung'be too rank and new for the Seed you intend to fow your Ground with, then mix it with fome other Compoft as is moft proper for your Land, and moft convenient to be had ; and if your Land be ft iff, then mix it with Chalk, lighj: fandyGround, or fomewhat of the like nature, laying a good Quantity of Earth firft, then your Dung, and then Earth to cover your Dung all over; by fo doing you will five that oily Watp-r which will foak from the Dung by Showers of Rain into the Earth under the Dung : and by covering your Dung with Earth, it will kfcep^the Sun fr-pirt drying out that Moiftu'-c • nd whatever Fumesarife, the Earth on. D 1 tlv^38 The Manner of fyifing and the top will receive. Be fure you let it not grow with Weeds on the top, but when you find them to appear, take them off, and fuffer none to grow on your Compoft; or turn it over, and mix it with your Earth below, however let it be mix’d together before you lay it on your Land. Thus do with new Horfe-Dung and Litter, but if it be any other Dung, lay it on your Land as foon as Opportunity ferveth ; for the longer you let it lie, the more it lofeth of its Strength : therefore lay it on rather too thin, and in dry Weather, and early. 7o afftft Nature do thou not negleSl ; Ufe her not roughly, left there be DefeEl. Thus much may ferve for Trees, but if it be for Flowers, or other fine and tender Plants, you then muft be more curious, and mix your Earth better ,* but they are out of my Road at this time. The main Bufinefs is to prepare your Ground fo, that there may be room for the Roots to run in to fetch their Nourifhment. As for Trees and Plants that root deep, trench your Ground accordingly, &c. Now, for to pleafe the Tree or Plant with fuch Earth as it delights to be in, add fuch a Quantity of Dung as may be futable to the Growth of your Tree or Plant, thereby to make a Fume to feed it : let this Fume be made of what it will, for my part, I fhall not contend whether it be Salt, Sulphur, or Mercury; or, as fome affirm, that ’tis Salt, Sulphur, Mercury, and Spirit; all, or any one of thefe feed the Plants of this Terreftrial Globe : Or if it be Fire, Earth, Water, or Air, as was formerly the Opinion of the Learned; for Sulphur or Brimftone may an-fwer to Fire, Salt to the Earth, Mercury to Water, Spirit to Air. For ’tis certain, that Plants have Salt, Sulphur, Mercury, and Spirit in them; fome more than others, according to their Heat or Coldnefs; bgt tha? they feedCh.8. Improving Foreft-TreeSy See. 39 feed on thefe, is not certain to me: but it is, as I conceive, the Fume, Steam, or more properly the Spirit of the Earth that they feed on ; for the Earth is full of Spirit, which is the Caufe of the vaft many Produ&ions of Plants and Infe&s which are produc’d every year, and from no Seed or Sperm, but according to the fit Matrix of the Earth, and the Star-Fire, and Virgin Mercury : their Dame Nature is then bufy to make fome Plant or Infefl, according as Xhe hath provided a Breaft to fuckle and feed them. The Earth is then but only a Lodging-place, and fimple Water is only its Garment; for fimple crude Water feeds nothing, but is rather deftru&ive, as is feen.by Water that runs forth on a Gravel, and the Stream quick; there be feldom good Meadows by fuch Rivers, unlefs there be fome Town that wafh-eth it felf into the River, or good rich Land, or Lanes, or the like. Your Spring-Water, unlefs it have fome Affiftance, is the like; but of Water, fee more in the next Chapter. And now I fliall give you an Example of Earth, by which you may well perceive that Plants do not feed on fimple Earth, nor crude Water. My Lord was the Author that told me this, and as foon as the Seafon of the Year did permit me, I then did try the Experiment, which was thus perform’d : I took out of a Hill of good rich frefh Earth (which I had prepar’d for other things) fome of the dryeft, fomewhat above a good large Flower-pot full, this I carry’d into a little Room, which I had at Hadbam-Hall, it join’d upon the Bake-houfe ; there I fpread this Earth thin upon the Shelves, now and then turning it, till it was as dry as Dull, and, as I thought, as dry as it well could be, provided it were not burnt. Having thus prepar’d my Earth, I fill’d a Flower-pot with it, which Pot and Earth thus fill’d, weigh’d, as exa&ly as I could weigh it, juft eighteen Pounds and a half. »4 March4Ö The Manner of (Raijlng and March approaching, in the Year 1666, I piit this Pot into a hot Bed to fecure the Seeds, and withal to help forward my Defign to preferve them I the Seeds were Purflain which I fow’d in it, the Quantity was very fmall: I kept this Pot in hot Beds till the beginning of May, and then I fet it under a South-Wall, where it flood till that Month was out, and then I fet it in the Shade from the Meridian Sun ; there it flood till thé latter end of Auguft, and then finding my Plants full of Seed, and at a Hand, I; cut lip the Purflain clofe to the Ground, at Noon-time, when it was very dry, and weigh’d the Purflain as exactly as I could, and it weigh’d juft fix Pound twd Ounces. Then I took the Pot of Earth, and’(ét it in a South Window in a Banquetting-Houfe to dry, turning the Earth to the Sun, to dry out fome of the Moifture, for the Earth was'wet'; for I had kept this Pot with watering all the Summer, as occafion ferv’d : then I took-this Pot of Earth, and carry’d it into the little Room, to dry the Earth as I did before, and putting fome of the-Earth into a Box, and the reft in the Pot, I made it as dry as it Well could be, or at leaf!' as dry as it was when I fow’d my Seeds in it j^'and then putting all my Earth into the Pot again, I weigh’d it as exa&ly as I had done before, and then the Pot and the'Earth weigh’d juft eighteen Pound and (even Ounces ; there was, I confers, the Roots of the Purflain, biit when they were dry’d, I do believe they did not weigh ohe Ounce m7 and this One Ounce that it loft of Weight might be Earth daflh’d over w ith Rains. Now thefe Plants weighing fo much, and the Earth wafted or decreafed in its Weight fo little, doth plainly fhew that Plants do not feed only on Earth ; for I do believe this, that the Earth that was wafted, was dafh’d cut of the Pot by hafty Watering, and by fudden Showers of Rain, or perchance fome might go out of the Holes cf the Pot with the Water.Ch. 8. ImproVing For eft-Trees, See. 41 . Now,, tha Plants do not fegd on Earth, yet Earth is the Nurfc and Receptacle of mod:' tilings ;*and‘ the Earth is fpODW and pqrous, fit to receive the feveral Influences of the Heavens, of Heat, Rains, and Dews, and dorcs them up for the Cpnfervation of her Products : and when the Seed or Plant'defire it, is put into motion by the Qeleftial Heat the Earth freely gives out of her ftore, according as the Plant can difpofe of it. And if there be no Plants to feed on this Spirit of the Earth, then many times Nature makes fonie which do : for the Earth will produce feveral Plants of it felf, without Seed or Root, but they be Plants of no long lading, and when they die, they turn to Air and Spirit, as all things do: for there is nothing that is at a certain day, for all things have their time of increafing, and time of decaying, till they be turned to that of which they were made. No Man can fee Trees grow, yet all Men know that they do : It is plain to fee when a Tree is decaying, yet to know how long it will be before it is of its ow n decaying turned to Earth or Dud, is hard to know. Tho it is reported, that an Oak is a hundred Years a grow ing, a hundred Years dands at a day, and a hundred Years decaying ,• yet this is very erroneous: for on fhallow Grounds an Oak will not grow' fo long, and on deep Ground much longer, and neither it nor any thing elfe dands at a day, but when it doth begin to decay, it keeps on, according as it meets with Accidents, till it comes to Dud, ‘Thus have Iguef'd, but whether right or no, 1'The Cri tick's Lnjh I'm fare to undergo. 1 to th ingenious PraFbifer direLl ‘T'jife Lines, which hope with him to gain Refea i Ray Learned Men oft-times miflakeyi are, IVhai FjcIs m oft guefs right, tho unaware. C H A P4* The Manner of tfaifing and C H A P. IX. Of Water for Trees and Seeds, and watering them. I Have oft obferved your Citterns and other places,1 which are only filled with Rain-water, that that Water will in Summer-time produce feveral forts of Infefts, and fome fort of Water-Plants ; and al-fo that it will leave a green Slime, not much unlike to Plants : which Subftance (or Slime as I term it) would certainly be fpent into Plants, were there but fome quantity of Aquatick Plants put into this Water; fuch as Mints of any fort, yellow Water-flag, Flower-de-luce, Crabs-claws, or Water-Sengreen, Brook-lime, Ducks-meat, &c* I once made an Experiment to try this, which I have here inferred; and thus it was: I took two Water-pots, and filled them full of Water, out of a Fountain which had been filled by Snow and Rain the Winter before, and which was made clean the Michaelmas before. I fet thefe two Pots, thus fill’d, in the open Air, but in the Shade, and put into one of them a good handful of Mints, the Runners, which I put in the firft of March id&j., where I let them continue till the firft of April next, and then put in a frefh handful, and let that continue for one Month more, and fo I did both May and June. I poured out this Water about the beginning of Sep* temher, to obferve which of thofe Pots had the ftiott of this Slime ! whereupon I found, that Pot which had no Mints put into it, had twice as much, and being forced too to fill up that Pot which had the Mints with the fame Water often, and that Pot ^’hich bad no Herbs in it, the Slime of it was green :Ch.p. Improving Vorejl-Trees, See. 43 the other Pot’s Settlement that was in it, was black, and of an earthy Colour. I did intend to have pro-fecuted this further; as to have filled two Pots of frefh Earth, and not too rich, and to have Town in them feveral Seeds, and to have kept them from all Water but this, and then to have noted well the Suc-cefs, with more like Fancies which I thought on : but I was prohibited by one of the Drones of this Age, and did not know whether I fhould ftay or not. A Stone lying in Water gets a kind of Slime a-bout it; and if you put into Water Seeds that be quick of Growth, (as moil: of your Annuals are) keep it but temperately hot, and they will in a little time fpear out; and then if you put them into fine Mould, temperately moift and warm, you may (if you pull up one of them and obferve) fee the Roots feeding upon a white Subftance, which I have often obferv’d : for in Water is the Seed of all things. Likewife put Seed into Earth, and if it be very dry, then tho it be kept ever fo temperately hot, it will rather keep the Seeds from growing than haften them. But Water diflolves, then Life followeth the Dif-folution : for Water opens the Parts of the Seed, and makes them fwell, then they draw the Spirit of the Water to them, (for the World is full of Spirit) fo the Seeds w hen they have been fo long in Water till the Body of them cracks, which is as foon as it hath filled it felf with enough to make a Root, then that Seed if otfee dried, and a flop put to its proceeding, the Art of Man cannot make it grow again, I have heard fome affirm that Malt will growr, but m falfe, unlefs they mean fome Barley-corns which never fpeared. Therefore if you have once water’d Seed} keep them with watering if the Earth require; aud ifi^ your Earth be poor, and Seeds great Growlers, then water with rich dunged Water, and often; but let it not touch the Leaves : and if you think your Ground be44 The Manner of fifing and be too rich; for the Naturp of your Seed, then water your Seed with Water not very rich. But if your Seeds be Sjow-growers, for fuch keep your Ground only moift, and no more : for tho it be, Earth that ftores up the-Spirit that, feeds Plants, yet it is Water that lets it on motion, and Water is full of Spirit alfo; but without Heat both thefe lie ftill : for Heat draws out firft the crude Water, and lends it into the Air. Therefore, unlefs it be for Aquatick Plants, or Plants that grow much, and the Weather be warm and drying, do not water too much, keep your Ivarth juft moift : for when Ground is full of Water, the Celeftial Fire heats firft the Superficies of the;Ear;th? and puts that into a Fume ,\ but the Roots w hich aijedeeper in the Ground, being cover’d with Watejk khetp is no Fume rifeth there till moft of the Water be drawn up by the Sun, or fettled into the Eartfi.’ ; therefore if your Ground be fubjedt to be w;et, keep it loofe and open by deep trenching, and Earth to drain away Water : for it is oft feen, that good Landjthat |ies low, in a wet Spring hath no great Burden, becaufe it is ’over-prefs’d with Wet : and dunged Land in a wet Year bears the wmrft of Corn, efpectally if .it be lo\y Aitf Land : for Dung then holdcth the [Moifture, and the.. Ground being wet withal, commonly doth produce great Weeds, w hich, caii digeft ifie Spirit , of tji.q, Earth and Water better than Corn ! becaufe they .gro w much quicker, and fo they.fpoil the Corn. For the greateft good that Dung doth., to Land, tis, tfyhcld the V/ater in the Ground, and to keep the Ground hollow, for the Roots to fetch* their Np.urftbmcnt: For ’tis the Narine of Dung "to draw Water to it, to fill it felf like a Sppngey; and when, dry Weather comes, then it fpends it felf in Fume,, and fo it vaftes it felf, !md feeds plants by its Decay. Thus you may fee and admire the Order of the great Gcd of Nature, that th^Defuudion of erne fheuid be the PrcfervationCI1.9. ImproYmgVoreJl'TrecSy&c. 45 . This you may obferve in rotten Wood, Malt>c!nft, Wool, woollen Rags, Hbrn-fliavings^ &C‘ how toll they will be with every little Dew,'and keep that longer than a Clod of Earth twice as big; thus will they do till tli6y be turn’d to a very little Earth. By this you may inform your felf what fort of Dung will laft: longeft. Some forts of Dung there be, that if they be not over-prefs’d with Water, will wafte themfclves by their own Heat; witndfs^your Hot-beds, &c. yet notwithstanding, this Heat is very natural to annual Plants. Dung fteeped in Water, or Water {train’d thro Dung, doth take a great part of the Subftance and Strength of the Dung with it; and that Water when dry’d up in the Ground, and evaporated, when Rain or Dew falls on that place, it there leav^th fuch an oily or flimy Subftance as catcheth the Water or Dew, and hindcreth it from running deep into the Earth; and then the Over-plus which the Plants receive not, is rarefy’d into Air, till it hath fpent it felf as it were to nothing. After dry Weather in Slimmer, if th&re comes 3 good Shower, and a warm Day after, you may fee this Fume hang in the Air, fometimes low clofe to the Ground, as if it were loth to part with the Earth; and toward the latter end of Summer, if great Rain and warm Weather happen, then this Fume being great, and the Nights fomewhat cold, it will fpend it felf in Mufhrooms, Puffes, &c. as old Trees and rotten Wood will do, where there is a great decay, and nothing to feed on. Therefore if you fear dry Weather, do not defer too long before you water your Trees and Seeds, but water while your Ground is yet moift: for believe me, I would not have you ftay too long before you water, if you be minded to water at all^ and alfo when you do water, do it well. Confider the depth of your Roots, and thofe that root deepeft, water , moft :4* The Manner of Gtyifing and mod : and alfo when you begin to water, continue it as long as you find occafion. Water Trees well, and Seeds and finall Plants often : Ufe not Well-water, efpecially for tender plants; for it is fo ftrain’d thro the Earth, that it hath little Spirit to make Nou-rifhment in it for Plants. Rivers that run quick and long on {harp Gravel are. little better 5 therefore if you muft ufe fuch, let them ftand fome time in the Sun, in Tubs, &c. mixed with Dung. Let the Quantity and Quality of your Dung be according to the Nature of your Plants: as, if your Plants be great Growers, and require Heat, then put Horfe-Dung, &c. in the Water. If your Plants be fine and tender, then put Sheeps-dung, or Cows-dung, &c. into the Water; remem-bring, that if you think your Ground be bad, you muft add the more Dung. If your Water be bad (as is aforefaid) and that you put Dung into it to help it, let it then ftand in the Sun and open Air uncover’d. Take care you water no Plants with ftanding {linking Ditch-Water, nor with Water that ftinketh : for fweet Water, not too clear, and frelh Mould, not mufty or tainted by {linking Weeds, &c. is as proper for tender Plants, as fweet and good Food, and warm and clean Lodging is to a tender fine-bred Man. Rain-water I take to be very good, if not too long kept; yet if your Veffel be large, the oftner you ftir it, the longer it will keep fweet. Large and navigable Rivers, (fuch as our 'Thames') that receive much Soil by the waffling of Streets, and the many Sinks that run into it, and which by its own motion doth cleanfe it felf from that which is noxious both to Man and Plants, is a moft excellent Water for all forts of Plants. The larger Ponds be, the better their Water is for Plants ; and if they have the Shoot of fome Stable-yard into them, it adds much to their Goodnefs: theCh. 1 o. Improving Foreft-Trees, See. 47 the opener they be to the Sun, the better, and the more of Motion they have, as by Horfe: wafhing in them, or Geefe or Ducks fwimming in them, ’tisfo much the better; for the fwimming of Ducks in Summer in your fmall Ponds, will keep the Water from fmelling. Now having fliew’d yon feveral ways of railing Fore ft-Trees, with fome other hints of their Seed, and of Compoft for them, and of Water and watering them ; I now fliall fhew you the Manner how to raife them of Seed, which is to be prefer’d before all others, tho fome of the aforefaid wrays for fome Trees are much eafier and quicker. Good Air for Plants (as well as Men) is much af-fifting to their Health and Life, for without this nothing can live ; and that which is moft healthful for tender Men, is alfo the beft for tender Plants. Air takes up the earthy Exhalations of all forts, and there mingles them together, and being touched with Ce-leftial Fire, it reduceth them into general Principles, for great ufes. I fliall fay no more of Air, for it is an Hermaphrodite, and is inclos’d in Water, therefore near a-kin to it. CHAP. X. Of (Rdifing and Improving Oaks, I Shall not trouble you with the feveral kinds there be ; tho the Learned J. Evelyn Efq; reduceth them to four, in his Difcourfe of Foreft-Trees: but if they were diflinguifh’d by feveral Names, as we do our Pears, you might find as many Varieties, only according to the Shape and Tafte of the Acorn. For as we know by Experience that feveral of our Pear-Trees grow Pyramid-like, as the Oakmanberry,4 8 The Männer of (Raißng and and Bordon-musk.Pears, &c. and fome likewife grow much fpreading, as. the VVinter-Bonchriftian, the back Pear of TVorccfiery &c. even fo do fome of your Oaks. Therefore if you defire afpiring Trees, take care to gather your Acorns off from fuch Trees, or rather gather them from under fome fuch Trees^ when fallen, and in a dry time if be taken off) to a.great . height, and yield very good Timber for many Ufes, CHAP.Ch. IJ. Improving Foreft-Trees, See. 87 Of tfHpifepg and Ordering the Chef nut. Ouching the Kinds of this Nut, there may be feveral, but I know but three; one of them is very good, which ought to be the moreihcreafêd.' For the time of gathering, obferve the fame as 'before is faid of the Walnut. When you have gather’d them, and taken the Huskis off, lay them dry to fweat, but not too thick. Do not fteep them in Water, as fome advife you ; for it is not good to fteep any fort of Seed, unlefs fome Annuals,, and to fteep them is good, efpecially if lated in fowing : but to fteep Stones, Nuts, or Seeds that are not of quick Growth,'watering them may kill them, by making the Kernel fwell too hafti-ly, and fo crack it before the Spear caufeth it ; or it may mould and ftiipify the Spear : therefore Jeè no Seeds whatfoever, that are not quick of Growth, have too much Wet at firft. Tou muft put your Chefnuts (then) in Sand, a little möift, .about the beginning or middle of November ; make it a little moifter about thb beginning df I'January, and at the latter end, or beginning of February(ow them on.Beds, and cover-them about two Inches; or you n\ay fet them by aLine/as youfet Beans ; or you may fow them in Drils, as Beans ; or you mây fow them where you intendthey fliall ftand; and in any of thefe Ways or Places keep them clean from Weeds the firft or fécond year, then you may remove them into your Nurfery off from the Seed-bed. Prune oft' the Side-Boughs and Roots. They are fubjefl: to put forth many-Sicle-Boughs near the Ground, whereby they may- be increafed CHAP. XV. G 4 by88 Tie Manner of fifing and by Laying very eafily;. to do whioh, fee Chap', f. But thebeft way is toraife them of Nuts. Set them in Rows in your Nurfery, and order them as is fhew?d-of the Walnut; ‘ The Soil the$ love is fuch as the Walnut takes delight to grow in. They are /excellent to fet in Coppices or Woods ; the Timber is very ufeful, and they will grow to be •large for Under-Wood: if the Tree be much crooked, fell it, it will yield great Store of ftrong Shoots from the. Stem, fome of which it will be convenient to lay, whereof you may leave feme layed to thicken the Place, and others to plant where youpleafe, and may have great Shoots from the Stem forfeveraiU-fesalfo. ■ - • •- A M .at a ■? A ^ mmnwmw A A A. A C H A P. XVI. Of T(aipng and Ordering the SarVice-Tree.. AS for the Kinds of the Sarvicc, they may be many: there is one whbfe Fruit is much better than the other; but whether it is the Ground makes it fo, I cannot politively fay. We have them grow at Hadham on very fliff Ground, the Trees bear well, and the Fruit is good : and at Cajhioberry we: have them on a fharp Gravel, the Fruit naught, and the Trees bear very badly. . Itmay beraifed of the Seed or Stone that is in the Berries, which when they are rotten, are then ripe, that is, about the latter end of September, or beginning of OElpber: eat off theflefhy part, or rub it off by rolling them in Sand, then dry them in the open Air, and keep them in moift Sand till the beginning of January, then fow them on moift Ground, or in J theCh. 17. Improving Foreft-Trees, See. 89 the Shade; keep them from Weeds, then let them /land two or three Years, and then plant them in your Nurfery, as you are di reded for Walnut-Trees; there keep them with digging and pruning till they are fit of Stature to plant out: they grow in good Shape, and laft long. It is a fine Tree for Walks; it likes beft a ftrong Ground, but let it be good, and there they will bear ftore of Fruit, and grow to be large fine Trees. They are very fubjed to put forth Suckers, by which they be ealily increafed from the Roots of the Mother-Tree; but howto do that, fee Chap. 7. there you may be fully fatisfy’d how to raife them. When you have got them to five or fix Foot high, bud them ; they will bear fooner, more and better, <&c. \' C H A P. XVII. Of fifing and Ordering the Cherry-Tree*. I Know many will fay, that it is not proper to rank this among Foreft-Trees ,• but if fuch did but fee the fine ftately Trees that we have growing in the Woods at Cajhioberry, they would then conclude it proper for Woods ; and if for Woods, then for Forefts. Where they like the Ground, they make a glorious Shew in the Spring, their white Blolfoms fhew-ing at a diftance as tho they were clothed with fine white Linen ; their Blolfoms are a great Relief to the induftrious Bees at that Seafon. The way to raife and order them is as followeth. And firft you muft know, that the beft way to raife them is of Stones; let your Cherries be very ripe,'jo ffie Manner \of and jripe, for $|ip riper the Cherry, is (or any other FruJt) ,the better and plpmper is the ^Kernel. The time they be ripe ijs according to the Kind, but it is the black Cherry which grows common in Woods and Hedges aboutCajhioberry, which is the Tree fitting fpr Woods,* and therefore how to raife it I fhew, tho there be much difference in ’t hefe alio: for we have Tome full as large and good as the Coroivhe ; and at a Piace call’d Red-Heath, at ,qpe>Mr* Baldwin sr they h^ve fome forts not infe--yiprrto the i?li,ck Orleattce, which are produc’d natu-rfLily from the Stones, without JBudcjing or Grafting, or any other Help but the Nature of the Ground, f Which indeed is very natprai to them. Tbey are ripe in. Julyt and the largeft forts are ripe lateft ; the Fowls of the Air will give you notice of their time of being ripe, by their viftting ^thepi, whieJi are as fo many jVtej(jengers .to awaken tbeinduftrions to take care in time to preferve them; and to the carelefs Man and Sluggard, to take that away from hjtn,which fie \y'jllpf)t fake care of: for, as the wifeft of Men faith, Prov. 20. 7'he Sluggard Will not plough fy reafon of ColcL therefore fhaf he beg in Hkrifeft ; foHe-that will-not'take cap? in tirne^ fhall want when others have. But we have fuch ftore, (that what the Jack-Daws, Jays, Mag-pies, ixliey are hot Imifs’d with xij ;r ;and tho the. Fowls ,do begin to.eat them as foon as they turn blackilh, yet Nature!dias tied them on fo .faft .to the Stalk, ithat (the.y can ;but,take oft* part of the Flefh, and leave the Stone and the reft to feed the Kernel: -for the wonderful wife God hath order’d moft forts of Fruit fo, that fome by their bitter, four, or other 'Taftes, are do well defended, that. neitherJBird nor Beaft will touch them till the. Kernels be ripe, or near it, and then the flefhy part and Kernels are al-fo pleafing to their Palates. ‘ When the Fruit is ripe, gather them, and have the flefhy. part eaten oft*, or taken oft*, by rolling themCh. 17. Im^roVing Foreft-Trees, &c. 91 them in Sand that is dry, with fojne heavy Plank upon them, drawing it to and again to take olf the Flefh; when you have fo done, dry them for three or four days, then put them into pretty moiF Sand, and fo keep them till the beginning of February in houfe, and then fow them in a Bed of light gravelly Mould : if your Bed be not naturally fo, make it fo.: keep them clean, from Weeds for two Years, and then you may . plant them in Woods, Coppices> Hedg-Rows, &c, or in your Nurfery, to raife other. Kinds of, or there to ftand till they be fit for Walks; for where the Ground is natural, they jare very prosper for. Walks. The Ground they like is a dry Soil, the bottom Gravel, thefurface mix’d with Loom. Or you may fow them on Beds as foon as you have taken the Flefh off, and they will do very well, and come up the .Spring following, and then you may plant them at two Years Shoot where you pleafe; but if you keep them too long out of the Ground before you fow them, they will lie ■ two Winters in the Ground before they come up. Note this, that all forts of Stone-Fruit Fiould be committed to the Earth as foon as the Fruit is ripe;, the Flefh taken off, and the Stones a little dry; . for all forts of Stone-Fruit, if well kept, and fown or fet in time, will come up the Spring after : but 'if you keep them too long out of the Ground, they then will flay till the fecond Spring, andFometimes never come up at all. At any time when you remove a young Cherry-Tree, you may prune off his Head clofe, if you pleafe, to one Shoot, for they naturally grow taper and Freight: They are fubjedt to increafe from the Ropts of another Tree, but if you would help Nature in railing of them that way, fee Chap. 7. It is a good Wood to plant in Coppices, for it produceth a Frong Shoot, and it is (like the Elm) apt to put forth feveral young Trees from the Roots pf other Tyees; but efpecially if youielln Tree that91 The Manner of fifing anils not too old, and it be in a light Ground ■: for then it will bring many from the Roots of one Tree, and fo thicken your Wood much. It produceth great Trees in a light Ground, that being the Soil it li~ feeth; but in a ftiff cold Ground it is not fo ready to grow, nor bring fuch fine high taper Trees, nor increafefo from the Roots, as it will on light Ground. Once I meafur’d a Cherry- Tree in CaJbioberryWood-Walk, firft by the Quadrant, and To I found it 85 Foot high ,* but for more Exa&nefs (becaufe the Tree lean’d, by reafon of another which was blown upon it by a high Wind) I faw it meafur’d by a Line Jet from the Top-flioot to the Ground, and it was $5 Foot 5 Inches : therefore I think fuch Trees as this might well be accounted among Foreft-Trees. ■ When you tranfplant young Cherry-Trees, do not fet them too deep ,* nor indeed no other fort of Tree, but efpecially thofe that naturally run fhal-low, as all forts do that are fubjed to put forth young Trees fromtheir Roots; fuch is the Elm, A-bele, Sarvice, Cherry, &c. This Tree is wanting in-feveral Parts of this Land; ;but:you that want it, 1 would counfel you to get it as food .as your Ground is convenient for it. . . .... Of G(aijing and Ordering the Lime-Tree. HIS Tree is call’d by moll Herba Is the Line- Tree, or Lindun, but vulgarly the Lime-Tree; but call it which you pteafe, fbi* I fhall not trouble my felf with the Etymology of the Name.' Of this Tree there are but two Kinds that I know; one of which is the broad-leaved, and this fhoots with a ftronger Shoot than the other: the broad-leaved one is much to be prefer’d before the C H A P. XVIII. other,Ch. 18. Improving Torejl*Trees, See. p j other, for the aforefaid Reafons, and feveral others. Of the broad-leaved Lime we have had, of late Years, feveral Trees from Holland. I have raifed feveral hundreds of Seeds of this fort. The narrow-leaved Lime grows plentifully in feveral places of this Land, as in feveral of my Lord’s Woods in EJfex : this latter is harder to remove with good Succefs than the former ,• the Rea-fon is, becaufe it hath not been fo much ufed co be tranfplanted, therefore not fo certain to grow as the great-leaved ; according to our old Proverb, Ufe makes Perfettnefs. Some Authors tell you, that they are Male and Female, but there is no fuch thing in Plants j for both thefe Kinds bear Seed : but it ripens not every; year with us in England. You mayraife this fine Tree by Seed or by Lay** ing, either way with great Facility, and great In-creafe; but of this, as of all other Trees, to raife them of Seed is the belt way : for my Honourable Lord, and the Honourable Sir Henry Capel3 have feen fuch difference between thofe raifed of Seed, and thofeof Layers, that when they were Trees of eight or ten years Growth, they have often told me which was raifed from Seed, and which from a Layer; for that raifed from Seed much out-grows the other, and keeps its taper Shape for feveral Years after they are planted out in Walks: the Tapernefs of the Seed-Tree makes it grow as ftreight as an Arrow'. But this I advife you, that when you gather the Seed, you mind to gather it off from fome of the broad-leaved Lime-Trees, and of thofe which fhoot with a ffrong Shoot. But as I told you before, the Seeds do not ripen every year with us; but you may know that by cracking the Husk or Shell of the Seed: for if the Seed be good, it will lie plump and full under the Husk, the Body white, if you bite it in two. But if the Year be not kind for the Seed, moft.of the Husks or Seed-Veifels will have94 The Manner of (Raifing and have nothing buta little chaffy Subfiance in them* and foine few will have fome fmall lank Seeds in them. But to our purpôfe : To raife thdm of Seeds, let ÿour Sèed by very ripe, which will be in OEiober ; gather it in a dry Dày, and after you have dry’d it about a Week in an open Room, then put it in a CoUch of Sand, indifferent moift, fo let it be kept till about the middle of February ; then fow it under fome Wall on the North orWeft-fide, in fome good frefh, Ioomy Ground, rather flrong tlian ^ lightif there come a dry Spring or Summer, keep them in-diffèrént moiff, and flick fome Boughs over them, to fhâde them from the fcorching Sun, efpecially if they be much expos'd to it ; keep them clean from Weeds, there let them (land two Summers, and af-. terwards you may tranfplant them into your Nur-fery, and fet them in Rows, as you are dire&ed of the Walnut and other Trees before. Prune them up to one Shoot, unlefs you find fome Shoot or Shoots that are fit to lay ; and then, if you would increafe a Stock, lay them. This Tree is very apt to put forth ShoOts a little above the Ground, and Suckers a little within ; fo that it is very readily increafed by Laying. Lay your Layers betimes, any time between Midjurnmer and November, as they be flrong and fit to lay ; and in a Twelvemonth's time, or little more, they will have drawn Root fit to be: tranfplanted into a Nurfery. Thus by Seed and Layers you may in a little time encreafe enough for a County, w hich when you come to have great flore, you may plant fome of your crookedeft Layers in your Woods ; they will produce a large Stub, flrong' Shoots, grow well almoft of any Ground, and are very good Fire-Wood. It is a Tree that loves pruningup well, for it naturally'grows taper, efpecially thofe which come of Seed ; but if it ihoot much, and thrives apace in your Nutfèry, then leave fjbme Side-boughs to check theCh. 18. ImproYtng Forefl-Trees, See. py the Sap, left by forcing it all into the Head, it lhoot out fo much there, that it make the Head too big for the Body, and fo (being top-heavy) make thfc Tree crooked. Now if «ver you fee your Trees ili fuch a Condition, then immediately cut off the leaning fide of the Head ,• which, when it is lighten’d of its Heavinefs, and hath not long flood crooked,' will then come ftreight again. Mdfumnter-z\mt is1 the time of this pruning, but do not force the Sap too muen into the Head, left by high Winds youf have many of your Heads broke off: But of this I have fpoken before. My ingenious Lord was once too free in pruhihg up a parcel of thofe Trees, which I the rather acquaint you with, that you hereafter may avoid the like; for the Ground was frefil and good, fo that fome by their great Heads loft them, and fome grew crooked: but defpairnot, for if you obferve what I have faid before to make a crooked Tree ftreight, you may eafily bring them to be ftreight again, for they naturally delight to grow as ftreight as moft Trees j and if the Head ihould be broken off (as very feldom it is, becaufe the Bark is fo tough) they wilt yet fhoot with fuch a ftrong Shoot, that they will in a little time make a fine Tree again. : You may (if occafion be) transplant them pretty-large, as big as your Leg; but the fureft Size is. about two Inches Diameter, and eight or ten Foot high. But if the Tree was never remov’d from the place where it was firft fow’d, then remove it the foon-er ; for if it be great, there’s the more danger in removing it, and the topping of the Roots, when removed young, makes it break out near home, with many-young feeding Roots like a Maple. Therefore my Advice to you, that delight to raife Trees, is, to tranfplant any fort of Tree while young, and to. top the Roots a very little ; they will be much the better, and certainer to grow when they are again remov’d,p ö The'Männer of tffyifing äncl . remov’d, and will come forward much the better. They that take this Advice, will find the Profit of it in Trees, which will the better encourage the Practice of it. They will grow as well on any fort of Ground, as any Tree I know, but they like beft a feeding loomy Ground, which is not too wet, as is faid before in Chap. 8. where I have fpoken fomewhac of this fine Tree for Walks, Avenues or Lawns; this being a Tree I fancy for the aforefaid Ufes, before any Tree we have in England, tho I know many do not love it that are Planters, becaufe it is not good Timber ; and I grant it is not: but to vinuicate vwhat I have faid of it for Walks, I lhall lay down thefe following Reafons. i. I do fuppofe with my felf, that whofoever is a Lover of Walks, will not fell the Timber-Trees in a ftately Walk, while the Timber is in its prime; for molt 1’rees will continue many Years very ornamental, after they be in their prime, even while they be fit for no ufe but Fire-wood: And why not the Lime then forWalks as well as any fort of Timber-Trees ? . 2. It will grow as well on different Grounds as any Tree I know, which is a confiderable Encouragement to the ingenious Planters, to fee their Labours profper. 3. It will grow as great and as high, if kept with pruning up, as moft Trees we have; for the Great-nefs of it, I lhall borrow the Words of the Learned Dr. Brovin, which he writ to Efquire Evelin, as he hath itinhis Difcourfe of Forefi-Trees, Chap. 29. p.82. His words are thefe : An extraordinary large and ft ate-/y Tilia, Linden or Lime-tree, there grovceth at De-penham in Norfolk, ten Miles from Norwich, whofe Meafure is this : The Compafs in the leaft part oj the Trunk or Body, about two yards from the Ground, is at leaft eight Tards and a half; about the Root, nigh the Earth, fixteen Yards in Circuit ,* the Height to the upper- moftCh. 14. Improving Foreft-Treesy See. 97 moft Boughs> about thirty Yards, &c. This is one of the broad-leaved Limes, which how great and ftate-ly they grow, you may obferve out of this Wife and Learned Do&or's Difcourfe, who commends this Tree with the Epithets of Large and Stately. 4. It will laft found long, as appeareth by the Greatnefs of its growing. 5. It is a Tree will food grow over the Places where you cut off Side-boughs, and is not fubje&to put forth many. 6. It is a Tree that naturally groweth taper and ftreight. 7. No Tree keeps fuch a conftaht Pyramid-fhape .as this; the Heads of other Trees growing of feve-ral Shapes and Forms, tho all of one Kind, this keeps its Head as if it were cut, and the Body ftreight. 8. For Shade few better, having a thick Head, and large Leaves, only it droppeth its Leaves too foon. 9. The Bark of this Tree being tough, keeps its Head from breaking off by great Winds. 10. It is a Tree that as feldom blows afide as any Tree whatfoever, for its matted Root and taper Bo-.dy preferve him upright all his Life-time. 11. The Flowers are beautiful, the Scent counted healthful, and breaketh out ftrangely on the fide of the Leaves, much different from other Flowers of Trees or Plants. 12. The Shoots being of a fine red gloffy Colour* are very pleafing to behold in the Winter Seafon. 13. It is a Tree that feldom grows hollow in the Body, for it foon overgroweth the Wound* and fo keeps himfelFfound, both Body and Limb. 14. It is the beft Wood for Carving that is known. 15. At laft, when he is dead, his Bark will make you Mats and Ropes, ufeful for feveral things. i<5. And laftly, its Wood is a good, fweet, free-dburning Fire-wood : the Charcoal made of it is com-rmended before all others for Gunpowder. B Nov?9 8 The Manner of fifing and Now put all thefe together, and judge if this be not a fine Tree for Walks; but if you would have them fhape themfelves finely, fet them two Rod a-funder: if for a fhady Walk, what diflance you pleafe. I fancy that a fingle Row, to bound a Lawn round, fet two or three Rod afunder, would be mighty ob-liging to the Noblefl: Senfe*; for then they would Ihew themfelves more clearly than when fet in double Rows to make Walks : or they would fhew mighty well fet thin on the fide of a Hill, one topping another, with their curious natural Shapes. And fo adieu, my beloved Lime-Trees. If treating of the Lime I’ve wrote amifs, I’ll thank you if youll Jhew wherein it is ; But if you meet with any thing done well, Say nothing ont, but ftudy to excel. CHAP. XIX. Of fifing and Ordering the Maple. THE Maple-Tree is very plentiful in mofl places of England, where there are any Hedges or Woods , but as for the Kinds, I know but one fort, tho Authors tell you of more. It is increafed, and doth increafe it felf by Seed and Layers, and f rom the Roots of Mother old Trees,, and by Suckers, which makes it fo plentiful. The Seeds w ill lie a year in Ground before they; come up, therefore you may order them as is before; faid of the Afh; you may increafe it by Laying (as is directed in Chap. 5.) for to thicken your Wood! or Hedges : but if you let it grow into Trees, it de-i flroys the Wood under it ,* for it receives a clammy r ' Honey-’,Ch. 20. Improving Foreft-Trees, 8cc. 99 Honey-dew on its Leaves, which W'hen it is wafhed off by Rains, and falls upon the Buds of thofe Trees under it, its Clamminefs keeps thofe Buds from o-pening, and fo by degrees kills all the Wood under it : therefore fuffer not high Trees or Pollards to grow in your Hedges, but fell them clofe to the Ground, and fo it will thicken your Hedge, and not Ipoil its Neighbours fo much. You may increafe it from the Roots of art older Tree, as is fhew’d in Chap 7. it is a good Wood to plant for Under-Wood in Coppices and Woods, for it produceth a good Shoot, and thickens your Wood; it loves a dry Ground or Bank beft. CHAP. XX. Of fifing and Ordering the Sycamore. THIS fine Tree is much out of favour with a great many$ for thefe Reafons: m. becaufe the Leaves falling upon their Walks, turn into Soil foon, and fo Ipoil them, breeding Grafs and Weeds* And alfo that notwithftanding its fine Shade, it is not good to plant them near dwelling Houfes; for the Leaves in Summer-time being fub}e£t to catch and hold the Honey-dew, do draw together feveral forts of Flies, and (fome fay) amongft them the Moth: if fo, they be not fit to be planted near Houfes and Gardens. The fame Fault has the King of Trees, the never-enough admired Oak, and the Maple and others* But granting this, yet let me defire thofe that have Woods and Coppices in Parks, where Deer are efpecially, to fet fome of this Tree every Fall, in the open places, and that for thefe Reafons: Firfi:, it si a Wood the Deer will not foon harm; then it H 2 ■ioo The Manner of Qfyiftng and is a Wood that bears Keys Toon, and many, which will fall early, sand come up the next Spring, and being armed with a large Leaf, the Weeds will not foon choak them ; on fome Grounds that are dry and light, it groweth fail: it produceth tall, tough and good Timber for fevcral Ufes ; it groweth apace from a Stub, and is good Fire-wood. It maybe raifed of Seed, which is beft, or by Laying, or by Roots : fow the Seed (not on too wet or ftiff Ground) as foon as it is ripe, and the next Spring it will come up, whereby on a little Ground yon may raife a great many Plants to fet in your Nurfcry; keeping them clean from Weeds, by digging and pruning up every year, till you have got them big enough for Walks, Woods, or what you pleafe. Thus much at this time of the Sycomore, only remember (as I faid before) that it is a good Wood to plant in Coppices and Woods. CHAP. XXI. Of fifing and Ordering the Hornbeam. I Told you but now of the Sycomore being fit to be fet in Parks, becaufe Deer do not often bark A them; but of all Trees that I know for that pur- -pofe, this is the beft : for a Deer will ftarve before.) he will fo much as tafte the Bark of the Hornbeam ; they do not love much the very fmall Tops. This Tree may be raifed of Seed, or by Laying;j but by Seed is beft, tho the young Seedlings are-tender. The Seeds may be Town at the time dire&ed : for the Afh, for it lieth a year in the Ground before t it comes up, and then you muft look to keep it well 3 fhaded, or elfe it will fooner be gone than youthinkn for; it naturally loveth to grow on ftiff Ground A t where uCh. 21. ImproYing Foreft-Trees, See. 1 o i where it will grow, and bring great Lops to the O wner, when the Tree is but a very Shell, as indeed moll old Trees are hollow within ; which I judge not to be the Nature of the Tree fo to grow, but the Fault of thofe that look to them : for they have too many Mailers which are bad Husbands, and no Friends to this Tree and many others, as the Elm, Alh, &c. who let the Lops be great before they lop them, perfuading themfelves that they have more great Wood, which is moll ufeful; never conlidering that great Lops do endanger the Life of the Tree, or at bell wound it fo much, that many Trees decay more yearly in their Bodies than the yearly Lops come to; and fo indeed they do provide themfelves with more great Wood, tho it be much to the Owner’s Lofs : tho this Tree will bear great Lops when there is nothing but a Shell of a Tree Handing, yet the Alh, if once come to take wet at the Head, rarely bears more Lop after the Body of the Tree decays. Therefore if once a Tree decays much at the middle, it will foon be little worth elfe but for the Fire: but in cafe you find a Timber-Tree decay (as is aforefaid) down with it in time, for fear you lofe your Timber, and alfo the Firewood be fpoil’d: But of this I have fpoken before, and would alfo fpeak more, could I with Words but perfuade Men out of this great Error. But our ordinary Husbandmen will vindicate their Country-Husbandry to be better than the next, for indeed Countries do differ much in the ordering of Trees and Hedges, and they as much condemn ours; for it is as hard to perfuade them out of their felf-con-' ceited Opinion and Tradition, as it is to make a Jew turn Chriftian. This Tree makes the very bed Hedges of any Treewre have in England that fhedS L eaves, (I mean for Ornament ;) for you may keep it in what Form you pleafe, and it will grow very thick to the very Ground. Therefore to make a private Walk, or to H 3 fenceioi The Manner of (Raifing and fence in Avenues, at a convenient diftance, without the Bound-Range of Trees or Walks ; or to hedge in Ridings, Caufeways, or to make clofe Walks or Arbours, this Tree is much to be commended; ef-pecially on fuch Ground which it likes. You may be better fatisfy’d about this Tree at Hampon-Courty in his Majefty’s Garden, which is kept by the ingenious Artifl, and my good Friend, Mr. Tobias Gatts. It is good Fire-Wood, and yieideth good Incre-fe both from Stubs and Pollards. It increafeth much by lowing it felf, therefore you that love planting, get a few into your Plantations, and try whether they will thrive with you or not; which doubtlefsit will on many Grounds where now it is not; and fo would many other Trees do mighty well in Woods and Coppices, to thicken them, and make them the more beautiful, efpecially thofe that increafe from the running Roots, as the Noble Elm, Cherry, Sarvice, Abele, Popler, &c. and fome others, for to feed ; if you have them not, as Afh, Sycomore, Lime, Hornbeam, Maple, Quick-beam, &c. and with thofe w hich you fee thrive beft, you may at every Fall furnifh your Woods where they are thin; and I do aflfure you it will pay you for your Pains with Intereft. mm C H A mmm P. XXII. Of fifing the Qtiickbeam. TH E Quickbeany, Whitchen, or Wild-Afh, tho very fcarce in the South of this Land, is pretty plentiful in fonie parts of the North, as inNct-rii^hamjhhm &c. and would be there more plentiful, were irfutfer’d to grow great, to bear the greater quantity of Seed ; for I think it increafeth (as thèCh. 2 3. Improving Foreft-Treesj &c. i o $ the A/h doth) only from Seed : Itproduceth ftreight, fmall and long Shoots, which in that Country they cut off while they are young, to make Goads (as they call them) or Whips to drive their Oxen with, for it is as tough a Wood as mod is. I do guefs the Seeds lie a year in the Ground before they come up,- I am now about trying to raife fome. Let me defire fome kind Planters togetfome of this Wood into their Bounds, where it is hot; that it may be try’d whether it will grow in the South or not, as no doubt it will if you try. I fhall fay no more of this Tree, becaufe I cannot yet (peak much on my own Knowledge. K, St, CUJ. Si- Si- jflf S&, Si- Si- . SZ- .W. St, St- Æ Æ. * CHAP. XXIII. Of afyi/ing the (Birch. THIS Tree increafeth from the Roots or Suckers, and for ought I know it may be raifed of Seeds ; for I do fuppofe there are Seeds in that which it fheds in the Spring, tho I have not yet try’d. It delights to grow on your hungry Gravel, as it doth about Cajhioberry in feveral Woods,- therefore you that have barren Ground where your Woods be, get fome fet of this Wood, to help thicken your Woods: for tho it be one of the word of Woods, yet it is very ufeful, and the great God hath order’d it to be contented with the word of Grounijÿjj : and befides, that it diould not be defpifed by his Servants, he hath endow’d it with a Faculty of attraâr-ing and preparing from the Earth a very Medicinal Liquor, which is both pleafant and healthful to Man : which to take from the Tree, and alfo to prepare this Water, and to demondrate what Difeafcs it H 4 is104 The Manner of fifing and Is good for, I fhall make bold to borrow out o Efquire Evelyns Difcourje of For ejl-Trees, p. 32, &c. About the beginning of March, with a Chizzel and a Mallet cut a flit, almoft as deep as the very Pith, under fome Bough or Branch of a well-fpreading Birch ; cut it oblique, and not long ways, inferting a fmall Stone or Chip to keep the Lips of the Wound a little open: fallen thereto a Bottle, or fome o-ther convenient Vefl'el appendant; out of this Aperture will diftil a limpid and clear Water, retaining an obfcure fmack both of the Tafte anti Odour of the Tree : Thus may you obtain this Water. I will prefent you a Receipt how to make it, as it was fent me by a fair Lady (faith he.) To every Gallon of Birch-water put a Quarts of Honey well Hilled together, then boil it almoft an hour with a few Cloves, and a little Lemon-peel, keeping it well feum’d : when it is fufficiently boil’d, and become cold, add to it three or four Spoonfuls of good Ale, to make it work, which it will do like new Ale; and when the Yeaft begins to fettle, bottle it up as you do other winey Liquors, it will in a competent time .become a moft brisk and fpirituous • Drink, which is a very powerful Opener. This Wine may (if you pleafe) be made as fuccefsfully with Sugar inftead of Honey? one Pound to each Gallon of Water; or you may dulcify it with Raiftns, and com-pefe a Raifin-wine of it. I know not whether the Quantity of the fweet Ingredients might not be fomewhat reduc’d, and the Operation improv’d •, but I give it as receiv’d- For Diftempers in Man, it is good for Cure of the Ptifick, moft powerful for difl'olving the Stone in the Bladder, curing (as I am told) Confumptions, and fuch interior Difeafes as accompany the Stone in the. Bladder and Reins.. This Liquor is fo ftrong, that the common fort of Stone-Bottles cannot preferve the Spirits, fo -fubtile they are and volatile ; and yet n is gentle and very harmlefs in Operation withinCh. 24. Improving Foreft ‘Trees, Sc c. 105 the Body, and exceedingly fharpens the Appetite, being drunk ante Paflum. This from the Learned Author ; and thus much for the Birch : And now I proceed. CHAP. XXIV. Of fifing the Hafel, OF the Kinds there be many, and fome very good Fruit; as the Red and White Filberds, the great French Nut, &c. alfo your wild Nuts do differ much in Shape and Goodnefs. My Lord had once a Quantity of very good forts fent him from beyond Sea; they had a very tender Shell, therefore I took care to raife fome of them, and did feveral, but when they came to bear, they were no better than our Hedg-Nuts. When they be ripe I need not tell you, for every Boy can order them all Winter as you are advifed to keep your Walnuts, and fow them at the fame time in the Spring: they will grow almoft on any Ground (provided not too wet} but beft on your dry Ground; therefore fet them on your high and dry Banks, between your Fences, but early in Winter : if they hold but the firft Year, they will produce good Stubs; you may increafe them by Suckers, or Laying, but the beft way is from their Nuts. I would have you ^o benefit your felf by Laying this and other Woods in your Woods, that are thin of Wood : I dare affure you, that for every Shilling you lay out in this Husbandry, in a few Years time every Shilling fhall be paid you yearly, for many Years after, C Hi P,io<4 The Manner of fifing and ft#############'############## C H A P. XXV. Of (Raijing the federal Sorts of Copiers, THERE may be many frts of this Wood, but I know but four ; the beft is that large, white Popler, a great Leaf white on the lower fide: it fhoots with a firong whitith Shoot, which the Dutch call Aisle. The fecond is a fort much like to this, both in Leaf and Shoot, which grow s in many places of this Land, and is in moll places call’d the white Popler. The third is a fou chat hath the Leaves and Shoots more fmall, and not fo white; it groweth in many places, and in moft of them is call’d the Afpen or Afp-Tree. Thefe three forts are to be order’d all as one; the other differs much both in the Nature of growing and ordering : Therefore a word or twro of thefe, I never yet did raife any of them of Seed, but I do believe they have a Seed in that downy Subfiance they Hied in the Spring ; they increafe naturally very much from the Roots, but they may be helped much by the Rules in the Chapter before, which fheweth you how to raife Trees from the Roots of another Tree: by which Rules, from two of the Abele Trees my Lord had from Holland, I have rais’d above a hundred. But if you fence in a place round the Tree, to keep Cattle oft', and keep down the great Weeds a little, they will put forth many young Trees from the Roots of an old one} efpecially if you prune up, cr thin the Heads of any of thefe forts, they will then yield the more : but if you dp not value your Mother-Tree, but defire to get a great flock of young ones, then you may fell the' 1 " . Mother-Ch.2 5* Improving Foreft-Trees, See. 107 Mother-Tree at the Ground ; and if it be not very young, or old, the Roots will put forth in young Trees, the Quantity of the Body and Head of that Tree ; and fo will the Elm, Cherry, &c. Then how ufeful fuch Trees are to fet in the places of Woods that are thin, I leave you to judge. Tho this Tree is none of the beft of Woods, befides the aforefaid Properties, I can fatisfy you it will grow and increafe in the very worft of your Grounds, as well dry as wet. You muft forbear to head any of thefe three forts, tinlefs young, or that you leave fome young Shoots to draw up the Sap, except you are minded to de-ftroy the old one you head ,• for if the Lops be very great, it many times kills, or makes the Tree hollow : therefore lop young. Some will tell you they grow of Chips, but that is falfe; they rarely will grow of Cuttings. They are beft in Woods, tho fome advife you to plant them in Walks ; but they are not good for Walks, for the Suckers they produce from the Roots will be troublefome: the greater forts are proper to fet on the Eaft, Weft, or North Profpeft, at a diftance, in or by the fide of a Wood ; for their white Leaves fhew finely when the Sun fhines upon them, and make fine Variety with other Trees that have dark green Leaves. I commend them to you to plant in Woods of barren Ground, for there they increafe much, and yield much Wood ; and fo I leave them, and come to the other, which diflereth from thefe both in Leaf and Shoot, and Manner of growing. This laft kind is in moft Places called theWater-popler; its Leaf is a pale green, fliaped fomething like the other, but it is not white below the Shoot is of a yellowifli green, this loves to grow by Rivers fides, or in Ground that is wet, or fuch as holds Water much : therefore you that have fuch Grounds, get fome of thefe Trees to fet in them. It will growio8 The Manner of <%at(ing and grow of Truncheons from two Foot long to eight; the firfk being the beft to fet for Stubs, the other you make Pollards of, for it is a good profitable Wood, bringing a good Lop in few years, and that on fome Ground better than the Willow. For your Inftm&ion in fetting the fmall Sets, fee Chap. 6. and for fetting thofe of fix, feven, eight or nine foot long, for to make Pollard-trees, keep the lower end of your Set, and alfo the upper, free from Cracks, and cut each doping off: as for the Bignefs, let it be about two or three Inches Diameter. If you make your Hole with an Iron Crow, make it big enough, that you do not thruft up the Bark when you thruft them into the Hole ; or if you make them with a Stake, obferve the fame: but if you fear the Bark to part from the Wood, tie if about the lower end w’ith a piece of Wire, &c. Set; them about one foot and a half deep; if great, deeper : or if you have a quantity to fet, and would fet them W'ell, then have an Auger made, fomewhat like to a Pump, a little bigger than your Sets, fo may you fet your Sets in, and ram the Earth clofe to them ; but however you fet them, be fure to ram the Earth clofe to them. I prefer the beginning of Winter for the bell: Seafon, unlefs your Ground be very wet, then defer it till February. But if you have Ground that is wet and barren, and that you are minded to plant, make Drains two fpade deep, and a yard wide, and at every two yards afunder caft up the Earth upon the two yards of Ground you left, and fow it the firft year with Oats to mellow the Ground, which may pay a good part of your Charge, if not all ; the next Winter fet it with thefe forts of Woods, Water-popler, and o-thers, Alder, Willow, Withy, Sallow's, &c. and in four or five years after you may have a good Fall of Wood; fo may you have every fifth or fixth year ■after for many years. nCh.25. bnproYmg'ForeJl'Trces, 8cc. top To encourage you, Squire Evelyn tells you of an Abele that did fhoot in one year feventeen foot in length, and as thick as your Wrift ; and alfo informs you of fome Willows that have fhot no lefs than twelve Foot in one year. Therefore to thofe Gentlemen that have wet or moorifh Ground, which is as bad and will not graze well, do I dired this good Husbandry, efpecially where Wood isfcarce, and fells well. The Charge to do this will not be great: and to fatisfy you the more, I fhall here fhe w you, if yon dig two Spade deep, then there will be but one third part of the Ground to dig; that is, to dig your Trenches one yard wide, and leave two yards there to lay the Earth, and to fow one year, or to fet the Sets as foon as you have made the Ground ready. 160 Rod in one Acre, divided by 3 gives one third of 160, which is $3 and i(f •f. This 53 doubled (negle&ing the-f as 160 (53 needlefs in fuch a bufinefs) is io5. Now 33 if I allow 3d. a Rod for one fpade deep, that is 6 d. for two \ and then 2 d. a Rod for fetting,' is 8 pence the Rod, leaving the Sets out, and not counting them, becaufe I do not know the Scarce-nefs or Plentifulnefs of them where you intend to plant, tho they will coft but little. Now if I divide 106 by 2, being two 106 (53 s. Sixpences is one Shilling, it gives 53 .r. 2 . and then divide 106 by 5, being 5 two- „ pences makes one Shilling, is 17 s. 8 d. By this it appeareth that if 4 (4 the Ground be planted this 2:13:0 105(17 way, having the Trenches o: 17 : g 55 digged two foot deep, which —■ - - is the beft way to plant any 3 : 10:8 fort of Ground if the Soil be fhallow, (as I fhall fliew fuller hereafter) the Charge (excepting the Sets) is but 3 A 10 s.Zd. where Men can dig fuch Ground for 3d. the Rod. But110 The Manner of fifing and But if the Ground be not very wet, or the Soil’s Surface very tfiallow, then you may dig one yard and leave another, throwing half your Earth on one fide, and half on the other. Suppofe you was to plant an Acre of Ground this way, there will not be half digged, efpecially if the Ground be an oblong fquare; but if you count it at half, that is 80 Rod, this at the fame price, 3 d. the Rod, is 20 s. for if you divide 80 Three-pences by four 80 (20 (the Thirds in a Shilling) the Quotient 44 gives 20 : then 80 Two-pences for fet- ting is 13 r. 4d- for if you divide So by 2 (2 6, (the Two-pences in one Shilling) it 8° (13 gives 13 in the Quotient and 2 over, 66 which 2 Two-pences is 4 d. that is then 13 s. and 4 d. and 20 s. is 1 /. 13 ƒ. 4 d• charge. l£et as I told you, the more oblong the piece is, it will cofi: fomewhat the lefs, provided you divide your Ground into Yards, or as near it as you can, and leave a yard next the Side where you begin, and one at the Side where you end. Having fhew’d you the Charge, or pretty near it, and alfo two ways how to prepare your Ground, you may fet Truncheons of Water-popler, all forts of Sallow's, Alder, Willows^ Ofiers, &c. of Roots, Abele, Popler ; and if not too wet, Elm, Afii, &c. Let none of thefe foft Woods ftand too long unlopt if Pollards, or unfelled if Stubs, for the Reafcns before mention’d. Of all thePoplers, Water-popler indures bellTopping when great, then the Abele, the Afp word; when the Boughs are great. This Water-popler doth not increafe of a Runner, as the other doth ; I fuppofe this is the fame, w'hich fome call the Black-popler. It grows in feveral Places about Waret by their Ditch-fides, and brings them good Profit: and therefore you that have wet Grounds, get fome of this to fet by your Ditches, one Row of this, and one of Willows ; for if you fet one of thefe worth a half penny, if they grow' they wfill bring you that yearlyCh.i 6. ImproVmg Forcfl-Trees, See. m yearly for twenty years or more. Prune all foft Woods at the latter end of Winter, &c. CHAP. XXVf. Of (Knifing the Alder. THIS Tree may be raifed of Truncheons as the other I laft writ of; fome fay of Seeds, but if you cut them about two foot and a half long, and fet them two foot in the Ground, if the Ground be proper for them they will certainly grow, and yield you good Profit. They love a wet moorifh Ground, and will not grow on dry Ground : they will grow well on your boggy Grounds, which feldom yield good Grafs. Some advife you to fell them every third or fourth year, which is good Counfel; but do not defer above five or fix years, the wounded Place will be too great if you flay longer, and with Wet will grow hollow fif be great) before it can over-grow the Wound. As for foft Woods, or Aquatick Trees, fell or lop none till towards the Spring, viz.. February is the belt Seafon, and the Moon encreafing. life' CHAP.The Manner of fifing and I I 2 CHAP. XXVII. Of fifing the Withy, Willows, Sallow, OJters. H E Withy doth beft grow on Ground that is not very moift, but yet the Moifture mud: not be tar from him ; as on the weeping tide of a Hill, Where fome Spring breaks out, or on Banks by Rivers or Ditches tides, or on Banks in your moorith Ground, &c. The Willow loves to grow on fuch like Ground; both this and the former are fet in fuch Places as the Water-popler is, and of fuch Sets as it is. To make Pollard-trees, fee the Chapter before of the Water-popler, and Chap. 6. which teacheth how to fet all forts of Cuttings. Remember to keep them well fenced for two or three Years, and to cut off all the Side-fhoots, which they will be fubjedi to put out below the Head ; and thin the Head, as you fee ic convenient, leaving not above fix or eight for Arms; fo doing will make the Body of your Tree fvvell, and lay hold on the Ground the better. And as for the Variety of Kinds of thefe and the following, I fhall not trouble my felf to inquire after ; for I intend only to fliew you how to raife them, not to defcribe them ; and if you know how to raife fome, you may then foon be able to raife them all. Biit there is one fort more which is called the fmel-ling Willow, which deferves to be taken notice of; it /hoots a great Shoot, bears fine, broad, /Lining, green Leaves, and will grow on raoft Grounds that are not too dry. It bears a fweet beautitil Flower, and worthy to be fet in Orchards : you that have RiversCh. 27. Improving For eft »Trees, &c. 1 1 $ Rivers run by your Orchards, plant fome of thisj if you have not, yet if your Ground be moifl, and pretty good, it will grow mightily, and yield Ornament and Profit. It is eafily increafed of Cuttings, which if fet as is fhewed in Chap. 6. will grow everyone : only mind if your Ground have a dry Bottom* then fet them on the North fide of a Wall; befide the Beauty and the Smell, the induftrious Bees love it much. It is as eafily increafed as any Sallow, and bears as good a Lop, then endeavour to make it as common : From one fmall Plant I have raifed fome hundreds, and have fet feveral in our Wood-walks at Cajhioberry, where they grow well, notwithftanding our dry Ground ; but they were rooted before I fet them there. I commend the like Husbandry to the Lovers of Planting, and to thofe that are Lovers of that bufy Martial Creature* for it is an early Relief to them. It may alfo be very plentifully increafed by Laying; for if it be but cover’d with Ground, it will root< Of Sallows there be three common forts ; all of them love a moift hollow Ground, but that with the round Leaf will grow on Banks, as in Hedges: for if you fet them for Stakes, they will take root \ and tho they be no very good Fence* yet they will yield good Profit. The two other grow beft on moorifh Ground, and there will yield great Shoots : they will grow of Cuttings much, and may be encreafed well by Laying; both which ways you may thicken your Woods very much : but then you muft keep out Cattel, efpecially all Deer, for two or three years and above. They may be raifed by Seed, as the Elm is, fome years, for the Seed is not all years good with us; no more is the Elm and Lime: I have raifed many of them of Seeds in the downy Sub-fiance, but they are fo eafily increafed by Cuttings and Layings, that you need not trouble your felf to raife them of Seed. It is as profitable a Wood for Under-wood in Woods, as any vou can fet in them, I I for114 The Manner of fyijing and for Fire, producing ftrong and great Shoots : Therefore, where you ftock up Trees in your Woods, fet two or three Sallow Truncheons with fome other Wood that is fubject to run, as Elm, Cherry, Abele, &c. fo you may have a thin Wood made a thick good Wood ; or if you have a Ground that is moorifh, and will not yield good Grafs, then plant (as is before (hewed) of the Water-popler, and it will yield you quick and great Profit. If you would fee more largely of thefe Sallows, &c. fee Squire Evelyns 19th Chapter. He tells you you may graft Figs and Mulberries on them, and that they will thrive exceedingly : the firft is true, you may graft on them, but you had beft try the other ; for I fear ?tis borrow’d of 1Pliny, &c. but I forbear. Of Ofiers there are feveral forts, and are all raifed of Truncheons, as the Sallow : They love a moifter and more moorifti Ground than the Sallow or Willow. The Basket-makers know beft the time to fell them, which may be done any time in Winter ; they muft be kept well fenced from Cattle : and thus I fhall conclude with the Aquatick Trees. Only let me defire all thofe that have moorifh Ground, and fuch as yields little Profit (efpecially where Wood is fcarce) to make ufe of thefe fure Dire&ions, and I do engage you a great and certain Profit. CHAP. XXVIII. Of the Vine, Fir, & c. THESE ftately Trees want more Refpeft with us than they have ; and there are three things which make it fo : T he firft is Ignorance in planting them *, and that is, they mifs the right Time or Sea- fonCh. 2 8. Improving Vorefl-Tnes, See. 115 Ton of the Year to fet them, planting them when other Trees are planted, as from November to March) which is the very worft time in the Year: but the bell time to remove thefe or moil forts of Greens, is from Mid -March to the latter end, or from Mid-Auguft to the lafl; which are the very befl times, unlefs for tender Greens, and I fliall not fo much as name any of them. As to the Ground, they love not Dung, but a frelh gravelly Soil mix’d with Loom; alfo mind but the Roots, and they will tell you, that thefe forts of Trees mud not be fet too deep, therefore take heed you commit not that Fault to them : for if you look into Gerrard’s Herbal, with Johnfons Additions to it, p. 1364. you are there inform’d by that laborious Author, that Firs grow on the tops* of Rocks in great plenty, and alio large Trees in the cold Countries of Norway, &c. and of Pines that grow in the cold Countries beyond Denmark, as in Ruflia, &c. then certainly they may and will grow here in England very well, if you will but mind to fet and preferve them. Then a fecond Reafon why Men do raife but few of thefe, and plant but few, may be becaufe they love them not; and it is with other Men, becaufe they many times die, or do not grow well with them, and this makes them not fancy them: But fuch Men want good Inftru&ions, and I hope I fhall give them fome that wall make them again in charity with thefe fine Trees. But others there be that have Ground and fit Places to plant Trees in, yet mind them not; thefe Men do not love Trees, no nor themfelves, nor their Pofterity. The third great Hindrance of planting thefe and other Trees, is, there are many Men that love planting and improving of Trees, but are hindred by not having Ground of their own convenient to plant in ; and if they nurfe up or plant Trees for their Land^ lords, they many times meet with but fmall Encou-I 2 ragement116 The Manner of tftyi/tng and ragement for fo doing ; for many tirties they are turned out of their Farm before they come to Perfection, or if there be any that are come to be fit to fell, many times another Man fliall have them as cheap as he that nurfed them up in his Hedg-Rows, &c. or his Predeceflors. But I could and do wifh that Owners would encourage their Tenants, by allowing them fo much Money for every Fruit-Tree, and fo much for every Foreft-Tree they.plant in their Grounds, and look to them well till they are part Cattel’s fpoiling them; this would help both the Owner and his Tenant, and many a good Tree might be in wafte places where now none is : this would make the Farm much better and pleafanter ; and fo we might have more Plenty of Fruit and Timber, and Knowledge in Planting would be greatly improv'd. Now fuppofe you fhculd plant on good Land, and in open Fields, you would be no lofer by it ; as if you fliould plant Oak, Afh, or Elm, in Pafture-Ground, at three or four Rod afunder, they would do your Land no harm, nor would you lofe any Ground, fave only juft where the Trees (land. Now it muft be a good Tree that takes up one Yard fquare, nay the Leaves and Shade may do your Cattel as much good as may countervail the Lofs of that Land : as if your Land be worth 20 s. an Acre, that is not a Penny a Yard, as here I fhall fhew ; 16b Rod fquare makes an Acre, and five Yards and a half fquare is a Rod. 5.5 You fee that in one Rod fquare there 5.5 are 30 Yards and a quarter; for the De- ------- cimal Fraftion 25 is of a 100 ; or thus,, 275 f times y is 25, and 5 halfs and 5 halfs;’ make 5 whole-Rod, and a half and a half ’ -:2q! ^ £ make but one v, which is 30 Yards and J----L— a quarter. 30,Ch. 28. ImproVmg Foreft-Trees, <3cc. 1 17 30.25: Yard in a Rod. 160 Rodinone Acre. 181500 3025 4840.00 yard in one Acre. * (4^ 4340(403 f. jHMÉ Here you fee that 4840 (the Yards in one Acre) divided by 12, (the Pence in a Shilling) gives 403 Shillings, and 4 remain ,• that is, one A,cre at a Penny a Yard comes to 20/. 3 s. 4 d. But it may be fixty Years before a Tree takes up fo much Ground, then at half that Age it takes but half fo much Ground; then <5o Half-pence is but 2 s. 6 d. and your Tree at that Age, and on fuch Land, may be worth jox. or more, which is Profit and Pleafure, i'?c. to the Planter. But to our Bufinefs: ‘Johnfon tells you of ten forts of Pines, but I know but two or three in England; one is common, and is raifed of the Seed Town in good Ground, and in the Shade, , in the Month of February: If it be frofty, put it into Earth or Sand, and keep it in the Houfe till the Weather be feafon-able ; they will not grow of Cuttings, nor Layings well: they are bad to be remov’d when old, becaufe the Roots run far from the Body in a few Years, and if broke or cut off, they will not readily break out at fides and ends : therefore remove them young, at two or three Years old, and at the times beforefaid, and then you may expeft glorious ftately Trees. None of all our green Trees in England may compare with them ; prune them as the Fir: they are fine to fet round a Garden, or Bowling-Green, for the Leaves will not do any harm. Of Fir-Trees we have two forts, they are eafily raifed of Seeds fown as the Pine; one fort will grow of Laying, or of Slips fet about Bartholomew-tide: but then you mull: cut them one Inch or two from the Body, and cut that Stump clofe oflF the I 3 Mwh118 The Manner of <%aijtng and March following; and cut all other Boughs that are needful at that time, and you need not fear hurting your Tree, though my French Curate be againft it. The beft way to keep them is in Stories, about a Yard between one another, but do not cut their Ends as fome do, neither let them grow thick on a heap; but if you keep them in Stories, they will grow taper, and you may take off fome when you fee caufe, and fo help them up to a great height, and ftreight as an Arrow ; for they naturally grow in a good Shape. Lay the Clogs before the Fire, and they will gape, fo may you take out the Seeds the better. Pliny calls one fort of Pine the Pinafter: Johnfon's Herbal, p. 1350. CHAP. XXIX. Of fifing the Tew, Holly, Juniper, Bays and LauSee. HERE are a great many more Trees, fome of which filed their Leaves, and fome keep them all the Year, befides thofe I have fpoken of before; but thefe are the moft of our Foreft-Trees: and as for thofe that do belong to the Garden, I ftiall not fo much as mention them. The Yew-Tree is produc’d of Seeds; rub the flefhy Subftance off, then dry them, and when they be dry, put them in Sand a little moift, in a Pot or Tub ; let this be done any time before Chriftmas: keep them in houfe all Winter, and under fome North-Wall abroad all Summer, The Spring come Twelve-month after you put them in Sand, fow them on a Bed, the Ground not too ft iff; keep them clean, and prick them out of that Bed into your Nurfery : whenCh. 29. Improving Foreft-Trecs, &c. 119 they have flood two or three Years there, you may bring them to what Shape you pleafe. It is a fine Tree, and worthy to be more increafed. Holly may be railed of the Berries, as the Yew, or by Laying; it loves a gravelly Ground, as moft of our Foreft-Greens do; it is a curious Tree for Hedges, and will grow under the dropping of great Trees : it well deferves your Love, yet is fomewhat ticklifh to remove, but the beft time is before Michaelmas ; if your Ground be ftiff and cold, mix it with Gravel, but no Dung. Box, the English and Edged, &c. do grow well of Slips, fet about the latter end of Auguft, pr in March ; it is very pleafant in green Groves, /nd in Wildernelfes, though it hath a bad Smell aftpKSnow. Juniper is raifed of the Berries ,* it i^tickli/h to remove; it is a pretty Plant for the aforefaid places; the Berries are very wholefome; the Wood burnt yields a wholefome and pleafant Perfume; fo doth the Plant in the Spring. Bays is increafed plentifully of Suckers, or you may raife them of their Berries; they love the Shade, and are fit to be fet in green Groves. Laurel, or Cherry-Bay, is increafed by Cuttings fet about Bartholomevetide, and in the Shade beft, or by the Cherries ; it is a glorious Tree for Standards on moft Grounds, but on our coldeft and opened it holds out our hard Winters beft: it may be kept with a clear Stem two or three Foot high, and let the Head be kept round ; fo that if you have a Row of them, the Trees all of a height and bignefs, and the Heads all of a fhape, no Tree is more pleafant. It is fit for Groves, Wildernefles, Hedges, &c. It will grow well on any Ground, therefore make ufe of this beautiful Tree. The Oak at firfi doth like a King appear, The Laurel now at lajl brings up the Rear;120 T7;e Manner of and The one does render Plenty and Renown y The other offers P lea fur e and a Crown : The Elm, the ufeful Ajh, and Sycomore, Together with the Beach and many more, They promife all Content to thofe that look To praclife what is written in this Book. CHAR XXX. General tffyiles for Fldnting Forefi-Trees in Mvenues, Walks, or Orchards, as in Nd-tural Ground. FIRST, as to the Ground : Your Ground that b^Lth been Fed For many Years, Winter and Summer, as your common Pafture-Ground, or the like; Jfr.ch Ground (if it be any thing good) is the beft : The next is your Meado\v-<3round; and then your ploughed Land, if your Land be of Soil alike: Thus I prefer them. Several Reafons might be given for this: but I fhall inftance only in thefe few. As namely, your Ground that is conftantly fed, hath likewife conftantly a Supply of Cattel’s Dung and Urine, with the Variety of Kinds, which adds tnuch to the Strength of the Ground ; 'and likewife your Paßure-Ground, though it abound with great Variety of Herbs or Grafs, according to the Nature of the Ground, as alfo your Meadow-Ground doth; yet your Pafture-Ground hath not only a conftant Supply of Soil by one fort of Cattel or other, but the Grafs which grows on it doth fcldom run to Flower or Seed ; which, when they do, th,cy draw forth much more of the Salt, or Spirit, or Strength of the Earth; as we find the Herbs or Grafs on Meadow-Grounds mo(t commonly do. Therefore $Ch. 30. Improving Foreß-Trees, See. 121 I judge your Commons the beft, and both common Field-Ground and Meadow better than conftant ploughed Land; for that being kept with ploughing, to prevent what naturally it would produce, this makes the Ground the better : for ’tis certain, that where your Houfes (land, or Highways are, there the Earth is full of Salt and Spirit, or the Life of Plants, not only becaufe there is often fome Afliftance of Soil, which I confefs makes it much richer, but alfo becaufe it cannot produce thofe Plants which naturally it would, were it not reftrain’d • for ftill it receives a conftant Supply from Nature: and as the Holy Scripture faith, the Almighty caufeth the Sun to Jhine on the Unjuft as tu ell as the Juft; fo alfo hath the forefaid Earth the fecret Influence of the Heavens, as well as any other, unlefs accidentally prevented. But this by the way. Now as for your ploughed Land, *tis granted to be much better for ploughing; but this being fown with Annual Grain, very much draweth out the Strength of the Earth : for I judge that your Annuals are much more drawing Plants than thofe which wi|l laft feveral Years; it being in my Judgment with your Annual Plants, as it is with a Man who hireth a Houfe for a Year ; when his Year is cut, he, knowing he mull remove, cleareth the Houfe, efpecially of his ow n; whenas your durable Vegetable (like a Man whofe Houfe is his own) is favourable to its Situation, having a kind of fecret Knowledge (as I may fay) that there he and his may continue many Years. If this be underftood, I hope you then will fay with me, that your common Pafture is beft to plant on; next to that Meadowy then ploughed Land, that is? if all three be of equal Goodnefs and Soil. CHAP.I It The Manner of fifing and CHAP. XXXI. Of Planting Forejl-Trees to make , or TO tell Tome Men of Planting of Woods is very needlefs, for there are too many Men more inclin’d to (lock up than to plant them j but I fup-pofe the greater fort of Men, and 1 am fure the bell fort, are more inclin’d to preferve and plant, than to dedroy and dock them up. To thofe then that Jove either their Country or thenafelves, or ef-pecially their Poderity, and have any Kindnefs for dately Fored-Trees, do I give this Advice. Fird, Let the Ground be of what Soil foever, be fure to plant mod of fuch Trees as will grow bed on that Soil; as if it be Gravel, then Beech, Holly, Ha2el, &c. if mix’d with Loom, then Oak, Adi, or Elm, &c. ifdiff, then Afli, Hornbeam, Sycomore, &c. if a light Loom, then mod forts: and withal, have an eye to the adjacent Trees, and which fort foever you fee thrive bed, be fure to furnifh your Ground with dore of them. Secondly, if your Ground be moid, then fet in good dore of the Cuttings of Alder, Willow, Sallow, efpecially the two lad oil any Ground; for if there comes a wet Spring, or a moid Summer, many of them will grow, and produce good Underwood, if fet as is dirededin thé 26th or 27th Chapters. Though the Ground be dry, and a Gravel-Bottom, yet they will thrive and produce good Shoots in a little time, as 1 have found true at CaJbio~ they want. berry, &c Thirdly,Ch.} \. Improving Foreft-Trees, &c. 125 Thirdly, If you be minded to fow Seeds, then you muft prepare your Ground with a good Tillage before you fow your Seed, as much as you do for fowing of Barley; and having all your Seeds ready prepared (by being kept fome time in a Houfe till they befittofpear, or fpcared a little) then about the beginning of February fow them : the particular Chapter of each Kind will tell you how long it is before they will fpear. If you plough your Ground into great Ridges, it will make the Earth lie the thicker on the top of each Ridge, and there the Roots will have the more Depth to fearch for Nourifhment, and the Furrows will in a little time be filled up with Leaves, which, when rotten, will lead the Roots from one Ridge to another. If your Ground be very dry, then plough your Ridges crofs the Defcent of the Hills, not to drain the Water ofl^ but to keep it on your Ground ; and if your Ground be very wet, then the contrary. But be mindful to fow moft of thofe Seeds your Ground is moft natural for. The moft of thefe Seeds follow ing may be fown on your Ground: Oaks, Afh, Beech, Sycomore, Hornbeam, Crab or Apple, Cherry, Walnuts, Chefnuts, Holly, Hazel-nuts, Maple, Sarvice, &c. Which of thefe you find are not natural for your Ground, negledt them. Some do fow their Seeds W'ith a Crop of Barley, but the Sea-fon of fowing of Barley is too late for your Seeds, if they be prepar’d before-hand ; but if you will be fo faving as to have a Crop of that Tillage, then fow your Seeds with Oats, for they may be fown with the Seafon of your Seeds. Do not fow your Oats too thick, and they may do well; but the beft way for your Seeds, is to fow them without any Crop of Corn. Fourthly, If you are minded to have a Wood foon, then plant it with Sets; and if your Ground be a good natural Ground for Trees, then you may make only Holes two foot wride, and as much deep,124 The Manner of tfiaifing and and about half a Rod afunder ,•• fo there will be four Holes in every Rod fquare. But left my Reader fhould be at a ftand, and ask how four Trees may ftand in a Rod fquare, or four Holes be made in a Rod fquare, and yet the Middles be each half a Rod, or eight Foot and a quarter afunder ; I fhall here fa-tisfy him by Example : and it fhall be of a fuppofed piece of Ground, three Rod fquare ; you may make your Holes fquarp if you pleafe. (See Figure i.) This is much like to that Queftion, 56 Whether is half a Foot fquare, or half 6 a fquare Foot, moll ? when, as I have .———. heard fome fay, they were both alike ; 2i6 but it was their Miftake. *— -------- For half a Foot fquare is only 5 Inches every way ; that is, 6 times 6 is 3<5, and 6 times 3 6 is 216 Inches: when as half a fquare Foot is the half of a Cubical fquare Foot, the Number being 12, the fquare Root is 144, for 12 times 12 makes 144, and 12 times 144 makes 1728 the Cube. Now the half of 1728 Is 854, which is half of a fquare Foot ; then if you divide 864 by 21 <5, you will t find 4 for the Quotient; fo that SdqCq half a Foot fquare is but ~ of 2.X6 half a fquare Foot. This I have demonftrated as plain as I can, that I might be underftood by every Country-Capacity. Now if you were to plant one Acre of Ground after the aforefaid manner, the Charge would be as folio weth : If it be a good digging Ground, you may have 20 Holes made for 12 cL 2 Foot vwde, and 2 Foot deep; fo there would be four times 160 Holes, which is 640, Holes, at 20 for 12 d. that is 32 s. and then I allow for every Hole 2 Sets, 12 12 24 144 12 288 144 1728 tl°(32 22 1280^10 120 4 fo then it will take 1280 Set: which willCh. $ l. ImproV mg For eft' Trees, See. 125 will coft you together about 4 d. the 120, of any forts of Wood, which comes to about 3 s. 6 d. Then for every Hole 2 Sallow or Willow-Cuttings 3 s- then five Men to fet them, 6 s. and then Keys and Seeds to fow among your Sets next Spring, 5 s. 6 d. /. s. d. Making Holes-----———--------01 12 00 Sets --------——------------00 03 06 Sallow Truncheons-----------00 03 00 ’ Men to fet them-------------oo o6 oo Keys and Seed---------------oo 05 06 Whole Charge----- 02 10 00 So that the Charge of one Acre of Ground planted this way, will coft you about 2 l. 10 s. where Workmen and Sets may be had at fuch a price. The Spring after, I advife to fow Acorns, Sycomore Keys, Apple and Crab-ftampings, &c. Let this fow-ing be done as oft as you find Stampings and Keys to be had, till you find your Wood very thick. I did fow all the Stampings of Apples and Crabs at Cajhio-berry among our young Woods which I had fet, and the Ground not producing a ftrong Grafs to choke them, they came up thick, and did well. But take care you let them not lie too thick long, for if you do, the Stampings will heat and kill the Kernels : fow them therefore as foon as they beprefs’d, or elfe lay them thin, or keep them parted with dry Straw. But if your Ground be bad, and afhallow Soil, or that you would help an indifferent Ground, and are willing to be at fome more charge to do it ; then do thus, which in fmall time will pay you or yours well for your Charges. Obferve which is the beft way to lay out your Ground, and then divide it into four yards diftance at both ends, by little ftakes ; and make Rows of ftakes, by fetting up fome few between the two at each end, which are only to dire# you to lay your work12 6 The Manner of and work ftreight, by ploughing one yard of each fide your flakes. If your Ground be GrecnTorde, then plough it as is aforefaid, which will make the better for the Roots of your Trees to run in. Thus having plough’d two yards, and left two yards unplough’d all over your Ground, a little before the Seafon for planting, and when the Seafon for fetting is come, (that is, as foon as mod of the Leaves are oft) having prepar’d Sets and Workmen, let them dig up the two yards tTiat are unplough’d, laying one half of that Earth upon one of the plough’d pieces, and the other half upon the other ; and as you lay up that Earth upon the plough’d pieces, there fet your Sets about a yard one from another, withflore of Sallow Cuttings w'ith them ; digging that ground which you lay on your plough’d ground a good fpade-deep, and then it will be near a foot thick to fet your Sets in. Thus go from open (that is, unplough’d) to open, till you have fet all the plough’d pieces in your Ground. One Man having the Sets ready, w ill fet them as fafl as four Men fhall dig; that is, two Men on each fide the Beds or Ridges, one a little before the other: fo finifh Bed after Bed, till you have gone over and finifh *d the W'hole Ground which you defign’d to plant that Winter. And endeavour to get all your planting done by the latter end of ‘January, or beginning of February; for this reafon, that is, having provided Keys, Nuts and Seeds, as is before direfted, (and is in each particular Chapter more fully difeours’d) about that time fow them, viz,, about the beginning of February, unlefs it be a frofty Seafon, for then you muft flay a little longer. So low all your Beds over with Seed, and cover them .a little with the Shovellings of fome neighbouring Ditch. In doing thus, you may be certain of a good thriving Wood in a little time, tho the Ground you plant on be ever fo bad. This I do fuppofe to be as good a way as mod are, for planting of Woods. There-Ch. ji* ImproVing Foreft-Trees, &c. 127 Therefore, according to the iwtf/« Proverb, Scrert ne dubitesy Doubt not to plant. . And I wifh I could perfuade Noblemen and Gentlemen,who have Ground that is not very good for Corn or Grafs, to plant it with Wood j efpecially in thofe Countries where Wood is fcarce : I dareinfure them, that it would be to them or their Succeffors a very great Benefit, and alfo a great Ornament to their naked Grounds. Now I fhall endeavour, as near as lean, to give you an account what the Charge of this may be; which, did I but know your Ground, and what Wages your Workmen in fuch places have for one Day's Work, I could then do more exa&ly. I But we will fuppofe the Ground to be a good digging Ground, that may be afforded to be digg'd and laid up for 4 d. the Rod fquare; and our Example lhall be of one Acre of Ground, of which you may well perceive by what is before fiiew’d, there will be but one half plough'd, and that half planted* Firft then, for a good deep ploughing of half an Acre of Ground 4 s. Secondly, For half an Acre of Ground 2 (2 digging, at 4 d. the Rod (for if 160 Rod 80 (26 s. make one Acre, then 80 Rod is half an 33 Acre,and then 80 Groats for the digging) comes to 1 /. 6 s. 8 d. Thirdly, If every four Men muft have one Man to fet them, then there muft be near one fourth part more for him ,* which one fourth is 6 s. 8 d. Fourthly, If we allow for every Yard fquare in this half Acre, one good Set, befides Truncheons of Sallow and Willow, &c. y.y—— the fide of a Rod fq. is 5 yards and ____ 27s 21K _ T The Number of Yards in a fuperficial 5 ’ * \ Rod iquare is 30 and 160118 The Manner of tifyifing and 6 ___f The number of fuperficial fquare Rods ° c in one Acre 16o. 181500 3025 0 TThe number of fq. yards in one Acre, 48+°'°° 1 or ido Rod, 4840. Or if you would work this Qneftion by the Line of Numbers, and your Compafles, fet one point on one ; exterid to 5 and ~, the fame will reach from 5 and ~ to 30 and-^r. Secondly, Extend your Compafs from 1 to 30 and the fame will reach from 160 to 4840. Thus you may prove your Work by two Turns of your Compares. (40 Now finding 4840 Yards in one Acre of 4840(40 Ground, and for every Yard one Set, at 1220 120 for 4■ - 00 03 00 For Keys, Nuts, and Seeds— -00 10 00 Whole Charge is 1 03 03 10 Thiis have I fhew’d foute ways for the planting of Woods, and alfo what Charge it will coft you : tho I have fpoke of the lowed Rates that good digging Ground can be done at, and where Men work for 10 d. per day, yet if you love planting, and your Ground be a bad Ground to dig, (as a Gravel or ftiff Clay) and that your Sets be fcarce, or that you be minded to plant more in your Ground (which will be the better) then if you allow as much more to each Acre, the Charge may be computed accordingly", and you will find it not to be great. There are more ways Co plant Woods, but thefe I take to be the beft : or thus, inftead of making your Holesround, you may make them a long fquare, and the Holes will be the eafier to make after this way. (See Fig. 2.) This that hath been faid, I hope will be fome fa-tisfa&ion to thofe that love planting of Woods, and are to feek in the ways; which if it be, I then fhall be well fatisfy’d, for my Defign is a general, more than a particular Good. Now having finiih’d your Wöód, take care to keep it well fenced from Cartel of all forts ; and when it is about feven or eight years growth, then fell it, pruning up thofe to a head you are minded to leave K fori$o The Manner of fyifing and for Standards, leaving half as many more as need to ftand, for Timber-Trees ; as Oak, Afh, Elm, Beech, C'7c. felling the reft at the ground, not flat off* but veil Hoped up. And if you have Popler, Abele, Cherry, Elm, Sarvice, &c. they will fpring much from the Roots, and thicken your Woods ; if not, fet fome in. CHAP. XXXtI. Of Wanting young Hedges, and how to improve and feep old Hedges. THERE are and may be made many forts of Hedges of one particular fort of Wood alone, fome for Ornament only, fome for Ornament and Profit, and fome for Ornament, Profit, and a Fence. Juniper I take to be one of the beft to make a low Hedge, of any Plant or Tree we have growing in jEngland ; for it grows naturally very thick, is a How Grower, and hath always a fine frefh green Colour, and the fevereft of our hard Winters will not make it change its Countenance. I ccnfefs it is fome thing ticklifh to be remov’d ; for it’s being not ufed to ftir far from home, makes it many times lofe its way, and its Life too, if led far from its native place at unfeafonabie times, or by an ignorant Guide, and put into fuch an Habitation as is not fuitable for it to live in. I have with good fuccefs remov’d it above thirty miles, namely, from beyond Cajbioberry to Little Hadham ; there I made my Ground (notwith-ftanding it was naturally a ftiff Clay) by mixing it well w'ith Gravel and Sand. I remov’d it a little after Bartbolimew-Tide, and I did not lofe one Plant in ten ; but they do flourifh in two little Hedges moft gallantly ICh. 3 2. Improving Foreft-Trees, &c. 131 I ihall not fpeak of that moft healthful Aromatick Seed which it beareth, nor of the Ufe of this Gedar j but if you would be further fatisfied, fee Efquire Evelyns Difcourfe of Forefl-T’rees> or any Herbal* I have not as yet raifed any of it of Seed, but I atn now making a trial,* w hich if they once come to endure removing while young, I doubt not but then they will be better to remove when old. Holly makes a moil ftately and beautiful Hedge ; and had we but ftore of the white-berry’d Holly to mix in the Hedge with the red, it would make it the more ornamental. Its Ground that it moft delights to grow on, is dry and gravelly; fee more in the Chapter of Holly. Or had we but ftore of the ftriped to make Hedges with, it would be very noble indeed. Hornbeam may be kept in a good fhape for a high Hedge, and very thick even to the Ground. , It is (alone) one of the very belt home-bred natural Foreft-Trees that fhed the Leaf, to make a Hedge of: and is fencible, unlefs againft the rudeft fort of Cattel. Box maketh a good Hedge, and lafting; I mean the Englijby tho the others are pretty for Hedges, both the Gilded and the Dwarf: but thefe two being not proper to name, or to difcourfe of among Fo-reft Trees, I ihall only name them and many other forts, and fo pafs forward. Laurel (as we call it) or Bay*Cherry, makes a good Hedge; and if well kept, very fine Standards. Hard Winters do pierce it on fome Grounds, but on moft it is durable : it is eafy to increafe, and will grow well on moft Grounds; keep it but down, and it will grow ftrong below, and thick, and then make a very fine Hedge. Arbutus, or Straw'berry-Tree, is a curious Plant for a Hedge, only it is very tender, efpecially while young: for the Leaves being conftant whilft Life lafteth, and of a fair green, finely dented about the edges, and its pretty white Flower in Summer, with K 2 its15 2 The 'Manner of ^aifing and its Strawberry on, the beginning of Winter; all together add a great deal of Grace to this Plant. Cyprefs would make fine Hedges, but for two Faults : for firft, in fome Grounds it is tender, and will , not abide our hard Winters : and fecondly, it doth not love to be headed, for that makes it (till more tender. Cut it not late in Summer. Mcz,ereon, or Dwarf-Bay, both the red and white together, make a pretty low Hedge, and (hew very beautifully early in the Spring. Alaternus, or ever-green Privet, makes a fine thick green Hedge ; it (hould be fupported with a Frame, cfpecially while ’tis young. Pyracantha, or prickly Coral, makes a good-thick Hedge, and a very fine Shew when it is full of its fine red Berries, which appear like Beeds of red Co* ral among the dark green Leaves. It likes our Entertainment fo well, that it will grow well on moft Grounds; our Winters difturb it not, and’tis very eafy to be multiply’d or increas’d by Laying or Cuttings. - They that have (lore of Ground, and are Lovers ,of Plants, I hope will not be without thefe few named,. and many more that will be very acceptable ; but they, are not fomc of them fo proper for Hedges. Many .more there be that would make very fine Hedges for Pleafure, if well kept; as the double-bloflom Cherry, the Laurus Finns, or wild Bay, .Primme, Savin, &c.. Thefe few are only for Ornament, and make (any of them,) fine Hedges alone : or you may mix them with Judgment, and they will then be very pleafant. Now I fhall (hew you a. few of thofe that are for Profit and Ornament; fuch are the Summer-Pears on Quince-flocks, for that makes th.ern the more dwar-filh. Cherries make a fine Hedge, but efpecially the fmaU-Jeaved, as the feveral forts of Flanders, great iicarers, duv Plumbs,Ch. 3 2. Improving Foreft-Trees, 8cc. i3 $ Plumbs, Quinces, Codlins, Barberries, &c. all thefe make fine Hedges, but*muft have Supporters. In .the three lafl there is this fault, that the better they be kept, I mean the handfomer, the worfe thelQvili bear. But I am got two fleps too far into the Garden, and now I fhall give you an account oft fuch as are proper to fence in your Woods, Orchards, (7q. which is the Scope of my Difcourfe; for fuch are both profitable and pleafant, tho not fo ornamental as the other before : and if you would make a Fence of one particular fort of Wood, the very belt is your White-bufli, or White-thorn. Your Crabflocks make alfo a flout ftrongFenflfrf and if you leave at every twenty feet one to run up, keeping it with pruning till it is five or fix feet high, and then graft it .with Red-ftreaks, or other good Syder-fruit, fuch a Hedge would be very pleafant and profitable. You may fo order your Stock and Tree whilft they be young, that by pruning you may have the Head of your Tree to hang into^pur Ground, a little over your Hedge : Let me defire you to make fuch a Hedge where you have occafion to make one. As for your Stocks, they are as cafy to raife as Barly, and they are as certain to grow on mofl forts of Ground, as any one Wood I know. For common and publick Fences there is none to compare with thefe two, for certainty of growing, for a thick, flrong, and an armed Fence. Black-bufh makes a good flrong Fence, but it hath one Inconvenience, that is, it will not keep within its bounds, but will run very much into your Ground, and there be very troijblefom to keep out: therefore if your Fence be for Wood, it may do well, for the reafon aforefaid. Alfo when you pla/hit, it will often be ready to die, by reafon that it /hoots fp much from the Root. Thus have I fhew’d you fome forts of Woods to make your Hedges with ; I fhall now' give you Tone Pire&ioi/s how to make them: And here obferve, K. 3 thatl J4 Tie Manner of (Raifuig and that for all thofe which are for Ornament only, you mull prepare a Border by#good digging and clean picking it from Weeds; adding fome good natural Earth, fuch as the Kinds you fet do moft naturally grow in, which let be well prepared againft: the Sea-ion for planting, and then make ufe of your time. The greateft fort may be fet about a yard one from a-nother, fuch as your Holly, Laurel, &c. the other about two footorlefs, fuch as your Juniper, Meze-rean, &c. Let this bo the moft ; but if you have ftore of Plants, fet them thicker: be fparing in heading moft forts of Greens. For thofe that are for Ornament and Profit, the Ground muft be made good, trenched deep, and mix’d well with Dung; they may be fet about fix foot a funder. You may make very curious Hedges of Pears, Cherries, &c. But I am too far got into the Orchard or Garden; I muft retreat to my Foreft-Trees, to fhelter me from the Gardiner’s Anger. Of thofe forts that are for Ornament, Profit, and for Fence, I have told you that there are two peculiar forts, viz,, the White-thorn and the Crab \ which are indeed the moft: proper to fence in our Foreft-Trees and Woods, of any I know. I know ‘moft Hedges, which are mix’d with many forts of Wood, are apt to come too faft without planting Sets of White-thorn, which in moft places are plentiful to be had ; but if you would raife them of Haws, order them 3s is fhew’d of the Cherry or Yew-berries. How to raife your Crab or Apple-ftocks, (tho the Crab-ftocks are better than your Apple-ftocks, for the Crab grows more rugged, ftrong, and is more lafting, but Stocks faifed of Apple-Kernels will do well) let your Ground be well prepared by digging, 3nd picking it clean from Weeds; mix it with fome good rotten Dung, then when the time is that they beat their Crabs for Verjuice, or Apples for Syder, prepare yourfelf with fo many as you think are convenient;Ch. $ 2. Improving Foreft-Treesy &c. * i 55 venieut for your Ground ; and as foon as they be fiamp’d, fow them if you can, for if they lie long in the Stampings, that will heat and fpoil your Kernels. Therefore if you have them to fetch far, or that you cannot fow them inftantly, then let them be lifted from the Body of the Apple, and fpread thin, or mix’d with dry Sand, till you have opportunity to fow them ; or you may keep them in Sand (the Kernels I mean) a little moift, till February and then fow them ; but be fure your Ground be well prepared before-hand with good Tillage, and clean picking; cover them about one inch, or a little more, with fine Mould: afterwards, when they come up, keep them conftantly clean from Weeds ; remem-bring if you fow at Michaelmas, that you take care to keep Traps fet, for fear Mice rob you of your Kernels. Thus may you raife what quantity of Stocks you pleafe, which at two and three years old you may fet where you would have them to Hand, to raife Trees, or to make Hedges for fencing in your Ground. Keep them clean from Weeds by digging or hoeing. Thus having fhew’d you how to furnifh your felves with ftore of Stocks in a little time, which will make you as ftrong and good Fences as moft Wood whatsoever ; and are very profitable too, both to yield good Liquor for Drink, and to bring good Fewel to the Fire : Ilhall now fhew you how to plant thefe Quickfets, both for Hedges with Ditches, and for Stant-hedges (as fome call them) without Ditches. Firft, Strain a Line where the Infide of your Ditch mull go, next your Hedge ; then mark along by the Line, Hoping, as you would have the Bank of your Hedge to Hope; then ftrain the Line on the other fide of the Ditch, and mark it out Hoping inward to the Ditch, as you did the other fide. For example, Suppofe you make your Ditch a yard at the top, and three fpade or a yard deep; let it Hope fo on both fides, that it may come to a foot wide at the bottom, K 4 but# 15 6 The Maimer of (Raifing and but let the Hedge-fide Hope the moft : then if you? Ground be Green-fwerd, and ftiff Land, with a Turing Iron take all the Turf off the breadth of your Ditch, then cut out a Triangle-piece all along next the Bank; turn that upfide down, for to make the Slope of your Bank. Lay Lome of the Turf you cut off, or ail of it, on the backfidc of that Triangle-piece ; thereon fet one Row of Quick, covering the Roots with Crumbs of Mould, the Ditch one yard, and the Bank a yard, as you may fee in Fig- 3. where A. is the Triangle-piece cut out of the Ditch, B. the Piece laid on the Bank, with the Turf laid grafs-fide downward, and the Set on the top of that Piece: then level up the Bank till it comes level with the top of the piece B. and then jay on fuch another angular piece, and on the top of that a Quickfct, as the Other ; then level up as before, and fet another angular piece, with the Quick on the top : So have you three Rows of Quickfet, which let hand about one' foot from another in each Row, and if your Ground or the Bank be dry, fet them a foot deep, and if you will, you may fet one Row on the top of the Bank; hut three Rows fet each againfl other, open, trianr gular, make an excellent Fence, if fet as is aforefaid. (See Fig. 3.) And note, that the higher and larger you make your Bank, £he better your Quick will grow ; for this Paraffoxis true in planting, That the more you fpend, the more you ffiall get. But if your Ground be a light Soil, then you need not take off the Turf from the Triangle-pieces, becaufe the Turf will make fuch Ground hold up the Bank the better; but then it will grow put at the edge of the Angle, apd fo will trouble you the more to weed your Quick : and be-iides, you will \vant jt to lay in the midff of your Bank, which would feed your Sets much, and make them grow better. But if you wouldmake a Stant-hedge without a Pitch, the ufhal wav is, to dig a 'French about a foot anffChi 12. Improving Forejl'Trees, See. 137 and a half wide; therein fet two or three Rows of Quick, which on good Land may prove indifferent well, but if your Ground be bad, or that you would make it grow and profper well on any Land, then dig a place where your Hedge raufl ftand one yard wide, and make a Bank with Earth one yard high, being one yard at the bottom, and narrow’d by degrees to a foot at the top. Set two Rows of Sets on each fide this Bank, as is fliew’d before about planting the Bank by the Ditch; or you may make this Bank two feet wide below, and two feet high, fet-ting one Row of Quick on each fide, and one on the top, as is before directed : and ever obferve, that the larger you make your Banks, the better your Sets will grow, as is before noted. You may, if your Fence be near to a High-way, have Earth fufficient from thence to make this Bank, which will be a little Fence of it felf, and help the Growth of your Sets much',* or you may Hope off your Ground afoot deep by this Bank, andfometen foot off come out to the Level of the Ground : there may you furni/h your felf with Earth to make the Bank, ploughing or digging up that ground where you took off the Earth, adding a little Dung to it, which you may fow in the Spring with Corn or Hay-feed, and your Ground in little time will be never the worfe, efpecially if the Soil be good. Thus having fet your Hedge, cut off all the Sets within one inch or two of the ground, and keep them weeded for two or three years ,* and when they have fhot two years on good, or three years on indifferent ground, cut them off within three inches of the ground: but if there be fome plac^j too thin, there lay down fome into the gaps, and cover them and the reft over one inch with Mould, leaving the Ends of the Layers out, which will draw Root, and thicken your Hedge. Let this be practis’d at all times, w hen you make or lay your Hedges,l j 8 The Manner of ^afmg and But note, if your Hedge be fet with Crab, or Apple-flocks, that you leave one {landing, uncut up, at every twenty foot, or at every ten or tw'elve foot, if the Ground be your own on both fides the Hedge; then may you fo order them, by pruning or flaking, that one may lean into one ground, and the other into another, &c. Prune up thefe Stocks yearly, till you have got them out or Cattels reach, and then graft them with Red-flreak, Jennit*moyl, or what Syder, or other Fruit yon pleafe : but if your Stocks be of Apple-kernels, you may let them ftand ungrafted, and they will yield you very good Sy-ckr-Fruit ,• but Stocks ungrafted will be longer before they bear, and alfo when you graft, you may be certain of your Kind: but if you find a very natural Stock, that is likely by Leaf, Shoot and Bud, try it; by fo doing you may have a new fine Fruit: if you like it not, you may graft it when you pleafe. The reft of the Hedge, when it hath fhot three or four year, you may lay, for to make a Fence of it felf; for you mufl mind to keep it from Cattel till it comes to be laid, and one or two years after. And how to lay it, I fhall give fome few Rules, which may direct you when you lay any Fence-hedge, of what fort of Wood foever it be. ,Firfl, At every laying, lay down fome old Plafhes, or young ones if your Hedge be thin ; but let them point with their Ends to the Ditch-fideof the Bank, keeping the ends low on the Bank: they will the better thicken the Bottom of your Hedge, and keep up the Earth of your Bank. Secondly, At every Laying lay Earth on your Bank, to heighten it, d$fd to cover your Layers all but the Ends : which Earth well help your Quick much, and rnake^he Fence the better, by heightning the Banks, aud deepning your Ditch. Thirdly, Do not cut your Plaflies too much, but Juft fo much asjthey may well bend down i and do not layCh.$2. Improving Foreft-Trees, See. 139 lay them fo upright as Tome of our Work-men do, but lay them near to a level, the Sap will break out at feveral places the better, and not run fo much to the ends as it will when they lie much Hoping. If you have Wood to fpare, cut up moft of thofethat grow near the Ditch ; but hang the Bank then with Bufhes, to keep thé Cattel from cropping them the firft year: thefe will fhoot ftrong, and fecure your Hedge well* keep up the Bank, and thicken the Bottom of your Hedge, &c. Fourthly, Lay your Hedge pretty thick, turning the Beard on the Ditch-fide; but do not let the Beard hang uncut, as the common Workmen do, ftho it doth make a good Shew at firft making) but cut off all the {haggling Boughs within half a foot of the Hedge on both fides, then will it fhoot ftrong at thefe Places, and thicken your Hedge much the more; Of this, Reafon may inform you, as it did me, and Experience will confirm it. Fifthly, If you have got a good high Bank, make your Hedge fo low, as you think it may but juft ferve for Fence the firft year ; for it will foon grow high, and the lower your Hedge is made, the Quick will grow the better, and the Bottom will be the thicker; but take care to keep out Cattle from the Field-fide, the firft year after it is made. Sixthly, If you would have a good Hedge for Fence, you muft fell it often, doing as is aforefaid, and take care at every felling to root out Elder, Tra-veller’s Joy, (tbatis, Bull-bine, as fomecall it) Bri-ony, &c. and alfo leave not too many high Standard-trees or Pollard, in it; the Elm is one of the beft. Do not ufe too much dead Wood in the Bottom of your Hedges, for that choaks your Quick ; but if you have a Gap, make your dead Hedge at a diftance. Mu<;h more I could fay of Hedges, but I forbear. Only I cannot pafs by the learned Squire's good Advice, in his Difcourfe of Forejl-Trees, (pag* 50.) which is this: ƒ do only ivijbf upon the Trof ell and Meditation140 The Manner of fifing and ditation of the Univerfal Benefity that every Perfon what-foever, worth ten Pounds per Annum, within his Majef-ty s Dominions, were by fome indifpenfable Statute obligd to plant his Hedg-rows with the beft and mofl ufeful kinds of them; efpecially in fuch places of the Nation, as be the more Inland Counties. Thus far the learned Author ; to which I add, that ifthey did not plant fo many Trees, and keep fuch a number planted, they fhould be compell’d to plant ten Crab-ftocks for the want of one Tree, If this were but as much in ufe with us as it is in Herefordjbire, and once grown to a Cuflom, we fhould in a few years banifli out foreign Drinks by this our excellent and mod whoiefom one. Befides, our Trees in (hallow Ground would thrive better in Banks of Hedg-rows, than in the middle of the Ground. Again, faith he, Undoubtedly if this courfe were effectually taken, a very confiderable Part both of Meat and Drink which is fpent in our prejudice, might be faved by the Country-People^ even out of the Hedges ; which would afford them not only the Pleafure and Profit of their delicious Fruity but fuch Abundance of Syder and Perry as Jhould fujfiie them to drink of one of the rnofi whoiefom and excellent Beveridges in the World. Old Gerrard did long fince allcdge us an Example worthy to be purfil’d : / have feen (faith he, fpeakr ing of Apple-trees, lib. 3. ch.101.) in the Pafitires and Hedge-rows about the Grounds of a worflsipful Gentleman, two Miles from Hereford, called Mr. Roger Bodnome, fo many Fruit-trees of all forts, that the,Servants drink for the mofi part no other Drjnk but that whiWLis made of Apples: the Quantity being fuch, that (by the Report of the Gentleman himfelf) the Parfonmhath for Tythe many Hsgjheads of Syder. An Example doubtlefs to be followed of Gentlemen that .have Lands. But El^ Jaith, the Poor will break down your Hedges, and we fit all have the leaf part of the Fruit : however, ƒ advife ". That there fhould not an Oak in any Hedgewhatfoever, beheaded; but that the Owner might have Liberty to fhred them up as fome do Elms, tho not to flock or fell them till fuch an Age : in fuch Banks we fliould have the beft Timber, and enrich the Owner, &c. CHAP.14-i The Manner of fyijtng and CHAP. XXXIII. Of (Planting federal forts of Forejl-Trees, in order to make the bejl Advantage of Ground3 as Orchards, or the like. SUppofe you were to plant one Acre of Ground, or more, with Walnuts or Chefnuts, or the like, and would have it planted to the beft Advantage; that is, to have your Trees ftand in good order to the Eye, and to have as many Trees as conveniently you can in your Ground (which is fuppofed all Men would have) and yet your Trees to ftand at convenient diftance. Now (I fay) fuppofing your Ground to be one A-cre, and a Geometrical Square; in fuch a Ground you may begin your firft Row on which Side you pleafe, to flake out on your Ground for the Holes to be made : you mufl firfl refolve what diftance your Trees had beft be planted at; remembring that if your Ground be good, and a deep Ground, then you may plant your Trees at fomewhat the greater diftance. Of the Ground that moft Trees delight in, you may fee in the particular Chapter, fpeaking of each kind. Your beft way is to plant them triangular, and not fquare as fome do ; for you can plant them in no form or order whatfoever, to be more pleafing to the moft noble Senfe, than to have every three Trees to make an equilateral Triangle; nor in no other way whatfoever to have fomany Trees to ftand in fuch, or any Piece of Ground whatfoever, at fuch a diftance. For Satisfaction, and likewife to demon-ftrate it more fully, cbferve thefe two follow ing FiguresCh. 33. ImproYmg Foreft-Trees, See. 145 guresof the aforefaid piece of Ground, which is one Acre, and is a Geometrical Square. But before I fhevv yon a Draft, or you flake out your Ground for your Holes to be made, firft confi-der well thefe few Rules. Firft, Obferve the Diftance that your Trees ought to be planted at; always remembring that if your Ground be good, and a deep Soil, then your Trees will hold the longer, and by confequence grow to the greater Perfe&ion ; therefore plant at larger diftance. As for Example: If I were to plant this Acre of Ground with Syder-Apples, (as for inftance, all Red-Streaks, which is an excellent Syder-Apple, and is likewife a great Bearer, and a Tree that doth not laft very long) my Ground being alfo a fhallow Ground, I think of 22 Feet afunder .to plant thefe Trees at, or as near that as the Ground will permit. Then Secondly, I go round my Ground, and ob-ferving my Fence well, and finding no great Trees in it, I then refolve to fet my Trees at fix Foot from my Fence, (but note, if there be great Trees in your Hedge that fences your Ground, then this is too nigh) then I fet off fix Feet at one Corner of my Orchard, and fix Feet at the other Corner of the fame fide, which is the Eaft-fide ; then I fet off fix Foot at one Corner of the Weft-fide, it matters not which, only that End which is the levelled, is the beft for meafuring. Having fet thefe three -Stakes, I drain a Line from one Stake to the other, on the Eaft-fide; then I lay a Square to this Line, removing it along the Line till I find the other end of the Square point exadlly againft the Stake on the Weft-fide ; then laying a Line right fquare to that Line, till you come at the Stake on the Weft-fide, I then meafure by this Line as many 22 Feet as I can, noting how many times 22 Feet I find ; aqd what you find is over, or more than 11 Feet, then make your diftance thelefs, to make that up the equal diftance for one Tree more : but if it be lefs than half the diftance144 The Manner of Qtyifing and diftance your Trees are to ftand afunder, then add that which is under the 11 Feet, to the number of Trees that are to ftand afunder. Obferve but this, and then you need not fear that your Trees will ftand too far on one fide, and too near on the other, it being the fame Charge to plant in good order as at random, as too many do ; nay mnay times lefs Charge : and how much more pleafing Order is, I leave them to judge to w hom the great God of Order hath given a great delight to imitate him in his glorious Works. But as for this my Piece of Ground, which I pitch on only for Example, viz., one Acre, and a Square ; I muft find the fquare Root of 160 Rod, or as near it as my Chain will give, and then fubftrad: but the 12 Feet out for the Diftance of Trees from the Fence, and divide the Remainder by 22, the Quotient tells you how many Trees wfill ftand in a Row i the Over-meafure fubftra&ed from, or added to, as your Reafon teacheth you. Note this, that it is molt commonly the belt way for your Rows to go the longeft w;ay of your Ground; fortho your Trees ftand 22 Feet afunder, yet your Rows in their ftreight Line will not ftand fo far. Now to find the fquare Root there are very many Rules, but none that are to my Apprchenfion fo ex-ad and eafy as by Logarithms ; find but the Logarithm of your Number, then take half that Log. the Number anfweringis the fquare Root« Exam. The Log. of 160, 1*52.20411998. The half of this Log. is 1.10205999. The ncareft Number anfvvering this Loga* t4v rithmis 12 Rod, that is, 12 Rod <55 Links of a one Pole-Chain divided into 100 Parts. The Proof may appear by thefe three Examples following.Ch. jj. Improving FoVeft-Tree}, $cc. Ex. as 12.65: by 12.65: 7$?o 25JO 126$ Ex. as 12.64: by 12,64: 5055 7584 2528 iz$4 Ex. by Log. 12.65: is r.102090^ Log. 12.65: is 1.1020905 The Number that 2.2041800 anfwers this Log. is 160.02. 160.0225 159.7696 By this it doth plainly appear, that 12.65 is the neareft Number that can be found : by your Decimal Chain it is but ,-vvM more, and by Logarithms but 2 of a Link put into 100 parts; therefore exafi: as need be for this purpofe, unlefs it were for Calculation in Aftronomy, or the like. And you fee that 13.64 multiply’d in it felf, amounts to if9 Rod and 14-a-t-y > fo that I take 12 Rod and 65 of 100 to be Length or Breadth : it being a Square, they both are as one. Now becaufe the Queftion is propounded in Feet, we muft turn this 12 Rod and t4t into Feet alfo ; but note, you may work the fame by the Links of "your Chain better than by Feet Meafure: butfome (*tis pofllble) have not a Chain, therefore obferve both ways, and firfl by Feet Meafure. 12 Rod multiply’d by 16 Feet and a half, fheW the Feet in 12 Rod- As Ex. 16.5 gives 198 Feet: 12 -—— Then for the 65 Links of one Rod,’ 330 put into 100 parts, or if it be 165 your four-Pole-Chain (as is moll -—■■■■■ ' ufual now) put into 100 Links ; 198.0 then are thefe 65 Links but t6 Links and a quarter by that Chain then by the Rule of Three fay, If 25 (the Links in one Rod) be equal to 16 Feet and a half (the Feet in one Rod) how many Feet are equal to 16 Links and a quarter ? L The L146 The Manner of fifing and The Queftion ranks it felf thus in Decimal Fractions. As 25 is to 16.50, fo is 16.2$ to 10 Feet *j4-|4 of a Foot. 16.50 16.25 X . , U 8250 ' X4 3300 9poo [650 ' iZii 268.1250 Do you defire to know what this Fra&ion Tttt is, in Inches Or Barley-Corns, which are the lowefi vulgar Terms in furveying? To fatisfy you, andalfo miy felf, and likewife to inflrud thofe that defire to learn this excellent Rule, the Rule of Three, which rightly (for its excellent Ufe) is call'd the Golden Rule: Obfefve this; if one Foot, or 12 Inches, be put into 1000 parts, as here it is (and muft be, becaufe ’risthe Integer, or whole Sum of 725) the Rule orders it felf thus: As 1000 is to 12 Inches, fo. is 72 5 (700 8700 ( 8 ,1000 Now to know what this is in Barley-Corns, do as before; fay thus, If 1000 be equal to 3 Bar-ley-COrns, what is 700 equal unto ? I fay, as here you fee it proved, that 70a is equal to two Barley- Corns, to 8 Inches 725 12 H5°. 725 tjdoCh. 3 3^. Improving Foreft-Trees> See. 14? •Corns, and one tenth part • of. one, for xqo is one tenth of 1000/ 7°o , , 'J J 2100(2 —— ?QQO 2106 , By this if doth plainly appear, that if 12 Rod be turned into Feet, it maketh 208 Feet, 8 Inches, 2 Barley-Corns, and one tenth of a Barley-Corn : fo that you fee the fquare Root of an Acre is near 208 Feet, 8 Inches, 2 Barley-Corns, negleöing T-i-, becaufe T44-is fomewhat too much. Now from this 208 Feet 8 Inches, I take the 12 Feet for the Trees to Hand off from thé Fence, there remain 196 Feet 8 Inches ; then I divide this by 22, the diftance the Trees are to ftand afunder; fo 1 find there may ftand ten Trees, for here you fee there may be open places, and 20 Feet 3 (20 8 Inches for one more: fo there wants 196 (8 but one Foot 4 Inches (or 16 Inches) to a make ten Trees in a Row, for there is always a Tree more than the open. Note, that in planting of Walks, this is of good ufe, that (as I faid 12 Feqt: d before) to make one Tree more, 20 Feet: 8 In.' this 16 Inches I divide by 9 (becaufe - - ■—------• there are 9 Opens between the 10 01 Foot: 4 In. Trees) the Quotient is near 2 Inches; which fubftraft from 22 Feet, and there regain then 21 Foot 10 Inches; and fo much muft every Tree ftand afunder. The Proof is as folio weth : 21 Feet; 10 Inches; 189 9 9 (6 In: 7 189 920 (7 Feet: i96Feet; 12 L 4 Here148 77;e Manner of <%aifing and Here you fee that *tis ip<5 Feet and 6 Inches, it wants but 2 Inches* Then to know what Diftance your Rows may (land afunder, the Rule is, if you make an Equilateral Triangle, the Perpendicular of that is the Diftance between the Rows; which Triangle I have drawn by the fame Scale of the Orchard. (See Figure 4.) See Chapter 44. The breadth of (4 my Paper 6 Inches, the Plat 196 .196.66 (3 2.7P Feet, and 66of 10O for the 8 Inches; 6666 my Scale is near 33 parts in one Inch, but I take 32 becaufe it is an even Number. (See Figure+•) If you will try the Perpendicular of this Triangle,' ’tis but ip Feet; fo that there are 3 Feet between every 2 Rows faved by planting your Ground this way, more ‘ than thofe that plant their Ground to have every 4 Trees to make a Square, the Trees (landing in both at thè fame diftance. But finding that but little Paper beareth the full Breadth of 6 Inches the quarter of a Sheet, and this being lefs fquare by 12 Feet than my full Draught fliould Be, this being only for the Square of the Trees j 1 draw and proportion my Scale to the Breadth of 5 Inches and a half: 208 44 (15 Feet divided by y and 4> fheweth that i&S.o (37 your Scale muft be one Inch divided into 5.35 37 parrs, and better. But for fear this .......... ■ Scale fhould be too great, I draw my 5 Plat by the Scale of 49 in one Inch : fo if you divide 208 (the Breadth of the Ground) by 40, it gives 5 Inches and ?4 ; and fo broad muft the Plat be, as you may fee by the Figure. Thus may you enlarge your Draught, or di-minifti it on your Paper, as your Pleafure is : but Jtis better to draw all your Draughts as large as your Paper will give you leave : the Diftance of the Trees in the Draught is 21 Feet 10 Inches afunder. (See Figure 5.) ByCh.33. Improving Foreft-Trees, See. 149 By this you fee, that if you plant your Trees triangular, this Acre of Ground hath 11 Rows and 104 Trees; but if you begin either fide with 10, as before I began with 9, then will there be in this Ground 10$ Trees. But to know how many Rows you may have in any Ground, do thus, and you may prefently fatisfy your felf: you fee the Ground from one out-fide Row to the other, is 196 Feet 8 Inches, which divided by 19 (the difiance that the Rows be afunder, negle&ing the Fraction as need-lefs now,) gives 10 Diftances. Always ?f}6 ( 10 remember that there fis one Row, or in ,199 a Range of Trees one more than the ? Diftances; in this Draught the Trees ftand at the fame Diftance, but fquare. (See Fig- 6.) By this laft Draught it appeareth, that if you fee the Trees at the fame diftance, and fet them fquare, that then there will be but 9 Rows and 90 Trees in this fquare Acre of Ground; but if you plant them triangular, then will it hold 14 or 15 Trees more: but if your Plat of Ground be a long Square, or any other irregular Figure, then will your Triangle-way hold a great many more, in proportion to the Quantity of Ground; befides, it makes many more Rows, therefore more pleafing to the Eye. Note this well for fetting your Trees exadly,’ having found the Diftance they are to ftand afunder, and likewife how many Rows, with a Line laid, or Stakes true fet, where your firft Row muft go; the faid Stakes will be of good ufe to fet the Trees by, when your Holes are made. Having refolv’d on which fide you will begin, which always let be the fide you find moft in fight, fet down your two Cori ner-flakes, for the firft and laft Holes to be made, then with your Afliftants meafure exactly in your Row by the Line 11 Feet and 10 Inches; but in cafe there fhould be odd Meafure, then proportion it fas is ftiew’d before) by making one Hole more or lefs, as you fee caufe ; then having two Men to alfift you,15 o; The Manher. of (Jtyifihg ani with à Chain (for à Line will reach or /hrink) mea* fure exaftlythe Diflance of two Trees, let one hold at ohé 'Trëe; and onè àt thè hex* iti'; the Row ;; yon: {landing at the Angle, 'with the Chain equally {tiff, put down a Stake at thé Angle, and fo goon to the nèxt t>vo Trees, pitching down your Stakes perpendicular 5 and alfo corifideririg the Thicknefs of your Stakes: thence let your two Men go to thé next, and yon fetting down one at the Angle, till yoii have.flaked out the. whole Ground. This dò when yori come to fet your Trees, being careful to keep your Chain {train’d both lìdeé alike, and to allow for the CroOkednefs of your Trees *, and when you have got^tw.Q Rows planted, then yoiir Eye Will affift you Wejl èrìbugh to obfeW'e the Rows as you go on. Notò aliò, that if your Ground be large, and a figliare, then yoiir be.ft way will be to find the middle RovV, ànd fet that off fquare from that fide of yoiir promid you mind mofi, or find td be {freighted: T fhête begin to mark out your Holes, arid alfo to plant your Trees: but if your Ground be irregular,, or have an Arigle on one fide, then bbgìri on your {freight fide, and run the oddMeafure into the Arigle, ,as far as is convenient to plant in fiùch a Ground;; you need but.find what Difiirrcc your firfi: Ro\y triuft be fet at •: but if your Ground have bòth. the fide'S {freight, then it will be convenient to fet the .Side Rows at equal difiance from your Fence. Thus you may well perceive, that it is but meafuring the Length and Breadth of your Ground ; and proportion one to the diffance your Trees are to {land at, the other to the didance the Rows are to be afunderj, and j/óivipay proceed tó Ifake out'your Ground, After'this Method you may plant any fort of Foreft-Treésin GroveS. (The beA way is to fiiike out yoiir whole Ground before j'òù plant a Tree, or make 'one Hole-; by fio drding y.Ort may well perceive where a Fault is, and'ca-fily rc'ehd it in tirile,' (though foibe are of opinion “;:,v otherw ifc)Ch. 3 3. Improving.Foreft-Trees, dec. 1 j 1 otherwife) but I fhall leave them to their own Judgment, and fatisfy my felf with Experience and Reia-fon. But for fear any thing fliould be dubious to ydu that I have writ, obferve'but the fetting out of thdfe two Rows, and then I hope it will be plainly demon-ftrated to you how to proceed; fuppofe the Length of your Ground fhould be the Length of the Line marked at the End thus 0. (See Fig. j.) Having flaked out your firft Row, as before is fhew’d, and having the Chain exaftly the diftance of two Opens; then bid one of your Men take one end, and the other Man the other end, you holding exactly the middle ; bid one hold at the Stake one, the other at the Stake two, then pitch you down your Stake right at the Angles, as the pricked Line fhew-eth: fo let your tw o Men remove from Stake to Stake, and you from Angle to Angle, till you have flaked out your Row, and then let them come to that Row you laft fet out, and go on to another ; fo proceed till you have flaked out your whole Ground.1 Thus much for planting Trees in Orchard-fafliion. I have been the larger to fhew thebeft way for improving your Ground, prefuming, that every Man that fenceth in a Ground, would plant as many Trees as he can in it; let fuch but mind what I have deliver’d, and what I fhall deliver in the next Chapter, I hope it will be fatisfa&oryto him : if it be, it will be the like to me. But what Order foever you plant your Trees in, make your Holes good before; fet not your Trees too deep, and keep them flaked the firft Year, covering the Ground over the Roots with fome Litter or Dung, and over that a little Mould, to keep the Sun from burning the Dung, and exhaufting the Strength. In the Spring walk over the Ground you planted in Winter, and fet your Trees to right, and tread the Mould to the Roots, efpecially if the Spring be dry ; keep all the Cracks filled with Mould; after your*'Trees are fet, keep your Ground with digging L 4 or151 The Manner of fifing and or ploughing, for three or four. Years at firft, but the longer the better; your Trees will run and thrive iii the loofe Ground much, But if you do not fo much mind Order in Planting, but would keep your Land for Corn, and yet would gladly have Fruit-Trees too1 /which may very well be, and you may have good llore of Fruit, and not much the lefs Corn) then plant your Rows about thirty Feet a-funder, the longeft ways of your Ground, and fet the Trees in Rows about iy Feet afunder, and Jet the Trees in each Row hand exa<5tly fijuare; fo may you have a very fine Orchard, and little or nothing the lefs Corn* Many Years may ypu have as much Fruit as is worth a good Crop of Corn, off io much Land, and not the lefs Corn ; which may well encourage you to Planting, if you dare believe me : but if not, be but fo kind to your felf and me, as to try whether I tell truth or not. Be fure to keep Cows out cf your young Orchards; Sheep will do no harm, provided you \vhifp your Trees about with Thumbands Avhilft young, wdiich is the bell way to keep them from the deftru&ive Hares and Coneys. CHAP. XXXIV. Of pruning Trees, foms General ObferVations, f A Lthough I have flhew'd yp.n how to prune moll jfY fpttsof Trees, in each Chapter, where I Chew’d you how to raife them, yet Ifhall fay a little mpre, and all will be- too little : for-the Curate oi Henon-ville tells you, in his Book of the Mtinner of Ordering Frftit.drees, Thatitis a thing ypr.y rare among Gar-•dinqrs fo prune Trees well; for t(ie doing of it well, t‘>.- • -y:h j iv ; r/ndependsCh.$4. l^oVmg ForeJl'Trees, &c. 15 3 depends more upon their Ingenuity that upon their Hand. It is alfo very hard to give Inftru&ions for ir, becaufe it confifts not in certain and general Maxims, but varies according to the particular Circum-ftances of each Tree; fo that it depends abfolutely upon the Gardiner’s Prudence, who ought of himfelf to judge what Branches muft be left, and which are fit to be cut away, &c. Indeed that erroneous Cuftom and Saying (which is among raoft Men) of Timber Trees, not to prune them at all, or if you do, to cut off the Boughs at a diftance from the Body, hath made many a good Fruit-Tree lofe its Life fooner by many Years than it would have done, and alfo hath yielded to the Owner much lefs and worfe Fruit than it would have done. Therefore whatfoever Bough you cut off from Fruit or Foreft-Tree, cut it clofe and fmooth, and the loweft fide clofeft, then will it not hold Water, and every Year the Bark will furround and * overgrow the Wound by little and little, till it hath quite healed the place ; but if you leave a Stump, it’s likely that will hold Water, and mate a Hole into the very Body of your Tree, and fo in little time make it fick and kill it, which before would bear you but little and poor Fruit: or if the Stump hang down, fo that it doth not not hold wet, then the Tree muft be as big as that Stump is long, on all fides, before it can over-grow that place ; or if the Stump rots, and breaks offi then many times it leaves a Hole in the Tree, which if it tends much upward, fo that it takes Water, it certainly kills the Tree ; and if the Tree be not a very thriving Xree, it will be very long before it overgrows that Hole, tho it do not take wet. Therefore what Boughs you cut oftj cut them off clofe, unlefs the Tree be very old, and the Boughs great, fuch Ido pot advife you to meddle with; blit if you do, cut them at a diftance from the Body, always remem-bring to let tfje Wound be finooth, and to tend as much154 The Manner of fifing and much from the Horizon as may be. All Boughs that grow upright, be they great or little, cut them not right crofs over, but cut them (loping upward, and let the Slope afpeft the South, Eaft or Weft, if it may be j and in thofe Boughs that lean from the Head, cut the Slope on the lower fide, the Slope tending downward, fo will they cover over the better : if the Wound be great, cover it over with fome Clay, well mix’d with Horfe-Dung, to keep it from the Weather, and it will cover over the fooner. Many a good Tree is fpoiTd by grafting of it in bad places, as I have feen in fome hundreds, of which I have hot fpared (as oft as I could) to tell the Owners, but few would believe me ; for fometimes they cut oft great Boughs, till they come to 6 Inches (or thereabouts) Diameter : there they put in four or fix Grafts in the Bark, and fometimes two in the Clift, and faw the Bough right crofs over, tho it grow upright; in which if the Grafts do grow, the Head is fo great, and they growing round (as it were endeavouring to cover over the Wound) make fuch a hollow place (like a Difh) on the Head, as holds Water and kills the Tree, which is many times dead before the Grafts can cover over the Head : or if the Tree doth not thrive very well, they keep that place well cover’d with Loom, or Clay mix’d with Horfe-Dung, andfometimes they head the Tree very low, and thereby check it fo much, that it dies in little time after. Sometimes they cut off fuch great Boughs, and- do it fo ill, that tho the Heads grow, yet iq little time thefe Wounds kill the Tree. Tho I (hall not here teach you how to graft, yet let me a.dvife you, when you graft high great Trees, hot to cut them too low, but to prune them up till they come to the Thiclmefs of your Arm, or Iefs; and then graft them, for then will the .Grafts foon pvergrow fuch places. LeaveCh. }4* Improving Vorejl-Trees, &c. 15 5 Leave a good many of thefe Heads on, according' to the Bignefs of your Tree, that if fome mifs, you may take them off the next Spring, and yet have enough for the Head. If you graft in the Bark, you muft remember to head your Grafts about Midfunt-mer, or elfe they will be fubjed to blow off; put your Grafts in alway on the upper fide, and cut upright Boughs a little Hoping off, they will heal over the better : keep them from Suckers, and then you may expert good Trees and Fruit, of which I wifh your Hedge-Rows were full. Of all forts of Trees whatfoever, if any Roots be broke, or much bruifed, or cracked, cut them off till you come to firm Wood, the Slope tending to the Ground like a Horfe-foot; but be very fparing in cutting the Roots of Greens, and alfo in cutting their Heads off: yet you may proportion the Head to the Root, by cutting off fome Side-boughs, which cut off (if your Green be tender) the latter end of March, or in April, and cut the Bough off two or three Inches from the Body; and that time come Twelvemonth take off that piece clofe, and cover the Wound with a little Wax or Clay well tempered : if your Greens be for high Trees, endea-v vour to make them taper, by leaving fome Side-boughs to eafethe Head. In all Trees you intend for Timber, be cautious in cutting off their Heads, efpecially thofe of great Piths; ■ fuch. as the Afh, Walnut, &c. unlefs your Tree grow top-heavy, or much crooked; and then at the crooked place cut off the Head (loping upward, and nurfe up one of the principal Shoots to be the leading Shoot; but fuch as are fubjed to die" when headed, or any Tree very great, meddle not with : the Beech is one of the worft to head, hf any Tree I know. Such Trees as you ' intend for to grow to certain prcpofed height, you muff take care to^ keep taper, by leaving Sidc-bdughs in convenient' place15 6 The Manner of Gtyijing and place and diftance to make them taper, cutting fuch Boughs oft* when you find your Tree is fwellede-nough below ; ftill minding to take oft* the greateft Side-boughs, and leave little ones, and to proportion your Head (by keeping it fmall) according to the Body, and maintaining the leading Shoot, let-tjug it have no Equals ; for forked Trees are never {freight. Thus do till you have got your Tree to the height you intend, and there let the Head break out, and cut off all the Side-boughs; but if Side-boughs ftill break out, then give them a Summer-pruning, a little after Afidfummer, and cut them off clofe : fo will you kill them, and have a fine ftatcly clear Body, and fine Timber-Tree. See Chap. io. Obferve this in all Trees you would have grow with a handfome ftreight Body, till you have got them to the height you intend they fhall head at. Whilft your Trees are fmall, you muft prune them every year; the bell time for moft is the Spring, but hardy Trees and Wood may be pruned at any time in the Winter : when they are a little older, once in two Years, then once in three, and then in four, and never feldomer then once in five or fix; fo will the Bough be fmall, the Tree will fooii overgrow the. place ; the Knot will not be great to vex the Carpenter or Joiner at all; the place will not be very fubjed: to put forth Suckers, becaufe the Sap hath had no great recourfe to that place. Mind always to cut off your Boughs fmooth, and clofe to the Body ? this if you pleafe to do, you may have fine Timber, and handfom Trees, which I dare engage will repay you pr yours well for your helps to them. „ The like do with your ftandard Fruit-trees, or thofe you interid’for Pollards, till you have got them to the height you defign they fliall head at; and at fitting, it they.be tender Trees, or Trees that have great pith. Jf you muft head them, let it be in the Spring, whep you.fipd they begin to bi d ; but then 77' • HCh. 34; Improving For eft-Trees, 8cc. 157 you muft take care of the Winds in Winter, that they (hake them not fo as to let the Air into the Ground to kill the Roots, therefore tie them to good Stocks* Of this is a good way for Trees that have not great Piths, or are very tender: Cut off feme of the Tops of the Boughs when you fet them, fo let them be till the Spring; and when you fee the Bud break out, then cut them on every Shoot of the Head, a little above the loweft Bud or two of each Shoot; fo will the Head fhoot but with few Shoots, and they will be the ftronger : the Head being fmill, the Root will endeavour to proportion it to its former Greatnefs or near it. But if you have many Shoots break out, then cut them all off but four or five, for fo many are enough to make Arms for any Tree ; but if then you find the Tree to fhoot too much, and grow top-heavy (as fometimes they will if well kept on good Ground) then head the Tree again, but not fo low as you did before ; for Reafon ought to be ufed in all things: this will make your Tree fwell in Body much, and in time be a fine Tree; fo that I fay, endeavour to get a good Body. For in Fruit-trees this is to be noted, that you muft in the firft place endeavour to get your Tree in fuch a condition as to bear you good Fruit, and a quantity, rather than little Fruit early, and then never good Fruit or Tree after. Therefore if you have a Tree that doth not thrive, but is fubjed to blow much (as moft fuch Trees are) cut off the blowing Buds in the Spring, as low to a leafy Bud as you can, and fome Shoots, as near the Place where the Tree headed as you can; but mind to leave fome Buds on the Head to draw up the Sap, or elfe your Tree may break out in the middle of the Body, or a little a-bove Ground ; but if your Buds once fhoot on the Head but half a Foot, then will your Tree come away. Thus, and by digging about, have I helped manyi $ 8 The Manner of tityijing and many a ftunted Tree forward; which you may do, like* wife, if you pleafe. I have many times obferv’d feveral Frjuit-jtrees, $s Pears, Apples, &c. to be full of falfe-bearing Buds : I call them fo, becaufe they did not blow ; fpr the Tree having got more head than the Roots could well maintain, had not Strength fufficient to fpare Sap for Bloffom, nor yet for Fruit; which by pruning and thinning the Heads of fuch Trees, and by flitting the Bark on the Body in the Spring, hath made them afterwards to bear well, when tfyey have put forth new Shoots at the Head. And fome forts of Fruit-trees there be, which will blow and bear themfelves to death, when they be middle-aged ; as before I told you fome young ones would, if not helped by pruning : but the beft way to preferve fuch Trees from death, and to make them bear pretty good Fruit, is to cut off mofi of the blowing Buds, and to thin the Head of fome Boughs, to make it fhoot again ; then will it live many years longer, and bear better Fruit. Some Trees there be that will run fo much into Wood, that they will not bear of themfelves till they come to be old; but if you cut off the Head of the Shoots as foon as ever tlie Spring-fhoot is over, which is near Midfummer, and take out fome great Boughs then ; if you mind your time, and do it with difcretion, you may force that Tree to put forth blowing Buds, and blow and bear the year following. Thus have I Ihew’d you fome ways and hints of pruning Trees, though I know fome that are againfl: pruning them at all; fo are there fome that are a-gainft Learning: butAis convenient for Trees to be pruned well, asalfoic is very neceflary for Men to be brought up in Learning; for thereby both produce much the better Fruit : therefore, Be gone from hence thou knotty-natur d Turk, 'There s nought dejignd for thee u'ithin this Work- ThisCH.34* ImproVing Vorejl-Trces^ &c. \ 59 ‘This was for Chriftians made, and fuch as be Lovers of Trees and Ingenuity: This was intended only for the Wife, And none but Ignorants will it defy if s. Let Fools laugh on, and wife Men plant as fafl, And fee who’ll have the better ont at lafl. I fhall here fliew you what the good Squire faith in his Difcourfe of Foreft-trees, pag. 74. which he quotes from an antient Authbr. Tis a Mifery (faith he) to fee hozu our fair eft Trees are defac’d by unskilful Woodmen, and mifbievous Borderers, who go always arm’d with fieri Hand-bills, hacking and chopping off all that comes in their way; by which our Trees are made full of Knots, Boils, and Cankers, to their utter DeftruElion: Good Husbands Jhould be afij ant'd of it. As much to be reprehended are tbofe who either begin this IVork at unfeafonable times, or fo maim the poor Branches, that either out of Laxdnefs or IVant of Skill, they leave moft of them Stubs; and inftead of cutting the Arms and Branches clofe to the Body, hack them off a foot or two from the Body of the Tree by which means they become hollow and rotten% and are fo many Conduits to receive Rain and the Weather, which perijhes them to the very head, deforming the whole Tree with many ugly Botches, which Jhorten its Life, . and utterly mar the Tree. By this Animadverfion alone it were eafy for an ingenious Man to underftand how Trees are to be govern’d, which is (in a word or two) by cutting clean, fmooth, and clofe, making the Stroke upward, and with a (harp Chizzel or Bill, fo as the Weight of an untraftable Bough do not fplice, and carry the Bark with it, which is both dangerous and unfight-ly ; and bv endeavouring to keep the Tree taper, by leaving fome little Boughs on the Sides. I have here fhew’d you how to prune Foreft-trees, with fomewhat of high Standard Fruit-trees ; but if you would fee more Books, then fee Squire Evelyns160 The Manner of fifing and Difcourfe of Foreft-trees, and for Fruit-trees the Curate of Henonvilles Book. Eut here note, that if you fhould have any Trees that fhould be flunted, or very crooked, or much cropped by Cattel; the beft way is not to ftand to prune up fuch Trees to a head, but firft to fell them clofe to the Ground, and then they will put forth young ftreight Shoots : one of the beft you muft nurfe up, if you intend it fora Timber-Tree; if for Under-wood, then let them grow with all the Heads the Roots will put forth : the Spring is the beft Seafon for this. And thus much at prefent of pruning Foreft-trees ; for I tell you there are more Trees fpoiled by bad Lopping or Pruning, or for want of good Lopping or Pruning, than there are of all Difeafes belonging to Foreft-trees, unlefs they be accidental, as fpoiled by Cattel, &c. CHAP. XXXV. Of the Difeafes of Trees. THERE are feveral Difeafos and Cafualties that do fpoil Trees, that fometimes happen in the Roots, and fometimes in the Body or Head. i. The Roots may be the decay of the Tree ; as, if they ftand in the Ground con trary to its kind, as the Beech on cold Clay, and wet Ground, or the Alder on fharp dry Gravel, &c. w hich isf contrary to each kind, and muft not thus be fet. 2. It is alfoa great Fault to the Roots of Trees, to fet thofe Trees which naturally love to run fhal-low, too deep ; or indeed any other. 3. When Ground is very ftiff or rocky, it muft be digged or ploughed to make w'ay for the Roots to run in, and contrary Earth laid round about the Trees Roots, 4- GreatCh 'IJ. Improving ForeJ}*Tree$, See. 161 4. Great Weeds muft not grow round the Tree, for they will rob the Roots of their Nourishment \ alfo they muft early be weeded from Seedlings, or fmall Plants, left they choak them. 5. Ivy,* and Travellers-Joy, Briony, and fuch Clim-* bers, muft be pulled up round your Trees, left they pinch or make them crooked; and fo fpoil them. 6. Suckers muft carefully be pulled off, whenfoever you fee them break out : opening the Earth, fo that you may well come at the Place of the Root where they grow out, and then pull or cut them off dole-If you find them rooted, you may fet them again, but then you muft obferve Winter-feafon; but fuch Trees as yield Suckers from the running Roots, as the Elm, Cherry, &c. if it be in Woods, and they thin, leave fome of them as you pleafe, they will do the Tree no harm : Be fure to take Suckers clean off from the Body the firft year. 7. The Bodies are moft commonly in danger, if Deer, Hares, or Conies can come at them whilft they be young ; therefore if you plant where Deer or Conies are, you muft take care to fence them well with Frames of Wood, and look to keep them fo, or elfe never plant at all: for in one day or night they will bark round feveral, efpedally the A/h, Lime, Abele, Poplar, &c. And take great care to keep your Apples and Pears from Hares and Conies in hard Winters, for they will fpoil them all if they come at them. The beft Fence to fecure your Trees from them, is to tie Thum-bands of Hay or Straw round them, fo high as they can reach: keep this renew’d early every Winter. 8- Great Boughs ill taken off, as I have many times faid before, fpoil many a Tree; therefore take them off clofe and fmooth, and not parallel to the Horizon. Cover the Wound with Loom, or Clay, well mixed with Horfe-dung, and keep it fo cover’d: for if the Wet fall perpendicular on fuch a Place, it will in a little time make the whole Tree hollow, by the Wet M getting161 The Manner of fyifing and getting in there ; which comes by great Lops and bad Lopping, as, you may fee in too many Elms, Allies, Hornbeams, &c. fpoiled by fuch Careleflhefs. p. If a Tree be bark-bound, then (lit thro the Bark with your Knife, from the Head to the Ground : the Spring is the beft Seafon. This will do moft good, ana no harm to any. 10. If Worms are got between the Bark and the Body of your Tree, they muft be cut out, and the Place done over with Loom. 11. Cankered, or galled Places, or Boughs broke, are to be cut frriooth, and cover’d over with Loom : the Canker miift be caft clean out. If a great Bough be broke, and the Tree old, cut it off at a diftance from the Body ; but little Boughs clofe. 12. If a Tree be blafted in part, or the whole Head, cut all that is blafted or dead, clofe off to the quick, and .take out all dead Boughs. Keep Caterpillars from the Heads of young Trees, left they eat off the Leaves and Buds, and kill your Treès. T3. Take care to deftroy Moles and Mice, by Traps or Poifon; forMoles will make hollow the Ground, and much harm your young Trees. Mice will eat all the Bark off round the Body in hard Winters, and kill your Tree; but mind you in time to prevent them. 14. Rooks do deftroy many a Tree, both old and young, before their time; to old Trees by pinching off the Tops, and breaking oft the Buds; and young Trees by lighting on their Heads, their Weight breaking off their young tender Shoots and Buds, caufes the Trees to die; and alfo they deftroy Seedlings where they breed; their Dung brings forth great Weeds, as Nettles, &c. and fo choaks the young Seedlings : therefore kill all of them you can at breeding-time, by fhooting them, and fetting Linie*twigs on the Tops of your young Trees. You'll thrive the better if you deftroy them. CHAP.Ch. 3 6. Improving Foreft-Trees, &c. 16 3 CHAP. XXXVI. Of Felling and Ordering Woods and Coppices. IF you love to have a thriving Wood, and to improve it for your beft advantage, your beft way is not to let it ftand too long before you fell: for the oftner you fell Under-wood, the thicker it will be ; as at ten or twelve years growth on a (hallow Ground, and twelve or fourteen years growth on your deep Soil and beft Grounds: for there are many Inconveniences in letting your Woods ftand too long before you fell them, or Trees in Woods, that do not profper. Firft, When you let your Woods or Coppices ftand long before you fell them, you cannot come to fur-vey your Timber-trees, to fee which are decaying; and in fo doing you are uncharitable to your Country, no good Commonwealthfman, no good Huf-band for your felf, and no good Chriftian : For why Ihould any reafonable Man let his Trees ftand in his Woods, or elfewhere, with dead Tops, hollow Trunks, Limbs falling down upon others and fpoil-ing them, dropping upon young Seedlings under them, and killing them ? The ill Husband, while many of his Neighbours want fuch Timber (nay poftibly he himfelf) there he lets his Trees ftand, which were formerly worth io or $/. a Tree, or more, till they be not worth the half that they were. Here he lofeth the Ufe of his Mony, more then twenty in the hundred ; if it be an Oak, he lofes the Bark, with the ufe of the Ground, where *tis likely feveral young Trees might have been, if that had been taken down in time. I know that fome Perfons of Quality fay, that this is a great Ornament to their Ground; but I M 2 think16\ The Manner of alfmg and think no greater than it would be to their Perfons to wear a Garment very old, with half a Skirt, a piece of a Sleeve, and all the Trimming off: but I fhall never pronounce fuch Judgment againft Trees, having ten times more Mercy. Such as are thriving (unlefs they hand too thick) I would intreat you not to cut down } for you do not lofe fo much by differing the Tree that is decaying to ftand, but you hinder you or yours as much in cutting down a young thriving Tree. There are too many Men in this Kingdom, who before they fell their . Eftates will many times fell oft'ail their Timber that was good, and which would have thriven well for many years; and fo by the Moneys they make of that, they lengthen out the time before they fell. I wifli that my Vote (tho fingle) could perfnade thofe Men that are refolved to fell fuch Timber, that they would alfo fell their Land with it; and I do not queftion but the Pur-chafer (if a Lover of Timber, as moft Purchafers are) w ould then give more for the Timber to ftand, by at leaft 12 d. in the Pound, rather than have another Man to buy it oft* from his Ground. I once obferved an Afb-tree in the Wood-walks at Cajhio-berry, which flood in the Walk that I made thro the Wood-walks to Hemflead High-way; which Afh I meafured as followeth, according to the cuftomary way of meafuring bv the Line of Numbers : It was a fine ftreightTree, tapering a little, fo that I needed but to girth it in one place; it girthed juft 72 Inches, and was 58 feet long from the Place w'here the Root w as faw'n off, to the Place w here the Head w as cut off: The fourth part of 72 Inches, is 18 Inches. The Rule is : As 12 to 18, the Square in Inches ; So is j8 Feet, the Length, to a fourth Number; And that fourth Number tells you the Content in Feet, &c. Extend the CompafTes, one point fix’d in 12, (the“ fide in Inches of a fuperficial Foot fquare) to 18 Inches,Ch. 3 6. Improving Foreft-Trees, See. 16$ Inches, the Square of the Tree ; keep theCompafles fix'd, andfetone point on 58, the Length of the Tree in Feet, (but it muff be the 58 on the left hand, or elfe the Compares will go oft' the Rule) and then turn the Compafies twice to the right hand, and the lafl movable point of the Compafi'es will fall upon 130 Feet, and fomethingabovea half 3 but that Di-vifion is fo fmall, a Man cannot read well how much it is, if it be above haif a Foot. This is the cuf-tomary way with moft men to meafure Trees, tho it makes lefs than there is, w hich in reafon ought to be confiderai in the Price, and not in the falfe Meafure : but I will here fhew you how to work both the cuftomary and true way, by the Rules of Natural Arithmetick ,* that fo you may try whether you have meafur’d right by the Rule and Compafs or no ; and alfo that you may fee the fweet Agreement between Geometry and Arithmetick. And firft to work it by the cuftomary way ; here we take the fourth part of the Circumference to be the fide of the Square of the Tree (tho erroneous) and meafure it as a Cylinder. The fourth part of 72 In. is 18 In. which multiplied in itfelf gives 324, the fuperficial Inches of one end. Then 58, the Length, multiply’d by 18 1 1 58 12, gives 696 Inches, the Length of the 18 1 1 12 Tree in Inches. — And 696 Inches, multiply’d by 3 24 In. 844 II<5 gives 225504, the fquare Inches ; which 18 58 Sum divided by 17 28, the fquare Inches —. — in afolid Foot, gives 130 Feet and a 4* 324 696 1.8 (864 696 2.2.1 I thought by the 324 1.5.3.7.15 point of the Com- 2784 2.2.5.5.04 (1397*4 4 pafl'es it had been a 1 392 1.7.2.8.8.8 littlp above half a 2088 1.7.2.2 Foot, but it it juft * 1.7 half a Foot. 325504 M 3 Tims166 The Manner of fifing and Thus having fhew’d you, both by Lines and Numbers, what there was of this Tree the cuflomary way ; I fhall here fhew how many Feet of Timber there are in it the true way, ftill fuppofing it to be a Cylinder, that is, a round Figure of equal Circumference in all parts. There are feveral ways tomea-fure it, as by having the Circumference, or by having the Diameter at the end, or by having the Side of a Square equal to the Bafe thereof; but we having the Circumference, which is 72 Inches, I fhall proceed that way. And firft by the Rule and Compaffes, the Circumference being 72 Inches, and the Length 696 Inches; bow many foild Feet are there in fuch a Tree ? As is the Handing Number 147 : 3 6 To the Circumference 72 Inches; So is the Length in Inches 6$6, To a fourth Number : And from that to the Content in Feet 166* and near a half; that Divifion being fo fmall, it cannot w ell be read on a two-foot Rule. Extend the Compaffes from the I47t4v point, to 72 on the left hand; beep the Compa es fix’d, and fet one point on the Number 6g6 (the Length in Inches;) and then turning your Compaffes twice from that number towards the left hand, the point will fall upon 106, and near a half, the folid Con* tent in Feetf Or more eafily thus : As is the ftandiug Number 42.54 .To 72 Inches, the Circumference; So is is 58 Feet, the Length, To a fourth, and that fourth to 166 Feet and »ear a half. Extend the Compaffes from 42.54, to 72 the Circumference in Inches j that Extent will reach from 58 Feet (the Length) to another Nnmber, and from that Number to 166 Feet, and fomewhat more, but how much more, I fhall fhew you with my Pen, and' theCh. 3 6. Improving Foreft-Trees, &c. i 67 the ordinary way of working; tho Log. is much eafier, but fome may not have Tables, or not underhand them if they have. Now having the Circumference given, which is 72 Inches, we mull find the Diameter; and the Rule is, As 22 is to 7, fo is 72 to 22 ~~ Inches, the Diameter near 23 ; as here it is wrought: 2 (20 JL'i6& ZzZ £ Or you may do it by two Turns of your Compares: Extend your Compafles from 22 to 7. the fame Extent will reach from 72. to near 23 ; for it wants but 2. of 22. Or, if you will have it in moreexaft Terms; then As 3.140, To 1.000; So is 72 Inches the Circumference, To 22 that is near 23, the Diameter, Now for the Content of the Head, multiply half the Circumference by half the Diameter, and itgiv^ eth the Superficial Content. Half Diam. 11.5 Half Circum. 36 69 o 34* 414.9 the Content in Inches.1 This multiply’d by 696 (the Length of the Tree sn Inches) giveth the folid Content in Inches : and that Sum divided by 1728 (the Inches in a Cubical Foot) fheweth you how many Feet and Parts are in the Tree,16 8 The Manner of fifing The Length in Inches is 696 1 The Content of the Bafe ? is 414 5.2 H 2784 2.4. (1296 696 1.3.6.9. 2784 5.5.1.4. 1.1,6,%.6.6. The whole Content? , in Inches j 288144 2.8.8.1.4.4. C1 I.7.2.8.8.8. I.7.2.2. : * 7' The whole Content in Cube-feet is about 166, and a little more ,• for if you come within a quarter of a Foot in fuch Sums at this, with the Rule and Com-pafl'es, *cis well. When this Tree was fawn off a little above the Root, I told juft 72 Annual Circles ; fome of them were the greateft that ever I yet faw in any Tree, and thofe were about the middle of its Age; fome three made above one Inch, fo that the 'Free then did grow above two Inches i;i Diameter in three Years time : but at firft and of late, for fome 6 or 7 Years, it did increafe but little ; for it was near at its full Growth ; fo that-if you multiply 12, the Semi-Diameter (for it was 24 Inches at the Root-end) by 6, it gives you 72 ; fo that it did grow one year with another two Inches in 6 years, or one Inch in Diameter in three years. I do not bring this Tree in for its Greatnefs, but for its quick Growth, and fine Length of Timber, which was helped bv its Situation, it (landing in a Valley, and fet round with many other great Trees. If this Tree had been fold atone, it being fuch a (freight Tree, and fuch a tough Grain (for your, great Trees are always the toughed) to fome Pike-maker, &c. it had been wrorth is, 6 d. the Foot,- at which price the very Timber comes to 9 l. 15 s. yd* then the Head and Roots would weftCh. $6. Improving Fore(l-Trees, 8cc, 169 pay for the flocking and making up the Wood, and make up this Sum io /. I do not bring this to compare ,\vfth Trees that are and have been; for the ingenious Author in his Difcourfe of Foreji-Tlees, p. 84. tells you of a Tree worth 50 l. as affirm’d by Captain Bullock: but J mention it to /hew thofe that love Trees, what Profit a thriving Tree brings them yearly : and I dare affirm, that they had better pay Ufe for Money, than cut down a Tree that Hands in a good place, and is in a good thriving Condition. Therefore if your Trees are growing and increafe in Shoot, be not too hafly in felling; and when they are decaying, it is too late ,• therefore let them not decay too long before you fell them. When your Wood is come to the Growth you intend to fell at, if your Wood be thick of Wood, then fell the Timber-trees, and Under-wood as clofe to the Ground as you can} but if your Wood be thin, then flock up your Trees, efpecially if great Timber : and the Winter after, into thefe Holes where you flocked up the Trees, fet Elm, Cherry, Poplar, Sarvice, and Sallow-Cuttings : fo will thefe Trees, which are fubjedl to grow from the running Roots, thicken your Woods; the Roots will pay for the flocking: you will fave a foot or two of the befl of Timber, and the Roots of other Wood will grow the better in the loofe Ground where you made the Holes : whereas the old Roots would keep the Ground from nourifhing, or any from growing there for many years. If your Ground be a ihallow Soil, do not fill up the Holes quite, but fet in fome running Wood; the Ground being deep by the Hills, will make the other Wood grow better : and the Ends of feveral Roots being cut, will fhoot forth at the fides of the Hole, and the Hole will receive Seeds which the Wind will blow into them, and rhere being no Weeds to choak them, they will grow well. For170 The Manner of fya'tfmg and' For thefe Reafons I flocked up all the great Trees which we felled in our Wood at Cajhioberry, and I fet in an Elm and a Cherry by the fides of the Holes, and the Spring after there came out of the Side-Roots Maple, Cherry, &c, which made good Shoots, and many Sallows came up in the Holes; whereby our Woods were very well thicken’d, to the content of my ingenious Lord, tho many People were much againfl it, becaufe it was not ufed fo to be done. If your Woods are thin, at every Felling lay fome Boughs, which are moft convenient, into the thin places: and before next Fall you will have them well rooted, and good Shoots from them: a Man will do a great many in one day, for which you will be well fatisfy’d in time. December and January is the befl time to fell Timber, but the Oak in April; if you would have the Bark, when the Moon is decreafing, and the Wind not Eafl. When the Stubs of your Under-woods are grown great, flock them up : This is found to be good Huf-bandry w ith us in HertfordJIme, which they call runt-ing their Woods; it makes way for Seedlings, and young Roots to run the better : do this at Fellingtime, wherefoever you have felled Trees at the Ground. When the Roots begin to rot, they then come up befl, then flock them all up, the other Wood will grow the better, and they will pay you well for your Charge ; they will cofl you about 6 s. a Stack, and here they will be worth 12 r, or more, w hen flocked up. When you fell your Woods or Coppices, cut them fmooth and clofe to the Stub, and a little flanting upwards, as I advifed you about lopping Pollards. The oftner you fell your Woods, Coppices or Hedges, the thicker they will grow ; for every Felling gives way to the young Seedlings to get up, and makes the weak Plants flioot flrong, Thofe YVoods whichCh.}6. Improving Forejl-Trees, Sec. \yi which increafe by running Roots, are Elm, Cherry, Popler, Maple, Sarvice, &c> which thicken your Wood much: and Felling makes the Roots of a Tree to fwell, as Lopping doth the Body, and fo it pro-duceth the greater Shoots, and cpmes fooner to perfection ; whereas great Wood, and old, and ill taken off from the Stub, many times kills all. When you fell your Woods, leave young Trees enough ; you may take down the wor/t that ftand, next Fall, efpecially near a great Tree that you judge may go down next Fall, for by its Fall it may fpoil fome. The Statute faith, you are to leave twelve icore Oaks at every Fall on an Acre; for want of them, fo many Elms, Afhes, Beeches, &c. but leave according to the Thinnefs of your Wood, and where Under-wood fells well, there let your Timber-trees ftand the thinner; and in fuch Countrys where Coals are cheap, and Timber fells well, there let your Timber-trees (land thick, and then they will need but little pruning up. Endeavour to plant in your Woods fuch forts of Wood as the Ground is mod proper for; if wet, then Alder, Sallow, Willow, Withy, &c. if fhal-low and dry, Afh, Cherry, Beech, Popler, &c. if fhallowand wet, Hornbeam, Sallow, Sarvice, &c. but remember that the Oak and Elm be entertain’d in all places. If your Woods or Coppices are in Parks, where you lie open to Deer, then at every Fall plant in them fuch Woods whofe Barks the Deer do not much love; fuch are the Hornbeam, Hazel, Sycamore, &c> When a Tree is at its full Growth, there are feveral Signs of its Decay, which give you warning to fell it before it be quite decay’d: as in an Oak, when the top Boughs begin to die, then it begins to decay ; in an Elm or Afh, if their Head dies, or if you fee they take wet at any great Knot, which you may know by the fide pf the Tree being difcolour’d below that place before it grows hollow ; or if hollow, you may know by\7i The Manner of fifing and by knocking it with the Head of an Ax, of which’ you may be furer fatisfy’d by boring into the middle of it with a fmall Auger; or if you fee the Nighills make Holes in it, thefe are certain Signs the Tree begins to decay; but before it decays much, down with it, and hinder not your felf. CHAP. XXXVII. How to tak$ de Height of Trees feveral ways, the better to judge the Worth of them, See. HAVING fhew’d you how you may judge of Timber, whether it be found or not, in the laft Chapter ; I will now fliew you how to take the Height, that you may the better know the Worth of it: for where you have a Rule to go by, you may then the better guefs. There are feveral ways to take the Altitude of a Tree or Building that is perpendicular; as by a two-foot Rule, or two Sticks join’d in a right Angle (that is, fquare as the Figure A B C.) having at A. a Pin or Hole to bang a Thred and Plummet on. Suppofe you were to take the Height of X Y; firffc then hold that end of your Square mark’d with C. to your Eye, then go backward or forward, till the Thred and Plummet hang juft upon the middle of your Square perpendicular, and your Eye looking through two Sights, or two Pins at A. and C. or over the ends of the Square ; thus look to the very top of the Building at X- (See Fig. 8, 9.) Which found, with a Line and Plummet from vour Eye at C. let fall to the Ground at D. meafure f theCh.$^ ImproYmgForeft'Trees, 8cc. 173 the Length of that Line, and add it to the Height, that length to E. then meafure the Diftance from E* to the Foot of the Altitude, as at Y. and that (if the Ground be level) is the Height of X Y. Or take the Level from your Eye. to the Height, and add that which is below the Level to the Height, &c. as the Line C F. fheweth. To find the Height of a Tree, &c. by a ftreight Staff, or by a Line and Plummet, the Sun fliining, the Altitude perpendicular, and the Ground level; if not, L you rauft take the end of both the Shadows level to each Foot, which is foon done. As if I fhould take the Level of B. at C. finding the very top of the Shadow to end there, I meafure the Difiance from C. to B. and find it <5bFeet; then at that very inftant I fet up a Stick perpendicular, as E D. 12 Feet long, which I find to cafi: a Shadow juft 9 Feet; and then the Rule orders it felf thus : As 9.Feet to 12, fo 60 Feet to 80 ; which you will find true, if you work it by Logarithms, or by Rule and Compafs thus ; Set one point on 9, extend the other to 12; that Extent will reach from 60 to 80. Or if you work it by Natural Arithme-tick ; as 9 is to 12, fo 60 to 8o, . 60 12, 720 (80 9 720 (See Fig. 10. ) The fame may be done by Line and Plummet. To174 The Manner of fyijing and To take the Altitude or Height by a Bowl of Water, or by a Looking-glafs placed parallel to the Horizon» Place on the Ground a Bowl of Water, or a Looking-glafs, at a convenient diftance from the Building or Tree, as far as you think the Height is,• then go back till you efpy in the middle of the Water or Glafs, the very top of the Altitude : which done, keep your (landing, and let a Plum-line fall from your Eye till it touch the Ground, which gives the Height of your Eye from the Ground. 2. Meafure the diftance from your Plummet to the middle of the Water. 3. The diftance from the middle of the Water to the foot of the Altitude. Which Diftances, if you have meafured exa&Iy (freight and level, by Proportion you may find the Altitude required, thus : As the diftance from the Plummet level to the Center of the Water or Glafs is to the height of your Eye from the Ground, which is the Length of your Plum-line; fo is the diftance from the Center of the Water to the Bafe or Foot of the Altitude exad perpendicular, to the very top of the height with gave the fhadow to the Altitude : for if your Objed be not upright, and you meafure ftreight and level, and juft under the top that gave the fhadow ; if you mifs in any one of thefe, you are quite out in taking the height. Example. Suppofe the Altitude A. B. the Glafs or Bowl of Water imagine to (land at the prick in the Square C. you (landing at D. your Eye at E. feeth the top A. in the middle of the Square ,* your diftance from D. to the middle of the Square, is 7 foot and a half. • Your diftance from your Eye to the Ground E D. feet. The diftance from the middle of the Square to the prick at the Foot or Bafe B. is 120 feet. (See Fig• 11.) AsCh. 3 7. Improving Foreft-Trees] See. \ 7 5 . 4 As 7.5 is to y, foisiao j6p©(8q : 120 to So feet; or add a Cy- 4 7 5 5 pher to the doo, and a Cy- 6*o’o : o (80 -—-» pher to the 7 feet and 4, 7 : 50 <5oo and divide as before. Thus may you take the height exaflly. To take an Altitude accefjible, at one Station, by the Quadrant•' Suppofe A B. the Altitude as before, take your Quadrant, and looking thro the Sights thereof, go nearer or farther from the Altitude, till you fee the top at A. thro your Sights ,• and alfo that your Thred at the fame time fall juft at the fame dif-tance, upon 45 degrees of the Limb of the Quadrant: then meafure the diftance, upon a level Line from your Eye, to the Altitude from the place where you ftood ; and if the Altitude be perpendicular, that diftance is the height. But if it happen fo, that you cannot take fight at that diftance, then go nearer the Altitude, till the Thred fall upon 63 deg. 26 min. in the Limb. This diftance being doubled, and your height from your Eye to the ground added, makes the height of the Altitude, if the Ground where you ftand be level with the foot of the Altitude j if not you muft make it level. Or if you find it moft convenient to take your fight at a greater diftance than where the Line or Thred hangs or falls upon 45 degrees, then go to the Complement of the laft Examp. of 63 deg. 26: till the Thred hang upon 26 deg. 34 min. in the Limb. The diftance being meafut ’d, and the height of your Eye upon a level to the Altitude added, makes double the height of the Altitude. Thefe Rules are fo plain, there needs no more Example ; but the larger your Quadrant, the better. Andi 76 The Manner of <%aifing and . And note, that if the Ground be not level, you muft find the Level from your Eye to the foot of the Altitude ; and alfo meafure the diftance upon a level and {freight Line, always minding to add what is below the Level of your Eye, to the diftance meafur’d. When you take an Altitude, make ufe of two of thefe Rules : the one will confirm the other: for the Rules are all true in themfelves, therefore be you fo in working them. Thus having fhew’d you how to take an Altitude by the moft ufeful Inftrument, the Quadrant, I fhall now fhew you how to do it by the Dodfcrine of Triangles. And if you would be more fatisfy’d in that moft ufeful and pleafant Study, read thefe Learned Mens Works : Mr. Bridges Trigonometria Britannic a, Mr. GeUibran&'s Trigonometry, Mr. Wings AJlronomia Britannica, his Geodatus Pra&icus, Mr. Wingates Ufe of the Rule of Proportion in Arithmetick and Geometry, or Mr. Newtons Trigonometria Britannica, p. $1. whofe Rules I fhall obferve, tho the Examples be my own, and as before, to take the Height of a Tree. The Angles and one Leg given, to find the other in the Re&angular Triangle ABC. the Leg BC, is required. The Terms of Proportion are thusi As the Radius To the Leg given, So the Tangent of the Angle, conterminate with the given Leg,Ch. 37. ImproVing Foreft-Tfees] Sec. 177 Illuflration by Numbers. As the Radius------- --------*— 10.0000000 To the Leg A B. 80.----------•----1.9030893 So is the Tangent of BAC.45 d. 10.0001515 To the Leg B C. gives 80:1—4 1-903 2408 (See Fig. 12.) You fee the difference is not the 28th part of 1000; and itis worth minding, how it doth exactly agree with the firft Example of the Quadrant, It may be wrought otherwife thus : As is the Sign of the Angle oppofite to the given Leg, To the Sign of the Angle oppofite to the Leg requir’d; So the Leg given To the Leg required. Or thus: As the Tangent of the Angle oppofite to the given Leg Is to the Radius, So is the Leg given To the Leg required. Thus have I fhew’d you how to take the height of a Tree, or any other Altitude, feveral ways. Now if you would judg the Worth of a Tree Handing, firft take the height to the very top, or near it; then take the height of the Length of Timber, fo far as your Reafon tells you you might meafure it if it were down: fubftraft the Length of the Timber from the Length of the height of the whole Tree, there then remains the Length of the Head. Thus have yon the Length of the Timber and Head. Next of all, fet a Ladder to your Tree, and girt it in fuch place as is moft convenient, allowing for the Bark; then according to the cuftomary way of meafuring, you may know the Quantity of the Timber, and fo con-fequently the Worth of the Timber, according to the Price where the Timber is Handing. * . N Thet^8 77;e Manner of G^difing and The Timber of the Tree may thus eafily, and near to the quantity of the T ree, be guefs’d at. The Head will be more difficult, becaufe of the different Forms they grow in; and befides, fome Timber-Trees head much lower than others, fo that for want of helping up, either by their not {landing near others to draw or help one another up, or for want of pruning up while young, they head low, and run into great Arms of good lengths of Timber : with fuch Trees you muft go the higher into the Arms, accounting them with the Timber, as your Reafon will bell di-red you. Now then to eftimate this Head by Rule, I do judge that if all the Boughs of the Heads of moft Trees were in an intire piece, from the place where they were cut off from the Timber, to the very top ; the neareft (and I fuppofe exadeft) Figure, of any would be a Cone, or near to a Conical Form that the Head ends in. For we fee that when a Tree is headed, it breaks out into a great many Shoots ; and as the Tree grows higher in the Lop, fome of thefe Shoots decay, ftill the more endeavouring to end in the figure of a Conical Body, And fo the Head of your Pollard-Trees being greater than the Body, is occa-fion’dby the Sapfwelling that place, which endeavouring to break out neareft to where it was accuftom’d to go up the Boughs, it fearcheth for a Paflage, till it can contain it felf no longer, and fo fwells the Head. This Head commonly goeth with the Boughs, and doth the better help them to be allow’d this Form, whilft young; fo that take a Tree headed or never headed, it ftill ends in this Figure nearer than any other, efpecially thofe that never were headed: This being then the neareft Figure part of the Head can be reduced to, it is as eafily meafured ; for if you multiply the Bafis by one third of the Altitude, the folid Content of the Figure is had, which you may value at fuch a price as Fire-wood beareth with you. 1Ch. 17. Improving Foreft-Treesf&cc, 179 I will give you one Example, and it fhall be of an Afh, which was fell’d in a place call’d the Old Orchard, by the Stables at Cajhioberry. This Tree I ob-ferv’d by feveralof the Rules before, and found it to be 80 feet high from the ground to the top-fhoot; I alfo obferv’dthe height of the Timber to be 5 6 feet long: by the fame Rules then, fetting a Ladder to this Tree about 25 feet high, I girthed it with a Packthread, (which Place I took for the middle Girth, becaufe the Tree did not taper) and it girthed 64 inches upon the Bark. But moft Men that buy Timber by the foot, have the Bark taken oft' at the girthing-place, or an Allowance 'for the Bark ; but you may readily know the Girth of the Tree under the Bark, tho the Tree be (landing or lying, without ever taking off the Bark, or making Allowance by guefs, as fome do : which to perform, find with your Penknife, or Prickers, the Thicknefs of the Bark, or you may cut a Hole thro the Bark in the girth-ing-places, or two or three Holes, and then obferve the mean Thicknefs. As on the forefaid Tree, the Bark was half an inch thick, doubled makes one inch ; fothen the Tree is lefs by one inch in the diameter when the Bark is off: then by this general Rule, as 22 is to 7, fo is the Circumference to the Diameter. Example by the Line of Numbers. Extend your Compafles from 22 to 7, the fame Extent will reach from <54 to 20 and near a half, for the Diameter of the Circumference of 64. Example by Arithmetick. As 22 to 7, fo is 64 to 20 the Diameter. 7 ----- 448 (20 & 448 tzi 2 But the Bark taking one inch oft* from this Diameter, it is then 19 inches-^ ; then to find the true N 2 Cir-180 The Manner of fifing and Circumference under the Bark, agreeing to this Diameter, fay thus, As 7 to 22, fo is 19 to di, the Circumference, or near it. For if you extend your Compaffes from 7 to 22, the fame yill reach from 19 to<5i, very near. Or you may turn this 8 into a Decimal Fra&ion ; for as 22 is to 100, fo is 8 to 3 6 of 100 and near y. Thus by four turns of your Compaffes on the Line of Numbers, you may in a moment find the Circumference under the Bark, which here we find to be 61: then according to the cuftomary way of meafuring (tho not the true way) take one fourth part of the Circumference, and fay, As 12 is to this fourth part of the Circumference in Inches, fo is the Length in Feet twice repeated, to the Content in Feet or Parts. Example. The fourth part of 61 is 15 and inches; extend your Compares from the Point 12 on your Line of Numbers, to 15 4 : that Extent will reach from 56 to 91 Feet and near a half, being twice turn’d to the right hand, which muft always be, if the -^of your Circumference be more than 12 Inches; if lefs, then to the left hand. Thus having found the Timber of this Tree to be 91 Feet and a half, (which muft be valu’d according to the Worth of Timber in the place where you are) here I will value it at 12 d. the foot, (tho it was fold with coarfer Timber at an Under-price) this at 12 d, the foot, comes to 4/. 11 s. 6 d. Now to meafure the Head of this Tree according toourfup-pos’d Rule aforefaid, if you take $6 (the Length of the Timber) from 80 (the Height of the Tree) there remain 24 feet for the Head. This 24 feet, which is the Head, two parts of it I meafure as a fo-lid Cylinder, and one part as a Cone; for if you girth all the Boughs a little above where they breakout from the Timber, and’add the feveral Girths together, they \ViIl girth more than the Timber whereCh. 37. Improving Foreft-Trees, See. 181 the Head was cutoff. Two parts of the 24 feet is 1 <5, which I meafure by the fame Rule I did the Timber, by the Line of Numbers, and the fame Girt. As 12 i$ to 15 j (the Square in inches) So is 26 (the Length in feet twice repeated) to 26 feet ( for the ~ of the Head, Now for the f of the Head, which muft be mea-fured as a folid Cone, we muft find the Bafis, and multiply the Content thereof by one third of the Altitude. The Circumference of the Bails was 5i, but I will take it now fordo inches,* then as before, As22 is to 7, fo is 60 (the Circumference) to the Diameter, which is 19 and a little more; that which is more I negled, as not worth minding in fuch a bufinefs as this. Half 60 is 30, half 19 is 9 and f. Example to work it by the Line of Numbers. Extend the Compares from 1 to 9 andf, the fame will reach from 30 to 285, the Content in inches of the Bafis ; then f of 8 feet is 32 inches, 285: Then fay, As 1 to 32, fo is 4 32 285: to9120 inches ,* which di* 0.5.8 (480 ^ jQ vided by 1728 (the inches in 4.5.2.o one foot iquarc) is 5 feet and 9.1.2.0 (5 -----■ v, and a little more : this ad- 1.7.2.8 ^I2° ded to 26 feet makes 32 feet for the Head, which at a Groat per foot, is 10 <£ 8 d. But this muft be valu’d according to the Country you are in. So according to thefe Rules, this Tree was worth 5 /. 2 t. 2 d• There was of the Head one Stack and near a quarter, and 12 Faggots; it coft 3 s.per Stack to cut out, and was worth in the place where it flood 10 s. You fee how near the Rule agrees with this Tree ; but if the Tree (lands hanging down hill, it will then endanger the 7'imbcr in falling ,* or if you181 The Manner of fifing and fear the Timber to be faulty, or fome of the Arms' blown off, you muft judge accordingly, &c. It is oft found in your great Elms and Afhes, that they are hollow within, and yet good Timber on the outfides, efpecially fome length of them toward or at the lower end. Now I will fhew you how you may judge very near the Quantity of Timber that is in one of thefe Trees, or a piece of them, according to the cuftomary way. Example- A piece of a Tree ia foot long, and hollow and dhb cay’d Wood at one end 12 inches diameter, at the other end hollow and cjecay’d 6 inches diameter. The piece was 26 inches diameter under the Bark. Firft I meafure the Piece as if all found Timber, then the hollow and decay’d by its diameter; that being dedu&cd from the piece, fheweth how much found Timber there is in feet and parts, meafur’d the cuftomary way. As 7 to 22, fo 26 to 81 -f the Circumference ; the Hof it is' 20 and and fomewhat more : as 12 to 20 ~ inches, fo is 12 (the Length in feet twice repeated) to 39 feet and the Content as if it were • all found. Then for the hollow, I take the mean diameter to be 9 inches. As 7 to 22, fo 9 to 28 and 4, the Circumference of the hollow ~ is 7 inches: then as 12 to 7, fo 12 feet to 4 and 7 near : which taken from 39 feet and 7, leaved 3 5 feet and ■% for the found Timber of that piece. CHAP,Ch.} 8. Improving Foreft-Trccs, dec. 185 CHAP. XXXVIII. Of making Walks, sfvenues, or Lawns. AS for making of Walks in Gardens, I fhall not fpeak of that in this place, becaufe I have re* folv’d to keep my Walk without the Walls. There are feveral Books of Gardening that have many Drafts and Knots in them, but they are all done by guefs, and none of them fitted to a Scale, to inform what Ground they are raoft proper for; fo that they are as fit for Butter-Prints, as for Knots in a Garden. Moft Walks that are made abroad, either termH nate, or end, or lead to the Front of a Houfe, or Door, or Garden-gate, or other Gate, High-way, or Wood, &c. Now if you would make a Walk from any one of thefe, and have refolv’d upon the Center or middle Line of the Walk, as the Middle of a Door in the Front of a Houfe,. or the like ; there pitch up a {freight Stake, and then from the Square of the Front, &c. raife a Perpendicular from this Stake; and at a convenient diftance in this perpendicular Line, fet up another Stake : let thefe two Stakes be two little Stakes at firft, but that at the Center always the higheft. Thefe two Stakes being thus fix’d, and you fully concluding them to be in the Mid-line, then come to the Center-flake, and having in readinefs a quantity of Stakes, according to the length of your Walk, bid one of your Aflif* tants go as far as you can well fee back-fight and forefight ; and there by the motion of your hand or hat, and his own back-fight, let him fix upright one Stake as exa&ly as may be in the Line : then take up the two little Stakes, and at the Center fix in a Stake fix feet high, {freight and upright, with paper on the top, N 4 and184 Tlie Manner of (fifing and and exa&ly in the place where the little Stake flood. Thus having got two Stakes placed (the Middle-flake and the Center-flake) you may if your Walk be level, and the Ground clear, and the Walk not above one Mile long, fet up one Stake at the End, in the Mid-line ; looking over the Head of that Stake and the other, movingit till thefe three Stakes be in a right Line; fo may you have the middle Line of your Walk by thefe three Stakes exa&er than by more z for the fewer Stakes you ufe in your Mid-line, the better; becaufe that if you be but once a little amifs, the more Stakes are ufed, you will be fo much the further out of the right way. And note, it is better to take your fight over the Head of your Stakes, than to look by their fides ; therefore yon muft have the Center-flake higheft, the next a little fhorter, and fo the next fhorter that? that, but if your Ground be not level, then order your Stakes accordingly; as thus. And if your Ground be not level, or be of fuch a length, that you cannot well fee from end to,end ,• then you muft place down more Stakes, viz,, between the middle Stake and Center-flake one, and between the middle and end Stake one; or if need require, more. I have oft made ufe of a Sight-flake, which I had only to find the Place where my other Stakes fliould ftand ; this Stake was made with a Slit in the Head half a foot deep, which I looked thro over the heads of the reft, till I found the Place where to fet my Stake right in the Mid-line: It is of good ufe, and Fig. 13. may fomewhat reprefentit; you may make it to Aide up and down, the better to come to the Le- . vel of the Head of the Stakes. (SeeFig. 13.) When you take fight, to fet any Stake true in a Line with others, ftand at a little diftance with your Eye from the Head of the Stake, fo fhall you fet it exa&er in the Line than when your Eye touches the Head of the Stake ; fet your Stake fo that you may PftlyCh. 3 8. Improving Foreft-Trees, See. 18 % only fee three Stakes in a Line ; let your Walk be what length it will. Having thus flaked out your Mid-line, ftrain a Line in thisMid-line, and lay a fquare to that Line, fo fet off the Breadth of your Walk exa&ly fquare to your Middle-line; then fet up Stakes fas you did) againft every Stake.in the Middle of the Walk, and when you have got the Lines true, where your Trees muft ftand, then drive down Oak-flakes in the Line to the head, and then it is but putting down high Stakes by thefe when you come to fet your Trees. Then having refolv’d on the Diftance to fet your Trees at, and provided good Store of fmall Stakes, take your Chain (and not a Line, for that will ftretch and jfhrink) and with your help fet little Stakes downright in this Line, and fquare where you would have every Tree to ftand ; thefe Stakes are to make your Holes by, which I would have at lead three feet wide, and tw'o feet deep, and the Holes made a quarter of a Year before you fet your Trees ; if it were a year ’tw'ere the better, Leeping the Mould turned over now and then, and mixing it with Earth or Dung, if need be; then when the time of Planting is come, begin betimes, efpecially on dry Ground : Set up Stakes by every Oak-flake you left in the Row before, having pruned the Roots and Heads to an equal height, fet them right one Tree againft another fquare. And if your Trees be not all of one fize, fet the greateft firft, right one againft another, and fo Idler and lefler by degrees, minding that both Rows go on fquare together ; and be fure you mind to let your Trees be at an equal diftahee from end to end : then if you have a Point fixed at both Ends, you muft run over that diftance you refolve to plant your Trees at, before you fet your Stakes; and if you find it is over or ihort of equal diftances, then muft you add or fubftrad this odd Open to or from the reft, to make them all of equal diftance. See the 33^ Chatter. Now*8 6 The Manner, of fifing and Now having your Trees and all things in readinefs,’ fet them by the Stakes ftanding in the Rows, minding to fet every Tree to range with the Stakes by back-fight and.fore-fight. Cover and part the Roots with fine Mould ; and when they are all cover’d, lay on fome rotten Dung over that Mould, and then cover that Dung with a little Mould : this Dung will keep them from freezing in Winter, and from drying too much in Summer ; and alfo well prepares the Water for the Roots- Thus having fet them, take care to fence them in at fuch Places wrhere need is,* fo will you as well as I reap great Satisfa&ion, if you let not the Dung touch the Roots. Do not mask a fine Front, nor veil a pleafant Prof-peót (as too many do) by making the Walks too narrow. If you make a Walk that leads to any pleafant Front cf a Houfe, or other Objeft ; if it be but half a Mile long, let it be at lead forty feet wide, but if longer more, as 50 or 60 feet wide, or the Breadth the Length of your Front. But if you be for Walks of fhade, then make three Walks, the middle one 40, the two out-fide Walks each 20 feet, or 50 and 25 the out-fide Walks ; or divide your Front into two parts, and let the middle be as broad as both the Side-w alks.; fix that if you make three Walks together, let the middle one beas'much as both the other, fo will the Trees range much the better, whether you fet them fquare or triangular : but however keep to one of them,; tho I think the fquare to be the bed, becaufe then four Trees in thè four Rows end all together, fitto end in either Semicircle, Segment of a Circle, Oval, Triangle, or Circle. For all Walks, of any Length, efpecially in Parks, fhould end in fome one of thefe Figures, or lead into fome other Walk ; but w'here they do fall into another Walk, there fhould be a Circle to receive them, or elfe they feem much defe&iVe. I fhall now endeavour to fhew you how to make a Walk through a Wood, and then I will give you an ExampleCh.$ 8. Improving ForeJl'Trees, See. 187 Example of Tome of the Figures that Walks ought to end in. Suppofe you were to clear a Walk or Line thro a Wood, for to run the Mid-line true about three yards wide; having the Center given, do as before, run your Mid-line as far as you can into the Wood, and at one yard diftance on each fide the Mid^ine, two other Lines : Run thefe Lines alfo as far as you can into the Wood, keeping them juft one yard diflant, and fetting up Stakes (as Bail proceed into the Wood) with large whites, all of a Bignefs ; as half a Sheet of white Paper on every Stake fpread abroad. When any of thefe three Lines come to a Tree, run oil the other two till you are paft the Tree, and then fet him off again in his place, parallel to his Fellows; and fo proceed till you be thro the Wood, marking that Wood which mull go down; then when your Under-wood is flocked up, run out your Line again : ftill when you come to a Tree, fet off Parallels; and when paft, fet off into your true Line again. This way I cut a ftreight Line thro the Wood-walk at Cajhioberry, from the North-front, over one Wall and feveral Hedges, near aMilelohg; and when I came to flake it out true, there was at the very end not four feet difference, as the ingenious Hugh May Efq; can witnefs, and fc-veral others. This way of flaking out a Walk by three Lines is worth your pra&ifing. In fetting out of Walks that go thro Hedges or Bullies, be fure to carry on the Mid-line of the Walk, and the two Lines where the Trees muft go, together; now and then meafuring to fee if they keep their equal Diftance, and that which is amifs you will foon find, and may as foon re&ify it again. There is another way of carrying the ftreight Line thro a Wood, which Rcafon taught me, and by Experience I have found true: the Place where the middle of the Walk fliould point to. being given, therei88 The Manner of Gfyijing and there hang up a large Candle and Lanthorn, and having found the Mid-line fome 20, 30, or 40 yards from that, there hang up another; they mull: both hang pretty high, but let that next the Houfe or Center be the higher. Having thus placed your two Lights, and in a clear calm night (but not too light) go with your Man to the further fide of the Wood, till you make both thefe Lights in one Line3 and then walk on, keeping them fo, marking the Trees on each fide of you, quite thro the Wood, order them to be cut down at leifure; fo ftiall you have aftreight Line cut thro the Wood. But if you are to make a Walk from Gate to Gate, ' fo that you are ty’d to fuch a Center at each End, if your Walk be fo that you can fee from end to end ; it is then but fetting up two Stakes, one at each end, by the fight of which caufe a third to be fet up in the middle. But if you cannot fee to the far end, for Hill, Wood, or the like, then you muft caufe a high Pole, with a white on the top, to be fet up at the end; by that and your Center-ftakc caufe your Afiiftants to fet up as many as you think convenient in the Mid-line: but if that Wood be fo high that you cannot fee a high Pole at the end, then run it over as near its you can by guefs, take notice of the Length, and of your Error at the End, and 4- and f and v each ; at a quarter of the Length of your Walk fet off a quarter of your Error, &c. And thus bring your Line till it ranges exactly from one Poipt to another, from Gate to Gate ,- then fet off the two Lines where the Trees muft go (as is before fhewed by the Square) and if for three Walks, then the four Rows of Trees: if there be three Walks, let the Middle-walk be |uft as broad as both the 0-ther, which is the beft Form,- or elfe all three of equal Breadth : fo may you fet your Trees pot only fquare, but they will anfwer one another feveral ways befide, as fquare from A. to B. and other ways, B. tp C. and t(P P- fo th&t every Tree piuft keepCh.38. Improving Foreft-Trees, &c. 189 his Row, Range, Square, and equal Diftance, &c. (See Fig. 14.) The pricked Lines/hew how the fight will take the Trees as fquare from A. to B. aud Angle-ways from C. to B. or C. to D. &c. m Thus have I ftiew’d you how to flake out the Midline, and the two Side-Lines of your Walk. I with Sir E. T. Sir W. B. and Sir R. B. had feen thefe Directions before they had planted their Walks; I do judge they then would have done them better; For Errors in planting make too many worthy Perfons forbear. Now as for the Figures which Walks ought to end in, I have named them before; and if you obferve, moft Plants (efpccially Trees} which make your Walks, the moft of them end in a circular Figure; and therefore I will fhew you fomeways how Walks ought to end in a Circle : For a Walk ending bluntly without any Figure or entring into another, may be compared to a Tree with the Head off; and w hat difference there is, let thofe who well obferve the ObjeCts of Nature judge. Let the Circle be three times the Breadth of your Walk, if conveniently you can, or bigger if you have rpom. After you have found the Mid-line, and refolved upon the Center, as at A. and of the Bignefs of your Circle; next confider of the diftance of your Trees round the Circle: run that diftance over firft, and if you find an odd Tree, let it ftand in the Mid-line, and in the Circumference, as at B. but if no odd Tree, then let the Mid-line pafs between two Trees, adding or fubftraCh’ng the odd inches, till you find the equal diftance your Trees muft ftand at, &c. (See Fig. 15.} Let the Trees in your Circle ftand not much a-bove half the diftance that the Trees are in the Row’s, as in the laft they w'ere almoft 16 feet, Trees in the Walk 24 feet, but in the Oval thicker; that they190 The Manner of fifing and they may fhew the Figure the better : A fine Tree in the Center of all Circles doth well. (See Fig. 16.) Two Walks meeting in a Point, let that be the Center of the Circle, as at A. and there a Tree. Two Walks crofling one another, where the Midline meets, let that be the Center of a Circle, as B. Note, That if your Circle be divided into two parts, by Walks, as the Circle A. find a diftance, that the Trees in each part may {land as near that diftanceas may be,- there they are near n feet both, and the Circle B. near 10 feet afunder. Now the fmaller parts the Circle is put into, the thicker fet your Trees round it; as B. is put into four Parts by the two Walks crofling it; fet thefe parts the thicker, that they may fhew the Figure the better. Of three Walks going up to a Circle, as they do to the Bowling-green at Cajhioberry (which Green is 80 yards, or 240 feet diameter, with a border 16 feet wide, planted with three Rows of Spruce-firs fet in the year 1672. being fet circular and triangular) fee the Figure : There are 90 Trees in the outer Row, and 90 Trees in the innermoft Row, and 89 in the middle Row, which is 269 TreesI loft not one of thefe, except one that was ftolen. (See Fig. 17.) To plant fucha Border, firft with a Line on the Center B. mark out the Circle where the inner Row fhould go, then fet two Trees in the Circle, and in the Rows of the Walk, as at A A: then having re-folved on the diftance to fet them at, run that diftance over from A A. and the odd Inches or parts add or fubftraci:, according to the Number of the O-pens, to or from the Mcafure you firft refolved on, as is fhew’d before, &c. i. Next I fhall fhew you fome ways how Walks may come into or end in a Semi-circle, or Segment of a Circle, &c. as A, being a Gate, B C. is a Hedge or Pale; A. is the Center of the middle of the Walk and Circle. (See Fig. 18.) OrCh. 38. Improving Foreft-Trees, &c. 191 Or thus: the Center at A. and then three Trees or more to go to the Pale parallel to the Walk, as I, 2, 3- 2. How three Walks may come into a Semi-Circle: (See Ftg. 19.) This may be continu’d on with three or more Trees parallel to the Mid-line ,* as in Fig. 19, &c. 5. How three Walks may break into a Semi-Circle at three feveral places, and how to make the Semicircle fo great, as that you may have juft fo much Wood on all Jides of the Walks, as the Walks are broad; or to order it to what proportion you pleafe. Suppofe the three Walks to be each forty Feet wide, which makes 120 Feet; then there is to be 40 Feet without one Side-walk, and 40 Feet without the other Side-walk, and 40 Feet between each of the Side-walks, and the Middle-walk ; which is four times 40 Feet, tfiat is, 160 Feet: fo that the 120 Feet makes 280 Feet for the Arch of this Semi-circle : then find the Semi-diameter to the Arch of this Circle, andftrike the Arch from the Center. Example. The Semi-circumference being 280, the Circumference is then 560. Then as 22 is to 7, or if you will be more exadt (as the Learned Oughtred in his Circles of Proportion, p. 43. faith} as 3.1416 is to 1, fo is the Circumference to the Diameter; but the other is a landing Rule, nigh enough for our purpofe. As 22 to 7, fo 560 to 178 5<5o 1. (the Diameter;) if you turn 7 3.2. (4 this Fraction into Inches, it ...... 1.7.84. will be two Inches and near 3920 3.9.2.0.(178: half of a Barley-Corn : fo then 2.2.2.2. the wholeDiameter will be 178 2.2. Feeti p 1 the Manner of aijing and Feet 2 Inches; the half is 89 Feet 1 Inch: with this 89 Feet 1 Inch (being the Semi-diameter) draw the Arch of your Semi-circle, which Arch fhall be 280 Feet; and from the Center by which you drew this Arch, may be the mid Line of your three Walks; as is defcrib’d in the Figure. (See Fig. 20.) Let the Center A. be in a {freight Line with the pricked Line B B. and parallel to the middle Walk C. the Line B A B. may be (if Convenience ferve) 50 or 60 Feet from the Wall, Pale, Hedge, and that to go parallel to that Line; and where the Wall or Pale ends, there may be a Row of Trees continu’d fo far as you pleafe or can, &c. At the Center A. let fome fine Tree be fet, or fome Figure, &c. I once faw a Semi-circle fet out fomewhat like this, where I faw a great deal of meafuring before they could proportion it exa&ly to fuch a place as was intended : I took my Pen, and by thefe Rules I told them juftly how far they lliould go. More I could fay, if I thought it not unfeafonable now. Here you fee how to proportion a Semi-circle, which you may enlarge with three, four, or five Trees on each fide, and parallel to the middle Walk, as is in the fecond Figure of Semi-circles; but be mindful to make fuch a Figure for your Walks to end in, and of fuch a Bignefs as is moft convenient to your Ground : the Arch of the Semi-circle may be one Row of Trees (as in the Figure) or two, three, four or more, as you pleafe; but three Rows fet triangular do very well. 4. How and ivhere a Semi-circle is proper on the fide of a Walk, See. Suppofe you have a Walk a Mile in length or more, it is no ways improper, but pleafant and fa-tisfadory to have your Walks fhew you every of a Mile, f of a Mile, and &c. to the end; orfrom eachCh. 18. Improving Poreft-Trees, Sec. 19 j each end, or from one end back to the other : as if you begin at the Center-tree in the Semi-circle at A. then at \ of a Mile at the Figure 1. make a Semicircle to break out on the right hand, thé Center-tree to be exaftly in the Row of the Walk, and juft 4 of a Mile: as is fhew’d in the Figure, as well as the Largenefs of our Paper would bear, by the Semicircle, Figure 1. Then at the 7 Mile let two Trees ftand in a Semi-circle, at Figure 2. one to hand in the Row that makes the Walk, which two Trees are half a Mile, and at three quarters three Trees; ftill minding that one be in the Row or Walk the Center-Tree of your Circle, and the exa$>2427 3 20. Log. 2.50514. 4.42941 Givesq 6.06: 1.55701 Here you-fee that this Log. gives 3 6 Poles and fo that youmuft go 36 Poles arrd a little more-onithe Bafe-line A' B.' from A; to D. for your 2 Acres: then the Angle ACD. is the two Acres, or 3 2©*Polesy and the Angle CD B. is two Acres 105 Poles! and near,Ch.4°* Improving Foreft-Trees3 &c. 207 By the fame Rule may you cut off what number of Poles you pleafe, from the Angle D. to fall upon the Line C B. or to fall upon the Line D B. having but the Length of the Lines given you, But if it be requir’d to takeoff a part from a Triangle according to any Proportion given, by a Line drawn parallel to any of the Sides affign’d. As let ABC. be a Triangle containing 5 Acres, and it isdefired to cut off 2 Acres, by a Line drawn parallel toAB. Firfir, on the Line A C. draw the Semi-circle A E C. and the Diameter C A. divide into y equal parts, and from the point of 3 of thefc. parts of that Line draw the Perpendicular DE. to cut the Archdine in E. then fet the Length of C E. from C. on the Diameter-line, and it will reach to the Point F. then from that Poiut at F. take the neareft diftance to the Line A B. and fet that diftance off from B to G. then draw the Line F G. exa&ly parallel to AB. fo will the Triangle CGF. be 3 A-cres, and GBAF. 2 Acres, the thing propounded. (See Fig. 39.) This Rule in it felf is exa&, but in a large Field or Wood is difficult to be done, becaufe the Semicircles and other Lines are very hard to be drawn exactly. But if your Field, or part of it be a Square, and you are to take off fome parts of it: you may do it to any Number of Rods defir’d, eafily and exactly, thus: Let the Field be ever fo great, meafure you only that fide of the Square whence you are to take off your part exactly. (See Fig 40.) Examp. It is requir’d to cut off 2 Acres, or 3 20 Poles from a Field, or part of one, that is in form of the Square ABCD. with a Line drawn parallel to the fide A B. Now,finding the fide of the Square to be 3 2 Poles, divide 3 20 (the parts you are to cut off) by 32, the fide of the Square, 520 (10 and the Quotient will be ro : then fet off $ZZ 10 Pole from A to E. and from B to F. and 2 the2o8 Tl?e Manner of <%ai(ing and the Square A13 F E. is 2 Acres, as was required. This is very ufeful for feveral Men, and readily to be perform’d ; but if thefe fides A C. or B D. do not go fquare from the end A B. then you mud find the Mid-line of the Square you are to take, and divide the Sum of Poles you are to take off by that; The firft Example will aflift you to find thiSMid^-line, and fomewhat help you in the working. This being fuch an ufeful Problem, I fhall flhewyou how to perform it another way : as in the laft Example, the fide of the Square 3 2 Poles, and you know 160 Poles make one Acre ; then divide i<5o by 3 2, {the fide of your Square) the Quotient is S : which tells you, that you muft meafure 5 Rods, or Poles, from the fide of your-Square on each end, to make one A-cre; 10 Poles for two Acres; 15 Poles for three A-cres, &c. which you fee agrees with the former Rule. But if it be required to take off the parts of a Square, and to have thofe parts in a Triangle, then the firft and fecond Figures will aflift you how to perform that. Tv divide an irregular Figure into any Tarts required: • that is, to take what number oj Rods you pie afe from fuch a Figure, As if AB COE. be the Figure of a Field or Wood, and it is defired to take off the half of it from the Angle at A. the whole Figure is 705 Poles, then the half is 352.50, and the Triangle ADE. is but 290 Poles, which wants Poles and a half of the half of thè Field: therefore take 62.50 from the Triangle A C D. by the Rules deliver’d in the 38th Fig. and there will be added the Triangle A D H. which being added to the Triangle A D E. will divide the Figure into two equal Parts, the thing defired. (See Fig. 41.) Thus may you take half from any irregular Figure, or more or lcfs than half, and from what Angle defired;Ch. 40^ Improving Forefl-Trees, See. 209 fired; which will aflift you well how to fell your Woods by the Acre, or to know how far you fliall go into a Field, to take oft' any parts* The fourth Rule Cwhich I found by my Pra&ice) I commend for very good. One Example I fhall give you more, which fhall be according to my fourth Rule; I try’d it in a Field near Cajhioberry-Park: this I was order’d to do by my Lord’s Steward Mr. Sydenhain, to take off three Acres from a fmall Field as exactly as I could, at one end appointed by him. Firft, I meafur’d that End, and found it to be 57 Poles and ^ ; but obferving the Hedges, I found them to fplay oft a little, fo that about 6 Rods and a half, or little more, would be the middle : which I fet off at each end, and found that Line to 4 ( 8 be 38 Poles long. Then I divided 160 (the 260 (4 Poles in one Acre) by 38 (the Poles of the 38 End of the Field) the Quotient was 4 and r*T; which 8 of 38 I muft turn into parts of my Chain, that is, into decimal parts, thus : As 38 is to 8, fo is 100 to 21, and 2 of 38, which 2 is not con-fiderable. So that if the Chain be divided into 100 Links, you muft then go 4 Poles x and 21 Links at each end, to make one 24: (2 Acre of Ground ; but if your Chain be a 800 (21 foiir-pole Chain, divided into 100 Links, 388 then with fuch a Chain you muft go 4 Poles 3 5 Links and mid a little more, to make 1 Acre at 3 8 Poles long. Then for three Acres, I muft go in breadth 12 Poles T44> to make three Acres and a little more: fee it prov’d. Here you may fee that 12 Poles r44- 12.63 multiply a by 3 8 Poles, gives 479 Poles and 3 8 t44; which beingdivided by i6o(the Poles -in one Acre) gives in the Quotient 2 and 10104 159 ; fo then if you add but 6 of roo to 3789 the 94, it is juft three Acres: for whereas —----— I take, in the decimal parts, but T~, I 479.94 P (hould2 10 The Manner of fyatfing and (houkl take the 21 Links, afid the 2 2d part Z (1 $9 of one of thefe Links; which Nicenefs may be difpenfed with. 47? (2 From what hath been faid, you may mea-fure any handing Wood, or part thereof, efpecially if thefe parts be near to a Square or Triangle j if not, you may reduce them to one of thefe. Thus having fpoke fomething how fuperficial Figures are to be meafured, I fhall give an Example or two of the Chain, and it (hall be of the four-pole Chain divided into 100 parts : as fuppofe the Figure ABCD. (See Figure 42.} This Figure may be meafured feveral ways: asfirit it may be put into two Triangles, and fo meafured; or elfe you may meafure both the ends, and halve them, and fo meafure the length in the middle: you may meafure alfo both the (ides and halve them, and then meafure the breadth in the middle. But for example : Firft, I meafure the fide A B. and find it to be iy Chains and 80 Links of the four-jy.So me fide, pole Chain ; the end B C.is 6 Chains 12.50 onefide. 74 Links, the other fide CD. is 12 ------■ Chains 50 Links, and the other end 28.50 D A. is 6 Chains. Then add the •-----• two fides together, of which take (4.15 the half; that half is the mean Length : both fides added together, make 28 Chains 50 Links, half of which is 14 Chains 1$ Links : then add the ends together, viz.. 6 Chains, and 6 Chains 74 Links, the total of both is 12 Chains 74 Links; then half of the ends added together, is 6 Chains 57 Links. Then multiply the mean Length by the mean Breadth, and cut off five Figures to the right hand, and whatfoever Figures remain to the left hand are Acrest and thofefive Figures cut oft* are parts of an Acre. ThusCh. 40. Improving Foreft-Treesy See. 211 Thus you may know the Content of a Field without Divifion; as in the laft 14-15 Example, 14.15, multiply'd by 6.37, 6.37 gives 9.01355: then if you take off fi ve ----------- figures, as the frazionai parts, there re- 9905 mains 9, which is nine Acres 2 Poles, and 4245 above 4 of a Pole. But you may eafily 8490 know the fractional part of any decimal - ■ FraClion thus : This belongs to rooooo 3 9.01355 for if the decimal Fraction have 5 Fi- gures, the Integer is <5, the Fraction 4, then the Integer 5, &c. Then work it by the Rule of Three, or by your Line of Numbers, thus ; As 100000 is to 1355, f° is 160 (the fquare Poles in one Acre) to 2 Poles and near 4* But that you may be the better fatisfy’d in this moft ufeful Rule, If 100000 be equal to one Acre, or 160 Poles, Then 50000 to 7 an Acre, or 80 Poles ; 2 5000 to 4 of an Acre, or 40 Poles, which is a Rood* 12500 to 4 of an Acre, or 20 Poles. <^250 toTV of an Acre, or 10 Poles. 3125 to T'r of an Acre, or 5 Poles. 1250 equal to 2 Poles : And 625 equal to one Pole* So that when any Fraction is, repair but to thefe Rules, and you may fee what number of Poles is equal to it : you may proportion it to Half-poles, &c. for, 312 4 is equal to half a Pole^ 156 7 is equal to a quarter of a Pole. 78 7 is equal to one eighth part of a Pole, &y. Not only to prove this, but alfo to fhew you how much readier tills way is than the 100 Links, to bring it into Rods or Poles, divide it by tóo, to bring the aforefaid Meafure to the onc*pote Chain P 2 and1 21 z . Tfo "Manner of fyifing and, and ioo \ multiply 14*15! by 4, it;gives 56.60 ; and 6.37 multiply’d by 4, gives 25.48: which being mul-tipjy’d one by the qth§r, give? 1442, -~44v- I will negleft the Fradion, as being not of a Pole, and divide 1442 (the Poles in that meafure) by the fquare Poles, in one Acre, (1,60 Poles) and the: Quotient is 9 and 2 over; that is, 9 Acres 2 Poles and; a little more, as before. But. how much the other way is readier than this, I.leave_the Reader tp judge. 5 6.6a 25.48 45280 5.0 (2 22^40 1.4.4.2. (9 28300 r 1.5.0 11320 1442.1680 Example the fecond. How to meafure a "Triangle with the Four-pole Chain, and . never uje Divijion. As in the Triangle ABC. the Bafe A C. is 40 Poles, and the pricked perpendicular Line is 20, the half is 10 Poles: Now when you have even Poles (as in this Example) you muft add two Cyphers to the length, and two to the breadth ; or clfe you cannot take off the 5 Figures, or 5 Cyphers, as 40.00. is before fhewM : then taking the 5 Cy* 10.06 phers oft after Multiplication, there re- —------- mains 46. Which fhews you that fuch a 40.00000 Triangle that hath fuch a Bafe, and fuch a Perpendicular, coritaineth four Acres of Ground: And if. you work it the common way, you will find it to be true. (See Fig. 43.) « ButCh. Improving Foreft-Treesy 8cc. z j 5 M. C. X. ac. ro: p. ac . ro.p. ro: p'. I 6 1 0 0 2 2C 5 IO 2 12 2 0 0 1 Oq 3 20 3 18 3 0 1 J_ 2C ? 3° 4 25 0 0 r 2 00, 1 00 5 3i 1 0 3 0 20 t 10 6 37. 2 0 3 3 6e 1 20 7 43 3 0 4 1 20 £ 30 : 8 jo 0 0 > 0 00 2 OO 9 5* 1 0 5 2 20 l IO But to affift you yet further to turn Poles into A-cres, obfervethis Table i The Denominations of the feveral Numbers are known by the Marks under which they are fet; as all under ac. are Acres, under ro. are Roods, underp. are fo many Poles : and fo the firfl Column under M. anfwereth to Thoufands, that under C. to Hundreds, that under X. to Tens, and the odd Poles (if any be) are fet down under Pole. As e.g. in 1442' Poles, to know how many Acres by this Table : firfl, the one thoufand in the Table under M. is 6 Acres 1 Rood, fet that down as you fee in the Table,* then four hundred under Q. and againft 4, is 2 Acres 2 Roods, fet that down; then in the Table under X. and againft 4, is one Rood, fet that down; then the odd Poles fet down always under the Poles, as 2 under roles; then, fum them up, and ydu fhall find it is 9 Acres 2 Poles, as before. This Table being fo plain, there need no more Examples» ac. r.p• 1000 gives 6 i 400 gives 2 2 40 gives o 1 2 gives o o 902 A214 TV MfflW of fyiftng and A Table of fuperficial long Meafure, from an Inch to a Mile% according to the Standard of England. Inch. 12 Fcot. 3 6 3 Tard. 45> 3} *7 Eki 198 161 57 4t: Pole 7920 660 220 i7ó\ 40 Furlong. <53360 528q 1761 1408- 320 8 P A Table of Square Meafure• I Acres. 4 160 4840 43560 Rood. 40 1210 IQ890 Pole. 0 ♦1«. 272 4: Yards* 9 \ Feet. AnCh.40. Improving Foreji-Treesy &c. 215 An Example of the fable of Long Meafure• Suppofe you were to find out how many Inches were in a Pole long; look under Inches, and againft Pole there is 198 : and fo many Inches are iu a Pole long, and 167 Feet, $ f Yards. And in the Table of Square Meafure, to know how many fquare Yards are in a Pole, look againft Poky and above Tards there is 30^, the fquare Yards in a Pole. There are feveral other forts of fuperficial Mea-fures, as Paving, Plaiftering, Wainfcotting, and. Painting; which are to be meafured by the Yard fquare, and may be meafured by fome of the Rules before file w’d: your readied way is by the Yard divided into ten parts, fo will your odd Meafure come into Decimal Fradions, which are as ealily caft up as whole Numbers. Or if you meafure by the Foot-I^ule, have it divided into ten parts; and when you have found the Content in feet, divide it by 9, the Quotient will fhew you how many yards: and if any remain, they be feet. Some forts of Work are meafured by the Square of 10 feet the fide, fo that fuch a Square is 100 feet ; for ten times ten is a hundred. By this Meafure is your Carpenters Work meafured, as Floors, Partitions, Roofs of Houfes; foalfo is Tiling and Slating meafured. This is very ready to meafure and to caft up ; for if you multiply the Breadth by the Length, fo many hundreds as you find, fo many Squares are there; and what remains are parts of a Square. Board and Glafs, &c. are meafured by the Foot, which may be divided into ten parts, which will be njuch eafier to count up. But if you would be more fully fatisfy’d in the Rules of Surveying, fee the Works of Mr • Ley born t Mr. mngy Mr. Rath born, &c. P 4 Hivingz i 6 The Manner of Q{aïfing and Having the Length of h Fields to know what Breadth will make one Acre of Ground, by the Four-pole Chain and Line of Numbers. Ex. -The Length is 12 Chains 50 Links; to find the Breadth tom.ike that Length juft one Acre, do thus: Extend your Compafl'es from 12.50 12.50 (the Lerigth) to 10, that Extent will reach 80 from 1 to 80, which is the Breadth in -------— Links to make one Acre ; for if youmul- r.00000 tiply 12.50 by So, it yields iooooq ; from which if you take off five Cyphers, there remains one, which is one Acre, &c* CHAP. XLI* Of 'Meafuring Holes and Borders that are under a Bole-broad, by ivhich you may the better let or take them to do by the of Numbers thus : The Diameter being four foot, extend the Compares from 1Ch.4i • Improving Foreft-Trees, Sec. 217 1 to 41, the Diameter; keep your Compafies fixed, and always on the number 7854 fet one point, and turn twice to the right hand : but if they fall off at the end of the fecond turn, then mail you fet them On the firft part of the Line when you have turn’d them once, &c. > Having taken the Diftance of 1 to 4, and fet one point on the ftanding number 7854: the other Point goes to 31 and near a half, thence if you turn another turn it will go off from the Line : therefore you muft find the Point 31 and near f on the firft part of the Line, and fet one point there, the other will reach to 12 and about ^44; which tells you, that in a Circle of 4 foot Diameter there are 12 fuperficial fquare feet and a half, and better. Now to work it according to the Rule above, by •he Line, if you multiply the Semi-diameter by the Semi-circumference, it giveth the Content, the fame way Ifhall do it with my Pen. Example• Firft, Having the Diameter I muft find the Circumference; extend the Compafies from 7 to 22. the fame will reach from 4 to 12.58 (the Circumference) then half of 12.58 is 6 -—4, the Semi-circumference ; which multiply by 2, the Semi^liameten Extend the Compafies from 1 to 2, the fame Extent will reach from 6.29 to 12.58, as before, that is, twelve feet and a half, and -n-i. You here may fee how eafily and readily the Golden Rule and Multiplication may be performed by the Line of Numbers; which 1 ufe the oftner, that you might take the more notice of the Eafinefs of it to work any of the Rules of Arithmetick by. Being once perfed in this, you will foon underftand the Sedor, with its excellent ufes in the Mathematicks, perform’d by Lines and Compafies; but according to the laft Rule, fee the fame Queftion wrote with the Pen, that you may fee the Agreement that is between Geoijietry and A-tithmeticlf. Example.2i8 The Männer of Qfdifing and Example. 144 ' To find the Circumference : As 7 to 22, fo 144 the Barley-corns in four feet the Diameter, to 452.6 al-moft, the Circumference in Barley-Corns——— ------452.5 Halficircum. 225.3 Half-diamet, 1% 4525 15S41 15293.5 the Barley-corn* in 4 feet Diameter almoft. To know how many feet this is, divide it by the Barley-corns in one Foot, which are-- —--------■■■ < ^ Barley-corns in 7 a foot 548 1.7-4 Barley-corns in 4-of a foot 324 3.9.5 4-3-3-I 1.5.2.9.3 (12 feet 741, 1.2.9.5.5 parts. r.2.9. Which 741 Barley-corns is above half a foot, as xvasfhewed before; but in finding the Circumference I add a Cypher to 4, which makes it 40; from that I take 5 times 7, which is 42, and Ihould be but 49 : then becaufe I took too much, I negledt 5 when I divide it by the Barley-corns in a foot fquare ; fo that I do not fay it is exaét, neither doth the Fra&ion -rrrr bear the like proportion as : for if you extend your Compaffes from 100 to 58, that Extent will reach from 1295 to 750; and if you will be more exa&, work it by Logarithms j *tis 12 feet 82 inches. 288 3-14 288 31.5.80 (452.5 ---- 1-1-17 3158 ACh.41*' ImproYmg'Foreft'Trees, See. 219 A 'table from one foot Diameter, to 8 feet fuferjicial Content. One foot Diam. is 113 inches. Two feet Di. is 3 feet 20 inches. Three feet Di. is 7 feet 10 inches. Four feet Di. is 12 feet 82 inches# Five feet Di. is 19 feet 93 inches. Six feet Di. is 28 feet 4* inches. Seven feetDi. is 38 feet 72 inches. Eight feet Di. is 50 feet 43 inches. Now knowing the Content of any of thefe Circles, you may the better know how to let or take them to do, and reduce them into fquare Poles, or let them to do by the Pole fquare, for, Feet. One fuperficial Pole fquare is 272 -~Vor^ 15.5 Half of a fquare Pole is 136 -444 A Quarter of a fquare Pole is 68 T-444 One Eighth of a fquare Pole is 34 t4444 For if you divide 272 -7-14 by 8, you will have in the Quotient 34 vA'-.-A-, which is one eighth part of a Pole. To reduce the Inches into Feet may be ea-jfily done: For 144 Inches are a fuperficial foot fquare. 72 half a fquare foot. 36 Inches is M of a fquare foot. 18 Inches is ^ of a fquare foot, &c. for 8 times 18 is 144. How to meafure your Borders, if you let them to do by the Rood. Any under-meafure is beft to meafure by the Decimal Chain, if by the one Pole-chain, and divided into I6.y 825 990 165 272.25120 The Manner of aijtng and into ioo Links : If it be the four-pole Chaip divided into ioo Links, then every one of thefe Links is four links of the other : fo that every fquare Rod is ioooo Links fuperiicial, • One link broad, ioooo in length, makes a Pole, Two links broad, 5000 long, a Pole. Two and a half broad, 4000 in length, a Pole# Three links broad, 334, near a Pole. A Tnble of the reft in Links, from one Link to a hundred. 'Sreadth. Lenub. | fire.i. \ Le/i t‘?. ! £re ^dd two Cyphers to the other* 32:64.00(11 as you fee here is done: and alfo irl 27lz%% Divifion of Fractions, fo many times 2722 as you can take whole numbers from — ---- ■■■-— whole numbers, fo many whole num- 272.25 bers have you in your Quotient\ but 269.25 when your whole numbers come under — —• ■■ —— your Fra&ions, what comes then in 003.00 the Quotient is Fraftions; and you muff always make a flop between the whole Number and the Fra&ions, in all places. And fo in Multiplication, fo many Fractions as there"are in the Multiplicand and Multiplicator, fo many Figures mull you cut off from the Product. And note, that if this 272 had been but 272 and y, then had there been juft 12 Poles : for every footCh. 41. Improving Forefl-Trees, &c. 223 X M. M C X. A *l• f fi. f* f A ?• 1 ?• ƒ 1 *36 2 *3 3 2 41 0 1 3i 10 2 73 1 5s 7 1 2 6 0 2 62 2C J no 0 _53 11 0 21 1 0 26 30 4 146 3 55 14 2 5* 1 1 "57 40 5 183 2 4C 18 1 31 1 3 20 50 6 220 1 35 22 0 10 2 0 il 60 7 *57 0 43 5 2 57i 2 2 K I 02 8 293 3 4i 29 i 36 2 3 47 I 12 9 330 2 2S 33 0 J 5 ? 1 R I 22 The ufe of this Table is to turn Feet into a Superficial Pole fquare: if your Snm be ioooo, then take the Number anfwering your ten Thoufands under X M ; if a Thoufand, under M, a Hundred, under C, and Tens under X. An Example will make it plain: having meafur’d your fide of a Wall, and found it to be (as in the laft Example) 3264 feet, look under M. and againft: 3. there is p. 11. o. f. 5; then look under C, and againft: 2, there is o. 2. 62 ; then under X, and againft 6. is 60; | 3000 11. o. 05 and then the four odd feet, fet 1 200 o. 2. 62 down as you fee here, make near j <54 o. o. 64 twelve Poles, as before. I — -----■ 272.25 is one Pole, fquare feet, | ii. 3. 63 fuperficial Meafure, ana 136.125 is half a fquare Pole and 68.062 i is one quarter of a Pole fquare; but if your Sum be Ten or Tens of Thoufands, then you muft take that from under X M. As for Example: In 36542 fquare Feet, how many Poles, Quarters, and Feet are there? 'You will find, if you "take them out of the Table, as is before fhew’d,2*4 The, Manner of fyifing and p. q fe. fhew’d, and alfo funi For 30000 an, 110 o 53 them up, that there will For 6000 an. 22 o 10 be 134 Pole and 57 Feet. For—500 an. 1 j ao So you fee this Table For the 40 an. o o 40 will turn yourFeet into And for the 2 an. 00 02 Poles fquare, and the 0- ----------* ther will reduce them 134 o 57 into one Brick and a half thick ; which is Toon perform’d, and will be of excellent Ufe. Thefe Tables will alfo aflift you well in levelling of Ground, that is, if you let your Ground to be done by the Pole-fquare of id foot and a half, which is call’d a Floor, viz.. 272.25 j but in fome places the Floor is 18 feet fquare, and 1 foot deep, which is 324 folid feet: and in fome places Ground is let to dig and to carry aw;ay by the yard 6 (9 folid, that is, 27 folidfeet; for 3 (10.08 times 3 is 9, and 3 times 9 is 27, Now all Banks that are made, taking down of Hills in Walks, or filling up of low places, or making Mounts, or Mount-w alks, are moil commonly let by the Rod fquare, to do ; andreduc’d to one foot deep. The Price for removing Earth is according to the Ground, for fome Ground is much wrorfe to dig than others ; but that you may not be altogether unfatif-fy’d, I have obferv’d it thus: 27777 222 which is near a Cart-load of Earth: fo that in a Floor of Earth of 16 feet and a half fquare, and a foot deep (according to this RuleJ there is about 10 Loads of Earth, as you fee it is 10 Loads -44 and j or folid yards. The Floor of 18 feet fquare, or 3 24 folid feet, is 12 folid yards, or 12 Loads of Earth. TheCh. 41l Improving Foreft-Tmsy See. 215 The worft fort of Earth or Gravel (Co it be not a Rock of Stone} may be remov’d, where Men work for. 12 d. the day, at thdfe Prices; the Workmen finding themfelves Barrows or Carts, and all forts of Working Tools. For every Rod fquare at 16 feet and a half the Pole, and one foot deep, to carry it from one Rod to io Rods, and to lay the Earth they carry level, 2 x. For one Pole or Floor, from io Poles to 20, 2 s. 6 d. From 20 Poles to 30, 3 x. From 30 Poles to 50, to carry it in Carts, 3 x. 6 d* From 50 Poles to 70* 4X. &c. But if it be Loom, Brick-Earth, or Clay that will dig well, that they can fpeet with a Spade, and fill without the ufe of Pit-axe or Mattock; then one fourth part may be abated, This Rule is fuffi-cient, confidering but this, that near London, where Men have more Wages thari 12 d. the day, there they will look for more a Floor : and where Men work for lefs, it may be proportion’d accordingly*' Thus may you compute the Charge of making Mounts, taking down Hills, making of Ponds, &c. But to aflifl; you yet further, obferve thefe few plain Rules, though they may not always be exa6t t Having found the mean Length and Breadth of your Ground, or Length of your Bafe and Perpendicular, and you defire to go but a quarter of a Rod in length or breadth, which will content many in ordinary ufes; as if a Man hath digged a piece of Ground by the Pole-fquare, that is 10 Poles and a half broad, and 21 Poles and a half long; you may count up this, or any the like Numbers, thus: Ten times 21 is 210, then 10 halfs is 5 whole ones, and 21 halfs is 10 whole ones and a half; and a half of a half is a quarter, which you may keep in your Memory, or fet them down : fo you fee here they make both by the Decimal way, and this, 225 Poles and three quarters* o. Tenzi6 The Manner of fifing and Ten times 21 is IO halfs is 21 halfs is And a half of a half is length 21.5 bread. 10.5 1075 2150 225.75 See here an Example or two more, firfl demon-ftrated by Decimals, and then wrought the ordinary way. Whether are 2 Rods and f fquare, or 2 Rods and 4 one 11'ay, and 2 Rods and {- another wayy more l Example : the Work in Decimals, 2.50 For if you work by a Decimal Chain, that is, a Rod divided into 100 links or parts, multiply that into it felf, it makes 10000 ; the half of thSt is 5000, which is half a Rod ; a quarter of a Rod is 2500 ; and one eighth part of a Rod, or half a quarter, is 1250; one fixteenth part is 625 fquare Links; and three quarters 7500 : fo that two Rods and a half are fix Rods and a quarter of Ground. Ex. 2 Rods and 3 quarters 2-75 And 2 Rods and a quarter 2.25 12500 500 6.2500: 6 Rods-?' 'Z75 55° 550 6.1875 which is 6Rods and SoCh. 41. Improving Forefl-Trees, See. i if So that it appears by this, that two Rods and a half fquare are more than two Rods and { one way, and 2 Rods and 4 another way, by one fixteenth part of a Rod; for if you add 1875, and 625 (the fixteenth part of a Rod) together, they will make 2500. But if you work by the four-pole Chain, one Link of it is four of this. 1875 62$ The Demonfiratioii of the (receding Examples. 2500 | (See Pig. 44,45.) See thefe two Squares counted up the ordinary tvay ; and firft, two Poles and a half, by 2 Poles and a half, is 6 2 times 2 is 4. Poles and a quarter: for mind this, 2 halfs is 1. if the Number of Poles be even and 2 halfs is i. Numbers with half a Pole to each and half of a half 4 of thefe Numbers, that is* both ———---------------- to length and breadth, that fuch 6 Pole 4* a Figure comes always off with a quarter. But if one of the Numbers be odd Poles, aiid the other even, with both length and breadth ending in half a Pole, as in the firft Example* then always fuch a Figure ends in of a Pole, as that doth. But if a Figure be two Poles and \ one way, and two Poles 4 the other, as the laft was, it ends always in fuch a Decimal as this, 1875, that is half a quarter, and half half a quarter, that is 4 and tt parts cf a Pole fquare* This way may you caft up the Content of a Ground very fpeedily, and exa<5t, if the middle Length and middle Breadth fall out in 4> fi or of a Pole; and this way you may fum up a Field before you do it decimally : and then one will be good proof to the other, which with little Practice will make you fo Q, 2 perfect,228 The Manner of (Raifing and perfeft, that in fmall Fields you will readily tell the Content without Pen or Rule only by Memory. Thefe Rules may alfo be done by two turns of your Compafl'es on the Line of Numbers) and there is no way fo ready, if once you come but to underhand that moft ufeful Line well. For, as the Diftance of one of the Numbers to be multiply’d is from one at the end of your Line, the fame diftance is the Product from the other Number. Example of the fecond Figure. As one is to two and a half, the fame Extent of your Compalfes will reach from two and a half to 6 the Product. A Table of Board- Meafure, by having the Breadth of the Board in Inches, againfi which is JJjew*d the Quantity of one Foot thereof in Length. f pts. /• M i 0 b 00 19 *•583 2 0.167 20 1.667 3 0.250 21 1.750 4 5 6 o-33 3 0-4*7 0.500 O 22 23 24 1.833 1.917 2.000 I® ■s* 7 8 0.583 0.667 #g 5=s. 25 26 2.083 2.167 0 9 0.750 • ■ 1 Gq 27 2.250 IO 0.833 28 2.333 0 Ng 11 0.917 2 9 2.417 0 1 2 IiOO& o' 30- 2.500 *3 1.093 3* 2.583 Si m N. *4 1.167 32 2.667 O/ Rq *5 1.250 33 2.750 16 *•333 34 2.833 1 i-4*7 35 2.917 1 t8 I. TOO I 36 3.000 !Ch. 41 • Improving Foreft-Trees> 8cc. 2 29 T’he TJfe of this Table• Having taken the Breadth of the Board in Inches, fee what Number anfwereth it in this Table; and what Number you find againft the Breadth in Inches, multiply by the Length of the Board or Glafs, and cut off the three laft Figures to the right Hand: thereby you fhall have the Number in feet, and the partscut off are parts of a foot. Example. A Board ten inches broad, and ten feet long; againft 10 you fee is 0*833, which 0.833 multiply’d by io, gives 8330 ; then taking 10 off three Figures, there remains 8, that is ——* 8 feet and t44* But if you would meafure 8.330 this Board by the Line of Numbers, then fetone point 'of your Compaffes on 12, extend the other to the Breadth in inches ; the fame Extent will reach from the Length in feet to the Content: For as 12 (the fide of afuperficial foot fquare) is to the breadth in inches, which here is 10; io is the Length in feet (which in this Example is 10) to the Content jn feet and parts, which is 8 feet 1-14- Note this for a general Rule, that if the Breadth be lefs than 12 inches, then muft you turn the Compaffes to the left hand on your Rule; and if more than 12, the» turn your Compaffes from the Length in feet to the right hand. Learn but to read your Line well, and this Rule, then you may meafure any Board or Pane of Glafs as eafily as tell ten, &c. CHAP.l\o The Manner of (Raifing and c H A P. XLII. Of meafuring Timber and other Jolid Bodies 5 with federal Tables ufeful thereunto, &c. IN Board, Glafs, Land, &c. we only took notice of the Length and Breadth, which was fufficient to find the fuperficial Content; but to meafure folid Bodies, we muft take notice-qf the Length, Breadth and Depth. Moft of folid Figures are meafur’d ,by finding, firft, the fuperficial Content of the Bafe, or one End, and multiplying that by the Length, if both Ends alike; but if tapering, then by f of the Length ; and as fuperficial Meafure hath 144 fquare incheis in one foot, , and 72 fquare inches in half a foot, and 3 6 fquare inches in a quarter; So in folid Meaiurp 1728 fquar$ inches make one foot,( And 8*54 fquare inches ipake half a foot, Arid 43 2 fquare inches make a quarter of a foot. 'For every inch fquare. is like a Dye, and fo is a foot of folid Meafqrp . fuppos’d to be ; for what ip wants either in Breadth or in Thicknefs, it muft have in Length : fo that jn what, Form foever your folid Body is that you meafure, there muft be 1728 folid inches to make a'foot ,- for ft a (the fide of a foot) multiply’d by 12, gives 144 for one fide and 144 multiply’d by 12 (another fide) gives 1728, theCube-fquare inches in a Cube-fquare foot. Now to find the folid Content of any piece of Timber or Stone, phathath the fides equal, firft find the fuperfitial Content of the End in inches and parts,- and multiply that by the Length in inches, thp Froduft i,s the Content in folid inches : then divideCh.42. Improving Foreft-Trees, 8cc. 231 vide that Sum by 1728 (the inches in a foot) the Quotient flieweth you the Content in folid feet, and what remain are inches. If you would work this by the Line of Numbers, the Rule is thus : Extend »the CompatTes from one to the Breadth in Inches ; The fame Extent will reach from the Depth to the Content of the End : Then extend the Compares from one to this Content of the End: Keep your Compaifes fix’d, and that Extent will reach from the Length to the Content in folid inches. But if your folid Figure hath both Ends alike, and in form of a Regular Polygone; that is, a piece of Timber hew’d into 5, 6> 7, or 8 equal fides, &c. which is call’d by fome a Prifm: then take the Semi-circumference, and multiply that by the Radius or Semi-diameter; that Product by the Length giveth the Content. But if your folid Figure be a Cylinder, that is, a round piece of Timber or Stone, having both Ends equal Diameter, as a Roller, here take the Semi-circumference, multiply it by the Semi-diameter, and the Area of that by the Length, giveth the folid Content. Now many of the Bodies of our Timber-trees will be near this Form of a Cylinder, but Cuflom hath got fuch footing, (though very falfe) .that Men will not meafure their Timber the true way, but will ftilJ keep their Error; which is, to gird the middle of the Tree about W'ith a Line, and take the fourth part thereof for the true Square, and fo meafure it as a four-fquare piece of Timber; but how falfe that is, may appear by the enfuing Tables. Whoever is pleafed to try, will find, that there may be four Slabs taken off, to bring that to a Square, and that fqua-red piece then will be near equal to the Meafure they firfl meafur’d the piece of Timber by ; fo that when they have brought their piece fquare by hewing or 0.4 fawing,%\i The Manner of (Raifing mi fawing, they then have the Meafure that it was mea^ {ur’d for when it was round. But feveral Men have demonftrated this Rule to be falfe near -fj as Mr. Wing, Mr. Philip, and o-? thers; yet Cuftom doth and will keep its Road. I have already fhew’d how to mealure Timber by the cullomary way, by the Line of Numbers, in Chap* 35,36. before-going; and for further Satisfadipn, l refer you to thefe Tables following. A 'Table Jhewing the folid Content of one foot Lengthy of any piece of‘limber, according to the fuperficial Content taken at the End thereof. 1.389 5 Pm Finding the fu-perficial Content at the end of your Timber-ftick or Stone, &C‘ let it be round or fquare, fo it hath but the fame Compafs from one end to the other ; againft that Number are the feet and parts of one foot Length: and by multiplying that by the length of your Stick, (hews the Content in fquare feet. Example. The fuperficial Content at the end being 200 Inches and 5 Feet long, againft 200 is 1 foot 389 parts, which multiplied by 5 (the Length) yieldeth 6 feet and 945 parts; that is, near 7 feet of-Timber: But f. PU. 1 In-End ƒ pu. 1 *0.007 200 I.389 2 0.014 300 2.083 3 0.021 400 2.778 4 0.6 2 8 500 3.472 5 Ô.035 600 4.167 ■ 0.042 700 4 861 td 7 0.049 800 5-55^ 3 ■ 0.0 $6 900 6.250 2 9 '0.062 iooo 6.944 ^ i° 0.069 2000 13.888 -Ì 20 0.139 3000 20.833 ^ 30 0.208 4000 27-77.8 ^ 40 0.278 5000 34.722 Vi 50 0.347 6000 41.666 60 °-4I7 7000 48.711 'jo 0.486 8000 55-555 «0 0.556 9000 62.50b 90 0.625 10000 69.444 100 *0.69 4 20000 f 138.888Ch.42. Improving Foreft-Trees, See. 233 But if the number that is at the end be not in the Table, then add two numbers together, and then take the number which anfwereth them, and add them together, and multiply the length by that Sum, as before, &c. A 'Table Jheiuing the true Quantity of one foot length in any true fquared piece of Timber, for inches and half inches, from half an Inch fquare to 36 Jnchef fquare. I. f. pts. 0 f Pts- li f P*s. L\ ƒ• I. /• Pts- ~i fpf- O.OOl 0.193 1.083 1-377 4.166 6.460 1 0.007 7 0.340 13 M74 19 Mt>7 1$ 4-34° 3» 6.673 0.016 0.390 i.i 66; 2.641 4-513 6.890 2 0.018 8 0.444 14 1.361 20 2.778 2 6 4|M 31 7-til 0.043 0.301 1.466 2.918 4.877 7.J33 3 0.061I 9 0.361 1$ 1.362 21 3.06* 17 S.o*|! 33 7-5** 0.083 0.627 1.668 3.210 3.130 7.780 4 0.111 10 0.694 16 1.778 22 3.361 18 5-445 34 8,» 18 0.140 o.76 3! 1.891 3.316 8.16 3 5 0.174 11 O T}- OO 6 17 2.op 7; Wl 29 3.840 35 8.307 0.110 0.919 2.127 6.043 8.750 1 6 0.130 I z 1.000 18 2.230 14 4.000 30 6.230 ‘if 9.006] If you would enlarge this Table further, the Rule is this; As the fquare of iz inches (which is 144) is to 1000, So is the fquare of one number to another. Example. As in 36, the fquare of it is 1296; then as 144 is to 1000, So is 1296 top feet, &c. as is in the Table. The life of'the Table. 36 The fquare of a piece of Timber being 3 6 found in inches, and the length thereof in ------• feet; to know the Content, take tlte'Num- 215 ber anfwering to the fquare of inches, out 108 of the Table, and multiply it by the length in feet. Example,234 SB 'Manner of fifing and Example. A piece of Timber 18 Inches fquare, and 25 Feet long; the number anfwering to 18 Inches Square, is 2.250 Which multiplied by 25 (the Length) 25 Which is 56 Feet one quarter. 11250 4500 A piece 18 Inches fquare at the end, and —------- one foot long, is 2 foot and *. 56.250 A 'Table Jheveing by the Compafs of Round Timber, uhat is contained in a Foot length thereof Cmje Co fo, pa. iojo.oft [ JO. 06 6 Bf&.079 I 3,ji3.09$ 14 o. 108 24 0.141 0.159 15 16 11 1.8 79 O.Zi 1 0-143 0.2,67 1 j 0.**2 24 0.318 2 s!°* 343 2,0.574 17 0.40; jSp.?/ 6 37 0-75* 58fo.798 54 0jO.84Oji7 Co'Jo. pa. 28 0.43 3 2,90.444 300.49748 ilplii. 3*0.544 3 3 0.60* if,0.4} 9 35 0.477 400.88458 p.949 59 fo.pa 1.169 1.210 1.173 t-327 1.381 1.4 37 1.494 MS2 1.612 1.671 t.7fi| 74 1.7.9 5 7 5 .8607 P>.974j6o 1.98 .Oil 61 2 I.0$ef6afs 056 7 0. pa. 6412.264 «5>*&5 66^.406 ^2.480 68 a.555 86 69 70 7I1 2.631 1.76? 1.785 71 2.864 1.945 3-pi 3.108 8S 3 6 9 3.i9i $.276 95 4-98 8 3.362 9 3-449 9 0 5-537 3.625 995.4l6 965 17'5 985 fo. pa. I 'J-715 5.807 3.866 .990 4.084 .183 4.179 ill 4-47 5 4- 5 76 4.677 Jtt.780 188-2 093 .100 .307 The Ufe of this Table is as follovceth : Look for the Compafs of the Tree in Inches, and in the Column annexed you have the quantity of Timber in one Foot length ; which multiply by the number of feet that the Tree is in length, and the Froduft is the Content thereof Example,Ch.42v ImproYing Voreft'Trees, &c. 2 3 5 Example. The Circumference or Compafs of a Tree 47Inches, and 12 Feet long; the Number againft 47 Inches, is 1.220 : So there is fo much in one foot Length ; Which multiplied by 12,givesthe Content; i That, is, 14 feet and above half a foot. 1.220 12 2440 1220 I4.64O ‘This Table (hews hove many Inches in Length make one Foot of Timber, according to the Compafs of the piece of Timber, from 10 Inches compafs, to 100 Inches compafs. Co In. ptsA Co /». Co In. pts. Co In.pts. II In.pts. IO 217.15 18 t7*697 46 10.262 6 4 5*301 ~8z 3.230 11 17 9.46 j t9 25.820 47 9.830 ■ UK «3 [H 150.80 JO 24.127 48 9.425 66 84 3.078 n 128.49 31 49 9.044 | 4*57' 85 3.006 HG.f> 32 21.206 $o 8.686 68 4696 *86 i.936 94 31 2 33 I9-9J6 5i 8.349 69 4.561 ■ 2.869 16 84.812 34 18.784 $2 S.ftjo 70 4-45t: 88 2.804 17 74-* 57 3 $ nil 53 7-7|<> 714-3*1* Sfjl 18 67.020 If 16.75$ 54 7447 4.198 90 2.681 19 I&I51 15.862 55 7.178 73 4-°7V 91 i^6ii 20 54.286 38 I5.°j8j56 6.914 74 3-965, 91 2 I 49.218 3* 14.276.57 6,6 84. ■ U.861' 9(! 2.511 ■ 44-$fS| 4°, 13-571 $8 6-455 76 3.76© 94] 1.458 25 40.904 11 u.916.59 6.238 77 3-663 9B 1.406 24 37-6901 41 12.31 oVo’ i O q Vo 78|3-5«*j f-35*' 25 $4-743 43 1 r .744!^ 1' 5.03^ 79 3-479 2.307 26 ; 2.1221 44 ;i 1.211 62 5.649 80 3.39? 98 2.26^ W 2 9.7B7H5.i0*t*' 3 5471 8i 3.31© 99 1.II6 100 2.171 The Ufe of this Table. • Having taken the Circumference of the Tree in Jnches, look that Compafs in the Table, and againft it2^6 The 'Manner of G{a'tfing and it you may fee how many Inches or parts of an Inch make one foot of Timber; then with a Ruler or a Pair of Companies (which are better) meafure how many times you can find that in the length of the piece of Timber, and fo many feet is in that piece of Timber. This is a moll ufeful Table to meafure your Timber-trees by. Example. The Compafs of a Tree being 84 inches about,’ then three inches and make one foot; take with your Compaifes three inches .078 from off a Scale, and fo many times as there is that length in your Tree, fo many feet of Timber are there, &c. If any Tree be above 100 inches in Circumference, then take half that Circumference, and find the number belonging thereto in the Table; then take one fourth part of it, and that makes one foot of Timber. ; Suppofe a Tree to be 146 inches about, the half of it is 73 ; againfl this in the Table is 4 inches .075 parts; one quarter thereof (viz,* 1 inch .019 parts) makes one foot of Timber at that Circumference. Thefe Tables, with what hath been before faid, will be fufficient to meafure any Cylinder by; and how to meafure a Cone I have fhewed already. A Cone is fuch a Figure as the Spire of a Church, having a circular Bafe, and ending in a lharp Point. It is meafured by the fuperficial Content of the Bafe, multiply’d by one third part of the Altitude pr Length. A Pyramid, or Pyramis, is fuch a Figure as hath an angular Bafe, and ends in a Iharp point, which is meafured as the Cone is. A Sphere or Globe is a folid Figure, every where equally diftant from the Center ; it is meafured by cubing the Diameter, and multiplying that by 11; and dividing that Pro-dud by 11, the Quotient fheweth the folid Content pf the Sphere. ThereCh. 43* Improving Torefl-Trees, See. 237 There be feveral other forts of folid Figures, as feveral parts of the Sphere, but they all depend on the Proportion of a Circle, and its Diameter. . Alfo the Hexaedron, which hath 6 Bafes-/ *OBae-dron, 8Bafes; Dodecaedron, i2Bafes; and feveral o-thers, which to name I (hall forbear. CHAP. XLIII. Of the Ova!, bow to make it, and how to mea\ fure it 3 with other OhferVations thereon. HAving the Length and Breadth of the Oval given you, you may take the whole Length and half the Breadth, as is (hewed before in bringing three Pricks into a Circle : and from the Center of thefe three Points draw half the Oval*, and fo like-wife the other half, as you fee the Oval in the Figure drawn : for the Point F. is the Center of the Arch ABC. and the Arch A G C. is made by the fame Rule; and where the Line F H. crofl’eth the Line A E C as at K. there is the Center of the breadth B G. and the End A. from the Center K. may you make the Ends of your Oval round as you pleafe: fo that from four Centers you may make the Ends of your Oval round as you pleafe; but if they be made from two Centers, as that is, then will the Ends be more acute. Or you may make your Oval thus: Having refolv-ed on the Breadth, draw the Sides from Centers in the Mid-line of the Breadth, as before; then fet up two Sticks exaftly in the Mid-line of the Length, at equal diftance from each end; then hold' the Line at one, and turn the Line to the fide of the Oval, and then on the other fide the Stick, with the fame length, fo may you make the Ends of your Oval as round2 3 8 The Manner of Q(ai(ing and round as you pleafe; for the nearer you place thefe Sticks in the Center of the length and breadth of the Oval, the nearer round your Oval is made, even till you come to a Circle. This way your ingenious Workmen make their Ovals in fmall Works, as your Plaifferers, Joyners, &c. and it is a good way, and fo common, that I need not fay more to teach how to make an Oval of any Bignels; but here I (hall take occafion to (hew the Figure of one at Cajhioberry now made* (See Pig. 46.) To meafure this Oval, which is 28 Rods long, and ip Rods broad, as *tisnow flaked out at Cajhioberry, intended for a Kitchen-Garden: This O-val being made of 2 Segments of a Circle, whofe Semi-diameter is 15 Rods, as’tis found by making the Oval; it being the Center-point of each Archline of this Oval, as the Lines FA. F B. and FC. Now to find the length of one of thefe ArchlineS, is fliewed before; which I find to be 18 Rods, the half length of one, which is (hewed by the Line D D. fo the whole length of one Arch is 36, and both Arches round the Oval is 72 Rods. Now', take the 7 of one of the Arch-lines, which is 18, and the Semi-diameter of that Arch, 18 which is 15 Rods : Multiply the one by the 15 other, and it is 270 Rods, which is the Fi- ----- gure A B C F. that is, half of the Oval; po arid the Triangle AFC. w'hich muft be 18 fubflraded out of the 270, then the Semi- ----- Oval will be 172 Rods. 270 For the Bafe AC. is 28 Rods, which is the length of the Oval; and the Perpendicular of the Angle, which is E F. is 5-57- Now half the Bafe (which is 14) multiply d by the whole Perpendicular y gives 77 T%V, which is 78 Rods almpft: this taken from 270' "(the Area of - the'Ch. 4J* Improving Foreft'Trees, 8cc. 239 the Figure ABC F.) there then 5.57 remain 192 Rods, which is half of 270 14 the Oval; that doubled, is 384 78 — ■ ■■ Rods; which being divided by 160, ——• 2228 Iheweth that the Content of this 192 557 Oval will be 2 Acres and dqRods. 192 But if your Oval be round at - - -77.98 the end, as your Ovals are that be 384 made with four Centre's, then they be more difficult to be meafur’d ; how- i>6(64 ever thefe Rules are fufficient. 3.8.4(2 An Oval is no ill Figure for a Garden; for 1.6.0 if the Garden-wall be an Oval, and the length of the Oval point North and South, as the a-foremention’d Oval doth (A being the South point, C the North) then may fuch a Wall be planted with Trees, both infide and out-fide, and have never a Tree fland to the North Afped; for if you make your going in at the South end of your Oval, then will thofe 2 Trees or Tree that flood on the infide, or were to fland there, be removed from the North Afpect to the North-eaft and North-weft, according to the Largenefs of your Gate : fo will every two Trees on the infide of your Wall tend nearer the South-point, till they come to the point C. which is South: and then the Trees on the out-fide, every 2 Trees will fall nearer the North point at C. till you leave that point of the Oval between 2 Trees, fo will not one Tree ftand to the North Afped, and but few near it; the like whereof no other Figure can do, that I can think of. 1. An Oval with the ends pointing Eaft and Weft, is no ill Figure for a Garden; for the Walls in this, as in the other, are not fo fubject to oppofe the Winds as ftreight Walls be 3 therefore not fo blaft-ing, as you may well conceive. 2. Ovals on each fide the Front of your Houfe, would be no ill Profped, but in many things very convenient; thefe being at equal di fiance from the middle^4° T?;e Manner of fifing and the middle of your Front, and pointing upon yodf Lawn, &c. CHAP. XL1V. Suppofe you have a Tlat to draw on one or many Sheets of Taper, and you would draw it as large as the Taper will bear 5 to kjiow ivhat Scale you fhall draw it by. IF it be a”Sheet of Dutch Paper, about 21 Inches long, and the length of the Draft you would draw is 402 feet long, and you would draw it as large as you C2n on this Sheet, that your Work may fhew it felf the better,, and yet not to go off of the Paper; now to know of what Scale of fo many parts in one Inch to draw your Draft by, do thus: Divide the length of your Draft, by the length of your Paper, and the Quotient (hews how many parts that Inch mult be divided into, to draw this Draft by ; as, Example. 402 divided by 2r, gives in the Quotient ip, and 3 over; fo then you may draw this Draft on this Paper, which is 21 Inches, by a Scale of one Inch divided into 19 parts. X* (3 402' (ig The Inch into 19 parts and vr over« 2L But if it be ajflieet of ordinary Paper, of 16 Inches long, and you would draw the fame Draft on it^Ch. 44. Improving Foreft-Trees, See. 241 % Cz ZS ' 4.00(25: The Irich into 25 parts will fait ?66 belt with this Paper. ,** So that for a ihedt of 16 Inches long, a Scale of one Inch divided into 25 parts* will ferve to draw your Draft by on fuch a Paper. But if it be required to draw the Draft of a Garden, or the like, on a quarter of a dieet of Paper, then obferve the erfuing Directions. As fuppofe I were to draw the Draft which is now the Garden at Cajhiobenyt the length of the Garden is 402 feet, and this quarter of a flieet of Paper is 7 Inches long; I divide 402 by 7, and the Quotient is 57 and alraoft a half, viz,. 57 and 4. 2 n 4*2(51 77 But finding this Scale*to be fo fmall, 2nd alfo a Number (viz,. 57.) whereof I cannot take the half $ I likevvife finding that my Paper will bear* 7 Inches and a half in length, I divide 402 the length of the Garden by 7 and 4, the length of this Paper, and find the Quotient to be 53 and a half, and better. 4 26 (45 $7$ 402.00(53 ; ’Tis 53 and( wrought 7.^00 Decimally. 75 This Scale being yet fo fmall, I take the Jialf of 54, Which is 27; remembring that every .one of thefe 27 parts in the Inch, is two Feet on my Paper. R '(See2^1 :: The Manner of fy'tfing and (See Fig. 47J The pricked Lines fbtew the top of every Slope. The two Mounts A A. are to be fet with Trees; fo are the tops of all the Slopes where the pricked Lines be, but being not yet fet, I /hall not (hew them. The Walks marked with O. are to be Gravel. The Circle B. is intended for a Fountain. The Letter G fheweth where the Orange-houfe is. The Letters £ g. fhew one Front of theDwelling-Houfe. The reft Grafs. This is only as it is intended to be, &c. & CJ3L (WtaJ CHAP. XLV. To find what Scale a Tlat or Draft is drawn by, the Content of the’Ground being given» SUppofe a piece of Ground or Field to be 30 Acres, and I meafure this Plat by a Scale of 10 in the Inch, and by that Scale it makes but 17 Acres and 3 Roods, or 17 Acres and ; now the Queftion is, What Scale was it drawn by ? The work is fome-what diffcult by natural Arithmetick, but by artificial, and the Line of Numbers, more eafy. Example, by that excellent 'Table, the Table of Loga-rithms. Firft find out the mean proportional Number between the true quantity of Acres, (viz.. 30.) and the quantity of Acres found by the fuppofed Scale (W. 17 If) which you may do thus: add the Logarithms ofCh.4J. Improving Voreft-Trees, See. 245 of thefe two Numbers together* the half of that Sum is the Log. of the mean Proportional required; as thus: The Log. of 30 is 1.47712 The Log. of 17 is 1.24919 The 2 Sums added together 2.72631 The half of the Log. 1.3631$ The Number anfwering to > — this Logarithm is 23. This Number is the mean proportional Number of 30 and 17 -J-. Having thus found the mean proportional Number to be 23.08, the Rule in the fecond place is thus: As the Log- of this 17 Acres found by the fup-pofed Scale, is to the Log. of the mean proportional (23.08) of the true quantity of Acres, and the fup-pofed quantity, fo is io (the fuppefed Scale) to the true Scale; as thus : The Logarithm of 174 is 1.24919 The Log.of 23 r4~r is 1.3631$ The Log. of 10 is 1.00000 1-11396 The Number anfwering this Logarithm is 13 ; which tells me that the true Scale that this Plat was drawn by, is a Scale of one Inch put or divided into 13 parts. The way to work the Golden Rule, or Rule of ‘three by Log. is, to add the Log. of the third number and fecond number together, and to fubftrad the Log. of the firft number ; and then the number anfwering the Log. that remains after Subftra&ion, is the fourth number. R 2 But244 T?^ Manner of ftaifing and But here I have made no Addition, but fubftra&ed the firft number out of the fecond and third, which is all one in Operation. How to work the fame Quejlion on the Line of Numbers,l Having found the point on your Line, which is 30, and the point reprefenting 17^, find out the point which is the midft between thcfc two ; and that very point is the mean proportional between thefe two Numbers;, which here is 23 and better. For if you fet one point of your Compaffeson 23 that Extent from thence to 30 will alfo reach from that to 17-f. Then (as before is fhew’d) fay, as 17 m is tt> 23 TTJJ So is 10 to 13 (the true Scale fought:) Therefore extend your Compares from 17.75 to 23 t44, that extent will reach from 10 to 13. Thus you may fee how readily this Queftion is wrought by Log. without Multiplication or Divifion, and alfo by the Line of Numbers, with two turns of your Compares. Example Second• If a piece of Ground, or the fide of a Houfe be 100 Acres, Rods, or the like, and you meafure it by a Scale of 12, and find it to be but 56 if you would know what Scale, in proportion to this, the Draft or Plot was drawn by, then work by the afore-faid Rules thus: Find the mean proportional number of 100 and 56.22 thus, by taking the half of them 2 Log. and the number anfvvering that is the mean proportional number, as thus:Ch. 46. Improving Forcjl-Trees, See. 245 Logarithm of 100 is—— 2.00000 Log of $6.22 is - - ■ ■ 1.74989 74 t4* the mean proportional 1.87494 Log. of 12 is 1.07918 Added— 2.95412 The number anfwering this Log. 1.20423 Now the neared in the whole Numbers is 16, which is the Scale by which the Draft or Plat was drawn. This alfo you may work by Gunters Line, as is before fhew’d ; for if you take the middle point between 100 and 5*5.22, you will find it to be near 75 : for if you fet one point on or near 75, and extend the other to 100, that extent will reach from 75 alfo to 56.22 ; fo that 75 is the mean proportional Number between them two. Then if you extend your Compares from 56.22, to 75, that extent will reach from 12 (the fuppofed Scale) to 16, the true Scale. Thus having die wed you leveral hints of this Line of Numbers, I will here fhew a few more. CHAP. XLVI. The Defeription of the Line of Numbers, or Gunter’* Line. THIS Line commonly on your two-foot Rule is in two parts, and each of thefe two parts divided into 9 unequal parts, which are called Primes, R 3 or24 6 The Manner of Gfyifing and or Integers, or whole Numbers, and are diftinguifh-ed by thefe Figures; the firft part to the left hand hath i, 2, h 4, 5, 4» 5, ^ 7, 8>9; and *» 2» 3,4» ?><5>7i8»9> 10. Now the fame point or dfvifion on the Rule, which hath 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, &c. may be read 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, &c. or they may be called 100, 200, 300, 400, 500. By this you may perceive, that the larger Numbers *you have to number, any of thofe Figures will admit of a larger Denomination j fo that if you be to read any Sum from 1 to 10, you have it in the fecond Part, for then the firft 1 is one tenth, the middle 1 is one, the end t is 10 : but if you be to read a number of three Figures, (as any is under 1000) then the firft I is 10, the middle 1 100, the end 1 1000. Example. To find 144, I take the middle 1 for the 100 ; then 4 of the great divifions forward for 40: then 4 divifions (forward ftillto the right Hand) for 4; and that point is 144, which may alfo be called fourteen and -*r, or 1450, or 14500: then muft the middle 1 be 10000, and 4 tenths forward, 4000 ; and 5 tenths forward, 500. This point wants but five fmall Divifions of the long point, which is 15, or 150, or 1500, or may be 15000, according as your Sum is in greatnefs. Example• To find the point 12 ; firft I read the middle t 10, then 2 tenths forward for 2, that is the point R4248 The Manner of fifing and 12, where (in many Rules) there is a Brafs Pin, be** caufe it is a point much ufed, as Jou will find hereafter: now this point 12, isalfo 120, or 1200; for the firft 1 being one, then the middle 1 is 10 ; and two tenths forward is the point' 12, &c> but if you read this point 120, then the firft 1 is 10, the middle 1 100, and HVo tenths forward.*»©, which is 120; and if it be read 1200, then the middle 1 is 1000, and two tenths forward 200, which is 1200, &c. Example. To find the number 1728, being the Cube-Inches iira foot of Timber; the middle 1 is 1000, then 7 tenths forward is 700, and two tenths of them forward is 20. Now the Divifions on the Rule do not fhew the 8 that remains, therefore youmuft eftimate the place for 8, which isalmoft one tenth more; fo having found that place, ’tis the point which is for 1728 : fo in many great Sums, you muft eftimate or guefs at the Unit, but Decimal Sums do filew them-ielves more plainly, as you may well perceive hereafter, efpecially when they end w ith a Cypher or Cyphers. I hope you now'plainly fee the ufe in reading, or numbering any Sum, under 10000; and that you fee alfo, that this is a Decimal Line, and is taken from that excellent Rule of Decimals, the Canon of Logarithms ; and that you may read any Decimal Fra&ion, as one tenth, one of 100, or one of 1000, or TVi -rs-, ttj or t—j yVj-, &c. that is, if the Integer be in 10 parts, you may find out any of thefe parts; or if in 100 parts, you may find out any part from 1 to 100 readily.#. Example. If the Integer be xo, that is, if 10 make one Foot, Yard, Pound, or the like ; I W’onld know the point of 1 and -ji., or 1 and f : take either the mid- dle 1, or the firft 1, extend the Compafs point £p which is the longeft Divifion between 1 and 2, thatCh.48. Improving Forejl-Trees, See. 249 that is, the point of one and y tenths, or one and a half. If it were required to find the point of 100 -rA-, or 100 and half, *tis the fame point, or it is 1000 and a half. If it be to find the point of 60 of 100, then the middle 1 is the 100, and the figure 6 in the firft part is the figure that is tio of ioo, or or as decimal Fra&ions commonly are writ ,6oy the prick before (hewing it to be a decimal Fra&ion. • To find 1560, .take the middle i for 1000, and five tenths for yoo, and 6 tenths of them tenths for tip, which isthe Point i$6o, &c. Alfo if it be defired to find the fraction 1560 of 10000, that is the fame point, and may be thus writ ; or it is the point that reprefents the fra&ion T44-v> &c. Be perfect to read the Line well, then will the other Rules be eafy* CHAP. XLVIII. Addition on the Line of Numbers. H E Rule is, firft find one of your Numbers^ then count fo many as the number or numbers are forward, that is to the right Hand, and that is the Sum. Take notice that your Sum or Sums muft {if they be Fra&ions) be Decimal fra&ions. In whole Numbers, 55 and 15, firft find yy, then count 1 y forward, and the point is 70,* for add y to yy it makes tip, and count 10 forward} the point is 70. Example. Example. Example. Example. Exam-2jo The Manner of (fiaifing and j Example. In 3 whole Numbers, 60, 57 and 35 ; firflfind^o, then 5 tenths forward is 110, and 7 of a tenth, ’tis then 117 : then from that point count 33, and the point or divifion fheweth *tis 152. Example. A whole Number and a Decimal, as 6 and find 6 on either part of your Rule : then count 9 of the 10 Divifions, that is between 6 and 7, which is one divifion fhort of 7, and that is the point, which is 6 and 9 tenths, or thus or 6.9 ; it alfo may be read 6 i4r> for ’tis the point of that alfo. Example. \ -Two whole Numbers and 2 Fradipns, as <5o, 80, and 70.50 ; I take 60, and count 7 tenths forward, which is t the point 130 : Note, here the middle 1 being read 100, then 3 tenths forward are for 30. Then for the 80 and 50, which is 130, I count one tenth more, which then is 131 ; and becaufe the divifions on the Line fall fo clofe, you muft eflimate or guefs the Tti.: or’tis but adding the 2 Iaft figures together, and keep the Unit in your mind, to add to your o-ther Sum, and fo you may be exa&. Add 50 and 80 together, it makes 130; keep 30 in mind, as in this Example. I negleft the 2 Cyphers, and add 8 and 5 together, which is 13, or add 80 and 30 make 130: now thofe 2 Cyphers added together make but one Cypher added to 13, is 130 ; that is, one Integer, and 30 of another: but if the 80 and 50 had been only 8 and 3, then 10 had been the Integer, and the 3 had been -rV of one. And note this, that if the Integer, or whole Sum that the Fra&ion belongs to in decimal Fra&ions, I fay, if the Integer be 10, then from 1 to 10 is tire decimal Fraction of that j and if the Integer be 106, then from 1 to 100 is the Decimal of that; if 1000, then from 1 to rooo, the Decimal of 1000 may be; and fo of greater Sums. So that in Decimals there is no improper Fraction, as in your vulgar Fractions, for there you mayCh*49* Improving ForeJl‘Trees,&c. iji find the Denominator more than the Numerator, if the Fra&ion be a proper Fra&ion but if an improper Fra&ion, then the Denominator Jefs than the Numerator ; as may be feen at large in moft Books that treat of Fractions : fee Mr. Wingates Arithmetick natural. So that decimal Fractions may be expreffed without the Denominator, by fixing before the Decimal or broken Number propounded, as 12 is thus, 12.35; and 2-j—thus, 2.9?, &c• or 2 TV or 2 7 may be thus writ, and is in Decimals writ 2.5, that is 2 and a half: for in this Example the Integer is 10, and then 5 being half 10, fo ’tis 2 and a half. I have been large on this Rule, becaufe I would write to thofe that do not know any thing of thefe Rules, as well as to to thofe that be well verfed in them ; my defire is to learn the one, and to file w the other that which I could never fee yet in any Book, •viz,, new Examples. mmmmmmmmwmmmmmmm CHAP. XLIX. ^ jf ^ H E Rule is, firfi find the point which the great I Numbers make, then count the leaft Number from that point, towards the left hand ; the remainder is the other Number. Example. Of 2 Numbers, as 12 from 144, firft I find 144, there I fet one point of my Compafs, and count to the left hand 12: then reading the point that remains, I find it to be 132. Example. Of 3 Numbers,- fuppofe you were to fubftraft 8 and 19 from 800, add 8 and 19 together, whic h is 27, then find the point 800, then cpunt 2 tenths and 7 Ql2 J 2 the Manner of Gfaijing and 7 of ten from the point 800 to the left Hind, this fheweth the point 773, which is the Queftion. This Rule is feldom ufed on the Line, therefore I lhall fay no more of it, but come to the moft ufeful Rules on the Line, viz,. Multiplication, Divifion, the Rule of Three, &c. CHAP. L. Multiplication on the Line of Numbers'. THIS Rule is thus; extend the Compafles from 1 to one of the Numbers to be multiplied, the fame Extent will reach from the other Number to the Content. Example 1. If you be to multiply 6by 8, extend the Compares from one to 6. keep the Compafles fixed, and that fame Extent will reach from 8 to 48, the Content; or if you fet one Point of your Compafles on 1, and extend the other to 8, at that Extent, if you fet one point of your Compafles on 6, the other point will reach to 48, the Content; as was before defcribed. Note, that your Rule mull be divided into 10 e-qual Parts, and thefe ten parts each of them into 10 other equal Parts: thus will your Foot be divided into 100 equal parts, and thus mull your Yard, Pole, &c. be divided; then will thefe parts anfwer the Line of Numbers, which is a decimal Line. Example 2. If a Stone or Board be 14 inches broad, and 30 inches long, how many inches are there in that Stone, Board, &c ? Extend the Compafles from 1 to 12, the fame extent will reach from 30 the Length to 420 the Content in fuperficial Inches. ButCh.50. Improving Foreft-Trees, 8cc. 255 But if you would know how much of this breadth will make a Foot fquare of Board, Glafs, or Stone, the Rule is this ; as the Breadth in Inches is to 144 the fuperficial Inches in one Foot, that extent will reach from 1 to the Length of one Foot in Inch-meafure. Example 3. Set one point of your Compa-fles on 14 (the Breadth} extend the other to T44: that extent will reach from 1 to 10, and near -Ar, and fomuch makes a foot long, at 14 inches broad fuperficial Meafure. To prove this, if you multiply 14 by 10 JL9 the Product will be 144 t-s-j fo it is but a of 10, or one fifth part more. But the moft cuftomary way to meafure Board, Glafs, Stone, or any thing that is meafured by fuperficial Foot-meafure, is, by Inch*meafure and Foot-meafure together. And the Rule is this: As 12 (the fide of a Foot fquare) is to the breadth in Inches, fo is the length in Feet or Parts, to the Content in Feet or Parts. Example 4. Shall be, in the aforefaid Example to make the Rule more plain : Set one point of your Compafs always on 12, extend the othcto the breadth in Inches, w hich is 14, that Extent will reach from two feet and a half (v hich is 30 Inches) to near 3 Feet, ’viz,. t o two Feet A and better, as before. But note, if the Breadth in Inches be more than 12, as in the laft Example, then muft you turn your Compafles from the Length in feet and parts to the right Hand ; but if the Breadth be lets than 12 Inches, ther muft you turn your Compafles from the Length in feet to the left Hand : And becaufe this Rule is the moft ufed, fee another Example, for this way moft Men do meafure by. Example ?. A Board ten Inches broad, and 6 Feet long, .how many Feet are there in that Board ? Extend your Compafles from 12 (the {landing Number) to 10 (the2 J4 Tfe Manner of <%ai{ing and (the Breadth in inches,) that Extent will reach front 6 the Length in feet (to the left Hand) to $ the Content in feet; for as 12 is to Id, fo is 6 to 5. Thus having (hewed fome Examples in fuperficial Meafure in Multiplication, here I fhall (hew a few” Examples in folid Meafures. And firft know, that you muft take the fuperficial Content of the Bafe or End of the piece of Timber or Stone, &c. whether it be round, Square or Triangle, which you may do by Multiplication, as is before fhewed; then multiply the Content of the Bafe by the Length of the piece, and the Produd giveth the foil’d Content of the piece. Example 6. A piece of Timber 14 Inches broad, and 10 inches deep, and 30 Inches long, how many fquare Inches in that piece of Timber? Set one point of your Compares on 1, extend the other to 10 (the Depth ;) that Extent will reach from 14 (the Breadth) to 140, the Content of the Bafe. • Then fet one Point of your Compares on 1, and extend the other to 30 (the Length ,•) that fame Extent will reach from 140 (the Content of the Bafe) to 4200, the folid Content of the piece in Inches. ' But if you would find the Content of this piece of Timber, or any other, in feet and parts, you may do it thus: Find the Content of the Bafe, as before; then as the fquare Inches in a Foot (viz,. 1728) is to the Content of the Bafe, fo is the Length in Inches, to the Content in feet and parts. ■ Exarnple 7, How many feet and parts are there in the piece of the Iaft Example, which was 14 Inches broad, and 10 Inches deep, and 30 Inches long ? Having found the Bafe as before, to be 140, then extend the Com-paflfes from 140 to 728, the fame Extent will reach from 30 (the Length in Inches) to two Feet and near a half, viz,, to two Feet, 744 Inches. You muft turnCh. 50. Improving Foreft-Trees, &c. 25J turn your Compafles from 30, towards the left Hand. But if you defire to know how much in Length makes a Foot, then the Rule is thus : As the Content of the Bafe is to 1728 (the Inches in a Foot fquare) that fame Extent will reach from 1 to the number of inches or parts, which will make a Foot at fuch a Length. Example 8. Of the fame piece of Timber mentioned in the laft Example ; the Bafe you may find (as before) to be 140, then extend the Compafles from 140 (the Bafe) to 1728 (the Inches in a Foot fquare) that fame Extent will reach from 1 to 12, and a little more than TVv; for if you multiply 12 ~~ by 144, the product will be 1729, which is but one more than the Inches in a Foot. And here you may note the Error than many Men commit in adding the Breadth and Depth together, and take the half of that Sum for the true Square; and the more the Sides differ, the more they be miftaken. The fame Error is daily committed by thofe who meafureTimber; for they take the Circumference in the middle of the piece of round Timber, and one fourth part of that they take for the true Square of the piece, which is altogether falfe (as I faid before) tho Cuftom doth ftrongly uphold that Error againft Reafon. But if it be a true fquared piece of Timber, then you may meafure it this way, very readily : as, Example 9. A piece of Timber 10 Inches fquare, and 16 Feet long. . ' The Rule is this: always fet one point of your Compafles on 12, extend the other to the fide of the fquare in inches or parts; that Extent will reach from the Length in feet or parts, to a fourth Number, and from that Number to the Content in feet and parts ; that is, it will reach from the Length of the piece of Timber in feet and parts, to the Content in feet and parts. As2J 6 The Manner of fifing and As thus, in this Example : extend your CcmpaflfeS from 12 to io (the fide of the fquarein inches) that diftance will reach from id (the length in feet,) at two turns of your Compalfes, to n feet and a little above —s-j ii feet and tVVt* Ee fure always to remember, that if your piece of Timber be lefs than 12 inches fquare, then you mud turn twice from the length of the piece to the Left-hand; but if raor^ than 12 inches, then to the Right-hand twice. . Now this being the way in ufe, I will (hew one Example more; of a Tree 50 feet long, having the Circumference do Inches; now the fourth part of do is 15, which I take for the fide of a fquare equal to that Circle, as is ufually done, tho not with truth always. Example 10. Then I extend my Compalfes from 12 to fjt (the fide of the fquare in inches) and that Extent will reach from 30 (the length in feet) to near 47 feet, the Content; this is the cuftomary way, bui if you look into the Tablepag* 234. you may there fee, that do inches circumference, one foot length gives 1,988, which multiply'd by 30, gives 59 feet and 6^0 : here alfo you fee the Error of the cuftomary way. But of this I have faid enough already, and therefore fiiall give no more Examples now ; but note this, that what is here faid of Feet-meafure, may alfo be apply’d to Pole, Yard, or the like. Having the Root given, by two turns of your Compafles, you may fave two Multiplications, and find the Square of that Root, and the Cube, ere. and fo may you find as many numbers as you pleafe in a continual Proportion. Example t f. The Root being given, extend your CompafleS from 1 to 12, that Extent will nach from 12 to 144, the fame Extent will reach from > 44 to 1728 ; fo then, if 12 be the Root, 1441s the Square of that Root, and, 1728 the Cube of that Root, &c*Ch. 5 o. Improving Foreft+Trees, &c. 257 but note, that when you extend your Compafles from 1 to 12, the next turn will go oft' the Line ; therefore you muft feek 12 at the beginning of the Line, to the left Hand, and then turn from that 13 note this in all Cafes wherein your Compalfes go off the Line. Thus having (hewed you (the Root being given) readily to find the Cube, I will now (hew you (the Cube being given) how to find the Root : and tho this, and feme other Examples before, be not done by Multiplication ; yet becaufe they depend one upon another, I do here (hew them. To extra& the Cube-Root, the Rule is; divide the Space between the Cube given and 1, into 3 equal parts, and the diftance of one of thefe 3' parts from 1, is the Root. Example It. The Cube 64 being given, what is the Root ? Divide the Diftance from 64 to 1 into three equal parts, one third part of that diftance will reach from 1 to 4, the Root; for the firft third Part will reach from 64 to 16 the Square, the 2d third Part from 16 to 4 the Root, the third part from 4 to 1: for four times 4 is 1 <5, and 4 times 16 is 64. The fame Rule obferve for any other Number. Thus may you find the Square of any Circle, or the end of a Tree, the Square equal to that Circumference : and fo meafure it, as is before (hewed. Example 12. Having the Circumferecce of a Tree, you would know the fide of a Square equal to that Circumference, as in the 10th Example the Circumference was 60 Inches ; now to find the Content in fuperficial Inches of (uch a Circle, the Rule is as is before ftiew’d ; as 22 is to 7, fo is the Circumference to the Diameter. Now if you extend your Compaftes fron 22 to 7, that Extent will reach from 6a to 19, and T*T> the Diameter ; this Fra&ion may be turned into a decimal Fra&ion, andf 0 wrought; but being fo final!, it2 5 8 The Mainer of fifing and is qpt worth minding in fuch Operations as this : then if you take half the Diameter and half the Circumference, and multiply one by the other, or if you extend your Compares from i to p and a half, that Extent will reach from 30 to 285 the fuperlicial Content in Inches. Then to find the/Square by the Line of Numbers, that is to find a Number, which if multiply’din it felf, makes this Sum; the Rule is, Extend your Compafl’es from 2851 to 1, and the middle between thefe 2 Numbers is idT-|44 very near, as here you may fee : but firft note, that if your Rule have but the Lines on it that moil of your ordinary Rules have, that is but 2 Lines on it, as 1.2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. p; and 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. p. 10 ; then this Queftion may be home Trouble to work on fuch a Rule. But if your Rule has 4 parts or 6 parts, as a 6 foot Rule may have, then this Queftion may be performed very readily, as you may hereafter better perceive; ,* for if you take 285 in the fecond Part of the Rule, then is the middle Figure 1, ioo ; and the Figure 1 at the end is 10 : and the Rule is, that you muft: take the middle between 1 and 285, which here you cannot; for if you count the firffc one 1, the middle 1 is then 10, and the end one is 100, fo then 285 is oft' from the Line; whereas if your Rule had another Part added to it, then might you work and read it very readily. But to work it by this Rule, you muft; take the. Diftance from 100 to 285, that is, from the middle 1 10285; then take half of this Diftance, and add it to half the Length of the Line, and the Compafies will reach from 10 in the middle to near 17 (the fide of a Square equal to 285) as you may fee it here pi oved by the Pen. HereCli. J i. Improving Foreft-Trees, Here you may fee that 16 T~? multiply’d by 16 gives 285, and -rl-rt-rvv ; which Fradion being fo finall, is not confiderable. Many other ways there are to meafure a Cylinder; but this, after you have found the fide of a Square equal to the Circumference, multi-ply’d bji the Length is fufficient, &c. &C. Zjp 16-882 16.8S2 337^4 13 J056 13 5056 101292 16882 285.001924 CHAP. LI. Vivijion on the Line* Ttt E Rule is, as i is to the Divifor, fo is thd Dividend to the Quotient; or as the Divifor isto the Dividend, fo is i to the Quotient. Example. 280 being to be divided by 5, fet one foot of the Compafies on 5, and extend the other to 1, that Extent will reach from 280 to 56, the Quotient. Or thus, Extend the Compafies from 5 to 280, that diftance will reach from 1 to 5<5, the Quotient. Example 2. 260 divided by 5 ; Extend the Compafies from 5 -,2? to 160, that Extent will reach from 1 to 50, the Qiotient. By thefe Rules may you work any other Qiefiiori in Divifion, for Divifion is ealier than Multiplication ; for in this (having the Sums given) you look for left, and in Multiplication the Sums being given, )7ou may feek for greater. S 2 CHAP.i6o The Manner of Qfyijing and IK3&*»>©S35 CHAP- LII. The (Ryle of Three on the Line• np HIS Rule, which by moft is called the Golden 1 Rule for its excellent Ufes, is performed with much eafe; only by 2 turns of your Compares, and in working differs little from Divifion. The Rules are, if 4 Numbers are proportional, their order may be fo tranfpofed that each of thofe Terms may be the laft in proportion, in this manner. j 1. As the firft is to the fecond, fo is the third to the fourth. 2. As the third is to the fourth, fo is the firft to the fecond. 3. As the fecond is to the firft, fo is the fourth to the third. 4. As the fourth is to the third, fo is the fecond to the firft. See Mr. Ougbtred’s Circles of Proportion, fag. 77. So that four proportional numbers being defircd to be known, if any three be given, you may find the fourth. As if 2, 8, 6y and 24 be the numbers given, thefe numbers may be fo vary’d (as is aforefaid) that if any three be given, you may find the fourth. Note, Firft, If 2 cofts, gives, or requires 8, then 6 cofts, gives, &c. 24. Secondly, If6 gives 24, then 2 will give 8. Thirdly, If 8 requires 2, then 24 will require 6. Fourthly, As 24 is to <5, fo is 8 to 2. Fifthly, Or thus it may be, As 2 to 6y fo is 8 to 24. Here are five ways that will teach you, if you have three numbers given, to find out the fourth proper-Ch*5 Z* Improving Foreft-Trees, &c. 16t proportionable to them; but the firft and laft are moft ufeful, and are many times good Proofs one of the other. Example i. If 2 of any thing coft 8 s. then 6 will coft 24 s. for if you extend youn Compafl'es from 2 to 8, that fame diftance will reach from 6 to 24, the Queftion ; or if you extend your Compaffes from the firft number to the third number, that fame Extent will reach from the fecond number to the fourth, which \yas the thing fought. Extend your Compafl'es from 2 to 6, that fame Extent will reach from 8 to 24, the Queftion as before, &c. Example 2. If you fell your Timber by the Load, that is, 50 feet to the Load, at any price, to know what it is a foot,- as if you fell for 25 s. the Load, what is that a foot ? Firft, know how many Pence is in 25 ƒ. be-caufe your feet will coft Pence and not a Shilling: 25 s. is 300 d> then the Rule orders it felf thus, as 50 to 300, fo is 1 to 6; therefore extend your Compaffes from 50 to 300, that diftance will reach from 1 to 6. So then 1 foot cofts 6 d. the Queftion. If you w'ould know the Price of two Feet, then fet one Point of your Compafl'es on 2, the otherwill reach to 12, and fo many Pence two feet will coft; and fo of any other Sum. Example 3. If a Load of Timber, or 50 feet of Timber, &c. be fold for 37 s. 6d. that is 450 pence, what is that for one foot ? Set one Point of your Compafl'es on 50, extend the other to 450, that fame Extent will reach from 1 to 9, and fo many pence will 1 foot coft, at 37 s. 6 d. the Load. And if you would know what 6 feet will coft, the fame diftance of your Compafl'es w ill reach from 6 to 54, and fo many pence 6 feet will coft, at the aforefaid price. S 3 But2 61 The Manner of alftng and But now having the price of i Foot given you, and you would know what that is a Load; as if a Foot coft pd. the Rule is thus: Extend your Compares from i to 9, that Extent will reach from 50 (which is a Load) to 450* the Pence that a Load cofts ,* and if yop would know what this is in Shillings, extend your Compafles from 12 to 1, becaufe 12 d. makes 1 Shilling, that Extent will reach from 450 to 37 and a half, that is, 37 Shillings and 6 pence; for 4 a Shilling is 6 d. Example 4. By this Line and Compafles you may foon find the Decimal Fraction of any Sum, the Integer being but given* If it be required to know the Decimal Fraction of 15 .r. the Pound or 20 Shillings may be ioooo, or jOoo, or more;, for the larger you make this Sum, the better will .'the Fraction appear. But becaufe great Sums cannot be;. fo well wrought on the Line, I will take the Integer or 20 Shillings to be put into 100 parts j and^phen if you extend your Compafles from 20 to ioo, that Extent will reach from h to 75, the Decimal of 15. Thus if;you would know the Decimal Fra&ion of 13 Shillings, if you keep the Extent of your Compafles fixed, which you took from 20 to 100, that Extent will reach from 13 to 65 ; fo then 65 is the Decimal of 13 Shillings. If you would know the Decimal of 5 Shillings, the fame Extent will reach from 5 to 25, the Decimal of 5 Shillings. The Decimal of 2 Shillings is 10, the Decimal of 1 Shilling is05, that is 5 of 100 j for if that Cypher were not prefixed before it, then were it but 5 of 10. Thus by thefe Rules may you know' any other Decimal Fraction. Example 5. If ioo/. gain 120 Shillings in one Year, or 61. what will 30 /. gain in the fame time ? Extend the Compafles from 100 to 120, that fame wiM reach from 30 to 36 ; fo that 30 /. w ill gain 36 Shillings in one Year, 12 Months or 365' Days. Exam-Ch.jj. Improving Foreft-Trees, See. 2^3 Example 6. If one Year, or 365 Days yield for the Intereft of 2f> Pounds, 24 s. or 288 Pence, what will 60 Days: yield for 20/.? Extend your Compa ifes from 365, the Days in one Year, to 288, the Pence in 24 Shillings, that fame Extent will reach from 60 to 47, and near fo that 20 will yield in 60 Days 47 Pence •£, and better. Thefe few Rules of many will ihew you the Man* irer how to work the Golden Rule DireEl on the Line of Numbers. There is alfo the Golden Rule Reverfej or Backward Rule of ‘Three; and tho it is not fo ufeful as thediredt Rule, yet it is worthy to be known, for its excellent Ufes. By the Rule of Three DheB, you fee the Number that is fought, ought to proceed from the fecond Term, as the third did from the firft in the fame Proportion : Therefore if you multiply the fecond Number by the third Number, or the third by the fecond, their Product divided by the full giveth the fourth. CHAP. LIII. Tl?e Golden <%ule ^eVerfe by the Line of Numbers. r I ^ H E Rule of Three Inverfe is when the Number 1 fought proceeds from the fecond Term, in the fame Proportion as the firft proceeds Loin the third. And if the third Number be greater than thè firft, then will the fourth Number be lefs than Çt-fecond; but if the third be lefs than the firft, then the fourth will be greater than the fecond. S 4 In2<$4 The 'Manner of fifing and In this Rule, if you multiply the firft Term by the fécond, and divide the Produd by the third, the Quotient fheweth the fourth. The firft Number and the third muft be of one kind,' and the fécond Number or middle Number of the three given, muft be of the fame kind with the fourth. Example I. If . 24 Men do any piece of Work in 16 Days, how many Men are required to do fuch another piece of Work in four Days ? According to the Rules before named, tho 24 be here propounded firft, yet it muft be in the fécond place, and then the Queftion will order it felf thus: As4 is to 24, fo is id to 96. „■ Or thus, As 4 is to id, fo is 24 to 96. Therefore, extend your Compafles from 4 tO'24, that fame Extent will reach from 16 to 96. . Or the Extent of 4 to id will reach from 24 1096. < So that if 24 do a piece of Work in id Days, 96 will do as much in four Days. ; Example 2. If- 9 Bufhels of Provenderferve 8 Hor.fes 12 Days, how many Days will that ferve IdHorfes ? ;; The Queftion w’ill order it felf thus : As 1 d is to 8, fo is 12 tod. -, Or as 1 d is tO 12, fo is 8 to d. Extend your Compafles from id to 12, that Extent w ill reach from 8 to d : fo that if 9 ferve 8 Horfes 1 2 Days, it will ferve id but 6 Days. If this Queftion had been in the Rule of fhree Di~ reel, then it would have ordered it felf thus : If 8 had coft 12, then id would have coft 24. But in vthis Inverfe Rule, you muft begin with id, which is the third Number, and fo work backward, as is Chew’d before a*large. , ExajM le 3- If fuch a Quantity of Bisket will ferve 100 Men eiçht Weeks, how many Men will it ferve ten Weeks? InCh.54* ImfroYmgVorejl'Treesy &c. 265 In this Example,: as in the other, you muft begin with the third Sum firft, and fo work back, as ber fore ; for here the third Sum is io, which you mufl begin withal, and the Queftion will order it felf thus : As io is to 8, fo is loo to 80 ; therefore to work it by the Line, extend your Compaffes from io to 8, that fame Extent will reach from iooto 8o. So it will ferve 8o Men ten Weeks. There are many other Rules which may be wrought on the Line of Numbers j but if you would be further fatisfy’d, fee the Works of Mr. Gunter, Mr. Wingate, And I fhall couclude with holy David, Pfal. 115. ver. ult. as I hope you will with me : But we will praife the Lord from henceforth and fqy ever j Praife ye the Lord. CHAP. LIV. Of Levelling any Ground, and to make Slopes or (Batteries, See, r | ^ O level any piece of Grotjnd that you can fee JL from ' fide to fide, or from the middle to any fide, go into the middle, and there fet up your In-ftrument, be it Water-level, or Ground-level with fights : and when you have placed it fo high as you may fee over the higheft part of the Ground, as half a Foot, or a Foot, then fet a flake in the middle, tbe top exaftty level with the Sights; and one on the higheft fide, the top level with the middle ftake: then turn the Level or Lood back fight, and fet Imp Level with thefe two on the lovveft Ground ; fo have you three ftakes in a Line level. Keep your Le-yel true to your Middle-ftake, and turn your Level till2 66 The Manner of (2\&ijing and till it makes Right-Angles with thefe three ftakes,and fet up two ftakes at each fide one Level with thofe three : So have y*ou five ftakes fet true Level in two Lines; and if your Ground be large, you may fet up two Rows more by the Level, but in fmall Grounds 5 ftakes are enough. Then may you lay by your Level, and looking over the head of one to the head of another, caufe your Aftiftant to put down ftakes between two and two, till you have fet as many ftakes level in your Ground as you think convenient: Or you may have a Rule, and look over the edge of that, it being level with the head of theftake, to the head of the other; and put ftakes down between you and the other ftake, what Number you pleafe. Thus having ftaked out your Ground with all the ftakes heads level, and half a foot higher than the liigheft part of your Ground ; in fome Ground the middle-ftake, and the ftakes in the Crofs*line Will be the Level-line the Ground muft be brought to ,* that is, abating the Hill, and filling up the low-fide to the Level of the Mid-line : but if your Ground be very uneven, then you muft meafure over all the ftakes, and take them middle'high, for their mean Level, and by the Rule of Three proportion your Ground to that: - Suppofea Valley be io Poles long, and 2 Feet deep from the ftrait Line, and there is a Hi ll 5 Poles long, how many Feet deep muft I go in thofe 5 Poles of the Hill, to fill up this Valley ? This may be anfwered by the Rule of Three Inverfe, or back Rule of Three: The Rule orders it felf thus. As 5 is to 2, fo is 10 to 4 : fo if you work it by the Line of Numbers, extend your Compaflcs from $ to 2, that fame Extent will reach from 10 to 4; fo then you muft go 4 Feet deep in fuch a Hill, to make good fuch a Valley as is before faid. Suppofe you are to abutt the top a Hill 4 Feet deep, and 1. 2 Pole from the top of that Hill thofe 4 Feet ate tp come out : this is cafily performed, (tho aCh.55* ImprovingVoreft'TreeSy &c. i67 a Leveller to the beft Man in the Land di^l not un-derftand it) fet up a ftake on the top of the Hill 2 Feet or 3 Feet long above ground, and another at the fame height where your depth cOmes out i three Rods from that fet a ftake down, till the head comes to be in a Line with thefe 2, and at that ftake you muft be 1 Foot deep: At 6 Poles another as before, there you muft be 2 Feet deep ,• another at 9 Poles, there you muft fink 3 Feet. You may fet moreftakes at equal diftances, which will diredt you that you cannot go ami fs. To make any Slope, firft line out your top and foot true, then if your Slope be not very long, you may have a Frame of Wood made according to your Slope, which will be as a Mould to try your Work by. Two Feet Rife, in 6 Feet Level, is a good Proportion fora Slope. CHAP. LV. For viakh'.g Cyder, objer've thefe ^ules. TXFHatfoever Apples you make your Cyder of, W let them hang on the Trees until they be thorow ripe, which you may know by thefe infallible Rules: Firft, if you find the Kernels brown, or the Seed rattle in the Apple, as in fome they will ; or if you fee them begin to fall much in ftill weather; or if you find them to handle like a dry piece of Wood, founding in your Hand if you tofsthem up \ then you may go to gathering as fa ft as you pleafe, fo your Fruit be dry: obferve that the greener your Fruit is, the fourer will your Cyder be ; therefore be not too forward in gathering. For gathering your Apples, obferve thefe Direc-r tions: Take care they be not too much bruifed ; for your’2§8 The Manner of (Raifing and your bruifed Fruit, if they be a little kept, will rot, and give your Cyder an ill Tafie, and a high brown ' Colour, and not yield fo well ; for your bruifed place of the Apple, if it doth not immediately rot, the Juice of that place will vapour forth, and be a dry Red, yielding little Tal‘te or Liquor, but fometimes a bad Tal’te. ~ But to the making of one Hogl'head of Cyder, there are required a great many Apples: as if they be good yielding Fruit, and not too long kept, fome 18 or 20 Bulhels will make a Hoglhead; if not, as aforefaid, then 24 Bulhels, or more to one Hogfllead. There- fore, tho I would not have your Apple too much bruifed, yet I would not advife you to pick them by Hand: But you may lay a Trufs or two of Early- .‘Straw under your Tree when you go to gather them, and on that lay fome Blankets (or the like) according to the bignefs of your Trees ; thereon with Difcre- fion fhake your’F‘ruit, letting not too many lie on at one time, but carry them to the Place where you in- tend they fhall lie till you grind or beat them. Thus you may remove your Straw and Blankets from Tree to Tree as your Pleafure is. _ , New for keeping them after you have gathered them, let it be in fome Houfe if you can with Con- venience, and on fome dry Boards or boarded Floors; but if it be an Earthefloor you muff lay them on, firft cover it with good dry Straw, and f0 lay them on that, for if yOu lay them on the Earth they will de- cay falter, and turn multy before they have done fweating: for"tis obferved, that what is bell to pre- ferve'Plants is the quite contrary to keep and preferve Fruit ; for the Holy Scripture telleth plain, that which a Man foweth mull firlt die, before it take root to live and produce its kind. Thus it may be with Fruit lying on the Ground, “here the fecret Vapours of the Earth tend much to the Death or Dillblution of the Helhy part cftheFruit, that the Seed might the foener be at liberty to pro“ duce Ch‘. 55'; Impmmng Forefl-Trees, &c. 269 duce its like in its feveral kinds. For Nature, or the fecret providing Power of the Almighty, is at all times, and in all places, aétuating and aflifting every Species to produce itskind: for any who hath but obferved the Walnut or Chefnut, tho one hath got his Fur Gown, and the other his Noli-mentangere Cloke, as to two of the Senfes, yet notwithitanding, when they be able to {hift for themfelves, (as I may fay) then how willingly the Gown and Cloke is thrown afide, to venture boldly to the Earth, to do as at firlt their Parents did for them .> But of this fee further in the Chapters before. And {ince we are now {peaking of one particular Fruit, viz. Apples, of the time of their keeping before you make them into Cyder; a fet time I cannot deliver, for your Summer—Fruit will be ready to beat before your Win— ter-Fruit: but as foon as you have feen them fweat, which will be in ten Days or a Fortnight, then to beating or grinding of them as fall as may be, keeping your Fruit feparate, if you have enough to fill a Veflel of one kind ; if not, put fuch kinds together as be near ripe together, the Cyder will ferment more nae turally. ‘ But let your Winter—Fruit lie three Weeks or a Month before you beat or grind them ; the greener your Fruit is when gathered, let them lie the longer before you beat them. Thus when you have beaten or grinded your Apples, let them lie a Night or 24 Hours if you pleafe, before you prefs them; it will make your Cyder have more of the Sack—Colour, and hinder it from fermenting too much. And if your Fruit be ripe to eat, or mellow, then,put to every twenty Bufhels of Stampings {ix Gallons of clear Wa- ter, put that on the top of the Stampings as foon as you have beaten them ; if your Fruit be foft and mel- low, you may put more; if not, the lefs: this alfo will keep your Cyder from fermenting too much, and tho your Cyder be weaker, it will be much pleafanter. Therefore if your Apples be mellow before you 1beat t 1cm, 170 The Manner of Raiflng and " them, there will go fo much of the flelhy Subflance of the Apple through the Strainer or Bag with the Liquor, that it will be hard to get this Lee feparated from .the Cyder before it begins to ferment; for the Liquor will endeavour to free it felf of thefe little Particles, which when once feparated from the united Body, turneth to an earthy Subllance; and then the Liquor working hard to free it felf of thefe then ufe- , lefs and decaying parts, and having no place to turn them out at, but at the Bung, and it being contrary forthefe earthy Parts to afcend upwards, caufeth by its much fermenting, not only the ftrong, but alfo the pleafant Spirits to take their flight, and go into the great World, to be ready to allilt at another new Generation, and fo leave the Liquor both dead and of a four Tafte: which when thefe higher Spirits are fled, then Sournefs doth mailer the 'I‘afie in the Cy- der, which it receives from the grofs Lees in the Vef- fel- Therefore if your Cyder be made of mellow Fruit, let it fettle 24 Hours in fome Fatt or large Velfel, that the grofs Lees may fettle to the bottom before you put it into your Veflel: and then draw it oflf, ' leaving as much of this thick grofs Lee behind as you can (which grofs Lee you may put among your pref- fings for Water—Cycler). and if you think the Cydet is yet fo thick that it will work much, then draw it into another Tub by a Tap two or three Inches from the bottom; and in this lalt Tub let it fettle [0 long, as you think it is near ready to work in your Tub : for if it work in your Tubs, then will you get but little of the grofs Lees from it. You mull keep it covered all.the time it is in your Tubs : for note, the finer yOu put it up into your Veflel, the lefs it will w0rkor ferment; and the lefs it fermenteth, the better will your Cyder be. But ifyou have chill'd the Cyder, as fometimes it may happen in cold Wea- ther, that it doth not work at all, when you have put it into your Barrel, or Hoglhead, and his thick ; in fuch a cafe put to a Hogihead a Pint of the juice of Aleh-oof, Ch. 55. Improving Fore/l'Trees, &c. 27 t Alehoof, with halfthe quantity of Ifinglafs, and it will make it clear and fine : but if it do it not pre- fently, do n0t defpair, for it will ferment poflibly in the Spring, or when,the Fruit bloflbms that it was made on, the Spring after it was made. Having obferved thefe few Rules, then put it into your Barrel or Hogihead, and as foon as it hath done ‘ working, bung it up, there keep it till it is fit to bot- tle, which let it be when it is fine ; for if you bot- tle it while it is thick, or not well fettled, it will endanger your Bottles, and not be to wholefom. But forne do love to have their Cyder cutting, count- ing it then thebetter; this may be performed if your Cyder be fine, by putting a little bit of Loaf— Sugar in every Bottle, when you bottle it, and that’s more wholefom. I am of the fame Opinion with Sir Paul Mal, that , the oftner Cyder by any accidental Caufe doth fer—- ment, the worfe it is: if twice, it will be harder or fourer than if it had fermented but once ; and if it ferment thrice, it is fiill worfe: therefore keep it if you can from fermenting or working too much, and alfo too often. As for the forts of Fruit, the Redllreaks and Ge:- net-Moyle are counted the belt ,- yet there be ma- ny forts of Fruit, which if the Cyder be well or- dered will be little inferior, if not better. The Col» den Pippin makes excellent Cyder; the Kerton Pippin, the Rulfet Harvy, Kentilh Codlin, (9‘0. makes good ; or indeed any Apple that is not a Crab ; for there be many forts of Wildings that have a fine winy Liquor, and the Flclh ofa hard, and not of a foft Subfiance : for that Fruit (let it be Pear or Apple) that hath the Flelh foft, andis foon mellow, is not good for Perry or Cyder :, for fuch very foft Fruit doth break into f0 many fmall Particles, that they fpoil your Cyder be- fore they can be feparated. But that Fruit that hath its Flefh hard, that when you beat and prefs it, will flat down like a Sponge, fooner than it will feparate into 27 z T be Manner of Raf/Eng and . ' into little Particles; and if it be kept beyond its nai tural time of. being ripe, will grow tough but not mellow; is the only Fruit for Cyder andzPerry: for by Sir Paul’s leave, it is notalways the beft eating Apple or Pear that makes the beit Cyder 01" Perry, but fuch as aforefaid, no more than the beit eating - Pear is the belt baked,- and of this daily Experience (heweth the contrary. , Much more Icould fay concerning Cyder; but if there were a whole Volume writ of it, yet the feveral Seafons of “the Year, the feveral forts of Fruit and other Accidents that happen, no Man can advife you of before; therefore let yourgkeafon teach you, with what hath been {aid before : but ifyou would fee {e- veral Mens "Opinions of the ordering of Cyder, - read Efq; Evelyn’s Book, joined to his Difcourfe of Forei‘t-Trees. ' To make your Water—Cyder, take the Stampings when you prefs them from your firfl Cyder, and .put them into Tubs 5' and when you have a Tub full, put to thefe Stampings half as much Water as you had CI. der. If your Fruit be good and very ripe, you may put more; if the contrary, lefs : let the Tubs be co- vered, and Hand thus with the Water and Stampings together four or five Days and Nights- Ifit be cold Weather, let them Hand :1 Week; then you may prefs the Stampings, and as foon as you have got as much as you think will fill a Veilel, put it on the Fire and {cum it well; and when you find the Scum begins not to rife very fall, thentnkc it oil" from the fire, and put it into Tubs cr Coolers, to cool: and when it is cold, then tun it up; and when it hath done working, then bung it up, and in a Month’s time it will be fit to drink. You may if you pleale boil :1 little Ginger in it, or a little Cloves, Juniper-Berries, or other - things which you fancy, to pleafe the Palate, or a~ gainl’c {ome Difiempcrs you Fear; for [mail things ta— ken in time may prevent Dangers very great: Syrup of Rasherries gives a very pleating 'l‘alie in Cyder. Perry .-...._-.,‘,. . , G G) o i (a . . o . o r . . u o . . . . . O O . o a mu . . . v . u f 3“ u» 3. . o n . . I n d a o a u a n b u a u o n u o I ‘ u c n o . u a c o D u o , v v c , a o u u D t i c c I u . n o A, 4" . . . . . l O o 5 , I. . C D 7 _. y .9 ‘ o o s , f. I 9. o D .% . W" I a \. 5.. 0 O 0F , yuh ~ A o o R o n n o I ii! 0 O . K . I _ C.» . . .f t u: u o o a A, o o I n I .I . O o _, p n c I. c . 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OB . a , l - . 3 c o . u a J , . a c a o I _ .n 4- u Q I c a . . I a o I | A o h a a . e . , a u 9 ' l ‘ S O . r v , I . . . I I v I ; l 31" v3 ‘ ‘ I \a n I Q o o o .. 71. A‘ 2 ~ I t a a c o o I: . cl 6 e t I v a a a o . . 4 .1 o x n ‘ . / O C s 6 a . n n u a u . a a l A ‘ , .. c u I s V .. . . B. . . . . . . 9 _. 7 .. . co . 2 V O t V V I . z. c . o . 4 . , I A t 1 6 I . n . . . My . , . A o o o . . .I'll. . o o c o A a C c . o \ u \ _ 6 I 0 a 0 . . p . _ o a . V V. o a . o . ,Q \ ‘ . \I a . n , o ‘ I n o c A a . o I .- a u I O I O a . a , b 0 O c I A l O a o - O . I a A; 0 a n t . s \V o a w A a V.. m o c . a u n 3 n c c A \ u I a a o a s o . . O 0 a a a O . C O u ~ 0 O V .Ivv»!vVIIIIII. o u - a . B . E! a . .. V . _ , . . . . V 4 - . ‘1 ' $1 Iwr~‘»w Ch. 5;. Improving Fore/l-Trees, 13cc;- 2 7; Perry may be made and ordered after the fame man- ner, only take care your Pears be not too ripe, for if they be, you will be troubled to get your Liquor fine : thofe Pears be belt for Perry that have a hard Fleih, and {tony at the Core 5 the Juice eafily feparating from the Fleih, the Fruit yields a good plenty of Juice, the Pears commonly of a harih Tafie. But thofe Pears that have a {oft Fleih, as many of our befl eating Pears have, are not good for Perry; as the Burry, BOrgatmotes, Green—fields, Greem chefels, and feveral others of like Nature. We have a Pear at Ca/bioberry, and it is at other «places near I/Vtztfurd; it is a little harfh juicy Pear, but makes excellent Liquor, as my Honourable Lord can tefiify, and feveral others: its only Inconvenience is, it is but a {mall Fruit, but the quantity it yields is good. I take it to be a kind of wild Pear never grafted: but for its excellency aforefaid, the Kind deferves to be preferved by the Curious : I know no Name it hath as yet. ‘ Captain PVingate near ”fel’iizg hath an excellent Pear for Perry ; Ihave tailed of the Liquor, and feen the Fruit, but whether it is a good Bearer, I know not, which ihould be a property in Perry Pear—trees. There is a Pear called by my ingenious Friend Mr. - Pritcbet, Gardiner to my Lord of Salii‘lzmy, Rufins Pear, which makes excellent Perry, and is a. good Bearer, as I have oft been informed by him ; by the Taile of the Fruit it is very good for Perry : Indeed mofl forts of baking Pears make good Perry, or any that is qualified as is beforefaid, and that bears well, and yields great {lore of Liquor. Mind your Veilels be fweet you put your Cyder or Perry in; for a little Tang in the Veflel will fpoil all. ASack-Vefl‘el is very good (tho difcommended by fome) fo is your White-wine or Claret-wineCasks, or a Vefl‘el where Cyder hath been before, (Tc. T T H E WWW‘SGSEWWW aefie wseeeeeweezeeeez gem 727% THE CONTENTS OF THE '"CHAPTERS; Chap. ,1. F the fe'ueral ways of raifirzg Trees: ' " ' The heft for Ere/Z Trees is hv their Seeds, Ken, Mtts, &c pag. I .How to ohferve and know the Aature of Seeds, fo as 2the better to raife them, 5 3.The Shape of Seeds and their Might do inform you how to fit them, 7 4.0hjer'uzzt7'ons of (ti/fins of Keys and Seeds, 8 5. 0f the fiveral Ways to raffle Htrefl trees, or others; and how to per/()7 m the fame h} Laying, . - I4. 6. 0f thofe firts of T7ees that wifl grow of Cuttings, and how to perform the fame, I7 7.0f fitch jo7ts of Trees as may he 7aijed [I] the Roots 7of another Tree: and how to 7az'je them, 19- 8. MM 5071, or Dung is he/t for Trees, or their Seeds, 86C. '- 21 9. 0f W zter for T7ees, and Seeds, and watering them, . 42 7f mifing and improving Galas, 47 ' raifing (md ordering the E1777, 69 @1139”. ”'1’ ! TmCONTENTS Chap. 12. 0f raifz'ng and-ordering the Ajh, , -. _ page 73 13. 0f raiflng and ordering the Beech, 78 1.4,; Of rai/ing and ordering the Walnut,_ 79 1 5.177” railing and ordering the Chefnut, 87 . 1 6. 0f rai/ing and ordering the Sawice-tree, 88 1 7. 0f rai/ing and ordering the Cherry-tree, 89 18. 0f rai/ing and ordering the Lime-tree, 9z :9. 0f raifi‘ng and ordering the Maple, 98 7.0. Of raijing and ordering the Sycamore, 99 2 l . 0f rafflng and ordering the Hornheam, 100 22. 0f raiflng the Quickheam, 102 23. 0f rai/ing the Birch, I o; 24. Of rai/ing the Iflzzel, 105 25. Of raifing the fiveral fires of Poplarr, 106 26. 0f raifing the Alder, I I I 27. 0f rai/ingthe ”fit/2Y1 Wilz’o'wy, Sallorw, O/z'ery, [12 28. 0f the Pine, Fir, Pinafler, &c. ' 114. 19. 0f rai/ing the Tew, Mil}, Box, “"§'unzfe;-, Bays, 1.1111781, &c. _118d 30. General Rules for planting Ewell-trees in Avenue}, PValhs, or Orchardx, a: in a natural Ground, 120 31 . 0f planting En'e/l‘trees to make l/Voody, ' or fill up. naked places in lVood.r, wher-ezhey want, . 122 32. Ofplanting young Hedgey, and how to improve and keep old Hedgey, I 30 33- 0f planting fever-a1 flat: of EJrefl—treey, in order 'to make the hefl advantage of Ground, a: Orchards, or the like, I 4.2 34. 0f pruning Thee)", fime general Ohfi’r'vatz'om, I 52 35. 0f the Difiafe; of Trees, I60 36. Of felling and ordering Mod} and Coppieer, l6 3 37. How to talce the height of Trees feveral ways, the hetter to judge the worth of them, &C- 1 7 2 38. 0f making l/Valhr, Avenues, or Lawm, 183 39. Offeveral flzperfieial Egnres, and how the} are to he meafnred, V 200 40. To divide a Right Line give-r, according to any Pro- portion required ; and how to 1" Land or l/Voodx : with fame ufe: of the four-pole Chazn, ' 205 ‘ ‘ 4 Chap. The CONTEN TS. Ch api 4.1. Of meafuring Hole: and Borders, that are un3 . der (1 Pole hroad, by which you may the hetter let or take them to do by the Pole-fquare, &c. with“ feveral ‘iTa—~ (ale: of Mafure, - “5 42- 0f meafuring Timber and other filid Bodier, with feveral Tables ufeful thereunto, &c. ‘ 230 43. 0f the Oval, how to make it, and how to meafitre it; with other 0h]ervation.r thereon, 237' 44. Steppofiyou have a Plat to draw on one or many Sheet: , of Paper, and you‘would draw it a: large a: the Pa- per will hear 5 to know what Scale you [had draw it hya . 2 o 45. To find what Scale a Plat orr’Druft is drawn 2y, the Content of the Ground heing given, 24;? 46. The Defcription of the Line of Numbers", or Gunter’: Line, - 245 47. Numeratz'on on the Line, or to read a Sum on the Line of NunEEry, 247 48. Addition on the Line of Numbers, . 24,9 49. Suhflraftz'on on the Line of Members, 251 so. Multiplication on the Line of Numherx, 257, 51. Divifion on the Line, 259 52. The Rule of Three on the Line, 260 53 The Golden Rule Rewetfe hy the Line of Numhery, 26; 54. 0f Levelling any Ground, and to make Slope: or Bat- teries, &c. ‘ 265 5 5. Rule: for making of Cyder. ’ 267 FINIS. “9696- $96- Plzzce the Figures here. LIBRARIES mm mu mm c 33373313 U.C. BERK ,’ ”mm rm