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DR- WILLIAM SMITH’S ANCIENT ATLAS.

AN ATLAS .,

@u Ellnstratt flge gainiwarg Hf flgt @1111: mm 1132' @Iasgiml @iziimtarirzsi ‘ 1.:

THE BIBLICAL MAPS FROM RECENT SURVEYS, AND THE CLASSICAL MAPS DRAWN

- BY DR CHARLES MULLER,

EDITOR OF “STRABO” AND THE “MINOR GREEK GEOGRAPHERS.”

~ EDITED A.

)By WILLIAM SMITH, D.C.L., LL.D., ‘ —

AND

\GEORGEGROVE,ESQ;

FORTY-THREE MAPS, INDICES, AND DESCRIPTIVE TEXT.

map?fw~*?g:
LONDON:
JOHN MURRAY; ALBEMARLE STREET;

1874.

   

‘l’w >.- .

 

£13 ' dfim Smith’s @ztiouaties. ,

 

A DICTIONARY OF THE BIBLE ;
ANTIQUITIES, BIOGRAPHY, GEOGRAPHY, AND NATURAL HISTORY.
By Varioust‘riters. '

Edited by WM. smifi, 13.01.. & L'L.D.

With numerous Illustrations, 3 Vols.,'medium Svo, 5l. 5s. \

The object of this Work is to elucidate the Antiquities, Biography, Geography, and Natural History of the Old Testament, New
Testament, and Apocrypha; but not to explain systems of theology, or discuss points of controversial divinity. It has been deemed,
however, necessa in a “Dictionary of the Bible” to give a full account of the Book, both as a Whole and in its separate parts.
Accordingly, artic es are inserted not only u on the general subject, such as “Bible,” “A ocrypha,” and “Canon,” and upon the
chief ancient versions, as “Septuagint,” an “Vulgate,” but also upon each of the separate, ooks. _

 

 

A DICTIONARY OF CHRISTIAN ANTIOUITIES.

THE HISTORY, INSTITUTIONS, AND ANTIQUITIES OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH.

By Various Writers;
Edited by WM. SMITH, D.C.L. & LL.D., and REV.“ PROFESSOR CHEETEAM, M.A.

/ ~ VOL. I., A to J.

To be Omnpleted in Two Volumes, Medium 800.

This work commences at the point at which the DICTIONARY on THE BIBLE leaves off, and gives an account of the Institutions
of the Christian Church from the time of the Apostles to the age of Charlemagne. ‘

 

 

.J.

 

 

 

3 IA OF CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY;

ENOYGLOP

~With numerous Illustrations, 6 Vols., medium Soc, 283. each.
I. . DICTIONARY OF GREEK AND ROMAN ANTIQUITIES.

With 500 Engravings, SW, 283.

This work comprehends all the topics of Antiguities, including the Laws, Institutions,'and Domestic usages of the Greeks and
Romans; Painting, Sculpture, Music, the Drama, 0. -

II. DICTIONARY OF GREEK & ROMAN BIOGRAPHY & MYTHOLOGY.

With 564 Engravings, 3 Vols., 8vo, 84s.

This Work is a Dictionary of Ancient Biography in the widest acceptation of the term; and contains a history of the Ancient
World, civil, literary, and ecclesiastical, from the earliest times to the downfall of the Roman Empire.

5/ III. A DICTIONARY OF- CREEK AND ROMAN GEOGRAPHY.

YVith 534 Engravings, 2' Vols, SW, 568.

_This work presents the researches of modern scholars and the discoveries of modern travellers, including an account of the
political history of both countries and cities, as well as of their geography.

 

 

PREFACE., ,» .

 

HIS Atlas, thepreparation-and execution of which have

occupied eighteen years, is the firSt attempt, either in
this country or on the continent, to give a complete set of
maps of the Ancient World on a scale corresponding in size
to the best Atlases of modern geography. The large size of
the present maps allows space for exhibiting the natural
features of ‘each country, and for adding, wherever it was
possible, the modern names underneath the ancient ones.
This combination of ancient. and modern names, which
is a distinctive feature in the present Atlas, is of the
greatest assistance in understanding ancient geography,
and ascertaining the exact sites. A comparison of maps
7 of the modern world with those of antiquity, even if both
are executed. on the same scale, is always troublesome
and often useless, since ancient geography, in many cases,
has to take notice of insignificant modern villages and ruins,
which are of no importance in the present day, and are

consequently not marked in the ordinary maps.

The only large Atlas, hitherto published, comprising the
whole domain of ancient geography, is Spruner’s “Atlas

Antiquus,” in thirty-one maps, improved by Menke (Gotha,

1865). But this Atlas is constructed on an entirely different I

plan from the present one, besides being on a smaller scale.
Only a limited portion of it is devoted to the geographical
representation of particular countries : by far the larger “part
contains maps exhibiting historical surveys at particular
periods, and small supplementary charts of certain epochs
of ancient history. The number of such historical maps might
be increased indefinitely, Without adding in any way to the
scientific value of an Atlas. For on the one hand the historical
changes in the distribution of countries are So simple that no
special maps are needed to' understand them; and, on the
other hand, it happens only rarely that the geographical data
concerning the political relations of certain historical periods
have been handed down to us in, sufficient completeness to
enable us to give a correct picture of them in a map. Such
1» maps, therefore, always contain much, that depends upon the
'_ mere conjectures of their authors, and, consequently, are often
more misleading than trustworthy as guides. In the present

Atlas each country is delineated in a separate. map on a large

scale 5 but we have also given in addition a sufficient number '

of Historical Maps on a smaller scale, exhibiting the limits of _

[the great empires of antiquity, and illustrating the most

 
 
 

important periods in Greek, Roman, and Asiatic history. The

 

Atlas likewise contains plans of the chief cities of the ancient

world.

All the Classical Maps, with the exception of Britain and
India,'havel been prepared by DR. CHARLES MULLER, the Editor
of Strabo and the minor Greek Geographers, under,the super-
intendence of DR. WILLIAM SMITH. The chartographical part
of the Classical Atlas is based, first, upon Strabo, the text
of Which has been much improved in the edition published at
Paris, with a critical commentary, by Dr. Charles Muller, in
1853 ; secondly, upon the improved edition of the Geographi
Minores, also published at Paris by the same Editor ,' thirdly,
upon a comparison made by Dr. Miiller of the edition of the
Tabula Peutingeriana, published by the Academy of Munich,
with the original of this unique work, which is preserved
in the Library of 'Vienna; and lastly, upon a collation,
made by Dr. Muller, of more than fifty manuscripts of the
geography of Ptolemy, scattered through the libraries of
England, France, Germany, Spain, Italy, and Turkey, by
means of which we have been enabled to. remove a multitude
of errors found in earlier editions, and to introduce these
emendations into our maps. The modern authorities made
use. of are mentioned in the “Sources and Authorities” pre—

fixed to " the maps.

The Map of India, which has been prepared by Colonel
Yule, the Editor of “Marco Polo,” deserves special notice,
as it differs in many important points from all preceding
maps, and is the result of much original investigation. For
this reason the authorities, on which this Map is'based, are
set forth at greater length in the “ Sources and Authorities ”,

than in the case of the other maps.

’.

., _
. What is true of the Classical Maps is no less true of the
Biblical ones. Biblical Atlases certainly exist, but they are
so small in size, or So imperfect in execution, or so often
framed for the support of private theories, that no examina-
tion of the topography can be obtainedfrom them adequate I
to the present demands‘of Biblical study, which, in the case ,
of the Holy Land, often depends .for its results on the power
of comparing very minute points. And, in addition to this, it
is'only within a recent date that any really accurate informa—
tion as to the geography. of the Holy Land or, the Peninsula
of Sinai—the very kernel of Biblical study—has been obtain—

able. Less than ten years ago, notwithstanding the labour

PREFACE.

 

. in the “ Dictionary of the Bible.”

and devotion of Van de Velde and others, no systematic

attempt had been made to survey the country and. make a '

map on the same 'scale of size or minuteness as other
regions. The distance, the difficulties, even the very sacred
and familiar character of the spots seemed to stand in the
way.. The impulse given. to the study by the “ Biblical Re-
searches” of Dr. Robinson, and by the “Sinai and Palestine”
of Dean Stanley, led the way first to the ”ordnance'survey of
Jerusalem, and next _to the establishment of the Palestine
Exploration Fund, whose ordnance survey of Palestine is now
in progress, and of the Sinai Exploration Society, whose surVey
is completed—in both cases by officers and men. of the corps

of > Royal Engineers. The information acquired from these

three soilrces has been as far as, possible embodied. in the -
present maps, which have been constructed by Mr. Trelawny’

Saunders, under the superintendence of MR. GEORGE GROVE,

the Hon. Secretary of the Palestine Exploration Fund, and
author of the articles on the t0pography of the Holy Land,

'LONDON,’ November, 1874.

 

In the construction of the ’

Assyrian Maps and elsewhere, use has been -made, for the
first time, of the Turco-Persian survey,“ as well as of the
labours of Layard and Rawlinson, and other materials have
been employed which are specified in detail» in the “Sources

and Authorities.”

. The Map of Rabylon and the surrounding district has

\been revised by Captain Felix Jones, the able officer ‘who.

,made the Survey of the Tigris and Euphrates valley. ‘

The maps are of thesame size as those in Keith Johnston’s
“Royal Atlas of Modern Geography,” with which the ,7 present
Atlas thus ranges. A full index of names and places, both
ancient and modern, is appended to each of the larger maps,

drawn up on the same plan as in Keith J ohnston’s Atlas,

with figures and letters attached corresponding with the-

squares into which the maps» are divided, thus affording

executed by the most eminent engravers in Paris and London.

WILLIAM SMITH;

‘ instant reference to every name. _The maps have been , i

x. was“ .,.,,-

“Wit-W; : K

1

CONTENTS

MAP.

6.

>1

‘11.
1.2.
, 13.
14.

15.

16.
17.

' 18.

——-—O-——-—
MAP.
1 GEOGRAPHICAL SYSTEMS OF THE ANCIENTS. 19.
‘ (1) THE WORLD ACCORDING TO HOMERUS. 20
(2) 'n n v ,, HECATJEUS. '
(3) ~,, ,, ,, ,, HERODOTUS. ,
(4) ,, ,, . ,, ,, EPHORUS.
(5) ,, ,, ,, ' ,, TIMOSTHENES. .21
(6) ,,I ,, ,, ,, ERATOSTHENES. '
(7) .9; S ,, S STRABO-r ' 22.
(8) ,, . ,, | ,, ,, POMPONIUS MELA. .
(9) ',, ,, ,, ,, DIONYSIUS PERIEGETES.
‘ (10) n . a.) , n n PTOLEMY «
(11) ,, , ,, ,, ,,' THE GEOGRAPHER OF RAVENNA. 23
(I2) TABULA .VENTORUM. . '
THE WORLD AS KNOWN TO THE ANCIENTS. 24
EMPIRES OF THE BABYLONIANS, LYDIANS, MEDES,
AND PERSIANS. _ 25
EMPIRE OF’ ALEXANDER THE GREAT.
KINGDOMS OF THE SUCCESSORS OF ALEXANDER THE
GREAT. PART I.
(1) AETEL THE DIVISION AT BABYLON (323) AND TRIPARADISUS
321 ‘
(2) AFTER THE BATTLE OF IPSUS (301).
(3) IN THE MIDDLE OF THE THIRD CENTURY. 26
KINGDOMS OF THE SUCCESSORS OF ALEXANDER THE
GREAT. PART II 27
(1) IN THE MIDDLE OF THE THIRD CENTURY. . '
(2) EMPIRE OF THE PARTHIANS. 23_
THE ROMAN EMPIRE.- IN ITS GREATEST EXTENT.
THE ROMAN EMPIRE AFTER ITS DIVISION INTO THE
EASTERN AND WESTERN EMPIRES.‘
2 .
GREEK, AND PHG’SNICIAN COLONIES. 9
(1) ITALIA INFERIOR, MAGNA CRIECIA, AT THE TIME OF THE PELO- 30.
, . PONNESIAN WAR.
(2) SICILY AT THE TIME OF THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR. 31.
(3) SYRACUSE. "
(4) AGRIGENTUM.
(5) BOSPORUS CIMMERIUS.
(6) CHERSONESUS HERACLEOTI‘CA. .
(7) THE WESTERN COAST OF LIBYA.’ 32
BRITANNIA. (INDEX. ) 3.3
THE WALL 0F HADRIAN. '
HISPANIA. (INDEX. ) 34-
GALLIA. (INDEX. )
(1) GALLIA AT THE TIME OF CIESAR
(2) INSULA BATAVORUM ’
GERMANIA, RHIETIA,‘ NORICUM. (INDEX) .
GERMANIA MAGNA, ACCORDING TO PTOLEMY.
THRACIA, M(ESIA, ILLYRIA, PANNONIA, DACIA. (INDEX) 35.
BOSPORUS THRACIUS. , 36
HISTORICAL. MAPS OF. ITALY. SARDINIA, CORSICA. 37
(1) ITALY BEFORE THE IMMIGRATION OF THE GALLI IN'THE SIXTH '
CENTURY BC 38.
(2) VETUS LATIUM FROM 384 BC. .
(3) ITALY AT THE BEGINNING OF THE FIRST PUNIC WAR, 264 RC. 39'
(4) MILITARY MAP OF ITALY, ABOUT 150 BC
(5) ITALY IN THE FIRST CENTURY B.C., AFTER THE SOCIAL WAR -
(91—88), AND BEFORE THE BATTLE ’OF ACTIUM (31)
' (6) ITALY DIVIDED INTO ELEVEN REGIONS BY AUGUSTUS.
(7) ITALIE DICECESIS DIVIDED INTO SEVENTEEN PROVINCES, IN‘ .
THE FOURTH CENTURY AFTER CHRIST
40.
IA SUPERIOR.
ITAL } (INDEX) -
ITALIA INFERIOR. SICILIA. ' . ‘41
SINUS PIESTANUS '
PLAN OF ROME IN THE TIMES OF THE EMPERORS.
(1) ROME DURING THE REPUBLIC. 4?"
(2) THE FORUM BEFORE THE TIME OF JULIUS CESAR 43'

(3) THE FORUM ROMANUM UNDER rDHE EMPIRE AND THE IMPERIAL
FORA.

 

ENVIRONS OF ROME.

GREECE AFTER THE DORIC MIGRATION.
(1) PLAIN OF TROY.
(2) GREECE IN THE HEROIC AGE.
GREECE AT THE TIME“ OF THE PERSIAN WARS.

GREECE IN THE BEGINNING OF THE PELOPONNESIAN '
WAR.
MAP OF TOWNS TRIBUTARY To THE ATHENIANS.

GREECE AT THE TIME OF THE ACHZEAN AND IETO-
LIAN LEAGUES.

NORTHERN GREECE. __ HELLAS, EPIRUS, THESSALIA,
_ MACEDONIA. (INDEX)

CENTRAL GREECE.——-ATTICA, B(EOTIA, LOCRIS,
DORIS, MALIS. (INDEX)

(1) PLAN OF ATHENS.
(2) ACROPOLIS.
(3) THE HARBOURS OF ATHENS.
(4) THE ENVIRONS OF ATHENS.
(5) ELEUSIS.
(6) MARATHON.
PELOPONNESUS. (INDEX. )

PLAN OF SPARTA.
‘COASTS AND ISLANDS OF THE EGEAN SEA. (INDEX.)

HISTORICAL MAPS OF ASIA MINOR. ..

(1) AT THE TIME OF THE PERSIAN KINGS.
(2) AFTER THE BATTLE OF MAGNESIA (190 BC.)

(3) ASIA MINOR AND THE ADJACENT COUNTRIES AT THE TIME OF
MITHRIDATES THE GREAT

(4) ASIA MINOR AT THE TIME AFTER DIOCLETIAN.
ASIA MINOR. (INDEX)

ARABIA AND IETHIOPIA. (INDEX)

INDIA. (INDEX. )

(1) INDIA TRANS GANGEM.

(2) INDORUM PROVINCIA PONTEPOTAMICA, AT THE TIME OF ALEX-
ANDER THE GREAT.

(3) INDIA ACCORDING TO PTOLEMY.
NORTHERN AFRICA. (INDEX) .

' IEGYPTUS. (INDEX)

THE HOLY LAND AT ‘SUCCESSIVE PERIODS.

(1) BEFORE THE CONQUEST,1451 BC. ‘

(2) AFTER THE CONQUEST AS DIVIDED AMONG THE TWELVE TRIBES.
(3) DURING THE MoNARCHY, 1095 B..,C TO 586 B..C

(4) UNDER THE MACCABEES, 100 BC.

(5) UNDER HEROD THE GREAT, 40 RC.

(6) IN THE TIME OF OUR- LORD.

(7) UNDER AGRIPPA I. AD 41.

(8) AT THE DESTRUCTION OF JERUSALEM, AD 70

THE HOLY LAND—NORTHERN DIVISION.
THE HOLY LAND—SOUTHERN DIVISION.
JERUSALEM, ANCIENT AND MODERN.-
ENVIRONS OF JERUSALEM.

SINAI AND THE DESERT 'OF THE WANDERINGS.
(INDEX)

(1) 'MOUNT SINAI.
(2) WADY FEIRAN AND JEBEL SERBAL.
SURVEY.

PART OF ASIA, TO .ILLUSTRATE THE OLD TESTAMENT
AND CLASSICAL AUTHORS. (INDEX)

PART OF EUROPE AND ASIA, TO ILLUSTRATETHE NEW
TESTAMENT. ’

PLAN OF BABYLON.

PLANS OF NINEVEH, TROY, CARTHAGE, ALEXANDRIA,
AND CONSTANTINOPLE.

PHOCIS,

.9-

} (INDEX)

FROM THE ORDNANCE

 

 

 

 

 

SOURCES AND AUTHORITIES FOR THE MAPS.

MAP 1.

I

THE GEOGRAPHICAL SYSTEMS OF
THE ANCIENTS.

 

A '_ The World according to Homeras.

ACCORDING to the Homeric poems the earth is a flat
round disc, surrounded by the river Oceanus, which in
the east forms the Lake of the Sun, and in the west
.(where, beyond the river, the Cimmerians live in per-
petual darkness, and where the lower regions are) is
'connected with the Pontus, or _. the Mediterranean sea.
In the south, bordering on the Oceanus, live the Aethiopian

eople, é’oxa'rot avapeu, (divided into two parts, the eastern
and the western) and the Pygmaei. About the north, and
the shores bounding the Mediterranean in the west, we
learn nothing. The centre of the earth may be imagined
to be the Island of Ortygia (Delos), in the meridian of
which the poet (0d. xv. 404) places the rponal ammo,
the point of separation between the rising and the setting
sun. In fact this meridian not only indicates the centre
of the Grecian world, but also nearly the central point
between Sicily and Syria, or between those countries, in
a direction from east to west, beyond which Homer’s
geographical knowledge does not extend. It is only in
regard to Greece and western Asia Minor that we find
him to possess any accurate knowledge ; he has a super-
ficial acquaintance with the nearest neighbouring coun-
tries; but whatever lies beyOnd these—the scenes of
. Ulysses’ wanderings—belong altogether to the domain of
fiction. The name Thrinacia, the stories about Scylla
and Charybdis, the fire-spitting Planctae, and the mention
of the Siculi in the last books of the Odyssey, which are
probably of later origin, show a certain knowledge of Sicily,
of the Liparean islands, and of Southern Italy, and in so
far justify Strabo’s remark ndvra nAdTrew 013K ’Opnpmo'v,
but are mixed up with elements of a purely mythical
geography, borrowed partly from the older legend of the
Argonauts and .ptransferred from its original locality to
the west of the earth’s disc. Whether the story of the
wanderings of Ulysses has arisen out of the combination
of an older and a more recent story, as Kirchhoff, and
lately Miillenhofi' (Deatsche Alterthilmer, i. p. 51, ff. 1871)
have endeavoured to prove, is a point which we shall
leave undecided. A more important question is whether
the poet, to whom we are indebted for the description in
its present form, had in his mind a distinct geographical
picture of the localities which he mentions. We 'can
only reply that, if this was the case, very little is done to
enable us to reproduce this picture, for frequently there
is noindication as to the direction or the duration of the
separate voyages, and consequently there is a free field
for speculation. ' .

In returning from Troy, Ulysses is overtaken by a
storm at‘ Cape Malea, and after having been tossed about
on the sea for nine days, he on the tenth arrives at the
country of the Lotophagi. Thence he sails onwards to
the country of the Cyclopes, and afterwards to the float-
ing island of Aeolus. The direction of these two voyages
must be considered northwards, perhaps as far as the
latitude of Ithaca; for, after sailing nine days with a
‘ west wind from the island of Aeolus, Ulysses was already
in sight of Ithaca, when he is again driven back to the
island of Aeolus by the winds being let loose upon hlm.
Thence after a voyage of six days and nights. he reaches
the country of the Laestrygones, and then after unnum-
bered days- he arrives at Aeaea, the island of Circe,
which is only one day’s sail from the Oceanus. These
voyages must have been towardsthe west or more pro-
bably the .north-west. In returning. to Aeaea from. 1118
excursion to the lower regions, and having .obtalned
information about the return voyage as far as the island
of Thrinacia, Ulysses leaves the island, sails past the
island of the Sirens, and directly thereupon (ain’x’ é’vm-ra)
leaves the Planctae lying to the right or to the left;
shortly afterwards he sails between Seylla and Charybdls,
and directly thereupon he again arrlves at the 1sland of
Thrinacia. Thence a south wind drives him back to the
Charybdis, where he is shipwrecked, and after floating
about on a raft for nine days he arrives at Ogygia, the
island 'of Calypso, the (steam Gaadcons. Thence he
sails for seventeen days with the Bear on his left, there-
fore westwards; on the eighteenth day he was already
in the vicinity of Scheria, the island of the Phaeacians,
when Poseidon espies him from the Lycian mountains of
the Solymi, and again causes him to suffer shipwreck.
The storm must have driven him to the north, for when
it abated, having floated onwards with a north wind he
arrivesf at the island of Scheria, from. which, on board of

 

a marvellously quick-sailing vessel, he reaches Ithaca in
one night.

. In our small sketch, the route of Ulysses’ wanderings
1s gTVen in the same way as in Spruner’s and Menke’s
Atlas. It might however be more accurately adapted to
theiHomeric text, if the entrance to the lower regions
were placed not exactly opposite to the Lake of the Sun
and in the exact latitude of the Straits of Gibraltar, but
near Aeaea; further, the line of the return voyage would
have to be drawn in a direction almost parallel to that
from the island of Aeolus to Aeaea; and the island of
the Sirens, Charybdis, Thrinacia and Ogygia would have
to be placed in closer proximity, whereas Ogygia and
Scheria would have to be removed further away from

each other. The routes would be something like the
followmg :— ' .
...-01Eaca
Orcuso
SireneSio-g . “"'-o Laestrygones
Scylla :9 IEoli I.
Thrinacia io‘b Ogygia o

cS’Cyclopos ”x0 Ithaca

.....

dScheria

We need not here discuss the, various endeavours
which have been made to trace all the points visited by
Ulysses to actually existing localities. With full justice,
as it seems to us, E. H. Bunbury, in the Diet. of Geogr.,
vol. ii. p. 470, says: “ It is indeed only‘the natural desire
to give to the creations of poetic fancy a local habitation
and tangible reality, that could ever have led to the
associating the scenes in the Odyssey with particular

' spots in Sicily ,and Italy; and the view of Eratosthenes,

thatvthe geography of the voyages of Ulysses was wholly
the creation of the poet’s fancy, is certainly the only one
tenable.” ,

The World according to VIIecataeas.

ANAXIMANDER of Miletus, a disciple of Thales, ac-‘

cording to the statements of the ancients, was the first,

to sketch a map of the world, and this is said to have
been subsequently much improved by the Milesian He-
cataeus (Agathemer. Gwyn, i. 1). Such a map engraved
on metal (rfis yfis replaces év m’vam évrernnne’vn), perhaps
even the very one of Hecataeus, was shown to the mem-’
‘bers cf the Ionian Assembly by the Milesian Aristagoras
(Herod, v. 49). As to the way and manner in which
this orbis terrarum of Hecataeus was arranged, nothing
is-recorded; and our knowledge is confined to what may

be gathered from the fragments of his geographical work: .
There is however no doubt that Hecataeus is also alluded

to, when Herodotus (iv. 36) says “many geographers
have ridiculously presented the earth as a circular disc
surrounded by the Oceanus, and in this disc represented
Europe and Asia as equally large.” By Asia, Herodotus
in this passage understands the one half of the earth
which, besides the continent properly so called, also in-
cludes Libya as far as the Nile; and in the same sense

the name Asia is used in many of the Fragments of .

Hecataeus. ,From Europe, Asia was separated either
by the Tanais or by the Phasis; the latter boundary is
adopted by Herodotus, the former by Hecataeus; for in
the Fragments (164 seq.) Sindice and, on the Cimmerian
Bosporus, Phanagoria and Apaturos, are considered as
belonging to Asia. As‘at the same time the Dandarii
and the Tipanissae (Fr. 161, 162) are spoken of as living
about the Caucasus and yet ,as belonging to Europe, we
infer from this that Hecataeus was one of those who, as
Strabo informs us, believed that: the Tanais rising in
Mount Caucasus, first flowed north and‘then south. The
line which divided the earth into two equal halves, and

which ran from the Tanais to the Pillars of Hercules, -

necessarily went from north-east to south-west, and con-
sequently the western extremity of Europe and Libya
were removed very far south. The case would be very
much the same 'if, instead of the Tanais, the PhaSis

' were made the boundary, which I’rocopius (Bell. 00th.,
iv. 6) according to a map drawn in this manner, mentions .

as situated directly opposite the straits of Gadesl In a
map of this kind the south coast of the Pontus Euxinus
from the south-west, would have to be drawn much

I farther north, and such a map Xenophon (Anal) , v. 7, §7)

may have had in his mind, when he said while in
Cotyora, on the Pontian coast, that Boreas ,was required
for sailing to the Bosporusand a southwind for sailing
to the Phasis. This misplaced position of the continents
which Clausen, in his map to Hecataeus, leaves entirely
unnoticed, seems to have been adhered to in the systems
of earlier geographers up to the time of Dicaearchus,
who, as far as we know, first defined the parallel generally
adopted by later geographers, according to which the
Pillars of Hercules, the straits of Sicily, and the south

coast of ’Asia Minor lay in the same latitude. Corres-

 

ponding with the more ancient idea, is the way in which
Ephorus (Fr. 88), according to the statement of Cosmas
Indicopleustes in hisCosmographta Christiana, distributes
the four extreme nations of the earth (see the map).
This very southern line of demarcation between Europe
and Libya is still more strongly marked in the map of
the world by the Anonymous Geographer of Ravenna (8th
cent. after Christ), who divides the nations of the earth
into twenty-four segments of a circle, which are repre- 7
sented as the twelve hours of day and the twelve hours

. of night (see themap). The form of the'map resulting

from this—so far as it concerns the respective positions
of the continents—is doubtless adopted from one of the
earlier geographers, as indeed, in other cases also, was
done by the Fathers of the Church and other writers of
later times, when the science of geography was entirely ‘
dead. In their geographical descriptions they very fre-
quently maintained a point of view which for many cen-
turies had been abandoned. Thus for example, the geo-
graphical statements in Basilius (Hamil. iii. 6), are nothing

' but an interpolated extract from Aristotle (Meteor. i. 13).

We have therefore placed the centre of the circle, thus
divided, in the country of the earliest geographers, in
the Ionian Asia Minor, and not in Jerusalem, as Kiepert
has done, in his map to the “ Geographus Ravennas”
(ed. Parthey). ' That, moreover, the centre cannot be
fixed, say at Ravenna, as M. d’Avezac thinks, is clear,

' even from the fact that in the segment of the fourth hour
~of the day, therefore from the centre to the north-west,

besides the country of the Dani, are also placed Dacia,
and Illyria, asqae ad Dalmat-g'am: this no one living in
Ravenna could say. According to this scheme of the map.
of Hecataeus, we must conceive the south coast of Spain,
from Cape Vincent (Sacrum pr.) to the north-east, as
running in the direction of the great line of demarcation.
This explains how it was that Herodorus, a contemporary
of -Herodotus (ap. Steph. Byz. 8.1). ’IBan’aL), in his enu-
meration of the Iberian tribes living along the coast from
Cape Vincent to the country around Carthage Nova,
assumes the succession of their habitations proceeding
from south to north. ’

The connection of the Phasis with the Ocean, given in
the map (compare Pindar, Pyth, iv. 251, Isthm., ii. 41),
is based upon Schol. to Apoll. Rhod. iv. 259, which
certainly is contradicted by another scholion- on Apoll.
Rh., iv. 284,, but this latter is probably corrupt. This
supposition of Hecataeu must be compared with that
known from the Orphic poems, and from the Schol. Apoll.
Rh., iv. 132, according to which the Phasis was con-
nected with the Araxes; for in Hecataeus also, that or-
tion of the Phasis which falls into the Caspian and rom
this into the ocean, we must consider as the Araxes in '
the district of whose sources there existed a Phasis (now
Pastn) (Xenoph. Anah, iv. 6, § 4), which was confounded
with the Colchian Phasis, and represented-as a single .
stream. The Araxes mentioned by Stephanus Byz., 8.22.
Mtxm, from Hecataeus, has nothing in common with~the
Araxes of the Caspian. The words there quoted from '
Hecataeus: éx Mom éis‘ ’Apdfnv nomno’v, signify, from
the Myci in IVéstern Carmania—the medern Mogz'stan
—to the Persian Araxes, which we read of in Strabo, p.
729, and in Curtius, v: 4.

Clausen, in his map, gives an Amalchium mare in the
northern o'cean. We have not done so, because the
Hecataeus, from whom the mention of that sea is taken,
by Pliny, iv. § 94, ed. Sillig, is doubtless not the Milesian,
but the Abderite, who wrote a work on the Hyperboreans
(v. Fragrn. Hist, vol. ii. p. 388).

The course of the Istros, we have conjecturally trans-
ferred from the map of Herodotus into that of Hecataeus.
The Fragments throw no light upon it. There is just as
little proof, although it is very probable, that H ecataeus,
like other earlier geographers, imagined a branch of the
Istros to flow into the Adriatic, for Stephanus Byz. (8.1)."
KavALKoa’) mentions, from Hecataeus, the Caulici, named
after a mountain, and dwelling north of the Ionian Gulf,
of whom, beyond this, we know nothing, except that
according to the Argonautica (Apoll. Rh, iv. 324), near
the KavMaKbs oKo'ne'Aos the Istros divides itself and sends
one arm into the Ionian Gulf.

The Nile, Hecataeus imagined to be connected with '
the ocean, but where, according to his opinion, this con-
nection existed, and how he conceived the upper course
of the Nile, we are not told.‘ ‘

a

The World according to Herodotus.

HERODOTUS believes that, owing to the imperfect geo-
graphical knowledge of his day, it is impossible to form
a picture of the whole earth; and the attempts of this
kind previously made, he ridicules as idle fancies.

I Whether the north of Europe was surrounded by sea

or not, he says, had not yet been ascertained by any one.
The south side of the earth, on the other hand, accord-
ing to Herodotus, had been circumnavigated from the
Indus to the Pillars of Hercules, partly by orders from

B

2 . SOURCES AND AUTHORITIES FOR THE MAPS.

[MAP 2.

 

Darius, and partly by orders from Necho; but how
the outlines of the coast of this southern ocean were
to be conceived, Herodotus himself does not seem to
have known. But to the Arabian Gulf he assigns a
length of 40 days’ sail, in a rowing vessel; and its
greatest breadth he estimates' at half a day’s sail. The
latter statement seems to have been taken from the
northernmost corner of the gulf—which alone was per-
haps known to him—and to have been transferred to
the whole of the gulf. To separate Libya from Asia by
the Nile, and thus to regard Egypt as belonging half to
Libya and half to Asia, as was done by his predecessors,
Herodotus considers wrong; he therefore considers the
boundary between the two continents to be the isthmus;
1,000 stadia in breadth—~which separates the Arabian
‘Gulf from the Mediterranean. As the boundary between
;Europe and Asia, he mentions the Phasis; the further
boundary line we have probably to draw through the
,“Caspian Sea, along the Araxes of Herodotus—Which he
confounds with the true Araxes and the J axartes—till
the unknown land beyond renders it impossible to fix
any definite boundary. The Caspian Sea is represented
by Herodotus, as subsequently by Aristotle and Ptolemy,
not as a bay of the ocean, but correctly as an inland
sea or mare clausum. The longitudinal axis of this sea
he probably imagined to run from west to east, as did
Ptolemy, who also pretty well agrees with Herodotus,
as to its length and breadth; for the length, according to
Ptolemy, amounts to. about 7,500 = 15 x 500 stadia,
according to Herodotus, to 15 days’ sail in a revving vessel ;
the breadth, however, according to Ptolemy, is about
4,250=8% x 500 stadia, according to Herodotus, 8 days’
sail in a rowing vessel. To the Pontus Euxinus—the
length of whose shores from the Bosporus to the Phasis
in reality only amounts to about 7,000 stadia, and ac-
cording to Arrian’s Periplus to about 8,500 stadia—-
Herodotus assigns a length of 11,100 stadia, about 9
days’ sail at 700 stadia, and 8 nights’ sail at 600
stadia. According to the usual and more correct cal-
culation, whereby a day-and-night’s sail is, on an
average, computed at only 1,000 stadia, 'Herodotus’s
11,100 stadia would be reduced to 8,000. In con-
sequence of this excessive extension of the Pontus,
Colchis and the country 'of the Saspires (Ispir) are
removed too far to the east, and thus come exactly to
the north of Media and Persia. That Herodotus himself
imagined the relative position of these countries in this way,
is seen from iv. 37 z—Tovréwv (n31) Hepaé‘w) firspoméovo-L
apes Bope’w dve’pov Mfiaoi, Miijv 6E EdUWELPGS‘, 2aa7r€ipcov
8% K6AX0L. The Palus Maeotis is, according to Hero-
dotus, not much smaller than the Pontus; nothing can
be ascertained of the outlines of its coast except that the
western side, from the Chersonesus Taurica as far as the
Tanais, forms a line of 4,000 stadia, and the eastern
side of the Scythian quadrangle. The rivers to the east
of the Tanais, which fall into the Maeotis,-—-—the Oarus,
Lycus, and Syrgis,——are generally considered to be rivers
which in reality flow into the Caspian Sea, but which
Herodotus has erroneously assigned to the Maeotis. ' We
believe that they must be considered rather as belonging
‘ to the western side of the Maeotis, and be classed together
with the rivers Agarus (50° 30’ lat.) and Lyons (51°
30’ lat.)——probably the modern Uh-linlca—and the site of
the town Hygris (55° 30’ lat.) in Ptolemy’s map. In like
manner, the Budini, according to Herodotus, lived to. the
, east of the Tanais, but are placed by Ptolemy, no doubt
more correctly, west of the Maeotis. Now, if the Oarus of
Herodotus be placed where Ptolemy has his Agarus, the
Tanais—in the successiOn of the rivers given by Hero-
dotus—must have emptied itself somewhere in the
vicinity of the . Cimmerian Bosporus; and — we know
that the natives living in its nelghbourhood, called the
Cimmerian Bosporus itself the Tanais (Arrian, Peripl.
Pant, §29; Anonym. Peripl. Pant, § 50, in Geogr. Jilin],

vol. i. p. 394; Procop., Bell. Goth, iv. p. 474, ed. Bonn). _
This explains the error of the so-called Scymnus Chins .

(v. 571, in Geo. Min, i. p. 232), who (from Ephorus)
informs us that the Tanais has two mouths, one ‘flowing
into the Maeotis, the other into the Bosporus. It is
probable, therefore, that we must assume a similar
confusion in Herodotus. When the Tanais is said to
be 4,000 stadia distant from the Taurian Chersonesus,
and the Sarmatae are mentioned as the people inhabiting
the banks of the river—the real river, the Dan of the
present day, is indicated; when, however, the Tanais is
placed west of the Oarus, the confusion arises from the
river being confounded with the Tanais Bosporus. When,
moreover, the Scythian expedition of Darius, from the
Ister to the Oarus and back, is said to have taken only
60 days, this may have been the case, provided the Oarus
is identical with Ptolemy’s Agarus, but impossible, if
(we are to understand by it a river lying to the east of
the Don, and falling into the Caspian. Of the Medi-
terranean, Herodotus gives no measurement. Important
for the construction of the map is the statement (ii. 33),
according to which the mouths of the Istros, Sinope,
- erroneously supposed to be an isthmus of Asia Minor,
Cilicia aspera, and the mouths of the Nile, lie in
the same meridian. Another point deserving of con-
sideration, is furnished by - the series of cases lying
between Libya deserta and Libya Onpiéons, which were
said to extend from Thebes to the Pillars of Hercules,
at equal distances of 10 days’ journey from one another.
If we conceive this band of cases in an exact western
direction from Thebes—Which is the most natural view,
considering Herodotus’s division of the rest of Libya—it
follows that he must have imagined the Pillars of
Hercules much further south than their true position
warrants, and this can be admitted the more readily, as

we have already, in earlier geographical systems, found _

the Pillars placed in the same erroneous position.

What is further characteristic of the plan of the map of
Herodotus, are the corresponding courses of the rivers
Nile and Ister. Here also we may apply what N iebuhr
(Ueber d. Geogr. o’es Herodot,_in Kleine Schriften, i.
p. 355) says, in mentioning Herodotus’ conception of
Scythia: “, However much Herodotus wishes to limit
geography to actual enquiry, he nevertheless introduces

 

into it outlines which, like those of the map of Hecataeus,
are drawn as much according to symmetry and from
imagination as, in other circumstances, the most exclusive
empiric unconsciously proceeds from suppositions and
axioms.” The sources of the Ister are placed by Hero-
dotus in the southwest of Spain, where, beyond the
Pillars of Hercules, the Celtae live beside the Cynetes;
according to Ephorus, however, the river rises in north-
western Gaul. We may state that, according to the Ora
Maritima of the antiquarian Avienus, both south-western
Spain and north-western Gaul were once called Oes—
trymnis. This name, which in the mouth of a Greek
sounded Istrimnis, and by others was perhaps so spelt,
seems to determine those localisations of the scurces of
the' Ister, and therefore to have been known as early as
the time of Herodotus. . In a similar way the name of
the country Istria led to the belief that an arm of the
Ister flowed into the Adriatic. The accounts of Hero-
dotus about the length of the Nile between Elephantine

and Meroe, can be made to agree very well with those ,

quoted from Eratosthenes, which therefore we have
marked in the map. Whether, however, Herodotus was
aware of the great windings of the river specified by
Eratosthenes—which form the basis of these measure-
ments—we do not know; and it is very possible that be
imagined the course of the Nile, from Meroe to Elephan-
tine, in a more or less straight line, and also that what
he had heard about its windings, he erroneously trans-
ferred to the small tract of the Dodekaschoenus, lying
to the south of Syene. The lake ‘ also, placed near
Tachompso, the inhabitants of whose shores are the
Nobades (for thus we are probably to read instead of
Nomades, see Rawlinson’s Herodotus, vol. ii. p. 41),
is’ founded upon an error, and seems based upon a
vague knowledge of Ptolemy’s Nuba lake. The island
of Cyraunis (Hen, iv. 195), when it is spoken of as

, lying near the country of the Gyzantes, is the island,

which other geographers ealled Cercina in the small
Syrtis; but when it is said to possess a lake, and that
gold dust was there collected, the island of the Syrtis is
confounded with the report .of an island on the Atlantic
Gold Coast, that island which, according to Hanno’s
Periplus, contained a-lake, and lay near the Hesperi
Cornu, where Diodorus (iii. 68) mentions KEpatma 6;»),
and where he also transfers the lake Tritonis and the
stories of Pallas-Tritogeneia, from the district of the
Syrtis. ' ‘

‘ For further information about the geography of Hero-
dotus, see, besides the commentators, Rennell, The
Geographical System of Herodotus (London, 1800) ';
Niebuhr, Ueber die Geographic Heradats (1812), in the
Kleine Schriften, tom. i. pp. 132—159; G. Donniges,
Commentatia dc Geographia Heradoti (Berlin, 1835);
H. Bobrik, Geographic des Herodot (Konigsberg, 1838) ;
T. Talboys Wheeler, The Geography of Herodotus
(London, 1854). -

The .World according to Timasthenes, Eratosthenes,
Strata, Mela, and Dionysius Periegetes.

I

TIMOSTHENES, a_ native of Rhodes, naval commander
under Ptolemy II. Philadelphus, and a geographical

' writer, of whom EratOsthenes made much use, determined

the position of the different countries according to the
twelve winds, as given in the map. The account upon
which this is based may be found in the Geographical
Compendium of Agathemerus, § 7 (Geogr. Min, vol. ii.
p. 473). Alexandria is assumed as the centre of the
circle. .

ERATOSTHENES, with whom begins a new era in the
history of geography, was the first to carry out a scien-
tific measurement of the earth, according to which the

, circumference of the earth, in reality amounting only to

216,000 stadia, was computed at 252,000 stadia, so that
each single degree would comprise, not 600,‘ but 700 stadia.
A meridian line and a parallel line serve as a basis for
the construction of this terrestrial map; the former is
drawn from Alexandria southwards through Syene and
Meroe, northwards through Rhodes, Byzantium, and the
mouth of the Borysthenes ; the parallel line which divides
the inhabited earth into two halves, runs from Fretum
Herculeum, midway through the Mediterranean, across
the Sicilian straits and Rhodes, and in Asia along Mount
Taurus. The separate measurements, forming the foun-

‘ dation, are given in the map; they are taken from

Didot’s edition of Strabo. The only alteration consists

in the drawing of the British Islands, which are now

given more accurately according to the measurements of
Pytheas, and the accounts of the ancients about the posi-
tion of the islands, regarding which, compare Mullenhoff,
Die Raise des Pytheas, in the Deutsche AlterthiZ-mer,,i. p.
377 if. (Berlin, 1870). -

STRABo’s map, in a reduced size, is taken from the
same work. The differences between it and that of
Eratosthenes only concern the west of the earth, and
show a retrogression rather than progress.

In the geographical manuals of POMPONIUS MELA and

DIONYSIUS PERIEGETES, measurements which might serve
as a basis for a map, are out of the question; however,
it is very evident that Mela upon the whole gives the
system of Eratosthenes with a more extensive knowledge
of northern Europe and western Africa, whereas Diony-

, sius partially modifies this systemby going back toearlier.

geographers, and especially by assuming the earth to be
sling-shaped (amusements), whereby, for example, the
island of Taprobane comes to be in the parallel of Syene.

The World according to Ptolemy.

' CLAUDIUS PTOLEMAEUS, whose work closes the de-
velopment of the geographical systems of the ancients,
assumed for the earth a circumference of only 180,000
stadia; each degree, therefore, instead of 600, contained
only 500 stadia. His map, in which for the first
time a projection recognising the spherical form of the
earth, was employed, represents the greatest amount of

 

ancient geographical knowledge during the middle of the
second century after Christ. It differs most strikingly
from the earlier maps, by the Indian Ocean being repre-
sented as a mare clausum. Astronomical determinations
form much less of a basis for Ptolemy’s statements‘than
might appear from the strictly scientific form of his work,
and those actually forming the basis are for the most
part very inaccurate. In general the positions assigned,
according to degrees of longitude and latitude, are based

‘ upon the distances given in the Itineraries and the

Peripli, which Ptolemy has formed into an erroneously
graduated geographical net. ‘

 

 

MAP 2.
THE

WORLD AS KNOWN TO THE ANGIENTS

 

THrs map, drawn upon Mercator’s projection, is a
representation of all the countries known to the ancients
at the time of Ptolemy.~ Those portions, of which the
Atlas contains no special maps, are northern Asia and the
east and west coasts of southern Africa. About these
only, therefore, we will make a few observations.

The most important and most ancient document con-
cerning the west coast of Africa is the Periplus of Hanno,
in the explanation of which Rennell (Examination of the
account of the voyage of Hanna in the geographical system
of Herodotus, p. 719,) has rendered very good service.
Agreeing with Rennell, We fix the extreme point of
Hanno’s voyage at the island of Sherbora, near the
coast of Sierra Leone. Our map also agrees with Rennell
in regard to the Hesperi Cornu. The island there men-
tioned, which in a Mom; 6aAarrcra3§ns, contained another
island, we have, by means of modern maritime charts, been
able to find again in the island of Harang. Hanno’s island
of Cerne, we do not consider to be the modern island of
Argain (21° 80’ lat.), as Rennell and most other geogra-
phers do, but the island of Horne (23° 38’lat.), in the bay
of the Rio do care, which, however, was unknown to our
predecessors. (See Geogr.Min.,vol.i.Proleg. p.xxvi). The
Correctness of this supposition—with which Vivien de Saint
Martin also agrees (Le Nord de l’Afr-ique dans l’antiquité,
Paris, 1863, p. 383),—is supported,.independently of the
resemblance 1n the name, by the statement that Cerne
is said to lie about equi-distant from the Pillars of Her-
cules and Carthage, a statement a plicable to Herne, but
not to Arguin. The river Lixus, cm which Hanno (§ 8)
sails southwayls, by the side of the desert (rapenAéouev
n‘w épviunv) is evidently the Drah, the Daradus of Ptolemy,
Which empties itself at the northern extremity of the
desert. From this it follows that the corrupt statement
about the distance in the codex, according to which Cerne
would be only two days’ sail (,8' imépas) from the Lixus,
must not be changed into LB'ime’pas, twelve days’ sail
(which wOuld lead to Arguin), but to 11' fiuépas, eight days’
sail, which. can the more readily be conceded, as the letters
B and n are frequently confounded in the manuscripts.
Our principal authority for the other positions on this .
coast is Ptolemy, whose statements, however, suffer from
an extraordinary confusion, which cannot here be dis-
cussed. »We shall only remark, that Ptolemy’s river
Stachir (according to Vivien, lo. a tributary of the
Drah) can be no other than the Senegal; for the lake
which is placed in connection with the river, and in the
editions of Ptolemy is called KonL’a, but in the best

— (Vatican manuscript is certainly more correctly called

Ka'iovia, in all probability corresponds with the modern
lake Kaior.

Our best authority for the southern portion of the east
coast of Africa, known to the ancients, is the‘ anonymous
author of the Periplus Maris Erythraei (Geogr. .lein.,
i. p. 267, seq) The statement referring to‘this has
of late been discussed by Vivien de Saint Martin, in
his work already referred to. We differ from him, in
so far that we do not find the island of Menuthias
to be Pemba, but to be Ungadfa, or, as the island is
usually called, Zanzibar; further, in that we do not seek
Essina emporium, on account of the similarity of names,
in the baie d’Huassem, on the island of Pemba, but, in
conformity with the traditions, we place it on the coast
of the continent. According. to Ptolemy, the emporium
lay to the north of the Serapionis static, but according to

i the Anonymous Geographer, in Geogr. Min, ii. p. 505, it

lay much further south on the same coast, where Rhapta
was. The latter statement is doubtless the correct one,
partly because at present, on the coast opposite to the
island of Pemba, there is still a district called Wassina
"or Wessina, partly because this name is unquestionably
to be restored to this coast, in a passage of the Periplus
Mar. En, § 15, where the manuscript gives the following:
—-M67& 5250 Bpo'uovs‘ vvx0np6'povs nap’ aininv riyv Eva-L1) 6576m-
5Lcopt (sic) MEI/oodles a’mavrfi vfioos, which may be corrected
manu leni into nap’ atriqv Ti)» Afiaweirnv filo’va (cf. Geogr.
Min, ii. p. 506 not), so that the author who gives a
special name for every one of the preceding coast'districts,
does not leave the one lying opposite to the island of" ,
Pemba unnamed.

In the interior of Africa, in the modern country of
Gazer/the (8° lat. austr.), we have placed Agisymba
.(c. 15° lat. austr.), the southernmost land known to
Ptolemy, which Julius Maternus is said to have reached
after a journey of four months, having started south from
Garama. We willingly admit that this supposition, in
spite of the similarity of names, is very uncertain, and
that, as Leake thinks (Journ. of. the Roy. Geogr. Soc.,
vol. ii. p. 7, 1832), the country must perhaps be looked
for much further to the north, near Lake Tzad. On the
other hand, Peschel, in his Geschichte der Erdkunde,
p. 25, very justly remarks, that the country of Agisymba,
abounding in rhinoceroses, cannot be referred to the

MAP 3.]

SOURCES AND AUTHORITIES FOR THE MAPS] . 3

 

modern oasis of Asben, as Vivien de Saint Martin, l.e.
p. 222, would have it.
In north-eastern Asia, our scanty knowledge of Scy-

thia intra and extra Imaum, is based almost solely upon '

the untrustworthy statements of Ptolemy. The position
of the much-discussed Aldwos 71’15p'y09, on the road to
Serica, according to the accounts about the present com«
mercial roads in Hayward’s journey to Kashgar, by
O. Peschel (Auslaml, 1870, Ne. 14, p. 332) is, in our Map,
identified with Task-kargan (i.e., the stony fort) the prin»
cipal place in the district of Sarikol. According to the
other suppositions, this Turris lapidea would correspond

with the ancient monument near Useli (41° lat., 72° '

long), called Takti—Saleiman (Ritter, Geogr, viii. p. 483,
693; A. von Humboldt, Centralasien 1, p. 103 ; Lassen,
Indisclie Altert/z., ii. p. 534), or with Task-Irena (the
stony castle, 43° lat.,.69° long), as Reinaud (Géographie
d’Alba/‘eda, Introd., p. 369,) thinks. The further course
of the ancient commercial road we have given in the
same way as Kiepert.

 

 

MAP 3.

EMPIRES OF THE BABYLONIANS,
LYDIANS, MEDIANS, AND PERSIANS.

.___.+_._.

THIS Map, with the exception of a few alterations,
is the same as that which accompanies Rawlinson’s
edition of Herodotus. The eastern boundary of Media
is there drawn in such a manner that it does not extend
beyond Hyrcania and the desert bordering upon Media
Preper. This limitation, it is true, does not rest upon
ancient testimonies, but upon the internal’ probability of
the reasons set forth by G. Rawlinson, according to
which a Median empire was first formed under Cyaxares
(about 633 B.C.), which “ speedily attained its culminating
point, from” which it almost as speedily declined.” The
statements—based upon Ctesias, found in Diodorus ii. 34,
Arrian, Indioa i. 1, and Nicolaus Damascenus, fr. 66——
that the Median empire was of the same extent as the
Persian, have, in our opinion, no more authority than
the accounts of Ctesias about the 300 years’ existence
of the Median empire. The eastern boundary of the
Persian empire is subject to some doubt, inasmuch as
the extent of the 20th satrapy, which embraces To Té‘iv
’Ivoév wAfifios', cannot be determined. ~

The 20 satrapies enumerated by Herodotus have to be
conceived as administrative satrapies, into which the
empire was divided for the distribution of the tributes;

' on the other hand, the list of the provinces given inthe
three inscriptions of Behistan, Persepolis, and Nak/ish-i~
Rastam, is only of ethnical» importance. It must, how-
- ‘ever, be observed, that in the course of time, Darius’s
division of the satrapies experienced various alterations,
as is clear, for example, from the satrapies in Asia-
Minor, mentioned by Xenophon, Anah, vi. 8, and Arrian,
Anab., i. ‘12. ‘ \

In Persis—which being exempt from tribute is not
mentioned among the satrapies—we have placed Pasar-
gadae south of Persepolis, in the neighbourhood of Fasa
and Darab, where ruins are found. This position of the
town is supported by Arrian, vi. 29, Pliny, vi. §99, Sillig,
and by Ptolemy’s map. See Oppert in the Journal
Asiatiqae, 1872, p. 548, and Spiegel, Excars aber die
Lage ron Pasargadae in the Eranisclie Altertiiiimer
(1873), vol. ii. p. 616 if. The other position claimed
for Pasargadae by G: Rawlinson and others, likewise
indicated on the Map, is near the modern Mary/cab,
where the ruins of the tomb of Cyrus in Pasarga‘dae are
believed to have been found. According to Oppert, l.e.,
these ruins belong to a sepulchral monument erected by
Cyrus to a wife, perhaps to the Cassandane mentioned
by Herodotus, ii. 1. The architecture is said to resemble
that which the Persians still apply to the tombs of
women. .

The following is a list of the twenty tributary satrapies
(Herod, iii. 90, seq.), to which we add a few remarks
upon controverted points.

I. IONIANS,* MAGNESIANS, AEOLIANS,
LYCIANS, MILYANS, PAMPHYLIANS.

II. MYSIANS, LYDIANS, ALYSONIANS (Lasonians, var.
lect.), CABALIANS, HYGENNIANS. The form ’AAvao’vwi,

CARIANS,

occurring~ in the Florentine manuscript, instead of the '

vulgate» Aao-dvioi, though not the correct one, yet
approaches nearer to the right form. Upon coins of
Phrygian Pisidia (Mionnet, Descr., vii. p. 120), the name
is Avcrweis‘, without the a prostheticum; Avaimoi could
co-exist with it. The town belonging to them is called
Avawi’a by Ptolemy, v. 5, § 5, Avowo’n, by Polyb., xxii.
19, Ava-nvo'ipa, byl-Iierocles, p. 680. The name ‘Tyevvei‘s
first arose out of ‘Trevveis. They are the ’Erevveis oi 1139
, [Ito-impair H11) inrép Eifins dpewiyv oZKofivTes of’Polybius, v.
73, § 3, and of the coins (Eckhel, Doctr. Nam, iii. p. 11 ;
Mionnet, Descr., iii. p. 435). Their town, which must
have been called ”Emma, is found in the N otitiae episco-

atuum, under the more or less corrupt forms ”Er-rem, ,

Ereva, ’Erévva, .Te'va. Whether the Kareweis, Whom
Strabo, p. 569 Gas. calls the neighbours of the EeAyets

and Ouovaoets, are the same as the ’E'revve'is or not, '

cannot be decided.

III. HELLESPONTIANS, PHRYGIANS, ASIATIC THRACIANS
(i.e., Thyni et Bithyni), PAPHLAGONIANS, MARIANDYNIANS,
SYRIANS (i.e., the Syrians in Cap adocia).

IV. CILICIANS (who then, and) later in the Periplus of
Scylax, extended to the river Orontes). —

V. THE COUNTRY REACHING FROM THE CITY OF
POSIDIUM (now Bosit) To THE' BORDERS OF EGYPT,

gEXCLUD‘ING‘ THEREFROM A DISTRICT WHICH BELONGED

 

To ARABIA, AND WAS FREE FROM TAXES, i.e. ALL
PHOENICIA, PALAESTINE SYRIA, AND CYPRUS.

VI. EGYPT AND THE NEIGHBOURING PARTS OF LIBYA,
TOGETHER WITH THE TOWNS OF' CYRENE AND BARCA,
WHICH BELONGED To THE EGYPTIAN'SATRAPY. Among
the ethnic names of the Cyrenaica, our map gives Bacales
Instead of Cabales, the vulgate in Herodotus, iv. 171.
That the reading of the Florentine manuscript BotKaAes‘,
Is the correct one, is clear from a‘fragment of Callimachus
1n Herodian, p. 33, ed. Lehrs, and also from the codd.
of N onnus, xiii. 375. To this also belongs the Cyrenaean
mountain, which in the" MSS. of Ptolemy is written
BaLKoALKov, BcoKoALKov, BEKOALKCI) dpos, and perhaps also
the dlstrict BaKaAZrL's‘, which Ptolemy, iv. 7, § 35, places
south of Cyrenaica.

VII. SATTAGYDIANS, GANDARIANS, DADICAE, APA-
RYTAE. The Earmyeaai are probably the same as the
Earpatoai, whom Dionysius Periegetes, 1097, mentions
together with the Arachosians, whom Herodotus does
not speak of. Of the Dadicae and Aparytae nothing is
known, unless the latter are the Hapvfirai, whom Ptolemy,

‘ vi. 18, mentions among the Paropamisadae.

VIII. SUSA AND THE OTHER PARTS OF CISSIA.

IX. BABYLON AND THE REST OF ASSYRIA.

X. MEDIANS, PARICANIANS, AND ORTHOCORYBANTIANS.
The Paricanii are mentioned in the 17th satrapy, together
with the Aethiopians of Gedrosia. Possibly a portion of
this people inhabited the district of the 10th satrapy (as
Lassen and Bitter, viii. p. 59, believe), but it is more
probable that in our passage the name is corrupt, and
indicates the Bapxdei, the neighbours of the Medians,
who, according to Stephanus Byz., were a people border-
ing on the Hyrcanians (é’dvos' rots ‘Tpxavois‘ due/20v),
Whereas in reality the name BapKOtvLOL is only the Persian
form (Var/canal in the inscription of Behistun) of the
Greek ‘T‘p/co’wiot; whence the Astyages, mentioned by
Ctesias (fr. 29, 5 and tr. 31) as the prefect of the
Barcanii, is called by Justin the prefect of the Hyrcanii.
The ’OpHOKopoo’wTLOL mentioned after them, are not
noticed elsewhere. According to Rennell, Lassen, and
Ritter, their settlements would have to be looked for in
the district of K'opfiiami (Strabo, p. ,745), a part of
Elymais, in southern Media, and on account of this con-
jecture, which is founded upon a supposed similarity of
names, the name is entered in the map, from Which how-

, ever we Should now like to erase it. ’OpGoKOpv/denm

is, in our opinion, a purely Greek word, and signifies
people wearing upright tiaras; for Kopvfictvnov is the
same as Kvpfiaoia, Kt0apts‘, tiara, pileas ; and 6p60’Kopvs is
explained by Hesychius, as 6,162») #8on é’xwv. But as it
is not probable that such an' adjective would be directly
employed as the name of a people, we may easily suppose
that Herodotus wrote: HapixdmOL (Bapxo’wtot) [oi] Kai
’Opdoxopvfidvnoi. The dress Of the Hyrcanians was the
same as that 'of the Persians (Herod. vii. 62: KaTctfl'Ep
He’pcrai e’creodxaro); and the Persians, according to
Herodotus, wore Kvaacn’as €772 rfioi xe¢aAfi<n; only among

. the Persians was the upright tiara the privilege of the

king; however, according to our explanation, it was
worn by all the Hyrcanians. Compare these Hyrcanians,
wearing tiaras, with the Scythians, mAn¢6p0i in Lucian,

Sci/tit, 1, Dion. Cass. lxviii. l9, Petrus Patricius, fr. 5-

(Fragm. Hist. 4, p. 185), and the Daeoram' pileatae
nationes in Aurelius Victor, De Caes. c. 13.

XI. CASPIANS, PAUSICAE, PANTIMATHI, DARITAE.
The Havaixai of Herodotus are the Haoixai of Ptolemy,
vi. 12, § 4, Paesicae of Mela, iii. 5, Pesiei of Pliny,

vi. § 50, ’AnaoLdKaL in Strabo, p. 513, [Tamar/oi (leg. ,
.Haotaxot) ibid, p. 511. The Havripadot are unknown;

the last syllables probably correspond to the termination
MCI/Tat, which is very frequent in names of Scythian tribes
(as in Sauromatae, Thisamatae, Agamatae, Taxamatae).
The Aapeirai, who, according to G. Rawlinson, are like-
wise unknown, we refer to the Aapéiris xépa of Ptolemy,

vi. § 26. To these belong also the Darieum in Pliny,—

vi. § 46: “A. Caspiis ad Cricntem versus regio est

Apavortene dicta et in ea fertilitatis inclutae locus ,

Darieum; mox gentes Tapyri, Anariaci, Staures,
Hyrcani.” Ptolemy indeed places the district Daritis
——which, according to Herodotus and Pliny, we must

seek in the neighbourhood of the Caspian Sea—at the .

southern boundary of Media; but this is the same error
which makes him place, in the same district, the town
Anariace, which is situated On the Caspian Sea, and the

'Parachoatras mountains, which, according to Strabo, also

extend along the south of the Caspianfi However, we
have placed the Pausicae on the east side of the Caspian,
as we find them in Strabo, Mela, and Ptolemy. But
the order in which the tribes of the eleventh satrapy
are given, makes it probable that the Pausicae of
Herodotus dwelt on the southern shore of the sea, and
this is the less surprising, as the Anarici also are placed
by some geographers on the southern shore, and by
others on the eastern. «
XII. BACTRIANA As FAR AS THE AEGI.I. Lassen and
Kiepert propose to read in Herodotus uéxpi Zoyoév instead
of péxpl. AZ‘yAé‘w, Billerbeck pe’xpi ’Apeiaw Without suffi-
cient reason, as it seems to us; we have placed the Aegli
north-east of Bactriana, as a tribe of the Sacae forming
the 15th satrapy. This was suggested by the Chronicon
Paschale, p. 171, ed. Bonn, according to which the
Alexandria 'tuated on the J axartes is: écrxdm Kara 77‘71}
Exvdim‘w Ev AZyaL’oLs (read AiyAL’OLs or A’L’yAOLs). The

Aegli are not different from the Az’fiyaAor, whom Ptolemy, ‘ '

vi. 12, § 4, supposes to live in northern Sogdiana on
the J axartes, by the side of the Tachori, and the
Afiydo-Ioi (thus Strabo apud Steph. Byz., ’A-rro'Lo-ioi in our
codd. of Strabo), whom Strabo mentions in the same
district together with the Chorasmii, as a tribe of the
Sacae and Massagetae.

We may here observe, that we should like to consider
the district of modern Merit—or the Margiana, which
Herodotus does not mention—as belonging to the twelfth
and not to the fourteenth satrapy, as in the map. For
the connection with Bactriana is corroborated by the
inscription of Bellist-zm (v. Rawlinson’s Herodot., vol. ii.
p. 604); in which after it has been stated that a rebel
in Margiana is conquered by the satrap of the province

 

of Bactriana, King Darius adds: “ This is what was
done by me in Bactria.”
, XIII. PACTYICA, ARMENIA, AND THE COUNTRIES
REACHING THENCE To THE EUXINE. We know as little
about the Pactyica here spoken of, as about the Pactyica
in or near the country of the Indians, where the town
of Caspatyrus was (Herod. iii. 102, iv. 44), or accord--
ing to Hecataeus, the Gandarian town of Caspapyrus.
Possibly the Pactyes have been transferred from the
Indian boundary to Armenia. AS late as the fourth
century after Christ, there existed in the south of
Armenia—between the river Alumni and the lake Van,
in the province of Doran—a colony of Hindoos, who
emigrated thence into Paytakaran, the most eastern
rovince of Sassanidan Armenia. These Indians are
Indeed said not to have come from India until the end
of the second century B.C. (v. Audal, Memoir of a Hindu -

. colony in ancient Armenia, in Journal of the Asiatic 800.,

1836, p. 332); but a similar transportation may, according
to Asratic custom, have taken place even In earlier times.
XIV. SAGARTIANS, SARANGIANS, THAMANAEANS,

'UTIANS, MYCIANS AND THE INHABITANTS OF THE

ISLANDS IN THE ERYTHREAN SEA, WHERE THE KING

SENT THOSE WHOM HE BANISHED. In the map, the

Sagartii occupy the position assigned to them by Raw-

linson. They seem, however, also to have lived in

south-western Media, where Ptolemy has placed them,

and even west of the Zagros mountains. According to

the inscription of Behistan, a rebel Sagartian prince,

who traced his descent to Cyrus, was executed in Arbela.

However, as princes who had usurped the royal power
were executed in the chief city of their territory—as may
be inferred from the two other examples found in- the.
inscription—Spiegel thinks (Eran. Altertk. 1, p. 223)

that these Sagartians, mentioned in the inscription,

Should be placed in the territory of the Upper Zab, and
that Arbela was its capital. These western Sagartii are
perhaps those whom Herodotus, vii. 69, classes together
with the Pactyes (of the thirteenth satrapy). In regard
to the Thamanaei, Rawlinson observes: “Their name
seems to linger in that of the modern Tymimees, whom
the maps place in the vicinity of Herat.” We infer
from the Stathmi Parthici of Isidorus (Geogr. Mm, i.
p. 253), that they really dwelt south of Herat, as far
as the country about lake Zare/i. After having spoken
.of a road’ of thirty schoeni, leading through Aria, it
is written: évrei‘idéu ’Avauwv xépa ’Apeias' oxoiuor vs" 51! fi

776M: M67507?) (I5pd (now Farrah). Now as the Anaui
are otherwise unknown, the passage in Isidorus may,
we think, be thus corrected: Eur-66661; [GaMJavauwm
especially as Capt after 661’ might easily drop out. The
Thamanaei are not mentioned in the lists of the inscrip-
tions, and must probably be here regarded as belonging
to the province of Aria. “ The Utians,” says Rawlin-
son, “ are perhaps the Uxii of Strabo and Arrian, who
dwelt in the Bali/itiyari mountains.” This conjecture
has been followed in the map. It is possible that the
Utii were the immediate neighbours of the Myci, men-
tioned next, and that they occupied the border districts
between Carmania and Persis; for the inscription of
Behistun gives the name of Utiya to a district in Persia,
and Ptolemy (vi. 4) Speaks of a people Ofifaioi, and of a
town Otfia, in that part of Persia bordering upon the
province of Carmania.

The Myci, called Maka in the inscription, are, accord-
ing to Herodotus and Hecataeus, without doubt the
inhabitants of "modern Mogistari. The Macae mentioned
by Strabo, Pliny, and Ptolemy, as living on the opposite
shores of Arabia, near Cape Massendom, are probably

' a portion of the same people. That this part of Arabia

belonged to the Persian Kingdom as early as the time of
Darius, and formed part of the fourteenth satrapy—as
Menke in his atlas has assumed—is indeed possible, but
cannot be proved. »

XV. SACANS AND CASPIANS.-—The name Caspii seems
here to be a corruption of Casii.

XVI. PARTHIANS, CHORASMIANS, SOGDIANS, ARIANs.

XVII. PARICANIANS AND ETHIOPIANS 0F ASIA.

XVIII. MATIENIANS, SASPIRES, ALARODIANS. —The
Saspires occupied the district called by Strabo, p. 529,

, 430, t'I‘ounpdns or Eva-wiping, in the district of the

modern Ispir ; the Alarodians however, as it seems,
inhabited the district of Ararat, which lay on both
sides of the Araxes. In the biblical records also,
Ararat is the name of a district. The mountain usually
called Ararat was called Masis by the ancient Armenians
(v. N oldeke, Untersae/iangen zar Kritik des alten Testa-
ments, p. 150). The fact that Herodotus places this-
district north of Media and Persis, is explained by his
geographical system (v. above p. 2); there is no reason,
on account of that passage, for placing the Alarodians
much further to east, as is done by Wheeler, in his
Geogr. of Herod, p. 285.

XIX. MOSCHI, TIBARENI, MACRONES, MOSYNOECI,
MAREs.——With the exception of Herodotus, Hecataeus
is the only one who speaks of the Mares as neighbours
of the Mosynoeci. ‘ ~

XX. INDI. .

The following is a list of the provinces given in the
Inscription of Behistan. '
1. Parsa, Persia.
2. Uraja, Susiana, Syrian Kvaz. Satrap. 3.
32 flabiras, Babylonia. Satr. 9.
4. Alf/turd, Greek ’A'rovpta, ’Arvpia, ’Aoovpia, in a
narrower sense of the word.- Satrap. 9.
5. Arabaya, Arabia, to be referred to that part of
Mesopotamia inhabited by Arabs.
6. Madraya, Hebrew, Mizraim; Aegyptus. Satrap. 6.
7. Tyaiy daraya/zya, i.e., those which are of the sea,
the islands; perhaps the Greeks of the islands.
8. Sparda, Saspires. Satrap. 18.
9. Y aaria, Ionia, i.e., the Greeks, the Yavan of the
Hebrews, the Yavana of the Indians. Satrap. 1.
10. Mada, Media. Satrap. 10. .
11. Arimiaig/a, Armenia. Satrap. 13. .
12. Katpatuka, Cappadocia, where are the Syrians of
Herodotus. Satrap. 3. ,

132

4 I SOURCES AND‘ AUTHORITIES FOR THE MAPS.

[MAP 4.

 

13. Parthaca, Parthia. Satrap. 16.

14. Zaralca, Sarangae on lake Zareh. Satrap. 14.

15. IIaraiva, Aria, Heral, which is still called Hare
by F irdosi. Satrap. 16.

16. Ucarazmiza, Chorasmia. Satrap. 16.

17. Bahhtris, Bactria. Satrap. 12.

18. Suguda, Sogdiana. Satrap. 8.

19. Gandara, 1‘7 FavoapZ-ns. Satrap. 7.

20. Saha, country of the Sacae. Satrap. 15.

21. Thatagus, Sattagydae. Satrap. 7.

22. IIaramratis, Arachosia. Satrap. 7.

23. Maha, lVlliKot. Satrap. 14.

In addition to these, the inscription of Persepolis
mentions—

24. Asagarla, Sagartii. Satrap. 14

25. Hindu, India. Satrap. 20. _

In the inscription on the tomb of Darius, the Saka are
divided into three subdivisions :—

Sal‘a tigralrhuda (Chatae Scythae in Ptolemy P)

Saka haunzacarha (Amyrgii P)

Saka lyaig/ taradaraya. The last word is uncertain.
It is believed to signify, those living beyond the sea.
Could it have meant the people living on the other side
of the Syr Dar/a, the J axartes?

Further mentioned are: .

Y auna talcabara, Greeks wearing crowns; perhaps the
Greeks 0f the continent, in contradistinction to those
living on the islands. Finally, the inscription has five
other names, the significance of which is however very
uncertain: ‘

26. Shudra (the Exo’Bpat, reaper, Indians? the reaper,
Arachosians ?)

27. Put-iya (Pactyes ?)

28. K'usiga (Casii P) ‘

29. Maciya.

30. Karlca (Cicilia ?)

The geographical names given in the inscription of
Behistun, whose localities are in most cases uncertain,
are the following :—

Tigra, Tigris river; Ufratas, Euphrates; Babirus,
Babylon, town and country; Dubana, district; Zazana,
town in Babylonia. Autigara, district; Zuza, town;
Tigra and Uhyama, forts in Armenia. ’Varkana,
Hyrcania. Margus, Margiana. Utiya, district; T araoa,
.Kuganalca, Rakka, Uvadaidaya, Paraya, towns ; Pisiyau-
cada, fort; Ara/cadres, mountain in Persia. In Media:
the district Kampada (Campadene, now Chambadan, on
the left bank of the river Kerka); Nisaya (Nisaea, the
horse pastures of which Rawlinson has discovered in the
vicinity of the modern Khorremabad); :Raga (Media
Rhagiana in the district of Rei); the town Hangmalana
(Ecbatana), and Kudurus, and the fort Sikathaucatis,
somewhere in the vicinity of Nisaya. In Assyria:
Arbira (Arbela). In Parthia: the towns of Vispauzaiis
and Patigrabana (a Median town, Patigran is mentioned
by Ammianus, xxiii. 6, §29). In Arachosia two forts:
Ifapisakanis (Capisa, Plin. vi.§ 92) and Arshada. Another
place probably also in Arachosia is called Gandutaca.

 

 

MAP 4.
EMPIRE 0E ALEXANDER THE GREAT.

.___._..,—__——l

THE chief authorities made use of in constructing this
Map, arez—G‘esehiehle Alexanders, von G. Droysen; Carl
Ritter, Ueber Alexanders Feldzag am Caucasus in den
Abhandlungen der Berliner Akademie 1829, as also the
7th, 8th, and 9th vols. of theErdhunde referring to this;
G. Droysen, Ueber Alexanders Feldzilgc in T man in the
Rheinisches Museum,'1834, p. 81—102; 0. Menn, De
Alexandri expeditionibus Orianis, Darmstadt, 1839; Julius
Mutzell, Commenlar zur Ausgabe des Curtius, Berlin,
1841; Grote, History of Greece, vol. xii.; Vivien de
Saint—Martin, Etudes sur la géographie grecque et latine

de l’Inde, Paris, 1854, p. 20, seq.; Major J ames‘Abbott, '

Gradus ad Aornon in the Journal of the Asiatic Society
of Bengal, Calcutta, 1854, p. 309—363; Wilson, Ariana
aniz'qua; Lassen, Indische Alterlh., vol. ii. Without scien-
tific value is Van dcr Chys, Ccmmentarius geographicus
in Arrianum, Lugd. Bat. 1828. ‘

On account of the small compass of the Map, Alex- -

ander’s campaigns could only be generally indicated, to
the exclusion of geographical details. For these, we
refer the student to the above mentioned works, and
confine ourselves here to stating briefly in what sense
certain controverted points are conceived in our map.

In the campaign against the Triballi and Getae,
Alexander starts from Amphipolis, leaves Philippi and
Mount Orbelus to the left, comes to Mount Haemus on
the tenth day, forces his way through the defile of the
mountain, and then reaches the river Lyginus at a point
where it was three days’ march from the Danube (Arrian,
i. 2, § 1). That defile, through which Alexander marched
against the Triballi, who lived between the Margus and
Oescius, is no doubt the one frequently mentioned by the
ancients on the road from Philippopolis to Serdica, about
700 stadia from the latter town, and now called Shula-
Derbend or Demir Kapu, by the ancients 7115M; A’L’uov
()Ialchus, in Fr. Hist., iv. p. 122), Succorum angustiae
(Ammian., xxi. 10, § 2; xxi. 13, § 6; xxii. 2, § 1, &c.),
206st (Sozom., ii. 22), Eovco’mees (Nicephor., ix. 13).
Now if Alexander proceeded along the most frequented

road into the territory of the Triballi,—by way of Serdica ,

(Sophia), in the direction of Naissus (Nis/z),—we may
identify the not otherwise mentioned Lyginus with the
modern Lykanilza, which flows into the Nishazca, not far
from the town of Pirot, in whose vicinity must have been
the mutatio Latina (?)—about 37 m. pass. distant from
Naissus—according to the Itin. Hieros. p. .566, about
600 stadia or three days’ journey from the Danube. The

 

Ma is drawn according to these calculations. Droysen,
an with him, though doubtfully, Grote l.c. p. 34, considers
the Lyginus to be the river which others call the Oescius
(now Isher). It is, however, precarious to assume two
entirely different names for one and the same river, when
there are no convincing proofs. The situation of the

island of Peuee in the Danube, where the Triballi ‘

carried their wives for safety, can hardly be ascertained.
Grote also admits that it must be different from the
Peuce which lies at the mouth’of the Danube. Perhaps
the Peuce of Julius Honorius, p. 694, and of the Pseudo-
Aethicus, up. 713, ed. Grenov. (ad calcem P. Melae),
where N aissus, Viminacium, Peuce, and Singidunum, are
enumerated together, belongs to this.

In Syria, the place Onchae mentioned by Curtius, iv.
1, § 3, is doubtless to be looked for in the modern plain
of el Omh on the Orontes. But whether, as Droysen and
Bitter (Erdlcunde, vol. xvii. p. 1618, 1794) think, and
as is also assumed in the map, the place is identical with
Eaxm or zexa, Arrian, ii. 5, where it is stated that
Darius had encamped, e’v Eéxow two days’ march from
the Syrian gates, can scarcely be ascertained.

March from Susa l0 Persepolis—Starting from Susa,
Alexander, after four days’ march (quarlis caslris, Curt,
v. ’10) reaches the Tigris or Pasitigris (i.e., the further
Tigris according to Spiegel, Eran. Allerfh., ii. p. 626),
which in the middle ages was called ng'e‘ili-Ahwaz
(Tigris of Ahwaz), and is still called .Dujeili Kudak
(the small Tigris), generally, however, Kuran, and with
the ancients bore the name of Eulaeus. The place where
he crossed the river was probably not at the town of
Schuster, 300 stadia distant, as is generally assumed, but
to the south-west of Susa, near Ahwaz, a distance of
about 500 stadia, where afterwards existed the pons
Alexandri. From this point, Alexander penetrated into
theterritory‘ of the Uxii, and forced his way through the
Uxian passes, which with Kinneir (cf. Grote, p. 232), we
place to the north-west of Bebehan. After forcing the
passes, Parmenio was sent along the high road (mu) 77‘1”
duaEL-rdv, Arrian, iii. 18, §1) to Persis; this road led
across the plain of Bebehan, and then by Alishter and
Bashl, to the narrow defile near'Kalai Sefid or Safed
(the white fort). Alexander himself went further east—
wards, across the mountains, to that pass Kalai Sefiel
which Arrian, iii. 18, § 2, Diodorus, xvii. 68, Curtius,
v. 3, and Polyaen., iv. 3, § 27, call Hepci’oeg mikac, and
thence to Persepolis. These passes of Susa, according
to Curtius, were in Persis, and two days’ journey from
the borders of Susa, whence Spiegel l.c. ii. p. 526,
believes that the name Eovcloes ’n‘llAaL in Diodorus and
Curtius rests upon an error, whereas M'utzell derives the
name from the road leading to Susa. In our opinion,
it is much more probable that Schulislan, the modern
name, of the district of the passes, in ancient times bore
the name of Susis; for there the river Abi Shir, unites
with the Sefid rud, which is, at its mouth, called the
Granis, by N earchus and Pliny, vi. § 99, and which, ac-
cording to Pliny, flows per Susianen. By the Pseudo-
Aethicus, p. 709, ed Gronov. (cf. Geogr. Min, ii. p. 169,
note) the river itself is called Susa.

This itinerary of Alexander is differently constructed
by Von Bode (Travels, ii. p. 47). According to him,
Alexander, starting from Susa, went eastwards by way
of Schuster into the mountains, as far as Mal-Amer (50°
10' long, 31° 50' lat), situated in a plain having only
one entrance.‘ Here he supposes the pass and the town
of the Uxii to be. ,Thence Alexander marched south-
wards, across the hills towards Bebehan; and the defile
Tangi-telceb, lying to the north of the town, represents

. the Persides or Susides Pylae; therefore they lie where

in our Map the Uxian passes are given. According to
this supposition, after the taking of the Uxian passes,
Parmenio, who was sent across the plain to Persepolis,
would have had to march several days westwards to
reach the plain, which does not indeed seem very
probable. '

From Persepolis to Ecbatana—From Persepolis, Alex-
ander marched towards Media; on the way he subdued

the Paraetaci, and then received the false report that

Darius, reinforced by fresh troops, intended to march
against him, whereupon Alexander, leaving his impedi—
menta behind, hastened his march. He reached Media
on the twelfth day, and passing through Media, arrived—
we know not in how many days— at Ecbatana (Arrian, iii.
19). It is generally supposed that Alexander marched
from Persepolis, along the great road. leading to Isfahan
and thence to Harnadan. This is, however, contralicted
by the only geographical notice about this march, found
in .the otherwise very confused narrative in Curtius (iii.
15, § 1.). ”He writes, “Alexander audito Dareum movisse
ab Ecbatanis, omisso itinere quod patebat in Mediam,
fugientem insequi pergit. Tabas (oppidum est in Parae-
tacene ultima) pervenit; ibi transfugae nuntiant, etc.”
Now, Paraetacene is the.name of a hilly border district,
which stretches down from the Zagros between Persia
and Media; and in the western portion of this territory,—

‘ in the district of Elymais,—lay the Persian town of Tabae,
where, according to Polybius, xxxi. 11, § 3, Antiochus .

Epiphanes died of his wounds, when on the point of
returning to Babylon from the temple of Diana (the
ruins of which H. Rawlinson has discovered, not far
from the modern Susan). But that Alexander, according

‘ to ancient tradition, was in this. neighbourhood, is evident

from the books of the Maccabees (i. 6, 2), and from
Josephus (Ant. Jud, xii. 9, § 1), according to whom
Alexander left 6am Kai 6(6paxas in the temple of Diana
in the Persian Elymais. Accordingly, in Curtius, this
Tabae (which was probably situated near Mount Tawa,
not far from Susan), is no doubt meant, and we have to

combine the accounts in Arrian and Curtius in such a '

manner as to suppose that Alexander first marched

_ northwards, along the great road (via quae in Mediam

patebat) in the direction of Isfahan, about as far as Sycta
(Siacus in the Tab. Peut.) or the modern Jezdechasl, in
Ptolemy—the last Persian station on this road; and that
then, upon receiving the news of the new preparations
of Darius, he left the road leading direct to Media, and
turned westwards into the valley of the Upper Karen;

 

that having arrived in Tabae, and hearing of the king’s
flight, he crossed the Median frontier by forced marches
on the eleventh day (after his departure from Persepolis),

' and proceeded along the valley of Dizful to Ecbatana.

The line of Alexander’s march is given in the map, in
accordance with this opinion. Regardless of the Tabae
mentioned by Polybius, and on the supposition that
Alexander reached Ecbatana by the usual high road from
Persepolis, Kiepert places Tabae in the district of the
modern Jesdegasz‘, and Menke places it about 500 stadia
south-east of Ecbatana. Droysen, on the other hand,
looks for it on the road from Ecbatana to Rhagaefi ,
FromRhagae (Rei), Alexander in one day reached the
Caspian gates (Sirdara pass), about 400 stadia distant.
Thence, in four extremely forced marches, he arrived at '
the Parthian Thara (Justin, v. 35) or Adpas (Etym. M.,
p. 248, 6), where Darius had encamped the day before;

. he then, in one night, traversed other 400 stadia, as far

as the place where he found King Darius (Arrian, iii.
21, § 3). Those four forced marches must at least be
computed at 1600—2000 stadia, and the village of
Thara or Daras must be placed much further east than
Hecatompylus (Damaghan), somewhere near the site of
the modern Dasgerd, as J. 'B. Fraser (Narrative of a
journey into Khorassan, p. 291) and Mutzell (on Curtius, v.
25, p. 488) justly remark, while Droysen, Menke, and
Mordtmann (Silzangsberichle d. Bayer. Acad., 1869, i.
p. 524) give it an indefinite position between the Caspian
gates and Damaghan. Thence, Alexander must again
have returned westwards in the direction of Hecatompylus.
This town must be identified with the modern Damaghan.
This site for the ancient town—the most suitable for
explaining Alexander’s line of march—is clear from
Apollodorus -Artémitenus (ap. Strabo, p. 515), who in

‘ his Parthian Histories reckoned the distance between the

Caspian gates and Hecatompylus at 1260 stadia. This
statement agrees with the Tabula Peutingeriana, accor-
ding to which the length of the road from Darathe
(i.e., Ai’fipaois in Ptolemy, now Aradin) to Hecatompylus
amounts to 39 schoeni or 1170 stadia. When Erato-
sthenes ap. Strabon. p. 514, instead of 1260 stadia,
mentions 1960 (a distance which would reach as far. as
Jagerm, where Wilson places Hecatompylus), and Pliny‘,
vi. § 44, only gives 133 m.p., or 1064 stadia, there is
probably some mistake. That the number 1960 in Strabo
is not corrupt, is clear from the context; but in Pliny,
the number cxxxiii. might have arisen out of 'ccxliii.
(=1944 stadia), because Pliny generally agrees with
Eratosthenes down to the'smallest deviations in the data
relating to the distances of these Asiatic countries.

From Hecatompylus, the army marched by three
different roads towards Hyrcania. The shortest road,
taken by Alexander himself, is the one leading direct
north by Tawe and Shower, to Aslerabad ; Engyius went
by a longer but more convenient road, according to our
Map, the one leading by Sharood to Asterahad; lastly,
Craterus, who was sent against the Tapyri, in modern
Taburistan, must have gone in a north-western direction.
After subjugating the Tapyri, he went to Zadracarta,
the modern Sari, as Droysen and Ritter believe, or to a
place in the neighbourhood of Sari. Alexander, who
after crossing the passes on the northern slopes of the
mountains, had pitched his camp in the neighbourk "
of the modern Asterabad, set out likewise in the direzt.
of Zadracarta, and thence undertook a five days’ can.
paign against the Mardi. Then having returned to his.»
camp, he marched to the chief city of the Hyrcanians,
called Zevopdxapra. Ptolemy calls the capital Hyrcania;
can this be the same, and is zenpa based upon a form
more closely allied to the modern Djordjan .9 If not, the
position of the town cannot be determined.

The line of the further march through Parthyaea,
Aria, Drangiana, Arachosia, Bactriana, and; Sogdiana,

' in most oints follows Mutzell’s investi ations who in
’ )

his commentary to Curtius, has most- carefully discussed
the geographical questions.

Alexandria ad Caucasum, in Pliny (vi. §61), 500 mill.
pass. distant from Cabura or Ortospanum, is according to
this measurement, referred to the ruins found near Char-

’ leur and the village of Hoopian on the Goorband, not far
, from its confluence with the Punjsheer. Alexandria es-

chata, on the J axartes, is identified with Khodjend, and
Cyropolis with. Kokand. . The respective pesition of these
two towns is not clear from Arrian; that, however,
Cyropolis lay more to the east than Alexandria, and not
vice aersd, may perhaps be gathered from Ptolemy, who,
according to the best MSS., places Cyreschate (125° long,
46° 20’ lat.) three degrees further east than Alexandria
eschate (122° long.,‘41° lat); although, in this case,
the considerable difference in latitude and other circum-
stances, might give rise to the suspicion that Ptolemy
confounded Alexandria Eschate with Alexandria ad Cau-
casum.—The name Tribactra, on the river Polytimetus
(Kohl/c or Zerafchan river), in the neighbourhood of the '
modern Pailcend, is taken from Ptolemy. In Curtius (v.

' 28, § 20) the place is called Bactra; but here also the

vulgate adoentu Bactra has probably arisen out of adeentu
Tribaclra. The town of- Marginia (Curt, vii. 40, § 15,
ed. Miitzell), according to our Map, is the modern Mar~
glnan, and the river Ochus, the Achas of Edrisi, on
the road thither, which according to Ritter (Erdh, Vii.
p. 747) corresponds with the modern Ahsou, flowing into
the J axartes to the south-east of Khodjend. We can
find no satisfactory reason, like Menn (l.c. p. 90) and
others, for supposing that Alexander started on an ex-
pedition from Maracanda to the far distant Margiana (as
ought to be read instead of Marginia), and that Arrian’s
and Curtius’s account are disfigured by a lacuna.

After his return from Bactriana to Alexandria ad Cau-
casum, Alexander went to Nicaea, and thence across difficult
mountain roads along the river Choes, towards the Cophes.
The site of this town of Nicaea is however unknown.
Usually it is placed near Alexandria, either south among
the ruins of Beghram (as in our Map), or, on account of the
name, more to the east, on the site of the modern N idjrout,
on the river Pum’sheer; and it may be conjectured that
Nicaea was the, town which Alexander is said to have
founded, at one day’s journey‘from Alexandria (Diodorus,

MAP 5.]

 

xvii. 83). This supposition, however, pre-supposes an
inaccuracy in Arrian’s account; for the Chess is not the
Plays/leer along which the road from Bey/tram or Md-
jrout leads to the Cophen, but the more eastern river of
Alishany, which unites with the Alinyar, and which is
still called K6 by the natives (according to Masson,
, Various journeys, iii. p. 287). Hence it is not improbable
that N icaea was situated on the upper course of this river.
Situated in the same district, according to the itinerary
of the Chinese Hiuen-Thsang (v. Lassen Indische Alterth.
iii. p. 135), there existed the most ancient town of the
Paropamisadae, the Capisa destroyed by Cyrus (Plin. vi.
§ 92), which however must soon have been rebuilt, as it
is called Capisakanis in the inscription of Behistun, is
afterwards mentioned by Ptolemy, and in the sixth
century after Christ was the chief city of -a kingdom.
It is possible that this ancient city may have been
restored by Alexander, and have been called by the
Greek name Nicaea, which subsequently disappeared.

As regards the further campaign as far as the Indus,
the territory of the Kahool river is still too much a terra
incognita to enable us to determine, with any degree of
certainty, the localities mentioned by Arrian and Curtius.
The river Choaspes, the name of which is corrupt in
Arrian, iv. 25, § 1, is the river on which Konar and O’hoaki
arenow situated; the Guraeus, the modern Lundye or
Landi, on which the town Mala-Gory seems to correspond
to the ancient Goryaea or Gorys; the tributary of the
Lundye, the modern Sawat, is the Soastus or Suastus,
which name Ptolemy also applies to the lower course
of the Luna’ye. 'In regard to the towns, the name of
the first which Alexander captured after crossing the
Choes, is not mentioned by Arrian (iv. 23, § 3), nor by
Curtiu‘s (viii. 34, §4, ed. Miitzeli). After this, as Curtius
relates, Alexander arrives at Nysa. This is probably
Ndyapa i) Aiovvcrdiroms, the town which, according to
Ptolemy, was situated not far from the confluence of the
Choes, or from the Kcéas,‘as Ptolemy (vii. 1, § 43) calls

the river. This name corresponds in Sanscrit to Nayar- '

ham and Udianapara (i.e., the town of gardens), in vulgar
language Neherhar and Adinapur, and the Chinese Na-
hi—lo-ho, in the journal of Hiuen Thsang (v. Vivien de
Saint Martin, lo. p. 79), corresponds with the form
Nel‘erhar. The ruins of the town lie on the south side
of the Kahool river, a few English miles to the west of
Jellalahad, where there is still a village called Nayaralr.
After this; Alexander took a town, whose site is uncer-
tain, and the name of which, in Arrian’s MSS. (iv. 23,
§ 5),is ”Avoaxa or ”AvonAa. From Curtius (viii. 10, § 19)
we infer that the district in which the town lay was called
Daedala. TO‘ the district belong the Daedali montes
spoken of by Justin (xii. 7). Now as AN and AAI may
easily be confounded, the reading of "AronAa must- pro-
bably'be corrected into AatoaAa. We meet with another
Indian town, Aai’oaAa in Ptolemy vii. 1, § 49. The town
Candira (Cadira, Acadira, Acadera var. lect.), also lying
on this side of the Choaspes, and only mentioned by
- Curtius, was probably situated nearthe Khond mountain,
20,000 feet in height, with which name the reading
Candira seems to be connected. Still more uncertain are
the sites of the towns Arigaeum,'Bazira, Ora, Mazaca,
‘Orobatis, lying on the other side of the Choaspes. In
our map Arigaeum, according to a conjecture of Ritter’s,
is identified with the modern Bajour, Bagau‘ar or Bijorc.
We think it would be better to alter this, and to put Bazira
in its place; on the other hand,-to place Arigaeum
where Bazira is .given in the map. Orobatis, in our
opinion, corresponds to the Oroppa of the geographer
of Ravenna (p. 71, ed. Parthey). \Ve‘ have therefore
not repreSented the town, as is generally done, south of
the Cophen on the pass of C/iaiher, but on the pass of
Karoppa, lying to the north of the river. Aornus 'mons
and Embolima (where Umh and Balimah now are) are
placed according to the investigations of Major Abbott,
in the Journal of the Asiatic Soc, 1854, according to
whom “the whole account of Arrian of the rock Aornos
is a'faithful picture of the mountain Mahahann. Umh
is still on the right bank of the Indus, at the highest
'point accessible to an army, about sixty miles above
Atuk. Balimah is one of the spurs directly above Umh,
and is said to have once held a fort.” " In the further
eXplanation of the campaigns in the Kabool territory,
Abbott differs considerably from all his predecessors. His
own assumptions are based upon the supposition» “that
neither Arrian nor Curtius has recorded the events in
the" exact order of succession,” and 'further, that the
starting point of the expedition—the town of N icaea—is
identical with the above-mentioned town of Na—h'i-lo-ho
of the Chinese Hiuen Thsang, and with, the modern
Jellalahad. Consequently the whole theatre of the war
is confined to the eastern portion of the Kabool territory,
and most of the towns named are not far from the Indus,
and are identified with names of places having a similar
sound—According to Strabo and Arrian, the t6wn of
I’eucolaitis (IIevonaErLs, Strab. p. 698; IIwKeAaé-ris,
Arrian, iv. 22. § 7; Peucolaitis, Plin. vi. § 62) or
Peucela, in the district named after it, Peucolaitis

(Kalch-pukheli, Sanscr.), was situated not far from the ,

Indus (013 776/3530), of; paxpdv 1'06 ”Iroov); and according
to Pliny was 237 In. p. or 1896 stadia from Alexandria
ad Caucasum, a distance which by the shortest route
would lead to the Indus. It Cannot however be ascer-
tained from this whether the town is to be placed in
the vicinity of the ford of the Indus, near the modern
.TarheZa (as is" assumed in the map), or further south,
at.the mouth of the river Kabool. Incompatible with
this, is the statement in Pliny (vi. § 62), which gives a

distance between Peucolailis and Taxila of sixty m. p.‘

and thence to the Hydaspes, 120 m. p. If these numbers
are not corrupt, Peucela must have been about- 350
stadia distant from the Indus, and may either be iden-
tified with. the modern Pesha-wer (as Abbott supposes),
or—and that with greater probability—be referred to the
ruins near Hashtnagar, on the lower Lundye ricer, as
A. Cunningham assumes in the Archeeologieal Surrey of
Didi“ (Simla, 1871), which, unfortunately, we only know
from the quotations in Spiegel’s Eranisehe Alterth. (1873),
11. p. 832. It would further follow from this, that Taxila

 

must not be looked for, as is generally done, in the ruins

_ of Manil'yala, near Rawal Pindi (V. Dicth‘eoyr” s. a.

Taxila), but in those which, as Cunningham says, lie one
English mile to the north-east of the modern Kala/ea
Serai. According to the same scholar, the passage across
the Hydaspes took place near Jalapar. He also thinks
that Arrian errs in placing the town of Sangala east of
the Hyarotes, as it must have been situated between the
Hyarotes and Acesines, inasmuch as in that district there
still exists a hill called Sanyala. . -

In regard to Nearchus’ voyage, of which only the most
important points could be entered in the Map, we refer
the reader to the commentary on Arrian’s India, in the
first volume of the Geographi III/Hares.

The Alexandria founded in the country of the Oritae,
must have occupied the site of the more ancient village
of Rambacia, or been situated in its neighbourhood, not
far from the coast, but not (as for instance in Kiepert’s
map) in the interior and in the land of the Arabies.

Alexandria Carmaniae, which, according to Ptolemy;
was situated about 1,400 stadia from the coast and from
the mouth of the Anamis, doubtless stood in the same
district which contained the camp of Alexander, and
which N earchus reached in five days’ journey from the
mouth of the Anamis (Arrian, Ind, 33, 8); Diodorus,
xvii. 106, calls that place Salmus, but erroneously places
it on the coast. We have therefore put Alexandria on
the spot where, according to Kiepert’s map of Iran, the
town Anyaran now is, on the upper course of a river
which empties itself near a cape, whichin Burne’s map
of Central Asia is called Cape .Mahsa. That river is,
as we conjecture, the Maxates, on which, according to
Stephanus Byz., the town ’AAeé-“duopeta €12 Maxapnvp was
situated, in the modern Mala-an. ‘

 

 

MAP , 5.
KINGDOMS OF THE SUCCESSORS'OF
ALEXANDER THE GREAT.

___._+___.

FIRST PART.

A.—AFTER THE DIVISION AT BABYLON (B.C.- 3'23)
AND TRIPARADISUS (3.0.. 321).

B.—AFTER THE BATTLE OF IPSUS (8.0. 301).
C.—IN THE MIDDLE OF THE THIRD CENTURY.

J

A.

AFTER Alexander’s death, his generals agreed in
Babylon that Perdiccas should be absolute regent of
the empire, remain in the immediate neighbourhood of
the kings (Philip Arrhidaeus and Alexander), and have
the chief command over all the royal troops, so far as
they did not belong to the satrapies. The satrapies
were partly given to new men. Soon after this, when

Perdiccas, being little equal to the task of preserving

the unity of the, empire, was murdered by his own
soldiers (13.0. 321 in summer), while on a campaign
against Ptolemy, the regency of the empire Was conferred

' upon Antipater at Triparadisus, a town in Syria near

the sources of the Orontes, and many alterations were
made in the satrapies. Some fresh changes were made
in the year B.C. 316, when Antigonus, after conquering
Eumenes, partly provided these satrapies, the inhabitants
of which had sided with Eumenes, with new satraps.
The distribution of the satrapies in the years 323 and
321 are given- in Arrian’s Dc Success. Alex. apud Photium

- in cod. 92, in Arriani edit. Paris, p. 241, § 5—7 (an. 323),

and § 34—37 (an. 321), Diodorus, xviii. 3 (an. 323),
and xviii. 19, § 5—7 (an. 321), Justinus, xiii. 4 et 6,
Dexippus, De Success. Alex. apud Photium, cod. 82 (Fraym.
IIistor., vol. iii. p. 667), and according to these authori-
ties, who do not always agree among one another, in
Droysen’s Gesehichre der Nach/‘Olqer Alexanders, vol. i. p.
39~—51, and p. 147—154, to which work we refer the
reader for details.

JlIacedonia, Thessalia, Graecia, and a portion of'Epiras,
were assigned to Antipater, and after his death, (319) to
Polysperchon. Illyria and the country of the Triballi,
and Agrianes, which had likewise been assigned to Anti-
pater, were in reality independent.

Thracia and the Chersonesns were assigned to Lysi-
machus, who, in the years following, considerably
extended his dominion to the north by making the. king
of the Odrysians, and the Greek towns on the western
shores of the Pontus, tributary to himself. ‘

Phrygia Hellespontia fell to Leonnatus (+ 322) and in
321 to Arrhidaeus. . . .

- Lydia to Menander and in 321 to Clitus; 1n 319 it IS
taken possession of by Antigonus.

Carin was given to Asander. . . .

Phrygia Magna to Antigonus, son of Phillp.

Lycia and Pamphylia were assigned to N earchus; after
321 to Antigonus.

C'ilieia to Philotas, 321 to Philoxenus. _

Bit/zynia was governed by a native prince, Zipoetes
(326—278). ' . _

Pap/ilayonia and Cappadocia were to have been glven

.to Eumenes in 323, but the countries had first to be

conquered; in 322 their king Ariarathes was conquered
and executed by Perdiccas, and» the country given to
Eumenes; in 316 it is assigned to Asander, after whose
death it fell into the hands of Ariarathes 11., son _of
Ariarathes I. Whether, however, Upper Cappadoc1a,
through which Alexander had marched in .333’ and
which he had placed under the satrap. Sabictas, was
also ruled over by Ariarathes or allotted to another

 

sooncns AND AUTHORITIES non THE MAPS. ‘ ‘ 5

satrapy—perhaps to Phrygia Magna—cannot be deter"
mined.

Syria together with Phoenicia was given to Laomedon,
son of Larichus of Mytilene; he was taken prisoner in
320, and the country occupied by Ptolemy.

Armenia in the year 323 was assigned to N coptolemus,
in 321.perhaps to Orontes; at least Orontes, who had
fought in the battle at Arbela as satrap of Armenia,
appears again in possession of the country in 318.

Mesopotamia and Arbelitis are assigned to Arc’esilaus,
and in 321 to Amphimachus; his place is occupied in
317 by Blitor, who, in 316, was deprived of his office by
Antigonus; his successor is unknown.

Bahylonia, in 323, is given to Archon of Pella; in 321
to Seleucus, son of *Antiochus; in 316 to Pithon, the
satrap of India; in 312 Seleucus returns.

Northern flIedia, Media Major in Justin, subsequently
called Atropatene, fell to Atrobates, who made himself
independent, and transmitted the inheritance of the
country to his descendants. ‘

Southern Media, Media Miner in Justin, vulgo Media
Magna, was given to Pithon, son of Krateas; in 316,
Antigonus caused him to be put to death, and appointed
Orontobates his successor.

Hyrcania and Taparia were given to Phrataphanes. ‘

Part/zyaea, in 323, toStasanor (Justin xli. 3) or to
Nicanor (Justin xiii. 4); in 321, to Philippus; in 318,
to Eudamas, brother of Pithon.

Snsiana, in 323, to Scynus (‘3); in 321, to' Antigenes;
in 316, to Aspisas-

Persis to Peucestes; in 316, to Asclepiodorus.

Camnania to Tlepolemus.

Gedrosia, and Arachosia to Sibyrtius.

Aria and Drany-iana to Stasanor; in 321, to Stasander;
in 316, to. Euagoras.

.The country of the Parapamisadae to Oxyartes. -

Bactriana to Amyntas; in 321, to Stasanor.

Soydiana to Philippus; in 321, to Stasanor.

India on this side of the Indus to Pithon, the son of
Agenor, who in 316 received Babylonia as a satrapy
from Antigonus.

India between the Indus and the Hydaspes belonged to
Taxiles; and the country between ehe‘Hydaspcs and the .
Hyphasis, and that situated on the lower Indus (at least
since 321) belonged to King Porus; both were almost
independent.

Egypt was given to Ptolemy Lagi fil., who, in 322,
united Cyrene to his satrapy.

B.

The plan of.Antigonus to unite Alexander’s empire
under his own sway, was frustrated by, the battle of Ipsus
(301), in which Antigonus lost both victory and life.
Henceforth there is no longer any form in which a united
Macedonico-Asiatic empire was in any way represented;
in its place, there now appear the four independent
kingdoms of Cassander, Lysimachus, Seleucus, and
Ptolemy. .

C'assander, after 301, ruled over Macedonia, Thessalia,
and Boeotia. Attica and the Peloponnesus were, it is
true, declared free, but even here Cassander contrived
to acquire influence; in the year 292 Athens was taken
possession of by the Macedonian king Demetrius. In
Western Greece, the Aetolian league was formed.‘

Lysimachus, besides his possessions in Thrace, had the A
Hellespontian Phrygia, Lydia, ’Caria, and Pamphylia.
Only Ephesus and a few other unnamed towns en the
west coast of Asia Minor were for some time maintained
by Demetrius Poliorcetes, son of Antigonus, but these
also eventually fell into the hands of Lysimachus, who
destroyed Cardia in the. Thracian Chersonesus, and
founded Lysimachia. He gave the name of Alexandria
'l‘roas to Antigonia on the coast of Troas; and he also
extended New-Ilion, restored Smyrna, and gave the
town of Ephesus, which was rebuilt, the name of
Arsinoe. Heraclea Pontica also had entered into a
friendly relation, and served as a haven for the king’s
ships, in consequence of the marriage of Lysimachus
with Amastris, the widow of the dynast Dionysius
(+ 306). After the murder of Amastris (285), the
town was taken, and—together with the neighbouring
towns of Amastris and Tium—presented to Arsinoé the
fourth wife of Lysimachus, and governed in her name.
(Bithynia, Paphlagonia, and northern Cappadocia were
then, as before, governed by native princes.)

Seleucus Nicator possessed in Asia Minor, Phrygia
Magna (QDpUyta i7 and To Mardyatov, Appian, Syr. c. 55),
and the southern portion of Cappadocia (Kannaooxta
i7 EehevKls Aeyoue’vn, Appian. l.c.). Cilicia was given in
301 to Plistarchus, son of Antipater and brother of
Cassander, but as early as the following year (300) was
occupied by Demetrius Poliorcetes, and taken in 295 by
Seleucus, who, at the same time, seems to have also
snatched Phoenicia from.Demetrius. In other parts
of Asia, Seleucus possessed Syria, Mesopotamia, Ar-
menia, and the provinces‘ of Upper Asia as far as
India, which was at that time governed by Sandrocottus,
with whom Seleucus, after a short campaign, formed
a friendship and a connection by marriage.

Ptolemy Layi ’filus, king of Egypt, lost Cyrenaica in
312, of which the satrap Ophellas usurped the sove-
reignty; after his death (308) it again fell to Egypt, and
Magas, stepson of Ptolemy I., was appointed governor of
the country. - After Ptolemy’s death (285), he also
declared himself independent, and, after a successful war,
was recognised as an independent king by Ptolemy II.
Cyprus, after 301, down to the year 295, remained in
the hands of Demetrius Poliorcetes.

C.

In Macedonia, after Cassander’s death (297), there
followed a period of the greatest confusion. An orderly
and settled condition of,affairs did not reappear until
the middle of the third century, under the long reign
of Antigonus Gonatas (276—239), son of Demetrius
Poliorcetes. He ruled over Macedonia, Thessaly, and

U

6 SOURCES AND AUTHORITIES FOR THE MAPS.

' [MAPS 6', 7, e 8.

 

Euboea; it is probable that he also possessed the island

of Andros (if in Plutarch, Lucull. c. 12, we may read 7179

”Arapov instead of the corrupt vulgate Tfis ’ABpi’as). After-

wards, undcr Philip V. (about 200), we find the Mace-

donians in possession of Andros, Cythnos, and Paros.

(See Liv. xxxi. 15 et 20.)

’ Greece, torn and distracted, stood for the most part in
a relation of dependence to Antigonus. The tyrants of
Sicyon, Argos. Phlifis, Megalopolis, Elis, etc._. placed them-
selves under his protection; in other states the Macedonico-
aristocratic party exercised the‘ government. Athens, after
the termination of the Chremonidaean war of liberation
(266—263), was bound more firmly than ever to Mace-
donia. Macedonian garrisons existed in Museion, Peiraeeus,
Munychia, Sunium, Salamis, as well as in Megara,
Troezen, Mantinea, and elsewhere. '

The political importance of Greece (is now concentrated
in the Aetolian and Achaean Leagues. The latter, the
beginnings of which belong to the year 280, under the
command of Aratus, in 251, expelled the tyrant of Sicyon,
and in 243 the Macedonian garrison out of Corinth,
which town was not rc-delivered up to the Macedonians
until 223. the time of Antigonus Doson. In Sparta,
about this time, attempts were made under King Agis IV.
(244—243) as subsequently under Cleomenes, to revive
the ancient Spartan spirit.

Epinns.—In Epirus, Pyrrhus (+272) had extended
his dominion by the conquest of Parauaea and Stym-
phaea; yet these eastern provinces seem soon to have
been united to Macedonia. The seat of the government
was removed by Pyrrhus from Passaron to Ambracia.
When about 230 the royal house of the Aeacidae became
extinct in the grandsons of Pyrrhus, the monarchy was
replaced by a confederation of the Molossians, Thespros
tians, Chaonians, and other communities, under separate

' chiefs, as, for instance, under that of the Athamanians
near Mount Pindus. These republics remained in exist-
ence till the time of the conquest of Macedonia by the
Romans. Ambracia, however, fell to the Aetolians.

T lament—The Thracian kingdom came to an end with
the death of Lysimachus in the battle of Kurupedion in
the Hellespontian Phrygia. In its place there was
formed. a kingdom of the Gents, whose chief city was
Tyle or Tylis, the site of which, near mount Haemus,
is not accurately knewn. The Greek towns on the
western shores of the’Pontus, as far north as Olbia,
defended themselves against these Gauls as well as they
could, or became tributary to them. The only town that
acquired reputation and. power was Bgzantinm, which
was supported by the Pontian Heracleots and by
Ptolemy II. This city received from Ptolemy II. a
district in Bithynia (probably on the Asiatic shores of
the Bosporus), according to Dionys. B yz. Anaplns Bosponi
Thnaeii, fr. 28, in Geogn. Min, vol. ii. p. 34. In the south
of Thrace some few Thracian tribes may have maintained

‘ their independence ; at least, we are told that the town of

Cypsela, which Antiochus II. Theos destroyed, was then

in the hands of Thracians (Polyaen. iv. 16). Whether

the district on the river Nestus, which Macedonia had
ceded to Lysimachus, now again came into the posses-
sion of Macedonia, is not known. The towns on the
south coast of Thrace, more especially Maronea, Aenos,
and in the Thracian Chersonesus, Lysimachia, were
doubtless at first occupied by the Seleucidae, but later

came into the power of the Lagidae (Polyb. vi. 44, § 8)

either as early as in the reign of-Philadelphus II., or not

until that of Ptolemy III. .

In Asia the power of the native princes increased at
this time. Nicomedes, who called the Gauls to Asia
against Ziboetes, now takes possession of the whole of
Bithym'a, and in 264 founds the town of Nicomedia.
Thereupon the kingdom is usurped by his son Zielas,
after he had conquered his step-brothers, whom his
father had appointed his heirs. ~ ’

IIenaclea, after the death of Lysimachus, formed an
independent state allied with Byzantium and the Pontian
kings. The town of Tium was for a time in the posses-
sion of Ptolemy II., who called it Berenice; it after-
wards became a free town.

The adjacent .eonntng of Paphlagonid and the Pontian
Cappedoeid was at that time governed by Ariobarzanes

III. (266—240). Small Paphlagonian dynasts may '

’ have been subject to his sovereignty; at least we meet
with such in later times. However, the extent of the
Pontian kingdom at that time, to the east and south,
cannot be accurately ascertained.

Oappodocid Magna was then under the dominion of
Ariamnes' II., and afterwards under his son Aria-
rathes 1V. . .

The Ganls, who .had immigrated into Asia since 278,

. still formed a floating population in western Asia Minor,
_more especially in the districts on the Hellespont, in

Aeolis, Ionia, and Phrygia Magna. The towns of '

Ancyra, Pessinus, and Tavia are said to have been
founded by the Gauls as early as the time of Mithridates
III. (302—266) and Ariobarzanes III. (266—240),
kings of Pontus (Steph. Byz., s. v. ”AyKvpa): from this
tradition, though it is unfounded, we may probably con-
clude that the chief Seats of the Gauls, even at an early
date, were in the neighbourhood of the Halys. They
were driven out of the western. coast districts and after—
wards confined to Galatia, which was named after them,
by Attalus I., who conquered them in a great battle in
239 (Pausan. i. 8, § 1)._

In Pergamns, after the death of Lysimachus, Phile-
taerus of Tium, the commander of the fortress, made

himself independent master of it; his nephew and.

successor, Eumenes I. (264—241), took possession of the
surrounding country, and laid the foundation of the
subsequently flourishing kingdom of Pergamus.

Of the other countries which Lysimachus had pos-

sessed in Asia Minor, the northern portion came into the .

hands of the Seleucidae; the larger and southern portion
fell into the hands of Ptolemy II., Philadelphus.

Ptolemy II. possessed, besides Egypt, Palestine (where .

Philadelphia and Philotera were founded), and Coelesyria
(where there existed a town called Arsinoé). These two

countries remained in the hands of the Lagidae, with few _

 

interruptions, from 280 to 200 (see Stark, Gaza and die
Philistaeische Kilste, p. 367—99). For a time Ptolemy
also possessed Damascus (in the neighbourhood of which
was a town called Arsinoe, Ev Aime”), which was recon-
quered by Antiochus. He further possessed Phoenicia,
with a town called Ptolemais, as far as the territory of
Aradus (which belonged to Syria till the year 258, and
from that year—with which the aera of the town begins
—seem to have been free); then from the year 295
Cyprus (with a town, Arsinoe'), Cilicia (with the towns
Berenice and Arsinoé), Pamphylia (with Ptolemais),
Lycia (where Patara received the name of Arsinoé), and
Caria, besides the towns which the free Rhodians pos-
sessed there. The town of Caunus, situated in the
Rhodian Peraea, which Philotas,-one of Ptolemy II.’s
generals, had‘ conquered, was rebought by the Rhodians,
circa 265, for 200 talents. Of the Ionian towns in Asia
Minor, which Antiochus had declared free, Ptolemy held
Ephesus, where Antiochus I. had died in 262. To his
dominion also belong Magnesia ad Maeandrum and the
island 'of Samos, as well as the Cyclades. .In Bithynia
he owned the town of Tins, which for a time here the
name of Berenice. In Libya he extended his power by
founding towns on the shores of Egypt and Aethiopia
(Arsinoé, Philotera, and Ptolemais Epitheras). He must
also have had possessions in the nearest parts of Arabia,
as we infer partly from Theocritus, xvii. 80 (dnoré’nverai
’AfifiaBtas), partly from Josephus, Ant. Jud. viii. 6, § 4,

1 who knows Aelana by the name of Berenice, and men-

tions Ptolemy as having built ships at Eziongaber, in the
neighbourhood of Aelana.

In Ognendied, after the death of Magas (258),
Demetrius Kano’s, brother of Antigonus, usurped the
sovereignty. After his fall (250), Cyrenaica again
came into the possession of Egypt, by the marriage of

, Berenice (the daughter of Magas) with Ptolemy III.

In Aethiopia, Ergamenes, a man of Greek culture,

overthrew the sacerdotal monarchy of Meroé and estab- I.

lished a military dominion (Diodor. iii. 6, § 3).
The kingdom of the Seleucidae was considerably reduced

. in the reign of Antiochus II. Theos (261—246). The

south coast of Thrace, which he had taken possession
of after the death of Lysimachus, was acquired by the
Lagidae at an uncertain date. In Asia Minor Antiochus
possessed only Phrygia and Lydia. In the east, Media
Atropatene was already independent; Media Magna was,
indeed, still dependent, but more so in name than in

‘ reality. Further east we meet with the beginning of the

Parthian kingdom under Arsaces, who, about 250, came
from the Oxus with the Daian tribe of the Parni and

took possession of the-district of Parthyaea. About the '

same- time the Bactrian satrap Diodotus founded an
independent kingdom; in Sogdiana Euthydemus revolted,
and afterwards took possession of Bactriana. It is very
probable that Margiana, at that time, likewise came
under the dominion of the Bactrian ruler. According
to Droysen’s conjecture, Aria, Persis, and Carmania
were also independent at that time.

India was governed by Asoca (263—226). .

As free towns and republics, we know of Miletus and
other Ionian towns which are not specified; also Cyzicus,
Heraclea, Sinope, ,Amisus, Trapezus, and the islands of
Crete, Rhodes, Chios, and Lesbos. '

 

MAP 6.

KINGDOMS ‘ OF THE SUCCESSORS 0F
ALEXANDER THE GREAT.

+

SECOND PART. ‘

AFTER THE; BATTLE OF MAGNESIA AD SIPYLUM.
(13.0. 190.)

PHILIP III. (220—179), by endeavouring to raise
Macedonia to a great western power, became involved
in wars with the Romans, which ended in his defeat
at Cynoscephalae (197). According to the conditions
of the peace (196), he retained only Macedonia, with
the exception of the district of Orestis, which was de-
clared free. In the following years, however, while
the Romans were occupied in war against Antiochus
the Great, Philip again extended his dominions, by
conquering the countries of the Athamanes and
Dolopes, the Thracian towns of Maronea and Aenos
(which he had already once taken from the Lagidae,
and which had been declared free by the Romans)
and Demetrias, the chief town of Magnesia. The
latter town continued to belong to Macedonia; but
the Thracian towns had to be set free in the year 183,
and shortly after 189 Athamania and Dolopia, had to be
left in the enjOyment of their independence.

Thessaly remained free after 196. The Aetolidns, as
allies of the Romans in the peace of 196, retained

‘ Ambracia, Locris, and Phocis; but in 189, as vanquished .

allies of the king of Syria, these possessions were again
taken from them; Ambracia became free, and some of
the other towns occupied by Aetolians Were given to
the Acarnanians; Pleuron was given to the Achaeans;
Cephallenia and Zacynthos the Romans took for them-
selves. The Athenians in 196 received the islands of
Paros, Scyros, Imbros, and Delos. The Macedonian

(possessions in Peloponnesus, more especially Corinth,

came into the possessions of the Achaeans, and after the

 

conquest of Sparta by Philopoemen, the Achaean league
in 191 united the whole peninsula.

In Asia, the kingdom of the Seleucidae, after the
troubles under Seleucus II. Callinicus and Seleucus.
III. Ceraunus, again attains a position of considerable
power, under Antiochus III., surnamed the Great
(223—187); but he also was induced by the Aetolians—

.who were dissatisfied with the Romans—to engage ,in

a war with Rome, which, owing to his defeats at
Thermopylae (191), at Chios and Myon’nesus, and at
Magnes1a ad Sipylum (190), ruined the power of the
Seleucidae for ever. According to the conditions of
the peace (189). Antiochus retained in Asia Minor
only Cilicia. The Hellenic towns which had been
tributary to the king were declared free, and those
which were already free at the time of the battle at
Magnesia, had their freedom confirmed. Hence the
towns now free were:——Ilion, Dardanus, Smyrna,
Erythrae, Miletus, Phocaea, Cumae, Clazomenae,
Colophon, Magnes1a ad Sipylum, Mylasa,‘Heraclea ad
Latmum, Chios, and others. ' ‘
Coelesyria, Samaria, J udaea and Phoenicia, which
Antiochus had taken from the Lagidae in the victory
at Paneas, belonged to the Seleucidae till the year 169.
Enmenes II. (197—161) received in Europe the

‘ Thracian Chersonesus with Lysimachia; in Asia, besides

Mysia, which‘already belonged to him, Phrygia on the
Hellespont, Lydia, with Ephesus, and Sardes, the

northern portion of Caria ~ as far as the Maeander, -

with Tralles-and Magnesia, Phrygia Magna, Lycaonia,
Pisidia, Milyas, and the Lycian town of Telmissus as
a port on the southern sea. No decision was at first
made in regard to Pamphylia, it therefore in the mean-
time probably remained free.

Rhodas received Lycia, excepting the ‘town of Tel-
missus, and southern Caria, as - far as the Maeander.
The latter, after the war with Perseus (168), was.
again taken from the Rhodians and declared free.

Ariarathes of Cappadocia, Prusias in Bithynia, and
the Galatians retained their dominions. Armenia was
divided between him former satraps of Antiochus—
Artaxias and Zariadres—who there founded independent
kingdoms. . .

.The kingdom of Baetria after 205 had been governed
by Demetrius, son of Euthydemus, after whom Eucratidas
(before 180) usurped the sovereignty. It probably ex-
tended over Sogdiana, the country of the Paropamisadae,
Aria, Arachosia (with a town called Demetrias), and
temporarily also beyond the Indus, as Demetrius is
called by Justinus, xli. 6, nex Indonnm; and Euthy- ‘
demia on the~ Hydaspes, seems to have been founded
by this same Demetrius, the son of Euthydemus.
According to Lassen’s conjecture (Gesehichte den griech-
ischen Kdnige eon Baetnien, p. 239), this Bactrian king-
dom was overthrown about 139 by Arsaces VL, Mithri-
dates I. (144—136), who raised Parthia to a great power.
However, it did not remain in the hands of the Par-
thians, for towards 127 it came into the possession of the
Sacae and the Tochari. The boundaries of the great
Parthian kingdom are given in a separate map—The
power of the Lagidae was at that time considerably
weakened. Ptolemy V. Epiphanes (205—181) possessed,
besides Egypt, only Cyprus and Cyrenaica. I

 

 

MAPS 7 & 8.

THE ROMAN EMPIRE IN .ITS GREATEST
EXTENT, "

AND AFTER ITS DIVISION INTO THE EASTERN
AND WESTERN EMPIRES.

—-—-—.—'..._..__

WE. give on the next page a tabular survey of the

.Roman provinces at the-time 0f Hadrian’s accession,

which is taken from Marquardt’s RdmischeTStaatsceifas-
sang, vol. i. (Leipzig, 1873).

The organisation of the double empire, which had
existed since the deathof Theodosius (395), is based
essentially upon the divisions made under Diocletian, the
knowledge of which we owe to a list of the provinces
compiled about the year 297, taken from a Veronesei
codex, and which has been published and explained by
Theodor Mommsen in the Abhan‘dhingen den Bentinen
Akademie den Wasensehdften (1862, p. 489 If). The
modifications which this Diocletian division subsequently
experienced—especially by new subdivisions—and partly
the approximate definitions as to the time in which they
were made, are determined by the following lists of the
prov1nces:—

1. The list drawn up about 369 in the Bneeianimn of
Rufus Festus. , I

2. That of Polemius Silvius, which Theodor Mommsen
has published from a Brussels codex in the Abhandlnngen.
den Sdehsichen Gesellsehaft den Wissenschdften (Leipzig,
1852). The original composition of this list, if it is
correctly e‘dited, belongs, according to Mommsen’s in-
vestigations, to the year‘385 or 386. _

3. The Notitid Dignitatum written after 394.

_ 4. The list of the provinces of the Eastern empire
contained in the Sgnecdemns of Hierocles, and drawn up.
in the time of Justinian. ,

MAP 9.]

 

 

SOURCES AND AUTHORITIES FOR THE

MAPS. 7

 

ROMAN PROVINCES IN THE YEAR 117 A.D.

 

 

PROVINCES. DATE OF FORMATION. ADMINISTRATION. DIVISION or THE Pnovmcns ABOUT THE YEAR 400 A.D.
B (‘ A.U c
1. Sicilia ......... . ......... 2 41 513 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Senatorial .............. 1. Sicilia.
2. Sardinia €13 Corswa . .. 231: 523 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, First senat. then imperial 2. Sardinia; 3. Corsica,
3. Hispanic larracouenSis .. 197 557 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Imperial ................ 4. Tarraconensis: 5. Carthage; 6. Gallaecia; 7. Baleares.
4. Baetica . .................. 197 557 .................................. Senatorial .............. 8. Baetica; to which, 9. Tingitana belongs.
5. Lusitania ....... ' ......... 27 7 27 Separated from Baetica .......... Imperial ................ 10. Lusitania.
6. Gallia Narboriensts ...... 120 634 .................................. 11127 imp., from 22 senat... 11. Narbonensis 1.; 12. Narbon 11.; 13. Viennensis.
7, Aqmtamu . ............ I 50 404 Conquered ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Imperial ................ 14. Aquitania I.; 15. Aquitania 11.; 16. Novempopulana.
8. LugduuenSis .......... . . ....................................... 1 Imperial ................ 17. Lusgdunensis 1. ; 18. Lugd. 11.; 19. Lugd. 111.; 20. Lugd. (IV.)
enoma.
9, Belgica ........ . ........ I 17 A.D. Distinct provinces ............ 1 Imperial ................ 21. Belgica 1.; 22. Belgica II. ; 23. Maxima Sequanorum.
10. Germanic. Superior ...... 17 A.D. Distinct province ................ Imperial ................ 24. Germania I.
11. Gormuuia Inferior ........ 17 A. D. Distinct province ................ Imperial ---------------- 25- Germania II. ‘
12. Alpes Maritimao .......... 14 A. D. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Imperial ................ 26. Alpes Maritimae.
13. Alpes Cottiae ............ .. .. ...... Under Nero ...................... Imperial ................ 27. Alpes Cottiae, belonging to Italy.
14. Alpes Pocrtinae .......... . . . . ...... Existed in the 2nd cent ........... Imperial ................ 28. Alpes Graiae et Poeninae.
15. Britannia .............. 43 A.D. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Imperial ................ 29. Maxima Cacsariensis; 30. Flavia Caesar; 31, 32. Britannia I.
' et 11. ; 33. Valentia.
16. Raotia .................. 15 739 .................................. Imperial ................ 34, 35. Raetia 1. et 11.
1;. goricum S ..... . ......... 1 5 739 ”1.3.. 1.1. 1 ........................ Imperial ................ 36. Noricum mediterraneum; 37. Noricum ripense.
, r or ...... '. . ,
i): P3323335: 113.5237. ....... 10 A.D. { 16:1‘06; under Trajan between} Imperial ................ 38—41. Pannonia I. et 11., Savia, Valeria.
20. ”ii/7:521:33 ”afterwards{ lg; 58:3795 j ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Senat.,fromllA.D.imperial 42. Dalmatia; 43. Praevalitana.
21. MOGSW Superior -------- - - - - . l 44. Moesia 1.; 45. Dacia ri ensis ; 46. Dacia mediterranea.
22. Moosia Inferior ........ i 725 29 DIVlded under Diocletian " ' ‘ ' ' " Imperial """"""" l 47. Dardania; 48. Moesia 111).; 49. Scythia.
23. Dacia .................. 107 A. D. .................................. Imperial ................ (Delivered up under Aurelian (270—275).
24. Thracia .................. 46 A.D. .................................. Imperial ................ 50. Europa; 51. Thracia; 52. Haemimontus ; 53. Rhodope.
25. Macedonia .............. 146 608 .................................. Senat., from Tiber. to Clau-
dius iInper. 54—55. Macedonia 1. et 11. ; 56. Thessalia ; 57. Epirus nova.
26. Achaia .................. 146 608 At first united with Macedonia. . .. Senat. (15~44 A.D. imperial) 58. Aehaia.
[27. Epirus] ................ . . . . ...... After Vespasian? . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .......................... 59. Epirus vetus.
28. Asia .................... 133 621 .................................. Senatorial .............. 60.Asia proconsularis; 61.11e11espontus; 62. Lydia; 63. Phrygia salu-
taris: 64. Phrygia pacatiana; 65. Carla; 66. Insularum provincia.
29. Bithynia et Poutus ...... 74. 680 Extended 63 and 7 B.C. .......... Senat.ti11135A.D.,then imp. 67. Bithynia; 68. Honorias; 69. Paphlagonia; 70. Helenopontus.
30. Galatia .................. 251 729 .................................. Imperial ................ 71. Galatia 1.; 72. Galatia salutaris; 73. Lycaonia; 74. Pisidia.
31. Cappadocia .............. 17 A.D. .................................. Imperial ................ 75—76. Cappadocia I. et 11. ; 77. Pontus Polemon; 78—79. Ar-
32. Pamphylia et Lycia ...... ‘25 729 Pamphylia 25 13.0., Lycia 43 A.D. .. Imper. till 135 A.D., then Inenia I. et 11.
senatorial ............ 80. Pampliylia ; 81. Lycia.
33. Cilicia. .................. 64 690 (Occupiedin67and 66) ............ Imperial ................ 82. Cilicia 1.; 83. Cilicia II.; 84. Isauria.
34. Cyprus .................. 27 727 (Occupied 58) .................. l Iliizitedfit‘ilW—m’ then 56‘} 85. Cyprus.
35. Syria ....... . ............ 64 690 .................................. Imper. Unter Severus di-
vided into :—
1. Syria Coele. 1 86. Euphratensis; 87, 88. Syria 1. et 11.; 89, 90. Phoenicia I. et 11.;
2. Syria Phoenice. ) 91, 92. Palaestina I. et 11.
3. Syria Palaestina.
36. Arabia .................. 105 A.D. .................................. Imperial ................ 93. Palaestina 111.; 94. Arabia.
37. Armenia ................ 114 A.D. .................................. Imperial ................ (Delivered up in 117 A.D.)
38. Mesopotamia ............ 115 A.D. Delivered up 117, reeonquered 165 Imperial ................ 95. Osrhoene; 96. Mesopotamia.
39. Assyria .................. 115 A.D. .................................. Imperial ................ (Delivered up in 117 A.D.) .
40. Egyptus ................ 30 724 .................................. Imperial ......... , ...... 97. Aegyptus ; 98. Augustamnica ; 99. Heptanomis (Arcadia) ;
100. Thebais; 101. Lybia inferior.
74 680 Cyrenaica ......................
41. Greta et Cyrenaica ........ j 67 687 Creta .......................... Senatorial .............. 102. Libya superior; 103. Creta.
27 727 Both united ....................
42. Africa .................. 146 608 ........... d ........ d. It. .......... Senatorial .............. 104. Africa proconsularis; 105. Byzacena; 106. Tripolitana.
. . l 0011 uere 46 B.C. is inct pro- . . .
43. Numidza ................ (193 -211) 1 viiice after Septimius Severus } Imperial ................ 107. Nunndia.
44. Maurotania T ingitana. . .. 40 A.D. .................................. Imperial ................ Belonged to Baetica. .
45. Maurctauia Caesuriensis .. 40 A.D. .................................. Imperial ................ 108. Mauretania I. (Sitifensis); 109. Mauretania 11. (Caesariensrs).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The following table gives the divisions of the separated Eastern and Western empires.

THE EASTERN EMPIRE. THE WESTERN EMPIRE.

A.—PRAEFECTURA ILLYRIOI.

I. Dioocesz‘s Daciae (in the Veronese codex, Dioecesis I. and II.
form the Dioocesis Moestarum).

PROVINCIAE : ‘ PROVINCIAE :

A.— PRAEFECTURA GALLIARUM.
I. Dioecosis Britanm‘arum.

1‘ Britannia prima. 1.. Moesia prima s. superior (M. superior Margensis, Veron)
2' Britannla secunda. . 2. Dacia ripensis (Dacra In Veron., Rufus, ot Silmus).
3- Maxrma CaeserlecSIS- 3. Dacia mediterranea (first mentioned in Not. Dz‘gn)
4. Flav1aCaesar1en81s. 4. Dardania. .
5- Valentla (after 369)- 5. Praevalitana (et pars Macedoniae salutaris s. II. Not. Dign.)
. ' ' M d " .
II. Dioocosis Galliarum. II pggfifismlfgez omao
PROVINCIAE: 1. Macedonia prime.
1. Belgica prime. 2. Thessaha. . _ .
2. Belgica secunda. 3. Epirus nova (et pars Macedomae salutaris, Not. Dion)
3. Germania prima. 4. Epirus vetus.
4. Germania secunda. 5. Achaia.
5. Maxima Sequanorum. 6. Greta.
6. Lugdunenesis prima. B.——PRAEFECTURA ORIENTIS.
7. Lugdunenesis secunda. I. Dioeccsis Thraciao.
8. Lugdunenesis tertia. . PROVINCIAE:
9. Lugdunenesis (iv.) Senonia. } are separated after 380' 1. Scythia. , .
10. Alpes Graiae et Poeninae. 2. Moesia inferior.
3. Thracia.
- - - - - .' - 4. Haemimontus.
III. Dwecescs VienfleflS’tS Slve Soptom protmczarum. 5. Rho dope.
PROVINCIAE: 6. Europa.
1. Viennensis. _ II. Dz'oocesis Asiao.
2. Narbonensis prnna. PROVINCIAE:
3. Narbonensis secunda. 1. Hellespontus.
4. Novempopulana. 2. Asia.
5. Aquitania prima. 3. Lydia.
6. Aquitania secunda. 4. Caria.
7. Alpes Maritimae. 5. Phrygia pacatiana s. prime.
6. Phrygia salutaris s. secunda.
. - - - 7. Pisidia.
IV' .chcoszs Hispamarum. 8. L 'caonia not an inde endent rovince till shortl before 375 .
P 9 L} _ P P y
ROVINCIAE : . ycia.
1. Baetica. 10. Pamphylia.
2. Lusitania. 11. Insulae.
3. Carthaginiensis. III. l1))1'oecesis Pontz'ca.
4. Gallaecia. ROVINCIAE:
5. Tarraconensis. ‘ 1. Bithynia. . _ .
6. Baleares insulae (were added between 369 and 386). 2. Honorias (did not most till 400 A.D.).
7. Mauretania Tingitana. 3. Paphlagonia. . .
4. Helenopontus (Pontus AmaSIae, Silo; Dios pontus(?) Veron.)
5. Galatia prima . . .
B.——PRAEFECTURA IT ALI AE_ 6. Galatia (11.) salutaris E still unseparated 1n Veron. and Silo.
7. C ‘ do ' " . . ,
I. Dz'oecesis Italiac. 8. ngiigdogi: 5:331:19“ ; still unseparated 1n Voron. and Sill}.
PROVINCIAE : 9. Armenia prime. (secunda from 534). Armenia minor,
1 Venetia et Istria 10. ArmenIa secunda (tertia from 534). Voran. et Silo.
2' Rhaetia rima . 11. [Armenia major,] a portion of Great Armenia, acquired
3" Rhaetia Eecunda ‘ under Theodosius II. (441), is made a province in 534
4: Alpes Cottiae et Apenninae. under the name of Armenia prima.
5' Liguria not separated till 385. IV- Dioecesis Oriontz's.
6' Aemiha PROVINCIAE'
7. Tuscia et Umbria. _ Isauria. '
8. Flaminia et Picenum annonarlum. Cilicia prima. . . _ .
15(3). Picenum suburbicarium. . Cilicia s e cun da ) 0111013., Voron. et Silv.

. Cyprus.
. Augusta. Euphratensis.
. Osrhoene.
. Mesopotamia. '
[Sophanene (s. Sophen )], mentioned by Silm'us, at his

H
H

. Campania.
. Samnium.
. Apulia et Calabria.

1
2
. Valeria. . i)
5
6
. Lucania et Bruttium. 7

HHH
$09M

10' 810111.31 time it was not organised as a province, and not until
16' Sardinia. 536 as Armenia IV.
17' Corsma. 8. Syria prima Syria Coele, Veron., Silo. ,'
9. Syria secunda, s. salutaris i Syria, Not. Dign.
II. Dioecosis A fricae. 10. Phoenice (maritima ap. Euagrium et Malalam).
11. Phoenice Libani.
PROVINCIAE 3 12 Arabia (Hierocl.) i ArabiaAugustaLibani(Veron)

1. Africa (Proconsularis Zeugitana, in the Veron. codex). ' i Palaestinasalutaris (N ot.)? (in Mommsen’s opinion).

2. Byzacium. 13. Palaestina prima } Palaestina, Veron, Syria Palaestina,

3. Numidia (Numldia Cirtensis, in the VGI'OII. codex). 14, Palaestina secunda, Sale).

4. Tripolitana (Numidia Tripolitana, in the Veron. codex). 1 _ Palaestina tertia.

5. Mauretania Caesariensis. 0' (Palaestina salutaris ?)

6. Mauretania Sitifensis.

' V. Dioecosis Aogypti. (In the Veronese codex a part of the

_ , Dioecesis Orientis.)
III. Dioecesis Jllym'ci (Pannomarum 1n the Veron. codex.)

PROVINCIAE :
PROVINCIAE : 1. Augustamnica prime.
1. Noricum ripense. 2. Augustammca secunda Aegyptus Herculea et Aeg. J ovia
2. Noricum mediterraneum. 3. Aegyptus 1n the Veron. codex.
3. Pannonia superior sive prime. ‘5}. Tfigbili: inferior (Hz'erocl)
5. TIZIeIiIaTa Inferior Slve secunda. 6. Thebais superior.(Hiorocl.) i Thebais (V37 071-)-
6. Savia sive Pannonia ripensis. 7. Libya 1nfenor (Libya 8100a,_ Silv.)
7. Dalmatia, 8. Libya superlor, s. Pentapolis.

 

MAP 9. *‘
PHOENICIAN AND GREEK COLONIES.

 

PHOENICIAN COLONIES.

THE following works form the basis of our remarks
on the Phoenician colonies :——Movers, Das P/zom'ziso/ic
Altort/zum (Berlin, 1850), the second part of which is
devoted to the history of the colonies; Kenrick, P/iocm'oz'a
(London, 1855); Ohlshausen, Uobor Plioom'zz'sc/zo Ortsna-
men, aussor/ialb dos Somitisc/zou Spruc/zgobz'ots im Rlzoim'solzon
Museum fur Philologlo, tom. viii., fasc. 3, p. 321—340
(Bonn, 1852). .

“ Coloniae Tyri,” says Curtius (iv. 4), “ paene toto orbe
diffusae sunt.” And in Strabo (xvii. p. 832) we read:
765‘ Eilpcé'lrns é’n v61) rip; dplo-Tnv ve’uovrai (boil/mes Kara Tip;
{insipov Kai rag wpooexels wiaovs‘, 7511 T6 ALI-3157711 Kare-
Krfioavro naaav, 50'on Mi] vouaBL/«Bs 0161) '1" {iv 01310511). This
is, however, saying too much; and what Eratosthenes
relates about the Tyrians having nearly 300 settlements
on the west coast of Libya, is probably just as much
exaggerated. Moreover, it must be remembered that
most of those numerous colonies were only small trading
stations and factories, and that Carian, Ionian, and Libyan
tribes also took part in founding them. These settlements
in the Aegaean disappeared when Greek tribes occupied
the islands and shores of Thrace and Asia Minor. From
the commencement of the eighth century the Greek
colonists also drove the Phoenicians from most of the
places which they possessed on the Gallic and Iberian
shores of the Mediterranean.

The oldest colonies were founded by settlers from
Byblus. Moles, which in fact is said to have been called
Byblos, Pap/208 in Cyprus, Callisto 0r Thom, and T/iasos
are mentioned as among them. Their establishment is
assigned, in the Chronicon Hieronymi, to the year 1427
13.0. After Byblus, Sidon stands at the head of the
Phoenician towns. As colonies of this metropolis we
know of Luis (Luis/i, Les/tom), at the sources of the
Jordan, which was subsequently occupied by the Danites,
and received the name of Dan; Gumbo or Ouccabo, 011
the site of the subsequent Tyrian Carthago; Hippo (Hm
puaora, Hippugrota, Hippo Zarytus) ; Citium in Cyprus;
Tyrus, Loptz's magna, Oliuros. From Sidon, towards the
end of the twelfth century, the hegemony passed over
to Tyrus, the most important colonies of which are Utica,
founded a few years before Gades, Gados, founded about
1100, and Cart/moo about 814. The date of the estab-
lishment of the others can only rarely be determined.
We therefore enumerate the Phoenician colonies in their
geographical succession.

0n the commercial routes to the countries about the
Euphrates were: 1. The already mentioned town of Luis;
2. Eddaua on the Euphrates (Steph. Byz.), probably the
same which in Ptolemy’s best manuscripts, v. 19, 3,
ed. N Obbe, (v. 18, p. 380, ed. Wilbg.) is called ”Ebcapa
or ”A35apa. Movers also considers the following as Phoe-
nician colonies z—3. IIamat (afterwards Epiphania on
the Orontes), because Hamat in Genesis x. 18 is called
brother of Sidon and son of Canaan; 4. T/iapsacus (Tipsa/z,
Old Testament), whose Phoenician name means Tina/octets.

Joppa, on the coast of Palestine, according to Pliny,
v. § 68, is a Phoenician t0wn, and Ascalon, according to
Scylax, a 776M; Toplwv. In any case both places were
Phoenician trading settlements, which, in regard to As-
calon, may in fact be inferred from Herodotus, i. 105,,
and from Pausanias, i. 14, § 1.

In Egypt : 1. TvpL’wv O’Tpa'ro'n'650v in Memphis ; 2. Lio-
bris, Alvyfipis (Hecataeus ap. St. B.), a town of unknown
situation. According to Movers (p. 186), this Phoeni-
cian name sounded li-obri, to. (static) ad Hobraoos and
the place would be identified with View or Castra
Judaoorum, on the road from Heroonpolis to Heliopolis
(Itin. Anton., and Notit. Dign) In addition to these
the following were, in all probability, also Phoenician
settlements :—3. The Sanctuary of J upiz‘or -on Mons
Oasius ; 4. The former Emporium on the Herculean or
Canobian mouth; 5. The town of .Mz'gdol (to. turris),
called Mugclolum by Herodotus; and 6. Baal Zop/zon,
afterwards Heroonpolis.

0n the coast of Syria there was Horacloa—on the site
where Daphne near Antiochia afterwards stood—which,
to judge from the name was a Phoenician settlement.
According to Movers, Thapsacus, the earlier name of the
river Orontes, is also Phoenician. '

Cilicia, like Cyprus, received Canaanite immigrants at
an early date. The name of the country, Knn’s (Ptolem.
v. 8, § 3), corresponds to Ifitim, the Canaanite name
of Cyprus, which lies opposite. In the Greek mythology
Cilix is a son of the Phoenician Agenor. The numerous
Cilico-Phoenician coins which we possess—all of which
belong to the 4th century B.C.—proved that up to this
time the Phoenician language and writing predominated
in Cilicia. Those places expressly mentioned as being
Phoenician towns are: Tarsus (a colony of Aradus,
according to Chrysostomus, tom. ii. p. 20, ed. Reiske),
and Myriandus (Xenophon, Anal). 1. 4, § 6; Scylax).
Besides these the names and forms of worship in R/zosus,
Aogao or Aogaoao, Mullos, Soli, Nagidus, and Uolouclorz's
betray their Phoenician origin. Cyprus was peopled at
a very early time by the Canaanite tribes of the Citians
and Hamatites, from whom Citium and Amathus received
their names. At that time the separate larger towns of
the island formed as many centres of small kingdoms.
Later they all became subject to Continental Phoenicia,
and the whole of Cyprus was in turn ruled over by the
Byblians, Sidonians, and Tyrians. The mythical repre-
sentative of the Byblians is Cinyras, the supposed founder
of Pct/mos ; that of the Sidonians is Belus, who is said to
have founded Citium and Lupat/zos; the Tyrians lastly
are represented by Pygmalion, who, among other towns,
founded Carpasia. Even at this period of Phoenician
dominion, Greeks had settled in Cyprus, and according
to tradition are said to have come there from Athens
under Akamas, from Lacedaemon under' Praxander, also

62

8 SOURCES AND AUTHORITIES

FOR THE

MAPS. [hIAP 9.

 

from Argos, Sicyon, Arcadia, and from the island of
Siphnus. The Carians, who were usually confederates
of the Phoenicians, possessed at that time the district
of Curium. But it was not until the Egyptian king
Amasis had put an end to the Tyrian dominion in Cyprus
(0. 569), that the Greek element acquired any influence,
and that Salamis became the centre of a mighty state.

On the coast of Pamphylia and Lycia we find no town
expressly mentioned by the ancients as a Phoenician
settlement, yet according to Movers the names Cibyra,
.ZlIasara, Rascopas, Sylleion, Myydale, and Phaselis are
evidently Semitic. It must also be observed that south
of Phaselis there was a town called Phoenia' or Phoenicas,
and that in the same district were the Solymi mountains
(Eo’Maa Jpn), the inhabitants of which, according to
Choerilus (ap. J oseph., c. Anion. i. 22), spoke the
Phoenician language.

In the island of Rhodas, the Phoenicians lived mixed
with the native population in the towns of Lindas, Ialysas,
and Caniiras, till they were driven 'out by the Dorians.

Caria, where there was a mountain and fortress called
Phoenix, is named (bowl/<77 in the poems of Bacchylides
and Corinna (Athen. iv. p. 174), which, however, pro-

bably only indicated the Semitic origin of the inhabitants. -

There are in Caria no Phoenician colonies expressly
mentioned as such, unless we consider the otherwise un-
known Astyra as one, which, according to Stephanus Byz.,
was wdALS‘ (Donut/K219 ((Dou'imov ?) Kara tP6801), 6’1) f] Eripdro
1‘; ’Aonva ’Aarvpi’s. But it may be questioned whether we
should not here read Kar’ "Apabov instead of Kara ‘Po’oov,
although we as little know of an Astyra in Phoenicia
Proper as in Caria. However, the name of the town,
which must be derived from the worship of the Phoe-
nician Astarte, is met with in many districts, especially
in those where mines existed. Thus there was an Astyra
with the worship of Minerva Astyrena on the Adramyt-
tenian bay (Strabo, xiii. p. 606, 613), and further inland,
in the same district, there were silver mines; a third
Astyra with gold mines at one time existed in the neigh-
bourhood of Abydos (Strabo, xiii. p. 591), a fourth was
situated opposite the island of Lesbos in the territory of
the town of Atarneus (Pausan. iv. 35, § 6), where like-
wise gold mines existed (Strabo, xiv. p. 680); a fifth
Astyra is mentioned in Boeota, near Thebes (Steph.
Byz.), in a district also rich in Phoenician traditions.

In Crete, Itanos, where purple was obtained, is de-
scribed as a Phoenician settlement by Steph. Byz. Other
places, the names and myths of which betray their
Phoenician origin, are: Lehen, Are/den, Phoenix, Phoenicas
portals with an adjacent island called Aradas, Gortyn,
Phaestas, and others. '

The Cyclades, as Thucydides (i. 8) says, were at one
time inhabited mostly by Carians and Phoenicians.
Among this group and the neighbouring islands we must
mention: T hera sive.Calliste, Anaphe olim flIcnzhliarns,
Illelos olim Illemhlis, and Byblos, Oliaras, Cythera (where
there were purple-fisheries and the worship of Venus
Urania), Ios olim Phoenice, Syros, Nisyros olim Porphyris,
Siphnos (with mines), Ceos, whose town Carthaea has a
Phoenician name, and where, as in Amorgos, fine woven
textures were manufactured.

The shores of the Hermionian bay and those of the
island of Cranae in the Laconian bay, which were rich
in purple snails, were doubtless, like those of Cythera,
also visited and ransacked by the Phoenicians. ’l he
presence of the Phoenicians in Elis, Patrac, Aegira,
Corinth, and other places, is likewise indicated, partly by
the cultivation of byssus and the manufacture of fine
woven textures, partly by the worship of Venus Urania,
and partly by the Phoenician names of the river Jar-
danas, of cape Phea (i.e. Angulus), of the Messenian
port town Phoenicas, and of the town of T yras on the
east coast of Laconia.

On the T hracian coast we know the Phoenician settle-
ments on the island of T hasos, rich in gold, with which
island we may probably connect the towns on the
opposite continent, Oesyme olim Bibline, Stryme, and
G‘alepsos, as well as the mines of Panyaeon. To them
also belong the town of Abdera, which Hercules is said
to have founded, and which bears the same name as the
Phoenician colony of Abdera, in the south of Spain.
Torone on the Chaleidian peninsula may also be men-
tioned here, inasmuch as, according to the legend, the
mother of the founder is called Phoenice.

In T enedos, the Phoenician Melcart was worshipped;
Cadmos visited Saniothrace ; Lesbos, "according to Homer
(Il. xxiv. 544), is Mdkapos €509, i.e. the seat of the
Phoenician Melcart or Hercules, and the island is there-
fore called Macaria, as Cyprus and Rhodus, and in Sicily,
Heraclea Minoa likewise bore the name of Macaria.
Opposite the island of Lesbos there was an Astyra in the
territory of Atarneus, and another on the coast of Troy.
The neighbouring Adramyttium, according to Ohlshausen,
is likewise a Phoenician name, which we find in Africa
in the form of Adrumetum. The Syro-Phoenician
worship of Adonis and Aphrodite no’pvn prevailed in
Sestos, Priapus, Lampsacns (a Phoenician name which
signifies ad trajectam), and Abydos, in the neighbourhood
of which there was likewise an Astyra. Pronectas is
expressly called a Phoenician colony by Stephanus Byz.
Phoenix is said to have established colonies in. Bithynia
on the Pontus Euxinus (Syncell. p. 299), and the earlier
presence of the Phoenicians in these districts is indicated
by the legends of the Agenorid Phineus.

Sicily at one time had Phoenician trading settlements
on all its shores and on the adjacent small islands
(Thuc. vi. 2). Being afterwards driven by the Greek
colonists from most places, the Phoenicians maintained
themselves in JlIotye, Soltis, and Panornias, whose
Phoenician name on the coins is IlIachanet (i.e. castra).
We recognise traces of earlier settlements in the names
of places, and in the worship of Semitic divinities. To
give but a few instances of this: Heraclea Minoa was at
an earlier date called Zlfacara, and, according to the
coins, Ras-Melcart; Pachynns promontorium is the
Greek form of the Phoenician pachan, i.e. specula. The
name of the peninsula of Thapsas is also found in Syria
and Africa. Palma, in the neighbourhood of Messana, is

 

called in the Itin. Anton., p. 87, by the corresponding
Phoenician word Tamariciam. In like manner, Solasapre
(i.e. am, man), which in the Itin., p. 92, is mentioned
together with Calacte, is the Phoenician name of the
same place. In a similar manner on p. 88 the name of
a station ad fl/tZTtllfil Lanariam 10 m. pass. from M azara,
is given instead of ad flaciam sice Lanar (i.e. ad aquani).
Maze/rd itself is a Phoenician word and signifies castellum.
Elements of Semitic worship are found in Leontini, Catana
and Syracuse. Among the nearest islands the Phoenicians
possessed—even before the supremacy of Carthage—the
Aegates, JlIelita, Gaalos or Gaados, Cossara, and Lampasa.

On the shores of Lower Italy, T eniesa or Tempsa—
in the neighbourhood of which copper mines existed—-
seems to have originally been a Phoenician settlement.
Other towns there, the names of which have a Semitic
physiognomy are Hippo (Vibo), Medma, and Malacca.
The rivers Sybaris and Crathis are met with again in
the Subur and Crathis, on the west coast of Africa.

In Latimn, after the treaty in the year 501, the Car-
thaginians were not allowed to build any fortified place.
If this had been the case in earlier times, we might
venture—~to judge from the situation and name—to con-
jecture that Astura was some such place.

On the Etruscan coast we find not far from Caere the
coast-town of Punicani. The ancient name of Caere,

. Agylla (i.e. rotunda), is also Phoenician, and agrees with

the position of the town which was built round a hill.

On the Liyarian coast we have the ancient name of the
Sidonian Carthago in Heraclea Caccabaria. In the vicinity
of this place we must look for the islands of Stariam
(’Aartpiov ?) and Phoenice mentioned by Pliny (iii. § 79).
Besides these, the names of the following places suggest
their Phoenician origin : Portas Hercai‘is Monoeci, Hera-
clea, which lay somewhere at the mouth of the Rhone;
Portas IIercalis, near Cosa and the Mons Argentarius;
Heracleam (Herculanum), on the gulf of Naples; and
Portas IIercalis, in Oenotria.

In Corsica, we know of no Phoenician settlements,
although the island is called (Potvuma Ktpvos by Calli-
machus (Hymn. in Del. 19), and Cyrnos, according to
Servius (on Virgil, Eel. ix. 30), is ason of Hercules.
At the southern extremity of Sardinia, which lay on the
sea-route to Spain, the Tyrians founded the town of
Caralis (Claudian. De hello Gild. v. 20); Nora—whose
mythical founder, Norax of Tartessus, was son of
Mercury and Erythia—was probably a colony of the
Phoenicians in Gades. Between 580 and 480 13.0. the
whole island came into the possession of the Cartha-
ginians. According to Stephanus Byz. they founded
Salci and Charmis; but the name of the latter Xdpais is
probably but a corruption of deaMs. \Ve pass over
the names of the other Punic towns on the island;
they were inhabited mostly by Liby-Phoenicians.

Between Sardinia and Spain the Phoenicians occupied
the important seaports of the Baleares or Gymnesiae, and
of the Pityassac or Ebnsim (i.e. insulae pinearum), pos-
sessing good harbours. In Spain they, even at an early
date, took possession of a large portion of what was
afterwards called Baetica, the territory of the Turti or
Turdetani, that which was called Tartessis by the Greeks.
The chief town there was Gades, founded c. 1100 13.0. by
the Tyrians, Ta FdBecpa, in Punic Carlin or Ayadir. The
most important towns to be named after this, are Cartcia,
Six, Illa/ace, and Abdera. The coins of all these towns
have Liby-Phoenician inscriptions. To the north of
Turdetania, the chief stations of the Phoenicians are
Barcino, Cartalias, and Carthayo cetus, so called to
distinguish it from Carthage nova founded by Ilasdrubal
in 242; Sayantum, which, according to tradition, was
founded by Hercules, is probably likewise of Phoenician
origin.

On the North Coast of Africa, the Sidonian colonies of
Canzhe or Caccabe (old Carthage), IIippo, and Leptis
mayna, are expressly mentioned as being Phoenician
settlements ; further Utica and Carthage (Carthada Punic,
i.e. L-e’a mine), as Tyrian colonies; also Adrametam,
which, according to Sallust (Jayarth. c. 19), is older
than Carthage ; the towns of Capsa and Icosium, founded
by Hercules ; and the town of Alisa or Aazea in the in-
terior, south of Icosium, founded by Ithobalus, King of
Tyre (who reigned somewhere about 897—866 3.0.).
But of course there were Phoenician or Punic settle—
ments at all important points of the coast, eastwards as
far as Cyrenaica, and westwards as far as the ocean.
The towns of Leptis ZlIayna, Oea or .Macaroea (Oeat or
Micaroeat on the coins), and Sahrata (on the coins Sabraton
or Sahroton, whence the Greek form of the name Ahroto-
non) constituted a Tripolis, which it is true we do not
find mentioned until the time of Alexander Severus, but
which may very possibly have existed in ancient times
as an imitation of similar institutions in the Phoenician
mother country.

It may also be mentioned that besides Carians, Greeks
also took part in the Phoenician settlements on this coast.
Hecataeus speaks of an Ionian town KvfiuS or K6309
(Steph. Byz.), which must have been situated in the
neighbourhood of Hippuacra. As there was also a town
called KtBOL or Kvfiaoao's in Caria, these Ionians must
have associated themselves with the Carians, who were
frequently allies of the Phoenicians. The periplus of
the so-called Scylax mentions an island Euboea and
Nafixas vfiaovs in the same district as Hippuacra. F ur-
ther,——when llIeschala, which is situated somewhere be-
tween Hippo and Utica, is said to have been founded
by Greeks returning from Troy, and the poets of the
NdoToL have much to relate about the towns which
Teucros, Amphilochus, Odysseus, and Menestheus founded
in districts occupied by Phoenicians,—— these legends may
in so far have an historical foundation, as in the very
mixed population of the Phoenician colonies there also
existed a Greek element.

On the shores of the Atlantic Ocean, the most impor-
tant colony of the Tyrians was Limits, whose temple to
Hercules was older than that of Gades (Plin. xix.
§ 63). On the other parts of the coast which extended
to the desert, there at one time existed (as Eratosthenes
says) about 300 colonies, which, after the decay of the

 

 

Tyrian power, became a prey to the Nigritians and
Pharusians. A portion of them were then reorganised
by the Carthaginians; for Hanno peopled Caricontichos,
Gytta, Acra, IlIelita, and Aranihys, with new colonists,
besides founding Thynziaterion, and establishing a trading
station on the island of Cerne opposite to the desert.

GREEK COLONIES.
A.—AEOLIAN COLONIES.

BY what is called the Aeolian migration, the Achaeans
of Peloponnesus and the Aeolians of Boetia, Thessaly
and Locris colonised the islands of Lesbos, Tcnedos,
IIecatonnesi, and a portion of the opposite shores of Asia
Minor. The principal settlements were Mytilene on
Lesbos, and on the continent, according to Herodot.
(i. 149), the following twelve towns :—

1. Cyme Phryconis ; 2. Larissa; 3. Neonteichos ;
4. Temnos; 5. Cilia; 6. Notianz; 7. Aeyiroessa (No. 5—7
of uncertain site); 8. Pitane ; 9. Acyacae ; 10 Myrina;
11. Gryneia; l2. Smyrna (afterwards occupied by
Ionians from Colophon, and destroyed in 627 by Alyattes).

Of these, Mytilene and Cyme became the mother cities
of most of the other Aeolian colonies. '

As continental Colonies of Mytilene, the following are
mentioned :—1. Assas, in Troas, which colonised
Garyaras. 2. Arisbe, whose colony Tritaea, in Troas,
is of unknown situation; Arisbe seems to have subse-
quently received new colonists from the Ionian Milctus,
for Anaximenes, in Strabo, p. 635, calls it a Milesian
colony. 3, 4. Achilleum and Siyeam, which the Athenians
took from the Methymnaeans. 5, 6. Madytas and Sestas,
in the Thracian Chersonesus. 7. Aenos, in Thrace, first
colonised by Alopeconnesus, an Aeolian town in the
Thracian Chersonesus, and perhaps likewise a colony of
Mytilene, afterwards received colonists from‘ Mytilene
and Cyme. 8. Hermonassa in the neighbourhood of the
Cimmerian Bosporus.

As Colonies of Cyme, the following are mentioned :—
1. Cebrene, in Troas. 2.Phantia, (?) in Troas, of unknown
situation; even the name is uncertain (v. Steph. Byz.
s.c., and the commentators). 3. Aenos, in Thrace, received,
among others, colonists from Cyme. 4. Side, in Pamphylia.
5. Cumae, in Italy, according to Strabo, founded by
Cumeans and Chalcidensians.» Scymnus Chius (239) also
calls the founders Chalcidensians and Aeolians; but
Dionys. Halic. says, Chalcidensians and Eretrians;
Velleius Paterculus mentions only Chalcidensians.

We hear nothing of the founding of the other towns
belonging to the Asiatic Aeolis in Troas, such as
Antandrus, Colonae, Larissa, Ha'maxitus, Lamponia,
Neandria, Pityia. Adramyttium also was probably
Aeolianised. According to Strabo, p. 606, it would
be an Athenian colony; probably in the same sense
as, according to the same author, the Aeolian town
of Elaca is said to have been colonised by Menestheus, at
the time of the Trojan war. Later, in the year 422,
Adramyttium was ceded by Pharnaces to the Delians,
Whom the Athenians had driven from their island. The
town of Cane, opposite the southern point of Lesbos, was
a colony of the Opuntian Locrians. .ZlIaynesia ad Sipylam
and JlIr/ynesia ad .ZlIaeandrani may also be regarded as
quasi-Aeolian colonies. The latter town—founded by
Magnes from Thessaly, who was said to have first
gone to Crete (where there also existed a Magnesia) and
thence to Asia Minor with Cretans, after its destruction
by the Cimmerians (about 726) was restored by Ephesians
and Milesians, and afterwards reckoned among the Ionian
towns.

Aeolian Colonies of Italy, besides the Cumae already
mentioned, are :—~

1. Locri Epz'zephyrii, founded by Ozolian, or, according
to others, by Opuntian Locrians. The colonies of this
town are :—1. .ZlIedama or Medma; 2 Metauras; 3.
Hipponiam.

The Achaeans of Peloponnesus from the district of
Achaia founded :—

2. Sybaris (721 Euseb., destroyed in 510), which on
its part founded z—Laas, Scidras, Posidonia, and Sybaris
Nova, on the river Traeis.

3. Croton (710 Euseb.), the mother city of Terina and, ac-
cording to Ephorus, of Caulonia. According to Pausanias,
Caulonia was founded by Peloponnesian Achaeans, under
the guidance of Tiphon of Aegium.

4. Pandosia, in the neighbourhood of Metapontum
(probably to be distinguished from Pandosia in Bruttium).

5. Metrqaontani. From the various accounts of the
ancients, we conclude that the town was founded by
Phocians and Aetolians (774 Euseb.), and that it after-
wards (about 650) received new colonists from Achaia
(See G. Hollander, De rehas Metapontinoram, 1851,
p. 14). In passing, we may mention the mythical
tradition, according to which the Aetolian king Thoas
founded Temesa, after the fall of Troy, and the Aetolian
prince Epeus the towns of Lagaria and Pisae.

 

B. —IONI AN COLONIES.

The Ionians, mixed with various other Greeks,
colonised from Attica the Cyclades, Samos and Chios,
and upon the Asiatic continent the towns of Miletas,
Mytis, Priene, Ephesus, Colophon, Teos, Clazomenae,
Lehedos, Phocaea in the territory of Cyme, and Erythrae,
which towns on their part became the mother cities of a
large number of colonies.

Colonies of Miletas :—

Pliny, v. 31, § 112—“ Miletus, Ioniae caput,»super
xc. (lxxx. and lxx. varia lectio) urbium per cuncta
maria genetrix.” According to Seneca (Consol. ad IIelc.
7, § 2) Miletus founded 75 colonies. The following are
mentioned:—

On the west coast of Asia Minor and on the nearest
islands:—

1. Iasas, originally a Doric colony of the Argives,
but subsequently re-colonised by Milesians. 2. JVIr/ynesia
ad IlIaeandrain restored by Milesians and Ephesians (vid.

 

 

MAP 9]

SOURCES AND AUTHORITIES FOR THE MAPS. 9

 

supra). 3. Leros I. 4. IeariaI. 5.Abg/dos (about 630 B.C.).
6. (Arisbe), in Troas, according to Anaximenes ap. Strab.
p. 625 ; according to Stephan. Byz., a colony of Mytilene.
7. Seepsis. 8. (La/npsaeus), according to Strabo, p. 589;
certainly more correctly a colony of. Phocaea according
to Charon of Lampsacus, Ephorus and Pomponius Mela.
9. Colonae, in the territory of Lampsacus (Strabo, p. 589).

On the Propontis :—

10. Paesus. 11. Parinm, a colony of Parians, Mile-
sians and Erythraeans, according to Strabo; a colony
of Erythraeans, according to Pausanias ix. 27, § 1.
l2. Priapus, according to some a colony of Miletus;
' according to others a colony of Cyzicus, as Strabo says,
p. 587. 13. Cyzieus (according to Euseb. 750 et 683 13.0.),
according to some the mother city of Priapus. 14. Arlaee.
15. Proeonnesus. 16. Jlfiletopolis ad Rhyndaeuin. That
this town was a colony of Miletus is not confirmed by
any direct testimony, but inferred from the name.
Gargorus in Troas is a colony of it. 17. Cias, at first
inhabited by Mysians, then by Carians, then by Milesians,
according to the Schol. Apollon. Rhod. i. 1177. -

On the Pontus Euxinus :—

[Heraelea Pontiea, a Megarian colony, but which in
Strabo, p. 542, is mentioned as a colony of Miletus; an
error probably occasioned by the town at one time re-
ceiving colonists from Miletus]

18. Sesamus (afterwards Amastris, Ainastra, Amos:
trium, Mastruni, Mastfz/a). 19. Tieium, T i-um, Tius. 20.
Cromna. 21. Cytorus, Cytorum. 22. Sinope, the
colonies of which are: Trapezus, Cotyora and Cerasus.
[When Stephanus Byz. says—Hrepia miALs Ewaiims,
this rests upon a wrong interpretation of the words in
Herodotus, i. 76.] 23. Amisus, according to Strabo,
p. 547, a colony of Milesians, afterwards re-colonised by
one of the Cappadocian kings, and then by Athenians,
who called the town Piraeeus. According to Seymnus
Chius (918), Amisus is a colony of Phocaea, founded four
years before Heraclea Pontica. The same divergence of
statements is found in regard to Lampsacus. It is pro-
bable that 'Milesians and Phocaeans took part in its
colonisation, as, in fact, Anthea (No. 37) was a colony of
Milesians and Phocaeans. 24. Phasis. 25. Dioseurias.
26. [Pity/128?]. 27. Cepi or Cepus, on the Cimmerian
Bosporus. 28. Pantieapaeum (about 541 B.C.). 29.
Theodosia. 30. Olbia, Olhiopolis, Borysthenes, Mleiopolis
(654 3.0., Euseb.). 31. Tyras. 32. Isiros, Istria, Istropolis
(654 13.0., Euseb.). 33. Tomi. 34. [Callatis], a colony of
Miletus, according to Mela, ii. 2; of Heraclea Pontica,
according to Memnon, v. 21, Strabo, p. 542, Scymnus,
761. 35. Odessus. 36. Apollonia (about 610 3.0.); its
colony is Anehiale. 37. Anthea in Thrace, of unknown
site; according to Steph. Byz., a colony of Milesians
and Phocaeans.

38. Limnae, in the Thracian Chersonesus. 39. Cardia,

a colony of Milesians and Clazomenians; afterwards re«
ceived colonists from Athens under Miltiades. Cabin/s and
Cypasis were emporia of the Cardiani. 40. Myreinus, on
the Strymon. 41. [Enneahodoi.]—The Milesian Aris-
tagoras endeavoured to found a colony here in 497 13.0.,
but was driven back by the Edonians. In the year 437,
the Athenians founded Amphipolis there. 42. [Zanele,
in Sicily] The Milesians, after 494, joined the Samians
who were going to Sicily to found the colony of Caleacte,
but who, instead of doing this, took possession of the
town of Zancle. 43. Milesiontiehos, MLAninv reixog, on
the shores of the Delta of the Nile. 44. Naueratis in
Egypt (about 630 under Psammetichus). 45. [Claudd]
This fort was given by Pharnabazus to Milesians who
were driven out of their country by internal dissensions
(405 13.0.; Diodor. xiii. 104, § 6): that it was situated
in Caria is inferred from Attic inscriptions, in which a
place is mentioned among the towns of the Carian tribute,
under the name of KAafivea (Vid. Beckh, Staatshaus-
haltung, ii. p. 698). 46. Ampe, not far from the mouth
of the Tigris, was the name of the place to which Darius,
after taking Miletus, transferred the surviving Milesrans
(Herodot. vi. 20). It is probably the same place as the
Anzpelome (read Ampecome, ”Au-my Kaiml) eolonia Mile-
siormn, which Pliny 6, 32, § 159, mentions in Arabla.
Colonies of Phoeaea .‘ .
1. Lanipsaeus; 2. Amisus,- 3. Anthea; see the colonies
of Miletus, Nos. 8, 23, 37. 4. Velia in Italy (535 B.C.).
5. Alalia, in Corsica (about 560). 6. Massilia (600 no),
whose colonies on the Gallican coast were: Nieaea,
Antipolis, Athenopolis, Olbia, Tauroeis, s. Tauroenlum,
Rhodanusia, Hei‘aelea (the two last somewhere at the
mouths of the Rhone), Agaz‘he. We may assume that the
earlier Phoenician settlements pontus Hereulis Monaeei,
Heiiaelea Caeeaharia, and other places on this coast, were
likewise taken possession of by Massaliots. Besides
these, Stephanus Byz. mentions Twiggy and Kvpnzm as
Massaliot towns; they are otherwise unknown. Probably,
Kvpfivn, when the name of an Iberian and a Massaliot
town, is a corruption of “vpijl'n, the name of a town
known from Herodotus. Further, when Avienus (Ora
merit. 675), in speaking of the town Arelate, says :——-
“ Theline vocata sub priore seculo, Graio incolente,” the
word Theline in the very corrupt text of the poem has
arisen out of telme, telma, TéAua, which is the Greek
translation of the Gallic word Arelate (i.e., loouspaluslris).
It seems to us as little probable that Arelate was
originally a Greek and not a Keltic town, as that the
towns of the CavariaCabellio, and Avenio—which Ste-
phanus Byz. adduces as Massaliot towns, were founded
by Greeks. The meaning of those ancient statements
must, as we believe with Walkenaer (Geogr. ane. .des
Gaules i. p. 173) be limited to this, that the Massahots
had their entrepéts in these towns. Enxoavés, Wthh
Stephanus Byz. also calls 776M: MamaMco-rév, seems to
have been another such place, and was probably sltuated
somewhere on the Sequana. The Massaliot colonies on
the Iberian coast, were :—Rhode, the first establishment of
which is ascribed to Rhodians; Emporium or Empopiae,
a colony of the Massaliots, according to Strabo, p. 256;
of the Phocaeans, according to Livy xxxiv. 9, and Pliny
iii. § 22 ; Maomechv dwaae’wv, according to Scymnus;
Hemeroseopium, a colony of Massaliots in Strabo, p. 157,
Of the Phocaeans according to Artemidor ap. Stephan. ;

 

 

 

Alonis, insula et oppidum; another Colony, situated
between Sucro fl. and Carthago nova,- the name of which
Strabo does not mention; Maenaee, Massaliot according
to Seymnus; 15070277; 76312 (Dwxa'i‘m'év adhesion, according to
Strabo p. 156.

Colonies of Santos ;‘

V 1. Samothraee, which possessed on the mainland, Sale,
Zone, Mesamhia, Serrium. 2. Anaea, in Caria. Besides
these, the Samians possessed on the continental shores:
Panionimn, Erasistratius, Charadrus, .Phoeaea nieus,
Aeadamis, Mye’ale, and Maralhesiuin. The last of these
towns was ceded to the Ephesians, who gave to the
Samlans N eapolis in return. 3. Perinz‘hus; 4. Bisanthe;
5. ¢Hpaiov Teixos‘, on the Propontis. 6. lilinoa, Aegialos,
and Areesine, on the island of Amorgos, were organised
by Simonides (Suidas v. Erastus). According to the
schol. Dionys. Perieg. 526, Amorgos was Ionianised by
Nax1ans. 7. ”anis no’Aw, seven days’ journey from
Egyptian Thebes in the desert. 8. Celenderis and
9. Nagidus, in Cilicia, according to Mela; originally not
Greek towns. 10. Cydonia, in Crete, was occupied in
528 by Samians, who, five years later, were again driven
out by the Aeginetans. 11. Dieaearehia, in 1taly (521
Euseb.). See the colonies of Cumae. 12. Zanele, in Sicily.
Samians and Milesians (after 494) drove out the earlier
inhabitants of the town, but were themselves again
driven out by Anaxilas a few years afterwards.

Colonies of Tees:

1. Myonnesus. 2. Abdera, 543. In the year 655, the
Clazomenians had settled there themselves, but were
soon afterwards expelled by the Thracians. Bergepolis
is mentioned by Stephanus Byz., as being a town of the
Abderites. 3. Phanagoria, on the Cimmerian Bosporus.

Colonies of Clasomenae : .

1 . Cardin, in the Thracian Chersonesus. 2. Abdera (655).
See the colonies of Tees. 3. T anais, on the river T anais.
Plin. vi, 7, § 20: “Oppidum in Tanais quoque ostio.
Tenuere finitima prime Cares, dein Clazomenii et M aeones,
postea Panticapenses.”

Colonies of Colophon .‘ , _

1. Myrlea in Bithynia. 2. Sims in Italy.

Colonies of Ephesus : .

1. .Magnesia ad Maeandnum,‘ after its capture by the
Cimmerians was restored by the Ephesians. 2. Elaeus,
in Asia, according to Pseudo-Plutarch (Parallel. c. 41),
is said to have been founded by Hegesistratus, an Ephe-
sian. Whether we are to consider it to be the Elaeus
on the Bithynian coast, or the Elaeus on the Carian
Doridis Sinus (Plin. v., § 107), or some other town, is
uncertain.

Colony of Engihrae .‘

Parium, on the Propentis, according to Pausanias ix.,
27, § 1; a colony of Parians, from the island of Paros, of
Milesians and Erythraeans, according to Strabo xiii,
p. 588.

Colonies of Chios -: , _

1. Maronea, on the coast of Thrace. 2. Leueonia, of
unknown site, on the coast of the mainland, opposite the
island. The Chians had taken the place from the
Coronaeans (Corynaeans ?), and held possession of it for
a time in common with the Erythraeans (Plutarch. De
oirt. mul. c. 4; Polyaen. viii, 66).

Colonies of N axos .°

1. Amorgos is said to have been peopled by N axians and
Ionians, according to the schol. Dionys. Perieg. 526.
Cf. supra Colonies of Samos. 2. Names, in Sicily, founded
by N axians and Erythraeans.

Colonies of Andros :

1. Argilos, on the Sinus Strymonicus. 2. 3. Acanthus
and Stagira, in Chalcidice, and in the same district the
town of Sane, colonised by Andrians and Chalcidians.
The Andrians also took part in the colonisation of the
five towns of the Acte (Cleonae, Olophyxus, Acrothoi,
Dium, and Thys‘sus), according to Diodor. xii, 18.

Colon y of Paros .'

Parimn, on the Propontis, founded conjointly by
Erythraeans and Milesians.

Colonies of Chaleis .‘

1. On the islands of Soy/res, Pepai‘elhos, Seiailzos and
Ieos, which, at an earlier time, were peopled by Thracian
Pelasgiots and by Cretans (Seymnus 580). 2. About 30
towns of the peninsula of Silhonia (Strabo lib. vii, fr. 10
and x., p. 447). When most of them were afterwards
again lost, the colonists withdrew to Olynthus. Some
Chalcidians had settled on the peninsula of Athos.
Further in the neighbourhood of Acanthus they pos»
sessed a place called Elymnia, which they left so as to
settle in Cleonae (Heraclides Pont. Polit. c. 31). On the
isthmus connecting Athos with the mainland was Sane,
a colony of the Chalcidians and Andrians (Plutarch. QM.
G72, 0. 30). On the peninsula of Pallene, Stephanus
Byz. mentions Tinde and Capsa, under the name of
XaMmomai mints. But the majority of the places on
the peninsula of Pallene and on Mount Athos were
Eretrian colonies (Strabo x., p. 447). 3. Pitheeussae
insulae, on the Italian coast (Liv. viii, 22). 4. Cumae,
in Italy, founded conjointly with Asiatic Cumaeans and
Eretrians (vide supra, colonies of Cyme). This colony,
according to Eusebius, is said to have been founded as
early as 1149 13.0., a statement the correctness of which
is justly doubted. [It is based, we believe, upon the
Asiatic settlement being confounded with the one in
Italy; for the Asiatic Cyme, according to the Vita
Homeri c. 48, is said to have been founded 168 years
after the eXpedition to Troy (5.7.5 7739' 629 ”lva o-rpareias),
which the anonymous author of the Vita Hem. assigns
to the year 1280 B.0. Now if we add 168 years to
the year assigned to the Italian Cumae, we obtain the
year 1217 13.0., which, according to Ephorus and the
Marmor Parium, is the date of the expedition to Troy]

The colonies of Cumae are 2—1. Parthenope, after=
wards called Palaepolis. 2. Neapolis, which subsequently
received additional colonists from Chalcis, from the
Pithecusae, and from Athens (Strabo v., p. 246).
3. Dieaearehia, afterwards called Puteoli, the e’niveiov
of Cumae, which according to Eusebius, 521 13.0., is
said to have been founded by Samians, was originally
certainly likewise a Cumaean settlement, which Was

 

C

Subsequently strengthened by Samians (Diet; of Geogr.
ii; p. 678). 4. Zancle (v. infra).

5. Rhegiuni, founded by Chalcidians and other Euboeans
and a body of exiled Messenians. Its colonies are:
1. waus or thwentuni (471 13.0.), perhaps colonised at
an earlier date by Sirites, for upon some coins belonging
to Buxentum we read the name of Girls ; 2. JIessana in
Sicily. Under Anaxilas (+476) Rhegines took pos-
session of the town of Zancle, which has since been
called ZIIessana. , . 1

6: Naxos, founded by Chalcidians and Naiians (735
13.0.). After the destruction of the town by Dionysius of
Syracuse (403), the surviving N axians received the town
of Mylae from the Rhegians, from Which they were,
however,- soon again eXpelled by the Messenians. In the
year 358, the N axians scattered in Sicily colonised Tau-
romenimn, which had been founded by the Siculi in 396.
The passage in Strabo p. 268, according to which at év
"T‘fBAn (perhaps M11171?) ZayKAaEOL are said to have founded
Tauromenium, is not clear. Can the words refer to the
N axians, who at one time inhabited the Zanclean Mylae?
The colonies of N axos are ;;_i, Leonlini, which founded
Euboea, a Sicilian town of unknown site; ii. Catrina;
iii.- Callipolis, of unknown position; [iv. Zancle, according
to Seymnus and Strabo]

7. Zancle; Cumaean pirates were the first founders
of this town, which at a later date received colonists
from Chalcis and other Euboean towns. This is stated
by Thucydides vi, 4. According to Strabo, p. 268, and
Scymnus, p. 284, Zancle was a colony of N axes. About
the year 493, the Samians and Milesians took possession
of it; they were thereupon (before 476) expelled by the
Messenians.

The following are the colonies of Zancle: 1. Jlfg/lae
(716 B.C. Euseb.). 2. Himera; aucording to Thucy-
dides vi, 5, it was colonised by Zancle; according to
Strabo by Chalcidians from Mylae (23775 7621; En MziAaLs
Xanioe’wv). The Syracusan fugitives oi MvAn-ri’oai
onzfiuevm (Thuc. vi, 5), who had probably settled in
Mylae, also took part in founding the colony. Towards
the year 476, Himera received Doric colonists through
Theron of Agrigentum (Diodor. xi, 49). After the
destruction of the town by the Carthaginians (408), the
surviving Himeraeans were reunited in T hernia, a town
founded in 407. The fortress of Cephaloedium seems to
have been a dependence of Himera. [3. Hybla? see
supra s.v. N axes]

Colonies of Eretria .'

1. The peninsula of Pallene, according to Strabo,
p. 447, was colonised by Eretrians. Among the towns
in that part, Mende is expressly mentioned as a colony
of the Eretrians by Thucydides (iv., 123), Mela and
Steph. Byz. The colonies of Mende in Chalcidice were:
Eione (Thuc. iv., 7), of unknown site, and Neapolis
(Tabulae tributorum in Béckh’s Staatshaushaltung ii,
p. 74). Besides these, we have mention of Slat/3am
Xcépa ’Eperpiewv (mentioned by Steph. Byz.), the in-
habitants of which (the Scablaei) are named together
with the Olynthians in the tables of the tributes (l. e.

. 730). It is probable that this district contained
0 Kwhov d>povpiov ’Eperpiéwv (Steph. Byz.), the name of
which is perhaps corrupt, and not different from Exéon,
a place in the neighbourhood of Olynthus. 2. The
Peninsula of Mount Athos also contained colonies from
Eretria (Strabo, p. 447), of which, however, we know no
details. 3. Methone, on the west coast of the Sinus
Thermaicus, was a colony of those Eretrians who had
been driven out of Corcyra by the Corinthian Chersicrates
(Plutarch. Qu. G7“. 0. ii.; Eustathius ad Hom. ll. ii,
228), so that Eretrians must have settled in Corcyra
before the Corinthians. 4. In the Aegaean Sea, the
Eretrians at one time ruled over the islands of Andros,
Tenos, Ceos, and others (Strabo p. 449, énfipxou
’Ardpicov Kai Tniwu Kat Keiwv Kai liAva zrijowv). 5. The
Eretrians joined the Chacidians, who colonised the
Pithecusae and Cumae.

Colonies of Athens :

The settlements of the Athenians were, in most cases,
not colonies (dnomiai), in the usual sense of the word,
but KMponL’ai, i.e., cenquered or otherwise acquired
territory, which was divided into a certain number of
lots (KAfipot), and distributed among an equal number of
the poorer citizens. These Kleruchi did not cease to be
members of the state, but remained Athenian citizens,
and hence did not, like the colonies, form communities,
independent of the mother city. '

In the T liraeian Chersonesus,—-—whcre the Doloncians had
yielded up the sovereignty to Miltiades, son of Cypselus,
who in 560 3.0. protected the peninsula from the inroads
of the Apsinthians by erecting a wall across the isthmus,-
and who seems to have distributed Athenian colonists in
various parts,--the following Athenian colonies are
mentioned, viz.: 1. Cardin (Scymn. 701; Strabo vii,
fr. 52). 2. Paefg/e (Scymn. il).). 3. Crithote (Ephorus.
ap. Harpocr. s 1).; Scymn. 711). 4. Elaeus (Scymn. 708).
5. Alopeeonnesus (Etym. M. s.v.). From 494 to 469 the
Chersonesus was under Persian dominion, subsequently
it became tributary to the Athenians, who in the year
452 sent a thousand Kleruchi there. 6. Sigemn, in
Troas, taken possession of by Athenians before the
Tyrannis of Pisistratus (Strabo xiii, p. 599). 7. 8.
Lemnos and Iniln‘os, taken possession of in 510 by
Miltiades, son of Cimon. 9. Chaleis in Euboea, dis-
tributed in 506 among 400 Kleruchi. 10. Seyrus,
Kleruchi, 476. 11. Halonnesus (n31) ’Adnvaiwv dpxatov
Krfiua, Libanius Argum. in Demosth. Orat. (le Halonnes.
p. 75, ed. Reisk.). 12. Eion, taken possession of by Cimon
in 470. 13. Sinope, about 452 Kleruchi. 14. Amisus,
which for some time here the name of Piraeeus. 15.
Astaeus, a Megarian settlement, strengthened at the.
time of the Peloponnesian war by Athenian colonists.
16.- Naxos, subdued between 470—465; 452 Kleruchi.
17. Andros, Kleruchi at the time of Pericles. 18. Brett,
a colony of the Athenians in the country of the Bisaltae,
of unknown site. 19. Thasos, conquered in 463. The
continental possessions of the Thasians likewise fell
into the possession of the Athenians. 20. Hestiaea, in
Euboea, 445 Kleruchi. 21. T hm'ii, in Italy, founded

D

V10 SOURCES AND AUTHORITIES FOR THE MAPS.

under the auspices of Athens, and with the participation
of a body of Athenians, 443. 22. Amphipolis, in Thrace,
founded in 437. 23. Aeyina, 431 Kleruchi. 24. Atalante,
an island off the coast of Locris, taken possession of in
431. 25. Potidaea, 429 Kleruchi. 26. Lesbos, with the
exception of the town of Methymna, 427 Kleruchi.
27. Notiemi, near Colophon, received Athenian colonists
about the year 427. 28. Delos. (The Delians who were
expelled in the year 422, received habitations in Adra~
m‘yttium.) 29. Scione, was given, in 421, by the
Athenians to the Plataeans. 30. .leelos, 416 Kleruchi.

Lastly, we observe that Strabo, p. 246, speaks of
Athenians as among those who strengthened the Cu--
maean colony of N eapolis. The mythical foundations of
Menestheus, of Scylletium in Italy, and of Elaea in Asia
Minor, we pass over. Adramyttiumis probably one of
them; for Strabo likewise mentions it as an Athenian
colony.

C. DORIAN COLONIES.

Colonies of Lacedaemon .'

1. Cnidos, whose colonies are: Syme ins., colonised by
Cnidians, Rhodians, and others; Lipara, 579 B.C., like-
wise by Cnidians and Rhodians; Coreyra Niyra, in the
Adriatic Sea.

2. Thera, under the guidance of the Agid Theras, was
colonised by Dorians, Minyans, and Achaeans. Its
colony was: Cyrene (631) in Cyrenaica, which became
the mother city of Apollonia, Teachira, Barce (about
554), Hesperides or Eaesperides.

3. Anaphe ins. 4. Pholeyanolras ins. 5. filelos (1116
according to Thucyd.); Melos sent a colony to Crya or
Cryassas in Caria. 6. Gortyna, in Crete, colonised by
Dorians, Achaeans, and Minyans. 7. Polyrrhenia,
8. Lyctas, 9. Lapathas, in Crete. (The Cretan towns of
Amyclaeum and Therapne remind us of the Achaean
settlements of the same name in Laconia. Other names
of Laconian places found in Crete are Aepea, Aulon,
Boeae, Etea). 10. Selye, in Pisidia. [11. Noricam, in
Phrygia, on the river Marsyas, in the neighbourhood of
Celaenae, is said to have been founded by a Lace-
demonian Pisistratus ; i this indeed is according to the
unreliable testimony in the Pseudo-Plutarch. De flan,
c. 10, and Eustath. ad Dionys. 321. There were also
some Dorians in the Phrygian Synnada, the coins of
which bear the legends szaséwu Awpie’wv or E. ’IaSuwu,
or both together. The Kao‘rwlxofi nediov Awpiéwv in
Lydia, from Steph. Byz. (s. Geog)". Diet. so.) is un-
intelligible]. 12. Tarentam, 707 ; its colony is Heraclea
(432), and probably also Callipolis on the Tarentinus
Sinus. l3. [Heraclea le'inoa, in Sicily, a colony of
Selinus, was conquered by the Spartans Dorieus and
Euryleon (about 510). The same Dorieus had pre-
viously founded Cinyps in Lybia, on a river of the same
name; this colony, however, was destroyed by the
-Maces three years later.]

Colonies of Argos .'

1. Iasos in Caria, afterwards colonised by Milesians.

2. Tralles in Caria, founded by Argives and some
Thracians.

3. In Rhodes, Argives Hellenised Ialysos, Lindos, and
Camiros, and they in 408 conjointly built the town of
Rhodos. Rhodos colonised or founded Chaleia and Telos
insulae; Gayae and Coryolalla (probably also Rhodia or
Rhodiapolis) in Lycia; Soli (by Rhodians from Lindos and
by Argives), in Cilicia; Aeanteam, in Troas; Apollonia,
in. Thrace, on the Pontus Euxinus (by Rhodians and
Milesians) ; Gela in Sicily, at first called Lindii (605 13.0.,
by Rhodians and inhabitants of the island of Telos and
some Cretans); Lipara Ins. (579 3.0., by Rhodians and
Cnidians) ; Rhode in Iberia, afterwards taken possession
of by the Massaliots. Possibly Rhode or Rhodanasia, at
the mouths of the Rhone, was also founded by Rhodians,
and only later re-colonised by Massaliots.

[In addition, mythical tradition says that Rhodians
peopled the Balearae after the Trojan war, and founded
Sybaris on the Traeis fl.; Siris, in conjunction with the
Trojans, and Elpia with Coeans. Lastly the Rhodian
Elpias is said to have been the founder of Salapia, as
Philoctetes is said to have been the founder of Crimisa, of
Malaca, and of Thurii ; Diomedes of Arpi, of Canusium,
and Luceria; Menestheus of Scylletium; the piratical
companions of Nestor the founders of Pisae in Etruria.]

5. Carpathas ins.

6. Casos ins.

7. In Crete, Althaemenes, grandson of Temenos,
colonised several towns—the names of which are not
enumerated—with Dorians and Achaeans from Argos
and Megara. It is probable that the towns of Myeenae,
Peryamurn, Teyea, and Lappa or Lampa, whose origin
is traced to the Argive Agamemnon or Talthybius, are
among them.

[The greater number of the colonies which proceeded
from Crete belong to the pre-historic epoch of the so-
called Thalassocraty of Minos, who, according to Thucyd.
i. 4, governed and colonised most of the islands of the
Hellenic Sea. Delos, Andros, Paros, Naxos, Cythnos,
Siphnos, Amoryos, Sicinos, Chios, Lemnos, and Pepare-
thos, according to the statements of the ancients, were
peopled from Crete, and preserved traces of Cretan
influence. The following places on the mainland may
be mentioned in the same category z—Maronea in Thrace,
the Bottiaeans of Macedonia, Troas, where the Teucri
and the worship of Apollo Smintheus had been introduced
from Crete; further in Ionia, the district of Erythrae and
Colophon; in Caria, Miletas and Caanus ; in Lycia (where
the Tremili are said to have immigrated from Crete), the
towns of Xanthos and Patara; in Pisidia, Cretopolis ; in
Rhodos, Cretinia; in Sicily, Minoa and Enyyiam ; in
Italy, Hyria, Brentesium, Hydrus, Castram Mineroae,
Salentam. Even Vienna in Gaul is said to have been
founded by Cretans, and T arrha and Asterasia near
the Caucasus, to have been called after towns of the
same name, in Crete. At the time of the Aeolian migra-
tion some Magnetes went to Crete, and thence to Asia

[MAP 9.

 

 

Minor, where they founded Magnesia ad Maeandram. In
historic times the Cretans united with the Rhodians who
founded Gela in Sicily.]

8. The Hellenisation of the towns in Lycia, Pamphylia,
and Cilicia, is partly traced back to Argive settlements
of very remote times, belonging more to mythology than
to history. Thus Tarsus is said to have been founded by
Triptolemus while searching for Io. Rhodia, Lyrnessus,
Phaselis, in Lycia; Mallus, Mopsuestia, and Mopsuerene
in Cilicia; Posidonium on the coast'of Syria, are settle-
ments of the Argive soothsayers, Mopsus and Amphi-
lochus; Pamphylia has its name from a daughter of
Mopsus. Tradition also says that the followers of Trip-
tolemus founded a town on the Orontes, on the site
where Antiochia afterwards stood. .

Colonies of Troezen :

Haliearnassus and JIIynclas, in Caria.

Colonies of Epidaaras .'

Cos. N isyra. Calyolna.

Colonies of Megara .'

1. Astypalaea. Colonists from this place settled in
Rhoeteum, in Troas. 2. Astaeas, on the Propontis (710
Euseb.), afterwards strengthened by Athenians. 3. Sel-
ymbria. 4. Calchedon s. Chalcedon (674 Euseb) 5.
Byzantium (658). Calchedon and Byzantium founded
Mesambria ; its colonies are Nauloehas and Bizone. 6.
Heraclea Pontiea (560, founded by Megarians and some
Tanagraeans). Strabo calls Heraclea a colony of Miletus.
The colonies of the Heracleots are: Chersonesas Hera-
cleotiea (Delians took part in its foundation), Callatis
(according to Mela a colony of Miletus), Panelos, an
unknown place on the Pontus.

7—9. Trotilas, Thapsas, and Meyara Ibelaea in Sicily
(circ. 728 13.0.). The Megarians from Hyblaea and other
Megarians founded Salinas (628) : its colony is Heraclea
Minoa.

Colonies of Corinth :

l. Potidaea, 2. Aenea, in Chalcidice. 3. Molyeria,
4. Chalets, in Aetolia. 5. Soliam, 6. Alysia, in Acar-
nania. 7. Leacas, 8. Anaetorimn ; Corcyraeans took
part in colonising these. 9. Ambraeia, from whence
colonists went to Argos Amphilochicum. 10. Coreyra
(735), its colonies are: (1) Epidaaras s. Dyrrachium,
founded by Corcyraeans under a Corinthian leader, and
with the participation of some Corinthians. Subsequently
(588 13.0.) Eleian colonists were received into the town.
(2) Apollonia, founded by Corcyraeans and Corinthians ;
but Coryca was considered the mother city of the colony.

11. Syracasae (757 Marmor Parium, 733 Vel 734
Euseb.). The colonies of this town are: Casmenae and
Enna (70 years after the foundation of Syracuse), Acrae
(90 years after Syracuse), Carnarina (135 years after
Syracuse), Aetna (475). Exiled Syracusans took part

. in founding Hirnera. The Syracusan tyrant Dionysius

colonised Tyndaris with Methymnaeans and Messenians
(395), Lissas and Pharas (387) and Issas, whence colon-
ists proceeded to the island of T rayuriam. According to
the Etymologicum Magnum, Aneona would be a colony
led out by Dionysius.

 

In the Map, which gives a survey of the colonies
established up to the time of the Peloponesian war, many
of the above-mentioned colonies could not be entered;
they must therefore be looked for in the special maps
relating to them.

MAP OF Bosronus CIMMERIUs.

ON the east side of the Bosporus the positions of
Stratoclia, Cepi, Corocondame, Corocondamitis palus,
Hermonassa, Sinde or Sindicus portus, are difficult to
determine, and are given differently, in different maps.
On these we make the following remarks.

Among the testimonies of the ancients in regard to
them, the verses of the so-called Scymnus Chins (886
sqq.) are of no value, as the towns mentioned there are
enumerated evidently without any geographical order.
On the other hand Scylax, § 72; Mela, i. 19, § 12;
Plin. vi. § 18, and the Tabula Peutingeriana agree in
the succession of the towns which each mentions, and
this succession of the coast towns is from Phanagoria
southwards: Stratoclia, Cepi, Hermonassa, Sindice, or
Sindicus portus. Hence it is inadmissible to place Cepi
north-east of Phanagoria in the neighbourhood of the
modern lake Aftanis, as in the Diet. Geoyr. (sxo. Cepi) and
by N eumann (Die Hellenen im Scythenlana’e, Berlin,
1855), or like Kiepert to place it in the north-eastern
corner of the Liman of Taman, and to place Stratoclia
on the Kabonskoi Liman. Retaining the succession given
by the best authorities, we identify Cepi (ie Gardens)
with the modern Taman, as the latter stands on the site
of an ancient town, and has in its vicinity hills rich in
springs. According to Kiepert’s latest map, Tainan
would correspond to the village of Corocondame, the
lake Corocondamitis, however, to the modern lake A ftanis,
a supposition not based upon any ancient testimony, and
which is very improbable on account of the great distance
of the village from the lake of the same name. The
Lake A flanis, lying near Phanagoria, corresponds to the
Loans Salinaram of the Tabula Peut. In regard to the
position of the village of Corocondame, we seem to have
the most accurate accounts in Strabo, p. 494, according
to which the village lies at the mouth of the Bosporus, 70
stadia from the European promontory Acra, 130 stadia
from Patraeus, 180 stadia from the town and port of
Sindice, and 10 stadia from the entrance of lake Corocon-
damitis. These measurements can be made to agree only
by placing—as is done in our map—Corocondame near
cape Tazla, identifying the lake with the modern Lin/tan
of Tamara, and by placing the Sindicus portus in the
modern Ifubanslroi Liman, and consequently Hermonassa

 

somewhere between this lake and the village of Corocona
dame. That, however, Strabo was very badly informed
about the configuration of these coasts, is evident from
his further description, according to which, if we sailed
into the Corocondamitis lake we should find Phanagoria
and Cepi on the left or northern shore, and Hermonassa
and Apaturon, the sanctuary of Venus, on the right or
southern shore, beyond the mouth of the Hypanis,
which _flows into the lake in the district of Sindice.
Hence it is very possible that the situation of Corocons
dame also is not correctly indicated; and that this is
actually the case is evident from the Anonymous Periplus
of this coast which was first published after the engraving
of our map, from a codex in the British Museum, in the
Fragmenta Historicum Gr. vol. v., p. 182 sqq. (Paris,
1870), 'to which we must refer the reader for further
details. This Periplus, which is very well informed about
that district, gives the following account. .

The place Eivca or swam) KGSMY] (now Anayoa) is not
different from the 2w5u<63 Main; (as in Strabo, p. 496,
memes Aim‘qv Kai 776AL9 is conceived as one and the same
place); the distinction hitherto made between the two
names, rests essentially upon Ptolemy’s faulty maps.
Corocondame, according to the Periplus, lay on a narrow
isthmus between the sea. and the Corocondamitis palus,
the (circumference of which is computed at 620 stadia;
On the shore of this lake, 440 stadia from the Sindicus
portus and 515 stadia from the Achilleum, stood the town
of Hermonassa, from which the Sindica regio extended
as far as the Sindicus portus. According to this, there-
fore, Corocondame must be placed on the-narrow tongue
of land, at the narrow entrance of the Kaban lake, which
corresponds to the Kopoxovcaains MW”? of the ancients.
The distance between it and the Sindicus portus (An/(119a) on
our map amounts to about 200 stadia, which corresponds
to the 180 stadia in Strabo. From Acra as far as Corocon-
dame there would be about 170 stadia, instead of the 70
stadia given in our manuscripts of Strabo. 'The distance
of 440 stadia, between Sindicus portus and Hermonassa,
assigned by the Periplus, agrees with the distance which
Ptolemy gives between Sinda vicus and Hermonassa.
The error in Ptolemy lies in the fact that a Sindus portus
is given midway between Sinda vicus and Hermonassa,
on a spot where, according to the distance, Corocondame
must have stood. The town of Hermonassa, according
to the measurements of the periplus, lies on the north
coast of the lake Kabanshoi, beyond the mouth of the
Hypanis. This situation beyond the Hypanis is also
correctly given in Strabo; otherwise he ought to have
said that Phanagoria and Cepi were situated on the
north side, Hermonassa and Apaturon, on the south side
(not of lake Corocondamitis, but) of the peninsula ex~
tending between this lake and the Bosphorus. The
position assigned in our map to Apaturon, or the
sanctuary of Venus Apaturos, where some ruins exist, is
conjectural; the site on lake Corocondamitis is inferred
from Strabo; Ptolemy on the other hand places it on
the Maeotis, westward of Cimmerium. Pliny, vi. § 18',
names Apaturon between Phanagoria and the Cim-
merium, which he places near the mouth of the Bosporus.
(Kiepert, in his latest atlas of Hellas, places it 250 stadia
east of Cimmerium, contrary to all ancient statements).

From what has been said, the positions of Corocondame,
Corocondamitis palus, Hermonassa, and Sindicus portus,
must be altered thus :

    

 

lllluu

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(
«I
l

_._

 

 

Sindica: p01,? 0

et mm: _

 

 

PLAN OF AGRIGEN'I‘UM.

This, in a reduced scale, is taken from the work Anti-
chitd delta Sieilia esposte eel illustrate per Domenico Lo
Faso Pietrasanta, Daea oli Serrodi/alea (Palermo, 1836),
tom. iii., pl. 1, except that the line of the sea~coast is
modified according to W. Henry Smyth’s The Hydro-
yraphy of Sicily (London, 1823), pl. 24. We now possess
a more accurate chart of the territory, on the large scale
of 1 : 10,000, made by the Royal Italian staff (Giryenti
e suoi templi), which forms the basis of the plan in Jul.
Schubring’s H istorisohe Topographie con Acrayas (Leipzig,
1870), and in the Geschiehte Siciliens of A. Holm (Leipzig,
1870). The principal deviation of the more modern
drawing consists in the western end of the castle, with
the sanctuary of Jupiter Polieus, lying a little more to
the west than the ruins of the so-called temple of Vulcan,
and hence the western wall of the town runs almost
direct from north to south.

PLAN OF SYRACUSE.

In regard to this map we refer the student to the
Diet. Gwyn, art. Syracuse.

Mus 10 «l: 11.]

 

MAP 10.
BRITANNIA.

m+_

'THE object aimed at in this map is to representthe
geographical state of Britain from the time when the
island became known to the ancient world, down to the
epoch of its abandonment by the Romans. It contains
the few native names that can be identified, the Latin
names of the tribes and localities, and the divisions, roads,
and towns, that were the creations of the Roman Empire.
To add to the historical value of the map, the names
which the English conquerors gave to the chief Roman
tOWns are added in Gothic characters, with the distinctive
abbreviation (Any). The native British names, in thin
letters, marked (Brit), are those used by native writers,
(such as N ennius and others), who lived after the
English conquest. They must not, therefore, be assumed
to represent the original native names, nor must it even
be supposed that, in all such cases, a British settlement
preceded the Roman station. The information of the
earliest classical authors about the native geography is so
scanty, that our only satisfactory guide to the early
British settlements is archaeological research, the labour
of the spade, and inferences from the lines of the British
trackways, and from the manifestly Celtic elements em-
bodied in the Roman names.

The British Isles became first known to the civilized
nations of the ancient world by the commercial quest for
tin, whether carried on by the direct voyages of the
Phoenicians or Carthaginians (a question still in dispute),
or by the overland route through Gaul, with the aid of
its great rivers, to Massalia and other Greek colonies on
the Mediterranean, which is fully 'described by Diodorus
Siculus and Strabo. From the former source, Herodotus
(iii. 115), in the fifth century B.o., may have derived
his information about the islands in the extreme west of
Europe, called Cassiterides (Karrmreplbes), “ whence tin
(6 Kacartrspos) is brought to us.” The British tin was
obtained from the Damnonian (Devonian) peninsula,
from the mines of Dartmoor, as well as those of Corn-
wall; and traders approaching those lofty rocky shores,
indented with bays and estuaries, would naturally regard
the land as a group of islands. Our map, therefore,
extends the name of Cassiterides over the whole coast,
from the Land’s End to the Start. The Scilly Isles, to
Which the name was restricted when the nature of the
land became better known, yield no tin, and never can
have yielded it. The “Tin Islands ” seem to have been
long regarded as distinct from the south-eastern region,
which became known by direct intercourse across

 

SOURCES AND AUTHORITIES FOR THE

lVlAPS. 11

 

century, the details given by Mela, Pliny, and Solinus,
add little to the information collected by Strabo. The
campaigns of Agricola are treated by Tacitus, like those
of Caesar by himself, rather from a military than a geo—
graphical point of View; but the modern criticism of them,

 

     

iflassi'li'a
/ \
° arbo \)

\

   

' lanthago new

'1
(MW ( f/V‘A'

BRITANNIA STRABONIS.

 

 

7 I I'l‘oaprrSu

 

in comparison with the formation of the land, and with the
existing remains of roads and camps, has thrown much
light on the geography of northern Britain. Tacitus
records the confirmation by Agricola’s fleet of the fact,
well known before Caesar’s time, that Britain was an
island, but some objectors still disputed this, till the
truth was again established by the campaigns of SeVerus
at the beginning of the 3rd century. (Dio Cass. xxxi.
50; Herodian, lxxvi. 12-16).

The information acquired during the first century of
Roman occupation, from Claudius to Hadrian and the An-
tonines, is summed up by Ptolemy (i. 11, 15, seqq.), whose
list of tribes, rivers, places, &c., in Britain and Hibernia
(’Iovepvta), with their latitudes and longitudes furnishes
the chief authority for any map of the British Isles. But
it is open to a wide range of criticism, from mistakes both
of positions and names, from errors of observation and
calculation, and especially from the prevailing miscalculaa
tion of lonyitmles from itinerary measures, which vitiates
Ptolemy’s whole system. This fault, combined with a
mistake of direction, has caused him to bend down the
whole northern part of the island (from the mouth of the
Tyne), so as to make it run out eastward at right angles
to the southern part. Ptolemy already calls the larger
island Great Britain (i7 pe’yahn Bper'rarla).

 

the Channel, and this distinction may explain

6

10 12 . 1.4 16 18 20 2‘ 24 26

 

some of the. discrepancies in the earliest notices
of Britain.

9‘

 

It was doubtless from the Greeks of southern
Gaul, that Aristotle (De Manda 3) in the 5th
century 13.0., derived his vague knowledge of

iii/1-4.

Venic iumpr E

 
 

 

 

two very large islands in the Ocean outside the
Pillars of Hercules, and beyond the Celtae, called
the Bretanic Islands (Bperamxai’), Albion and
Ierne (”AABiov Kai ’Ie’pvn)——the earliest mention
of these names, which are unquestionably Celtic,
whether used by the natives or by the Gauls,
or, as is probable, by both. (The name Albion

 

 

 

 

   
 
 

 

  

\ i“’&qu\!7‘
\" l’ru Lum r.
c O
, aezalolum pr.
1
(

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

is also given by Pliny and Ptolemy). The
name of Britain is henceforth used bythe Greek
and Latin writers in a great variety of forms,

 

 

 

with e or i, (i or i,) with t or tt, and with or
without the syllable an, and (in the Byzantine
writers) with P for B. Lucretius (vi. 1106), the
earliest Roman writer who names Britain, uses

 

 

 

 

the form “Britannis.” But, besides the mere
names mentioned by Aristotle, we have evidence
of a considerable knowledge of Britain by the m

 

 

 

_ ; ‘ L . , ',\
/ f“! ’C I
, f k a» '\ .i
, I . /.
/ / /‘<\(,\ I; ‘( .
‘w w l r
. 0‘ .
/ Oe mum p Q 3%
8 12 14 10' is :o .2 -4 no if 30

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

It)

 

Gallic Greeks of the 4th century, from the
voyage of Pytheas of Massalia as far north as
Thule, which is recorded and criticized by Strabo (i.
p. 92). .

The accounts given by Strabo himself, and by Diodorus
Siculus (i. 4), of the trade between Gaul and Britain,
refer evidently to a close intercourse which had been
established before the invasion of Caesar. By that time,
as Caesar himself tells us, the Belgians of northern Gaul
had invaded and taken possession of the south-eastern
parts of Britain; there was a constant maritime traffic
between the Gallic shores and the region of Cantium
(Kent, one of the British names which have survived all
changes), and the Veneti of Armorica sought aid from
Britain in their naval war with Caesar. Caesar’s de-
scription of the island (B. G. v. 12-14), though aided
, by his personal observation, gives a measure of the
scanty knowledge of it which had been hitherto acquired.
One curious error, which he shares with Strabo and
other writers down to Pliny, is that regarding the
relative positions of its sides to the opposite shores of
Europef Their dimensions (800, 500, and 700 Roman
miles) are not far wrong, but the whole triangle is
pivoted round (so to speak) on the North F oreland
(Cantiam Prom), so that the S. coast, looking towards
Celtica, is made the Eastern, the E. coast is turned
to the N ., and the W. coast is made to /face Spain, with
Mona (Man) half way between them. . The erfor arose
in part from a Wrong (position of the coast of Gaul,
which was made to trend nearly N. and S., and in“ part,
probably, from an indefinite prolongation of the N. shore
of Kent, the estuary of the Thames being regarded as the
open ocean. From the statements of Bede, and other
early English writers, who generally follow Latin au-
thorities, it appears that the channel (called Wantsama),
which cuts off the Isle of Thanet, was often regarded as
the real outlet of the Thames, its mouth being placed at
Rat/wire (Richboroayh). Among the writers of the first

J 0090p" SI

 

BRITANNIA PTOLEMAEI.

The minor and later geographical writers, especially
the anonymous geographer of Ravenna, are used, with
due caution, as supplemental to the lists of Ptolemy.
For the military roads and the stations upon them,
we have the one great authority of the Antonine
Itinerary, compared with existing remains. Of the
part of the Tabala Peatinyeriana depicting Britain, only
a fragment has been preserved. The Notitia Utriasqae
Imperii furnishes the names of the provinces in the
last age of the Empire, the chief military stations,
and especially the stations along the “ Roman Wall”
and the nine great maritime forts of the “ Saxon
Coast or Frontier ” (Littas Saxonicum, Limes Sax-
onicns). The special Map of the Roman Wall,
in the margin, is reduced from that given in the
valuable work of Dr. Collingwood Bruce (“The Roman
Wall,” 3rd edition, 1867). The method so well followed
in that work, of identifying places by inscriptions is
ap lied to the whole island in the recently published
vo ume of the great Prussian “ Corpus Inscriptionum
Latinarum (Vol. VII. Inseriptiones Britannica; Latinas,
edidit zEmilias H abner, Berol. 1873: with a map).

The ancient authorities have been confirmed, cor-
rected, and extended by that vast mass of antiquarian
research, the records of which are far too numerous to be
even glanced at in detail, The place of honour must be
given to Horsley’s Britannia Romana, even above Cam-
den and his editor Gough. Special notice is due to the
Vetnsta Monamenta of the Society of Antiquaries,
Lyson’s Mayna Britannia, and the Monimienta Historica
Britannica, the Map appended to which has been com-
pared throughout. F or North Britain we have Roy’s
Military Antiquities of Scotland, Gordon’s Itinerarimn
Septentrionale, Stuart’s Caledonia Romana, and Chalmers’s
Caledonia. Among the vast number of papers in the

i

 

various Archaeological Journals and Transactions, a
special acknowledgment is due for the use made of those
by Dr. Guest on the Roman Roads, the Campaigns of
Caesar and Aulus Plautius, and—the Early English Set—
tlements in Britain. Lastly, on the vexed question of
Caesar’s Voyages to Britain, after rejecting the view of
Sir George Airy, and carefully weighing the arguments
of Mr. Lewin, in favour of the landing at Hythe, against
those for the landing near Deal, it seems the safer course
to be content with indicating both upon the Map. With
greater decision, the course of Caesar’s march is indicated
along the old road called the “Pilgrim’s Way,” across
the Thames at Cowey Stakes, and up the valley of the
Colne to Verulamium.

Among the distinctive physical features of Ancient
Britain, indicated on the Map, are the following.
Thanet is divided from the mainland of Kent by the
channel (W antsanm) which Bede (H. E. i. 25) makes
three stadia wide, and fordable in two places only. The
dimensions of the Anderida Silra (the IVeald of Kent
and Sussex), are given by the Chronicle and other early
English writers, as 120 miles long, (from Lymne west-
ward) and 30 miles wide. The estuary and islands on
the site of Romney marsh are inserted from Mr. Lewin‘s
Map. Those on the east coast of Norfolk, the coast-line
of the Wash, and the outline of Spurn Head, as well as
some less important features, are drawn after the Map
of Roman Britain in Mr. Pearson’s “ Historical Maps of
England.’ ’

 

HISPANIA.

_..__+.______.

IT is extremely difficult to construct an accurate and
tolerably complete map of ancient Spain, for the topo-
graphical statements of Strabo and Mela are generally
ennfined to the coast districts; Pliny gives statistical
surveys and in part alphabetical lists of towns rather
than topographically arranged materials. Ptolemy’s
map, on the other hand, is evidently full of great errors,
so that those places which are based on its authority
alone must always be very uncertain. We are, therefore,
here more than elsewhere dependent upon the Itineraries,
the ruins, and the inscriptions. As far as this material,
which unfortunately is frequently distorted by forged
inscriptions, has been worked out by earlier Spanish
scholars, it has been made use of in the first volume of
Ukert’s Geography, in the articles in the Dictionary of
Greek and Roman Geography referring to Spain, and in
Spruner’s Atlas, whose map of Spain in the new edition
of Menke is repeated almost without alteration. A new
stage of progress has been opened up by Emil Hubner’s
collection and sifting of all the Latin inscriptions in
Spain; this work was commenced in 1858, and was
published in 1869, as the second volume of the new
Corpus Inscriptionam Latinarum. As this splendid work
appeared after our Map had been engraved, we have
not been able to make use of it, except in so far as
Hubner had already communicated the main results of
his investigations in the Alonatsberichten der Berliner
Ahademie of 1860 and 1861. The now completed collec-
tion, in which Hubner himself has modified some of
his former opinions, will, later on, after having been
thoroughly tested, doubtless give us an opportunity of
here and there correcting or completing our map: for
the present we shall confine ourselves to giving a list of
those towns, whose site, by means of inscriptions, is
either accurately or at least very approximately deter-
mined, and the ensemble of which, therefore, forms the
secure foundation, or the solid framework of the map.
The other places marked in our map, if they are situated
upon the roads mentioned in the Itineraries, are deter-
mined as much as possible according to stated distances,
but in all other cases either according to the identity or
the resemblance of the ancient and modern names, or
according to the succession of names in the descriptions
of the coast, or lastly, in the interior, according to the
positions mentioned by Ptolemy. We must also remark
that the recent maps of modern Spain are not altogether
to be depended upon, that they frequently differ from
one another, and that the maps of Portugal, which are
now being made by royal command, as well as Coello’s
maps of Spain, are not yet completed. -

In the following list we shall follow the order of the
Corpus Inscriptionain, in which Hiibner has first en-
deavoured to class them according to their respective
Conventns jaridici. The geographical boundary of these
conventus is, however, often very problematical, and even
the arrangement of the Baetici Conventus, adopted by
Hubner is improbable, as has been justly pointed out by
Detlefsen (Die Geographic der Prooinz Baetica bei Plinias,
in the Philoloyns, vol. xxx., p. 265—310) ; however, this
18.0.1090 consequence to us, for, in our map, the juridical
d1v1sion of the country is not taken into consideration.
We further take no notice of those localities where the
discovery of ruins and inscriptions betray the former
ex1stence of ancient towns, for which, however, no ancient
names can be discovered.

I. LUSITAN IA.

Ossonoba, Estoy, near Faro (E g in the map).
Balsa, in the neighbourhood of Tamra, near the farm
do Trinidade, and the church S. Maria da Luz (E (r).
_ Myrtilis, Mertola (E g). "
Mirobriga, Santiago de Cacem (D g).
Salacia, Alcaeer do Sal (D f).
Pax Julia, Beja (E f). .
Ebora, municipium Liberalitas, Ecora (E f).
Ammaea, Fortaleza (E e)
Arltium, ruins near the. village of Alre/a, to the south-
east of the town of Abra/ates (D c). i

n 2

'12

SOURCES AND AUTHORITIES FOR THE. MAPS.

 

Olisippo sive Olisipo, municipium Felicitas Julia,
Lisboa (C f).

Scalabis colonia, praesidium J ulium, Santaroin (D e).

Colippo, S. Sebastido do Froiro, near Loiria (D e).

Conimbriga, Condoioea a rel/2a (D d).

Civitas Aravorum, near the village of Doroza, not far
from JIIarialba. (This village, according to the map of
the Corpus Insert, is not situated where we have placed
it, but about 5 m.p. to the west of the river Cuda (Coa),
and about 10 mp from the confluence of the Cuda and
the Durius.)

Civitas Igaeditanorum, Idanlia a collia (E e).

Colonia Augusta Emerita, Merida (F f).

Metellinum, JIIodollin (G f). '

Turgalium (Turg. inscription No. 618), Turcalium
(Geogr. Raven.), Trujillo (G e). The only authority for
the form Trogilium, which Ukert, p. 395, has adopted,
is the Adversaria Luitprandi, a forged book.

N orba colonia Caesarina, Cacoros, or in its neighbour-
hood (F e).

Caurium, Coria (F d).

Capara, las contas do Caparra (F d).

Mirobriga municipium, Ciudad Rodrigo (F d).

Salmantica, Salamanoa (F d).

Caesarobriga, T alai‘ora do la reina (G e).

Bletisa, Lodes'ma (G e).

Aeminium, Coimbra (D d).

II. BAETICA.
1. Conrontus Hispalonsis.

Ilipula, Niobla (F g).

Arucci, Aroebo (F g).

N ertobriga concordia Julia, Valera la cioja, near
Frejenal (F f).

The identification is

Ceret, Jorez de los Caballeros .9 not certain, yet these

Segida Restituta Julia, Zafra .9 three towns must have

Vama, Saloatiorra? been situated at least

in this district (F f).
lontributa Julia [Ugultuniacum :9], Medina do las

Torres (F f).

Regina, Reyna (F f).

Curiga, Monasterio (F f).

Iporci (?), 0r Laconimurgi Constantia (?), Constantina

G . ~
( lVininigua municipium Flavium, Castillo do la Mulo‘a
G .

( Agiiali, municipium Flavium, Lora dol rio (G g).
Arva, municipium Flavium, Alcoléa dol rio (G g).
Canama, municipium Flavium, Villa nuei‘a dol rio

(G g)-

Ilipa, Alcala dol rio (G g).

‘Italica, colonia, Santiponao (F g).

' Hispalis, colonia Julia Romula, Seoilla (G g).

Osset Julia Constantia (F g), which, according to
Pliny iii., § 11, was situated opposite to Hispalis, is
either S. Juan do Aziialfaraclie, as in our map, according
to the supposition of Spanish scholars, or it was situated,
as Hfibner conjectures, near the village of Saltoras, about
7 m. pass. to the west of the Baetis and of Italica. This
position is certainly much further from Hispalis than
S. Juan, yet the only stone (No. 1,254) upon which
resp. Oss. is mentioned, is or was in Saltoras. . _

[Hienipa (?), Alcald do Guadaira, east of Hispahs
(G g). This ancient name, which is otherwise unknown,
is based solely on the inscription N 0. 1,263, which, ac-
cording to Caro, contains the words: capo HIENIPENSIUM.
But the more trustworthy copy of Cattaneus gives :
onno III. . . . IPENSIUM, which, according to Hiibner’s
conjecture, is probably likewise incorrectly read, and
seems to have arisen from: ORDO MUN(icipii) . . . IPENSIUM,
so that the ancient name of the town remains unknown]

Siarum.-In our map this place is given with a query
beside the modern town of Utrera (G g) ; but it ought to
be placed three leugae to the south of Utrera, according
to two inscriptions (1276, 1277) which were found in the
corti/o do Gomez Cardegna, not far from Torres do Allocaz,
about 5 m. pass. to the east of Cabezas do S. Juan In our
map. In the vicinity of this farm (corti/o) there are
other two farms, Sarro do mano doreelia and Sarro do
mano isquiorda. Salpesa, or Salpensa municipium Flavium,
was situated in the neighbourhood of Utrora, probably
somewhat more south of this town, in the now desolate
locality of an ancient town which is called Fazialcasar.

N abrissa or Nebrissa, Venoria, Lebrija (F h).

Asta or Hasta colonia Regia, Mesa de Asia (F h).

Asido Caesarina, Medina Sidonia (G h). To the east

of it, between Aside and Oba, near the modern Aleald '

do los Gazulos, stood an ancient town called Lascuta turris
which is evident from an inscription (N 0. 5,041) dis
covered in the year 1867. This place is not given in
our map.

Oba, Jimena do la Frontera (G h).

Ocurri, Ubriquo (G h).

Saepo s. Saepone, Dobeza do la Fantasia, betWeen Oba
and Ocurri (G h).

Lacibula, Cortijo do Clarigo, near Grazaloma, about
7 m. pass. north of Ocurri. This place, which is only
known from one inscription (No. 1,342), is not given in
our map.

Acinipo, Ronda la oieja (G h).

Arunda, Ronda (G h). According to the most recent
investigations of Hubner (in Annali doll’ inst. Arc/moot,
vol. xxxiv., p. 75 sqq., and in the Corp. Inscr. ii. p. 182),
the town of Munda, celebrated on account of Caesar’s
victory over On. Pompeius, was situated not far from
Ronda, in the campo do JlIunda near the village of Torre
do Albdquime.

2. Coneentus Astigitanus.

Callenses, ol Coronil (G g).

Basilipo, near ol Arabal (G g).

Carmo, Carmona (G g).

Urso colonia Genua (?), Urbanorum, Osmia (G g).

Sabora municipium Flavium, Canoto la real, or the
neighbouring Teba dol Condado (H h).

Ostippo, Estopa (H g).

 

Olaura, Lora (II g).

Ventipo, Vado Garcia (H g).

Astigi, colonia Augusta Firma, Eel/a (G g).

I agrum, Aguilar do la Frontora (H g).

lia, 11lontomajor (H g).

Ucubi colonia Claritas Julia, Espojo (H g).

Ipsca (P), Ipscense municipium contributum, Cortijo do
Is'car, near Castro ol rio (H g).

Igabrum municipium Flavium, Cabra (H g).

Iliturgicola and Ipolcobulcola, Carabuag/ and Acald la
roal (H g), or vice versa.

Tucci colonia Augusta Gemella, ZlIartos (H g).

3. Conrontus Garlilanus.

Gades, municipium Augustum, Cadiz (F g).

Iptuci. In our map this town is placed in the neigh4
bourhood of Xerox (F h), because the stone No. 1,023,
which mentions the ordo Iptucitanorum, is said to have
been found there. This statement of the Spanish scholar
Delgado is, however, corrected by Hubner, in the
Addenda to the Corp. Inscrip, p. 704, in so far that
this inscription was really found in Salinas do Cabosas do
JIortalos, near Prado dol Roy. Hence Iptuci (Ituci in
Pliny, iii., § 15, Hrofmm in Ptolemy) must be placed
there. The town is situated about 13 m. pass. north-east
of Arcos do la Frontera, not far from the left bank of the
G uadalote. There was a municipium on the site of the
Areas, but its ancient name is unknown.

Baesippo, Barbato (G h).

Carteia, ol Rocadillo (G h).

Lacippo, Aloe/2ipe, near Casdros (G h).

Barbesula, probably la torre y. oortijo do Guadiaro
(G h).

Suel, Fuonzirola (H h).

Iluro, Alora (H h).

Certima s. Cartima, Cartama (H h). .

Malaca municipium F lavium, Malaya (H k).

Abdera, Adra (I h).

4. Coneontus Cordubensis.

Nescania, municipium Flavium, Cortijo do Escafia,
near ol Valle do Abdalajir (H h).

Singili s. Singilia, municipium Flavium liberum, ol
Castillon, near Antiquora (H g).

Oscua s. Osqua, el eerro do Leon, or la liuerta do
Solana, not far from Antiguora (H g).

Anticaria municipium, Antiquora (H g).

Aratispi, Cauclie el oiojo 0r Villa bio/a dol Cauc/ze (Hh).

Ilurco, Pinos puento, south-east of Illora (I g).

Iliberris, municipium Florentinum, either Elrira or
Granada (Ig). In our map it is classed together with the
ruins of Elvira, according to the opinion of the Moors
and various Spanish scholars with whom Hfibner also
formerly agreed. Modern Granada, which must certainly
also correspond with some ancient place, is called in our
map N ativola, according to an inscription found by Hoe—
fer in the Alhambra, from the time of King Wittericus
(603—610 A.D.), who, it says, dedicated a church to
Saint Stephen in locum Natieolao ; this inscription Hoe-
fer published in the Monatsberiehten dor Berliner Alcade-
mio of 1861, p. 24. Hubner now (in the Corp. Inscr.
p. 285) agrees with the opinion of those who iden-
tify Iliberris with Granada, and thinks that the stone

upon which Nativola is mentioned, was probably carried »

to Granada from a place belonging to the diocese of Acoi
in Hispania Tarraconensis, because the bishop who con-
secrated the church was an Accitanus.

Cisimbrum, municipium Cimbrense, Dospoblado do
Zambra (H g).

Ossigi, municipium Latonium, quuiz, near Mongibar
(I ).

Ilrgavo, municipium Albense, Aijona (H g).

Isturgi, municipium Triumphale, los Villares, near
Andujar (H f).

Obulco, municipium Pontificense, Porcuna (H g).

Epora municipium, Montoro (H f).

Sacili Martialcs, municipium, Alcorruce’n, near ol
Carpio (H g).

Corduba, colonia Patricia, Cordova (H g).

Carbula (?), Almodarar dol rio (G g).

Mellaria, Fuonte Oeofuna (G f)

J ulipa, municipium, zalamoa de la Serena (G f).

Mirobriga. municipium, Capilla (G f)

III. TARRACONENSIS.

1. Conrontus Braccaraugustamls.

Braccara Augusta, Braza (D c)
Aquae Flaviae, C/iaoos (E c).
Civitas Limicorum, near J inzo do Limia (E b).

2. Coneontus Luconsis.

Iria Flavia, ol Padron (D b).

Flavium Brigantium, la Corunna (D a). Hiibner, in
the Corpus Inscr., p. 357, leaves it undecided whether
Corunna, where the inscriptions Nos. 2,558, 2,560, 2,561
were found, stands on the site of ancient Flavium Bri-
gantium, or whether those inscriptions were carried
thither; but in the map of the Corpus Inscr. F lavium
Br. is identified with Betanzos, where there are no in-
scriptions. However, Hubner’s doubts in regard to the
identity of the ancient town with the modern Corunna,
are based upon the fact that the old Pharos of Corunna is
never mentioned by any ancient author as belonging to
F lavium Brigantium, but are removed by a passage in the
Spaniard Orosius, i. 2, p. 26, which has escaped his notice:
ubi Brigantia Callaeciao cioitas sita altissi/nam pliarum ad
speculum Britanniae erigit.

Lucus Augusti, Luge (E b).

3. Ceiioentus Asturum.

Asturia Augusta, Astorga (F b).
Legio VII. Gemina, Loon (G b).

4. Conrontus Clunionsis.
Pallantia, Palenza (H b).
Cauca, Coca (H c).
Segovia, Sogoria (H d).

 

[MAP ll.

 

Clunia Sulpicia Colonia, ruins near the village of Aran-
dilla, between Corunna dol Condo, Hinojar, Qaiutaarraya
and Ponaloa (I c). ”

Uxama Ar‘gaela, Osma (I c).

N umantia, near the villages of Garrag/ and Garray/ojo
on the river Durius, one leuga to the north of Soria (K c).

Augustobr‘iga, Muro do Agrodo (K c).

Tritium Magallum, Tricia (K b).

5. Concontus Augustanus.

Pompelo s. Pompaelo, Pampluna (L b).

Cara, Santaoara near Puonto do la Reyna (L b)-

Calagurris Nassica, Calaborra (K b).

Turiaso, Tarazona (L c).

Caesaraugusta, Zaragoza (M c).

Osca, Huosca (M b).

Labitolosa, pueblo do Castro on the left bank of the
river Cinca. This place, which is only known from the
inscription No. 3,008, is not given in our map. Its posi-
tion would be (NE) 18 mp. north of the town of Cans.

Ilerda, Lerida (N c).

Celsa colonia Victrix Julia, near Volitta, on a spot still
called Jelsa (M c).

Bibilis, Cerro do Bambola, near Calatay/ud (L c).

Complutum, near Alcald do Hondros (I d).

6. Coneontus Cart/iaginiensis.

Toletum, Toledo (H c).

Valeria, Valera do arriba (K e).

Consabura s. Consabrum, Consuegra (I e).

Oretum, .N. Sonora do Oroto or do Azuquoca, near
Granatula (I f).

Laminium, municipium Flavium. The inscription
3,228, in which the municipium Laminitanum is men-
tioned, was found half a leuga to the north of oil/a
nueea de los infantes (F 1). But, according to the
Itineraries, Laminium cannot have been situated there,
but must be looked for about 17 mp further north, in
the neighbourhood of Ruidora (K f).

Libisosa, Forum Augustum, colonia, Lozusa (K f).

Mentesa Oretanorum, Villa nuoi‘a do la fuom‘o (K f).

Our map gives the ancient town of Ilugo, to the south—
west of this Mentesa, upon the site of the modern Villa
IIermosa, on account of an inscription (N 0. 4,935) having
been found there, which appears to mention the muni-
cipium Iluginense (v. Hiibner, in the Monatsberic/ito, of
1861, p. 43). This, however, as Hiibner subsequently
perceived, is not the case: that municipium is mentioned
only upon a stone discovered in Santistoban. Hence,
Ilugo must probably be looked for in this district, about
40 mp. to the south of Villa Hormosa, where our map
gives the station Ad morum. .

Baesucci, municipium Flavium, Vile/eyes, or in its vi-
cinity (I f), about 10 mp north of Castulo. This town,
which has become known through the inscription No.
3,251, is not given in our map.

Castulo, Cazlona (I f).

Tugia, municipium Flavium, Toga (I g).

Vivatia or Viatia, municipium Flavium, Bae'za (I f).
Those inscriptions which give the name in the form of
Beatia, are considered by Hiibner, p. 450, to be forgeries.

[Mentesa Bastia s. Bastitanorum, la Guardia, according
to Hubncr, Mano/ta Real (I g) in our map. The ordo
Montesanus is certainly mentioned in an inscription
(3,378) preserved in La Guardia, a village which, ac-
cording to the map of the Corpus Inscr., is situated
7 m. pass. south of Jaon; but it is very doubtful whether
Mentesa is to be placed there on this account, for the
distance between Castulo and Guardia, according to the
map of the Corp. Inscr. is 38 m. pass, whereas, accord‘
ing to the Itineraries, p. 402, the distance between Cas-

_ tulo and Mentesa is only 22 m.p., which would carry us

to the latitude of Mano/2a Real, for which reason the
Spanish scholars, Beltram and Mazas, with great proba<
bility also refer the inscription 3349, preserved in
Mancha Real, to Mentesa. Other inscriptions (3,377,
3,380) which speak of Mentesa, are preserved in Jaen,
which town some Spanish scholars likewise consider to
be Mentesa, whereas the majority of the inscriptions
found there prove rather that it corresponds with the
ancient Aurgi. The inscription 3,378, therefore, seems
to prove as little about the site of Mentesa as the
inscriptions 3,377 and 3,380.]

Acci, colonia Julia Gemella, Guadia (I g).

Basti, Baza (K g).

Carthage Nova, colonia, Cart/iagona (L g).

Ilici, colonia Julia Augusta, Etc/lo (M f).

Lucentum, Alicanto (M f).

Dianium municipium, Donia (N e).

Sactabis, municipium Augustum, J atira (M e).

7. Convontus Tarmaconensis.

Valentia colonia, Valencia (M e).

CivitasEdetanorum, Liria (M c).

Saguntum, Jlfurviodro (M e).

Dertosa colonia, Tortosa (N d).

Tarraco colonia Julia Victrix Triumphalis, 7hrragona
(O c).

J essus s. Jesso municipium, Guisona (O c).

Aeso, Isona (O b).

Sigara municipium, Prato dol rep (0 c).

Aquae calidae (?), Caldas do JIIombuy, about 17 mp.
to the north of Barcellona (P c), is not given in our map.
Whether these are the Aquae calidae of Pliny, iii.,
§ 23, and whether those of Pliny are identical with the
Aquae calidae of the Ausetani mentioned by Ptolemy,
as Hubner (p. 598') supposes, cannot be decided, because
this district is very rich in hot springs. In our map the
Aquae calidae of Ptolemy are identified with the town
of Baflolas, because its site corresponds with the position
given by Ptolemy.

Egara, municipium Flavium, Tarrasa s. Tarasca (0 c).

Barcino, colonia Faventia Julia Augusta Pia, Barrel-v
lona (P c).

Bactulo, Badalona (I) c).

Iluro, ZlIataro (P c).

Vicus Ausetanorum, Viol: (P c).

Gerunda, Gorena (l’ c).

 

 

 

MAPS 12 is 13.]

SOURCES AND AUTHORITIES FOR THE MAPS. 13

 

Emporiae, Castellon de Empurias (in our map it is
placed too far south).

 

We must add a few remarks on some special points
of our map.

On the south coast of Lusitania, and on the site of
modern Silves, we have marked an ancient town of the
same name Silbis (D g); whether this is correct is
doubtful, for the inscription upon the authority of which
the addition is made, is in all probability a forgery.
(See Corp. Inscr. N o. 2 of the inscriptiones falsae, and
Hiibner on the same.) To the west of the island of
Heraclea, which lies opposite the town of Qnoba in the
Aestuarium of the Lux1a (rio Tinto), which we know of
from Strabo and Stephanus Byz., our map gives the
Cartare insula mentioned by Avienus (Ora Merit, 255).
However, we now do not consider this island to be dif-

ferent from Heraclea, for it seems probable that Cartare,

was situated in the Aestuarium of the Luxia from the
fact that the corrupt words of our text, Eamque (sc.
Cartaren insulam), pridem inflame satis est fides Tenuere
Uempsi, are most readily corrected into: Eamque pridem
in Luxia (satis est fides) Tenuere Cempsi. The fuller
name of the island may have been Heraclea Cartaria, in
the same way as there was an Heraclea Caccabaria on
the coast of Gaul. Both Cartare and Caccabe are men-
tioned as being the more ancient names of Carthago, and
Cartare in addition is spoken of as the mother of Her-
cules (Ampelius lib. mem. ‘c. 3; Mover’s Phon. Altertb.
ii. p. 138). After the island of Cartare there follows,
in Avienus, Mons Casius to the east, which must corre-
spond with the Arenei montes of Pliny, the modern
Arenas gordas. This is the less to be doubted as the
same name of Casius Mons is also given to the sand-
downs of the Egyptian coast. ‘

The western mouth of the Baetis, given in the map,
is purely hypothetical, for the present river, as we know,
has only one mouth, whereas the ancients speak of two,
between which lay an island, the breadth of which at
the coast, according to Strabo, was 100 stadia. This
island is doubtless the present Isla may/or. It at one
time either extended further south, or, what is more
probable, the sea here formed a deep bay, so that the
coast-line from Anas to Gades, which now measures
about 80 m. pass. in length, was formerly 102 stadia, as
stated by Varro (in Pliny, iv. § 116). The opinion
of D’Anville and Gosselin, which has recently again been
maintained by Miillenhof (Avien’s ora maritima in the
Deutscbe Altertliiimer, i. p. 126 sqq. 1870), and accord-
ing to which the eastern arm of the Baetis is represented
by the river Guadalete, which empties itself oppos1te the
town of ‘Gades, and which at a later time was connected
with the Guadalquivir by a canal, seems to us untenable.
Strabo, iii. p. 168, does indeed say that Gades 1s Situated
not far from the mouth of the Baetis (n79 éxBoAfis rofi
Batrios wAnaL’ov), but that this elastic expression cannot
be understood in the way in which Mullenhof interprets
it, is clear from Strabo’s preceding description of the coast,
iii. p. 140, as well as from Mela, iii., 1, 5, and from
the map of Ptolemy. .

To the west of Castulo, between the last-mentioned
town and Linares, and in the vicinity of the mina Men
Baca, the tombstone of one Balbus Egelestanus has been
discovered (See Corp. Inscr., p. 710, N. 5091). If we
connect this with the fact that, according to Pliny, xxx1.,
§ 80, there were salt mines near Egelestaek then we
probably cannot doubt that this town was Situated in
the neighbourhood of those mina Men Baca. But it
cannot be identical with the Egelasta mentioned by
Strabo, iii. p. 160, which Spanish scholars have hypo-
thetically classed together with the modern Iniesta (L e),
and which according to Strabo’s words must, 1n any
case, have been situated upon a road leading from the
east or north-east towards Castulo. It is not a rare
occurrence to find different towns in Spain with the
same name. A third Egelestae is probably the ’Eré-
Accra (read ’Eye’Awra) which Ptolemy (ii: 5, p. 126, ed.
Wilberg) gives not far from the Durius 1n the country
of the Carpetanians.

 

 

MAP 12.
GALLIA.

”H

THE smaller map, which gives a. survey of the cam-
paigns of Caesar and his generals, is taken on a reduced
scale from the Carte de le Gaule sous le proconsulat de
Cesar, dressée par la commission spéciale instituée au
ministére de l’instruetion publique et des cultes d’aprés les
ordres de SM l’empereur, 1861. (Eclielle de 1,600,000.)
The objections made against some pomts of the French
map, by Boulez, Borgnet, and Wauters (Rapport soumis
d l’académie dc Bruwelles par trois de ses membres), by
Grandgagnage (Dissertation sur Aduatuca), and Heller
(in the Philologus, 1862), have been submltted to a
thorough examination by General Creuly (Carte de la
Gaule sous le proconsulat de Gésar: Ewamen des observa-
tions critiques auxquelles cette carte a donne’ lieu en Belgique
et en Allemagne, in the Revue archéolgique, 18.63,. Jain et
Julliet), according to which most of 'the objections are
not well founded, and the doubtful pomts areopposed by
conjectures as doubtful. Yet he recognises it as correct
that the positions of the Condrusi, Segnl, and Cares1 (the
neighbours of the N ervii and the Eburones: v1de O b
and P b of our large map) are erroneously marked In the
French map, and that the Belgian scholars have rightly
corrected these mistakes.

The Portus Itius, the site of which has so repeatedly
been discussed, is in our map the modern port VVissant,
and the Portus Superior, the modern Sangatte, .as has
been supposed among others by G. Long 1n the

 

Dictionary, ii. p. 100, and by the Commission frangaise.
The very improbable opinion expressed by Cluver
(German. Antiq. ii. 28) that the Portus Itius is identical
with the Portus Gesoriacus, has again found an advocate
in the Abbé Haigneré (Etude sur le portus Itius de J.
O'ésar. Re’futation d’un mémoire de M de Saulcy, Paris,
1862). The Portus Superior, according to de Saulcy (Les
campagnes de Cesar dans les Gaules, 1862), would be the
modern harbour of Calais. The town of Bratuspantium
of Caesar, which D’Anville and the Commission place at

‘ Vendreuil Gaply, near Breteuil, must rather, according

to the investigations, of Grattier (Essai sur l’emplacement
de Noviodunum Suessionum et de Bratuspantium, Amiens
1862), be identified with the Caesaromagus of Ptolemy,
the subsequent Bellovaci (Beauvais), as Walckenaer (Géogr.
des Gaules, i. p. 427), and G. Long, in the Dictionary, i.
p. 428, have considered as probable.

The foundation of the larger map is likewise the work
of the French commission, the results of which have
been published by Alex. Bertrand under the title of:
Les voies romaines en Gaule. Voies des Itine’raires.
Resume’ du travail de la commission de la topographic des
Gaules, in the Revue archaeol, 1863, Juin~Octobre, and
in a separate edition, Paris, 1864. In regard to the
districts of the Rhine countries, we have in addition
made use of the works of German scholars, among whom
we must mention: F. W. Schmidt, Forscliungen uber
nocb vorbandene Reste der Militarstrassen der Rb‘mer in
den Rbeinliindern, in the Jalirbiicbe des Vereins der
Altert/zums-fl‘eunde im R/ieinlande, Band xxxi., also the
separate edition, Bonn, 1861. A. Rein, Die ro'misclien
Stationsorte and Strassen zwisc/zen O’olonia Agrippina und
Burginatium, Crefeld, 1857. A. Dederich, Gesc/iicbte der
Rbmer and Deutsclien am Nieder-rhein, Emmerich, 1854.
J. Schneider, Die ro'misc/ie N iederlassung in Holedorn,
und der Teufelsburg bei Nimieegen. E. Paulus, Der
rb'miscbe Granzwall von [Io/zenstaufen bis an den Main,
Stuttgart, 1863.

In regard to details we are upon the whole very well
informed about the position of the Gallic civitates of the
time of the emperors, and the disputed points generally
refer only to the special directions of the ancient roads
and to the position of the smaller stations marked upon
these roads, the relative distances of which are often
evidently incorrectly marked in the Itineraries. Since
the work of the Commission, French scholars in all parts
of France have endeavoured to settle some of the disputed
questions in special treatises, by means of an accurate
local knowledge. A critical examination of these very
numerous provincial treatises which, however, it would
be difficult to collect, would doubtless essentially con-
tribute towards making the map of ancient Gaul more
correct. In the meantime we refer our readers to
Desjardin’s edition of the Tabula Peutingeriana.

Special remarks :—The road, leading from Aquae
Tarbellicae (G i) to Pompelo in Spain, is drawn in our
map in such a manner that, in accordance with D’Anville,
Lapie, Walckenaer and the French commission, the
station Carasa, situated on this road, corresponds with
the modern Garris. But according to this supposition
all the distances given in the best codices of the Itine-
raries, p. 455, would be erroneous. Hence the direction
of this road, given in the later map of Spain, is more
likely to be correct; it is adopted by Ukert, Mannert,
and Reichardt.

The Lemanus lacus has received a second name in our
map, the Accion L. It is taken from Avienus (Ora
Marit. 673), and is based upon the supposition that the
shores of the lake were peopled by a tribe called the
Accii, who may perhaps be identical with the Acitavones
mentioned by Pliny, iii. § 137, as living beside the
Salassians. We now consider this conjecture to be
improbable, and should like to remove the name of
Accion L., and also that of the Acitavones, the position
of which cannot be determined. In the Pbilologus,
vol. xxxii. p. 144 (1872), we have endeavoured to
show that in the Greek authority of Avienus‘the rapidly
flowing Rhodanus was called ’Am’s (Aculeus in the Cos-
mographia of the Pseudoaethicus), and the lake through
which it flowed, the ’szsos Alum) (from which is derived
the Accios of the codex of Avienus). It is therefore a
poetical appellation of the river, which was never actually
used as its name.

The river Obrincas, which is mentioned by Ptolemy
as the boundary between Germania Superior and Ger.
Inferior, and which some consider to be the Moselle,
others the Aar, is identified in our map with a small stream
that flows into the Rhine south of the Aar, near Rizeineclc,
the Vinxtbacb (i.e. Bach or brook of the fines); this we
do in accordance with the votive inscriptions found there,
and dedicated to the finibus et genio loci. Vid. F. W.
Schmidt in the Annalen des Naussauiscben Vereins,
vol. vi., Heft i., p. 115—202, and Freudenberg, Epigra-
pbisc/ie Analecten in the Jabrbiic/zern des Vereins von
Altertbumsfreunden im Rbeinlande, vol. xxix., p. 89.

The road leading from Vindonissa (R e) to Augusta
Vindelicorum (T d) and to the Limes Transdanubianus, is
in our map drawn in such a manner that the station
Sumlocennis of the Tabula Peuting. is identified with the
modern Ebingen, according to the opinion of Lapies in
the Itineraries. Still, however much the opinions of
scholars may differ in regard to the details of these roads,
this much seems to be settled by recent investigations,
that Sumlocennae must be the modern Rotenburg, and
the road has been indicated in this sense in the map of
Rhaetia.

 

 

MAP 13.
GERMANIA, RHAETIA, NORICUM.

___+___._

THE details of the larger map of Germania are founded

- upon Pliny and Tacitus; the smaller map gives the exact

 

nomenclature of Ptolemy’s geography, which appears to
have been compiled from various sources. This conse-
quently renders the explanation extremely difficult (vide
Mullenholf’s essay in Haupt’s Zeitscbrift, vol. ix., p. 231
sqq.), and has given rise to the disparaging criticism which
W'ietersheim has written upon it in the Abliandlungen der
Ifo'nigl. sdc/isisc/zen Gesellsc/iaft der mssenscbaflen, vol. ix.,
p. 112 sqq. (Leipzig, 1857.)

Our Ptolemaic map gives the Finni as the inhabitants
of the northern portion of the island of Scandia, a people
we do not find mentioned in any previous editions of
Ptolemy. There is a gap in the Greek text, which is
filled up by the excellent codex Vaticanus, 191, according
to which the passage has to be read as follows: Kare’xovm
abrfys (SC. Tfis Emmi/bias) Ta MEI; buriKaXacbewoi, Ta B’dz'aToAiKa
(Davdvai Kai (Dipaicrm, 7'21. 5’ [deTLKa (PL/111201., Ta 5%] Mamm-
Bpwa Fofirai Kai AavKioves. The words Within the
brackets are supplemented from the codex Vat. This
proves that Firaesi is by no means a corrupt form of the
name, as Zeuss (Die Deutsclien, p. 504) believes, and that
it corresponds to the Finnaithae in J ordanes (De Get.
c. 3), but that the F innaithae, F eroir, and Gauthigoth,
whom Jordanes names together are the Finni, Firaesi
and Gutae of Ptolemy. The name Firaesi signifies the
same as Frisi. It may be concluded that at one time
Frisi also inhabited Norway, where, from Saxo and from
Adam von Bremen, we know of a district Finnia, the
inhabitants of which are called Finnenses or Finwedi, and
from the fact that the mythical King Firm is mentioned
as the ruler of the Frisians and Jutes both in Beowulf
and in the Anglo-Saxon ballad Traveller’s Song (vide
C.Volckmar,Zur Stammes-und Sagengescliiclite der Friescn
und Gliaucen, p. 27, Aurich, 1867.)

From the Codex Vaticanus, Burguntae is written in place
of the vulgate Buguntae, and Osanda in place of the
vulgate Asanca, because both of these towns are situated
in the district, in which, according to Tacitus (Germ,
28, 43) the Osi lived, and Osanda perhaps corresponds to
the modern Sandulc. It is probable also that the form
of the name Busacteri, in place of Bructeri, usually
employed by other authors, is founded on a clerical error,
for the codex Vat. instead of BovO’dK'repOL has in one
passage Botxrepm, and in another ’ABpofixrepoa.

Among the authorities made use of for our map, we
must mention, in addition to the Dictionary, s.v. Ger-
mania, F. A. Ukert, Germania nae/i den Ansic/iten der
Griec/ien und Ro'mer, Weimar, 1843. E. Giefers,
Rbmer-spuren an der Lippe, Paderborn, 1868. P.
Wislicenus, Die Gescliiclite der Elbgermanen vor der
Volker-wanderung, Halle, 1868. M. F. Essellen, Zur
Gesc/z-ic/ite der Kriege zwisc/ien den Romern and
Deutsc/ien, 1868. The latter, in a recently published
treatise, Das Varianisc/ie Scblacbtfeld im Kreise Beclmm,
Berlin, 1874, which is well deserving of perusal, en-
deavours to prove that Aliso is not the modern Elsen at
the sources of the Lippe, but that it must be looked for
nine German miles further west, near Hamm, where the
A/zse flows into the Lippe, and that the Roman camp is
still to be found in the forest of Havixbroclc, two-thirds of a
mile South of Bee/cum, and hence that the saltus Teuto-
burgiensis is not the modern Osning or the southern
portion of it, but the hilly district near Beckum.

In regard to Rhaetia, we must mention: E. Booking,
in the Commentar. to the Notitia Dignitatum, vol ii.,
p. 758, foll., Bonn, 1853. Graf von Hundt, Ueber
die Romer-strasse des linken Donau-ufers in the Sitzungs-
beric/zten der Kb’n. bayerisclzen Akademie der Wissenscbaften
zu .Miinc/ien, 1861 (i., p. 421—437). E. Paulus, Er-
kla'rung derPeutingerisclien Tafel mit besondererAnwendung
derselben auf die Ro'mer-strassen von Windiscli (Vindonissa)
nae/i Regensburg (Reginum), and von Pfin (Ad Fines)
nacli Augsburg (Augusta Vindelicorum), Stuttgart, 1866.
W. Christ, Das militdrisc/ie Militdrdiplom von Weissenburg,
Miinchen, 1868, in which there are several well founded
objections to the explanations of Paulus. P. E. Planta,
Das alte Rbaetien, Berlin, 1872, where, on pages 73—95,
he gives a survey of the ancient roads. But what is far
more important for the ancient geography of Rhaetia
and N oricum are the inscriptions of these countries in
the third volume of the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
(Berolini, 1873), commented upon by Th. Mommsen, which,
however, unfortunately could not be made use of.

The road leading from J ulium Carnicum (L i), by
Loncium and Aguntum, to Sebatum (I i) in our map, is
drawn in such a manner that, according to the general
opinion, Loncium corresponds to the modern Liens,
and Sebatum to the modern Seben, in doing which
it has indeed to be assumed that the distances given in
the Itin. Anton., p. 279, are partially erroneous. The
distance between J ulium Carnicum and Loncium, which,
according to the Itin., amounts only to 22 mp, had to
be twice as great. We now conjecture that an inter-
mediate station has been omitted, which was situated
near the modern Maut/ien, on the river Gail; for that
there existed an ancient town and custom-station in that
place, is proved by an inscription found there. Mommsen,
however, considers the numbers stated in the Itineraries
to be correct, and draws the road in the following way,
which differs from our opinion :—

Mommsen:

In our opinion .'
Julium Carnicum, Zuglio.

J ulium Carnicum, Zuglio.

XXII. [XXIL]
Loncium, Mauthen. I: * "' * “ Mauthen.]
XVIII. XXII-

Loncium, Lienz.

Aguntum, Lienz.
XVIII. (read XXIII.)

XXIII. '
Litamum, Innichen. Aguntum, $325711?
XXIII. Litamum, near S.-Lorenzen.
Sebatum, near S.-Lorenzen. XXIII.

XXXIII. (there are, however, Sebatum, Seben.
‘ ' only XXVIII.) XXXIII. (read XXVIII.)
Vipitenum, Sterzing. Vipitenum, Sterzing.

 

Mommsen thinks this new arrangement confirmed by
the fact that near 6'. Lorenzen there is a milestone,
10 feet high, with the inscription: AB AG (AI was read
by the first editor) M. P. LVI, whereas, upon another mile-
stone further east, between Tolbacli and Niedern-dorf,

I“

14 SOURCES AND AUTHORITIES FOR THE

MAPS. [MAPS 14 & 15.

 

and belonging to the same road, the number of miles is
XLIII. The AB AG is supposed to mean Ab Agaonto or
Aganto. If this is the case, then Aguntum cannot
certainly have been Innichen, which is only 23 mp. from
Lorenzen; but as little can it be identified with Lienz,
which is only 46, and not 56 mp. distant; for it can
hardly be supposed that those colossal milestones can now
be 10 miles distant from their original position. Hence
we presume that the AG refers to the unknown name
of the frontier town which corresponds to the modern
Jlfanthen, on the river Gail, and that a road proceeded
direct from this station westwards through the valley of
the Gail to Innichen, but that another road from the
same Maathcn in a northern direction led to Liens, and
thence proceeded to Inn-ichen. This supposition is con-
firmed by a milestone on the road from Maathen to Liens,
near Oberdraaberg, with the figure VIII. which corresponds
to the distance from Maathen, and hence must have been
calculated from that place, and not, as Mommsen thinks,
from Liens (Mommsen’s Aguntum), which is at least
12 miles distant. In the same way the above-mentioned
numbers of miles, 43 and 56, can be explained when they
are referred to a road leading from Maathen direct to
Innichen.

 

 

MAP 14.

THRAGIA, MOESIA, ILLYRIA, PAN-
NONIA, DACIA.

_.4__.

THE recently published third volume of the Corp.
Inscriptionam could also not be used for these countries.
0. Allard, La Bulgarie orientale, Paris, 1864, deserves
credit for having more accurately determined the site
of Tomi (Kestemlje) and some of the neighbouring towns
in Lower Moesia. In regard to the site "of Troesmis
(Iglitza), now ascertained through inscriptions, vide Bal-
letino dell’ institato cli corrisponclenza archeologica, 1864,
p. 193, 260, and L. Renier, Inscriptions cle Troesmis,
1865. Of the province of Dacia, which was first esta-
blished by Trajan (107 A.D.), and given up under Gal—
lienus (256 A.D.), we know very little. The first division
of the province into Dacia superior and Dacia inferior
found in two inscriptions cannot be more accurately
ascertained; we can only conjecture that here, as in the
case of Moesia, an eastern and a western portion was
distinguished. As little can we accurately determine the
subsequent three divisions of the country, which are like-
wise known only from inscriptions, viz.: Dacia Parolis-
sensis (the chief town of which is Porolissus, Parolissus,
Paralissus), Dacia Ap-alensis (with the chief city of Apu-
lum), and D. Malaensis (so-called from a colony Malu-
ensis, of unknown situation, mentioned in a diploma of
the year 230). Of the roads given in the Tabula
Peutingeriana, we can, with some degree of certainty,
determine the direction of those leading from Vimina-
cium (Kostolatz), and Tierna (Orsova) to Tibiscus (near
Karansebes), Sarmizegetusa (Varhe’lg or Gradistie) and
Apulum (Karlsharg). Much less certain is the recon-
struction of the road from Drobeta to Romula, and
thence to Cedoniae (Hermanstaclt) and Apulum. From
the specified distances we conclude that, in all proba-
bility, this road led through Amutrium (Motra) to the ford
of the Danube, near Oescus, and thence northwards,
along the Alata to Apulum. As regards the road from
Apulum to Parolissus, this much hitherto appeared to
be certain, that the town of Salinae was identical with
the modern Torda, where there are the most celebrated
Salinae of Transylvania, and where was found an inscrip-
tion (N o. 658 in Ackner, and Muller, Die remischen
Inschriften con Dacien, Wien, 1864) in which a Colle-
gium Salinarium, is mentioned. As however, this place
is about 40 mp. distant from Apulum, whereas the
Tabula Peuting. only gives 24, it was supposed, either
that the numbers were corrupt, or that an intermediate
station (the town which Ptolemy places between Apulum
and Salinae) had been lost. According to this, the town
following upon Salinae, Patavissa or Potaissa, might with
some degree of probability be referred only to Clausen-
burg, and this again seemed to be confirmed by an in-
scription (No. 724 in Ackner) said to have been found
there, in which the letters 0 O I. P. are interpreted as
signifying Colonia Patavissa. Napoca, the town follow-
ing after a distance of 24 mp, then falls upon the site
of Seamosajcar, as is assumed in our map in accordance
with Ackner, l.c. Neither Ackner nor Muller ventures
upon determining the position of the following stations
of Optiana (16 m.), Largiana (15 m.), Oersie (17 m.),
and Parolissus. We have contented ourselves with
marking two positions as likely for Parolissus, one of
which lies to the north-east of Szamosajcar, near the

modern Rodna, where there are ancient gold mines. ‘

The position indicated in the map of Ptolemy would,
in so far, correspond to ours, as, in his, Parolissus stands
to the north-east of N apoca. Moreover, there are traces
of an ancient road in this direction, in the valley of
the Seamos. However, as far as we know, there have
been no ruins of a larger town discovered as yet in
that locality. On the other hand, such do exist in the
second position conjectured as the site of Parolissus, to
the north-west of Seamosajcar, to the west of the town
of Zilah, in a place which is now called Moigracl, the
length of the road to which place, in the valley of the
river Zamos from Seamosajcar, would amount to about
50 mp. Theodor Mommsen likewise supposes this to be
the site of the ancient Parolissus (Corp. Inscrip, vol. iii.),
and we can now scarcely doubt the correctness of this
supposition after what Mommsen learned about those

 

ruins from Carl Torma, an archaeologist, born in northern
Dacia. Besides this, Mommsen constructs the Itinerary
differently from what we have done in our map, inas-
much as he identifies the Salinae of Forda with Patavissa,
the Salinae of the Tab. Peuting. with another Salinae,
situated near Feleincz, and declares the above-mentioned
inscription discovered in Forda to be a forgery. The
other inscription quoted above (N o. 724 Ackner), which

to us appears very suspicious, is not to be found in the '

new Corp. Inscrip.
following :—

Mommsen’s arrangement is the

Apulum mun. et colonia, antea Carnabae, Karlsbarg.
XII. mp. (18 according to the map of the C. I.)
Brucla, Brutia in the Geogr. Rav., near Nagg-Enged.

(Inscrip. N. 940—43.)
XII. (10 in the map).
Salinae, Felcincz, near the Salinae of Maros- char.
(N. 933—35.)
XII.
Potaissa, Patavissa, vicus, postea colonia, Forcla. (N.
875—932).
XVI.
Optatiana (so. castra), Magyar Gorbo. (N. 844.)
XV.

Largiana (Lagiana G. Rav.), Zator. (N. 842—843.)
XVII. (10 in the map.) .
Cersie (Cercie, G. Rav.), near Rombot and Magyar-

Egregg. (N. 839—41.)

Porolissus, Parolissus, Moigraal. (N. 836—38.)

Although this arrangement may, in some cases, be
doubtful, we consider the main points to be correct, for
if we refer the Salinae to Felvincz, and remove the
former identification of the Salinae with Forcla (“ quae
per saecula pro certissimo antiquae Daciae choro-
graphiae fundamento habita earn totam corrupit,”
p. 172) we are not obliged to assume greater errors in
the Tabula Peut. In addition, we should like to draw
attention to the following fact in favour of Mommsen’s
interpretation, that mid-way between Forela and Olausen-
burg, in the village of Aiton, a milestone (N. 1,627, p.
256, Momms.) was discovered, the last words upon which
are: Fecit (so. viam Trajanus an. 109 AD.) per ooh. I.
Fl. Ulp. Hisp. mil. 0. R. (29.—A Potaissa Napocae M p. X.
If the word N apocae is here understood to mean, as
Mommsen thinks, and we ourselves formerly thought,
that Potaissa at that time belonged to the territory of
the town of N apoca, it would not affect the site of
Potaissa ; for the X. m.p. might just as well be reckoned
from Clausenbarg as from Forda, for the stone is equi-
distant from both places. However, this interpretation
of the word N apocae appears to us inadmissible, for
such statements are not found upon milestones; it is
more likely to suppose that the unclassical stonemason
wrote Napocae instead of Napocam, much in the same
way as, for example, the following words are given upon
two Sardinian milestones (v. La Marmora, Veg. en
Sard. vol. ii., 11. 21 and Angius, Bibl. Sard. fasc. 2, p. 43):
ciam, quae a Karalihas clacit Olbiae (sic), restitiiit. But
in this case Potaissa can only have been Forda, and by
no means Klaasenbarg.

The town known from the tabulae ceratae of the gold
mines of the village of Verespatah, and which in our
map, according to Ackner and Miller, is called Alburnum
majus (the Latin tables give Alburno majori), Momm-
sen, probably more correctly, calls Alburnus major, as a
table written in Greek has “ 655‘ ”Ahfiovpvov usydhnv.”
Alburnum minus, Abrad Banga, is entered in the map
according to H. Eisig, Briefe aas Siebenhiirgen in the
Aaslana’ 1872, N. 7. The ancient name corresponding
with the modern Zalathna or Goldmarht, is, in our map,
Ampeia, in Mommsen, Ampelum. It cannot be said
which is right. In the inscription 1,303, which tells us
of the place, it is doubtful whether we have to read ordo
Ampele or Ampeie.

 

 

MAP 15.

HISTORICAL MAPS 0F ITALY.
SARDINIA AND CORSICA.

____+_.__.

THE first map, Italy before the immigration of the
Galli in the sixth century, 13.0., gives the distribution of
the tribes inhabiting the Italian peninsula at the most
flourishing period of Magna Graecia and of the Etruscan
power, when the name Italy was still limited to the
southern point of the peninsula, or to the country which
the Greeks called Oenotria. We have placed the
north-west boundary of the territory ruled over by the
Etruscans, near Antium or Antipolis, on the Varus fl.
For the town of Antium, to which, according to Scylax
(§ iv. p. 17), the Ligurians extended, is not Genua, as
Letronne (Journal ales Sacants, 1826, p. 84) thinks, nor
is it on the Arnus, as Cluver and Otfried Muller believe,
nor is it to be looked for in Acenza, near Lana, as
Menke has it in map x. of his atlas, but as Holstenius
(Annot. in Claceri Italiam, p. 2) and Ukert ( Gallia p. 22)
have already perceived, it is identical with Antipolis,
which Scymnus Chius, v. 216 (from Ephorus) called the
most eastern town of the Ligurians. The names ”Away
and ’Avn’woALs could be employed together, as the Mas-
saliot colony Athenopolis (Plin. iii., § 35; Mela ii. 5)
is also called Athenae (Varro dc Ling. Lat.'vii. 18; Steph.
Byz. s.v.). Further, the length of the coast-line from
Antium to Rome, which Scylax states to be four days’
and nights’ voyage, or 4,000 stadia, corresponds with
that of Pliny (iii. §50, 51), who reckons the distance
from the Varus to the Tiber to be 495 mp. or 3,960

 

stadia, Moreover, the coast from the Varus as far as the
Arno, and still further, may at that time have been in-
habited by Ligurians, subject to Etruscan dominion, in the
same manner as Umbrians inhabited southern Etruria.

VETUS LATIUM.—The determination of the boun-
daries of ancient Latium is based upon the conclusion
of the Latin confederacy about the year 384 B.C. “As
the law had hitherto stood (says Mommsen, Hist. ‘of
Rome, Dickson’s translation, lib. ii., c. 5, p. 358) every
sovereign city founded by Rome and Latium took its
place among the communes entitled to participate in the
federal festival and diet, while on the other hand, every
community incorporated with another, and thereby po-
litically annihilated, was erased from the ranks of the
members of the league. At the same time, however,
according to Latin use and wont, the number once fixed
of thirty federate communities was so adhered to, that
of the participating cities never more and never less
than thirty were entitled to vote, and a number of the
communities that were later in entering, or were dis-
qualified for their trifling importance or for the crimes
they had committed, were without the right of voting.”
The list of the 30 confederate towns is given by Diony-
sius Hal. when speaking of Latium’s declaration of war
against Rome in the year 498 B.C.; it appears, how-
ever, from reasons stated by Mommsen, that it is a list
of those towns, which were subsequently regarded as the
regular members of the Latin confederacy, but not as
having formed their original numbers. These are: 1.
N omentum, 2. Tibur, 3. Gabii, 4. Scaptia, 5. Labici, 6.
Pedum, 7. Praeneste, 8. Corbio, 9. Tusculum, 10. Bovil-
lae, 11. Aricia, 12. Lanuvium, 13. Laurentum, 14. La-
vinium, 15. Ardea in the Territory of the Rutuli, and
afterwards in the country of the Volsci; 16. Corioli,
17. Velitrae, 18. Latricum, 19. Cora, 20. Norba, 21.
Setia, 22. Circeii. The other places of unknown site
are: 23. Rubetani, 24. Carventani, 25. Cabani, 26. F or-
tinei, 27. Querquetulani, 28. Tellinci, 29. Tolerini, 30.
Tricrini (P) .

“Besides these thirty, seventeen other places, whose

A names are not known with certainty, had the privilege

of participating in the Latin festival without the right
of voting. The Latin confederacy continued henceforth
unalterably fixed on this footing. The Latin commu-
nities founded subsequently, such as Sutrium, N epete,
Gales, and Terracina, were not admitted into the con-
federacy, nor were the Latin communities subsequently
divested of their autonomy, such as Tusculum and Satri-
cum, erased from the list. So long as the Latin con-
federacy continued open, the bounds of Latium had
advanced with the establishment of new federal cities;
but as the later Latin colonies had no share in the
Alban festival, they were not regarded geographically,
as part of Latium. For this reason Ardea and Circeii
were reckoned as belonging to Latium, but not Sutrium
or Tarracina. Within the Latin confederacy there was
a separate league of five old Latin communities, Aricia,
Tusculum, Tibur, Lanuvium, and Laurentum, and of
three new Latin, Ardea, Suessa Pometia, and Cora,
which grouped themselves round the shrine of the Ari-
cian Diana.” (Mommsen, lib. ii., 0. 5, p. 359.)

We have no remark to make in regard to the other
general maps of Italy. The Military Map of Italy,
about 150 B.C., is borrowed from that of Mommsen.

SARDINIA.——Our first and more accurate knowledge of
the topography of ancient Sardinia is derived from De
la Marmora’s excellent work, VOgage en Sardaigne, 2
vols., Paris 1838, upon which E. H. Bunbury’s Sardinia
in the Dictionary is based. In De la Marmora‘s later
work, Itine'raire de l ’ile de Sardaigne, 2 vols., Turin 1860,
the author has modified his former opinions in some
points; ancient places whose site he previously did not
venture upon determining, he now assigns to definite
positions by the help of some more recently published
documents from supposed coolici cartacei d’Arborea (1856),
which give very minute accounts of the early history of
Sardinia from the mythical period of Iolaus. All this
we have left unnoticed, as these newly revealed autho-
rities are known to be a very modern fabrication. The
work of H. von Maltzan, Reise aaf der Insel Sardinien,
does not contain anything new in regard to ancient
geography. Our map differs in some points from that
given by De la Marmora. The Itinerarium Anton., our
main source, gives on p. 78 a road a porta Tibulae
Oaralis, and on p. 81 two other routes; a Tibulas
Oaralis and item a Tibulas Salcis. The point where both
commence was the northern corner of the island, where
Sara’o tango now is. If this Tibula or Tibulae is iden-
tical with the portus Tibulas, on p. 78, whence there is
a road of 79 mp. leading through Turullo minore,
Elephantaria and Longone to Olbia, then the Itinera-
rium either gives wrong distances or, as De la Mar-
mora thinks, it has arisen from a confusion of two
different Itineraries referring to the same road. But
in addition to this, Ptolemy also must have been mis-
taken, for he gives a Tibula about 20 mp. to the east
of Turris Libisonis (porto Torre). This, however, is not
very probable; a more likely conclusion, from: the Iti-
nerarium Ant. and from Ptolemy, is that in Sardinia
there were not only two Viniolas, two Turublums, two
Gurulis, two Sulci, and two N uras, but also two Tibulae,
one of which was situated near Castell Sardo, the other
however, near Sardo lango, identical with the Longone
of the Itiner. p. 79,3, and that to distinguish it,
it possessed the fuller name of Tibula Longone, or
Tibulae Longones. The towns of Adselona (now Arsa-
chena) and Heraeum, which in our map are given on the
road leading from this Tibula, are based on Ptolemy,.
who places an ‘Hpafov to the north of Olbia, and on the
Geogr. Raven. p. 411, 15 ed. Parthey, where we find:
Adselona, Sacerci (which has probably originated out of
Sac. erei, i.e. iepofi ‘Hpai’ov), Vivio (i.e. Ulbio, Olbia).
From the lists of the Geographus Ravennas, which De
la Marmora has not used, we have adopted several other
names which can easily be identified with modern lo-
calities, such as the following places which are named
together on p. 412, 10, as situated upon the road leading
in a direct northern direction from Caralis : Seria (Serri)

 

M‘Ars 16, 17, ,& 18.]

SOURCES AND AUTHORITIES FOR THE

 

 

and Assinarium (Ussana), and on p. 412, 5, Castra
Felicia (Castro) and Eteri (Itiri). The {foam ‘Tdm-avd,
which Ptolemy, iii. 3, p. 192, ed. Wilberg, places five
minutes further north than the estuary of the Thyrsus
(30° 40’ long. 37° 15/ lat.) are evidently the thermal
springs near Fordangianus or the Forum Trajani of
the Itinerarium, in the district where the Celsitani of
Ptolemy, who in Greek might be called the 'Tilnravoi or
‘Txpwravot. But on the other hand, the position of the
town of Lesa (31° 30’ long, 36° 25’ lat.) and that of
the Aquae Lesitanae (31° 30’, 36° 45’) is doubtful. As
there are no springs to be found in the district assigned
to them by Ptolemy, those aquae have been classed
together, hap-hazard, with the very distant bagni near
Bonedotti, in the district of the sources of the Thyrsus.
We conjecture that Lesa is the more ancient name of
the Forum Trajani which Ptolemy does not name, and
that the aquae Lesitanae are not distinct from the aquae
Hypsitanae called after a tribe, but that the difference
of the names and of the positions is to be explained by
Ptolemy having taken his statements from two different
sources, of which that from which the positions of the
aquae Lesitanae, of the town of Valentia, and of the
aquae N eapolitanae have been taken, reckon the dis-
tances of these places from Caralis. For the aquae
Lesitanae, according to Ptolemy, are situated about 25
mp. to the north-west of Valentia ; this is, however, the
approximate distance between the baths, near Forum
Trajani, and Valentia (in parto Valenza). Valencia
itself, Ptolemy in so far places correctly as, according to
the codexVat.,it is 40 mp. distant from Caralis; the aquae
N eapolitanae (bagni di Sardara) (31° 45’ lat, 36° 10’ lat.)
are likewise placed correctly, inasmuch as they are 60
mp. from Caralis. But as the south-east coast of
Sardinia is erroneously drawn by Ptolemy, in such a
manner that Caralis is not 60 but nearly 160 mp.
distant from the aquae Hypsitanae near Forum Trajani,
the consequence is that all those positions correctly
measured from Caralis are totally wrong when taken
from a town on the west coast. On the east coast,
according to our editions of Ptolemy, the island of Her-
maea (40° lat.) would have to be placed where our map
gives Ficaria (41° lat). Our transposition is based on
the authority of the codex Vaticanus, which confirms
the modern name of Figarollo for Ficaria. According
to the same codex, n the west coast beside Othaca as our
map gives the Ptofemaic form of the name, Otbaoa in-
stead of the vulgate Osea. The Tab. Peuting. has Uttea.
The island of Enosim, which according to Pliny, iii.,
§ 84, lay opposite the south-western corner of Sardinia,
we have identified with the Accipitrum insula, the
iepdxaw wives of Ptolemy, as nez in Hebrew signifies
zepag, hence ai—nezim would be the Punic name for
vficros ispo’mwv.

We do not possess the necessary material for a more
accurate topography of Corsica. A road along the coast
from Mariana to as far as Palla, in the Itin. Anton.,
p. 85, and the Ptolemaic list of tribes and names of towns
are all that we possess. A few ancient coast towns, the
names of which can be recognised in those of modern
times, must serve as starting points, for determining the
approximate site of the other localities handed down to
us by tradition.

 

 

MAPS 16, 17.
ITALIA SUPERIOR, ITALIA INFERIOR.

———+——-

WE do not as yet possess any work in which the
ancient geography of Italy is treated in a. more
thorough manner than by E. H. Bunbury, in his
articles in the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Googr.
referring to Italy. They therefore. have been of
the first importance for the construction of the maps.
Of the works published subsequently and used by us
the most important is the collection of the Inscriptionos
latinao rogni Neapolitani, by Th. Mommsen, which are of
great value for the explanation of the anoient Itineraries;
then the Altlatinisc/io Cliorograp/iie and Stadto-geschio/ito,
by Albert Borman (Halle, 1852), and the Essai sur la
topographic; du Latium, by Desjardins (Paris 1854).

On the whole, it may be said that the position of all
the places in Italy of any importance is sufficiently well-
known, and that the uncertainty is confined to smaller
towns, which are known only from earlier Roman
history, and which no longer existed at the time of
Strabo and Pliny; for instance, in Latium where the
endeavours of Nibby, Westphal, Gell, Bormann, and
others to identify those ancient towns with modern places
or ruins are more or less arbitrary. To .discuss these
disputed points here would exceed the limits of this
commentary. We shall only remark. that, in .the
map of Italia Superior, Forum Clodii is identified
with the modern Oriuolo s. Oriolo, and. Sabate, With
Braociano, whereas in the map of the Env1rons of Rome
(Map 19), drawn afterwards, both places are' marked
close together, and are referred to the ruins near
the church dei 8.8. Marco, Marciano o Liberato. For
that Forum Clodii should correspond with the modern
Oriuolo, as Holstenius, Reichard, Mannert, Westphal,
Kramer, Katansich, Spruner, and Kiepert believed, is
improbable, because there are no traces of an ancient
town in Oriuolo, and because the distance from Blera
'(Bioda) to Forum Clodii mentioned in the Tab. Peuting.
as 16 mp; would be too great, and might lead us to infer
a more southern position of the Forum. We obtain this
distance near the above-mentioned church, where even
Holstenius (ad Cluoori Italiam ant. p. 44) speaks of anti-
quitatis monumenta, which, however, were first more care-

fully investigated in the year 1859, by E. Desj ardins (Do-

 

couvorto do la position dos oilles do Sabate, du Forum Clodii,
etc., in the Annali doll’ Instituto Arc/i. 1859, p. 55 foll.)
and proved to belong to a not unimportant ancient city.
That this town was Forum Clodii, as Desjardins correctly
supposed, was subsequently confirmed by an inscription
found .there, which mentions the ordo Foroolodionsium
(V. Nissen and Zangemeister in the Bulletino doll’ In-
stituto Arch, 1864, p. 99). The town of Sabate, Des-
Jardins seeks in the modern Treoignano, a town on the
north Slde of the lago di Bracoiano, about 6 mp from
S. Liberato. We cannot agree with him either in this or
in several other points of his explanation of this part
of the Tabula Peuting. More correctly Holstenius,
Westphal, and Henzen (in the Bullotino, 1856, p. 83) have
claimed the site of S. Liberato for Sabate, inasmuch as
Sabate must have been situated in the closest vicinity of
Forum Clodii, and as it is only mentioned in the Tabula
Pent, and by no other ancient geographer, it may have
become one town with Forum Clodii after the construc-
tion of the via Clodia. This is evident from the Tabula
P. givmg no number of miles between Forum Clodii
and Sabate, but simply the letters 00., whereas in other
passages we also find 50. Desjardins (Commentary to
the Tab. P., p. 98) thinks this an utterly improbable
abbreviation of compendium, referring to “ les embranche-
ments directs sans issue et qui avaient pour point d’arrét
la localité qu’ils des servaient ou bien sur les segments de
v01es qui abrégeaient les distances.” It is more correct to
suppose that the 66 is written where two localities are
situated so close to each other, that there seemed no
necessity for stating the distance, and that it is an
abbreviation of cominus (as ominus, on the other hand, is
employed for stating distances, as for instance in the case
of Asconius Pedianus in Cicero, Vorr. 0r. iii.: Eminus
est Vulturnus Capud tria millia). Co is used in this
sense between Roma and ad S. Petrum between Cosa
and Subcosa on the via Aurelia, between Tabellaria and
Graviscae on the coast of Etruria, between Confluentes
and Singidunum at the confluence of the Dravus and the
Danube in Moesia Superior, between Puteolis and Invi-
nias in Campania, and between Neapolis and Fons on
the coast of Thrace. We conclude that even Holstenius
understood the 66 in this sense from his own words (ad
Cluv. Ital., p. 47): Sabaten et Forum Clodii Tabula con-
iunotafuisso dooot. The fact of Holstenius nevertheless
looking for Forum Clodii in Oriolo, arises from his be-
lieving that Oriolo was only two m.p. from S. Liberato.
The opinion of Westphal also (in the Annali doll’ Inst,
1830, p. 32), that 56 was equivalent to cum, although
grammatically incorrect, is nevertheless in the main
identical with our own.

 

 

MAP 18.
PLAN OF ROME.

—————§.———_

THE drawing of the plan of Rome is based upon the
Plan do Rome (2 l’éoholle do 1:20,000, leoé par les
ofiieiors d’état major ot publie' au depot do la guerre (Paris,
1856 .

In) so far as our maps indicate the sites and menu-
ments of Rome according to views not hitherto adopted
by all archaeologists alike, we deem it necessary to explain
the grounds, and refer to the authorities on which our
conclusions are based, without in every instance totally
rejecting the arguments that may be advanced on opposite
sides. The works of excavation now in progress at Rome,
may be expected to throw much more light at a future
day on disputed questions of topography than has yet
been obtainable. At present we must be satisfied to
benefit by the evidences that are before us.

Determining the cincture of the Walls of the Kings, we
place the Porta Triumphalis near the western angle of the
Palatine Hill, and near to the site where some recently
discovered remains of massive walls and square towers (in
lithoid tufa of regular construction), below the church of
S. Anastasia, may now be inspected by torchlight. These
ruins, which are surrounded by many others of different
periods, some belonging to the structures of the Circus
Maximus, under the same church (see Parker’s Archaeo-
logy of Rome, vol. i. p. 36), may be regarded as testi-
mony to the fact that the ancient fortifications passed
obliquely in a south-eastward direction from under
the Tarpeian Rock to a point below the western slopes
of the Palatine. A passage in the annals of Tacitus,
mentioning the limitations of the primitive (Romu-
lean) city and its encircling pomoerium, seems to favour
our conclusion: “ Inde certis spatiis interjecti lapides,
per ima montis Palatini ad aram Consi, mox ad
curias veteres—non a Romulo sed a T. Tatio additum
(pomoerium) urbi credidere.” (A nn. xii. 24.)

Among the gates in the same cincture (the Walls of
the Kings) we include two, the names of which are little
known, at points where probability alone can be relied on
in support of our supposition respecting them. At a
south-western angle of those walls we place the Porta
Minutia, so named either after the Minutia “gens,” or
after one of them in particular, Minutius Augurinus, a
tribune, to whom was erected, out of gratitude for his
having reduced the price of grain, a statue outside of the
Porta Trigemina (o. Pliny, xviii. § 15, ed. Sillig.). _Due
eastward we place the Porta Metia, which is mentioned
by Plautus alone among Latin authors (Pseudolus, i. 3,
97; Casina, i. 6, 2).

In both our maps of the Forum (before and after the
time of Julius Caesar) we place the Temple of Saturn
close to the south-eastern front of the Tabularium on the
Capitoline hill—therefore considering it as identified
with the extant ruins of a Corinthian peristyle on that

 

MAPS. 15

hill-side (the Capitoline)——not with the ruins lower down
westward, on the same declivity, of an Ionic peristyle in
better preservation, which we designate as the Temple of
Vospasian, or (more properly) of Vespasian and Titus.
All ancient testimonies agree as to the connection be-
tween the Temple of Saturn and the ZErarium or the
Treasury of State (o. Plutarch, Public. 12). We con-
clude that the chambers containing the public money
must have been numerous, and situated within the
massive buildings of the Tabularium at the rear of that
temple. The former edifice is extant, still imposing
and extensive, though incomplete and ruinous, on the
Capitoline summit. Several small dark chambers, long
closed and disused, have been recently reopened and
cleared of debris on the lower story of that ancient build-
ing; and these may have been entered from the cella of

the Temple of Saturn, or from a vestibule communicating

with it. The character of the Erarium as a place of
strength (not an isolated edifice as it would have been if
connected with the other, that which we designate as
the Flavian temple dedicated by Domitian to his father
and brother) is distinctly stated by Plutarch (cf/epKfi KaL
Karadiavfi Kai Boo-emfioziAev'rov, Quaest. Rom. 42.) A
lofty staircase with very steep steps of massive stonework
under a stone vaulting, recently made permeable in the
Tabularium, and descending from the highest to the
lowest story of that edifice, may be no other than the
stairs of the Treasury alluded to by Cicero in his “ Oratio
pro M. F onteio ” :—“ F acilius possit Alpes, quam paucos
.ZErarii gradus ascendere ? ”*

We place the Rostra Vetores, the site of which has
been long disputed, near the south-eastern basement of
the Capitoline hill, upon the Forum,—identifying them
with the remains of a long rectilinear elevation of square-
hewn stonework, in the rear of which rises another (a
semicircular) elevation, in part buried under earth, with
vestiges of rich marble incrustation, this latter being
called by some writers (as by Canina) the Rostra Forenses,
by others (Bunsen and Platner in the Beso/zreibung),
Rostra Capitolina. The semicircular structure is probably
a restoration by Septimius Severus of the Rostra of the
imperial period; the rectilinear one being the more ancient
tribunal for public oratory, the Rostra, namely, removed
by Julius Caesar from the original place where they stood
near the Comitium (Dion Cassius, xliii. 49). There is a.
representation in a small relievo on the Arch of Constan-
tine of the ancient Rostra as a rectilinear elevation, on
which that Emperor stands, while apparently addressing
the people on the occasion of his triumph after the battle
against Maxentius. (A drawing of this is given in the
new edition of Forsyth’s Hortensius.)

In our map of the Forum before the time of Julius
Caesar, we place the Emilian Basilica on the north-
eastern side of that area, almost the whole extent of which
is occupied by the great edifice, most splendid among
the basilicas of Republican Rome, which was founded by
Lucius ZEmilius Paullus, B.C. 54 (o. Cicero, ad Att. iv.
16; Plutarch, Caes. 29). From the lines of Statius
(Silo. i. 1, 30) on the equestrian statue of Domitian,
it is evident that this edifice stood opposite to the Julian
Basilica, the extant ruins of which are before us on
the south-western side of the Forum. That poet, deter-
mining the situation of the above-named statue, informs
us that the two basilicas arose in its vicinity, one on
each side of the imperial colossus, the platform supporting
which has been recently found :—

Ad laterum passus hinc Julia tecta tuentur
Illinc belligeri sublimis Regia Paulli.

Between the two Basilicas (but, in our Map of the Forum
before the time of Julius Caesar, between the Emilian and
the then existing Sempronian, not the Julian, Basilica)
passes, from north-east to south-west, a rapidly flowing
stream, recently brought to light after being long com-
pletely concealed, and, as we now see it, disappearing
under the pavement of the Julian Basilica. We
designate this stream as the Lucas Soroilius mentioned
by few Latin writers, and the site of which has hitherto
been merely conjectural, no other water, stagnant or
flowing, having been found in this vicinity. The only
particular notice of this “ lacus ” by any ancient writer is
the following in Festus, “De Verborum Significatione ”
(p. 290, ed. Muller): “ Servilius Lacus appellabatur eo,
qui eum faciendum curaverat in principio vici J ugari,
continens basilicas J uliae, in quo loco fuit efiigies hydrae
posita a M. Agrippa ”——which passage suffices to deter-
mine its proximity to the Julian Basilica.

In both our Maps of the Forum we place the Comi-
tium at the south-eastern side of that area, and near to
its extreme limit, determining its boundary, on the
south-west, as formed by the Via Sacra. Pliny (xxxiv.
§ 12) tells us that the Curia (or Senate House) com-
menced by Sulla after the destruction of the earlier
edifice by fire, 13.0. 51, was in the Comitium; also that
the Curia founded by Julius Cmsar, finished in the
reign of Augustus, and dedicated by him as Curia
Julia, alike stood “in Comitio” (xxxv. § 27). There
seems every reason for determining its site as adjacent
to the ruins of a Corinthian peristyle, commonly recog-
nised as the Templum Castoris, in the rear of which
stand those other ruins which we are induced to desig-
nate as the Curia Julia. Though we are informed by
Dion of the transfer of the ancient Rostra, we find
no mention of any removal of the Comitium from its
original place. Near the south-western angle of
the Comitium we place the Groocostasis, originally an
unroofed, though enclosed, area, where ambassadors and
envoys used to assemble before their reception in the
Curie by the Senate. That roofless area was finally
transformed into a hall with columns, as represented
on one of the fragments of the antique marble
map of Rome now in the Capitoline Museum

 

* It is true that Cicero here speaks of “ few” (pauoos) steps, whereas
those of the ancient staircase in question are not only very steep and
massive, but numerous—no fewer than sixty-seven. May we not assume
that the orator here allows himself a certain license, exaggerating the
contrast for the sake of the argument? .

E2

(‘16 SOURCES AND AUTHORITIES FOR THE

MAPS. [MAPS 19 dt 20.

 

(engraved in Canina, “ Indicazione Topografica di Roma
Antica,” Epoca Imperiale, tan. xii.). Pliny, mention-
ing that Caius Flavius, Curule ZEdile, erected a
bronze aedicula to Concord in the Comitium, thus par-
ticularizes the situation of the Graecostasis: “quae tunc
supra Comitium erat,” (xxxiii. § 19). Varro informs us
that the Graecostasis stood near the Rostra and the
Comitium : “ Sub dextra hujus (Rostri) a Comitio locus
substructus, ubi nationum subsisterent legati, qui ad
senatum essent missi. Is Graecostasis appellatus a parte
ut multa. Senaculum supra Graecostasin, ubi aedes Con-
cordia et basilica Opimia,” (do Lingaa Latina, v., § 155,
156, ed. Muller). This hall for ambassadors was re-
built by Antoninus Pius, as Capitolinus (Anton. Pins 8)
informs us.

Some ruins recently brought to light near the church of
S. Maria Liberatrice, below the north-eastern base of the
Palatine hill, may, without any doubt, be identified as
the Templum Vesta}, the site of which is determined by
the above quoted lines of Statius, “ Equus Max1mus
Domitiani ” (Silo. i. 1, 1). The equestrian effigy of
Domitian, as he describes, stood with its back towards
the Temples of Concord and of Vespasian, while its face
looked on the Palatine buildings, on the temple of the
Dioscuri (or Templum Castoris), and that of Vesta:

Terga pater, blandoque videt Concordia vultu.

-—et prospectare videris

An nova contemtis surgant Pallatia flammis

Pulchrius ; an tacita vigilet face Troicus ignis,

Atque exploratas jam laudat Vesta ministras.
(31-36.)

 

In the course of late works, and through the removal of
accumulated soil near S. Maria Liberatrice, the remains
of a circular edifice—now a confused mass of rubble with
a few courses of stone masonry—have been discovered
near the site on which were dug up, in the 16th century,
twelve honorary inscriptions to individuals enrolled
among the Vestal Virgins (Gruter, Insc. Rom. pp. 309,
310, 311; tAldroandi, Raccolta delle Statue (li Roma).
Here we ,have, assuredly, the temple often destroyed,
and as often restored, since the days of Numa, where the
Vestal sisterhood {oxploratas ministras, as Statius calls
them, referring to their many misfortunes and the vicis-
situdes to which their sanctuary had been exposed) had
the guardianship of the sacred fire (Troicns ignis), also
of the Palladium.

Near the south-western angle of the Forum, and
immediately below the declivity of the Palatine hill,
stands a conspicuous building in roofless ruin, an immense
quadrangular hall in the best antique Roman brickwork
intersected by large constructive arches (like those very
strongly marked in the rotunda of the Pantheon), the
firm masonry being similar to that of other edifices of the
Augustan age. In this we recognise the Curia Julia, the
imperial Senate House dedicated by Augustus to lus
great uncle Julius Caesar, and which probably occupied
the place of the ancient Curia Hostilia burnt down, or
at least ruined by fire, at the tumultuous funeral of
Clodius, B.C. 51 (Cicero, pro M'lone, 33.) No other
ruins, in the vicinity of the Forum Romanum, have
alike with these the character of a great hall appro-
priated for public assemblage. Some writers suppose
that we see here the vestibule built by Caius Cwsar for
communication between his palace and the Templum
Castoris, where he used to seat himself, demanding wor-
ship, between the statues of the Divine Twins. The
ruins seem to us too important and extensive for such
origin or purpose to be supposable; and the short reign
of Caius could hardly have allowed time for any great
public buildings—still less for any such as were under-
taken to gratify his private whims—to be completed.

Returning to consider objects comprised withm the
comparatively narrow area of the Forum Romanum, we
have to notice two buildings discovered in the course of
recent excavations, and as to both of which the charac-
ter and origin are self-evident: 1. The Edge O'azsaris or
Templum Dici Julii, now reduced to little more than a
formless pile of masonry with some few remnants of mas-
sive walls in tufa stonework, and of a marble stylobate,
though one distinctly discernible adjunct remains in form
of a semi-circular tribune, or elevated platform on a
stone basement, parallel to what must have been the
facade of this temple, on the northern side. The fane
was raised by Augustus, and dedicated to the “ Divus
Julius,” 13.0. 29, on the site where the body of the
Dictator had been consumed, and where almost imme-
diately afterwards had been placed an altar, and subse-
quently a porphyry column with the epigraph “ Parenti
Patrice.” The situation of this temple is determined by
Ovid as looking (namely its facade) towards the Capitol,
consequently across the intervening Forum, and as in
the vicinity of the Templum Castoris :

Fac jubar ut semper Capitolia nostra Forumque
Divus ab excelsa prospectet Julius cede.
(Metam. xv. 841.)

Fratribus adsimilis, quos proxima templa tenentes
Divus ab excelsa Julius aede videt.
(Ea: Panto, ii. 2, 85.)

Such precisely is the aspect of the ruinous building
lately discovered—its facade, parallel with the rostra,
being turned towards the Capitoline hill; its flank, the
south-westerly, almost opposite to the peristyle of the
Dioscuri Temple. The Rostra here before us were
erected in front of the ZEdes Caesaris by Augustus, and
thence designated “ Rostra J ulii.” Here were subse-
quently delivered the funeral orations over the bodies of
emperors—first over that of Augustus—before the
cremation on the pyre (Dion, lvi. 34; Sueton. Oct. 101).

2. The extensive ruins of the Julian Basilica, founded
by Augustus, Which occupy the greater part of the south-
western side of the Forum, partially cleared from super-
incumbent soil and débris through labours undertaken
under the Pontifical Government and directed by Canina,
1853. They have been completely laid open since the
change of government at Rome, and are now to the full
extent visible. They consist principally of a wide plat-
form with much of the rich inlaid pavement of coloured

 

   

 

marbles, also a variety of marble fragments, sculptures,
architectonic ornaments, epigraphs (Greek and Latin),
basements for statues, &c., and, at the north-western
extremity, some lofty ruins of the arcades (brickwork) with
which the whole interior must have been surrounded—
its area being divided, like some of our cathedrals, into
four aisles and a central nave. This basilica occupied
the site of an earlier edifice, dedicated to similar uses, the
Sempronian basilica founded, 13.0. 163, by Sempronius
Gracchus, father of the two distinguished but unfortunate
Tribunes. In the 16th century an epigraph, or memorial
inscription, was dug up on this spot, recording the erection
of a statue of Julius Caesar within these walls, and also a
restoration of this basilica by a Prefect of the city, A.D.
377. Anastasius, in the life of Pope Julius I. (337-852)
mentions a church founded by that Roman bishop
“ J uxta Forum,” and named, after him, “Basilica
Juliae.” The arcades near the north-western angle of
the antique (the Heathen) basilica are filled up with
masonry such as indicates the period of decadence ; and
it is probable that we have here before us the church
built in the 4th century—now a ruin within ruins,—the
dedication of the imperial Court of Justice and that of the
primitive Christian cathedral thus singularly accordantl

The accompanying plan shows the most recent exca-
vations in the Forum on a larger scale than was possible
in our map.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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CHURCH

  

SITE OF

OF FABIAN ARGH
ST MARIA . ACCORDNGTO
' SCRIBONIUS LIB
LIBERATRICE ROSA 9
PLAN .
OF THE EXCAVATIONS _.-r”1:EMPLE 0F
*~--—"‘“‘- ANTONlUS &
IN THE FAUSTINA

 

ROMAN FORUM

BY ARTHUR J STRUTT
(910vH 1874)

in the direction indicated by the
dotted line .

We have alluded to the recently discovered basement
of the equestrian statue of Domitian. It consists of a

. mass of rude stonework, once, we may suppose, clothed

with marble, placed at the north-eastern side of the Forum
——an important acquisition to the known range of
antiquities upon this site, seeing how that imperial effigy
serves, thanks to the descriptive lines of Statius, for
determining the topography of the Forum Romanum.

In our map of the Fora under the Empire the latest
discoveries on the Palatine hill are particularized
conformably with conclusions as to the origin, respec-
tively, of the buildings on that mount, now generally ad-
mitted by Roman and other archaeologists. To a mass of
ruins, conspicuous but without any vestige of architectural
design or adornment, on the north-eastern slope of the
hill, we give the name of Templum Jocis Statoris,
assuming it to be the fane originally vowed by Romu-
lus (Liv. i. 12), but actually founded in a much
later age (A.U.C. 458) in conformity with a vow made,
during the war against the Samnites, by the Consul
Attilius Regulus (Liv. x. 36-87). To another elevated
pile of masonry with remains of buttress walls on
the perpendicular sides, and broken columns (of tufa
fluted) now ranged along the summit—in fact, a stylo-'
bate with scarcely any ruins of the cella that stood upon
it—we give the name Templum Joois Viotoris, recog-
nising in this the temple founded, A.U.C. 459, by Q.
Fabius Rullianus in fulfilment of another vow made
also during war with the Samnites (Liv. x. 29.). In
this temple used to be hung, by victorious generals, the
trophies and spoils taken in battle (Ovid, Fasti, iv.). The
better preserved remains of buildings, an extensive suite
of halls and porticos, &c., containing many remnants
of marble decoration, fragmentary sculptures, rich pave-
ments, cornices and friezes, on the terrace-ground further
southward, we designate as the Domas Flaoii, commenced
by Vespasian, and finished, with great splendour, by
Domitian. The ruins (less spared by time) extending
along the western declivities of the hill, and in such
still compact masonry (brickwork with large tiles) as we
usually find in Roman structures of the first century of
our era, we assume to be the Domns Tiberiana, added
to the other buildings for imperial residence by
Tiberias, which same house is known to have been in-
habited by Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius. It is
perhaps impossible to determine the precise date of the

 
   
  
    

The excavations are being continued

 

halls opening on an hypaetheal court (on a north-western
terrace of this hill) in which are seen numerous paintings,
executed on intonaco and still almost perfectly preserved,
of singular beauty and grace, design and finish being alike
admirable. Some. Roman archaeologists suppose that the
mansion in question was a residence of Germanicus,
father of the Emperor Caius. We conclude'that those
valuable paintings on its inner walls cannot be more
ancient than the period of the Antonine Emperors.
C. I. HEMANS.

 

 

MAP 19.
ENVIRON S OF ROME.

 

The map of the Environs of Rome is drawn from a
reduction of the French survey, published under the .
title of La carto de la partie sad-oaest dos e’tats do l ’église
cl’aprés la triangulation et les' looées exécutées par les
oficiers d’état major 12 l’éclielle do 1:80,000 (3 sheets,
Paris, 1856). Besides these, for particular points, use
has been made of the C’arta topografica di Roma 6 dei
saoi contorni fino alla distanza cli 10 migliafaori le mara,
esegaito salla proporzione (li 1:20,000 dal Barone oli
Moltke (2 sheets, Roma 1845).

 

 

MAP 20.
GREECE IN THE HEROIC AGE.
GREECE AFTER THE DORIO MIGRATION.

 

A

IN regard to the development of the ethnographical
relations of Greece in the earliest times, there are no
traditions so consistent, safe and complete as to guide
us and enable us to dispense with all hypotheses. Hence
even modern scholars conceive the prehistoric conditions
of the countries under discussion in very difl'erent ways.
The conception, upon which our map is based, is briefly
the following :—

In the most ancient times, as far back as our know-
ledge and conjectures can carry us, we distinguish two
great congeries of nations, the Leleges and the Pelas-
gians. Both belong to the same race which once
occupied the whole of Asia Minor, before the continuity
of the settlements and the purity of the blood were
disturbed by the advance of the Semitic tribes, and
before a portion of the inhabitants of western Asia
Minor proceeded to Europe by various migrations.

The Leleges had their original seats in south-western
Asia Minor, where they amalgamated with the Semitic
Carians. We also find them in southern Troas, upon
the adjacent islands of Samos, Chios, Cos, Syme, N isyros,
Calydna, and further upon the Cyclades, whence they
took possession of the valleys of the Eurotas and Pamisus,
the whole of the west coast of Peloponnesus, the Cephal-
lenian islands, and spread in Central Greece through
Acarnania, Aetolia, Locris, partially in Phocis and
Boeotia, and probably also in Thessaly. Further traces
of countries once occupied by the Leleges may be found,
if we consider the original forms of worship peculiar to
the Leleges. (See Deimling, Die Leleger, Leipzig, 1862).

We understand the name of Pelasgians to include the
earliest inhabitants of the rest of Greece, as well as of
Epirus, Macedonia, and a part of Thrace, much in the
same way as, in Aeschylus (Suppl. 280), the empire of
King Pelasgus extends in the north from the countries
watered by the rivers Strymon and Axius, to the sea
west of Dodona. Although some of the names of the
tribes appertaining to this country, and to the earliest
times, may belong to heterogeneous races, still these
cannot be ascertained with any degree of certainty.

The principal changes which occurred in regard to
the seats of the individual tribes are briefly the follow-
ing :—

In the country afterwards called Thessaly, the Lapithae
and the kindred tribe of the Phlegyae spread at the ex-
pense of the Perrhaebi, the Centauri and the Aenianes.
The Perrhaebi were driven back northwards from the
country of the Penéus to Mount Olympus, some of them
migrated, and, under the name of Perrhaebi Metanastae,
settled down beyond Mount Pindus in the vicinity of the
Dolopes and the Athamanes. The semi-mythical Cen-
tauri emigrated from Magnesia to the north-western
corner of Thessaly, which was inhabited by the Aethices.
This district also became the home of a portion of the
Aenianes, who were expelled from the Dotian plains,
whereas another portion proceeded southwards and ac-
quired a new territory in the valley of the Sperchéus.
We hear nothing of the subsequent history of the Lapi-
thae, except that the Dorians, under Aegimius, carried
on a successful war against them.

The Mini/ans, a tribe related to the Phlegyae, appear
at first to have lived in Northern Thessaly, on the subse-
quent borders of Macedonia, for a town with the name
of Minya, and an Orchomenos are said to have existed
there: history, however, only knows of this tribe in
Thessaly as the inhabitants of the shores of the Pagasaean
Gulf, in the vicinity of Iolcos, where they had for their
eastern neighbours the Boeotians, in the towns of Arne,
Iton and Thebes. These Boeotians (perhaps expelled by
the Minyans), were, as it seems, driven from thence, and
withdrew to the north-west, where they founded another
Arne about the southern tributaries of the Peneus.
A portion of the Minyans proceeded from Thessaly
to Lemnos; others founded in what was subsequently

DTAP 20.]

Boeotia, the kingdom of Orchomenos, which, when at
the height of its prosperity, extended over the territories
of Coronea, Haliartus, Lebadea, Midea (afterwards
Chaeronea), and over the whole of northern Boeotia.
The Minyans, when they migrated to Boeotia, were
accompanied by Phlegyae, who hence founded the town
of Panopeus, in Phocis.

The Dorians appear in history first on the southern
slopes of Mount Olympos, in the district afterwards
called Hestiaeotis, where the tripolis of Pythium, Doliche
and Azorus, which, according to Strabo, was subsequently
Pelagonian, seems originally to have been Dorian. Ex-
pelled from this district by the Cadmeans, the Dorians,
according to Herodotus, are said to have settled about
Mount Pindus, and there to have borne the name of
Macedonians. Thereupon they migrated southwards,
and occupied the Dryopis, or the country lying between
Mounts Oeta and Parnassus, belonging to the Dryopes,
who partly turned westwards as far as the district where
Ambracia afterwards stood, partly migrated to Euboea
(where they founded Styra and Carystus), to Argolis
(where Hermione, E'ion, and Asine were Dryopian cities),
and to the island of Cythnos.

The Oadnieans appear in history first at the mouth of
the Peneus, between Olympus and Ossa, where there
existed a town called Homoloium. They probably came
from the country about Pangaeon, which lies opposite to
the Thracian Thasos, and about the gold mines near
Crenides, where they came in contact with the Phoeni-
cians ; being driven thence by the Paeonians, they, like
the Thracian Abantes, migrated partly to Greece and
partly to Illyricum. In North Thessaly, as already said,
they drove out the neighbouring Dorians. Thereupon
they came to Boeotia, there humbled the kingdom of
Orchomenos, and founded that of Thebes, which during
the war with the Epigoni succumbed to the arms of a
confederation of Peloponnesian chiefs. Of the smaller
tribes, which the Minyans and the Cadmeans had found
in Boeotia (Aones, in the plain of Thebes, Hyantes at
Alcomenae and Onchestus, Hectenes, Temmices), the
dislodged Hyantes founded Hyampolis in Phocis, and
seem to have also penetrated into Aetolia, if we may
believe the statement that Aetolia was at one time called
Hyantis.

\Ve have in the next place to mention the successive
advances, probably in different migrations of tribes from
Asia Minor, which Herodotus, vii. 20, mentions as the
ante-Trojan immigration of the Teucrians and Mysians,
which extended through the whole of Thracia as far as
the Ionian Sea, and southwards as far as the Peneus.
From these Asiatics are descended, in the north of
ancient Thrace, the Mysi, or Moesi, and the Dardani, in
the south, the kingdom of the Paeones, whom Homer
mentions among the confederates of Troy, and whose
chief, Asterius, the son of Pclagon, resided at Amydon
on the Axios. Our map gives the approximate extent
of this ancient Paeonia, which may have been composed
of many heterogeneous elements (of. B. Gieseke,
T hrahisch-Pelasgisehe Stdmme der Balkaninsel and ihre
IVanderangen in mythiseher Zez't, Leipzig, 1858). It
included the Syropaeones, Paeoplae, Doberes, Odo-
mantes, Mygdones, Crusaei, Sithones, Edones, Agrianes
and Laeaei, the Pelagones of the Lyncestis, the Bryges
on the Bermius, and as Pliny, iv., § 35, says, the
Eordenses, the Almopii and the Paroraei. Eustathius
ad Il. xvi. 233 (cf. Aeschyl. Suppl. 254) mentions the
Paeones as neighbours of the Selli and Dolopes. Their
extending southwards as far as the Peneus (Herodot. 1.1.) is
confirmed, as it seems, by the fact that Strabo (vii. p. 327)
speaks of the already mentioned tripolis in north Thessaly
(Pythium, Doliche and Azorus) as tripolitis Pelagonia.*
Further, that some portions of those Asiatic immigrants
are said to have advanced as far as the Ionian Sea, is
found to be confirmed by the fact that we find Bryges
or Brygae not only on the Bermius, but also on the
borders between Macedonia and Illyricum, and in the
vicinity of Dyrrachium, and that the country south of the
latter, on the Eordaicus ii., in the neighbourhood of the
mountain which is now (and probably also in antiquity
was) called Begorra, was inhabited by Eordi, Whom we
also hear of in Paeonia on‘Lake Begorritis. _

In consequence of the Asiatic immigration, the earlier
inhabitants of Pelasgian Thrace (to which Dionysos,
Orpheus, and the worship of the Muses are assigned)
were partly subjugated, partly driven back from the
fruitful river valleys into the mountains, and partly
compelled to emigrate. The Thracians advanced through
the Vale of Tempe and through Thessaly into Boeotia
and Phocis, where they settled on the slopes of Mounts
Parnassus and Helicon, in the towns of Daulis, Abae,
Thracis, Nysa, Ascra, Thespiae, Anthedon, and also in
Eleusis. The Abantes are said to have proceeded to
Euboea from the Phocian Abae. \Ve find another branch
of the Abantes about the Ceraunian mountains, whither
they had probably come direct from Thrace. Other
Pelasgians from Thrace (oi Etc @pqixns oiafidvres
HEAaO‘yLQTaL, Scymn. Ch. 504) took possession of the
islands of Sciathus and Skyros, the inhabitants of whlch,
according to other authorities, were Dolopes, whom we
also find in Southern Magnesia, in Northern Euboea, and
about Mount Pindus. ,

The advance of the Paeones probably also occasroned
the movement which proceeded from Epirus. At the

 

* The correctness of this appellation is subject to some doubt ; for as
Strabo, vii. p. 337, also mentions the district of Pelagoma bordering
upon Lynccstis as TpinoM‘q-Ls, there must have existed two Pelagonian
tripolis, which is certainly possible ; but it seems very easy to suppose
that Strabo might have confounded the tripolis in Thessaly, which IS
in all probability of Doric origin, with some other unknown one in the
territory of Pelagonia. The Thessalian tripolis is also mentioned by
Livy, xlii. 53. But it now seems inadmissible to us to regard it_as
the same tripolis Scaea, mentioned by Livy, xlii. 55, and as that which
has been assumed in our map in agreement with Gieseke, 1.1., p. 7.
The words in Livy are: Consul militem ad Larissam dacit. Inde, gaunt
tria millia ferme abesset a Tripoli (Scaeam vacant), supra Peneam,
amnem posnit eastra. If they are not corrupt, we should have to
assume a separate and otherwise unknown town near Larissa, which bore
the name of Tripolis or Tripolis Scaea. This is, however, scarcely
probable. We conjecture that Livy wrote : a Tripylo sc. Larissae urbls
porta, which was called the Gate Scaea (like that of Troy), as for
instance the Athenian Dipylum was called the Thriasian gate.

 

SOURCES AND AUTHORITIES FOR THE

time of Odysseus a war between the Epirot Thesprotians
and the Phrygians was mentioned in the Telegony of
Eugammon. An earlier collision of these hostile elements
might, therefore, also have been the reason why the Selli
SeAAoi) or Helli CEAAoZ), the inhabitants of the country
round about Dodona, and about the sources of the Ache-
lous, which Hesiod calls 'EMom’a, and Aristotle ancient
Hellas (‘Ehhas i} dpxaia, Jlfeteor. i. 14, 21; tEhhas i]
dpxaLOTOILTT], Schol. Il. xx. 194), and in which even the
exrstence of Achaeans (perhaps of Asiatic origin, like the
Pelopidae) may also be assumed, crossed the Pindus into
the country of Phthia in Southern Thessaly. The name
1Iellas was transferred to these new settlements, and
the Achaeans are first met with in history in this
district, subsequently called Phthia, Achaia Phthiotis.
An impenetrable obscurity envelopes the further diffusion
of these Hellenic Achaeans in the Peloponnesus, and
their connection with the mysterious Pelopidae. We
shall confine ourselves to stating that the Achaeans under
the dominion of the Pelopidan chiefs conquered the ter-
ritories of Mycenae, Tiryns, Mideia and Argos, then
extended their rule over thevalleys of the Eurotas and
Pamisus, and occupied the islands of Aegina and Salamis.
At the same period the royal race of the N elides, with
their retinue, came from Thessaly to Peloponnesus, and
there founded the kingdom of Pylos.

These are the principal movements of the tribes in
Greece up to the time of the Trojan war, which can be
made out. The Map of Greece during the Heroic Age
gives a survey of the ethnographical relations at that
period.

B.

As early as sixty years after the Trojan war new com-

‘ - motions commenced which considerably changed the map

of Greece. The Thesprotian tribe of the Thessalians cross
the Pindus, and in the first place take possession of the
territory of the Aeolian Boeotians or Arnaeans, which
subsequently received the name of Thessaliotis when
Thessaly was divided into four districts. The Boeotians
withdraw to the country which they named Boeotia;
other Thessalian Aeolians proceed to Aetolia, where the
country round about Calydon and Pleuron received the
name of Aeolis; others, who remained in the country,
became penestae subject to the conquerors; the Perr-
haebi, the Magnetians, and the Achaean Phthiots
preserved a certain political independence and, together
with Thessalians, were reckoned as members of the
Amphictyonic league.

In Boeotia the new comers founded a new Arne to the
south of lake Copais, took possession of the town of
Chaeronea, then, proceeding from this place, annihilated
the kingdom of Orchomenos, and drove from the Plain
of Thebes the Thracians, who withdrew to Mount
Cithaeron, and the Tyrrhenian Pelasgians, who fled to
Attica.

About the same period another movement proceeded
from the Dorian Tetrapolis. One portion of those
Dorians, together with other fugitives from other dis-
tricts, left the country, settled in Bulis, on the Bay Of
Corinth, and, in conjunction with the Aetolians, crossed
the straits of Rhion into Peloponnesus. Here the
Epeians surrendered themselves to the Aetolians, who
were a kindred race, and they were henceforth called
Eleans, from Elis, the name of the chief city. Pisatis
and Triphylia remained independent states, but recog-
nised the supremacy of the Eleans. Meanwhile the
Dorians migrated, probably through the valley of the
Alphéus, into the valleys of the Pamisus and Eurotas.
In the former they established themselves in Stenyclarus,
and then conquered the remaining portion of Messenia,
which the Nelides of Pylos had taken possession of after
the death of Menelaus.

The Dorians met with greater resistance in the valley
of the Eurotas, where they, in the first place, only ad-
vanced as far as Sparta. Amyclae, and the whole of the
southern portion of Laconia, were not conquered until the
reign of King Teleclos (3.0. 827-788 ?) and his successors.
In the north the Dorians extended their rule at the
expense of the Arcadians, but this likewise took place
but slowly. Aegys was not annexed till shortly before
the time of Lycurgus. From Laconia they took posses-
sion of the town and territory of Argos; but Tiryns,
Mycenae and Mideia still remained Achaean for a long
time; on the other hand, Corinth, Troezen, Sicyon,
Epidaurus, Phlius, Oleonae, Megara, which at an earlier
time belonged to Attica and Epidaurus, were Dorianised
soon afterwards. The Achaeans, who were expelled by
the Doric invasion, occupied the Ionian Aegialea, which
the new settlers named Achaia. The Ionians, whose
earlier history is unknown to us, proceeded to Attica.
The east coast of Peloponnesus, which extends south-
wards from the Plains of Argolis to Malea, seems as if
it ought to be regarded as belonging to Argos, although
it does not actually do so; however, Cynuria was con-
quered by the Lacedaemonians as early as the reigns of
Echestratus and Eurypon (13.0. 1030-985 ?), but were at
a later period recovered by the Argives, who retained it
down to the year 547 13.0.

From Attica, which was overflowing with fugitives
from various countries during these commotions, the
Tyrrhenian Pelasgians, who had fortified the citadel of
Athens, proceeded to Lemnos (where they drove the
Minyans out of Myrina), Imbros and Samothrace. From
Lemnos they founded upon the peninsula of Mount
Athos, the five towns of Oleonae, Olophyxos, Acrothoum,
Dium, and Thyssus. Others settled in Cyzicus (whence
they expelled the Pelasgians, who were the earlier
inhabitants), and in Placia and Scylace on the Propontis.
Tyrrhenian Pelasgians are also mentioned in Metaon, in
the island of Lesbos, in Termera on the coast of Caria,
and at Cape Malea. '

The Minyans, who were driven from Lemnos, settled
in Laconica, about Taenaron, among the Achaeans, and
from here they proceeded, partly by land, to Triphylia,
where Macistus, Lepreum, Phrixa, Nudium, Pyrgi and
Aepeum are mentioned as towns belonging to the

 

MAPS. 17

Minyans, and partly in conjunction with Achaeans and
some Dorians, under the leadership of the Aegide Theras,
to the island then called Calliste, but subsequently Thera.
Other Minyans went to Melos and to Crete.

The same period saw the establishment of the Aeolian
colonies on the continent of Asia Minor and theadjacent
islands, by Thessalian and Peloponnesian Achaeans,
Boeotians and Locrians. These were made by several
expeditions, Boeotian Aulis and the coast of Locris being
mentioned as the points from which they started. The

. necessary remarks regarding these, as well as the Ionian

and Dorian colonies, have already been made under
Map 9.

C.
Plain of Troy.

The drawing of the Plain of Troy is borrowed from
the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of,L0nd0n,
vol. xii. (1842). The map there given bears the title of
a Topographical Surrey of the Plain of Troy, by Captain
Graces, T. A. B. Spratt, Esq, and other afieers of the
Royal Navy, with the ancient sites determined on the spot,
by Dr. P. W Forchhayninier. Drawn by John Arrow-
sniith. It is accompanied by a treatise by Forchhammer,
On the Topography of T roy. Among the recent works
which treat of the question about the site of ancient
Ilion, we have made use of the following: H. W. Akland,
The Plains of Troy, illustrated by a Panoramic Drawing
taken: on spot, and a Map constructed after the latest Surrey,
Oxford, 1839. ,

Mauduit, Déeoaeertes dans la Troade. Dissertation
sar les monuments de la plaine de Troie et la position de
cette ville, Paris et Londres, 1840.

G. von Eckenbrecher, Ueber die Lage des homerisehen
I lion in the Rhein. JlInsemn fiir Philologie. Neae Folge,
vol. ii., p. 1—49, 1842. ‘

H. N. Ulrichs, Ueber die Lage Trojas in the Rhein.
Mas, vol. iii., p. 573—608. 1845.

Welcker, Ueber (lie Lage des homerisehen I lion in the
Kleine Schriften, vol. i., p. 1—76, 1845. (This treatise,
the most important of all, contains a good survey of the
early literature referring to this question).

Welcker, Alte Anetoren irn Bezug aaf die Lage Ilions
in the Rhein. Mrs, vol. xii. et xiii. 1857, 1858.

We have been unable to make use of: J. G. von Hahn,
Die Aasgrab-ungen an)“ der homerisehen Pergamos in za‘ei
Sendsehreiben an George Finlay, wit 4 lithographirten
Tafeln. Leipzig, 1865. (The author agrees with Welcker
in all main points), and Nicolaides, Topographic de l’Iliade,
Paris, 1867.

According to the most widely spread opinion of the
ancients, the Homeric Ilion stood upon the same spot
where stood the Ilion of historic times, which, Strabo
says, was founded in the days of Croesus, and which
appears to have stood, down to the fourth century after
Christ, where are the ruins of what is now called His-
sarlih. The recent excavations of Dr. Schliemann have
most unquestionably proved that in remote times a town
existed on this site of the historic Troy.

The site proposed by Demetrius of Scepsis, and adopted
by Strabo, was a place called the village of the Ilienses
(i7 ’IALe’wv Kcénn) with no ancient ruins whatever, near
Ahshi K eni. “It can scarcely be doubted,” says Leake
(Asia Minor, p. 280), “that a person totally unacquainted
with the Iliad, but accustomed to observe the positions of
ancient towns, would fix on Banarbashi for the site of the
chief city of the surrounding country.” The first who
assigned this spot as the site of ancient Ilium was Che-
valier (1785). He was succeeded by Sibthrop and John
Hawkins (1794), Morrit (1795), W. Gell and E. Dod-
well (1801). There then appeared as opponents to this
view, E. D. Clarke (1812), Rennell (1814), C. MacLaren
(1822), and Barker Webb (1822). Thereupon it was
again defended by W. M. Leake (first in his Researches
in Greece, 1814, and then’more fully in his Asia Minor,
1824), Hamilton and Forster (1818), Joseph von Ham-
mer, von Prokesch, H. W. Acland, Mauduit, Spratt and
Forchhammer, Welcker, von Hahn, and N icolaides.
These views, and especially the explanations given by
IVelcker, form the basis of our map, which was drawn
long before Schliemann made any excavations. But the
extensive remains found by Schliemann at Hissarlih now
incline us to think that the latter was the site of the
Trojan Ilium. We have given in a separate map (No. 43)
a plan of the ruins discovered by Schliemann at His-
sarlih.

We observe here that to the north of the village of
Banarbashi and to the east of the wells mentioned there
is an isolated hill, only 15 feet high and of small cir-
cumference, which is now called Garlih, and which von
Hahn, 1.1., p. 33, believes to be the hill which Homer
(Il. ii. 813) calls Barieia. The insignificant ruins near
Banarbashi are the remains of a citadel which can have
belonged only to a small town. The place seems still
to have been inhabited at the time of Demetrius Scepsis,
for all the coins found there, according to the opinion of
Baron von Prokesch, belong to the second and third cen-
tury B.C. (aid. Hahn, 1.1., p. 34).

The former coast line formed a deep bay between
Sigeum and Rhoeteum, as, according to Spratt, may be
inferred from the present .condition of the coast. It is
drawn in our map according to the distance, mentioned
by Pliny and Strabo, from Demetrius, between the town
of Ilium and the portus Achaeorum. According to this
the length of coast from Sigeum to Rhoeteum and Aean-
tium would have amounted to about 60 stadia ; whereas
the distance between the two extreme points in a direct
line amounts only to 30 stadia. The latter measurement
is given by Pliny, v., § 125 : “ Aeantium xxx. stadiorum
intervallo a Sigeo ;” the former must be restored in
Strabo, xiii., p. 595, by assuming a gap in our present
text : é’on 8% TE) “fixes 7739 napaAias rav’rns 31.776 701'}
<Pourei’ov néxpi Eiyeiov . . . ebdvuhoobprwv [MED 'rpLo'LKovra,
Karaxohmfdvrwu 6E] ééfixom’a orabicov.

The channel which now conducts the water of the
Bunarbashi— C'hai into the Beshihabay, according to
Ulrichs, 1.1., p. 575, is a work of the Turks, and cannot

F

18 SOURCES AND AUTHORITIES FOR THE MAPS.

[MAPS 21, 22, 23, 24.

 

therefore, as Forchhammer thinks, be the Scamander
amnts nam’gabilis, which Pliny mentions to the south of
Sigeion. It is probable that the mouth of the channel
of the Scamander was situated 10 stadia south of Sigeion,
where, according to Spratt, there exists an artificial and
very ancient cutting.

 

 

MAPS 21, 22 & 23.

GREECE
AT THE TIME OF THE PERSIAN WARS,
THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR,
AND OF THE AGHZEAN AND ACTOLIAN
LEAGUES.

 

IN regard to these maps, which show the political
state of Greece at certain epochs of well-attested history,
it is sufficient to refer the student to recent historical
works. We shall confine ourselves to a few remarks.

Elimeia, Orestis and Lyncestis had chiefs of their own
at the time of the Persian wars, (and continued to be
so governed during the Peloponnesian war. It is un-
certain whether at that time, as afterwards under Per-
diccas (Thuc. ii. 99), they recognised the supremacy of
the Macedonian kings. It was not till after the PerSian
wars that the Orestonaeans and the Bisaltes came to
Macedonia, which at the time of the Peloponnesian war
extended as far as the lower Strymon—The Paeonian
tribes of the Paeoplae and Siropaeones were transported
to Persia by Megabyzus (Herodot. v. 15); their names
are therefore given in parentheses in Map 22.——In
Hellespontian Phrygia (Map 21, Kb) the coast town
at Dascylium (now Jaskili) has, by .8“ mistake, been
placed inland to the south of its position on the coast.
This coast town must be distinguished from the Dascy-
lium, which is said to have, stood on lake Dascylitis;
and this lake can in no case have been situated near the
above-mentioned coast town.—The position of the town
of Hephaestia in the island of Lemnos, in Map 21, must
be corrected from Map 27.

The list of the towns tributary to the Athenians from
the fragmentary tables found in Athens, is based upon
the excellent work of Boeckh, the Staatshaushaltung der
Athener, tom. ii. Since then some new fragments of
those tables have been found, by means of which a few
names have been added to the list of towns (V. Manate-
berichte der Berliner Ahad. 1865, p. 209—219, and
ibid., 1871, p. 217——219).—-—The Agraei, in Map 22
(E f), ought to have been separated from ' the other
Aetolians by a boundary line; for at the time of the
Peloponnesian war they had a king of their own.

The map of Greece, at the time of the Achaean
League (Map 23) represents the period in which the
KMoaemKos tongues commenced. Up to that time the
extension of the league had continued to increase without
any relapse; thereupon the largest portion of the acquired
territory was again lost, but was afterwardsgradually
reconquered, and by the addition of other territories was
increased to such an extent that in the year 191
the league included the whole of Peloponnesus and
Meg-ara. It is difficult to ascertain the exact chronology
of these gradual extensions. The statements referring
to this point, which are added to the map, are borrowed
from the works of Merleker, Achaicorum libri tres (1844),
and Droysen, Geschichte des Hellenismus, vol. ii. (1843).

 

 

MAP 24.
NORTHERN GREECE.

 

WE do not as yet possess any trustworthy maps of the
countries belonging to Turkey. The best one which we
could make use of as a foundation was that of H. Kiepert,
Generalharte o’er Europaischen Tilrlrei nach allen ror-
hana’enen Original/tartar, uncl itinerarischen Hillfsmitteln
(1:1000,000. 4 Blatter, Berlin, 1853). Since then
Kiepert has published another and improved edition of
this map, having made use of the latest investigations
(Berlin, 1871), and edited those portions referring to
Thessaly and Epirus on a specially large scale (1:500,000,
2 Bl'atter, 1871). One of the most important corrections
of the latest map in regard to ancient geography is the
now firmly established position of the ruins of the ancient
town of Stobi, discovered by L. Heuzey (Mission archeo-
logique ole Macédoine, fouilles et recherches dans cette
' contre’e ct clans les parties atljacentes cle la Thrace, cle la
Thessalie, de l’Illg/rie et de l’Epire), a work not yet com-
pletely finished, and by J. G. von Hahn (Reise durch
die Gebiete des Drin untl Wardar, Wien, 1867). These
ruins do not exist at the spot where they were hypotheti-
cally placed in the earlier map of Turkey, but much further
north, 22° 1’ long, Greenw. 41° 33’ lat., at the confluence
of the Axius and Erigon. This correction, which we were
first able to introduce in Map 14, essentially modifies
the construction of the roads leading from Thessalonica
and Heraclea Lyncestis to Stobi, although they still

 

remain hypothetical, as the distances given in the Tabula
Peutingeriana cannot in all cases be correct. The towns
given on the road from Thessalonica to Stobi would,
according to the latest map, have to be distributed
somewhat in the following manner :—

Thessalonica—-
Gallicum xvi. m. p. Scheich-C’han, on the
river Gallico.

Tauriana xvii. ,, Kalabah castel .9

Idomene xx. (read xxx. ?) Jeuyit-hissar, on the
Wardar ?
Axiu Stenae xii. ,, Demir-hapu (the iron

gate), 41° 25’ lat.,
22° 17’ long.
Antigonia xi. ,, Negotin ?
Stobi xii. (read vii. ?) ruins.

The only sure identification seems to be that of Axiu
Stenae with the modern Demir-hapu.

The roads from Heraclea and Lychnidus to Stobi may
probably be arranged in the following manner :—

Heraclea, Bitolia.

Ceramic xi. in. p. ; read xxi. ?

Euristo xxiv. on the lower Erigcn (Karasu).

Stobi xii.

Lychnido—

Euristo xvi. ; read xxi. ; in the district of the
sources of the upper Erigon, on the modern
T cherna fl.

‘ (one or two stations are lost).

Suppl. : [Euristo] on the lower Erigon (Karasu), at least
50 m. p. distant from the station on the
upper Erigon.

Stobi 12.

The name Euristo (Ez’ipwraiv) is probably derived from
the Greek ’Epiycév, as the letters or and F are very fre-
quently confounded.

In regard to the valley of the Strymon we must
observe, where our map (Ka) gives a river flowing from
the west into the Strymon to the south-west of Demir-
hissar, the new map of Turkey gives a small lake, which
has only recently become known through surveys made
by Russian officers. This lake, on the shores of which
stands the village of Bukovo, Kiepert, in his new map of
Hellas, regards as the lake Prasias of Herodotus: he places
Heraclea Sintica on its shores and calls the mountains
(Belesh Planina) situated to the north of the lake the
Oercine mons, whereas, like all other geographers, he
places the Cercinitis lake on the lower Strymon. We
cannot look upon these hypotheses as probable. The
Cercine mountains are doubtless that chain which extends
to the west of the Strymon and lake Cercinitis, and the
modern name Kurscha Balkan, which Kiepert’s latest
map of Turkey has, might very well have some connection
with the ancient name of Oercine. Whether lake Prasias,
the inhabitants of the shores of which fetched their wood
from the Orbelus (Herodot., v., 15 ft), is identical with
lake Cercinitis (Tachyno lac.) of the lower Strymon, as
we have assumed, with Leake, is certainly doubtful.
Several scholars have inferred from Herodotus, v. 17,
that lake Prasias must be looked for to the west of the
Strymon, and hence that it is identical with the Bolbe
lacus (Beshih lac). In doing this it has certainly to be
supposed that Herodotus extended the name of Orbelus
to the mountains lying to the west of the Strymon. If
this be admitted, and it may be excused, considering the
much greater error of Strabo, who in lib. vii, fr. 36,
himself speaks of the Rhopope mons as running north-
westwards from the lower Strymon, we should like to urge
the following in regard to the position of lake Prasias.
The wooden town, which, according to Herodotus, was built
into this lake, and which Athenaeus, p. 345, E, probably
called by the native name of Mo’ccrvuos (i. e. évmm‘y), is,
as we conjecture, the EvAévroALs which Ptolemy (iii. 12,
p. 225, ed. VVilberg) describes as 15 minutes to the
south of the Bertiscus mons (Beshih Dagh), and which
accordingly must be looked for either on lake Bolbe or
on lake Manrdvo directly south of the Bertiscus. If the
latter be the case, then we obtain for the modern M arrow
the ancient name of Prasias, and are not obliged to give
this name to a lake known by another name. The
directest road from Thrace to Macedonia runs along this
lake: é'an 5% ex rfis IIpaaLo'Ldos Mayne mivropos éS‘ Tiyv
Maxeoovtnv, says Herodotus (v. 17), a statement which
would not apply to a lake lying on the upper Strymon.
It also seems to us untenable to place, as Kiepert does,
Heraclea Sintica on this lake of Bukovo. The two roads
leading from Philippi to Heraclea measure a length of
from 52 to 54 m. p. in the Tab. Peuting; according to
the way in which Kiepert has traced the roads the one
would measure 70, the other 65 m. p., whereas according
to the position which Leake, and we in our map have
assumed for Heraclea (near the modern Zervochori) it
corresponds to the distances specified in the Tab. Peutin g.
However, we believe that the three stations mentioned
in the Tabula between Drabescus and Heraclea ought to
be given in an inverted order.

Instead of Drabescus read : Drabescus (Drama)

,, Strymon viii. ,, Scotussa xviii.

,, Sarxa xiii. ,, Sarxa ; leg. Sarra xiii.
(Seres).

,, Scotussa xviii. ,, Strymon viii. Struma riv.

,, Heraclea iv. ,, Heraclea iv. (Zercochori).

The Strymon, which, according to the Tab., would
have to be a tributary of the Angites, is no other than
the large river known by this name. In like manner
Sarxa is no unknown place, but the most important town
in this whole district, which upon our road is 8 In.

. from Strymon, and which the ancients not merely called

Siris, Sirae, Sirrae and Serrae, but in later times also
Sarrae or Sarra, as is clear from the passages quoted
by Th. Tafel De via Egnatia comment. ii. p. 37, note.
Scotussa, according to this distance, would have to
be placed south of Sagush on the Mcniki mountains of
Kiepert’s map. It is true, Strabo (lib. vii., fr. 36)
places Scotussa on the Strymon; however, not much

 

importance can be set upon this, as there are many
inaccuracies in his geography of Macedonia. Pliny, iv.
§ 42, also favours a more eastern position, for he mentions
Scotussa beside Philippi.

The river Zygactes, mentioned by Appian (13.0. iv.
105), in the neighbourhood of Philippi, is probably not
the modern Munitza, as is assumed in our map, but an
unimportant rivulet to the south of Philippi, which flows
from the west and falls into the Angites, and upon which,
in Kiepert’s latest map of Turkey, stands a village with
almost the same name, Zygacte, 5 m. p. N.W. of N ea-
polis (V. Perrot, Daton, Neapolis et la plaine ale Philzjopes
in the Revue Archae’ol. 1860).

On the west coast of Ohalcidice, where stood the coast-
towns enumerated by Herodotus between Potidaea and
Aenea, the situation of Smila is determined by the
situation of the cape called Smila in the English mari-
time charts. The form Aesa, instead of the Lisae of
Herodotus, is taken from the list of tributes.

In Macedonia (H b), Kiepert places a Oitarius M.
(which is identified with the modern Turlo M.) to the
north of Bermius M.; this he does in accordance with
the editions of Ptolemy (iii. 12, p. 222, ed. Wilberg), the
inaccuracies of which, however, are perceptible even from
the fact that, according to them, Mount Bermius would
be situated in Thessaly, whereas the succession of names
in Ptolemy surely demands that it must lie to the north
of Oitarius. Hence the statements in regard to lati-
tude in our editions must be corrected by means of the
Codex Vaticanus in such a manner that the Citarius comes
to stand on the borders of Thessaly, and is not different
from the Ttrdpiov spas (connected with Mount Olympus)
of Strabo, vii. Frag. 14, ix. p. 441, where in several
MSS. the form Kirapiov also exists.

The river Astraeus, which, according to Aelian, E 11.,
xv. 1, flows between Beroea and Thessalonica (Bepotas
re Kal @eoo‘ahom’KnS‘ [JG/0'03 fist), and whose course we have
not defined, is in Kiepert’s map the river which flows
north of Beroea, and falls into the Axius; we consider
this to be very probable, as N onnus (xii. 214, vi. 102)
mentions the Astraea as a nurse of the Syrian Beroea.

The positions of Alorus, Scydra, Mieza and Ichnae,
as well as the drawing of the lower course of the
Axius, are given according to Delacoulanehe, Mémoire
sur le berceau de la puissauce Macédoniennc dcs bards dc
l’IIaliacmon a ceux ale l’Aaius, in the Revue des Sociétés
savantes, tom. iv. et v. (Paris, 1858). We have further
to enter the town of Aeane, which is mentioned only by
Stephanus Byz., and the site of which has been dis-
covered by Heuzey (La Ville d’Eane et son Sanctuaire (le
Pluton, in the Revue Archeol, 1863, Juillet, p. 18—28).
It stands a little to the west of the town Kalliani, 160
stadia from Pliylace, 60 stadia direct south of the town
of Kochani in our map (G c), and not far from the right
bank of the Haliacmon.

We further remark that 6 Bapvofis of Strabo, vii. p. 322,
and To Be’pvou 6’pos of Diodorus, and Bora mons in Livy,
xlv. 29 (where he gives a translation of the same passage
in Polybius which Diodorus likewise translates), are only
variations of the same name, and not designations of dif-
ferent mountains. This chain of mountains, as is evident
from the passages quoted, ran along the south of the via
Egnatia, and at the time of the Romans, separated the
third regio Macedoniae from the fourth, which, was
inhabited by the Eordaeans, the Lyncestians and the
Pelagonians.

In Pieria, the positions of Callipeuce, Libethra,
Pimplea, Phila, of the rivers Sys, Enipeus, Leucas,
Mitys, and of the mountain Olorus, are entered, accord-
ing to the investigations of Heuzey, 1.1. The state—
ments in regard to the distances of Sabazium, Hatera
and Anamum are based upon the itineraries; those of
Agassa, Aeginium and Valla, and of the river Ascordns,
are hypothetical; but in any case there at one time did
exist ancient towns on the spots which we have marked
with the names of Valla and Agassa.

Epirus.—-The town of Oassope (P), or Cassiope, marked
on the coast of Epirus, opposite the town of the same
name on the island of Corcyra, is mentioned only by
Ptolemy, who, as Leake justly thinks, has erred. The
passage in Strabo, where this Epirot Oassope likewise
appears to be mentioned, is corrupt, and can easily be
corrected (v. note ad Strabon. p. 269, 30 ed. Didot).

Further south the position given to the coast town of
Toryne is uncertain, but it cannot be far from the right
one.

The port-town of Ohimerium has been identified with
the modern Agios Joanni, by Henry Scene (Remark-
able localities on the coast of Epirus, in the Journal of the
R. G. Society, vol. xviii., p. 139), who there discovered the
spring of fresh water mentioned by Pausanias (viii. 7, § 2).
Leake had placed Buchetium there, of which town we
only know that it was not very far from Oichyrus and
the sea, and which in our map occupies the site which
Otfried Muller has hypothetically assigned to it. The
Diem); Mafia Strabo places at the mouth of the Acheron,
Where Scylax mentions the port-town of Elaea. How-
ever, the conjecture formed by Bursian (Geogr. con
Griechenland, i. p. 29) is a very probable one, namely,
that Strabo made a mistake, and that the I‘Avm‘is Mini); is
not different from the port of Ohimerium. The name of
the river Oropus for the modern Luro is inferred from
an inscription (Qpcémp not-ape)“ Kaflte’pwcrav ei’ixapwvofiv-res),
on an aqueduct where the two main branches of the
river unite. (Vid. Leake in the Transactions of the Roy.
Soc. of Literature, second series, vol. ii., p. 236, and
E. Curtius, Ueber die Quell- uncl Br-unnen-inschriften in
the Abhandlungen cl. Gesell. d. Wissenschaften in Got-
tingen, vol. viii.). The town of Oropus, which Stephanus

~Byz. mentions as in the neighbourhood of N icopolis, has

been referred to the ruins near the village of Hag.
Georgios to the east of the river Luro.

The interior of Epirus is not by any means destitute of
ruins, but on account of the want of inscriptions and
other sources, we can but rarely determine with any
certainty the names of the ancient towns which have
there been discovered. Our map in most cases follows
Leake’s hypotheses, for which Kiepert in many instances

 

MA]? 24.]

SOURCES AND AUTHORITIES FOR THE MAPS. 19

 

has substituted others, which his commentary, however,
does not further explain.

In the country of the Oassopaeans we, with Leake and
others, have referred the ruins (the most important ones
in all Epirus) near the monastery of Zalonga, and the
village of Kamarina, to Cassope. It is a very likely
conjecture of Bursian’s (1.1.) that this town, which is first
mentioned by Diodorus (xix. 88 ad an. 312 13.0.), was
first made the chief city of the Oassopaeans by the
Molossian princes; yet we should not, on this account,
like to assume with the same scholar, that the ancient
ruins near Zalonga belong to the town of Pandosia

(which cannot, unless arbitrarily, be removed far from the.

Acheron) or Elateia, and that Oassope has to be identi-
fied with the modern Bogus (Charadra in our map), 0n
the river Lara. If these ruins actually reveal the exis-
tence of a town, which stood there as early as the fourth
century 13.0., it may be presumed that one of the four
earlier Kassopaean towns, Batiae or Elateia, stood here,
which was enlarged by Synoecismus, and made the
metropolis of the whole country under the name of
Cassope, together with which name, perhaps, the former
name continued, for Strabo, indeed, knows of Elatea and
Batiae, but curiously enough speaks of no Cassope. (In
Kiepert’s latest atlas of Hellas, the town of Cassope is
not mentioned at all, and no ancient town is identified
with the ruins of Zalonga.)

Ephyra and Pandosia, in our map, are given accord-
ing to Leake; to the north of them are the ruins of
Paramyt/n'a, which may possibly belong to the town of
Eurymenae, mentioned by Diodorus (xix. 88). Leake,
and Kiepert with him, claim them for the town of
Euroea, because Paramythia is also called Az‘ donat-
lralessz' after Saint Donatus (dyios Ao’uaros) ; for Donatus
was Bishop of Euroea. We, on the other hand, have
identified Euroea with the ruins near Gardikki (the
ancient Passaron? in Kiepert’s map), not far from the
north-western extremity of the lake of Janina. For,
according to Procopius (de Aedif. iv. 1, p. 269, ed. Bonn),
Euroea stood not far from a lake with an island; and
the only lake of this description in Epirus is that of
Janina. In accordance with this, Euroea is men-
tioned by Hierocles, p. 651, as being situated between
Dodona and Adrianopolis on the Dryno. It is fur-
ther evident from Procopius, 1.1., that this town was
not far from Photice; tradition, however, claims this
ancient name for the inhabitants of modern Vela, which
lies to the north-west of lake Janina. N ow, finally, it
is also evident from Procopius (1. 1.; iv. p. 279, 24 ed. B.)
that Saint Donatus had some places also in this district
dedicated to him; for it is there written that Justinian
repaired two castles of Saint Donatus from the materials of
J ustinianopolis (previously called Adrianopolis) and from
Photice. Issoria was a dependency of Euroea (Sozomenus,
vii. 26). We have identified this place with the ruins
near Velz‘z'z'sta. The subterraneous outlet of lake Janina,
which there bursts forth from the depths, is perhaps the
mighty spring, the formation of which tradition describes
as one of the miraculous works of Bishop Donatus.

Dodona is given in our map in accordance with Leake’s
determination, which, if not certain, appears, nevertheless,
to be the most acceptable. Kiepert assigns the same
position to the Thesprotian (St. Byz.), or Molossian (Liv.)
town of Tecmon, about the site of which we know nothing.
Dodona he places to the south-west of it, in a district
full of small lakes, where, near the village of Bartel,
ruins exist (to the east beside the Palaeo-kastron, to
which we, in our map, have added the name of Passaron) ;
he identifies Mount Tomaros, or Tmaros, with 11f. Olytsz'ka,
which lies above it to the south. We do not find any
decisive reasons stated for these suppositions. The
small lakes marked in Kiepert’s large map of Epirus
might as well be identified with the plain of Dodona, if
the sanctuary was situated where Leake looks for it.
The chief argument adduced by Kiepert for the more
southern position of Dodona is the following :-—To this
place alone, he says, can the statement of Hecataeus be
applied: Mvooodiv npos Meonpfiptns‘ oZKe’ovm. Awhcpvaior,
and that in earlier times it belonged to Thesprotia; as
Molottis in its earlier and narrower extent, before it
reached to the gulf of Ambracia, must at least have
included the whole connected table-land in the centre. of
the country, inasmuch as it was upon this foundation
alone, and not in the narrow valleys of the highlands,
that a conquering power could have been formed, which
rose to the supremacy over Epirus. Our reply to thls 1s,
that .we do not- know of any such development of power
on the part of the Molossians before the time of Phllip,
and that Scylax is the first who admits that their territory
extended southwards as far as the Ambracian Gulf.
How can it be inferred from this that the Molossians, as
early as 150 years previously, in the days of Hecataeus,
held possession of the district in whlch, according to
Leake, Dodona was situated ?——Whether, with Leake,
we have to refer the Tomaros, or Tmaros, near Dodona,
to the high mountain chain of the Mifshz'kelz', whichIruns
along the eastern shore of the lake, or to the hill joming
it on the south, because now, according to the French
map of Greece, the Tonapoxwpia are found here, is a
question we do not venture to decide. .Moreover, T omaro
is even now the name of a mountain, of 1660 metres
high, in Illyria, to the north of the river Apsus (D b),
which name likewise certainly dates from anthuity.——
The Triphylia Melotidos, mentioned by L1vy, xxxu. 13,
where existed a town called Pyrrhi castra, we have
placed in northern Molossis, on the suppos1tion thatvthe
suspicious word Melotidos is a corruption of Mvorneos.
This can probably not be doubted, espemally as Burs1an,
l. 1., i. p. 25, observes that the codex Bambergens1s
has Molotidos. The positions of the towns of Heca-
tompedon, Omphaliumand Elaefis, 1n northern Eplrus,
mentioned only by Ptolemy, cannot be definitely deter-
mined. How little we can depend upon the pos1tions
of the Ptolemaic map is evident, for instance, from
the fact that Hecatompedon (which we have hazarded
to place on the Axius) is marked not far from the
northern borders of Epirus, being nothing else than
the sanctuary of Dodona; for the excellent Codex

 

Vaticanus, instead of simply giving ‘EKa-ro’mreoov, gives
the more complete form of ‘Exardnneoov Awewva‘c’wv.
Dodona, therefore, not only had its hundred springs
(Theopompx ap. Plin. iv. § 2; Callimachus, ap. schol.
Hom. ll. 11. 254), but a hundred-footed temple, like
Athens, Thebes and Syracuse.

Besides having made use of Leake’s most important
works for our map of Thessaly, we have had before us
Alfred Meziers’ Me’moire 8W [6 Pélz‘on et l’Ossa (Paris,
1853), and Heuzey’s Le mont Olympe et Z’Acarnanz‘e
(Paris, 1860).

The division of Thessaly into tetrarchies is given
according to the map of Otfried Muller. Our boundaries
are only to be modified in so far that Gyrton still belongs
to Pelasgiotis, and Metropolis, according to Ptolemy’s
statement, is allotted to Hestiaeotis. Although Strabo,
1x. p. 436, says that Thessaliotis extends as far as the
borders of the Athamanians, yet he seems (p. 437)
likewise to have assigned Metropolis to Hestiaeotis.
Ptolemy’s isolated statement, according to which Pelas—
giotis extended to the borders of Macedonia, forms the
basis of Kiepert’s map; but we have left it out of
consideration.

Pitt/lion's—Cape Zelasz'am, which Livy, xli. 47, speaks
of as at the entrance of the gulf of Pagasae, and which
Kiepert places on the coast of Magnesia, was more likely
situated near the opposite town of HreAéa, as Leake
supposes. We have, therefore, corrected Pteleasz'am, as
the adjective formed from Hrekéa is nreAedmov, accord-
ing to Steph. Byz.

Thessaliotis—~1n Thessaliotis the only certain positions
are those of Pharsalus, Piresiae, Cierium and Metropolis;
all the others are more or less conjectural. In regard to
the distribution of the names of the rivers Enipeus,
Apidanus, Cuarius (Curalius), Pamisus, Phoenix, On-
chestus, Onochonus, Lethaeus, Asopus and Melas,
which are likewise uncertain, we have followed Leake.

In Pelasgiotis the town of Metropolis, which is placed
to the north-west of Larissa, is a not quite certain dis-
covery of Leake’s, who, in a place'ealled Kastrz’, found
the following fragment of an inscription: oi veam’oxoc
Herpafov (IDLAofevt’cov Mnrponom’rnv yvuvamapxfioavra.
He concludes from this “that Kastré is the position of
Metropolis, since it is not very likely that the gym-
nasiarch should have been an alien” (N. Gr. iii. p. 371').
What he adduces in support of his opinion, besides this
one probability, does not appear to be tenable. It is
true that the editions of Stephanus Byz. mention among
the ten towns that were called Metropolis, Murpo’nokxw
@waam’ay as No. 4, and 7139 é’ww Owcram’as‘ as No. 10;
but the last words do not exist in the best codex
Rhedigeranus, which Leake did not know of; they were
originally, doubtless, a marginal note to No. 4. The
well-known Metropolis was situated in the south-east
of Thessaly, on the slopes of Mount Pindus; and this
part of Thessaly might have been called 1‘7 duo Oeoaam’a,
in the same way as the eastern and mountainous portion
of Macedonia is called 7‘7 c’tvw Maxeoovfa. Leake believes
further, that the Metropolis discovered by him is men-
tioned in Livy, xxxvi. 10, where it is written: Inde
Cypaeram et Metropolin et iis circumjecta castella recepit.
However, as Cypaera, according to Livy, xxxvi. l3,
and Ptolemy, iii. 13, 45, was situated in south-eastern
Thessaly, not far from the borders of Dolopia, the name
Metropolis probably stands for the well-known town in
the same district.

Magnesia—The town of Pelia, marked on the west
coast of Magnesia, is called in Strabo’s text N 6127a (NfiAaa).
We have altered this name, because the river Orausindon,
which. falls into the sea near this town, according to
Dicaearchus, flows mpa To IInAEL’as‘ ,r’iAcros, and, more-
over, because Stephanus Byz. smaks of Hindu as the
name of a town in Thessaly. On the east coast, ac-
cording to Meziers, the town of Castanaea corresponds
with the Palaecastron near Karamz'dhi, the site of which
Meziers does not accurately define; as we now perceive
from more recent maps, it is not situated where we
have placed it, but 70 stadia to the north of Cape Poms.

Hestiacotis.—Condy_lon, or Gonnocondylon, which
Leake and others place north of Gonnos, we have marked
opposite to Gonnos, on the right bank of the Peneus,
and at the entrance of the vale of Tempe. That this is
the sense in which Livy’s words, Caizdylon est, ad Gon-
nam, are to be understood is evident, if another passage
in Livy (xxxix. 25)—-Gonnocondylon qnod Phih’ppas
Olympiadem appellaverat,——be compared with the Tabula
Peutingeriana, which has hitherto remained unnoticed,
and which mentions the station Olympium, 15 m. p. from
Larissa, on the road through the vale of Tempe.

In the north of Perrhaebia, Heuzey points out the
village of 86103 as the site of Pythium. As regards the
other two towns of the tripolis, Azorus and Doliche, one
of them, doubtless, was the Palaeocastron of Vanala. We,
with Leake and Bursian, have taken this to be Azorus,
because this town Ptolemy describes as the most western
one of the tripolis. Leake refers Doliche to the modern
Dakh’sta, which is only a few stadia from Pythium. This
is done evidently only on account of the similarity of the
names; for, according to Heuzey, there is no trace of an
ancient town having existed there. Heuzey himself,
and Bursian with him, identify Doliche with the ruins
which, under the name of Kaszfré, lie to the north of
Vaeala. However, the town cannot have stood there.
If Vavala is Azorus, Doliche must have been situated
to the east of it, and been one of the two Palaeo-
castra which lie on the eastern boundary of the plain of
Tripolis, so that between Azorus and Doliche is that
district where the three roads divide which lead from
Thessaly to Macedonia, through the Volustana pass of
the Cambunian mountains, by Pythium and along lake
Ascuris. This position is requisite for the account given
by Livy, xliv. 2. When the Romans, durmg the war
against Perseus, wished to proceed from Thessaly into
Macedonia, and were uncertain which of the three roads
they should take, they deferred their decision until they
arrived in the district where the three roads branched off.
The decision came to be in favour of the road running
along lake Ascuris, when they were as yet standing

 

between Azorus and Doliche, and here they again met
for final deliberations.

Pelinna, or Pelinnaeum, as Strabo (ix. p. 437) ex-
pressly says, was situated north of the Peneus. Kiepert
places it on the south side of the river where our map
gives Limnaea ; this town, on the other hand, occupies
the site of our Pelinna on the north side. He refers his
readers, in regard to these alterations, to a, work of
Ussing, Ifi'iz‘ische Bidrag {cl Grakenlana’s yam/e Geo-
graphic, Kjobenhaven, 1868, which we have been unable
to procure.

In Acarnania and Amphilochia our map agrees with
Leake’s statements regarding the following positions:

Stratus (Sarcaiglz').

Oeniadae veteres (Palacovmn').

Oeniadae novae (T ricara’ocastro).

Coronte (R. near Clarysou'zfza). '

Phytiae (R. near Garth).

Medeon (R. near Catana).

Alyzia (R. near Kandile).

Herculis portus (the small bay of Var/ms).

Myrtuntius lacus (lake of Var/cumia).

Anactorium (ruins near cape Pantry/Zia, or Madonna).

Actium (fort de la Panta).

Echinus (ruins on the small island of Raga).

Limnaea (Ifaraeassoras).

Crenae (Palaeoanh').

Argos Amphilochicum (Kaennrz'o and Limba).

Inachus fi. (Poz‘olro).

Idomene minor (Palaeo/cnh'a).

Idomene major (Liapo/c/zorz'a).

The more recent investigations of Heuzey (Le mont
Olympe eé l’Acarnanie, Paris, 18150) are our authority
for the positions of :

Rhynchos, ruins of Pelegm'm‘tza.

Metropolis (ruins near Rz'zani on the Achelous).
Leake, who had not seen these ruins, identifies the less
important ruins of Ly/rom'z‘zi, lying to the north-west of
them, with the ancient Metropolis. Bursian, l. 1., p. 109,
also still maintains the same opinion.

Astacus, ruins near Dragomestz'.

Sollium, ruins on a height near Ping/1m.

Palaeros, Palaeocastron Ifek/zropalo.

Heraclea, ruins to the east of Vonz'tza.

Thyamus mons, Kutapas.

Olpae, Palaeokastron Hellenz'kokulzalz'.

Aetolia.——The chief town of Aetolia, Thermum, is
identified by Leake with the ruins near Vlac/zo, or
Vlocho, to the north of lake Trichonis, as these must at
one time have belonged to an important town. This
opinion cannot, however, be reconciled with the narra-
tive in Polybius v. 7, and Leake finds himself obliged to
declare it to be erroneous. We have strictly followed
Polybius, according to whom Philip, on his march from
the Ambracian gulf to Thermum, crosses the Achelous,
leaves Stratus, Agrinium and Thestia on his left, Conope,
Lysimachia, Trichonium and Photaeum on his right, and
thus arrives at Metaba, a town lying close to the, lake,
and at the entrance to a defile 30 stadia in length.
Philip passed through this defile by leaving the lake on
his left. At the other end of it stood Pamphia, whence
a difficult, mountainous road, of 30 stadia, led to
Thermum. On arriving here he sent his soldiers to
plunder the plain of the Thermians (To 76w Osppiwv
motor). This account agrees perfectly with the drawing
of the territory in the large French map. The country
bordering upon the south side of the lake is a plain,
except the eastern portion, where, for a distance of 30
stadia, the hills extend down to the water. Thermum
must therefore have been situated in a southern direction
from the end of the defile, on the heights of Aracynthus
(to Which, therefore, the name HavaLTaiMov 6200; must be
referred), as was even assumed by Kruse and Otfried
Muller. And, in fact, Kiepert’s map has ruins marked
in that place. Kiepert himself, and Bursian, 1.1., p. 136,
moreover, place Thermum on the north-eastern side of
the lake, where, above the village of Herpoxaipi, some
unimportant ruins still exist. But according to Kiepert’s
map this town would not be 30, but about 75 stadia
distant from the end of the defile. Besides this, the
march from the defile would have proceeded across the
plain at the east end of the lake (the Oepufwv neoi’ov),

. of which Polybius says nothing in his detailed account.

()Ve may remark, in passing, that, according to a scholion
Vatic. to Polybius: To @épuov £0er 6 Ao’yyos 6 vfiv
KaAozfineuos. The word Ao’yyos, according to Leake,
signifies “ wilderness of woods and marshes”)

As regards the towns on the south side of the lake,
only the succession in which they stood can be deter-
mined, also the site of Conope, which, being 20 stadia
from the Achelous, corresponds with the modern village
of Angelo-Icastron. The site of the village of Conope is
said to have been afterwards occupied by the town of
Arsinoe, as Strabo says. However, as Polybius frequently
mentions both Conope and Arsinoe, it is probable that
it will be safer to assume that the two places occupied
neighbouring positions, rather than that they were abso-
lutely identical. The river Oyathus, which Polybius
mentions in the neighbourhood of Arsinoe, is generallv
referred to the river which connects the lake with the
Achelous. It may just as well be one of the small rivers
which come from the south and fall into the lake. In

fact, this is the more probable, because the river which

runs out of lake Conope is more likely to be the Anapus,
which is 80 stadia from Stratus (Thuc. ii. 82).

The name Hym’a ("Topa in the MSS. of Strabo) lake is
borrowed from Ovid. Met. vii. 371. The more correct
form, we think, is Oz’zpi’a. This name, which we also assign
to the lake on the sea shore of Aetolia, was derived from its
inhabitants, the aquatic birds called ot’ipi’at. This is evident
from N icander (ap. Antonin. Lib. c. 12), according to whom
the lake, which was formerly called Conope, had its name
changed, after Oilpi’n (Ovpi’n codd.) had thrown herself
into it, and had become the bird of the same name. The
name Tpixawis Mum occurs in Polybius, v. 7. It is ques-
tionable whether this name is justly attributed to the two
bays, which now, and probably more so in former times,

. F 2

2O SOURCES AND AUTHORITIES FOR THE MAPS.

[MAPS 25, 26.

 

form but one lake during the rainy season, and are gene-
rally included in the one name of lake Apaharo. . If the
ruins of Lysimachia are to be found nearOt'he Village of
Papjoadates, as Leake, with great probability, believes,
and are consequently in the neighbourhood of the larger
basin, then Strabo, who regards the names of lakes Hyria
and Lysimachia as identical, would have indicated the
same lake which Polybius named Trichonis from another
town. Hence we should only have different names for
one and the same lake.

The numerous ruins to the north of this lake we are
unable to identify with names of ancient towns. . Sauna,
the name of which we have ascribed to the ruins near
Vlacho, is mentioned by Diodor. xix. 67, 4, together With
Stratos and Agrinium. Some other names of towns
belonging to this district, and which were hitherto utterly
unknown (Phistyon, Baoatia, Eitea, Eoita),_have become
known through the discoveries of mscr'iptions (Vid.
Bazin, M e’moire snr l’Etalie in the Archires ales Missions
scientifiqaes, 2e série, tom. i. 1864.) .

In southern Aetolia the name of the mountaln Gyron
(Ftpov o’pas), near Calydon, is taken from Plutarch De
Flue. c. 21. It will be advisable to mark in 1ts place
the mountain Curion (Kotpiov apes), which Strabo men-
tions in the same district, and the name of which, in
Plutarch, appears to have become corrupted 1nto Ftpov.

 

MAP 25.
CENTRAL GREECE.

 

IN Locris the Marne, one of the most important rivers
of Hellas, which empties itself to the east of N au-
pactus, had in earlier maps either a wrong name or no
name at all. Leake considered it to be the Hylaethus
which Dionysius, v. 67 (v. Geogr. Min. i. p. 240), mentions
between Crissa and Toloplion, and which, according to this
author, is said to flow down from Aetolia. However, we
have no reason to suppose any great mistake in Dionysius,
as the sources of the river (the modern name of which is
not specified in the French map, and which empties itself
at the borders of Locris and Phocis) reach up at least as
far as the borders of Aetolia. Hence this river is the
ancient Hylaethus ; the Marno, on the other hand, was
called Daphnus, as we infer from Plutarch, Sept. Sap.
Gone. 0. 19, and as Bursian and Kiepert have likewise
assumed.

As regards the position of Oeneon, Eupalium and
Erythrae, our map differs from the views of Leake,
Bursian, and of Kiepert. According to us, Eupalium
corresponds with the Palaeocastron near Omar-Efencli
(according to Leake, Bursian and Kiepert Oeneon stood
here or near here), and the adjacent town of Erythrae,
which probably served as a port-town, was situated near
cape Kokkino (ie. e’pvflpdv) ; Oeneon, however, is the
P. K. near cape Glisas, opposite the island of Trissonia,
where Leake, Bursian and Kiepert look for Eupalium
and Erythrae. Our arrangement of the relative positions
of these places agrees upon the whole with the maps of
Reichard and of Otfried Muller. That Eupalium and
Erythrae lay close upon the borders of Aetolia, we infer
from Livy, xxviii. 8, and from Thuc. iii. 95; further,
that it lay to the west of Oeneon may be inferred from
Thuc. iii. 102, where Oeneon is mentioned before Eu-
palium during the expedition of Eurylochus. Eupalium
and Naupactus are mentioned together by Strabo, x.
p. 450. The proximity of these two towns is also hinted
at by Eratosthenes (in Certam. Ham. et Hes, p. 42, in
Biograph, ed. Westermann), according to whom the
N aupactian murderers of Hesiod were put to death, e’v
Etna/the) (€11 1377659, codd.) The sanctuary of Zeus ve’neios,
according to Thuc. iii. 96, must have been situated pretty
far to the west of Oeneon. From the various accounts
about the murder of Hesiod, it appears to have been re-
garded by some as belonging to the territory of Oeneon,
by others to that of N aupactus. ,

Leake, Bursian and Kiepert place the Locrian Anti-
cyra, mentioned by Livy, xxvi. 26, opposite the island of
Trissania. However, we cannot determine the site of
this town from Livy’s words: “Sita Anticyra est in
Locride. . . . Breve terra iter e0, brevis navigatio ab
Naupacto est.” It must also be observed that the Tab.
Peuting. mentions an Anticirrha between Euantheia and
Crisa, which must therefore have been situated opposite
the town of Cirrha. If this be correct, then we should
have to read Anticirra in Livy, and the “brevis navi-
gatio ” would amount to half a day’s journey.

The determination in regard to the boundaries of the
Delphic territory has received a new light from an in—
scription recently discovered, published and explained by
C. Wescher. The northern portion of the western
boundary given in our map must accordingly be removed
somewhat further west, so that it forms a straight line
with the southern portion. On this western boundary
are situated Astrabas, N ateia and the spring Crateia;
then follows in the north mount Tarmieion (M. Geroleha
in our map) ; on the east, Epakina, Mount Koion, Mount
Katopureos, or Katopteuterius, Scidareon, Istephon, Hy-
pophafis, and, to the south of the road leading to Daulis,
Akra Meliu (on about the same latitude as Ambrysos)
and Doliche (in the same latitude as Anticyra).

In regard to the demi of Attica, after the well-known
works of Leake and Ross, we may mention the uncritical
work of Henriot, Reeherches sar la topographic cles
Denies do l’Attiqae (1853), and the portion of Bursian’s
Geographic Griechenlancls (vol. i., p. 300 sqq.) which
discusses the subject. Our topographical knowledge
is not essentially enriched by these, and it will ever
remain very defective if a good deal of new material is

 

not presented to us in some unexpected manner. During
the last ten years only two inscriptions of topographical
importance have been discovered, from one of which (in
the Ballerina dell’ Instit. Archaeol, 1864, p. 164) the site of
the Demos Graea is proved to be near the modern town
of Tracehanes, not far from cape Colias; from the other
(first published in the Archaeological Journal of Athens,
1870, and discussed by E. Curtius in the Archaeolog.
Zeitang of Berlin, 1871, p. 2) it follows that Phlya was
situated in the neighbourhOod of Athmonum and Ancyle,
not far from Agryle.

Our plan of Athens is based upon the essay of C.
Wachsmuth, Baitsteine zar Topographic Athens in the
Rheinisehe Museum, J ahrgang xxiii., p. 33 if. and 141 ff.,
1868 ; he himself partly follows his immediate predeces-
sors, among whom above all we must mention Curtius
(Attische Stadien. I. Pnga and Stacltmauer, Géttingen,
1852, II. Der Kerameilras and die Gesehichte o’er A gara
can Athen, 1865, und Erhlarencler Text (ler siehen Karten
zar Topagraphie can Athen, Gotha, 1868), and Bursian
in his Geographic Grieehenlana’s, in Pauly’s Realencgela-
padz’e s. v. Athenae, and (as an opponent of the views set
forth by Curtius in regard to the site of the Pnyx), in
the Literarische Gentralhlatt, 1863, No. 30.—-The plan of
the Acropolis is in the main taken from the work of
Beulé, l’Acropalis d’Athenes, Paris, 1853.

 

 

MAP 26.
PELOPONNESUS.

 

THE foundation of this map is based upon the classic
Work of E. Curtius (Peloponnesus, 2 vols. Gotha, 1851-52),
which has also been made use of in the respective arti-
cles of the Geographical Dictionary. In what follows we
shall not touch upon all, but only upon some of the more
important points in which we differ from Curtius.

As regards the coast of the Sinus Hermionieus, we have
in Pausanias (ii. 34), a periplus from the Scyllaeum pro-
montorium to Hermione. The explanations with which
Leake, and after him Curtius, have attempted to refer
this account to the localities of the district which ex-
tends from the modern cape Segli as far as Hermione,
are so overstrained that they cannot lay claim to any
probability. On the other hand all difficulties vanish
if (as we have already remarked in the Georg. Minor,
vol. ii. p. 484) it be assumed that in this periplus the
Scyllaeum prom. was not, as Pausanias himself believed,
the modern cape Sag/Ii at the east end of the Hermionian
bay, but the modern cape Khelli, or Kelli, on the bay
of Argolis. There is in itself nothing very remarkable
in the existence of a second Scyllaeum prom. (although
it has hitherto not been marked in any map), as there
are also two Bucephalos on the coast of Argolis, and
besides this its existence is as much attested as we
could wish. For Mela, ii. 3, 8, mentions Hermione
also among the towns situated ah Isthmo acl Segllaemn,
and then continues: Inter chllaeani et JlIaleani sinus
Argolicas. Pliny, iv., § 17, does the same: Qai sequitur
(sc. post Laconicum) sinus acl chllaemn Argolicas rocatnr
. . . A iS'cgllaea act [st/imam clareii. 792.19.; oppirla IIer-
mione Troezen, etc. Further, Strabo, p. 316, 24 ed. Paris,
says: 6 “Eu (’Apyohmhs Ka'A'zros) ne’xpi Tail EKUAAaL’ov, . . .
‘0 5% ’Eppuovucos éwdwoirepos Toorov. He afterwards says
that the Hermionicus begins near the small town of
Halia, which stands close to Cape Khelli. The same
author, on p. 416, 22, and on p. 321, 13, calls the Scyllac-
um an ‘Epgiouixoy dxpwrrjpiou. Lastly, Livy, xxxi., 44,
says: Glass-is a Corcgra profecta, .Malea saperata, circa Scyt-
laemn agri IIernzioniei Attalo regi (who was at that time in
Hermione) conjuncta est. All these passages, therefore, can

‘ only refer to a promontory at the extremity of the bay of

Argolis. Scylax and Ptolemy are the only authors who
mention the Troezoenian Seyllaeum (cape Shgli), and of
these two Ptolemy betrays the existence of another Scyl-
laeum by an error, inasmuch as he describes the bay of Ar-
gelis as extending as far as this cape Shgli. N ow if we start
from cape Khelli, then the promontory Bueephala men-
tioned directly after Scyllaeum and the island of Haliussa
correspond in the periplus of Pausanias with the promon-
tory near the town of Halia, and with the adjacent small
island of Shinitza. Then follow the islands of Pityussa and
Aristerae, the former the modern Spetzia or Petsa, the name
of which, according to the opinion of a Greek quoted by
Kiepert (Acomjeov KvpLo'LKov wept 'rfis‘ dpxaias‘ (impure-[as
Tfis‘ mjoov Hermie, Athens, 1866) is nothing but a corrup-
tion of the ancient name Hirvofioaa. It is the same Pityussa
that Pliny (iv. § 56) enumerates among the islands of
the bay of Argolis. Aristerae (Aristera, Pliny, 1.1.) is the
modern Pala-Petsa, which, according to the above-men—
tioned Greek also bears the vulgar name ‘Paorepla, which
is a corruption of ’prrepal. Then we find mentioned
o’ucpa KwAvepyL’a ave’xovoa 3K rfis finelpov, cape Mylanas,
which runs far out into the sea ; further, the island
Tptxpcwa, now Triheri (in Pliny the codd. have Tripa-
renas and Trigarenas, which must be corrected into
Tricarenus, TpiKo'Lpnz/os) ; then Botnopdgos‘, 6’pos Es Gdhaooav
wpofiefimngévov, the very prominent cape of Mesa/ti of the
port Kiwerta, and the opposite island of ’Aneponta, now
Doha, and not far from it ‘Tope’a, now Hydra; thereupon
an aZyLaAos anoadijs, the semi-circular bay of the port
Ifappari, and then the point of land (Bum?) 7 stadia in
length jutting out in an eastern direction, upon which
stood the town of Hermione. According to what has
been said, even Kiepert’s latest map has partially to be
corrected.

The town of Eion is placed by Curtius and Kiepert on
the bay of Argolis. We have described this position as
very doubtful, because, according to Strabo, viii. p. 373,

 

the town is rather to be looked for on the flat southern
coast of Troezen, and because such a position would
correspond with the name of the town. .

The Pyramia (Ta vao’igia), mentioned by Plutarch
(Pgrrhas, 32), are placed by Curtius close to the Apo-
bathmi, to the north of the Anigraea, hence in Argos;
but they are expressly called a portion of the Thyreatis,
and we have therefore assigned them to the fruitful corn-
lands at the mouth of the Tanaos.

Starting from the narrow defile of the Anigraea,
Pausanias (ii. 38, § 5) leaves the coast, and mentions, on
his way into the interior, first Thyrea, then Anthene,
N eris, Eua and the heights of Parnon, about the sources
of the Tanaus. The positions of these townships cannot,
indeed, be ascertained with perfect certainty, still we
consider Leake’s opinion, according to which Thyrea
corresponds with the ruins of L’tlhm about 35 stadia from
the coast, and Anthene, or Anthana, with the Palace-
castron Hellenican, to be the most probable. It is true
that this opinion does not coincide with the passage in
Thucydides (iv. 57), according to which Thyrea was
only 10 stadia distant; however, it is more easy to believe
in the corruption of a numerical figure in the text of
Thucydides, than in a wrong account of Pausanias. If
the number AB (35) was corrupted into AE, the senseless
5e might easily be changed into oe’xa. The opinion of
Curtius that Thyrea was situated on the coast, and cor-
responds with the P. K. Hagias Andreas, is based upon
interpretations of Pausanias and Thucydides which we
regard as impossible. Bursian, whom Kiepert follows,
places Thyrea 10 stadia from the sea, on the salt lake of
Mastos, where no ruins exist, and considers Anthana to
be the coast town of IIagios Andreas, by assuming that
Pausanias did not leave the coast near the Anigraea, as
he says, but near Anthana; for he thinks it is evident
from Scylax (§ 46) that Anthana was a coast town.
However the codex of the so-called Scylax has Méaava,
and not ’Avaa’wa. The latter is a mere conjecture, which
we ourselves have unnecessarily adopted, by assuming an
Anthana as the port of an inland town. Even if this
conjecture were correct, it could not prove that Anthana
was situated on the sea, and hence that Pausanias had
made an error, for that periplus occasionally also
mentions inland towns without designating them as such,
if they are connected with the sea by a port-town; as,
for instance, Thronium (§ 25), 25 stadia from its port '
Lamiurn (§ 62), 80 stadia from the port of Phalara.
However, there is no sufficient reason for supposing that
the name Me’flazra must be corrupt, especially as we know
nothing about the site of this place. \Ve conjecture that
beside and upon the rocky promontory of Astros, where
cyclopian walls indicate the former existence of an ancient
fort, there was a town called Methana or Methone (both
names are used promiscuously), occupying a similar posi-
tion to the Messenian Methone and the Troezenian
Methana or Methane, and that the unintelligible gloss
of Hesychius 2 MEBaSvn 776m; @errcraAlas Kai yaa'njp, must
be corrected into: M. 7mm: @eooaAL’as‘, [c’iMn 7‘7] Kai
”Aornp, so that ”Aornp (mentioned by Eustathius, aal
Oclgss., p. 1967, 22, as the name of a town) is the subse-
quent name, which occurs in Ptolemy in the form of
”Aorpov. For it is not probable, as Wilberg thinks,
that in Ptolemy the mention of this town, which has
been omitted in some manuscripts, is a later interpola-
tion.

In regard to the position of the Triphylian Pylos,
the river Pamisus-Amathus, and the mountains Minthe
and Lapithus, we differ considerably from Leake and
Curtius, with whom Bursian and Kiepert agree except
in one unimportant modification. According to them
Pylos is situated not far to the north-west of Lepreon,
near the modern Piscini, or in its neighbourhood; the
river flowing thence in a south-western direction towards
the sea is the Amathus, the- mountain Minthe, the
modern Alrena, and the mountain Lapithas, now M.
Smerna. We, on the other hand, place Pylos rather
more north than Samicum, cause the river to fall into
the Alpheus, and call Minthe the mountain which
Curtius, etc., name Lapithas. Our reasons are the fol~
lowing :—

1. Strabo, p. 301, 48 ed., Paris (p. 351, ed. Gas), in
his description of the coast, after having mentioned
Phaea and Chalcis, says that then comes the Triphylian
Pylos and Samicum (630’ 6 H1209 (i TquSvALaKos‘ [(0.2 To
Eagmo'v). Hence Pylos was either situated further north
than Samicum or in the same latitude.

2. Farther on (p. 302, 3) he says, in agreement with
this, that the distance from the Messenian Pylos to the
Triphylian Pylos, and to the Samian Posideion, amounts
to 400 stadia, and this distance is pretty correct.

3. After having mentioned the temple of the Samian
Poseidon, and that of the Scilluntian Artemis at Scillus,
he adds (p. 295, 10) that Pylos was situated in the
district where these temples stood, 30 stadia or rather
more from the sea. Hence it must have stood between
Samicum and Scillus, in a district where several small
rivers flow northwards, and having united at Scillus into
one river, the Selinus fl., falls into the Alpheus. This is
confirmed by another passage,

4. Where Strabo (p. 295, 40) says that the river which
flows northwards past Pylos was previously called the
Amathus (and also Pamisus, p. 289, 17), but is now
called Mamaus (napafifie’ovros‘ norauofi apes otpK-rov
’Angov Kaon/révov, 35‘ 12231) Mdnaos KaAEETaL). That this
passage is not meant to be read apes apmv, from the
north, instead of 11,069 oipK'roz’, to the north, as has been
proposed, is proved from Ptolemy, who describes the
well-known Messenian Pamisus as coming from the
Alpheus, an error, which has evidently originated from
the small river which flows to the Alpheus having been
confounded with the Messenian Pamisus.

5. It follows from this that the Mount Minthes (a’pos
706 1115on nanoiov Mil/6715‘, p. 295, 10), in the Vicinity of
Pylos, which was celebrated for its temple of Hades, and
from which the Acheron flowed into the Alpheus, must
be the modern Smerna.

6. Lastly, Strabo says, on p. 296, 8, that the small
towns of Hypana and Typaneae bordered in the nor;h

. MAPS 2T, 28, 2-9, 30.]

upon the territory of the town of Pylos (duopa fiv n; nine
5110 werZBta c"I‘7rcwa Kai. Tvrrave'aL). The approximate
site of Tmrave’aL may be inferred from that of the Tmraiov
dpos, which stood between Scyllfis and Olympia. The
same district must also have contained Hypana (Man-
dritza .9), and, in accordance with this position, Ptolemy
places it on the same latitude as the Arcadian town of
Heraea.

The above quoted passages, which all agree perfectly
with one another, are, however, contradicted by another,
which has occasioned great confusion in regard to the
topography of Triphylia. It is this, p. 299, 6 (p. 347
ed. Cas.): ’Am‘) 7'00 Huhov Tourov Kai 1'06 A67rpéov rerpa-
Kom'cov Irrov 07(15le @072 Btdarnua Eat Tfiv Meoanmam‘yv
1115on . . . . ’13:) 6% n3 yea-aft; . . . . Kai 6 ’AKLBEov nomads.
If, however, this passage is not corrupt, it would not
follow that Pylos was situated in the same district where
in reality Lepreon stood, but that Lepreon had been
erroneously transposed into the district where, according
to Strabo, Pylus was situated, for it is only in this way
that it could be reckoned to be 400 stadia from the
Messenian Pylos, a distance which he correctly gives in
another passage between Samicum and Pylos; it is
only thus that he could place Lepreon north of the
river Acidon. It is, however, evident that Strabo did
not err in the same manner as Ptolemy, who places
Lepreon in the same latitude with the mouth of the
Alpheus, from the fact that on p. 296, 22 (p. 341 Cas.)
he computes the distance between Samicum to Lepreum,
southwards, at 100 stadia. Hence there is nothing for it
but to settle the contradiction of this passage by correcting
it: instead of rodrov mi 700 Aenpe’ov it must be 7025701)
705.} AETrpeaTLKOO. It is a well known fact that Strabo
distinguishes this Pylus from the other one by calling
it Tch/Jvmaxés‘, ’ApKaBLKo's‘ and Ampearucds. The last
epithet does not refer to the neighbouring position of
Pylos and Lepreum, but probably to the fact that the
Lepreates subjugated the Pylians by force of arms, and
after the Messenian war transferred the inhabitants of
Pylos to Lepreon (Strabo, p. 305, 40).

The town of Macistus, or Macistum, which was deserted
at Strabo’s time, and was so probably even long before,
is considered identical with Samicum by Curtius, Bursian
and Kiepert. This cannot, however, be inferred from
the fact that the Macistians at one time held possession
of the Samian sanctuary of Neptune. The temple of
Hades also on Mount Minthe, and that of Hercules on
the Akidon, are assigned by Strabo to the Macistians, who
must at one time have played the same part in Triphylia,
as the Lepreatae did in their day ; for ancient Macistia,
according to Strabo, extended from the Alpheus as far
as the Messenian Neda. Strabo does not know of Samicus
as a second name of the town of Macistus, but Platanistus,
HAaravw'Toiis, and Stephanus Byz. (s. v. Maxim-09) ex-
pressly say that Macistus stood upon a high mountain
«pas é’m n79 Aewpeanxfis—(to refer these words to the pre-
ceding f7 Cbpfga fldALS‘, as Bursian, ii. p. 283 does, is im-
possible, since, as the same Stephanus (s. v. (Pptéa) says,
deL’fa was 30 stadia from Olympia). In Strabo also (p.
297, 41 Paris, p. 346 Casaub.) Lepreon and Maoistus
are mentioned together. But that Macistus was Situated
further north than Lepreon may be inferred from Xeno-
phon (Hell. iii. 2, § 25). Boblaye identifies the town With
the modern Mophtttsa, which stands to the north-east of
the ruins of Lepreon, but only five stadia from it, and not
upon a high hill. We have identified it conjecturally
with the Palaeokastron Chrysalz' on mount Aloerta,

Our map has mount Typaeum between Olympia and
Scillus, according to Pausanias, v. 6, § 7; Curtius and
Kiepert give the same position to a mountain called
Phellon (CIDGMQ’W) ; this is founded upon a by no means
safe interpretation of a gloss inserted in the text of Strabo
(p. 295, 49 Paris, p. 344 Cas.). ‘

The Peneus, according to Strabo and Ptolemy, flows
into the sea north of the Chelonatas prom. Otfried
Mi’iller, Curtius, Bursian and Kiepert have therefore
assumed that the river has considerably changed its
course in later times. We should not care to place
much weight in this agreement of Strabo andPtolemy,
because similar agreements are also met With in regard
to many other evidently erroneous statements, from
which we cannot but infer that both authors made
use of the same defective maps. How badly informed
Strabo was concerning the topography of this district is
clear from the fact that he places the Pylos, which is 13.0
stadia from the sea and at the confluence of the Selleis
with the Peneus, on the coast, and causes the Selleics,
as well as the Peneus, to flow into the sea, perhaps Just
where in reality the Peneus empties itself. . .

We have given the position of Cyllene, With Curtius,

according to the very reconcilable statements in regard
to the distances of Strabo and the Tabula Peutingeriana.
We cannot accept Kiepert’s reasons for placing Cyllene
where we have marked Hyrmine, near the promontory
of Araxus, on the other side of the Elean borders. .
, In Arcadia we have identified the town of Lycuria, on
the borders between the Clitorians and the Pheneates,
with the modern Jig/carat, although the latteruis only 20
stadia, not 50, as in the text of Pausanias (v111. 19,. § 4),
from the source of the Alpheus. Curtius and Kiepert
mark the ancient town on the plain of Pheneos according
to the specified distance. But in such a pos1tion Lycuria
could not have been a border town. It is therefore
probable that the number N (50) is a corruption of K
(20), and the same confusion of the two figures must also
be assumed in Pausanias, vii. 22, § 1, and Vin. 44, § 7.

In Messenia we have given the name of Hyam1a .to
the mountain rising above Corone. In our Pausanias
(iv. 34, §4) we read that Corone is situated 35m) up (Jpn 7;)
Mama. The unhellenic physiognomy of this name made
us suppose that there is a corruption. In our opinion
THIMAOIAI has originated out of TH IAMEIAI, “(y
’Iaaet’q, more correctly, 73"] 'Tauei’a. It is the mountain
of the district 'Taueins‘ ('Iapefns var. lect. ap. Strabo) or
‘Tduaa. .

According to Pausanias (viii. 34, § 2, 3) there was in
the neighbourhood of Megalopolis, and close to the place
called re ”Amy, another sanctuary which had its name,

 

which is now missing, from the fact that Orestes is said
to have there shaved off his hair. The missing name
was certainly not Kovpefov, as Curtius conjectured, but
Ko’uava, and hence the passage must be read thus : 723059
5% nil xwpfip rots ”AKeow Erepo'v Eon [Ko’uava] dvouafdyevov
iepou, {in ’Ope'or'rns e’vrafifia Exefparo rip! Ko’unv. The
word Ko'uava might very easily have been omitted before
the letters ovoua, and the correctness of the name is
attested by the Comana in Asia Minor, which owed its
name to the same circumstance (v. Etym. M. , p. 526, 20;
Strabo, p. 459, Paris, p. 536, Casaub.).

Close to the Arcadian Methydrium (Paus.viii. 35, § 10),
between it and Sohoenus, and in a district sacred to all
the Arcadians, was a town, the name of which we could
not enter, because Curtius (i., p. 341) has only partially
corrected the passage in Pausanias. This passage, as we
subsequently perceived, has, without any doubt, to be
changed into: Effie 3&0"er ‘Ouohoxeiov (Epot Boxefv is given
in the codd.) Kaon’uevov, Kat minor. rots ’ApKdO‘L c’wefval. 797v
xaipav (pasty évrafida. This (Opohoxefov was a place like
the 'Opxipiov of the Achaeans, of the Italian Greeks
and of the Thessalians, and like the ‘Opvo’uov in
Boeotia.

In conclusion, we must observe that the statements of
heights are given according to the French map, in metres,
not in feet.

MAP 27.

COASTS AND ISLANDS OF THE
AEGAEAN SEA.

 

THE drawing of the map on Mercator’s projection is
taken from the general map of the Archipelago, pub-
lished by the English Admiralty. In regard to the
ancient geography of the islands, our chief authority is
the work of L. Ross (Relsert aaf den griechz'schen Inseln.,
4 Bande, 1840—1852), and in regard to Crete, the
important works of R. Pashley, Travels in Crete, 2 vols.,
1837, and of Spratt, Travels and Researches in Crete,
1867. The detailed English maritime charts have
enabled us to discover a certain number of ancient
names of islands in the modern names.

In the following remarks, we shall confine ourselves to
making a few additions and corrections. ,

In regard to Crete, by the discovery of a large inscrip-
tion within the last few years, we have ascertained the
position of the town of Dreros (Apfipos, 776M: Kpnrmi,
Theognost., p. 69, 29). It stood 60 stadia to the south-
east of Miletus (Cr m) on the eastern slopes of Mount

Cadistus, upon a hill called Chorals, with a church dedi- '

cated to Hagios Antonius (V. Dethier, Dreros and
Cretlsche Stadten in the Sttzngsberichte o’er l/Vz'ener
Akademie, Band xxx., p. 431, ff).

Lato and Camara (Cr m) are in our map given as two
names of the same town, according to Stephanus Byz.,
who says : Kapdpa fins Adm) éAe’yero. As, however, one
inscription (Lebas, Inscriptions grecqaes et lattices, v. 74)
has the words : Aan’wv 70322 77,069 Kaadpa, the two names
must probably be distinguished in such a manner that
Camara, which Ptolemy mentions as a coast town, was
the port of Lato, but that Lato must be identified with
the ruins of Galas, which are situated directly to the
west of it, and to which we have ascribed the name of
Oleros (a town belonging to the territory of Hierapydna,
but of unknown site). The coast town, a little further
north, ought not to have been called Olontium, as Pashley
has it, but Olus (’OAofis). The name Hetera on the east
coast (M h) must be erased. The name Cyamum prom.
(D m) is not well accredited. The best codices of Ptolemy
have Cisamum pr., and this is undoubtedly the correct
form. The cape was so called after the town opposite
to it.

On the shores of Asia Minor we have entered the town
of Temnos (K e) to the north of the Maeander without
any definite position. Since then the director of the
railroad under construction in that part, has written to
Kiepert informing him that the ruins of the town have
been discovered about 40 stadia to the east of the town
of Mentma in our ma . Temnos occupies this position
in the map of Asia Minor. It might, however, still be
doubted whether those ruins actually belong to the town
of Temnos, for its position corresponds but little with the
testimonies of ancient writers. For according to Pau-
sanias (v. 13, § 7) the town did not stand further south,
but further north than the Hermus ; according to Pliny
(v. § 119), in ore Hermz' flam'i, and according to the
Tabula Peutingeriana on the road from Smyrna to Cyme.
According to all these statements no one would look for
the town Where its ruins are said to exist.

From the more accurate knowledge of the country
which we owe to the reports of the road-engineer in the
Turkish service which were communicated to Kiepert,
we now know that the river district of the Caicus valle
is completely separated by mountains from the plain of
the town of Adramyttium. Hence it is impossible, as
Strabo says, that the Adramyttians procured water for
their town by an aqueduct from the Euenus which falls
into the sea near Pitane. It is evident that Strabo con»
founds this Euenus with another river of the same name
in the territory of Adramyttium, to which Pliny’s words
(v., § 122) are to be referred: flamen Eaeaam, cajus in
ripts tntercz'dere Lyrnesos, Mlletos. Our map has there-
fore to be corrected in accordance with this. We should
also like to erase the town of Miletus, which, in accord-
ance with Pliny, has been placed on the Euenus without

 

SOURCES AND AUTHORITIES FOR THE MAPS. 21

any definite position. For, if we are not mistaken, the
words Lyrnesos Mlletos have arisen from_ Lyrnesos
Mynetos, thyros‘; the town of Lyrnessus which, Strabo
says, is 80 stadia from Adramyttium, is in Homer the
city of Mynes, the leader of the Cilices.

 

 

MAP 28.
HISTORICAL MAPS OF ASIA MINOR.

 

WE have no remarks to make upon these maps; it
is suflicient to refer the reader to the most important
historical works.

 

 

MAP 29.
ASIA MINOR.

___.._

WE do not possess any maps which can, in all cases,
form a safe foundation for the ancient geography of this
country. Even in regard to the best known western
coast districts, our knowledge of the country is extremely
defective, and in regard to the eastern inland districts
it is frequently doubtful whether our modern maps have
to be corrected from the distances mentioned in the
ancient itineraries, or whether the latter have to be
corrected by the former. Our map is based upon
Kiepert’s map of Asia Minor (2 Blatter, 1854), which
is constructed out of all the existing materials. Together
with this we have in some cases made use of the map ele
l’Asz’e Mheure by Tchihatchef, which is most unlike
Kiepert’s ; further, of Barth’s Reise con Trapezmzt darch
die nerdliche Hdlfte Kleinasz'ens nach Shatarz' in Peter-
mann’s Geographtsche Mtthetlangea (1860), and of
Strecker’s Bettriigen zar geographischea Erkldrzmg a’es
.Rz'tclczages der Zelmtaasemt clarch alas Armenlsche Hochland
(Berlin, 1870).

A list of the ancient cities, the positions of which can
be safely determined, is given in the Memoir iiber die
Construction dcr Kart-e eon Klez'rzasten and Tar/rise];-
Armem'en, in sechs Bldttern, con Vine/cc, Fischer, 7). Moltke
and Kiepert (Berlin, 1854), p. 70—113. The towns
lying between the fixed points have been all entered
according to the ancient peripli, and the itineraries of
the Tabula Peutingeriana. In so far as there is anv
doubt about fixing the course of the ancient roads, and
the towns situated on them, we refer the reader, for the
reasons of our opinion, to the commentary on the Tabula
Peutingeriana, which will appear shortly. We have, of
course, in all cases made use of the valuable, but unfor-
tunately not quite finished, work of C. Ritter on the
peninsula of Asia Minor (vol. xviii. and xix. of the
Erd/camle). Less valuable information was obtained
from the Beitrdge zar verglez'chemten Geographic K leinasz'ehs,
von Mordtmann, in the Sttzungsberz'chte der Bayerz'schen
Akademte cler Wtssenschaften, Band i. und ii., 1861.

We must, in passing, draw attention to the fact that
Kiepert, in a recently published essay, Ueber die Lage
eon Tlgranocerta in the Moaatsberichte der Alcademte
(ler Wtssenschaften za Berlin, 1873, identifies this
ancient royal residence with the ruins of Arzen described
by consul Taylor. These ruins, which we did not know
of, are only about 4 In. pass. further south than the spot
where in our map (R e) Tigranocerta stands.

 

 

MAP 30.
ARABIA AND ETHIOPIA.

O

 

 

IN this map we were, in most cases, obliged to confine
ourselves to describing the coasts, as in the interior there
are but few places which can be determined with any
certainty. The authorities which we have used are,
besides Agatharchides, the anonymous author of the
Periplus maris Erythraei, Strabo and Ptolemy, also
Pliny. In regard to the last we must remark that
the description of the coast (lib. vi., §149——151) does
not refer to the east coast of Arabia, as Pliny himself
thought, but to the west coast of the Arabian Gulf, as
has been explained in the Geogr. Mnor, vol. i., p. 71.

Among the more recent works we have only occasion-
ally been able to make use of the IIistorz'cal Geography
of Arabia, by Ch. Forster. The opinions propounded in
it, however ingenious they may be, seem to us too unsafe
to_be adopted in our map. Besides the volumes (xii. et
x111.) relating to Arabia in the Erdkzmrle, by C. Ritter, we
are greatly indebted to the dissertation of O. Blau: Die
Wamlerung der Sabaez'schen Vol/cerstdmme z'm zwez'ten
Jahrhamlert reach Christi in the Zettsehrzfl cler deutschen
rrzcrgealdndzschea Gesellschaft, Band xxii., p. 650-674.

(1

22 SOURCES

AND AUTHORITIES FOR THE MAPS.

[MAP 31.

 

MAP 31.
INDIA.

.—__+—.——
CONTENTS.
1. Nature of Ptolemy’s data; manner of dealing with PAGE. COL.
them 22 a
2. Remarks on more important River identifications 22 b
3. Remarks on identification of Mountain Ranges 22 c
4. Leading Points on West Coast 22 c
5. Leading Points on Eastern Coast 23 a
6. Leading Points on Coast of India beyond Ganges.
Taprobane... 23 b
7. Minor Notes; on Mountains; on Rivers; on
Countries and Nations; on Places near the
Cisgangetic Coast; on Places near the Trans—
gangetic Coast; on Cities of the Interior; on
Islands 23 c

(1) IN preparing a map of India for an atlas of ancient
geography, we find so many names of places claiming
admittance, and such large differences of judgment as to
the identity of many of them (whilst very few find any
place in the standard dictionaries of classical geography),
that the compiler has been obliged to state his grounds
of identification in more detail than the plan of this
work has usually admitted; and the more that he has been
forced to deviate widely from the identifications of his
predecessors in very numerous instances.”6

The Map of India must be chiefly an interpretation of
PTOLEMY’S data.

The materials which Ptolemy used must have been
tolerably copious. We seem to trace the following kinds :

1. Coasting itineraries of seamen or merchants.

2. Routes of foreign traders or travellers in the
interior, mentioning the chief towns actually passed
through, and sometimes (perhaps) the rivers crossed,
but little or nothing more.

3. Lists of rivers, with the mountains in which they
rise, similar probably to those published by WILFORD
(As. Res. vol. viii.) and WILSON (Vishnu Parana) from
the Puranas, and of which we have an imperfect sample
in ARRIAN and PLINY, following Megasthenes

4. Partial lists of the nations of India, like those
given by Wilford and Wilson, and recently by Dr.
KERN,’[‘ but perhaps with more indication of relative
position than those lists afford. Pliny gives such lists
after Megasthenes.

Ptolemy himself seems to have made no use of Megas-
thenes, or of any of the writers concerning Alexander’s
expedition.

Possibly much of the material indicated was before
Ptolemy only in the form of maps already compiled.
His process seems to have been from these, and from
the other data in his possession, to compile his own
map, modified by his judgment and his theories; then
to cover this with a graticule of meridians and parallels;
and finally to draw up his tables, and the miscellaneous
particulars embodied with his tables, directly from the
map as it now lay before him}; An illustration of this
process is seen in his anonymous tributaries of the
Ganges and Indus, of which he assigns the exact sources
and confluences, in latitude and longitude, whilst he can-
not give their names. Plainly, he took these numerical
indications from the map before him, and the streams
themselves in the first instance from maps already com-
piled or sketched by others.

Valuable observations on Ptolemy’s India abound in

the Essays of M. VIVIEN DE ST. MARTIN; and General,

CUNNINGHAM’S suggestions, in the Panjab especially, are
often most valuable. Professor LASSEN’S is the most
copious and systematic commentary on Ptolemy accessible
to me, and his work generally is a precious mine of
material for the study of the ancient geography of India,
whether the student accept his views or dissent from
them. I must respectfully dissent from a large part of
them, as from his whole system of identification, very
strongly. Practically, he deals with Ptolemy’s compila—
tion as if that geographer had possessed a collection of
real Indian surveys, with the data systematically co-
ordinated. The fact is, that if we should take one of
the rude maps of India that appeared in the 16th cen-
tury (e. g. in Mercator or in Linschoten), draw lines of
latitude and longitude, and then more Ptolema'ico con-
struct tables registering the co~ordinates of cities, sources
and confluences, as they appeared in that map, this
would be the sort of material we have to deal with in
Ptolemy’s India.

Take the names subdividing India, as they appear in
Ptolemy. These names are made by him to cover the
whole field, from Kabul to the Gulf of Tongking.
Lassen accepts them as doing so, and assigns them
definite positions and precise identifications over that
whole field. Rennell, even in India Proper, had con-
siderable tracts of unexplored territory, But there is no
unexplored territory in Lassen’s Ptolemy. (NB. The first
edition only of Lassen has been accessible to the writer.)

Ptolemy’s divisions do not really account for anything
like the whole surface of India. And they are hetero-
geneous. Some are political; such as Pandion’s Kingdom,
and probably Lari/re and Ariahe. Maesolia may be a
foreigner’s handy generalization, like “the Carnatic ;”
Inclo—Scythia may be either of these; a great part are
ethnic, and. seemingly derived from what we may call
Pauranic lists, (3. g. Plzrgllitae, Ambastae ; some from the
same lists are no divisions at all, ethnic or otherwise, but
mere indications of peculiar communities such as Tabassi,
Tapasas or Ascetics, in the woods of Khandesh, and

 

* The compiler desires here to express his very large obligations to the
kind aid of two eminent Anglo-Indian scholars, in reference to important
points in the geography of Southern India, viz. : the REV. DR. CALD-
WELL, and MR. ARTHUR BURNELL, of the Madras Civil Service. He
owes especially to the latter the radical correction of the views com-
monly set forth as to the identification of the chief ports of Limyrike
or Malabar. Other debts to these gentlemen will be noticed as they
occur.

1' In his version of the Brkat Samhita, in J. B. As. Soc, n.s. Vols.
IV. and V.

I The maps accompanying Ptolemy’s Geography are usually attributed
to one Agathodaemon. But the book could not have been made without
maps, and it is not likely that it was ever much circulated without
them.

 

Ggmnosophistae, probably similar gatherings of eremites
about Hardwarf‘E

The endeavour to make Ptolemy’s names cover the
Whole surface, produces great dislocation of some terri-
tories, and vast exaggeration of others. The stretching
process has carried the Bhaulingas (Bolingae) from
the dry plains of Marwar into Eastern Malwa, and
the Pramars or Powars (Poraari) from Abi’I and
Ujjain into Bundelkhand; has transported Chandra-
vati (Sandrabatis) from the S.W. extremity of Rajputana
to the vicinity of Bahar; and has carried the Mandalae
or people of Mandala from the Upper N erbudda to
the banks of the Ganges.

Further, it seems to me clear that Ptolemy in com-
bining the various classes of data which we have in-
dicated, had no means of properly co-ordinating them,
so that, in printers’ language, they do not register. And
when the tables detail Cities that are in Prasiake, Cities
among the Poraari, and so on, we must not assume that
the cities named were really in the territories named;
whilst we see, as a sure fact, in various instances, that
they were not. Thus the Mandalae, displaced as we
have mentioned, embrace Palibothra, which was notori-
ously the city of the Prasii; whilst Prasiake is shoved
up-stream to make room for them. Lassen has so much
faith in the uncorrected Ptolemy that he accepts this,
and finds some reason why Prasiake is not the land of
the Prasii, but something else. He also builds serious
historical deductions on other peculiarities of Ptolemy’s

.Map, which look like mere results of dislocation or defi-

cient information. So again, the names of Sambalaha,
Adisa’ara, and Kinetia, which appear under Prasiake, we
can hardly doubt to be Sambhal, Ahichchhatra and Kant
(now Shaj ahanpi’ir), all three ancient towns of the territory
now Rohilkhand, and all three probable stages on an
itinerary through that territory, and remote from Prasiake
either in its genuine sense, or in Lassen’s interpretation
of it. For reasons not given, the latter makes these
three names to stand for three utterly obscure places,
called Amba, Kune and Bawari on the south of the J amn a.

We can scarcely doubt that the Adisathra of Ptolemy,
near the heart of India, represents that other Ahich-
chhatra of which there are indications in Indian archaeo-
logy,-l' and that it should belong to the country of
the Adisathri, from which it is entirely disjoined. Pro-
bably the latter name came from a Pauranic list of
names in ethnic form, the city from a traveller’s route,
and the two were laid down independently; so that the
chances were greatly against their falling into proper
relation to each other.

Near the coast, which forms a sort of universal base
line, chances of accuracy were better. But how bad they
could be near the coast also, when the reckoning was not
made from the coast, may be seen in the case of Tamalitis
or Tamalipti, which appears in Ptolemy, not as a port
of the Ganges Delta, but as a town several hundred
miles up the Ganges.

So with India beyond the Ganges, still more strongly.
Some names, like Kanoggza or Kanauj, belonging
to this side Ganges, have been carried far beyond,
and most of the really Transgangetic inland names
have been carried vastly too far east. Some few
may perhaps belong to the Irawadi basin, but the great
majority belong in all probability to the Gangetic plain.
Thus Randamarhotta, “ where is much spikenard,” which
Lassen carries east all the way to Tongking, is certainly
not to be carried further east than Rangamati (B an-
gamritika): in Lower Asam, which may have been a
mart for the spikenard of Bhotan, sold recently at
Rangpur. There we have placed it, though perhaps it
should be carried further west to VaiSali, which might
readily be the mart of the spikenard of Nepal, and where,
as we know from Hwen T’sang, there was a famous
locality called Markata-Hrada, “ Monkey’s Lake.”

(2) REMARKS 0N MORE IMPORTANT RIVER IDENTIFI-
CATIONs.—Dislocation is very manifest as affecting
Ptolemy’s rivers. He has made it his business to connect
river—mouths appearing in marine logs (probably often
without names) with those rivers whose sources or courses
he had partially laid down from itineraries or Indian lists.
But with his erroneous outline of the Peninsula this pro-
cess was too hazardous, and the result often wrong.

Thus we suppose he got from his Indian lists a river
Nanagana, rising in the Vindhya. He assigns to it three
discharges into the sea of Western India, by what
he took for so many Delta branches, which he calls,
respectively, Goaris, Bincla, and Nanagana. This looked
possible to Ptolemy on his map, with its excessive distor-
tion of the western coast, and his entire displacement of
the western Ghats. But when we identify these outlets
we shall find that Coaris and Binda are the two mouths
of the strait that isolates Salsette and Bombay, whilst
the N anaguna mouth is certainly south of Goa l I
believe, with Mannert, the names Goaris and Binda
really to stand for Godavari and Bhima, of which
Ptolemy had got an inkling from some Deccan itinerary,
naming the rivers but not their direction.§

Like misfits occur, I believe, in regard, to the rivers of
the Orissa coast, but for these I must refer to the map,
with the remark that the true Adamas was in all
probability the Sank branch of the Brahmini, from which
diamonds were got in the days of Mogul Splendour.”

 

* It has seemed to the Compiler, on account of the circumstances
stated in this and the following paragraphs, not desirable to attempt to
delineate or colour boundaries of the internal divisions of India, for
which we have really no data. It would only be a slight caricature of
Ptolemy’s divisions, treated as such, each with its precise boundaries,
if we were to represent modern India as divided into Sind, Bombay
Presidency, G’oncls, Bhils, Nizam’s Territory, Konkan, Carnatic, Zitlah
Arkot, Coromandel Coast, Bét Pirates, Dodb, Lushais, Naddiya College,
and so forth.

+See Wilson’s Vishnu Parana (or. edn.) p. 187 note; Hall, in J.A.
SCB. XXX., pt. 1, pp. 197—198 ; .IR.A.S., vol. v., p. 295; these seem
to place it near the Vindhya or the N erbudda. An inscription (J .R.A .
8., iv. 36) refers to it as on the Sindhu river. ’1 his might be the Kali
Sindh of Malwa, or the Little Kali Sindh further west, which seems
to be the Sindhu of the Meghaoltita ( Wilson’s Transl. Rost’s ed. p. 243).

I So, Sir W. Jones, in As. Res. I. 405.

§ Nasika and Baithana are both placed on Goaris, or rather on the
river from which Goaris takes off. Both these towns (Nasik and
Paithan) are on the Godavari.

ll J.A.S.B. xl. pt. I. 115.

 

Tgnna and Maesolas. These are usually made in
recent maps to be, respectively, the Rivers Krishna and
Godavari. But I conceive (with some of the older com-
mentators) that Tgnna is the northern Pinaka or Penn-
ar, and Maesolns the Krishna.

The only surviving trace of llIaesolas and Maesolia or
Masalia (Periplus), is apparently the name Masalipatam,

_ a city belonging to the Delta of the Krishna, not of the

Godavari. Kontahossgla Emporium and. Koddura belong
in Ptolemy to the Maesolas, and these seem to me best
identified with the barbarised Cunche-Kacherla of our
maps (probably the Kantakasthala of the lists,
a south-eastern locality, see Kern, v. 83 ; As. Res. viii.
338), and with Gudfir, adjoining Masalipatam.

The name Tgnna, if applied to the Krishna, is un-
accounted for. As identified with the Penn or Pinéka,
TTNNA is an easy error for nrNNA. Lassen asks, why
should the small Pennar appear, and the great Godavari
be omitted? We cannot say why; but it is a curious
fact that in many maps of the 16th, 17th, and even of
the 18th century, the Godavari continues to be omitted
altogether. A beautiful map in Valentg-n (vol. v.) shows
Godavari only as a river of small moment, under a local
name.

ManadasE can scarcely be other than the Mahanadi
(Lassen), though Ptolemy makes it rise in the Ornatia, or
(as we take it) Vaidlirya, i.e., the Western Ghats.
Error in this is not dependent however on our interpreta~
tion of Oradia. For Ptolemy makes Tgnna, Maesolas,
and Manatlas all rise in Oraclia, a theory which cannot
be true under any possible interpretation of those names.
It is curious that Capt. A. Hamilton, at the beginning
of the 18th century, says that the springs of the Mahanadi
are “in the Ghats within 40 leagues of Goa,” i.e., in
the Vaidurya or Oradia.

(3) REMARKS 0N IDENTIFICATON OF MOUNTAIN RANGES.
—Ptolemy’s notion of these seems chiefly derived from
indigenous lists, though his seven internal ranges cor-
respond only partially with the seven of the Pauranic lists
as we now have them. An aid to their identification lies
in the river-sources ascribed to each, which were almost
certainly taken from the native lists, as we often find that
particular stated, in those lists which have been translated.

1. Bittigo.—The clues to this are the sources of the
Solen, the Pseudostomas and the Baris. The Solen is
necessarily the Tamraparnif" the river of Iforhhai or
Ketchoi ; the other two we shall find to be necessarily
rivers of southern Malabar. Hence Bittigo is the (lee
tached mass of the Ghats south of Coimbatore gap,
apparently the true Malaya of the Pauranic lists.
The most prominent mountain in this mass, which is the
traditional abode of the sage Agastya, and is conspicuous
from Kolehoi, is called in old Tamul Pothigarl'

2. Adisathron.——The only river which Ptolemy gives
as rising in this range is Chaberis. N o doubt his Indian
lists showed him Kaveri rising in Sahyadri (as does
Wilford’s list from Brahmanda Purana, As. Res. viii. circa
p. 335). He had no real clue to the locality of Sahyadri,
but found what he took for the same name (Adisathra)
applied to a city in the heart of India, and there he
located the range.

Sahyadri seems to be sometimes applied to the
whole range of the Western Ghats; at other times the
northern section, as far south as Gokarna, is called
Vaidl’lrya. Adisathron is the part south of this in
which the Kaveri rises.

3. Orna’ia (Ta ’Opotoia 6’pn).——This we take to be the _
Vaidiirya just mentioned as the northern section of the
western Ghats, though Ptolemy has entirely misconceived
its position. -

We conceive that he found in the Indian lists that the
great rivers of the eastern or Maesolian coast rose in the
Vaidfirya, and having no other clue he places the
Oradia (which seems to be a mere metathesis of Odarga
for Vaidurya) near and parallel to that coast. Hence
Lassen and others (all, as far as is known) identify these
Oradian mountains with those that actually exist above
Kalinga. This corresponds better, no doubt, with the
position which Ptolemy has assigned. But it is not our
business to map Ptolemy’s errors; he has done that for
himself; we have to Show the real meaning and applica-
tion of the names which he used, whatever false views he
may have had about them.

His error about Adisathron compels the error about
Vaidi’irya. Owing to his misplacement of Sahyadri, he '
could not carry the rivers of the east coast to their
true sources above the west coast, without making them
traverse the course already assigned to the Kaveri.

Regarding (4) Uxentns, (5) Vindins, (6) Apokope, and
(7) Sardongac ; we do not differ from the ordinary identi-
fication. We remark only that Vindins, from the river-
sources assigned to it, must embrace the mountains both
north and south of the Nerbudda; but this is correct as
regards Vindhya.

(4) LEADING POINTS ON WEST COAST—Simpara is, I
believe, for the first time in an atlas of this kind, correctly
placed. This is due to Mr. J. Burgess, of Bombay:
This determination gives a firm basis for other identifica-
tions. I

Further south we have an important group of places,
regarding which the present map diverges widely from
its predecessors, viz., the chief ports of Limgrihe, called
Tgndis, Maziris, and Nelhgnda. These were made by
Dr. Vincent to be Barcelor, Mangalore, and Nilesh-
waram near Mount d’Ely; and his conclusions have been
in substance adopted by Lassen, Muller and most others.

An objection at once occurs that no one of these latter
ports is in Malabar Proper, the special pepper region,
and the resort of shipping throughout history.

 

* The “ Syllar” of maps, which Lassen identifies with Solen, ori‘gi-
nates, as Dr. Caldwell tells me, in a mistake. The true name is
“ Sitt-ar,” ‘ Little River,’ and it is insignificant.

’1‘ From note by Rev. Dr. Caldwell. The name Bittigo may, however,
like Malaya, be connected with some general word for mountain.
Betta signifies mountain in the Badaga and Kurumba dialects. Pothiga
is called in the Atlas of India, by some vulgar corruption, “ Coochg
Malta.”

3: Notes of a Visit to Gujarat, p. 13; and note in Indian Antiquary,
i. p. 321.

MAP 31.]

Another is their inconsistency with data in the Peri-
plus. There it is stated that the whole navigation from
Baryyaza (Baroch) to Limyrike,——presumably to “ N dam
and T yndts the first marts of Ltmyrthe,”——1s 7000 stadia.
N ow 7000 stadia from Baroch (according to Dr. Muller’s
scale of 600 to 1°) will carry us to a point halfway
between Cananore and Calicut. Barcelore, Vincent’s
Tyndts, is little more than 5000 stadia from Baroch; and
Hunawar, his Nauru, is less.

Putting together what we learn from the Periplus,
Ptolemy, and Pliny, T yndts and JVqutrts belonged to
Kerobothras, te. the Keraputra, the King of Cher,”‘
whose capital was at Kari’ir on the Kaverie; whilst Nel-
hynda belonged to the Pandya King of Madura. There
seems to be no tradition or record that the kingdom Of the
Pandyas ever extended to the northern part of Malabar,
and the assumption dislocates the two kingdoms in an
improbable manner. For if Pandya held the whole coast-
country up to Mount (1’ Ely and beyond it, including the
Coimbatere gap, it would have been hardly poss1blefor
the Chera King at Kari’ir to hold Canara, in which he
Hunawar‘ and Barcelore. . .

Again the Periplus says that M uztrts is distant from
Tyndts 25.2. 701“; norauofi ml at Gendarme, “by river and
by sea,” 500 stadia. This seems often explained. to
mean by river and by sea together. But the followmg
paragraph tells us that Nelhynda is also 500 stadia from
Muztrts, (inotws but 76 norauof) Kat 7760? Kai ELF). HaAdO'O'nS‘
“ alike by river, by land, and by sea,” showing that the
river and the sea in both cases are not cumulative but
alternative. Now this statement is quite inapplicable to
any ports except such as lie on the famous Malabar
Backwaters, which extend from Beypi'ir, a little south of
Calicut, to Quilon. The Arabian traveller Ibn Batuta,
going from Calicut to Quilon, uses almost the expression
of the Periplus. The distance, he says, was “ten days
journey whether by land or by the river.” Hence it may
be laid down that the three ports of Lunyrthe, are to be
sought here and here only, whatever difficulties may
attend specific identifications. ' .

Maxim's is the most important, and that which we can
determine with most certainty. Muyiri-Kodu appears
in one of the most ancient of Malabar inscriptions as the
residence of the King of Kodangalor or Cranganore,1-
and is admitted to be practically identical With that now
extinct city. It is to Cranganore that all the Malabar
traditions pointed as their oldest seaport of renown; to
the Christians it was the landing-place of St. Thomas the
Apostle. Here then we may with complete confidence
establish Muztrts.

We have less confidence about Tyndts and Nelhynda.
500 stadia north from Cranganore brings us to “Tani'ir.
Tani’ir itself may be Tyndts ; it was an ancient City, the
seat of a principality, and in the beginning of the 16th
century had still much shipping and trade: Perhaps,
however, a more probable site is a few miles further
north, Kadalundi, t.e., Kadal-Tundi, “the raised ground
by the sea,” standing on an inlet three or four miles
south of Beypi’ir. It is not now a port, but persons on the
spot seem to think that it must formerly have been a
port, and in communication with the Backwater. 1'.

At an equal distance south of Cranganore, we are not
able to point to a quite satisfactory Nelkynda. The site
which has been selected as the most probable, is nearly
800 stadia south of Muziris. This is Kallada, on a river
of the same name entering the Backwater, the only navr-
gable river on this south-west coast, except the Perri-ar
near Cranganore. The Kallada River is believed to be
the Kanétti mentioned in the Keralolpattt legendary
history of Malabar, and the town of Kallada to be the
town of .Kanetti. It is now a great entrepét of Travan-
core pepper, which is sent from this to ports on the coast
for shipment.§ .

That Nellrynda cannot have been far from this is clear
from the vicinity of the Hvfific‘w 6’pos or Red-IItll of the
Periplus. There can be little doubt that this is the bar
of red laterite which a short distance south Of Quilon,
cuts short the backwater navigation,” and is thence
called the Warhallé Barr-tar. It forms abrupt cliffs on
the sea, without beach, and these cliffs are still known
to seamen as the Red 01mm This is the only thing
like a sea cliff from Mount d’Ely to Cape Comorin.

From the [Iv/353w é’pos commenced according to the
Periplus, another region, called “Paralta.” This is no
doubt Purali, an old name of Travanccre, from which
the Raja has a title, Puraltéan, “ Lord Of Purali.” But
the “instinctive striving after meaning,” which so often
modifies the form of words, converted this into the Greek
HapaAi’a, “the coast.” '

(5) LEADING POINTS ON EASTERN COAST.-—Kolchot.——
Wilson refers twice to an ancient capital of the Pandya
country as called Korkai or Kurkhi,** which he sup-
poses to have been the classical Ifolchot ; but he is
inclined to identify it with the place now called Killa-
karai, on the north shore of the Sinus Kolehteus, or Gulf
of Manar. The true locality of Korkai, or Kolkai
(for such was the more ancient form), the primitive
capital of the Pandyas, at a site on the Tamraparni
river, now called Maramangalam, was first indicated by
Dr. Caldwell in a note that he was kind enough to
furnish for the recent edition Of Marco Polo.1‘1‘

* “Kera, 0r Chera, a dialectic difference in the same word . . . .
K eraputra is a translation of Cheraman, the Malayalam title” (Burnell).
See also Caldwell’s Grammar, p. 65.

’1‘ See Madras Journal for 1844, p. 119. “ Muyiri-kkodu is the old
name of Krishnam-kotta, just opposite to Kodangalfir (Cranganorc)
town, and marked in the maps as the end of the Travancore N. Lines.”
(Letter from Jllr. Burnett, after a visit to the spot.)

I Suggestion and information from Mr. Burnell. The composition of
Kadal and Tundri makes Kadalundt by Tamul rules (B).

§ Burnett, as above.

|| As above.

‘ 'll Burnett. Thus also Horsburgh ed. 1864, vol. i., p. 506: “There
Is said to be fresh water at the Red Olzfis to the northward of Anjeng0-”
See also Vincent (ii. 456, 483), who refers to these red cliffs, though
l‘ejecting the identity; and Markham in J.R.G.S. xxxvi. p. 197.
The height of the actual cliff is only about 80-100 feet ; the hill im-
mediately behind 283.

** Mackenzie Catalogue, i., lxxvi., and J.R.A.S. iii. 203. In the
Madras Journal, vii. 379, there is also a reference to Korkai, but no
indication of its position.

’H‘ II. 309. Kayal, the Carl of the medieval traveller, itself now a

 

SOURCES AND AUTHORITIES FOR THE

Orthura Reyz'a Sornayos. This city is placed by Lassen
at Wadiarpalliam, some distance~ north of the Kaveri.
But the true position of the ancient Chola capital
Ureiyiir was on the south of the Kaveri, close to
Trichinopolif"

Palura. Just before Palura, we have in Ptolemy
’Agbn‘rfiptov 7&1) 6135‘ Tip; vaofiv éunAeo’vrwv. I do not
conceive this Aphétérton to be (as Lassen regards it,
iii. 202) a harbour from which voyages to Chryse, or
what are now our Burmese provinces, were habitually
made, but that it was, as may be seen from the discus-
sion in Ptolemy (i. 13), the point from which vessels
bound to Chryse, after running up the coast, ventured
to strike across the Bay, nearly in a parallel of latitude,
to Sada in Aryyre or Arakan.

The account in the Periplus seems to make the navi-
gator bound for the Ganges “cross the Gulf” when
running from Maesolz'a to Desarenecl' This means, as I.
understand it, that the coasting vessels, on passing Point
Godavari, struck straight for the vicinity of Ganjam,
perhaps taking for their landmark Mount Mahendra, the
highest mountain on the coast (lat. 19° 4’, height 4,923
feet). From this point ships bound for Chryse would
take their fresh departure; those bound for Gauge would
renew their coasting. Just above this was Palura, which
we still fiiid—Pali’ir—in lat. 19° 27%, some five or six
miles above Ganjam. Pali’ir is mentioned by both de
Barrosi and Linschoten.§ The latter has the sailing
directions which I give (slightly condensed): “In the
August Monsoon, after leaving the Ceylon coast, the
navigator will keep north to the cape called Ponta de
Guadovarin (Point Godavari, probably Ifalz'ngén Prom.
of Pliny), in 17°. He will then continue to
run along the coast, taking care not to pass the 19-21—°
[it should be 19°] without sighting land, for here there
is the mouth of a river called Puacota, etc. . . . All
this coast from Point Guadovarin is high and moun-
tainous, and easily seen from afar. From the river of
Puacota to another called Paluor or Palura, a distance
of 12 leagues, you run along the coast with a course
from S.W. to E. Above this last river is a high moun-

tain called the Serra de Palura, the highest mountain on 7

the coast. This river is in 19%,” etc., and so on to
“Jorganatte.” The Palura R. in 19150 must be the R.
of Ganjam (19° 23’), and the R. Of Puacota must be that
of Barwa (18° 54’), which is just 13 leagues down the
coast. The latter, lying under Mahendragiri, seems to
answer exactly to Ptolemy’s Aphétérton.

(6) LEADING POINTS ON COAST OF INDIA BEYOND THE
GANGEs.—Ptolemy’s data here were very scanty, as we
may see from the discussions in Book i. Moreover, a
large part of his protraction Of these data is vitiated by
his theory that the Indian Sea was an enclosed basin.
Hence the most various and inconsistent interpretations
of his meaning; hence one and another has found his
Sinae on the shores of Siam, of the Malay Peninsula, and
even of Borneo. These conceptions we entirely reject.
We can no more doubt that Ptolemy’s Elven were Chinese
than that his ’ApaBL’a was what we call Arabia, or his
’lveot Hindus. Having made up his mind that the
Indian Sea was land—locked, of course he must have con-
ceived the terminus Of eastern navigation as a coast
running north and south; but it is in vain to seek for
facts in accordance with such a theory.

He would be a rash man who should dogmatize on
the details of the transgangetic geography. But it seems
to me that the safest guide to the true interpretation of
Ptolemy’s data here (as in the search for Palura) lies in
the prObability that the nautical tradition was never lost. H

We have in the particulars that Ptolemy has borrowed
from Marinus a glimpse Of the navigation to China in
the first or second century Of the Christian Era. We
have in the Arab Relations? another glimpse of the
same navigation in the ninth century. Let us compare
them.

The Arab of the latter date has grown bold. He
no longer coasts up Kalinga to Mount Mahendra before
striking across the bay. He crosses direct from Ceylon,
where his Horkand appears to be Point de Galle, and
preserves the Rhoyand—ant of Ptolemy; he sights the
island of Ramni (Sumatra), then the Lankha Ballis
(or Nicobars) with their naked population, bartering
cocoa-nuts and ambergris for iron; beyond these, and
out of the ordinary track, are the two islands of the
sea of Andaman, inhabited by black and crisp-haired
naked cannibals; and still further in the same direction
is a region of mountains containing Jlftnes of Stleer.
Advancing from the Lankha Ballis the navigator
arrives at Kalah, undoubtedly some port of the Malay
Peninsula.M Ten days more bring him to Toyiima.
(the island of Tiyuman east of Singapore, corruptly
“Timoan”); thence to Kadranj, somewhere on the
Gulf of Siam; from Kadranj he reaches Sanf, t.e.~, ac-
cording to the limitations Of Arabic spelling, Zampa or
Champa. After this comes Sandar-Fulat (hod. Pulo
Condore, the Sondor and Condor of Marco Polo); one
more sea is crossed, and Sin is reached.

Ptolemy’s route to the same goal comes from the
Ganges; the two converge at the N icobars. This route
first touches Aryyre, “a land containing many silver
mines,” and the Chersonesus C'hryse, the Suvarna,
Bhiimi 01' Golden Land of the old Indian Budd-

 

descrted mass of ruins, was the successor of Kolehot as a seaport, and
stands two or three miles below it. .

* \Vilson (Mack. Oat. i., lxxxiii.) calls it Wartiir, which may have
misled Lassen, though the position south of the Kaveri is correctly
indicated. Warriore, as the popular English spelling runs, is a mile
and a half west of the Castle at Trichinopoli, and is the site of the old
artillery cantonment there. See Taylor’s Catal. Rat‘sonne, iii. 154;
Cunningham, p. 551 ; and Pharaoh’s Atlas of Southern Indra, pl. 65.

+,A7|'0 5% 711157719 [7779 Mao'am’as] sis ai’rrrlu Tip! awa'roMqV Stan’epaaau'n
'rbu reported/away miMrou 7‘7 Anaapnvn Xa/rpa” . . . . Ic.'r.7\.

IDec. i. Liv. ix., cap. i.

§Fr. ed. 1638, Grand Routter, p. 25.,

II An aphorism of Professor Sprenger s.

fil Ancwnnes Relations des Indes, &c., by Renaudot, 1718 ; retrans-
lated as Relation des Voyages fatts par les Arabes, &c., by Remand,

1845.
** Kunila in Malay is a river mouth, and attaches to the names of

many small ports of the Malay peninsula and of Sumatra. There is
also a port and state called Kadd (Quedah). »

 

MAPS. 23

hists, t.€. Pegu. This last is not noticed by the
Arabs. Then we have the island ’Aya606 batuovos,
which it is no great stretch of fancy to regard as an
endeavour to put a meaning on Nfioos ’Aybalnovos, the
Andaman; then the islands BarussaezLankha-Béh’ls
or Nicobars; Ifolts=Kalah. Tiyoman does not seem
to be represented; but beyond it we have Ahadra:
Kadranj, ZabazChampa or Sanf,* and finally Stnae
=S_in. We see no means of determining Katttyara. At
this time Canton was probably not civilized enough for
foreign trade. It may have been one of the ports of
Fokien, or rather in the delta of the Yangtse. Edrisi has
Kattghora in his geography Of China, but we imagine this
to be merely a reminiscence of Ptolemy. The name seems
Indian, like so many others on the route to the Sinae,
ag. Sabana, Pagrasa, R. Sobanus, Tz'pon-obaste, Zaba,
Tayora, Balonya, Sinda, Ayanagara, Brama, R. Ambas-
tus, Rabana, R. Ifotttarts, Ko/choranayara, etc.

At first sight the identification of some of these names
with names still adhering, or traditionally preserved, is
apt to seem hazardous. But note that most of the names
just recited are unquestionably Hindu. Hence it is a
fact that Hindu names attached to places in Indo-China
before the time of Ptolemy. It is another fact that
many Hindu names attach now——e.y. Singapore, Patanz',
Ltyor, Yuthta, Champa, Suphana, C’hanttbon (probably).
Why should not the same name in some cases have
survived ?

Taprobane (Ceylon). The number of names which
Ptolemy gives us on this Island, including rivers and

romontories, promises a facility of identification which
is not realized. It seems difficult with such landmarks
to go very far astray, yet thoroughly satisfactory identi-
fications are very few. Even his Boreon Promontortum,
that which he regarded as the northern extremity of the
Island, is subject to doubt. It may be suspected that
this arises from an unsuccessful attempt to combine
data from different sources. Boreon Prom. is repre-
sented by Ptolemy as directly opposite to Ifory, and
as lying to the west of Moduttu Enuaortum. We cannot
doubt that Moduttu is Mantotte (in the old Dutch maps
Matotte, viz., Mahatotta, ’t.e., Mahatirtha, “The
Great Landing Place ”), which was an habitual point of
communication with the continent from very early
times}L

These two facts point to the promontory west of
Mantotte, or to the extremity of Manar Island, as the
true Boreon. But it is probable that Ptolemy has over-
lapt this with another set of data in which Pt. Pedro
or Palmyra, the real North Cape of Taprobane, was
Boreon, and thence Galtba Prom, lying west of Boreon,
is the western point of J affna, anciently Yalpanna, of
which Galtba may be a corruption.

Our most important divergences from well-known
identifications have been pointed out, with the reasons
given as fully as our space admits. A few minor points
may be noticed more concisely.

(7) MINOR NOTES ON SUNDRY POINTS—ON
MOUNTAINS.-——Bepyrrhus Mons. Ptolemy shows no con-
ception of the great Brahmaputra valley; his Bepyrrhus
shuts in Bengal down to Maeandrus. The latter is the
spinal range of Arakan (Yoma); Bepyrrhus, so far as it
corresponds to facts, must include the Sikkim Himalya
and the} Garo Hills. The name is perhaps Vipula,
“vast,” the name of one of the mythical cosmic Ranges,
but also a specific title of the HimalyaJ

Damasz' Montes. The Dtmasas are mentioned in a
modern paper on Asam,§ as a race driven down into
that valley by the immigration of the Bhotias. This
points to the Bhotan Himalya as Damast Montes.

ON RIVERs.—Among rivers, some of the most difficult
names are in the list, which Pliny and Arrian have taken
from Megasthenes, of affluents of the Ganges. This list
was got apparently at Paltbothra (Patna), and if streams
in the vicinity of that city occupy an undue space in
the list, this is natural. Thus Mayona and Errhenysts,”
Mohana. and Niranjana, join to form the river flowing
past Gaya, famous in Buddhist legend under the second
name. The navigable Prtnas or Ptnnas is perhaps
Punya, now Pi’inpi’in, one of the same cluster. Sonus,
instead‘of being a duplicate of Eran-noboas, may be a
branch Of the Gaya River, still called Sona. Ando-
gnatts flowing from the Madtandz'nt, t.e., “Meridionales,”
is perhaps the Andhela, one of the names of the
Chandan R. of Bhagalpi’irfll Kai'anas, navigable, is not
likely to be the Ken of Bundelkhand, the old form of which
is Karnavati; but more probably the Kayana. or
Kohana. of Gorakhpi'ir.** It is now a tributary of the
lower Gogra, but the lower course of that river has
shifted much, and the map suggests that both Rapti
(Solomatts of Lassen) and Kayana may have entered the
Ganges directly.

Besynya.—-The western or Bassein branch Of the
Irawadi. “From Maeandrus descend all the rivers
beyond Ganges, till you reach the Besynya” (Ptolemy).
0hrysoana=the Rangi’in Branch. According to Dr.
F. Mason, Hmabi, immediately north of Rangi’in, was
anciently called Suvarna-Nadi, “Golden River.”
Doanas: On the coast, probably the chief mouth of the
Mekong. The real Deanas was probably the same as
Otdanes, viz., the Hladini or Brahmaputra, but Ptolemy
(as in cases already noticed) assumed the Mekong to be
its mouth.

ON COUNTRIES AND NATIONS. ——Daettehae: Qu.

 

 

 

*In later days Champa lay onl to the east of the Mekon Del
But both Zaba and Sanf are tb the west of it. The lndo$ChineiZJe
kingdoms have gone through enormous vicissitudes, and in early days
Chainpa must have been extensive and powerful, for it is known to
Hwerr—Tsang (A.D. 629) as Mahd—Champa. Possibly Sundar-fulat
in which the latter word seems to be an Arabized plural of the Malay
Pulo ‘Island,’ is also to be traced in Stndae Insulae but] have not
adopted this in the map. ’

_ 1' Tennent, i. 588 (4th edn.). Tennent himself rejects the identifica-
tion, but it seems to m (on insufficient grounds.

3; thttams’s Diet. p. 928. .

§ J. A. S. .B. xxxvii. pt. ii. 192.

ll Lassen and Vivien de St. Martin make this the River Of Bcnares
which they assume to have been called Varanasi. Dr. F. Hall has
shown that the Varana of Benares never bore that name.

‘,1 Mentioned in Buchanan’s Eastern India, ii. 12.

** Buchanan’s Eastern India, ii. 309.

 

24 SOURCES AND AUTHORITIES FOR THE MAPS.

J atika, “with Elf-locks”? The name in this form
does not occur in the lists apparently, but Kern has among
tribes in the NE. “Demons with Elf-locks,” which is
represented in Wilford by J atadhéra. Setae: From
Pliny, mentioned as having much silver among them. The
Setae have never been accounted for, unless in a very
untenable conjecture of Gen. Cunningham’s. But the c
and t are so constantly confounded in medieval MSS. that
the name may easily be a clerical error for Secae. The
Sekas are placed by Lassen on the Chambal, and near
this there have been considerable workings of argenti—
ferous tin and lead.* Rhamnae in Central India. These
may perhaps be associated with Ramagiri, now Ramtek,
a famous holy place near Nagpur. It is possible, how-
ever, that the name refers to the Ordons, now settled in
Chutiya N agpi’ir, but whose traditions bring them from
the West. _

Phyllitae.—-—This is usually rendered Bhils. But though
we have Pulindae Agriophagi, as a tribe of Pulindas,
a name given in the Hindu books to a variety of the
aboriginal races, it is not impossible that Phyllitae,
Drillo-phyllitae, also represent Pulinda. through some
other channels]-

Ariake.——The Mahratta country, or nearly so. The
name is Indian, and occurs in Kern (v. 83). Limyrilce .'
This name appears in the Peutinger tables as Scythia
Dung/rice, and in the Ravenna Geographer as India
Dimiriea. Probably Anni/mm is right, and is, in fact,
Damir-ike, the Tamir or Tamil-speaking country,:t in
contrast to Arialce, the Aryan-speaking country.§ Gon-
a’alae, or Kondalae: Lassen makes these the Gonds.
But Kuntala-des and the Kuntalas appear fre-
quently in the lists and in inscriptions. The country
was that of which Kalyan was in after-days the capital
(see Sir W. Elliot in J. R. A. S. iv. 3). Bittigi : I have
not ventured to locate these. Badagas, meaning “ nor-
therners” in Tamul, is applied too variously. And we
have also Vitakas in Kern, but nothing to indicate
position. Dosarene: Daéarna : Lassen sets the Dasarna
of the Sanskrit poems in Bundelkhand. But it is clear
that there was a Dasarna in the direction of Orissa from
Kern’s lists, where the Das’arnas appear among the
nations of the SE. in juxtaposition with the Sabaras.
Though the actual name Dasarna (“The Ten Forts ”)
does not survive, analogous nomenclature clings to Orissa.
Thus the forest tract behind the Orissa Delta appears
to be called in the grant of an Orissa king Navakota,
“Nine Forts.” The country round Sambhalpi’ir on the
Mahanadi was known recently as Ahtdragarh, “ The
“ Eighteen Forts,” and is still styled in barbarous official
jargon Garhjdt, “The Forts.” Further back we have
the great district of Chattisgarh, “The Thirty-Six Forts.”||
N angalogae, which Ptolemy correctly says signifies yvuvcfiv
Kocruos‘, ngas, of many tribes, still existing on the hills
east and north-east of Silhet. The n has dropped out
of the name now, but it is written Nang'a. in the Mus-
sulman history of the conquest of Asamfil

The absolute nakedness of both sexes continues in
some tribes to this day.“ Tiladae seu Besadae (Ptol.),
Sesadae (Perip). The latter work mentions these in
connexion with the curious story about procuring mala-
bathrum. The position “north of Maeandrus;” the
Mongoloid features asm‘ibed by both authors; and the
malabathrum, tamélapattra. or tej—pdt, all point to the
hill-people in the vicinity of Silhet. At and about
Silhet the plains break into an infinity of characteristic
hillocks or hummocks, which are Specially known as
Tila. It is possible that the Tilaclae occupied these
Tilas; and also that the Tiladri hills which Wilford
cites H from a Sanskrit Geography, as existing in. this
quarter, were the same tilas. Modogalingae (Pliny):
Mfidu is a Dravidian word for Three, and Mudu-
galinga is therefore “the Three Kalingas.”i$. This is a
phrase which is found in inscriptions, though its meaning
has not been very clearly explained.§§ That a DraVidian
name should be obtained through navigators is not diffi-
cult to understand, as the pilots might probablybe from
Maesolia or the Kaveri ports; indeed the Periplus 1n-
timates that the trade with the Ganges and Chryse was
carried on by the latter. But it is more perplexmg to
find this name in Pliny, whose information about India
is so largely from Megasthenes. Chryse and .Chalhitis
correspond curiously, even in approx1mate pos1tion, With
the Sonaparanta (“ Golden Frontier Land”) and
Tampadipa. (“ Copper Region”), of Burmese State
documents.

ON PLACES NEAR THE CISGANGE’I‘IC Cour—Mana-
gara (Perip.), Binagara (Ptol.). . For this-I follow Capt.
Macmurdo, who twice indicates its apprOXimate pos1tion.
His indication of the neighbouring Brahmanabad has
been justified. . ,

Syrastra and M onoglosson, the Curiate (Sorath) and Man-
galor of Barbosa in the early part of the 16th century ;[1 H
the former as a town’s name I do not now find; the
latter remains as “Mangrol.” Astahampra, Astakapra.
Though some considerations would lead us to take this
for Kambay, this forces too much the words of the
Periplus. These compel us to regard it as some place
near the S'atrunjaya River; p0ss1bly sacred Pahtana of
the J ains, or, if that be not old enough, Talaja, where
there are extensive Buddhist caves, and other indications
of ancient importancefil‘ll . .

Simg/lla EmporimnzChaul. Chaul was still a chief
port of Western India when the Portuguese arrived. Its
position seems to correspond precisely, both With Simylla,
and with the Saimur or Jaimiir (i.e. Chaimur, the
Arabs having no eh) of the Arabian Geographers. In
Al-Biri’ini, the coast cities run: Kambayat, Bahrlij
(Broch), Simian (Sanjan), Suféra. (Supara), Tana.

 

* Tod, i. 12, 274; Ritter, vi. 882. + Burnell.

1 Suggested by Mr. A. BURNELL. § Which Maharashtra eminently 1s.

II J. A. S. B. xxxiii. 84; Do. viii. 376; J: R. A. S. xvu. 20.

‘Il Prof. Blochmann in J. A. S. B. X11. pt. 1. p. 76. ** II). p. 84.

++ As. Res. xiv. circa p. 388. 11 Burnell.

$§ E. g. Proc. As. S. Bengal, Nov. 1872, p. 171; J. A. S. B. v11.
346; and As. Res. ix. 104. On this name see also Caldwell’s Drew.
Grammar, p. 64. . ..

H 1| c’ollecgao de Nolicias (Lisbon Academy), vol. 11. p. 274.

{I'd Burgess’s Visit to Somnath, (to. Bombay, 1869.

 

(near Bombay), “there you enter the country of Laran,
where is J aimiir.” Istakhri inverts the position of
Sindan and Subara, but Saimlir is still furthest south.”E
Kory .' The extreme point of the Island of Rameshwaram,
called by the natives Koti, “the bow-tip.” The Bay
(Sinus Kolchicus) is itself the Bow of Rama, of which the
island forms the extremitysf' Kalligioum Prom. : Ptolemy
makes this and Kory the same; but it is probable that
he erred, and that Kalligieum is Calimere. Otherwise
he erred in having no Calimere. The latter name is
Tamul, Kalli—medu = “Euphorbia eminence.” It
seems likely that the Greek name was some variation of
the same:

ON PLACES NEAR THE TRANSGANGETIC Omen—Sada.
The position of this is the merest approximation. Ezata
appears in Pegu legend as the name of a port between
Pegu and Bengal, but we have no nearer guidance
(J. A. S. B. xxviii. 476). Takola Emp. Rangi'in, or a
port in that vicinity, best suits Ptolemy’s position with re-
spect to rivers, &c.§ But there was, down to late medieval
times, a place of note in this quarter called Takkhala,
Tacola, or Tagala, the exact site of which I cannot
trace, though it was apparently on the Martaban side
of the Sitang estuary. It is mentioned by De Barros
(Dec. I. ix. 1), by Mendez Pinto (Cogan’s trans. p. 287),
in Siamese legends collected by Bastian (Reise, i. 226,
239, 270), and appears in Linschoten’s and other ma s
of the 16th and 17th centuries. Sobana=Satungf§r
Thatung, west of Martabanwanciently called in Pali
Sovanna. Bhumi or “Golden Land,” mentioned as
the object of a mission in the account of the Great
Buddhist Council under Asoka.”

.Maleu Kolon Prom—Probably the Cape at Amherst.
Mr. Crawfurd has noticed the singular circumstance that
this name is pure Javanese, signifying “Western
Malays.” Whether the name Malay can be so old is
a question; but I observe that in Bastian’s Siamese
Extracts lately quoted, the foundation of Takkhala is
ascribed to the Malays. Kohhonagara, Pegu ?, It appears
from Taranatha’s history of Buddhismfil that the Indo-
Chinese countries were in old times known collectively
as Koki. In a Ceylonese account of an expedition
against Ramaniya, supposed to be Pegu, the army
captures the city of Ukkaka, and in it the Lord of
Ramaniya. Ifo/choranagara, again, is perhaps the Kakula
of Ibn Batuta, which was certainly a city on the Gulf of
Siam, and probably an ancient foundation from Kalinga,
called after Sri Kakola there.

ON CITIES OF THE INTERIOR—In the Panjab and Sind
I have frequently adopted the conclusions of Gen. Cun-
ningham, e.g. as regards Buhephala and Nihaea, Taxila,
Sangala, and the kingdom of Sopithes, Mallorum Urbs
Mawima, and Alexandria apud Sogdas, the cities of Ody-
canus and of Musicanus. As regards the Brahman city,
Harmatelia. I have adhered to Vivien de St. Martin in
identifying it with Bela, if that be the Armabela. of the
old Arab writers. The direction at least seems right,
though the distance from Indus is greater than we should
expect.

Astobalasara, in the map=Thanesar (after Vivien de
St. Martin). But this is very doubtful. Probably it
should rather be on the ancient line of approach to Dehli
from the N.W., between Bhatnir and Hansi. Ardone
may be Ahroni, destroyed by Timur on his march;
and Daidala, Dudhal on the Kaghar R. west of Ahroni.
Gagasmira is by Lassen made to be Ajmir, but this
makes no account of the first syllable. Gegasius in
Plutarch represents Yayati, the great ancestor of the
Lunar Race.“ J ajhpur in Orissa was (we are told) pro-
perly Yayati-pura, and possibly we have in J ajhar,
near Dehli, Gagasmirad‘i‘ Erarasa Metropolis seems to
be Giriraja, “ Royal Hill.” This may be Goverdhan,
which was so called, and was a capital in legendary
timesii’ .

Minnagara (Ptolemy). This second Minnagara, (in
the Periplus) apparently the residence of the Prince to
whom Barygaza was subject, and from which cotton came
down to that port, is probably the Manekir of Mas’i'idi.
This he calls a city far inland and among mountains.
Vallabhi (Lassen) does not answer to these conditions.
Mandiig'arh (Elliot, i. 392) would agree with these
and with Ptolemy’s position. I can find nothing as to
its early history, except that Tod (an unsafe authority)
seems to represent it as an early possession of the Pra-
mars. Bridama looks like Varddhaména. There was
a place of this name in Malwa§§—perhaps Bardawadllll
Tagabaza or Stagabaza. Bhojpur? This is a site of
extreme antiquity, on the upper stream of the Betwa,
where are remains of vast hydraulic works ascribed to a
King BhOjall‘lT Qu. Tataka-Bhoja, the “Tank or
Lake of Bhoja”? Bardaotis is evidently Bhadravati,
a name famous in the epic legends, and claimed by many
cities. Gen. Cunningham is disposed to identify with
Bardaotis the remarkable remains (prae-Ptolemaic) which
he has recently discovered at BharaOd, west 0f Rewa.
It suits well. Sageda : Dr. F. Hall places the capital
“ from the very first,” of the ancient and famous realm
of Chedi at Tewar near J abalpi’ir, and shows good ground
for its being the Chihito of Hwen T’sang.*** Lassen
quotes Saktimati as the ancient capital of Chedi
(i. 575), and this may have relation both to Sageda and to

 

* Ptolemy mentions that Simg/lla was called by the natives Timula
(probably Tiamula) ; and putting together all these forms, Timula,
Simylla, Saimitr, Chaimdr, the real name must have been something
like Chaimul or Chamul, which would modernize into Chaul, as
Chamari and Prdmara into Chauri and Pawcir.

+ Rev. Dr. Caldwell. I Ibid.

§ Th-alcalai is the legendary name of the founder of Rangun
Pagoda.

[I J. A. S. B. iii. 210; vii. 253 ; Mahawanso in Turnour’s Epitome,

. 78.
p ‘11 Ch. xxxix. “ Vorbreitung der Lehre im ostliohen K ohijLaiide.”

** Pl. de fluminihus; the interpretation belongs to both Lassen and.
Cunningham. .

'H It is doubtful what mir means, but it must have some local
sense, e.g. Ajmi'r, Jaisalmi'r, Balmir, Komalmir.

I: See Indian Antiquary, i. 23.

§§ See J. Am. 0r. Society, vii. 24.

“[1 Midway 011 a straight line from Indore to Nimach.

HIT] See Capt. J. 1). Cunningham, in J. A. S. B. xvi. 740.

*** J. A. S. B. xxx. 317, 334. Dr. Hall refers to an article also in
J. Am. 0r. Soc. vi., which I have not seen.

 

[MAPS 32, 33.

Chikito. Kassa, ubi adamas .' Probably near \Vairagarh
on the Godavari, where diamonds were formerly found.
Pannata uln' beryllus .' “ Mines of Beryl” appear among
the southern localities in Kern’s lists. *. Beryl-mines are
worked at Paddii’ir in Coimbatore, and at Vanniambadi,
at the north base of the Nilgiris (Newbold). Karige:
The situation points towards Kadapa, properly Karipé.
(for Kripa, “ Pity”). KAPIHH would easily beconie
KAPIPH. -

Batan--Kaissara is identified by V.§de St. Martin with
Bhat-Kashaur, the name of a Pargana of Saharanpi'ir in
the Ain-i-Ahhari. But this name was properly Behat-
Kanjawar (see Elliot’s Glossary, by Beames, ii. 128),
and is a modern combination. I have placed Batan-
Kaissara doubtingly at Kesarwa, east of the J amna, where
the position suits fairly. KartinagazKarnagar near
Bhagalpur, an ancient site? (J. R. A. S., xviii. 395)
Ifartisyna:Karnasonagarh, another ancient site,
near Berhampi’ir (J. A. S. B., xxii. 281; J. R. A. S.,
n.s., vi. 248). '

ON ISLANDs.-Iabadiu and Sabadibae may very pos-
sibly be duplicate entries for Java. There are several
indications'of overlapping duplicate itineraries in Ptolemy,
and it is a common mishap with cartographers, of which
various modern instances might be given. Maniolae:
This name is, in the gossip of Palladius about India,
applied to islands, about one thousand in number, that
lay near Taprobane, and respecting which the story of
the fatal magnetic rock was current; a tale which Pto-
lemy also refers to the Maniolae, though he makes these
only ten. The position assigned by Ptolemy is to the
right of a vessel bound for the Sinae, i.e. a position which
does apply to Ceylon and the Maldives, which latter
seem to be meant by the thousand islands of Palladius.
The name (from Mani, “a jewel”) also suggests a
reference to Ceylon. But the name may, like the story,
he fabulous. I have made no entry in the map.

H. YULE.

 

 

MAP 32.
NORTHERN AFRICA.

c—.§.——.—

THE drawing of the western portion of this map is a
reduction of the Carte générale de l’Algérie, in two
sheets, published by the French Government; the
eastern portion is founded upon the English maritime
charts, the map of Beechey’s work, an Expedition to
explore the northern coast of Africa from Tripoli eastwards
(London, 1828), as well as upon that which Barth has
in his Wanderungen durch die Kitstenliinder des Mittel-
meers. For the interior we have made use of the maps
to Barth’s Raise in Africa (Band i.), and those which
Petermann has constructed for Beurmann’s Reise eon
Bengasi nach Mursuk (in the Geogr. Mittheilungen, 1863).

A very defective map of the ancient geography of the
districts occupied by the French was published in 1843
by the Depot de la guerre, under the title of: Essai
sur l’Alge’rie pendant la domination romaine. Since then
French officers and scholars have continued the inves-
tigations with great zeal, and have published the results
in the Revue africaine, in the Akbar of Algiers, in the
Annuaire de la Socie’té arehéologique de Constantine, and
in the Parisian Revue arohe’ologique. The general
inscriptions have been collected and arranged by Renier
in the Inscriptions latines de l’Algérie. As regards
the geography of Zeugitana and Byzacium, there are
rich materials in the excellent work of V. Guérin,
Voyage arehe'ologique dans la re'gence de Tunis (Paris,
1852, 2 vols.). All these investigations have been
classed together chartographically in the Carte de
l’Afrique sous la domination des Remains, dressée au
de'pét de la guerre d’aprés les traoaux de M. Fr. Lacroix,
par M Nau de Champlouis (Paris, 1864, 2 grandes
feuilles), accompanied by a notice. Besides these we
have to mention, A. Rabusson, La Geographic du Nord de
l’Afrique pendant [es pe’riodes romaine et arabe,‘ Paris,
1856, 2 vols.; N. Davis, Ruined Cities within Numidian
and Carthaginian territories, London, 1863; and Vivien
de Saint-Martin, Le Nord de l’Afrique dans l’antiquite’
grecque et romaine, Paris, 1863. We could not as yet
make use of A. Daux, Recherches sur l’origine et l ’emplace-
ment des Emporia phéniciens dans la Zeugis et le Byzacium,
Paris, 1869.—-The plan of Carthage is given according
to the investigations of Beulé, in the Journal des Savants,
1859 et 1860.

 

 

MAP 33.
AEGYPTUS.

THE greater part of the drawing of this map is taken
from that map of Central Africa which Petermann has
published in the Geogr. Mttheilungen of the year 1863.
—In the Delta, the positions of only a few towns can
be safely determined; we have, therefore, not given
many more than Lepsius in his large map to the first
volume of the Denkmdler eon Aegypten. But we have
entered all the Aegyptian towns in the valley of the
Nile, the positions of which are but rarely subject to
any doubt. As regards the positions of the port-towns
on the Red Sea, which are wrongly marked in most
maps, we refer the reader to the explanations in the
Periplus of the Erythraeiim mare, with all the main
points of which Vivien de Saint-Martin agrees in his
already mentioned work, Le Nord de l'Af/ique.

 

* J. R. A. s., n. s.,v. 83.

 

MAPS 34 TO 40.]

_ MAP 34.

THE

HOLY LAND AT SUCCESSIVE PERIODS.

__+_.___

EIGHT MAPS.

. BEFORE THE CONQUEST.

. AFTER THE CONQUEST, AS DIVIDED AMONG
THE TWELVE TRIBES. '

. DURING THE MONARCHY.

. UNDER THE MACCABEES.

. UNDER HEROD THE GREAT.

. IN THE TIME OF OUR LORD.

. UNDER AGRIPPA THE FIRST.

. AT THE DESTRUCTION OF JERUSALEM.

[oi—l

mummuzw

THE sources of these maps are the statements of the
Bible, combined, in the four last ones, with the scanty
information to be gleaned from Josephus, Ptolemy, and
the occasional hints of other ancient authorities, as set
forth in the articles on the various districts and places in
the Dictionary of the Bible.

The maps are all to the same scale, but the extent of
country included varies in each case with the extent
of territory covered by the history of the time illustrated;
the names inserted are confined to those mentioned in
that history or most characteristic of the period, and the
spelling adopted is that of the Authorized Version in the
books containing the successive history.

 

 

MAPS 35 & 86.

THE HOLY LAND, NORTHERN AND
SOUTHERN DIVISIONS. .

 

THESE maps have been constructed in great measure
from new materials, and observations hitherto unused.
For the coastline and a few positions inland, the Ad-
miralty Chart of the Coast of Syria (Sheet 3), with a
map of the interior of Palestine from astronomical
observations, by Commr. A. L. Mansell, R.N., Surveyor
in the Mediterranean, were employed; the result of
Capt. Mansell’s observations has been to alter the lie
of the coast-line to the extent of nearly six miles of
longitude, by a gradual increment from J affa south-
wards. Thus Gaza, which was formerly 34° 33’ 10”
(Van de Velde), has been rectified to 34° 27’ 15"-——a
difference of 5’ 55”. . . .

By Capt. Mansell’s map the pos1tion of the “Dome
of the Rec ” at Jerusalem has been for the first time
satisfactorily determined at 85° 14’ 42”.

In the district of the Lebanon recourse has been had
to the “ Carte du Liban ” of the Brigade Topographique
of the French Engineers, who formed part _of the Corps
Expéditionnaire de Syrie, under the superintendence of
M. Renan. In the Antilibanus and BekA’a use was also
made of the map and information in the Rev. Mr.
Porter’s “ Five Years in Damascus,” which also afforded
help in the neighbourhood of that city. The main
sources of information, however, in the northern and
@ntral portions of Western Palestine, have been the
manuscript maps of surveys and the notes accompanying
them, made on a journey from Damascus to Jerusalem,
through Ituraea, Galilee, and Samaria, in 1866,. by
Captain (now Major) C. W. Wilson, R.E., and Lieut.
(now Capt.) Anderson, R.E., acting under the orders of the
Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. These
maps and observations formed an epoch in the cartography
0f the Holy Land- They were not trigonometrical
surveys but topographical sketches of country, executed
by two competent and experienced officers of the Royal
Engineers, and, as far as they went, were.correct and
admirable, and more trustworthy than anything that had
yet been executed. Combined with them use was made
of the sketches and observations on the waters near
Damascus and in the valley of the Jordan, by Mr. John
Macgregor (Rob Roy); of the Karte eon Calzla'a and
Geographische Analyse belonging to the same, by Consul
Schultz and Lieut.-Colonel C. Ziinmermann; and 0f the
routes through Galilee recorded by the Rev. Canon
Tristram in his Land of Israel and other works.

Descending southwards in Western Palestine we have
enjoyed the advantage of the manuscript maps of surveys
in Philistia and the Valley of the Jordan by Lieut. (now
Major) Warren, R.E., one of the officers employed by the
Palestine Exploration Fund in 1868. Also of a manu-
script map of a survey of the country between J affa and
Jerusalem by Mr. Schick, of that city; and of a manu-
script map of a survey of the environs of Jerusalem, by
the late Dr. Barclay, author of The City of the Great
Ifiny. Among the published works employed in con-
structing the southern portion of the map may be men-
tioned TObler’s Dritte Wanderany nach Paldstina ; Rosen’s
Das That and die niichste Umyegend IIebrons; VVilton’s
Negeb ; and the Map and J oarnals of the Countries south
of Beersheba, by Professor Palmer and the late Mr. C.
Tyrwhitt Drake.

For the Jordan and Dead Sea use has been made of
the map and Narrative of the United States Erpedition

 

SOURCES AND AUTHORITIES FOR THE MAPS. 25

 

in 1848, by Lieut. Lynch, U.S.N., checked and corrected,
in the case of the J ordan, with great advantage, by the
MS. notes and map of Major Warren, R.E., already
referred to: The result of this has been a great change
in the delineation of the Jordan, with a great increase
of accuracy. '

For the East of Jordan the main authorities em-
ployed have been, besides those already named: Consul
J. G. Wetzstein, Reiseberieht, &c., and map of Die
Landschaften im Osten con Damascus, &c. (1858); Wetz-
stem and Dorgens, Vorldaflge Shizze im Ostjordanlande
(1860); 'Eaploratien of the Desert East of the Haaran,
by Cyril . C: Graham; Canon Tristram’s observations
and descriptions of Moab and Gilead, in his Land of
Israel, and Land of Moab. .

In addition to the above the maps have benefited
largely by Lieut. van de Velde’s Map of the Holy Land,
and the excellent Memoir which accompanied it, includ-
ing the notes to the second edition of the map—as Well
as his Syria and Palestine. Also by the Handbook for
the Holy Land, by the Rev. Dr. Porter. But the deep
obligations of the constructors of these maps must be
expressed to the great work of Dr. Robinson, assisted
by the Rev. Eli Smith—Biblical Researches (1838), and
Later Biblical Researches (1852). This work remains
without a rival for the' extent and precision of its
topographical description.

 

 

" MAP 37.

JERUSALEM ANCIENT AND MODERN.

THIS map is to a scale of 13 inches to a mile (nearly),
and embraces a space of half-a-mile on each side of the
city, so as to include the Birket Mamilla on the one side,
and the Church of the Ascension on the other.

The map is based on the trigonometrical survey
of the modern city made by' the men of the Royal

Engineers under the charge of Captain (now Major)_

C. W. Wilson, R.E., at the expense of the Baroness
Burdett-Coutts in 1864. This has been supplemented
by the sketches and memoranda of Major Warren, R.E.,
who had charge of the excavations and operations of the
Palestine Exploration Fund at Jerusalem in 1867 and 8;
by the models, MS. maps, and MS. notes of Mr. Schick;
by the works of Robinson, Williams, Catherwood, Tobler,
Pierotti, and many other travellers. The present map

* is more elaborate than that of the Ordnance Survey, both

in detail and in execution. More precision has been
given to the ground as defined by the contours; the
public buildings—such as fortresses, mosques, and
churches—are put in detail where the scale will admit
and the information is possessed ; and the archaeological
discoveries of the Palestine Exploration Fund are noted
wherever possible.

With the map of the modern city an attempt has
been made to combine the ancient Jerusalem as far as
our knowledge of the sites extends, and according to the
most probable arguments. The position of the Temple
is that argued for by Mr. F ergusson in the Dictionary
of the Bible. ,

 

MAP 88.

ENVIRON S OE JERUSALEM.

_.—+———

THIs map is to a scale of 3 of an inch to a mile; it em-
braces a space of 22 miles North and South, and 16 East
and \Vest; and extends from Gophna on the North, to
Tekoa on the South, and from Beth-boron on the West,

to Khan Hudrur on the East. In its construction every _
_known authority has been consulted, and no statement
has been accepted or rejected without the most careful -

scrutiny. .

Amongst the sources not generally acceSSible may be
mentioned the MS. map made by the late Dr. Barclay,
author of The City of the Great King. '

The route surveys made across the country from J affa
to the Dead Sea in determining the level of that lake
by Captain Wilson, RE, and on the journey from

Damascus to Jerusalem by the same officer and Lieut. S.

Anderson, R.E., in 1866.

" Dr. Tobler’s Topographic eon Jerusalem and seinen

Umqebangen, and his Dritte Wanderany. .

Lieut. Van de Velde’s Map of the Enmrons of Jera-
salem. . .

Dr. Robinson’s Map of the Enmronsof Jerusalem, by
H. Kiepert, and the descriptions of his routes in The
Biblical Researches. _

Bartlett’s Walks About the City and Environs of Jera-

I] . o -

80 This map also contains a section through Jerusalem
from West to East to a horizontal scale of 750 feet to
an inch, shewing for the first time the surface of the
original rock of Mount Moriah and the valley of the
Ketdron as discovered by Major Warren, R.E.

 

MAP 39.

SINAI AND THE DESERT OF THE
WANDERING.

 

THIS map (to a scale of 15 statute miles to an inch)
embraces the whole extent of country covered by the his-
tory of the Hebrews during their residence in Egypt,
their flight from thence, and their forty years’ wandering
in the Wilderness. It fully illustrates the elaborate
articles on the subject in the Dictionary of the Bible.

The sheet also contains enlarged plans of Wady Feiran
and J ebel Serbal, and of Ras Sufsafeh and J ebel Musa—
the latter to a scale of one inch to a mile.

The basis of the map is formed on Moresby’s Charts
of the Red Sea and on the observations of Burckhardt,
Russeger, Ri'ippell, Laborde, Lepsius, Figari Bey,
Linant, and other travellers, especially the careful,
accurate, and sensible notes of Dr. Robinson, which,
here as in Palestine, are of enduring value. The desert
plateau of Et Tih, the South Country, or N egeb—
which forms the bridge from the Desert to Palestine——
the Arabah and Mountains of Edom remain much as
they were left after the labours of the distinguished
savants and travellers just named, though some interest-
ing additions to the two first of these three sections were
made by the late Mr. Tyrwhitt Drake and Professor
Palmer, all of which—including the excellent route-
survey of the Tih by the former of these gentlemen——
have been carefully incorporated in the present map.
Much, however, remains to be done towards the ex-
ploration of the country and the elucidation of the route
of the Israelites. Dr. Robinson made an important
contribution to both, in ascertaining the natural boun-
dary between the open plains of the Tih Desert and
the hills and vales of the habitable land, the Land of
Promise. A most important item in the route appears
to be connected therewith. The Israelites having crossed
the desert and quitted Hazeroth, reached the foot of
the Hill Country, and encamped there; and sent for-
ward a select body of men to examine the land and
report upon it. The encampment was at Kadesh. It
was near to the border of Edom (Numbers xx. 16), and
in the Desert of Paran (Numbers xiii. 26), at the foot
of the hills, where a prominent rock was before the eyes
of the people (Numbers xx. 8) ; that is, it was near the
Arabah, 0r Wilderness of Zin, which borders Edom
(Numbers xx. 1), and on the plateau of Et Tih. These
circumstances would seem to point to the foot of J ebel
Mukrah, where an ancient road descends from the Hill
Country. Professor Palmer, however, following another
eminent Cambridge scholar, has adhered to a site acci-
dentally discovered by Mr. Rowlands, at some distance
north-westward ; although it is neither in the Desert
of Et Tih, nor near the Arabah, nor at the extremity
of the habitable Hill Country.

In the north-western portion of the map much infor-
mation has been gained in connection with the Suez
Canal. The new theory of the route of the Exodus,
recently maintained with remarkable ingenuity and force
by Professor Brugsch Bey, on his reading of Egyptian
records, and supported by topographical indications,
may here be clearly traced.

In the Peninsula of Sinai much important information
is introduced. The results of the scientific survey of the
track from Suez by the wells of Moses and the Wady
Feiran to J ebel Serbal and J ebel Musa, executed by the
party of Royal Engineers under the orders of Captains
Wilson and Palmer, are fully embodied; and every
advantage has been taken of the admirable and accurate
observations on the topography of the same district, and
especially of the country south of J ebel Musa, by the

» Rev. F. W. Holland in his Map of Sinai.

 

MAP 40.

PART OF ASIA,
TO ILLUSTRATE THE OLD TESTAMENT
AND CLASSICAL AUTHORS.

 

THIS map extends over 19 degrees of longitude (30° to
49° E. long.) and 13 degrees of latitude (27° to 40°
N. lat), from Egypt and Asia Minor on the one hand,

.to the Persian Gulf and Caspian Sea on the other.

The following are the chief authorities employed in its

. construction :—

The Manuscript Maps of the Turco-Persian Frontier
Survey, conducted by a mixed commission under the
British, Russian, Turkish, and Persian Governments,
and extending in a belt from Mount Ararat to the
Persian Gulf. For the use of these maps the publisher
is indebted to the kind permission of the late Earl
Clarendon. .

M. de Khanikof ’s Map of Azerbijan.

The route maps and descriptions of Sir Henry Raw-
linson, the Right Hon. Austen Layard, Mr. Ainsworth,
Mr. Loftus, and others. '

The surveys of the Euphrates and Tigris by Colonel
Chesney, R.A. and Capt. Lynch, U.S.N. ,

26 SOURCES AND AUTHORITIES FOR THE MAPS.

[MAPS 41 TO 43.

 

The “Vestiges of Assyria,” in four sheets, constructed
from the Trigonometrical Survey made for the Govern-
ment of India by Felix Jones, Commander, Indian
Navy, and Surveyor in Mesopotamia.

The Trigonometrical Survey of a part of Mesopotamia
from Hillah to Nifi‘er, with the rivers Euphrates and
Tigris, by Lieut. Collingwocd, Indian Navy, Surveyor in
Mesopotamia. Also, from Sheriat el Beytha to Tel
Ibraham, by Commr. Selby and Lieut. Bewsher, Indian
N av .

Di: Wallin’s travels in the Arabian Desert.

Guarmani’s Itinéraire de Jerusalem au Nedjid Sep-i
tentrionale (Sept. 1865).

Dr. Kiepert’s map of Asia Minor, &c.

Consul Brant’s journies in Kurdistan.

Consul Taylor’s routes in Kurdistan.

Dr. Blau’s account of Lake Urumiah and Lake Van.

Strecker’s sketch of the Zab-ala territory.

E. G. Rey, Reconnaissance de la Montague des
Ansariés.

 

MAP 41.

A MAP TO ILLUSTRATE THE NEW
TESTAMENT.

 

THIS map extends over 30 degrees of longitude (from
100 to 40° E. long.) and 20 degrees of latitude (from 25
to 45° N. lat), and embraces on the one hand Italy
and Carthage, and on the other Egypt, Syria, and the
Euxine Sea. It illustrates especially the journeys of
St. Paul, and the sites of the Seven Churches of Asia.

The principal authorities are the Admiralty Charts,
(particularly those of Captain Spratt, R.N., the Map of

 

Asia Minor by M. de Tchihatcheff, the Life and Epistles
of St. Paul, by Conybeare and Howson, and the Voyage
and Shipwreck of St. Paul, by James Smith, Esq., of
Jordan Hill.

 

 

MAP 42.
PLAN OF BABYLON.

 

THIs map of the present site of Babylon is taken from
the Trigonometrical Survey of a part of Mesopotamia, by
Commander Selby and Lieuts. Bewsher and Collingwood,
Indian Navy, the narratives of Rich, Rennell, and others,
and is edited by Capt. Felix Jones, I.N. It embraces an
extent of 65 miles North and South, and 45 East and
West. The scale is 4 miles to an inch.

 

 

MAP 43.

PLANS OF NINEVEH, TROY,
CARTHAGE, ALEXANDRIA, AND
CONSTANTINOPLE.

-—-—-O

 

NINEvEH.

THIS map of the present site of Nineveh is drawn from
the Trigonometrical Survey made by command of the

 

Indian Government by Capt. Felix Jones, Indian Navy,
Surveyor in Mesopotamia, together with the notes of the
same officer in the Journal of the R.~Asiatic Society
for 1855. The scale is 4 miles to an inch.

ALEXANDRIA.

This map shows the ancient and the modern city, and
is constructed from the Admiralty Chart of Captain
Mansell, RN. (1857), and the map of Mahmoud Bey
(1866). The scale is 1 inch to a mile.

TROY.

From the surveys and plans of Dr. Schliemann. This
Map embodies the results of his excavations at Hissarlik
(Novum Ilium). The excavations at Bunarbashi, to
which modern scholars have given the name of Ilium
Vetus, reveal only the fortified citadel of a little town,
but no deep de’brz's containing any traces of the life and
wealth of the Homeric city.

CARTHAGE.

Compiled from the plan des environs de Tunis, &c.
(French Admiralty Chart) par M. C. Bouchet—Riviére,
1849; from the Admiralty Chart of the Bay of Tunis
by Capt. Wilkinson (1865); and from the Carte de la
Régence de Tunis par Falbie et Pricot St. Marie; dépét
de la guerre, 1857. The scale of the plan is 3 miles to
1 inch.

CONSTANTINOPLE.

The ancient city is adopted from the map of Dr. A.
Dethier (1873), the modern plan from that of Josef
Ritter von Scheda (1866).

 

 

 

 

DE‘WILLIAM SMITH'S ANCIEN'I‘ ATLAS ’ I N

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MAP 10.

‘ ' BRITANNIA.

Abbreviations: Aest. Aestuarium. Br. Bridge. 0. Cape. F. Flumen. I. Insula. L. Lough. Pr., Prom. Promontorium. Pt. Port. R. River. Sin. Sinus. Str. Street.

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'Aballaba I Camulodunum

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E 0 Bodfari D d E f 00107971396 D f Fair Head A b Icknield Way- G f H 9 Long Ashton E f
Abbotsbury E g Bolerium Pr. B g Camulossesa C a Cewey Stakes G f Falmouth B g Ickwerth H e Longevioum F c
Aber - C d Bollitree, near Weston E f Oana H f Coacwall Knoll D e Farleigh E f Icolmkill A a Longus Aest. B a
Abercorn D b Bomium D f Cancanorum prom. B e Crackentherpe E c Farndon G d Ictis F g Lestwithiel 0 g
Abergai'enny D f Bonjedioard E b Canewdon H f Cramond D b Farnham G f Ictis I. B g Loucopibia C c
Abone E f BonOma I g Cangi C e Creighton Castle E b Faversham H f Idle R. F d Luentmum C e
Abravannus Sin, ‘ O c Borcovicus E c Canonium H f Crocolana G d Felixstow I f I lchester E g Lag R. D e E e
Abus Fl. H d Bossens B g Canterbury I f Croft Ambrey E e Fenny Stratford G e I lkley F d Luguvallium E 0
Ad Ansam H f Botis B b Cantii H f Cromer I e Fern [3. F b Illaveani A b Lunay I. C 1
Ad Aquas E -f Boulogne ‘ I g Cantium Pr. I f Cunetio F f Filey G c Inchstuthill D a Lune R. E c
_ Ad Fines H f Beurton on the Water F f Cantwaraburh I f Cunia Fl. D d Filey B. G c Iona ‘ A a, Lutudarum “ F d
Ad Lapidem F g Beverten D f Cantyre \ B b Cupar Angus D a Flamberough Hd. G c Ipswich I e Lydney E f
Ad Pontem G d Bovium D e Cantyre, Mull of B b Oyren-ceaster F f Flavia Caesariensis E e Irby D c Lymne H f
Ad Sabrinam E f BOWQS E ‘3 Canvey I- E f Flint D d Irchester G e Lynckirk D b
Ad Taum I e Bowness D c Capperten E f Folkestone I f Isamnium Fr. 13 0
Ad Tavium D a Boyne R. A d Caput Valli D a Folly Farm F f Isannavantia F e
'Addle F d Bradwell . H f Caractaci Cast. D e Fordington E g Isca D f .
‘Adurni Portus G g Braich-y-Pwll B e Carbantorigum C c Damnii C b Forest Uelwyn D e Iséa D g Magiovintum G f
Aesica E c Brancaster H e Carisbreoke F g Damnonii B g Forth, Firth of E a. Isca F1. . D g Magis F c
Ailsa Craig B b Brandon D ‘9 Carlisle E c Damnonium Pr. B h Forth R. C a Isehalis E g Maglovae F c
Aire R. F d Brandon H e Carnsore Pt. A e Danbury Hill H f Fesse Way Ef F e G d Isis R. F f Magnae E b
Akeman Str. F f G f Branodunum H e Carrawburgh E b Danum F d -Fowey G g Isla A b Magnae . E e
Alainos Fl. D g E g Branston F e Carvorran E b Darnii A c Fowey R. G g Isubrigantum F c Maiden Bower G f
Alanna D a Braughing H f Case. Candida C c Dart R. D g Fyne L. B b Isurium F c Maiden Castle E g
Alanna. E e Bravonium E e . Cassi G f Daventry F e Ithan-ceaster H f Maiden Way E c
Alauna F d Brei'ch Wr. . D b Cassiterides A h Daeington H f Itius Portus I g .Maidstone H if
Alanna Silva F g Bremenium' E b Castellum Ostorii D e Dawlish E g . * Ituna Aest. D c Malbray . I) c
Alaunus Fl. F b Bremetenracum D 0 Great Casterton , G e Deal I f GabrantuicorumSinusG c Ivington E - e Maldon / H f
Albury G f Bremetonacae E 0 Castle Acre H e Dealgin Ross C a Gabrosentum . » D c waorth H e Maleos A a,
Alcester E 6 Brent Knoll ‘ E f Castle Cary D b Dee R. D c D d D e Gadeni " D b V Malton G c
Alchester F' f East Bridgeford G 6 Castle Dykes D b Delgovitia G d Gainsborough G d Man, I. of C c
Alcluith O b Bridgewater E f Castle Dykes F e Demetae O f Galacum E c . Mancetter F e
Aldborough F c Bridgewater Bay D f Castleford F d Denbury D g Galava D c Jena Aest. C 0 Manchester E d
Aldridge E e Bridlingten Bay G 0 Castle Hills F 0 Benton G e Gallia I h Judde Hill H f Mancunium E d
Aldrington G g Brigantes E d Castle Neroche D g Derventio D c Galloway, Mull of B 0 Julian Street E f Manduessedum F e
Alkboreugh G d Brige F f Castle Over D b Derventio F e Gargrave E (1 Jam B b Mansfield Weedheuse F (1
Alone E c Brill F f Castle Rising H e Derventio G d Gariannonum I e \Margidunum G e
Ambleside E c Brinklow F e Castleshaw F d Derwent R. D c F c F d Garienus Fl. I e Mandunum O f
Amboglanna _ E b Britannia prfma D g Castlesteads E c G ‘d’ Gatton G f Market Harbore F 9
Avon R. E f Britannia secunda D e Castor - G e Deva E d Gedney Hill, near Hol— Keeleaeaestir F d Market Weighten G d
Amesbury F f Britannicus Oceanus E g Castra Exploratorum D b _ Deva F1. 0 0 beach G e Kaims Castle 0 a Marlborough ’ F f
Amresbyrig F f Breadbury Gas. 0 g Castra Rutunium E e Devil’s Causeway F b G f Germanicus Oceanus H c Kele'edon H f Maryport D c
Ancaster G e .Broadfield Com. D c Cataractonium F c Devionisso D g Gessoriaeum I g Ken Wr. C b Masbury Cas. E f
Anderida. H g Brocav'ium E c Catterick Br. F c Dinas Ddinle C d Giano B g Kendal E c Matloclc F d
Anderida Silva G f Breckley Hill G f Cattistock E g Dobuni E f Glanoventa D c Kennett R. F f Medbeurne - G e
Andeier F f Brampton Regis D f Catuvellauni G 9 Doctors Gate F d Glastonbury E f Kentchester ‘ E e Medcaut ’ F b
Andred G f Brough‘ E c Cauci A (1 Don R. F d Gleawan-ceaster E f Kersall E d Medielanum D e
Andredes-ceaster H g Brough F d Causennae G e Doncaster F d Glen R. G e Keswick .D c Mediolanum E d
Andredesleah H f Brough G d Cawthorn‘ . Gr 0 Deon Wr. C b Glenluce Bay 0 c Keaby G d Mediolanum F e
Anglesey\I. 0' d Brougham Cas. E c Cefn Caer, near Pennal C e Derchester E g Glevum E f Kiddingten F f Medway R. H f
’ Angmering G g Broughton E d Cenail D a. Dorchester F f Glota Aest. C b Kier D a Melandra Castle .F d
Annan Wr. D b Broughton F f Cerrion F]. B g Dorking G f Gloucester E f Kilbride C b Meller E d
Anstie G f Breughten G d Chadlingten F f Dorsum Britanniae E. c Gobannium D f Killerton D g Menapia ’B f
Antivestaeum Pr. B g Brovonacae E c Chanctenbury Ring G g Doruventio F e Godmanchester G e Kind St-r. . E d Menapii. A 3
Anton R. F f Brue R. E f Channel Kirk E b Dove R. ' F d Goodmanham G d Kinderten E d Mersea I. E f
Antona F1. G e Bruten E f Chard D g Dover I f Goodwin I f Kingscete E f Mersey B. E d
Antonini Vallum O b Bubinda F1. A d Charing H 'f Deeey R. C e Gradena H f Kings Stanley E- f Metaris Aest. H e
Appleby G d Bailth D e Chedworth F f Downpatrick B 0 Grain, I. of H f Kingston ' G f Mevania, C c
.Aquae Solis V. Sufis E f Bullaeum D e Chelmer R. H f Drayton Ho., near Grantehester G e Kinneil D a. Middleby D b
Arbeja D c Bullbarrow E g Chelmsferd H f Lowick G e Grassy Walls D a Kirkby There E c Mildenhall F f
Arbury G e Burgh I 6 Chester ’E d Dreitwieh E e Greta Br. F c Kirkcudbright O c Millington G d
Arbury Hill- F e Burgh Castle I 6 Little Chester F e Drumburgh D c Gris Nez C. I g Kirklees .F d Modonus F, A e
Ardech D a Burgh on the Sands D 0 Chester le Street F 0 Dublin A d Guilsborough F e Kirkstead E c Melland Bottreaua: D f
Ariconium E f Burgoswald E b Great Chesterford H e Dudsbury F g Gassage F g Kits Coity Ho. H f Mona C c
Arron B b Burrium D f Great Chesters E b Dumfries D b . Mona C d
Arrington G e Burrow G 9 Little Chesters E c Dumno-ceaster I e Monaoeda G 0
Arrow E e Burrow Hi'll F e Chesterton E d Dumnonioruaneg.II. . -~ _ , Monks Kirby F e ,
Arun R. _ G g Bury Hill F f Chesterton E e Aug. D g Habltancum E b Lactodorum F e Monmouth E f
Ashwood E e Bury St. Edmunds H e Chesterton F e Dunium E g Haddon . F d LaganR. -A c Monnew B. E 'f
Athelney, I. of D f Bury Walls E e Chew Green E b Dunstable G"f Hadmam vallum E c Lagecmm F d Morbium D c
Atrebati F f Buxten E d Chichester G g Dunum B c Hadrians E f Lambay I. B d Morblum F d
Attacotti B b Bwlch Agricola D d Chipping Warden F e Dunum Sinus F c Hayley. E e Lambert Cas. E g Morecambe Bay D c
Aufona F1. F e Bwlchey-ddeufaen 0‘ d Churn R. F f Dunwich I e Hallg-ealand F b Lanark D b Moresby D c
. Augusta G f Bwrdd Arthi r C d 'Cilernum E b Durham F c Halton Chesters F b Lancaster E c Moreton E 6
Aust r E f Bwrdd Arthur D d Cirencester F f Durius F1. . D g Hampton in Arden F 6 Lancaster Bay D d Morleaxnbe Aest. I) c
‘ Austerfield F d Cisbury Hill G g Durnovaria E g Harborbagh‘ Banks, Lanchester _ F c Mostevla G g
Avebury F f Cissan-ceast‘er G g Durobrivae G 9 near Ashwell G e Land’s End ~ B g Mull I. A a,
Avon R. F e F g Civitas Legionum D f Durobrivis H f Hardknet Castle D c Langside O b Murldununn D g
Ai‘on W'r. * C b Civitas Legionum G e Durocina F f Hartland Pt. 0 f Latton F f Mutuantoms H g
Axe R. D g Cadbury D g Clausentum F g Durocobrivae G f Harwi'cli I f Laughton F d .
Awe R. E f Cadbury E f Olavinium E g Durocornovium F f Hascembe Gr f Launceston G g .
Axelodunum D c Cadbury Cas. E f Clawdd Coch D e Durolevum H f Hatum Bathuna. E f Lavatrae E c Nantwich E
Ayr, Wr. of C b Caer Oeint I f Cleghorn D b Durolipons G e Haughley H 6 Lawrence Waltham G f Narberough H
Caer Colun -H f Cliuiger E d Durolitum H f Hedon G d Lea R. G f ' Neath D
Caer Cori F f Clota Aest. .C b Durotriges E g Hembury D g Leehlade .F » f Nen R. . G
Caer Ebrauc F d Clevelly Dykes 0 g Durovernum I f Hemel Hempstead G 1' Lege-ceaster E d Netherby E
Caer Flos D e Clan Forest D e Herculis Pr. 0 f Lege—ceaster F 9 Newcastle F
'Badbury Rings E g 'Caer Gap D e Clun R. ' D e Hereford E e Leg10II.A}1gnsta Df I1 f Newmgton H
Banbury E g Caer Gloui E f Clyde, Firth of C b _ Heftham E c Leg. VI. VICPHX. I! d Nidd 1&1 F
Bango’r-ys-coed 'D d Caer Guent~ I e Clyde, Fortress of C b Earn R. D a Heyford G e Leg. XX -Vlctr1x E d Nidum D
Banovallum G d Caer Guoricon E e Clyde R. . C b D b Eastbourne H g Hibaldstow G d Leglohum F d Nit/i It. 0 b D
Barnack G e Caer Gwent F' f Coccium E d Easton Grey E f High Cross E 9 Leicester . F e -No'rdy Bank E
Bartlow Hills H e Caer Leir G e Coganges . F c Ebchester F 0 High Rochester E_ b Leintwardine ' E 9 North Allerton, F
Barugh . G ,c Caer Leon E d Cogenhoe G, e Eblana A (1 High Str. E c Lelaannonms Sm. B b North I/oreland I
. Bath E f Caer Mimicip G f Coggeshall H f Eburacum. F d Hod Hill E _g Leucarum O“ f Norton E
Bathan-ceaster E f Caer Ogyrfan D e East Coker . E g Eden R, . E a. Helm . H e Leuco Magno E f Norwich I
Bedd Porus D e Caer Seiont C d Colania D b Edinburgh D b Holmbury Hill G f Lewes ~ H g Novantae C
Belfast L. B o Caer Sws D e Colchester H f Eggardon / E g Holt Castle_ E e Lemden .H £ N ovantumChersenesusB
Belgae ‘ E f Caerau D e Colne .E d Egremont D c Holwood Hill G f Lichfield F e Novantum Prom. B
Belisama Aest. D d Caeraa D f Colne R. H f Eidumania F1. H f Holy I. C d Liddel R. E b_ Novaomagus G
Benaventa F e Caergwrle D d Colney I e Eildon E b Holy I. F b Liddington F f Novlus F1. D
Bentley G f Caerhun D d Colonia. H f Elksten E f Helywell G e Lilbeurne F e
Benwell Hill F b Caerlaverock D c Combretonium I e Ellenboreugh D c Honington G e Limnos B d
Bere Regis E g Caerleon D f Concangios F 0 Elm H e Horestl D a Lincoln G d Oakengates E 6
Berry Castle D g 'Caermarthen O f Condate E d N. Elmham H e Horkslow G d' LdeSfarn F b. Obeca F1. A e
Berry Head D g Caernarvon C d Condercum F b Ely H e Horncastle G d Lindlsfarnea I: b Ocellum Prom. G c
Bertha D a Caerwent E f; Congavata E c Eoferwic F d Hornsea G d Lindsey H e OceIlum Pr. H d
Beverley G d Caerwys D d Conovium D d Epiacum \ F 0 House Steeds E 0 Lindum . D a, Ocnnnm Pr. B n
Bewcastle E b Caesar G 'f Conway R. ' D d Epidii B b Hull R. G d Llndum Coloma G d Oetapxtarnm prom. B f
Bibroci G f Caesariensis Maxima D. c Coquet R. ' F b Epidium A b Humber . H d, Linnhe 17- B a Oestl'ymnicus Smus C h
Biggar D b Gaesaromagus ’ H f Corbridge F ‘ c Epidium‘prom. B b Hunnum E b Lintrese D a Oest’rymmdes Ins. C h
Bigner G g Caistor G d Gerda D b Ermine Str. E f Huntingdon G e Littleborough F d Ofi'a s Dyhe D e
Binchester F c Caistor I e Coria. D b Ermine Str. G <1 G e Hythe I f Lizard, the B h Old Carlisle. 1) c
Birrenswork D b Caistor St. Edmunds I e Corin F f grinzie Way C195. {3 ilngebh'gBre _ 8 d 8% gilpatrick (é b
1'sl E f Galcaria F d Corinium F s . . an 6M 3/1 6 en 6
Bittzgn F g Calder R. F d Coritavi F e Esk R. G c _ Llanfair-y-bryn D 6 Old Oswestry D e
Bitten E f Caledonii' B a Cornavi ' E d Eskmeals D c Iamlssa Aestuar. H f Llanfrynach D f Old Penrith E c
Blackrode E d Calleva F f Corstopitum ' E c Etocetum A F e Ibernm A e Llamo. C 9 Old Sarum E f
Blackwdter R. ‘H f Calleva Atrebatum F. f Coréula C d Ettrick Wr. “D b Ibernicus Oceanus B d Llantwit D f Old T 011m E c
Blaize Castle E f Callew Hill E e Cothi R. O f Ewenny D f~ Ibernlo E g Llwehwr O f Old Windsor G f
Blanii. A. d. Calthorpe . F e Cotterstocls G. 9 Ewe R.- D g 1061]], H 9 1;leth R. O f Oldberry Hill H f
Blatum Bulgium D b Cambodunum F 6. Cotton, near Ringstead G e Eaeter D g. Icmos H e LlysBrychan D f Oldbury E 9
BIeStium E f Camboricum H e Counos H f Ewning H e IClcburgh H e LOgla Fl. B c Oldbury E f
Blyth R. F b Cambridge H e Countesbury D f Extensio I e Ickleton ‘H e Londesbprough G d Oldridge D g
Boderia Aest. 1) a Camden 0 '9, Coventry F 0 Eye I e Icklingham ,H e Londnnum G‘ f Olenacum D c

 

 

 

 

 

 

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ii

.BRITANNIA.

Mar 19.

 

Oli'cana.
Ordovices
Orrea

Orwell R.
Otadeni
Othona

Case R. F (I G e
Catchester
Over Burrow
Ovoea R.
Oxburgh
Oxnead

Paisley
Pakenhar'n
Pampocalia .
Papcastle
P. risi
Parret R.
Parwich
Peanfahel
Peddar Way
Peneltun
Penganul
Pennocrucium
Pentrich
Perth
Peterborough
Petriana
Petuaria
Pevensey
Piddington
Pierce Bridge
Pilgrims Way
Pilsden‘flill
Pirn
Pitmead
Pleshy J
Plinlimmon
Plumpton Wall
.Pons ZEilii
Ponsonby
Porchester
Port Way
Porth-mawr
Portland
Portsbury
Porus hubris
Portus Lem anis
Portus Magnus
Portus Novus
Potteries, Roman
Praetorium

' Pretorium
Procolitia
Pulborough

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Ratae

Rathlin I.
Raynsbury

Reculver

Reed R.

Regaina

Regni

Regnum
Regulbium
Repta-ceaster
Rerigonium
Rerigonius Sin
Rhatostathybius Fl.
Rhee Walls
Rhigodunum
Rhobogdii
Rhobogfium Prom.
Ribble R. D d
Ribchester '
Richborough
Ricina
Ridge Way
Ringwood
Ritupis
Risingham
Rooester .
Rochester
Roding R.
Rodmarton
Romansleigh Ridge
Rom/0rd

Es

Rother R. °

Rothley
Romby
Roycross
Royston
Ruim
Rushbury
Rutchester
Rutunium
Rutupiae
Ruyton
Ryan L.
Rye
Ryknield Way

' Sabrina Aest.

Sacrum Prom.
St. Abb’s Head
St. Andrews

St. Asaph a

S. Cerney

S. Creake

St. David’s Head
St. George’s Hill
St. John’s pt.

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St. Michael’s JlIount
St. Valery '
Salenae

Salinae

Salinae
Salisbury
Saltash

Sands

Sandton

Sarn Helen
Sarn Helen
Sarn Helen
Sarn Swsan
Saxonicum Littus
Saxonicum Littus
Scampton

Seilly Islands
Sea ford

Sea Mills
Searobyrig
Seaton
Segedunum
Segelocum
Segontium
Seiont R.
Selgovae .
Setantiorum Portus
Seteia Aest.
Severn R.
Severn R.
Sewing Shields
Seachill

Sheflord

Great Shelford
Shields
Showlesborovgh
Silbury Hill
Silchester
Silura I.
Silures
Sitomagus
Slack

Soar R.

Soham

Solway Firth
Sorbiodunum
Sorn-Helen
Southampton
Southbrook
Southfleet

Speen

Spinae

Spittal

Sponebed Hill
Spurn Head
Spy Park
Staines

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Stamford Br.
Stanegate, The
Stanton '
Stanwick
Stanwick .' '
Sianwiw

S atio

Steeple Aston
Stockport
Stone Str.
Stone Str.
Stone Str.
Stoneham
Stonehenge
Stonesfield ‘
Stour R.
Stour R.

Stow Langtoft .
Strageth
Strangford L.
Stranraer.
Stratford
Stratton
Stratton
Stretford
Stretton, near Penkridge
Stringston

Stucia F1.

Sturius F1.
Sullom'acae

Susura

Swafl‘ham

Swale R.

Swine

Sylina I.

He

Tadcaster

Taesburgh

Tafi R.

Tamar R.

Tamaris

Tamerton

Tamenis Fl.

Tanatos I.

Tanaus

Taniatide

Tapton, near Chester-
field -

Tassies Holm

Tatchbury

Taunton

Tava Aest.

Tay, Firth of

Tees R.

Teify R.

Teign R.

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Teme R.
Templeborough
Termonin

Test R. .
Teviot R. ‘
Great Tew
Thame R.
Thames R.
Thames, Mouth of the
Thanet, I. of
Thetford
Thruacton
Tibbers Castle
Tidbury Hill
Till R.

Tinna

Tinna F1.
Tobius F1.

Toliapis I.
Tommen-y-Bala
Tommen-y-JlIur
Toppesfield '
Torksey
Torwood
Totness
Towcester
Towford

Towy R.
Trajectus
Tregony

Trent R.
Trimontium
Trinobantes
Tripontium _
Tris-anton F1. F g
Tuerobis Fl.
Tunnocelum
Tweed R.

Tyne R. '

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Db
Eb

Uley Bury
Upchurch
Ur—i-conium
Usk

Usk R.
Uxacona
Uxela y
Uxelum

Va gniacae
Valentia
Vanduaria
Varis
Vectis I.

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Vedra F1.
Venicontes _
Venta Belgarum
Venta Icenorum
Venta Silurum
Veratinum ‘
Ver-givius Oceanus
Verlucio ‘
Vernometum
Vertex-a9 .
Verulam by St. Albans
Verulalfiium
Vexala Aest.
Via Devana
Via J ulia.
Victoria
Vidotara Sinus
Villa Faustini
Vindelia Pr.
Vinderius Fl.
Vindobala
Vindo ladia
Vindofiua
Vindomis
Vindomora
Vinovia

De

Voluba F1.
Voluntii
Voreda Cast.
Vyrnwy R.

Wall

W'allingford '

Walls End ,

Walterston

Walton

Walton Heath _

Walwick Chesters

VVandlebury

TVanlip , ,

Wans-dyke

Wansdyke

Wanstead

Wantsumn

Wapley

W'apley

Warrington

Warshill

Warwick

Wash, The

W atchcross

Watling Street E b E
E e F d H f

Watts Dyke

Waveney R.

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Wayland Smith’s cave‘
Weald Hall
Wear R.
Weaver R.
Weeting

Weldon

Wellow

Wells

Wenham -
l’Vea‘ford Haven
Weymouth
Wharfe R.
Whetacre Burgh
Whitbarrow
Whitby
Whitchurch
Whitehurch
Whitehorn
Whitley Castle
Whiecoe Bridge
Wickham Bushes
W idford

W igginton
Wight, I. of
Wvgton ,
Wigton B.
Wiht .

Wilbury Hill
Wilcot.
WillOughby
Wimbledon
Winchester
Wintan-ceaster
Winteringham
Wissant
PVitham R. -
Wiveliscombe
Woodbridge
Woodbury Hill
Wood Castle
Woodchester

W oodcote
Wooden Law
Woodford
Woolpit
Worcester
Wroxeter
VVychbury Hill _
Wye R. , D 9

Y are R.
Yamley

Y eovil

Y ore R.
York

Y stwyth R.

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Abdera
Abelterium
Abila M.
Abla
Abobrica
Abrantes
- Acatucci
Acci
Acer M. .
Acinippo
Acra Leuce
Ad Adrum
Ad Aras
Ad Aras
Ad Centuriones'
Ad 1: (Decimum)
Ad Ellum
Ad Fraxinum
Ad Lippos
Ad Morum
Ad Morum
Ad Novas '
Ad Novlas
Ad Novlas
Ad Palen
Ad Pontem
Ad Putea
Ad Rubras . .
Ad septem aras
Ad XVII (Septimum
Decimum)
Ad Sorores
>Ad Statuas
Ad Turres
Ad Turres
Adamuz
Adeba
Ademuz
Adobrica
Adra
Adrus F.
ZEbura
JEminium
Eminius F.
ZEso
Africa
Africum Mare
Agathe
Agiria
A gramunt
A guas
Aguilar
A guilar
A guilas.
Ajerbe
Alabon
Alagon
Alagon
Alajor
Alameda
Alamo
Alanto.
Alba
Alba
Alba F.
Albacete
Albaida
Albalate, L. d6
Albania '
Albarracin
Albeniz
_ Alberche
Albocela
Albonica
Albor
Album Pr.
Albuquerque
Alcacer de Sal
Alcala
Alcala del Rio
Alcala Real
Alcanadre
Alcaiiiz
Alcantara
Alcaraz
‘ Alcazar dc S. Juan
Alce
Alcobaga
Alcoy
~Alcoy
Alcudia
~Aldea Tejada
Alebus F.
Alechipo ,
Alemquer
A lfaro
A lfayates
' A l [esiras
A lhama
Alicante
Aliste
Aljador
Allones
Almaden
Almaden
Almadevar
Almagro
Almanza
Almanzora
A lmazarron
Almeida
" Almeirim
Almeria
A lmodovar
Almunecar
Almunia
Alone
Alonis I.
Alora
Altea
' Alter do Chao
Althaea ~ .
_ Amacis o
Amallobr'iga
Ambisna
Ammaea

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Abbreviations :

Ampelusias Pr.

Ampurias

Anabere

Anee caput

Anas F.

Anas F.

Anas F.

Anas F.

Andorra

Andujar

Anlequera

Antequia

Anticaria.

Antistiana

Anzanigo

Aquee Augustee
bellicee

Aquse Bilbilitanae

AquaeCalidae

Aquae Cilenae

Aquee Oilenae

Aquee Convenarum

Aquae Flaviae ’

Aquae Onesiee

Aquae Origenee

Aquae Quarquernae

Aguee Sextiae

Aquae Siceae

Aquee Voconiae

Aquitanicus Sinus

Aralal ‘

Arabriga.

Araceli

Aracillo

Arae Sestianee

Arandi

Araquil

Aratispe

Arbos

Arcobriga

Arcos

Arcos

Ardilla

Arelate

Arenas gordas

Arenei Montes

Areva F.

Arga

Argentarius M.

Argentiolum

Aritium

Ariza

Arjona

Arlanza

Arlanzon

Aroche

Arrago

Arragon

Arrayale‘s

Arriaca '

Arronidaeci et Golia-
cini

Arsa

Artabri

Artabrorum P.

Artabrorum P.

Artemisium

Artigi

Amcci

Arunda

Arva

Asido Caesarina

A8paluca

Aspe

Aspis

Assasary

Assegonium

Asserey _,

Astaregia

Astigi

Astigi vetus

Astorga

Astura F.

Astura F.

Astures

Asturica Augusta

Ateca

Ategua

Atiliana

Atiliana Sepulcra

Atlanticus Oceanus

Attacum

Aturia F. .

Augusta Julia Gad1-
tana

Augustani

Augusti Turris

Augustobriga

Augustobriga

Aunios I.

Ausetani

Autrigones

Ayarum Pr.

Ave

Aveiro

Avelhaes

Avila

Avo F.

Axati

Ayamonte

Ayna

Azuaga

Tar-

Bacasis
Badajoz
Badelona
Badia
Beecyla
Baedyi
Baelo F.
Beelo opp.
Baena
Baenis F.
Baesippo P.

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.

‘HISPANIA.

‘

Baetica

Baetis F.

Beetis F.

Baetulo Opp et Fl.
Baeturia

Baeza

Bagur C.
Balaguer, Coll dé
Balearicum Mare
Balearides I33-
Balearis Major
Balearis Minor '
Balizao

Balsa

Balsa

Bambola

.Banda

Baneza

Baiiolas

Banos de Cuntis
Barbariana.
Barbariana
Barbarium Pr.
Barbastro
Barbata
Barbazena
Barbesula F.
Barbesula Opp. et F.
Barcelona
Barcino
Barea.
Barracas
Basilippo
Bastetaui
Basti

Bastuli
Baylen
Bayona

Baza

Beatia
Becerra
Bedunia

Beja

Belchite

Belen, N. S. de ‘
Belia.

Belion ~F.
Belli
Belsinum
Belsio
Bembimbre
Benavente
Beneharnum
Benidorme _
Benidorme, I. de
Berga
Bergidum
Bergium
Berja
Berlengas
Bermeo
Berones
Berrus

Beseda
Beselga
Betanzos

Beteta
Bea is
B iar
Bid aureta
Biel
Bigerr’a
Bilbao
Bilbilis
Binefar
Biscargis
Bituris
Blanca T.
Blanda
Blanes
Blendium
Bletisa
Bobadilla
Bollo
Bortinee
Botoa
Bracara Augusta
Braga
Braganza
Breva‘e
Bribiesca
Brigaecium
Brozas
Budua
Burbida
Burden
Burum

l

Cabeza el Griejo

Cabezas de S. Juan

Cabezas Rubias

Cabra -

Cabras, 8““ de

Cabrera ‘

Caceres

Cadiz

Ceeciliana

Caacilias vicus

Ceesada

Cecsaraugusta

Caesarobriga

Cala

Calabre

Calabria

Calactinus Sinus

Caladunum

Calagorris

Calagurris
ensis

Calagurris Nassica

Calahorra

Calamocha

Cavldas de Mombuy

Oalentum

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Lacus, Lagb. M. Mons. P. Portus. Pr. Promontorium; R. River. T. Tcmplum.
Calipus F. D f Charidemi Pr. K h Douro

Callenses G g Chaves E' c Dracina

Calon Pr. . M g - Chelif N i Dragonera

Calpe M f Chelva L e Duefias

Calpe M. G h Chersonesus N d Dueno

Oalpia G h Chinchilla L f Duo Pontcs
Calpurniana H g Chipiona F h Durius F.
Calvus‘M. . K c‘ Chiva M e Durius F.
Camala G b Chretina O f Durius F.
Cambarco H a Chylemath F. N i Durius F.
Cambracum H a Cicee Ia" G b Durius F.
Cambrils 0 d Cies Is' 0 b

Cambris H a Cieza L f ‘
Cambrodon O b Cilniana G h Ebellinun‘l ,
Campomajor E f Cimbis F h Ebora

Canama G g! Cinca F. N b Ebora
Candasnos N c .Cinca F. N c‘ Ebora

Caneirp F a Cinca N c Ebro

Canete la Real G h Cinium Q 6 Eburobritium
Cangas de Onis G a Cinniana P b Ebusim

Canha D f Cintra O f Ebusus
Canillera 0 e Cisimbrum H g Ebusus altera
Cantabri ~ H a Ciudad de Nabril E d Ebusus I.
Cantabricum Mare F a Ciudad Rodrigo F d Ecija

Canta vieja M d Ciudadela Q e Edeta
Cantillana F g Civitas Aravorum F d Edetani

Camus F. M f Civitas Consorauorum O a Edulius M.-
Canus F. N d Civitas Limicorum E b Ega

Capara. F d Claudiomerium C b Egara

Capilla G f Claudiomerium E a Egelastee‘
Capori D b Clodianus F. P b Equer‘a

Capraria I. Q a Clunia, I 0 Fiat

Caprasiae jugum M‘ e Coa F d Elche

Cara L b Coca H 0 Blake

Carabuay I g Cocosa L a Elda

Caraca I d Coimbra D d Elimberrum
Caracuel H f Coina O f Eliocroca

Caree M c Coliacini G a Eljas

Caraminal O b Colippo D 6 El .Padron,
CaraniCum ' E a. Collicure Q b Elusa

Carasa L a. Colobona F h Elms

Carasa L a Colombres H a. Embrun
Caravaca K f Colonia J ulia. Nova Emerita Augusta
Caravafia I d Carthago L g Emporiae
Caravis L c Colonia J ulia Victrix O c EmporitOn, Vetus urbs
Carbula G g Colonia Victrix Julia M c E0

Carca K f Colubraria N e Epora.

Carcasso 'P a Columbretes N e Equabona.
Carcuvium H f Complutica F b Equosera
Cardova O c Oomplutum I 'd Ercavica

Caria E d Concani H a Escombrera
Carija G h Concordia. D e Escura L.
Carinena L .c Condeixo a vielho D d Esera

Carissa G h Conejera Q 6 Esla

Caristi K b Confluentes L ’e Esla

Carlota G g Con frentes L e Esledunum
Carmo G g Congedus F. _ L c Espejo

Carmona G g Gongium I c Espiclzel, C. de
Carpetani H d Conimbriga D d Estepa »
Carpi H g Consabrum I e Estepan

Carrion H b Constantina G g Estoy

Carrion B. H b Consuegra I e Estremoz
Cartagena ’ L g Contestani L g Esuris

Cartama’ H h Contosolia F f Etobesa‘.

Cartare I. E g Contrebia L d Euandria
Carteia E g Contributa Julia. F f Evora

Carteia G h Contributum H g Evora

Carthage Nova _ L g Ccrbes E g Ezarag
Carthage Vetus O c Corbones G g

Carula G g Corcubian C ‘ .

.Carvoeiro C. C e Cordoba G g Feira ..
Cascante L c Corduba. G g Ferrarium Pr.
Caspe M c Corella K b Ferrel
Uassantum L c Coreuse Litus F -h Figueras

Cast. Branco E e Cores D a. Fines

Castellani O b Cargo E c Fines
Castellonde la Plana N e Coria F d Fines

Castra Amanuaria I a Coria F g Finisterre C.
Castra Caecilia F e Corobedc C. C b, Flavianavia
Castra I’ostumiana H g Coro'nil G g Flaviobriga
Castro del Rio H g Cortes L c Flaviolambris
Castropol F a Corticata I. C b Flavium Aurgi’ranum
Castro Urdiales I a Cortona ,0 c Flavium Brigantium
Castuera G f Coruiia D a Florius F.
Castulo I f Cossetani N c Fluvia
Castulonensis Saltus H f Cotes Pr. F i Fontanillas
Cauche H h Cotteeobriga F d Fonte de Lima
Caucoliberris Q b Couto D e Foraugustana
Caura. F g Crato E e Formentera
Caura H c Creuz C. Q b Formentor C.
Caurium F (1 Cuba E f Forum Bibalorum
Caus N 0 Cuba, el G 0 Forum Gallorum ‘
Canada 0 c Cuda F. E 0 Forum Gigurrorum
Cavaleria C. R d Cuda F. F (1 Forum Ligneum
Caviclum I h Cuelms M (1 Forum Limicorum
Cazalla G g Cuenza K d Frades .
Cazalla G g Cuer'va H e Fraga

Cazorla K g ' Culla M d Fraxinus

060, G b Cullar K g Fuengirola
Cebrones G b Cullcra M e Fuente de Cantos
Cehejin L f Cundis D a. Fuente (lel Moestre
Celadus F. D c Cuneus D g Fuente Ovejuno
Celeret M e Cuucus Pr. E h Fuliola

Celsa, M C Curiga F f

Celti G g Cynetes D g

Celtiberi H b Cypsela Q5 0 Gabriel

Cehkfi 1) f Gades .
Celticoflavia G d Gaditanum Fretum
Celticum Pr. 0 a Dactonium E b Gaditanus Po‘rtus
(Xenia N d Daimiel I e Gallaecia

Ceno D c Daroca L' c Gallega

Oepiana 0 f Deasain K a Gallia

Cera G h Deciana P b Gallica Flavia
Cerdana 0 b Decium K a Gallicus F.
Ceret F 11 Decuma G g ‘Gallicus Sinus
Gerretani O b Denia N f Gallocanta, L. de
Certima H _h Deobriga I b Garay

Certis F, E h Deobriguta I b Garumna F.
Cerval'ia Q b Dertosa N d Gala, C. de
Geri/era K b Dessobriga H b Gela

(767mm; N c Deva 7 K a Gemella
067176711 0. . Q. b Deva F. K a Gemestarium
Cessero ' Q a Dianium Artemisium N f Geminae
Cetraria G h Dianoe I. N f Gerona
Cezimbra O f Dipone E f Gerunda
Characitani I d Domeno» M 9 Gibraltar ‘

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MAP'H.

Giene
Gigonza
Ci/on
Ginela, la
Glandomirum
Granada
Grovii
Guadalajara
Guadalaviar
Guadalcanal
Guadalimar
Guadalmez
Guada lquiuir
Guadarama
Guadazaon
Guadiamar
Guadiana
Guadiana-menor
Guadiaro
Guadiaro
Guadiato
Guadiela
Guadia
Guardia
Guardo
Guicona
Guimaraes
Gurrea

Hactara
Hannibalis Portus
Hannibalis I33.
Hemeroscopium
Henares

Henares

Herculis I.
Herculis I.
Herculis T.
Herculis Columna
Herculis Columna
Herminius M.
Herna

Herquera

Herrera

Hienipa

Hijar

H inojosa

Hippo

Hispalis
Hispanum Mare
Hay/zambre C.

H uelva

Huerba

Huesca

Huescar

Huetamo

Hyops

Hystra.

Iaca

Ibera
Ibericum Mare
Iberus F.
Iberus F.

I bi

Ibis

Ibiza

Ibiza

Ibra.

Idanha a vclha

,Idubeda M.

Ierabriga
Igabrum
Igeeditani
Ildum
Ilercavouia
Ilerda

I lerda C.
Ilergetes
Iliberris

Ilici
Ilicitanus Sinus
Ilipa

Ilipula
Ilipula Laus
Ilipula minor
Ilipula M.
Iliturgicola
Iliturgis
Illiberris
Illora

Ilorcis

Ilucia

Ilugo

Ilurcis Gracchuris
Ilurco

Ilurov

Iluro

Iluro

Imus Pyrenaeus
Inca

Indara.
Indigetes

I nfantes
Iniesta
Interamnium

Interamnium Flavium

Intercatia
Internum Mare
Intibili
Ipagrum
Ipolcobulco
Iponuba
Iporci
Ipsense
Iptuci

Iria Flavia
Iruna

Iscar

Isona
Isturgi '
Isuela
Italica
Ituren

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Aa

Aar

Aar

Aballo

Abbeville
Abnoba. Mons
Abrincatui
Accion L.
Aoitavenes
.Acitodunum .
Acronius L.
Acunum

Ad VI (sextum)
Ad 'VII, (septimum
Ad VII (septimum
Ad IX (nonum)
Ad X (decimum)
Ad XII (duodecimum
Ad XII duodecimum
Ad XX vigesimum
Ad xx vigesimum
Ad XX Vigesimum
Ad XXX (trigesimum)
Ad Fines

Ad J ovem‘

Ad Letoce

Ad Lullia

Ad Lunam

Ad Martem

Ad Publicanos
Ad Rhenuin

Ad Silanum

Ad Tmrem
Addua F.

Addua F.

Adour

Adrana F.
Aduatici ’
Aduaticorum oppid.
Aduatuca

Adula M.

Edui

Aegitna

.ZEmines

Aenus F.

Aenus F.

Aeria

Agatha,

Agay

A gde

Agedincum

Agen

Aginnum

Agri Decumates
Ahr

Ahun

Aiguillon
Aiguillon, B. d’
Ain

Airs

Aisch

Aisne

Aisna

Aim

Aim "
Aim-la- Chapell
Alagnon

Alaise

Alamo

Alamont

Alaun

Alanna
Alaunium

Alb, Rauhe

Alba

Alba Augusta ,
Alba Helviorum
Alba Intemelium
Alba Mons
Albece

Albici

Albiga

Albigny
Albingaunum
Albinienses
Albis F.

Alby

Alby

Alcimona. F.
Alconis

Alerta.

Alesia

Alesia

Alet

Aletum
Alichamp

Alingo

Alise Ste. Reine
Alisincum
Alisontia. F.
Alisy \
Alleaume

Allier

Allobroges

Alpe Graia, In
Alpes Cottiae
Alpes Graiae
Alpes Maritimee
Alpes Penninae
Alpes Rhaeticaa
Alta Ripe.

Alteja

Altmu'hl

Altrip

Allstadt

Alzei

Alzette

Ambacia
Argbarri
Ambiani
Ambiani

Ambierle _

Ambitarinus vicus
~ Amblava F.
- Ambleteuse

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Abbreviations : C. Cap. F. Flumen.

Ambléve
Ambluareti -
Amboise
Ambrones
Ambruis
Ambrussum
Amiens
Amsoldingen
Anagnutes
Anatilii
Andecamulum
Andecavi

Andematunnum (Lin-

gones
Anderitium .
Anderitum (Gabali)
Andernach '
Andes

, Andethannale

Andra F.
Andresy
Andusia.
Anduze
Angers
Angouléme

. Angronne
Annecy

Anse

Anteis

Antifer, Cap (1'
Antipolis
Antrain

Antros I.
Antunnacum
Antwerp

Anven

Aoste

Aouste
Apenninus M.
Apt

Apta Julia
Aquae Alisinciae
Aquae Augustae
Aquae Bormonis
Aquae Calentes
Aquae Calidae
Aquae Convenarum
Aquae Grani
Aquae Gratianae

. Aquae Helveticae

Aquae Mattiacae
Aquae N eri
Aquae Segeste
Aquae Segete
Aquae Sextiae
Aquae Siccae
Aquae Statiellae
Aquileja
Aquitania

Arae Flaviae
Arar F.

Arar F.

Ararius F.
Araura

Arauris F.
Arausio

Arbon

Arbor Felix

- Arbous

Arc

Arcis s. l’Auba
Arctaunum
Arduenna Silva .
Arebrigium
Arebrignus pagus
Aregenua
Areine

Arelate
Arenacum
Argantomagus
Arganton
Arganton

Argen

Argens
Argentan
Argentaria
Argenteus F.
Argentoratum
Arialbinnum
Arioa I.

Ariége

Ariola

Ariolica.
Ariolica.

Arlee

Arlen
Armangon
Armoricae Civitates
Arnai
Arnefa F.
Arno F.
Arnon
Aroanna. F.
Aron
Arrais
Arras
Arrée
Arrouw
Artiaca.
Arte
Artzenheim
Arula F.
Arve

Arne
Arverni
Arvii

Asa Paulini
Asberg '
Asciburgium ‘
Aspaluca
Aspe M
Asta
Atacini ,

, Atagis F.

Atax F.

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Pr. Promontorium.

I. Insula, Isle. L. Lacus. M. Mons. R. River.
Atax F. M' i Bellegarde L k Cabasse
Atej a F. K b Belle Ile E e Cabellio
Athenopolis P i Bellintum N i Cabillonum
Athesis F. T f Bellovaci K c Cadurci
Atlanticus Oceanus B, c Belsinum I i Caeresi
Atrebates , L b Benacus L. T g Caesao
Atures H i Beneharnum H i Caesarea I.
Aturis F. G i Beretini P i Caesarodunum
Aturis F. H i Berger Wacken P c Caesaromagus
Aube N d Bergine O i Cahors
Aubrac, M. d’ L h Bergintrum P g Calagorris
Aucalo F. O i Bergomum S g Calagum
. Auch I i Bergusium 0 g Calais
Auconne N h Bermerain M b Calcaria
Aude L k Berncastel Q o Caletes
Aude . M i Berre L i Calon
Augsburg T d Besangon 0 e Calvados, Rockers du
Augst Q 6 Betasii N b Camaracum
Augusta O h Beterrae M i Camarat C.
Augusta Nova S c Bethune L b Camatullici
Augusta Praetoria Q g Beuvron K e Cambo
Augusta Rauricorum Q 0 Béziers M i Cambodunum
Augusta Suessionum M c Bibe M d Cambonovices
Augusta Taurinorum Q g Bibracte N f Cambimum
Augusta Treverorum P c Bibrax M c Cambray
AugustaVagiennorqu h Biel Q 9 Campan
Augusta Veroman- Bigerriones H k Camponi
duorum M c Bigorre I i Cancal
AugustaVindelicorumT d Billich P b Canche
Augustobona N d Biltburg P c Cantal M.
Augustodunum N f Bingen Q, o Cantilia
Augustodurum H c Bingium Q, 0 Cantium pr.
Augustomagus L c Binningen Q, 6 Capendu
Augustonemetum L g Birra F. L i Caracates
Augustoritum K g Birten P a Carantornagus
Augustum 0 g Bitlingen P c Carantonus F.
Aulerci H d Bituriges L e Caranusca.
Aulerci I c Bituriges Cubi K f Carasa
Aulerci Brannovices M f Bituriges Vivisei Gr g Carcasso
Aulerci Cenomani H d Bizera F. K g Carcassonne
Aulesiodorum M. e Blacon I. M i Carentan
Aulne E d Blaise K d Carhaioe
Ault K b Blaise N d Carignan
Aunay . H f Blankenberghe M a Carilocus
Aunedonnacum H f Blannovii N f Caris F.
Aups P i Blariacum P a Caris F.
Auray E e Blavet E e Carnutes
Aurelia Aquensis R d Blavia. E e Carocotinum
Aureliani K 'e Blavia H. g Carpentoracte
Aurigny F c Blaye H g Carsici
Auris P g Blerils P a Casinomagus
Aaron L f Bleza F. Q. o Casinomagus
Ausava. P b Blies Q o Cassel
Ausci I i Baden See S e Cassel
Autariates Q h ' Bodiontici P h Cassie ’
Authie K b Boii G h Castellanne
Autricum K d Boii L e Castellum
Autun N f Bolaci P g Castellum Menapio-
Auxerre M e Bollene N h rum .
Auzance E f Bononia. K b Castelnaudary
Auallon M e Boppard Q, b Castelnau de M édoc
Avantici 0 h Borbitomagus R c Castel Roussillon
Avaricum L e Bordeaux H h Castra Sarrae
Avatici _ N i Boulogne R. G- f Castres
Aeenches Q f Boulogne K b Castres
Avenio N i Bourbon Laney M f Casuaria ‘
Aventicum Q, f Bourbon l’Archa'mbaultM f Catalauni
Aveyron K h Bourbonne les Bains 0 e Catorissium
Aeranches G d Bourges L e Catuiacia
Aqm‘lly M f Bourgoin 0 g Catualium
Avrolles - M d Bouzy » L e Caturiges
Axima P g Boxum N e Caturiges
' Axona F. L c Bram L i Catusiacum
Axona F. M 'c Bratuspantium L c Caucoliberris
Axona F. N c Brag/e I e Caudebec
Axuenna N e 137696712 S e Caudellenses‘
Axuenna N c Brehat I. E (1 Cause, Pays ole
Aygas Sec K i Breisaeh Q d Cazau
Brenne N e Cazeres
Brescou M i Ceba.
Bressuire H f Cebenna M.
Baden R d Brest D d Cecylistrium
Baden R e Breteuil L c Cedros
Bad[era] K i Breuclzin P e Célé
Bagacum M b Breunlingen R e Cema. M.
Bagné’res , I i Breviodurum I ~ 0 Cemenelium
Bagnéres de Luchon I k Bria F. I ' e Centrones
Baioeasses ‘ H c Briare L e Centrones
Baise I i Brigantia S e Cerebelliaca
' Baioe ~ N h Brigantii P i Ceresius L.
Bamberg T c Brigantinus Lacus S c Cereste
Bandobrica Q, b Brigantium P ' h Cervaria.
Bandritum M e Brigiani Q h Cer-vera C.
Banesia I i Brigiosum H f Cesalier M.
Bar le Duo 0 d Brigobanne R e Cessero
Bar 3. l’Aube N d Brianne I c Cette
Barfleur, C. de G- c Brioude M g Cerennes, Les
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Basilea Q 6 Britannia ‘ C b Chabris »
Basilia N c Briuain F e ' Chailly
Bassou M e Briva Isarae L c Choilon
Batavorum, Insula N a Brivas M g delons
Batiana N h Brivates pr. F e Chambery
Batie, La P g Brivodurum L e Chambon
Bauconica R c Brixellum T h Chantelle
Baudobrica P c Brixia T g Chaource
Bautae P g Brixia F. P e Charente
Bavai ' M b Brocomagus Q d Charlieu
Bayeum H o Brodiontii P g Chartres
Bayonne G i Bromagus P f Chassenan
Bazas H h Bructeri Q a. Chasseneuil
Baziége K i Bruges M a. ' Chasuari
Bdellano N i Brussels N b Chdteau Landon
Beaueaire N i Bucconi K i Chdteau Meillant
Beauchdtel N h Budoris P a .. deteauneuf
Beaulmes P f Burdigala. H h Chat/01 .
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Clennus F.
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Clunia
Coblenz
Coblenz
Cocosa
Cocosates
Cocqu‘osa
Coenus F.
Cognac
Collioure
Colonia Agrippina
Colonia Trajana
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Combaristum
Combrée
Combusta
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Concordia
Condat
Condate
Condate
Condate
Condate

' Condate

Condate
Condate
Condate
Condatomagus
Condé sur 1 ton
Condivicnum
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Condroz
Condrusi
Con/lane
Confluentes
Confluentes
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Consoranni

Consorannorum Ci-

vitas
Constantia
Contra Aginnum

' Convenae

Cora. F.
Corbeil
Corbilo
Coriallum
Coriovallum
Corisopiti
Cormeilles
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Cosa
Cosediae
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Cosseque
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Datii
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Saravus F.
Sarmatia
Sarmatici Montes
Sarunetes
Savus

Saxones
Saxonum 188-
Scaldis F.
Scandiae 19°.
Scarbia ~
*Scharnitz
Schley

Schwerin
Scurgium
Sebatum

Seben

Sebinus L.
Seeland
Segodunum ,
Semana Silva.
Semnones
Septemiacis
Sequana.
Setidava
Sevaces
Shelllng

Sidini

'Se'eg

Siga F.
Sigambri
Silingae

Silva Marciana
SO'ste

Sela

Sontus
Sorviodurum
Spree
Stanacum
Stargard
Sterzing

Stettin

Stiriate

Stolpe

Stoni

Stralsund .
Suardones
Suartow
Sudeten

Sudeti M.
Suevi
Suevicum Mare
Suevus F.
Sumlocenne
Summontorium
Surontium

. Tabernae

Tablae
Tarnantone
Tarnasicum
Tarbdunum .
Tartursana
Taunus M.
Taurisoi
Tecelia
Tenedo
Teracatriae
Terglou
Tergolape
Teurnia.

Teutoburgiensis silva

Teutoni

Texel .

Thaia

Thorn
Thz'lringer Wald
Tilavemptus
Tinnetio
Torgau
Trajectum -

Bo

Ge
GeIdIe

Kg

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MAP‘13.

Trasen
Traunstez‘n
Trave
Treva
Treveri
Triboci
Tridentini
Tidentum
Trigisamum
Triumpilini
Trqipau
Tubantes
Tullum
Tullus M.
Tuln
Turcilingi
Turicum
Turnacum
Turon es
Tutatio
Tyras F.

Ubii

Ulmerugii

‘ Unstrut

Urincae
U81p11

Vacorium
Vahalis F.
Vahalium
Vallatum
Vallum Hadriani
Vandalici Ms.
Vandili
Vangiones
Vargiones
Varim'
Varisti

Vecht
Veldidena
Veltae
Vemania
Venedae
Venedious Sinus
Venetia
Vennonenses
Venostes
Verbanus L.
Vesontio
Vetera. Castra.
Vetoniana.
Vetoniana.
Viadus

Vicus Aurelii
Vicus Julius
Vidrus F.
Vienna
V’lllach

Vila
Vindelicia
Vindobona.
Vindonissa.
Vipitenum
Virdo
Viritium
Virodunum
Virunum
Visburgii
Viscella.

Vlsla

Vispi

Vistula F. Qb Qf R c
Visurgis F. F b G c

Vlieland

Vocetius M.
Volcae Tectos‘ages
Vosavia

Vosegus M.

Waag
Waren
Warnow
Warschau
Warthe
Weichsel
Weissenburg
Welden
Welna

'els '
I'Verfen
Werra
Weser
Wiener I‘Vald
Wieprz

Nc Qc

' W iesbaden

Wiese
I'Ve'ndz'schgersten
I'Vipper

W isloka

Wismar
W’rietzen

W ilrzburg

Yssel

Zydowa
anl'io

Nc

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GERMANIA 'MAGNA ACCORDING TO PTOLEMY.

MAP 13.

 

. GERMANIAW‘MAGNA ACCORDING TO PTOLEMY.

(ON MAP 13.)

Abnoba M.

Aenus F.

Albis F.

Albis fontes
Alcimoennis
Alisum

Alisus

Alociae I‘e- tres
Alpii M.
Amasia

Amasii fontes
Amasius F.
Anartopbracti
Anavum
Andrabae campi
Anduaetium -
Angivarii
Arabon F.
Arae Flaviae
Aregelia.
Arsigna .
Arsonium
Artaunum
Ascalingium ‘
Ascaucalis
Asciburgium
Asciburgius M.
Astuia.

Avarini
Avarpi

Baemi
Baenochaemae
Bateni
Bergium
Bibacum
Bicurgium
Bogadium

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, Brodentia.

Budorgis
Budorigum
Budoris

Bulanes

Bunitium
Burguntae
Busacteri maj ores
Busacte‘ri minores

Calaegia
Calisia.
Calucones
Canduum
Cantioebis
Caritni
Carrodunum
Casuari
Chsurgis
Cauchi majores
Cauchi minores
Celemantia.
Chaedini
Chaemae
Chaeturi

Chali ,
Chalusus F.
Chamavi
Charades
Chattae

Chersonesus Gimbrica

Oherusci
Cimbri
Cobandi
Ooenoenum
Cogni
Oorconti .
Coridorgis

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Curiones
Curta.

Danduti
Danubius F.
Danubii Fons
Daugiones
Devona.
Dulgumnii

Eburodunum
Eburum
Elvaeones

Fabiranum
Farodini
Felicia.
Finni
Finni
Flevum
Frisii

F undusii

Gabreta. Silva.
Gallia.

Germanicus Oceanus

Gravionarium
Gutae
Gythones

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Hegetmatia

Helvetiorum Desertum

Ingriones
Intuergi

Jazyées

Laccobardi '
Laciburgium
Leucaristus
Leuphana.

Levoni

.Limiosalaeum

Lirimiris
Locoritum
Lugi Buri
Lugi Duni.
Lugi Omani
Lugidunum
L11na Silva.
Lupphurdum
Luppia.

Manarmanis Portus
Marcomanni
Marionis
Marobudum
Marvingi

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Mattiacum
Mediolanium
Medoslanium
Melibocus M.
Meliodunum
Mellocabus
Menosgada.
Mesorium
Minores Iae- .
Moguntiacum
Munitium

Navalia.
Nertereanes
Nomisterium
Noricum
Novaesium

Ombrones
Orcynia Silva
Osanda.

Pannonia.
Parienna.
Parmae campi
Phavonae
Pheugarum
Phrugundiones
Phurgisatis

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Racatae
Redintuinium
Rhaetia
Rheni fons‘
Rhenus F.
Riusiava.
Rugiclei -
Rugium

Sabalin g1
Sarmatia.
Sarmatici Ms.
Saxones
Saxonum I. tree
Scandiae I“-
Scurgum
Segodunum
Semana. Silva
‘Semnones
Setidava
Setovia.
Setuacotum
Siatutanda
Sidini'
Sidones'
Sigulones
Silingae
Singone
Stereontium
Stragona
Streviata
Sudeti Ms.
Sudini

Suevi

Suevi Angili

Suevi Longobardi

Suevus F.
Susudata.

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Sygambri

Tarodunum
Tecelia.
Tencteri
Teracatriae
Teuderium
Teuriochaemae

. Teutones

Teutonoari
Treva.

Tropaea. Drusi
Tubanti
Tuliphurdum '
Tulisurgium ’
Turoni

Usbium ,

Vargiones
Varisti
Venedi
Viadus F.
Vidrus F.
Viritium
Viruni
Virunum ‘ .
Visburgii ‘ \
Vispi
Vistula F.
Visurgis F.

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MAP 14.

‘ THRACIA, MCESIA, 'ILLYRIA. PANNONIA, DACIA.

 

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Abbreviations: 0. Cape. F. ‘Flumen. G. Gulf. I. Insula. L. 'Lacus. M. Mons. P. Portus. Pr. Promontorium. R. River. S. Sinus. T. Templum.
Abdera. M i Aquileia. A d Braz'za D 'f Corpili 'N h Fidom'si S d J atrus N f MiCOIitus N i
Abrud Bang/a. K (3 Aquincum F b Bregetio E b Crateae O f Fines I f J onnaria D e Midia Q h
Abydus O 1 Arad I c Breuci F d‘ Crebena. H g Flanaticus A e Jovailium F d Mieza. K i
Acamincum H d ,Amnyos L c Brianti N h Cremnisci S d Flanona. B d J ovia. F c Misivri Q g
Acanthus L 1 Arausio O 'f Briantica. N h Crepsa. B e Floriana. F b J ovia. Botivum D c .Mz'trovitz G e
Acervo B d Aravisci F b Britolagae Q d Orepsa, B e Fifldvar F c Jovis pagus I e Moa. B e
A chillis I. S d Arba, B e Brodivo P g Crispiana. E b ,Formio A d Jovis T. P g Moesia inferior L g
Achtebolu Q g Arbe B e Broos L d Grobyzi O f Fossae G 0 Juenna. B c Moesia superior G 1'
Acidava. I d Arda. 'N h Brucla L c Crucium B d Eiinfkirchen E 0 Justiniana. II. K g Moesiae Pars P d
Acidava. L d Alrda, N h Brundisium F i Crumero F b Mogentiana. E c
Acidava. M f Ardiaei E f Bryges H h Oruni Q 1‘ . Mohacs F c
Acroceraunia Pr. F 1 Ardiscus F. N e Buaticum Q h Cuccium G d Moldava O b
Ad Apsum G 1 Ardshz's N e Budua. F g Ouppae I e Gabuleum H g Kadz'koi O f Mons aureus F d
Ad Basante F d Argentaria. F e Bue D f Curicta. B d Gagana K d Kala acm ~ Q f Mons aureus H e
Ad Drinum F e Argyruntum 0 9 Bug Q a Cursus Achillis T c Gall. A c Kamp O a Morava I f
Ad Fines D d. Arrabo C b Bug T b Curzgla D g Galllcum K i Kamtshik Q f Motlz'ng C (1
Ad Fines D e Arrabo E b Bukurescht 0 e Cusum G d Ganus, P i Kardmanly Q f Motm L 6
Ad Flexum D b Arrabona. E b Burgenae H e Cypsela. O h Gardelaca. F b Karawankcn B c Mur B b
Ad Herculem I f Arrubium Q d Burnum C e Cyrrhus K i Gargauus M. 'C h Karlsburg L c Mm- D 0
Ad Herculem castra. F b Artiscus M h Burridava M e Cytni D b Gensa. F e Karlstadt C d Mursa. F 6.
Ad Labores F d Arupium C‘ d Burridavensii M e. Cyzicus P i Genusug F.. G 11. Kiupm'h‘ K h Mursella. E b
Ad Ladios D e Arutela. L e Burtudizus P h Germgma. A a Kludam' F e Mursella. F (1
Ad Libros E f, Amer K f Burugara. L g . Germizera K c K lagenfm't B c Murus B b
Ad Malum K f Arzus N h Busau .P d Dacia. I c Gerulata. E a Kolcel M c Murus 1) c
Ad Matricem E f Arzus F. P i Buthrotum , H k Dalluntum E g Gerulata. K e Kares H c Mutenum D b
Ad Pannonios K d Assa. L‘ i Byce L. V c Dalmatia C 6 thae ' 0 d Kostamllza D d Mygdonia K 1
Ad Publicanps B ,0 Astae Q h Bylazora. I h Dalmatia 1D f ngm M f Kiistendil K g
Ad XIV (quart. deci- Astibus K h Byllis G i Damastium G i Golubptz . I e K6stendje Q 0
mum) B c Astibus F. K h Byzantium Q i Danapris V b Gradzschtje I 6 Kuban S (1 ~
Ad Radicem M g Athos M. M -i Danastris P a Gran_ F a. Kulpa C d Nagy Banya L b
Ad Statuas E b Athyras Q h Danubius F. B a. GraHECPS F- P 1 Kuri BWWL , Q h Nagy Szeben Herman,-
Ad Statuas I“ c Atintanes H i Dardania H g Gramnana. I f stadt M (1
Ad Stoma. R 6 Aucha E a. Cabyle 0 g Dassaretii G i Grgriua. F a. Naissus I f
Ad Titulos A d Augustae L f Caeni P .h Datum M i Grisia. F. ' .II 0 Napoca L b
Ad XX (vigesimum) D cg Augustia M d Ceesariana. E b Daulia G i Grosswardem "1‘ b Labeatae G g Naracum 0st. R d
Adony G b Aulaei tichos Q g Callatis Q f Daunion Q h Gruda 1‘ g Labea’cis L. G g N arenses E t
Adrans B c Aulon G i Callipolis O i Daursii D f Gruma II g Lacmon M. I k Naro F. E f
Adrianopolis O h Aulo'n L i Caloslimen ' U d Dautonia. D d GWk 0 <1 Ladest-ris D g Narona E f
Adriaticum mare B f Auraria. regio K c Calydna N k Delcus Q h ~ Lagosta D g Naulochus Q g
Aegae I i Ausancalo C e Cambunii M. I i Delminium D f Laibach B c Nauportus B d
Aegysus Q d Avendo C d Campona G b Demetoka O _h Lamatis D e NaVari V c
Aemona. B c Axiaces S 0 Campus F. C a Demir-Kapu K h Hadre ‘ G 9 Lampsacus. O i Navarum V b
Aenea. K i ‘Axiaci S c Candavia M. H.h Denta I d ‘Haemo, I11 monte M g Lasanium E g Neapolis L 1
Aenona C e Axiacus S c Candidiana_ 0 e Dentheletae ’L 3 1188111118 M0118 N g Latovici C d Neapolis M 1
Aenus A a. AxiOpolis Q 6 Caput Bubali I (1 Demos Q h Hafsa I: h Lederata H e Nedaus E a
Aenus N i Axius I h Caput Stenarum M d Derrii C e Hmmburg E q. Lemnos N i Nedirium G e
Aequinoctium D a Axiustena. K h Carasura . N h Derriopes C e Haliacmon K 1 Lentula. D c Nedya, L f
Aequum D f Azali O b Caravanca. M. B c Derris Pr. M k Hahcanpm D c Lepovist F b Neitm E a.
Aesepus F. P k Azizis I d 'Carcine U c Develtum 0 g Halmyris R 6 Lesina D f Neontichug P 1
Agnavia K d Carcinites Sinus U (1 Dicaea. N 1 Halerls L. Q 0 Leuce S d Neoptolemi Tur. is S c
Agrianes K h Cardia. O i Didimotichus O h Hammeum I f Leuconum E (1 New I e
Agrianes O h Bacontius F d Carnuntum D a Dimbowitza N e Hamelbe/c G b Lgusaba D e Nesiotis G h
Agrutum F g Baden D b Carodunum D d Dimum N f Hamqnly N h leurnia. B d Nestus M h
Ainads'lzik P i Balbia D e Carpathus Mons G a. Dinogetia. Q d IIaI‘PH R d Licus A c Netindava. L f
Alata. G g Baltshik Q f Carsum Q 6 Diomedeae 133' 0 g Harpis R d Limusa. E c Niconium s c
Albanus M. B d Bunja K h Carum Portus Q f Dionysopolis Q f Hebrus U h Lissa 0 f Nicopolis N f
Albocensii I e Banjaluca D e Carusadius M. A d Dium K 1 Hecatae 190118 T c Lissus G- h Nicopolis N f
Albona. B d Banostor G d Casidava Q 9 .Dnieper V c Hebrus I- N h Lom K f Nikolajow U c
Alburnum majus K c Baranyara'r F d Casra D e Dm’ester R c Hellespont N 1 Lom _ L f Niko‘pol M f
Alburnum minus K c Barbana F. F h Castra. Batava. A a Doberes K h 36130168: I) I Longaticum B d Njkppol V b
Alessio G h Barduli D h Cassandria K i Doberus M i Heraclea. _ Q 1 Lopsica. B e Nz'lcup N f
Alisca. F c Bariduum D f Coeletae M h Doclea. G g Heraclea Lyncestls I h Lotodi C c Nissa K f
Almopia I h Barium D h Castoria P. I i Dodona. H k Heraclea, Sintica. L, 1 Lowatz M f Noricum A b
- Almus L f Barnus I i Castra. Iarba N h Doksom I d Heracleum K k Lucz M c Novae E f
Almus F. L ,f Basapare M g Castranova. L e Dombrovar F c Heraeum I: h Ludias K i Novas I 9
Alone P' i Basardjik M g Castra. Trajana. L e Doriones M f Hercuhg 1‘ b Luggaus L. B d N ovae N f
Alperio, In D f Bassiana D b Caucaladenses M c Dorticum K e Hercuniateg _ E 0 Lugio F c Noviodunum C d
Alpes Juliae A c Bastarnae L a. Oattara, G. of F g Drabescus M h Hermonactis “0113 S d Lute Bergas P h Noviodunum Q (1
Alt N d Bathynias Q h Cedonia. M d Dragachani L e Hierasus I’ 0 Lusomana. F b Nymphaeum Pr. M 1
Altinum F c Bavo D f Cel-adussae 139- B e Drau A 0 11mm , ’I a Lussz'n_ B e
Aluso M g Begorritié L. I i Celeia. ‘ B c Dravus A c HIPPOIal Pr. 1‘ 0 Lussoxiium F c
Aluta F. M d Belgrade ' H e Celena. G d Dravus B c HWSOW _ Q 6 Lychmdus H h
Aluta F. M e Belovar D d Celetrum I i Dravus D c qurea Margl I f Lyncestls. I h Obg/r Laibach B d
Alvim L d Benni O h Cellae I i Dravus E c Hydruntum I 1 Lysimachia O i Ocra. M. A c
Amantia, G i Berbis F d Celmantia. \ F b Draw E d Hylaea . U 0 Odessa S c
Amantini E b Bergula. P h Centum‘putei I d Drilo H g Hypacyus‘F. V c Odessus Q f
Ampeia. K c Beroé N g Ceramiae ‘ _I h Drilo H h Hypams 13- T b . Odomanti L h
Amphipolis L i Beroé Q 9 Ceraunii M. G 1 Drin H g Macedonia G h Odrysae N h
Amutrium L e Beroea K i Cereinitis U (1 Drina G e Macedomcus S. K i Oedenburg D b
Anarti I b Bersa Palcmka K —e Certisa. F d Drinus G e_ Madytus Q 1 Oenus A a
Anasamum 'M f Bersovia. I d Cetius C b Drippa. O 1 Ican_us F- G h Magus D a. Oescus L f
Anasamus M f Bersumnium G g Chalcidice K i Drobeta K e ICthl’mun L g Malata. B e Oescus M f
Anausarum I h Bema G g Chaones G i Droi- . M h Idmmm I 9 Malata G d Oesyme M i
Anchialo ‘ Q. g Berzova I d Chaskoi N h Drubetls K e ldornene K h Malgam O 1 Ofen F b
Anchialus P g Besdan G d Chedrillis Boghasi R e Druz1para. P h Iglztza Q d Malthage G k 0gust L f
ADO‘US' C e Bessi K h Chemo B e Dubmtza L g .lhga L g Mangalm R f Olbia T .c
Anderva. F g Bibii Ms. C d C'herson U c Duklarum G g 11mm novum U k Maon B e Olcinium F h
Andizetes F d Bibium C d Chersonesus P g Dulciyno . F h 1110]? G d Marcia, . D a. Olm'opol S a.
Angites L i Biephi I d Chersonesus Taurica. U (1 Durostorum P 9 Illyricum (2 d Marmanopohs P f Olympus M_ K i
Angrus F. H e Bigeste E f Ohimaera. G i Dyme . 0 1 lmbros. N 1 Marcodava. L c Olynthus L i
Annamatia. F c Biluvium E f Ciabrus L f Dyrrachium F h Inal‘OIlla D‘ f Margus D a Onagrinum G d
Antariatae‘ G g Bisa G h Ciabrus F. , L f Incerum L d Margus I e anhesmus G k
Antiana. F d Bisanthe P i Ciagisi N f \ . Incoronata O t MariIhaea. E d Oneum D f
Antigonia. G i Bistones N h Oibalis F d Edessa. I 1 lndenea. I) e Marisra H c Ophiusa. P i
Antigonia K h Bistritz M b Cicones N h Edime .P h Ing‘ulez V b Marisa; M c Ophjusa R c
Antipatria. G i Bistue nova F f Gilley B c Egeta._ . K 9 17m _ A a MaI'IS‘llS F. H (3 Orbelus M. L h
Antiphili turris S d Bistue vetus E f Cillium ‘ N g Egnatia via H h lnterc1sa. 1’ 0 Maronea N 1 Ordessus T c
Aous F, G i ' e P h Cimbriana. F b Egodes O f IPOQ/ G a MCI/7'08 I c Orestia. 0 h
Aous F. H i Blandiana L d Cirpis G b E1011 '1‘ c “WW/WI Q d flIaros Vasarhely M c Orestis I i
Apenestae D h Blandon O f Cistoboci P b Eiseme Thor K (.3 Ismcus Port. 5 0 Marsqma. E d Oricum G i
Aphrodisias O i Bludin N h Citium K i Elgaeus O 1 18“? L f Maschana. K d Orisari ' I h
Aphytis L i— Bodimo Q h Cium Q 9 Elimg. I 1 lsmarus M‘ N 1 Mathis F. G h Orkub I f
Apollonia. G i Bodrag I a. O’lausenburg L c Ellmla. I '1 ISM D f Matrica. F b Orleshti L e
Apollonia. P g Boiodurum A a Clausula. G g Encheleae H 1 13w. B 6 Matt'ers' _ D b Omom, Alt K e
Apollonia Chalcid. L i Boiorum Deserta. C b Cleveré. K 9 Eordaeg. I 1. Istria. A d Maxuruanopohs .N h Ortopla, ‘ B e
Apollonia. Mygdoniae L i Bojana . , G h Clodiana. H 1 Eordaei H i Istl'lamis Portus S c Mangl F e Oseriates E d
Appiaria. O f quuk Derbend O h Cocconir E d Eordgncus II 1 IStl‘OPOhS Q 6 Med1a._ L e Osi F b
Apri P i Bolbe L. L i Colapini C "d Epgtlum D f Istl‘gs Q 6 Mehadm L e Osma N f
Apsinthii 0‘ i Bolenta E d‘ Colapis C d Epidamnus F h Itaha. B h Melada_ B 9 Osones E b
Apsinthus O i Bollia. \F a Colatiani C c Epidaurus E g Melantias Q 1 Ossa M. K k-
Apsorus ' B e Bononia G d Colatio C c Eplrus G 1 Melas O i Ostidjzus 0 h
Apsorus I. B e Bononia K f 'Colentium B e Ercaboh _ V c Mela§ S. O 1 Othronus I, G k
Apsus F. F i Bonovzo H e Combustica K 1' Ercroms O f Jader. G e Meldia. K g
Apsus F. ‘ H i Bora. I i Confluenteis H e Erpsen G b Jalomztza P e Melqda . E g
Apsyrtides 189- B e Boreon 0st. B d Conopon I. R d Erlciisa. I. G k Jamboly 0 g Melissurgis L 1 ,
Apulum L c Borovo ~ G d Constantiniana R e Ergme P h Jm‘tche G e Melita. E g Pgeones I h
Apus F. I e Borysthenes U c Contadescus' O h Erigon F. I h Janga 1’ e Mehtonus I 1 Paeti O h
AQua. viva. C c BOrysthenes F. U -c Contrq. Aqmncum G b Erlte P f Jcmtm N f Melta. M f Paks G 0
Agnes D a Borysthenes I“. V a Coralh N g Escaimus M f J apodgs B d Mendp L k Palaeste G i
Aquae K e Borysthenis I. T c Oorcora. 0 d Eslu SJCH'“ N g ~Jap¥g1um Pr. 1* k Meneiana. E (i Palamnos P. F h
Aquse K h Bosna F e .Corcyra. I. G k E80 0 f Jasu” D c Mesambria N 1 Palamnus F. F h
Aquae L d Bossut F d .Corcyra. nigra D g 5.886ch F d J assn P b Mesembria. P g Palitula L e
Aquae Balissae E d Bottiaea K i‘ Corinium C 6 1311120133 L 1 {76633?! B b Methone‘ K 1 Pallene L i
‘ Aquae Calidae P g Brmfla - P d Cornacum G d Euristus I h J asulones l‘ b Metropolis ‘T b Palmata P f
Aquae Herculis K 'e Brattia D f Coronitis U (1 Europus K h J atrum N f Metulum C d Palonda. K e

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

r

“ THRACIA, MCESIA,‘ ‘ILLYBIA, _PANNONIA, DACIA. MAP.14'
Pamodus A e Pola. A e Remetodia . L f Scodra. G g Straviana. E d Tigra. 0 f Una. K, 0
Pangaeus M. L i Poltovia. » C c Rhaedestus P i Scordisci E d Struma. K g Tilz‘be M h Upella. C c
Pannonia C c Pomodiana L f Rhizinium F g Scotussa L i Stryme N 1 'Timacus K f Urbas E d
Panysus F. Q f Pons Alutae M e Rhihon F g Scupi I g Strymon K ' g Timacus major ‘ K f Urbas _‘ E e
Parauaei H i Pons Augusti K d Rhizonius Sin. E g Scatari G g Strymon ~ L h Timacus minor - K f Urpanus . E e
Pardua E g Pons Servilii , H. h Rhodes S c Scythia. minor Q '1‘ Strymonicus S. - ‘ L ' i Timok K f Uscana. H h
Parentium A d Pons Sociorum F c Rhodope M. M h Scylla. Q h Stuhlweissenburg F .b Tiraspol RI 0 Uskab I g
Parium P i Pons Trajani K e Ripa alts. F c Securisca. ' M f Sub radice M g Tiristasis P i' Utus M f
Parolissus - L b ‘ Pons Ucasi M g Risano F ‘g Segestica. , D d Sucidava P e Tiriza ‘ Q _f
Parolissus M b Pons Vetus M d Rittium H. d , Selletae N h Sunista. ‘ D c Tirizis Pr. Q f
Parthini G h Pontus Euxinus Q h Rod-na M b Selymbria Q, h Syracellae 'O i Tisia. , I b
Parthiscus G d Populi D c' Roman P c Semh'n G e Syrnota N g Tisia L a Valcum E 0
Parthiscus F. H c Porsulae N h Romesiana K f 'Senia. «B e Szala D 0' Tisia. F. H c Valeriana L' f
Pasiris V c Posidium Pr. L k Romula C d Sensii 0 d Szamos K b Titarius M. I i Vallis Cariniana F c
Patavissa L c Potela M f Romula. M f Sera. O f Seamosujvar L c Titius ' - O f Varciani D d
Pathissus F. H c Potidaea. L i Bathe Tharm defile M d Serdica. L g Szlankamen ' H d Tokay I a, Vardaei F g
Pautalia. L g Potula. M f Rusidava. M e. Sereth .' > O b , Szardak H d Tolna F c Vardely L d
Pele I e Potulatensii M f Rastchak O f Sereth A P d Tomi Q 6 Variana. D d
Pelagonia I h Praesidium Dasmini I f Rymm‘k L d Serge'tiva. L d Tonzus P g Variana L f
Pelagosa D g Praesidium Bompei I f Sermyle L i Tonzus F. 0 g Vama _- Q 1
Pelagusa. D g Praetorium O f Serona. E d Tagri Q a T0piru8 M i _Varsalva L 0
Pelendova. L e Praetorium D d Sacrum Ost. R e Serota. E d Taliata. I ' e Tor-cola D f Vedulia.‘ G d
Pelium H i Praetorium E d Sacrum Pr. T c Serrae L h ’JJaunyraoe~ U c. Torda L c Vegia. '0 6
Pella. K i Prwtorium K d Sadame 0 g Serrhium Pr. N i Tamyraces Sinus V d Torocca V c Veglia ‘ . "B d
Pelso L. .E c Praetorium M e Sagadava P e Sei‘vitium D d Tamyraois acra U 6. Toronaicus S. L i Velanis - I g
Pelva. E f Praetorium Latovi- Sagaris S b Sestus -O' i Taphrae V c Torone ‘L i Velasha' I g
Penestae H h co‘rum .0 d Sagarius Sinus S c Sigeune N k Tarpodiza O h Torrqaadae' V c Venetia. A” c
Peneus F. K k Praovo K e” Salda. F e Silacena. E c Tarsatica' B d Tragurium D f Verespatak I c
Perinthus Q i Predavensii K b Saldensii K e Silz‘stria P f Tarsius F. P k Trajani vallum Roma- Vetus Salina. F b
Peronticum P g Premada B 0 Sale N i Singidunum V ‘H e Tauriana Maedi K i num Q (1 Vienna D a.
Pessiuxn G d Priesta E g Salices Q 6 Singiticus S. L i Tam-is D f Trajanopolis O i Villa. Gai D a.
Pesth G b Primodia. B e Salinas L c Singus L i Tauroscythae U c Transmarisca. O f Viminaciuin I e
I’eterwardein H d Prishtina I g Salla ' " D cg Sinti ‘ L i ‘ Taurunum G e Tranupara. K h Vinceia. I e
Petris L d Prisrendi I g Salluntum F g. Sirmium G e Tautantii G i Trau D; f Vin'denis I g
Pettau D c Proconnesus P i Salmydessus Q h Sirrae L h Tchernaweda Q 6 Trausi N h Vindobona. D a.
Peuce I. R d Promona D f Salonae D f Siscia , D d Teal-us P h Tregulicium P e Vinkovze F d“
Peudostoma B d Propontis P i Salsovia Q d Sisebola Q g Tedanius C o Triballi L f Virunum B c
Phanote H i Priapus P i Salua. D e Sis/now N f Temes _ H d Tricornium . H e Visotch'ista M F f
Pharus D f Prista. O f Salve. F b Sissa. B e Temesvar ’ I d Trimammium N f. Vaka F d
Philia ‘ Q. h Pulchrum 0st. R d Samothrace N i Sisselc E' d Tergeste A d Trimetz’ 0 g Yulsinio, In Monte E f
Philippi M h Punicum .. I e Sane M .i Skit L f Tersato B d Trimetus I. 0 g ‘.
Philippopolis M h Psilon 031;. V R d Sapaei M i Skambz‘ G h .Teurisci M b Troas O k
Phinopolis Q h Pteron Pr. R e Sapa ' O f Slano F g Teutiburgium G d Troesmis Q d Waag E a
Phoenice H k Pulca Ith Sarajewo F f Slatina M e Thasos ‘ M i Troglodytae .Q 9‘ Wed M f
Physca. S c Putei M f Sardiotae D 0 Slang E b, Tlcez'ss H b Teerna K e Wid'in 4 K f
Pianosa D g Pydna. K i Saritte D e Soatra. P g Thera. Q g Tshorla P h Wiener Wald C b
Pzafra O c Pyretus F. Q o Sarmatia. F a Sofia L g Theranda I g Turres K g Winniza Q a.
’ Picaria. G h Sarmatici montes' E a. Solta D f Thermaicus S. K i Tutrokan - O f Wv'sa P h
Picentinum E d Sarmizegethusa. K d Solunta O f Thessalia I k Tyrangetae R a Wollaa C c
Piephigi 0 e Sarnade D e Sopianae E c Thessalonioa. K i Tyras O a.’ _
Pieres L i Quadrata. C d Sarpedon Pr. N i Sostra . M g ThiagolaOst. S d Tyros S o
Pieria. K i Quadrata. D b Saso I. ~ F i Sozopolis P g Thiagole Palus B d Tyras F. R- c Xanthi .M h
Pierus M. K i Satr‘skoi Q 6 ' Spalatum D f Thimea Q h Tzurulum P h
Pincus I — e Satrae M h Spaneta G d Thisamatze R b ‘
Pincus F. I e Saudaratae Rb Sparata. L g Thracia. M h Zalathna . K- c
Pireta D c Raab G c Savaria. . D b Stabm‘a F e Thracicum mare L k Zara 0 e
Pissantini G i Raab ‘ E b 'Savus F e Stabuluni Diomedis M h Thunatae L g Ulca. F. F d Zeng C e
Pistum D 1" Ragando O c Scampa. G h Stagira -L i Thyni P h Ulcaea palus F d Zenta G d
Pistum G h Ragusa E g Scarabantia D b Stailucus' E b Thynias Pr. Q h Ulcisia castra. G~b Zermizerga. K c
Planasia I. . G g Ragasa vecchia E g. Scardona.‘ B e .Stanevcla. F e Thyssus M i Ulmum D b Zibrz'tz ' L f
Flatten S. E c Ramista D c Scardona. O f Stein am Anger . D b Tias'al L e Ulmum G d Zibra L f
Pleraei F g Ranilum N g Scardona .D f Stenon 031:. R d Tiasum L e Ulpia Trajana. K d Zilah K b
Pleama ~ M f Ratiaria. K f Scardus M. H h Stobi I h Tibiscus I d Ulpiana. K g Zirona O f
Plotinopolis O h Regianum L f Scione L k Storgosia. M f Tibiscus F. ' H d ' Ululeus P. ‘ - F h Zizium E g
Poetovio D 0' Regium Q i Scirtiaua H h Stratonis Turris Q o Tierna. K e Umur Falcz'b 0 g Zuri O f
(ON MAP THRACIA, MCESIA, 860.) ‘ j»
Acbz ndis Barna A c B tharia. B c Delphinus A c Hennagorae fons B d Kb‘rfes B b Nausimachion B c .Rameh‘ Hiésari B c
Aeaijiteum A c Bgthias B c Derm‘rdshi-‘Z'oi B a. Hostiae Pr; B c Kakanara I. C a Nicopolis C b Rumeh‘ Kavazi' B a
Aetorynchon Pr. B b' Byzantium A c Dlscus major B c Hieron opp. B a Karbaly Dare B .c
Allibey Su A c , \ ,Discus’ minor B c Hydrates F. A b Karatchesme A c
Amycus S. . B _b Drepanum Pr. A c Kusgandshik B c
Anadola Kavagly .C ,b Orc'ilqie Tashy C a. Sari-icrz' B a
Ancyraeum Pr. 0. a. Calchedon A d Orta km: A c Saronis ara. - B b
Andriace B a Calchedon F. B d ‘ .. . ' . Oxyrrhoon Pr. B b Scopia, A c
Aphrodisiuni B a. Oalos ager ' B b EcheaPr. _ B c Indflr km, 0 b Laosthemum B b Selm' Burnu B‘ b,
Ara. Semystma A c Catangium Sin. B b Ephesiorum lltus B a. Istema B b Lauijis Medeae B c Senis marini Pr. B d
‘Archieum A c Cautes Bacchioe B b Eph‘esmrum Port. 0 3. [am Burnu O a. Licma_s _ B a. Serapeum B a.
Aretas F. . C c Ceras ' A c EudiOS S. B b Lycadson Sm. B c Paludes O b Sheitan Barna B b
Argyronium Pr. B b; Chalceia B a. Lycadium Pr. B c Paneum Pr. 0 a Sim’ae Pr. B b
Charandus ' A c Lyelorum' Myrlaeorum Pantlchium , G a. Sinus Profundus B b
, Chelae B c . ‘ ‘ ' v Port. ' C, a Papas Bumu B a Skatari B c
Chelae C a Fanum Byzantlorum B a. J asomum . A c Lycus F. A c Pera A c' Sletrinas sinus B a.
Bacchis collis B c Chrysopolis B c Fanum Chalcedomor. C a Joros Kalessz. C a. Pharmacias S. B b Sosthenium B b
Barbvses F. A b Chrysorrhoas B a Fener Barna B d J ovis Uru T. , B a. Phiala. B b Sycae A c
Barbises F. A c Ciconium B c Fil Burna C a. - ' Phryxus Portus. ' B b .
Bathys co‘lpos B b Constantinopolis A c Fundakly A c Madshzar Kalessi G b rPitheci Port. B b 5
Bathys F. B b Coracium Pr. 0 a. Medeae Turns 0 a Pons Darii .B b
Batta Liman B b Cornu A c - . . Mesar Burma B b Ponti claves B b Tchibukly B b
Bebek B c Cyaneae I. C a. Kadw km, B d Mgtopon Pr. A c Potamonium . B c Therapia B b
Beflerbei koi B or Cydaris F. A b Galata _ A c Kalemoler B b Milton Pr. B- a Pyrgos. ' A b Thermomeria B b
Beslu'k task A c prarodes B b Gronychia. B b Kandghj B c Mmervaaara A c .Pyrrhlascyon 13 c Timaea turris B a
Bojakdere B b Cypopolis B a. Kanl'zdje ’ . C .13 Mucfi’ons S. B b . Tasha Dagh C b
Bojak Gok Sa B c Kan/lithe Aalessz B a Muherum Portus B b
Bojaklz'mani C a . Kets/nlz/s (, a. .
. Beik’ios O b ~ Header Pasha B c Kraghat Gimme A c Bheae Fanum B a
Belgrad A a. Damalis Pr. A c Heraeulfn \ B d K2519 B a _ Bhodiorum peribolos B" c Veneris Statua. / B b
Blachemze A c Damatrys M. B c Herculis lectus B b Kerrtch B‘urvna B b Naulochum Pr. 0 b Rhoodes Pr. 1 B b .Veneris T, B d
Bulgharlu B c Defterdar barna A c Hermaeum Pr. B b K01. Basin B b . Nausmleia. B c Rameli Fener B a '

 

. _.._..

 

 

h___.......r___._.

 

MAP 12 GALLIA. 1“
Sordice Palus M k Tarn L i Tincontium L f Tungri O b Varatedum K h . Vetérai. Castra. P a. Vocetiug M. Q
Sordones L k Tarn M h Tinea P h Turba I i Varcia 0 e Vetomana. V d Vocontu O
80.9 I h Tarngiae P f Tinnetio S f Turgcionnum 0 g Vardo F. N i Vevey P f Vodgoriacum .. N
Sostomagus K 1 Tarms F. K h T1nurt1um N f Turicum R e Varmnes M f Veynes O h Volcae Arecomu M
Sotiates H h Tarnis F. L i Tinzen. S f Turnacum M b Varus F. P i Vézére K g Volcae Tectosages K
Sotiatum oppidum I h Tarnis F. M h Titus F. ’ E d Turnhout N a. Varus F. Q i Viaur L h Vologatae Q
Sotlum I h Tarodunum Q 6 Tolbiacum P b Turones I e Vasates H — h Vibelli Q h Volm‘c M
Souévres K e Tartas ‘ H i Tolosa. K 1 Tusta. L h Vasio O h Viberi R f Voneg N
goulosse 8 g. $arus F. TI h Tolosates ii 1i Tyrius F. N i Vatrude g I}: {folly _ lg f gouge I)
pa amsates i Tolzac . Vaudrez lolnoma e or 611863
Sper‘er R c Tarvenna. L b Ton res O b . Vediantii Q i Vicus Aurelius S c V011 anium E
Splz'iger; S f Tasciaca. K 9 Torgzez'ns I h $31“ F' (1)) f: Vegre H e Vicus Dolucensis K b Vorgium E
3:33:33 5 I; $33333;- gg ; g 5 mm (mu-mi mum ii. 1‘: 3:23: £315“ a ‘3 32:23:21“ 2%
Stagna Volcarum M i Taurini Q h Toulon N f {Til-m) . d P % Vellauni P h Vicus Julius R V c Vosegus Mons P
Statielli R h Taurogantium O i Toulon O i 101nm OPPI um Vellauuodunum L d Vrdourle M i Vouge N
gtoechades Ie' P k Taurms O i Toulouse K 1 3231211111 E 1: Vellavu M g" gldubla 0 e Vrar’ta Q

tomatae H h Taurus L. M i Tou ues I c Velleiates R h iduca‘sses H d Vucht O
Strassburg Q d Tebavii , P h Tau? de Cordoucm G g glgdgmi? 1115 o Velliocasses K 0 Via G f Vulgientes O
Stdhlz’ngen R 6 Tech M k Tournay M b Uliaiusi. G 6 Vemauia. S 6 Vienna. N g Vulpis F. P
Stura 113;“. 8 g Tectosages L 1 Tournus N f Ulm S g genem % 11 gm”!!! 3. I f Vungus N

tura . , Tecus F. _ M k Tours I e ' eneti e z’erme N
Substanfr’on M i Tegna N g Toxandri N' a. 3323211113}? 1E 1: Veneti . F e WZenne la Ville N % Wall dz’irn S 0
3333813298 E S iifimfiiifius 8' 3 $3313?” 8 a Unefli G 0 3333333115“ E Z 51-33mm. iii c Wallmta‘i‘ S °
Suetri P i Telonnum H h Trzlgcfiu? I I: Unstrut T a. Venicamori P h Vieuw Rhé‘ne N 9 Wangen S e
Suevi R d Telonnum N f Trebia 1F S h Unstrut V a Venloo P a Vigan M i Warpont M b
Suindinum I. q Tencteri P a. Trebo ' M h €132” g 1; Veno_stes T f Vigenna F. I 6 $38,535” ‘7}; fi
2338 F- g ; gamma 3 :: £15511... fi 1‘: Egg? g 3 fig; 8 g. 252-332? F' i» i $333327» gt 3
Sumlocennis R d Tet L k Trets O i - er anus L. R Villq/‘ranche K i - '

Summus Lacus S f Té'te de Buch G h Trevéri O c Us1pet_es P a Verbigeni ' Q g Villefranche L h Wresquen R b
Summus P renaeus G i Tetis F L k' Treves M h Ussubium H h Verbinum M c Villemaur M d Wmdvsch R e
Summus Pyrenaeus H k Teucei'a: L b Triboci Q d Usuerva L i Vercellae R Vflleneuve P f W1?) 1) er T 9'
Sum art y I H k Teudurum O a. Tm'bunci R d Uxantis I‘ - C d Verdon P gi Vihdalum N ' Wr’ssant K b
Surf F. 0 c Theline N i Tricasses M d ggelwunum g ii Verdun 0 c Vindana port. E 3 $7725. 3 °
Surcm 0 f Theopolis P h Tricores 0 i U23“ N h Vergonni P i Vindelicia. s e m “’9 °
Sure O c ggmmuemne 1K b griflorii 9 1} 587.9072de if i WVringilis I. If: e P
ésée e ri entum ermcm c in inum d Xanten a.
Thiel M f Trier P c Vabre L i Vermandois M c Vindomagus M i 7
Tabernae Q d Thr‘el 0 e Trieux E d' Vada Sabatorum R h‘ Vernodubrum 1“. M k Vindonissa. ' R e
Tabernae R c Thievres L b 'Triobris F L h Vadicasses N e Vernose K i Vintium Q i Yerme 0 g
Tablae N a Thrngen R e Tritqili- o 1 Vagieuni Q, h Vernosol . K i vVirdo F. T d $01;le 1‘ if (f
Twabula. F. 11le a. Thwrers' I g Tuttia. O 1 Vagomtum H d Eeromandm L c Vire R. G d Yonne M 9

am g Thorion K g Triulatii Q h Vahalis F. O a. erona. T g Vire H d
Talmont H g Thouet H e Tropaea Augusti Q i Vaison .0 h Veronius F- K h Virodunenses 0 0 53%.." g af
$amnumF g 1g1 $I£ur R e Troyes N d galentia N h germ % a. Virodunum O c

anarus . i eriacum P b Truyére L h allis Pennina Q f errucini i Viroviacum M b
Tarasco N i Tichis F. L k Tidbingen S d_ Valognes * G c Vertacomicori O h Visseiche G e Zabern Q d
Tarascon. K k Tichis F. M k Tfidderen O a. Vangiones Q, o Vertzfs M d Vistre _ N i Zao pr. 0 i
Tarasco‘menses K k Tlcmum S g Tugem R e Va-mws F e Verv'mq M c Vlsurg1s F. S a. Zorn Q d
Tarbelh G i Ticinus F. R g Tuiciae N i Vapincum P h Vesonfgio _ 0 e Vitodurum R e Zug R e-
Tarbellicae G i Tigurini P f Tulingi ,R e Varaire K h Vesubiam Q i Vitricium Q g Zdlpz‘ch P b
Tarbes I i Tilena 0 e Tullum 0 d Varar‘res H h Vesulus M. P h Viviscus P f Ziirich. R e
Tarerzte O i. Tille 0 e Tungra. 0 b Varatedum H h Vesunna I g Vizille 0 g Zurzach R e

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Numié‘us

VETUS LATIUM
fince 384 B.C.

Thewénb'ml mum rd‘ertothe wiry
cities afflwIa/finleague "mm in
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glafin colonies in Lafio.

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Modulus 1=‘2.000,000
Stadia (600:1";

ETALEA

BEFORE THE IMMIGRATION OF THE GALLI
IN THE SIXTH CENTURY BC.

“I Etruscans
- :33: Peoples of the Latin language and. the cognate
{ dialects. {Latini._Umbri.-Sabini.Picentes‘Vesti'ni.
1 Marsi.PéIigni. Equiculi.1Equi.Hm1ici.Volci.
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E23 Pelasgians (Iapyges. Enoui J
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' 1 thnicians and C arfhaginians

Modulus 1: 4.666.666
Stadia { 600-1° )
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HTALIA

AT THE BEGINNING OF THE FIRST PUNIC WAR
264 B. C.

r::\ Italia submitted to the Roman power
— ,C arthaginians
6 Roman colonies
9 L atin colonie s
The nmnbers refer to the years of the colonization

1”Mat%ola A . L

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Abella
Abellinum
Abellinum Marsicum
Abergian M.
Abona

, Absarus I.
Absyrtides Ia'
Absyrtis I.
Aealandrus
Acalandrus F.
Aeara

Accadia

Accua.
Accumoli
Acelum
Acerei‘M.
Acerenza
Acerrae
Aeerrae .
Acerronia
Acervo
Acetura
Acheron F.
Aeherentia
Acherontia .
Aciris F.
Aciris F.
Acqua Pendente
Acqaa Santa
Acqua Sparta
Acqui

A cri

Acute M.

Ad JEsim

Ad Esim

A damello M.
Adanati

Ad Arnum

Ad (‘anales
'Ad Ganales

Ad Cerasias
Ad .Confiuentes
Adda

Ad Dianam
Addua F.
Addua F. , ‘
Addua F.

Ad Finem

Ad Fines ‘
Ad Fines

Ad Fines Recinae
Ad Flexum

Ad Flexum

Ad Fluvium Frigidum

Ad Fonticulos

Ad Furnules

Ad Graecos

Ad Herculem
Adige

Adigette -

Ad J oglandem

Ad Lautulas Saltus
Ad M alum

Ad Martem

Ad Martis Templ.
Ad Martis Templ.
Ad Matrem Magnoni
Ad Medias

Ad Medias

Ad Mensulas

Ad Nonas

Ad Nonas

Ad Novas

Ad Novas

Ad Novas

Ad Padum

Ad Palatium

Ad Pictas

Ad Pinum

Ad Pirum

Ad Pinim

Ad Pirum -
Ad Pirum Philumeni
Ad Publicanos

Ad Publicanos

Ad Querqum
Adrans

Adria

Adria

Adrianus Ager
Adriaticurn Mare
Ad Rotas

Ad Sabatum

Ad Statuas

Ad Silanos

Ad Solaria.

Ad Tarum

Ad Tegianum

Ad Titulos

Ad Turres

Ad Tux-res

Ad Turres

Ad Turres

Ad Turres

Ad Turres

Adula M.

Ad VI (Sextum)
Ad VI (Sextum)
Ad v11 (Septimum)
Ad VII (Septimum)
Ad VIII (Outavum)
Ad VIII {Octavum)
Ad IX (Nonum)
Ad I'X (Nonum)
Ad IX (Nonum)
Ad IX (Nonum)
Ad X (Decimum)
Ad X (Decimum)
Ad X (Decimum)
Ad XI Undecimum)
Ad XI \Undecimum)
Ad XI (Undecimum)

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Ad XII (Duodecimum) B
Ad XII (Duodecimum.) G
Ad XV (Quintum deci-

mum)

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' Alare

- Aletium

 

Ad XIX '(Undevicesi-I

mum)
Ad XX Vigesimum)
Ad XX Vigesimum)
Ad XX Vige'simum)

G
G
L

Ad XXX (Trigesimum) H

Ad 0 (Gentesimum)
Ad 0 (Gentesimum)
JEbutiana.
ZEcae
lEclanum
Egida
ZEgilium
.ZEgit-ua
Emona
AEnaria
ZEnus F.
ZEquana
ZEqui
ZEquiculi
JEquum
Esarus F.
Esernia
Esinus F.
Esis

ZEeis F. ‘
JEsula
Ethalia
Afliilae

A file
Agasus Port.
Agaunum
Agay
Aglianisi M.
Ar/liane
Agnazze
Agno

Agno
Agnone
Agagna
Agosta

Agri B.
Agro Galetrano, In
Agropoli
Agunia
Agylla

Aiguebelle
Ailane
Aime
Airetta; Col
Ajella _

Ala

Alagna

Alatri
Alatrium
Alba

Alba Docilia
Alba Fucentia
Alba Longa
Alba Pompeja
Albano
Albano M.
Albanum
Albanus L.
Albe

Albegna
Albenga
Alberica M.
Albinia F.
Albisela
Albium Ingannum
Albium Intemelium
Albona
Albana
Albula F.
Alburno
Alburnus M.
Alcenis

Alento

Alente
Alessandria
Alessano

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Aletrium

Alex F.
Alfidena
Algae

Alice R.

Alice, Pta. dell’

,mm

Alissa

Alla Fontana

Alli

Allia

Allifae

Allisto

Allobroges

Allos

Alma F.

Alma R.

Alpe, In summa

Alpe della Catenaja ‘

Alpe della Luna

Alpe Gottia, In

AlpeGraia, In

Alpe Julia, In

Alpe Maritima, In

Alpes Cottiae '

Alpes Graiae

Alpes J uliae '

Alpes Maritimae

Alpes Penninae

Alpes Rhaeticao

Alpes Venetae et Gar
nicae

Alsa F.

Alsietinus L. '

Alsium

Altamura

Altanum

Altare

Althaenus F.

Altidona

Altino

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Abbreviatiena: C. Capo. F. Flumen. G. Golfo. I. Insula.

Altinum

Alto M.

Alto M.
Alvignane
Aleito‘
Amalo F.
A'mantea
Amaranum
Amaseno
Amasenus F.
Amatrice
Ambin M.
Ambra
Ambro F.
Amelia
Amendola
Ameria
Ameriola
Amiata M.
Amiternum
Amsanctus Lacus
Amunclae
Amusa
Amyclae
Amyclanus Sinus
Anagni
Anagnia
Anagnis Cast."
Anamares
Ananes

Anab Port.
Anaunium
Anaxus F.
Ancasca F.
Ancinale F.
Ancona
Ancona
Andes
Andria
Anemo F.
Angitula F.
Angitula B.
Anglona
Angulus
Anio F.
Anletta
Annecy '
Anneey, L. of
Anneianum
Anneianum
Annene, L. d’
Annum
Ansante, L. d’
Ansedenia
Ansedonia
Antibes
Antino
Antinum.
Antipolis
Antium
Antrodoso
Anxa
Anxantia
Anxanum
Anxanum
Anxia
Anxur

Anzi

Aosta
Apamestum
Apenestae
Apennino, In
Apenninus Mons
Apenninus Mons
Apicilia
Apienna
Aponi fons
Appignano
Apricena
Apriglia
Apron F.
Aprusa F.
Aprustum
Apsorus I.’

.Apuani

Apuli

Apulia
Apulum
Aquae

Aquae

Aquae Angae

Aquae Apollinares s

Gaeretanae
Aquae Galidae

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ITALIA.

L. Laces, Lago. M. Mons. P. Fortes. Pr. Promontorium R. River. Sp. (Spitz) Peak. T. Templum.

Aquae Galidae Pisa.-

norum
Aquae Cutiliae
Aquae Passaris
Aquae Populoniae
Aquae Statiellae
Aquae Tauri
Aquae Volaterranae
Aqua Viva ‘
Aquila

Aquila M.
Aquileia
Aquileja.
Aquileja

Aquilo F. -
Aquilonia
Aquilonia
Aquino
Aquinum

Arba

Arba. I.

Arbe

Arbia F.

Arbia B.

Are

Arcae

Arcangel

Arce

ArcemTa
Archippe

Arcias

Arciona

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Area

Arda

Ardea
Arebrigium
Arento
Arenzano
Arezzo
Argalone M.
Argao F.
Argens
Argenta
Argentanum
Argenta-rio M.
Argentarius M.
Argenteus F.
Argentia
Argentina
Argento
Argous P.
Argusta
Ariana
Ariano

Aricia

Arielle
Arienzo ’
Arimiuum
Ariminus F.
Arintha
Ariolica
Ariolica

Arly
Armenita F.
Armi C.
Arna
Arnestum
Arnine F.
Arne

Arno

Arno F.
Arnus F.
Arnus F.
Arocas F.
Arpe

Arpi
Arpinum
Arporum N avale
Argaata
Arretium
Arretium Vet.
Arrane
Arrosia

Arse.

Arsia F.
Artegna
Artemisia
Artena
Artena
Artenia
Artaby‘
Arusnates
Aree B.

Area R.
Arzignane
Arzina

Ascea

Asciano
Ascoli

Ascali
Asculum
Asiago
Asinalunga
Asinella
Asmelle

Asa

Asola

Asola

Aspia F.
Aspie

Aspra
Aspromonte M.
Assergie
Assisi
Assisium
Asso

Asso

Asta ‘

Asta

Asta

Asti

Astico

Astura
Astura F.
Atella ‘
Atella

Atena

Aterni Ostia
Aterno
Aternum
Aternus F.
Aternus F.
Atessa

Ateste
Athenepolis
Athesis F.
Athesis F.
Athesis F.
Athesis F.
Atina

Atina

Atina

Atri'

Atria

Atria _
Atria F.
Atrianorum Paludes
Atriaticus F.
Atripaldi
Attidium
Attigio
Audena F.
Aueldius F.
Aufidena
Aufidena
Aufidum
Aufidus F.
Aufidus F.

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‘ Aufina

Auginus M.
Augusta
Augusta Praetoria
Augusta, Taurinorum
Augusta. Vagie‘nno-
rum
Aulla
Aulon
Auraei
Aaribeaa
Auri Metalla
Aurinia '
Aurunca
Aurunci
Ausa
Ausculum
Auser F.
Auser F.
Austranum terri-
torium
Ausugum
Autariates
Auto
Autola M. ,
Auximum
Auza
Aveia
Avellino
Avens F.
Avens F.
Aventino
Avenza
Avenza, F.
Avenza 1i.
Avenzana
Aversa
Avesica
Avezzano
Avigliano
Aeigliano
Avisio F.
Avisio Port.
Axia Gast.
Axima
Azetium

Baccanae
Bacchiglione
Bacagne
Badia

Badia [Bahia]

Bagna F.
Bagni '
Bagni a Merbo
Bagni di Ferrato
Bagni di Lucca
Bagni di S. Giuliano
Bagni di Sasse
Bagni di Stigliano
Bagno

Bagno

Bagnerea

Baiae‘

Baldo M.
Baleanum
Balese

Baletium
Ballista M.
Balneum Regis
Balvane

Banna

Bantia

Banzi

Barberino

Bareli

Barduli

Barete
Bargemon

Bari

Bariano
Barigazzo M.
Baris

Barium
Barlassina

Baronia
Barpana
Barra
Barra
Berra. I.
Basaro ‘M.
Baselice
Basiento
Bassano
Bassane, L. di
Bassentelle
Bast-a
Batia
Batie, La
Batinus F.
Bate
Batus F.
Baubota
Bautae
Bauzanum
Bebiana
Bedesis F.
Bedizzele
Bedriacum
Belaci
Belbo
Belcastro
Bellagurardia
Bellano
Bellentre
Bellinzana
Bellonum
Belluno
Bellunum
Belmonte
Belmonte

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Belvedere
Bemente
Benacenses
Benacus Lacus
Benat C.
Bene
Benevente
Beneventum
Beneventum
Beni M. '
Beregra
Beretini
Bergamo
Bergintrum
Bergomum
Berici M.
Beritins, Les
Bernalda
Bersula F.
Bertinoro
Besidiae
Besignano
Betoctelus F.
Betta Furca
Bettona
Bevagna
Bevera
Biaggie
Bianca F.
Bianca L.
Bidente

Biedi

Biella ‘
Bietina, L. di
Biferno
Bilitio
Birnbaumer Wald
Bisaccia
Bisagno
Bisceglie
Bisenzio
Bisenzo
Bitonto
Bituntum
Biturgia
Bituriza
Blane, Mont
Blanda
Bleane

Blera.

Blera.
Boactes F.
Bobbie
Bobium Gastrum
Bodetia
Bodincomagus
Bodincus F.
Beglio

Boii

Beite

Bola

Bola.

Beltane
Belem
Bolsena
Bolsena, L. di
Bomarzo
Bonassola
Bendano
Bononia

Ben Porteaa, C.
Borbera
Borello

Barge di Val Sagana
Borgomaro
Barge San Donino
Barge S. Lorenzo
Barge Sesia
Bergae F.
Barlezza
Bermida
Bormie
Boron

Betzen
Boviano

MAPS 16 & 17.

/

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Bovianum Undecuma—

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‘Bovianum Vetus

Bovillae
Bovine
Bozzente
Bozzolo
Bradano >
Bradanus F.
Bradanus F.

‘ Bregangen

Brembe F.
Brenna ~
Brenta F.
Brenta F.
Brenta F. “
Brenta, Can. di
Brentesia F.
Brentina
Brentino
Brescello
Brescia
Briangon

' Brianconnet

Brienza
Briga
Brigantii'
Brigantium
Brigiani
Brindisi
Brindisi
Briniates
Brioni, I"
Brixellum
Brixia
Brendole
Breni
Bruga M.
Brugnato
Bruna _
Brundisium

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Brundulum
Bru 9a M
Bruttii
Bruttium Pr.
Bruzzano
Bruzzane C.
Brystacia
Buca.
Buccari
Buccino
Bucine
Bad/rio
Budrio
Budrium

' Bulhrotus F.

Buonamico F.
Buenhabitacol
Busento
Busentus F.
Basso

Battier
Buxentum

Gaburrum
Gadianum
Cadibona
Gaecina F.
Gaecino, Sub
Gaecinum
Gaecinus F.
Gaecubus ager
Geelia
Gaelia. 1
Gaelianum
Gaelina
Gaelilim
Gaenys Pr.
Gaere
Gaeretanae
Gaesao
Gaesariana
Gaesena
Cagli
Cagnano
Cagnes ,
Cagolete
Gaiatia
.Gaieta
Gaietanus Sinus
Caina
Cairo .
Cajazzo
Cajola
Galabria.
Calaggio
Calancasca
Galasarna.
Galatia _
Galohantis et Pedali
Fana
Calcara
Calcinato
Caldane, Le
Caldiera
Calemara M.
Galena
Gales
Gales
Calico
Galicula M.
Calistre M.
Calitri
Gallatia
Gallifae
Callino
Callipari
Gallipolis
Calonna
Calepotamo
Galor F.
Galor F.
Calor F.
Calere _
Galore
Calore
Caleeeti
Galuoones
Calvaledera M.
Calvatone
Cal'velle
Calvi
Calvi M.
Cal'visi
Camarat C.
Camarata
Gamere ager
Gameria
Camerino
Gamerinum
Gamers

'Gamerte
‘ Campana

Gampania
Gampi Diomedis
Campiglia
Gampi Macri
Gampi Phlegraei
Gampi Raudii
Gampi Roseae
Campli

Campo
Campobasse
Campolieto
Campe Marane
Gamuni
Camusera
Canale
Canalico
Candela
Candelare
Candiole

Canet .
Canini Gampi
Canine

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BJAPS 16 & 17.

ITAIJA.

 

J ani T.

Japyefia

Japygium Pr.

J apygum acrae tres

J emerii

J esi

Joppolo

J ovis T.

Jovis Lareni T.

Judrio

Juga M.

J ulier Pass

J ulium Carnicum

Jungfrau M.

J unonis Laciniae T.
- J ura. M.

J ustinopolis

J uvanum

K anker .

K appel
Krafn burg
K rik Veglia
Kulpa

'Laaek

Laas
Labicum
Labone
Labonum
Labro M.
Labula. M.
Laeedogna
Lacinio M.
Lacinium Pr.
Laconia
vai et Marici
Lagaria.
Lagara

Lago
Lagonegro
Lago Santa
Laibach
Laibach R.
Laino

Lama M.
Lamato
Lambro

Lam brus F.
Lametini
Lame’tinus Sinus
Lametus F.
Lamnae
Lamone
Lanciano
Langates
Lania
Lanuvium
Lao

Lapicini
Lapyx F.
Lardier, 0.
Laminates -

‘ Larino
Larinum
Larius L.

- Lan'x
Latiano
Latini

Latis F.
Latisana
Latium
Latium
Latovici
Latymnum M. _
Laumellum ’
Laurentum
Lauretanus P.
Lauria

Laus

Laus F.
Lausanne
Lausonius Lacus
Laus Pompeia.
Laus Sinus
Lauzaret M.
Lavagno
Lavania. F.
Lavello
Laviana
Lavinium
Lavinium
Lavinius F.
Lavina
Lazzaro M.
Lecce

Lecco
Legnano
Leman Lac
Lemanus Lacus
Lerne, Can. di
Lemene
Lemina
Lenina

Leo

Leonessa
Lepinus M.
Lepontii
Lerici

Lerina.
Leron

Lese

Lesina, L. di
Lesini M.
Letamorta
Lete

Lete

Letino

Letus et Ballista M.
Leuce

Leucera
Leucopetra. Pr.
Leucosia. I.
Leuterni

Levane

Levant M.
Levanto

Levigno F.
Levrera

Libarna.

Libici

Liburnia.
Licchiano
Licuda F.
Ligara M.
Ligauni

Ligea I.
Ligures (Oxybii)
Ligures (Taurini)
Ligures (Libici)

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Lima

Limentra
Limosani

Linaro 0'.
Lingones
Liquentia. F.
Liri

Liris F.

Liris F.

Lira F.
Lissandre, 0. ole
Lista.

Litana. Silva.
Liternum
Livenza

Livorna

Loano .

Locano

Locano M.
Locanus F.
Locarno

Locone '

Locri Epizephyrii
Lodi

Lodi Vecchio
Lodrone
Logatez
Lojano
Lomello
Lonato
’Londra F.
Longaticum
Longobuco
Lonza F.
Lopulo
Loreto
Lorium
Loup
Lovere
Luca.

Luca.
Lucania.
Lucanus L.
Lucca
Luceoli
Lucera
Luca'ia.
Lucino
Luca ,
Lucus F.
Lucus An gitiae
Lucus Bormani
Lugano
Lugano, L. di
Lugeus L.
Lumo

Luna.

Lunae Port.
Lufiae Pr.
Lunga I.
Lupatia. M.
Luperano
Lupiae

Lura

Lusias F.
Lussin

Lutta M.
Luzzara

Lys

&

Macalla.
Macchia
1|! acello

M acerata
Macerata Feltria
Macra. R.
Macra R.
M addaloni
Maenaria.
Magelli
JlIagenta».
Maggio M.

' Magqio M ..
Maggiore L.
M agnone'

M agra

M agrisina
M aida
Maira F.

M ajello M.
M alaea

1|! alamocco
Malata

M alcesine
Malegatta P.
Malero F.
Maleventum
M alfrancato
Ma/ivera .M.
M alliae Bagnara
Malone

- M alosa

Maihertium
Mandela
Manduria
Man dyrium
Man er bio
M an fredonia
Man iago
M anliana.
Man lian a
Man occhia

‘ .M an tineo
Mantua.
M aon
M aan e R.
M arano
M aran o
M aratea
M aravota M.
Marcelliana.
M 'arecchia
Maren go
Mari M.
Marianum
Marici
Marina
Marina di Uatanzaro
M arino
M aripotam o
M arm an no
M armarole .M.
M aroggia
Maronea.
M arazzo
M a7 'radi
M arro
Marrubium
Marrucini
Marsi
Mars ico Vetere

 

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M artano

M artano M.
M artellata M.
M artigng
Martina.
Martina
Maruvium

‘ M arzana M. /

Marzano M.
Marzeno

M assa

Massa
Massaciuccoli, L. di
M assafra

M assa M aritima
Massa Veternensis
M assico M.
Massicus M.
Massio
Mastalone F.
Mateola.

M atera
Maternum
Matese, L. del
Matilic‘a.
Matinum
Matinus M.
Matinus Port.
Matinus Pr.
Matolica
Matrinum
Matrinus F.
Matrona. M.
Matterhorn

M attino
Maurizio P.
Maurienne
Mediolanum '
Medma.

Medma. F.
Medma F.
Medoacus Major
Medalina
Meduaci
Meduacus F.
Meduacus F.
Meduacus Minor
Medulli
Medullia.
Meduna

M eira F.

Mela

Melada

Melee

Meldola

Mele, 0. delle
Meledugno

‘Melegnano

Melezza
Melfa. F.
MM
Melfis
Melissa
Melito
Melizzano
Mella

Mella. F.
Melo F.
Meloessa.
Melone
Meloria
Melpum
Melpus F.
Melzo
Me-ndicino
Menocaleni
Mentone
Mentorides I“
Meolans
Mephitis T.
M ercantouan M.
Mercatello -
Mergo
Merinum
Mersa
Merula.
Merula
Mesagne
Mescolina M.
Mese
Mesiates
Mesina
Mesochorum
Messana.
Messana.
Messanicum Ostium
Messapia.
Messapia.
Messenona
Meta M.
Metalla
Metapontum
Metauro
Metaurus
Metaurus F.
Metaurus F.
Metaurus F.
Metramo
Metramus F.
Mevania
Mevaniola.
M ezzano
Mezzola L.
Miagardo
Mignone
Milano
Mileto

M ileto M.
Millesimo
Miltopae static
Minoio
Mincius'F.
M inerbe
Minervae T. et Pr.
Minervia. Colonia
M inervino
Minervino
Minervium
Minervium
Mlniato
Minio F.
Minturnae
M irandola

, M irano

Misa

Misa

Miscus F.
Misenum Pr.
M isia ‘
Misius l“.
Misofato
Miss

Misus F.
Moa

I M odena
I Modroa

‘ Moggia

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\ Newthus F.

Mo‘nch M
Moeso F.

M oja

Mala

Mala M.

M ola

Moles

Molf'a
Molfetta
Malgora

M alinella
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Monaco
Moncaglieri
Mondavz‘o

M ondovi

M ondragone
Moneglia‘
Monetier
Monilia.

M onopoli

M onselice
Mons Baladus
Mons Feletris
Mons Imeus
Mons Papinus
Mons Sicimina
Mons Silicis
M ontagnana
M ontalbana
M ontalboddo
Montalcirw .
.Montalto

M antalto

Mont Dauphin
Monte Aquila
Montebabbio
M ontebello
Monte Belluna
Monte Oarotto
Monte Cerbali
Montechiaro
Mantecristo
Monte Elpare
Monte F alcone
Monte Fano
Monte Fiascone
Monte Filotrano
Monte Fusco
M ontegibio
Monte Giordano
Monte Granaro
Montejasi
Monte Leone
Illonte Leone
M onteleone

M ante Marano
Monte M esola
Monte Milone
Monte Milone
Monte Olmo
Monte Pagano
Monte Penoso
Monte Prandone
M ontepulciano
Monte Beale
Monte Beale
Monte Roduni
Monte Romano

Monte Rotondo
Monte Rubbiano
Monte Rumulo
Monte Sacra

Monte Santa

Monte Sarchio
Monte Savino

Monte Scaglioso
Monte Sigillo
Monteu

Montevarchi
Monticano

M ontona

M ontona

Montone

Montorio

Montorio S. Geriorw
Morano .
M orcicchie

Marcone

M orello M.

Moricae Lucus
Moro

M orone P.

M orro

Morrone M.
Mortara

M otola

M otta

Mounier M. .
Moutiers en Tarantaise
M uciliano
M ucone
Mucrae

M uggia
Muranum
Muranum
M ureto M.
Murgantia.
M are

M uro
Murus
Musone
Musone
Mutila.
Mutilum
Mutina.
Mutrenses
Mutria M.
Mystia.

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Naia

Naliolum

Nano

Nantuates

Napetia.

Napetinus Sinus

Napoli, G. di

Napoul ‘

Nar F.

Nardo

Nares Lucanae

Nar-ni

Narnia

Natiso F.

Nau, 0. di, or delle
Colonne

Nauportus

Nauportus F.

Navalia

Neaethus F.

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Neapolis
Neapolis
Neapolis
Negolia
Negro R.
Nemaloni
Nemanturi
Nemorensis Lacus
Nepete ,
Nequinum
Nera
Nereto

N eretum
Nero M.
Neroma
Nerome M.
Nerulum
Nerusii
Nerv-i
Nery M.
Nesactium
Nese
Nestore
Nestore
Neto
Neumarlct
Neva
Nevola
Nibbiano
Nicaea.
Nicastro
Nicone
Nicotera.
Nicotera
Nigella F.
Ningo F.
Ningum
Nizza
Nocara
Noce, F. della
Noceii
Nocera
Nocera
Noia

Nola

Noli
Nomentum
Nora
Norba.
Norba.
Norcia
Noricum
Norma
Novana
Novara
Novaria.
Novaria. F.
Novi

Novito

Nuceria.

Nuceria.

Nuceria. Alfaterna.
Nuceria Camellaria.
Nuceriola. '
Numana.
Numicius F.
Nura

Nura. F. ,
Nuria, M. di
Nursia.

Nusco

Ngon
Nymphaeus F.

Ober Laibach
Obilinnum
Ocelum
Ocra. M.
Ocriculum .
Octavanorum Colonia.
Octodurum -
Ocynarus F.
Oderzo
Odubria F.
Oenotrides I”-
Ofanto

Ofena

Oglasa.

Oglia

Oglio F.
Olane Ostium
Olba

Olbia.

Oliva F.
Olivento
Olivula Port.
Ollius F.
Ollius F.
Olane

Olonna. F.
Ombrone
Ombrone
Ombrone
Omegna
Oneglia
Ongina
Onsernone
Opitergium
010me
Oppido
Oratelli

Orba

Orchia.

Orcia F.

Oreo

Ordona
Orgus F.
Oria

Oria

Orinolo

Oriolo

Ora, M. d’
Orobii

Oronaye

Orsomarzi
Orta

Orta, L. d’
Orte
Orteler Sp.
Ortadonico
Ortona
Ortona
Orvieto
053 F.
()sa It.
Oscela.
Osera

Osero M.
Osima
Osone
Osopo

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Osopus
Ostia.
Ostiglia
Ostra.
Ostruni
Ostuni
Otesia.
Otranto
Otricali
Oula;
Ovesoa F.
Oviglio
Ovilia.
Oxybii
Ozzana
Ozzori

Pacensis
Pactius F.
Padinum
Padi Ostia
Padoa. Ost.
Padova
Padula
Padus F.
Padus F.
Padusa. Ost.
Paestanus Sinus
Paestum
Paglia F.
Pagliana
Paglieta
Pagliana
Pago

Pago

Pagus Vej anus
Palaepolis
Palata
Palazzo, S. M. del
Paleni
Paleno
Palese
Palinuro C.
Palinurus Pr.
Palio
Pallanum
Pallia F.
Palma
Palmajola
Palma nuava
Palmaria.
Palmaria I.
.Palmarola
Palmi

Palo

Palo

Pala, L. at
Palumbo M.
Paluzzo
Pamodus I.
Pampano
Panapio
Panaro
Panaro
Pandataria.

, Pandosia.

Pandosia
Pannoma

-Pantano Salsa

Pantanus L.
Paola
Parabita
Parentium
Parenzo
Parina

Parma.

Parma. F.
Parma R.
Parola
Parthenius Portus
Pasiano, L. di
Passo del F orlo
Passo di Civita
Passo di Par tclla
Pasubio M.
Patavium
Paternum
Patignana
Patycus

Paulo F.
Pausulae
Pavia

Pavia

Pavallo

Pedole M.
Pedone
Pedum
Pelagosa

Pelaz .M.
Pelestrina

P. lf AI.

Pelia M.

Pelice

Peligni

Pelino M.

.Pellaro C.

Pelorus Pr.
Pelpi M.

' Peltuinum

Penna M.

Penna, Pta. della
Penneloci
Penneluci
Pennino III.
Pennino, In summo
Pentri
Pergantium
Pergola

Peripoli .M.
Peripolium
,Perosa

Pertusa

Perugia

Pergsia
Pervichio

' Pesa

Pesaro
Pescara
Pescara R.
Peschiera
Pesclz ini
Pescia

Pesio F.
Pesole L.
Petelia
Petita F.
Petra Pertusa
Petraro III.
Petrelle M'.
Pettorano
Peucetii
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Phoenice I.
Physcus M.
Pz'acenza
Piagnino
Piana
Pianella
Piano M
Pianoro
Pianosa
Pianosa
Piave

Piave
Picentia.
Picentini
Picenum
Picerno
Picuentum
Pietas Julia.
Pietole
Pietra
Pietra Abondante
Pietrafesa
Pietragalla
Pietra nera
Pietra Santa
Pignerolo
Pinguenta
Pinna.

Piolo
Piomba
Piombino

Pioverna

Piperno

Pirano

Pisa

Pisae ‘

Pisandes
Pisanus Portus
Pisatello
Pisaurum
Pisaurus F.
Piscanna M.
Piscopi F.
Pistoja

Pistoria

Pistrine M.
Pithecussa.
Pitino

Pitinum
P1tinum
Pitinum Pisaurense
Pitonius F.
Pitulani Mergentini
Pitulani Pisuortes
Pizorna

Pizza, I l
Placentia.
Planasia.
Planasia.

Plataci

Platana
Plannich

Plavis F.

Plavis F.
Pliniana Villa.
Plistia

Plusa

P0

P0 di Volano
Poediculi
Poediculorum Portus
Poeninus Lacus
Poggia

Poggia S. Cornelia
Poggiorsino
Pola [Pola]
Polaticum Pr.
Polcevera
Polentia
Polesella.
Policastro, G. di
Policoro
Polignano
Polimartium
Polina M.

Polla, La
Pollaa;

Pollentia.
Pollenza ‘
Pollica
Polycastro »
Pompeii
Pomptinae Paludes
Pons Aureoli
Pons Campanus
Pons Drusi
Poms Longus
Pons Seciae
Pante

Pante Riccioli
Pante Rotto
Pante Venere
Pontevico
Pontia.

Pontia I.
Pontiae I”
Pontirolo .
Pante Cenlefimo
Panza

Popoli
Populonia. \
Populonium Pr.
Porcifera. F.
Porcobera F.
Porteros .
Porto Badisco
Porto Oervere
Porto d’Ercole

Porto di Cirita Naoi‘a
Porto di Falconera
Porto di Fermo
Porto di Lido

Porto Longone

Porto di AIagnavar/ta
Porto di Malamocca
Porto di Matinata .
Porto di Monte Santa
Porto di Primaro
Porto di Vadi
Porto Fossone
Porto Greco
Porto Nova
Porto Re

Porto S. Alarm
Porto Talarnone
Porto Villa Nova
Portus

Portus Augusti
Portus Dclphini
Portus Herculis

Portus Herculis Mo-

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Paschiava L.
Posidium Pr.
Posidonia.
Posidoniates Sinus
Pasta di Mesa
Potentia
Potentia.
Patenza
Patenza
Pantremeli
Peviglie
Praeneste
Prato

Prata Magno
Predubas
Prelius L. ’
Premaggiare M.
Premilcuore
Premuda
Presenzana
Pretanico
Prifernum
Prile F.

Prilis L.
Primodia
Privernum
Prachyta '
Progna
Prolaqueum
Pramontagno
Puani
Pucinum Castellum
Pullaria. I.
Pullopex
Punicum
Punta Pramontare
Puteoli

Pyrgi

Pyxus Pr.
Pyxus F.

Pyxus

Quaderna
Quadradula
Quadrata.
Quadrata.
Quariates
Quarqueni
Quera
Querquetula
Queyras
Quieta F.
Quintilianum
Quintodecima

Rabbi
Racconigi
Radico ani
Ragogna
Raganielle F.
Ragela 1H.
Ragunia
Rama
Rame
Rapallo
Rapida
Rapinium
Rapolla
Rasdeglia
Ravenna
Raienna' [Ravenna]
Raenagara
Reate
Recanati
Recchio
Recce
Regae

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Reggie
Regis Ville.
Begium Lepidum
Reif-nitz
Reina
Reisa .M.
Reku F.
Rende
Rendlna
Reno
Renus F.
Renzano
Respa
Retenga
Retarbio
Retovinum
Revone
Rhaeti
Rheetia.

. Rhegium

Rhenus F.

Rhodanus F.

Rhodanus F.

Rhodanus F.

Rh6ne

Riccia, La

Ricciene

Ricina.

Ricina

Rieti

Riglio R.

Rignano

Rigomagus

Rigonus F.

Rimini

Rinca

Rio

Rion

Ripa Rossa

Ripatransone

Risa'no

Ritubium

Riva

Rieoli

Riemli

Rizzuti 0.

Robbie.

Recca di Betti

Rocca Secca

Recca Vecchia

Racchetta

Rocere

Roche, La

Roche Chevriere

Roche Pentan

Rachetta

Rodi

Raglie

Raja \

Roma

Romanus A er

Romatinus ‘.

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Resignano
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Sabatus F. ‘
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Sabini
Sabini
Sabine M.
Sabium
Sacciene F.
Sacco
Sacer M.
Sacrata
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Sagis Ostium
Sagittario
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Sagras M.
Sagrus F.
Sajasse
Sala, La
Salamene F.
Salandra
Salandra R.
Salandrella
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Salapia Nova.
Salapia Vetus
Salapina. P
Salebra
Salentia.
Salentini
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Salerno
Salerno, G. di
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Salinee
Salinas
Salinee
Salinas
Saline
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Saline
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Salinus F.
Sale
Salpi, L. di
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Salsola
Salto
Saltus Galliani
Saturn
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Saluzza
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Anatolia
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Angela in Vado
A ngela M.
Angiale
Benedetto
Benedetto
Bernard, Petit
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Gia Retando
Giorgio
Giovanni
Giovanni
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S. Lorenzo
S. Marco
S. Marco

S. M arguerita

. Maria ali Capaa ,

. Maria di Leuca O'.

. Maria di Merino

. Maria a Petenza

. Maria di Siponto

. Maria di Verete
Marie della

Strada

S. Marine

VS. Martino

S. Maurice

S. Maurice

S. Michele

S. Nicandra

S. Nicola

S. Nicole

S. Ospizie C’.

S. Oswald

S. Paolo

S. Pietro

S. Pietro

S. Pietro Vernutioo

S. Reme

S. Seeera

S. Seeerina

S. Severino

S. Severe

S. Stefano P.

S. Stephane

S. Valentino

S. Veit

S. Venere F.

S. Vicine M

S. Vite

S. Vito

S. Vita

S. Vita 0.

S. Vittoria

S. Vittorine

Saluzzela

Salve _

Salvare -'

Sambrarcitanus Sinu

Samnium

Samnium

Samaggia

Sangane

Sangro

Sanguinis petra.

Sani

Sanitium.

Sann R.

Sansege

Santerne

Santhia

Santicum

Sanza

Sapis F.

Sapis F.

Sapanara

Sapri

Saracina F.

Saracina M.

Sarca

Sarine

Sarius F.

Sarnano

Sarnico

Sarna

Sarnus F.

Sarsina.

Sarsina

Sarsinates

Sarteana

Sarui

Sasina. P.

Sasse

Sasso d’Italia, Gr.

Sasso Feltria

Sassa Ferrato

Sassula.

Satanasse F.

Saternus F.

Saticula.

Satriane

Satricum

Saturium

Saturnia.

Saturnia

Sature

San

Saaro

Sause

Sava

Saeeno

Saeigliana

Saaignana

Savincates

Saeio

Savione, Sub

Savo

Savo F.

Saz'ena

Savane

Savus F.

Saeuto

Saxa Rubra.

Scabris P.

Scala, (1. della

Scalea

Scamnum

Scan no

Scaptia

Scarda

Scardizza

Seardona

Scarema

Scarlino

Scarperia

Scarpiana.

Scheggia

Sch'o'npass

Schreck Horn

Scidrus

Scigliano

Scilla

Scingomagus

Scielze

St'altenna

Scrieia F.

Scultenna F.

Scultenna F.

Scylaceus Sinus

Scylacium

Scyle

Scyllae

Scyllaeum

Sayllaeum Pr.

Scylleticus Sinus

Scylletium '

Sebinus L.

Sebum

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Secchia
Secia F.
Secusses
Seduni
Sedunuli
Segesta
Segiuntii
Segna
Segni
Segovii
Segusini
Segusio
Sele
Sella M
Selta
Selve
Semicus F.
Semuncla.
Sena. F.
Sena Gallica.
Sena. J ulia.
Seneda
Senez
Sengauni
Senia
Senia
Senonee
Sente
Sentianum
Sentine
Sentinum
Sentria
Sepino
Septem Maria
Septempeda.
Septimer M.
Seranta M.
Seravalle
Serchia
Serchio
Serie F.
Seria F.
Sermenta
Sermide
Sermiene
Sermium
Sermoneta
Sernie M.
Serra Chindilli
Serranellianum
Serravalle
Serravalle
Sesia
Sesia
Sesiates
Sessa
Sessera F.
Sessites F.
Sessites F.
Sestinum
Sestinum
Sestri
Setia. ‘
Settepani M.
Settimo
Settina
Seea M.
Severus M.
Seyne
Sezze 7
Siagne
Siara M .
Siberina
Sibilla, M. della
Sicilia
Siculi
Siculum Fretum
Siderno
Siena.
Sierza
Sieve
Sigillo
Signia.
Sila. M. '
Sila Grande
Silarus F.
Silarus F.
Silarus F.
Sile
Sillara
Sils
Silvi
Silvium
Silvium
Simmari R.
Simmari
Simplan
Simple-n Pass
Sinarca
Singerna
Siniqaglia
Sinis
Sinnius F.
Sinno F.
Sine '
Sinonia
Sinuessa
Sion
Sipontum
Sipfis
Sirenussee I8e
Siris (Hei-acleae
navale) ‘

Siri's F.

Sirmio
Sirpium
Skuta M.
Secerga
Sogliana
Salana
Solaria
Selara
Saleto
Soletum
Solicel um
Selina.
Solefra
Selefrene
Solona.
Sommaggia
Sena
Sandrio
Sonsine
Santia
Santius. F.
Sontius,F.
Sara.

Sara‘
Soracte M)
Sarane
Sarense
Sario
Serra
Savana
Sevara
Seveso

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Spartieenta 0.
Spella
Speluncae
Speluncae
Sperlenga
Spezia.

Spigne M.
Spigalina M.
Spine.

Spina
Spinazzela
Spinella M.
Spines F.
Spineticum Ostium
Spineta M.
Spinone
Splitgen P.
Spliigen
Spoletium
Speleto

Sparna M.
Sguilla
Squillace
Squillace, G. di
Squinzana
Stabatio
Stabiee
Stabina
Stafl‘era
Staina, La .
Staiti ’
Statielli
Statonia.
Statulae

Stella M.
Stella M.
Stellates Ager
Stenice

Sterza
Stigliaro
Stillat‘q F.
Stile .
Stile, Pta. di
Stirone
Stoechades I”-
Stomalimne
Stoni

Stonus
Stornara

Store
Stradella -
Straface, F. di
Strapellum
Strettura
Strena F.
Strongali
Stura R.
Stura R.
Stura R.
Stura

Stura F. .
Stura O'hiara
Sturni
Stylidis Pr.
Suana.
Suanetes
Suasa

Subasio M.
Subcosa
Subiaco
Sublaqueum
Sublupatia.
Subocrini
Sudertum
Suelteri ..
Suessa. Aurunca.
Suessa Pometia.
Suessula.
Suetri
Suismontium M.
Sulfureo Lago
Sulmo

Sulmo
Sulmone
Summus Lacus
Sunio M.
Superaequum
Superum Mare
Surpicanum

' Surrentum

Susa
Sutrium

S were 0.
Suzzara
Sybaris °
Sybaris
Sybaris F.

Tabellaria.
Taberna Fm'gida.
Tabor M.
Taburni
Taburne
Taburnus M.
Tacina F.
Tacina R.
Tadinum
Taggia
Tagines F.
Tagliacazzo
Tagliamana M.
Tagliamento
Tagliamento
Tagliano
Tamara
Tamarus F.
Tanager F.
Tanara
Tanara
Tanarus F.
Tanneta
Tannetum
Tarantaise

T aranta '

‘Taranto, G. di

Taras F.
Tarentinus Sinus
Tarentum .
Tarnaiae
Tarnewaner W’ald
Taro '
Tara

Tarquinii
Tarsatica.

T arsia

Tartara
Tartarus F.
Tarus F.

Tarus F.
Tarvesede

Tarvis
Tarvisium
Taurasi
Taurasia
Taurasia.

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Tauriana.
Tauriana. Regio
Taurini
Taurocinus F.
Tauroentum
Taearane

Tavia F.

Taea

Teana

Teanum

Teanum Sidicinum
Teate
Teate
Tebavii
Tegellata
Tegianum ,
Tegianum
Teglia
Telamon
Telese
Telesia.
Telium
Temeniz
Tempsa.
Tenna
Teralba
Terame
Terdappia
Tergeste
Tergestinus Sinus
Terglaa M.
Terina.
Terinaeus Sinus
Terlizzi
Termina
Termini
Termini M
Terminilla M.
Termeli

Terni

Terracina

Terra del Sale
Terrarossa
Tersate
Teruentum
Terza M.

Tesina
Tessin
Tesuinus F.
Testona.
Tetellus‘
Teutria.
Tezze
Thane!
Thuile, La
Thurii
Tiberis F.
Tiberis F.
Tiberis F.
Tibur
Ticino
Ticino
Ticinum
Ticinus F.
Ticinus F.
Tide F.
Tidane
Tifata M.
Tiferno
Tifernum opp.

Tifernum M etaurense

Tifernum Tibexinum
Tifernus F.
Tifernus F.
Tifernus M.
Tigulia.
Tigulia. F.
Tilaventus F.
'I‘ilaventus F.
Timavi F., Fontes
Timavi Laeus
Timia
Timenchie
Timone

Tinea

Tinia. F.
Tinna F.
Tinnetio

Tina I.

Ttnzen

Tiane

Tiara.

Tirano
Tirinus F. »
Tiriala

Tire F.

Tisca

Titan, I. du
Tito, it

Tacca

Taae F.

Tece F.

Todi

Tolentino
Tolentinum
Tolero
Tolertum
Tolerus F.
Telee ‘
Talmezze
Tomasa
Tapino

Tara F.
Tordine

Tor di Vado
Tarina
Tormaggiare
Teramulina M.
Tarranuava
Torre

Torre Chiaruccia
Torre della Ohiaaca
Torre del Pizza
Torre del Salte ‘

T arre di Riveli
Torre di Sabina
Torre di Sessela
Torre di Tacite
Torre di Venere
Torre d’Orta
Torre Melissa
Torre Pietra
Torre Pttino
Torre Sale-ole
Torre S. Agostino
Torricella
Torrita

Tartana
Tescanella
Toscolane
Tosigonus F.
Tracie F.
Traetta
Trafana

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Trajanus P.
Trani
Trasacce
Trasimene L.
Trasimenus L.
Trasubbia
Traviana
Treba
Trebbia
Trebia. F.
Trebia.
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Trecenta
Tredita F.
Tredita M.
Treglia
Treglia R.
Treja

Treja .
Tremetis
Tremiti I'-
Trenta

Trenta
Treponti
Trerus F.
Tresa

Tresa R.

Trwa F.
Tresinara
Tree Tabernae
Tres Tabernae
Tres Tabernae
Treei

Treei

Trevico
Treviglio
Treeise
Tricarice
Tridentini
Tridentum
Trient F.
Triest
Trigabali
Trigesimo
Trigrw

Trigno
Trigazza
Trimerus
Trinius‘F.
Trinigg F.
Trina

Triele

Trianta R.
Trianta, 0. del
Triora
'I‘ripontium
Trissina
Tritana
Triturrita. Villa.
Triulatti
Triventa
Trivicus
'Traja I.

Treja

Trenta
'I‘ropaea
Tropaea. Augusti
Trapea

Trapez

Trasso
’I‘rossulum
Truentus F.
Trumpilini
Tublan M.
Tublinatium
Tuder

Tumulo 0.
Turana

Turbia
Turenum

T uri
Turiostum
Turoni M.
Turres

Turres Albee
Turres Aurelianae
Turris Caesaris
Turris Juliana
Turrus F.
Tursi
Tuscania
Tusciane F.
.Tusculanum
.Tusculum
Tutini

Tyris I.
Tyrrhenum Mare

Ubaye
Uberi
Ueeni
Udi-ne ‘
Ufens F.
Uffugum
Ufita

U fanta
Ugente
Ugine

Ulbe
Ulubrae
Umaga
Umana V
Umbria.
Um bria tica
Umbrioc/Iie
Umbro F.
Umbro F.
Unie
Urbaha.
Urbania
Urbino
Urbinum Hortense

Urbinum Me taureuse

Urbis F.
Urbisaglia
Urbs Salvia.
Urbs Velus
Urge

Uria. ‘
Urium
Ursaria I.
Uscosium
Usenz F.
Use
Usseglia
Utis F.
Uzentum

Vacate
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Vada Volaterrana. E d Varus F. B d Venosa K g Vetmlla G e /! Via Latina H f Vietri I g Volsinii
Vadimonis L. G e Varusa F. B c Venostes E a Vetrano F. L i Via Latina I f Vieze A a Volsinii, Vet.
Vagienni B c Vaste N g Vcntasso M. E c Vettianum F a Via Latina G f Villa Franca B d Volterra
nglia F d Vaticano 0'. 7 K i Venusia K g Vetulianum B 0 Via Nomentana G f Villafranca E b Voltri
Vaglierano ' C c Vatoria M. I) c Venzone H a Vetulonia. . F 8 Via Popilia I Villa Rostrata G e V olturrno
Val Calanca D a Vatreni Ostium G c Veragri B a Veturii C 0 Via Popilia L F1 Villard d’Ai-e‘ue A b Volturo
Val Camoni E b Vatrenus F . c Verbanus L. C b ‘ Vevey- A a Via Popilia L i Villeneuve 'A a Volzano
Val Levantina C a . Valule I b Verbicaro K h Vezza B 0 Via I’ostumia C c Vinadio B c Vomano
Val Misoaco D a Veamini A c Vercellae C b Vezzano I) 0 Via Praenestina G f Vinti miglia B d Vomanus F.
Val Rendena E a Vedianii B d Vercelli C b Vezzano . F a Via Salaria G e Vintium B d Vorderr/Lein
Val Sabbia E b Vedinum H a Verde F. L i Via Emilii Lepidi I) 0 Via Salaria H e Vintschgaa E a Vulci
Val Sarca E b Veglia- I b Verdon A 0 Via ZEmilii Lepidi F 0 Via Tiburtina G f Viola F. E a Vulpis F.
Val Sesia C b Veii G e Verdon A (1 Via Emilii Scauri C 0 Via. Trajana K f Vionne B b Vultur M.
Val Sugana F a Velan M. B b Verdano B 0 Via [Emilii Scam’i E d Via Trajana L f Virginia F d Vulturnum
Val Tellina D a Veldes I a Veregis F. G f Via Amerina G 6 Via Trajana . M f Virgina III. I g Vulturnus F.
Val Trompio E b Veleia D c Veretum N h Via Appia H f Via Valeria G e Viso M. B c Vulturhus F.
Val di Non F a Veleiates Regiates , D c Vergae K h Via Appia I f Viadana E c Visp F. B a
Val di Sole E a Velia _K g Vergellus F. L f Via Appia K g Vibarna K f ' Visso H e
Valentinum C b Velina E d Vergunni A (1 Via Appia G f Vibelli B c Vitelia- I f ,
Valenza C b Velini Lacus G e Vermenagna B 0‘ Via Appia L g Vibi Forum B c ‘Vitentis F. G c
Valerianum C c Velino R. H e Verm‘o .H b Via Appia M Vibinum K f Viterbo G e Wallis
Valiano F d Velino M. H e Veroli' H f Via Aurelia E (g1 Vibonensis Sinus K i Vitis F. F c Weickselburg
Valle Siciliana H e Velinus F. G 9 Verona F b Via Aurelia F e Vibo Valentia L i Vitolano I f Wippach
Valle del Mezzano F c . Velinus F. H e Verres B b Via Aurelia G f Vicentia F b Vitravo L h Wippach Il.
Vallis Pennina B a Velitrae G f Verrucini A (1 Via Cassia F d Vicentino F. I g Vitricium B b Wocheiner Srm
Valvata E d Vellauni A c Verrugo G f Via Cassia F e Vicenza I g Vittore M. H e Wurzener Saa
Vandotena H g Velleiates B c Versiglio E 6. Via Cassia G e Vicenza F b Viviscus A a
Vanienses H a Veltlin E a Vertacomacori C b Via Ciminia G e Vico K f Viziola H e
Vannia E b Veltona G e Vertinae L h Via Claudia Augusta F a Vice, L. di G e Vobarna E b
Vanoise M. A b Venafro I 1' Verqu H f Via Claudia Augusta F b Vico Pisano E d Voborna E b .
Var B d Venafrum I f ' Verzentino L. K. f Via Claudia Nova H e Victianum' ‘ B e Voghera C c Zacoone M.
Vara D c Vence B d Verzino L 11 Via Claudia Valeria H e Victimuli C b Vogogna C a Zambrone 0.
Varaita F. B c Vene, Le G e Vescinus ager H f Via Clodia F e Victims F. ’ B b Volane Ostium G c Zannona
Varamus F. H b Veneni B c Vescovio G 6 Via Clodia G e Victoriolae E c Volano F b Zapponeto
Varano, L. di K f Veneris T. .K h _Vesentium F 9 Via Domitiana H f. Vicus Alexandri G f Volano‘ G c Zellina
Varanus L. K f Veneris T. M g Vesidia F. E (1 Via Flaminia G o Views Matrini G e Volargne E b Zephyrium Pr.
Varazze C c Venerocolo M E a Vesole M. ‘ K g Via Flaminia. G d Vicus Novuq G e Volaterrae E d Zibello
Vardacata E b Veneti F b Vestini . H 9 Via Flaminia G e Vicus Serminus F c' Volcei K g Zirknitz
Varese ‘ C b Venetia F b Vestone E b Via Hereulia K f Vicus Varianus F c Volene F b Zogno
Varese, L. oli C b Venezia G b Vesubia B (1 Via Herculia K g Vicus Virginis C c Volgane K f Zoll
Varia G e Venicamori A c Vesubiani B 6. Via Julia B d Vidauban A d Volsci G f Zuger
Varmo H b Vennones C a, Vesulus M. B 0 Via Julia C d Vidy A a Volscorum Montes G f Zuglio
Vartis F. A c Vennum E b Vesuvius M. I g Via Lubicana G f Viesti L f Volsiniensis L. , F e Zungoli
SICILIA<0NMAP17)_
Abacaenum K i Bernardo 0'. K 1 Catria Aponiana G. k Enonymos I. K i Himera F. I k Maragano H k ' Nolavecchio
Abolla K 1 Bianca 0. H k Oattagirone I k Entella H k Hippana H k Maretima G i Note
Accilae I k Bidis I k Uattolica H k Erbessus H k Hipparis F. I 1 Margara H k
Acellus G k Biclis .K k Caucana I 1 Erbessus I k Hirminius F. I 1 Marineo H k
Acesines F. I k Birgi G k Caucana P. I l Ercta M. H i Hybla Galeatis K k Maritima I.‘ G i Oanus F.
Achates F. G k Biscari I k Oefala H k Ergetium I k Hybla Heraea sive Maro M. H k Obalas F.
Aci Beale K k Bissoleo M. . I k Oefala I i Ericodes I i Minor . I k Marsala G k Omo Moria, P. dell’
' Acis F. K k Bivona ' H k Cena H k Ericussa I i Hybla Major I k Marsala F' G k Onobalas
Acithius F. G k Becca d’Entella H k Centorbi I k Erineus F. K 1 Hyblaeus F. I k Marsarello I 1 Onobalas F.
Acium K k Boeoél. G k Centuripa I k Eryce I k Hyccara H v i Marzameni P. K 1 'Orethus F.
Acque Dolci I 1 Borrone I. ‘ G k Cephaloedium I i Eryces F. I k _Hypsas F. G k Mascali K k Orlando 0',
Acres I k Bosco di Caronia I k Oerdra M. G k Eryx G i Hypsas F. H k Maussolia F. H k Ortygia I.
Acragas F. H k Bottaro ‘ K i Ceriemi M. H k Eryx M. G i Mazara ‘ G k Osteodes I.
Acrilla I k Bracetto 0. I l Cetaria H i Mazaras F. G' k
Acristia H k Brieinniae I k Chalae I k M'azzara G k
Aderno I ’ k Briemi F. I k Chalcidicas M. K i ‘ Mazzara R. G k Pachino
Ad Olivam G- k Brizzi, Li I k Chiaramonte I k Facelinus F. K i Iaeta H k Mazzar’ino I k Pachynus Pr.
Adranon H k. Bronte I k .O’hiusa H k Faino I k 'Iati H i Megara Hyblaea K k Pachvnus Port.
Adranum I k Bruca K k Chrysae T. I k Faro, 0. di K i Iato H k Megarensis Sinus K k Pacoiiia I.
Egates I” , G i Bucinna G i Chrysas F. I k Fastaga M. I k Ietae H k Melas F. K i Palagonia
Egithallus G k Burg'io H k ' Chydas F. I i ~Favara H k Imachara (Sperlinga) I k Menaeum I k Palamiti
.ZEgusa G k Busacckino H k Oiafaglione P.‘ I 1 Favignana G k Imachara (Imbaccari) I k Menfrici G k Palazzo Adriano
Egusae I”. G i -Basaidone I 1 C'ieri'M. K k Femine I. H i Imbaccari I k Mesopotamium I l Palazzaolo
.ZEoli I. I ‘ i Buteca I k Oiminna H k Feto 0. G k Ina Portus K 1 Messana K i Palermo
lEoli I. K i Oircia 0. I 1 Ficotto F. I k Inessa I k Messina K i Palice
Eoliae Insulae I i ' Citadella I k 'Filicudi I' i Inicus H k Mezzejuso H k Palicorum Lacus
JEtna I k Cabala. _ ' H k Cocanico L. I k Fitalia H k Inycum- H.k Micano M. I k Palma
ZEtna.M. I k O’accamo ,- H k Cocanicus L. I k Fonda M. I k Ipyrra Fons ,I k Milazzo K i Palma
Agathyrnum I i Cacra Pr. I 1 Coccynum Pr. K k Forgia K k Isburus F. H k Illilazzo 0. K i Palma R.
Agosta K k ‘Cacyparis F. K I Colle della Guardia I k For/niche, Le G i Itala K i Mineo I k Palo Porto
Agrigentum H k Cacyrum I k Collesano H k Frascalari I 1 Italicum K i JIIiranda K 1 Panarelli
Agyrium I k Calacte I i Colombara G i Freddo G k ._ Mistretta I k Panaria
Aidone I k Calactina. Regio I k Camiso I 1 Furiline M. I k Modica I 1 Panormus
Alaba F. H k Calaoria I k Comitiana PH k Monalus F. I k Pantagias F.
Alabon F. K k Calava 0. I i 00mitini H k Monte Ohiaro H k Paropus
Alaesa I k Oallaris I k Conchea et Gonusa Gabello I k Lanar F. G k Montallegro H k Panama,
Alaesus F. I k Callina M. I k Paludes _ K i Gagliano I k Larcara H k Montemaggiore H k Parthenicum
Alcamo G k Calloniana H k Copria Litus K k Galarina I k Laaro M. I k Morgantia I k Partinico
Alcantara F. K k Caltabellota H k Corleone H k Galata I k .Lentini I k Morgyna H k Passara Pofit.
Alessandria H k Oaltabellota F. H k Corooniana H k Galati I k Lenza F. K k Morre I k Passero 0. .T‘
Alessio 0. K k Caltanisetta I k Correnti I. K 1 Galati K i Leon K k Motyca I 1 Patti '
Alga Granule, 0’. d’ I l Calvisiana I l Cosimano M. I k Gallo, 0. di H i Leontini I k Motycanus F. I 1 Pelagonia Regio
Alicata H k (Jamarani I l Crastus H k Gangi I k Letum G k Motye G k Pellegrino M.
Alicadi I i Camarina I 1 Cratas‘ M. H k Gela I k Levanzo G i Motyum H k Pelorias Pr.
Aluntium I i Camarina Palus I l Crimisus F. H k Gelas F. I k Libycum Mare G- k Mucini M. H k Pelorus Pr.
Amenanus F. K k Camicus H k Cummo I 1 Gelasium I k Licoc‘lia I k Illulini O. K k Penisola Magnisi
Amestratus I k Camicus F. H k Cyamosorus F. I k Giaretta K k Lilybaeum G k Murro di C'ar-z'ni H- i Pergusa L.
Anapo . K k Gammarata H k Cyclopum Scopuli ka Giarre K k Lilybaeum Pr. G k Mussumelz? H k Petiliana
Anapus F. K k Campi Geloi I k Cymbe I 1 Ginia M. I k Lipara ' I i Myconius M. K i Petra
Ancrina . H k (Janicatti H k Gonius M. H k Lipara I. I i Myla F. k Petralia
Aphrodisium K k Canitello H k . Gonusa et Conchea Liparaeae Insulae I i Mylae , i Petralia F.
Apollinis Archegetae Oannata M. I k Daedahum H k Paludes K i Lipari I. I‘ i Mytistratus k Petrina
Ara . K k Cantara K k Damyrius F. I k Grammichele I k Lissa Bianca K i .' Pettineo
Apollinis Libystini T. I l Capezzana I k Dascon K k Grande F. I k Lissus F. I k . Phalacrium Pr.
Apollonia I k Capitium I k Dattolo K i Granitola 0. G k Loderi M. H k ‘ Phalarium
Aquae Alabodes H k Capitoniana I k Delia H k Gurnalonga I k Lognina K k Nanni I k Philosophiana
Aquae Pintianae G k Capizzi I k Dianae Fons _ I l Longa I. G k Nanni M. I k Phintias
Aragona H k Caprianus M. H k Dianae Facelmae T. K i Longanus F. K i Naro H k Phoenicodes
Arena G. k Caraci III. H k Didyme I i Halicyae G k Longaricum H k Naro F. H k Phoenicus Portus
Argennum Pr. K k Oarcaci I k Diritto I k Halycus F. G k Longi ' I k Naso I i Phoenicussa
Artemisium K i Carini H i Dittaino I k Halycus F. H k Longina 0. K 1 Naulochus K i Phoenix
Asaro I k Caripa I k Donna Lucato I 1 Helicon F. I i Longon Portus K'k Naustathmus K 1 Phorbantia
Asinanus F. I 1 Oarom'a I -k Drago H k Helorus K 1 Longona I k Naxus K k Piana
Asinello G i Oaropipi I k Drepanum G i» Helorus F. I 1 Longum Pr. K 1 Nebrodes Montes ' H k Piazza
Asi n e s F. I k Oasibili K 1 Drepanum Pr. K i Henna I k Longurus Sinus G k Neetum I l Piciniana
Asinius F. I k Casmenae I 1 Heraclea Minoa H k ' Neptuni T. K i Pietra Longa
‘ Assorus I k Cast. Vetrano G k - Heracleum Pr. H k Neptunius M. K i Pietraperzia
Avola K 1 'O'astelbuono I k Echetla I k Heroei .Montes I k Niscemi I k Pirama
_ ‘ Castellamare G i Ecnomus M. H k Herseum I 1 Maccasoli H k Nisura H i Pispisella M.
Castrogiovanni I k (Egesta G k Herbita I k Macella H k N isura I k Platani
Baiaria , H k Castronaovo H k Elcethium G k Herculis I. K i Maeellaro H k Nisuria 1 k Plemyrium
Baida M. G i Castroreale K i Elcethius F. G k Hicesia I. K i Mactorium I k Nitosia I k Polizzi
Basiluzzo . K i Catana K k Eleutheros F. H k Hiera I. G i Madiu-ni G k Noae K k Pollina
,Bathys F. H .i Oatania K k Emporimn H k Himera . H k Madonia M. H k Noara K k Porcari
Bellici G k Oatarasuno L. I k Engyium I k 7 Himera F. H k Manfmia I k Nemae , I k POTCWW F-
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Prestus 'H k Salso ' H k Scamander ' G k Solus . H’ i Taurus M. K‘ k Trajectus , K i Venere M. I
Prizzi H k Salsa I k Schera. H k Sophiana I k' Taurus Pr. K k _Tranina - I k Veneris T. G
. SalsoE I k Schiso, C. di ‘K k Soprano C. I k Tellaro . I l Trapam' G i Vernice I. G
Ragusa I ! Sambuca H k Sciacca H k Sordo M. I k Tenchio F. I k Tricala H k Via. Valeria. H
.Ragusa R. I l S. Agatha I i Sciarria M. H k Sorello C. G k Tendoro C. ‘ G .k Trlcala 2%. H k Via Valqria. K
Raina F. ~ I k .3. Biaglo H k Sclcll' I l Sortino I k Terias F. K 'k . Triocala H k Villarosa I
Rammaoa I k S. Carlo H k Scicl'l R. L 1 SoSias F. G k Termini. H k f T “7109' , K i Vindicar'i 13- . .K
Ramo C. H -i S. Catarina I k Scuma I k Spaceaforno ‘ I l Termini Leonardo: - H k Trogiliorum Port‘us K k ' Vita G
Randazzo I k S. Croce I l Scyllaeum' K i ‘ Sperl'inga I k Terranova I k Trotilus - I k Vito C. G
Rasigelbz' C. I i ‘S. Croce C. K k Secca Po- ~ K k Stromboli K i Terranova R. I k Tusa . I k Vittoria I
Rasocolmo C.“ K i S. Filippo d’Argiro I k» Segesta. 'G k Stromboluzzo K i Thapsus ' K k ‘ Tyndaris K i Vz‘zz'im' I
Rawanusa H k S. Fratello I k‘ Segestanorum Em- Strongyle I. K i Ther’mae , H k Tyndaris Pr. . _ I i Vulcani I. I
. Begltano F. I k S. Giuliand G i porium G i Styella. K k Thermae Selinuntiae H k Tyrrhenum Mare G i Vulcaniae Insulae I
Rhegium K i S. Marco - I i Selinus F. G k Symaethus F. I k Thermessa I. I i ' Vulcano I

Ribera H k S. Afar-co C. G k Sibillana P. G k Symaethus F. ‘ K k Thorax M-. K i \ ‘ ‘
Riesi _ I k 1S. MarghBNta H k Simla’ana H k ; synes K i Tilanar'l K i 'Ulz'sse, P. d‘ I 1 ‘ Xiphonia K
Rosella C. H k S. Maria di.Monte . Siculum Fretu‘m ' .K i Syracusae 'K -k Tlmethus F. . , I i Ulyssig Portus I 1 _. Xiphoniae Pr. K
Virgineo H k Siculum Mare K 1 Tindaro C. I i Ulyssis Portus ‘ K k Xiphonius Portus K
S. Maria all Tlndaro K i Simeto I k 4 Tisse I k Ulyssis Pr. ' I 1 Xuthia Regio I

Salemi G S. Pantaleo G k .Simoeis F. 'G'k Tamariclum K k Tmethus F. I i Ustica H i '
Saline I 1 S. Stefano I k Solanto H i Ta-ormrlna K k Torto H k ‘ . Zafarana C. H
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NORTHERN GREECE. HELLAS. EPIRUS.
._ THESSALIA. MACEDONIA.

Cape. D. (Dagh) Mountain. F. Flumen. .I: Insula. L.

Abbreviations: B. Bay. 0.

Abae
Abantis
Abdera. _
Acanthius Smus
Acanthus
Acarnania
Achaia.
Achaia
Acharnae
Acharrae
Achelous F.
Acheron F.
Acherusia Palus
Achilleum
Acbntisma.
Acrae
Acroathos
Acraephnium
Acrocerauma. Pr.
Acrothoi
Acrothoum
Acte
Actium
Actium Pr.
Ad Apsum
Ad 'Decimum
Ad Duodecimum
Ad Quintum
Adelphi .
' Adrianopohs
Adriaticus Sinus
Eantium Pr.
Aeas F.
Aeas F.
Edepsus
.ZEgae
'Egae
Algae
Egaeus F.
ZEge
ZEgilia.
' JEg’ilia.
.ZEgina
Eginium
Eginium
JEgira ._
Egitium
ngium
JEgosthenae
ZEgylips

nea
ZEneum Pr.
JEniania
ZEnus M.
Enyra.
JEolis
ZEotis p
Aeropus M.
Aesa
Aeson F.
Esone
ZEstraeum
Ethices
Ethopia.
' lEtolia
JEtolia. Epjctetus
JExo‘ne
A fales P.
' Agassa ‘
Agathon Pt.
. Anna
. Apostoli
. .Georg
. Ghiorghi U.
. I lias
. Ioamii
. Katharina 0'.
. Minas R. ‘
g. Nikolaos ,
Aghion 0ros, Gulf of
Ag. Saraizda -

Ag. Sotiras, Cavern of

Ag. Vasilios
Ag. Vasilios 0'.
A grapha
Agrinium

Aito

A kbimar
Akhili P.

Akio

Akmba Dibbrit
Akra ba M yrdit
Alalcomenae
Alalcomeuae
Alalcomenae
Alassona
Alassonitiho R.
Alcomenve
Alcyone
Aloyonium Mare
Alefkimo C’.
Alibutush Dagh
Aliki

Alinda M.
Alindoi M.
Alistrati
Alive'ri

Alive??? 0'.
Allante
Ahnana
Almopia.
Aloium
Alorah’i B.
Alope

Alope

Alorus
Alpenus

Altus

Alyzia.
Amantia
Amantiae pdrt.
Amantis
Amarbes M.
Amapynthus
Ambracia
Ambracia

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Ambracicus Sinus
Ambracus
Ambrakia
Ambrysus
Amitas F.
Amom‘ 0'.
Ampelo 0.
Ampelus Pr.
Amphanae
Amphaneeum
Amphaxitis
Amphiclea. _
Amphipagus Pr.
Amphipolis
Amphissa.
Amphrysus F.
Ampilochia
Amydon
Amyrus
Amyrus F.
Amyrus M.
Anactorium
Anagyri M.
Anagyrus
Anamum
Anaphjystus
Anapus F.
Anaurus F.
Anchoe
Andaristus
Andipaxo I.
Andros
Andros I.
Anemoria.
Angem
Angelos C'.

_ Angista

Angites F.

An gites F.

Ani'no

Anoi

Ano Tjaterly
Anthedon

Anthela
Anthemus
Anthemus
Anthemus F.
Anticyra.

Anticyra
Antigonia
Antigonia
Antigonia Psaphara
Antipatria.
Antirrhium Pr.
Antisara ‘
Antonii, Urbs C.
Antron

, Aous F.

Aous F.

Aofi Stena.
Apanomi
Aperantia.
Aphetae
Aphidna
Aphytis
Apidanus F.
Apilas F.
Apodoti
Apoklest’ri Pt.
Apollinis‘ Actii T.
Apollinis T.
Apollinis T.
Apollonia.’
Apollonia.
Apollonia
Apollonia.
Apollonia.

Apollonia Chalcidices
Apollonia Mygdoniae

Apolloniatis'
Apostoli Rica.
Apsalus
Apsus'F.
Apsus F.
Arachthus F.
Aracynthus M.
Amin 0.?
Ammanti
Araphen
Arapis.
Arapos R.
Aratthus F.
Arattus F.
Arcadia
Archudha
Arda. F. ‘
Arda-m M.
Ardaxanus F.
Ardenitza
Ardham ‘
Arethusa
Arethusa fons
Arethusac

' Argeia

Argestaeus Campus
Argilus

Argina.

Argissa
Argithea. -
Argolis

Argos

Argos Oresticum
Argostoli ’
Argura.

Argyra

Argyrini
Argyrokastro
Aristonautae
Arkom’s‘ia
Arkudi
Armenium
Armyro O.
Arnie

Arnaea

Arne

Arnissa.

Q

.

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.Arpitza

- Assa

’ Auas F.

- Bagoraditza

Balust'ra 0.

_ Baphyras F.

‘Batiae

’Biklisfa

 

c

Arnissa

Arsene
Arsinoe
Arta
Arta
Artemisia C'.
Artemisium litus 6t
prom. '
Artemita. I.
Ascordus F.
Ascra
Ascuris L.
Asnaus M.
Asopus F.
Asopus F.
Asopus F.
Asopus F.
Aspalathea.
Aspro
Aspro potamo

Assera.
Asso
Assos
Astacus
Asteris I.
Asterium
As‘terotiko

Astraes C'.
Astraeum

Asyla.

Atako

Atalando P.
Atalanta

Atalanta I.

Atom 0.
Athamania
Athamanius campus
Athenae
Athenaeum
Atheradha 0.
Atheto

Athinati 0.

Athos M. .
Atintania

Atrax

Attica.

I

Augaea
Aulis

Aulon
Aulon
Avlona
Awret Hissar
Axii fauces
Axius F.
Axius F.
Azorus

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Ba boga
Babuna M.
Babussa M.
Baerus

Bagorra Al.
Balles

Balzina
Banja
Bantia

Barmashi
Barnus M.

Bazamki
Bazarudi
Begorritis L.
Beiitza R.
Belitza R.
Belogost M.
Bei'at
Beratino R.
Bereketli
Berga
Bermius Mons
Bernus M.
Beroea.
Beroea.
Bertiscus
Bessa'ritza
Bessi
Betshik
Betshik Col
Betshik M.
Beve .
Bevus F.
Biblia.

Bisaltae
Bistones
Bistonis L.
Bistritza

B istritza R.
Bitolia
Bjahos R.
Blanco C.
Bletz‘i
Blim’i
Boar Kalessi
Bodm'
Bocbe
Boebeis L.
Boeotia.
Boeum
Boeum M.
Bog/zaskoi
Bolbe
Bolbe L.
Boli Stena
Bolyca Palus
Bomienses
Bomius M.
Bonikovo

Bora M.

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Lacus. M. Mons. Opp. Oppidum. P. Portus (Port). Pal. PaIus. Pr. Promontorium. R. River. S. Sinus. T. Templum.

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Bora M.
Borborus
Bo'rowa

Boa Dagh
Bosnia M.
Bota
Bottiaea.
Bottica
Brashi M.
Brasidhes O'.
Brasudhi L.
Brauron
Brea.
Brilessus M.
Bromiscus
Brucias
Bryanium
Bryanium
Brychon F.
Bryges
Bryges
Brygias
Buchetium
Budorus F.
Bufalo P.
Bugikaki M.
Bale
Balcova
Bulis
Bullis
Bunarbashi
Bumasa M.
Buneima
Bunino M.
Bura.
Burughal
Buruvari
Buthrotum
Byllidis P.
Bylliones
Byllis

Calarna
Calathana.
Calauron M.
Cale acte
Calicoeni ‘
Calindoea. ‘
Callienses
Callipeuce Silva
Callipolis
Callipolis
Calliterae
Calydon
Calydon M.
Oambunii Ms.
Cammania. '
Campsa
Campylus F.
Canalia.

Canastraeum Pr. _

Candavia M.
Caphareus Pr.
Oaphyae
Caprus I.
Capsa.
Cares
Games I.
Carpenision
Carrabia.
Carystus .
Cassandria
Cassopaea.
Oassope .
Cassope
Cassope
Casthanaea
Uastoria L.
Castra
Catopterius M.‘
Cavaliani

_ Celetrum

Cellae
Celoethra
Celydnus F.
Oenaeum Pr.
Cenchreae
Cephallenia
Cephaflenia I.

- Cephalon

Cephisia.
Cephissus F.
Cephissus F.
Cephissus F.
Cephissus F.
Ceramia.
Ceraunii Montes
Cerax
Oercetius M.
Ccrcine Mons.
Cereinitis L.
Cercinium
Cerdylium M.
Ceressus
Cereus F.
Ceriuthus
Cerynia
Oestria.
Cestrine
Chaeronea.
Chalaeum ‘
Chalastra.
Chalcidice
Chalcis
Chalcis
Chalcis
Chalcis
Chalcis M-
Chalcis M.
Chalcodonius M.
Chaonia.
Ohapka 4M.
Charadra
Charadrus

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Gharax

Uhassia M.
Chastia
Chelidoni R.
Chelidonii
Chelonates Pr.
Chersonesus Pr.
Chidorus F.
Chimaera
Ohioni M.

Chimerium Port.

Chimerium Pr.
Chioniades
Cholomonda M.
Cichyrus
Oicynethus
Cierium
Cirphis
Cirphis M.
Cirrha.
Cissus
Cissus M.
Cithaeron M.
Citium
Citius M.
Claudanum
Cleonae
Cleonae
Oleonae
Clisas
Clisura.
Olisura
Clitor
Clodiana
Cnemides
Cnopus
Cobris
Cobris F.
Cocytus F.
O’odras‘

, Codrium

Coeletae
Coenyra
Comarus Port.
Combria
Compsatus F.
Conope .
Conope L.
Copae

Copais Lac.
Cophus P.
Coracae
Coracoe pyrgos
Corax M.
Corax rupes
Corcyra.
Corcyra I.

Corinthiacus Sin.

Corinthus

. Coronea.

Coronea.
Coronta
Corragus
Corsea
Corsiae
Coshara
Cosintus F.
Cossinites F.

. Cotylaium M.

Craneia
Craneia M.
Cranii
Crannon
Crannon
Cranon
Cratera.
Orausindon F.
Crenae
Crenides
Creston
Crestonaea
Crestonice
Cl‘eusis
Crissa.
Crissaeus Sin.
Grocius Campus
Crocylea
Crocyleium
Crommyon
Orossaea.
Crithote Pr.
Crusis
Ctimene
Cuarius F.
Cyathus F.
Oydreae
Oyllene
Cyllenius Sinus
Cyme '
Oynaetha.
Cynia L.

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Cyno‘su‘ra Pr.

Cynus
Cypaera.
Cyphaera
Cyphus .
Gyphus M.
Oyretiae
Cyrius
Oyrrhus
Cyrrhestis
Cyrtone
Cytinium

Dafmidhi 0.
Dam asi
Damastium
Damesi
Daphne M .
Daphnus

'Daphnus F.

Darda
Dardas

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Dartsh R.
Dassaretii
Dassaretii
Dati nava‘Ie
Datum
'Daulia
Daulis
Daalos
Deabolis
Decelea.
Deflem 0'.
Deipnias
DeIium
Delphi
Delphi M.
Delvino
Demenitza
Demetriacus Sin.
Demetrias
Demetrium
Demigla'r
Demir Hissar
Demir Kapu
Derbend
’Dereli
Derris 0. .
Derris Pr.
Dersaei
Derwista
Deshnitsa R.
Deucalion
.Deuriopus
Dewol
Dewol R.
Dewol R.
Dexari
Dhemoniko
Dhiaporo I.
Dhiapulo
Dhmko head
Dhrama
Dhramisius
Diana Candaviae
Dianae Proseoae
Diboma.
Dibra ~
Dicaea.
Diocletianopolis‘
Diomedis stabqum
Dioni
Dionysia
Dioryctos
Dirphe M.
Dissikata.
Dium

Dium

Dium
‘Djawat
Doberes
Doberes
Doberus
Doberus
Dada R.
Dodona.
Dodonaea
Doiran

Doja.
Doliani
Doliche
Doliche
Dolopes
Dolopia,
Dombreni
Domoko
Donafros
Donettini
Doris

Doro 0'.
Dotius campus
Dowa M.
Drabescus
Dragomano
Dragomestan
Dragonera
Dragosh
Drasti 0'.
Drenovo L.
Drepano 0.
Drepanum Pr,
Drilon F.
Drin

Droi
Dronitza ,
Druga
Drymaea.
Dryno R.
Dryopes
Dryopes
Dsharad
Dshurad III.
Dakato 0.
Duklista
Dulichium
Dulichium
Duodea
Durazzo
guslmi/c

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Dyras F.
Dyrrhachium
Dysorum M.
Dysto
Dystus

Echedamia
Echedorus F.
Echinades Insa'
Echinus
Echinus

Edessa

Edones

Edones

Edo’nes

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Edonica

Eglonus F.

E1011

Eiraka 0.

Eiral P.
Elaea.
Elaeatis
Elaeus
Elaeus
E laphon
Elatea.
Elatea.
Elatea.
Elato

Elatos M.

Elbassan

Elefthera I.
EZq/‘therokhwio

E Zeia 0.
Eleon

' Eleusa.

Eleusis

Eleutherae

Elima.

. Elimia.

Elini
Elis
Elis

Elis cava.
Ellomenum

Elone
Elydnus
Elyma
Elymnia.
Emathia
Emathia
Emathia
Emathia

Enchelanes
Encheleae
Enipeus F.
Enipeus F.
Enneahodoi

Enotia
Eordaea.
Eordaei

Eordaicus F.

Ephyra.
Ephyi‘a.
Ephyra.
Ephyra.

Epidamnia.
Epidamnus

Epirus
Episkopi
Erasmus
Eratyra.
Eretria.
Eretria

Eretria vetus
Ergenik M.

Ergeht R
Ergent R
Eriboea

Ericinium

Ericusa

Erigon F. -
Erigon F.
Erigon F.

Erika
Erikusa

Erimo—Kastro

Erineus
Erineus
Erineus
Erinia
E/rissos
Eritium

Erymanthus F.

Erysiche
Erythrw
Erythrae
Eteonus
Euboea
Euboea

Euboeae Cava.

Eudemia
Eudleru

Euenus F.
Euenus F.
Euhydrium
Eupalium

Euporia.
Euripus
Euristus
Euroea.

Europus
Europus
Europus

E urymenae
Eurymen 39
Eurymenae
Eurytanes

Eutresis

Fanari
Fana’ri

Fanari P.
Faraklo C'.

Fassa 0.

Fener Burim

Fersala

Fersaliti .

Fidharis
Filates

Filibedjik
Filippiadha

Filurina
Finiki

F loriados

Fa'agola

F'rikes Port

Furka

F.

F.

F.

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NORTHERN

GREECE.

HELLAS. EPIRUS. THESSAL’IA.‘

MACEDONIA.

MAP-

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Gabroro M.

Galadra

Galatc’sta

Galepsus

Galepsus

. Galermi

Galileo R.

Gallicum

Gamurdje

Gangita F.

Gardhikz’

Garde'k'l

Gardiki

Garescus

Garush

Gaster

Gaurion Port. et
Castell.

Gavrion

Gauriom'si

Gazorus

Gennitzaro K astro

Genusi Trajectus

Genusus F.

Gephyra

Gerwstus

Gereestus Pr.

Gerias 0'.

Gerontia

Gerontia

Gerrunium

Gertfis

Gridcx

Gigonis acra

Gigonus

Gitanae

' Glaphyrae

Glaro

Glauconesus

Gla‘govo

Glisas

Glossa C'.

Glycys Port.

Glyky

Gnidus

Godaro

Gomaros, B. of

Gomenitza

Gomphi

Gonea Pt.

Gonnocondylon

Gonnus

Gonoessa

Goran

Goretzitza

Gortynia

Grabe M. ‘

Grabusa 0.

Gradlska

Gradista

Grammista JII.

Grammos M.

Gramsa

Grande

Gram‘tsa

, Gram'a

Grevenitilco

Grewena

Gritziano

Gruka the defile

Guarius F.

Gales

Gumatos Bay

Guro'ltza

Gurbita

(1’ un'prei

Gurtmi 0,

Gyrae Petrae

Gyron M.

Gyrton

Hadjz'lar .
Hagnus
Hajobashi
Hake [Exonides
Hales Araphenides
Haliacmon F.
Haliacmonis
Haliartus
Halicarna
Halimus
Halonnesus

- Halus

Hamor
Harably
Harma ,
Harpessus F.
Hatera

Hecale
Hecatompedon
Helena 0.
Helena I.
Helice
Helicon F.
Helicon M.
Helicranum
Hellnas

Hellas
Hellopia

' Hellopia
Heraclea
Heraclea
Heraclea
Heracl‘éa

Heraclea Lyncestis .

Heraclea Sintica
Heracleum ‘
Heraclefis
Heraeum Pr.
Herculis Port.
Hessus

Hesti
Hippolas
Hissari R.
Histieea
Histieeotis
Holmiee Pr.

. Homole M.
Homolium
Horous F.
Horma
Horreum
Hyampolis
Hyleethus F.
Hylica L.
Hyllaicus Port.
Hymettus M.
Hypata
Hyria

Hyria L.
Hyrmine
Hysiae

Hysmo R.

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Icanus F.
Ichnae

Icos

Idom ene
Idomene major

Idomene minor _

Ieraka C'.
I ki/n'ssar
Ilias M
Ilz‘as M.
Ilium
Ilium
Illyria
Inachus F.
Inachus F.
Indslze Karassu
Iolcus

Ion F.
Ionium Mare
Ionius Sinus
Ipni

Ipnus

Ipsa

I psarw'o
Iresia

I shmi R.
Iskele
Issoria
Isthmus
Istmia
Istone M.
Ithaca
Ithaca I.

I thamo 1V.
Ithome
Ithoria.
Itonus

‘ Iveron M on.

Jaku.

Janina

Jam'ts'l C.
Janitza

J ovis Acreei T.
J ovis T.

J ovis T.

J ovis T.

J ovis T.

Jura

Ka balnos O". ‘
Kafadarzz'
Ifafkana
Kalama
Kalama C'.
Kalama R.
Kalamaki 0.
Kalamitsa Bay
Kalamo
Kalamo Port
Kalarytes
Kaliar'l

K alrfoni
Kalpaki
Kanalia

K anastri Pt.
K andlli M. .
Kandr'ls

K anina

K antlkh’l

K anza

K aprena
Kapr'l 0.
Kapso 0.
Kapsokhori
Kap’aslmz'tsa
Kara ‘0'.
Kara-aghar' Bay
K ara-asmak
K aradshali
Kara Guieuzl

-Karaj'l Su

Karalcaja Pass
Kara/ides Bay
Kara Su

Kara Su

K arasu R.
Karavasara
Karawasta Lacus
K areteria .M.
Karltza
Karitza

Karla L. .
K arovuna I. ,
Kartslmo 0'.
Karysto

K asopo
Kassandlzra O'.‘

K assandhra, Gulf of.

K astomom’t u M.
K astorz’a

K astra I.

K astri

K as tr’i

K astri

K astrl

K astr’i

K astrlotissa
K astro ,

K astro

K astro 0'.

K astus

K a taph ygi
K atera'n'l

K atlmmena M.
K ato Tjaterly
K atuna

K awaja

K awala

K e fa ll 0.

K ekhri m'a

K elber'ini M.
K elia 0.

K ephali 0.
K ephal o C’.
K 6101' Ma

K eramldhi
K erasovon

K erkz'on

K halepo 0.
K hall In:

K halkitza

K helidon .M.
K helidro'mi
K Merl 0'.

K lu'lcmd/zarz' JlIon.

K himara

K horto K astro
K hrasopul i

K iaplza AI.

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K271?
Kiliadha
K'I'lisad
Kilkitsh
Kimasz' Pt.
Kinyra I.
Kioper Su.
Ki'orji Sa
Kirll-Derbend
Klrpom'
Kisso'vo
Kissovo 0.
Kistros
Kltrim' L.
K lapsz's

K lepotsh
'Klz'di

K limeno
Klirwvo

K liosi M.

K lissalv
Klisura
Km'savo
Kean Pt. .
Ifokln'la M.
Ifokkina
Kokklno Pt.
Kolrkrno Petra II.
Kolckinoplo
K olokoto
Kolshana
Kmnuldj'lna
Kendra P.
Kondovmu’ .M. '
Kom'tza

K 01030 K hor'i
Koraka
Koram
Korfz‘ls
Korrsz'a L.
Kortln'on B.
Kortira C.
Kosham'

K osjak M.
Kosmos 0'.
Kostruma
Kotziaka M.
Kram'a
Kram’a
Kram'a
Krapsh M.
Kratshowo M.
Kudessi
Kufo P.
Kakussa
Kala

Kurm'
Kumi, Bay of
Kumi 0’.
Kumllkoi
Kunala M.
Kurendo
Kur‘z'la M
Kutllri
Kutjuk Lubede
Kutlam'a
Kutlls
Kutus
Kutzos ‘
Kuvari M.

Laoeria
Lachana
Lachana
Lacmon M.
Ladon F.
Lagetz

Lagi O. .
Lagud'hz'a I'-
Lamia
Lampsus
Lamptra
Langadza
Laparda R. "
Lapathfis
Lapso
Laregori
Larissa
Larissa.
Larissa Cremaste
Larisus F. /
Larymna Inf.
Larymna Sup.
Lasion

Lavra

Lazar’i M.
Lebadea
Lecheeum
Ledon
Leflradha I.
Lefko-n'isi
Lefteropolz?
Leftlaerokhori
Lek-koala .
Lelantus Campus
Lelantus F.
Lemnos I.
Lem’a M.
Leon Pr.
Leontium
Lete

Lethaeus F.
Letoa I.
Leucadia
Leucas
Leucas I.
Leucatas Pr.
Leuce Acte
Leucimne Pr.
Leuctra
Leucus F.
Libanovo
leammo
Libethra
Libethra
leochovo -
Lichades I“-
Liko'v‘an
Lileea

Lima 0'.
Limenas
Limneea
Limnwa.
Limml

Limno
Limone
Lingus M.
Lipaxus
'Lipso.Pyrgo 0.
Lisae

Lissa

Litlzarr' U.
Lithokhoro
Lizano R.

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Ljaskowiki

Locris Epicnemidia

Locris Opuntia
’ Locris Ozolis
Lcedias F.
Luarl
Lubom'sh
Ludia Palus
Ludias F.
Ludias F.
Lukovisia
Luro R.
Lusnja

Lutra
Lutraki, B. of
Lutza
Lybz‘ada
Lychnidus
Lychnitis L.
Lycormas
Lydias F.
Lykorima
Lykom'tzo
Lykures M.
Lyncestidis Fauces
Lyncestis
Lysimachia
Lysimachia L.
Lytae

Macedonia
Macedonia Inferior
Macedonia Superior
Macedonicus Sinus
Macetee
Macra come
-Macynia
Maedi
Magnesia
Magula
.Magula
Mahala
Makri
Malcrr'noroa
Malcro-Alam'
Malakassz'
Malathr'ia
Maliacus Sin.
Malik
Malik L.
Malis
Mallcea
AIalot'itza
Malthace
M amal’ia
Mamli
Mantelo
Mantelo C.
Mantadln’on Pt. ‘
Marathon
llIarat/zom'si
Marathus
M arekostlno
Margarita
Marmara
Marmara 0.
Marmar'l 0'.
Marmarium
Marmara 0'.
Marusium
M aslcra
Mataranga
M atja B.
Mavrz'h'
Mavro 0'.
M avro 0.
M av'ro Longo
M avroneri
Marrow
Mavro Vum’
Maximianopolis
Mecyberna
Mecybernaeus Sin.
Medeon
Medeon
Medeon
Megan 1'81:
Megara
Megaris
Megdova
Melaena C’.
Melambium
\Melas F.
Melas F.
M elessa
Meliboea
Meliboea
Melina
Melis surgis
Melts surgus
Melitaea.
Melitaeus M.
M elite '
Melite L.
Melitonus
M elm'kj
M eluna M.
Mende
Menidhi P. .
Meniklo Balkan
Messapia
Messir Baba
M esto
Metanasta'e
Metapa
Methone
Methone
Metr0polis
Metropolis
Metropolis
Metropolis
Metzovo
Mieza
Mikro-Az'ani
Malia
Mills R. 4
M ilcmas M.
erltza
Mirmex
Miscella
M53072 0.
Missolonghz'
Mitlkos
Mitys F.
Mitzikelz' M.
Moglena
M oglen'ltiko R.
Mollvo
Molossis
Molycria
Monolithi 0.
Mopsium
.Morliva
Moskopoli

 

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Mudros
Madras Bay
M ul’lam' J .
Mzmz'tza B.
Maresl
Martzephlos 0.
Mycalessus
Mycenae
Mychus P.
Mygdonia
Mylae
'Myonesus
Myonia.

Myrae
Myrcinus
Myrina
Myrto I.
Myrtuntium L.

Narthacium
Narthacium M.
Naryx

Nasos

Naum

Naupactus

Neae

Nea Kassandhra
Neapolis Datenén

Neapolis Mendaeorum

Nedshesalar
Neium
Neleus F.
Nemeritsa
Neokhor’l
Neon
Nericus
Nesos
Nesson
Nessonis L.
Nestus F.
Nestus F.
Niagusta

N iceea.
Nicaea
Nicopolis
Nicopolis
Niels/Le M.
ngr'ita

. N lklitzi

Nikola 0'.

Nikola 0.
Nikopolz'

Nistrus .
Nim'tza'

Nizvoro

Noshpal

Notla

Novas

Novari 0'.
Nymphaeum
Nymphaeum K
Nymphaeum Pr. .

0a
Ocaleae
00119 M.
Ootolophus
Octolophus
Odomanti
CEanthea
(Echalia.
(Echalia
CEchalia
(Eneon
GEniadae
(Eniadee Veteres
(Enoe ‘
(Enoe
(Enoe
(Eroe F.
(Esyme
(Eta. Mons
(Etaea
Okrz'dha
Okrldha, L. of
Oktom'a 0’.
Olenus
Olenus
Olizon
Olocrus M.
gloosson
loph xus
Olpae y
Olurus
Olylzika M.
Olymbos M.
Olympias
Olympos M.
Olympus M.
Olynthiacus F.
Olynthus
Omphalium
Onchesmus
Onchestus
Onchestus F.
Onochonus F.
Onos
Onthyrium
Ophionenses
Oprina M.
Opuntius Sin.
Opus
Opfis .Pr.
Oramali
Orbeli Pars
Orchomenus
Orchomenus
Orchowa
Oreitae
Orescii
Orestis
Oreus
Orfam'
orgessus
Oricum
Ormanli
Ormenium
Ormenium
Ormylia
Orobiae
Oropi Fons

' Oropia .

Oropus

Oropus

Oropus F. .
Oros, Gulf of
Orphei Sepulcr.
Orthe
Orthopolis
Osolm‘tza
Osphagus

Ossa.

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Ossuni
Osta'nitza
Ostrovo
Ostrowitza M.

' Olizonus

Othronus
Othrys M.
Oxia
Oxiee I”-
Oxynia
Ozero L.

Paeanium'
Paeanium
Peeonia
Peeonica
Paeoplae
Pagasae
Pagaseticus Sin.
Pails Dagh
Palaeo Khora
Palaeo K hor'i
Palaeo Khorz'
Palwovum‘ M.
Paleerus
Palaeste .
Palamnus F.
Palasa
Palassa

Pale ‘
Palea Venetz'a
Paleo Epz'skopi
Paleom'si 0.
Paleopoli
Palerz‘mo P.
Pall 0'.

Palio
Paliopulo
Paliurz' U.
Pallene
Pallene
Palutro
Pambotis L.
Pamisus F.
Pamphia
Panaei
Panaetolicus M.
Pandamln'la
Pandokratora 0.
Pandokratora M.
Pandosia
Pangaeum M.
Panopeus
Pa-normo
Panormo 0.
Panormus
Panormus

> Panormus

Panormus
Panormus P.
Panormus P.
Panyasus F.
Papalaka 0'. - '
Papindos M.
Parachelois
Paramyth'ia
Parapotamii
Parastrymonia
Parauaea
Paraxia
Parembole
Parga

Parga
Parnassus M.
Parnes M.
Parorbelia
Parthicopolis
Parthini

- Pashea-amo 0'.

Passala
Passaron

Patrae

Patrae
Patrensis Sin.
Patrocli Charax
Paus ‘

. Paula R.

Paulo 0.
Pax'lmadhz'
Pam
Paxos I.
Pegae
Pekim
Pelago
Pelagonia
Pelagonia
Pelagos
Pelasgicum Argos
Pelasgiotis

.Pelekl Port

Pelia.

Pelikas

Pelinna

Pelion M.
Pelium

Pella

Pellene

Pelodes P. ‘
Peloponn‘esus
Penestae
Penestarum Opp.
Peneus F.
Peneus F..
Peneus F.
Peneus F.
Peneus F.
Pennana
Peparethos

- Peparethus

Peraeum
Pergamus
Perrsteri
Perr'steri M.
Perlepe
Perne
Perrhaebi
Perrhaebia
Pertorz'
Petala
Petah' I.
Petaliee I‘e'
Peteon
Petitaru's F.
Petra.
Petra
Petra
Petra
Petriaes 0.
Petriaes P.
Petrina
Petrino
Petrovitz
Phabra. I. .
Phacium
Phaestus

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Pheestue
Phagres Pierica
Phako M. ,
Phalacrum Pr.
Phalanna'
Phalara
Phalasia Pr.
Phaloria,
Phanote
Pharae

Pharee

Pharae
Pharcadon
Pharsalus
Pharygium Pr.
Pheca

Phelloe
Phemiee
Pheneus
Pherae

Phila

Philagra 0.
Philippi
Philippopolis
Philippopolis
Phlamboro M.
Phlegra.
Phlius

Phlya

Phocae

Phocas B.
Phocis
Phoebatee
Phoenice
Phoenix F.
Phoetaeum
Phoetiae
Phorcys Port.
Photice

‘ Phthiotis

Phylace
Phylace
Phylaoe
Phyle
Phyli

. Phyllis regio
Phyllius M.
Phyllus
Physcus ‘
Phytia.
Pialia
Pieres
Pieria
Pieria
Pieria Silva
Pierium
Pierus M.
Pilav Tape
Pilorus

. Pimplea.

Pinalca
Pindus
Pindus M.
Piperi

Plra
Piraeeus
Piraushta
Piresiae ‘
Pisatis ‘
Plsz'deri
Pissantini
Pissinonda
Pistros
Pistus
Pistyrus
Plataeee
Platamona
Platam’a
Platea

Plaly 0.
Plazom'i
Pleuron
Pliassa
Plistus
Plistus F.
Pluvina
Poda ‘
’Podl Rocks
Poeum M.
Poliana
Pollgyro
Pollna
Poll-71a

Polis .
Politika 0'.
Polom'a
Polyaegos
Polyanthes F.
Polykllrono
Panelikmz'lsi
Pons

Pons Servilii '
Pontus F.
Perl 0.
Porsulae
Portaes
Portaes -
Porthmus
Posldhi 0-.
Posidium
Posidium Pr.
Posidium Pr.
Posidium Pr.
Posidium Pr.
Posidonium
Potamo
Potidaea
Potidania
Potolci.
Praesidium
Pras

Prasias
Prasias L.
Prasuclo I. "
Preja/ni
Premedi
Presba
Prevenda
Prevesa
Prilz'p
Probalinthus
Procetta K aracut
Proen Tower
Proerna
Pronesua
Proni
Propandos
Proschium
Prospaltus
Prat R.
Psaphara
Psaphis
Psaropuli P.
Psathura
Pseudo 0.
Psophis

 

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Sirae —

 

 

 

 

 

MAP 24' NORTHERN GREECE. HELLAS. EPIRUS. THESSALIA. MACEDONIA. 111
Psychrps F. L ’c Sam' 0'. K c Siris K a. Strumz'tia I a' Therma I b Trestabernae CandaviaeD a Vrasta L.
Pteleasmm Pr. K e~ Sapael M b Siropeeones K a Strymon F. K a Thermaicus Sin. I c Tricca. G d Vritzakha M. , E
Pteleqm I e Sapaeon Stena. M b Sirrae ' L a Strymonicus Sin. L b Thermopylae I f TricHonis L. F‘ f Vromi Port E
Ptychla. I. C d Sarakfniko 0. L f ,Sithonia. L c Stubera. F a. Thermum G -f Trichonium F f Vrysz‘a H
PurdIs N b) Sarakmo M e Sivista ,. F e Stump _ M g Thermum G g Tricorythus L g Vulgara M. G
Purina 0. . N f Sarakino v N f Skala 0. E g Stum ‘ M g Thespiae K g Tmikkula G d Vulpi G
Pumea Bay 0 d Sarandoporo ' E. c Skandz'le M 6 Style 0’. C d Thesprotia. D e Tm'phylia in Melotide E c Vurbiam‘ E
Puzla C’. I c Saritkoban N b Skantzum M e Stymbara. F a. Thesproticus Sinus D e' Tripodiscus K g Vurgaris R. G
Pydna . . I c Surly/km: H e. 'Skhz'nari 0'. . E h Stymphalus H h Thessalia G d Tripolis H c Vurvum‘ P. L
Pydna. mar1t1ma. 'I c Saronicus Sin. K h Skhz'rno P. E g Styra. . M g Thessalictis G e Tm'pommo L c Vutholo Rock ‘ M
Pylene F g Sarta. M c Skiatho K 6 Salmon 0. K c Thessalonica. I b Tripti 0'. N e Vutzindro D
Pylon E ‘a Saruna 0’. D e Skiom' Bay L d‘ Sulf E d Thestia. F f Tristolus K a. Vuvala H
Pyiom M. I e Sarxa. L a Skin} I . d Suli E e Thetidium H e Tritma G g Vythos I
Pylus G h Saseno B c Sklafina G d Sulole/I. D b Theudoria F e Tritea. / I f Vythos R. H
Pyra. M. H f Sason I. B c Sklivaneua E d .Sultanitza M. K a Theuma. ' H e TIOja E d
Pyrasus I e Sation ‘ E b Skopelo .L e Sunium M h Thialci O'. N h Trojalc G a.

Py‘rgos M b Satiska E a. Skopo E h Sunium Pr. M h Thiebe I g Tshm’rly Balkan L a.
Pyrgos 0'. N b 'Satrae M b Skopo M. G c Suph’ I e Thoae 139- F g Tshamusi M. E d 7
Pyrgos 0'. N h Sauljia. F f Skopolo L e Surom'gli F. f Thoricus M h Tshewzu Khan H a. Waflndo’ro I a
Pyrrha. 'I e Sbok M. . E b Skorpio I. E f Swm'no L. E b Thracia L a. Tshz‘ngane Raine 0 a. ”fag? ' C a.
PyITha. I e Scampa, D a Skmpam‘ _ D b Sybota I. D e Thracium Mare L d Turko 0. E g ”finds” R‘ D 5'
Pyrrha Pr. I e Scandile, 'M e Skumbi D a. Sycurium I d apérms, Ta 61d- K o Turlo M. G b H “MAM... H 8‘
Pythium H c Scapsa ' I ' c Skubzb’i F.- C a. Sykia' , L c Thrambus L d Tymphaea. F c WWI?“ M b
' Scapte Hyle M b Skyro—Pulo M f Syleos pedion L b Thrambus Pr. L d Tymphe M. F c U asfgl‘gif‘za M‘ F c
Scardi M., pars E a Skyros N f Symbolon M b Thronium O c Ty'mphrestus M. G f well?” I a.
Scarpheia. I' f Sligcm'i F b Symka F d ThrOnium I f Tyrida. o a. WWW . I a
Radho'vitz H a .Schinussa I g Smila, I c Sys F. I c Thuma H d Tyrissa, 7 G c W€htfm Planma H a.
Rages _ F a Sciathus *K e Smila 0. I c Sys F. I g Thurida 0. N h Tyrrheni Pelasgi M c ”7.7!". M. E 8»
Ragusa B c Seiathus I. ' K e Sminitza M. L a. Syvota D e Thyamis F. D d Tzaglaik N a H It“ M‘ F b
Rajetz R. G a. Scione L d Smol'ika M. F c Thyamis Pr. D d Téamasi H 6 ”17.038“ 3' B b
12am E g Scirtiana ‘E a Sogydly Su N a. - Thyamus M. F f Tzams M. F 0 "£0.88“ 3- E 0
Ravoma K b Scirtones E a. Sole/m K b Thyrium E f Tzetm 0'. M g ”Wm“ R‘ B b
~Bechius F. ~ L b colus K g Sollium' ‘ E f ‘ Thyssus M o Tzz‘kureta III. F d -Wolewod I b
,Rendina H e~ Scordi M., pars E a. Sopari N a. Tafio D g Tichium G g Tzumerka M. F e
Rentina, Gulf of ,- L b Scofcussa. ' H. e Sophades G e Takhyno L b Tigani 0. N d Tzumato M. F e
. Rentine L b Scotussa L. b Sopotz' II. D c Talchyno L. L b Tikwesh H a. - ‘
Resna F a Scurius H b Sosthenis H f Tamu/ch’am' Port. K e Tilphossium K g Xanthe M, _ N a.
Ressawa , G a. ’Scydra. H b Sozen 0. K e Tamynae M g 171777107260. C d Xanthi N a.
Rhaecelus K b Scyros N f Spalathra. K e Tanagra K g Tirana C a. Ululeus F. B a. Xanthi N a.
Rhamnus L g Scyros I. M f Sparma H d Taphiae I” E f Tisaeum M. K -e Uranopolis M c Xeragz’ R, H d
Rhapsani I d Sedhes‘ K b Sparti I. E f Taphiassus M. G g Tisaeum Pr. K e Uria, L. D F g Xen'as R, H d
Rhez'tron Port E SedrilianaM. F c Spartolus K c Taphiusa. E f Tisara. M b Usca’na. E a Xemlz‘mdo H c
Rhium Pr. G g Selasphoro E b‘ Sperchiae H f Taphos D g Titanus M. G e Usumi R. D b Xeropatamo III. M o
Rhizfis I d Sel'in'itza C c Sperchius F. H f Taphos I. E .f Titaresius F. .H d ' Xero Vum' M. -E b
Rhodope M. M a. Selinfis N L e Sphettus .‘L h Tapismata. \ F e Titaresius F. H d Xerxis fossa. L c
Rhoedias H b Selinus F. H g Sphigmenu 0' M c Tapulitza H c Titarius M. H c Vakqpoli C b Xylofaqo 0. N g
Rhoviaes K f Selitza, F c Spilgon M. D d" Tarphe I f Titaron H c Valaksa M of Xylopblis 'K b
Rhynchus F .f Selleeis F. D e Spirnatza R. 0 a Taslz'k N b Tithorea ' I' f Valla H c Xyniee H e
Rhypes G g Selleis F. , G h Stafimfi O b Taulantini O b Tithronium I f Vasilz‘os L. ' K b Xynias L. H e
Rikhia Pt. M c Selos H c Stagira.‘ L b Tauriana. . I b chmly I e Vathy E g
Rios L. F f Sepias K e Stagirus L b Te‘cmon " E d Tiarmm'novo H b Vathy ' ‘ L g
Bizam' F f Sepias acte K e Stagus G d Tegyra I f ijgel Dagh - I a. Vatopedhi Mon. M c
Bogus E e Seratzo O a. Stamna F f Tekes .M. G a, Tjeutma H e Vela E 6. Y ll d O
Ruga F f Seres‘ .L~ a. Staphylos B. L e Teleboides P"- E f Tmares E d 'Velavm F 6 ye en y E
Rulakia I b Semsfin K b' Staria E c Telethrium M. K f Tmares F c Vélestz'no I . e 176779913; N
Rumbodona N a. Sermyle .L c Starishjcmi E c Telphusa. G h Tmarus M. E d Velimisti G d 6" J ‘ E h
Rushotari M. F c Sermylicus Sin. L c Starowa E b' Tempe Had Toh‘ Monastir F b Velukhi G f
Bqu' ,. D d Servio ‘ G c Stavro F f Tenea. I h Tolophon H g Velvendo H c
Sesarethii C b Stavro 0'. K e Tenos I. O h Tomam'tza I b Venetflco R. F c
Sesola I. D f Stavros L b Tepeleni C c Tomarolchoriq F d Verm'a H c Zacynthos I. D h
- Shatista G c Stenae I d Terbufi L. C b Tomarus M. D b Via. Egnatia. C a Zacynthus E h
Sabazium I c Shemnitza R. F a, Stem 0'. N h Terjusa R. C a Tomarus M. E (1 Via Egnatia. F b Zagm' L e
Saii \ 'N a Shesbkowa M. ' ‘G a. Stephaniana. C b Terpyllus I b Tomm- ‘ D b Vida G d Zalonga E e
Sakharets'i F e Shiak C a. Stibos K b Tetraphylia. F e Tomor M. D b Vistritza, D d Zante E h
Salamis K h Siculum Mare A d Stiria. . ' L h Teumessus K g 'Tomom'tza R. D b Vistm'tza G c Zaram'ka R. D a.
Salamvm'a . I d Sicyon I 'h Stiris ‘ I g Thascoli 0. 0 d. Topirus N b Vistritza H c Zaverda E f
Salganeus K g Sida L g Stobi G a. Thasiorum ditio M b Topolz'tza E c Vitsz‘sta E d Zaverda, Bay of E f
Salmastraki B d Siderites a O c Stolus K c Thasopulo N b Toronaicus Sin. K c Vlakko ‘ F f Zcfijen G b
SalomTki I b Sidlziro Peliko H d Stragatsh M. L a Thasos N b Torone L d Vlakhoia-nni G d Zerva R. F f
Salon'iki, Gulf of I c Sidus K h Strati N d Thasos N b Tommi L d Vlokho H e Zervo Khoria K b
Samam'na E c Sikh'tza' G e Strati 0 e Thasos I. N b Toryne D e Vodena G b Zikhna, ' L 3.
Same D g Silana G e Stratoni, M c Thaumaci H e Toxaradhes D c Voivoda G d ‘Zih'akhova L 9.
Same E g Sindus I b tratonicea. L b Thaumacia. K e Trachin H f Vojusa F d Ziliana I 0
Samoa D g Singiticus Sin. L c Stratus F f Thebae I e Tragilus M b Volo I e Zimzfatza G d
, Samos E g Singus L c Strepsa I c Thebes K g Tralles M b Volustana. H c; Zoster Pr. L h
S. A'Ihama Pt. B b Sinok—hissgxr H a. Stretzi M. I b Theiofi F Q Tralo K e Volutzo M. G d Zma Rjeka R. F a.
S. Georgios 0. N b Sintice K a Strivina' ' E e Theodoriana. F e Trampya. F d Vom'tza E- f Zma Bjaka G a
S. Stephano R. C a Sinus I b Strongylo 0. M g Theologo N b Traphia. ‘K g Vovrmza F e Zygactes F. M a.
Sane K c Siphae K g Struga . E a Therambos L d Trausi O a. Vrakhori F f 'Zygos III. F d
Sane L c L a. Struma R. K a. Therilcisi F e Trauus F. O a. Vraklwri L. F f Zygos M. G g

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Abae

Acamas M.
Achaia Phthiotis
Acharnae
Achelous F.

‘Ackmet A ga
Acontium M.
Acreephis Palus
Acraephium
Acrurium M.
Acyphas
Aedepsus
A edipsos
Aegae
Egaleus M.
Aegilia
Aegilia I.
Egina '

' .ZEgina I.
Aegitium
.ZEgosthenae
Aeniania
Aeolides
IEtolia Epictetus
ZEtolia Vetus
JEtolicum Pr.
Aetolimas
Aexone ’

Aga
Aganippe
Ag. Alianos
Ag. Andreas
Ag. Anna
Ag. Dimitrios
Ag. Georgios
Ag. Georgios
Ag. I lias
Ag. I lias M.
Ag. I lias M.

. Joannes

. Joannes

. Joannes Skiris

. Lukas

. Marina

. Marina

. M eletios

g. . M eletios

. Me'rkwrios

. Nikolaos

. Nikolaos

. Nikolaos Pt. ’
. Nikolas

. Paskalos 0.

. Sostis

. Sostis 0'. '

. Spiridona

. Triadha Mirini
. Varva'ra

. VasiliosfiO’.
Ag. Vlasios
Agnandi

‘ Agoriani

Agree

Agraei

Agryle

Aguaoli
Akhillion
Alalcomenae
Alato-nisi -
Alcyonium Mare
Alepo Khori
Alikes

Aliki

'Aliki Pt.

Aliveri

Aliveri 0'.

Almyropotamos, Bay of

' Alope
Alope
Alopece
Alpenus
Amarynthus
Ambelaki
Ambelo-nz'si
Ambrakia
Ambrysus
Amphana
Amphiale Pr.
Amphiaraium
Amphicaea
Amphictyoniuni
Amphissa
Amphitrope
Anagyrus
Anaphlystus
Anaphlystus P.
Anavysos
Anchesmus M.
Anchoe-
Andera ‘
Andonis 0'.
Andreis . -
Andromakki C'.
Anemoria
Angarlest'ro Pt.
Angelo
Anhydrus M. ,
Ano Palaeowari
Ano Suli
Ano Suvala
Anthedon
Anthela
Anticyra
Anticyra -
Antirrhium Pr.
Antron -
Antrones
Aonius Campus
Aphidna
Apodoti
.Apollinis T.
Apollinis T.

Apollinis Phaestii Port.

Apollo I.

. Joannes Theologos

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VCENTRAL GREECE;
ATTICA. BOEOTIA. LOCRIS. PHOCIS. DORIS.~ MALIS.

Abbreviations: 0. Cape. F. Flumen. I. Insula. L. Lacus. M. Mons. P. Portus. Pr. Promontorium. R. River. T. Templum.

Apollonia
Apostolia R.
Arakli O.
Araphen
Arapokhori
Ardini M.
Argaliki M.
Argina
Argos
Argym
Arkitza .
Arkitza Pt.
Arkodari
Armeni M.
Armesi
Arne

Arsida
Artemisium Litus
Artemisium Pr.
Artolina
Asera‘
Asopus F.
Asopus F. .
Asopus F.
Aspledon
Asp'ra Spitia
Asp'ro Kavo
Assii

Assus F.
Astypalaea Pr.
Atalando Pt.

Atalante I.
Atalanti
Athamantius Campus
Athenae‘
Athenae
Athenae Diades
Athmonum
Attica

Augeiae

Aulis

Avlaki

Azania ,

Bala
Balana B.‘
Balani M
Bapetosa
Bath'ys P.
Bavani
Baza'rako
Beizade
Belesi
Beletsi M.
Belisitza R.
Berikos
Besa

Besa Kalyvia
Bessa
Bislcini v
Boagrius F.
Bocarus F.
Boedri'a
Boeotia
Boeum
Bogdanas
Bogiati
Bogiati
Bogomylos
Bomienses
Bomius M.
Bralo
Brauron
Brilessus M.
Bubuka
Budorum Pr. et Cast.
Bafalo 1.

Bulis

I

Cabirium
Cachales F.
Calamissus
Callas F. .
Calliarus Campus
Callidromus
Callidromus M.
Callienses
Callipolis
Campylus F.
Castalia Ill.
Cenaeum Pr.
Cephale V
Cephissia
Cephissi Fontes
Cephissis L.
Cephissus F.
Cephissus F.
Cephissus F.
Cephissus F.
Cephissus F.
Cephissus F.
Cephissus F.
Cerata M.
Cereas

Cereris T.
Ceressus
Cerycium M.
Chaeroneia
Chalaeum
Chaleis
Chalcodontis Monum.
Chalia
Charadra'
Chara‘drus F.
Charadrus F.
Chastia
Chastia
Chollidee
Ch ri
Cirlpthis

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Cirp'his M.
Cirrha
Cissussa Fons
Cithaeron
Cleonae.
Clisas
Cnemides
Cnemides Pr.
Cnemis M.
Cnopia
Cnopus .F.
Colias‘ Pr.
Colonna 0'.
Colonna P.
Copae

Copais L. .
Copais Palus
Corax M.
Corinthiacus Sinus
Coronea Penins.
Coroneia
Corsiae
Corsiae

Corycium Antrum p

Corydallus M.
Creusis
Crissa,
Crisseeus Campus
Crissaeus Sin.
Crocyleia
Cropeia
Curalius F.
Cycloboros F.
Cynosura Pr.
Cynus
Cyparissus
Cyrtones

' Cytherros ~

Cytinium

Dadi

Dag'ri O’.

Dalo

Damasta

Daon

Daphne Potamos
Daphni
Daphnus
Daphnus F.
Daskalio

Daulis

Da'vlia

Decelea Arx
Decelea Opp.
Delium

Delphi
,Delphinium Port.
Delphino
Delphis

Delus M.
Dembrena
Derikooa
Deinitsa
Deimekista ,
Derveni
Dervenofiialasi ‘

~ Desfina

Dhaskalio P.
Dhilisi

Diacria .
Dianee Proseoee T.
Dimitri 0.
Dionysos

Dipsa I.

Dirce F.
Distomo

Dium

Dolopia.
Donacon
Doris

Doriza
Drakhmani
Drakonera 0'.
Drakospilia

' Do'amesi

Dramesi
Dre'misa _
Drepano 0'.
Drestona
Dritsa
Drymaea.
Drymos

' Drymus

Drymus
Dryopis
Dardiwana M.
Davia P.

'Dyras F.

Dystus

Echedamia
Echinus

* Ekhinos

Ekhin'os 0.

Elata Vimi
Elateia

Elateia F.
Elaticus Campus
Elatea M.

Elefta
Elefterokkori
Eleon

Eleusa I.
Eleusae Im- ‘
Eleusinius Sin.
Eleusis

Eleusis
Eleuther‘ae
Elymbos
Elymbos M. "
Ennada

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Enneapyrgoi V

‘Epacma

Erannus

. Erasinus F.

Erasmus F.
Eresium
Eretria
Eretria vetus
Erineus
Erochus
Erythrae
Erythrae
Eteonus
Etosi«
Euboea
Euboicum Mare
Euenus F.
Euenus F.
Eupalium ‘
Eupyridae
Euripus
Eurytanes
Eutresis
Evraeo-Kastro

Faga M. .
Faneromeni Mon.
Fano
Fidkaris
Fidharis

‘ili

Gaidkaro 0'.
Gaidkaronisi
Gaiduronisi
Galaxidhi
Galtzades M.
Gardikaki
Ga'rdiki
Gardikion
Gargaphia Fons
Gargettus
Garito Mon.
Gatza 0'.
Gatza I.
Gavrolimnit
Gelemi
Gepkyri
Gerania R.
Germano Pt.
Geroleka 1M.
Geo‘otzkuli
Gla I.
Glaucias F.
Glauconnesos .
Glisa 0.
Glisas
Glissa P.
Glamista
Graea

Graea
Gramba
Grammatik
Granitsa

Granitsiotikq Potamos

Granitza _
Gravia
Grimadka
Grombulura
Galina M.
Gamei
Gurganitsa
Guritza
Gustiani
Guvio Pt.
Gypto Kastron

Hadyleium M.
Haemon F.
Hagia Pt.
Hagios
Hagnfis
Halee'

Hales Aexonides
Hales Araphenides
Halcyone
Haliartia Palus
Haliartus .
Halimus
Halipedon
Harma
Harma L.
Harma M.
Hecale ‘
Helena I.
Helicon M.
Helladka R.
Hellinika
Hellopia
Hellopia
Heraclea
Heracleum
Heraclius F.
Hercyna Fons
Hermaeum '
Hermus
Hessus
Hiereis .
Hippias Campus
Hippocrene
Hippotee
Histiaea
Histiaea
Hoplias F.
HoplitesoF.
Hyampela
Hyampolis
Hydrusa
Hyettus

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Hygia Lutra
Hylaethus F.
Hyle

Hyle

Hylica Palus

. Hymettus M.

Hymettus minor
Hypata

Hypaton M.
Hyphanteium M.
Hypsilo Kotroni
Hyria

Hysiee ,

Icaria
Iparium M.
I lias M.
Ilissus F.
_Inachus F.
Iphistiadae
Ipnus
Ismene ’
Ismenus F.
Isomantus F.
Isus

Lori B.

Jagonisi '
Janitsi 0'.

J apis F.

J ovis Ara

J ovis Collis

J ovis Nemei T.
J ovis T.

Kaki Scala
Kaki Thalassa
Kakoneok/zori
Kakonitza
Kakorlzeama
Kakosi
Kako-Sialesi
Kalamaki
Kalamos
Kalania
Kala-Nz'sia
Kalapodi
Kaleauda M.
Kalentzi
Kalisia
Kalogeros I.
Kaludi
Kalyvia
Kamara
Kambia
Kambia Nikova
Kaminia M
Kanavari R.
Kandili, Defile of
Kandili M.
Kaniani
Kantzia
Kapandriti
Kapandriti
Kapareli
Karaka
Karamusa
Karatas
Karditsa
Karo Baba
Karpenisi R.
Karpenision
Karvonaria rheuma
Karya

Karya

Karya

Karyoli 1M. 1‘
Kasteli

Kastri

Kasto‘i
Kastruli

Kata Pkg/gi
Kataresi
Katavothra
Katavothra M.
Katopteuterius M.
Kato Suvala
Katsi Myti M.
Katzala ‘
Kavaliani I.
Kaoasala
Kavura 0.
Kenurion
Kephala'ri
Kephali 0.
Kepkali M.
Keramoti M.
Keratea M.
Keratia
Kersiza

K halepo 0'.
Klzalia
Kkamako

K kani of Kaza
K haraka P.

K karma v
Kharvati
Khaspi,

K helz'don 111.
K helimo

K hloma
Khlomo M.
Khomiriani
Khostia
Kimasi Pt.
Kinduni
K'iphissia
Kipi

Kirtovo

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Kisseli
Kiveri M.

K lapsis, -
K lef to- Vuni
K levotsari
K lima

K lokova
Kloni

K luvinas Pt.
Kokkini
Kokkini
Kokkino 0'.
Kokla

Kokla
Kolaka
Komnina
Koniakos
Koriscutais
Koo-ombili 1M.
Koropi
.Korrora
Korphona
Kortza
'Koruni
Kotroni M.
Kotroni Ill.
Krebatzi
Krike/o It.
Krikelon
Kripsani rlzakhi
.Ktypa M.
Kakura

K aluri
Kunolura

K urdara
Kutsoros 1M.
Kutamula
Ka'varas
Kuva'ras, Kalyvia of
Kaveli I .

K yriaki

K yriakokhori

Lada

La Forest M.
Lagonisi

Lagosa Isles

Lala

Lambrika

Lamia

Lamptra inferior
Lamptra. superior
Lamus F.
Laphystium M.
Larissa Cremaste
Larmes 0'.
Larmes Pt.
Larymna inferior
Larymna. superior
Laspi

Laurium M.
Lebadeia

Ledon
Lefko-Nisi
Legrano P. ~

Leontarne
Leopesi
Leopesi
Leopesi M. ‘
Lepante
Leuctra.
Liata’ri
Libethrium M.
Lichades I‘D-
Lidorikion
Lie'vesi

Likeri L.
Likhas

Lilaea

Limni
.Limogardi
Lissa

Lithada 0'.
LithOSilon
Livadhia
Livaoli
Livadost'ro Pt.
Livadostro R.
Livanati
Livanati Pt.
Locris Epicnemidia
Locris Opuntia
Locris Ozolis
Longos '
Lophis F.
Luga III.
Lukas M.
Lukisia

Lutro Pt.
Luts'i ,
Lyakara M.
Lycorea
Lycorea M.,

Lykeri M.
Lykokhori
Lykorkeumata M.
Lyko Vuni
Lykuresi

M aohalas
Macra come
Macynia
Macynius M.
Makhala
Makresi

M akressi

M akrina
Makronisi

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(MAP 25. ‘

Makronisi
Malandrinan
Malesina
Maliacus Sin.
Malis
Malta
Managuli
Mandi‘a
Mand'ri P.
Manes R.
JIIantudion
Marathia
Marathia
Maratkia 0'.
Maratkia Pt.
Marathon
Marathon
JVIamthon, Bay of
Marathona Bay
Marathonisi
Marathus
.Marina 0.
Mariolates
JlIarkates
Markopulo
Markopulo Dagla
Ma’rmamda Riv.
Maronea
Martini
Marusi
Maunia M
Mavm’lon
JIIam'ilos M
Jllavro 0.
Mavro Litlzari
Mavro’mandili Ill.
Mavromati
AIavron 0708 '
Mawonero
Mavrone'ro
Zlgavronori
avropotamos
Mavroros‘O’.
Mavro Vuni
Mavro Vuni
Mauro V uni
Mavro Vuno
Mavro Vuno

v Mavro Vuno

Mazareka

Mazi

Mazi

Mazi

Medeon
Medeon
Megadendron
Illegals: Eleusa III.
Megali Lobotini
Megali Lutza M
Megalo Litkari
Megalo Vuno .
Megaris
Megdlzooa R.
Meleenae
Melaenee

Melas F.

Melas F.

Melas F.

Melas F.
Mendele '
Mendenitsa
Merenda M
Merkada

Merit

Mesogaea
Mesokha'ri
Messapia ’
Messapium M.
Messino .
Metachoeum
Metropisi
Midea

Mikista

Milis R.
Minervae T.

‘Minervae T.

Minervae T.

Minervae Cranaae T.

M irisi ’
M isso Vuni

» Modi

M'ola
Mola—Kasa
Molokha M
Molos
Molycria
Monesi
Mani I.
Moriki
Morius F.
JlIorno
JlIulki
Markharia
Mustaphades
Mycalessus
Mycalessus M.

.Mychus Port.

M yli

Myonia.
Myonnesus I.
Myrrhinus

Naryx
Naupactus
Nauplia.
Nemesis T.
N eochori

. N eokastron
N eokhori
N eokhori
Neon
Neptuni T.
Nesos
Nicaea

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Nikolaos C’.
Nilesi '
N isz'da V
Nostz' mo
Nymphaeum

Oa.

Ocalius F.
Oea
Oeantheia.
Oechalia
Oeneon

0m17a

Oenoé

Oenoe
OenoPhytae
Oeroe F.
Oeta M.
Oetaea.

Oeum

Oeum
Olmeius F.
Olmones
Olpiae
Olympus M.
Onchestus
Ophionenses
Opuntii Montes
Opuntius Sin.
Opus

Opus Pr.
Orchomenia Palus
Orchomenus
Orei

Oreus
Orobiae
Oropia.

0ropos
Oropus

0ros
Orsomum M.
Oi'thopagum M.
Oxeia Camps
090130. .M.

Ozea M.

Paeania
Paeonidgae
Palaea Ura
Palaeo Katzmon
Palaeokho'ri
Palaveo Khori
Palaeokho’ri
Palaeokhom'
~Palaeo Legran
Palaeomylos
Palaeo- Vraona
Palaeo Vuna
Palagia
Palatia M.
Paleo Ewarkho
Paleokhomi
Paleo Tia/51m
Paleov'rysi
Paliango M.
Pallene

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Pamphia
Panacton
Paneum M.
Panhellenium M.
Pam' M.
Panopeus
Panormo P.
Panormus P.
Papangelaki
Paparussi
Paralia

Paralii
Paralymm' L.
Parapotamii
Parapungia
Parasopia.
Parasopii
Pardana
Parnassus M.
Parnes M.
Parom' M
Pasha P.
Patera-M
Patradjilc
Patroclfi Charax I.
Paulo

Pedieia.

Pegae
Peleeania.
Peleces

Peleki Pt.

Pende Hag'i'i
Pendeom'a
Peninda 0.
Pentele
Pentelicus M.
Peratz' M
Perdika
Permessus F.
Permessus F.
Peteon -
Petrachos Rupee
Petrak'i

Petreza

Petra Geraki M

? Petrokhomi

Phabra. I.
Phaestus

Phalara

Phalarus F.
Phalasia Pr.
Phalericus Murus

; Phalerum
: Phanoteus

Pharae

Pharygae
Pharygium Pr.
Phegaea
Pheidriades Petrae

‘ Phicium M.
' Philoboeotus Colb's
; Phleva

Phlygonium
Phocae

Phocaria I.
Pho'censium Murus
Phocis ‘ ‘~
Phocium

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Phoenicia .
Phoenicium M.
Phoenix F.
Phoma I.
Phricium M.
Phthoron Port.
Phyle

Pigadi

Pigadd

Pindus

Pindus F.
Piraeeus
Pitsermi
Pitsz'ota

Plaka 0.
Plataeae
Platam'
Platania R.
Platanius F.‘
Platanos
Platanus F.
Platia I.
Pleistus F.
.Plessia
Plotheia.
Poecilon M.
Poemandris
Poh's
Polyandrion
Pondiko-Nz'si (7.
Porm' I s.
Portaes

Portaes
Posidium Pr.
Potamos inferior
Potamos superior
Potidania.
Potniae

P'rasa

Prasiae

-' P'rasom'si
. .Probalinthus
; Probatia, F.

Proskz'na
Prospalta.
Psaphi s
Psaropuh‘ Pt.

Psato ’ s
. Pso'romyti '0'.

Psyttaleia. I.
Pteh’a -
Pteri

Ptoum M.
Pyra. M.
Pyrgos ‘
Pyrgos

- Pyrgos

Raf ti I.
Raftopula
Rakhaes
Rakodz’
Baphina _
Rhakhova

’ Rhakhova

Rhamnus

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DIR-CD Rap-IS 29

MAP 25.
. Rheitoi ' N f Spih‘os 0. H a. Thronii Portus H b Velam'de Q
Rhengeni H b Stalamata 0. L c Thronium H b Velamldeza .. P'
Rhevem'ko R. K c Stamata P f Thurium M. H d Velam‘dia 0'. H
Rkitzona N d Stavro (I. L c Thymia ' F d Veli I
Rhium Pr. B e Stavroz’n M M h Tilphossa. Fons K d Veh'tsa H
Rhium Molycrium Pr. B e Stavros U. K a Tilphossium Mons et Velukhi M B
Rhodos Klam: M e Stiml H d Opp. I d .VelukhOUoM D
Rhoduntia, G b Stiria. P g Tipha. K e Velm'na 7 B
Rhoviaes L b Stombem’ka P f Titacidae P e 'Veneris T. O
Rigani M. B d Stomi 0. Q f Tithorea. H c Veneris et Apollinis T. N
'Romaml H b Stravaeto M 0 g Tithronium G b Venikhm'a E
Stringalako Potamos M b Tolophon D d Veron' M K
I Stromi E b , Toneawu N g Versem'ko M H
. Stura Q 9 Topoh'a F c Verzana G
Sabatina A c Stylia B c . Topolias K c’ Vestm’tza R. D
Sagmata Jllon. M d Stylia D d Trachinii E 3. Via, Anopaea. F
Salamis M g Stylis G a. Trachis F b Via. Pythia. N
Salamis I. M g _Styris H d Trachis H (1 Via. Sacra. ' N
Salamis Vetus M g Sukia ' E c Trachones 0 g Via. Schiste H
Salganeus N d Sulum R. 'F c T/rago Vum? I a. WWW ' E
Salona F c Samah’ 111. G d Trakkila 0'. G e ~Vz'gla M D
Salom'ki O 6 sunium Q i, Trokumi M C c Vila”! M
8. Marina ’0. N h Sunium Pr. Q i Trelo Joannis K d Vilz‘a .M
Saranda Potamos M if Sykamz'non 0 e Trelonisi .F d ' Vih'a P
Saraudi Pt. I e Sykia E a. Trichonis L. A c Villas Q
Saromata M F’ b Syrtzi ' M d Tricorythus Q 9 Vitfinitsa E
Scamander F. N d Tm‘keri M M f Wesiatz' ,- N
Scarphe M =6 ’ Triko’rpho M D d Vlokh'o Vzmo D
Scarpheia. G b ' Trinemia P f Vrakho'ri, L. of A
- Schoeneus F. M d Takhz' . L e Tripitz' Pt. Q h Vrana P
Schoenfis L .d Takhta-li H b Tripum, 0. F d Vr'cmezi . I
Sciradium Pr. M g Tambu'rlo 0'. I e Trissom‘a I. D d Vraona P
Scolus M 'e Tamynae P d Tritaea. H c . Vrastz'ani B
‘ Sco'rlia ‘ D a. Tanagra N 6 Triton F." I d 3 Vromo PL. H
Selos A «a Taphiassus M. A d Tritzovo M C c 3 Vromopusi . Q
. Semachidae P f Tardiza ' Q h Tronis regio - H c Vroma I. I
Sergula D d Tarphe G b Tropheia L d Vrava P
Setiani ' D b Taspeh'a M". N h Tropheia L. L d V’rysaki Pt. Q
’Sida. N e _ Tatazi K e Trophonium I d ‘ Vuliasmeni Pt. 0
Sigditza E c - Tatoifoant. O f Tsarubo-msi G' e Vundz’ma N
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Abbreviations: B. Bay. 0. Cap. F. Flumen.

Abia ,
Acacesium
Ace
Acheeorum Paracy-
parissiorum urbs’
Achaia
Achaia fons
Achelous F.
Achelous F.
Achelous F.
Acheron F.
Achilleus port.
Acidas F.
Acidon F.
Acraea M.
Acriae
Acritas M.
Acritas pr.
Acrocorinthus
Acrorea
Ad Despoenam Her-
meenm
Adendros I.
Aderes M.
Algae
JEgaleon M.
ZEgiae
.ZEgila
Egilodes sinus
IEgina ’
Egina
Egina. I.
Egira '
.ZEgirus
.ZEgium
ZEgosthenae
iEgys
Egytis
.ZEpasius campus
ZEpea
Epion
EW....
Esculapu Hieron
.EEsculapii T.
ZEsculapii T.
ZEsculapii Aulonii T.
ZEsculapii Philolai T.
Ageranos
Agnina M.
Agrapidokhori
Agrianos
Agrido Vimo
Agrio Kambos M.
Agulernitza
Agulenitza, Sea of
Akhlado Kambos
Akrata
Akrata 0.
Alagonia
Alai-Big
Alcimedon campus
Alcyonia pal.
Alcyonius sinus
Alea
Alepolchori
A lepo-Khori
Alesion M.
Aliki M.
Aliphera
Alisiaeum
Alisium
Alisius F. _
Alium
Alonistena
Aloria palus
Alpheus F.
Alpheus F.
Alpheus F.
Alpheus F.
Alpheus F.
Alphei Fons. ,
Alvena M.
Amathus F.
Amathus F.
Amilos
Aminios F.
Amphia
Amphidolia
Amphitus F.
Amyclae
Anabryti
Anarclos
Anchisia M.
Andania '
Andram'da ' -
Aizdritzena
Andrussa
Andruvista
Anemochori
Anemosa
Angelokastro
Angislri
Anigraea via
Anigriadén antrum
Ani ros F.
Ant ana
Anthanae port.
Anthea
Authedon p.
Antheia
Antirrhium pr.
Apario K hrepa M.
Apelauron M.
Aperopia I.
Apesas M.
Aphidantes
Aphrodision Silva
Aphrodisias
Aphrodisium
Apidia
Apobathmi
Apollinis T.
Apollinis T.
Apollinis T.
Apollinis T.
Apolh'nis Oarneatae T.

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Apollinis Corynthi T.
Apollinis Delii T.
Apollinis Lithesii T.
Apostoli

Arachnaeus M.
Araethyrea

Arainus

Arakhova

Arantia

Aravi/cia III.
Aragus M.

Araxus pr.

Arba

Arcadia

Archtmgelo 0.
Arene '

Arene

Argeathae

Argia

Argia M. _

1

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Argolis

Argon Campus
Argos

Argyra.
Ariolami M.
Aris F.

Aris -
Aristerae I.
Aristocratis tumulus
Aristonautze
Arkadia
Armeniades M.
Armygros port.
Arno M. \
Arnotiko .
Aroanii M“-
Aroanius F.
Aroanius F.
Aroé

Arsen F.
Artemision M.
Artzi B.
Arymnius M.
Asea .
Asia M.
Asinaeus sinus
Asine

Asine
Asom’atos port.
Asopia

Asopus
Asopus F.
Asopus F.
Aspis I.

Aspra Khoria 0. '
Aspro III.
Aspro M.
Asprolcampo
Astras M.
Astros
Athenaeum
Athenarum p.
Athenas tichos
Augo 0'.
Aulon

Aulon F.
Averna

21ng M.
Avlemona Bay
Axim' I8-
Azanes

Babyce pons
Bady ’
Bakireilca

l Baltesiniko
Balyra F.
Baraicus F.
Barbas M.
Barbitza
Bardimia
Barnichius F.
Barnosthenes M.
‘Basili Perama
Basilis

Basilo potamo
Bassae
Bathos
Baucidias I.
Beasti I.

'

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Bedeni R.
Bedroni
Belbina
Bembina '
Berkia M.
Besiza M.
Biandina

Bias F.
Blogokitiko .
Boeae
Boeaticus sinus
Bogasi

Bolei

Bolina
Bolinaeus F.
Boreum M.
Brasiae
Brenthe '
Brentheales F.
Broma

Broma

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Bucephala. pr.

Bucephalus pr. et
port.

Budorus M.

Bugiati

Bukasi

Buphagium

Buphagos F.

Buporthmos pr.

Buprasis regio

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PELOPONNESUS.

I. Insula. L. Lacus.
Buprasium C d
Buprasius F. C d
Bura. G d
Cabrera
Caeciae 133'

Caenepolis
Caesari
Calamae

Calathius M.
Calauria ins.
‘Calliae

Calliphorii M.
Callistus sepulcrum
Caphyae
Caphyatica petra
Caphyatis
Cardamyle
Carnasium
Carneates M.
Oaryae

Caryae

Caryatis
Carystus '
Catheates F.

Caus '
Cecryphalea I.
Oeladas F.
Celeee
Cclenderis
Celossa M. .
Cenchreae
Cenchreae
Cenchreis I.
Cephisus F.
Cerata, M.
Cerausium M.
Cereris Mysiae T.
Cereris Thermasiee T.
Cereris in Palude T.
Cereris ert Apollinis T.
Cerigo
Cerynia
Cerynia M.
Cerynites F.
Chaa
Chazeae petfee
Chalasmeno M.
Chalcis
Chalcis F.
Chaon M.
Characoma ' '
Charadra
Charadros F.
Charadros F.
Charadros F.
Charadros F.
Charadrus F.
Charisiae
Chelmos M.
Obelona M.
Chelonatae sinus
Chelonates pr.
Chelydorea M.
Chersonisi
Chersonesus prom.
Chiliomodi
Chimarrus F.
Ohlemutzi
Choeros F.
Choma
Olzondros 0'.
Chortacs harb.
Cicysium .
Gimolia sive Albus
campus
Cinaethium
Gladeus F.
C'lementi
Cleonae
Climax
Clitor
Clitor F.
Ciitoria
Clitorius lac.
Cnacadion M.
Cnacalus M. .
Coccygion M.
Coeus F.
Colonia Augusta Aroe
Patrensis
Colonides
Colonis I.
Colyergia pr.
Comana
Condylea
Contoporia
Coracon F. ‘
Corinthia
Corinthiacus sinus
Corinthus
Coroebi sepulcrum
Coronaeus sinus
Corone
Coryphon M.
Corythenses
Cotilion M.
Cotilon M.
Cotyrta
Cranes I.
Craneum
Crathis F.
Crathis M.
Craugiae I. '
Creon M’.
Cresion M.
Cretea
Crisaeus sinus
Crius F.
Croceae
Cronii
Cromitis
Crommyon
Cruni

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_ Cynuria

 

M. Mons.

Cruni

Cyllene
Cyllene M.
Cyllenius Sinus
Cynaetha
Cynaethaca
Cynortion M.

Cynuria. .
Cyparisseis F.
Cyparissia Acrop.
Cyparissim
Cyparissius sinus
Cyphanta

Gyros ZEsculapii T.
Cythera. '
Oythera I.
Oy‘therius F.

Dactylus

Dalion

Damala

Danitza

Daphni

Dara

Darditza M. '
Dasew

Daskalia

Daskalio I.

Dacia

Dekhani
Delphicus sinus
Demonica

Dmdra

Denthalii
Dentheliates
Denthiades

Derae

Derrhion
Despoenae T.

Dia I.

Diagon F.
Dialcopto

Diakopto R.
Dianae T.

Dianae T.

Dianae Alpheoniae T.
Dianae Dictynnae T.
Dianae Nemydiee T.
Dianee Pyroniae T.
Djane

Dialyma

Didyma M

, Didymi

Dimim'tza
Dine fons
Dionysias fons
Diori
Dioscurion
Dipaea
Dipoena

- Dipotamo

Disaki

Dolco

Doliana
Donussa
Dorium
Draco Vuni M.
Dragonera
Drapano
Drapi
Drepanum pr.
Dryopes
Dryopes
Dryopes
Dyme

Dyro B.
Dyspontium

Eion

Eion

Elaeus

Elaion M.

E laplzonisi
Elaphos F.
Electra F.
Eleusae I.
Eleusinium.
Eleusinium
Eleusinius sinus
Elidis navale
Elis

Elis (Cava)
Elis

Elisa F.

Elison ,F.
Elymia
Emblakilca
Enipeus F.
Enope

Epano Achaia
Ephyra.
Ephyra
Ephyra I.
Epidauria
Epidaurus
Epidaurus Limera
Epidavros (Nea)
Epidelion prom.
Epiecia
Epitalium
Eranna
Erasinus F.
Erasinus F.
Erineus
Erymanthus
Erymanthus F.
Erymanthus F.
Eryman‘thus M.
Eschatiotis lac.
Etis

Eua

Eua M.

j Eua M.

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P. Portus. Pal. Palus.

EUbCBaf M5
- Euenus F.
Eumenidum T.
Euoras M.
Eupagium
Eurotae fontes
Eurotas F.
Eurotas F.
Eurotas F.
Eurycydeum antrum
. Eurynomae T.
Eurytaeae
Eutaea.
Eutresia

deswwmmmdmbub'
0Q D‘QD‘U‘n—au.b‘b‘o WED C‘H:

Franco Porto
Frango Port ,
Francovrysis

msz
b‘om

Q

Gaidaro-pnictespotamos
Gaiduro Vuni
Galata

Galataki

Gama ,‘
Garates F.
Gareae
Gargaliano
Gasturzi

Gastimi R.
Gatheae

Gatos

Gaurias M.
Genesion '
Geraki

Gerania

Gerania M.
Geranion .M.
Gersnia

Germano Porto
Gerrnutzani
Gerontium M.
Geronthrae o
Glarenza 0.
Glaucus F.
Glympeis

Gama M.
Gonoessa (
Gorgopis lac.
Gorgylus F.
Gortynicus F.
Gortys

Grosso O'.
Guzumistr‘a
Gyftolcastro
Gyphlissa 0.
Gyros via
Gytheaticus sinus
.Gytheum
Gytheus F.

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Hadriani Aquaeductus
H aemoniae

Hag. Andreas
Hag. Andreas R.
Hag. Basilios
Hag. Constantinos
Hag. Demetrios
Hag. Demetrios 0.
Hag. Elias

Hag. Georgios
Hag. Georgios
Hag. I lias .
Hag. Ilias

Hag. Ilias

Hag. I lias

Hag. I lias »
Hag. I lias M.
flag. Isidoros
Hag. Joarmes
Hag. Nikolaos 0.
Hag. Nikolaus
Hag. Petros
Hag. Petros
Hag. Phokas 1.
flag. Theodoros
Hag. 'Theodorus
Hag. TheolokiJs
Hag. Vlasis
Halia

Halice

Halieis

Haliusa I.
Halmyron hydor
Halus

Halycon
Harpina
Harpinates F.
Harplea
Hecatombaeuin
Helenae balneum
- Helice

Helisson F.
Helisson F.
Helisson F.
Hellenika
Hellenitza
Hellenitza M.
Helos

Helos

Heraclea
Heracleum “-
Heroes. ,
Herwatis’

Heraeum

Heraeum

Heraeum pr.
Herculis specus
Herculis Macistii T.
Hermaeum
Hermseum
Hermaeum
Hermione
2 Hermionicus sinus

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Pr. Promontorium. R. River.

Hermionis
Hevraio
Hiera I.
Hieraka 0.
Hieraka Port
Hippola
Holmiae pr.
Hoplites F.
Hyamia M.
Hyamitis
Hydra
Hydrea
Hydrea I.
Hylaethus F.
Hyllicus F.
Hypana
Hyperesia
Hyperteleaton
Hypsi
Hypsia
Hypsili
Hypsus
Hypsus M.
Hyria lacus
~ Hyrmine opp. et
prom.
Hyrnethion
Hysiae

Iapis F.

Iardanes F.

Iardani pratum et
sepulcrum

_ icarfim M.
cht s 1‘.

Iiei y p

Ilion M.

Inachus F.

Infis lacus

Infis T.

111113 T.

Ionaeum antrum

Ira

Ira

Iri

Iri

Irine I.

Isari

Isthmus

Ithome M.

J ovis ara

J ovis T.

Jovis T;

J ovis Scotinae T.

J ovis Soteris port.
J unonis Acraeae T.

Koenurio-Khorion
Kaiapha M.
Kaiapha, Sea of
Kaimeno Khori
Kaki—Scala
Kakotari
Kako Vuni
Kalamaki
Kalamata
Kalami

Kala Nisia
Kalascopi M.
Kalavryta, Riv. of
Kal/‘a
Kalinacs
Kalitsa
Kalogria C'.
Kamaraes
Kamaria 1W.
Kamenitza F.
Kamila 0'.
Kandia
Kapela 0'.
Kappari P.
Kapsali Bay
Karabugia 0'.
Karatula
Karavo Petra
Karyac
Karyoli M.
Kastalia
Kasteli
Kastritsi
Kastrotisorias
'Katabothra
Ifatakolo 0.
Ifato Achaia
Kato Belesi
Kato-temcni
Katolilcos
Katzingri
K'avaka
Kavalos
Ifelqfini I.
Ifelp/Lina
Ifcp/zali ('1.
~Kq'2halovrysis
Kcrpini
Klzaidari

K heli
Jilliana
Khiladia Port
Klzotusa

K hristiano
Khrysaphar
Khrysuli
Kibia

Kineta
Kionia
Kipula'
Kisternaes Port '
Kitriaes Port
K laro N isi

K linitza

 

K l isura

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MAP 26.

’\

Sp. (Spitz) Peak. T. Templum.

K lisura

K lisura
Kokkinio
KolcorcL
Kolcooa
Kolaki M
Kolokera M.
Kolokyntha Bay
K onstantini
Koraka C.
Karon
Koroni
Koryphi M.
Kosmas

Kranidi '
Kra'vari
Kremaste
Kremasti
Kremidara 0'.
Kremidi 0.
Krestena
Kriomiri C’.
Krithina M.
Krya Nera 0.
Kte'nia
Kubenova M.
Kulcura B.
Kalendiana C.
Kulogli.
Kumani
Kumusta
Kurnos
Kunupeli, Harbour of
Kurkula M.
Kurmazi 0.
Kurtissa 0.
Kutra M.
Kutzokera
Kutzomati

K utzopodi
Kuverta P.
Kydonia

K yparissi Port
Kyra
Kyriaki

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Lacedacmon ,
Lachas F.
Laconica
Laconicus sinus
Ladae sepulcr.
Ladocia
Ladon F.
Ladon F.
Ladon F.
Ladonis fons
Lagia
Lagosa Isles
Lakanas M .
Lakomata M.
Lakomaxa AI.
Lala
Lambiri is ta ampelia
Lambiri 0.
Lampea M.
Lancia fons
Langadi
Langaclia
Langadia
Langia F.
Langon
Lapithaeum
Lapithas M.
Larissa
Larisus F.
Larysium M.
Lashnova
Las vetus
Lasion
Lasion M.
Lcwda
Lechaeum
Leflca
Leftroni
Leonidi
Leontium
Lepreum
Lerna

Lesia

Lessa
Lestenitza
Letrini
Leucae
Leucae campi
Leucasia F.
Leucasium
Leuctra
Leuctrum
Leuctrum
Leucyanias F.
Levetzova

Liguria
Limenaria 0'.
Limeni B.
Limnae
Limnaes
Limni

Li vartzi
Longona Port
Lopezi

Luka .
L-ungobardo R, .
Lusi

Lusius F.
Lutraki harb.
Lutro

Lycaea
Lycaeus M.
Lycoa

Lycoa
Lycone M.
Lycosura.
Lycuntes

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PELOPONNFSUS.

MAP 26.

 

Lycuria
Lygudista
Lykodimo M.
Lykommo ~ ‘
Lymax F.
Lymbiada
Lyrcea.
Lyrceum M.

Macareae
Macaria
Macistus ,
Madam III.
Madara III.
Maenah'a
Maenalus-
Maenalus M.
M aglada M.
Magaliana
ahi
Maira.
Makhaera
M alert
Ma/cm' C’.
M ach Plagi
Mahrom'si
Malaysia
Malaea
Malaeatis
Males pr.
Malevo
Malevo M.
Malta 0.
Maloetas F.
‘ Malfis F.
Mamaus F.
Mana
Mandila M
M andraki Port
Maniae
Manthyrea.
Ma-ntinea
Mantinea.
Mantinice
Maratha.
M aratht Port
Il/Iarathana Bay
Marathonisi
Margana
Mari
M artnam' Port
M a'm'o rheama
Marios
Marmam‘a
Marmara Voum'
M artts M.
Mases
Masetis I.
Matapan 0'.
Maura Limna
Illaara Vana
Maartta M.
Mauro M.
Mavronoros
Maw-o Vano
Mavrozamenos
Mazamki M.
Mecone
Illegalo Van-o
Megalopolis
Megalopolitis
Meganitas F.
Megara.
Megaris
Melaeneae
Melangea
Melas F.
Meliaston F.
Melidom' Bay
Illeligam' Port
Melpea.
Menelais fons
Menius F.
Menthe M.
Meratis
Merbaka
Mercurii T.
Mesoboa.
Mesola
Messa.
Messene
Messenia.
Messeniacus sinus
' Methana
Methane. penins.
Methane
Methurides Im-
Methydrlum
Methydrias
Metope F.
Metapi
Mezapon Port
Midea.
Migonium
M l'krom am’
Milichus F.
Minervae T._
Minervae T.

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Minervae Sospitae T.

M iniatz'ka
Minoa

Minoa ins. et portus

Minyeius F.
M istra

M 2' topol'ts
Illodan

M olath'l

M anemvasia
M (mt

M aphtitsa

Morea, Castle of the

Movm’ M.
M andritsa
M u’rz'a lac.
Masakt 0.
Mycenae
Mylaon F.
Mylaon F.
Mylonas 0.

My-rsinus sive Myrtun—

hum
Myrtoum mare
Mysaeum
Mysia

Naliphus F.
Nasi

Nasi

Nas'ia
Nauplia
Naupl'ion
Navam'n .
Nea Epidavros
Neapolis
Neda. F.
Nedon F.
Nedon
Nemea
Nemea F.
N emuta
Neacast'ro
Neptuni L.
Neptuni -T.
Neptuni T.
Neptuni T.
Neptuni T.
Neptuni T.
Neris
Nestane
Nezera
Niseea

N lsi
Nomia M.
Nonaeris

N onaeris
Notena
Nus F.
Nymbaeum
Nymphas

Nymphasia. fans I

(Ea.
Glehalia
CEnoé
(Enoé
(Enoé
(Enus F.
Gflnussae Im-
(Etylus
0311s
Olbius F.
Olena
Olenia petra.

' Olenia. petra.

Olenus

. Oligyrton

Oligyrtos M.
Olonos F.
Olonos M.
Oluris
Olurus
Olympia
Olympokha'rta
Olympus M.
Olympus M.
Olympus M.
Onceum

Onia M.
Onugnathos penins. e

prom.
Ophis F.
Opus

Opus F.
Orchomenia.
Orchomenia.
Orchomenos
Oresthasium
Orestis
Orneae
Orneas F.
Orthia
Ortnolith M.
Oryx
Oryxis M.
Ossa. M.

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Ostracina M.
Ova

Paeos

Pagania 0'.
Palwocastro Ill.
Palceocastro M.
Paloeo Chara _
Palaeo K astro P.
Palceo K hrysapha
Palceopolz's
Palaeapolis
Paloeo Vano
Paloeo Ztm’ 0.
Palamedion M.
Palea

Palilcam' Bay
Paliscios regio
Pallantium
Palalci R.
Pamisos F.
Pamisus F. ,
Panachaioum M.
Panagta
Panagia Port
Panhellenium M.
Panormus P.
Paos

Papa C.
Papadaes
Paradist
Paraebasium
Pardali
Parnon mons
Paroreatis
Pa'ro'rt

Paroria
Parrhasia.
Parthenias F.
Parthenium M.
Patera M. ‘
Patrae
Patrensis sinus
Paolo Kastron
Pedasus
Pedion

Pegae

Pegae

Pelagos Silva.
Pellana.
Pellene
Pellenes navale
Pelopis insulae
Peneus F.
Peneus F.
Pentelea M.
Penteleum
Pephnos

’ Pephnos I.

Perachora
Peraea. '
Peraethes
Peraeum
Pemmeria
Perdlka O'.
Petalea 0'.
Petalidht Port
Petasi
Petra
Petra
Petrosaca
Phoea M.
Phaedrias
Phaestus
Phalaesiae
Phalanthum
Phalanthus M.
Pha-nar’l
Phana'ro
Pharae
Pharae
Pharis
Pharaklo
Phea. ‘
Pheas ins.
Phegia.
Phelloé
Pheneatis
Pheneos
Phibalis
Phigalia.
Phigalica
Philanorion
Philia
Philiatra
Phtm'kt
Phliasia.
Phlius
Phobos
Phocae

“Phoebia

Phoenicfis portus
Phoenicfis portus
Phoenix F.
Phoizon
Phokianas Port
Pholoé M.
Pholoé M.

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Phoriami
Phrixa.
Phryxus
Phuka III.
th-lcam'a
Phutama Port
Phylace
Phytium
Phyxium
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Ptadha
Piadha Bay

Piera. fons
Pierus F.

Pirae

P’lrnatza

Pirus F.

Pisa.

Pisatis

Piskin’i
Pityonesos
Pityusa I.
Plaka U.

Platae I.
Plataeae
Platamodes pr.
Plataml
vPlataniston F.
Platanistonis fons
Platanistus
Platanistfis pr.
Platla

Plati'a

Platia

Platy

Pleae

Plutonis T.
Podogora

Pogon P.
Pal'liam} ,
Poliasion
Polichne
Polichne
Polyazza
Polygnoti turris
Ponti/cé/castm '

Porinas M.

Paras

Portaes M.
Posidium
Patam'i

.Prasiae

Prasiae

Pirasam'st
Prevedos

Prinos

Probalz' O'.
Proetidum specus
Prosymna.

Prote

Prote I.
Psamathus
Psar’l M _.

Psathi 0.

Psata ,
Psz'lo Kotrom’ M.
Psipha.
Psiphaeum M.
Psophidia.
Psophis

Psychro M.

Ptem' M.

Ptolis

Parleska R.
Puma'ra-Ifastron
Puma 0.

Pyla

Pylos

Pylus

Pylus

‘Pylus in Coryphasio
Pyraea
Pyraeus pr.
Pyramia.

Pyrgos
Pyrgos
Pyrgos
Pyrgas 0.
Pyrrhichos

Quaglz'o Porto -

Rasma
Rhaeteae
Rhapuni M.
Rheitos
‘Rhenissa M.
Rheondas
Rheunos
Rlzezem'ko III.
Rhion

Rhion

Rhion (Enoaeum

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Rhypes
Riga 0.
Romanas R.
Raphia
Rashz'o
Raso M.

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Same Kastmn
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S. N 2'lcolaus III.
S. Nikola Port
St. Thomas
Saita M.
Salafto
Salamis
Salamis
Salmemlco
Salmem'ko 0.
Salmons
Samicum
Saminthus
Samus
Sa-ndgia III.
Santameri
Santameri M.
Saphlaarus M.
Sapienza
Samcem'ca
Sarena
Saroktm'ko
Saran
Saronicus sinus
Saurudeiras
Scandeia

Scardamala
Schoenus
Schoenus P.
Scias
Soiathus M.
Scillfis

Scino ha'rb.
Scioessa M.
Sciritis -
Scironiae petrae
Sciros
Scirtonium
Scollis M.
Scollis M.
Scotina silva.
Scyllmum pr.
Scyllaeum pr.
Scyras F.
Scyrus F.
Sech’i IlI.
Selachusa I.
Selas F.
Selasia.
Selemnus F.
Selinus
Selinus F.
Selinus F.
Seh'nus F.
Selleis F.
Selleis F.
Seotane
Sepia. M.
Sepia
Seraphona
Sevetila M.
Sgu'rz'a M.

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Side

Sidfis

Sirae
Sitzova
Skaphz’dt
Skala
Slctada
Slcino
Skipq'eza M.
Sharia M.
Shortsmo
Skotmi
S/cara
Shzm‘as
Shutari
Skutam' Bay
Sky” 0.
Sinenus F.
Smema
Sacha

Solos
Solygea mans et Vicus
Saphtka
Sophz'ko harb.
Sopoto
Soron Silva.
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Spadi 0.
Spaitzv'ko
Sparta
Spasario B.
Spetzia
Spetm’a Pala
Sphacteria I.
Sphaeria. I.
Sphagia I.
Spiraeum pr.
Spim' O.
Spim'a M.
Stahto'roz'a
Staaro
Stavm' 0.
Stena

Stereo 0'.
Stenyclaros
Stenyolarus
Stepham’
Sterna
Stema 0.
Stimanga
Stratia.
Stratus
Stratus
Strata harb.
Strezova
Strom'tsa
Struthus pr.
Stymphalia.
Stymphalos
Stymphalos M.
Stymphalus F.
Sudhena
Salinart
Sumetia.
Susahi
Sykia’ _
Symbola.

v Sys F.

Sys F.
Sythas F.
Styx, Waterfall

Taenaros
Teenarum pr.
Taleton M.
Tanaus F.
Taurias F.
Taygetos M.
Teganusa I.
Tegea
Tegeatis
Tekieh
Telphusa
Temenion -
Tenea
Teniae fontes
Tetrast
Teuthea.
Teutheas F.
Teuthis
Teuthrone
Thalamae
Thalamae
.Thaliadae
Thaumasion M.
Theisoa.
Thelpusa.
Thelpusia.
Therae
Therapne
Therma.
Thermae
Thermae
Thisoa.
Thisoea
Thius F.
Thoenia
Thola R.
Thala Potamos
Thornax M.
Thornax M.
Thorussa
Thraustus
Thrills
Thryon
Thuria nova.
Thuria vetus
Thuriates sinus
Thyamia]
Thyraeum
Thyrea
Thyreatis

Thyreaticus sinus V

Thyridos pr.
Tiasa. F.
Tiohos
Tlgam’ pen.
Tiryns
Titans -
Titanos M.
Titthion M.
Tolozz P.
Talon P.

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Tomeus M.
Trach’ll'l C.
Trashy M.
Traga
Tragos F.
Trahela 0.
T’rahhz’li 0.
Trapezana M.
Trapezondt
Trapezus
Treton M.
Tricaranon
Tricaranus M.
Tricarenus
Trichonis lacus
Triclariae T.
Tricoloni
Tricrana.
Tricrena M.
Trikem'
Tm’keri
Trikeri 0.
Trik/Jala
T’rikkala, River of
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Trintsi
Triodoi
Triphylia. ,
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Tripolltza
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Tritaea.
Troezen
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Tropaoa.
Trygonis sep.
Trypaes
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Vathy Port
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Velika
Velom’dia
Veneris T.
Veneris T.
Veneris T .
Venetv’ko
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Vttylon
Voidia
Vaivanda
Volimmas
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' MAP 27.

j COASTS AND , ISLANDS'OF THE EGEAN SEA.

Abbreviations: B. Bay. 0. Cape. D. (Dagh) Mountain. F. Flumen. I. Insula. L. Lacus. M. Mons. Opp. Oppidum. P. P‘ortus (Port). Pal. Palus. Pr. Promontorium. R. River. S. Sinus. T. Templum.

 

 

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Abae A e Akio ~ D f. Aphrodisias Bogio . I d Aspro F k Briantica. G a Cerigo B k Coryphas I
Abarnis I b Akladz' (7. F i Aphrodisium Pr. M i Aspro G f Briantica G a Oerz'go Kapsuli B k Coryphasium K
Abarnis I b Akrariws G h Aphytis B b Aspro 0. F i Brilessus M. C \ f Cerigotto B l Coryphon M. B
Abarnis Pr. I b Akrarz'as D i Apilas F. A c Aspro 0. H f Brisa O. G d Cerinthus C e’ Cos I
Abdul D. 'K b Akroteri D l Apius Campus L d Aspro O'._ M i Brisa Pr. G d Ceros G i Cos K
Abdera. E a Akrotz'rz‘ F h Apobathmi A g Assa C b Briula M g Certonium I d Cossinites F. E
Abrettene L ‘ c Akrotz‘ri K m Apokoroni D m Assera - C b Bromiscus C a Cetius F. K d Cothon I. B
Abydus H b Akrotz‘rz' 0'. ‘F b Apollinis T. I f Assesus K g Brychon F. ' B d Chaeronea A. f Cotylaium M. O
Academis K g Ala D. I c Apollinis Egletae T. G k 'Assus H d Brycfis K 1 Chalastra A a Cotylus I
Acanthius S. C b Ala D. K b Apollinis Delii T. B i Astale E m Bubassia Regia M i Chalce L k Cotyrta B
Aoanthus C b Ala’banda L g Apolh'nis Erethimii T. M k Asterusia M. E n Bubassius S. L i Chalcedonius M. A d Crabusa G
Acanthus L i Al-Aglaa K e‘ Apolh'nis Lithesii T. B k Astroes C. E a, Bucephala, Pr. B h Chalcetores ‘ L h Cranaé I. A
Achaei A i Alaifis P. .G f Apollinis Pylhii T. F i Astropaloea H i Bucephalus Pr. B g Chalcia L ,k Craugiae B
Achaei C m Alangulz' 0. K h Apollorza Bay G h Astypalaea H i Budorus F. ‘ B e Chalcidenses I f Cremaste A
Achaeium H c Alata . ‘- B. d Apollonia D a. Astypalaea. I' g Budroae I‘B- C l Chalcidice 'B b Cremaste I
Achaeorum Portus . I e Alato H g Apollonja D b Astypalaea K i Budrun L h Chalcis O f Crenides D
Achaia A d Alazonium K c Apollonia D m Astypaleea I' H i Bulis A f Charadrus D b Cressa I
Achaia M k Albi Montes C m Apollonia E a Astypaleea Pr. ~ C g Bupalo P. D f Charadrus K' g Cressa P. M
Acharaca M g Alcyonium Mare B £ Apollonia E i Astypalaea Pr. K i Buporthmus Pr. B h Charadrus F. A g Creston B
Acharnae C f Aleppo 0’. M i Apollonia .F m Astyra, ‘ ' I c Burdugly Kassuba L f Charadrus F. A h Crestonaei A
Achillea. . K g Ales F. H f Apollonia L d Astyra K d Burinna Fons K i Chastia C f Crestonia , A
Achilleum E e Ales F. ' K f ApolloniaChalcidices B b Astyra Abydenorum I b Burundjz’k K e Chersonesus B g Crete. D
Achilleum K f Alessa ' M i Apollonia Mydoniaa C a Asyla D a Busa 0. C l Chersonesus F m Creticum Mare B
Achillis Charax I o Alexandri Luous I f Apollonis L e Atab‘yron M. , L k Butheia I f Chersonesus H b Cretinia L
Achirkoi M h Alexandria I c Apostola K h‘ Atala M i Butoa G In Chersonesus Hm Creusis B
Acoetium/ C 1 Alexandria Troas H c Apostoh' 0. M i Atalanda P. C e Byblos D i Chersonesus I a. Crisa A
Acontisma E a Alikiv E a Apri K a. Atalante .A a Chersonesus K i Crithea. ‘ H
Acraephiee B f' Alinda L g Aprus K a Atalante B e Cadistus M. Gm Chersonesus Pr. B m Crithote I
Acrasus L d Allaria H m Apsinthii I a Atalanta C g Caecioe B g Chersonesus Pr. D e Criumetopon Pr. B
Acrathoi D b Alluvion I e Apsinthus F. I a Atarneus I d Ceeno C m Chersonesus Cnidia K i Croceae A
. Acrathoum ' D b Almalu Dagh M g. Aptera D In Atayron L k Caenon Phrurion M ‘a Chesius F. ‘ I g Crocius Campus ' A
Acriee A i Alonaki B. E e Arabah M 1 Athamanius campus A d Caeratus F' F m Chidorus F' ' A a. Crommyon B
Acte D b Alone L b Arab He'ssar L g Athenee C g Caicus F. K d Chiorum I d Crusis sine Crossaea A
'Acytus C l Alonz' K b Arabus H b Athenae Diades A e Calami I g Chios . G f Cuarius F. _ A
Adae I e Alope A e Arachnaeus M. B g Atz'nati 0'. E g Calamyde C m Chios H f Cyamum Pr. I)
Adakoi . M c Alope A e .Araden ' D m Atmak M i Calarnoe C b Clzipneh I c Cybelia I
Adala M e Alopeconnesus H b Aradus I. D m Atsitsa E e Calathe I h C'hrz‘stz'am' F k Cyclades I)
Adelphi D d Alorus A a Arai’nus A 1 Attalia I d v Calathusa Gr i Chrysaoris M h Cydones C
Adelphi E i Alpenus A e Arakli C. B e Attalia. M e Calaurla C g Chryse G c Cydonia I)
Adelphi F i Altus A a. Aranlca 11!. E g Attica B f Cale acte D g Chryse G n Cydonia I
Adelphi I e Alzmtha P. G f Araphen D f Aulis O. f Cale Peuce K c Chryse H‘ c Cyllene M. A
Adelph’i I k Al-veus vetus A a Araplus H b Aulon C a. Callas F. B e Chryse ~ I c Cymaeus S. I
Adendros B g Alyattis Sepulcrum M e Arapus H b Aulon E g Callidroinus M. A e Chryse Campus K' h Cyme D
Adramyttenus S. I d Amanez' M. G e Arbius M. F m Automate F k Callipohs I b Chryse' Pr. F b Cyme I
Adramyttium K c Amarynthus O f Arcadia A h Avdelais F i Callisto G k Chrysorrhoas F. M g Cynortion B
Adrasteia _K b Amazonium 1 h Arcadia F m Avga I l Callum M a Chastan I e Cynoscephalae A
Adrianu Therae L c Ambrysus A f Arceseia K In Aviaka P’- G b Caloe M f Chytrium ‘I f Cynossema II
Ad Statuas M a Amista 0. G f Arcesine G i Awludjyk Gol M f Caloi Limenes E n Cicnias M. F g Cynossema Cnugna-
.ZEantium E g ~Amitas B b Arcitis l h Axee chlzlo F m Calydna G c Cicones F a thos Pr. M
ZEantium Pr. A d Amnisus F1. F m Arconnesus I f Aaz‘m' Is- A k Calydna I i Cicynethus A d Cyn08ura Pr. D
.ZEdepsus . B e Amnisus P. F m Arconnesus L i Axim' I. A k Calydnze H o Cilbianus Campus L f Cynthus M. F
’ nga Pr. I e Amwgo Pulo Angelros G i Arctus M. L b Axius F. A a Calymna I 1 01113. I o Cynus B
.ZEgee B e Amorgos G i Arethu’sa C a Amos E m Camara G 111 Cilia K e Cyon M
Egaa K e Amorgos- G i Argeeus M. I" m Amos G m Cambria D d CIllaeus M.. H c Cyparissia A
JEgaeum Mare E b Amorgos I. G i Argenna H d Axus E m Camirus L k CIllus F. I c Cypasis I
.ZEgaeum Mare F b Ampelos Pr. I g Argennum H I \ _ Campsa * B b CImarus or Corycus P120 1 Cyphanta 13
Aege C ,0 Ampelus M. I g Argennum Pr. H d Baba L 1 Canastracum Pr. C c Cimolos E i Cypse’la II
Egiae A i Ampelus Opp. Hm Argentiera E 1 Baba 0'. H d Candid B. F m CIDIOIUS E i Cyrbe M
Egiale H i Ampelus Pr. C c Argesa K— 'c Babakm' L d Canw I d Cinara H i Cyri Campus L
Egila. B ‘1 Ampelus Pr. Hm Argilus C a. Baccheion I. I e Caneous F. I e Cmaros H i Cyrtone B
Egila. I. D f Amphanae A d Argmum Pr. H f Baindyr L f Cane M. I ‘d_ Cmdya L h Cyrus F. L
E31119. ' C g Amphiclea A e Argmusao l. I e, Bakgr L d Cantanus C m Cirphis A f Cytoeum F
Egina, B g Amphimala - D m Argiza K c Bakgr Tshaz' K e Cantharium Pr. I g Cirphis M. .A f Cythera B
Egina ~ a C g Amphimalious s. D m Argohcus S. A h Bazaksa E e Caphareus Pr. E f CiSamum Pr. D l Cythnos I)
Egiro'éssa I e Amphipolis _ C a.’ Argohs A g Balamuth‘k L e Caprus I. C a Cgsamus 0 m Cythnos- I. D
ZEgirus H d Amyclee A h Argos A g <Bali E m Capsa B b C;samus D m Cyzicus L
JEgoleos M. 0 % Amyrus A c Argos I 1 Bali L h Carasene K c Cissa I b
.ZEgospotamus I AmyZOn L g Argos ' I m Balikesrz‘ L c Cardamyle _ H e C}ssus B a.
.ZEgosthenao B f Anaea K g Argyna K c Baphyras F. A b Cartha . I a Cissus H f Dag'ri 0. O
Enea A b Anagoma, L f Argg‘rom'sr‘ ‘ B (1 Barbara F 1 Cardianorum Empoma H a Clssus M. B a. Dalzlz'na, 0'. I
IEneum Pr. . A b Anagruphz’ 0. E h Arineh ‘ M i Bargasa. M h Cares et Lydi L g Cisthene I 'd Daphne 0. I
'Enia K 0 Anagyrus C g Arisbe _ I b Bargylia - L h Caresus F. ' K o Cistyrus sive Pistyrus E a Daphne F. O
Aenius F. K o Anamum A b Arisboe H d Bargylieticus S. K h Caria L g Citheeron M. A f Daphnus A
Elms H a. Ananes D i Aristerae B h Baucidias C g Carine I d Cithaeron M. B f Daphnus I
JEnyra. E a Anaphe G k Aristonautae A f Bazarkoi K b Carius M. L g Clarus K g Dardauia II
Eolis Gr 0 Anaphe I. G k Anus M. G e Beasti C g Carneates M. A g Clazomenee I f Dardanis Pr. H
Eras I f Anaphj G k Ariusia G e‘ Bedgen L h Carpathium Mare I l Cleandria K c Dardanus H
Aesa B b Anaphlystus ' 0 g Arkassa K m Behram H d Carpathus I. K 1 Cleonee A e D'ascylitis L. L
[Esculapii T. F h Anapodarv,‘ . F n Arkhangelo I ‘ h Beiramitsh I c Carpathus . K 1 Cleonao ~ A g Dascylium M
Esepus F. K c Anapoh's D m Arkharzgelo O'. M k Bez'ran Deresi I b Carthaea _ D g Cleonae D b Datsha L
.ZEsepus F, L b Anastasii Mums M a, Arki I h Bekten K c Cartora Tynda ‘F a Clisas A 1’ Datum I)
Aeson F. A b Ancistrum ‘ K h Armathz'a I m ~Belbina C h' Caryanda K h Cnemides A e Daulis A
Es‘one A d Andanus L h ' Armedon H m Belen L e Carystus D f Cnidius Isthmus L i Daunion Teichos M
Aeson’ia A b Andeira I c Armyro F m_ Belmina ‘ C h Gas. Belm'dere F m Cnidus K i Decelea 0
Ethalia K g Andeirus F. ' \ I c - Armyro Bag D m . Beio Pulo . B i (Jae. BomTfacr'o F m Cobria B b Dedelcoi L
JEthusa. Ins. K h Andros E g Arnae C b Bone _ E m Caswrum Insulae I m Cobris F. B b Delium U
Aex Rupes F f Andros E g Arnear K g Berecynthus M. C' m Casos K m Cobrys I a Delium F
.ZExone G g Andros I. E g Aroma L g Bergama K d Casos I. I m Oocglus M. I c Delos F
Afsfa K a. Andros I. E g Aropos filermedia B. H b Bergama, 'Tshm' K- d Cassandrz'a . B b Coela H f Delphi A
Agamede H d Anemoria A e Arpabuku D. K b qughama F a Casthaneea B d Coele H b Delphi C
Agamia H c Angistros R. G b Arpas Kalessi M g Bertiscus M. B a Casgstes P. H ;E Coenyra E a Delphi III. 0
Agathon 0'. E f Angites F. C a Arrhiana. H b Besh-Gelcnibeh L d Catarr/zactes F. F n Cogamus F. M f Deiphz‘m’ B. I]
Aggria Bay I e Angustiae G a Arsinae F m Beshika Bay H c Caucasa Pr. G f Colla H a Delphinium H
Aghi D. . I c Anigraea A g Artace L b Bosh Parma D. L g Caue L b Coloe Gygeea L. M e Demetrias A
Ag. Andreas 0'. H- i Anopolis D m Artaki L b Biandma ' A 1 Cayster F. K g Colonae H c' Demetrium A
Ag..Andrcus 1’. H i Antandrus I c Artaki]. L b Bibha D a CaystrIanus Campus K t 00101139 I b Demetrium F
Ag. Deka E m Anthana A h .Artemisia K g Biblus F. F h Caystrius S. I g Colonis C h Demirdjlkoi L
Ag. Deha ' F m Anthedon B f Artemisz'a 0'. . . E g Biennus C m Cebrene I c 0010mm 0. E g Demir Task L
Ag. Elias K a Anthela A e Artemisium B d pBiennus F m Cebrema‘ I c Colophon K f Denizlv? Gol K
Ag. Fotqfa E m Anthemus B a. Artemisium M. A g Bigha K b Cecryphalea B g Colyergia Pr. B h Denusa (}
Ag. Galenes B. E m Anthemus B b Artemonas E 1 Birgeh L f Cedriee M h ‘Combria B b Der-bend G
Ag. Galenes R. E m Arzthro I g Arm} _ F n Bisaltae C a Cedrlus M. E m Copae. B e Deris II
Ag: Georgios M b Anticyra A e Ascaiua F k Bisan‘the L a Celenderis B g Cepalis L. B f Derrhis Pr. D
Ag. Giorgios E i Anticyra A f Ascamae I. _I e Bistones I E a Cenaeum Pr. A e COPhus P. C c Despotilw F
Ag. Giorgios I e Antigonia H_c Ascapus E h Bistonis L. F a Cénchreee B g Cora'cae B d Deucalion A
Ag. G'iorgv'os 0. E a Antikeros G i Asclepleum ‘ L k Bitende K a_ Cenchreis B g Corassiae I g Dia 1)
A g. Kyrkos C m Antimachia K i Ascra B f Blabg Rocks F g Cenchnus F. K g Coresius Lacus D m Dia F
Ag. Marina D m Anta‘maykln' 0. K i Ashoga Nasiy M g Blissa acra E I} Ceos . D g Coressus D g Dia G
Ag. Nikola B m Antimalchz’a I i Asia . L h Bocae B 1 Cephalae Thasmn - G a Corinthiaous S. A f Dia H
Ag. Statlzis . ' E i A-ntz'rm'lo D i Asikono 0. E h Bodsha Ada G c Ceph3s1a C f Corinthus A g Dia 0. F
Ag. Thoma F m Antz'paros E h Asine A g Boeaticus S. A k Cephissus B f Corium D m Dia I. 0
Ag. Vasilios 0. B e Antipsara. G e Asium Pratum Miif Boebe A c Cephgssus C g Coronea A d— Dial. D
Agneum C l Antisara D a Askam' ' .F k Boebeis L. A c Cephissus F. B e Coronea A f Dia I. F
Agnontasp C d Antissa G d, Asklepio L k Boeotia A f Ceraitae F m Corsea B 9 Dia Pen. D
Agora’ I 8. Anti Tile L k Asopus A i Boz‘di E h Ceramlcus S. 'L 1 Corsiae A f Diabatoe L
Agria Grabusa C l Antron A e Asopus F. ' A g Boklu L g Ceramus . L h Corsiee H g Diabatae L
Agrrilussa G i Angdros I h Asopus F. C f Bolbe L. B a Cerata M. B f Corsicae 136- K h Diacria- . 'B
Aidz'n L g Apaesus I b Aspaneus I c Bolissus G f oCercaphus M. \ K f Corycoe 119- B l Diacria Chalcidensis C
Aidinfilc L b Apano Kupho G i Aspis B g Bos Dagh M f Ceroeteus M. I g Corycus Ins. H f Diagom'si F
Aitania F in , Apelauron M. A g Aspis I f Boto E a Cercinitls L. C a Corycus M. I f Dianae T. L
Aivalz‘ I d Aperopia. , B h Aspordenus M. K d Bottizea A a. Cercxnmm A d Corycus Pr. I f Dianae Proseoaa T. ~ B
Ajano ., I d Aphetae B d Aspordi K d Bottica ‘ B b Cerdyhum C a Corycus or Cimarus Diatonium F
Ajasma I d Aphidna C f Aspra I h Bow? . G h Cerea C m Pr.‘ C l Diciea F
Akbuk B. M h Aphnitis L. L b‘ Aspri I" H »d Branchidce K h Ceressus B f 0017113611111 Pr. H f Dictamnum C
Akhili P. E e Aphrodisias B i Aspro ’C d Brauron C g Cereus F. ' C e Coryne . H f Dicte M. G
Ak-hissar , L e Aphrodisias I a Aspro F h Breiercpal‘a F a Coma G 1 COryphantis I (1 Dictynna C

 

-' k / f
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-ii i ‘ COASTS AND ISLANDS OF THE AEGEAN SEA.~ ' . ‘ ' M..27.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Dictynnaeum C I Er'l'sos 0'. G d Gremea C'. H a Idaeus S. I c Kavallos Hm Latmus M. L .h Mam'sa K
Dictynnaeum Pr. 0 1 Eriston ‘ F g Gra‘lassa I h Ide I b Kavatch I a Lato G m Mamba D. K
Didyma Teiche L d Erithri I f Grium M. I. h Idrias M h Kavos Karavatas B m Lebadea A f , Marathon 0
Didymae F h Erythrae B f Grylius F. I d Iersz's I e Kawah L b Lebedus I f MarCaeum M. I-
Didymae H c Erythrae I f GryniumMyrinaeorumK e Ilei B h Kama I m Leben‘ E n Marathesium K
Didymi K ,h Erythraea H m Gairejz‘k K i 'Ilias M. H d Kedros I -g 'Lebinthus H i Marethusa , I
Didymi S. G In Erythraeum Pr. H n Gamish Maden K c Ilias M. H d Kefala 0'. E n Lechaeum A g Maria .3. E
Dikelikoi I d Erythras P. H f Gaselhz’ssar K e Ilissus G b Kelles M f Lectum Pr. H d Maritza /” 'H
Dikmen D. K b Eschatia E h Gyara E g Ilium novum H c Kemér K c Lefkes I e Marius A
Dill E h Esgatz' F k Gyaros E g Ilium vetus H c Kem'k L d Lefkom'si B e Marmara L
Dimastus M. F h Eski Ereklz' L a Gyges Pr. H b Imbrasus F. I g Kephalo U. D h Leina M h Marmara L
Dimirdji Dagh M d Eskl-Hissar M h Gymno I d Imbros G b Kephalo C. {E a Lelantus Campus C f . Marmara,,P. F
Dimitri 0. - D h Eskl Stamlml H c Gynuria A h Imbros G b Kephalo U. H b Lelantus F. O f Marmaras ‘ M
Dimitri P. D h Essas H d Gyros petrae E g Imbros I. G b Keramo~ .M h Leleges ~ H d Marmam' D
Dindymon M. L b Eteia H m Gyros via A g Inaohorium O m Keranda M M h Lemnos F b Mar’ma’ri 0'. D
Dine Fons A h Eteocarpathii K 1 Gyrton A c Inachus F. A g Keraton . F m Lsncophrys G c Marmarice C. M
Diomedis Stabulum F a Eteocretes H m Gytheum A i Inatus F m ’ Kerki I g Leon Pr. ' D f Marmarium D
Dionysiades 1"”- H m Eteonus B f . — Inatus F. F m Keros G i Leon Pr. D g arena _F
Dioshieron K f Etera v H m Indgelcoz' K c Keslcirialcon Pt. K 9. Leon Pr. E n. arona 0. ' G
Dioshieron M f Ete'reia E i Inopus F. F 11 Khadros C m Lepatalea L l aronea . F
Dirpho M. C e Etis B- k Hagnfis C f Iolcus ‘ ‘A d Khalapo O. ' C e Lepethymnus M. H d Marpessa M. F
Dirphis M. C 11 E113. A h Halae ZExonides C g Ionia I e Khalavm I h Lephtari Rock B d Marsyas F. L
Dirphys M. C e Euboea C e Halae Araphenides D g ‘Ionium Mare A f Kham’a D 1 Lepsia I h Martilos S. C
Dium A b Euboea V F c Halasarna K i Ios F i Kham‘a Bay C 1 Lerna A g Mases B
Dium A e Euboeae cava D f Halesius Campus H c Ipni B d Kharos Bank G c Leros . I h Masetis I. B
Dium C b Euboicum Mare B e Halcyone ' A e Jpsala H a Kharos P. F c Leros I. I h Massalia F. D
Dium F m Eude’ipna D d Haliacmon F. A a Ira H d Khadros M ‘- E m Leros I. . I ,h filassam'n M
Djova M h Eudemia Dr (1 Haliacmonis Ostium A b [acme 0. F 'c Klzella I h Lesbos G d Mastaur-a M
Doberus D a Eudon F. L g Haliartus B f Irene P. D h Khelidroam‘ C .d Lessa B g Mastavro M
-D0kboi L f Euenus F. K d Halicarnassus K h Iresia D d Kherso'nesos F m Lestadae F h. Mastiko 0. H
Dolionis L b Euhippia L e Halieis B h Irine ’ A h Khe'rsonesos C'. F m Lete . A a Mastiko P. . G
Domini/co C. I g Euporia C a Halimus C g Ismarum G a Kha‘na L il Lethaeus F. E m Mastusia M. K
Donusa G h Euripus O f Halisarna I d Ismarus L. G a. Khz'os G f Lethaeus F. K g .Mastusia Pr. H
Donysa G h Euripus Pyrrhaeus H d Halisarna K i Ismarus M. G 3.. Kill ’ D e Letoa I“?- E m .Matala E
Doridis S. L i Euromus L h Haliusa I. B h Isthmus I i Klliada C e Leuca 'A i Matala E
. Doris K i Europus A a Halone I f Istron Gym. Kilisseh-koi K e Leuca Litus ' K h Malapan 0'. A
Doriscus H a Eurymcnae - A c Halonnesus D d Istros K i Kilsali I f Leucae l e Matium F
Doriscus Campus H a Euthane K i Halonnesus H f 'Istros C’. L' 1 Kimiml F i ' Leucae campi 'A i Mam-o H
Dorium I f_- Euthia A d Halonnesus I a Itanus Opp. ‘ iHm Kimolo ' E i Leucae Ia D m Mamas 0. F
Dora 0. E f Eutresis _ B f Halus A d Itanus Pr. Hm Kinaro H. i Leucae I. H d Maximianopolis ' F
Dotius Campus A c Evroeokastron F h Hamaxitus H 'c Itonus A d Kln'l'ra. E a Leuce Acte D g Meoyberna B
Dracanum H g Evraokasfmn G i Hamaxitus- M i . Itshi I b Kipos Pt. G b Leucé Acte K a Mecybernaeus S. B
Dracanum Pr. H_ g Ewomz'tz’ 0'. F k Ham‘mam’ly L b Ixiae Opp. L l Kq'rlakz' I h Leuoe I. H n Meddro K
Dracon M. ‘L ‘f Harma C f Ixus Port. L 1 Klsamo C m Leuci Montes C m Medeon A
Draconon I. ',G .g Harmatus Pr. I 'e Kisamo B. C l Leuconia H f Medeon B.’
Dragonera B k Harpagia K b Kisil D. K 1' Leacophrys /- L g Mgalz' Dill F
Dragutima 0'. H a Falkonem C i Harpasa M g Kls'ilalsha D. L f Leuctra B f Megalo Kastron F
D'ralco G g Fassa 0. E g Harpasus F. M g Jalos M a Kltricmi E i Leucus F. A b 'Megalo-nlsi B
Dramla D m Fenga'ri G b Hatera A b J alysus M k Kodja Tshaz' K c Lem‘tha 11 i Megalo Potamo D
Drecanum Pr. I i Flora E n Hebrus F. Ha J ardanus F. C m .Kodslza D. L d Liadi H i Megar‘a B
Drepanae H i Fokz'a I e Hecates I. F h Jasicus S. L h Kokhila M. E e Libeia. E i Megaiis B
Drepaozo 0. D m Fontes Calidi K c Hecatonnesi- I d Jasus L h Kolembo M. F g Libethra A b Melaena K
Drepanum Pr. D m Fotia G In Helena D g Jenidere Tslzai M g Koloklthv‘a G In Lichades A e Melaena Pr. G
Dm’ma G i Frango I h Helicon A b Jeni Khom’a K a Kolymvothra P. F g Lida M. L h - Melaena Pr. . H
Drionysz'a ‘ F i Farm? I g Hellem'ka B e Jero Port H d Komi F g Lilaea A e Melaenae F
Dm‘os 0'. F 11 Helles 0'. H b Je'ronda K h Kondz'a P. F c LiMenoes E. a Melano L
Drios M. F 11' Hellespontus F a Jilan Kaless’i‘ L e Kondo 0’. E i Limiona L k Melanos Pr. L
Drippa I -a Hellespontus H b Jilan Kalessz' M f Kondara 0'. L k , Limnae . H b Melantii Scopuli G
Dropano I e Gadaro C' d Hellopia B e Joanm’ O’. G d Kophz'ao Ml. F 11 Laura B e Melas F. I
Drymzea A e Gaeson F. K g Hellopiae B 6 J os I. F i Kopra Kephalo G 111 Lindi Is. A k Melas Cardianus S. H
Drymu‘sa I e Gav’daro F h Helos A i Jom’ Sacer F m Koralca D 6 Linda 0'. M k Melasso L
Dryopes D f Gaidaro G n Helos H f Jovis T. L k Koraka‘ 0'. F h . Linda P. M k Meleksa M D
Drys G a Gaidaro I h Helos I g J ovis Milesii T. F h Kora/lei 0. I f Lindus~ M k Meles F. K
Dshuma D. L g Gaidaro K a Hephaestia . F c Jovis Soteris, Portus B i Kord'ion B. E g . Linus K b Meliboea 7A
.Dulopolis C In Gaz’daro 'K k Heptaporus F. K 0 Juan 0. ' G 111 Korom’ M. G h Lipaxus B b Melidoni E
Dymaa ‘H a Gallcll D. K d Heraclea A e Jaktas .M. F 111 Kos ‘ I, i Lz'pso I h Melissa M ~ H
Dysoron M. A a Gala G a Heraclea F i Julis D g Kosehk M g' Lisae, B b Melissurgis B
Dystos D f Galaica Regio G a Heraclea I (1 Jam D d Kosmo 0'. F g Lisia E n Melos ' I)
Dystus D f Galepsus 'C b Heraclea .‘ K 9. Jam E g Kotsuli E e Lissa. E n Melos I. D
Dys'vato E g Galepsus D a Heraclea - L a J usagora B m Kovella K h Lissen ‘ E n Membliaros G
Gallsse B. E ,h Heraclea ad Latmum L g Jyldyz M c Krambcmisz’ G i Lissus ‘C m Memnonia VlCIlS- L

- Gallesium K f Heraclea Sintica C a Km'o C m Lissus F. G a filemrad—kalej/i K

Gallicum A a. Heracleum ' A c Krio 0. C m Litlzam' 0'. E e 'Menas I

thedorus F. A a Gallipoli M i Heracleum' B g Eric 0. K i Lam H f Mende B
Echinus A e Gambreion L d Heracleum F m Kabakum I d Kritia H b Littinos 0. E ~ 11 Mendelia L
Edones C a Ganias K a Heracleus Stibos B a Kabanos 0. E g Krola'lo 0'. I i Locri A e ZVIen-de’re H
Edremid‘ K ‘c Ganoklzom K a Heraeum I g Kadqikoi I a Kryoskopo III. H d Locri Epicnemidii A e Méndeteros I
Edslzenu D. M g Ganos K a Heraeum L .a Kalalisros I h Ktemfa E i Loryma M i Mendam'a L
Eftanah G k Ganos M. K a Heraeum Pr.» A f Kalamos C m Kuclw' K i L08 1. B d Mem'men K
Egm'lar B. H f Ganus K 'a Heraklia F i Kalamutz' B. H f Kulali K a Lama M i Mermere L
Egriliman H e Gardamyly F a Hermaeum I b Kalerlcos H a Kulum) E e Ludias F. A a IlIe’rmere Gol M
Eion C a Gargara I c Hermaeum M. F c . Kalimno I i Kambas ' K a Ludias Palus A a Mermessus ~ I
Eiraka 0; C d Gargaris Opp. I c Hermaeum Pr. C m Kalipodz‘ or Plpem‘ E h Kama » D e Lutro 1’. D m Merminga G
Ev'ral P. C d Gargarus M. I c Hermeius S. I e Kalives I) m Kuml 0'. D e Lycastus F m _ Mermz‘ngla I" F
Elshinos 0'. F g Gaudos D n Hermi Campus K e Kallz‘a G a Kum-tshai M e Lyctus ' F m> Mersin P. _H
Elma. C 1 Gaurium 7 E g Hermione B h Kallomi H d Kunellz‘ K h Lycus F. L e Mesambxjia G
Elma. K e Gavrio’n P. E g Hermionicus S. B h Kallomi Port H d Kunapia H i Lydia‘ K d Mesapius F. ' D
Elzeus A g I Gazorus C a Hermo L i Kala Limm'ones E n’ Kunupia H i Lydi et Cares L g Mesam'a H.
Elmus H b Ge‘di‘s Tslzai K e} Hermus F. K e Kalolz'mno K h Kupho- B k Lykoryma D' d Mesate E
Elmus II f Gelos P. ' M i Hem'aolcastm D h Kalomero 0. F i Kaplzo Channel H n Lyrcea A g Mesate Pr. H
Elaeus M i Genesion A g Hiera F k Kalom' 0. H d Kuplzonisi H n Lyrnessus K 0/ Mesa B
Elmusa I. I \‘e Gerae I f Hiera- H d Kaloyer'i Rocks F f Kama D m Lysimachia I a Mesogis M. L.
Elaeussa M i Gerae Petrae F g Hiera s. Sphaeria I. C h Kama‘roes K b Kara Dagh I a Lytto F m .Messara B. E
Elaiticus S. I e Geraeidae R I f Hieracia C i Kamamfotissa F b Kusliulc Mendcre . L f Lyttus F m Jilessm’a R. E
Elaphon D f‘ Geraestus E g Hieracome M g Kamila H 1 Katala B. D h Mathana» B
Elapho-nisi B m Geraestus Pr. E g flierapctra va Kaudili III. B e Katm' . B l. Methone A
Elaphonnesus L b Gerania M. B f Hierapytna Gm Kam‘ Kastell . F m Kuvari M. E g Methone B
Elasa I. H m Gergitha ‘ I b Hierocaesarea L f Kantsz'll-iems. C 1 Ky'dom'a I (1 Macedonia A a Methurides B
Elatea A c Gergitha ad Fontes Hieron B g Kaphalar L g Kylclops 0. D h Macestus F. M c ' Methymna C
Elatea A 6' Caici L d Hieron M. K .a Kapota ‘ K h » Macestus F. M d Methymna H
Elatea ' I d Gergithium Lampsa- Hippi 133- H f Kapparl K i ' Macris' ' D g Metropolis K
Electra F. _. E m cenorum I b Hippocoronium D m Kapa Dagh L b Labranda L h Macris I f Micolitus G
Eleusa C g Gem'as 0. E g Hippolas B '1' Karabagla ~ K i Laoeria A d Madam Vozma C m Midea. A
Eleusae B g Germe L d Hipponesus L i. ‘ Karabogha K b Lacetei' Pr. . I i Madona _I i 111176711 PM E
Eleusinius S. B g Geronthrae A i Hippui'is G i Kara Duran H e Laconica A h Madam ‘ K d M'lc’ra Kammem' F
Eleusis ‘ C f Gerontia C d Histi Portus H g Kara D. I b Laconicus S. A i Madytus Hib Mikro D
Eleusis F k Gerontia D d Histi Pr. G g Karada L i Lade K g Maeander F. - L g III/[late ' G
Eleutherae B f Gethone I b. Histiaea B e Kara Dagh L e Lagina. M h Maeandrupolis K 'g 'Miletopolis' M
Eleutherna E m Ghaudo D n H'istizcotis B e Kara Dare L c Lagusa F. i Magams I a Miletopolitis L. L
Eleatlzema E m Glaaado Paulo C n Holmiae Pr. A f Kara Dere ‘ M b‘ Lagusae H c Magnesia A c Miletus G
Elias .M. G m Gigonis Pr. B b Homolium ~ A c Karagoldjz’k L d La/cz’da 0. D i Magnesia K e Miletus ' K
Elias M. L k Gigonus B b Hyampolis A e Kara/caja K f Lamia A e Magnesia L - g Miletus ad Euenum ’ K
EliXus F. D g Giorgios S.' C h Hyda M i Karakol K c Lamiae I e Magny 0. C 1 M'z'liano 0'. M
Ella I p d Glaphyrae A d Hydra 0. I e Karallcles Bay D f Lamon P. D m Mahmud D. L f 1911721; B
Elymnia. C d Glaxo D e Hydra Pr. I e Karama L h Lampa _D m Alaito H b' IlIz'lo D
Elyrus C m Glam E g - Hydramum D m Karaplalca H a , Lampaeorum Portus D m Makarom'a I d Mimas M. H
Emathia ~ D a Glaroboda ' F i Hydroa B h Karatepe 0'. I d Lamponia H d Malara I g Minervae T. C
Embaton H f _ flares 0. F i Hydrea I. ' .B h Karam‘ C i Lamponia I. H b Makra I m Minervae T. H
Em F m Glauce Port. K g Hydrusa 0 g Karam' Nisia H k Lampsacus I b Makrea- .G k ' Minoa B
Enipeus F. ' A b. Glauconosus ~ D f Hyetussa . K h Karavula L '1 Lampter Portus I e Makm' B k Minoa D
Enoe . B f Glisas B f Hyla M i Karammo D e Lamptra C g Makri " G a Minoa E
Eolympus K 1 Glympeis A h Hyllus'F. M e Karclak K h Lamart-koi I 6 Malawi 0. G a Minba G
Epaeria 0 -f Gnossus F m Hymettus M. G g Ka'rdamllz' H 9 La Nata F h Malm'teikos F m Minoa 1118. et Portus B
Ephesus K g Gonm L b Hypaepa L f Karde'ot/issa .F i Lapathus A c Makron’z‘si D g Minoa Lyttiorum G
Ephialtium Pr. K 1 Gom’ H f Hyperteloaton A i Karghadjik L h Lape Nape H d Malcros fligz‘alos K m Minpium Apteron D
Ephyra A h Gonnocondylon A c Hypocremnus I f Karla L k Laphion H d Malca Bay F m Mirabella Gulf ‘G
Ephyra D i Gawdiz , M e Hypsili I f Kartsimo C. E e Lappa D m Malea C. B k Miscella. C
Epidaurus B g Gordus K c Hypsili I f Kargjstos D f Lapsaki I b Malea Pr. B k .Misz‘rlcoi L
Epidaurus Limera B i Gordus M e Hypsirisma K i Kasikll L h Lardo 0. ‘ M k Malea Pr. I d- Mz'tyleni G
Epidelium Pr. B i Gortyna E m Hyrcanius Campus L e Kase‘kl'l B. th Larissa A e Malclca 0'. D l Mitys F. A
Era-3 7 I f Gortyna F m Hyria C f Kastallos F m Larissa H c Malene I d Mnasyrium L
‘ Eraklitza K a Goulas G m Hyromus L h. Kastelh' 0. E i Larissa. L f Malia F m flfm‘ma 0. A C
Erasistratius K g Goutlieroa 0. H n Hyrtacina .C m Kastra F c Larissa . L g Maliacus S. A e fllomdere L
Eielcli L’ a Grabusa C l Hysiae A g Kastm' E g Larissa Phriconis K e Malis A e Mokasura K
Eremopoli E m Grabasa E a Kastro D i Larissaeae l’etrae. I d Malkejz' R. K f Molivo H
Eremapoli II In Grabasa G i Kastro E i Laros 7 H i Mallona M k M0720 ' H
Eresus» G d Grammium Hm' Kastro F c Larymna Inf. B e Malfis K c Monodendri C'. K
Eretria A d Gramos H m I brijl 0'. H a Kastro G b Larymna Sup. B e Mandz'll E g Monolitlzi 0. L
Eretria C f Gmmsa D d Icaria H g Kastro H f Las A i Mandili 0'. ' . E g Mopsium A
Eretria vet-us C f Grannies Hm Icarium Mare G h Kastmn M k Lasaea E n Mandjulilc ‘ L c Mordala L
Ergasteria K c Grandm Bay Hm Icaros H g Katabasis O. I g Lasethc Mts. F m Mandrae L c JVIoslco . I
Em'mo Kastron M k Granicus . I c Icos C d Kato-Kuplzo G‘ i Lastus M. K 1 Mandropolis L c Mostene L
Erineus . A d Gr'anicus F. K b Ida M. E m Kata Pizano P. G f Lathiki 0. M k Manganarl C’. ,F i llIotkes ML H
.Em'm'a E e Granos Hm Ida M. I c ,Ka'uaki B. H f Latmicus S. K g Mamijas M c Madras F
Erisos G d Gradia C. H f Idacus H b .Kavalianl . I) f Latmus L g Mamfjas Gol L 'b Mudros B. F

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MAP 27- COASTS AND ISLANDS OF THE IEGIEAN SEA. “1
Muhalz'tsh M b Olympus I c Patmos I. I h Planedhi D d Rhenea F h Sigeum 'H c Tallaeus M. E
Murtzephlos 0’. F 0 Olympus M. H d Patmus I h Plam'ti F g Rhesus F,_ I b Sigia H c Tameloe 0. D
Musagorae I”- |C m Olympus M. K f Patroclu Charax 0 g Plataeae B f Rhizfls A c S1g1'1‘dj13 M b Tamanlar Dagh K
Masatsh L b Olynthiacus B b P611615 0. H a Platania C 1 Rhocca Q m Sign G d Tamynae D
Mutsama 0. G h Olynthus B b Pam'mada M k Platam‘a R. O m Rhodius F. H b Sign' O, G d Tanagra. 0
Mycalessus 0 f Omalo Plain C m Pam'madi D i Platanistus Pr. ' A k Rhodius F. ' K c Sig“: I G d Tanaus F. A
Mycate M. K g Omarkoi M. c Paximadi F m Platea D e Bhodavaml' 'C m Sigrium P1. G d Tantalis L
Mycenae A g Omphalius Campus F m Pax1'mad1' 0. D g . Plateae I. C g Rhodus M k Sigrius P G d Ta Palatia K
Mychus A f Onchesmus F. A c Paximadia Is. E n Plateae 138- H l Rhodus M k Signs F. H b Taranda L
MyConos F h Onchestus B I Pedasa. K h Plateae Trcs I e Rhoeteum H 0 81711110 F i Tarphe A
Myconus ' F h Onia M. A g Pedasa. L h Platia 0 g .Rhokka C 111 81711110 I. F i Tarrha O
Mygdonia A a Ononisia Hm Pedasis . L h Platy E e Rhom’aes B 6 8111111 M a. Tarsius F. L
Mykm‘ F h Onos ‘ B e ’Pedasus H c Platy ' I e Rhypara. K g Simoeis F. H’ c Tatarly L
Mylae If? B‘m Onos C i Pedasus L h Platys a1'gz'alos B E i Rhytium . F m Sihdus A a Tauriana. ~A
Mylantlum Pr- L k Onugnathos Pen. A k Pedion M k Pleae A i Rithymna D m Sinekdshilar D. L g Tavates H
M31333 - L h Ophidi B k Pegae B f Pod1' Backs“ E e Rithymnus '” D m Singiticus S. C b Tay getus M. A
My 10 B m Ophiussa K a. Pegamtsa' I h Poecflassus C m Rodosto L a Singus C b Tegyia A
Mylop‘otamo Gas. E m Ophrynium H b Pegaseia Palus K f Poeéessa D g Ratass F m Sinthus A a Teichiussa K
Myndus K #Opuntii B e Pekmezly K b Poeessa D g Rumbodona. E a, Sinti B a. Teiorum Opp, _ I
Myonnesus A Opuntius S. B e Pelago C d Poemanenus L b 1111111511: 0 m Sinus A a Teke Derbend G
Myonnesus Opp. I Opus B e Pele I f Polic’es D g Siordi 072 Pond1'ko- Tekir 0. K
Myonnesus Prom. I f Opus Pr. A f Pelecas M. . L d Polichne D m 11131“ B l T€ICiT Dagh I
Myree ' A c ‘Orak , L i Peleki P. B e Polichne I f Sabatium A b Siphoe B f T4111 Dagh K
Myrcinus C a. Orchomenus A e Pelia. B d Polichne K c Sab1’b P. I e Siphano E i Telando I
Mylina. F c Ordymnus M. G d Pelinnaeum M. G e Pol-ichnitis H d Saii sive Sapaei D a. Siphnos E i Telandms I
Myrina K e 0re1' B \e .Pelion M. B, c ‘Pol1'n_ K m Sailejik M K d Siphnos I. E i Telendos I
Myriophytos K a. Oreus B e Pelium . K i Polino Polybos E i Sak1's M. M h Sipylus L e Telethrium M. B
Myrmeces I. I e Orgas Regio I 0 Pella. A a. Pol1's D m Salamis B g Sipylus M. K e Telos K“
Myrmex Bupes B d Orikhova H a. Pellene A f Polium H d Salamis G g S1'1‘1'11a I k Telos I. K
Myrrhicus H c Orisius M b Pelopia L e Polyaegos D 11 Sale G a. Siris C a. Temem‘a K
Myrto I. E g Ormenium 'A d Pelopis Insulae B g Polyaegos E i Salganeus O f Siro Paeones C a Temnus I
Myltoum Mare B i Ormenium A d Pelfis I. H f Poly/candro E i Salmone Pr. 'H m Sithonia, C b Temnus M. M
Mysia I d Orneae A g Peneus F. A c Polymedium H d Salmonium Hm ’ Sitia B. H m Tempe A,
Mysia K c Orobiae B e Pennane C a. Polypodusa L i Saminthus A g Skala Nova K Tempyra. G
Mysius F. L d Oromedon M. K i Pentademitae K d Polyporus F. K b Samiorum ' K g Skamnia H g Tenedos H
Mytilenaeorum I d Oropus O f Peparethos C d Polypud1 R. G ‘b Sammonium Hm Skamn'ia M b Tenedos I. G
Mytilene I d Ortadja , M g Peparethus C d Polyrrhenia C m Samonius Campus H c S/camnia 0. H d Tenos E
Myus K g Orta/co1‘ G a. Pera F i Pond1iko111‘s1' _ B d Samopulo I g Skandili . D d Tenos F

Orthagoria. F a~ Percea Bhodia . M i PondikO-nisi 01‘ Siord’i B 1 Samos I g Skantzara D d Teas I
Orthagoria. G a. ,Pereeum A f Pont1'k11tha H i Samos . I g Skarpanto K 1 Tereia M. I
Orthosia. M g Percote . I b Pontinus M. A g Samothrace ’ G b 87171111113801 G. i Teren F. F
Nacrasa. , L- d Osmida.’ 'D m Pergamiae Regionis C l Pardoselene I d Samothrace .G b Skiat/zo B d Termera K
Nacrasus L d Ossa M. A c Pergamus C l Porett-i B -l* Samothracum G a Sklavapala C m Termerium Pr. K
Nariandus K i Otessakde're - K a. Pergamus D a, P0110. B 4: Samothraki G b Skopelo C -d 'Tethrin F. F
Narthacium A d Othrys M. A d Peigamus K 11 P011 B 1 ‘Samsun D. K g Skapelo I. C d Teumessus B
Narthecis K g Ouoreo-Kalessi I f PeIin’chus 1 L a. Para B. G In Samas M i Skop'ia F c Teuthrania K
Naryx B e 0120 B k Pe1'1'stas1‘ K a. Porsulae F a. Sandaleon H d Skylonisi G h Teuthrania K
Nasly M g 0120 G 1 Peristera G a Por‘phmus D f’ Sandama B. K h Skyropulo ° D e Teuthrone A
Nauplia. A g Oxia I. E n Peristem' . D d Posidium K 1 Sandarlflc I e Slag/1'03 E e Teutlussa L
Naussa P. F h Pema E a. Pos1d1um Pr. B c Sane B b Skyros I . E ~ 9 Thasiorum Ditio‘ D
Naustathmus Portus I e Perperene I d Posidium P '. B d Sane O b Smila ‘ B b Thasiorum Oppidum G
VNaut'ilos B l Pactolus F. M e Petal1' D g Posidium Pr. ,0 a. San Nikola A d Sminthia. K b Thaskol1'0.F
Naxia L h Pactyas M. K g Petaliee D g Posidium Pr. H f S. Nikola F g Sminthium H c. Thaso Pala E
Naxos ' F h Pactye I a Petalida B m Posidiu'm Pr“ K g S. N1kolo P. B k Smyrna Nova K f Thasos E
Naxos I. G h Peeon H b Petasa K h Posidium Pr. K h S. Nikola P. D g Smyrna Vetus K' f Thasos E
Nawas G "h Peeones C a, Peteon B f P0s1d1um Pr. M i S. Paul P. . K g Smyrnaeus S. I e Thasos I. E
Naxus G 111 Paeonica C b Petra C. K i Pas1'11 K 1 Santom'n G k Safrcma Nis1a H k Thaumacia. B
Neae A e Paeonium E g Petraes P. D f Potamia E a. Saoce M. G b Sakastron K 1 Thebae A
Neee - E c Paesus’ I. b Petras H d Potamia I f‘ Sapaei sive Saii D a, Soma L d Thebae B
Neandria - H c ' Paesus F. ' I b Petras I. . I e Pothereus F. F m Saphomidi I i Sosandra I. . F m- Thebe Hypoplacia. K
Neapolis Datenorum D a- Paeti ’ H 9. Petra Karam: H' h Potldaea. . B_b Sapra Palus I c' Sotewi 0'. F c _ Thebaites F. ‘ L
Neapolis olim Ephe- . Pagasae A ,d Petrolcho'ri H d Practius F. I b Sarada - M i 8010 0. F c Thedoro I. C
siorum = TK‘g -Pa-gaseticusS. A d _Phabra I. G g PreeSIIs Hm Saraki I h Spada 0. 'C 1 Themina H
~ Neapolis Mendaeorum C b Pagu's M. K f Phacussa G i Pramnus M. H g Sarakim’koio. C e Spalathra. B d Thenae F
Neb1‘k013 M h Pakhia . i K i Phaestus E m Pra's _ A d Sara/11110 E ‘e Spalmatom' H e Theodosiopolis I
Nebris L b Palaemyndus K h Phagres C a. Prasiae A' h Sardene M. I e Spano D g Theologo E
Neleus F. B e Palaemyndus K i Phalara A e Prasxae D g Sardes M f Spanopulos'Orgia 0. I) g Theologos M
Nemea F. ' A g Palwokastron C m Phalarus M i Prasias L. C a Sardianus Campus L e Sparta A h Thera G
Nunas - _ L i Palaeokastron ‘ F m Phalasarna 'B 1 Praso111's1' B m Sare G a Spartolus B b Thera I. G
Neonteichos K a. Paloeokhora E a. Phalasia Pr. B e Prasom'si F h Saria K 1 Spatizi 0. B k Therasia F
Neonteichos K e Palwo-Z'iman H g Phalesz'na G a. Prasom'si C. L ‘ 1 Saria I. K '1 Sperchius F. A e The/rasia F
Neptuni T. A k Palaeonisi K i‘ Phanee P. ‘ G f Prasam's’ia F g Sam'a I. K 1 Spheeria s. Hiera I. C h Therma A
Nera' I i Palwopoh's E g Phanae Pr. H f Prasso F . 11 Sam’ Kemareh K g_ Spiraeum Pr. B g Therma II
Neriphus I i Palwopolis F c Phanaous M. G f Prassado D e Sam'koi L b Sporades H h Thermae B
Neris' A h Paleeopalis G b Phanam' H g Pmssus Hm Saran B h "Stagira G a. Thermae D
Nero K h Palaepercote I b Phanam! 0'. H g Prasura G i Saronicus S. B g Stagirus . C a Thermae G
Neshan ' I a Palaescepsis K c Pharae 0‘ f Praya O'. H g Sarpedon Pr. H a Sta/viola I l_ Thermae I
Nesopa G d Paloma . I f Pharis A h Prepesinthos E h Sart M f Stampalia H i Thermae I
Nessonis L. A. c Palasa Kammem' F k Pharmacussa. K h Prepesinthos F i Sarta D b Stampalia B. K i Thelmae K
Nestus F. E a. Palatia K g Pharmalco K h Priansus F 11 SatnioeiS'F. H c Staphylos B. C d Theimae Agamem-
Nicaea . , A e' Pal1' 0. H f Pherae ‘ A d Priapus- K b Scamander H c Stapodia G g nonis K f
Nicasia G i Palinurus K g Phidussa G i Priene K g Seamander ’ I c Stavro B h Thermaicus S. A b
N1'eh ' H c Pallene B b Phila. A c Priiios Via. A g Scandaiia Pr. K i Stavros 0. E 'm Tim-1111a . 1 I) 11
N17 Dagh K f Pallene . C g Philagra 0. D f Prion M. K i Scandeia B Ii Stavros 0'. F» c Thermopylae A e
Nif R. L e Panados K a. Philippi D a. Probalinthus O f Seandile D d Stavros 0. G h Thespiae B f
Niger 0. G b Panaghia E a. Philippa 0. E h Proconnesus L ”a. Scapsa B b Stelae F m Thessalia , A e
Nikam'a. H g Pa11ag1‘a K h Phiml M i Proconnesus I. L a. Scapte Hyle D a Stelia 0. H b Thessalonice A a.
Nikola G In Panagia L a. Phlium Pr“ H f Nova Proconnesus L a. Scarpheia. A e Steno Pass. _F g Thetidium A d
Nikola C. E g Panagia P. B k Phlius A g Vetus Preconnesus L b Scepsis K c Stentoris L. H a Thia F k
Nikola 0'. G e Pandiko K f Phocae B f Propontis L a. Schedia M k Stephana P. D h Thisbe A f
Nikuria G ,i Pandion M i Phocae I. B i Prospalta. G g Schinusa A f Sternes D l Thoantium Pr. K 111
N10. F i Pandros F i Phocaea. I e Protesilaium H b Schinussa G i Stiiia D g Thoantium Pr. L 1;
N10 I. F i Panermo 0. G i Phoceea. K g Prythraea H f Schoenus B 3 Stiris A f Thorax M. K g
Niobae simulacrum K e Panermos C d Phocis A e Psacum Pr. C l Schoenus S. M i Stomalimne K i Thoricus D g
N1'p111'1' 1- L k Panermos L i Phoebe K a. Psal1' 0'. D i Sciathus B d Strati E d Thornax M. B h
Niswa B g Pangaeon M. D a Phoenicus D m Psamathus A k Sciathus I. B d Stratonicea. . C b Thracia E a
Nisero K i Panhellenium 0' g Phoenicus P. . B k Psammite . F h Scione O c Stratonicea M h Thracium Mare C d
Nisyros I h Panionium K g Phoenicus P. I f Psaphis , O f Scironiae Petrae B g Strenuso D 1 @pdlms, 1d @111? B b
Nisyros I. K i Panis Pr. L k Phae1117k1'11 K 1 ‘ Psara G e Scolus B b Stm'messos Q. E g Thrambus C c
Nisyros K i Panium K a. Phoenix 1) m Psarapuh' Part B e Scopelos C d Stroagyle - G h Thrambus Pr. 0 c
Nisyrns » K 1 Pannona. F in Phoenix Mons. M i‘ Psath'ura D d Scotussa A d Strowgylo E i Thriasius C. O f
Noa Kammem F .k Panon . F 111 Phoenix Opp. M i. Pserimo K i Scylia G h Strongylo L k Thronium A e
‘ Nop1'a C m ' Panopeus A f Pholegandros E i Ps1'lo'r1't13 M E m Scyllzeum Pr. B h Stryme G a. Thronos E m
Notium G f Pammo F h Phol'egandros I. E .i Psipha' B h Scyllaeum Pr. 0 h Stiymon F. B a Thyatira , L e
Notium K g Panarmo L b Phom‘as B. ~ G b Psychium E m Scyros E e Stry manicus S. C a Thybarna ' L f
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Nymbaeum B k ‘Panormus C b Phiygia ad Hellespon- Psyra B 1 Sebastopolis K e Stura D f Thymbrius F. H c
Nympheeum D b .. Panormus C d tum I c Psyra. G e Selachusa B g Stura . D f Thyrea A h
Nymphaeum E i ‘ Panormus E m Phrygius F. L e Psyra G In Selina O m Stymphalus A g Thyreaticus S. A h
Nymphaeum K f Panormus F h Phthiotis _' A d Psyra I. . G e Selinus . C d Sada B. D m Thyssus D b
Nymphaeum Pr. D b Panormus 'G i Phthiron M. L h Psyttaleia C . g SelinuS‘F; K d Sada 0. D l T1ga1113 C 1
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Nysa. M g Panormus I g Phylace A d Pteleon I a. Selinusia Palus K g Suia ‘C m T1'lo K k
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_ Panormus L b Phyrites F. K f Pui‘eia’P‘: E e _ Selymbria M a. Sulia E m. Tiristasis K a
03. 0 g Panormus Mileti K h Physcus M i Pamea B. F c Sepia B d Sultan II1'ssa1‘ M g Tiryns A g
Oaxus E m Pantomatrium E m Physcus P. ,M k Pycnus F. D 1 Sepias Acte ‘ B d Saltam’eh H b Tisaeum M. B d
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Odomanti B a Papasly L e Pieres C a Pygela. K g Seriphos E h Sunium Pr. F h Titanus F. et Opp. I’ e
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Oea. G k Parapotamii . A 6 Pilorus C b Pyracus P. B g Sermyle C b Susu J71111la/c 73710. M b Tithronium A e
Oea M k Paridium Opp. M i Pindasu‘s M. L d Pyramia A h' Sermylicus S. C b Suolo 0'. H b Tityrus M. C _ 1
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0111011111 0. I) e Parthmn' I h I1thu B d . Sida B f Syiacellee I a Tragiae I g
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Trit_ea. A e Tuzla R. H c Usundsha D. L d Vm’o Kastro F b Yalejik H c Zeitz‘m P. I g Zurafa Rock G b
Triton F. F m Tylisso F m Utch Kouc‘lzeh I ' e Vrmm' P. I f Yali K ‘i Zeleia. ‘ L b Zygactes F. -A D a.

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Mn 29. ASIA MINO
N eocaesarea N c Panias L k Polichne B e Salandona M f Sidon . L k Tchalz‘ 7mm F b Triopium Pr. 0
Neon teichos G c Panionium O f Polybotus G e Salbacus M. E f Sidyma . E ' g .Tchaikoi F d Tripoli 0
N eonteiehos C e Panis Pr. 0 g Polymedium A d Salemijeh N i Siganes F. R a Tchaltyk G e Tripolis D
Nephelium H g Panium. M. L g Polypodusa 0 g Salihz'jeh Q i Siganeum R. a Tchamlybel D. M d Tripolis L
Nesiazusa. acra . H g Panormus' O f Pompeiopolis K b_ Salisfodinae K c Sigeum A d Tchar Sn H c Tripolis O
Nesiazusa acra I_ g Panormus O f Pompeiopolis K g ‘Salmalassus Q d Sigia B d Tchavdyrhz’ssar E d Troas A
Nesulium Port. I g Panormus D c Pontus E b Salmydessus D b Sigrium Pr. A d Tchebat O f Troas B
New shehr ' K e Pantichium E c Pontus L d Salon regio G c Sikava R d Tcheflcesk H c Trocmi I
Nezala N i Paphlagonia 'H b Pordanis F. R b Sama. 0 e Silandus E e Tclzye’rmyk P e Trogilium Pr. B
Nioaea. E c Papira. H d Pordonnium O f Sama 0 e Silbium F e Tchz'deh I b Trushas‘ O
Nicephorium P h Pappa - H f Porphyyeon \ L k Sammachus Q f Silivri ,D b Tchila D. G c Tshangankoi K
Nicephorius F. R e Paradisus campus , M i Porpumca F c Sammonium Pr. B h Simau E d Tchinar D f Tshardak E
Nicomedia. F c Parapotamia P h. Posidium C h Samofiius Campus B d Simaw Su D d Tchz'wa O. M b Tsheshme Oz’nou O
Nicopolis M g Pardosena. L d Posidium G b Samos B f Simus M d Tchorlu C b Tshouruk R. G
Nicopolis 0 c Pargais L g Posidium L h Samos D g Simyra L i ‘Tchorok Q b Tudja 13
Nicosia I h Parium C c Pos1dium Pr. 0 f Samos I. B f Sinaus E d Tcizoru'm K c Tuludja E
Nqiksar‘ N c Parlais I f Posidium Pr. D c Samosata O f Sinda E f Tearos F.- O b Tunuz M
Niopolq; . I b . Parnassus I e Posidium Pr. D g Samsat O f Sindjar R g Teckes Mt. P c Twrchal M
Nisibi Q g Parorios G e Pomdium Pr. I g Samsun M b 'Sinekli 0 e Tectosages H c Tureh R. N
Nisibis Q g Parthenium H b Posidium Pr. L h Samusha R g Sinerva 0 d Tefenu E f Tusia K
Nisyros B g Parthenius F. H b Pomdonia L h Sanomn'lly N f Singa N f Teichiussa O f « Tuslu R
Nisyros , B h Paryadres M. N c Possidi 0'. L h: Sandaraca G b Singae Pons N f Tek Dagh R d Tuz Gal 1
Nitazis I e Pasanda. D g Potami K b Sanduklu F e Singara R g Tekeh O b Tyana K
Nochutly 0' e Pasieria. L h Potamfia G f Sandukly F e Singas F. N f Tekich Halap K c Tyanitis K
Nogrus F, B. a. Pasin Ams R d Potamla. H c Sangarii Fons G 9 Sim} Bel-i P d Tela P f Tymnias Sin. 0
Nosalene 0 e Passala O, f Poti R a Sangariusi H 'd Siniscolon 0 e - Telek P e Tymnus D
Notium O f Passanda '0 d Practius F. B c Sangarius F. F c Sinispora L e Telendos B 'f Tyndaridae G
Numenium H i Patara E g Praetorium 1M f Sangarius F. G d Sinnason K e Tell Gauran P f Tyriaeum H
'Nurhah D. N f Patara P c Praenetus E c Sanni ' P c Sinn haar D. H g Tell Kaukab Q g Tyrodiza C
Nymphaeum "0 e Patmos B f Pr}apus O c Saonautes F. G b Sinope L b Telmelissus M h Tyrrha. C
Nymphaeum G b Pavrely N f Pnene O f Saramene L b Sinoria 0 d Telmissus E g Tyrus L
Nymphaeum L g Pedalium Pr. D g Proconnesus O c Saran Su M 9 Sim!) L b T9103 0 g Tzurulum C
Nymphius Q f Pedalium Pr. K i Pronectus E c Saravene K d Slpylus M. C e Tembrogius F. H c
Nysa. O f Pedasus B d Propontls O c Sardeba. Q f Sirgqh E e Temb'ros I h
Nysa. I e Pedasus 0- f Prote D c Sardes D e Slums M e Tembrus I h
Pediaeus I h Prusa ad Olympum E c Sarepta. L k Sirwe P d Temnus C e Udan Uzen L
.Pednelissus G f Prusias E c Sarfcmd K k Sisai‘a R f Temnus M. D d Ufm P
Pegae I h Prus1as ad Hypium G e Sargarausene M d SlSplI‘itiS Q C Tenedos 1. A d Ujak K
Obicena I e Pegella. K f Prymnessus F d Saria B h Siva K d Tenedus F g Ulu Kerembch I
Obruklu I e Peium G d Prytanis F. B. b Sam'kav E f Sivm' Hissar G d Teos B e Ulu Su ' I
Ocoaraba N h Pelecas M. 0 d . P811151 F. ~ E c Sam's » M e Situas M d Tephrice 0 (1 et— Umk M
Ocheraenus K b Peltae E e PSJJJS F. ' G b Sarisat 0 g Slzara M h Teafldjan Q d Um‘eh N
Ochrae . L d P eltinus campus E e Psychros F. Q o Sa/rkan R. I g Sizopoh'. D a Ter/meh N b Urania. K
Ocorura M i Peraea 1) g Psylla G b Sarmalia, I d Sminthlum A d Termeh R. M c Urima N
Octacuscum n N f ' Perasimon H d Ptengaris L c Sarmusakly , L e Smyrna C e Termera 0 g Uriudia E
Odoga K d Percote B c Ptena _ K c Saros O h Smyrna vetus C e Termessus F f Uscadama B
' Odrysae A b Perdiciae D g Ptolemals G g Sarpedon Pr. A c Smyrnaeus S. B e Terms K g Ushak E
Odrysae D c Pergamum C d Pulemun R. N c Sarpedon Pr. K g Soanda K d Tetms F: I i Uskub G
0.1137593 F, D c Perge F f Pumlc Su F d Sart D e Soandus K e Tetrapohs E f Utah Agatch L
Oeneandus M f Penn‘bhus C c Pydna E g Saruenae K (1 30013111 E' f Tetrapyrgia I g Utah Ajak K
Oenoanda E g Perre 0 f Pygela. O‘ f Samg 0 g Sogad F d Tetrapyrgia K e Uzena. L
Oenoe B f Pershembe O b Pym 0. I i Sarus F. L .f 301} H h Teuthrania C d
Oenoe N b Perta' I e Pylae E 0 Same F. M e 3011 . K g Thadmor 0. i
Oenussae B e Pessinus G d Pylae P C San, F d Solonemca Q o Thalbasaris R' f
015““:th N h Petra > , R b Pylae Armeniae P f Sary G c Solyma M. F g Thamaudi Q f Valcaton G
Olba . - I g Phadisana * N b Pylae Qiliciae K f Sarykawa 1). K b Sam 0 d ‘Thapsacus 0 h Varsapa M
Olbasa F f Phaenus M k Pyrann Caput K ‘g Saryla'r 8% G d Somena E g Tharse O f Venasa K
Olbia F c Phaliga Q h Pyramus F. L f Sasima K e S0phene 0 e Thatesum F c ~Veneriss T. K
01bia F g Phanae P. A e Pyrgos I f Saspires Q o Sophon L. F 0 Theleda N h Venues R. Q
Olbianus S. D c Phanaroea M c Pyrnus E g Satala P c Soroba' L e Themiscyra M b Vereusum P
Oleoberda 0 d Pharmacia D b Pyrrha B d Satnioeis F. B d Sorpara L 6 33116111180313: M b Vetissus H
OlgaSSys M. K b Pharmacussa. O f Pyrrha O f Satrachus F. H h 3075 . R e Themisomum E f Vindia H
Olobunar . G e Pharmatenus F. O c Pyrljha Pr. B (1 Sam M d SOZOPOLS D a Theodosmpolis Q g Virasia H
Oloetodariza ' 0 d Pharnacia _ 0 c Pyxirates F. Q d Savatra I e Speluncae N c Theodosiopolis R d Vitseh Q
0m R c Phaselis F g Pymtes E Q b Samuel M g Stabulum M c Therma K d Vlask N
. (”WWW F f Phasiana R d ‘ Sbida ' I g Stamema_ 0 b Thermae B d Vona 0. O
Oluk I g Phasis R a Scala Tyriorum K k Starad G 0 Thermae C e
Olya I g Phasis F. IR 3. . Scamander B d Stephane K b Thermae L c
Olympene D d Phasis F. R d Rafineh M h Scanatus M d Stephano K b Thermodon F. M 0
Olympus F g Phazemon L c Rakka P h Scepsis (j d Stlphan'e L. M c Theuprosopon Pr. L i Wady Hillah 0
Olympus M, C e Phazemonitis L c ._ Raphanaea. M h S0021“ K e‘ Sbratomcea D f Thla P c Wady Haumn R
Olympus M. G c Phellus E g Ras M i Scopas F. G c SW S“ 1 11 T1110? 0 g Wady Mellaha 0
Olympus M. I i Pherendis Q 6 RM el Abiad K k Scope E g Sulezmanly E e Thlllada Mirrada P h Wady Sawan Q
Olympus M. K. h Phiara M 0 Rue el um . P g Scopulus I, L a bultan Dagh G e ThoantiumlPr. G g Wesir K01)“; L
Olympus Mysius E c Phigamfis F_ N b Ras el Klzanzir L g Scorobas M, 'G c Sumakussa D. I g Thoanfilum Pr. 0 h Winaur R
Onchae M 9; Philadelphia D 9 Bus el Nakurah K k Scydises M. Q 0 Sumanly Dag/z, E o Thoarls F. F d Wimnshehr M
Ophifis F. Q o Philia D b Ras el She/cab K i ‘Scythini Q o Sumra L 1 Thoaris F. N b Wimnslzrehr N
Ophiusa. C c Philias Pr. D b R03 Kanziri L h Sebaste E 9 SW K k Thrac1a A b Wimnsher H
Ophlimus M. L c , Philiatinus L. D b Rees. M i Sebaste K g Sura L g Tllreméfllusia I h Wz’sa O
Ophrynium B c Philz'os R. H b R9813 N g Sebastia. M d Sura 0 h Threnuthus I h
~Orcistus G d Philocalia O b 3830f“ 0 h Sebastopolis D f ,bWth 0 e Throm I h
Ordek O f Philomeliun; ”G e Resama P g Sebastopolis M 0 SW 16" O h ThI‘OIIi Pr. K i
Oren E g Philyreis I. O b Rempha- 0 h Sedissa P 0 WWW . 0 g Thurae N g Xanthus E
Oren D. H ’ c Phinea D b Restan M i Sedjak F d Surmeneh Q e Thyatira. C- e Xanthus F.. E
Oren Uzen L d Phoceae B e Rhaedestus C c Seideh K 1; Susan D. R e Thybarna G e Xenagorae I. E
Orestias B b Phoebe ‘C c Rheba E b Seidi Ghazi’ F d Susurmaena Q o 'l‘hymaena I b Ximene K‘
Oriza, O h Phaecaea, O f Rhebas F. E b Seidjar 1“ h buw Q. f Thymbrium G e Xyline R
Orminius M. G c Phoenicia L k Rhegma K g Seihzm L f Sycae 1 g 'l'hyni O b
Ornithon polis K k Phoenicium Mare K k Rhsasus F. B 0 Selefkeh I g We‘ll?” H g Thym E c
Oroanda G f Phoenicfis P. B f RhEZfiS Q b Selendi E 6 by 11mm G f 'l‘hynias 1- F b
Orontes Fons M i Phoenicus P. E g Rhlzfis F. Q o Seleucia G g Syme U 8 Thynias Pr. D b Yasun 0- 0
Orontes F. L g Phoenix D g Rhodia ' D g Seleucia O f Synnada E e Tibareni N 0 Y 6111' Schehr E
Orrhoe P f Phrurium Pr. H i RhOdlaPOhS E g Seleucia ad Belum M h ‘ Synnaus E d Tigranocerta R e
Orsologiacum I d Phrygia ' E f RhOde E. B c Seleucia Pieria L g Syracellae B 0 T131151 P e
Orthosia D f Phrygia Epictetos E 6. 311011115 D g Seleucia Sidera F f SITE , M k TIgrgs F. R e
Orthosia L i Phrygius F. C e 311011113 L D g Seleucia Tracheotis I g Syrha. Superlor M g T1gr1s F. R f Zagatis E Q
, Ortu O b Phuphena N d Rhodussa. D g Seleucis L g Syriae Portae M g Til N e Zagorum L
Oruba ' P h Phusipara 0 e Rhoe F b Selge G f Syrlas K 34. Timleh I b Zaitha Q
Orymagdus F. . H g Physcus D g Rhoeteum B d Selmdi G g 33/”? G 1 Timolaium I b Zalecus F. L
Osdara N e Pictanus .. M g Rhoge E g Selinitis H g Syrmdes B g Timomtis H c Zama l
Osiana K e Pida M c Rhosicus Scopulus L g Selinus H g Syrnos B g Timonium H o Zama R
Osroene O f Pidias I h Rhosus L g Selinus F, C d Tim's ZVIcmden H f Zangibar Kale H
Ostudizus ~ B b Pieria. L g Rhymana H g Selke Su‘ D d Tiristasis G c Zanserium R
Otrea. H b Pimolisa. ' L c Rhyndacus F. D c Selymbria D b T111111 H b Zara N
02mm Yaila C d "Pimolisene K (3 Rhyndacus F. D d Selyr I f Tabae D f Tlos E g Zara N
Oxia. D c Pinarus F. M g Rhyndacus F- E d Semiramidis Canalis P h. ’I‘abala. D e T111011” M- O 9 Zarpana I
Omaha R. G b Pindasus M. C (1 111.07% R a Serachus F. H h Tabus' 1’ h Tochma Sw N e Zeede I
Oxinas F. G b Piran Q 9 Riva. E b Seramisa M c Tadjir H d Tokat M c Zefiro O
Ozzala. I e ' Pimas E g Riva R. E b .Serastere 0 e Tadurga N d ’i‘olitobogii G d Zefiro 0. O
', Pisidia, F f Rodosto C c Seresek L e Taiyibeh 0 h Tolosochorium G e ‘Zeilan O
Pisidia Phrygiae F f Ropisa D g ‘Sem'ah N h Tattach 0 1 Tomba K d Zez'weh I
Pacha D. I d Pisilis D 3 Band L i Seriana N h Tamasz'a l 1 Tomisa 0 e Z919, L
.chhma/ctshz' K f Pismz'sh F d Rumkala N f Sermusa K d Tamassus I h Tomna Q o Zelea U
Pactye B c Pisonos . 0 e Buscopus F g Serrhae N g 'i‘amyrae F. L k Tonosa M d Zeleby P
Padolus F. D- e Pisurgia I g Rush D. K c Sesamus H. b Tanadans ' M e - Tonzus F. B b Zelitis L
Paesus B c Pitane ' B e Sestus B c Tam'r. M e TOPaSS K d Zenobia 1’
Paeti B b Pitharidi H i Sewasly E e Taocln R 0 Torbaly F c Zenocopis P
Pagrae M g Pitya C c Sewerelc H e Tapura Q {3 Tortosa M i Zephyrium K
Pagrum N e Pityodes D c Saba V 0 (1 es- Sham M k T 0070051748. L 1 Tossokoi F c Zephyrium U
Pagus M. B e Pityussa I. I g Saba R k Sharmaghi Su N c Taraunltis Q 8 Tozomly S» N c Zephyrium Pr. H
Palaea I g Biurkh O c Sabcha N h Shims P e ‘Tardequla L 1' Trachonitis M k Zephyrium Pr. I
Palaea. I i Placia D c Sacoena L d Slmgr M h Tarlub‘u L d Tracia K 1' Zephyrium Pr. K
Palaeapolis I h Places M. 0 d Sadacara ' L ‘e Siae Q f Tarmla 1) 1' Tragasae B d Zephyrium Pr. 0
Palaepaphos H i Platoma P b Sadag Q o Sibbz‘li P f Tarsms F. . C d Trajanopolis B b Zeugma N
Palaetyrus L k Platanistus H g Sadj'ur N g Siberis F. H c T818115 K g Trajanopolis E e el Zib L'
Palalce M c Platanus ‘ M h Safaraboly H b Sibora L d T (Mb-76010?“ K b Trajanopolis G g Zigana 1’
Pallas _ L e Platia D c Sagalassus F f Siccasena . K e Taspa ' H 1 Tralles O f Zigana P
Palmyra, O i Plotinopolis B b Saba], Q g Sicos Basilisses N f Tatta Lac. I e Tralles' O f Zileh L
Palmyrene N i Podah'a E _g S. Andreas 0'. K h Sidas Kale D e Tattaium F c Tralles E .f Zimara P
Palti Pr. L , h Podandus K 1' S. Croioo M. I i Side G g Tauchandjz’k E c Trans-montem G o Zimara P
Paltus L h Poemanenus G c Saittae D e Sidene C c Taurus F f Trapezon M. M g Zimara R
Palu » Q e Poemen M. H b Sakam'a G d Sidene C c Taurus Mons H f Trapezopolis D f Zitha Q
Pambuk Kalessi D f Pogla F f Sakam'a R. F c Sidene N b Taurus Mons 0 e Trapezfis P b Ziziola P
Pamphylia. F f Polemoniacus Pontus M d Salabria H e Sidenus F. N c Tavium K d Tricomia G d Zoane M
Pamphylium Mare F g Polemonium Side N b Salaminias N 1 Siderfis Port. F g Tchaz‘ G e Trieres L i Zoparistus U
'Pamdflo E c Polia. acra L h Salamis I h Siderfis Pr. F g Tchaldc' 0. N b Trigh'a I) c ZoroPassus K

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ASIA MINOR.

MAP 29.

 

Cratia Flaviopolis
Cremna
Crenides
Crentius
Cressa
Creta
Cretopolis
Crommyon Pr. ~
Cromna
Cruni Pr.
Crya
Cunissa
Curiae Pr.
Curium

. Cyaneae - ’
Cyaneae Ine-
Cybistra
Cydnus F.
Cydonia
Cymaeus S.
Cyme
Cynossema Pr.
Cypasis
Cypriae I“.
Cyprus
Cypsela
Cyptasia
Cyrrestioe
Cyrrhus
Cyrus F.
Cystri campus
(lytorus
Cyzious
Cyzistra

Dabana
Dabamjjeh
Dables
Dadastana
Dades Pr.
Daeara
Daedala
Daedalus M.
Dagalassus
Dagale
Dagona
Dagrum
Dalana

Dai’i

Dallur
Damascene
Damascus
Damur 0.
Damuras F.
Dana

Dana
Danaba
Danae
Dandexene
Danova
Daphne
Daphnfis
Daphnusia I.
Daradax F.
Darana
Daranasi
Daras
Dardania
Dardanus
Darucinte
Dascusa
Daseylium
Dascylinm
Dastarcum
Davas
Dawaly
Dazimonitis

' Deba
Dedem'nko
Deir K as];
Delcos ‘
Deleda
Delemna
Del'iklz' 0.
Della Grecca 0'.
Demetrium
Demir K apu
Demir Kapu
Demirdj’i D.
Demonesos
Derrek M aaden
Del-be

Dercos

Doris
Derxene
Develu K araln'ssar
Dewerek

Dia

Diabekr
Diacibyza
Diacopene
Dianae Fanum
Dianae T.
Dianae T.
Didja'l
Didymae I.
Didymi .
Didy’moteichos
Diglito
Dimotica
Dindymon M.
Dindymus M.
Dindymus M.
Diner

Diniae
Diocaesarea
Dionysophanis
Dios-hieron
Dios hieron -
Diospolis
Diospolis
Dipoz‘ras D.
Diwam'
Diwirigi
Diwleh

Dj. Kaakab
Djabul
Djebeil
Djeln'li
Djerablus
Djerud
Djew'is R.
Djewizlo'k
Djimil D.
Djussi

Docea
Docimeum
Dogdu D.
Doira

Dokbol
Doliche
Dollchiste

. Doliones

Doloman R.
Domana

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Domanitis
Domuz R.
Dona
Doranum
Doriscus
Dorylaium
Dracanum Pr.
Draco

Dracon M.
Drecanon Pr.
Drepanum
Drepanum Pr.
Drilae
Druzipara
Dshz’ndar
Dura

Dardzm D.
Durgand
Durmo Jailasz'
Dusae ad Olympum
Duzdje bazar
Dyme

Ebedjik
Ecchiries
Eccobriga
Ecdippa
Eddara
Edelessus
Edessa
Edjenly
Edreneh
Egdava
Egerdin Gol
Egerde’r
Eg’il
Egonia
Eider D.
Ekrek
Elaea
Elaea
Elaefis
Elaefis
Elaeus F.
Elaeusa I.
Elaeussa
Elaeussa
Elaiticus S.
Elatea
Elegarsina
Elegia
Elegia
Eleutherus F.
E listz'
Emesa
Emir Gol
Emissa
Enguri Su
Enos

En dra

Ep esus
Ephialtium Pr.
Epidarum
Epiphania
Epiphania
Epiphanio 0.
Eragiza
Erak
Erasistrat
Erdek
Erdjish
Erdodu
Eregli
Erek
Ereklr‘
Eren boghasi
Eresus
Ergasteria
Eribolum
Eriza
Eriza
Erkelet

Erkeneh
Erke'nelc
Ermeneh
Ers'ingan
Erythini .
Erythrae
Erythras I’.
Erzeroum

Erzz' '

Esheklu

Eski Adah’a
Eski Baba
Eske'hissar

Eski hissar
Eskikara hissar
Eskil

Eslri Limasol
Esk'i Salamis
Eski shehr
Etennes
Euagina
Euarchus F.
Eucarpia
Eudagina
Eudoxias
Euenus F.
Eulepa
Eumenia
Eupatoria
Euphorbium
Euphrates F.
Euphrates F.
Euphrates F.
Euphratis Fons
Euphratis trajectus
Euripus
Euromus
Europus
Europus
Eurymedon F.
Eusebia ad Argaeum
Eusebia ad Taurum
Eusene
Euxinus Pontus

Famagousta
Fanum
Fanum
Fatsa ,
Faustinopolis
Filijas
Fines
Fines
Flavias
Frigidarium
Fullah
lurtuna R.

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Gabala
Grabbula
Gagae
Gagonda
Galabatha
Galatia
Galaticus M.
Galaticus Pontus
Gallus F.
Gambrium -
Gangra
Ganias
Ganos'
Ganos M.
Garabasa
Gardjamfs
Gargara '
Garium
Garmiae
Garsaura
Garsauritis
Gatta 0.
Gaar D.
Gaur Kalessz'
Gauraena
Gauzonitis
Gazacena
Gazelon
Gazelonitis
Graziura
Geblzeh
Ged'is'

Geira
Geriweh
Geiweh
Gemerik

- Gemiko'i

Gemikoi

- Grem‘lik

‘ Genasi

Genetaea acra
Genetes F.
Genetes P.
Gerae

. Gerger

Gergitha
Gerines
Germa
Germanicia “
Germanicopolis
Germanioopolis
Germe
Germe
Germesh D.
Gerseh

Gersut
Ghandosh D.
Ghiuk Su
Ghoshm D.
Griddan
Gigartus
Gindarus
Girmasly
Girmeh
Gizenenica
Glaucus F.
Glaucus F.
GlaucuS/S.
Goaria

Godje Magara
Gok D. '
Gok D.

Gok Su
Goksyn
Goktepe D.
Goldshik L.
Golek Boghaz
Golgi
Gorbeus
Gordie 1
Gordiu come

' Gordus

Goroda
Goryn
Gosten D.
Grambusa
Granicus F.
Granicus F.

-Grranos Pr.

Grawka

Grion M.
Grynium
Gumenek
Gundusa

Gané chai
Guneh
Gurdjaro Kaleb
Gurzubate
Gygaea Palus

. Gy‘nesh D.

Hadrianopolis
H afsa
Haimane
Halasarna
Haleb
Halioarnassus
Halone
Halonesus
Halys F.
Halys F.
Halys F.
Hamah
Hamaxia
Hamaxitus

el Hammam
Hara boron
Harae _
Harar

Haris
Harmatfis Pr.
Harpagia
Harpasa
Harpasus
Harpasus F.
Harran
Hasru

Hassan Badri
Hassan Chelebz'
Hassan D.

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Hebrus F.
Hebrus F.
Hecatonnesi ‘
Hekim Chan
Heldegi
Heldua
Heliaramia
Heliopoh'g
Hellespontus
Heme
Heptaporus F.
Heraclea
Heraclea

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Heraclea
Heraclea
Heraclea
Heraclea
Heraclea
Heraclea Pontica

. Heracleum Pr.

Heracome
Herculis T. _
Hergan Kaleh
Hermi camp.
Hermonassa
Hermus F.
HermusF.
Herpa

Hiera come
Hierapolis
Hierapolis
Hierocepia
Hieron Pr.
Hieron Pr.
Hieron Pr.
Hierus F.
Hejam

Him:

Hippi I.
Hippophoras F.
Hippurius F.
Hoiran Gal - ,
Hoirat Kaleh
Holmi

Holmi
Homonada
Homonadenses-
Horan

Hylas F.
Hyllus F.
Hypaepa
Hypius F.
Hypius M.
Hy‘psirisma
Hyris Pr.
Hysdata
Hyssi Portus
Hyssus F.
Hytennes

Iabruda
Ialy sus
I arpas
Iasus

I bol
Ibora

' Icarium Mare

Icaros

Ichnae
Iconium

Ida Mons
Idah'um
Idrias '
Idyrus opp. et F1.
Ieros 0.

I lgyn

Ilz‘dge

I lidja

I lissra

Ilistra

Ilium novum‘
I lkaz Dagh

I lwas
Imbaris M.
Imbros
Imbros

Imm

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In Cilissa . .
Indjeh 0.
Indjesa
Indfirlu

I ndshir Ziman
Indus F.

I newi
Ingila
Ingur
VIm‘ada
Ionopolis
Iotape .
Ipsala

I psili hissar
Ipsus

Iris

I saura nova
Isauri
Isbarta
Ischopolis
Isiba
Isionda

Isis F. '
Iskanda'una
Iskeh'b
Iskenderun
Islam‘
Is'm'id

Ism'k

Isogly

Ispa

Ispir
Issicus Sinus
Issus
Istenas
Istenaz
Istenaz R.
Istros
Itigdcn ‘
lturaea
Ivrz's

Ixiae

Jalowadj
Jar/lain
Jarapason
Jascyli

J asonium Pr.
Jazbanar
Jebel Arasja
Jebel Barakat
J ebel Kuseir
Jebel Lalaa
Jebel Naseirijeh
Jebrad
Jem‘dje
Jen'idje
Jerma

. Jihan

J organ Ladik
Julia

Julia gordus
J uliopolis

J uliopolis

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Kadyn Serai
Kahris
Kaiabanar
K aiadib’i
Kaimas
Kalaat Balis
K alaat el Medilg
Kalamar
Kalepli
Kalolr'mno
K alopotamo
Kanet
Kangal '
Kantara
Kapakoi
Kara Bambedj
Kara Bouroo'n
Kara Baran .
Kara M agara
Kara Su
Kara Su Frat
Karabab '
Karabazar
Karadja D.
garagol-khan
ara'hzfar
K arajuk bazar
Karaman
Karas
Karatach
Karatash 0.
Kargaly
Kargy
K aria
Karietz‘n
Karmaly D.
Karm'i
Karnaim
Karput
Kartal D.
Kasr Dewa ,
Kassaba
Kastamomz’i
Kawandjikoi
Kedcs L.
Kefken adassz'
Kefr Tail)
Kegoli
Keefa
Keimes
K elles
K em'k
K ennisr’i'n
Kerasoan
Kerasoon‘Adassi
Kerasoan R.
Keredi
Kerely
Kerely Gol
Kerembeh
Kerfe
Kerkysiah
Keshish Dagh
Kesme
Kestel
Khalka Vala R.
Khz’h’
Khopi
K karma Kalessi
Kiachta

. Kialteh

Krilandrz'a
Kilidj
Kilimli
Kilisse hissar
Kilisse-Icoi
Killis

K inoglu/
Kior Zivet
Kir sheshr
Kirk In.
Kirker
Kirmes Su
Kisildje.
Kisim
Kisseh
Kitros

K izz'l I rm ale
Kizil lrmak
K izil K lisse
Kjebban M aden

K odsha Gumush Maden

Kojanly In'ssar
Kojussa

K olat D.
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Koralla
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Kumdjagaz
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Kurgalytch
Kataz’eh

K utshuk Sakarz'a
Kuzgun
Kymer R.
Kyz Derbend
Kyzlar

Labotas F.
Labranda

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Lacanitis _
Lacedaemon
Laceter Pr.
Laeina
Lacotene
Lade I.
Ladflc '
Lae'rtes
Lagalassus
Lagania
Lagina
Lagusa I.
Lalassis
Lamas
Lamas B.
Lamotis
Lamponia
Lampsacus
Lamus

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Lamus F.
Lamyron Port.
Laodicea
Laodicea
Laodicea ad Libanum
Laodicea combusta
Laodicene
Lapethus

Laranda

Laranda

Larissa

Larissa

Larissa

Larissa

Larissa

Larnaca

Lascora

Latakieh

Lateae

Latinicus S.
Latmus M.
Laviansene

Leada

Lebedus
Lebinthus -
LebwehadNahrKamzy
Lectum Pr.
Lefkeh

Legna
Leontes F.
Leontopolis
Lepatalea
Lepethymnus M.
Lepsia

Lepte acra
Leros

Lesbos
Leucae
Leuoae
Leucae I.
Leuce acte
Leucolla
'Leucopagos
Leucosia
Leueotheum Pr.
Libanus Mons
Libum
Libum
Libyssa
Libyssus F.
Lida M.
Lilaeum
Lilaeus F.
Limasol
Limnae
Limyra
Limyrus F.
Lindus

Linus

Lisscm et Kahpeh
Lita'ny B.
Lithrus M.
Loryma
Lycaonia
Lycastus F.
Lycia
Lycium Mare
Lycus F.
Lycus F.
Lycus F.
Lycus F.
Lycus F.
Lycus F.
Lydia

Lydia
Lyrnatia
Lysimachia
Lysinia

Maarat
Macaria
Macestus F.
Macharta
Macra I. ‘ _
Macras Planities
Macrialos
Macrocephali
Macrones
Maeander F.
Maeonia
Maeonia
Magabula
Magnana
Magnesia
Magnesia ‘
Magnopolis
Magoras
Magydus
Makaf
Malandara
M alatiah
Malea Pr.
Mallus
Maluascum
Mandropolis
Manezardum
Mannuorrha
Manoris
Maragos
Marash M.
Marathesium \'
Marathus
Marcaeum M.
Mard'in
Mariandyni
Maride
Maritza
Marium
Marmara
Marmara
Marsilla
Marsyas
Marsyas F.
Martyropolis

Masna
Massieytes Mons
Massyas ‘
Mastaura

M astrovo
Mastusia M.

Maubae
Mazaca
MZLzar
Mazara
Medet‘

M edjede R.
Medocia
Megalassus
Megalopolis

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Megiste

M ejafarkin
Melabrum
Melaena
Melaena acra
Melaena acra
Melaena acra
Melaniae ad Melanem
Melanippe
Melanthias F.
Melas F.

Melas F.

Melas Sinus
Meleagru charax
Melen

M elet R.

Melish R.
Melitene
Melitene

M embidj
Memnonis vicus
M enduria
Merash

Merd R.
Merrhan

M erset

Mesate Pr.
Mesene
Mesopotamia
Mesoroma

M esra D.
Messogis M.
Mesyla
Methymna
Metita
Metropolis
Metr0polis
Metropolis
Metroum
Mezara

Midaium

Miletopolis
Miletopolitis L.
Miletus
Milia

M illy
Milyas
Milyas
Mimas M.
Minnica
Mz'rm’il

M irgon
Miricium
Mirones

M issis
Mnasyrium
Mnizus
Mochara
Mocissus
Modra
Mogarum
Mogrus-
Moloa
Mannen
Mopsucrene
Mopsuestia

Morene
Mon'mene
Moron hydor
Morsynus
Moschi ‘
Moschici Montes
Mostar D.
Mostene
Mosynoeci

M ualar .
Muchar
Mudam'a
Madjar
Maghla

Malls

Mulls
Mandsur D.
Marad

Murad D.
Murad Tchai _
M urtana
Musa D.
Mush .

M usher D.
Mat

Muzana
Myanda
Mycale M.
Mygdones

Mygdonius F.
Mylae ‘
Mylantium Pr. ~
Mylasa

Myndus
Myonnesus . 4 .
Myra
Myriandus
Myrina
Myriophytus
Myrlea
Myrleanus
Myrmeces I.
Myrrhicus
Mysia

Mysius F.
Mytilene

Myfis

Myus

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Nacolea
Nacrasa
Nagidus

Nahr el Kebir
Nahr el Kelb
Nahr Ibrahim
Nally khan
Nanassus
Nararra
Narthecis I.
Nasaly
Nasses
Iqastae

Naustathmus
N avahy
Nazianzus
Neandria

Nea Paphos -
Neapolis
Neapolis
Nemesus

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ASIA MINOR.

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Abbreviatidns: 0- Cape. 13- Dagh (mountain). F. Flumen. I. Insula. L. Lacus. M. Mons. P. Portus, Port. Pr. Promontorium.

 

 

 

 

 

\

R. River. S. Sinus.

 

MAP

T. Templum.

Ab aiti s D d 7 A d Apsorrhus F, B, b Atabyrius M, 0 g Bingol Dagh Q d Carasene C .d Chorzene
Abarara N. g Alexandria. H h Aquae Aruenae K d Atalis O h Bing/a Q h Carbanum O f Chorzum
Abarne P 6 Alexandria L g Aquae calidae K f. Atarneus B d Biradjz'k O f Carcathiocerta P e Chasm.
Abarnis B c Alexandroschene L k Aquae calidae N f Atelebusa I. F g Blrgeh D e Cardamyle A e Chostu ,

- ' Abaslll'i M d Aliassus I d Aquae frigidae Q f Athenae Q h Births. O f Cardia B c Ohotum'a L,
Abassus G e Allbei-ko'i I f .Araban N i" Athenarum Pr. Q b Bisanthe . C c Caresus F. C d Chourz'
Abia , F d, Alinda C f Arabes Scenitae 0 g Athis O -h Bismil Q f Cargaeae Pr. I i Chous F.
Abila Lysaniae M k Alishin P e Arabia deserta 0 k Alina Q b Bistan Q xi Caria C f Chryse
Abilene _L k Allah Dagh H g Arabissus M e Alina 12. 0. 'c Bithyni ‘ . F c Carissa K c Chrys0polis
Abonu teichos I b Allan Q h Arablcir 0 e Atlan H e Bithynia ' E b, I b Caristran - C b Chrysorrhoas
Abrettene C d Alma D. M g Araca O f Allan Su F c Bithynia F c Carmalas F. M e Chumbane
Abrostola G 6 Alone 0 c Aradiorum L ‘h Attalia B d Bithynias E b Carmylessus ‘ E .g Okarma
‘Abu Okelby Q h- Alomi C c Aradus L i Attalia. D e Bithynium G C Camus L i Chusa.

Abus M. Q d Alopoconnesus B c Arak D. O f Attalia F g Bizya. . C b. Carpasia K h Chytri

Abydus B c Altar D. I b Arana ~ N d Attuda D f Blaene I b Carpasiae I” K h Ciaca.

Academis O f Altenus ' F d Arangae 0 e Audan F d Blanco C. ’H i Carpathium Mare B h Cianus Sin.
Acalissus F g Alyattis monum. C e Arapus B c Aueria M i Blandus N d Carpathos C h Cibotus

Acamas M. H h‘ Alybe D. I f Arasaxa L e Augae G g Blaudus D d Carrhae P g Cibyra

Acamas Pr. G h Alydda E e Araxa ‘ E g Aulae K g Blaundus - E e Carsatis 0 d Cibyra magna
Acampsis F. R b Aldea-o'wa 0 d Araxes Q h Aulaeu teichos C a Bludz‘n B b Carsus F. M g Cibyratis
Acanthus C g Amamassus I i Araxes F. B. d Aulon Basilicus L k Boas F. R c Carus vicus H c Cierus

Achaium B d Amanides Pylae L g Arba 0 d Aulon Cilicius H h Bocarus F. H i Carusa L‘ b Cilbianus campus
Acharaca C f Amanus M. ‘ L 1' Area. M i Aunesis G g Boghaskoi K c Caryanda O f Cilca,

Acheon acte ' K h Amanus M. M g A'rca M 1 Aurana R k Boghazlayan L d Casama N i Cilicia
Acherusias ‘acra G b Amasenorum agar K c Arcae 0 e Aurelii, Arcus M. ‘ K f Bolat D d Casiotis M h Cflicia,
Achilleum B e Amasia L- c Arcaiapis Q f Auwaleh R. K k Boldo L h Casius M. L h Cilicia aspera
Acilisene P d Amastra H b Arcesia B h Auyreth 0 g Bolegasgus I d Casos B h Ciljcia campestris
Acinasis F, R b Amastris H b Arceuthas F. M g Awludj’llc Gal D e Bolissus A e Castabala M f Ciliciae Portae
Acitoriziacum I d Amathfis I i Archabis F. Q Awren M d Boly G c Castabala M g Ciliconnesus
Acmonia - E e Ameletum N b Archalla 'L e Aza P d Boly D. G c Castamon I b Ciliza

Acritas Pr. E c Amida Q f Archawa Q b Aziris P d Boon Pr. 0 b Casystes P. B e Cillanus campus
Ad Dracones P d Amisene L b Archelais K e Boona Port. N b Catacecaumene D e Cimiatene

‘ Ad Medera M k Amisus M b Arcilapopolis N t Bom' O f Cataonia. L e Cinara
Ad Sertos N g. Ammochostos K h Arcitis B f Bos Dagh E f Catara M f Cindya
Ad Tigrini Q 1‘ Amorgos B g Arconnesus 0 g Baalbek M i Bosporus D c Catela L h‘ Cinolis
Ad Zodianduxn» N g Amorium G d Arctonnesus C c Baba 0'. F b Bostrenus F. L k Caucones G b Circesium
Adabazar F c Amudis R f Arda B b Baba D. . D f " Botrys L i Caularis F. E f Cissa
Adae B e r“- Amyzon C f Arda B b Babamonitis K c Boz 0'. D c Caunos D g Cissa. F.
Adala D e Anabad M f Ardanudj R c Babamonum K c Boza'nti K f Cavalier". 0. K g Cissides
Adalia . F g Anabura F e Ardistana I e Bacatailli M h Brisa Pr. A d Cayster F. C e Cissus
Adana L f Anac/r'ia R a Arethusa M i Bacchion I. B e Briula. . D f. Caystri campus F e Cisthene
Adana L f Anadynata I c Aretias O c Badas F. L h Brunca E c Caystrius campus C e Citium
Adarin M k Anaea C -f Arga ‘ 0 e Badem N f Brusa E c Caystrius S. B f Cius
Adw'amcm O f Anagoma C 6 Aryan“ P e Badimum M f Brycfis B h Cebrene B d Cius F .
Adienus Q b Anaitis P d ArganthOnius M. D c Bafio . G i. Bryllium D c Cebrbnia B d Clanydda.
Adienus F. Q b Analiba 0 d Argaeus M. L e Bafi'o 0. G i Bubalia 0 d Cehere N i Clarus
Adipte Q" f Anamm' H h Argennum Pr. B d Bagdania Planities L e Bubassia regio D g Celaenae F e Clarus F.
Adonis F. L i Anastasiopolis R f Argennum Pr. B e Bagis E e Bubassius Sin. 0 g Celenderis I g Claudias
Adramyttenus Sin. B d Anaua E f Argesa. C d Balburd Q o Bubon . E g Cenaxe Palus H d Claudiopolis
,Adramyttium C d Anazarbus L f Arginusae I. B e Balndir H c Bulawadyn G e Centrites F. B e Claudiopolis
Adrastia. C c Anchiale K g Arglza C d Bajae M g Buldur - F f Centum putei N i Clazomenae
Adrenas R. E d Ancon D % Argos N e Bajal K f Bulgar D. K f Cepha R f Clides Pr. et Inss.
Adriam‘ D c Ancon P. M Argowan 0 e Bakyr C e Bullana C e Cephisum F. K h Climax
.Adrianopolis H c Ancon Pr. _ M b Aryan. I d Balabitene 0 e Buluk Gol I e Ceramicus S. C g Climax
'Adrianutherae C d Ancore E c Argyna 0 b Balahlssar G d Bunduk M f Ceramus D f Cludrus F.
Aedesa F. E g Ancyra D d .Ariane E b Balaneae L h . Burdista B b Cerasfis O b Clydae
Aegae ‘ G e Ancyra H d Arianodum N f Balak R i Burgas C b Cerasfis P b Cnidus
Aegaeae L g Ancyraeum Pr. E b Ariarathla M e Balanearum Pr. L h_ Bursal H d Cerasfis F. P b Cobrys
Aegea Q d Andabalis K e Arum M. I g Balbura E g Burtudizus C b Cerata G c Cobulatus F.
Aegialos H b Andaval L e Arlsaman I f Balicha F, 0 g Byblus L i Ceretapa E f Cocussus
Aeginis B d Andja?‘ L k Ansbe B c Balikesm' C d Byzantium D b Cermia. I h Coelesyria
Aegyptium Mare G k Andrapa I 0 Armaxa L 6 Balkesa G g Byzeres R b Cerynia I h Coissa
Aema C d Andreneh N h Armene L a Bambyce ~ N g Castrus F. F. f Colchana
Aenius F. C d Andriace F g Armene Q b Banam ’ H d Cesum N f Colchis
Aenus A c Andriacus F. E g Armenia major P e Banas R. E e Cetis H g Colchis
Aepea H h' Androcus M. H g Armenia minor N d Banlas L h Cabalia E f Cetius F. C (1 00118.

A'ére M k Androna N h Arneae E g Barathra I f Cabalia F f Cetus Port. I g Coloe

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Aezan’itis E. d. Anemurium Pr. K g Ari-a M h Barchal D. R c Cabira N c Chaborae Fons P g Colonae
Afium kara hissa F e Angora H d Arsa ' E g Bargasa D f Cadi E d Chaboras F. Q g Colonia
Afrin . M g Am’ Kemach P d Arsania P e Bargylia C f Cadmus F. D 'f Chaboras F. Q h Colopene
Agach H d- Anliu come D e Arsamas F. P 6 Bargylieticus Sin. C f Cadmus M. D f Chabur ' Q h Colophon
Agamia B, ‘d- Anniaca N c Arsinoe D g Bargylus M. M h Cadyanda E g Chadisium M b Colossae
Agathopolc‘ D a Antaki M g Arsinoe G g Bans F f Caeciliana 0 g Chadisius F. M b Colussa.
Agelan E f Antandrus B Arsinoe H h Barsala R f Caena ‘ K 1' Chagz'n L b Comana
Aghar hissar E e Antaradus L i ‘Arsinoe I g Barsema L e Caenon Gallicanon .G c Chalcedon E c Comana
Aglasan _ F f Anthemusias 0. g Arsmoe I 11. Bartae N c Caesarea L e Chalceritis I. O b Comaralis
Agora Ceramon E e - Anticragus M. E g Arsu; L g Bartam H b Caesarea L f Chalcetores O f Commagene
Agriane L d -Antigone D c Artace C c, Barzalo P f Caesarea L k Chalcia C g Commisimbela
Agrianes F. B b Anti Libanus M. M k Artanes F; 'E b Bash Gelembe C d. Cahi N h Chalcidenses B e Conane
Agrianes F. C b Antinoopolis (H 0 Artemis F c Basileus F. I i Caicus F. C d Chalcidice M h Congussus
Agrilium F c Antiochia D f Artemlsmm D g Basilica N g Calabantia D g Chalcis M h Conna
Agrlmia C d Antiochia D f Artiscus F- A b Batana 0 g Calamus L i Chalcis sub Libano L k Conni
Ahatkol F e Antiochia M g Armin R b Bathys F. F d Calanthia K g Chalcitis D c Conopium
Aidin O f Antiochia ad Gragum H g Artyma L. D 0 Bathys P. D b Calbis F. D g Chaldaei O c Constantia

' Ain Abu Galgal N g Antiochia ad Pyra- Aral. . N f Bathys Port. et F. R b Cale E b Chaldz'n N d Constantia
Ain el Hye M 1 mum g AIHhS N f Batna, N g Caleorsissa 0 d Chalus F. N g Contadesdus F.
Am el Kawm O h Antiochia ad Tam-um M f Arwan H f ,Batnae 0 g Gales G b Chalybes M c Copria L. .
Aine Gol E c Antiochia. Mygdoniae Q g Arycanda. F g Batoom R b Gales F. G b Chalybes N c Coracesium
Alma 001 E e Antiochia Pisidiae - G e Achandus F g Baulas M c Callatebus D e Chalybon N g Coraea Batanae

- Aintab N f Antiphellus E g Arzamon F. Q g Bazar R. O c Callichorus G b Chalybonitis N g Coralitis L.
Alnzarba L f Antissa A d Arzan R e Bazaro L. R c Callicome N g Chamannene I d Coralla
Alwali F d Antitaurus M. L f Arzanene Q e Bebasa . Q f Callimache D g Chandek F o Corassiae I.
Ale Dejam'n N g Antitaurus M. P e Asa'rkoi G g Beberaci L. R g Callinicum P h Channunia N g Corduzalaba
Ak hissar C e Antoninopolis P f Asa1‘ly_ H d Bechires , P c Callinusa Pr. H h Chaonia N‘ f Cordyla
Ak limcm L a Anzitene Q o Ascania Palus E c Begras M g Callipolis B c Characene I g Cordyle
AA: 814. F f Aous I h Ascanius L. E f Behesny O f Callipolis D c Charadran H g Coriaea
Akamln's K e Aous M. H i Ascamus L. F f Beibazar H c Callistratia I a Charadropolis. M h Cormasa
Akbcmar I e Apamea E e Ascoros R. Q 0 Beikoz‘ F e Caloe D e Charadrus O f Coma
Akkar G e Apamea M h Ascurus F. Q b Bellan M g Calon Coracesium K g Charadrus H g Corne
Akseraz' K e Apamea O f ASIIyr D. M f ‘Beirut ‘ L k . Calos F. Q o Charax Sidae 0 g Corniaspa
Akshc G b' Apamene. M i Asia B d Beishehr H f Calpe P. F b Charieis F. ~ R a. Coropassus
Akshe Kaleb P b Apamia. D c As1cha Q h Bekana Q 9 Calpes F. F b Chariustus F. R a Corra
Akshehr G e Apammaris ‘ 0 g Aswan I h Belcania Q e Calycadnum Pr. K g Charsan D. R e Corsote
Aksher Gol G e Aperlae . E g Asme I h’ Belengly , F f Calycadnus F. H g Chelae F b Corycium antrum
Ala Dagh ' H c Aphnitis L. C c Ask'lka 0 d Belesibiblada R i Calydnae I. A d Chelidoniae F g Corycus

. Ala Shehr D e Aphrodisias B c Aspendus G g Bela'k 0 g Calymna E g Chengn'h I c Corycus
Alabanda D f Aphrodisias D f ASPIS I. B f Benderegll G b Calynda D g Chersonesus B c Corycus M.
Alacham R. L b Aphrodisias ,I g ASpona I d Beonan Q h Cambala Q 0 Chersonesus Cnidia C g Cowcus P. at I.
Aladjachan N d Aphrodisium I h Asporda C d Beremces Sinus I g Cambe K e Chimaera M. F g Corycus Pr.
Alagma 0 g Aphrodisium Pr. I g Aspordenon M. C d» Bereta D e Camirus 0 011103 A e Corydalla
Alait‘xs A e Apias pedion C 6. Asset ' C 0 Bergeneki 0 f Camisa ‘N g Chins B e Corynaeum Pr.

‘ ‘ Alaja G g Apollonia C a Assarmum M e Bergula C b Camisene N d Chobanlar ‘ L b Coryne
Alafidrus F. G d Apollonia C e Assesus 0 f Boris F. N b Canae B d Chobus F. R a Coryphasium
Alum G g Apollonia F e Assiap Q f Bensa M c Cantharium Pr. B f Choerades O b Cos
Alata K g Apollonia ad Rhynda- Assus B d Beroea N g Caparea - M h Chogeae F c Cos
Alazia D c cum D c Astacenus S. E 0 Bersera N g Cappadocia I e Cholmadara O f Coscinia
Albistan N e Apollonias I. F b Astacus F. c Bersnna O h Cappadox F. O f Choloe ‘ M c Cotarzene
Album Pr. K k Apolloniatis L. D c Astae C b Ber .tus L k Capriandae O f Cholok B b Cotyora
Albus Portus L h Appia F d Astlanene Q 6 BBS 1008 I. _ D c Caralis G f Choma E g Cotyaium
Ale L g Apri C c Astypalaea B g Bethammans 0 g Caralitis L. G f Chonaz's P g Cragus M.
Aleius Campus .L g Apsarus Q b Astypalaea I. B g Beudos Vetus F f Carambis Pr. H a Chonas E f Cragus M.
Alekian G d Apsarus . R b Astypalaea 0 g' Beudus Vetus F e Carana R d Charms N g Cragus Pr.

. Alemandreta H h Apsinthii B c Astyra B .6 Blllaeus F. H b Caranitis Q c Chorale R b Crambusa
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— Asabon Montes nigri

' Ascalon

' Alilaei

Aarid
Aba’i
Abaseni
Abhebbad L.
Abisama
Abissa
Aboo-Laad
Aba Ali
Abu Shaib
Abucaei
Abumud R.
Acannae
major
Accipitrum I.
Ad Dianam
Ada
Adana
Adanu I“?-
Adari
Aden
Adiabene
Adramitae
Adulis
Aegyptus
Aelana
Aelaniticus S.
Aeni I_.
Aesitae
Ethiopia
Agame
Agame
Agar
Agareni
Agasira
Agathonis I. ,
Agmanisphe
Agraei
A gubeni
Ahkaf, Desert of
Aila

Daphnon

Aila vicus
Ain Saba
Aine Oune
Akaba
Aladi
Alalaei I.
Alata
Alata
Alam'n
Albus port.
Alexandria
Aliaeu L“
Amy

Aurelie

Alumeotae
Amafieh

Amardi

Amardus F.

Amari Lacufi
Ambolor'la M.
Amhe

Ammonium Pr.
Amoris ara Pr.-
Amram .R.

Anah‘

Anatho

Aneiza

Ane'ja

Am'ne

Antar

Antiochi Solen
Antiochia

Antiphili Port.
Apamea

Apei

Apooopa - .
Apollonopohs magna
Apphana

Arabes Scenitae
Arabes Scenitae
Arabia Eudaemon
Arabia Deserta
Arabia Felix
Arabia Petraea
Arabicus sinus
Aracia

Arad

Aradus

Aradus ‘

Araxes F.

Arbela.

Arc

Architae

Ardekan

Are I.

Areopolis

Aria

Ariana

Aromata Pr. and Emp.
Aroosi
Aroteres
Arra
Arrade
Arsacia
Arsae
Arsi
Arsinoe
Arsinoe
Arsinoe
Artacana
Asabi

Asabon Pr.

Ascitae
Asclie I.
Asich
Aspadana
Aspis acra
Assal L.
Assima
Assyria
Astaboras F.
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Astasobas F. A f,
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Asufa

Asyr

Atalmo

Atbara R.

Atra

Atropatene

Attedu Vic.

Attaid

Aturia

Aualitae

Aualitae

Aualites empor.
Aualites sinus

Aue

Aurana

‘ Auranitis

Ausara

Ausinza

_ Autaei Arabes
Auxume -
Auxumitanum reg-

num
Avium I.
Axum
Az—Taale
Azania
Azaniae
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Azanium Mare

stationes

Babylon
Babylonia.

Bad

Badeo

Badis .
Baetius F.-
Bagistana

Ba adas

Ba ar

Bahr el Abiad
Bahr el Azrek
Bahr el Gash
Ballz' L. ‘
Bampur
Banna
Banubari
Barathena
Barava
Barbaria
Baride' R.
Barka

Basena

Basina
Batanaei
Bawas

Bazium Pr.
Beda

Bedja

Bega

Beidani
Belichas

Benz? Harb
Bend Kahtan
Berbera

Bere_ - .-
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Berenice ad Sabas
Berenice Epidires
Berytus
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Bir Barahut
Birer'ma
Blemmyes
Bliulaei
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Bunder Khore
Burrughur
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Cachinna
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Caecandros
Caenepolis
Caesarea
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Camari I.
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Canatha
Cane emporium .
Canuna regio
Capella Pr.
Capeus Magon Sinus
Caprus
Cardamine I.
Carine
Caripeta ‘
Carman regio
Carmana
Carmania
Carrhae
Casium
Caspiae Portae
Caspium Mare
Cassanitae
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Catanitae

' Catara

Cattaba
Cattabani
Cattabani

. Cauchabeni

Centus
Chabinus M.
Chaboras
Chaldaea
Chaldone Pr.
Chalon
Chamr‘r
Characmoba
Charax
Charibeh
Charmuthas Port.
Chatramotitae
Chatteni
Chaulan
Chaulatae
Chaulotaei
Chaur Halte
Chersonesus
Chersonesus

- Choarene

Choaspes F.
Choatras M‘.
Cholez's

Cher Barka
Chevar

Chariat

Cilicia
Cinaedocolpitae .

Cinnamomifera regio

Circesium
Climax M.
Clysma' '

Cobe empor. -~ .
Cocconati I‘e'"
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Combusta
Comisene
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Cononisara
Copar e1 Khobt
Coptos
Coranitae
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Coromanis
Critensi t
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Cigphon
Cuneium
Cyprus
Cyrtaea

Dabelli
Dachareni
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Dala/c
Damaghan
Damascus
Damnia
Dana .
Danakil
Daphnon minor
Daraba
Daras
Darrae

Deba

Debae
Debdaz'leh
Dedhesa
Dedjam
Deiban

Dela

Dela‘
Demetrii Specula
Derazje .
Dhal’u/mi
Dhan

Dia

Dialas
Didymi Montes
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Dioscurorum Port.

Dire Pr. and Opp.
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Qjar Adja
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Djar Athal
Djar Dahanah
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Djar Seila
Djar Selma
Djar Shedje'r
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Djar Sublzan
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Djeladjl
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Eboda
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Elephas M.
Elisari
Elusa
Embolium
Emesa
Endera
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Erythraeum Mare
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Esar

Etymander
Euangelon Port.
Eulaeus

Euphrates

Farrah
Fatera

Gabalene
Gabrin
Gaisa
Gambela
Gamma
Gapachi
Gara
Garaad
Garamaea
Garbata M.
Gasandes
Gasimf
Gaulopes
Gaza
Gaza
Gazaca
Gedl'osia.
Gerrha
Gerrhaei
Gerrhaicus Sin.
Ghr’san
Giredi
Girishk
Gogana
Gogana
Granis
Gypsitis I.

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Hadhamaut
Hadhr
Hadhramaut
Hail

Halal:

Halz'
Halonesi
Hanfilah
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Harmozia regio
Hasani
Hasik
Hatiba R.
Hauara
Hauara
Haura
Hautha
Hawash
Hawash

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H azorti
Hecatompylus
Heliarama
Heliopolis
Herat
Heroopolis

Heroopoliticus Sinus

Hidjr
Hierasycaminos
Hierosolyma
Hippalum Mare
Hippus M.
Hippus vicus

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He'ssn Ghorab
Hodez'dah
Homeritae
Hora I.
Hula
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Isidis Potamia
Isiuz M.

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J abri

J ambia

J ambo

J asso

J athrippa
J athritae
J obaritae
J oppe

J udaea

J ula

Kamaran
K angoon
Kebir
Ken

K hartam
K haledja
Kichran
Kilhat
Kobal

K om fuda
K ongun
K orer'n
Kababish.
K uleiah
Kumana
Kumz's
K urez'n

Kurian M urian Is.

Laeanitae
Laeanites Sinus
Lahadj
Laieni
Laina
Lama
Laodicea.
Lar F.
Lathinat
Laupas
Lees

Leena};

Lepte acra
Lethieni
Leucecome

Libanotophoros regio

Lina
Litk
Lohaz'a ’
Lysa

MaCae
Macalla ‘
Macarum Pr.
Machorbe
Macna
Macoraba.
Madiama
Maepha
Maephath vicus
Maesamanes
Magon I.
Maefeh

Mart

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Makalla
Makdashoo
Malangitae
Malao
Malichae
Malichu I.
Mamaeum litus
Mammala
Mandaeth
Manitae
Maon
Mapharitis
Maranitae
Mareu I“?-
Mariaba
Marie ruins
Maritae
Mariti Ms.
Marisa
Marteni
Masani
Mascat
Massanitae
Maste M.
Masthala
Mastitae
Matiane
Medawara
Medeia
Media Atropatene
Media Magna
Medimni
Medina
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Memphis
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Meslachat
Mesopotamia
Metammeh
Metine
Minaei

Mizi

Jlljetska
Mnemeum Pr.
Moor-itae
Modiana
Mogren R.
Mogur

Moileh

Mokka
Monodactylus M.
Monoleus L.
Monychiatis
Moscha
Mosera

Mossylon Pr. & Em-

por.
Mothitae
M udaito
M uk na
Mundu
Mundu I.
M uriyah
M usa
JIIushabz'a
M ushak
Muza
Myoshormus

Myrrhifera regio in-
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terior C

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Naam
Naaman
Nabataei
Napata
Napegus
Ndur-Kenr'ah
Nechesia
Nedjran
Negran
Nicephorium
Niconis statio
Niger M.

N ih' Ostia
Nili Potamia-

’Nili Potamia
Nilus F. A c, A f,

Nirnus
Nisaea
Nisibis
Nogal

N otu Ceras
N ubae

. Nafzwl Desert
VNulla

Oaracta

Obolla

Obri

Ocelis

Ochus F.
Ochus M.
Olmofiro valean
Omana
Omanitae
Omanum empor.
Ombos

Onne

Ophiodes I.
Opis

Opone

Orcheni
Orchoe
Organa

Orine Chersonesus

Oriza
Oroatis
Orontes M.
Orsa M.
Ostana
Ostracine

Pagis
Palindromum Pr.
Pallacopas Canal
Palmyra.

Pano

Parag

Paragon Sin.
Parthicum regnum
Parthyaea
Pasargada
Pasitigris

Patta

Pechini

Peleshe

Pelusium
Pentedactylus M.
Perz'm

Persepolis
Persicus Sinus
Persis

Petra

Pharan
Pharanitae
Philadelphia
Philae I.
Philotera
Phocarum I.
Phocarum I.

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OHgl-ba HzHaPhP‘bC-i PhD-03H: QHOOCDQJr-QOUQCDOOQIWOOWGQDO

 

MAP 30.

Phoenicia
Phoenicon
Phoenicén
Physcus

Polior

Polybii I.
Posidium
Primis Magma.
Prion F.
Prionotus M.
Prionotus M.
Profundus Port.
Prophthasia
Psebo L.
Psycheus Port.
Ptolemais
Ptolemais Epitheras
Pudnu

Pura

Para '
Pylora
Pyralaae Is“

Raad
Rabanitae
Rabegh
Radwa M.
Ras el Alwad
Ras Antarah
Rae Bir

Rae Bugmais
Ras Burum
Ras Der/cal),
Ras el Fil
Bas el Hadd
Rae Hafoon
Ras Jerdafioon
Rae el Khez'l
Ras Maber
Ras M adralc
Ras Markass
Rae M indjz'
Rae Mufiendom
Rae Musherrb
Rae Iiekkan
Rae Sauln'ra
Rae S/Larwae‘n
Rae Shirbelat
Has Tartak
Rasa
Regmana "
Rez’

Reida

Reideh
Resaina
Rhaabeni
Rhaeda
Rhaeda
Rhagae
Rhausi
Rhegana
Rhinocolura
Rhogonis
Rz'dz'l- eZ—Ma
szad
Rirman
Roba’a el Khalz' Desert
Rukfat

Saadek
Saba

Saba Deleb
Sabaiticum ostia
Sabae
Sabaei '
Sabaeorum lacus
Sabbattha.
Sabe

Saba
Sabota
Sacatia
Sacer Sin.
Sachalitae
Sachalitae Sinus
Sachle
Sagdana
Salamis
Salapeni
Salma
Salma
Salame L.
Salydo
Samaria
Sana

Sape

Sape
Saphar
Saphtha
Sapphar
Saraca
Saraceni
Saraceni
Saradj
Saritae
Satyron M.
Save

Sawa

Segr'r
Seleucia
Sembobitis
Sembritae
Semene
Semien
Sennaar
Serapidis
Serapionis statio
Sesea

Setit
Shakra

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ii

ARABIA ET ETHIOPIA. ”

 

 

Shebleh
Shehr
Slzeylureef
S/Le'rm Libun
Shrim-
Shingan
Sideni

Sidon

Sikka

Sinai M.
Singara
Sirbonis L.
Sitiogagus
Sobar 'rm‘n
Sobat F.
Socotom
Socratis I.
Sohar

Solate

Solis Pr.
Sophtha
Sosippi Port.
Soteron Port»
Spasinu
Stenae dirae

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I

@D‘GmOOt-hfida HgO'QGOU'pGI-vgc‘c Fawn-awn-

 

Stygis aquae fons
Sucabia.
Suchu

Sur

Sura.

Susa.

Susa

Susia.
Susiana
Syagros Pr.
Syene
Sygaros
Syn'a.

Tabae Pr.
Tabiana,
Tabiena.
Taboca
Taeni
Tmf

T aka,
Takkaze
Talabrox

wo>muwmwwww>d
c‘ofiuac‘voc‘wméoo

wwwoobddm
”mop-IOOU‘G‘H,

 

Tangaitae
Taoce
Taphran
Tapuri
Tarsia. Pr.
Tarut
Taurici Ms.
Tebbes
Tebuk
Tehran
Tez’r

Tema
Tenesis
Téredon
Testudinum I.
Thaalabah
Thadytae
Thaema
ThaemiI
Thalaba.
Thamal
Thamud
Thamudeni
Thamyditaé
Thanuitae

wawoouwwood>wowwwwmwmomw
moooo‘ooooomc‘m-om'sooc‘cboovoom

Thapsacus
Tharo I.
Thebqe

Thebae

Thema.
Thialemath
Thoana.
Thain-0m
Thurifera regio

. Tlgrls

r

 

Timagenis
Toani
Tomadeon I”
Tonici
Topazon I.
Tretus Portus
Troglodytae
Trulla I.
Tsabo L.
Tsiamo

Tul

Tuz

Tylos

Tyros

Tyrus

pmwfimwwuwmwowuonowmowpmw
(7‘9 9 so @ HaHhHap-IG Dab‘nam o :0 ma‘o‘o c‘p-ao o :0

 

 

 

MAP 30.

Tzana L. B 1' Wady Dum E e Weli—gamana C h

Wady Fauwah D f White R. A f

'Wady Ghadel B b

Wady Habmzah C e \
Udeni C d Wady Ham-cm O b Yezd E b
Uzal .0 e Wady Hiller B b

Wady Jalm'n D d '

Wady J ha B- .d Zaa. B e

. _ Wady Laa , C e Zabram B d

Vadei C e Watély Madjaze C d Zabulca A D o
Veneris I. B (1 Wu 3/ Maefah E- f Zadracarta. E a.
Veneris P. A d} Wady Maiscm ,. 0 b nga B e
Vologesia. ’ O b Wady Mefileh . D e Zagrus M. D b

Wady Nedjd C c Zaim C d.

Wady Nedjmn D e Zames M. 1 C d

Wady Rachz'e D e >Zamfha B d
Wabar D d quy Ressas O b Zebaz'r O f
Wad'ia ‘ C e Wady Rim 0 e Zeb'id O f
K Wady Aftan D d Wady er Rummen C c Zeila O f
Woody el Aul D d Wady Saar C c Zeniom .' B d
Wady Bawas C b Wady Sabcm ' C b Zenobii F- F e
Wady Bisheh C d Wady Sui/mar D f Zeugma B a.
Wady' Oanuna C e Wady Sirham B b Zingis Pr. E g
Wady Dauas'ir D e Wady Zibran C e Zoo'gur C If
.Wady Doom D e Wedj - .B c Zygaena. B c

I

Abaratha
Abiria
Abistdda

Abi’i Mt.

Abur

Adamas F. '
Adamas Fl. Ost.
Adisathra
Adisathri
Adisathrus M.
Adisdara
Adrapsa
Agadib
Aganagara
Agar

Agoranis F1. '~

Agra
Agrinagara
Ahichhatra.
Ahikshetra
Ahroni
Aigidion I.
Aii

Aji R.
Ajmir
Akesines F.
Alcyab
Alexandria
Alexandria
Alexandropolis
Allosygne
Aloe

Alor
Ambashtas

‘ . Ambastae

Ambur .
Amystis F.
Andardb
Andarae
Andhela R.
Andomatis F.
Andrapana

Andrasimundu Prom.

Angediva
Aninachae
Anthropophagi
Antibole Ostium
" Anurdjdpura .
Anurogrammum
Apokope M.
Apparatotte
Arachosia
Arachotus
Arachotus Fl.
Arachotus L.
Arakan
Arakan
Aravalli
Arbiri

Arbuda
Ardone
Arembur
Argalicus Sin.
Argalu

Argari
Arghand B.
Argyre
Ariake
Arkatu Regia
Arkot
Armabela
Arvarni
Assam
Astakampra
Astobalasara
Attolc

Aureum 0st.
Avium Prom.
Axuamis ‘

Azarus Fl.

Bactria‘na
Badamaei
Badami
'Baiones I.
Baitana
Baitarni
Baland
Balantlpyrgon
fialasor
Balmir

. ‘Balti
Bdmidn
Bammogura
Banagara‘
Banauasi‘
Banda R.
Bundhugarh
Bandobene
Bankot
Bdm’t
Baracus F1.

Baragazenus Sin.

Barago Pt.
Baraich

Barake
Barakura Emp.

Barbarikon Emp.

Barcelore
Barda
Bardaotis
Barddwad
Bardaxima
Bardwan.

- Baris F.
Barkdr
Baroch
Barygaza
Basmad ‘
Bassahr
Bassein
Bassein R.
' Batae

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I

_Berobe

 

Batankaissara
Batesar
Battanagara
Battikalao
Bazakota.

Bela

Be nares
Bepyrrhps Mons
Berabonna

Beroben, Prom. post
Besadae
Besynga‘ Emp.
Besynga Fl.
Bhadravati
Bhambora
Bhdraod
Bhatnir
Bhaulingas
Bhilsa
Bhima R.
Bhojpur
Bikanir
Binda Fl.
Bindae 0st.
Bindraban.
Bisauli
Bittigo M.
Bokana
Bolan. Pass
Bolingae
Bombay
Boraeta
Brahmanabdd
Brahmaputra
Brahmini
Bridama
Budaea
Budhia
Bukephala
Burma
Byltae
Byzantium

Calcutta
Calicut
Oananor
Capitalia
Chaberis
Chaberis Fl. Ost.
Chambal R.
Chandan R.
Chandor
Chandra'vati
Chatriaei
Chaul
Chedi
Cheduba
Chersonesus
Ohilcakol
Ohilaw
Chilled L.
Chitang R.
Chittagong

‘ Chonnamagara

Chryse

Chryse Chersonesus
Chrysoana Fl.
Columbo Harb.
Comorin 0.

Cosmae

Oranganor

Dachinabades
Daetichae
Dagana Lunae’ Sacra—
Daibul
Daidala
Damasa M.
Damasae
Daradrae
Ddrdpfir
Dardae

Dards
Dasérna
D’Elg JIIt.
Deogarh
Deogarh
Deopalli
Dewaliya
Dhamoda
Dhar
Dharanikota
Diamuna Fl.
Diardaues F.
Dihli

Dimasas
Dimyrike
Dindigal
Doanas
Dondera
Dosara
Dosarene
Dosaron F. .
Dosaron Fl. 0st.
Draband
Drillophyllitae
Dudhal

Dulmi "
Dunga
Dvaraha
Dvaravati

Edar .
Elangkon Emp.
Elymaide
Emodus Mons
Erannoboas Fl.

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‘Irinum Magnum

 

INDIA.

Abbreviations: F., F1. Flumen. I. Insula (Isle). L. Lacus. M. Mons. Ost. Ostium. P. (Port) Portus. Pr. Promontorium. R. River.

 

 

Erarasa
Erennesis F.
Eswantgarh
Etymander F.

Gagasmira
Galle, Pt. de
Gandaki.
Gandi Kotta
Ganga R.
Gangaridae
Grange Regia
Ganges Fl.
Ganges Fl.
Ganges F.
Gangeticus Sin.
Ganjalm
Gazus
Gredrosia
Ghara
Ghazni
Giriraj a

Goa

Goaris F1. .
Goaris 0st.
Godavari Pt.
Godavari R.
Godavari R.
Gogra
Gokarna
Gomati
Gopnath
Goverdhan
Gudalur
Gudur-Masulipatam
Gwa
Gwalior

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commemomcmmmoaaoc'naoc‘mmoosopupammomo

Haidarabad
Halsi _
Hangal ‘
Harmagara
Harmatelia
H elmund
Heptanesia.
Herone Taenia
Hesudrus F.
Hikode

Hili Marabi
Himabat ‘
Himadri
Hippokura.
Hippokura
Hippurus
Hladini .
Hodoka
Holochoera
Holohera
Horata
Horatae
Hradini
Hugli Mouth
Hunawar
Hupian
Hydaspes F.
Hydraotis F.
Hyphasis F.
Hyphasis F.

Iatur

I b R.

Imaus Mons
Indabara
Indicurh Mare
Indoscythia
I ndrapat
Indrapathae
Indus Fl.
Indus Fl.
Irina '

Irinum Parvum
Isamus Fl.

J a balpur

J a fl” )2 apatam
Jagan (2th

J a igarh
Jaimur .

J aipur
Jaisalmir

J ajhar

‘ J ajhpar

J amna

J ela sor

J essor

J obares Fl.
J omanes Fl.
J unagarh

Kaber

Kabul

Kach’h
Kadal(t)undi
Kaha M.
Kainas F.
Kainiton Ins.
Kakamukhas
Kakuthis Fl.
Ifalba/rga
Kalinadi R.
Kalingae
Kalingapatam
Kalingon Prom.
Kalliena
Kalligicum Prom.
Kallimer 0.
Kaluganga

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‘ Kalyan

‘ Kondochates F.

 

Kalyani
Kamaraka
Kambay
Kamberichum Ost.
Kambugam
Kambyson Ost.
Kamla
Kanagara.
Kanarak
Kanaui
Kanaurh '
Kandahar
Kanetti
Kanogyza.
Kant
Kantakasthala
Kanth Kot
Kanthi Sin.
Karachi '
Karachi
Kareur
Karige
Karikal
Karipa
Karmanasa R.
Karnaphuli
Kartinagara
Kartisyna
Karura’Regia
Kaspiria.
Kassida
Katabeda F.
Katadupa
Katak
Katikardama
Katmandu
Katwa-dwipa
Kausi

Kaveri R.
Kdveripatam
Kdgal

K ediwari Jl/I.
Ken R.
Kesarwa
Khaghar R.
Khariphon 0st.
K heda

Kindia.
Kindia
Kirétas
Kirrhadae
Kistnapatam
Kleiso bora
Kochin.
Koddura
Kokkonagae
Kokkonagara
Kolchicus S.
Kolchoi
Kolubae
Kommenases Fl.
Konarka
Kondalae

K ondapilli
Kondlpatana

Kontakossyla. Emp.
Kophen
Kophes F.
Korankali
Kori R.
Koringa
Korkhai
Korula
Korunkala
Kory Pr.
Kosamba
Kosmin
Kossa
Kossoagus F.
Koti

'otta
Kottiara Metrop.
Kottis
Kottobara
Kottonarike
Koyana '
Krishna R.
Krishna R.
Kuba.
Kudah near Rdjapa’ir
K udramale
Kulindas
Kulindrine
Kumari Prom. & Port.
Kuntala .
Kutabdia I.

Labokla
Larike

Leuke I.
Limyrike
Lonibara 0st.

Maagama
Maagrammum
Madangarh
Madras
Maeandrus Mons
Maesoli Fl. Ostia
Maesolia
Magnum Ostium
Magona F.
Mahanadi R.
Mahanadi
Maharzdra Giri
Mahi R.

Mahona R.
Mahorta

Mais Fl.

Malaea M.

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Malaeta
Malanga Regia
Mal/chard
Malleus M.
Malli
Maltaun
Manadas Fl.
M anar R.
Manarpha
Mandagora
fllandala
Mandalae

. Mandara

Mandei

AI and 22

M an gal or
Mangaruth
M an grol
Manhabara
M-anich ae
M anikpur
M antotte
Marallo

‘ M aravdr

Marundae
Melange Emp.
Melizigeris
Methora
Metropolis
Minagara
Minnagara
Mirich

M irzapur
Modain
Modogala
Modogalingae
Modura Deorum
Modura Regia
Moduttu
Monedes
Monoglosson
Mophis Fl.
Mudgal
Multan

Mung
Musikam Regia
Musopalle

‘ Muyiri—Kodu

Muziris

Na‘agramma
Nadubandagar
N a f
Nagadibae

N agapatam
ngas

N a gor

N agpfir
Namadus Fl.
Nanaguna Fl.
Nanagunae 0st.
N angalogae

N an igaena

Na os/zera
Narmada
Nasika

N aura

N ausari
Naustathmus
N aui Bandar
N egom ()0

N egrais 0.

N elkynda

N ell are

N etra'vati R.

N igama Metrop.

~ N ikaea.

Niranjana R.
Nitriae Emp.
Nubartha
Nudorum Ins.
Nusaripa. '

Oidanes F.
Omalis Fl.
Orbadaru
Uromenus Mons
Orrhota
Orthura
Ortospana
Orudn Montes
Oxykani Regia
Oxymams F.
Ozene

Ozoana.

Pain. Ganga
Paithan.
Palaipatma
Palibothra
Pallura
Palsagi
Palm-a
Pauasa
Panchala
Pandionis Reg.
Pandovi
Panna
Pannata
Pantipolis
Panuyapura
Papike from.
Paralia
Parapiotae
Parasnath
Paropanisadae
Parveti Mm
Pasage
Pasipeda
Passala
,Passalae

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Patna _
Patta Konda
Pattakotta
Pattala
Pattalene I.
Pazzalae
Pega

Pegu
Penn-fir R.
Pentapolis
Perim I.
Peshawar
Peukelais
Phyllitae
Pinaka R.
Pinnas F.
Piratae
Pitti Branch

Pityndra Metropolis

Podoke

Portus Alexandri
Portus Mulierum
Poruari

Pothiga
Powangarh
Powars

Prasiane I.
Prasii

Prasodes Sin.
Pria'pidis Portus
Pseudostoma
Pseudostomus Fl.
Pudopatana
Pudupatana
Pulikat

Pulindae
Pulipula

Pimpfin.

Punya R.

Pur Bandar

Puri

Pyrrhus Mons

Quetta
Quilon

Ramanahor
Ramganga R.
Ramnae
Ramri I.
Ramtek

Rama
Randamarkotta
Rangamati
Rangamritika
Rangun.
Rangun R.
Rapti R.

Red Olifis
Rehand
Riksha
Rikshavant
Rogandani
Rohana

Saballassa 0st.
Sahara
Sabarae
Sabaras

Sabi Regia
Saburas
Sacrifice Rock
Sada
Sadakanta
Sadasheogarh R.
Sadras

Sagapa Ostium
Sagara
Sageda
Sagoda
Sahyadri
Sai R.
Saimur

St. George’s I.
Saktimati
Salakeni
Salike

Salt Range
Sambalaka.
Sambhal
Sambhalpur
Sambhar L.
Sambus Fl.
Sandowe
Sandrabatis
Sangada
Sangala
Sanjan
San—pa R.
Sapara Ost.
Sarabus Fl.
Saraswati R.
Sarbana
Sardonyx Mons
Sarju
Saurikirnas
Sawatti
Sazantium
Sehwdn.

Sekas

Selai

Seoni
Sesekrienae Ins.
Setae

Sewana

Sibor ‘
Sielediba
Sigeris

Simylla.

Sindh R.
Sindokanda

‘

Oowbdtjbdbdbdtthljbdi>deUUtCbde‘P#1ijpwh‘jbbdUGOWUUwaUWUG>>Ub¢EHjt¢O>UUw>
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J

 

MAP

Sindomana
Sinthus Ost.
Sippara
Sir
Sirimalaga
Sittokatis
Soa Fl.
Soana F.
Soanes F.
Sogdae
Solon F.
Solis Port.
Solomatis Fl.
Son R.
Sonmiani
Sonus Fl.
Sorae
Sorath
Sorath
Soringae
Sosikuri
Sravasta
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Sujintra
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Tamulika
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Tokosanna Fl.
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Tons R.

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Tyndis

Tyndis F.
Tyndis Fl. Ost.
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Uarsa

Uch

Ujjain ,
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Vaidurya
Vaisali
Va/ckanur
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Vipula
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Abdera '
Abigas F.
Abila M.

Abou Saida
Abrotonum

A busir

Abwat

Acholla.

Acion I.

Aora I.

Acrath

Ad Amadum ‘
Ad Ammonem ,
Ad Basilicam

Ad Capsum ultimum '

Ad Casas.
Ad Crispas
Ad Dianam

Ad Duo Flumina

Ad Ficum‘

Ad Fratres

Ad Majores
Ad Medias,
Ad Mercurios
Ad Mercurium
Ad Mercurium
Ad Novas

Ad Olivam

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Ad Palmam
Ad Palmam
Ad Palmam
Ad Palmam
Ad Puteum
Ad Regias

Ad Rotam

Ad Salinas Tubon-

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Ad Speluncas
Ad Turrem
Addyme
Adelau
Admedera
Adrian Pt.
Adrianopolis
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Aedonia I. ,
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Aenesyphora Port.

Africa

Africa

Africa 0'.
Agabis
Agariabas
Agbia

Agdan
Aggarsel
Aggarsel-Nepte
Aggersel

Agma '
Agrigentum .
Agaerba

Am A gan

Ain Ma'dhi

Ain Temushcnt
Ain Uara
Ajja'n.

Akabah es-Kebir
Akabah es—Segir
Alcdesha el Alia
Alboran
Albulae Tepidae
Album Pr. ,
Alexandria
Algiers
Alhucemas Is.
Al K azar

Al Kelb
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‘Altaba
Amaraea
Amarus L.
Amastorus
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Amora .
Ampeloontes
Ampelos
Ampelusia
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Amudarsa
Anabucis
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Anatis F.
Andropolis
Anides F.
Annesel
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Antiphrae
Antipyrgos
Aphrodisias
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Apollinis Pr.
Apollinis Pr.
Apollinis T.
Apollonia
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AFRICA SEPTENTRIONALIS.

Abbreviations: C. Cape. F. Flumen. I. Insula (Isle). L. Lacus. M. Mons. ’Ost. Ostium. P. (P011) Portus. Pr. Promontorium. R. River. S. Sinus.

Aquae Regiae

. Aquae Sirenses

Aquae Tacapitanae
Aquae Tibilitanae
AquenSes
Aquila Major
Aquila Minor
Aquilaria
Arae Neptuni,
Aras .
Aratu
Arauraceles
Ardalio F.
Ardanis Pr.
Aristu
Armascla F. '
Armua .
Aroosh
Arsagal
Arsennar‘ia
Arsinoe
Arsinoe
Arsinoe
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Artisiga
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Arualla
Arylon
Arzeu.
Asama F.
Asbystae
Aschaq
Asila
Aspis
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Assaria. \
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Astrochonda
Ataba
Athribis
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Attaba.
Attici
Aubereum
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Augarmi
Augemmis
Augila
Aulad Slitan
Aulazon
Aulkas
Aamale
Aurasius M.
Aares
Auru
‘ Auschisae
Ausenses
Auser F.
Ausigda
Ausigda I.
Ausilinda
Ausufal
Autenti
Autipsida
Autololae
Automalaca
Auzia
Auziqua
Auzuis
Avibus
Avitta
Avula
Ayasha
Azaris
Azilis
Aziris
Azy

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Babylon
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Badris
Baelo
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Barce

Bardou Ra
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Batrachus Port.
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Binzerte
Biorga
Birasa

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Bir Car

Bir Kabbabiek
Bir Lebbalc
Bir Refam
Bir Shaea
Birben Aissa
Bisica
Biskra
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Bdna
Bondjem
Boreum
Boreum Pr.
Botria
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Boa Anan
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Brachea acra
Brisgoun '
Bryon Litus
Bu-Azun
Bubastus. / ’
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Bure
Bil-regrag
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Ba Settoot
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Batauil 'M'. _
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Byrin M.
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Cabalis
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CaenOn s.
Cast.
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Caesarea
Cala, la
Calama
Calama
Calathe
Calceus Herculis

Callamoei s. Calliae

pr.
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Calpe M.
Camarata
Caminus
Canalis
Candidum Pr.
Cannar I’r.
Canopicum Ost.
Canopus
Canum I.
Capsa

Caput Cillani
Caput Vadorum
Carbon C.
Carbon C.
Carcome
Cardin
Carpio
Carrhotus
Carteia
Cartenna
Cartennas F.

Carthaginiensis Sin.
Carthaginiensmm

Murus
Carthago
Cartilis
Casa RunOniana
Casae Calbenti
Casiotis
Casius M.

Cast. Ghurian
Castra
Castra Cornelia

Castra Germanorum

Castra Nova.

Castra Puerorum
Catabathmus Major.
Catabathmus Minor
Catabathmus Port.

Catada. F.
Cataeonium Pr.
Catanis Pr.
Cauni -
Cella Rapbsad I.
Cellae

Cellae Picentinae

Centenarius

Centurio Suburbura

Cephalae Pr.
Cephesias L.
Cerbica
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Cercina I.
Cercinitis I.
Ceuta ’
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Chersis
Chersonesus
Chersonesus
Chettaea'
Chimo
Chituae
Chobat
Chylemath F.
Cidiphtha
Cigisa
Cilibba
Cilma
Cinyps F.’
Cinythii
Cirta

Cisse
Oisternae
Claudi
Cleartis Palus
Clypea
Clysma
Oobucla
Collo
Constantine;
Corniclanu
Cossyra I.
Cossyra I.
Cotes Pr.
Cotuza.
Crabis F.
Crocodilus
Cuicul
Cullu
Culluci’tana
Curubis
Cynopolis

.Cynossema

Cyrenaica ‘
Cyrene
Cyrthanium

Daphne
Darnis

Daudi

Daya

Daya Hamra '
Daya M ustnir
Dayat-er-Iioomi
Dellis
Delphines~ Im-
Dernah

Den-is
Diachersis
Diana
Diarrhoea
Diarrytus _
Didymae I”-
Dlgdida
Dionysium
Diospolis
Dissio

Diur M.
Djamoor
Dorgy
Drepanum Pr.
Drepanum Pr.
Drusiliana
Durdus M.
Dui‘ga

Duriza L.
Dyrin M.
Dysopus

El Aglzouat
El Arashieh
El
Ba hreyn
El Arish

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El Biban

El Hammam
El Harib
Eliae

El Jemme

El Krerma
El Jlléngoub
El Rasen

Elx Uted
Emporicus S.
En Nakilah Pt.
Erisheol Safet
Equizetum
Eraga.
Erroris I.
Erythrum
Eski
Euesperides

Euphranta Port. eh

Cast.
Eureia Vallis
Euschoenus
Euticu

Fabatianum Castell.

Fahama TV.
Falcon C.
Faroon, L. el
Ferratus M.
Ferro C. '
Fez

Fichtala
Figalo C.
Figit

Filfil

Flacci Taberna.
Flavia Marci
Fossae Nigrae

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Frigid'ae
Faara Plain
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Grades

Gaditanum Fretum
Gaetulia

Cafsa

Gaia

Galafa

Galah

Galaxia.

Calt’ta

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Gaphara Pr.
Gal-a

Garah, Oasis of
Garapha M.
Garas M.
Garde, C. do
Garet
Gazaufala
Gegetu
Gemellae
Gemellao
Gemines
Gemines

Gent

Ger F.

Geras
Gereatis
Gergis‘
Geriville
Germaniciana '
Ceroo

Gharia el G/iarhia
Gharnis, L. el
Gherba
Glzurian
Gibba
Gigthis

Gilda
G‘iligammae
Gilma

Gilva
Grindanes

Gir

Gil‘ba II
Girbe

Girbeh
Girgiri M.
Giri M.

Giuf

Glaucus
Gonia
Graeasgony
Grand Shott
Gras'se
Gratiarum Collis
Guelma
Gaemar
Guerma
Gaettar
Gunugus
Gur-el—Laban
Gypsaria.

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Heraclea Minoa
Heracloopolis
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Herculis Antrum
Herculis Colles Are—
nosi HH
Herculis Columna C
Herculis Columna. C
Herklah
Hermeea Acra
Hermaeum
Hermaeum Opp.
Hermaeum Pr.
Hermaeum Pr.
Hermopolis
Hermopolis
Heroonpolis
Heroopolites Sin.
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Ionga V
Irasa
Isaris F.
Isclzeita
Iscina
Ishailali
Isli

Isser

Rel W.
Iucundiu

J abeur
J alo, Oasis

Jebel A (no Tartar

Jebel Dakar.
Jebel Galar
J ebel Habarlcak

Jebel I bril el Ablaari

Jebel Jerjara
Jebel Lal-dar
Jebel Maragh
Jebel M orai

J ebel Rekem Hallouf

J ebel Sinube
Jebel Sadah
Jeddi

chdi IV.
Jerba

J ijcli

J imila

J isara‘

J ooemma

J usti

Kafr M cshati
Kairwan
Kalaa ben-Aissa
Kalabia
Kanzir C.
Karlc'enah
Kaslzait

Kasr A jdabiyah
Ifasr Bagral
Kasr el Atech
Kasr el Jabel
Kasr Faroon
Kasr Ghardam
Kasr Jedidah
Kasr Kerkcr
Kasr Keran
Kasr Kumbas
Kasrun

Kassr Oimghia
Ifelab

Khamia C.
If/zarrah Pt.
Krenc’hela
Kurba

Ifuriat

Kuriat et Con'z'glia

Laca

Lacci Palus
Lacene

Lacus Begins
Laea '
Laghirah
Lagnutum
Lalla 1V1 agrima
Lamasba
Lamba
Lambaese
Lambiridi
Lamlulah
Lampas
Lampedusa
Lampion
Lamporti
Lanigara.

Laodamantius Port.

Lar Castellum
Lares

« Lasamices

Lasgan
Latomiae
Laturus S.
Laud F.
Lebidah
Lelma ‘
Lemelli
Lemni
Lempla
Leptis Magma
Lept-is Parva
Lesbi

Leshkerreli, Oasis of

Letopolis
Leucae 138‘
Leucaspis
Leuce Acte
Libyca P.
Licontah C.
Ligar F.
Ligatah C.
Limnias
Linosa
Lima. M.
Liviana
Lixus
Lixus F.
Locri
Lopadusa
Lotophagi
Lotophagitis I.
Luculliana
Lueshkah

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Macaraea
Maoatu tae
Machlyes
Machurebi
Machures
Machusii
Macomades

Macomades M inores
Macomades Selorum
Syrtis

Macomades
Maj oris
Macomalaca.

Maori
Macrimeni
Mactar
Madarsuma
Madam-us
JIIaga a
Mag olus
Jllagrua C.
Mahadda .
M ahirouka
Mahmur ’
Mahsan

M akinez
Malaca
Malliana.
Malva F.
Mamara
M'analla
Manange‘
Mandis

M aradeh, Oasis of

filaragi
Marazana
Mareotis Palus
JIIargad
Marmaridae

M arsa

Marsa Alzamar
Jllarsa Za balc
Mascliana.
Mascotus
Mascula
Massaesyli
Massylii
Matero

.Mateur

’ M athar

M atrou Rocks

Mauretania Caesar-

iensis
Mauretania

tana
Maurusii
Maxula-
Maxyes
Mazari C.
Mazarur
Mazatanchur
Mazices
Mazices ‘
Medeah
Medeina
Mediana
filedina es Sultan
M edinet Ifadima
Mediocera
Megalopolis

‘ Megerthis Port.
. M eiriga '

Melaena I.
Melilla
Melilli

M ellafah
Mellafah
Mellaria
Membro
Memphis
Mariam
Mendesium Cst.
Mendrium
Menegese
Menelaus Port.
Meninx
Meninx I.-
Mercurii Pr.
Mercurius '
Margo

Mersa Kebir
Mes I. .
Mesarfelta.
Mesgilda
Mesherat U.
Mesphe
Metagonitae
Metagonium Pr.
M had Hassan
Michera
Miditense Opp.
Migo

Milah

Mileu
Milianah
Mina

M ina

Mina F.

M inah Raina
Minna

M irsa Tobruk
Misda '
JIIisratah C.
Misua

M izdeh
Mizigita
Modunga

‘ Moeris L.

Mombressa
Monocaminos
Mons

Montes Atri
Mopti

.211 ostaganem
Mova

M sad

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32.
/
Mucuni L b Pedonia I, QQ 0 Bus Mellah NN b Setrah PP f Tagious — Q d Timegad O c Vicus Arimantis KK
Muktahr _ FF (1 Pelusiacum 0st. UU 0 Bus Mustapha F b Sex Insulae D c Taine ‘ S d Timezegeri Turris R 6 Views Augusti S
M uktar FF (1 Pelusium , UU c Ras Sem II a Sexi D b Tajourah AA b Timici F c Vicus Aurelii O
Mala Boo Sallam A d Pe apolis "H, EH b Ras Sultan EE 0 Sfax S d Takedemt I c Tinci Ausari HH (1 Vicus Avidu S
Mulawia E 9 Penon de Velez, el 0 0 Bus Tabiah BB b Shammas ()O c Talalatis U g Tinfadis P c Vicus Caucali . HH
Mulelacha. A d Perdices N 0 Row Tatilah 00 b Sharfah EE d Talalatis AA 0 Tingis B c Vicus Comaru QQ
Muluchath E c Pescadores 0. C c Ras Teyonas GG c Sheikh Abdeli G c Talgae AA 0 Tingitanum Cast. I b Vicus J udaeorum TT
Muluchath F. D e Petras Major NN 0 Bus ul Hamrah BB b Sheikh Khaled M d Taljlti M c Tiniodiris GG d Vicus J uliani P
Muluia D e Petras Minor LL b Rhinia. HHb Shaikh Meheddoub S d Tamannuna. M b Tiniza. ‘ S a Vicus_Musti U
Murakh Kham PP c Phacus TT (1 Bis ' D d Shella ' A e Tamaricetum L b Tipasa. K b Vicus ‘Phjliscu PP
Musluvium M b Phaea KK b Roomia S e Shershara AA b Tamaricium EE 0 Tipasa. P b Vicus Sacazama, DD
Musti Q b Phameticum Ost. TT 0 Rosa 0. Q b Shiatah NN e Tamascana M b Tipech P b Vicus Valeriani Q
Musti AA 0 Pharax EE 0 Rubricatus F. Q b Shidham EE (1 Tamuda B c . Tiranadi K b Villa Aniciorum T
Musulamii Q o Pharbaethus TT (1 Ruglata. P o Shott el Barbi . F e ‘Tamuda F. B c Titalita Port 00 b Villa Magna. T
Mutia Q o Philaenoruni Arae FF d Rusaddir E c Shott el Shergai G d Tamugade O c Tlemsen G d Villa Marsi AA
Myrmex I. HHb Philaenorum Prom. FF (1 Rusaddir Pr. E c Shott Melrir N d Tamusida A d Tocolosida B (1 Villa. Sela O
Myrmex I. et Prom. QQ c Philippeville O b Rusazus M b Siagut S b Tanabrasta 00 c Toducae , O b Vina S
' Phocussae'Iae5 , PP c Ruscinona S a. Sibbil II f Tangier B c Tolmita HHb Vinaza. U
' Phoebi Acra. C c Rusgunia L b Sibrieh FF (1 Tania , TT (1 Tozewr “P d Volubilis B
Phoenicfis PP c Rusibiccar Matidiae L b Sibus Q b Taniticum 0st. UU c Tremulw' B d Vopisciana B
Nabar F. M b Phoenix HH d Rusicade O b Sicca Veneria. Q b Taphitis Acra T b Tres Insulae E c -
Nabel T b Phua ‘ _ O b Rusipisir M b Sicilibba. ’ R b Taphrura S d Tretum Pr. 0 a.
Naim EE 0 Phycus Pr. 61'. Cast. II a. Ruspae S c Sidi Geda'r. B d Taposiris RR 6. Triceron Pr. CC b
Naladus CC 0 Piana S a Ruspina S c Sig G ‘ c Tarfaiah MM 6 Trimalleni Turris Q 6 Wadi Aghilc b
Namous G g Piscina . N d Rusuccuru L b Siga. ‘ F c Tarf el Rirat D d Tripoli V f Wadi Bel ' -d
Nara. R c Pisida . T 6 Eu Tagzirt M b Siga F. F c Tarlchiae CC 0 Tripoli Vecchio U f Wadi Gabeib‘a _ d
Naraggara Q b Pithus GG b , Slgensis Port. F c Tar1chiae I“ T c Tripolis U f Wadi Irsema b
Nasamones FF 6 Plaine Tamar P '0 4. Slgll 0. M b Tasacora. G c Tripolis AA b Wadi Je'raib b
Nasavath F. M b Plana F c . . Siguese Q h Tasacora F. G d Tritonis P. 'R e Wadi Seméem d
Naucratis SS c Planesia - F. c Sabrata U f Signs 0 b Taua SS (1 Troia. TT (1 Wadi Semsem c
Naustathmus KK b Platea. I. LL b Sabraton U ' e Sikeira NN ‘c Tauarga BB b Trab E f Wadi Ssefedjin c
Neapolis S b Plinthine RR 0 Saddar O b Sllesua _ R d Tauchu‘a HHb Tubactis 00 b Wadi Tabom‘eh d
N eapolis S d Plinthinitis Sinus~ QQ c Saguti S.“ . A d Sllnla Q b Tauhralz. GG b Tubo'nis — N c Wadi Tagidge ‘ d
Neapolis BB b Plumbaria P b Saiacla _ V e Slmlnga , a 'S b Tauma I. F 0 Tuburbum Majus R b Wadi Talha AA 0
Neapolitanus Sinus S b Plynus Port. NN c Saida H d Slxmttu Q b Tawrirt E d Tuburbum Minus R b Wady A bi d A f
Neccor . D d Pnigeus QQ c S. Aich Q d Slmnana BB b Taxafora. D d Tuburnicum S b Wady el Hamm L c
Nectibere? O f Pnigeus Pr. QQ c S. Attar B c SlraéF.’ V ._ - G c Tebuf'ba _ R b Tubursicum Numi— Wady Kaam BB b
Nedes P b Pomaria F d S. Kadduur I b Slrbdms L". UU c Tega. AA 0 . darum - P b Wady Um er Rebia. A f
Nefta P d Pons\ S e Sais SS (1 Slropum‘ 00 e Telmine R e Tubusuptus M b Warur B c
Negro 0. C c Pontes U 9 Sala A e Slsafia L. R a Tenazera G d Tucca O b Wazen B 'd
Negro 0'. Q a Pontia. GG d Sala. F. A e S1t1fis N b Tenebreste ' 0 b Tucoa Q. ‘0 Wedi Ohegga EE (1
Nemeseum ' MMc Pontos U f Salafi N b Siwah. NN e Tenes . I b Tucca F. Q b Wergha B d
Nemours E c Popletus O c Salassii L c Socosu D d Tenes 0'. q-.' I b Tuliusii K b
Nesi c Popletus F. E c Saldae M b Sohna- CO e Tensift A g Tam Pt. LL b
Nesi I. 0 Port Saggio T e Salecto T c Sohman P. NN c Terebinthina Q o Tunis S b Xois TT (1
Niciu d Portus Divinus G c Salem-bou-Gram S e Solalc HH b Terentum ;. R c Tuniza. Q 1)
Niger F. c Portus Magnus G c Salicae et’ Oauni A .d Souk Arrhas P b Terenutbis SS (1 Tlmiza S a ,
N iliostia c Praesidium T e Salinae Tubonenses M c Soama ' R d Teret K b Turris ad Algam V f . Yenahun O
Nilus F. f _ Praesidium FF (1 Salinar‘um Lacus 00 .b Sozusa. KK a Tetra Fa . D d Turrfs ad Algam AA b
Nithine d Praesidium Silvani R d Salle A d Spartel 0. A c Tetrapyrgla. NN c Turuza . R b
Nivirgi Tab. Praetorium Q d Salsum F. F c Stura ' O b Tatum} B c Tyndarii Scopuli 00 c Za E
Noetu Taberna Prisci Taberna. GG d Saltus Massipianus Q o Suaddarus1 N c Teuchlra GG b Zabensis regio M
Nova Petra Prosopitis I. SS (1 Saneg K c Subeitla Q o Thabudls 0 'd Zabi M V
Numerus Syrorum Pseudopenias Acra GG b Saragina. KK e Subsellmt C d Thacla R b Ualili B d Zabi N
Numidia Psylli . DD (1 Saraik 00 b Subur F. A d Thagaste. P b Ubaza Q 'd Zaccar L
Numidicus S. Ptolemais HHb. Sassura . S c Subutullu AA b Thagulis FF (1 Ubus F. P b Zafran EE
” Pulcln'um Pr. S a Sava. M b Sufasar K b Thagura. Q b Udenoe I. I b Zagazama FF
Putea Pallene T e “Savus F. A _ .L‘ b Sufes Q o Thala. Q c Udjila HH 6 Zagylis NN
Puteus R :9' Sbiba we: Q o Sufetala Q 0 Thamascaltis U g Ulisippira, ‘ R b Zahrez K
Obba. Q o Putput S ~ b." Scenae Veteranorum TT (1 Sugohn BB b Thammes M. Q b UsaletanumOpp. R, c Zahrez L
Obilae H f Scillium Q 0 Sale cl Arba A d Thapsus T c Usaletus M. ' R c Zainati R
Oculus Marinus M c Scopelites GG d Sukrm. GG d Thasarte R d Usilla S d Zalacus M. - I
063. V f - Scythranium MM 0 Sullect1 T c Thaubastum UU d Usinaza. K c Zaltha GG
Oenoladon F. AA b Quinquegentiani L Seba Sous O a Sullaco _ . P b Thebelamis S . f Utaya N c Zama Q
Oisporis EE 0 Quintiliana Villa. AA b Sebennyticum 0st. SS 0 Salim Plamtzes GG f Thelepte' Q d Uthina S b Zama Regia R
Olcachites Sin. P a. Quiza. H Sebennytus SS (1 Surhfana F g Thenadassa AA 0 _Utica R a. Zana 0
0m, Oasis of PP e Sebka Melinda S e Susa T c Thenae S d Uzappa, R c Zaphran ]3_ E
Onellaba Q 1, Sebka Tigri E f Susa . KK a Thenteos U g Uzicath 70 a Zarsis T
Onellana. S b _ Sebkha G . 0 Sasha Thabit EE 6 Theot1maeum HH 0 Uzza/r N b Zau Taberna HH
Opirus . EE 0 Rabais A e Sebos A d Sycapha. ' 00 c Thesav D d Uzzara N b Zephyrium Port. ’ QQ
Oppidum Novum B c Ramses TT d Seggo R b Syce ' . NN c .Theveste Q 0 Zephyrium Pr. KK
Oppidum N ovum I b Raplda. Castra L b Segguem' I f Symmach1 / N c Thaath _ B e . . Zephyrium Pr. _ PP
Oran G c Rapidi L b Sele _ UU d” Syrtls Magma. DD 0 Thlbarus Althlbarus Q o Vacca. M c Zerat S
Orir R. BB b Ras Abiad S a Selems Pr. PP c Syrt1s Parva. S d Thl'blca R b Vaga R b Zeucharis Cast. ' T' ’
Orleansville .I b 'Ras Addar T a. Sell DD 0 ~‘ Tmbllls. P 1" Vagal I b Zeugitan’a Q
Osesi U f Ras-ad-Deir E c Sehnus‘ U a. . ‘ Thlbursmum R b Vallis R b Zeugitanus M, R-
Ouled-Sultan S f Ras Akmta K b Sella EE f . , 1 Th}g<_as. Q d Valo F. B c Zian S
Oviscae S d Ras Ali FF. (1 Selles C d Tabalatla , S f‘ Th}gIS_lS O b Valonice G c Zian Garaba -I
Oxyrynchus SS f Ras al Omjah EE (1 Semeros II b Tabalta S' d Thlgnlca R b Vanias CO d Zflia F. B
Ras O’orbelin M b Sentites ’ GG f Tabarca I. Q a. Thmu1s _ . ‘ TT (1 Vasampus . P c Zflis A
Bag Dimas T c Septa. ‘ ‘B c Tabibbi GG d Thramusdusis ’ S f Vatari P b Ziliten BB
Ras el Ain A e Septem Fratljes M. , B c Tabraca Q b Thugga R b Vax Villa Repenlina U f Ziraifeh DD
Pacciana. Matidiao O b Ras el Dar A d Septem_ Pufim S f Tabrida D d Thusams . P d Vegesela P c Zit S
Paliurus I KK b Ras el Rabaish MMb Sept1m1n101a R d Tabugimn}, AA 6. Thymlatermm A d Vegesela. Q o Z52 D'
Paliurus F. KK b Ras Esfarmh BB b Serapeum GG Q Tabulnatls S f Tbysdrus S c Velisci K b Zoa’rah « U
Pallas P. Q d Ras et Tin LL b Serapeum UU d Tabunte BB .1) Tiarqt I c Velpi Montes ‘ . GG d :Zocynthium Pr. GG
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Abasaei Arabes

el Abdeh

Aboo Khor

Aboo Makhadz‘g
Aboo Shan
Aboo—Shan el Ktbli
4boo Zabara
Abotis

Abustr ’

Abasir

Abastr

Abatig

Abydos

Acaba M.
Acanthus

Acoris
Adrianopolis
Adyrmachidae
Aeas M.
Aegyptus Inferior
Aegyptus Media
Aegyptus Superior

lana

Aelanites Sinus
Aethiopia »
Aethiopia Aegypti
Agnu ceras
Aknas

’Az‘n el-Ghadyan
’Ain el— Gadez'rdt
’Atn el Wibeh
’A’in esh Shehdbeh
’Aln Gadfs

’Ain Hawarah
’Ain Maweileh
’Atn Uara

Ain Une

Akabah

Akab el Kebir
Akhmee’m
Akrabbim, Ascent of
~Alabastra
Alabastrites M.
Albus portus
Alexandria
- Alyis

Amari Laeus
Ananu ‘
Andropolis
Antaeopolis
Anthylla
Antinoopolis
Antiphrae

Anysis
Aphrodites
Aphroditopolis
Aphroditopolis
Aphroditopolis
Apis

Apis

Apollinis hydreuma
Apollinopolis magna
Apollinopolis minor
Apollonopolis parva
Arabah, The
Arabia

Arabia Petraea
Arabicus Sinus
Ar’drah
Archandrupolis
Aristonis

Aroer

Arsinoe

Arsinoe -
' Arsinoites N omu
Artemidos

Artus pr.

Asfan

Ashmanein
Asphaltites L.
Asphynis
Aslaan
Atarbechis

Amh

Athribis

Athribis

Atrtb

Auleu

Aaslm

Autaei Arabes
Avaris

Baalath Beer
Babylon
Baochjs

Bakr bela-ma
Bahr bela-ma
Bahr bela-ma
Bahr el Fartkk
Balat

Bastah

Bebeit

Bedari
' Beer 1ahai-roi
Beer-Sheba
Behneseh
Belbes

cl Benat
Bender el Segir
Bent Hassan
Bent Suef
Berenice
Berys

Besa

Blgheh

Bir Abbad
Btr es Saba
Btrket-el-Keran
Bir Lebak
Btr Maktal
Bolbitinum 0st.
Bopus

Bozrah
Bubastus
Balak

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Busiris
Busiris
Buticus L.
Buto

Cabalsis

Caene

Caenepolis
Caenon

Calamaei pr.
Calliae pr.
Cambysu
Canopicum 0st.
Canopus
Cardamine I.
Casiotis ’
Casius M. _
Catabathmus minor
Cataractes minor
Cercasorum
Chabriae Charax !
Chaereu
Characmoba
Chemmis
Chemmis I.
Chenoboscium

' Chersonesus parva

Chlmo

Chiris

Chnubis
Claudianus Mg,
Cleopatris '
Clysma
Comaru Vic.
Compasis .
Contra Apollono's
Contra Coptos
Contra Laton
Contra Ombus
Contra Pselchis
Contra Syene _
Contra Talmis
Contra Taphis
Contra Tumis
Coptos

Oornaca

Corte

Cortia.

Cos
Crocodilonpolis
Crocodilopolis
Cusae

. Cynopolis

Cynopolis
Cynossema
Cysis

Dahab

Dakaktn
Dakkeh
Damankar
Damtetta
Daphnae
Daraat

Darz’lt Sherif
Debot

Defenneh

Deir el Kaser
Delphines 1“-
Delta

Delta

,Dembtd
Dendera

Dendar el Shark
Der

Der Amba Bisar'l
Der .Baramas
Der Mar Makarios
Derris ‘
Dianam ad. '
Dias Iotabe I.
Dibleh
Didymae Ia”-
Didyme

Dimeh

Diolcos Ost.
Dionysia

' Diospolis magna

Diospolis parva
Dizahab

Djebel N akkarah
Djebelem
Djestret Derar
Dodecaschoenus
Drepanum pr.
Dresiek

el Dar

Dash el Kalah

Ebnab

Eboda
Ecregma

Edfa

Edmo

Egypt, River of
Elath‘

Elephantine I.
Eleusis

Elim

Eloth
Eltolad
Elusa
Ennum

Erab Kallu
Erment
Esneh

Estabel Antar

Etham, Wilderness of

Euticu
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Fakurak
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Farbet

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Feshn

Fostat

Faah

Famm el Dtbeh

Famm. el U mm Pareg

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Ganak
Garindanenses
Garanda S.
Gaza
Gebalene
Gerasa

Gerf HasSein~
Gerrha
Gharb’l Assaan
Girgeh

Giseh

Graeas-gony pr.
Grubba

. Gynaecopolis
Gypsaria

Hagg Kandil ,4
Hat/eh " " V ,
el-Halmar, puteas
Halak, Mount
"Halmyrae ‘
Halonesi I“
el-Hammam
Haoa

Hauara

Hasaya ,
Hazar-Addar
Heliopolis

Helleh
Heptanomis

Heracleopolis magna

Heracleopolis parva
Heracleoticum Ost.
Heracleum
Hermaeum pr.
Hermonthis
Hermop‘olis
Hermopolis magna
Hermopolis parva
Heroonpolis — ‘
Heroopolites Sinus
el Hez

Hibe

el Hibe
Hieraconpolis
Hieraconpolis
Hiera Sycaminos
Hipponum

Hisopis

Hisoris

Homaima

Homam

Hor, Mt.

Horeb, Mt.
Hormah

el Hamei'yimeh
Hypsele

Iambe I.

Ibeum

I brim

I lakan
Ilithyiaspolis
Immundus Sinus
Iseum

Iseum

el—Istabel

Isura I.

Jafattne I.
Jebel Aboo Derag
Jebel Aboa Morrat
Jebel Ab’ll N fir
. Jebel Aba Tartar
“Jebel Aba Tartar
Jebel Atakah
Jebel Aatad
Jebel Awe'tbid
Jebel Barghek
Jebel Barghlaa ’
Jebel Chalalla
Jebel Chalil
Jebel Dab-al
Jebel Dakar
Jebel Dara
Jebel Debak
Jebel Dtbb
Jebel Dokan
Jebel el Mesaaaki
Jebel el Tatr
Jebel el Zeit
J ebel Embara
.Iebel Embarak
Jebel Enned
Jebel Esserba
J ebel et- Tih
Jebel Fattreh “
J ebel Feratt
Jebel Garabe
Jebel Gatar
Jebel Gerdt
Jebel Gerfe
Jebel Gharban
,Jebel Ghartb
Jebel Ghassan
Jebel Goabe '
Jebel Gabe
Jebel Hamamek
Jebel Hammad
J ebel Hdrdn
Jebel Hem/main
Jebel Isnad
Jebel Joch
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Jebel Kolaz'l

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J ebel Monieh
Jebel Makrdh

' Jebel Maksar

Jebel Manfiek
Jebel Masa
Jebel Namer
Jebel Bamlek
Jebel Salattn
Jebel Selseleh

' Jebel Sewadorah

J ebel Shalb
J ebel Sheir

' Jebel Sodmen
. Jebel Taardn

Jebel Tenagl
Jebel Tentseh
Jebel Ttar
Jebel Um-Esh
Jebel Zebara

' J enchar

J ovis hydreuma
Jabal
Jamemah Pt.

Cl Kab L
Kad sh Barnea
Ka esh Barnea
Kadesh Barnea "
Kalaal-el-Arish '
Kalaat Adjrad
Kamadt

Karatm

Karnak

Karn Ganah

el Kasr '
Kasr Atn el Sag/an
Kasr Dak/zel

Kasr Keran

Kasr Rag/an

’ ’el' K aaamat
‘Kaa el-Kebtr

Keldbshe
Kenek

Kerak

Keri

Kersam
Kertasi ‘
el Kes .
Kestamna ‘
K karjek ‘

‘ Khulasa
_Kir of Moab

Ktrsh

Ktrsh

Koft

Kom el Ahmar
Kom el Akmar
Karoko

Korti

Kosalr . g
Kaban
Kabanz'ek

el Kafa

'Kal’at. Nakhl

Karnab
Kas
Kusfir

el Kasz'eh

Laodamantius port.

Latonpolis

Legeta
Lepidotonpolis
Lepte acra
Letopolis
Léucaspis .
Leuce acte et ins.
Libycus Nomus
Laksor

Lycopolis

Lysa

M aabdeh

Magassa
Magdolus
Maharraga
Marah

Marea

Mareotis Palus
Marghat

Marsa Berek
Masindomacun'l
Matalib

Matar'teh
Medaenet el F yoon
Medeia

M edz'net H aba

M edinet N tmrad
Melcatis
Memnonia
Memphis

Mendes
Mendesium 0st.
Menelais

el M enshz‘ek
Menaf

Menzaleh

Mersa Embarek
M ersa Hemraatn
Mersa Kaleb
Mersa Kesah

M ersa Letrama
Mersa Obessalem
M ersa Sherm Hetem
Mersa Sherm Wak
Mersa Zelara
Mersa Zak el Behar
Metacompso
Metelis
Milesiorum cast.
en-Mishpat
Moab

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Moeris L.
Moggore
Moileh
Momemphis
Monocaminus
Montesatri

- Monumenta Egyptian

Moorkos I.
Illakfar
Muknah
Musae
Muthis
Myoshormos

' Myrmex I.

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Nabataeorum Insulae

Na bk

N ad z'r

N agadeh
Natho

N atron Lakes
Naucratis
Nechesia
N egeb
Negla
Nieiu
Niciucome
N icopolis
Nili Ostia
Nilus F.

Nimrim

Nithine .

Nitria
’Nitriotes Nomus
Novum hydreuma

Oasis Kurkur
Oasis magna

Oasis parva -
Oasis Trinitheos
Okabet Aba Jerayeh
Ombus

On '

Onne

Ostracine
Oxyrynchus

Pampanis
Panephysis
Panopolis

Papa

Paraetonium

Paran

Paran, Wilderness of
Parembole

Passalus

Pathyris

'Patumos

Pedona
Pedonia I.
Pelusiacum 0st.
Pelusium
Peme -
Pentaschoenu
Pentedactylus M.
Persei specula
Persicum monum
Pesla
Petra
Phacussa
Phacussae Iae'
Phalacron
Phara
Phara
Pharan ad Prom.
Pharanitee
Pharbaethus
Pharos I.
Phatmeticum Ost.
Phatniticum Ost.
Pherme ‘
Philae I.
Philiscu
Philotera
Phoenicon
Phoenicon
Phoenicus
Phoenix
Phthontis
Phylace Hermopoli-
tana
Phylace Thebaica
Pilak
Pineptimi Ost.
Pithom
Plinthine -
Plinthinites Sinus
Pnigeus '
Pnigeus pr. . _
Porphyrites M. v
Posidn Sinus
Posidium
Praesidium
Praal Pt.
Primis
Prosopis
Prosopitis I.
Pselchis
Psinaula
Ptolemaeus F.
Ptolemais
Ptolemais Hermiu

el Rajat .
Ramses

Raphia

Ras Aboo Hagar
Ras Aboo Mangar
Ras Aboo Shar _
Ras Aboo Semi
Bas Biban '4“
Rae Dara

Ras el Anf
Bas el Difeh
Ras el Kanats

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Ras el Kasran

_ Ras Gartb

Ras Gaaas

Ras Hamra
Bas Istraki
Ras Kimseh
Bus Mobammed
Rae Mokhag
Ras Shakhair
Ras'Safsafek
Ras Umm Abbas
Baa Zaferdneh
Redestek
Rehoboth'
Rephidim
Rhinocolura
Rom Ombo
Rufus M.
er-Rabez'beh

Sadekeh

Sadfah

Saea

el Sagz'

Sahragt

’Sais

Salinieh

Salt lake

Salydo I.
Samanad‘

Samant ‘

San

Sanduma

Sankart

Sapirine I.
Saraceni

Satarma

Say/tad

Scenae Mandrorum
Scenae Veteranorum
Schedia

Schennu .
Sciathica regio
Scytale I.

Sea, The Salt
Sebae’ta

Sebekeh
Sebennytioum Ost.
Sebennytus

Sebaa

Sefiadger _

Sell Gardht

Seir, Mt.

Sela
Sela I.

Sele

Selinus

Senafer

Senphu

Serapeum

Serarteh

Sesamus

Sethroe

Seyaleh

Shadwan

el Shanka

Shech Abadeh
Shellal-el-Nil
Sherm es Shek
Shtab el Hamaz
Shar, Way of
Shur, Wilderness of
Shushuah
Sikket Bender el Kebz’r
Sikket Bender el Kebtr
Silili

Sillah

Silsih's

Sin, Wilderness of
Sinai, Mt.

Sinai,Wilderness of Mt.

Sinuatis
Stout
Sirbonis L.
Sitnah

Speos Artemidos
Stenae Dirae
Stratonicis
Saadl
Sucabya I.
Suez _
Syene

Tacasarta
Taehtah
Tacompsos
Ta’compsos
Tacona
Tafeh

' Tahat

Talmis
Tamiathis
TamOntis
Taneh
Tankoat Pt.
Tanis

' Tanis

Taniticum 0st.
Taphis "
Taposiris
Taposiris parva
Tasdrum

Tana
Taubastum
Taweelah
Tchoenemyris
el Teb_en

Tell Aba Soltman
Tell e thjabeh
Tell 6 Semat
Telmis

Teman

Tendah

el Teneh
Tennis .

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Tentyra
Terenuthis
Terraneh
Thaneh
Thatice
Thebae
Thebais
Thinis
Thinodes M.
This
Thmuis
Thoana
Thomu
Thou

et- Tih, Desert of
Timonepsis
Tindium
T'ineh
Tiran
Tmal
Tmuis
Tomas
Tomas I.
Tor
Tophel
Traiani Fossa
Troja

Tad

Tum

Taot
Tuphium
Tarah
Tzit-zis
Tzutzis

4

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Uak el Farafrek
Umm el Kamat

Veneris I.
Veneris portus
Vicus J udacorum

Wady Aboo Wasel
Wady Adowz’
Wady Allake
W ady Antar
Wady Arabak
Wady Baba
W ady Beda
Wady Benas
Wady Btyar
Wady Dahal
Wady Dara
Wady Dtbb
Wady el Aggab
Wady el—Arabah
Wady el-Artsh
Wady el Bameh
Wady el Faye
Wady el Ghabz'yeh
Wady el-Madhetyat
Wady el Sharatf
Wady el Sherm
Wady Enned _
Wady Esserba
Wady et Tawdl
Wady Faaam
Wady Gaaasts
lVady Gelab
Wady Gemal
Wady Gkartb
Wady Goabe
Wady Had
Wady Hamada
Wady Hamr
Wady Jerdfeh
Wady Jeri
Wady Kadz'r
Wady Kartt
Wady Kenneh
Wady K habe
Wady Ktlleh
Wady Kahas
Wady Lassan
Wady Mahass
Wady Makaneh
Btbeh
Wady Makaneh
Stout
Wady Medilek
Wady Masa
Wady N abek
Wady N akeb
Wady Nateshe
Wady Neha
W ady Nez'xman
Wady Rtan
Wady Safi
Wady Safraneh
Wady Sefi'adger' -
Wady Stout
Wady Sadr
Wady Tarfah
Wady Um-Ardo
Wady Wardan
Wah el Dakhel
Wak el Kharjeh '
Wanderings, The

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Xois

Zabadei Arabes
Zaba

Zadagatha

Zaai et-el-Metttn
Zephath .
Zephyrium port.
Zephyrium pr.
Zephyrium pr.
Zered, Brook
Zin, Wilderness of
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EGYPTUS.—ETHIOPIA SUPRA EGYPTUM. MM» 33.
ETHIOPIA S U I IIA JlflG 1 E I U 1V1. (ON MAP IEGYPTUS.)
Abhebbad L. O c Autoba A Dabelli A c Gaza D c Mastitae B c Panon Vic‘ E I
,7 . . . c Solanades I. B
fibfifnfiifiad 12 E fiuxum}:a R B Daemonum I. B a Ger F. A d Maumarum A b Pataeta A b Solatae 0
Ab 'lli 'B b uxum1 rum 93“ B Danab A c Gerada. A c Medimni A b Pechini B c Soleb A
Acgnnae E c Aqum I b Daphnon D c Ggsrbo A a Megabari A b Pentedactylos M. B a Soterias P. B
Acetuma A b Avlum . D c Daraba _ C c Gumbo A a Mekabemb A b Phalangis M. E c Soterén P. B
Acina A b Axome B c Dar Berber A b Gus A b Melayeh I. A b Phthuri A a. Stadisis A
Adana D Axum B c Dar Gal A b Gympates B c Melinus P. C c Pitara. A b Suakin- B
Adanu I". C c Aza;}al C d Dar Metammeh A b Gypsms I. B a. Memnones A c ‘Primis _ A a Sydop A
Aden D ‘c ‘ 2- an B \b ”Dan; Rabatat A b Gystate A b Meroe A b Primis magna. A b Syene v A
Adulis B 1‘: . Dar U132 A c Meroe insula ‘ A b Primis parva. A b Sygarus I.’ 0‘
A ame B Debduhek A c Megaches C c Prionotus M. ‘ B a
Agame B O Babyllenii B b Deadomulll. C c . Metine C c Profundus port. B a >_
Agathonis I B c Baln- el Abiad A c Demetru Specula. B a el Had)” A b Mnemeum pr. B a, PStbO L. B c ‘ .
Agaue . B a Bahr el Azrek A c Bender A c Hazk L. B c Monodactylos M. ’ B a Psebo L. B c _
Agau-mider B ‘3 Bankar A b Denka A c Hanfil‘ak C c Monoleus Lac. B b Psycheus P- E c Tabae pr. E 0
Age}; I A b: Brmna, E c Derekkek A b quorta . B c Moqrat A b Pteros I. C b Tadu A b
Aladi A c Barbaria. C c Dbalab . 0 b Hlerasycammos A a. Mossylon prom. and _ Ptolemais Epitheras B b Taka‘ B ‘b
Alalaei I O b Barbaricus Sin. D d D1069“. 1' C 0 Hora A b‘ emp. D c Takkazze B c
Alauin . A c Barigaza D c D10gen1s acra B a Mothltae ; C c Tama' ‘ A a.
Anazo C Barka . B b D10ryx E c . Mudaz’to ’ C c Tangaitae B b
Andera C c Bascma B c Dgoscurorum P. B a Mundu- I. D c , . Tangasz' A b
Andro alis A I; g3]asina B 0 Due Pr. 0 c Ipsgdorae C c .Mundu emp. D c Rat-had A c Tasitia A a
Anine g C azium Pr- B a Doch1 B d 1812th A b Musa C 0 Bus Bir C c Tathis A b '
Anseba B {)3 Bega B b Dodpcaschoenus A a Is1dgs I. et port. 0 c Mushash Is. C c Ras el Fil E c Taurus M. B b
Anti hili P C ija B b Dorl'cae I“- C b Isybs M. . B a * Ras el Khyle D d 'Tenessis A c
Aoraliia 31113 B 3 Berbemh D c D0msh_ C b Isuhs potamla C c Reida E c Tenupsis A c
A 000 apma 113. D d Berenice A- a 13%]st B (1 I889 tmbus f G c Rhaeda E c Tergedum 7 A b
Agollifiis p 0% mia. D c Berenjce ad Sabas C c ’ . Rhausu. C ‘1 T0119 ‘ A b
Arabia Efidaemon D c Beremce Epldu‘es C c Nams A b Tomadeon Iae. B a
Arabicus Sinus B a Bares“ ' A b Elc d h Nag“ A b Topazon 1' B a
Arbagi A c Bile” B b E1616; F A b Kai? A c NTapata A b Tnacontagchoenus A a
AreI O b Ble‘mmyes A a 6P as . E c Kasaba A c Aauggh A b , Troglfidytlce B a.
Ar 0 . A b 'Bonchis _ j A b Elephas M. E c Kwpkran B a Nan A b Saba B b Trulla I. D c
Argmata r and enf E Boron A b Emeum A b KM' . A (1 NW . B c Saba Doleb A c Tsabo L. B c
Aromatifeg‘a r ' P. O c Endera B c Kubabzsh A c N111 potam1a 0 d Sabae ~ 0 0 Tzana 1 B c
A . eglo C 3 Ende'rta B c Kunama B c N111 potamm D c Sabaiticum ostium B b Tziamo B d"
Aigzgzes B b C b ‘ I Eratoms I“ B b N11us F. A a. Sacole A b Tziamo B o
Arsinoe 0 0.5112118 '1 O b 'Esar A 0 Nglus F. A c Sape A b
Asabo-Galla C 0 C(11) Inna . B a. Eswr . A c _ Nglus F. A d Sape A c
A l] . A 0 0a aa "I B c Euangelqn P. B b Langheb B b Nllus F. B c S’asu B d
Asal . A c Camarl . C b Euonym1tae' A b Lepte acra B a Noa A b Satachtha A b Urbis A b
Ase. B c Cane . D c Exulum reglo A c , No'o_L. A d Satyrén M. B a
Asglfitcra B I; Cataractes maJor A a. Notlceras D d Saurat A b
AZbeoigg £34m B b Caiaracfiee mmpr A a Nuba A b Sawe B c ‘
A t | . A Ca iraac es tertlus A b Macalla . D. c Nuba P. A d Sehoho B b Wady Argu A b
Astzpus F A 6 Cat arae I. B b Gabache F. A c Magadowo, Nd of C d Nubae A c Sembobitis A c Wady Noogal D d
Ast pus F. A Ca1sup1 A c Gabache F. B b Magassa A a Sembritarum regio A c
Astzp’glsl - B c insoe A a. Gabala B c Magorum I. B b Semene B c
Ast r613) . A a 8 ersonesus B a Gagaudes I. A b Illaztsha B 0 Sweden B‘ c
Astasobas;F A g C11grsonesus B b Gal. A b Makallah E c ' Semneh A a Zaa B
[1:111:30 as . A 001 (1)" D c Galabat B c Malao - D c Oce11s O c Sennaar ‘ A c Zaga B
Atal B a. 0010 on M. B b Gala I. B b Mahphae 139- C c Ophlodes I. B a 8636 A a. Zeila ' ‘ C
At: mo B 00109 B c Gambela B c Malh A b Opone. E c Sesea C c Zingabeni B
A am e 0 0e L. B c Gapachl A c Mandaeth C c Orambls A b Shat'rab A b Zingage B
ua_ B c Cqmbu§ta I. C b Garbata M. B c Mandalus Lac. B b Orambo A b Sigye B b Zingis E
Auabtae C c Crltepm A d Garode A c Mareb B c Orbat A b Saba A b Zmanes A
ignites gmpor. C c C):nelum ’ _ B c Gash B b Mareu I“ B b Oreine B b Sobat A d Zuayeh L.‘ B
u es bums C c Cy noscephalon‘aquatloE c Gaza B b Maste M. B ’o Orisitides Iae. B b Sbcratis I. 0 b Zumcmeh A.

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T HE H O LY LAN D
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Abarim, Mountains of

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Abd en-Neby

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Abel-Beth-maachah
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Abel-Mizraim
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Abdel

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Aba Kahut
Aba Kamhah
Aba Kharib _
Aha Khash
Aha Lemma
Abu Nakla
Aha S’aideh
Aha Shi’isheh
Aha Shzisheh
Abu Sindn
Abu Tarafi
Abu Tarik
Aba Teraifeh
Aha Tameis
Aba Taraibeh
Aha Zeitan‘

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Accho ’

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Aehor, Valley of
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Acre, Bay of
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Adora
Addraim

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Adullam
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‘Ain Aha ed- Daraj
4’Ain Aha el- Hafiiir
’Ain Aha Maseir
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’Ain el- ’Alcabah
’Ain el- ’Aras

Valley of

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’Ain el- Baricleh
"Ain el- Beida

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’Ain Ghazal

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’Ain Hajla

’Ain Hameleh

’Ain Ham'al

’Ain Haniyeh

’Ain el- Hardmiyeh
’Ain el-‘ Hamish

\ ’Ain Hand

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’ _’Ain Haar

’Ain Hawrat
’Ain Hdziir
’Ain Helweh
’Ain Hemar
iAin Hersha
lAin Hujeir
’Ain Husab
’Ain Jiiliid

’Ain el- [amid
’Ain Iaryah
’Ain Iazir

’Ain lbl

’Ain Jehdir
’Ain Ienmeh

' ’Ain Jidy

’Ain Jifr

’Ain el— Joheir
’Ain Iskanderiina
’Ain' Jarfa

’Ain Karimi
’Ain el- Kase’rem
’Ain Kata

’Ain Kebz‘r

’Ain Keir

’Ain Kemi’a
’Ain Khaniyeh
’Ain Khurwa’ah
’Ain Kiratah
’Ain el- de
’Ain Kanyeh
’Ain Kunyeh '
’Ain Kasab’a
’Ain el— Lebweh
’Ain Mfihil

’Ain Mahis

’Ain Makhaz 7
’Ain el- Meiyiteh
’Ain el- Mellahah
’Ain el- Mclh’i‘leh
’Ain el- Mas‘siah
’Ain el- Mizrdb

’Ain Makhna
’Ain .Musa'd
’Ain Musheiri/‘eh
’Ain Nini

’Ain N ankar
’Ain er- Raiya
’Ain Rawy
’Ain el- Bcdhuan
’Ain Rubia
’Ain Sc’ird

’Ain Sarah
’Ain es- 'de
’Ain es- Sekkeh
’Ain Shems
’Ain Sinia _
*Ain Suleiman
’Ain es- Sultan
’Ain Sar’ah
’Ain Tannarah
’Ain Tanoari
’Ain et- Terab
’Ain Terdbeh
’Ain ‘Tera’in
’Ain Tin

’Ain et- Tin
’Ain et- Tin
l’Ain et- Tineh
’Ain Tinta
’Ain Tarma
’Ain Un

’Ain Ut

’Ain Yale

’Ain Y ebriid
’Ain el- Yemen
’Ain Yasha
’Ain Zebi’lb

’Ain ez- Zeitiin
Aindn

Aineh

’Aim’in

’Aireh

’Aiteh

’Aiteh esh- Shah
Aithat ez- Zat ~
Aithenz‘th
’Aitheriin
Ajeilat

’Ajjeh

’47)??? -

’Ajlan

Ajliin

’Akabah

el- ’Akahah
’Akabeh

Akadi

’Akbeh

Akeb eel-Bibs
’Akir

Akita ~ ~
Akka, Bay of
’Akka, Plain of
Aklim el— Belldn
.’Akraba

Akrabeh
’Akrabeh
’Ahar

el- ’Al
Alakhi

el- ’Alalx‘z‘my‘
Alammelech
’Alarn Eda.
Alain

Alemeth
Alexandrosohene
’Alia

Aljiah

’Alkin

-’Allar el- F olca

 

’A Hair 03- Sitla ,
Alleilcah

’Ain el- M udaawarah

’Akrabany, Canal
Akrabbim, Ascent of

Album Promontorium

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‘ ’Almé'n

. Amathus

 

v’Anz

‘ Aphek‘

- Arti’if

PALESTINE;

Arabic Words: Aha, Father; fAin, Fountain; Aral, Plain ; Bahr, Sea or Lake; B. Beit, House; Belad, District; Bint, Daughter (pl. Bendt); Bir, Well; Birket, Pool; Barj, Castle, Tower; Deir, Convent, Residence ; Derb,
Road; Ibn, Son (pl. Bani); Jebel, Mountain; Jisr, Bridge; Kefr, Village; Khan, Inn, lodging-place; Khirbet, Ruin; Kalah, Kalat, Castle; Kurn, Horn (pl. Karat»); Karyeh, Town; Kasr, Castle; Mar,

’A lma
.’A lm-a
A lmaniyeh
A lmit

Almon
Alsadamus mons
el- ’Alya

Alya Judiyeh
Amdlalca
’Améteh

Amdteh
Amathus

’Amkah ~

el- Ammaga; Plain of

Ammah
Amman
’Amra
’Amran
Armilrah'

el- ’Ami’in
Amareh
’Amfiria
’Amwis
Anab’

’Andb

el- ’Ana‘b
’Ana'ta
Anathoth
Anazeh
’Anebta
’Anjar "

el— ’Armdheh
el- Ansdriyeh
Anti—Libanus
Antipatris
Antfibeh

Anza

Apherein -
Aphinith

Apollonia

Ar Rabbath) Moab
Ara a.

Arabah or the Plain

Arabah or the Plain,

Sea of . .
’ Arab Salim
Arad
’Ara’in
el- ’Araj
Ara-k
Arak el— Emir '
’Ardk el- Menshiych
Arak es- Suwcidin
Aram
Aramta -
’Ardneh
’Ar’dr
’Ar’drah
’Ar’drah
Arbain
Arbela
Arbela
Arbin
Archelais
Ard el— ’Ahmar
Ard el- Ahmar', or
Hamma
Ard el- Batanyeh

Ard Belchet-el—’ U sfareh

Ard el— Fedayein
Ard el- Hamrna
Ard el- Hamma
Ard el— Hawi
Ard el— H aleh
Ard el- Khait
Ard el- K hiydrah
Ard el- Masa
Ard Ramadan
Ard Serada

Arcl Um Ezzabair
Areopolis

Argob

’Aril, Spring
Arimatheea
Arimatheea
Arimathaea.
Arjdn

Arji‘in

el- Arki’ib

’Arli‘it
Armageddon
’Arneba

Arnon R.

Armin

’Arm’itieh

’Arny

Aroer

Aroer

Aroer

Arrdbeh
’Arrcibeh
’Arrdbeh or Y a’bz‘id
Arsfif

’Arti’iz
’Arahbb‘neh
’Arfirah. '
’Ary

Asafneh

el- ’Asalz‘yeh
Ascalon
Asdz‘id
Ashdod

Asher

Ashid

el- ’Ashilc
Ashkelon
Ashrafiyeh
el- Ashrafiyeh
Ashtaroth ~
Ashteroth Karnaim
Ashteroth-Karnaim

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.’Atdra

. Bashan '

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watercourse ; Wely, a Saint’s Tomb.
Ruins; Br. Bridge; R. River; L. Lake.

’Asireh
’A skar
’Askulan
’Aslaj
’Aslfin

Asofehis, Great Plain

o
Asphaltites Lacus
Asyah Hasweh
Atad
’Ataman \
’Ata'ma‘t

Atdra
’Atdra
Ataroth
’Atébe

el— ’A teibeh.
’Athlit
Athrin
’Athshith
Ati‘l
’Atshith
’Attarfls
Attil
’Attir
{Ataf'
’Aulam
Aulon
Auranitis
’Aasarin
’Autaya
Avith
’Awad
A’waj, Sources of the
el- ’Awaleh

’Awas

’Awerta

Ayiyeh

el- Ayfln

’Ayan el- Assawir
’Ayz‘in ed- Dheib
’Ayiin Mdsa
Again 68— Seman
Azabarah '

el— Azariyeh
Azdzimeh Dhulldm
Azebiyeh el- Foka
Azebiyeh et- Tahta
Azekah

Azem .
Azmaveth

Azmfit

Azotus

Azfir

Azzah

Azziyeh

Azzrin

Baalah

Baalath

Baalath Beer
Baal Gad

Baal Hermon
Babila

Babliyeh

Bab Safiit

el- Badaliyeh
Bahr-bela-mi
Bahr el— Haleh
Bahr Lilt

Bahr Tnbariyeh
Bahret el- ’Ateib‘eh
Bahret Bdla
Bahret el— Hijanel/
Bahret el- Kibliyeh
Bahret esh: Sharkiych
el— Ba’ineh

Bdith

Bak’ah

Bakah G‘harbiyeh
Bdkah Sharkiyeh
Bakhjeh

Bdla

Baldt

Ba’lin

el- Bdlii’a

Baht’a

el— Bdneh

Banias

Banias, Canal
Bardzin

el- Bdrid

el- Barihah
Barin ‘
Barish

Basaliych

Basha

Bashan, Hill of
el— Basuriyeh

Ba’t

Batanaea

Batanaea.

Battinah
Bathanyeh
Bathihah, Plain of
Batim

el— Baubariyeh
Baarin

Bawdna

el— Bawdty

el— Baweidah

cl; Bedeih

Bedia

Bedias

Bedas

Beeroth
Beer-Sheba . ,
Beer-Sheba, Desert of
Behariyeh
B'ehem
Beida
Beisan'

Beit ’Afia

l‘

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F

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plthD. gig-i

' Beit ’Endn

‘ Beit 1dis

. Beit Karl

‘ Bela’liyeh

 

Beit ’A hurt
Beit ’Ainiin
Beit ’Alam,
Beit ’Amreh
Beit ’Aras
Beit ’Atab
Beit ’Aawa
Beit Dejdn
Beit Dejiin
Beit Dimreh
Beit Dirdis
Beit Duhkah
Beit Bards
Beit Ella

Beit nghiir
Beit Far
Beit Fez'jfir
Beit Farih
Beit Hanina
Beit Haran
Beit Haskeh
Beit Haleh
Beit Hanan
Beit Iabr
Beit Jdla
Beit I ha

Beit el- Jémdl
Beit Jenn
Beit Jenn
Beit Jenn
Beit Ierja .
Beit I ibrin
Beit liz
Beit I ksa
Beit I lfa
Beit Imrin
Beit Issa

Beit el— Kerakch
Beit el- K erakeh
Beit K heirdn
Beit el- Karm
Beit Lahm
Beit Lahm
Beit Lehya
Beit Lehia
Beit Lid

Beit Lif

,Beit Lukie
Beit Mirsim
Beit N d’im
Beit Nebdla
Beit Nettif
Beit Nilbah
Beit Nakkdba
Beit Rima
Beit er- Bash
Beit Sdbir
Beit Safdfa
Beit Saham
Beit Sdhiir
Beit Sdhdr el- Atilcah
Beit Sakarieh
Beit Sawa

Beit Shit

Beit Sira

Beit Sar

Beit Sar’ah

Beit Sarilc

Beit Sdsin

Beit Ta’mar

Beit Tima

Beit el- Tima
Beit Tulina

Beit Tuza

Beit Ula

Beit Ummar

Beit Unia

Beit ’ Ur cl- .Fdlca
Beit Ur et- Tahta
Beit Uzin

Beit Zdra

Beit Za’ter

el- Beitdny
Beitariyeh
Beitima

Beitin

Beja ‘

L. el- Bejjeh
,Belca

Belckifa

Bela

Bela’at _
Belad Besharah
Belad esh- Sheik/2, .
Belad esh- Shakif‘

Beldt

Beldt
Belfort

.el= Belka

el- Bel/ca
Belus B. .
Belvoir
Benayet
Beni Hair/6n
Beni Harith
Beni Isma’il
Beni Mdlilc
Beni Massah‘
Beni Na’i‘m
Bani Obeid
Beni Baish
Beni Saab
Beni Salim
Beni Zeid
Benit
Bennah
Berachah
Berba
Berdela
Bored
Bereilritt
.Berfilieh

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Bir el- Kalab

'Bir es- Seba’

~ Biydr Bedan

, el- Bukci’a

 

Berkiisieh
Berta

Berteh

Bessam
Bethabara
Beth-anoth
Bethany

Beth Arbel
Beth-baal—meon
Beth-Dagon
Beth-Dagon
Bethel
Beth-Ema]:
Beth=Gamul
Beth-hac-cerem
Beth-Haran
Beth-hoglah
Beth-horon
Beth J eshimoth
Bethlehem '
Bethlehem
Beth-Marcaboth
Beth-Nimrah
Beth-Rehab
Bethsaida
Bethsaida
Beth-Shean ' ‘
Beth-Shemesh
Beth-Shittah
Beth Tappuah
Bethulia
Beth-Zacharias
Beth:Zur
Betogabra
Betonirn
Betonium

el— Bey'ddh
Bezaiz

el- Beze'iyeh
Bezer

Bidda

Bint Jehcil

Bint Sheikh Lat
Bir’ Adis

Bir Arabi

Bir ’Ashit

Bir el— Ghaal
Bir Jedrii

Bir Kasam

Bir el- Kaas
Bir el- Keneiseh '
Bir el- Khalil
Bir el- Khusneh

Bir el- Legami
Bir Moriyah

Bir en- Nahl
Bir en- Nasdra
Bir Nehcila

Bir es- Sabil

Bir Selhiib

Bir es- Sharky
Bir es- Sifala .
Bir es- Seir

Bir Tireh

Bir el— Ud

B ir ez- Za’fercinch
Bir es- Zeit

el- Birch

el- Bireh

Biria ’
Birket el— Amud
Birket el- Asal ,
Birket Derddrah
Birket el— Jish
Birket el- Khalil
Birket el- K ’taineh
Birket Na‘m
Birlcet er- Ram

el- Birriyeh

el— Birweh
Bisreyin

Bistan

Bittir

el— Biya'd

el- Biydd

Bizjothjath-Baalah
Bizzdriyeh

Bhustah

elé Bleij

Bostra

Bozrah

Bozrah

Breilca

Badras

Bughamo

el- Biikd’a
el— Balc’ah
Bukasem
el- Bakei’a
el- Bakei’a, Plain of
Baklcc’ir

Buleida

Barak

Barri/c

Burbarah

Bard

el- Bureij
Bureilciyeh

Bareiky

Bureir

Burg/Luz

el— Burj

el— Bari

el- Bari

Barf el- Ataat
Bar] ’Azzil

Burj el- Barah
Biirj Beitin

Barj el- Fari’a
Barj el— Kalawcih
Barj en- N ’meirah
Barj er- Rahal . _

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MAPS 35 a 86‘.

‘ eds Deir

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Barj Shimaliyeh
Barka

Burka

Burkah

Burhin

Biirhash
Burmeh

Barak

Burzeh

Basdn

Buseir

Buseir el- Hariry
el- Buseireh
Baslaya

Basra

Bussah

el- Bataniyeh
Batasheh

el- Butein
Batriyeh

el- Battaaf

el- Buttaaf, Plain of
el- Baweida
Buzineh

Bydd 68- said

Cabul

Caesarea

Ceesarea Palestinee

Ceesarea Philippi

Callirhoé

Cana

Canatha

Caparcotia

Capernaum

Caphar Barucha.

Capharsaba' -

Capitolias

Carmel

Carmel, Cape

Carmel, Mt.

Castellum N ovum

Castellum Peregri—
norum

Cedron

Chabolo

Charashim, Valley of

Chasalus ’

Chephirah

Cherith, Brook

Chesalon

Chesnlloth

Chinnereth, Sea of

Chisloth—Tabor

Choba

Chokeyra

Chorazin

Chrysorrhoas R.

Cison R.

Coreee

Costigan Pt.

Crocodile R.

Cyamon

Daberath
Dahar el— Ahmar
Daharel— Salah
Dd’il

ed- Daliyeh
Daliyeh er- Roha
Dalmanutha.
ed- Dam
dea els- ’Alya'
Damascus ‘
deeh

ed- Da‘mon
Dam-an

Dan

Dan-jaan
Danian
Daphne

ed- Dar

ed- Darah

Ddr er- Biash
Darciya
Dareiya
Dariyeh
Datras

ed- Daumeh
ed- Daameh
Dawabi

ed- Dawdimch
Dead Sea
Debir
Delnirieh
Debriseh
Decapolis
Defen

Deflen

ed- Defianeh
Dehama
Dehmesh
Dehzile,

ecl- Deir

ed- Deir‘

ecle- Deir

ed— Deir

Deir ’Abc’z‘n

Deir Aha Hameial
Deir Aba M esh’al
Deir el- Abi’id
Deir el’- Adas
Deir el- ’Adis
Deir Ahmi’id
*Deir Akaba

Deir ’Aly

Deir Amar

Deir ’Ammis’
Deir Antar

Deir el- As’acl
Deir el- Asafir
Deir el~ ’Asal

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”cowwocoovacamoo99opawnmmaaaammaammmanwmaNUGGVaobma@aooaopa

Shaikh, Elder, Chief; S2215, Market; Tell,

U‘c‘c‘a ac‘ao a: do @W-czct‘c: 8° rap-«Unified: o c."

U‘aamapaaarlaoac‘ooo

Mitre 35 a. 36.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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11 PALE S TINE .
Deir ’Ayfib C e Edrei E c_ _ Giscala. C b Hill Country B f Jebcl Hadhiw‘zh B g Jilfilia G d Kefr Argz‘b D
Dcir Balm C d ‘Edumia. C d Gitta C .d er- Him D c Jehel el— Hadith D f Jfljfilz’eh B d Kefr ’Auna ~ B
Deir el- Belah A f Eglon B 6 el- (ihuuw‘r D c Hing A D b Jebel Hakdrt D (1 el— Jimdfineh F b Kefr ’Awdn D
Deir el- Bentit C e Eib E - b Gain? 0 e Hippos D c Jebel Hamaz’y’idh B g Jimium C e qur Batna . ' E
Dew'r Bezi’a C e Eidfin D c Go’eideh E b Hiram, Tomb of C b 'Jebel Haskin C d Jimrin. C e Kefr .Beita C
Deir el—~Bfitm B e E'jboiret D e Golan D b 91- Hit F c Jebel Hatrz‘n'a O f Jimzu B‘ e Kefr Bir’z'm . C
Deir dea el- Juam' E c Ekrebel C d Gophna C 6 el- [Jig/(it F o ' Jebel Hanran F c Jins sent 0 d Keffr Bassah 0,
Deir Dubbdn B e Ekron B e ‘ Hobah E a Jebel Ilez'sh D b Jz'nsinZg/a C a Kefr Dawar ' ' D
Deir Duwa‘n C e Elah, Valley of C e Horem C b Jebel Hema'r D e Jiphthah #61, Valley Kefr Dé'm's n ‘ D
Deir Duwdn C e Elealah D e Hablzz’ish C b Hormah B g Jebel Humeh D e of C c qur Danin/ G
Deir Esneid B e Eleutheropolis B e Habeileh C e d- [forwasi E c Jebel. Jabz‘as D 6 el- Jish , C b Kefl Ettehf,//' C .
Deir Estieh . C d Ellér C d Habis D 0 el- Hoseniych E b Jebel Jalul D e Jisr Bena't Y akéb D b Kefr Fan 0
Dear Ghabi'yeh E b Eiquah E ’0 el— Habis F c Hat F c Jebel Jedz’c'a C d Jisr Damieh D d Kefr'Gada'ra . C
Deir Ghilzab C d Elusa. B f Hableh B d Housin 3 e Jebel Jermain C b Jisr el— Ghuja'r D b qur Haddadeh D
Dez'r Ghnssdneh C d Emmaus B o ‘ el- Hadb B f Howa'r D e Jebel Jerrah D f Jisr Ka’ha’é‘yeh ‘ O b Kefr el- Haz‘yeh C
Deir el- Ghusfi‘n C d Emmaus C~ e Hadad-rimmon C c Hoyet F c Je'bel Jz'ahl E e Jisr Khaz’dhah D d qu'r Hama’m D
Deir el- Hajar E b Endk F d Hadarah B c Habin C e Jebel Kafka/”ha D' d Ji'sr Khardela D b Key“? Hdreth C
Deir Hanna 0 c Endor C c Hadddthah C b Hudeijeh I) d Jebel Kalabat el- . Jisr el- Kur’an D a. Keir Ham‘b - D
Deir el- Hatab C d Endfir C c Hadid B e el—_Hadhaz’mh O f - .Mezzeh E b Jisr el- Mejév’mf’a — D c Kefr Hatta B
Dei'r el- Hawa C e En—gannim C (1 el— Hadi'deh E. b Haj B e Jebel Kalamz’in _ E a. Jisr Rabin B _e qur Hatta . C
Deir Jerur C e En-gedi O f Hadr’det el- Je-rash E b el- Hajeefreh I) g Jebel Kasyan 4 G a Jisr Um el— Kamitir D c 'Kefr Hauwar . D
Deir Kadis C e En-Haddah B 0 el- Haditheh B e Hukkok l c Jebel Kerah ‘1 e Jisr Zurh‘a B c Kefr Hetteh A
Dei'r Kanon C b En-hak-kore B f Hadjch C b Hdleh C b Jebel Kh’iya'rah E b Jisreh E b Kefr Hdda . D
Deir Kanon‘ C b Ephraim C 9 el— Hadr F b el— Hfileh C b Jebel Khubamh O f Jism'n E a, Kefr Haneh D
Deir el- Kcisy C b Ephraim, Mt. C d Haeidba C b el- Huleh D' b Jebel Karuntal J 9 el- Jig/eh B e Kefr Jaaz O
Deir Kattz‘n D a Ephron, Mount 0 e Hafdir Jerrah D f Hulhfil C e Jebel Libnfin ‘D b Jizeh E c 'Kefr Isha C
Deir el- Khudr C e Erhah C 0 el- Haf'r ‘ '1‘) b Humma'm Suleiman D .g Jebel Maderah B g Jébar - E a. Kefr I stuna O
Deir I bn Khulmf E c Ershfif C b 'el- Hagre I) g Humrah D b Jebel Mdni’a I b Johl el- Ghaleh B f chr Jemmdl O
Deir I bn Obeid C e Esdraelon C c Haifa B c Humsiyeh I) a. Jebel Manjel ' : B ; —f . J okneam C c 'Kefr Jenis 2, B
Dei'r el- Khuwa't F c Esdraelon. Plain of . C c Haifa C c Hfin’o’n D b Jebel Mar Elyas 7 B o J oppa B d Kefr Jerddeh . ' O
Deir el- Kuldh C d 61- Esf’iyeh C c Haimer D f Hdrah l b Jebel Mdrén C 1;b " 'el- Jorah B e qur Jerrah ’ O
Deir el— Kunn F d Eshcol, Vale of C e Hajar Lesbah 0 6 el— Harcik E c ’ Jebel Mastabeh ' D "11 Jordan R. D b Kefr Jyé'n C
Deir el— Leben F c Eshmz'ski'n E c Hajar en- Nusrany ' O 0 el— Hureimeh D c Jebel Mehokkah C b Jordan R. D» c Kef'r Kaddfim ' C
Deir el- Ma’az F d Eshtaol C e Hajeli B c el- Hareiyz'k E c Jebel Meisatreh D (1 Jordan R. D d qur Kanfr C
Deir Ma’in C e Eshtemoa O f el- Hajfra E b Harfash C b ‘ Jebel Mezar D (1 Jordan R. D e Kefr Karah C
Deir Mar E 13168 B c Etam C 6 el— Halas’z‘yeh O b Harj'illeh ‘J b Jebel el— Mazeflcah 0 g Joseph’s Tomb C d Kefr Kasfm O
Deir Mar Sdba C e Eznibbeh B e Halhul C 6 'el- Hurshtyeh C c Jebel Neba D 6 J otapata, O c Kef'r Kenna C
Deir Mimas D b Ham ~} 6 el— Ha‘sdn C e Jebel Neideh D d Jouah D e Kefr Kily D
Deir el- Mir 0 d Hamdm D 9 el- Husésah (f e Jebel Nibbeh D e Jouleh D d Kefr Kfid C
- Deir Mirbeh C e Fahmeh C d Hamo’imeh B ‘e Huseifeh F b Jebel Niha D a Jabbdta D, b Kef/r Kan 'D
Deir Nakhas B e 654 Faifeh D f Haam' Kursuh l) b d- Hasn D c Jebel ’Orak D f Jubshith C b Kefr Kfih, Plain of D
Deir Nileh F b 61- Fdlfijy B 6 el- Hami'r ' E b" Hflzhfiz F c Jebel Osha D d - Judaea. B e' Kefr Kulh‘n 0
Dear es Salt E c Fahtz D d 61- Hammadiyeh C b anzar C b Jebel Rakhamelz‘ E‘ f ’ J udaea, Wilderness of 0 f Kefr el-' tha F
Deir Sfimit B e Farah .O b Hammam D c . Jebel e’r- Ram B g el- Jadeideh C c Kef'r Lam B
Dei'r Selmdn E b Farah D d Hammam I. B c Ide D c Jebel Ethan D b Judeideh _ C d qur el- Lebad C
Deir Seaman C (1 el— Fdrisy C d Hammareh E a el- Ibeib F“ c Jebel Rubai B g Judez'deh G d Kefl' M61179 0
Deir Sendn F 0 el- Farjiyeh ’ C b 'Hammds 1g 0 Ibl D b Jebel- Safed O c Judez'deh D b Kef'r Menda C
Deir csh- Sh’air F c Fashat Tell e'r- R638 E b Hammet ’Am‘mah D f Ibn Ibrak B d Jebel Safed D 0 el- Judez'deh E a Kefr Make»); 0
Dca'r esh- Sheikh C e Faa’ara ' ' D‘ c Hamsin ' ' 7 b Ibn JIIa’ an O c Jebel Salman 0 d Jude/ideh 31- K7153 F b Kef’f MimZa O
Deir Shaikh Saad C 0 el- Fez'jeh B (1, el- Hdmy E a I dhn a B e Jebel Shanty B g Judevita D d Kefr Mird 0
Dcir Sherms O f Fendehflmiyeh C d Hamzeh C 6. Id m 1. d O b Jebel Shegaib B f J ufna C e' Keir Mishky D
Deir esh— Sheraf C d Fendeka'mz‘yeh, Plain Handneh B 0 el— If'z' m C d Jebel Sheggah - D e_ J ulias D c Kefr Maw C
Deir es- Siriydn C b of C d Hana‘weh C b 1ft M143 E a. Jebel es’h- Shaikh or. ‘ . Julia-‘3 D e qur Musr C
D3177- el- Turmfeh F c Ferdsi‘n C d Ham" B c I'm'snia C d Thelj .D b Julia B e Kef'r Ndfi'b . D
Deir Tufif B e Fer’ata C d Hanin C b 1201; D b Jebel Shukif C e Jults B e Kefr Nata O
Deir Yesz‘n C e . Ferdtsz'a C d Haphraim C c Ika't C b Jebel .Simtr D d Jfilz's C c Kefr Nefakh " D
Deir ez- Zahe'rany C b Ferra'dy' O 0 el— Haram I bn ’Aly Iksal O o Jebel et- Tarfayeh D f Jumeifimeh C b Keflr Rahta D
Dcz‘r ez- Zubez'r F c Few-an B e Alez'm B d Ila 3 i m B c Jebel et- Taur ' B f Jumha E o qur Rai ' C
Den-at O f Ferran C b Haran F b II? n E c Jebel Talfil B f Janeh E b Kefr andn 0
1381'shnm D b th el- 1mm 0 d el- Harbaji 0 c Imtgn F d Jebel a- Ta 0 c Janeid o d Kefr Ramman . e
Delata D b Fersh el- Masa C- d Hareidz‘n D e Irbid . D c Jebel et- Tar C d Janeineh F c Kefr Saba B
«201- Delhem’iyeh D c . Fessz’itha C b Harem esh- Sahr E b Irbid D o Jebel et Tfir C e Jurat Merda B d Kefr Sabt 0
ed- Delhemiyeh E b F 17c ,, D c Harem esh- Sahr F b Iron 0 b Jehel Uni. ’Adweh D d el- Jarez'n E o Kefr Sata D
Delwi D b Fir’z'm D c Hdret Saida C a Irtah . ‘B d Jebel Um Karayeh D f Jurez'ya O a. ‘ Kef'r Seir 0'
ed- Dem C e‘ Fokharah D e Hareth C d ’Isawiz eh G e Jebel Um Rujfim O f Jfirish‘ C d Kefr Shems E
Der,“ E 6 Frank Mountain -0 0 el— Harf F c Ishiboolj O c Jebel Zerka E d Jarrah B f Kefr Shnba D
Derb el— Ghazawat F b 61- fi'nhez'a \ D d Harfar C b Isk an dar C o Jcbel Zib/iyeh B f elo Juaeir B e Kef'r 6% O
De'rb el- Haj (Pilgrim Ffiki‘n C et el- Hart's C b Ituraea. D b Jcbel— Zibfid C c ' Juth C c Kefr 827, D
road to Mecca) E c Fnkfija C“ (1 el— Harise F c I 12 n F c Jebin D d J uttah O f Kefr 8221' D~
Derb el-Haj(Do.) E 6 el— Fvn‘leh C c Ham'sta E b y Jedal E- b Jaweia . C b Kefr Susseh E
Derb el- Haj (D0.) E f Fuliyeh D .c Harista el- Bassal E a . Jedez'deh B 9 el— Juwezlél F c‘ Kefr Thnban D
Derb es-S’in C a Fundak 0 (1 el- Haritheh G d Ja’a'rah O c Jedeideh C b Juweimeh E c' Kefr Thulth 0
el— Dereejeh D f (32- Furdis D 'b Ham'theh esh- Shemd- J abbok R. D d Jedeideh E b ' Kefr Tibnft D
Dendayeh C b el— Furez’dis B o _?i'yeh C d J abesh Gilead 1) d Jedireh C e A qur Yajsif C
Dendayeh C b Farkha C d Harmz'si O . c Jab‘ir E c Jed’Zg/eh ‘ E b Ka’abz‘nehr O f Kef'r Zakari‘ya B
Denna 0 c Fasdil C (1 el- Harnbee D b 62- Jab’iyeh D c Jedna B 9 el— Kabery O b Kefr Zeit ‘ D
Denniibeh C (1 el- Futian E e Harod, Well‘of G c Jabneh B 6 .el- Jedz’ideh E e Kabr el- 1368th F b Kofm ’ O
Demon-ban C e Harosheth ‘ ' C c J acob’s Well 0 d Jednr C e" Kabr Hairan 0 b Kefrah O
Dhah'ret Ashhil D d Harothieh . C c Jafa'r D f Jedar D b Kabr es- Sit E b qurez'n C
Dhah'ret el-Maktdl D d Gabdb es- Shdweri O f Har'rdn E c Jabaz D. e Jedar E b el- Kaba ' C‘ 9 el— Kefrein F
Dhahret el-Mulcdl D d Gabara. _ C c Harrdn E c‘ J ahaz D f Jefat O c Kabal O o Keilah B
' Dhekir F b Gabatha C c Harrdn el— ’Aa’amid F b Jahazeh .D 9 el- Jefneh F 0 el- Kabnn E a Keires F
. Dhibz‘zn ' D f Gadara. D c el- Harto' " O c Ja’idiyeh F b Jehalin 0 f Kadditha O b el~ Keisa F
Dht'kkrin B d ,Gadir el- Haj F b Hamlf ‘ ’ C b Jdla C e Jehalin, Camp 0 f Kadez’sa, tahta and foha D b Keisi'n ’ C
Dhikrz‘n B e Gadir Hasd F b Harziyeh O b Jaltin D 0 el- Jehamineh D 0 el- Kadem E b Kenakf'r E.
«1- Dhoheri‘yeh B f Gaisiyeh B f Hasbez'ya D b Jalaud D (1 el— Jeham’ineh .D c Kadis ‘ D q Kendkir F
Dhuneibeh D b_ Galilee . O c Hassani’yeh— C a.- Jamal C (1 el- Jehua C 9 el- Kafeir D e Kenath F
edh- Dhaneibeh E c” Galilee, Sea of . D 0 el- Hasy B f Jalfil D 6 Jehud B d Kafkaya C .b el— Keneiseh- B
ed- Diate F c Gamala. D c Hather D b Ja-lfin C 0 el- Jelmd’iych C b Kaisafiyeh B c Kerah C
Didteh ' E c Gath" B e ‘ Hatta . ‘ B e Jamneel B e Je’ida O c Kaitaleh C- a, Kerah D
37:55.11 0 b Gath B e ' Hattin O c J amnia B e Jez'da F c Ka’ka’tyeh C b Kemk D
Dibbdfiyeh C d Gath-hepher_ O c IIatti'n, Plain of C 0 el- Janieh C e 61- Jeinc’it F C de6n B d Kerak D
Dibbz‘n D b Gaulanitis D b el— ‘Haadeh B g J anoah C (1 el- Jeita F c Kaké‘n C 6 el- KerahV E
Dibbfn _ D d Gaza. A e Haudela C d J aphia. C c Jeiyas C d’“ Kalaweih C b Ke’rdneh D
Dibl i C b Geba C d \d- Haurd B f Japho . B d ’Jej’in D c Kaila. - C a Ke‘raam Aha el—Hoscin D.
Dibon D f Geba 0 e Hauran E c Jarantn D d Jelameh B e Kdna . C b Kerdwa C
Didy E b Gredor _ , 0 e Haara‘n E c Jardeh C b Jel'ameh O c Kanah . C b Kerez'mbeh D
Dilean ‘B e Gennesaret, Sea of D c Haush ed- Duwcir E b Jarfa B e Jelameh C d Kanah, Brook . C .d.« Kerioth . C
Dilly E c Gennesaret, Plain of D c Haush Hammar F b Jar’in C b Jelamet es- Subhha D f Kanat’ir Fir’én E c' Kerioth .. ‘ F
Dimds E a Gerar A f Hansh el— Kunndbeh D b el- Ja'r’z‘yeh O, b Jelami O' 0 el— Kantarah O b Kerkaya D
Dimeshk esh-Sham E b Gerasa D d Haas]: et- Metben E b Jormuth B e Jelbén G d Kara E b Ker/chat O
Dimon D f Gergesa D c Hawara ‘ 0' d J armuth U (1 el- Jelfil O c Karahta , E b el- Kerr D
Diocaesarea C c Gerizim, Mt'. C d Hawara D c ‘stem E b Jelka‘ma‘s - C d Karaka. D f el- Kesaf D
Dionisia F c Gersa D c Hawa'rah D e Jaishur D e Jelfil D e Karfeh E e Ké‘sama F
Diospolis B e Gezer ' B d Harwa'reh D 6 J attir O f Jeh’t'n C b Kari/”eh E c Kesla C
Direh D b Ghamram G 9 el- Hawayeh D 9 el- Ja’z‘meh D c Jemail D 6‘ el- Karis F c Kesra C
Diret et-Tellfil F b Ghardret Esel F c Hazar Shual A f Jan'ra C e Jemai‘n 0 d Karish ‘ C b Kessiyeh B
ed- Diflra F b Ghardret el- Kibliyeh F o Hazar Shual ‘ B f‘ el— Jaura D b Jemala D d- Kasz‘l F d Kesztr el- Beshez'r D
ed-Dienet C d Gharz E c Hazar Suzim A f Jazel D e Jemmala C 9 el- deimfych F a Kesweh E
Dociis C e Ghaatha F c Hazezon-tamar O f J azer D e ' Jemme F d Kasyfin D b Ketez'neh C
Dor B c Ghazal D. d Hazfireh C' b Jean d’Acre C c Jem'mirah B e Katana ‘ E b Ketherabba' D
Doroa E c el-‘Ghazz‘yeh O a. el— Hazm F b Jeha’ 0, d Jemurfin F 0 el— Katanah . . D b Kethrawdneh C
Dothan, Plain of C (1 el— Ghazaleh E b Hazor B e Jeba’ C e Jenadeh ‘ C b Kataneh O 9 el- Kfar C
Dra’a D f el— Ghér ‘ D g . Hazor C b Jebd D b Jenbeh O f Katta‘r D 9 el- Khab E
Dwihz‘ak D d Ghé‘r el— Mezfim' D f Hazor D b Jebd’a U a. Jendal D b 61- Kattin - .D a Khadrd el— Loz F
Dubbeh D e Ghor en- Nimrin D’ e Haz'ra‘ma F a. Jebdb E b Jenin C d el- Kan D d Khalasah B
Duheirij F. b Ghor es- Sa’ad D f Hazzeh ' E a. Jeb’ah C e Jennabeh , B e Kaubar G e Khalsa D
ed- Duhy C c Ghor es- Sufi D f Hebra'n F 0 el— Jebail B B Jerdsh 0 e Kaahab ' O c . Khan 0
Dfikah D 0 GM? es- Seisiba'n D e Hebrds D c Jebai'n D Jerash D (l Kaukab E b Khan 0
Dulbch E b Ghubaghi'h E b Hebron C a el- Jebal D g Jerba U (1 Kaakab el— Hawa D c Khan 0
Dfima " E a. el- Ghabsiyeh C b 'Heddet Emhanneh B % Jeba'tha C c Jerba F a Kaukaba . D a. el- Khan' 0
Daima F 0 el- Ghajar D b Héisan E Jebbata Khassnp D b -- Jericho C 'e Kaukaba D b el- Khan . .7 D
Dumah O f el- Gharbz‘yeh ' B (1 cl- Helalfyeh / C a. Jebev'd C d Jcr‘iyeh l) e Ka’z‘cn C d Khan el— ’Akabah D
Dnmmar E a Ghurevjfeh F a. He‘lfiweh D (1 el- Jebel C b Jerja’a D b el- Kauzih C b Khan el— ’Ardjz' F
ed- Dar E 0 el- Ghare'iyeh E c Heleph C b Jebel ’Adathz’r C b 62- Je'rm D (1 el- Kawass'imch E e Khan ’A/r’arah C
Dflra C e Esh el- Ghuruh ‘ C a el- Helu D e Jebel el- ’Ahsy D f Jerm el- Maw: D d el-Jfaweh C b Khan Denan E
el— Daren] B e Ghaso’im E o Hemma'n E b Jebel ’Aithem‘m G b Jermaina cl- Meliha E b el— Kazi'r E e Khan ed- Derasieh ‘ B
Dureijat O f Ghussa'n F ‘o Hemtd D d Jebel ’Ajlfin D (1 el- Jermain O c Kebfr. - E b Khan Ebneh B
Dureijat D b Ghattah E b Henddy B e Jebel ’Ajlz‘m D d Jer-muk D b el— Kehleh C b Khan Hudhfilr C
Duserah B e d- Ghawein 0 f Hepha B c Jebel ’Ajlan D (1 Jerusalem C e ‘Kedes D b Khan Hudh'rar '0
ed— Dustrei B c Ghuzlanfiyeh E b Hepha C c Jebel ’Aré’am O f Jett C d Kedes, Plainvof D b Khan anb Yasnf D
Duwez‘mz‘n C o Ghvuzzeh A 9 el- Herath D 'd Jebel ’A'rab . D b Jetu’r D b -Kedesh D b K hdn el- Kasz'mfyeh 0
ed- Duweir C b Ghzeis C b Herbia B e Jebel A'rlaib el- Kheldl D e Jezia E 6 el- Ktafiirat D . c Khan Ming/eh D
ed- Duweir C e Gibeah C 9 el- Hermé‘yeh F b Jebel el— Aswad E b Jezireh O b Keferem'y D d Khan Mohammed Ali G
aneqfr—bén D c Gibeah ~ 0 9 Little Hermon O c Jebel Attan’is D 9 J ezreel ~ 0 c Kefefin -- C d Khan May'edda O.
Duwez‘reh D f Gibeah C e Hermon, Mt. D b Jebel el- Batsh D f' Jezreel, Valley of C c Kefe’rit ' C e Khan and Neh’a el-
ed- Duweim‘b E 0 Gibson ~ 0 e Herodium C e Jebel ed- Dahar D b Jezz’in ‘ D a. Kefefiyeh C e Arrad E a.
Dzz‘ D d Gilboa. ~ 0 d Hcsbdn 'D e Jeb'el Deidebeh C o Jezzin D a Kefil ' C d Khan (28- Sahil 0 e
Gilboa, Mt. C c Heshbon D e Jebel ed- Druze F 0 el- J’éb C 6 el- Kefi’r C d Khan (35- Sh? b E e
Gilead D e Hibbdr’iyeh D b Jebel ed— Duhy C c Jibbein O b Keffr ‘ C e Khan esh— Shiha E b
Eastern Sea D f Gilead, Mt. D d Hibbeh E c Jehel Dzi D d Jibbet es- Safd E b Kefr ’Abhash C d Khan (23- Bah D b
Ebal, Mt. C d .Gilgal B d Hibikke F c Jebel Fula’c'a C c thia C e Kefr Abil D d Khan Tadam D f
Ecdippa G b Gilgal C d Hibikke F o Jebel Fureidfis C e Jibia C e Kefr Abra Sabbah C e Khan et- Tujjar C c
’Eddis B e Gilgal C e Hieromax R. . D c Jebel el- Garra _ B g Jtln'a C e Kefr Adan G d Khan Ukbnr B e
Edheibeh O f Gimzo B e Hijaneh F b Jebel Ghelan D c Jibin D c ‘Kefr Ahab C e Khan mm A' f
‘dhrd’a E c Ginaea C (1 el— Hileh B f Jebel el— Ghowez’theh D f Jib’it C d Kefr ’Anan 'C c Khan es; Za’k B f

/

MAlfs 35 4536.

Khan Zeblb

Khan ez— Zegat

Khana'zlr

Khandalc -

' Khana/c
K hanzl’reh
Kharab es— Sahl.
Kharaba
Khdras ’
Khartz‘lm
Khar-zmka
Khasm Usdz’lm
Khastln

, Khazal
Khell

el- Khelsham

Khldm

Khlrbeh

el- K hl'rbeh

Khl’rbet-A bu H ammam

‘Khlrbet ’A'rbeln .
Khl'rbet Balm
K hlrbet Fdllk'
Khl'rbet Ghazaleh
Khl’rbet Ghubelb el-
’Ama
Khlrbet el- Ghuzaleh
Khlrbet el- Harlry
Khll‘bet'Hazar
K hlrbet el- Hokf
Khlrbet Ho'yet Sdleh
Khl'rbet Kane
K hlrbet Kera‘zeh
' Khl'rbet el— Lozeh
K hl’rbet Mallh
Khlrbet Mebleh
Khlrbet Mejdelaln
Khlrbet el— Mujelylw
Khlrbet ‘Mukubleh
Khlrbet en- Nas'rdny
K hlrbet lilsha
K hl’rbet Raha
K hlrbet Rajam
K hl'rbet Rameh
Khlrbet S’ad
Khlrbet es- Saudeh
Khlrbet Selldmeh
K hlrbet Slllm
K hlrbet es- Sumrah
Khl'rbet es— Sum'rah
Khlr'bet Tugaa
Khlrbet el- Welbecleh
Khlrbet and Tell el-
Asfar
Khlrbet and Tell el-
. Mashkfik
K hlrbet Zafamn
Khlyam
Khlydrah
Khlyo’lret el- Kadlm
Khlzr '
Khaba‘b
Khubelzeh
el— Khudr
Khadr el— Hammdn
K hadr Imtdn
el- K hafy
K huldeh
Khuldeh
el- Khulll .
Khulkha'leh
Khulwdt el- Blya'd
Khunelfis
el— K hanezll‘eh
Khanln
K harbata
K hurbata
K hare 'beh
Kharel eh-
Kh'u'relb SCUM) es-
‘Swmma' ,
el- Khurelbeh
Khurelsh
Khureltfin
Khurelylb ,
Kharsah .
Khushmld Ma-her
K hutweh
Kidron, Brook
Klla ,
Kllkllleh
Kllya
Kir Moab
Kir Haraseth
Klwltah
el- Klreh
Kiriathaim
Klrlft
Kirjath J earim *
Klrhls
Klrta
‘Kishon R.

Kishon, Wells of the

Kobbeh
Kofdlkef

Kém Gharz
K6m de’elyld
Kom M dell:
Koreathes
Kotrat er- lilez
Kotrat ez- Zeyat
Kubd’a

el— Kaba'b

el- Kubdb
Kubaldn
Kubarah
Kubdrah ,
Kuba‘tlyeh

el- Kubbeh
Kubbeh

Kabbeh

Kubbet el- Aujeh
Kubbet el- Baal
Kubbet en- Nusr
Kubbet e’r- Rahll
Kabbet Thelalln
Kubbet et- Tram‘
Kubbet um Ghaflr
Kubelbeh

cl~ Kubelbeh

el- Kabelbeh
Kub'rlkhah

el- Kudelrah
Kudm .

rel— Kuds

Kufelr

Kufelr

el- Kufel'r

el- Kufelr

elr Kufelg‘
Kafelreh
Ka‘fln t,
Kaflyeh -
el-. Kafr

el- Kalfi’a't
Kulasén

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a: ma (5 mo‘c‘c‘m a o o ”,9an o all-ha pap-Ida:

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'Kul’at el-. ’Ahsy '

Kul’at el— ’Aujeh
Kul’at Balll’a
Kul’at el- Belha
Kul’at el- Burak
K al’at— Bastra
Kal’at el- Gara‘hl
Kul’at el- Husn
Kul’at I 'lm- Farelk
Kal’at Jedln
Kul’at» Jendal
Kul’at Kasam
Kul’at el— Kareln
Kal’at Marlin
Kal’at el- Mefrak
Kul’at Mels '
‘Kal’at el— Mezarlb
Kul’at en- Nuhas
Kal’at er— liabad
Kal’at Sema‘h
Kul’at— Serbah
Kul’at Shema
Kul’at esh- Shaklf
Kal’at Shany

Kul’at es- Subelbeh, or

Banlas
Kal’at am- Baghelc
K ul’at Zerlca

Kal’at and lias el- ’Aln

el-‘ Kulelb
Kulelleh

_ K ulmén _

Kale‘nleh
Kalandla
Kulansaweh _
Kuly

Kamleh
Kanawdt
Kunelfidh
Kanellereh
Kaneltlrah
Kuneltlrah
Kuneltlrah Pass
el- Kunlyeh
Kunrlyeh

Kfir

el- Karah
Kurdlb er- lidm
Kuratlyeh
Kara‘wa
Kurdwa, Plain of
Kurelm
Kurelm
Kurelthelah
Kaleltan
Kurelyat
Kurelyeh
Karelyeh
Kurlyz’lt

el— Kurkameh

' Kurmal

Kum el— Hanaweh
Kara Surtabeh
Kfirndb

el- Karsey

el- Kar’z‘m

Kul‘fln llattln
Kuryet el— ’Ajlal '
Kuryet el- ’Enab
Kuryet el- Fuhels
Kuryet Hajja
Kuryet Hamclm
Karyel J lt
Karyet- Sammlr
Karyet es— Silk
Karyet es- Salk
Kuryeteln
Kusbur

el- Kuselb
Kuselbeh

Kuselr

Kuselr

Kuskus

Kusr ’Abrah
Kusr el- Ah’ la
Kusr ’Ahtar
Kusr ’Antar
Kus'r el— liasharlyeh
Kusr Berdawll
K usr Far’an
Kasr Hajla .
Kus'r el- Herrl
Kasr el- Mallh
Kas'r el- Mule/trek
Kusr Um el— Lelmfin
Kusr el— Y ehz’ld
Kusra ,-
el— Kussclbeh Pass
el- Kustlneh

el— Kastul

Kustal

Kustul Kurelm
Kusweh

el— Kata
Kutelbeh
Kalelbeh

Kutl‘ah‘
Kutrdneh

el- Kaweh

K awelhat

el— Kl’lwelrls
Kuza .
Kuzanlyeh ,

el- Kazdzeh

Lachish

Ladder of Tyrus
Lahlteh

Laish or Dan
Lasha

el- Latrén
Lebanon Mt.
Lebben

' Lebonah

Lebmj
Legio

el- Lejjun
Lejam
Leontes R.
Leontes _
Leontopolis
le’ah
lebelya
Libnah
Llfta

el- Llsc’t'n
Llsra
Livias

el— Llyeh
Lod

Lot, Sea of
Lot’s Tomb
Ladd
Labbo‘m
el-‘L-ubba’n

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Lubeln

Ll’lbleh

el- Laelzeh
Luhfel- Khelle
Luhf el-Lejah .
Luhf el-Lejah
el- Lus -
Lusah

el- Lmvelblde
Luwez’zeh

Luz‘

Lydda \

el- Ma’a'rrabeh
Malar'ret Beldha
Macheerus
Ma’derah

M adhak
Mddlneh
Madlyabah
Madmannah
Magdala

el- Magrdh
Magra'h es- Sebalta
el- Mahaldltheh
Mahanaim
Maharana
Mahatet el-Haj
el— M ahmudlyeh
M a’ln .
Ma’ln

el— M alyedeh

el- Majedlyeh

- Maj uma

Maklzrad, Caves of
Malchul
Makkedah

el— Mahlllb
Mah'slr

Malah es- Samar
Malatha

M allef
llla’lla

vel- M allbah

el- M a‘llhlyeh
el— Mdllklyeh
Malul 4h
Mam'rlyeh

el- Mdzlyeh
Ma'rm‘lmln
Maneh

Manhd

el— M ansarah
el- _Mansfirah
el- Mansfiry
el— Mansa'ry
Maon

M ar Elyas

M ar E lyas

M ar H anneh
Mar Sullabeh
Afar Zakarlya.
el- Marad
Md/rakeh
Mardocho
Maresa
Mareshah

el- Mdrlyeh
Mdré‘n

Marfis

Mdrfis el- Féka
Mdrds et- Tahta
M arasaus
Masada.
Mashal

M ashlta

el- Maslublyeh
el- Matabln
M atkh Burdlc
~lilaafl

M azar

. M azaraba-Zamath

M ’Delneh
Mearah

Melm el-Belt
Meda’a

Medeba '

Medjel Zan "
Medina en-Nas
Mediterranean Sea.
el- Medyeh
Megiddo
Megiddo, Valley of
Mehaf ‘
Melddn

M eldhan

M elfidhan
Melrén

MG’lS el- Jebel
Melthellln

el— Melze'reh

M ejamds

M ejdl‘ah

M ejdel

M ejdel

M ejdel

Mejdel'

el-Mejdel

el- M ejdel

el— Mejdel
Mejdel- Bd’a -
Mejdel -Belhls
M (g'del Kemfim
Mejdel esh- Shems
Mejdel esh- Sitar
Alejdel Slllm
Mejdel Y aha
Jllejdel Yan '
M (y'mar

el- Meier
lllelasaflyeh

el-- Meldt
Melihat ’Aly
Mellhat el—Atash
M ellhat H azlrln
Mellhat ’Iyz‘m

M ellhat esh-Sharklyeh

M e-neh ‘

M enln

M era

M eraj ed- Dln

M erdjem

M eralsl d

M e'rash

el- Merj

M e'rj el- A'rdheh
Me'rj Ayun

M erj Ayhn

Merj el- Ghm’rak
M erj lbn ’Aml'r
Merjllm ’ Omelr
Merj es- Sawdleheh
M eerhemlseh

M em'dny

M erka .

weuwdommmbom
@ac‘oc‘mooc‘c‘oo

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P

_ Mln’ln

* M ashlcdr

 

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PALESTINE.

Merlca

M erha’a

Mcrheh

M e'rkl

Merom, Waters of
Meroz

Merrlna

M erl’l , '

M erwahln

el— Mes’adlyeh
Mesddy and Cascade
Meshed '
Meshghumh

el- Meshhed

el- Meshrlfeh

el- Mesmlyeh

el- Metalnat

el- M ezar

el— M ezar

el- Mezar

MEzdr Elisha

Mezar el- Khalldlyeh
M czar Zaber
el- Mezdrl
M ezelrah

M ezra’ah

el- M ezra’ah
el- M ezra’ah
el- Mezra‘ah
el- Mezra’ah

Mezra’ah el— ’Ashdylr
Mezra’at Um el- Amel

el- M ezzeh
Mgherlyeh
M harblyeh
M lam as

M l’ar
Michmash
M lfa l eh
Migdal- el
Migd al- el
Migdal- gad
M l hslr

M lmls

Mina Zahara
M jnea

Mln’ln

Mlnlyeh-

el- Mlnydy
Miriam
Ml'rlamln
Mlllced

erlclb

erlcus

el- err

Mlsalll

Mishal

Misheal

Mlsllya

llllskeh
Misrephoth maim
Mlyehwa- Mlyeh
Mizpeh

Mizpeh

M lzrdba

M ’hhaur

Moab

Moab, Plain of
Mochmur, Brook
Modin

el- lllogbaret es- Safrar

el- Moghar
Moghara
Moladah ‘
Molyneux'Pt.
Monsz‘lrah

el- li107l8227'ah
Montfort

el- M oral:
Moreh, Hill of
Moses, Spring of
el- Moteh
Moyls

Mozah

M "Seltbeh
Mu’addamlyeh
Mugdllsheh

el- Maghalyl'r
Mllghar, Plain of
el- Maghar

el- lllaghar '
el- Mughdr

el- Mugharah
el- Mughelylr
el- lilaghllllls
Muhhamedz‘yeh
el— Muhajjeh.
el- Muhrakah ‘
Malais-

el- Muj'elbll
Mujeldel
Mujeldel .
el- Mujeldel
el- lllujeldel
Mujeldll
Muj'elmlr

el- Mahabllln
Mukallbeh

el- Muhelblleh
Mukhalld
Makhma

M ukhmds

el— Makhna, Plain of

Muhtafa
Mukutta

el— Mulebbls
el- Mulebbls
Manaklcad el- Hatab
el— M anarah
Mmzeldhlra

el- Mmzeltesheh
el— Alantdr

el- Malztdr

el- Manlar
Marduk

el- Murlesh

el— Murrdn

el- Mu'russus
Murussus

el- Marwam‘yeh
Alma Thalla
el- llluselfil'eh
el- M uselh

el- Mashelrefeh
el- Mushenef

el— Mushmelslyeh
Mushmush
Mushrafeh

el- Mashrelfah
el— Muslim-ah
Maslab elyeh

el- Musmelh
Matabln
Mutteba

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.el- Mutulleh '
el- Muzelrl’ah

tub
mac”

Na’dmg/

Ndbulus

Nagb el— Emaz

Nagb el- Gharlb

Nagb Jerrah

r Nagl) el- Muzelhah

Nagb es- Sufdh

Nagb es- Sufey

Nagb el- Yemen

Nahalal

Nahlteh

Nahr ’Abu el- Aswad

Nahr Aba Zahara .

Nah'r Abl’l Zelad

Nahr Akhdar

Nahr ’Amy

Nah'r el—’A ajeh

Nah'r el- Al’waj

Nahr el- Awared

Nahr Banlas

Nahr Barada

Nah'r Barbar

Nahr el- Berdy

Nahr Barlhz‘yeh

Nahr Derddrah

Nahr Fall-k

Nahr el; lladhar

Nah'r el— Hamish

Nahr Hasbdny

N 0th? He'rdawll

Nahr el- Jenndny

Nah'r el- delmlyeh

Nah'r Kerajl

Nahr el- Leddan

Nah'r tho’lny

Nahr el- Mahutta

Nahr Na’man

Nahr liabln

Nah? Sablneh

Nahr es- Sablrdny

Nahr es- Sdnlh

Nahr es- lbardny

Nahr es- Slndianeh

Nah? Sarganlyeh

Nahr Y arma‘k

Nahr Y erka

Nahr ez- Zaherdny

Nah'r ez- Zaherclny

Nahr Zarlca

en- Na’l/meh

Nain

Nakzlra

en- Ndh'llrah

N ’allah

Ndml'r

Narbata

Nasal

' Naslb

Ndslr

en- Ndslrah

en- Na’ar

en- Na’zlrah

Nawa

Nawahls

Nawardn

Nazareth

Neapolis ‘

N eapolis

Neba’el— Hashany

Neba’el- Leddan

Neb’a el- Mddlneh

Neballat

Neballat

Neb’a Shuklcah

Nebatlyeh el- Foka

Nebdtiyeh et— Tahta

Nebo, Mt. '

Neby

Neby

Neby ’Ahmed ‘

Neby ’Aly ei- Tdhlr

Neby Awldl

Neby Bayazld

Neby Belclh

Neby Bell/as

Neby Bdrkeb

Nelly Danlyoll

N eby Daud

Neby Ghandeh

Neby Haresh or Harfash O

Neby Had I)

N eby Harfash or Hares/z C

Neby Isma’ll U

Neby li'ubelbat

Neby Mahelblb

Neby M 223a-

Neby Nah

Neby Sabra 7 ,

Neby Sdfy

.Neby Sa’ld

Neby Sdlelr

Neby Samwll

Neby Seld Yehlldz‘yeh

Neby Shaman

Neby Shlt

Neby Sljud

Neby Sufa

Neby et- Tasy

Neby T h'dry '

Neby Y ahyeh

Neby Yemln

Neby Yanas

Neby Yzlsha

Negeb (the),
Country

Neiel

el- Nejemeh

Nejha

’Neln

Nejzran

N ephtoah

en- Nesleh

Netophah

Neve

Nezib

Nezleh

Nlbbeh .

Nicopolis

Nlha

Nljld

Nlmreh

Nlmreh

Nlm'reh

Nimrim

Nlm'rln

Nlm'rln

en- lehablyeh

Nob

Nobah

Nobe

en- No’elmeh

Naeh _

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Naba
qudelheh

N ufa/ch lyeh
Nah f

N ujelh
Nuklcar Sa’sa
en- N ulcrah
N are

N uslb

N utchdlln

Obta’
Ocina
’Olelka
Olives, Mount-of
Ono
Ophni
Ophrah
Onlk

el- Ol‘mah
’OTmcln
Ornithon
el— ’Ozelr

Palae- Tyrus
Paneas

Pas Dammim
Pella

Pareea
Phaenos
Pharpar
Phasaelis
Phenutus
Phiala. L.
Philadelphia
Philippopolis
Philistia
Phoenice
Pirathon
Pisgah, Mt.

Precipitation,Mt.. of the

Ptolemais
Quarantana

liabba

Rabbath Ammon
liabda ,
liablet el— Gharblyeh
er- liabueh

Rachel’s TOmb

er— liadelmeh

lid/"cit

.Rya

liafat
lidfdt

er- liafeh
Rafldh
Bafldlyeh
er- lidfika
Ragaba
lid/la
Rahal)

er- liahhalulyeh
liajlb

67- Ram
Ram Allah

‘ Ramah

Ramah

Ramah

Ramah

Ramah

Ramah'

liamah
Ramath-aLehi'
Ramath Mizpeh .
Ramath Negeb
lidmeh

er- lidmeh

e'r- liameh
liclmeh, Plain of
lidmeh el— Khulll
lidmln

. er- liamleh

Ramoth
Bamoth Gilead
lia'na

Raphia

er- lids,

‘ lias Aba Tara/i
' lias el- Ahmar

lids el ’Aln

lias el- Aajeh

lias el- By‘ad'

lids Dale

lids el— [02er

lids el Feshlchah

lias el- Gard/ll

lids Hlsh

lias Kerker

lids el— Mark/cal)

lids el- Alerced ‘

lias en— Ndkl’erlh

lids Sara/"end

liashalrdeh

lia'shelya

liashelyet el- Fulchd'r

el- liaslf

el- Raslf

liaajlb

liaw’lyeh

liaylnde

lie/at

Rehob

Rehoboth

lielfah

Reimeas

lielman

er- lielneh
iemall

liemeth

er- liemtheh

lienthleh

lientls

Rephaim, Plain of

lies/zldlyeh

Resslon

Rhose

er- lilhah

er- lilhah

lilhdn

lil'meh

lilmeh el- Lahf

lilmet ‘

leet el- K halhhal

Rimmon

Rimmon

Rimmon

liolcllyeh

lileyeh ‘

e'r- liubudlyeh
Rudhalmeh

liuhanlyeh

liuhbeh

er— liuhelbeh ‘

Cd

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Bujam el- Abhar
Rujam el- Bahr
liajzlm el- Bakar
Rujz‘lm el- Bak'ra
liujm el- Illbbeh
liujz‘lm el- [23
Rujz’lm Iarareh
liujam el- Kutala
liajam el- Mahtar

liujam el— Mowhujehat

Rafa/m Seldmeh
liujam esh- Shale
liuh'hleh

liakhm

liah/lyeh

lid/ll

er- liamall
liwmall et- H clmld
liumaneh
liamezsh
liamelsh, Plain of
lidmln
Bummdneh
liammaneh
liummdn

. Rfimshelh

liunak

liasds

Bus h elde
Rushe-ldeh
Bushmla
liawels
liawelaél ll 12m.

Sa’dde

es- Sa’adeh
Sa’dwl

Saba
Sabelnat
Sabha

es- Sablneh
ea- Sabhah
Saccaea

Sd’dl

Safed

Safed

es- Sd
Safirlyeh
Sahll Bere'lhzlt
Sahll deJ/l
Seihltah
Sahmlya

es- Sahra

es- Sahra-ed—Dlnw’ls
Salda

Sulda

Sa'lda
Sd’ldlyeh
Saldé'n -

St. Helen’s Tower

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St. John, Wilderness

of
Sa’lr
Sdhzit
Salcah
Saleh

Saleh, Tomb of Sheikh

Salemlyeh
Salhah
SMMW
es-Sallhlyeh _
Sdllhlyeh
Sdllm

Sdllm

Sdllm, Plaln of
Salim
Salmdya

es- Salt

Salt Sea, the
Samachon
Samachonitis
Samaria
Samaria

es- Sdmleh

, es- Samlk

Samlrlyeh
Sammah
Samme
Sammet el- Bewldn
Samson’s Mount
Samuel

S’aneh

Sdml’r

Saphir

sar

Sara

Sarda

Sax-epta
Smy‘ut el- llldl
Sal-ls

Seir/clbeh

Sasa

Sa’sa

Sdtc‘lf

Sauda .
Saufln

es- Sam-a

es- Sauwdneh
Sawdf’lr

es- Sawdfi'r-A 1212 Has

war

es- Sawdflr-lbn ’Audeh

Sawdnleh
Sawet el— Kamh
es- deleh‘
delr

Scala Tyriorum
Soopus
Seythopolis
Sebaltd

Sebana

Sebaste

Sebbeh

Sebsebe
Sebastlyeh
Sebastlyeh, Plain of

Sedakln
Sefarln
Scfillrleh
es- Se/‘lneh
Sehwet el- Bldl
Sehwet el- K hadr
Sel/lh
Sella?

,Sell- Bala’a
Sell ed— Debbeh
Sell Falfeh ‘
Sell Gardhl
Sell Garahl
Sell Hadltheh
Sell Heldan
Sell Heldan
Sell Lejz‘lm
Sell el— lllalcrels
Sell es- Sa’ldeh

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W ady .et- ' Ta wdm'll

iv PALESTINE. MAPS 35 e 36-
Sel’llln C d Sirls C d ‘ Tell Burm D b Thellhatha D a Wady ’A 617’an ' C c 'lVady Ghurdl) C e 'Wadg Mele‘h C e
gem”, Plain of C d ; es- Slrr B f Tell ed- Daheb 1; e Tlemall et T’rashed B g dey ’A bu Dis 0 e Wade Glmrundel D g Wade Menshallah D 6
Star 0 d Sitnah B f Tell Da’dls ' C c Them'b E e Wady Abu Hamellea F c lVady Ghllwel‘l D, e Wady Meshelcheh ' 0 f
Sel'r D e Sig/(w C d , Tell Del’r Ula D d Thenyeh D f Wady'Awaas/n’sh -D d Wady Ghuzzeh A f Wady Meshlln, or Tesh C a.
Seiyar E a S6char F d ‘ Tell Delfa F b Therlfeh O b Wady Abzl Hl'ndy C e_ Wady Habls C b Wady‘ el- Mezra’ah C b
Seledleeh' E c Socoh O f i Tell Dhudra C d Thogal Um Ghufreh D d Wady ’Abu [Chanel/ls E b Wady Habls C c Wady el— Mllh B f
Seklca E b Sogane ‘ C 0 Tell ed— Dile 0 b Thugul Tasin ‘ D e Wally Abu Ndr B d Wady Hab’ls C e Wady el— IIIth C c
Selalchid F c Sfilam C 0 Tell Dibbln D b Tiberias D c Wady Abu Ndr C d Wady Habls D e Wady Miehlc D a.
Selameh en- Nl‘mrah B d Solomon’s Pools 0 6 Tell Dz’fneh D b Tiberias, Sea of l D c Wady Abu el- ’Omelr D c Wady Haddr D e Wady M’nalkheral'n D f
Selamis C c Sorek, Valley of B 6 Tell Duthun C d Tl'lmeh B e Wally Alla Rzllheh B g Wady el- Hafdf O f Wady 2110ng11 0 6
SW)?” B e 68- Sfidn’lyeh D 6 Tell Dubbeh F c Tl'bneh, C d Wady Abu Sedra D d lVady Hallazon or Wady el- Mo‘jl'b D f
Selhab C d Suhbarl‘n C 0 Tell ed~ Dukweh F b Tllmeh D d W ady Abzl' Sell/dd D c Sha’ab C c Wady Mosarlcl' (3' e
Sell‘k E b Subburah E a Tell Esmad D d Tibni‘n C b Wady Abu Teralfeh O f Wady el- Ham ’B f Wady M a’addl'm’l‘yeh C b
Selulri'ya D c Subhlyeh F (I Tell el- Feras D c Tl'lmy E b Wady Abu- Tl'lmeh D d Wady el- Hamdm G c Wady Mll’alchl'r D c
Semakh C b Sublan C b Tell Fit 0 (1 Tell 0 d Wady el— Abyad D d Wady Hamell C b Wady Mudhebblh Sa’l'd -
Semakh D b Succoth D (1 Tell Fulca D d Timnath B e Wady el- Abyadh A g Wady Hamy Saleher D c . Obel'deh' _ G
Semakh . D c Sadel'd .J f Tell Ghariyeh F d Timnath-serah C' d Wady el- Abyadh B g Wady Hanel'n A g Wady Mughan’lyeh D
«23- Semiri‘y'eh C 0 Self D (1 Tell Ghudra C (1 'et-' Tlreh B c Wady el-fAdar A f lVady Hamill B e Wady el- Muha’imy C
Semlel'n 1 b Sufa D 0 Tell Ghunemdn «F c et- Tireh B d Wady el- Ahmar _C d Wady el- Hardm E c Wady el- Muhauwat C
Semmeh E c Sufia C e ’ell el- Ghzlzal F b et- Tireh B d Wady Ahmed .7 C e Wady Harlr B e Wady Mujel'dah C
Semmanl'eh C c Suhb ‘1 ' 0 Tell Habln‘lsh C b et— Tlreh C b Wady el- ’Ahsy D f W ady Hal-ll C e Wady Muhaddam 0
'es- Semll’a O f Suhmdta C 1) Tell el— Habs F (1 et- Ti-reh C o W ady el— Ajam E b Wady el- ,Hasy B e Wady el- Mulchna C
es- Semel’y C c Suhmur D a Tell el- Haddad D (1 et- Tlreh C e Wady Ajel B c Wally Hatrllra O f. Wady Munjar. B
Sendbz'rah B e Sujdn 1) b Tell Hadld F c et— Tlreh D c Wady Ajlzln D d Wady el— Hand 0 e Wady Marreh B
Senhdra D (1 es- Sale D 6. Tell el- Halyeh D b et— Tireh E c Wady el- ’Al'n C b Wady Hemar D d Wady Martubeh B
Senir D b Sllkel'lceh . D b Tell el- Hamlr J b Tirzah C d Wady el- ’Al'n C e Wady Henddj D b Wady Mashenef F
es— Sennarl‘eh 0 d Sukhneh Jeln'le B (1 Tell Halldelnllc D d Tis'l'e . F d Wady ’Al'n Bodleh D f lVady Hesbdn D e Wady el-'Muslreh C
Seph D c Suhhm‘n C 0 Tell el- Hd‘rah E b Tlel‘tz‘n F c Wady ’Al'n ed- Dim C c Wady' Hlyddlyeh B f Wady Jl/[llSSlll C
Sapphoris O c Slllchnln, Plain of C c Tell‘Harothleh C c Tongue, the D f YWady ’Al'n el— Jellzeh F c Wady el- Hor D d Wady el— Musurr C
Serada D b Sukl'a B (1 Tell el- Hdsy B e Tophel D g Wady ’Al'm Kzlsall’a B‘ e Wady H uflr, or Halleln A g Wady Mazelr’ah a B
Seral'yeh E 0 es- Sulelcarlyeh B 6 Tell Hdzdr C c Toron C b Wady ’Al'n el-Ml‘zrolb C b Wady Hlljel'r C b Wady Muzel'ri’ah C
Seribbln O b Sukrneh B 6. Tell Hazwa C c Trachonitis E' b Wady ’Al'n Terarzjy D f Wady Hamelr ' D f Wady en- Ndr C
Seriphaea B e Sulel'm F 0 Tell Hazwa C c Tricomias _ B e Wady ’A'l'n Tulel'b B d Wady Humra C d W ady Nasl'r 0
«1- Sara D c Sullchad F 0 Tell Hery E b Tuba C c Wadyel- ’Alcab-lyeh C b Wady Humra D e Wady Na’elr ~ D
Seth, Tomb of D b Sultana (Road) B 8 Tell el- Himmeh C d Tubarl‘yeh D c , Wady el- ’Akl’b E c Wady Humth D b Wady en- Nau'd’lmeh C
Sha’rlf es- Sl'ndlalleh D b es- Sultana (Lioad) B 8 Tell el: Hlsh . F c Tzlbds C d Wady ’Allan D c Wady Hllmur C e Wady en- Nehlyeh B
Sh’adrah E b Sumdd F d Tell Hora B f Tubuhah B e Wady ’Aly B e . Wally Harlin D b Wady en- Ne‘jd C
Shabln. D d Sumei E 0 Tell Hayeh, 0 F c Tubelledt Fahll D d Wady ’Alya C e Wady H zlrel'r E c Wady en- Nemr'lyeh C
Shaddeneh C b Summell B 6 Tell Hozeilzeh F c' Tab’lln C c Wady el- Ammas , D c Wady Hurfash 'C b Wady Nimreh F‘
Sh’afdt C e es: Sumrah C d ' Tell el- Hufelr F c Tu’el'leh E c , Wady Amrah C ' f Wady el- Husab - . G g Wady Nl'mr’l‘n D
Shafhnlyeh E a es- Szmamel'n E b Tell Ham D c Tzlf E b Wady el- ’Amz’ld D c Wady el—‘Hasdsah C e Wady N ’melrah D
esh- Shagllr C c Sundei‘n C e , Tell el— Humra C d & D (1 et— Tufi'ah C b , Wady Amlllcah D b ll'a'dy'Jdllld C c Wady N ’ssour E
Shahmeh B e Slmdela C 0 Tell el- Hurrdweh D b Tufhah F c Wady ’Arab ‘ D a Wady JamelorSawel’da C d Wady ’OSheh C
esh- Shajerah C 0 S221 O b Tell el- Jalfidy D (1 et- Tufileh D g Wady el— ’Arab D c Wady Jaryah D e Wady Rafah A
Shajul el- Halabdty D ’d Sz‘lr Bahll C e ‘ Tell Jebd , D b Tufs E c Wady ’Arabzln D d lVady el- Idzdm D e Wady er- Rahlh C
Shalalnln C b Surafend B 0 Tell Jema A f Tukbal D c Wady ’Ardjl F c W ady Jebd’a C a Wady er- Rdhl'b O
Shalem C d Surafend B 9 Tell Imjl' ’ B e Tell 0 b Wady ’Ar’drah B‘ f Wady el- Jebel D f Wady Rajlb D
eeh- Shamasdm' D d Surafe'nd ' C b Tell J-mmla D c ‘ Tell Keram C d Wady ’Ar’arah C d Wady Jedl‘n ‘C c Wady Rdjl‘l F
esh— Sharam’yeh B d Suraferld, Old 0 b Tell el- K ddy D b Tule'l'l el- Flll C e Wady el- ’Areljeh O f Wady el- Jedlr D f Wady Balchameh B
Sharon, Plain of B (1 es- Sarah D 0 Tell ,Kaferel’n D e T film 0 b Wady Arneba C e Wady Jehdr C e Wad?) Ede el- Bedr F
Shebd’ E b es- Surgan‘l‘yeh B (1 Tell el-‘Kalmé‘n C , c Tulll’lzah C d Wady el- ’Arrdb C e Wady el- Jel'b G g Wady Rds el— Ghuwe'l'r C
Shebel'lch F d Surlf C e Tell Kasre'l'n F b Tulll’l'slyeh C b Wady ’Ary E c l'l'ady Jeldeh D d Wady Baud Abu el-
Shechem C d Sllrra C d Tell Katamlln C b Talnmon C d Wady ’Ary E c Wady el- Jemal O b ‘ Khuraz D
Shedl'f C a Sdsieh O f Tell Keseljfeh O f Tamra D d Wady el- ’Asal D b Wady el- Jerelye F b Wady Beshshash C
Shefa ’Omar C c Sutta B 0 Tell Khal'bar 4 C d Tumrah C c Wady el- ’Aeal D f lVady Jer’lfeh D e Wady Blbah B
Shel'llh Ahmed ‘ C d Sllwal'meh D 0 Tell el- Khaledlyeh F b Tamrah C c Wady el- ’Asas C e W ally Jerml'ah D c Wady Rl'shrdsh O
S h 617‘, h All 1; e Sawaret el- Kebz‘r F » b Tell el— K hami'r D b Tunmlr B e Wally Ash’areh , E c lVady el- Jerrah O f Wady er- Email 0
Shellch Amer B c Suwaret es- Sajireh F b Tell el— Khanzz’r F a Tu’rdn C c lWady ’Ashzlr C b Wady & Sell Jerrah D f‘ Wady Ruaby C
Sheilch el- ’Amry B g Suwel'da C (1 Tell el- Khu’el‘s F d Tu’rdn, Plain of C c Wady ’Aslzlj e B f Wady Ilddreh E e Wadg Raba‘n C
Sheik/l ’Amanls B d Suweideh F 0 Tell el- Khulladlyeh C o Turmus ’Aya C d Wady ’Atallah B e Wady Isma’ll ‘ C e Wady Rube'l'yeh C 7
Shel/eh Rural; 0 c Suwel'leeh G 6' Tell Khurel'beh D b et- Turra E c Wady el- Aujeh C e Wady ’Jydn el- K ham" F c Wady Rubt el- Jamz‘ls C '
Sheihh Darnfin C c Sllwel'ml'rah F 0 Tell Khuwel'llfeh B f (315- Tuweimeh C e Wady el- ’Ayzln C b Wady Kalnln O f Wady er- Eubudlyeh 0
Shez'lch Band C c Suwez‘n’z‘yeh D f Tell Klsl‘m G 0 Tyre C b Wady el- Azralc D d Wady Kafdr C b Wady er- Ruhel'beh B
Shellch D’aad D d Sycamina C 0 Tell el- Kubel‘beh B 6 Tyre, Old v C b Wady el— Azzlyeh C b Wady Kanah C d Wady Rl’l'her D
Shelleh Hasdn C d Sychar C (1 Tell Kurddny C c Tyrus - C b Wady Azzz’l'n C d Wady el- Katdr E e Wady Rulead E
Sheik/z Ibrahim C (1 Syria E a Tell el— Kus’ls O c Tyrus - D e Wady el- Beggar B g Wady Kaubar C e Wady er- Rumdny C
Shel'lch Khanal'zi‘reh D f Tell el- Lejlln F c ‘ ' lVady Bdhar D e Wady Keferel‘n D e Wady Ramel'sh C
Shellch Khauwds C (1 Tell el— L62 F c Wady Balcar G e Wady Kefererljy D d Wa’dy Sd’ d1? B
Sheikh Mahommed A f Ta’alla F b Tell el- Luhiyeh B f Ubtel’a E c v Wady Balzl’a D b Wady el- Kel'e B ' f Wady el— Srlfl D
Sheihh el- Mlljdhl'd C b Tadml'rah C 8 Tell el- Ma’az F c Ulama C c lVady Baralclyat D b I'Vady el- Kelath D g Wady Sdfieh B
Shaikh Muntdr A f Taanach C 0 Tell Magasin D d Um el— ’Ahbarr O f Wady el- Bedalvlyeh _ C c Wady Kel’l'm D d Wady Sahahat D
Sheikh Mllrdd B d Ta’ammk C 0 Tell Maktel Mfisa F b Um el= ’A lalc F c- lVady Belt Ha-nlna C e W ady K elt G e ~Wady S’aidiyeh» , D
Shel/eh Mas-a B d Ta’drah E 0 Tell Manas’lf C d Um el; ’Amad C c Wady el- Beldt B d Wady el- Kenalseh D e Wady Sallheh D
Sheilch Sa’ad E c Tabalca D 6 Tell Mdni’a E b Um el— ’Amad C c Wady el— Beldt C d W’ady Kerale D f l’Vady Sdtdf C
Sheilch Sh’aleh C d Tabbath D (1 Tell Maratz‘yeh D b Um el- ’Amad O f Wady Beldt D e Wady Kerana B d .Wady Sauyeh D
Sheikh Yfisefe C e Tabighah D 0 Tell Melaha B f Um el- ’Amud D e Wady Bem' Hamid D f Wady Kerdwa C d Wady es- Seba B
Shelkh Zel't C d Tabor, Mt. C 0 Tell Mer’y E b 'm el— ’Arel's O f W'ady Belmah C b Wady Kerdzeh D c Wady. Sebdna C
Shemah‘yeh el- Jemel F c Tall/2n D 9 Tell 'Meryaml'n O b Um Aswad D e W ady thlyeh O f . Wady Kerkera O b Wady Segglbeh O
Shemi‘seh D a. Tahta D b Tell Mlkda‘d E c Um el— ’A warmld C b ll’ady B’he'lra B f Wady Ketherabba D f lVady Sqfi'drleh C
Shenl‘reh F d Tall/{bell C 0 Tell el- M llh B f ~ Um— Aweh C c Wady Biddle C d Wady Kethrawdneh 0 d W'ady Sehweh ‘ F
Shephelah,orLowlandA f Talyl'beh C (1 Tell el— Mlslc’ln E b Um Burj B e W'ady el- Blr B 1' Wady el- Khaz’zeran O b Wady Sel'r . D
Sherafc‘lt C e Talylbeh O f Tell el- Muhajar F c Um- Dabez'b F b ll’ady Blr Jenab C d ll’ady Khal- Rushel‘deh F c Wadye es- Selclab D
Sherl’llt el- Keln‘r D e Taiylbeh E b Tell el~ Mushrefeh F 0‘ Um Dubelb F c Wady el- Blreh D c Wady Khalasah B f Wady es- Selam C
Shevrz‘at el- Ma'ndlnlr D c eta Talyebeh D b Tell el— Mutselll'm C c Um el- Fa hm C c Wady Bl'rneh C c Wady Khalet Ahmed C e Wady Selldmeh 0
Shib’a D b' et— Talyi‘beh C 6 Tell Nal'meh D b Um el- Hamme‘lm C e W ady Blttlr C e Wady Khanzlreh D f Wady Selfiky G

e Shl’ban D 6 el— Taiyl'beh C- 6 Tell Na’rabeh C d ‘ Um Harath D d Wady el- Blydr C e Wady Khashebeh . O f Wady es- Semakh D
Sh l'bbl'leeh F 0 et- T aiylbeh D 0 Tell ’Obel'deh D d' Um el- Haretel'n E b Wady derus B e Wady KilaZdll B if Wady Serm’l" a C
Shlherlyeh O b et- Taly‘lbeh E 0 Tell er- Rdm D e Um el- Haretez’n F b Wady el-Bulcei’a’ C b Wady Khel'shzlm B e Wady Smile C
Shibhd D e Taldat Rimeh ‘ D 6 Tell er- Rashldlyeh D e Um el- Haretel'n F b‘ Wady Bulcel’a D d Wady Khl'lcil Sebd O b Wady Serad D
9311-57”); F‘ b Ta’leh . _ E 0 Tell Rezz‘n F d Um el- IaZ'lld D d Wady el— Burj ‘ . U - e Wady el- Ix'lulbardh A f Wady Seral'yl'b D '
Sln'hdn D d Talha D 1' Tell er- Ridghah D d Um Iauzeh , D d W ady Burrhoughat D e Wady el- Khubarah O f Wady Serbah O
Shl'hdn D f Tamar O f Tell S’ad F b Um el— Iemdl E d W’ady Bursheh C d ll’ady el- Khull" l B f Wady Serl'llbln C
Shildli B c Tambllrlt O a Tell es- Sdfieh B e Um el- Iemdl es—SaghireE d Wady Barllle U f Wady el— Khalil O f V’ady es Seydl C
Shiloh C d Tamlarah D a Tell es- Sa’l'dtyeh D d Um el— Ierar A f Wady Ellsdn F c Wadg el- Khulladlyeh C c Wally Seydl O
Shimron O c Tantl‘lra B 0 Tell ea— Salahat D d Um Ilna .B e Wady Busls D b Wady Khullet el- . Wady Sha’ab C
Shiydhh U 9 Tappuah C (1 Tell es- Sallhiyeh E a Um [rlcal's D d Wady el- leta'hy D g . Werdeh O b _ Waay Shall?) I)
Shocoh B e V Tarba F 0 Tell Sefillh F c Um el- Iddeh D d W'ady Balm D e Wady Khllrel'beh D b Wady esh- Shalr C
Slzreiklzy F c Taricheae D 0 Tell es- Semalch B 0 Um I udel’a B e Wady Dabor C e Wally Khurel'sh B d Wady esh Sham, F
Shuhaneh A f Tasselya E a Tell Sh’af F c Um el— Katclt F c ll’ady Dalnls el— ’11 bed 0 e Wady Khurelllln C e Wady es- Sheik}; O
Shrlfeh C d Taum Nlha D a Tell esh- Shahm E b Um K me D c Wady el- Dafd’lyeh O f Wady Khurwa’ah D *b Wady Sheilch ’Aly C
Shuhba F c Tllurah Canal E a Tell 'esh- Sha’l'r E b Um Kelsma D d Wady ed— Daheb E c I'Vady Khushdbeh D b Wady Shaikh S/ll'bllel C
Shaka F c Tawahl'n ez- Zm-ha B 0 Tell esh-Shehdb E c Um el- Khanafish D e lVady el- em- Dahldeh D d Wady Khushlzeh O Pd Wady Sheikh I'dsef' C
esh- Shulcara F c Tawalcl'n es- Sale/ear D f Tell Shelhdn F c Um el— K huteln F d I’Vady Dallyeh C c lVady el— Khuwllllfeh B f lVady Shemmas C
Shuhba C e Tebm'n ' C b T ell-Shel'lca D b Um el- ’1le D c Wady ed- Ddllyeh D c Wady Kirbl't D d Wady Sheralg C
Shel/9222 C b Tedhu‘lmeh F 0 Tell esh Sheik/l Uasan C c Um el— Kllllclllb D e Wady ed— Dllrl's D d Wadg/ K labe C e Wady Sherdr O
es/l— Shlllch D d , Tefil’l'h C 9 Tell Shel'kh Hosn E 0 ~ Um el— Kusur E b lVady ed- Dawdl'meh B o ' Wady K22b6sh C d. Wady Sherl’ah B
Slllllcrdh C b ef- Tel'm , D 6 Tell Shel'hh Illa/maul D d Um Ldlcl's B e Wady Dehash‘l‘yeh D b Wady el- Klll’at E ' g Wady Shlb’a D
Shahrah E c Tel'ma F 0 Tell Shellch Salell (C d) D d Um el— Medclrl's D e Wady ed- Del’r D d Wady Kulénfkh C e Wady Shib’a D
esh- Shulcram‘yeh 1“ b Telr Harfa C _ b Tell She'llch Srlleh D d Um el- Illel's C e W'ady ed- Dera’ah D f Wady Kunawat E c Wady Shimallyeh O
esh- Shllmar C, b Tel'tabeh C' b Tell Sllel'lch Yllsllf D b_ Um el- Meyadln E c Wady-Derejeh C 'e Wady Kulzawat E c VVady Shl'yel D
Shaneh C d Telel'tteh D (1 Tell Shemmdm G c Um el- Mezdbl’l E c Wady Dhaba’l B g Wady Kunel'tl'rah C e Wady Shobele E
Shunem C c Tekoa. C 6 Tell Sheri’ah B f Um Mezdbl'l ‘ E c Wady ed- Dhaharlyeh B 1' ‘Wady el- Kaneiyeh D f Wady Shukelylff D
esh- Shurez'lc E c Telcz‘l’a C 9 Tell esh- Shlh F d Um Eds C e Wady Dhalal , G g Wady Kard‘wa B d Wady esh- S/lulclf U
esh- Shurlc‘ E c Telal'l Abll Fula , D f Tell Shulchah E b "Um Rasds D e lVady Dhelgat el- Wady el- K urn O b Wady esh- Slzulck O
esh- ’Shurhlyeh C b et- Tell 0 e Tell ee- Sllfrah. O f Um Rasas, Tower of D e ’Amerln B g . Wady el- Kara 0 b Wady Sidd’lyeh D
esh- Shurhz‘yeh C (1 Tell el- Aasy D (1 Tell Sumeld F c Um er— Rllmamlll B f Wady leheh C e Wady el— KW”, or Wady Sldeh D
Slnltna D (1 Tell Abd el- Ma’az F (1 Tell el- T‘arah F c Um er- Rummdn F d IVady ed- Dl'lbeh O f . Illlmel'sh O I) Wady Siderlyeh B
Sh lltnel er- Ruhel'lleh ‘ B f Tell’, Abd er- Rahl‘ln D f Tell et- ’Tawahln F c Um Bummdneh D e Wady Brit» 0 d Wady el- Kuselb G g Wady Sidr 0 -
Shlltta C 0 Tell Abu el— Faras F (1 Tell el- Tho‘reh C c Um [fish 0 e Wady Edhel'beh O f Wady Kasel'r ' D c Wady Sidr D
Shuwelkeh B 9 Tell A bu el— Feraj _ D (1 Tell et- Towelneh O f Um Ruwdlc F c lVady el- Em’az O f Wady Kusl's C e W’ad-y Szfgaf D
Shuweiheh ' C (1 Tell Aba ’Iz F 0 Tell Tlllel‘l I) b Um es— S’ad F b Wady Elzlcel'leh D f Wady Lauz D b Wady es- Si]; 0
Shuweilceh C (1 Tell Abu Shajar E _b Tell Tusereh E e Um es- Semdle' D e Wady Eshleh D e Wady el‘- Llwa E b dey es- Sik Q
Shuuml’heh O f Tell Abu Y azld E b Tell Um el- ’Ajra D d Um Seyr’l' E e Wadg/ 16572er B e W'ady el— Ll'wa F b WadySlmsim B
Shuweiya ID b Tell ’Ahmar D b Tell Yasin B e Um esh- Shulcc’if B f Wady Fahll D d 'IVaZly el- Lubbdn C d l’Vady es- 817“: B
Sibteh C 6 Tell ’Ajl’lr A f Tell Y 1283f , D b Um esh- Slzuklf V C c Wady Fdlleh D d . 'Wady Lubbdn C d Wally Sotleyla D
Sidon C a Tell ’Akbarah D c . Tell Zahar D d Um S’l'rlcan O f Wally Fdra A_ f W ady Luwel'zdny D b Will}; 68- Sowl’l'deh B
Sl'dr Bel-is D ,e Tell ’Alchmar , A f Tell Zaharl‘ya B. e Um Sufdh C d Wally el— Farah O ' e Wady el- lllri O b Wady Subbdrah E
Slfsaf C I) Tell ’Ahraba F 0 Tell sz A O f Um es- Sarah E d Wady el— Farah C e Wady Mabshllle G b Wady es- Sudelr 0
es- Syn F 0 Tell Ahrabeh D c Tellzll Batanah D' d Um Turra E b Wady el— Farm 0 d Wady Maderah B g Wady es- Sufey C
Sijud D b Tell ’Ala F b Tellal Hurfilleh E b Um Ushdfilch F c Wady el- Fdrl’a C d Wady Mdhala D e‘ Wady Sufsaf D,

We 0 9 Tell el- ’A lyd F c Tellzll er- Refil’lyllt F d Um el— Weleed D e ll’acly Fedhlll O f Wady Maleheras O f I’Vady es- Suldfh TD
Slleh C 0 Tell ’Amdrah F c Telllll Sha’ar E b Um Wlllcld F c Wally el- Fey'az D c Wady Malchler-lyeh C d Wady Sllleim y C
Slleh, Plain of C (1 Tell ’Ardd O f Tellfll and Khirbet esh- Um ez- Zel'llat C c Wally el- Ferallj B e Wady Maklub D c Wady Suleiman B
Sileh ’ed- Dahr C d Tell el— ’Aram D b Shahl'bat F b Um ez- Zeltdn F c Wally File D. c Wady Mahdi; C. 'e Wady es- Saml B
Sillah C b Tell d- ’Asha’lr F c Tendm’l B ‘c Um ez- Znéne F d Wady el- Flkreh 0 g Wady Malh D d Wady es- Sle A B
Sl'mj F (1‘ Tell Ash’areh E c, Terdbln A g Um Zéghal O f Wady Flr’lm D c Wady el- llldlih C d Wady es- Sllrdr B
Sl'ml'a 0 f Tell ’Ashtereh D c Terdya E c Ummah _ C b W ady Email 0 d Wady Mam, D d Wady es- Suwed C
Simonias U 0 Tell el- ’Asz‘lr C e . Terlcllml'eh B e Unkhlll E b Wady el- Fate—ls B f Wady Mar’aba E a Wady Suwel'da orJamelC
Slfrmsim B e Tell Awa‘d D d . Tersh’lha C b Urlc- blr Kasam F b Wady Ghadelmeh or Wady Marjari C e Wady Suwel’deh F
es- Sl'lzcll'lllzeh B 0 Tell ’AzdriZ/dt D b Ter Zlbna C b Urtds C e Jedel'd ‘ D e lVady Maldl ed- Bill 0 d W'ddy es- Suweinlt 0
Sin Ibl D b Tell Azn’in F c Tesll D c Usdzlm O f Wady Ghanzlr C e Wady Mattar I C e Wady et- Ta’l‘lml'rah C
Sirljl'l C (1 Tell el— Barih . F c Teyds’lr C d Uslahdh F c Wady Ghar D d Wady el- Mauz D d Wady Taiy’lbeh' D
Sion D b Tell Baeee F c Thala 0 d Wady el- allele 0 e Welly Mel'dlm D e Wady Tall“; D
Sn-ah, Well of C e Tell el- Bellamy/eh C c ethe Th’aly ,. E c Wady el- Ghdr E c W'ady Melthell’l'n E a. Wad leld E
Sirln D 0 Tell el~ Blllceh D (l Thebez C (1 el- W (idlyeh C e lVady el- Gharz F c lVady Melaha B 1' lVady gt- Tazlr B
Sirion D b Tell Blllllald B e C d Wady el- ’Abz'ad C e lVady Ghorab D b Wady el- Meleh C e y C

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MAPS 35 dz 36. PALESTINE. '
Wady et- Teim D b Wady Wdleh D e Wely A‘bu Ndr C d Yahmdr D b V Yerk-ush C b Zautar C b Ze’mdka B
Wendy et- Tez‘m D b Wady Warrén» E d Wely Abu ’Obeideh D d Ydj'dsh ' D d Yeshd’a C e Zawata C d Zi’ara D
Wady et- Teim D e . Wady (21- Wed ‘ D f Wely Bulnak ' B e Yakdh C c Yetma G d Zuwi C d 'ez-Zib O
Wady Tesh, or Mcshz‘m O a V Wady el- Wesa’ C d Wely el— Ma’shdk C b Yélo C e Yezi'd, Canal E a. ez- Zdwz’eh _ C d Zibdz‘n E
Wady Themed D e Wady Xandeh D c Wely Mudkor B 9 el- Yam6n C (1 Y osela D d Zebdeh C c Zib’ad C
Wady Tibneh C (1.; Wady deis D d Wely Nusr E a Ydml/c C c Yuhmdr D b Zebdeh C d Zifteh C
Wady Tiyadh -D d Wady Yd’ffir E a. Wely Sheikh Abu Neely D b Y damn C d Yukin C e Zebdin C b Ziklag B
Wady Tldh 0 g Wady el- Yemen 0 g Wely Sheikh Ardua‘m A 6 Y ands C b Ydsuf ‘ 0 e Zebeineh E c Ziph - C
Wady Tubas D d Wady Zakaska C d Wely Sheikh Hazaib D b Yamjur O c Yutta O f 62- Zebfreh E b Ziz, Cliff of C
Wady Tufidh ' C e _ Wady ez- dem B d Wezg Sheikh Sdlim . D d Yarmdk B 9 el— Zebzzj B 9 2m E
Wady el- Tuffleh D f Wady Zeidy E c Wely Shaikh Salmén C d Yd'rén C b ' Zehz’lteh D a. Zoar D
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Wady Um e'l- Bedfin O f Wady ez- Zerka Ma’fin D 9 el— Wuhkds D b dedr B d Zanoa C e Zeita C d Zubicin C
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MAP 89.

SINAI AND THE .DESERT OF THE 'WANDERINGS.

Arabic words: Aha, Father; ’Ain, Fountain ; Bahr, Sea or Lake; Btr, Well; Birhet, P001; Bari, Castle, Tower; Derh, Road; Jehel, Mountain;

Ahhasiyeh

el— ’Ahdeh

Aha Derdj, Plain of

Aha Kehlr

Aha Kesheyh

Aha Nateighineh .

Aha Saweirah

Aha Suweirwah

Aha Teraifeh

Aha Taraiheh Plains

el- ’Ahweih Pass

Aelameh

Aelanites Sinus

el- ’Aggdheh

el- ’Aghalé'h

Ahnds

’Aimeh

’Ain Daldgheh

’Aineh

’Ain el- Ahhdhar

’Ain el- Derh

. ’Ain el— ’Elya
’Ain el- Ghudyan

’Ain el— Gadeirdt

’Ain el- Marhhdl

’Ain el- Mareidhah

’Ain el— Nuweihia

’Ain el— Usdaka

’Ain el- stit

’A in el- VVeiheh

’Ain el- Yemen

’Ain esh- Shehdheh

’Ain Gad’ls

’Ain Ghardndel

’Ain Ghuweir

’Ain Gaseimeh

’Ain Hawdrah

’Ain Hawrat

’Ain Hehrdn

’Ain Hadhera-h

’Ain Mdlihah

’Ain Maweileh

’Ain Ndha’

’Ain Shems

’Aireh

’Ahahah

Alcahah, Gulf of

el- Ahawdn

Akrabbim, Ascent of

A llawan
Amalekites
el- ’A mhelc

el- Ammaga, Plain of

Amorites

Amorites, Mtn. of the

Arab Road
Arahah, The
Arabia.

Arabia Deserta
Arabia Petraea
Arabicus Sinus

Ar’arah R. and Wells

el- ’Aras
Aroer
Arsinoe
Arsinoe
Arsino'ite nome
Aslaj

Atfih
Avaris
’Ayan Masa
’Azazimeh
Azem

Baalath Beer
Baal—Zephon

Bahr Lat

Bahr Yasaf

Bahr Yasuf

Bahr Yasuf
Baharah, Plateau of

Ballm el- Maghariheh

Pass
el- Bareidhi
el- Bdrid
Beer-lahai—roi
Beer-Sheba

Beer- Sheba, Desert of

el- Beiddt

el- Beidhd
Belheis

Benhd el— ’Asl
Beni Saweif
Bered

el— Besdtln
Beth—shemesh
Beydd

Bir Aha Rah
Bir Aha Suweirah
Bir el- Ahd
Blr el- Batr
Bir el- Dewietar
Bir Emshash
Bir er- Rejlm
Bir es- Seha’
Btr eth Themed
Bir ez Zelegah
Bir Fawar

B’ir Jendal

Bir Kdmas

Bir Kareis

Bir Mah’ak
Bir Muktal
Bir Marrah
Bir ’Odheih
Bir Saweis

Blr Tawdheh
Bir Tiheh
Birhet Ballah
Birket el— Haj
Birhet el- Keiran
Birhet Par’o‘n
Birhet Is
Birket Timsah

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Biydr

Biydr M ’ayin
Boheyreh

Bozrah (of Edom)
Bubastis
Bubastite Branch
el- Baheireh
Balah

Barj en- N ’meirah
el— Baseireh
Batdhy

Cairo

Caphtorim
Oasiotis

Casius Mt.
Casluhim

Chenneh

Clysma

Contellet Garaiyeh

Dahah

Daher el- Hamr
Daphnae

Ddr el- Beida
Ddr el- Hamra
Dashar

Dashar, Pyramids of

Dehhet er- Ramleh
Delta, the

Derh el- ’Anhehlyeh
Derh el— Rdn
Derh el- Besdtln
Derh el— Haj
Derh el— Haj
Derh el— Haj
Deyset Tare’iah
D’hdh

thneh

Dhaur

edh— Dhahl
Dhullam
Dizahab

ed- Djear

D6sak

Eboda
Edom

Egypt
Egypt, Stream of
Elath

Elim

Elji,

Eloth

Eltolad

Elwi’ l’Ajram’z‘yeh
Em’shdsh

Erweis el— Eheirig
Erweis el- Eheirig
Eshher

Etham

Etham, Wilderness of

Ezion Greber

el- Faifeh

el- Faiyam

el— Farmo‘t

Fera el- Adhal
Ferdshdt esh- Shih
el— Ferdane

Fersh el— Khadid

Fersh Shel/ch el— Arah

el— Gd’ah

Gd’ah el Barah
Gahdhes

Gad Dhohd

Gad M allap

Gad Yayah

el- Gargah
Gasassine
Gemmdzeh
Gera’in el- ’Atad
Gerar

Gerrha
Charandel
Gharret N akhl
Ghawarineh
Gihihdt

Gizeh

Gizeh, Pyramids of
Goshen, Land of

Haiwdt

Haj Route

Haj Route
Hajar —er Rehhah
Halal

Halak Mt.
Ham, Land of
Hanes
Hazar-Addar
Hazeroth
Heliopolis
Heptanomis
Heracleopolis
Heroopolis
Heroopolites Sinus
el- Hesweh
Homam

Hor Mt.
Horeb Mt.
Horites
Hormah

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Seil, Torrent; Sheikh, Elder; Tell, Hill, Mound; Wady, Valley, Watercourse.

el- Hajeireh

el- Hameirdwat

el- Hameiylmeh H0-
maima

Hammdm Saleimdn

Hammdm Tar’6n

I smailia

Jehdl

Jehel Aha Derdj
Jehel Aha Mesad
JehelAha Rlsh
Jehel Al Kheimatein
Jehel Ammaneh
Jehel Aneigah
Jehel ’Arddeh
Jehel ’Araif

J ehel Atdhah
Jehel Aweihid
Jehel Bargdh
Jehel Beidhd
Jehel Bisher

Jehel Bargah
Jehel Dalfa’a
Jehel Dhallal
Jehel el- ’Ahrag
Jehel el— Arahi
Jehel el- ’Arfeh
Jehel el- Art
Jehel el- Ashhah
Jehel el- Bendt
Jehel el- ’Ejmeh
Jehel el- G‘alh
Jehel el- Jozeh
Jehel el- Khayyl
Jehel el- Mandareh
Jehel el— hIazeikah
Jehel el— ’02jf
Jehel el Rah

Jehel er Roghah
Jehel esh- Sha’feh
Jehel es- Sharaif
Jehel esh— Sherdh '
Jehel es- Sowdneh
Jehel es- Suweikeh
Jehel et- Taar
Jehel eth- Theht
Jehel eth— Thaghar
Jehel et- Tlh
Jehel et- Tih
Jehel et- Tor
Jehel ez- Zeit
Jehel Fera’

J ehel Ferdni
Jehel Gahéllyeh
Jehel Gahlleh
Jehel Genln

Jehel Gerdt

Jehel Ghardheh
Jehel Gharhan
Jehel Ghazldnl
Jehel Ghahey
Jehel Guseimeh
Jehel Hahasht

J ehel Hadaiyid

J ehel Hadhird

J ehel Hadld

Jehel Halafi’a
Jehel Hamd’

Jehel Hammdm Syednd

Masa
Jehel H amrah
Jehel Hdran
Jehel Hedeiheh
Jehel Heldl
Jehel Hemar Ch'lhal
Jehel Herteh
Jehel Humeir
Jehel Hammdm
Jehel Hammdm
Jehel Hamr
J ehel I hhrimm
Jehel I lti‘.
Jehel Jehdm
Jehel Jenln
Jehel Jiddet el- ’Eld
Jehel Katherin
Jehel Ifoli
Jehel Koros
Jehel Maderah
Jehel Madsas
Jehel Magrdh
Jehel JlIanjel
Jehel Maytoara
Jehel Mefjir
Jehel Meraifig
Jehel JlIeseih “el- ’Ahd
Jehel Migairclh
Jehel M ’reikheh
Jehel Mahatteh
Jehel Mahalteh
J ehel Mahattem
J ehel Makhsheih
Jehel Mahna’
J ehel JlIahrdh
Jehel Masa
Jehel Zlfaweileh
Jehel N agas
Jehel Nakhleh
Jehel Nehadge
Jehel Nidlyeh
Jehel Nimr
Jehel Own
Jehel Rahhameh
Jehel Rayh
J ehel Rimhdn
Jehel Rahal
Jehel Sahara
Jehel Samghi
Jehel Serhdl
Jehel Shahahiyeh

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Jehel Shegaih
Jehel Sidreh
Jehel Sigilli'yeh
Jehel Saweiriyeh
Jehel Tarha‘sh
Jehel Ta-urdn
Jehel Tawdheh
Jehel Tha’alehi
Jehel Themam

Jehel Towdl el- Fahm

Jehel Tulal

Jehel Umm Adowi
Jehel Umm ’Alawi'
Jehel Umm Hesalrd ‘
Jehel Umm Khazin
Jehel Umm Loz
Jehel Umm Rajam
Jehel Umm Shaamer
Jehel Umm Zagreg
Jehel Warddn

Jehel Watayeh

Jehel Watdh

Jehel Yeleg

Jehel Zihliyeh

Jerf el- Mahawa
Jez’lret Fara’an
Joseph, Canal of

el- Jow

Jahal, Str. of

Kd’a en- N agh
Kadesh-Barnea
Kadesh-Barnea
Kadesh-Barnea
Kantara

el- Kas

Katiyeh

el- Kemileh
Kenites

Kerah

Kerah
Ketherahha
Khalasah

Khdn ez— Zehlh
Khanzireh

K hardhdt Lassdn
Khashm Usdam
Khashm Zihdd
Khardhet el- -’Ahld
Kibroth Hataavah
Kir of Moab
Kofdikef

el- .Kahheihdt
Kuhhet el— Baal
Kal’at ’Ajre’ld
Kalat el— Ashy
Kal’at el- ’Aajeh
Kal’at el— Gardhi
Kul’at N alchl
Kal’at T ineh
Kal’at Umm Gaseir
Kurdyim
Karnah

Kasr el- Bedawy
Katrdneh

el- Kaweireh

Lakes, Ancient Bitter
el— Ledtd

Ma’e’ln '
Magharat ’Amry
Magdolum
Magharah
el-Magrdh
Mahallet el-Kehlr
Mansarah
Marah

M arhat Ka’ad
el—Marhhd
el-Ma’sarah-
Matari'yeh
el-Mawdlih
Maaamah L.
Mediet el-Faiyzlm
Mehawardt 1""
Memphis
Menaf

Menzaleh L.
el—Mesas

el— M eshrifeh
Messid

Midian, Land of
Midianites
Migdol

Migdol
el-Migrdh
Mirzah Towelah
en Mishpat

Mit Ghamr

Mit Rahlneh
Mizraim

Moab

Moerish
Moladah

Moses, lVells of
el Mo’teh

Mate, Canal of
Muhfdr

Mahna’

M uhrlh el— Weherah

M ahatta’ et— Tawdrik

el—Mantala Pass
Masr el-Atiheh
Alusr el-thirah

Nahh
en-Nagh
Nagh Ajdneh
Nagh Bayn

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Nagh Baderah
Nagh el-’Aiydneh
Nagh el-Em’az
Nagh el- Ghdrih
Nagh el Jillrdd

‘ Nagh el- Warsah

Nagh el- Yemen
Nagh er- Rdhineh
Nagh er-Rahd’i

Nagh Eshhart Emsa’ad

Nagh es-Safdh

Nagh es-Safey

Nagh Ihn Mdr

Nagh K hardr

Nagh K lyt‘f

Nagh M’reilcheh

Nagh Nemelah

Nagh Watdh

Nahr Hawa

Naphtuhim

Nebaioth

Necho, Traces of the

Canal of

(Negeb), the South
' country

Nile, the river

Nimrim

Noph

Naweihi’a

Omaider I.
Omaider Kahh’lr
On

Ora/s

Paran

Paran, Wilderness of

Patumus

Pelusiac Branch

Pelusiac - Mouth

Pelusium

Persepolitan Mont.

Petra

Philistines

Philistines, the Way
of the Land of the

Pibeseth

Pi—hahiroth

Pithorn

Rahal)

Rahah

Rameses
Rameses, Land of
Rds Aha Derdj,
Rds Aha Saweirah
Rds Aha Zenimeh
Rds Atdhah

Rds Bardess

Rds el’-Amir

Ras el-Barha
Rds el- Fahdi
Rds el- Gardhi
Rds el Jaifeh

Rots el-Jehel

Rds el-Kd’a

Rds el-Madareij
Rds el-Musry
Ras el- lVady

Refs en-Nagh

Ras en-Nawatir
Rots en-Nusrani
Ras ’Eryeineh
Rds esh-Shulcelrah
Rds es- Serdm

Rots Furtalc

Rds Ghardndel
Ra‘s Ghdrih

Rots Jehan

Rds Legi’ah

Rds M esalld

Rds Metdmmer
Ra's Mohammed
Rds Sehille

Rds Sheratih

Rds Shaleheir
Rds Sadr

Rds Safsafeh
Rds Tor‘

Rds Umm Haiyeh
Rds VVatdh

Rots Zaferdneh
Raadh el-Hamdrah
Red Mt.
Rehoboth

Rejam el-Khail
Rephidim
Rldhdn esh-Ka’a
Roda I.

Rosetta Branch
Rteyeh
er-Raheiheh ‘
Ramail et-Hamid
Rammaneh

Sd’adi

es-Sahlcah
Sahhhat-Bardawll
es-Sdfi

St. Anthony, Convent

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Sa’idz‘yeh
el- Sahiyeh
Sakkdrah

Sahkarah, Pyramids

0f
Salah’lyeh
Salt, Valley of
Samannad
Samrat Fidddn
Sdn
Sdn, Plain of
Sandfir

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Kulat, Castle ; Nagh, Pass; Ras, Cape, Head of Stream ;

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Sardhlt el-Khadim

Sarhat ’Ag/at el-Milh

Sarhat el—Jemel
Saul

Sea, Dead

Sea, Red

Sea, Wilderness of

the Red
Sea, the Salt
Seha Bidr
Sehaitd
Seih Bdh’a
Seih Sidreh
Seil Aha Zeid
Seil es-Sa’ideh
Seil Garahi
Seir, Land of
Seir, Mount
Sela
Semilet ed-Darawis
es-Sened
Sesostris, Canal of
Shdweri
Sheikh Baremhal
Sheilch el—’A mry
Sheileh Hanaidik
Sheihh Jareh
Sheikh Ryah
Sherafeh
esh-Sherdh
Sherm
Sherm Dhohd
Sherm M ajowah
Shihin el—Kém
Shihor
esh—Sh6heh
Showeishet el-’Ejmeh
Shahra
Shah-eriyeh
Shar, The Way of
Shar, lVilderness of
Shar, Wilderness of
Sharhiyeh
Shashwa
Shatnet er-Récheiheh
The Sih
Silo Aha ’Alda
Silfeh
Sin
Sin, Wilderness of
Sinai Mt.
Sinai, Wilderness of

Mt.
Sirbonis L.
Sitnah
es-Sahra
Succoth
Suez
Suez Canal
Suez, Gulf of
Sufsafeh
Suweihrah

Taberah
Tahpanhes
Tanis

Tanitic Branch
Tanitic Mouth
Tantdh

Tdset Sadr
Teiriyeh

Tela’at Umm Radheh

Telhin

Tell Aha Saleimdn
Tell Basta

Tell Defenneh
Tell el—Ahhaslyeh
Tell el-Her

Tell el—Keh’lr

Tell el-Milh

Tell el- Yehad
Tell er-Rotaheh
Tell es-Semat
Tell Kolzam
Teman

Teman, Land of
Terdhin
Thilmet-el M igrdh
'Thowdneh
Et-Tth, Desert of
Tlneh

Tirdn

Tirdn, Str. of
Tiydhah

Tophel

Tor

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Turf er-Rahn
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Ujret ’Eshi
Umm Ajram
Umm ed Dahar
Umm Fareg
Um Z6ghal

Wady Aha ’Alda
Wady Aha Berlea
Wady Aha G’seih
Wady Aha Hailezon
W’ady Aha Ja’adeh
Wady A ha Jizl

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Wady A ha Kh’sheiheh E
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Wady Aha Musera
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W ady Aha Ratheh
W'ady Aha Silleh
VVady Aha Sadr

Wady Aha Saweirah

Wady Aha Talh

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I'Vady Aha Tardfi

lVady Aha Tara'lmeh

W ady Aha Tureifeh

lVady Aha Tareifi

Wady Aha U [gen

W’ady Ahyadh

lVady Adowi

l/Vadg/ Ahtha

lVady ’Ain Feranjy

lVady ’Ajéleh

lVady Alchal

Wady Aleimd

Wady Aleyat

W ady Allawan

lVady Amdrah

W ady ’Amrdn

W adg/ Amran

lVady ’Anhehl‘yeh el-
Ateshdneh

Wady ’Anheht‘yeh er-
Reiydneh

Wady Ansary

l/Vady ’Aradeh

Wady Ardrah

Wady ’Aslaj

W ady Atfih

W'ady Athlleh

Wady Bah’a

Wady Belgah

lVady Bark

Wady Behheh

Wady Berrdh

Wady Beydneh

W’ady Bizein

llfady Big/dr

Wady Badr

W ady Batlihdt

VVady Daldgheh

W ady Darhah

W ady Dhaha’i

Wadg/ Dhaghadeh

Wady Dhalal

lVady Dheigatel-Amerin

W’ady ed Dafd’iyeh
l'Vady ’Edez'd
Wady el-A hyadh
Wad’y el—A hyadh
W’ady el—’Adhheh
Wady el-’Aggdh
lVady el-’Aggdh
VVady el—Ahsy
Wady el—’Ain
Wady el-’Ain
Wady el-’Ain
VVady el-’Ain
Wady el-Ajeiheh
W'ady el—’Alcahah
Wady el ’Ahhdhar
lVady el—’Arahah
lVady el ’Arahah
lVady el—’Arish
lVady el-Arish
l/Vady el—’Arz‘sh
lVady el-’Arshi
lVady el-Atiyeh
Wady el-Barah
W’ady el-Batahy
lVady el Em’az
W'ady el-’Erta
Wady el-Fihreh
Wady el-Furn
Wady el— Ghahiyeh
Wady el- Ghaidherah
W ady el— Ghahey

VVady el-Ghadhaghidh

Wady el- Ghadydn
W’ady el-Haj
ll’ady el-Ham
Wady el-Hendis
lVadg/ el-Hessi
lVady el—Hdleh
Wady el-Hasah
T'Vady el-Ithm
Wady el—Jeih

W ady el—Kelath
Wady el-Khamlleh
W ady el-Khureity
l/Vady el-Kaseih
Wady el-Lehyaneh
Wady el-Letlh
llfady el—Mehrak
VVady el—Mezdrih
Wady el—Jliirzaha
Wady el-Mohfah
Wady el—Mudheiyat
lVady el-Mahdsh
Wadg/ el-fllahaawat
Wady el—lllahelleh
Wady el-Masry
W ady el—Sat
lVady E lteit
Wady Elt’hi
lVady el- Weiheh
lVady el— Yemen
Wady Emga’in
Wady Emkheizeh
Wady Emleisah
Wady Emshdsh
W ady en-Nehedein
Wady en-Nehiyeh
Wady en-Nejd
W’ady ’Erdn
l’Vady er-Rimm
lVady er—Raheiheh
Wady Erthama
Wady ’Eryeineh
Wady ’Eshrah
IVadg/ es-Sa’deh
Wady es-Sdfi
lVady es-Seha’

lVady es—Sened Dhaha

W ady es-Serdm
W ady es-Sharaif
Wady es-Sheihh
lVady es-Sheikh
W’ady es-Sih

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Wady es-Si'rr
IVady es-So-wdneh
IVady es-Sowfldéh
TVady es-Sdf
Wady Ethel
IIVady eth Thebt
TTI'ady et-Tawél
W ady et- Tih
TVady et- Tih
I’Vady et- Tih
IVady et- Tufileh
W’ady Fahdi
I’Vady Fara
I’Vady Feiran
W'ady Fiddan
IVady Fateis
W7ady Gadis
VVady Gaiseh
W'ady Gamiyeh
Wady Gateifeh
Wady Gham'r
'Wady Ghardndel
W’ady Ghardndel
I’Vady Gharandel
TVady Gharbeh
Wady Ghazdleh
W’ady Ghureir
Wady Ghuweir

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el— Buweib

Deyset Fure’iah
Erweis eZ- Ebeirig
el— Gd’ah

Hajar el— Laghweh
el- Hesweh

Hesy

Horeb Mt.

Jebel Aba ’Aldgah
Jebel Abn ’Aldi

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Wady Goseir
TVady Gdleib
I’Vady Haddb
W’ady Haz’kibeh
U’ady Ha’imeh
W’ady Hamd’
TVady Hanein
W’ady Hargils
H’ady Haw/amt
IVady Haydli
IVady Hebrdn
Wady Hemaytheld
IVady Hufeiry
W’ady Humr
I'Vady IIumr
PVady H uweinm‘dt
W’ady I bn Md'r
Wady Igne
TVady Islih
IVady I thmed
W'ady I thmid
Wady Jaifeh
W'ady Jarf
VVady Jeba’ah
TVady Jendal
Wady Jendal
TVady Jerdfeh
Wady Jerdfeh

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IVady Jerrah
TVady Jemir
I'Vady Kerak
IVady Khalal
W'ady K halasah
IVady Khamileh

Wady K haraizet’Araif
Wady Khashm el- Kelb

W ady K hazdli
Wady Khesh
Wady K hobait
TVady Khabardh
W'ady Khushab
TVady Kidd
Wady Kurdhiyeh
Wady Kureis
W ady K ureiyeh
W'ady Ifuweiseh
W ady Lebweh
IVady Liblabeh
W'ady Lussdn
IVady M abmk
TVady Maderah
Wady Ma’in
Wady Makwan Hi-
madheh
Wady Ma’milah
W ady M ’ayin

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TVady Mazeira
T'Vady M e’a‘w‘
Wady JVIedileh el- Tih
Wady M egaihus
Wady M elhadgeh
Ufady M eliheh
Wady M elleh
Wady M erdkh
PVady Mukatteb
Wady Makm'h
Wady Mukubbeleh
Wady Mai/jar
Wady Maw
W'ady M ur'rah
W'ady Murreh
W'ady Murtnbeh
W ady Musa
Wady Mashehhem
W ady lllmudlih
W ady N abk
Wady Nagia
TVady Nasb

Wady Nasb

Wady Nasb

VVady Nemelah
Wady Nidiyeh
Wady Njailat
Wady N ’mei'rah

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Wady Nusib
Wady Rahabeh
Wady Rakhameh
TVady Rdmcin
IVady Rawdg
Wady Rawdg
W'ady Rimhdn
IVady Raher
Wady Rumliyeh
TVady Ratig
Wady Raweihibiyeh
W ady Sa’al
Wady Sa’al
Wady Sabh

W ady Sahab
Wady Sahara
Wfady Saidat
Wady Saiseb
Wady Salamfin
TVady Samghi
Wady Sha’ib
Wady Sh’eb
Wady Sheiger
Wady Shellal
Wady Shiddih
TVady Shubeikeh
Wady Shakeirah
Wady Siddiyeh

 

 

WADY FEIRAN AND

c‘o

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(ON MAP SINAI

Jebel Abu Jardweh
Jebel Aba Rumail
Jebel ed- Deir
Jebel el- Benat
Jebel el- Hamr
Jebel el— Jozeh

‘ Jebel el— Marah

Jebel el- ’OTf
Jebel er— Rammaneh
Jebel Feirdn
Jebel Gabéliyeh
J ebel fIadaiyid
Jebel Hameidah
Jebel Haweit
Jebel Hebrdn
Jebel J’eba’ah
Jebel Katherin
Jebel Madsds

J ebel M nkatteb
Jebel Mdsa
Jebel Seiaibil

' Jebel Serbo’il

Jebel Shinénir
Jebel Sidreh
Jebel Sigilliyeh

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Jebel Sirru

Jebel Salid

Jebel Sana

Jebel Tarbeish

Jebel Umm Lahm
Jebel Umm Mam
Jebel Umm Meilihah
Jebel Watdyeh

Jebel Zebir

K hadeiol ed- Dh’ib
61— K hattatin
Kul’at ’Ajéleh

Magbarat Abu Nigei-

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Rois Snfsdfeh
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Sikket ’Abdrah
Sin, Wilderness of
Sinai, Desert of
Sinai, Mount

St. Katherine, 007w. of E
Samr et- Tiniyeh E
Sebaiyeh Plain F
Seih Sidreh A
Seih Sidieh B
Shagik el ’Ajizz D
Sheik Masa E
A
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Wady Sig

Wady Sola'f
Wady Sadr
Wady Sfiwig
Wady Taba
Wady Tahmeh
Wady Taiyz‘beh
Wady T a’rfah
Wady Tawdheh
W ady Tawarik
T/Vady Telbin
Wady Thdl

Wady Tirani
Wady T’lah
Wady Tobak
Wady Towlat
Wady-t- Tameyldt
Wady Tarban
Wady- Unifaz
Wady Umm Ajaf
Wady Umm ’Ajrdf
Wady Umm Elseifeh

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Wady Umm Girsz‘imeh E

Wady Umm Hash
Wady Umm Laiheh

E
D

Wady Umm Rethemeh D
Wady Umm Rethemeh E

Wady Umm Tahhah

E

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W’ady Umm Tarfa

I'Vady Useit

Wady Warddn

Wady Wetir

Wady IVijrc’in

W’ady Wnta‘h

T’Vaa’y Zelegah

Wady Zeraigiyeh

Wady Zaghe'ra’

Wandering, Reputed
Valley of the

Wanderings, the

el- stileh

cl— Watiyeh

Wely Sheikh Atiyeh

Zaggazig

ez- Zara

Zat Bass
Zeitiyeh Bay
Zephath
Zered, Brook
Zifteh
Ziklag.

Zin, Wilderness of
Zoan

ez- Zaweirah

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Suez, Gulf of
63- Sugheireh

Thilmet el- Migrdh
Umm el- Bdrid

Wady Abadeh
Wady Aha Gullam
Wady Aha Seileh
Wady ’Agabah

W ady ’Ajé‘leh

W ady Akhdhar
Wady Aleyat
TVady Bark

Wady Berrah
Wady Birkeh
Wady Baderah
Wzdy Dhaghadeh
W'ady ed- Deir
Wady el- Alchdhar
Wady el- Bashih
Wady el— Leia

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Wady el- ’0rf
Wady Emleisah
Wady Entish
Wady er- Rahah
Wady er Rimm
Wady er- Rammdneh
Wady Erthdmeh
Wady es- Shagg
Wady es- Sheilsh
Wady et- Tlah
Wady Feirdn
Wady Feirdn
Wady Genaiyeh
Wady Ghadir
Wady Gha'rbeh
Wady Goseir
Wady Ham/r
Wady Hebrdn
Wady Igne .
Wady I thmed
Wady J ebd’ah
Wady Jibaliyeh
Wady Khabobeh
Wady Khwrr

W ady Lebweh

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Wady Mukatteb
Wa‘dy Mukatteb
Wady N eba'

VVady N idiyeh
Wady N isrin
Wady Raggeh
Wady Ramiiz
Wady Sahab
'Wady Sebaiyeh
W'ady Selailim
W'ady Semi

Wady Shelldl

W ady Sidieh
Wady Sigilliyeh
Wady Soldf

Wady Soleif
Wady Umfds
Wady Umm ’Ajrdf
Wady Umm Lahm
Wady Umm Lahm
Wady Umm Tdkhah
VVady Wirgah
Wady Zawdtin

Zibb el- Baheir

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AbelsBeth Maachah
Abronas R.
Abu Dibbis .
Abu Hubbu
Abu K esheib
Abu K hamira
Abus M. '
Accad
Accho
Adanah

Adiabene
A donis
Adrapana
'Aelanites Sinus
A f ka

Ahava

Am
’Ain el Azy

Ain Shems ‘
Akabeh, Gulf of
.Akkerkuf

Ala Tagh
Aleppo
Alexandria ,
Alishtar Plain

Amanus M. (Syrian)
Amida' .
Ammon
Amordocia‘
Ampe

Anah

Anatho
Anathoth
Anatolia '
Anbar ‘
Antaradus
Anthemusia

Antitaurus

Apamea

Apameia

Aphaca

Aphek

Aphek

Apollonia

Arabia

Arabia Deserta .

Arabia Petraea

Arad

Aradus

Aram

Aram Naharaim

Ararat

Ararat Mt

Aras‘

Aras R. - '

Araxes-of Xenophon

Araxes R.

Arbela

Arbil .,

Ardashar

Ardelan

Argob

Arguri

Arflsh

Arka _

Ar Malcha

Armenia
non R.

Aroer

Arsamosata v

'Arsissa
Artaxata
Artemita
Artemita
Arvad
Arzen
Asia Minor
Asshur -' .
Asshur
Assyria
Atrae

Auranitis
Ava
Avaris

A 3/1? n Mina
Azekah
Azem
Azerbij an

Baal Zephon
' Babylon
Babylonia
Baghdad
Bagistana
Ba lis
Balissus
Baraddn

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Bashan
Batnae
Bavian
Bayaziol
Beer Lahai-rdi
Beer-sheba'
Behistan
Beilan Pass
Beit el M a’a
Belichus
Belik R.
Bene Kedem
Berea '
Bered
Berothah
Bethel
Bethlehem
Beth-shean
Beth-shemesh
'Birehjik

Birs Nimrml
Bitlis B. '
Bohtan R.
Borsippa
Bourlos I}.
Bozrah
Bozrah
Bubastis
Bumadus R.
Busra
Basra, Old
Byblos

Cabul

Cabul

Caenae

Cairo

Calah

Calah

Calneh

Cappadocia

Caprus

Captivity, First
Second

Captivity, Third

Carcathiocerta

Carchemish

Carduchip

Carmel Mt-

Carrhae

Caspian Sea

Caspii M3:

Cassiotis

Caystri Campus

Celaenae

Celonae

Ceramon Agora

Chaboras

Chala

Chalcitis

Chaldea

Chalus R.

Charax Spa’sinu

Charmande

Charran

Chebar

Chittim

Choaspes R.

Chun

Cilicia

Cilician Amanus M.

.Cilician Gates
Circesium
Cissia
Citium
Coche
Colossae
Concobar _
Constantia
Coprates R.
CorSote
"Ctesiphon
Cunaxa
Cutha
Cyprus
Cyrus

Damascus
Dan
Daphnae-
Daphne
Daradax R.
Dead Sea, The
Dehwaniych
Diarbehr _
Digba

Dijeil

Dijleh, R.
Diyadin
Diyalch R.
Dizahab
Dizful
Dizful, It. 0f
Domli '

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PART OF ASIA.

* , To ILLUSTBATE THE OLD, TESTAMENT AND CLASSICAL AUTHORS.

 

 

Dor ‘
Dora.
Dothan
Dura
Dura
Duraba

East, Children of‘the

Eber Gol
Eboda
Ecbatana N.
Ecbatana S.
Eel-Bab
Ed-Dahna
Edessa
Edom

E t ,
Eggt, The River of
Elam

Elath

Elegeia.
Eleutherus R.
El Farma

El Frat

El Hasa

El Hathr
Elim

El—Jauf

El Jezireh
El-Kd’a
Ellasar
Elwend M ‘-
Emesa '
Engedi
Ephraim Mt-
Erech

Ere Rum

Eshi Baghdad .
Etham '

Etham, Wilderness of

Et Tih
Eulaeus
Euphrates R.
Eurymedon R;
Ezion Geber

Finduk
Frat
Fynyle

I Galatia

Galilee
Gath-hepher
Gaugamela
Gauzanitis
Gaza

Gebal

Ghilan ,
Gibeon
Giblites
Gilead

Gilgal

0' la ‘
Gordyaei M.
Gordyene
Goshen, Land of .
Gotcha L.
Gozan

Great River
Gyndes R.

I Habor

Halah

Halah

Halah V
Halak Mt-
Halys

Ham, Land of
Hamadan
Hamah
Hamath‘
Hamath

Hamath, Entrance of
. Hamrin Hills

Hara

Hara

Haran

Haran

Harran

H arrdn el-.’Awamid
H ayel

Hazar-enan

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Hebron

Helbon

Heliopolis

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Heptanomis
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Hermopolis Magma
Herocpolis
Heroepolites Sin,

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Hethlon ‘
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Hillah

Hindiyeh Canal
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Hubl-es-Sukhr‘
Hummdm Far’on
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Iconium
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I lijeh
Imam Dilr
Iralc-Ajemi
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Israel
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Ivah

I wan

Gsof,

J agetu R. ,

J avan

J ebail

Jebel Aja
Jebel er-Itclhah
Jebel et Tih
Jebel Judi
Jebel Makloub
Jebel Sanam
Jebel Shammar
Jebel Tur '
Jebel Um Shaumer
Jericho
Jerujer It.
Jerusalem
Jezireh

J ezreel

J isr Hadid

J oppa

Jordan R.

J otbathah
Judah

Kadesh
Karajah Tagh
Kara-su
Kara-su
Karput

Karun R.
Karun R.
Kebban JVIaden
Kedar,‘Land of
Kedesh

Keli Shir Pass
Kerbelah

K eremlis
Kerkhah R.

K erkooh
Kersus R.

K habour R.

K habour R.
Khawah Plain
Khazr-su

Khor Bamishir
Khorramabacl
Khorsabad
Khuzistan
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Kifle M
Kileh Sherghat
Kir Haraseth

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Kiz Hissar '
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Kizil Uzen
Ko-Izieh
Kouyunjilc
Kowait -
Kufa

Kuh-i-nuh
Kul’at Nakhl
Kur R.
Kurdistan

K urnah
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Larissa
Larissa
Lebanon
Libnah
Luristan
Lycaonia
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Lycia.
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Maarsareé

Mabog

Madai

Mahanaim

M ahsabadan
Marah

Marash

M ardin _
Mareotis L.
Masius M.

Massis Aghri Tagh
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Media Atropatene
Media Magna
Median Wall
Megiddo

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Memphis
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M enzaleh L.
Mesene
Mesene ,
Meshed Ali
Mesobatene
Mesopotamia
Migdol
Minni
Mizpeh
Mizraim
Moab ' '
Moghan, Plains of
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Mosaib

Mosul
Mugheir
Murad-chai
Muraol-su
Mush.
Mygdonia
Mygdonius R.
Myriandrus

Nachdjei'an
Nahr-el—Botrid
Nahr Cutha
Nahr Ibrahim
Nahr Malcha
Naxuana *
Nebaioth
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Nedjef', Sea of
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Nejmi Skurriyeh

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Nifi’er .
Nile, Mouths of the
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Nimrud
Nineveh
Niphates M.
Nisaean Plain
Nisibin

Nisibis

Noph

Nufood

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Orfa '
Orontes M'.
Orontes R;
Orthosias
Osrhoene

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Pai Pul
Pallacopas
Pallacopas
Palmyra
Pamphylia
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Persian Gulf
Pharaoh’s Baths
Philistines
ghoenicia

1a
Pliggus R.
Pibeseth

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Pisidia
Pithom
Pontus

Pylae

Rabbath Ammon
Rahab
Rahabeh
Rahhah
Rameses
Ramoth Gilead
Ramsees

Rae el Ain

Ras Mohammed
Red Sea
Rehob

Rehob
Rehoboth
Rehoboth
Rephidim
Resen

Resht

Rezpeh
Rhesaena
Riblah

Rosetta . .
Rowandiz Peale
Ruad I.
Rubian Creek
Rudbar Pass
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Saklawiyeh Canal
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Samaria
Samava
Samosata

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Sarazur M.
Sargina
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Selamiyeh
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Shapur R.
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Suez, Gulf of
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Suriyeh _

Surmench

Sus

Susa

Susiana

Syria

Syrian Amanus M.
Syrian Desert
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Taberah
Tabriz
Tadmor
Tahpanhes
Tahht—i-Suleim'a'n
Talc Kesra
Talish

Tanis
Tanitic Mt“-
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Tarsus
Taurus Mons

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Tekrit

Telek _
Tell Defenneh
Tell Dhehr
Tell Dibbe
Tell el Her
Tell Ermah
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Tell Koukab
Teredon
Thapsacus
Theodosiopolis .,
Thymbrium
Tigranocerta
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Tigris R.
Tiphsah
Tirzah

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Togarmah
Towaibeh
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Tyana

Tyre
Tyriaeuni

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Wanderings, The
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