‘— RkF
x“:

. ‘ 1| “HUM

AlpHoNsEBERTI LLONS

  WWW WNW

MINM‘

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

fILPI-IONSE} BBRTILLON’S

INSTRUCTIONS FOR TIIKING DESCRIPTIONS

IDENTIFICATION OF GRIMINIIIS

AND OTHERS

ANTHROPOMETRIC INDICATIONS.

TRANSLATED FROIW THE FREVCH BY

GALIUS MULLER,
CLERK OF THF ILLIN’OXS ngTE I’EVXTE VVVVVVV

\Yilh zm Historical and I‘IXpIanatony Introduction

         

gBARY'
V 9“ OF THE
UNIVERSITY
“I

CA 1.15531”

 

 

 

I

cbrvmcu'r,‘ 188g
GALLUS MILLER,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

introduction ..................................... .. .. . .. ............. 3
General Observations on Anthropometric Identiﬁcation ....................... 17

INSTRUCTIONS FOR TAKING DESCRIPTIONS.

' PART FIRST.

ANTHROPOMIZTRIC INFORMATION.

 

CHAPTER I.
11/ msm'cmmtr pmfarmm’ by meant of [/15 Ca/fpm—C02/zparrm (Cranium diameters).

SECTION I. —Measurement of the length of the head .. . .................. 22
SECTION II. ——Measurement of the width of the head ....... . ................ 25

CHAPTER II.

JI/mxurcmmls la/ceu by mean: of ﬂu) Sliding Calizpasses.

SECTION I. —Z\Ieasurement of the left middle ﬁnger. ..................... 30
SECTION II. —.\Ieasurement of the left little ﬁnger ....................... 33
SECTION III—Measurement of the left foot. . . . . . . .x ..................... 35
SECTION IV.—-Measurement of the left fore-arm. . . . ...... . , .. ...... .. . . 4')
* SECTION V. —.\Ieasurcment of the right ear ............................... 4t

CHAPTER III.

I‘llmxun’mmts talwz é}! mean: of 1/25 "grtz'cal and [lorz'zontal Graduated ﬂieasures.

SECTION I. —Measurement of the ﬁgure (height) ......... . . . . . . ...... 44
SECTION II. —Measurement of the outstretched arms . . ........ . . . . . . . . . 46
SECTION III ——Measurement of the trunk. . . . . . . . . ................... 47

30
£3
CC
(C)
Iv

PART SECOND.

DESCRIPTI VE INITORMATION.

 

CHAPTER 1.
PAGE.
Notation of the color of the eyes ............................ . ............. 49
CHAPTER II.
Notation of the color of the hair and beard ................................. 61
CHAPTER III.
Notation of the proﬁle and dimensions of the nose .......................... 63
PART THIRD.
- DESCRIPTION OF PARTICULAR MARKS, SCARS, ETC.
CHAPTER I.
Designation, inclination and dimensions of the mark to be described. .......... 72
CHAPTER II.
Situation of the mark: 1‘0 [)6 dtxcriéca’.
SECTION I. —What is meant by front and rear, inner and outer faces _ . ...... 76
SECTION II. —Special designation of the different parts of the body. Terms
and anomalies peculiar to each. . . . ........ . . ........ 78
CHAPTER 111.
Review and general observations—List of abbreviations ....................... 83
APPENDIX.
PHOTOGRAPHS.

Instructions as to the manner of taking photographs intended to be ﬁled with
cards of description and measurement in an anthropometric collection ...... 88

DESCRIPTIVE CARDS.

I. —Specimen of card blank (inset). .................. . ............... 90
II. —Specimen of card ﬁlled out (inset) ..................... . . . . . ...... 92

f“ lNTRODédCTlON.

In 1881 when the question of deportation of habitual crim—
inals agitated the minds of the French people, and was discussed
in pa‘nliam’ent, Mons. Alphonse Bertillon ﬁrst presented to the
public ‘oTiParis an idea of a method of describing persons and
identifying individuals, vastly superior to the old one with its
vague indications of a person’s height, the color of his hair and
eyes, his complexion, the size or form of his nose, chin, forehead,
€tC.

DEFECTS OF THE OLD METHOD.

In the “Annales de Demographie Internationale,” Mons.
Bertillon stated, from personal measurements and observations
made in Paris with over 10,000 subjects, that among a hun-
dred persons of same height thus observed,

87 had what is commonly called “ brown ” hair.

10 “ blonde hair.
2.7“ black “ -.
0.3 (3 in every 1000) had red hair. i

A person with “brown ” hair has, therefore, no distinction
from nine-tenths of the total population. In other words, in
9 out of 10 times a description of the color of the hair would
be useless, or nearly so. The color of the hair, therefore, has
a characteristic descriptive power only with the blonde, black
and red headed. One might as well,——-in a lesser proportion,
require a man’s description to state whether he was a hunch-
back or not. An individual ranged in the category of non-
hunchbacks would have this characteristic common with 9999
out of every 10,000 persons.

This irregularity of repartition is still more striking when

S

8

Each one of these original divisions is then subdivided, on the
same principle, without regard to the length of the head of the
individual, into three groups according to the wz'dt/z of the
head. These new subdivisions, numbering 3 X 3:9, would
then contain those

With heads of small width,_6000 photographs and over.
u u a medium] a 6000 u u «c
u u u large n 6000 u i; «4

Experience proves that the width of the head of most
people varies independently of the length. In other words, if
the head of an individual measures a certain length, it does not
necessarily follow that its width can—even approximately be
determined thereby.

The length of the middle ﬁnger will give a third indication,
dividing the nine groups we already have into three groups
each, making 27 groups in all, with the following result:

 

Those with small middle ﬁnger, 2000 photographs.
“ “ medium “ “ 2000 “
u a large N cc 2000 u

Another subdivision by the measurement of the fooz‘ (in
three classes—small, medium, and large) will reduce the 27
groups of 2,000 into 81 of over 600 each. Each will again
be subdivided into still smaller groups, by taking the fore-
arm as basis of subdivision. Another subdivision is effected
by the measurement of the lze’z'g/zl, another by the Mile ﬁnger,
the ear, etc. A division by the length of the forearm would
give a quotient of 200, reduced by a division of the height
to 66, again reduced by the little ﬁnger to 22, by the
ear to 7, and so on. The meaning of all this is that by the
means of eight co-efﬁcient anthropometric measurements,
each divided into three mathematically deﬁned classes of
small, medium, and large, a collection of as many as sixty thou-
sand photographs could be divided into groups of no more than
7 or 8 photographs each, which it would be an easy matter to
examine rapidly and carefully, and with desirable results.

Suppose, again, that a criminal is arrested under an as-

9

sumed name, and we wish to ascertain whether he has been
measured and photographed before. \Ve take an exact meas-
urement of the length of his head and will know at once in
which of the main divisions we can ﬁnd his name. The width
of his head will lead us more speciﬁcally to the place his pho-
tograph can be found. The length of his middle ﬁnger, of his l
foot, forearm, height, little ﬁnger, ear, etc., will enable us to _,l
arrive at the exact place where his photograph and description
have been ﬁled,-—if at all. i

If a measurement coincides exactly with the ﬁgures on the i
limit of a division, the search has also to be made in the next. 7
hlgher or lower adjoining division.

Experience has demonstrated that the different parts of the/
human body are not by any means in constant congruity, one
with each other. One person is of small stature. but has a
large head and large feet: another has small feet and short
lingers, but is of tall stature. The variations in individuals
are so great, and the precision of the measurements so minute
and perfect, that among a hundred thousand subjects there are
hardly ten who will show approximate ﬁgures on every indi-g
cation. But even these few can, by the description, according i
to the Bertillon method, of the eye and the nose, and the form
and location of accidental scars and marks, be individualized:
almost beyond a possible doubt or confusion. I

If I know how to spell a word “ Bread ” for instance, and
wish to ﬁnd it and its deﬁnition in the dictionary,—l look ﬁrst
for the letter B, eliminating the 25 other letters of the alpha-
bet; then I ﬁnd R as a subdivision to B, then B as a subdi-
Vison to BR, then A and D in a similar way, until I ﬁnd that
very word in the only place in the dictionary where—if cor-
rectly spelled—it can properly be ﬁled. Similar analyses
and eliminations are made in searching for a description in an
anthropometrical ﬁle, with results almost equally favorable.

The following pages of M. Bertillon’s instructions for
taking anthropometric descriptions will bear convincing testi-
mony to the thorough and thoughtful manner in which he has
treated his subject. Of necessity he enters minutely into the

IO

details of execution, but assures us that the practice of it is
very simple, expeditious, and easily learned; that it is an oper-
ation, the performance of which is within the range of the in-
telligence of an ordinary person, and \requires but a few
minutes' time.

If these indications are taken strictly according to instruc-
tions, it is almost impossible for 'the operator to err or be mis
led by the subject. The experience had in this country bears
out this assertion. No one should be dismayed at the extent
and volume of the “ Instructions,” but the book ought not to
be studied except with the instruments and a subject at hand.

”18'“ lRICAL.

The history of the practical application of the Bertillon
method of identiﬁcation runs back—even in France—but a few
years. Inaugurated by the Prefecture of Police in Paris at
l .the end of 1882, 49 individuals were, by Z/zz'x ”lei/20d 6’.l‘C/Il$l"Z’£’/J’,
recognized as habitual criminals in 1883, after all other means
of identiﬁcation had failed; 241 were by the same means iden-
tiﬁed in 1884, and more than 500 in 1883.

The intrinsic value of the system, recognized and proven
by such results, so strongly recommended itself to Mons.
Herbette. Councillor of State and Director General of the Pen-
itentiary administration in France (a branch of the Depart-
ment of the Interior) that he lent M. Bertillon his powerful
assistance in getting the system ofﬁcially recognized and ex-
tended throughout France, where, in police as well as peniten—
tiary circles it is now universally adopted and successfully
practiced.*

In March, 1887, at Detroit, Mich, an association of \Vard-
ens and Superintendents of American prisons was formed with
the avowed object “to secure the registration in a central

*I admire the results obtained, but what I admire still more is the fact, as unique.
at least, and novel as the method itself, that an administration, leaving behind all its
precedents and abandoning its past methods, should unhesitatingly step ﬁat~footedly
into a new one—Dr. Bom’ic’r, in [/18 “ -\"atz'omzle,” of I’m-11v. on R'x Incl/lad qr

iden/{ﬂru/ion.

11

ofﬁce, of the criminal record of prisoners, so far as the same
may be known to prison ofﬁcers, members of the association,
and the mutual interchange between prisons of such informa—
tion, with a View to distinguishing between habitual and occa-
sional offenders, and as an aid to reformatory work in prisous."
At about the same date the \vriter, whose attention had been
called to the new French method by a short notice circulating
in the newspapers of the United States, put himself in commu—
nicatinn with M. Bertillon at Paris, and was soon thereafter
in receipt of that gentleman’s answer to his inquiries, together
with a few pamphlets describing the system and the details of
its working, also a letter from Mons. Herbette who not only
recommended in highest terms M. Bertillon’s system, but testi-
ﬂed to its successful practical operation in France, and urged
its adoption in the United States, with promises of the most
gratifying results.

Major R. \V. McClaughrey, then \Varden of the Illinois
State Penitentiary, and Secretary of the newly formed \Vard-
ens’ Association, to whom for his moral and material support,
more than to any one else. the innovation owes its introduction
and fair progress in the United States, was at once COnVinced
of the immeasurable superiority of the Bertillon system of
identiﬁcation to anything theretofore suggested or attempted in
that direction, and by circular letter invited and urged its
adoption in the United States by the wardens of prisons and
chiefs of police.

The French pamphlets treating on the subject, or parts of
them at least, were translated into English and brought before
the general public. Major McClaughrey then authorized the
purchase of a complete set of measuring instruments from
Paris, and practical operations were soon commenced at the
Illinois State Penitentiary at Joliet, under the supervision of
Mr. Moses H. Luke, who also, from the very start, proved to
be a willing and enthusiastic advocate of the system.

‘In the meanwhile Major McClaughrey succeeded in arousing
the interest of other prominent prison men in the new method.
Capt. Joseph Nicholson, Superintendent of the House of Cor-

12

rection at Detroit, Mich., and Charles E. Felton, Superintend-
ent of the House of Correction at Chicago, 111., warmly ad-
vocated and indorsed it, and the Bertillon System was ﬁnally
adopted by the \Vardens’ Association of the United States and
Canada, at their meeting at Toronto, in September, 1887.

A school of instruction was held at Joliet in February,1888,
and attended by representatives from about ten or twelve
prominent prisons, where the new system has since been put in
practical operation. The Ohio Penitentiary at Columbus, the
House of Correction at Detroit, the Western Penitentiary of
Pennsylvania, the New jersey State Prison at Trenton, the
Central Prison at Toronto, Canada, and others, report fair and
gratifying success in the undertaking.

The public press in various parts of the country has from
time to time favorably commented on the system as practised
in the United States. Professors of colleges and universities
have looked into its working, and pronounced it a success.
Ofﬁcers of the army are seriously COnsidering it with a view of
advocating its adoption for the identiﬁcation of deserters; and
departments of police all over this broad land are beginning
to appreciate its merits, and to predict its general adoption.
The Bertillon System is in a fair way of becoming a ﬁxture of
permanent and universal usefulness in the United States and
Canada. .

Very little as yet can be said regarding its pnzvzz‘m/ results
in this country. During the one year and four months the
Bertillon measurements have been taken and ﬁled at the Joliet
Penitentiary but few discharged convicts have re-entered the
prison. They have however, been recognized as recidivists by
remeasurement identical, or nearly so, with their anterior de-
scription. Of over 1,400 photographs now classiﬁed and ﬁled in
the Joliet collection, or placed on its index,* (my one can be

 

"" To avoid the more bulky and cumbersome boxes for ﬁling photographs and
descriptive cards, Mr. M. 11. Luke of the Joliet Penitentiary has published an lndexas
a companion to the Bertillon ﬁles—“Division Index of Anthropometric Measurements
and Descriptions. (Bertillon System.) ” This index, arranged in a compact and con-
venient form, is based on the same classiﬁcation and subdivisions, as the card and
photograph tiles in boxes, and leads in a similar way to the desired result of ﬁnding a
subject from a given description. ‘

13

found in a minute’s time, from the subject’s anthropometrical
description, a fact which by itself creates astonishment among
those witnessing the proceeding, and speaks volumes for the
reliability and exactness of everything that has been claimed '
for the method.

GENERAL UTILITY.

\Vords need not be wasted in demonstrating the utility of
the Bertillon System in the identiﬁcation of criminals, and in
the separation of the habitual or professional from the occa-
sional or ﬁrst offender; or in pointing out the facilities in
recording descriptions it offers to police ofﬁcials, the wardens
of prisons and penitentiaries, and the superintendents of
reformatories.

The objection has been raised, that such an accurate and
minute description of a man as the Bertillon method affords,
would do great injury to the ﬁrst or occasional offender, by
placing him in the same category, and in the same ﬁles with
hardened and professional criminals. This is a fallacious and
misleading argument. On the contrary, the Bertillon method
gives more protection to that class of unfortunates than any
other mode hitherto practiced in describing a person. The
description of an individual according to the Bertillon method
is buried and hidden in the classiﬁed ﬁles, never again to be
resurrected or examined unless called forth by a duplicate
description taken from the identical person and occasioned by
a subsequent offence.

The general utility of the system cannot be better eluci-
dated than by quoting some of the remarks made concerning
it by 1110725. Harbrz‘te at the International Prison Congress at
Rome, in November, 1885.

He set forth all the services already rendered by the system
of Anthropometric Descriptions, together with those that it
would yet be called on to perform.

He dwelt upon the assistance that the system could be
called upon to render toward identifying international male-
factors, who so readily adopt names and countries other than

their own. Crime becoming in some sort professional, and as

I4

it were a specialty in the hands of a few individuals who know
how to proﬁt by the progress of civilization, and escape repres-
sion, it is natural that society should, in retaliation, avail itself
of the discoveries of science in order to bafﬂe their schemes.

The application of M. Bertillon’s method has justiﬁed
the hopes it inspired. At Paris, at Versailles, at Melun, at
Poissy, at Lyons, etc., the system is adopted in its integrity. A
few days have sufﬁced to teach it to the guards and ofﬁcers in
charge.

Ascending to more general considerations, and praising the
successful efforts of M. Bertillon, M. Herbette demonstrated
how this ascertainment of the physical personality and unde-
niable identity of individuals, arrived at an adult age, may be
made to answer for needs the most real, and services the most
varied. Should it be a question, for example, of giving to the
inhabitants of a country. the soldiers of an army, or travelers
visiting the most distant lands, individual descriptions or charts
of peculiar marks, enabling them to identify themselves. or be
recognized at all times; should it be a question of preventing
false impersonations; should it be a question. of recording all
the distinctive marks of an individual on bank drafts and
letters of credit, or in documents, titles and contracts, where it
is desirable that his personality/should be established, for his
own interest. for the interest of'third ”pt ' s, or for the interest
of the State—the system of anthropmescriptions will
in each instance ﬁnd its proper mﬂiould there be a cer-
tiﬁcate of life, a policy of life insun ,”Or occasionally a cer-
tiﬁcate of death to be drawn up; should there be something
needed to certify to the identity of an insane or unconscious
person who may be seriously wounded or disﬁgured so that he
can hardly be recognized; in case of sudden or violent death,
the result of crime, of accident, of shipwreck, of battle. how
serviceable it would be to trace these private marks, unchange-
able in each individual, endlessly variable between individuals,
indelible, in part at least, until death.

The advantage of it would be still more manifest if it were
necessary to establish the identity of people far away, after a

15

lapse of time, when their external appearance, their physiog-
nomy, their features and physical habits have become changed,
either naturally or artiﬁcially; and that Without removal or
expense. by a simple exchange of notes or ﬁgures forwarded
from one country to another, from one continent to another,
in a manner to make it known in the United States who such
a man is who came from France, and to ascertain whether such
and such a traveler met with at Rome is Indeed the same per-
son who was measured at Stockholm ten years before.

In a word, to ﬁx the human personality, to give each human
being an identity, an individuality, certain, durable, invariable,
always recognizable, and always capable of being proven;
i such seems to be the broadest aim of the new method.

It may be said in consequence, that the range of the prob-
lem, as well as the importance of its solution, passes far beyond
the limits of penitentiary work, and of the interest (although
quite considerable) in the action to be taken on penal questions
by the various nations.

Such are the motives that have induced us to give the labors
of M. Bertillon, and their practical usefulness, the publicity
that beﬁts them.

In conclusion, one thing more Ought not to be lost sight of.
I quote M. Bertillon’s own words:

“Although the details of the system have been decided on,
I would not refuse to adopt any new modiﬁcation offering
superior advantages, no matter how the change might affect
the French collections to date. But I beg of the prison and
police authorities of other countries, who are disposed to adopt
the anthropometric system, 7102‘ 2‘0 introduce special 7Izodz'ﬁcaz‘z'07zs
of Z/zez'r own, which would tend to destroy the uniformity of the
system, when it is an easy matter for all to act in concert as
regards the different measurements to be taken, the choice of
instruments, and the modus operandi.

“ It is at the very outset of these questions that we must lay
the foundation for the future internationalization of the system,
without waiting for routine on one hand, and the yearly accu.

16

mulations of dissimilar informations on the other, to put insur-
mountable obstacles in the way.”*
GALLUs MULLER,
Clerk 111. State Penitentiary,
JOLIET, lLL., January, 1889.

*NOTE.—The non-universality of the metric system is no obstacle whatever to
this internationalization. In countries where this system is not in use, the ﬁgures on
our instruments are simply taken. not as actual measures of length, etc., but as ciphers
or signs designating a certain information sought for. Not the length, as such, is of
importance to us, but the ﬁgures indicating wherein it differs from other measures.
The main object is to make the interchange as rapidly, and with as few complications
as possible.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

ON

ANTHROPOMETRG lDENTlll ATION.

(By ALPHONSE BER’I‘ILLON.)

I. The identiﬁcation of a prisoner rests upon the knowl-
edge of the following indications:

\‘

The length and width of the head.

The length of the left, middle. and little ﬁngers.

The length of the left foot.

The length of the left fore-arm.

The length of the right ear.

The height of the figure.

The measurement of the outstretched arms.

The measurement of the trunk, i. 6., measurement from the
bench to the top of the head of a person seated.

9°“?‘9‘4f‘3’ 3° e

<

2. It is proper to add to these principal indications the
description of the scars and peculiar marks that every individ-
ual more or less exhibits, and for a collection of cards of de-
scription without photographs, the notation, according to a
special vocabulary, of the color of the eye, hair and heard, as
well as the form and dimensions of the nose.*

Nt’)’I‘E.—Following is the order in which these measurements and descriptions are
taken at the Joliet Penitentiary, the prisoner being brought into the operating room
barefooted, and in shirt sleeves.

J. THE Manama—The measurement of the person standing erect.
2. THE OUTSTRETCHIZD ARMS.—-The measurement from ﬁnger tip to ﬁnger tip,
the arms being extended in a right-angular cross with the body.

I7

18

3. These different operations necessitate the use of special
instruments called caliper-compasses (Fig. I) and sliding com-
passes (Figs. 2, 3), and of three graduated measures permanently
fastened to a suitable wall, two being placed vertically and one
horizontally (Fig. 4).

4. The caliper compasses are intended exclusively for
measuring the cranium diameters, for which operation they
' are found to be more convenient and precise than the sliding
compasses.

5. The very minute directions given in another part should
be carefully observed in all their details, but it would be a
mistake to‘think it necessary to commit the text to memory.

6. The simplest way to learn how to measure without the
teacher’s help is to practise at ﬁrst on a fellow ofﬁcer or other
willing subject, using the photographs annexed to the instruc-
tions as guides for each movement. The part the printed text
is intended to perform, is to attract the attention of the ap—
prentice to the nice points, and to verify the movements and
positions.

7. From the very ﬁrst exercise of this kind it will be ap-
parent that any one movement requiring ten lines of descrip-
tion can be executed in the easiest and most natural manner
in a half second.

8. The ﬁgures obtained on the same individual at different
sittings should be compared and these preparatory exercises

3. THE TRUNK—The measurement from the bench to the top of the head of a
person seated.

771mg t/nee Iizmsmwizm/s are tit/{’57: [11' means (If [/28 papana’iczt/tzr and Izw‘i-
zonml gradual/512’ measures plum! 022 {/18 wall.

THE LENGTH or TIIE HEAD.—.\Ieasurement from the cavity at the root of

the nose to the remotest point of the back of the head.

5 THE WIDTH OF THE HEAD.——.\Ieasurement of the diameter from side to side
between the two points most remote from each other, situated over the ears and
on a horizontal plane at right angles to the measurement of length.

lllc’asmemenfx 3 and 4 are taken by means nf [/25 caliper (owl/(155555.

6. THE RIGHT EAR.—.\Ieasurement from the top of the rim to the lowest point of
the lobe.

T/zz'x ”1603112211115”! 2'5 {aka/2 [11' 12mm: of [/15 small .t/z'a’ing amzpamux.

 

I.
2.
J.

4.

 

FIGU-RE I.
CALIPER COM PASSES,

For measuring the length and the width of the head.

Read the indication directly under the Zero-Dart 0n the sliding branch.
Left extremity. ‘ 5. Graduated bar.
Right extremity 6. Index on zero—dart.

Left arm or branch. ‘ Set-screw on reverse side.
Right arm or branch.

  

.» ., gram—wi- :yunywwl ,-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

FIGURE 2.
SLIDING COMPASSES,

For measuring the foot, forearm‘ and middle and little ﬁngers.

Read the indication directly opposite the Zero-Dart on the sliding branch
a. Shank. d. Zero-Dart or index.
[>5- Small and large sliding branches. 6. Button for moving the slide.
or. Small and large stationary branches.

MM— ,foj‘f!’/////////I////////I//////////A ,,

WWW“ WWW/W l’

 

 

 

 

FIGURE 3.
SMALL SLIDING COMPASSES.

For Measuring the Ear.

Read the indication directly opposite the zero-dart on the sliding branch.

a. Stationary branch.
1-1). Sliding branch.

O n
. Zero dart. or 1ndex.

l

v

 

,_. «m 'th-W-Ow

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

\' Z.
l
{A

it .
' . H I

. z‘

- a,
”7 1"

, .
. : / //é
, , ,/,
:< J/
. 2 .r
2 K .
‘ i
'- V
’ \\
i

!~ )1
N, g.
V P
V 3
, t

I r .

 

 

FIGURE 4.

I. VERTICAL MEASURE,

-,.. p'
g ‘ For the height.

2—2. HORIZONTAL MEASURE,

For the outstretched arms.

& SQUARE

 

‘ i For measurement of height and trunk-
1

raw .

vmmrr“. wan-w

I9

continued until the deference: oéserved do not exceed in (M)! £72-
5I‘emee t/ze afpmxz'male ﬁgures z'rzdz'eaz‘ea’for each measurement.

9. As two or three of the measurements can be modiﬁed
or inﬂuenced by trickery on the part of the subject, it would
be well for the operator himself to practice the motions that
are apt to alter the result, and to allow his assistants to do the
same, so that he may be able to easily discover these trickeries
whenever they occur in actual practice.

10. Of course these exercises should not be practised
when prisoners are present. \Ve will indicate, however, at
the end of each chapter of the rules, the tricks and mistakes
against which one has to guard himself in each measurement.

11. As a rule the operator must never let the prisoner
suppose that deception can be successfully practised. He
must correct the trickeries, or execute movements that will
prevent them, without any explanation whatever.

12. Two or three lessons ordinarily sufﬁce to make an op-
erator tolerably proﬁcient.

13. Not taking into account the time needed to ascertain
either the civil status of a prisoner (name, occupation, domi—
cile, date of birth, etc.), or the many various particular marks
of the Subject (scars, moles, etc.), the simple process of meas-
uring, after the period of groping has been passed, will not
require more than four or ﬁve minutes per subject.

I4. As much light as possible should be admitted into the
operating room, which ought to be ﬂoored with wood, or
carpeted.

13. In the beginning the assistant, as well as the operator,

7. THE LEFT Foot—Measurement from the extreme point of the back of the
heel to the end of the farthest projecting toe.

8. THE LEFT MIDDLE FINGER—Measurement from the point of the knuckle to
the tip of the ﬁnger, the ﬁnger being placed at right angles to the back of the
hand.

9. THE LEFT LITTLE FINGER.—Same as for middle ﬁnger.

10. THE LEFT FOREARM.—Measurement from the point of the elbow to the tip
of the farthest projecting ﬁnger, the elbow being placed at sharp angles with
the upper arm.

ﬂ/z'zzxztremelzls 7. S, 9 and IQ are lake” by mean: of Me Image sliding (oi/Ipasses.

20

should take the measurements, in order to make sure that the
differences between one operation and the other of a certain
measurement do not exceed the prescribed limits of approxi-
mation. This check becomes less necessary when the experi-
ence of several weeks has demonstrated that divergencies in
measure or error in dictation no longer occur.

16. To become efﬁcient in this work the operator should
know unmistakably the nearest approximation to which each
measurement, or more generally speaking each indication, can
be ascertained.

17. In this matter one must reason in the same way as is
done daily with regard to a person’s stature. You will never
confound an individual measuring I meter 60 in height with
one measuring I~7o.

18. Thus if the ofﬁcer taking or comparing descriptions
knows to a certainty that the length of the head, for instance,
never exceeds an approximation of two millimeters (which is

II. THE LEFT EYE—Anabel} of {/16 Colors of 2‘11" lira—The subject's face being
turned toward the light, and his eyes ﬁxed on those of the observer, the fol-
lowing points are to be noted:

a) The color of the inner (central) circle. Pigment.
b) “ “ “ external (peripheric) circle.
c) The possible confusion of the pigment (a) with an adjoining class.
(i) li’eculiarities.
12. THE NOSE—The following points are to be noted:
a) The proﬁle: Form of the Ridge; Base. Root.
b) The dimension: Length. Projection. Breadth.
c) Peculiarities.

13. THE FOREIIF..~\D.— The inclination, apparent height and width, and peculiarities
are noted.

14. MARKS AND Sums—The following points are to be noted.

:1) Nature and origin.
b) Direction or inclination.
c) Approximate dimensions.
d) Accurate location with regard to speciﬁed points of the body.
The plates accompanying the “instructions" give as near as possible, the correct
position. and, in an abbreviated form, the manner in which measurements are taken.
Follow strictly the “Instructions” not only as to measurements and general de-
scription, but also particularly as to marks. scars. etc., using abbreviations as found
therein.

21

shown in the chapter relating to this measurement to be the
largest possible divergency) a difference of four millimeters or
more between two head-length measurements would be con-
clusive proof to him that the measurements were obtained
from two different individuals.

19. The conclusion in this instance would be the more
forcible seeing the exalizz'm‘a' Sit/{fats cmmol exercise l‘lzr s/ng/ztes!
inﬂuence an [heir cranium dimzzclcrs.

20. Quite frequently you may come across two subjects of
the same height, the length of the head of one of them meas-
uring 17 centimeters and a few millimeters; of the other 19
centimeters and more. These individuals, whatever their
other points of resemblance may be, cannot and must not be
confounded with each other.

21. On the other hand, when all the measurements and
descriptive indications concur within the limits of possible
errors or divergencies, the probability. of identity becomes
very great and almost equivalent to a certainty.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR TIIKING DESCRIPTIONS.

(BY ALPHONSE BERTILLON).

PART FIRST.

A 1V T [I [8 OP 0.1[ E T If] C 1 VP 0111].»! 710.“

CHAPTER I.

MEASURES TAKEN BY MEANS OF THE CALIPER~COMPASSES,
(URANIUM DIAMETERS).

SECTION I.
MEASURE (IF THE LENGTH OF TIIE HEAD.
Firs! JFIIOT'CIIZCIZZ‘ (Fig. 5.)

I. Seat the subject on a stool, face turned toward the light.
but slightly inclined toward the ﬂoor.

2. Stand to the left of the subject, place the left point of
the calipers in the cavity at the root of the nose,* holding the

* NOTE—In anthropology, the point from which the antero-posterior diameter
of the head is taken, is the glabella (space between eyebrows) and not the root of the
nose. Hence, a difference of several millimeters between the scientiﬁc diameter of the
anthropologist’s system and the length of the head according to our way of measuring.

00

1; w , ,- l
‘ W W3 .- wii!’
nmu1mmmnnumummummnuumuuﬂ , , l i V / .i' i

if" Hui/[h

 

 

FIGURE 5.

LENGTH OF THE HEAD.

First Movement.

The 0 erator places and maintains the end of the left branch in the cavity of
the root oFthe nose; then. with eyes ﬁxed on the graduation he moves the right
extremity up and down the middle of the back of the head, until he ﬁnds the max-
imum point, and reads the indication.

... -,.m rﬁﬁﬁ-ﬁ DHW

,‘n ; .u 1

.1«):¢<<.——_< 4.? 7,, _ .

\

“va... ‘_.. r..." / ....
V. I . .

1

*0» msqrtz.‘~m~r-_w 45...») .1.

MW

n.‘

 

. ,1.”

 

 

 

 

 

//,i/////;’[’/{’//.///«/-’ /.

&

FIGURE 6.
LENGTH OF THE HEAD.

SECOND MOVEMENT. Fixing the set-screw at the surmised length on the
graduation. (For position of ﬁngers when behind the instrument, see Figure 8.)
THIRD MOVEMENT. For this movement the position is the same as in Figure 5.

23

rounded extremity of the point between thumb and foreﬁnger,
which rest on the adjoining parts of the nose andprevent the
point from deviating, or entering either of the two orbital
cavities.

3. At the same time, with your right hand take hold olthe
corresponding branch of the calipers and bring it toward the
top and middle of the head, the extreme point to extend by
one or two centimeters beyond the tips of the ﬁngers, in order
to easily penetrate the hair. _

4. The other ﬁngers, being slightly bent toward the palm,
should hold the calipers in a semi-oblique position, in such a
way that the light from the window strikes directly on the
millimetric graduation.

5. Fix your eyes on the index of the graduation; move the
right hand point of the calipers down the middle of the back
of the head, until it reaches and goes beyond the maximum
point; move the point of the compasses upward again, always
taking care that it touches the scalp ; pass over the maximum
again, grope a few seconds, your eyes ﬁxed on the graduation,
so that you are very sure to strike the maximum point : ﬁnally
read the indication on the graduation.

6. The maximum point is generally located on the occi-
pital bone, sometimes a little above it. The operator must not
forget, however, that he is not determining the location of this
point, but rather the exact distance that separates it from the
root of the nose.

Scroiza’ Movement. (Fzg. 6.)

7. The operator, having estimated withina few millimeters
the length of the head, withdraws the calipers, and fastens the
set-screw exactly at the surmised length on the graduation.

8. To do this latter movement rapidly and without
fumbling:

9. Hold your ﬁngers as indicated in Fig. 6, Viz.: The
left thumb across the left arm and the graduated scale of the
calipers, the other ﬁngers scarcely reaching the under part of
the right arm. With the thumb and foreﬁnger of the right

24

hand, move the right arm to the millimetric point obtained,
and turn the set-screw on the reverse of the indicator.

10. In this movement the four outstretched ﬁngers of the
left hand serve as a guide, and prevent the oscillations which
could not fail to appear if the right hand was acting alone.

11. [72 ﬁxing t/ze calipers, see t/zat t/zo a’art on t/ze’ indicator is
directly opposite t/zo line of Mo ascrrtai/zra’ zlzoasarmzmt, am/ not
at ﬂat side of it, half a millimrtrr tit/tor way.

T/tira’ illoz'omont.

12. Having set the caliper-compasses to the opening found,
bring them back to the root of the subject’s nose, and recom—
mence the up and down motions described in the ﬁrst move-
ment. (See again Fig. 6.)

13. By these latter motions the operator checks the cor-
rectness of the obtained measurement, and tries to ascertain by
oscillating the calipers whether or not the bony bump to the
right or the left of the median line has escaped his attention
at the ﬁrst measurement, which would modify the maximum
f and. If the point at this operation encounters a resistance,
the operator widens the opening on the caliper-compasses by
one or two millimeters, handling the instrument as has been
explained in the second movement.

14. If, on the other hand, the point touches no part, or if
the friction on the maximum point is almost imperceptible, the
operator narrows the opening by one or two millimeters.
Very seldom after a few days’ practice has he to resort to
more than one or two gropings. Generally the measurement
will be found correct at the ﬁrst trial. Still, [)5 t/zr o/u‘rator our
so carport, /te’ must never omit this t/tira’ mow/amt, to/zio/z tar (all t/zv
mozmmvzt of veriﬁcation.

15. In this veriﬁcation the operator must particularly look
out for the more or less distinguishable friction of the point on
the scalp. The left point of the compasses resting closely on
the root of the nose, the right point must tom/z the scalp; but it
is not necessary, in order to pass the maximum point, to apply
the least pressure on the arms, which unfortunately are elastic

25

enough to admit of straightening to a certain extent. \Vhen
this occurs, it is a sure indication that the measurement is too
small by one or two millimeters.

16. If the' calipers are ﬁxm’ to the exact dimension, the
friction will become 7221!! when the opening is one millimeter
wider, and land when the opening is one millimeter narrower.

17. Thus the mmsztnwze’m‘ bf Z/ze [tizgz‘lz 0f [/18 lama! Obtained
under the conditions and in the manner just explained, is easily
taken wit/12']; one Izzz'llz'metcr. If two successive measurements of
the same individual present a difference of two millimeters the
operator is at fazzlf; at very great fault, if this difference ex-
ceeds two millimeters. The error in this case would be so
much more inexcusable as there is no trickery possible on the
part of the subject as far as the head is concerned.

18. The interval of two millimeters is generally the result
of a double mistake inversely made, of one millimeter each; the
differences join each other, and the true ﬁnding lies between
the two.

SECTION II.

MEASUREMENT OF THE \VIDTH OF THE HEAD.

19. The greatest width of the head is taken with the same
instrument as the length, and in a somewhat similar manner.

First flier/6mm! (Pg. 7.)

20. The subject being seated on the stool, in the same po-
sition as for length, station yourself directly behind him, your
heels touching each other at right angles, your body erect, and
your elbows evenly balanced and enjoying perfect freedom.

Take hold of the arms of the caliper compasses very near
their extremities, and place the points against the skull, resting
them upon the upper junction of the ears {and head; then
pressing them lightly against the scalp, and maintaining them
on an even plane, slowly raise the instrument.

26

21. As was said in the length movement, the operator,
keeping his eyes intently ﬁxed on the graduation, will observe
at ﬁrst a widening movement quickly followed by a narrowing
one, the latter continuing uninterruptedly until the top of the
head is reached.

Descending with the instrument, the operator will notice
that the reverse will be the case; and it should be his endeavor
to ﬁnd out by this feeling process the two points, directly 0p-
posite each other, on the same level, where the spread of the
compasses is the greatest.

22. These points are not necessarily those of the greatest
diameter, but they are situated very near it, and upon the same
horizontal plane. The operator having thus found this hori—
zontal plane has now only to:

23. Move his compasses slowly once or twice backward
and forward until he is able to stop at the greatest measure-
ment, and then read the graduation.

24. Sometimes the two points giving the greatest width
are situated just where the upper part of the ear is joined to
the head, but most frequently they are found a triﬂe to the rear
of that locality, and a little higher up.

Scromz’ illo-z'cmclzz‘ (Fig. 8).

25. The second movement of the measurement of width has
the same object as the corresponding movement of length, that
of ﬁxing the compasses at the measurement found by means of
the set screw. There is this difference, however, that for the
twill/z it is preferable that the points of the compasses should
remain on the two maximum points of the measurement, the
opening being thus maintained, and the setting of the screw at
the exact point facilitated.

26. \Vhile ﬁxing the set screw, hold the compasses 1n the
same manner as for “ length," viz.: The left hand, relinquish-
ing its grasp of the point and disengaging itself from the in-
strument, is carried toward the graduation bar, across which
the thumb is placed, while the other ﬁngers are extended be-
neath, in order to sustain and keep immovable the opposite

.

 

 

 

First Movement.

FIGURE 7.

    

, : xx“: ‘2 ,1
///rM/,///M///r ,ﬂxz/Iw/W
1 r I

,.,i///f //////
2/ E,

/ 72,. , ‘. w

 

WIDTH OF THE HEAD. -

 

The opegator with eyes ﬁxed on the graduation ascertains the probable width to

within a milhmeter.

 

  

 

T7"

 

 

 

  

 

‘kﬂTltruL.
\‘ " “

FIGURE 8.

WIDTH OF THE HEAD.

Second Movement.

Fixing the set screw at the _surmised width without removing the instrument
from the head.—Note the position of the ﬁngers.

27

arm, which may now in its turn be abandoned by the right
hand.

27. \Vith this free hand turn the set-screw, after having
assured yourself. however, that the spread of the arms has not
varied during the manoeuver.

T/zzra’ .llozvenzcnt.

28. In the third movement, the compasses being set at the
ascertained width, the operator satisﬁes himself that the
opening is neither too wide nor too narrow.

29. To this end move the points of the compasses sym-
metrically up and down, gradually advancing a millimeter or
two to the iront with each up and down movement, until the
bumps of the maximum width have been entirely cleared (same

ﬁgure as for the ﬁrst movement, Fig. 7).
I 30. During this veriﬁcation it is very important that the
subject should be squarely and ﬁrmly seated, and that the op-
erator should stand perfectly erect, with elbows free and sym-
metrically raised, so that the points of the compasses may
advance evenly.

31. The observations to be made regarding the degree of
friction and 1/16 approximation 1/111! 2'2‘ 2'5 possz'ély 2‘0 olztaz'n, are
the same as for length.

32. A comparison, however, of the instructions for the third
movement with those for the ﬁrst, shows that the oscillating
movements for verifying the probable width are not identical
with those that determine it at the ﬁrst reading of the meas-
urement.

33. In determining the probable width, the compasses must
first be raised vertically, then swung from front to rear; in
verifying, the points (starting from the commencement of the
third movement)ad vance from rear to front, but in describing
a series of irregular up and down lines about two or three cen-
timeters in length, and but a few millimeters apart. (Fig. 9,
Sketch A.)

34. The bumps that determine the maximum width are
often nothing more than slight protuberances, smaller in cir-

28

cumference than a ten cent piece. In these verifying oscilla-
tions, if the zig-zag lines are spread too far apart, there is great
' danger of passing by the maximum bump without touching it,
(Fig. 9, Sketch B), and, in consequence, of being led to dimin—
ish the spread of the compasses, and to announce a measure-
ment one or two millimeters two narrow.

35. Errors may be caused more easily still, if, in this veri-
ﬁcation movement, the points of the compasses are made to de-
scribe a series of concentric ovals (Fig. 9, Sketch C) instead
of following the zig-zag course laid down. This latter is a
very common fault with inexperienced operators.

OBSERVATIONS APPLICABLE TO THE MEASUREMENT OF BOTH
DIAMETERS.

36. Corrections and remarks, made necessary by any pecul-
iarity in the indication of the length and width of the head,
are not frequent.

37. Sometimes a wound will cause a measurement to be
inexact, or may even render the operation for the time being
impossible. The observer, the better to shield himself from
responsibility, ought to be careful to note for reference all such
cases of ineffectual effort.

38. \Vhen a measurement seems extraordinary,eitherfrom
being excessively large or excessively small, it may be useful
to note by some common sign, that no mistake has been made
either by the operator or the recorder. In such cases it is bet-
ter to write immediately after the dictated ﬁgures the letters
RV. (abbreviation for reviewed, measurement reviewed, veri-
ﬂed, the exactness of which is guaranteed, no matter how im—
probable it may appear.)

39. To mark a limit for extraordinary dimensions, let us
say, for example, that a head length beyond 20.5 or below 17
centimeters ought to be followed by the abbreviation “ Rv."
The same may be said of head widths beyond 17 and below 14
centimeters.

40. The abbreviation “ RV” may appear with equal pro-
priety at the end of every other indication, whether in ﬁgures

AN

A—Correct Measuring.

.~\.—Bl Course followed by one of the points of the compasses on the side of the head. Point
M. centre of Maximum.

 

 

 

 

   

B—Defective Measuring. C—Defectwe Measurmg.
A.—B. Coursewhen the zigzaglinesdescribed A.—B. Circular course described by the
by the compasses are too far apart. Point M, compasses around point 31‘ centre of Man-
centre of Maximum‘ not touched by the com- mum. not touched by the compasses.
passes
FIGURE 9.

WIDTH OF THE HEAD.

THIRD MOVEMENT.

For general position see Figure 7. See text. § 33, 34 and 35.

 

 

39

or words. But it is for cranium diameters that it is more espe-
Cially used.

41. Irregular or deformed heads should also be noted in
the explanatory remarks, and especially so when these irregu-
larities may lead to mistakes in measurement.

42. Non-symmetry in the cranium bumps that determine
the greatest width should not lead the measurer to modify the
manual of operation. He ought in such a case to observe with
greater care than ever the raga/aria! and evenness of his own
movements while verifying, and should besides, note for refer—
ence the spread, necessarily less, obtained when the head is
measured on any other than a regular diameter or axis. A note
will explain these particulars, thus: Headirregular, (or very
irregular) width inclining to the right (or left) side, measures
only 14-5.

- . whﬂt-.,:.cv.~.-. .... ..

30

CHAPTER II.

MEASUREMENTS TAKEN BY MEANS OF THE SLIDING COMPASSES.

SECTION I.
MEASUREMENT OF THE LEFT MIDDLE FINGER.

I. The measurement of this ﬁnger is accomplished by
means of the small branches of the sliding compasses. This
indication is valuable for the reason that it can be 112/1le ennui/y.
or 10 wz'z‘lzz‘u (117021! one mz‘llz‘mcfer. It varies in individuals, be-
sides, to the extent of more than 3 centimeters, and deception
in connection with it is impossible. Although the measure—
ment is a delicate one the operator in taking it is practically
independent of the subject.

2. The indication to be ascertained is the length of the
middle finger of the left hand measured from its extremity to
the metacarpal joint, the ﬁnger being bent at right angles to the
back of the hand. The operation may be divided into three
movements. ‘

First [”012me (Fzgs. IO and II).

3. Plant the end of the large branch of the sliding-com-
passes obliquely against your chest; stand in front of the sub-
JC‘CtI grasp his left middle ﬁnger with your left hand, and place
it on the back of the compasses, faking rarr l/mz‘ ﬂag and of My
middle ﬁngrr rrsfs ﬁrm/y agaz‘mz‘ f/zc sum/l slafz'onam' [Irmzr/z, and
that the subject’s other ﬁngers (foreﬁnger, third and little
ﬁngers) extend past the shank on each side.

 

FIGURE 10.
LEFT MIDDLE FINGER.

1 ST MOVEMENT.

The operator places the ﬁnger to be measured on the back of the compasses.

\

t, \k\

\

KW”

 

FIGURE I I.

LEFT MIDDLE FINGER.

Second Movement.

The operator turns one-quarter way around, raising the elbow at the same time,
and brings the ﬁnger to be measured in a posnion at right angles to the back of the
hand.

Third Movement.

The operator having placed the subject's hand in position pushes up the sliding
branch and reads the indication.

31

4. The precaution of having the other ﬁngers thrust for-
ward facilitates to a great extent the execution of the following
movements:

5. Press the subject’s little ﬁnger ﬁrmly against the shank,
placing your own ﬁngers at the same time in the position
shown in the photograph of this operation, viz.:

The operator‘s left thumb resting upon the ﬁrst joint of the
subject’s middle ﬁnger to prevent it sliding off the shank, while
the other ﬁngers exert a pressure upon the back of the sub—
ject’s hand, keeping it bent at right angles and forcing the ex—
tremity ol the middle ﬁnger ﬁrmly against the heel of the small
branchﬁi‘

6. \Vith the right hand support the shank of the com-
passes a llttle below the sliding branch, grasping it in a way to
enable you to push the latter forward a centimeter or two at
will.

7. In this situation the middle ﬁnger is presented in an al-
most correct position.

Second 1110116772672! (Fly. 11.)

8. Turn your body onequarter way around, retaining
control of the hand of the subject, who must remain in his
original position.

9. As a result of the change in your respective positions,
the subject’s arm is extended but half its length, and his wrist
is slightly bent. In this position, in which the extensor ten-
dons of the subject's hand are stretched to their utmost, and
the ﬁexor tendons of the palm of the hand contracted, there
are but few middle ﬁngers, be the hand ever so calloused, that
cannot be made to take the rectangular position, however little
the operator may aid the movement by keeping his thumb on
the ﬁrst joint of the subject’s ﬁnger, and by exerting at the
same time with his other ﬁngers a pressure on the back of the
subject's hand (Fig. 11, 2d).

 

* Kore—If the nail should protrude beyond the ﬂesh of the ﬁnger the operator
should pare it off with small scissors.

32

This pressure, we repeat, has the triple effect of forcing the
end of the middle ﬁnger against the heel of the branch, of pre-
venting the ﬁrst joint from becoming detached from the shank,
and of maintaining the finger in a position at right angles to
the back of the hand.

IO. The operator’s movements should be easy. and he
should keep his left shoulder elevated, to prevent the subject
changing position or accompanying him in his quarter turn.
(A comparison of the photographs of the ﬁrst and second
movements will make this clearer.)

T/‘zirrl jlfowmmi.

11. With rather a quick movement push forward the slide
held by the right hand, press lightly, and read the graduation
before freeing the subject’s hand.

12. For l/zz's measurmze/zl, which should be as precise as
that of the head, z‘lzc mil/line?” must [If mz/zozmrm’ as (artfully ax
Z/zc cezzz‘z'ma‘z‘cr. \Vhen the slide stops precisely at a hall milli—
meter the operator will decide on the preceding or following
millimeter, according as his judgment may dictate. In such a
case, however, the measurement may be taken over again. ;\
second trial will generally overcome the difﬁculty by showing
the slide arrested nearer to one millimeter or the other.

13 Above all z‘lzmgs, in z‘lzz‘s Iizeasurmm‘lzi (and z‘lu‘ (dz/lion is
equal/[y ap/le'mlilc 2‘0 all f/lé’ oz‘lu’rs) avoid gzitiz'ng “mum! hill/Ilium”
or 7ll€ﬂSZl7’€//Z£’IZIS z‘c’rmz'lzzzz‘z‘ng will; ﬁves, éof/z indicts/27w 0f airy/($5-
12635, [ml 561 z‘lzc ziizslrzmzwzz‘ mad (zmwmzcc exactly l/ze‘ ﬁgztrt‘s if
z'Iza’z'mla’s.

14. The practice of using round numbers or convenient
ﬁgures approximating the true measurement, is but one more
source of error in addition to those already pointed out.

  
   

     

2D.

FEGURE IL

BHDDLEIUNGER.

LEFT

Enlargement of the position of the ﬁngers in the third movement.

 

33

SECTION II.

MEASUREMENT OF THE LEFT LITTLE FINGER.

I5. Proceed in this measurement in the same manner as in
that of the middle ﬁnger.

16. The measurement of the little ﬁnger is more delicate
than that of the middle ﬁnger. Itis often difﬁcult to detach
the ﬁrst joint of this ﬁnger from the corresponding and more
prominent joint of the third ﬁnger, which has a tendency to
join the former in pressing against the small branch of the
instrument, thus increasing by one or two millimeters the
measurement desir ‘ To avoid this, take care always to
press the subject's little ﬁnger against the back of the shank,
and closely into the upper angle of the compasses, instead of
midway between the two angles as in the middle ﬁnger meas-
urement. To facilitate this manoeuver and to accommodate the
joint of the third ﬁnger, the corners of the branches have been
hollowed out.

REMARKS APPLICABLE ALIKE T0 TIIE MEASUREMENT OF THE
MIDDLE AND LIlTLE FINGERS.

Ana/zy/oxz's (Przvalz'ozz of i/zc JIM/(mm! of [/ch 70mm.)

17. The principal observation to make relative to the meas-
urement of the middle and little ﬁngers refers to anchylosis,
more or less complete, of the joints.

18. In cases of complete anchylosis it is necessary to dis-
tinguish between rccz‘z'lz'nm/ mm/zy/osz's—which cannot alter the
measurement—and ra‘z‘alzgzz/ar [lucky/052's.

19. It is not, necessary to speak of intermediate or obtuse-
angled anchylosis, as it is very rarely met with.

20. \Vhen anchylos15 forces the ﬁnger to remain com-
pletely bent (rectangular anchylosis) the ﬁgures of the meas-
urement are but little greater than one could obtain by meas-
uring the ﬁrst joint by itself. It should be recorded as the

34

instrument indicates, and with it a note referring to the
description of private marks, in some such form as this: “ Rw-
lngular mzc/zy/osz's of ﬂu) joints" (specifying by their names the
joints so affected); and ﬁnally the measurement of the middle
and little ﬁnger of the right hand should be added to the note.

21. But the most frequent cause of error in the ﬁnger
measurements is partial anchylosis, or rather a slight stiffening
Of the joints which, among laboring men (blacksmiths and
handlers of the pick and shovel especially), prevents often a
rectilineal extension of the ﬁngers of the hand.

22. You will proceed in such a case in the same way as
for bent toes (see remark on the Foot chapter). The measure-
ment of the left ﬁnger 1s taken as precisely as possible, and the
result written down in its regular place, while the anchylosis
is indicated by the letter “ K ” after the dictated ﬁgure. fol-
lowed by the approximate number of millimeters by which this
peculiarity might have shortened the actual length of the
ﬁnger. These ﬁgures vary between 2, 3, 4 org millimeters,
seldom more.

23. There is no necessity in such a case to give the meas-
urement of the corresponding ﬁnger of the right hand, as this
kind of stiffening, when it, appears at all, is generally common
to both hands.

Pzzrz‘z'a/ or Total Ampztz‘m‘z'ozz.

24. If one or more joints of the two ﬁngers to be measured
are amputated, give the length of the remaining member, just
as it is found, noting the following in “ remarks ":

I. An explanation of the peculiarity.

2. The length of the corresponding finger of the right
hand. For instance:

7716 two [ml p/mlaizge's 0f {/16 hf! ”He’d/v ﬁnger are am/zzlnfm’,
rig/z! lizz'a’d/c’ ﬁnger 12—3.

Exceptionally small lengths, caused sometimes by surgical
operations, are indications too valuable in point of view of
classiﬁcation to be rejected when observed.

35

SECTION III.

MEASUREMENT OF THE LEFT FOOT.

25. Procure a solid ﬁrm bench, 30 centimeters Wide, 50
centimeters long, and 40 centimeters high (which will also do
for seating the subject for his head measurements).

Trace in the middle of the longer side of the surface of the
bench, in a permanent way, the outlines of a left foot, indicating
where the subject is to stand.

First JIO’Z’C/llé‘ﬂl‘. (Fzg. 12).

26. Have the subject take the position indicated by the
photograph. In order to do this, follow closely the following
directions, and have them minutely carried out:

Place the bench at a short distance from a point of support
(a chair, corner of a table, or the like), elevated in proportion
to the height of the subject; then give the order, “Pu! your
[rfz‘foof 01; 1/26 tracing." This being done, “ Lm/zymzr éody for-i
ward, mzdpul your rzg/zt 11am! on Z/M c/zaz'r 005/8 607/257 07’ w/zat-
[767’ it is)" and then add, “ Siam! 0/2 [/15 émc/z 072 ozzyfaol.”

28. By following the order and form of this direction, you
will force the most stupid individual to put himself in regular
position.

29. This position aims at forcing the subject to put the
whole weight of his body on the left foot alone, which, being
opposite to the right hand of the operator, is easier to measure
than the right foot. By ordering the subject to lean his right
hand on a point of support, the operator causes him to incline
his body forward and to displace his center of gravity aCCord-
ingly, a movement which naturally forces the toes to straighten
automatically.

30. Before placing the instrument the operator must sat-
isfy himself that the toes are in a natural position, and partic-
ularly that the big toe does not rest sideways on the bench,
which would make it appear and measure smaller.

36

31. It is unnecessary to say that if it is bent either volun
tarily or involuntarily, the operator must himself rectify its
position by pressing it down with his ﬁngers.

32. As a general thing when the big toe is bent intention-
ally the trick can be discovered by observing the position of
the other toes, which involuntarily follow the movement of the
big toe, and present at ﬁrst glance a strikingly wrinkled skin.

33. It is difﬁcult, however, for the subject to maintain this
false position longer than a minute. To restore the toe to its
normal position, it is generally sufﬁcient to order the subject
to slightly bend the knee that supports the weight of the body.

34. After having ascertained the normal position of the
body, the foot, and particularly of the big toe, place your slid—
ing compasses squarely against the foot in such a way that the
back of the heel rests closely with pressure against the station-
ary branch of the instrument, and the inner side of the heel
and the joint of the big toe touch the shank.

35. \Vith very ﬂat feet it happens frequently that the tar-
sus (reverse of the instep) instead of forming an arch forms a
protuberance underneath, and prevents the shank of the instru—
ment from touching the inner side of the heel. In this case it
is sufﬁcient to place the instrument against this protuberance
parallel to the position it would have occupied without this
anomaly.

36. Of whatever size the tarsal arch may be, do not hesi-
tate to apply the instrument with SUI/Ic‘prt’SSZln’ against the heel
as well as against the side of the foot. The measurement will
be so much the more precise.

Second -lfoz'emmzl (Fzg. I 3.)

37. Bring down the slide of the compasses with a light
movement, not as sharp as for the measurement of the ﬁngers,
but still sharp enough to touch sufﬁciently.

38. Apply a pressure with your right thumb on the ﬁrst
and second joints of the big toe, to make sure that the pushing
of the slide has not bent it, and that the subject has not volun-
tarily bent his toes. Then ask the subject to bend his left

 

  

\ "x “\~?‘>\\\\t\\\ \\\
N\\\ , \\ ~..

\

FIGURE 12.

LEFT FOOT

First Movement.

The operator having placed the subject in the position represented above, pres-
ses the stationary branch of the instrument ﬁrmly agamst the heel, taking care at

salmitime that the shank touches the inner side of the heel as well as the joint of
t e 1:; toe.

”,7 r y, in

Am...“ r.“ #—

   
    

    

K
:~ \\
he;

   
  

  
   

usﬁq,”
‘ 50"”. 1
”l “vii/5%

,1 \l‘x.
9 (iii

;

    
 

        
 

\\

  

m

 

 

FIGURE 13.
LEFT FOOT.

Second and Third Movements.

The operator pushes forward the slide with the right hand. requests the subject
to slightly bend the left knee‘ presses down the ﬁrst and second joints of the big
toe‘ sees that the other toes are not bent‘ rectiﬁes if necessary the position of the
instrument and reads the ﬁgures indicated

37

knee, accompanying, if necessary, this command with a slight
pressure on the inside of the knee.

39. The ﬁexion of the knee and the pressure on the toe
are ordinarily sufﬁcient to straighten the foot. The slide will
move back by itself, one or two millimeters, under the simple
impetus of the straightened toe.

T/zz'ra’ .l[ov€m€71l.

40. Before reading, replace and lightly tighten the instru-
ment which the movement of bending the knee may have
disarranged; ﬁnally dictate the indicated ﬁgure.

41. Be careful when you press down the big toe, as above
directed, not to apply the pressure on the extremity of the toe
nail, which would cause the ﬂesh to swell and unduly increase
the length. Try simply to ﬂatten the two joints.

42. Operators should avoid the reasoning which implies
that a shoe made after a measurement so close and precise
as ours could never be made to ﬁt. Our object is not
to make a pair of shoes, but to ﬁnd the actual and un-
changeable length of the foot, a length which may always be
measured with absolute correctness, wherever and whenever
it may be required.

43. The limit of [/16 approxz'malz'on (ll/07060] for f/lé’ mmszzre-
mnzt of ﬂu? faoi is one and 172 667mm ((1505 two ilzz'llzimclers, which,
taking into consideration the doubling up of errors (see note
Chap. 1, end of Sec. 1.) may cause a variance of three milli-
meters between two consecutive measurements of the same
foot. Such discrepancies, while they cannot exactly be called
blunders, are always more or less an indication of negligence
on the part of the operator.

REMARKS \VITH REFERENCE TO THE MEASUREMEXT OF THE
LEFT FOOT.

44. The observations derived from the measurements of
the foot have a bearing on four principal points.

Norm—The shank of the compasses should be kept clean, and oiled if necessary,
in order to insure the free movement of the slide.

38

I. Dot/notion of flu? 52g 106'.

45. The letter “ d " following the ﬁgures indicating the
measure of the foot, means that the big toe has deviated inward
toward the other toes.

46. Mark down, after the initial, the number of millimeters
by which this deviation is estimated as having diminished the
measurement of the foot, for instance: Foot 24.6—d 3 means a
foot 24 centimeters 6 millimeters, which at aformer time before
the toe had deviated would likely have measured 24 centi-
meters 9 millimeters.

II'. Contraction of 1/16 623* loo.

47. The letter “b" (abbreviation for bent),—“pl,” 17/2? in
the French original followed by the ﬁgures 2, 3, 4 (milli-
meters understood), corrects approximately the diminution
caused by an habitual contraction of the big toe.

48. This deformity, generally caused by the wearing of
too short shoes, is called, if it is very pronounced, by the char-
acteristic name “ lzmnmrr slur/mi foo,” but it is seldom found as
bad as that on the big toe. It would cause a diminution in the
length of the foot not exceeding perhaps half a centimeter.

49. \Ve cannot too strongly recommend that operators,
by ordering the knee bent, and by applying a pressure on the
ﬁrst joint of the big toe, should ascertain, before making use of
the abbreviation “b," that the contraction is not feigned or
exaggerated.

 

[1]. Projection of 1/16 second for beyond My [Hg for.

50. The third indication to be noted in connection with
the measurement of the foot has reference to cases where the
second toe projects beyond the big toe. This peculiarity is
indicated by means of the sign > used in mathematics to ex-
press inequality, which sign is to be preceded by the Roman
ﬁgure II (understood as second toe) and followed by the num-
ber of millimeters by which the second toe extends past
the ﬁrst toe. For example : Foot 26.4—II> 2, 3, or 4 millimeters.

51. This peculiarity of the second toe does not in any way
change the manual of operation in measuring the foot.

39

52. The operator must not, in measuring, press back the
second toe, but must take care that the sliding branch of the
compasses touches the end of the foot, and that the ﬂexion
of the knee—more particularly in cascs of f/zz's kind—is well
executed.

53. The notatiOn 11>, besides constituting a particular
mark for itself, calls attention to a slight source of mistake,
which, if unperceived at a former measurement, might have
rendered that measurement faulty.

IV. Amputation in 20/1016 or 271 part of t/zc [eff fooz‘.

54. As regards amputation of the foot, distinction must
be made between total and partial amputation.

55. 1f the amputation is total, the measurement of the left
foot takes its ordinary place under the indication “ ooo”
reference to particular marks, giving the following explanation :

I. Description of the peculiarity.

2. The length of the right foot in the following form:
Foot (left) amputated above the ankle, right
foot==2o.4.

56. Proceed in a similar way, in case of partial amputation
of the toes or of the entire front part of the foot, excepting that
in this instance the measurement of the foot is to be given ex-
actly as the instrument indicates it.

57. It is needless to state that in a case of this kind the
rigorous precision of an ordinary measurement is out of place.
The bending of the left knee, the pressure of the instruments,
etc., need not be observed. Frequently the measurement has
to be taken with the subject in a sitting position.

58. When the cicatrization is fresh, any measurement
—even an approximate one—is postponed. Reference to
“ remarks ” will give the explanation of such exceptional
cases, and will shield the operator from responsibility.

40

SECTION IV.

MEASUREMENT OF THE LEFT FORE ARM.

59. Use a rather high table and sliding compasses with a
shank from 55 to 60 centimeters long. Have the subject take
the following position :

First Mowmmt (Fig. 14.)

60. The left fore arm and hand to form as acute an angle
as possible with the arm, and rest flatly (ﬁnger nails up) on the
edge of the table nearest the subject.

61. In this position, the protruding extremity of the elbow,
the middle of the back surface of the wrist and the ﬁrst joint
and tip of the middle ﬁnger, must be in a straight line.

62. The arm must be very near the edge of the table,
allowing the foreﬁnger to rest directly on the very edge, and
the thumb, detached from the other ﬁngers, to hang on the
side.
' 56mm] -llmwlmzl.

63. Place the stationary branch of the sliding compasses
against the elbow, the graded shank touching the fore arm and
hand of the subject on the side of the little ﬁnger in a line par-
allel with the axis of the arm.

T/zz‘ra’ .llaz'emeizf. (Fly. 15.)

64. Bring down the sliding branch of the compasses until
you touch, by slight pressure, the extremity of the middle
ﬁnger; then press down the hand and wrist of the subject,
taking care that the entire forearm rests at full length on the
table, and that the stationary branch still touches the point of
the elbow.

65. Read and dictate the indication on the instrument.

REMARKS \VITII REFERENCE TO THE MEASUREMENT OF THE
FOREARM.

66. A portion of the observations in connection with the

 

   

\/

V \

     
   
     
 
 
  
   
   

.\- .
9 /
./

 

\\\\\

\§\\

A \\X\\

 

, A, ' V'H—

FIGURE I4.

LEFT FORE-A RM.

First and Second Movements.

The operator places the subject in the position represented above, and presses
the stationary branch closely against the point of the elbow, keeping the shank
parallel to the axis of the arm.

 
 
     
  
  
 

}
W=
\\

“ﬁt

  
  

  
 

 
  
 
 

.‘ 5‘
\ \ \l
\ , Pe$$¢‘©'©¢\‘w,
a thxQQ‘Q'Q
\.<~\$s\.4\9.

 
    
 

I
‘
3

WWW/ ////%
,/

 
 

/ yr
,1

  

 

 

FIGURE 15.
LEFT FORE-ARM.

Third Movement.

The operator pushes forward the slidingr branch, presses lightly on the back of
the subject’s hand and wrist‘ satisﬁes himself that the roint of the elbow and the
middle of the wrist are in line with the ﬁrst joint and tip of the middle linger, and
then reads the indicated measurement.

41

measurements of the forearm has already been given while
explaining the measurement of the middle ﬁnger. It is
unnecessary to repeat it here (anchylosis, stiffness of joints,
amputation of the ﬁnger, etc.)

67. Beyond these cases, the obstacle most frequently oc-
curring in connection with this measurement is the anchylosis,
more or less complete, of the elbow. In such an event do
as has been previously directed in the measurement of the
foot, middle ﬁnger, etc., viz.: Measure the member as you ﬁnd
it. and give the exact length of the corresponding member on
the opposite side.

68. The length of the forearm may, to a certain extent, be
inﬂuenced by trickery, be it by moderately bending the
ﬁngers, or by exaggerating the natural cambering of the
wrist.

68. Every time an attempt of this kind is suspected, mark
down after the ﬁgures indicating the measurement, the letters
"’ tr,” (abbreviation for trickery), followed by the number of
millimeters supposed to have thus been lost.

70. 77M lo/eratea’ approximation for flu measuremmf of Me
forearm 2's t/zreo mil/{molars UNDER and one 77227127126!” only
ABOVE, l/ze correct ﬁgures.

SECTION V.

MEASUREMENT OF THE RIGHT EAR.*

71. We add the measurement of the ear to the indications
taken with the sliding compasses, although in practice this
latter measurement is taken by means of compasses exclusively
reserved for that purpose, of smaller size, but identical in form
with the others (Fig. 3 )

" Nona—’1 he right 13 to be measured in preference to the left ear (contrary to
our preference as to other measurements) because it is more accessible to the operator,
also on account of the prevailing custom in photography to take the right proﬁle in
preference to the left.

42

72. Generally you proceed with this measurement after
taking those of the length and width of the head; that is to say
before using the large sliding compasses, at a moment when
the subject is standing erect. Operators of small stature,
however, prefer to take this measurement when the subject is
yet seated.

First Mownmzl (Fzg. 16.)

73. The subject, his face turned toward the window, is
told to slightly incline his head to the left, and backward, so as
to present the ear in full View, and allow the lower end of the
shank of the compasses to drop below the shoulder.

74. With your right hand place the shank of the compasses
in a nearly vertical position, parallel with the line determined
by the “ tragus ” and the upper and nether attachments of the
ear, the shorter ends of the branches of the compasses toward
the back of the head, and as ﬂat as possible against the skull,
the stationary branch above, the sliding branch below.

Second [if 07/671202].

75. \Vith your left hand hold fast and immovable the sta—
tionary branch of the compasses, by taking as a point of sup-
port the top of the subject’s head. The thumb, lightly
stretched, should rest ﬁrmly on the button of the branch,
causing the latter to touch, wz‘i/zoul dzprcssz‘ug, the upper rim of
the ear. At the same time push with your right thumb the
sliding branch, slowly/[us]; to the extreme point of the lobe of
the ear. i

76. In this movement, which requires very steady hands,
it is better to put your right thumb on the pushing knob ofthe
sliding branch.

T/zz'm’ ﬁlovcmem‘.

77. Read and dictate the indication of the compasses after
having carefully glanced once more at the position of the two
branches.

     
    

 
   
    
    
   
    
   
   

  

, ,
7% 4/
//;’ /-,
i i

_"' ’ -O\’$

   

   

    

‘ l
l

l

W“
\‘T

    

 
 
 

     
 

FIGURE 16.

RIGHT EAR.

FIRST Movauaxr—The operator gently touches the upper rim of the ear with the station-
ary branch, keeping it immovable by pressing the upper extremity ﬁrmly against the head with
his left thumb, his ﬁngers resting on the top of the subject's head.

SECOXD MO\‘EME.\‘T.—The shank of the compasses bring in a position parallel to the axis
of the car; the operator pushes forward the sliding branch until it touches very lightly the
lowest point of the lobe. He then satisﬁes himself that the bell of the car has not been com-
pressed by the instrument, and reads the indication.

 

43

REMARKS \VITH REFERENCE TO THE MEASUREMENT OF THE
EAR.

78. We cannot too strongly recommend the exercise of
caution in this operation, to avoid depressing the skin of the
upper seam and of the lobe of the ear, which would easily cause
a diminution of several millimeters.

79. Another difﬁculty presents itself in the lobe Closely
adhering to and extending along the cheek. In this case the
measurement must be taken from the extreme end of the lobe,
wherever that is.

80. This peculiarity, which may be a source of error, is
indicated by the letters “ pr,” (prolonged) following the ﬁgures
of the measurement.

81. Ears which are torn, cut or indented must be meas-
ured as they are, in accordance with the principles explained
in the articles “Foot” and “ Finger.”

82. T/ze approximation tolerated for t/ze iizeasuremeizt of l/ze
ear is one 7Izz'llz'mez‘er.

CHAPTER III.

MEASUREMENTS TAKEN BY MEANS OF THE VERTICAL AND
HORIZONTAL GRADUATED MEASURES.

SECTION I.

MEASUREMENT OF THE FIGURE (HEIGH'I‘.)

I. In taking the height, the subject should be barelooted
and standing in the position of a soldier, as it is deﬁned in mil—
itary tactics; the heels joined and touching the foot of the
measure, the feet in a little more acute than rectangular posi—
tion and turned symmetrically outward, the knees stretched,
the body straight and plumb, shoulders back, and of even
height, the arms hanging naturally along the body, the chin
drawn slightly inward, the eyes looking straight ahead.
(Fig. 17.)

2. \Vith stoop-shouldered persons it results frequently
from the above positions, that the back of the head does not
touch the vertical rule of the graduated measure. It would
be wrong to have such subjects lift their head until it touches
the measure, and would likely cause a diminution of one cen-
timeter from the real height.

3. As a general rule, let the subject stand so as to give his
maximum height, taking care always that his heels touch the
ﬂoon

4. Of all the measurements, that of the stature is the most
delicate, and the one in which, more than in any other, the
subject can Cheat. The least negligence in the above described

 

FIGURE 17.
THE HEIGHT.

(The subject being barefooted.)

"t

«$5; “

W9
5"“

 

45

position can Change the actual ﬁgures by a centimeter. More-
over, the body settles each year after twenty-ﬁve years of age,
sometimes sooner. Supposing all these errors appear jointly,
it may be taken for granted that an adult subject, whose body
has been gradually settling during the several years inter-
vening between two measurements may show a diminution of
height to the extent of three centimeters, or an increase up to
one centimeter.

5. Setting aside these natural causes, l/ze oprralor is at fault
70/1672 ﬂare is a dz'vcrgeizcy of more than 0725’ until/later, and at
grmi fall/Z :U/zrrv [/16 (z’z'iirrgevzry is more {/1012 z‘zc'o crizz‘zimrz‘crs.

6. Dictate the height by giving the centimeters exactly,
and the millimeters approximately, as the graded measure may
reveal them.

REMARKS \VITH REFERENCE TO THE MEASUREMENT 01’ THE
FIGURE.

7. Note down next to the space reserved for the indication
of the height the estimated extent of the stoop oi the back, if
any, viz.: “st.” 1, 2 or 3 centimeters. \Vhere the position is
correct and straight, which is oftenest the case, let the ﬁgure
01 the height be followed by St. with inverted commas,
thus, “ St.”

8. By this correction the operator increases the reliability
of the operation. He marks I centimeter when the individual
is slightly stooped, 2 centimeters when the stoop is more pro-
nounced, 3 centimeters when it is very pronounced. The
ﬁgure 4 is only exceptionally used ; 5, 6, etc., apply to regular
hunchbacks only.

9. The operator, by experimenting on himself before a
measuring board and observing what diminution is produced
by more or less stooping, will soon be able to estimate closely
how much the measurement is diminished by the same defect
in others.

[0. Thus the notation: Height, I m, 65 St. 3 is applied
to a man whose height by actual and correct measurement is I
meter 65 centimeters, but who, under different circumstances,

,, pm -w—v....,...~\. A

46

when he was young or in good health, when he stood erect, or
wanted to stand erect, would have measured 3 centimeters
more, viz.: I meter 68 centimeters.

II. Again, the notation “ height I m. 68 ‘St.’ ” (St. with
inverted commas) is applied to a man standing fairly erect and
straight, who, if all other indications agree, may be the same
man described in the preceding paragraph.

SECTION II.
MEASUREMENT OF OUTSTRETCHED ARMS.

12. The measurement of the outstretched arms is the
maximum length reached by the arms when stretched in the
form of a cross with the body.

I3. This measurement is taken by means of a wooden rule,
two meters long, placed at the height of the shoulders on the
back of the subject, \\ ho stretches his arms, at the same time
slightly spreading his legs.

14. For permanent use trace on a plain ﬂat wall a hori-
zontal centimetric graduation, commencing at a meter from
the starting point and continuing for two meters.

15. Trace the graduation at the height of the shoulders of
an average man and extend it above and below, at least 20
centimeters wide, in order to suit any height. (Fig. 18.)

I6. 77!? mmszm‘mml of ﬂat ouisz‘rriv/mz’ arms 23‘ tab): and
(z’z'rmtc'a’ 011/] 2'1: avzz‘z‘man‘rs, l/zc Sit/’p/t‘lllt‘llltlry Ilzzillz‘nu‘lyrs [251.12g
always omz‘tz‘m’. The ﬁgure announced is, therefore, fre—
quently 3, 4, or 5 millimeters below the actual length. \Vhen
more than ﬁve millimeters. dictate the next following centi-
metric unity.

REMARKS \VITH REFERENCE TO THE MEASUREMENT OF THE
OUTSTRETCIIED ARMS.

17. It is certainly unnecessary to note the millimeters in a

     

     

      

N9 //

_ /////W//

    

éﬂw W7
/x/ / f,
//////M/

    
    

.y/i

 

FIGURE 18.
THE OUTSTRETCHED ARMS.

The measurement from ﬁnger tip to ﬁnger tip, the arms being extended in a right angular

cross with the body.

  

ltllllilhil

 

11

llhlhlllll Ill
ml”

\r
\
\\

R!
\l\\
/

32““

 
 
  
   

/

{A
,,
E’
j

 

"if

‘3
i_
i

 

,
‘ - ;;,',///;}////<////”A

 

 

 

 

ér“

 

4

   

//;//'

      
 

n ,
'c l w
s:
“l
M
’.

 

FIGURE 19.

MEASUREMENT OF THE TRUNK.

Seat the subject well back on the bench and closely against the wall, and see
that he holds his body erect.

47

measurement where the subject can cheat to the extent of two
centimeters above and three centimeters below the true ﬁgure.

18. Errors may be prevented by indicating the shrinking,
from natural causes or otherwise, of the length of the out-
stretched arms, in a similar way as in the height.

19. This correction has frequently to be made with persons
who have the joints of their arms stiffened from rheumatism,
rachitis, etc.

20. If a person insists that he is not able to spread and
stretch his arms, it is not in the line of duty of the operator to
discover whether or not the inability really exists. He meas-
ures the longest tension of the arms as he ﬁnds it, even if by
laxation or paralysis of either of the arms, the measurement
should be reduced to the length of one arm only, added to the
width of the shoulders. But he must in an explanatory note
carefully mark down the prolzaéle’ length, which would be re-
vealed if both arms could be freely and fully stretched.

21. \Vith those who are afﬂict ed with rachitis (inﬂam—
mation of the spine) care must be taken that their wrists press
as closely as possible against the graduation on the wall. If
necessary, assist this movement by a light pressure of the
joint.

22. From the point of view of identiﬁcation the measure-
ment of the outstretched arms is of only secondary importance.
It does not follow however that in this measurement the
operator may remit the attention and care, which, under all
circumstances should be given to every detail of his work.

SECTION III.

MEASUREMENT OF THE TRUNK.

23. Procure for this special purpose a bench 25 centimeters
wide, 30 centimeters long, and 40 centimeters high, and fasten
it lengthwise squarely against the wall.

24. Place on the wall a graduated measure, about I meter
20 centimeters long, startz’ngfrozzz Z/ze surface of Z/ze {mm/z.

48

First Movement (Fzg. 19.)

25. The subject, being in shirt sleeves, is told to sit on the
bench, “ your buttocks close to the wall.” Ascertain by pass-
ing the hand down the back of the subject if this order is
strictly complied with, and convince yourself that the small of
the back is thrust against the wall, the shoulders evenly
sloping, and the head in its normal position.

Swami ﬂiove’mmz‘.

26. Bring down the measuring square (same as for meas-
urement of the ﬁgure) and dictate the ﬁgures indicated.

REMARKS WITH REFERENCE TO THE MEASUREMENT OF THE
TRUNK. p

27. The points to be observed in connection with the
shrinking or the contracting of the back, or with possible
trickeries are the same as explained with reference to the
stature and outstretched arms, and must be corrected in a
similar way.

28. The measurement of the trunk varies upwards of 10
centimeters on individuals of the same length of ﬁgure, and is
easily taken correctly within 3 or 4 millimeters on willing
subjects. 77w dzﬂcrmce be’z‘wcm lwo zizcasztremnzls off/w same
szzly‘ecz, whatever the cause of errors may be, (mg/22‘ never to ur-
cam’ I centz'mcz‘er; taking into consideration of course, the cor-
rections indicated by the shrinkage of the trunk.

1..., a ,.

 

'75

 

FIGURE 20.
LEFT EYE.

The observer turns his back to the light, invites the subject to 100k him straight in the
eye, and notes the color or shade of pigment of the left eye.

PART SECOND.

DESCRIPTIVE INFORMATION.

CHAPTER I.

NOTATION OF THE COLOR ()F‘ TIIE EYES.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES.

I. The prevalent confusion in designating the color of the
eye arises largely from the necessity one is put to, while taking
descriptions so called, to ascertain the color of the iris under
different lights. Thus, for instance, a dark blue eye turned
from the light, observed at a distance of several meters, ap-
pears black, owing to the contrast of the dark colored iris with
what is commonly called the white of the eye.

2. The so-called “gray” eye, is generally nothing but a
blue eye with a more or less yellowish tint, appearing gray on
account of the shadow cast by the eyebrows.

3. All other qualiﬁcatives in use for designating the color
of the eyes participate in this confusion, and must be left out
of the reader’s consideration.

4. In analyzing in a uniform way the color of the iris the
examiner should stand opposite his subject, at a distance of
about 30 centimeters, his back to the light so that the eye to
be examined is struck by a full strong light (not the rays of
the sun, however.) Then he orders the subject to look him
straight in the eye, and lifts lightly with his right hand the
middle of the subject’s eyelid. (Hg. 20.)

49

50

5. It sometimes happens that the iris, observed in that
way, presents notable differences in color and shade between
. the right and left eye. It is recommended however, that the
observation be based exclusively on the left eye, which faces
the right of the operator, the only exception being when the
left eye has been permanently injured, or is wanting.

6. The examiner must not write down any observations
until he has closely studied the eyes of a certain number of
individuals, and become perfectly familiar with the principles
of the system of notations hereinafter explained.

7. The eyeball consists of a central circle, called “pH/727,"
and a colored circular band, called “z'rz's.”

8. Speaking of the color of the eye, it is the iris that is
meant, the pupil always being black in the lightest as well
as the darkest eyes.

9. In the iris two principal zones are distinguished: I. The
(claim! or [mpz'l/ary zone sometimes called “ (mo/a," or small
circle, or (fro/o simply. (It borders the pupil.) 2. The puri-
p/zorz'c or arz‘vrizol zone (the part of the iris next to the white of
the eye.)

10. Our notation is based on the theory that there is found
in the human race but two fundamental types of eyes, the
blue eyes and the maroon eyes. All other shades must be con-
sidered as intermediate between these two types.

11. “'e understand by blue, or better expressed, 2'»:ng-
meuim’ eyes (absence of pigment—See § 14.) the pale blue.
azure blue, violet blue and slate blue eyes. \Ve may add that
these subdivisions are frequently difﬁcult to deﬁne. Many
eyes of more or less bluish tint may participate in two or
three of these qualiﬁcatives at once, Fig. 21 (A to F.)

12. The maroon eyes have a unique tint, which reminds
one of the shell of the marrow (French chestnut) or of a horse
Chestnut when the fruit is ripe and fresh, and the shell sleek and
shining. It is the “black” eye, the eye of the Arab, the ne-
gro, and of people from southern climes generally. The shade
of this eye is more or less deep. more or less light, but its gen-

7-—:..—.a.xwrg :m—r . _, . \ . A .. - ’.‘ .
“N:L*_1kﬂ£w~'>-=,A‘«,-)»~av‘n"~&u-r , .hﬁt‘rr‘nerHL , . A“, max, ~ -‘ ' ‘

 

 

\. [ZVWWZM/ﬂ/ 4510/0; .
jag/707 j/M/V, g/ﬂ/ (WM/ﬂyzﬂ/Mﬂ

WWI/(7 / \\ /////’//

 

 

[2 2m 7;‘///
13

"I L j _ /é\\ //::'\— \\
xx * / ( 7&6, I; '7‘ I ‘

     

/ 7 ,, ~ ,_. 7 , , ~ 7 , " « ~,
1/ ////'{ /j)////. M”. //////,/j////: ///; 074/1? C/j/x/z: 772/ .253” z j/x/z: ///.//////. ﬂaﬂ//%//;’////,,/z///, S/ﬂ/E AM /////ﬂ//.
// W/z/f. ﬂaw/17 [/ZM/L/ﬁ ﬁzz/MK //‘m//{i //’/////v.

 

452% // ‘ Hz; ////, / i/ﬂ/ // .

7//// Amy/p1 // Li” :/ «117%. 5: m; 1;" // //// f/myi/Mﬂ/n/

            

2%‘M 1:, ’=’ :2 /‘ ’/
\//’//,_ //‘/'//// ”1,. ///7///4{/r1///7/,f///1 //// ////)//// ///, ///////7/[// ///7’//. (/07/1 /////7///, ﬂ? (/7. /Y?//'/(//_ //////
. , , ,n , , ,. ' 7 ‘7 ', t v 7 I -' r " I I. // «
/// /// /f////< ///. /////'/é’////, ///. M/M/M/ﬂ/Mﬂ/M /// Amy/hi 1/ / // M W M" ”“4 V /’/ ”‘
// rm/f // Wz/C Hwy/K //'7////\. // mm. ”W”!

 

 

 

 

51

eral aspect is more uniform than that of the series of blue
eyes.*

13. The intermediate eyes, to which class three-fourths of
the eyes of the Caucasian race belong, generally approach
either the impigmented eye (pale, azure, violet or slate blue) or
the maroon eye. The delicacy or the intensity of their pig-
ment ation is the basis of their denomination and subsequent
classiﬁcation.

PIGMENT.

I4. Byngmorzz of 2716 eye we mean the more or less yellow-
ish-orange colored matter which is observed in most eyes,
when they are examined 'under the conditions of light given
at the beginning of this chapter (§4). The more abundant
this pigment is in the eye, the darkerit appears, and the nearer
it approaches the maroon.

15L. In most cases this yellowish-orange colored matter 15
collected in the shape of a circle or areola around the pupil,
and sometimes appears in little dots or small triangular spots
in the external zone.

16. The four varieties of pigmentation, which serve for
the notation and classiﬁcation of intermediate eyes, are yellow,
orange, hazel and maroon.

17. Eyes of an imperfect maroon color, in other words,
those whose shrface is not entirely covered with maroon, are
subdivided as follows: I. Maroon circle, where the maroon is
grouped around the pupil. 2. [rz'satoa’ maroon, where the pig-
ment enters a portion of the external zone, and leaves exposed
on the surface of the iris only small triangular or crescent
shaped spots, either of greenish yellow or of dark slate-blue
color.

 

5* NOTE—It has been suggested to substitute a more suitable word for the qual—
iﬁcative J/aroozz, which as ordinarily understood, describes a tint of a dark claret
color, (more reddish than the color of the iris, we intend to describe by Maroon.) We
have decided, however, to retain the qualificative MAROON, with the understanding
that in connection with the description of the eye, it means exactly what the word
ought to indicate. viz.: 7715 color ofd marrorz (FrZ’Izc/z c/zesllzzzt), or what will be better
understood in the United States, 2713 color of a Izorse t/Mslllut, (see also page 52, g 23
(3) and page 57 § 44.]

52

18. This distinction between circle and z’rz'saz‘m’is also ap-
plicable to other pigmentations, but as a descriptive informa-
tion only, without calling for subdivisions.

19. To resume : The subdivisions ﬁnally obtained appear
in the following classiﬁcation, in which a place is found for eyes
of every description:

I. Impigmented (that is, the "iris is entirely without the
yellowish-orange matter.)
2. Pigmented yellow.

3. “ orange.

4. “ hazel (incompletely)

5. “ maroon in circle. 1 a

6. “ “ irisated. {(See 3 I7)’
7. “ pure maroon.

77sz scale of (0/075 7122151 be mummified lo 71257110133 (211d tile
meaning of f/ze (”I/WCSSZtNZS prrfc‘dly zma’crsz‘ooa’.

20. The yellow pigment is very like the color of pulver-
ized sulphur (pale yellow.)

21. The orange is not exactly the color of the peel of that
fruit but rather what the painter calls yellow ochre.

22. The hazel resembles burnt sienna, or the shell of a dry
dusty hazel nut.

23. In practice, in the absence of a comparative scale. the
varieties of pigmentation of the eye are classiﬁed by carefully
observing the following distinctions:

I. The yellow is distinguished from the orange by the
manifest absence of reddish tints, or by a very scant
pigmentation.

2. The orange from the hazel by a more vivid shade,
not tarnished with black.

3. The maroon is distinguished from the hazel by a

more velvety. more abundant and deeper pigment-
ation.

EXTERNAL ZONE. (PERIPHERIC.)

24. To complete the picture of the eye, mark on the second
line directly under the pigmentation, the shade or tint of the
4

‘ 53

external zone (see § 9), without reference to the pigmentary
irisations that may be found there. For that purpose employ
expressions in common use. The adjectives mostly used for
the ﬁrst three classes are: Blue (followed or preceded by the
qualiﬁcative pale, azure or slate), or else greenish blue, turbid
blue, Violet blue. NL’Wé’T use 1/16 word gray, which deﬁnes
nothing, and only leads to misunderstandings.

25. The periphery of the “ maroon circle” and “maroon
irisated ” pigmentations, is generally, as has been said before,
light greenish-yellow, slate-blue-greenish, or dark greenish.

26. The periphery of “hazel” pigmented eyes will be
found to have either the same shading as the next preceding
or the next following tint in the pigmentary scale. It is gen-
erally greenish yellow, more or less dark, and often of a
greenish blue.

’

USE OF THE WORDS “FRANK’ AND “LIMITED.”

27. In the notation of the color of the eye, the z'na’z'caz‘z'on
Off/16’ 13237722sz is the key to [/16 classz'ﬁcalz’mz; an error on that
point may make all future researches useless.

28. \Vhen you hesitate between two qualiﬁcatives, write
on the ﬁrs! line the description seeming to you the most ap-
propriate, and on the i/zz'm’ (the second line being reserved for
the indication of the periphery), the one in which a confusion
may be possible, preceding this latter notation by the word
“‘ limited.”

For instance, the formula:

Circle, orange medium,
Greenish-blue (light)
Limited circle yellow,

expresses a pigmentation intermediate between the yellow and
the orange; that is, of a tint where the reddish is present in
such small quantity, that it might escape the attention of an-
other examiner. The nearest equivalent to an eye, “ orange-
limited yellow ” is the eye “ yelloinmited orange."

54

Again, an eye:
Maroon, pure medium,
H 6‘ ‘6

Limited greenish maroon,

would designate a maroon eye, on which a close examination
may discover greenish lines in 'a very small quantity, but sufﬁ-
ciently conspicuous to make it possible for another operator
to classify the eye as follows:

Maroon, medium,
Greenish medium,
Limited maroon, pure.

29. Experience demonstrates that it is possible for an ob-
server who is in the least familiar with the classiﬁcation given
above (§ 9) to hesitate between more than two qualificatives,
or, which amounts to the same, to skip over an entire shade
and classify as yellow, for instance, what he has classiﬁed as
hazel before, or confound “ orange ” ' with “ maroon,” or
“ maroon circle ” with an “eye, maroon pure.”*

His hesitation and mistakes are necessarily limited to two
neighboring indications. The limit is of great help in all
doubtful cases. It is a safeguard, a hole to creep out of, which
the operator cautiously keeps in readiness for himself.

30. \Vhere there is no cause for hesitation at all. indicate
the absence of the limit by writing down on the third line the
word “ frank.” For instance:

Yellowish blue

6‘ (‘

Frank.
TONE AND COMPLEMENTAL SIGNS.

31. Besides the designation of component colors, the
following must be speciﬁed:
1. The tone or intensity of these colors
2. Their respective quantities.

* NOTE—The only exception to this rule is the hazel pigmentation, which may be
limited by “ circle maroon ” and by “ maroon greenish." (See 3‘ 43.)

55

32. The intensity of the color or shade is expressed by
the following words: Light, medium, deep.

Thus, an eye described as “deep yellow, blue azure me-
dium” indicates an eye of ordinary blue, irisated with deep
yellow, that is, a pronounced yellow; while “light yellow ”
would designate a pigmentation of the color of a lemon or
pulverized sulphur.

33. The qualiﬁcative “pale,” in conjunction with blue,
means to express the presence of w/zz'tz's/z lines, which must not
be confounded with yellowish lines.

34. The quantity of a color is a descriptive element of
no less importance than its intensity. When one of the ele-
ments is manifestly more prominent than the other, this prom-
inence is marked by underlining the corresponding term. If,
on the contrary, the subordinate shade of the general coloring
of the iris, needs to be marked as against a more prominent
shade, do it by means of parentheses ( ).

35. Thus an eye, “(light yellow) blue violet medium,” in-
dicates a blue eye irisated by feeble yellow lines; while an eye,
“yellow (blue violet)” would apply to an eye in which the blue
is, to say, merged. “Yellow (blue) and “yellow blue” are
nearly equivalent; the former indication shows the presence of
blue in smallest quantity, the other, the preponderance only of
yellow.

36. When'the shades constituting the coloring of the iris
occupy on its surface approximately equal spaces, and when
there is no occasion to underline one term in preference to the
other, you express this equality by the sign == written on the
third line before the words limited or frank.

37. Thus, just as the designation of each eye must, on the
third line, be supplemented by the word frank or limited, each
shade of color (besides the words “light,” “ medium ” or
“deep ”) must also be qualiﬁed by either an underlineation, by
parenthesis ( ), or by the mathematical sign of equality =.

REMARKS ON A FEW EXCEPTIONAL CASES.

38. In most cases the intensity of the tint becomes greater,

56

the lower down the tint itself appears in the scale of colors.
Thus, in describing the pigment, the “yellow” is most fre-
quently to be inclosed by parentheses; the “ orange,” only
once in a while; the “hazel” never.

39. Again, when you ﬁnd an eye evidently blue, with only
a few dots of a light and bright orange color (marigold color
for instance) it is better to classify such an eye with the yellow,
2'. an, the least pigmented, than with the orange. The same is
the case:

(I). \Vith the maroon circles, when narrow and scant;
which are better classiﬁed as “ hazel," that being the pigmen-
tation nearer to them in quantity.

(2). With dark reddish circles when irregular and incom—
plete; which are classiﬁed with the “orange,” in preference to
the “ hazel.” In other words, the classiﬁcation is based on the
quality as well as on the quantity of the pigment. \Vhere, in
exceptional cases, the second factor does not correspond with
the ﬁrst, .the eye retrogrades by one class, 2'. 8., is put in the
next preceding class.

40. Let us say here once more, that the observer must, on
such occasions, more particularly shield himself by giving the
indication of possible limits

41. The hazel gives occasion for another observation of the
same kind. From its place in the scale this class occupies the
middle between the blue and the maroon eye, and contains
only eyes of imperfect pigmentation. The result is, that it is
preferable to rank as “marooxrgreenish, limited hazel” eyes
which are almost entirely of a deep hazel color, where the
coloring matter is not collected as a circle around the pupil,
but is indistinctly, though abundantly, spread all over the eye.
The general aspect of such eyes is, however, much nearer the
“ maroon-greenish ” than the “ hazel circle.”

*NO'I‘E.—If it were not for this exception there would be eyes marked “ limited-
impigmented” in the division “orange," and vice versa, eyes marked “limited,
orange ” in the division of impigmented eyes. This skipping over an entire class-
(yellow) would disturb the classiﬁcation. Besides, the orange in such small quantities
is hard to distinguish from the yellow.

57

42., Regarding eyes “ pigmented hazel pure” which by
analogy, ought to be Classiﬁed “maroon pure”—they are
hardly ever found without some greenish mixture.

43. As an exception to the rule laid down in § 29, it must
vet be remarked that the “ hazel pigment” may be limited by
both the 5th and the 6th divisions at the same time, and vice
versa. This anomaly arises from the fact that the maroon is
subdivided into three classes, while the other pigments, the
yellow, orange and the hazel, form each a single class for
themselves.

RECAPITL'KATION AND COMPARISON OF THE NE\\' NOTATION
\YITH THE OLD ONE.

44. The maroon eye, whatever its shade may be, is deﬁned
by its name, and reminds you of the gradually darkening
shades through which the shell of a “ marron ” or horse chest-
nut passes in its evolution toward maturity.

45. The azure blue is known by everybody. The turbid
blue, or murky blue, is intermediate between the azure and
slate blue.

The slate blue (or murky violet blue for the lighter shades)
takes the place, in some cases, of the “gray blue” or the
“ gray."

46. No term is more vague or indeﬁnite than the qualiﬁca—
tive “gray,” applied in ordinary practice to more than three-
fourths of the descriptions taken. Properly speaking, the
“gray” is a mixture of white and black, its complete scale
extending from the black down to the white. As a specimen
of gray, you might mention the spots left on white paper by a
drawing stump over black crayon, or a dilution of India ink
on white ground. Never will human eye, observed under
prescribed conditions, present similar tints. The center of
the eye, or pupil, is, as above stated, a small circle always
black; as far as the iris is concerned, it has always a colored
background and therefore cannot be qualiﬁed as gray. Looked
at from a short distance and under good light, the gray
eyes of the general public are “blue,” “light yellowish,” or

58

“ pale purple-blue.” It would seem then, that they belong
always to the lighter tints, but by an inexplicable contradiction
the general public applies the qualiﬁcative “gray ” also to
certain eyes of a dark blue hue, often called steel gray, eyes
which we designate by the terms “ slate—blue " for the darker
shades, and “ violet-blue ” for the lighter shades. Everybody
knows the color of common slate, while the bluish color of
tempered steel is very vague, and hardly discernible.

47. The word gray is only good to produce confusion, and
must never be used to designate the color of the eye.

48. The black eyes also require a few words of explanation.
There is no more a black iris than a gray one. The eyes im-
properly black are generally of a deep maroon, sometimes of a
dark slate-blue.

49. The expression “ brown ” is also applied to eyes, which
we designate by “maroon medium,” or “deep maroon," the
same eyes that other people call “ black."

50. Pale or Turbz‘d (murky) can hardly be applied to any
other than the blue eyes.

51. The qualiﬁcative “ trouted ” applicable to blue as well
as maroon eyes, is used to designate certain red spots, also
called ﬁre spots, which resemble the speckles on the trout.
These spots, frequently the result of a former disease of the
iris, will not modify the classification of the eye, nor will they
interfere with its denomination except as a special mark. Thus.
the “ slate-blue eye, trouted," or the “azure blue eye, trouted,"
are classiﬁed with the impigmented eyes, as long as the iris
outside of their spots does not show any yellow matter.
Other special marks of the eye are noted in the place for
remarks at the foot of the descriptive list.

52. \Vhen the color of the left eye, for instance, differs from
the color of the right, note the color of the left in its proper
place, and the color of the right in the “remarks.” The same
with notations like the following: “Light or bad ﬁlm on the
right (or left) eye,” etc., “squint eyed in the right (or left)
eye," etc., etc.

With one eyed persons, make distinction between those who

59

are simply deprived of sight of one eye, and those that have
the socket empty. Mark: “ Cannot see will; ﬂag rig/11(or left)
eye,” for the former. “Has #22 rig/xi (or left) eye put out or
ﬁlm/rated,” for the latter. If the subject wears a glass eye,
make a note of that also.

ABBREVIATIONS—FORMULAE FOR THE EYES.

53. The space on the descriptive cards for the description
of the eye being rather limited, it has been found necessary
to adopt the following abbreviations, the use of which is
obligatory.

blue ......... . .................. bl. irisated .................... (see note).*
violet (purple) ............ . ......... Viol. circle ....................... .C.
slate. . .......................... sl. concentric circle ................ C. c.
impigmented ...................... imp. light ........... . .................. 1.
yellow ......... . .................. y. medium ........................ m.
orange ............................ or. deep or dark. .................... d.
hazel .......... . ............... ..haz. limited ......................... lim.
maroon ........................ . mar. frank ........................... fr.
greenish ........................... gr.

54. In most cases the description of the eye occupies three
lines:
I. Pigmentation (circle or irisated.)
2. External zone (without reference to pigmentation.)
3. The word frank or limited (the latter giving the

NOTE—The word irisated is very seldom used, three-fourths of the pigmentations
being deposited right around the pupil, either in concentric circles, or in radiating or
scalloped circles. Therefore the absence of the word circle (C) before a description of
the pigment, implies the term irisated, more particularly, in notations of the maroon
eye. The circle is called concentric when the not very abundant colored matter around
the pupil is conﬁned to a circular zone about one millimeter wide, as if cut out with a
punch.

The “ scalloped circle " is characterized by indentures and scallops of the pigment,
reaching into the middle part of the iris.

In the radiating circle, the colored matter spreads over the entire concentric zone
and from there seems to emit pigmentary rays into the external zone. This is the
only group of hazel and maroon pigmentations.

The distinction between radiating and scalloped circle has nothing to do with the
notation of the color of the eye. Only the concentric circle is noted by the abbreviation
as shown above [Cc.]

60

possible confusion with tints other than that de-
scribed in ﬁrst line.)

55. The Only exceptions to this rule are made with the
impigmented (Ist class) and the mar00n pure eyes (7th or last
class.) For the former, the line of pigmentation (I) is left
blank. To indicate that this -absence of a notation does not
arise from error, put two quotation marks in lieu of the word
impigmented. Thus:

I, ’9 H ‘7 9’

Slate-blue medium, or sl. bl. m.
Limited yellow, » lim. y.

56. It is the same with the “ maroon pure medium ” eye.
The second line being reserved for the indication of the reﬂec-
tion of the periphery, mil/gout reference 2‘0 f/zc ngiiszm‘z'oiz, and
the eyes of this kind being entirely covered by maroon, the
periphery line (2) is therefore left blank. Indicate this absence

of notation in a similar manner as for the impigmented eye.
Thus:

Maroon medium, or mar. m.
‘( U u u'
Limited greenish. lim. gr.
Again :
Maroon pure medium, or mar. pure m.

(‘ (‘ (( \‘ ‘. (L

Frank fr.

61

CHAPTER II.

COLOR OF THE HAIR AND BEARD.

I. The different shades of color of the hair and beard are
more easily ranged and classiﬁed than the colors of the eye.

Between the two extremes of the color scale, the wry [zglzz
Mamie on one hand and the pure or raven black on the other,
are found all the shades of c/zesz‘mtz‘ hair.

The complete scale presents itself in about the following
order:

ng/zz‘ and someiz'me’s F/axeiz,
BLONI)E§ Medz'zmz,

Deep or dark.

j Lz'g/zz‘,
CHESTNUT [liedz'zH/z,

2 Dark.

CHESTNUT BLACK.
PURE OR RAVEN BLACK.

2. Red hair and beards, which ﬁnd no place in the above
scale, are classed by themselves, and are described according
to their shade, as follows:

BRICK RED,

SANDY RED, (Mamie 7652C) » ng/zz‘, 71266172171: and dark.

AUBURN, (r/zz'sz‘izm‘ 7661],)

3. It is important to distinguish pure or mam black from
c/zcst/zuz‘ [2/ac/c——conimonly called “ black ” or “ dark brown.”

“Pure black” hair is rather scarce among white people,
except perhaps with Spaniards or races descendent from them.

4. Dark c/zesz‘zmz‘ and c/zcstmtt [zinc/l2 are distinct shades,
although near enough alike to occasion confusion, particularly

62

when observed under artiﬁcial light. These are the shades of
a fresh common chestnut.

5. C/zestmtt mm’z'zmz and c/zcstﬂm‘ [lg/z! are each one grade
lighter than the preceding.

6. The distinction between lz'g/zz‘ c/zcslmtt and deep blonde is
a delicate one. One is unconsciously led, sometimes, to
describe as dark blonde on a woman what he would designate
as light chestnut on a man

7. jlfedzum blonde and [zg/zz‘ blonde need not be deﬁned.

8. The expressions, wry [zg/zt blonde and ﬂa.uzz, might
sometimes be used to advantage to designate the exceptionally
light color of hair of people from the north of Europe
(Scandinavians).

9. We may remark that we have purposely avoided the
use of the word “ brown,” which is always a vague expression.
Hair called “brown ” corresponds generally to what we call
dark c/zc‘sz‘ma‘ or c/zcsnzm‘ [Mar/c. The same word (brown) ap-
plied to the color of the beard is frequently used to designate
a mixture of black with red chestnut hairs.

In painting, the word “brown ” is applied to the color of a
dark chestnut shading on black, and generally to any color
much darkened by black.

10. Gray hair, which cannot properly have an assigned
place in the color scale, may be divided into two classes

Dar/c,
GRAY ’ ﬂle‘a’z'm/z, according as it afpruar/zas tu/zzz‘e’
I [Jig/12‘.

GRAY MIxED.

In the ﬁrst mentioned class may be placed all heads of hair
that have turned gray to such an extent that their original
color has disappeared, or become undistinguishable.

The term gray mzlrm’ may be applied to hair the proper
color of which is still discernible but which is largely inter-
spersed with gray. \Vhen the natural color predominates the
expression “gray mixed," should be added to the name of the
shade. ,

In the like manner turning gray, gray 011 [Hap/vs. eta, may
be employed advantageously as occasion may arise.

63

CHAPTER III.

NOTATION OF THE PROFILE AND DIMENSIONS OF THE NOSE.

I. The nose is the feature to which every human face
owes its distinguishing peculiarity.

Its varieties of form (A) and dimensions (B) present an in-
finite number of combinations, which current language has
reduced to four or ﬁve leading types, easily recognizable when
their characteristics are well deﬁned.

Unfortunately the intermediate forms, more often met with
than the typical forms, do not enter readily into these divi-
sions. Descriptive epithets will enable us, however, to give a
strict deﬁnition of all imaginable cases.

A—Form of Z/ze Nose.

3. Let us ﬁrst say a word or two about the parts that
Compose the nose: '

4. T/ze root of t/ze nose (X) is that transverse depression,
more or less marked, found at the top of the nose, between the
eyes and just below the base of the forehead—(Fig 22, G.)
The szzlz-Izasolpoz'rzt is the inner angle, situated on the median
line, formed by the junction of the base of i/ze nose and upper
lip. The upper part of the nose is hard and bony; it has a
skeleton of its own formed by the nasal (Jones. The zcrz'zzgsof
the nose are the two side parts of the [oozde which limit the
openings of the nostrils, and which are separated from the
cheek by a furrow, more or less rounded, more or less deep,
more or less compressed.

5. The point or tip of the nose is the most prominent point
of the lobule. The ridge of the nose is the proﬁle line of the

64

nose from its root to its tip. The lower extremity or base of

the nose extends from the tip to the sub-nasal point.
6. In the proﬁle of the nose are distinguished :

I. The general form of the ridge of the nose.
II. The inclination of its (Jase.
III. The particular form of the roof.

I. The general form of the ridge of the nose is expressed
by the ﬁve following terms:

First. CONCAVE.—The upper part, which corresponds to
the bone of the nose, descends more or less obliquely in an
almost straight line; then the lower part, corresponding to the
lobule, curves outward in such a manner that the whole ridge
of the nose presents in proﬁle a concave form. (Fig. 22,
A. F. K.)

Semzza’. RECTILINEAL.——The ridge of the nose describes an
almost sirazg/zt line from root to tip. (Fig. 22, B. G. L.)

T/zz'ra’. CON\‘EX.—The ridge of the nose describes a con-
vex curve almost uniform from root to tip. (Fig. 22, C. H. M.)

Fozzri/z. HUMPED.——The upper part of the bony portion
presents a short and decided convexity, below which the re-
mainder of the bony portion becomes almost straight, the in-
clination being continued without interruption or inﬁexion
along the back of the lobule. (Fig. 22. D. l. N.) The humped
nose may be regarded as a variety of the convex.

Fifi/z. UNDULATED.—The upper part is convex, but the
proﬁle of the lobule, instead of continuing this curve as in the
“ aquiline ” or “ Roman ” nose, or of taking a rectilineal direc-
tion as in the “ humped,” bends inward. The result is that the
direction of the line is convex above, and concave below the
bony portion, becoming necessarily convex again toward the
tip. It is therefore undulated (Fig. 22, E. J. O.) The main-
[alea’ should be considered as a variety of the concave, rerfz’lz'zmz!
or lzzmzpea’ noses according as its ridge may present in general
a hollowed, straight or humped outline. leerefore l/ze gzm/z'jzl
caz‘z‘t'e L'NDULATED s/zoa/a’ always be followed a}! t/ze words CON-
CAVE, HUMPED or RECTILINEAL as f/ze ease may be.

EXAMPLE —Undulated Rectilineal, Undulated Concave Undulated Humped.

F 019M 0/- 3/065.
5 5 $0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

$A i D “5’
A B C D E
73
L“)
53 A ,3 ,3 A>
K
Q F G H 1 7
S
Ix
3
\l
K>—> ,
é” ' ,
Q Q Q 9 p)
K L .M N 0
FO/‘W’ 0/ 26756? ”mummy 0/5/15;
A (tweak/e (“oz/é.)
F 5&Wd (Kai/-
5 7°de (/4662?) G / if?! {/l/W:

 

c €07war. (7/1”. ) ' M2 /
0 %MWZZ[Z (5((«772/1/1 Hail/Zia! 1/!” '1

Z W 22245 (Wo¢/

(Reference is had to letters on margin.)

 

FIGURE 22.
THE NOSE.

FORM arm INCLINATION.

 

 

P20207702
Z x22 Z

 

    

. J[M ﬂ/WM S/ﬂ/AY/ﬂww

 

22

 

   
 

    
 

  

: 2 4/ '2 ;
7 2 2’ 2 ,2
2 %, Z :2
2 ’7' /. ,

2 4 2 7 2

2 9 2 2 2

22 24 ‘/

2 2 2 24 x:

g 2 2. / 4

/2 ‘ ’ 9 '

g’éxv/ E :4; I
[2722 2277272 222/ 22/. 2572752222]:

\

\\ \\
\ I

\\ E

 

 

 

D/Mf/VS/ O/VS
Zf/VGTH (/27? ”2227222272, 5/2275

ﬁ22/2227/2W227222/22 2222/2
Bﬁfﬂﬂ/W-(W 22222272 7222222

 

 

 

FIGURE 22.—2d.

THE NOSE.

DIMENSIONS.

65

When a nose is but slightly undulated and at same time
very concave, or decidedly humped, it would naturally be
classiﬁed as “humped” or “ concave,” the expression slzg/zlly
undulated being added.

11. The z'nelz‘naz‘z'mz of the base of the nose may be Elevated
(Fig. 22, A. to E), Horz'zmzml (Fig. 22, F. to J.), or Depressed
(Fig. 22. K. to 0.) These words are self—explanatory.

III. The particular form of the cavity at the root of the
nose may be described as slut/[0w or deep, with base wide or
71477071}.

7. The words denoting the inclination of the base—Ele-
vated, lzorz'wntal or depressed—should be coupled, according
to the case, with one of the ﬁve terms assigned to the ridge.
Concave, reclz'lz'neal, convex, /zzmzped, undulated.

8. EXAMPLE—Nose concave with the base elevated (Fig.
22, A.) or, for greater rapidity, concave nose elevated; or,
again, humped depressed (Fig. 22, N.) Rectilineal horizontal
(Fig. 22, G.), etc.

9. Although the employment of the two epithets is indis-
pensable, it must not be supposed that in practice all the terms
of one division can be combined with all in the other divisions
and in the same proportion.

10. Certain combinations are much more frequently met
with than others.

II. The undulated nose, for instance, is very often de-
pressed (Francis I type), (Fig. 22, O.)

12. The concave nose has ordinarily an elevated base,
(familiarly called a “ turned up ” nose), (Fig. 22, A.); while the
base of the convex nose is either horizontal (Jewish type, Fig.
22, H.), or depressed (“hooked,” like a parrot’s beak), (Fig.
22, M), etc.

13. The rectilineal nose with horizontal base, and with a
root but slightly deﬁned, constitutes the classic nose of the
Greek statuary.

I4. A convex nose with base elevated is exceptional, and a
concave nose with base depressed, still more so. (Fig. 22, K.)

15. The combinations instanced in the foregoing para—

66

graphs are of the two divisions, ridge and ﬁasc. \Vith the ex-
ception of mzdztlazm’ ridges (paragraph 6, No. 5) there will
seldom be occasion for coupling two qualiﬁcatives of the same
division. .

16. For forms in transition from one type of nose to an-
other, it is advisable to have recourse to the method of sublin-
eation and parentheses similarly used in designating the color
of the eyes.

17. Thus a nose (012w,- a’r’pn‘ssm’ (convex underlined). im—
plies a nose exceedingly convex (Fig. 22, M.); while (convex)
dzprrssed—(COnvex in parenthesis) signifies slightly convexed,
almost a straight nose. Same difference between mm’zt/nlm’
and (undulated.)

18. The underline will represent always the emphatic
form, and the parenthesis, the form less pronounced—appronr/z-
z'zzg the y’arz‘z‘lz‘lzml for the ridge of the nose. and the Izorz'wzzm!
for the base.

19. The parentheses permit you to restrict the use of the
words rectilineal and horizontal to ridges positively straight
and bases exactly horizontal.

 

B.—Dz‘mmsz‘mzs. (Fig. 22. 2d.)

20. Having spoken ofform, it now remains for us to treat
of that other element of every solid—a’izm'nsz‘mzs.

21. For the sake of clearness in the notation. it is impor—
tant to have these two points of view distinctly separated.

22. The three dimensions of the nose are its [e’llg'l/l. [rig/2r-
2‘22)”, and bread/Ix.

23. The meaning of these expressions should be determined.

24. The length is not measured along the ridge of the nose
as might naturally be supposed. It is the perpendicular line
X Z (Fig. 22, 2d G), from the root of the nose to the sub-nasal
point. The illusion of apparently increased length in noses
with depressed bases, which always seem longer than they
really are, and of decreased length in elevated noses which
always seem short, is thus’avoided.

67

25. The frojeelion of the nose is the distance from the most
salient point of the tip to the perpendicular line X. Z. (G.)

26. The omen; is the greatest transverse distance be-
tween the two wings.

27. The direct measurement of the three dimensions by
means of compasses would present certain difﬁculties in execu-
Iion. The operator may therefore content himself with noting
on a second line, under the heading Peen/iezrilies, dimensions
that are very far removed either way from the average.

28. The abbreviation “ m ” (for medium) under dimensions
will explain the absence of any observation of this kind.

29. Considered with reference to its three dimensions, a
nose may be long, medium or s/zort (Fig. 22, 2d P. Q. R.); with a
projection prominent, moderate/y prominenz‘, or slightly/prominent
(Fig. 22, 2d P. Q. R.); and lastly, with respect to its breadth,
[1rozm’, 111ea’i211n or narrow (Fig. 22, 2d S. T. U.)

The term ﬁn; is applied only to noses that are broad and
but slightly prominent. The word erns/zea’ may be used for
noses flattened by an accident.

30. Large, slender and pointed are applied especially to the
point of the lobule—(tip of the nose)—the peculiarity being
noted only when very marked.

31. T/ze words LARGE and SMALL, as embracing all of l/ze
t/m'e dzmensions, s/zon/o’ never be employed.

32. By employing the above adjectives in the order ob-
served, and exclusively for the special designations assigned
to them, you avoid a repetition in each indication of the words:
Length, breadth and height. If it is understood, for instance,
that the adjective large shall be employed only for the tip of
the nose, a nose large would necessarily signify a nose with a
large or ﬂeshy tip.

33. Under the heading Peen/inrities should appear any mal-
formation or peculiarity worthy of note that cannot properly
be placed under the divisions Proﬁle and Dimensions.

34. \Ve instance: “Nose twisted to the right (or left),”
pimpled nose, red nose, root of the nose very pronounced (or
scarcely deﬁned) tip of the nose large (or pointed), etc.

68

35. The seven observations following are especially to be
noted.

Ist. The slight swelling in the form of an elongated olive,
situated at the junction of the nasal bone with the cartilage and
about two centimeters below the root, forming what is known
as the érzkzgre of the nose. The swelling does not show asa
protuberance on the ridge when seen in proﬁle, but when
viewed full face, and if very pronounced, it gives the nose a
special character. It may be noted in the “ peculiarities" as
[Viagra ﬂat (or wide.)

2d. A flat,triangular place noticed sometimes on the end
of the nose—the two nasal cartilages on reaching the tip seem
to bifurcate—which may be described by the words: Em! of
noseﬂal; or again, when each cartilage makes a distinct ridge
or protuberance under the skin : End of nose bzllulmi.

3d. A nose with sub-parlz'fz'on exposed. The partition of
the nose is the cartilage that separates the nostrils from each
other. Its lower edge is generally seen. A nose is said to
have its partzé‘z‘ozz amused when the cartilage extends consid-
erably below the lower limit of each nostril.

This peculiarity is frequently met with in convex noses
Of the Jewish type. It should be noted only when very
pronounced.

4th. The nose generally known as the “classic Greek "
(described also, but wrongfully, as a straight nose) draws its
characteristic from the combination of a ra‘z‘z'lz'uml Izorzborzml
proﬁle (with three medium dimensions), having the root but
slightly marked—(shallow)——-with a forehead having the same
inclination as the ridge of the nose.

5th. \Ve have now to speak of the relation of the nose to
the regions adjoining.

Does the lower portion of the face project? If the jaws,
(or the upper jaw only) extend forward, the lower part of the
nose will be thrown in the same direction; and the more
marked the projection the greater will be the angle formed by
the line of the ridge with the vertical.

This peculiarity should also be noted by some appropriate

69

formula : Projeclz‘on of t/ze jaws, projection of t/ze upper jaw, of
flu” middle of t/ze upper jaw,- or again, under the general for-
mula of prominence of Me lower part of ilze face—there being no
need of mentioning the exaggerated inclination of the ridge
of the nose resulting therefrom.

6th. It is the same with the angle formed by the ridge of
the nose and proﬁle of the forehead.

The fore/lead, considered with regard to its inclination, may
be either convex or siraig/n‘ (or perpendicular), slzg/iz‘ly receding
or very receding.

The angle made by the nose and forehead will, of course,
increase proportionately, and there will be no necessity to
note it.

7th. The nostrils also give cause for some special observa-
tions. They may be pinclzed or wide. Their openings become
oval in the ﬁrst case, and more or less round in the second.
“'hen this latter form is plainly apparent it is a noteworthy
characteristic.

\Ve cannot repeat too often that the various peculiarities
enumerated in the preceding paragraphs should be noted
only when very pronouned.

A notation of the proﬁle and dimensions conformably with
the vocabulary of appellations is quite sufﬁcient for the re-
quirements of a good description in the majority of cases,
without any additional notes.

APPROXIMATION AND LIMITATION OF POSSIBLE DEVIATIONS.

37. The series of qualiﬁcatives describing the direction of
the ridge of the nose is presented in the following order:
Concave, Concave, ( Concave.)
Reciz'linealﬂ (Hzmzped), Izmnped, lzmnped.
, (Convex), convex, convex.
Each term in this progression could be confounded, accord-
ing to the case, with the term preceding or following, with-
out the observer being at fault. It would be considered an
error, however, if he should step over one class and into the
next. Thus (concave), signifying slig/iz‘ly concave, might be con-

7O

founded with raciz'lz'lzeal, but not with s/zg/zt/y lzztmpcd—(kzmzpm’)
—nor s/zg/zily conmx—(conwm)

In like manner the confusing or mutate—(underlined) with
(coizmve)——(in parenthesis) would constitute a fault.

In Undulated Ridges a super-position of the serial order
might OCCur. Thus a'nose mza’ulalm’ (comm?) might be char—
acterized at a subsequent observation as zma’zz/m‘e’a’ re‘cz‘z‘lz'izcal.
but not as main/arid lzumpm’. In the same way each term of
the class s/z'g/n‘ly mza’zz[ataZ—(ulza’zr/az‘ed) might be confounded
with the corresponding group of non-zmdulaled.

38. The series of the Inclination of the Base which pre-
sents neither bifurcation nor super-position is more simple still.

It commences with the form the most elevated and descends
progressively to the most depressed:

E/c’vatm’, elevatm’ (altt'az‘m’), ﬂorzbmzml, (dcprcsscd) Jr’fn’Sﬂ‘J.
depressaz’.

Thanks to the intermediate terms, it is difﬁcult to confound
exceeding/y (/ctm‘m’ with slzg/zf/y clevm‘ed, or this latter with
s/zg/zz‘ly dc‘pn‘ssm'.

39. It is the same with the qualiﬁcatives of (Iii/1522522712. The
series long, 1Izedz'ztiiz,s/zorz‘, and prominml, modarm‘e/y promz'mnl.
slzg/zﬂy prominent, as well as broad, madz'ztm, ”(27"7’0’20, may also
present a like super-position or confusion of contiguous terms.
In this division the seven term series with parentheses and
underlines may be omitted. Its use, however. is optional with
the observer.

In any case, the confusion or transposition of two ex-
treme qualiﬁcatives is not possible: what is narrow, for in-
stance, for one observer, may be regarded as medium by
another, but not as broad.

So, no matter what the class under consideration may be,
the discrepancies (we will not say errors) between two ob-
servers will be conﬁned within very narrow limits, which can,
a prz'orz', be deﬁned exactly for each case taken separately.

In order to be proﬁcient, it is necessary to have at the
tongue’s command the serial order, either ascending or de-
scending, of the various terms in the several divisions.

71

ABBREVIATIONS.

40.

The employment of the following abbreviations per-
mits greater rapidity in writing.

The narrowness of the

columns of the descriptive card, moreover, renders the use
of them almost indispensable.
however, that all descriptive extracts furnished at the com—
mand of the courts, or at the request of other prison author-
ities, should have the words written out in full.

Rectilineal, rect.
Concave, cave.
Convex, vex.
Humped, hump.
Undulated, und.
Prominent,
Slightly “

It is hardly necessary to say,

Horizontal, hor.
Elevated, elev.
Depressed, dep.
prom.
51. p.

Long, short, broad, narrow, large, ﬂat, slender, need not be

abbreviated.

SPECIMENS OF A FE'W NOSE FORMULAS.

Rect. hor.
m. m. m.

Rect. hor.
Short m. broad.

Cave.
m.

hor.
m. m.
Vex. hor.
m. prom. m.

(Cave)
Long.

Rect. elev.
m. prom. broad.

(Und. hump.) dep.

m. m. m.

Und. cave. elev.
Short. ﬁat. broad.
Vex. hump. dep.
Long m. m.

elev.

51. p. m.

PART 'THIRD.

DESCRIPTION OF PARTICULAR MARKS, SCARS, ETC.*

Every individual mark should be described with respect to :
1. Its nature (or designation.)

2 Its direction (or inclination.)

3. Its dimensions.

4

Its situation with regard to one or two speciﬁed points
of the body.

CHAPTER I.

DESIGNATION, INCLINATION, AND DIMENSIONS OF THE MARK
TO BE DESCRIBED.

I. NATURE OR DESIGNATION.

I. A scar may be caused by a ﬁnger cut, an abscess or a
carbuncle, or again, by a knife-thrust, gun-shot wound, burn,
etc.

2. When the prisoner’s account of the origin of the scar

seems probable it should be noted on the descriptive list; but
the word “ scar” may, for the sake of rapidity, be omitted.

*NOTE.—\Ve make no special mention of ration-21112113, which are generally de-
scribed with sufﬁcient accuracy by the prison receiving ofﬁcer. They ought, however,
to be given an equal place with the others in the descriptive notes, although their value
for the purpose of identiﬁcation is always less than that of scars, moles, etc.

A tattoo mark may always be worked over, and to a certain extent obliterated ; a
scar is unchangeable.

72

 

In .
ﬂan-15

      

       

FIGURE 23.
FRONT FACE.

_..._‘—~: . .V

LEFT

‘\\\\\ \

1, /
42/

“\

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

FIGURE 24.

HALF OF THE FRONT FACE
OF THE BODY.

73

For instance; “Abscess under middle of right jaw,” instead

of “ scar from abscess,” etc. “ Carbuncle on breast," etc., in-
stead of “ scar from carbuncle,” etc.
3. The customary names given to birth marks will convey a
sufﬁciently clear idea of their appearance without further de-
scription. We mention : “ Strawberry mark,” “coffee,” “ ﬂy,”
“ cock’s crest," etc.

4. The consideration w/zic/t ong/zt to take precedence of all
others in picking out the scars and marks to be noted, is that of
their duration or permanency.

The worst mistake an observer can make is to note down
as indelible an identifying mark which may disappear or be
effaced.

5. \Vhen in doubt regarding the permanency of a mark,
the word transient should be added, followed by a query (P), or
in case of a scar not yet closed, the word “fres/z.”

II. DIRECTION OR INCLINATION.

6. A mark, and.particularly a scar, may have a vertical,
ooliqne, or horizontal inclination, and a rectilineal, curved, oval, '
circular, nna’nlatecl or oolong form, or may present the appear-
ance ot broken lines, or a cross, or of the letters V. Z. X., etcﬁ'<

7. To determine the direction of scars situated on the
arms and hands, stand the subject to be examined in the posi-
tion of a “soldier without arms :” the body erect, the arms
hanging naturally at the sides. (Fig. 23.)

8. It is unnecessary to say that scar points, round scars,
moles, etc., have no direction.

9. In the description of scars, a relative exactness must
not be assigned to the words horizontal, oblique and vertical. In
a strict sense no scar is as horizontal as a water-level or as ver-
tical as a plumb-line. If such a precise signiﬁcation were at-
tached to the words, all scars would then be styled oblique,
and that word would lose its entire value.

NOTE—A sketch of the scar may be drawn, if deemed necessary.

74

IO. ln doubtful cases the difﬁculty may be overcome by
describing the scars as Izorz'zoIzIaZ-oblz'gae or oblique-vertical, etc.

11. \Vhen describing rectilineal-oblique scars, distinguish
between oélz’gza‘ly inward and oblz'gza‘ly outward or ob/z'qztrly for-
ward and oélz‘qzzdy bar/cztrara’, according to the direction the
scar would take, inward or outward, forward or backward, if
lengthened in imagination from the highest point down—
ward, supposing the subject to be standing in the position
of a “soldier without arms," (see Section I of Chapter
II.) For cart/rd scars, note which way the' concave side,
or cavity faces. A curved line, the general direction of
which is horizontal, may have either an zzpztvardravz'fy or down-
ward cavz’iy; if it is vertical, these terms become from‘ or war,
£er257 or oaz‘cr, as the case may be.

If it is oblique, the cavity is to be regarded as neither up-
ward nor downward.

III. DIMENSIONS.

12. The unit of measure for scars is the centimeter; thus,
one, two, three centimeters will be written; 1, 2, 4, etc.: and
one, two, three millimeters: o.1-—o.2——o.3.

13. Length and breadth are indicated eitherin centimeters
or millimeters as the case may be, an absolute exactness not
being essential.

I4. In these descriptions the centimeters and millimeters
are rarely coupled. A scar may be 4, 5 or 6 millimeters, or I,
2 or 3 centimeters; but a scar measuring exactly 5 centimeters
7 millimeters would be noted as having a length of 6
centimeters.

15. When the scar is round, the diameter only is indi-
cated; but when oblique or oval the two diameters must be
given.

16. Sears and cuts on the ﬁngers should be carefully noted
as soon as it becomes evident that the forms they have as-
sumed will be lastincr.

I7. \Vhen their number exceeds three or four for both
hands, the pr1nc1pal ones only need be noted. Furthermore.

75

for this class of scars no dimensions are indicated except those
that exceed, either in length or breadth, the ordinary limits.
The scarcely visible marks that may be passed by for a subse-
quent examination may be noted as sag/1x.

18. The same may be said of moles, beauty spots, etc.
They are so numerous on some individuals that a description
of each one of them would be impossible. In such cases the
principal ones only are described; the words, “and many
others,” being added. When expedient, their diameter, gen-
eral appearance, etc., may be noted. For instance: “Hairy
mole on ”

 

76

CHAPTER II.

SITUATION OF THE MARKS TO BE DESCRIBED.

SECTION 1.

WHAT IS. MEANT BY FRONT AND REAR, INNER AND OUTER
FACES.

I9. Whatever part of the human body we may consider,
it will be recognized as having four faces: Frwzz‘, war and two
sides.

20. Taking the trunk for example, the front face will be
represented by the breast, the rear face by the back, and the
side faces by the right and left sides. (Figs. 23 and 24.)

21. For the members, the side faces may be distinguished
as inner and outer, according as they may be turned toward
or away from the indiVIdual. (Fig, 25.)

22. In making this distinction for the upper members it is
taken for granted, as was suggested in the Chapter on Inclina—
tion, that the examined subject is placed in the position ofa
“soldier without weapons ;” his arms hanging full length at the
sides, his little ﬁngers pressed against the seams of his trousers,
and the palms of his hands turned compchc/y lo 1/26 from‘, that is
to say, on a plane parallel with his face and breast.

23. In this position the inner angle of the elbow, the palm
of the hand and the ﬂeshy side of the ﬁngers are regarded as
having afrom‘ face, while the elbow, the back of the hand and
backs of the ﬁngers, nails included, are considered as having a
rmr face.

 

!
..\

x...

V}

 

FIGURE 25

hird or Ring Finger.
Middle Finger.

’1'

5.

ace of the Right Hand

Front I

I.

6.

Inner Face.

Outer F21

2.

Index or Fore Finger.

Thumb.

ce.

Little Finger.

3.

8.

4,

N

LN

Qim-i-

FIGURE

Rear Face of the Right Hand.

Outer Face of the Right Thumb.
Inner Face of the Right Thumb.
Outer Face of the Right Fore Finger.
Inner Face of the Right Fore Finger.

Outer Face of the Right Middle Fingcr.

 

Rear Face of the Right Middlc Finger.
Inner Face of the Right Middle Finger.
Outer Face of the Right 'l'hird Finger.
Inner Face of the Right Third Finger.
Outer Face of the Right Little linger.
Inner Face of the Right, Little Finger.

77

24. The inner face extends from the arm-pit to the little
ﬁnger, and the oztterface from the shoulder to the thumb.

25. The faces of each ﬁnger are designated on the same
principle, according as they may be turned toward or away
from the individual.

26. Taking the middle ﬁnger for example, the face which,
in the position of a “soldier without arms” already described,
is turned to the front, is called the from face of lee 7/zz'a’d/e
ﬁzzgrr, the reverse the rear facg; while the face that touches
the fore—ﬁnger, is styled the outer face, and that which touches
the third ﬁnger the z'nmrface. Inversely, the side of the third
ﬁnger touching the middle ﬁnger is termed the ozzz‘e’rfacz of
1/15 t/zz'ra’ ﬁnger, and the corresponding side of the fore-ﬁnger,
the z'mzcr sz'a’c of 1/11? fore-ﬁnger. (Fig. 26.)

27. It should be observed that in consequence of the use
of the words outer and inner the terms of description will be
identically the same, whether the right or left hand be ex-
amined. These expressions have the further advantage of do-
ing away with the repetition and juxtaposition of the words
right and left in such formulas as “the left face of the right
middle ﬁnger,” “the right face of the right third ﬁnger,” etc.
By analogy, and in order-to avoid the disagreeable and con-
fusing repetition of the words right and left, the terms z'nfrmzt
of and éc/zz'mz’ are often used in their place.

For instance: “Mole, 8 centimeters behind (or in front of)
right nipple,” or “in front of and above the seventh vertebrae.”

28. In practice, for the sake of rapidity, the word “face” is
suppressed.

EXAMPLE—“Left fore-ﬁnger outer,” instead of “left fore-ﬁnger outer face.”

78

, SECTION II.

SPECIAL DESIGNATION OF THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE BODY
————TERMS AND ANOMALIES PECULIAR TO EACH.

29. In describing peculiar marks, the following order of
situation should be observed :
I. Left arm and fore-arm and then left hand.
II. Right arm and fore-arm and then right hand.
III. Face, ears and front of the neck.
IV. Breast and fore—part of the shoulders.
V. Back of the neck and region of the back.
VI. Other parts of the body exhibiting irregularities
worthy of note.

30. By making it a rule always to begin with an upper left
member before passing to the right, and in general with the
left half of the body before the right, you diminish the chances
of confusion, always prejudicial, arising from the use of the
words right and left.

Each of the six divisions enumerated in the foregoing para-
graph should appear in its proper place in the description of
scars, tail/i ifs Roman 7221712670! iii [115’ margin, and should be
separated from the divisions preceding and following, by a
horizontal line.

I—II. ARMS, FORE-ARMS AND HANDS (RIGHT AND LEFT).

31. a. The arm begins at the shoulder and ends at the
elbow. The allmw, considered with regard to its four faces.
may be analyzed as follows: Elbow proper or (/120er rmr (face),
i‘ [2020 imzcr (face), elbow ozm’r (face), and inside (mg/e of [/15 c/[mau
which, by analogy and for the sake of abbreviation, we call
elbow from (face). (Fig. 27.)

32. There are two extremities, shoulder and elbow, that
serve as measuring or locating points in describing the situa-
tion of a scar on the arm.

Ex.\MPLEs.-—Horizontal rectilineal scar of 4 centimeters, IO centimeters above left
elbow front—(Fig. 2"). Mole, 5 centimeters below left shoulder outer.

 

FIGURE 27.

LEFT HALF OF THE FRONT FACE OF
THE BODY.

. Left shoulder. 6. Horizontal Rectilineal Scar. 4 cm.-
7. Left elbow. Inner (face). IO cm. above left elbow front.
3. Imft rlbow. Front ( " ). 7. Mole 5 cm. below left shoulder. outer.
. lmft elbow. ()uter( “ ). 8. Tattooed anchor, 3 x 2 elm—14 cm.

—. Left fore-arm. Front (“ ). above left wrist front.

1 Palm.
2. Thumb.

3. Fore Finger.
4 Middle Finger.
5 Third Finger.

 

Little Finger.
First joint.
Second Joint.
'l‘hird joint.

I .

u: 4. u:

lictwccn

 

FIGURE 29.
Rear face of the Right Hand.

incl; of the Hand. 6. 335C of Thumb.
third and little Fingers. A. First Phalanx of Fingers.
middle and third " B. Sccund “

fore and middle “ C. Third
thumb and turc “

 

, /
j “A,” , l.
13/”

   

32

FIGURES 3o, 31, 32.
ANOMALIES OF THE FINGERS

0. Shortened Finger.
. X2111 (levmtcd and thmkened.
Strmtcd or spht null.

(.24 41 1,)
I. H

79

33. b. The fore-arm extends from the elbow to the wrist——
two locating points that serve in the same capacity for the
fore-arm as the shoulder and elbow do for the arm proper.

EXAMPLES—Anchor tattooed, 3 centimeters by 2, 14 centimeters above left wrist
front—(Fig. 27.)

34. c. The upper part of the lzmza’ may be divided into:

Ist. The front face—the palm.
2d. The rear face—the back of the hand, ﬁngers
not included.

Then come the ﬁngers, viz; T/zzmzo, fore- 72g”, Huddle
ﬁnger, z‘lzz'm’ or ring-ﬁnger and [Z‘ZVZE ﬁnger (Fig. 28).

35. Each ﬁnger, thumb excepted, is composed of three
f/m/ngcs, united to one another byjoz'm‘s.

36. @Coizformaobr z‘o scz'elzz‘zﬁc usage, [mt coizfrary lo popu-
[m' cz/slom,1ue will in cizzmzemz‘z'ng z‘lze ﬁlm/mgr“ commence at Me
z/pﬂcr c.1’z‘rc1122'lzcs of Z/ze ﬁ/zgcrs: 15f p/ccl/a/zx and Is! joz'Izz‘, 2d
[7/10/sz and 212' joint, 312' p/za/mzx and 3djoz'izl. The ﬁrst joint
is therefore contiguous in from“ to the palm, and in rear to the
[lack of Me Ila/72d.

37. The 1/110;le has but two phalanges and two joints. The
part of the hand that unites it to the wrist, has, for greater
rapidity in practice, received the name of [loseof t/ze l/zzmzo or
[luau/Loose.

38. The intervals between the ﬁngers are known as: Be—
weeiz 27mm!) and ﬁrsz‘, oetwceiz ﬁrst and second, octet/em second
and Mini, [Jelwcm Z/zz'rcz’ mzdlz'z‘z‘le ﬁirzgers. (Fig. 29.)

Between thumb and fore-ﬁnger rear is very often the seat
of small tattoo marks (anchors, hearts, initials, etc.,) which
should not be overlooked.

39. The ﬁngers may have one, two, or three phalanges
amputated.

40. Often the last phalanx has simply a piece cut off, with-
out being actually amputated; in such a case the ﬁnger is said
to be s/corz‘mca’. (Fig. 30.)

41. Cases where the stump of a nail is more or less twisted,
or has deviated, should also be carefully noted. (Fig. 31.)

 

80

Fingers that have previously been crushed have sometimes a
t/zz'ckmaz’ nail. A wound at the root of the nail occasions what
we call a slrz'aim’ or split nail—a characteristic of frequent 0c-
currence and of great permanence, and which is easily de—
scribed,—noted brieﬂy thus: Right middle ﬁnger—nail striated.
(Fig. 32.) .

42. Finally, the ﬁnger joints, and in general all the joints,
may be stzﬂmed or mzc/zylosea’, either slzg/zﬂy or romp/51d}. In
the ﬁrst-named condition they can be moved but imperfectly:
in the latter, not at all. In complete anchylosis it is necessary
to state whether the two members are consolidated in a
straight line, or at a right or obtuse angle. (See the remarks
relative to the measurement of ﬁngers Ist Part, Chap. II.)

III. FACE. EARS AND FRONT OF THE NECK.

43. a. It is sufﬁcient to name again, without deﬁning them,
the different parts of the face which may be the seat of par-
ticular marks, or which may serve as points to indicate their
position (Figs. 33, 34.)

44. They are, commencing at the top, the seal/7 and the
line of grow”; of i/zc luzz‘r; the frmzml ézmzps (Hg/22‘ and left) and
the card/y m‘ #16 7002‘ qf Z/ze’ hose; then the eye-hows, which are
divided into :

Imzm‘ 1702.72! 0f [/16 7'1ng or [eff air-brow.

Oztlcr pain! of {/16 rig/22‘ or [tft (yr-brow.

1U z'a’d/e of 1/16 rig/at 0r [aft Qi'c-brow.

Then follow the rig/2t and 1sz eyes with their zz/ybrr and
lower eye/222’s having an inner and Ollic‘?‘ angle; the ridge and
base of 1/16 nose, which, taken together, form what is called
the ﬂroﬁ/e‘ of 1/25 71056.

7716 wings of 1/10 Izosc—rzg/zz‘ and quz‘;

7716 end or tip of ﬁle yzosc;

The zma’cr par! of {/25 nose and My [10517275, the dividing line
of which outlines the base of the nose (already named.)

7716 claim

7716 point of Me c/zz'n;

T/ze’ under part of ﬂu? c/zz‘n.

um» .W- w.

.- ,.mnm t.

,{r{:_./
,V. /.
>é——/

 

FIGURE 33.

I. Scalp. 10. Cheek.

2. Right frontal bump. 11. Right jaw.

3. eft " “ 12. bin.

4. Median line, forehead 13. Scar obliquely forward, downward
5. Outer point right eyebrow. cavity, 3 centimetres, left temple
6. Inner “ “ above outer point eyebrow.

7. Inner angle of left eye. 14. Rectilineal scar, right-oblique, 2
8. Outer “ “ “ cemtimetres. middle of forehead;
g. Cavity at root of the nose. 4 centimetres above root of nose.

 

 

9????5

     
 

  
 
   

  

I y

1 . Z 4 ‘.

It 4 2 ‘l

t ‘_ . % I
[7 ///

/
//

‘1

C)

///6
mm ’
b

-./ /

Z/

//////// / ,
g
l
t

K
p
3

FIGURE 34.

Right Temple. 7. Point or Tip of the Nose.
Right Cheek Bone. 8. Base of the Nose.
Right Cheek. 9. Right Corner of the Mouth.
Right Jaw. IO. Chin.
Ridge of the Nose. 11. Point of the Chin.
Right “'ing of the Nose. 12. Under part of the Chin.

13 Mole, 3c. in front of Righ Tragus.

14. Scar, right oblique. rectilineal‘ upward cavity.

1%c., right eye-brow outer.

/,//~/

//

 

5

, ,/ a
z , ﬁ/ﬂ7% /a//
///////%%/

   

39/}?

/

,

/

E

 
 

,,,,/:/,/,,

(”é/14;

FIGURE 35
THE E

XR.

,
‘

Cavity of the shell.
Rim of the shell.

7.

Lower rim.

8.

U DPCF rim,

n...n
uvf
THO
cult
hmm
hum.
0mg
wun
”an.“
r’r
mma
‘. t
IRS
‘
9a....
II
n U
.n‘ S
uwoh
mabt
rron
FTLA

.7
4
5.
6

, , ,.: , ‘ r;

a:

an: 1, 13!!!! iii.

I

 

FIGURE 36.

Indented.

0. Flattened or bruised.

81

45. If from the chin we ascend obliquely in the direction
of the ear, we will encounter the base’ of ﬂu? Meet and more
particularly, the parts of the maxillary bone known as the
mgr/22‘ and leftjaw.

46. Abscesses worthy of note will very often be observed
on the necks of scrofulous individuals, situated under the jaw
and from ﬁve to ten centimeters from the ear.

47. Just above, we find the daze}? proper, then the c/mné-
bone and, to the rear and higher up, the z‘mzplvs.

48. 5. Having reached the ear, we notice the small car-
tilage of the tragus, very convenient as a locating point for the
scars of the cheek; then, underneath it, the lobe of 1/26 ear
(which may be wanting); then, above, the rim of Z/ze ear, which
is divided into three parts;from‘, upper and Iowan (Fig. 35.)

49. The rim may be wanting or ﬂattmcd, or izoz‘c/zaz’, or
brztz'sua’, or may present nodes and z'ﬂdmzmz’z'mzs, which, reproduced
by photography, are valuable aids in establishing identity.
They are always important peculiarities and should, when they
present themselves, be included in the list of particular marks.
(Fig. 36.)

50. Examples of scars observed on the face:

“ Scar obliquely forward, cavity downward, 3 centimeters, left temple."-e
(Fig. 33.)

“ Mole, 3 centimeters in front of right tragus.’

“ Scar obliquely backward, upward cavity, 13% centimeters, right eye-brow outer.’
—(Fig. 34.)

“Scar right oblique, rectilineal, 2 centimeters, middle of forehead, 4 centimeters
above root of nose.” (Fig. 33.)

y

7

51. c. On the front of the 71561? is situated Adam's app/6’,
familiar to every one, and lower down, just at the top of the
breast, is found the fork of UM sternum—by abbreviation the
for/1’, simply—both valuable points for describing the location
of the moles, birthmarks and scars that are frequently found
in this vicinity.

EXAMPLE—H Mole, 3 centimeters above fork and 2 centimeters to left of Adam’s
apple.”-—-(Fig. 37.)

:szz-azu

14'7”.» -- .

 

 

82

IV. BREAST.

52. a. The rig/1t and left mp1)!“ render a like service for
the breasi.

EXAMPLE—Mole, 5 centimeters above and in front of right nipple, and S
centimeters below fork—(Fig. 37.)

53. When the mark to be described is situated beyond the
region of the fork, f/ze mm’z'mz line is taken as the second
locating point.

EXAMPLE—Slight scar oblique inward, upward cavity, 5 centimeters (long), 8
centimeters below left nipple, and 10 centimeters from the median line—(Fig. 37.)

54. By median lz'lzc we understand the imaginary line
which divides the human body into two equal and symmetrical
parts, and which, in front, passes through the middle of the
forehead, the proﬁle of the nose, the chin, the fork, the navel

and the crotch. (Fig. 37.)

V. BACK OF THE NECK AND REGION OF THE BACK.

55. a. On the back, the median line is represented by the
veriebral column—abbreviated, (011171112 or backbone. (Fig. 38.)

56. [2. The second and last locating point for the entire
region of the back is the St‘i't'lll/z or fromz‘mvzz‘ vertebra.

EXAMPLE.-Carbuncle, 4 centimeters below 7th and 13 centimeters to left of
column.—(Fig. 38.)

The seventh vertebra (by abbreviation “7th,“ simply) is
situated on the vertebral column, a little above the line of the
shoulders. It is quite prominent on lean men,even when the
neck is in its normal position. \Vhen it is invisible, its loca-
tion must be determined by feeling with the ﬁngers, or by
bending the subject’s head forward.

57. It is difﬁcult sometimes to distinguish the seventh
vertebra from the sixth or ﬁfth, which may be equally prom-
inent. But the errors that may result from any confusion in
this respect are too slight to be noticed.

 

 

 

 

..

09A?»

ll
. \
- .\\_l
‘ i
- §
-§
3

6% //

FIGURE 37.

Mrdian Lint.
Adam's Apple.
Fork of the Stcrnum.
Male. 3 cent. above Fork, and 2 cent to left of Adanfs Apple.
Mole, 12 cent.ab0\'e right Nipple,and 4 cent. from Median Linc.
.,car. obliquely inward. slight upward cavity. 5 cum. lung, 8 cent.

bclo \v left Nipple and 10 cemfrom Median Linc.

U:

 

FIGURE 38.

Vertebral Column.

Seventh Vertebra (7th simply.)

Carbuncle. 4 cent. above 7th and 3 cent. to 1ch of Column.

Rectilineul Scnr‘ obliquely inward. 4 cent. \long\ 30 cent. below 7111.
and 13 cent. to left of Column.

Male. 10 cent. to right of Column. 18 cent. below 7th.

83

VI. ANOMALIES AND INDIVIDUAL MARKS ON OTHER PARTS
OF THE BODY. ‘

58. The same method of description, the use of which we
have just explained in connection with the upper members and
trunk, is equally applicable to the lower members. Its appli-
cation being much more restricted, however, we will not enter
into any details.

59. The observer having famillarized himself with the
foregoing examples, will be able to describe easily every case
that comes under his notice. He need never hesitate, we may
add, to deviate in his descriptions from the rules laid down,
and to employ words and expressions in current use whenever
those speciﬁed in the preceding chapters are not sufﬁciently
precise.

CHAPTER III.
REVIEW AND GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

60. There is no one who ooes not bear on his person, in
greater or less numbers, and often unknown to himself, some
moles or scars. Five or six of these individual marks will suf-
ﬁce to distinguish a man among millions of others, on the sine
qua mm condition, however, that they be minutely described.

61. It is important to remark that one locating point is
not sufﬁcient to determine exactly the situation of a particular
mark, unless the mark to be noted is found just on the locating
point, or very near it.

62. For instance, a mark noted in these terms: Illa/e 12 centi-
meters from rig/z! mfp/zg—might be situated on any point what-
ever of the imaginary circumference described around the
nipple, with a radius of twelve centimeters. (Fig. 37.)

63. The formula: Male, 12 cmz‘z'meters above rig/2t mfplz,
is somewhat more exact; the word above eliminating more
than half of the circumference mentioned.

 

84

64. But the Situation of the mark is deﬁnitely ascertained
only by the help of a second locating point; 4 centimeters from
tlze median line,- or again: 15 centimeters below t/ze fork of t/ce
sternum. »

65. This remark is equally applicable to the region of the

back, neck, etc.*
66. We cannot repeat too often that the importance of par-

ticalar marks as an indication is directly in proportion to ﬂee
preciseness of tlzeir description.

The ideal in this respect is attained when a subsequent ob-
server, engaged in similar operations elsewhere, is enabled, by
simply reading the description transmitted, to reproduce upon
himself tracings imitating exactly, as regards form, situation,
dimensions and general appearance, the individual marks
described.

The following calculation will impress you with the great
interest that results therefrom, regarded from the standpoint
of identity. '

67. Let us suppose an anthropometric indication contain—
ing under the head of particular mar/{’3 these words simply:
“One scar on t/ze breast.” Certainly this information is not
without value. But is it not easy to understand that its de-
scriptive force would have been doubled if this supplementary
information had been added: “On the left (or right) half of
the breast.” As the chances are equal of ﬁnding the scar in
question on either side of the breast, the indication: “A scar
on the left lzalf of the breast,” has a descriptive value equiv-
alent to that of “ two scars on t/ze breast" (without indicating
the side.)

68. Let us increase the number of determining words. If,
to a “scar on tlze left breast ” we add the qualiﬁcative oblique
(or horizontal or vertical) its value is again doubled, and follow-
ing the same line of reasoning as in the preceding paragraph,

*NOTE.—For cuts on the hands and limbs, however, and for certain scars on the
face, it is generally sufﬁcient to indicate one locating point; especially when it is pos-
sible to add the words: Above or below, front or behind, etc.

In this matter some latitude is allowed the observer.

85

is equivalent to that of an indication worded simply “ our scars
on [be breast."

69. In the same way, if we add “oblique inward” (there
are as many chances that the scar in question may be oblique
inward as oblique outward) its descriptive value will be once
more doubled, and the notation complete “scar oblique inwara’
on Me left breast” has the same importance from a descriptive
standpoint as the information conveyed in these bare words,
“Big/it Scars on Me breast.”

70. To the determining words mentioned, let us add : “4
eenlimelers from t/ze left nipple," or better: “4 centimeters
above left nipple,” or with still greater precision : “4 eenlinzez‘ers
abet-e left nipple, and 10 centimeters from the median line.” (Fig.
37.) To this sentence let us again add the length of the scar,
its form and, if ascertained, its origin (knife cut, abscess, burn,
etc.,) and we shall have clearly demonstrated, reasoning pro-
gressively, that the complete description drawn up in ac-
cordance with the rules given in the foregoing pages must, for
descriptive or identifying purposes, be equal in value to a form-
ula like the following: “ IVe nble l/iirz‘y-z‘wb (or even sixty-four)
scars on l/ze dies! of t/zis indivz'a’nal.”

71. Want of practice alone prevents us from discerning at
a glance the value for identiﬁcation of a description like this:
“ Mole on the back, 10 centimeters to the right of the vertebral
column, and 18 centimeters below the seventh vertebra.” (Fig.
38); while the equivalent formula: “Sixty-four scars on the
chest” convinces us at once that but a very limited number of
individuals could be found in the entire world similarly
scarred.

72. Let ﬁve or six peculiarities of this sort, observed on
the same individual (they can always be found by close exami-
nation) be noted side by side and carefully described, and you
will have a collection of proofs of identity that will surpass in
certainty all others, whether based on photographs or personal
recollectionsﬁi

*NOTE.—The minimum number of particular marks to be designated on each
subject is, we have said, ﬁve or six; but it may be expedient occasionally to nearly

86

73. The following table gives a recapitulation of the indi-
cations that a description of individual marks may contain:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

.3 situation i
t. NATURE , with respect
'5‘, E OF THE FORM. DIMENSIONS. Ivgfi‘vilfrigx to one or [ FACE
E 5 MARK. ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ i two locating 1
OZ 1 pomts. l
- l l
Scar. Rectilineal l. 2. 3. 4. Horizontal, Above, F ront,
' i
Carbuncle. or for Rectiiineal Vertical, IBelow or Rear,
Curved. 1 1
Abscess. Scars or . Under, ‘ Outer,
[ Upward, , l I
Cut. or ( Forward, . VIiddle, Inner,
Downward . l ‘
Bum. 3x4, 4x3, etc., :4 Backward, ,On, (when the
I. ' or ... l ‘_
Birthmark. 12>" for Scars 3 Inward, l Across, 'mark is sit-
§ { Inward, O i I i
11, Mole. O with two di- LOutward. ‘ —— 'u at e d on
i ,1: Outward, l E
i ‘1 m e n s i o n s , On CurvedTo right, one of the
III. ,Tattoo Marks. 3 Forward, . ;
l meaning three scars describe To left, members.)
Etc. LBackward. ~ 1
IV,‘ centimeters which way the(of one or'
i Triangular, ; ‘
long by four Cavity faces. ‘t w o locating,
V. Oval, ) l
broad, etc.) points). ‘
Round, I
VI. 1
l Half Oval, ‘
Crescent,
or like letters
Z. X. Y. V. etc.

 

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.

1n prisons and houses of detention where the daily number
of incoming and outgoing prisoners is large, ofﬁcers charged
with the taking of descriptions have found it expedient to

double this limit. \Vhen a subject exhibits a great number of scars. it is not possible
for you to make identically the same selection that another observer has made or may
hereafter make. But agreement in description as regards some of the marks is an in-
dispensable element of identiﬁcation; hence the necessity of describing nearly all the
important ones. Generally the prescribed minimum may easily be completed by ex-
amining the lower limbs more carefully than usual. In cases, very rare indeed. where
the speciﬁed number cannot be reached, the numerical insufﬁciency should be noted by
the formula : “ ’0 ut/m-s olirun'm’." i

In cases of subjects whose mmsm‘emelzl: are all average ones, have recourse to
this formula in the description of scars only after having made a minute and complete
examination.

 

Warsaw

 

87

adopt in place of the usual terms a certain number of abbre-
viations, a list of which is given below. Observers who will
familiarize themselves with it will ﬁnd that its use saves con-
siderable time, which will compensate them for the trouble of
learning. We would add, however, that abbreviations of terms
other than those enumerated in the list might lead to confusion,

and should be avoided.

 

 

(Thumb, T.
Foreﬁnger, F. F.
Middle Finger, M. F.
- ' Third Finder. T. F.
HAND- Little Finger, L. F.
Phalanx, Ph.
Joint, J.
l \Vrist, W.
(Inward, Inw
Inner, In.
Outward, Outw
Outer, Out.
Forward, Forw.
Backward, Bkw.
FACES AND Front’
SITUATIOV 4 Rear’
‘ " Downward, Down.
Upward, Up.
Above. '
Below.
Under, Und.
Right, R.
K Left, L.
(Oblique, Obl.
lNCLINA'l‘ION. 4 Horizontal, Hor.
L Vertical, Vert.
(Scar, Sc.
Rectilineal, Rect.
Curved, Curv.
I With Cavity, Cav

SUNDRY.{ Anchylosed,

Anch. (or K.)

Carbuncle, Carb.

Mole, Mole.

Forehead, F'h’d.
LCentimeter, Ct. (or C.)

APPENDIX.

PHOTOGRAPHS.

INSTRUCTIONS AS TO THE MANNER OF TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS
INTENDED TO BE FILED_VVITH CARDS ()F DESCRIPTION
AND MEASUREMENT IN AN ANTHROPOMETRIC
COLLECTION

I. The prisoner should be photographed full-face and pro-
ﬁle, the following conditions as to reduction, pose, light, and
mounting being observed.

1. REDUCTION.

2. In selecting the camera objective and in placing the
camera and posing chair in position, the purpose to be accom-
plished is to have a length of twenty centimeters on the face of
the subject to be photographed show upon the negative a re-
duced image of three centimeters (thirty millimetersl.

3. The relative positions of the chair and camera can be
quickly found with the help of an assistant, who, seated on the
posing chair, will hold perpendicularly against his face a small
wooden rule to which a white strip of paper two hundred
millimeters long has been fastened.

The photographer will then move his apparatus either way
until the twenty-centimeter strip held by the assistant gives
on the ground glass of the camera a reduced image of thirty
millimeters, which he can verify by a measuring card held in
readiness.

4. The ascertained distance should be marked by small
cleats fastened to the ﬂoor, which will allow the chair and
camera to be replaced quickly in their respective positions.

II. POSE.

5. Each subject should be photographed exactly:
I. Full-face.
2. Proﬁ/z (right side), the head being held in such a
88

89

position that the eyes will be horizontal, and looking
straight to the front.

6. Be careful for both poses to have the subject squarely
and ﬁrmly seated, his shoulders of an even height, his head
resting against the support.

7. For the proﬁle, seat the subject sideways, closely
against the back of the chair, in such a manner that both the
head and body will present a perfect side aspect, the left arm,
which should hang over the back of the chair, being invisible.

\Vithout this precaution the “proﬁle” would be nearer the
camera than the “full-face,” and would give a noticeably larger
image.

111. LIGHT.

9. The light thrown upon the full-face pose should come
from the left of the subject, his right side remaining in com-
parative shade.

10. For the “proﬁle" a light falling perpendicularly on the
head is needed.

Iv. GENERAL REMARKS.

11. The register number of the subject should be conspic-
uously fastened to his coat, to prevent an after confusion or
misplacement of the proofs.

12. As the interest in the “proﬁle” is conﬁned chieﬂy to
the indication of the slope of the forehead, the outline of the
nose and the shape of the ear, the subject’s hair should be cut
closely, or be well brushed back.

13. The ear shOuld be entirely exposed, and all proﬁle
negatives that do not sharply show its complete Outline, ought
to be thrown aside, and new ones taken.

V. SIZE AND MOUNTING OF THE PROOFS.

14. The proofs should be cut and mounted in the place
assigned them on the card of measurements, the “ proﬁle ” on
the left side, the “full-face” on the right. As much of the bust
should be shown as the negative will admit of.

15. T lze negatives s/zou/a’ never, for any reason w/zalsoever, be
retozte/zea' or altered.

 

SPECIMEN OF DESCRIPTION CARD.

(Face).

FILLED OUT.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Rem Rem Rem 0|”

____t!9_i_gh_t,.__|__m _____ .6. 7 ____________ ﬂgaﬂdgithg 19-1 L- Foot- (ZZQ “>l, EIJELQLD ______ ))____ 4&9128"_y,63f§:__.
5.199;). 2- wdth; 15-2 1118/11an “32 :‘i’iIzgrjphLZQI;ﬁﬁm. _________________________
Outs.A. .m 75 E{_Ig1h. I 5.6 nu” 4.8 Piggy __________ {£191}, ________ g3 9min ______________
Trunkv ‘ 92 in Wdth) i J "_’.E9£e,A____4_5_:§.4_L",, (EJBQQUJ _______________________ QIVWOQ

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Remarks incident I
to Measurments, ‘*

‘G “)0

Praafaugco of (aft f. fingea amputatcr
3?. f. f. 8. 9.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

DESCRIPTIV’E.
. as .
_ ........ _|_.n_9_|_-__.zg.c_e_b;%;_ .J iéaldgey cave. Mppw um Bgard, oar/611 Hainmf-gﬁggt __
I E -— L‘ I ' " .

‘55 tht. w». a3,_,,&___,8,,a_se, 52891.}. Rqot, 444. 13‘ tvybewtcb. Cgmp,|9>s£9n,_____£§1}_ﬁé;______..__,-.._-

“’J mg DIMELSIONS. E . - ‘
w__§j)_l§_/_ig_t_hg_1gt}_: ______ 2°._|_A_qug{b,_"iﬂﬁgjection, Breadth, .29 Iowan ﬂcuwaﬁggght, 160 It».

0 ..... it: _______________________________________
M“ Pergul __ __m pzom JuazoygL» Build, 414C§}_!}}_34- ___________
.. ________________________ ,PeCHh,‘ﬁtmioicbhiaieﬁt _______ ‘thn. pointcb. .

. . v 3
Measured at“JQQEEHQKPXWFJ;«1,935.?3: ___________________ 188 8: by__9naf 1,913? P“ ...........................
.Remeasm'ed, ______________________________________________________________________ C
When

and Where,

 

 

(92)

 

 

 

 

LI PTIUN (A RIM
(Rc\‘CI‘SL‘.)

HLI ICI’ “1' l.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

* Mia-:13. ”17/. 1;). 64?.
F $114,395 FL 7‘ ,,
W | ‘ 1
.7! \ ‘7 LgtCL/I I;.,,ﬁ .Q/‘IZZFINY’, 3 Q‘Cct :3.
“ t A
_ Dg°sr€Iz/._at i)“.
;.L1_Qi,,i'i111c_i*11;,ﬁ§iliq-SUN}. 1mm;
‘ 1 K V
L‘; L .)StL.L.L3{CtZlJ..,«,_,
*AI{S AND M01345.
¥ H NUM'RC‘L
ORDER. ~
——-—l¥.77 91%17,Q7s: 1.7% ‘;77:r7H-t—f\ ‘z-oui 727.77 7
7. LE 77—7 7 74447991‘427, 7$7£77£27c£9747u7 fez f.” 7 77
- __ v 9.71: 4 .- 1‘7.~1\m,7 ma. 3...; LQML
_, “_ﬁo_;4§i um u.
\ 77 7 7 ~71. Dalmwkuuggg SC xii-
a ,,@£g,u;::r_rul,3,g 1741'ng mm 7
y: _‘
w ‘ ~ ‘ .» . ‘ ~‘ ~ \
___ VVI. Lkllumluf _.__17L1.7\3._l, H‘l‘ﬂutn \ ll".
~ g _, ,J,‘ pgggc~1£L out: : ~31 : ,
M.“ w _ VVVVV _ _u> w ﬁ if N _‘
‘ 7 "1' 1w 1 :i.’:;'..u‘1y .55 to
Man“ ,_‘ V 7

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

RETURN TO the circulation desk of any
University of California Library

or to the

NORTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY
Bldg. 400. Richmond Field Station

University of California

Richmond, CA 94804-4698

ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS

0 2-month loans may be renewed by calling
(510) 642-6753

- 1-year loans may be recharged by bringing
books to NRLF

- Renewals and recharges may be made
4 days prior to due date

DUE AS STAMPED BELOW
NOV 2 8 ZDDB

Iii/AR E 32606"-

DD20 12M 1-05

 

JC BERKEiLEY _lBRARES

l“ l

mm W "* Y “Y

CUHDDDEEEE

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

i-—-'~ ‘ -:-. ‘ '3 'L'iraxii. ~ter..~.;.;.r.':~‘3"’-;.~:-¥---~v {3‘51 .. .125, '-'.‘I

 

.QQQ :\Q
- .-Q‘QQ~:\\:5:
Q Q QQ QQQQ..Q

         

$255555: “Aux.
Q Q Q..

 

 

 

y,

   

\

   

   
 

J ‘;.\|.3.\Q..

   

 

   

     
 

 

 

 

 

“Q

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

   

 

 

 

   

   

“5 wwwmuawumm