itliatin tl aig BERKELEY LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA This is an authorized facsimile of the original book, printed by microfilm-xerography on acid-free paper. UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS INTERNATIONAL Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A. London, England 1981 POLYANTUS’S STRATAGCEMS OF WAR; TRANSLATED FROM THE ORIGINAL GREER, BY R. SHEPHERD, F.R.S. te ” hr «Eo ND O N: PRINTED FOR GEORGE NICOL, BOOKSELLER TO HIS MAJESTY, PALL-MALL. M.DCC.XCI1I. oo —-— ie — Front passade Rear Passade ao» € ONTENTS BOOK 1 Names. ~ Suat. Page. No. of Codrus - I 17 - Names. : Stratagems, Page. Melanthus =z n 17 Bacchus - 3 £1 Solon’ - 2 18 Pan = - 1 6 |- Pififtratus - 3 19 Hercules - g “w | Aviftogeiton ~ 1 20 Thefeus 8 g | Polycrates - 2 21 Demophon - I 9 | Itaus - I 22 Crefphontes - I 10 | Pittacus - I 22 Cyplelus - I 10 | Bias - I 23 Halnes - I 11 Gelon - 3 23 Temenus - I 12 | Theron - 2 24 Procles - I 12 | Hieron - 2 26 Acues - I 13 | Themiftocles - 7 26 Theflalus - I 13 | Ariftides - I 29 Menelaus - 1 14 | Leonidas - 2 30 Cleomenes - 1 14 | Leotychides - I 31 Polydorus - 1 15 | Cimon - 2 31 Lycurgus - 5 1s | Myronides - 2 32 Tyrteus - 3 16 | Pericles - 2 33 Cleon XXx Names. Cleon Brafidas Niclas Alcibiades Archidamus Gylippus Hermocrates Etconicus Lyfander Agis j Thrafyllus Conon Xenophon BOOX Agefilaus Clearchus Epaminondas Pelopidas Gorgias Dercyllidas Alcetas Archilaidas " Ifidas Cleandridas Pharacidas Deiphantes Cc ONTENTS Strat. Page. s HUN nw NDT AN lan fren ° Ww wa tt Oo hd LW tn bt bd Cy Pd Be we = DN 33 34 35 36 40 42 43 44 44 46 47 47 49 SI 61 70 ¥ 5 v2 9a 73 73 74 75 Names. Eurytion Ephori Hippodamas Gaftron Mecgaclidas Harmoftes Thibron »?Demaratus Erippidas Ifcholaus Mnafippidas Antalcidas Agefipolis Sthenippus Callicratidas Magas Cleonymus Clearchus Tyran. Ariftomenes Cincas Hegetorides Dinias Nicon ‘Dixtas Tefamenus Onomarchus Strat. Page. =0 77 78 78 79 79 80 8o 8o 81 82 BD rr Are NG NS ADR ei at ee he ye OY on = BOOK CC ONT ENT S XXxi BOOK 1. Names. Strat. Page. Eumenes - 3 168 Blames, Strat. Page. Seleucus - 6 170 Demofthenes 2 95 Perdiccas - 2 172 Paches - I 96 | Caflander - 4 73 Tolmides - I 97 Lyfimachus = in 17g Phormio - 3 97 Craterus - I 176 Chithenes I 98 Polyfperchon - I 176 Phrynicus I 99 | Antiochus Seleuc. I 177 Lachares 3 100 | Antiochus Antioch. 1 177 Archinus I 100 | Antiochus Hierax I 178 Iphicrates 63 101 Philippus Demetr. 2 179 Timotheus 17 119 Ptolemaus 1 180 Chabrias 15 125 | Attalus I 180 Phocion I 129 | Perfeus - I 181 Chares 3 130 Charidemus - I 131 Demetrius Phal. 1 131 BOOK V. Philocles 1 132 Phalaris - 4 183 Dionyfius - 22 185 BOOK 1v Agathocles - 8 104 : Hipparinus J 197 Argus - I 133 Theocles - 2 198 Philippus - dg 134 | Hippocrates - 1 199 Alexander - 32 139 Daphnzus - I 200 Antipater - 3 123 Leptines - 2 200 Parmenio - 1 154 | Annon - I 201 Antigonus - 20 154 | Imilcon - 5 201 Demetrius ~ 12 164 Gefcon - I 203 : Timolcon XXX11 £ Names. Timolcon = Arifton - Thrafymede - Megacles - Pammenes - Heraclides - Agathoftratus - Lycus = Menecrates - Athenodorus - Diotimus - Tynnichus - Clitarchus - Timarchus - Eudocimus - Paufiftratus - Theognis - Diocles - Chilius - Cypzelus - Telefinicus - Pompifcus Cres. - Nicon . Nearchus Cres. - Dorotheus - Sofiftratus - Diognetus = - Archebius - Ariftocrates - - N Ao Strat. Page. Pe Be ht bt ed be TAD MN re De we oe ee DYN 204 20% 2006 207 208 210 217 212 212 213 213 215 213 216 216 217 217 218 218 219 219 220 221 223 223 223 224 224 224 T E N.T 8 Names. Ariftomachus Charimenes Calliades Memnon Philodemus - Democles Panztus *Pyraechmes *Satyrus BOOK Jafon - Alexander Pherzus Athenocles Philopzmen Aratus Pyrrhus - Apollodorus Lgyptus - Leucon Alexander Phrur. Ariftides Eleates Alexander Lyfimach. Amphictyones Samnites Campanians Carthaginians Strat. Page. 22% 226 226 226 229 229 230 pv bq om Sy ee Be ew 5 212 234 233 236 237 238 23% 240 241 243 243 244 244 245 245 245 Ambra- Cry Pu be pe ee Be NG ee Wm NN] €¢ ONT FN T 8S Xxxli1 Names. Strat. Page. Names. Strat. Page. Ambraciote - I 248 | Alexander Thefl. I 255 Phocenfians «2 249 | Thrafybulus “1 253 Platzans - 3 249 | Mentor - I 256 Corcyrzans - 1 251 | Anaxagoras 1 256 Ageffzans - 1 251 | Pindarus - I 257 Locrians 1 252 | Theron - I 257 Corinthians = I 252 | Sifyphus - I 258 Lampfacentans - 1 253 | Agwon - = 7 258 Chalcedonians - I 253 | Amphiretus - I 260 * Atolians - 1 ¥Lacedemonians 3 : ¥Meflcnians - 3 BOOK VII *Iberians - 1 *Heracleote ~ 1 Diccless - to 26r *Argives - Alyattes - 2 262 *Chians - 2 . Plfammetichus » 3 263 ¥Ambraciote - 2 ~ Amafis - I 263 ¥Buchetians - 1 - Midas = Waly *Samians - I Cyrus s I0 264 . ZEleans - 1 ~ Harpagus - I 267 *Parians 2 1 Creefus - 2 268 *¥Annibas - I Cambyfes - I 268 *Theflalians 2. Ocbares - X 269 *Mafliniffa ~~ 1 Darius - 8 270 * Amilcar - 3 Zopirus - 1 25s *Afarubas - 2 Artaxerxes w.. ¥ ouf *¥Nafamon zo Orontes - 5 24 2Riacus = X Xerxes - gs 276 Solyfon = x 254 | Artaxerxes = 2 27 i c Ochus XXX1V CC ONT ENT S Names, . Strat. Page. Names. Strat, Page, Ochus = I 278 | Taurians - I 101. Tifaphernes 2 279 | Pallenians - I 301 Pharnabazus - iy 280 Salmatians =~ Y 303 Glos - I 280 Tyrrhenians - 1 302 Datames - 7 281 Celtic Women 1 303 Cofingas - 1 284 Maufolus - 2 285 Borges - 1 286 BOOK VII Dromichztes - 1 286 Ariobarzanes 1 287 | Amulius - I 308 Autophradates = 3 287 | Numiter -: 1 306 Arfabes - 2 288 | Romulus - 2 306 Mithridates = 5 289 | Numa - - 1 307 Mempfis - y 201 { Tullus - I 308 Cerfobleptes “yy 291 | Tarquinius - I 309 Seuthes - I 292 | Camillus - 2 309 Artabazus -: 3 292 | Mutius - I 311 Aryandes - I 203 | Sylla - 2 312 Brennus - 2 207 i Nirius - 3 312 Mygdonius - I 294 | Marcellus - I 313 Parifades - 1 295 | Atilius ~ 1 314 Seuthes - I 295 | Caius - - 31% Cheiles - I 296 | Fabius - 4 315 Borzus - 1 296 | Scipio - - 8 317 Surenas - 1 297 | Porcius - cr 320 Celts - 1 298 | Faunus wi 1 320 Thracians ws id 299, | Titus leroy 321 Scythians ~~ = 2 299 | Caius - I 321 Perfians - 2 300 | Pinarius - 1. 322 Sertorius C ON TE NT 8. XXXV Names. Strat, Page. Names. Strat. Page, Sertorius - <1 322 | Pheretima - I 349 Ceaefar - 33 327 | Avxiothea : I 350 Auguftus - 2 332 { Archidamis - I 351 Romar » 3 333 | Pananfles = 351 Semiramis - I 334 | Themo 5: I 352 Rhodogune - - 1 335 | Deidameia iy 353 Tomyris - I 336 | Artemifia » 3 353 Nitetis - I 336 | Tania wey 35% Philotis - I 337 i Tugatso = I 35% Cleelia - - 1 337 | Amaze - 07 357 Porcia - I 333 | Arfince . I 353 Telefilla ~ 1 339 | Cratefipolis - I 358 Chilonis - 1 330 | Hicrelnd - I 359 Pieria - 240 {| Cymnane - 359 Polycrete - I 340 | Pyfta - I 360 Phoczans - I 341 ‘| Epicharis = - I 360 Aretaphila = I 342 | Milehans I 361 Camma - I 342 | Mehans - I 361 Timoclea - 1 3437 | Phocians I 362 Eryxo - I 344 | Chians - I 363 Pythopolis = 1 345 | Thafiens - I 363 Chryfame - I 346 | Argives - I 364 Polyclea oii 347 | Acarnanians - 1 364 Lexna - I 348 | Cyrenenfians - I 365 Themifto - I 348 | Lacxnians ro 365 €3 Of thofe, whofe names have afterifks prefixed to them, the ftratazems are loft, E.R RR A T A. AT the time the preceding fheets were printing, the author being at a diftance from the prefs, the reader's candour is befpoken to the following errors. Page. I 3 23 26 41 Sr 52 58 88 94 105 106 114 117 134 137 186 202 202 203 232 - 234 243 270 302 308 317 317 340 341 358 Line. IS 13 15 10 28 NN Om OO HM po wm N 28 19 24 26 19 20 II 20 14 13 19 15 IX 15 For poflibly be of fervice—read, be of poffible fervice. For imperiatorial—read, impcratorial. For which, after—read, which after. Fr port—read, poft. For eventually—read, ultimately. For ftratagems, I—read, ftratagems I. Fur Bifander—read, Pifander. For fuperiourity—read, fuperiority. For when—read, but. For Antonius—read, Antoninus. For Tphicrates, during—read, Iphicrates during. For fuperiourity—read, fuperiority. For left—read, left. For Puraxss——read, Quizes. For to the befieged a flag of truce—=read, a flag of truce to the befieged. For however—read, yet. For as foon as—read, when. For in that—read, in the other. For the other—read, a different. For reftrition—read, aftrittion. For his defign—read, it. For fire—read, torch. For inferiour—read, fuperiour. For Peers—read, Satraps. For auxiliares—read, auxiliaries. For rode full fpeed up—read, rode up full fpeed. (of the note) For chapters—read, ftratagems. (of the note) For Mafavicius—read, Maafvicius. For Pithu—read, Pithus. For Eebracians—read, Bebrycians, For formeread, from. POLYZNUS’S STRATAGEMS OF WAR. PREFATORY ADDRESS TO THE EMPERORS ANTONINUS and FPERUS. Tus expedition, your facred majefties, Antoninus and Verus, have undertaken againit Perfia and the Parthians, the gods, your own virtue, and the Roman bravery, that have ever hitherto crowned your arms with conqueft, will now alfo attend with fuccefs. I, who am by birth a Macedonian, and have therefore as it were a national . right to viltory over the Perfians, have determined not to be entirely ufelefs to you at the prefent crifis: and were my conftitution robuft and hale as it has been, you fhould net want in me convincing proofs of a Macedonian fpirit. Nor, advanced as I am in years, can I bear to be left behind without fome efforts of fervice. Accept, therefore, illuftrious chiefs, in a collection of ftratagems employed by the moft “diftinguithed generals, this brief fubfidiary of military fcience; which, by exhibiting as in a picture the fortitude and experience of former commanders, their conduct and operations, and the various fuccefs that attended them, may in fome inftances poflibly be of fervice to A yourfclves, 2 PREFATORY ADDRESS, yourfclves, your licutenants, colonels, captains, or whomfoever you may think proper to inveft with military command. : ForTiTUDE conquers by dint of fword; while fuperiour con- duct by art and ftratagem prevails: and the greateft reach of generalfhip is difplayed in thofe victories that are obtained with the leaft danger. * In the heat of conflict to hit upon an expedient that fhall decide the conteft in your favour, without waiting the iffue of a regular battle, is the moft infallible criterion of military capacity: and this I have always conceived to be a favourite fentiment of Homer — for what elfe can he mean by thofe frequent cxpreffions, « either by artifice or valour;” but that we fhould firft employ ftratagems and device againft the enemy; and if thefe fail, that valour and the ftrongeft arm muft carry it. Ir we admit his authority, Sifyphus, the fon of ZEolus, was the firft of the Greeks who employed ftratagems in war. ~ ¢ With happy {kill in war’s devices Deft, ¢ Thofe realms Aolian Sifyphus poflefs’'d.” Tue fccond, famed for thofe devices, according to the fame au- thority, was Autolycus, the fon of Mcrcury — « Whofe royal brows the victor’s laurels grace, « The gallant father of a valiant race: ¢¢ His ftratagems in war and peace proclaim « The warrior’s wifdom, and the monarch’s fame.” * Similar is the obfervation of Vegetius: — ¢ Able generals,” fays he, “arc always attentive to ftratagems: becaufe in open actions the rifk is on each fide equal; but the fuccefs of a ftratagem throws the lofs entircly on the enemy.” Viger. b. 3, c.0, Nor PREFATORY ADDRESS, ia Nor do I apprehend the fabulous account of the transformation of Proteus into animals and trees, to fignify more or lefs than the variety of artifices he practifed againft the enemy. As to Ulyfles, we know he particularly valued himfclf on his ftratagems and devices. « Iam Ulyfles, and in {kill to frame ¢« Deceptive wiles, unrivail’d is my fame.” To the fertility of his genius in artifice and expedients the Grecian heroes attributed the final conqueft of Troy. “ Your fchemes, your plans, effefted Ilium’s fall, “ And hurl'd deflruction on the Trojan wall!” ~ Anp the fame high compliment is paid him by others: « And Troy was taught more fatal far to feel « Ulyfles’ counfels than the Grecian fteel.” Tur various ftratagems he employed againft the enemy Homer frequently celebrates. He reprefents him, ¢ with felf-inflicted wounds deformed,” revclting to the enemy. The wooden horfe, which Epeus by the inftrution of Pallas built, was his device. Noso»v alfo, the wiINE, the FIREBRAND, and the ram, may properly be termed ftratagems, which he employed againft the Cyclops. Such too were the flopping of the ears of his crew with wax, and the lafhing of himfelf to the maft, in order to prevent the baneful influence of mufic. And what will you fay to the beggar’s purfe, and the deceptions im- pofed on Eumeus and Penelope ? « His was the art inftru&tion to detail, « And facts inculcate, under fiction’s veil.” 2 THE 4 PREFATORY ADDRESS. Tue boxing with Trus, the removing from the fmoak the arms of the drunkeén young men, and the fixing the bow at the door ; — were they not all military f{tratagems? But enough of thefe, and other in- ftances of fimilar import, adduced by Homer. How do the tragedians reprefent that ftratagem which Ulyfles employed againft Palamedes? The Greeks, in folemn judgment, de- cided in favour of Ulyfles; who had fecretly depofited in the other’s tent the barbarian gold : and thus, over-reached by artifice and ma- nceuvre, was that accomplifhed general falfely convicted of treafon. So far the fcenic documents of the tragedians. But the following collection of ftratagems I have extracted from the faithful records of hiftory, related fuccinctly, and with what per- fpicuity I could: the whole comprifed in eight books, which contain nine hundred ftratagems, beginning with thofe of Bacchus. ¥ POLYAZNDS’S POLY ARNUS’S STRATAGEMS OF WAR, BOOK 1. CHAP 1 BACCHUS, Baccnus, in his Indian expedition, to gain admittance into the cities, inftead of gleaming armour, habited his troops in white linen and deers’ fkins. Their fpears were adorned with ivy, and the points of them concealed under a Thyrfus. His orders were given by cymbals and tabrets, inftead of trumpets: and, intoxicating his enemies with wine, he engaged them in dancing.* From hence was derived the inftitution of the orgies of Bacchus, which are only com- memorations of this, and whatever ftratagems elfc that General practifed in his conqueft of India, and the reft of Afia. * This might have been effected by prefents of wine and invitations to feftivity, or by feigned flights, and ftores of wine purpofely left in his camp. In rude times, and among a barbarous people, cither ftratagem might be practifed with fuccefs. But the former feems to be the deception in this place alluded to. 2. Baccuus, 6 POLYAZNUS’S 2. Baccuus, finding his army unable to bear the exceflive heat of the Indian climate, pofleffed himfelf of the mountain Tricoryphon ; one of the tops of which is called Corafibes, another Condafce, and the third Menon. On this mountain are the memorials of his birth ; it is fertilized with a variety of fountains, abounds in wild beats, produces plenty of fruit, and the air is cooled with continual fnow. His army ftationed here ufed fuddenly to fhew themfelves to the bar- barians on the plains; and, fhowering down on them large flights of arrows from thofe high and craggy precipices, obtained eafy conquefts. : 3. AFTER Bacchus had fubdued the Indians, with them and the Amazons he formed an alliance, and took them into his fervice. Pe- netrating into Baltria, whofe boundary is the river Sarunges, he found the Bactrians had poflefled themfclves of the mountains above the river, in order to difpute his paflage. Encamping thercfore on the river fide, in face of the enemy, he ordered the Amazons and his own women to ford it; expecting that the Bactrians, in contempt of the women, would quit their pofts on the mountains, and attack them: which they accordingly did. And the women retreating, were purfued by the enemy to the oppofite bank. + The ftratagem fo far fucceeding, Bacchus at the head of his troops furioufly attacked, and, thus fur- prifed and embarrafied as they were with the water, defeated them with a great flaughter, and palfed the river himfelf without further danger. CHAD u. PAN, PAN, a general under Bacchus, was the firft who reduced to a regular fyftem the marfhalling of an army: he vented the phalanx, and ranged it with a right and left wing; from whence he is ufually reprefented with horns. Vi€ory always fat upon the ftrongelt {word, till he pointed out the way to conqueft by artifice and manceuvre. : In STRATAGEMS OF WAR, 2 In the midft of a barren defert Bacchus was by his {couts in- formed, that an immenfe army of the enemy were encamped a little above him. The intelligence was alarming; but he foon found himfelf relieved from his embarrafiment, by a ready expedient of Pan, who ordered the whole army, in the filence of the night, on a fignal given, to fet up a loud and general fhout. The furrounding rocks, and the cavity of the foreft re-echoed the found, and impofed on the enemy an apprehenfion that his forces were infinitely more numerous than they were; and, feized with a general confternation, they abandoned their camp, and fled. From the circumftance of this ftratagem the nymph Ecuo has been feigned by the poets to be the miftrefs of Pan; and from hence alfo all vain and imaginary fears are termed Paxics. CHA? NH, HERCULES, _ 1. HERCULES, determined to extirpate the race of Centaurs from Pclium, yet inclined rather to alt upon the defenfive, than commence hoftilities, refided a fhort time with Pholus: where, opening a veflel of fragrant wine, he and his companions took the charge of, and watched, it. The neighbouring Centaurs, allured by the fmell, flocked together to the cave, and-feized the wine. Hercules therefore, to punifh the injuftice of thieves and robbers, attacked and flew them. 2. FEARING to encounter the fuperior ftrength of the Erymanthian boar, Hercules had recourfe to artifice. And as the beaft lay in a valley, which was full of fnow, he annoyed him with ftones from above. The boar at length enraged, roufed himflf, and, with great violence fpringing forwards, funk into the faow. Thus entangled in it, 8 : POLY ZNUSS it, and unable to exert himfelf, he became an eafy capture to the ai- failant. 3. Hercutrrs, In his expedition againft Troy, as foon as he landed, advanced to give the enemy battle; at the fame time ordering the pilots to put back a little to fea. The Trojan infantry foon gave way ; while their cavalry pufthed to the fea, in order to poflefs themfelves of the fhips: but thefc floating a little off from land they were not able to gain; and, finding Hercules, who had returned from the rout of the infantry, on their quarters, thus hemmed in by the enemy on one fide, and the fea on the other, they fell an eafy victim to the con- querors. ~~ .4¢ In India Hercules adopted a Suiliter, whom he called Pandea. To her he allotted the fouthern part of India which is fituate towards the fea, dividing it into three hundred and fixty-five cantons. Thefe cantons he charged with a daily tax; and ordered each canton, by turn, on their ftated day, to pay the royal ftipend. So that, which ever of them firft refufed the tax, as it refted on the others to make it good, the queen might depend on their aid and afliftance in compelling the due performance of it. 5. HercuLes, having taken the field againft the Minyans, whofe cavalry in a champain country were formidable, not thinking it fafe immediately to hazard a battle, previoufly diverted the courfe of a river. This was the niver Cephifius; which bounds the two mountains Par- naflus and Hedylius, and fhaping its courfe through the middle of Bxotia, before it vents itfelf into the fea, diftharges its ftream into a large fubterrancous chafm, and difappears. This chafm Hercules filling with great ftones, diverted the river upon the plain where the Minyan cavalry was ftationed. The plain prefently became a lake, and the cavalry theicby unferviceable. Having thus: conquered the Mi- nyans, he opened the chafm again, and the Cephifius returned to its former channel. ‘CHAT, STRATAGEMS OF WAR, 9 I CHAY. IV. THESEUS. THESEUS, in his battles, ufed always to have the fore-part of his head fhaved, to prevent the enemy's advantage of feizing him by the hair. His example was afterwards followed by all the Greeks; and that fort of tonfure was from him called Thefeis. But thofe who were particularly diftinguifhed for this imitation of Thefeus, were the Abantes, whom Homer thus characterizes : « Their foreheads bare, « Down their broad fhoulders flow’d a length of hair.” CHAP. V. iri DEMOPHON, IN the cuftody of Demophon was kept the palladium, which had been committed to his care by Diomede. This, on Agamemnon’s demand- ing, the real one Demophon gave to Bufyges, an Athenian, to carry to Athens; and kept a counterfeit one, made exactly like the original palladium, in his tent. When Agamemnon, therefore, at the head of a large body of troops, came by force to feize it, he drew out his forces, and for fome time fuftained a fharp conflict with him; that fo he might the more ealily induce him to believe, it could be no other than the original, for which he would have fo refolutely contended. After many had been wounded on both fides, Demophon’s men gave ground, leaving the unfufpecting victor triumphantly to bear away the counterfeit palladium. B CHAD, 10 POLYAZANUS'S CHAD vi CRESPHONTES. + CRESPHONTES, Temenus, and the fons of Ariftodemus, agree- ing to fhare amongft themfelves the government of Peloponnefus, concluded to divide the country into three parts, Argos, Sparta, and Meficna ; and, while they were deliberating by what mode to proceed in afligniing each his property, Crefphontes, who had fixed his mind upon Meflena, advifed, that he whofe lot was firft drawn fhould have Sparta, the fecond Argos, and that Mefiena fhould be the portion of the thud. His advice was followed, and they caft lots, which was done by throwing each a white ftone into a pitcher of water; inftead of which, Crefl- phontes having moulded up a piece of clay, in refemblance of a fone, caft it into the water, where it was immediately diffolved; and the other two ftones coming out afligned Argos to Temenus, and Sparta to the fons of Ariftodemus; whilft Meflena was allotted to him, as the determi- nation of fortune. CHAZ. VI. Aimer — CYPSELUS. IN the reign of Cypfelus the Heraclide engaged in an expedition againft the Arcadians ; from whom if they received prefents of hofpi- tality, they were warned by the Oracle immediately to conclude a peace with them. Cypfelus therefore, in the harvelt feafon, ordered the hufbandmen, after they had reaped the corn, to leaveit in the high way; a grateful prefent to the foldiers of the Heraclide, of which they rea- dily availed themfelves. He afterwards went out to meet them, and offered STRATAGEMS OF WAR. 11 offered them prefents of hofpitality : the favour of which, recolleting the Oracle, they declined accepting. ¢ Why this refufal? © replied Cypfelus © Your army, in accepting our corn, has already received our prefents of hofpitality.” By this device of Cypfelus were the Heraclidz reconciled to peace, and entered into an alliance with the Arcadians. CHAP Vi, pn m— HALNES. HALNES, King of Arcadia, when the Lacedemonians were ravaging Tega, feletted the moft able and vigorous of his troops, and pofted them on an eminence above the enemy, with orders from - thence to attack them in the middle of the night. The old men and boys he ftationed as guards before the city ; and commanded them, at the time he intended the attack, to kindle a large fire. Whilft the enemy, furprized at the fight of the fire, were wholly intent upon that quarter, the ambufcade feil on them, and obtained an cafy victory; thofe who efcaped the fivord, fubmitting to the chains of the con- querour. And thus was accomplifhed the prediction of the Oracle. « J give you to Tega to advance, « And there in fatal fteps to lead the choral dance.” 2 CHAP. 32 POLYAENUS'S CHAD IX TEMENUS, TEMENUS and the reft of the Heraclide, intending an ex- pedition againft Rheium, difpatched fome Locrian revolters, with in- ftruétions to inform the Pclopennefians, that they had a fleet at Naupactum, on pretence of failing to Rheium ; but that their real defign was a defcent upon the Ifthmus. On the credit of this intelligence, the Peloponnefians marched their forces to the Ifthmus; and by that means gave Temenus an opportunity of taking Rheium without op- pofition. CHAD. X PROCLES, WHILE the Heraclide, Procles and Temenus, were at war with the Euryfthide, who were at that time in poffeflion of Sparta ; they were on a fudden attacked by the enemy, as they were facrificing to Minerva for a fafe paflage over the mountains. Procles, little dif- concerted, ordered the flutes to march on before; after whom the foldiers advancing in arms, infpired by the numbers and harmony of the mufick, preferved their ranks entire, and, eventually, defeated the enemy. From this experience of the influence of mufick, were the Lacedemonians taught to retain flutes in their army; who, advancing before them to the field, always founded the charge. And I can from my own knowledge affert, that the Oracle had promifed victory to the arms of the Lacedemonians, fo long as they continued the ufc of flutes in their army, and fought not againft thofe who did retain them. The battle STRATAGEMS OF WAR. 13 battle of Leuctra verified the prediction: for there the Lacedemonians, without the mufick of flutes, engaged the Thebans, who always ufed the flute in battle ; in which inftance the God feemed directly to have pronounced the Theban victory. CHAP Xl ACUES. WHEN the Lacedemonians entered Tegea, which was betrayed to them in the night; Acues gave his men a particular fignal, whereby to diftinguifh each other, with orders to flay all who did not know it. This fignal all the Arcadians knowing, afked no queftions; but the Lace- demonians, not being able to difcern their friends in the night, were obliged to inquire before they encountered any, whether they were friends or enemies; and, thus difcovering themfelves, were inftantly difpatched by the Arcadians. CHAP. XI. THESSALUS. THE Bwzotians of Arna having made war upon the Theffalians, Theflalus, bya happy ftratagem, reduced them to terms of peace, without the hazard of a battle. Waiting for a dark and gloomy night, he difperfed his men about the ficlds, with orders to light torches and flambeaus, and poft themftlves in different places on the tops of the mountains ; fometimes raifing their lights above their heads, then lowering them again; thereby to afford a more doubtful and uncertain fpeCtacle. The Bwmotians, on fight of the furrounding flames, fup- pofing themftlves involved in a blaze of lightning, were thrown into confternation, and became fuppliants for peace. CHAP. 14 : POLYZENUS"S CHAP. Xl MENELAUS. MENELAUS, returning with Helen from Egypt, was forced to put in at Rhodes; of whofe arrival Philixo, who was then mourning the unhappy fall of her hufband Tlepolemus at Troy, being informed, refolved to revenge his death on Helen and the Spartan: and, at the head of as many Rhodians as fhe could collet, both men and wo- men, armed with fire and ftones, advanced to the fhips. Menclaus, thus affailed, the wind not permitting him to put to fea, concealed the queen under deck; at the fame time drefling one of the moft beautiful of her attendants in her royal robes and diadem. The Rhodians, not fufpetting but that fhe was Helen, difcharged their fire and ftones on the unfortunate attendant. And thus, fatisfied with the ample fatif- faction, as they thought, they had paid the manes of Tlepolemus, in the death of Helen, they quietly retreated; leaving Menelaus and - Helen to purfue their intended voyage at leifure. CHAP. XIV. CLEOMENES. IN a war between the Lacedemonians and Argives, while the armies were encamped in front of each other, Cleomenes obferved that every tranfaction in his camp was betrayed to the enemy; who took their meafures accordingly. When he ordered to arms, the enemy armed alfo ; if he marched out, they were ready to form againft him. When he gave orders for repofe, they did the fame. Whenever therefore he fhould next iffue publick orders for repaft, he gave private directions that STRATAGEMS OF WAR. 15 that the troops fhould arm. The publick orders were as ufual con- veyed to the unfufpecting Argives; whillt Cleomenes, advancing in arms, attacked them with fuccefs, unarmed, and unprepared to oppofe him. : : CHAP XV, POLYDORUS. TWENTY years had the Lacedzmonians haraffed the Meffenians with a war, in which they had been continually foiled: when Polydorus, pretending a rupture between himfelf and Theopompus, difpatched a revolter to the enemy's camp, with information that they were at va- riance, and had divided their forces. The Mefienians, upon this re- port, obferved the motions of the enemy with particular attention. And Theopompus, agreeably to the information they had received, decamped, and concealed his army at a little diftance from the fpot; remaining in . readinefs to act, whenever occafion might require. The Meflenians, feeing this movement, and defpifing the inferiority of Polydorus’s army, in a body fallied out of the city, and gave him battle. Theopompus, at that moment, upon a fignal given by his fcouts, advancing from his ambufcade, made himfelf mafter of the empty abandoned town; and falling upon the Meflenians in the rear, whilft Polydorus attacked them in front, gained a compleat victory. CHAP XVI LYCURGUS, 1. THE method Lycurgus took to enforce his laws upon the Laced@monians, was, on enacting any new law, by repairing to Del- phos; there to inquire of the Oracle, whether it would be advantageous to 16 POLYANUS:S to the republick to receive it, or not. - The prophetefs, ‘wrought upon by the eloquence of a bribe, always affirmed the expediency of receiv- ing it. Thus, through a fear of offending the god, the Lacedeemonians religioufly obferved thofe laws, as fo many divine oracles. : 2. OnE command of Lycurgus, fanctioned by the Oracle, was this: « 0, Lacedeemonians, be not too frequently engaged in war; left by that means you alfo teach your enemies the military art.” 3. ANoTHER advice of his was, always to give quarter to thofe who fled; left otherwife the enemy fhould judge it better to hazard their lives in a brave refiftance, than be fure of lofing them by running away. : CHAP XVII. TYRTZUS. THE Lacedemonians, previous to an engagement with the Meffe- nians, formed a general refolution either to conquer or die: and when they ~ came to bury their dead, that they might each be diftinguifhed by their friends, had their names engraven on their fhields, which were faftened to their left arms. Tyrtaus, to make an advantage of this device, by inti- midating the Meflenians with an account of it, gave private orders that ~ frequent opportunities fhould be offered the Helots of revolting; who no fooner obferved themfclves lefs ftrictly watched, than many deferted to the enemy, whom they informed of the excefs of the Lacedemonians’ defperation. Intimidated by this report, the Meflenians, after a weak refiftance, yielded a compleat victory to the Lacedemonians. CHAP, STRATAGEMS OF WAR. iz CHAP Xvi CODRUS. IN a war between the Athenians and Pcloponnefians, victory was declared by the Oracle in favour of the Athenians, if ther king fell by the hand of a Peloponnefian. The enemy, informed of the Oracle, gave publick orders to every individual in the army, carefully to avoid any perfonal attack on Codrus, who was at that time king of the Athenians. He however in the evening difguifing himfelf in the habit of a wood-cutter, advanced beyond the trenches to hew wood; and there chanced to meet fome Peloponnefians, who were out upon the fame errand. With them Codrus purpofcly quarrelled, and wounded fome of them with his axe: at which, exafperated, they fell upon him with their axes, and flew him; returning home to their camp, elated with the performance of fo noble an exploit. The Athenians, fecing the Oracle thus far fulfilled, as having now nothing further to wait for, “with new courage and refolution advanced to battle; having previoufly difpatched a herald into the enemy's camp, to requelt the body of their dead king. And when the affair was difcovered to the Pelopon- nefians, they immediately abandoned theircampand fled. The Athenians afterwards paid divine honours to Codrus, who, by his voluntary death, had purchafed fo compleat a victory. CHAP XIX. MELANTHUS. IN a war between the Athenians and Beotians, for the poffeffion of Melene, a trad of country bordering upon Attica and Brotia, it was by the Oracle thus declared : Cc « Xanthus, 18 POLYZNUS'S « Xanthus, Melene’s fair and fertile plain s¢ Melanthus fhall by ftratagem obtain:” Which was thus verified: Melanthus, general of the Athenians, and Xanthus, of the Bxotians, agreed to decide the victory by their own fwords. As foon as they were engaged, Melanthus called out, “ Thus to bring a fecond againfta fingle man is unfair;” upon which, Xan- thus turning about to fee who this fecond was, Melanthus feized the opportunity, and, thus unguarded, run him through with his fpear. The victorious Athenians, in memory of this fuccefsful ftratagem, inftituted an annual feftival, which they call ApaATURIA. CHAP XX. Ca ——— SOLON. THE Athenians, tired out with a tedious war, in which they had been engaged againft the Megarenfians, for the ifland Salamis, enalted a law, that made it death for any one to affert, the city ought to en- deavour the recovery of it. Solon, undaunted by the feverity of the prohibition, devifed means to fuperfede the law. He counterfeited madnefs, and, running into the aflembly, repeated an elegy he had compofed for the occafion; and with this martial poem fo {pirited up the Athenians to war, that, inftigated by Mars and the Mufcs, finging hymns and fhouting, they advanced to battle, and, in an obflinate engagement, entirely routed the Megarenfians. Thus Salamis again relapfed into the jurifdiction of the Athenians: whilft Solon was held in univerfal admiration; who by madnefs could repeal a law, and by the power of mufick conquer in battle. 2. In the courfe of the wai between Athens and the Megarenfians, for the ifland Salamis, Solon failed to Colias; where he found the women performing facrifice to Ceres. He immediately difpatched to the Mega- renfians STRATAGEMS OF WAR. 19 renfians a perfon, who, pretending himfelf to be a renegade, fhould advife them to feize the Athenian women ; an enterprize which might eafily be executed, if they made all poffible fail to Colias. The Me- ‘garenfians inftantly manned a fhip, and put to fea. Solon, in the mean time ordered the women io retire; and fome beardlefs youths, drefled in female attire, with garlands upon their heads, and privately armed with daggers, to dance and wanton near the fhore. "Deceived by the appearance of the youths, and their falfe dreffes, the Megaren- fians landed; and eagerly endeavouring to feize them, hoped to find an eafy capture. But the youths, drawing their fvords, by the flaughter that enfued foon convinced them of the difference between men and women, and of their fatal miftake. And immediately embarking for Salamis, they made themfelves mafters of the ifland. coar xv PI1SISTRATUS, PISISTRATUS, in an expedition from Euba into Attica againft Pallenis, falling in with a body of the enemy, defeated and flew them. Advancing farther, he met the remaining part of the army; whom he ordered his men not to attack, but to crown themfelves with gar- lands, and fignify to them that they had already made a truce with the party they had firft met. On the credit of this affertion, they formed an alliance with Pififtratus, and admitted him into the city. When mounting his chariot, with a tall beautiful woman by his fide, whofe name was Phyfa, accoutred in the armour of Pallas, he imprefied the Athenians with a belief that Pallas was his protetrefs and guide; and by this means obtained the fovereignty of Athens. 2. Having formed a defign to difarm the Athenians, Pififtratus commanded all to appear at the Anaceum, in arms. And as foon as they 2 were 20 : POL YANUS'S were aflembled, he ftepped forth, under pretence of haranguing them : but begun in fo low a tone of voice, that, not being able to hear him, the people defired him to go to the porch, where they might all hear him more diftinétly: and even there not raifing his voice fo as diftinétly to be heard, while the people were with great attention liftening to him, his affociates went privately cut, and, carrying off all the arms, carried them to the temple of Agraulus. The Athenians, after finding themfelves naked and defencelefs, too late perceived that Pififtratus’s weak voice was only a ftratagem to defpoil them of their arms. 3. Some private jealoufies fubfilting between Megacles and Pi- fiftratus, Megacles being magiftrate on the part of the rich, and Pififfratus of thofc of the lower order; after having, in a publick af- fembly infulted and menaced Megacles, Pififtratus abruptly retired : and, {lightly wounding himfclf, went the next day into the forum, and publickly expofed to the Athenians his wounds. Fired with rage and refentment at feeing what he had fuffered in their defence, the people afligned him a guard of three hundred men, for the protection of his perfon. By means of thefe guards, who ufed always to appear armed with clubs, he poflefled himfelf of the fovereignty of Athens, and after his death left it to his fons. : CHAP. XX. Se — ARISTOGRITON. ARISTOGEITON, when put to the torture to extort from him a confeflion of his affociates, confefled none of them; but in their ftead named all the friends of Hippias. And when by Hippias's order they had been put to death, Ariftogeiton reproached him with his cruelty to his innocent friends, and the fuccefs of his own ftratagem. CHIAP. STRATAGEMS OF WAR. 21 CHAP XXII, Sr POLYCRATES,. WHEN Polycrates, the Samian, infefted the Grecian feas, he made no diftincion in his depredations between friends and foes: obferving, that in cafe his friends fhould re-demand fuch part of his ferizures as was their property, he would have an opportunity of obliging them with the reftitution of it; and thus engage them the more clofely to his caufe. But if he took nothing from them, he confidered he fhould have nothing wherewith to cblige them. 2. Upon a publick facrifice offered by the Samians in the Temple of Juno, which was attended with a parade of men in arms, a great quantity of arms being collected on the occafion, Polycrates gave the conduct of the train to his brothers Sylofon and Pantagnoftus. As foon as the facrifice commenced, the greateft part depofited their arms upon the altar, and addre(fed themfelves to prayer; whilft thofe about Sylofon, and Pantagnoftus, who had been previoufly apprized of the defign, waiting in arms for the fignal given, fet upon the reft, and flew them, each difpatching his man. In the mean time Polycrates, at the head of his affociates, poflefling himfelf of the mot advantageous places in the city, was joined by his brothers and their party, who had, with all expedition, forced their way to him from the temple. With thefe he fortified and defended himfelf in the tower, called Aftypalza; till, having received an enforcement from Lygdamis, the tyrant of Naxos, he obtained the fovercignty of Samos. CHAP, 22 POLYZNI S'S CHAD Iv. PtC———— ISTIAZAUS. WHILST Iftizus, the Milefian, refided at the court of King Darius, in Perfia, he formed a defign of engaging the Ionians to re- volt; but was at a lofs how fafely to tranfimit a letter, the ways being every where poileiled by the king's guard. Shaving the head of a confidential fervant, in incifions on it he thus briefly wrote: < Iftizus to Ariftagoras, folicit the revolt of Jonia.” And as foon as his hair was grown again, he difpatched him to Ariftagorus. By this means, he paflfed the guards uniufpected ; and, after bathing in the fea, or- dered himfelf to be fhaved, and then fhewed Ariftagoras the marks: which, when he had read, he profecuted the defign, and effected the revolt of Ionia. CHAP. XXV. PITTACUS. PITTACUS and Phrynon agreed by fingle combat to decide the right to Sigeum, then in conteft between the Athenians and Mytele- nians: and it was propofed that they fhould fight with equal weapons; and fuch to appearance they were. But Pittacus under his fhield had privately concealed a net; which cafting over Phrynon, he cafily drew him, thus entangled, within his reach, and killed him. It was after- wards pleafantly faid, that he had fithed for Sigeum with a linen line. This ftratagem of Pittacus it was, which gave rife to the ufc of the net .in the duels of the gladiators. CHAP, STRATAGEMS OF WAR, 23 CHAP XYVL BIAS. CR/ESUS, King of Lydia, intending an expedition againft the iflands, was deterred from his defign by Bias, the Prienian; who told the king, that the iflanders had bought up a great number of horfes, that they might be able to bring into the field a formidable cavalry againft him. « Would to Jupiter, ¢ faid the king, with a fmile,” I could catch thofe iflanders on the continent !” — ¢ True, © replied Bias,’ and what think you they could with, rather than to catch Crafus upon the feas?” This repartee of Bias had its effect in diffuading the king from his intended expedition. y CHAP XXVIL GELON. GELON, the Syracufan, the fon of Dinomenes, was appointed commander in chief, in a war againft Himilcon, the Carthagenian: and after having by hi¥' gallant behaviour defeated the enemy, he went into the affembly, and gave up the accounts of his imperiatorial com- miflion; the expences of the war, the time, arms, horfes, and fhips. For all which, after great encomiums were beftowed upon him, he ftripped himfelf; and, advancing naked into the midft of them, «“ Thus naked, ¢ faid he,” I prefent myfelf to you, that now, whilft you are all armed, if I have ever injured or opprefled any individual amongft you, I may feel the juft refentment of your weapons.” He was an- fwered by the acclamations of all prefent, ftyling him the moft gallant, the beft of generals. To whom he replied, « Then for the future al- ways 24 er POL Y/SENUS'S ways let it be your care to elect fuch another.” —¢ Such another, ¢an- fivered they,” we have not.” He was therefore a fecond time elected general; which paved the way for him to the fovereignty of Syracufe. - 2. Waen Himileon, King of Carthage invaded Sicily; Gelon, who then pofiefied the fovereignty there, took the field agamnft him: but not venturing to hazard a battle, he in his own robes habited Pediarchus, who commanded the archers, and much refembled himfclf bothin perfon and looks; and ordered him to march out of the camp, and attend a facrifice on the altars. The band of archers followed him, drefied in white veftments, carrying myrtle branches in their hands, and bows privately concealed under them; which they were inftructed to make ufe of againft Himilcon, as foon as they perceived him in the fame manner advancing to facrifice. Matters: thus difpofed, Himilcon en- tertaining no fufpicion of defign, came forward alfo, and facrificed 0 when a fudden fhower of darts immediately difpatched him, while he was officiating at the ceremonies, and offering libations. "3. GELoN, in order to fubvert the empire of the Megarenfians, invited over to Sicily whoever of the Dorians were willing to remove ; and at the fame time impofed on Diognetus, Prince of Megara, an enormous fine: which, not being able himfelf to difcharge it, he le- vied on the citizens; who, to avoid compliance with the tribute, re- moved into Sicily, and there fubjected themfeives to the power and authority of Gelon. CHAP. XXVIL THERON. THERON, in an engagement with the Carthagenians, had put the enemy to flight : when the Sicilians, pouring into the camp, imme- diately fell to plundering the tents; and, whilft in that diforder, were attacked BTRATACENMS OF WAR. 2% attacked by the Iberians, who, advancing to the affiftance of the Cartha- ginians, made great havock among them. Theron, perceiving the carnage that was likely to enfue, difpatched a party to wheel round the camp; with orders to fet fire to the tents that were fartheft behind. The enemy, feeing the camp on fire, and being themfelves deftitute of tents, betook themfelves, with precipitation, to their fhips; which, however, being clofely purfued by the Sicilians, few of them were able to gain. THERON, Tue son oF MILTIADES. -2. THE Selinuntines having been defeated by the Carthaginians, and the field ftrewed with their dead, while the enemy prefied fo clofe upon them that they dared not venture forth to bury them, and yet were fhocked to fee them lie neglected and expofed; in this emergency, Theron engaged, if they would provide him with three hundred men who could cut wood, to march out with them, burn the dead, and bury them, ¢ But if we fail in our attempt, ¢ continued he,” and fall victims to the enemy, the city will not fuffer much from the lofs of one citizen, and the price of three hundred flaves.” The Selinuntines embraced his propofal, and gave him his choice of the number of flaves he defired. Accordingly, feletting thofe he judged moft active and ftout, he led them forth, armed with wood-bills, hatchets, and axes, under pretence of cutting wood for the funeral pile. But after they had advanced fome little diltance from the city, Theron prevailed on them to fhake off their fervitude; and late in the evening marched them back : when, making themfelves known to the guard, they were readily admitted. Theron no fooner entered, than he difpatched the guard; and, having flain in their beds fuch citizens as were moft likely to thwart and fruftrate his defigns, he poflciied himiclf of the city, and the fovercignty of Selinuntum. D : CHAP, 26 | POLYZENUS'S CHAP. XIN. HIERON. HIERON, finding the enemy prepared to difpute his paffage over a river, pofted his heavy armed troops at the place where he intended to ford it; ordering the horfe and light-infantry to advance higher up, under colour of pafling it above. The enemy obferving this motion, marched their forces alfo higher up, in order to defeat his fuppofed intention. Hieron, in the mean time, effected a paflage with his heavy armed troops, cafily bearing down the {mall party of the enemy who were left to oppofe him. And as foon as he had gained the op- pofite fide, he hoifted a fignal to the horfe and light-infantry, who im- mediately returning pafled the river at the fir(t port; whillt. Hicron, with his heavy armed forces, fuftained the enemy's attack. 2. WHENEVER Hieron, in his wars with the Italians, took pri- foners any of eminence, or who had great connexions in the ftate, he would not permit them to be immediately ranfomed, but always re- tained them fome time with him ; treating them politely, and with the firft honours of his houfe. He afterwards received the ranfom, and courteoufly difmiflfed them. Irom fuch diftinguifhing marks of fa- vour, they ever after became fufpected by their fellow citizens of having their affections warped, and fecretly favouring the caufe of Hieron. CHAZ. XXX THEMISTOCLES. THE Athenians, difpirited at the mpert of an Oracle, in thefe words delivered ; # Thou, STRATAGEMS OF WAR, a4 . ® Thou, Salamis divine, to Pluto’s reign « Shalt many a youth affign, untimely flain:"” TuemrisTocLEs artfully interpreted it againft their enemies; ¢ Since, ¢.faid he,’ never could the Oracle ftyle Salamis prviNg, if it were to prove the caufe of deftruction to the youth of Greece.” The happy turn thus given to it revived the courage and refolution of the Athenians: and this interpretation of an alarming Oracle having been fo fatisfaltory, the people were directed by Themiftocles in his ex- planation of another, equally enigmatical and obfcure : « May Jove to Athens give a wall of wood.” For when moft of the people were for fortifying their towers, The- miftocles bade them man their thips, * for thefe, © fiuid he, O! Athenians, are your wooden walls.” His words had their effet. The Athenians concurred with him, embarked, engaged their enemy, and overcame them. : 2. WauiLe the fleet was ftationed near Salamis, the Greeks were almoft unanimous in advifing a retreat: which Themiftocles as vio- lently oppofed, preffing thera to hazard an engagement in the ftrait feas. But not being able to prevail, he in the night difpatched Sycinnus, an eunuch, who was tutor to his fons, privately to inform the king of the intention of the Greeks to give him the flip; « but, added he, prevent it, and engage them.” The king followed the eunuch’s advice, and attacked the Grecian fleet; where, by the ftraitnefs of the feas, the vaft number of his own fhips was rendered rather of diflervice, than ufe to him. Thus by a happy ftratagem of their commander, the Greeks obtained a victory, even againft their own inclinations. 3. Tue Greeks, after their conqueft at Salamis, refolved upon failing to the Hellefpont, there to deftroy the bridge, and cut off the 2 : king’s 28 POLYANUS'S king's retreat. ‘This Themiftocles oppofed ; alledging, that if the king: were precluded a retreat, he would immediately renew the battle: and defpair is frequently found to effet what courage fails in encountering. Again therefore he difpatched Arfaces, another eunuch, to inform the king that unlefs he made a fpecdy retreat, the bridge over the Hellefpont would be demolithed. Alarmed at this information, the king by ex- peditious marches reached the Hellefpont, and pafled the bridge, be- fore the Gracian army had executed their defign ; leaving Themiftocles to enjoy his victory, without the hazard of a fecond engagement. 4. Wue~ the Athenians firft applied themfelves to fortify their city with walls, it gave great umbrage to the Spartans, whem The- miftocles found means to deceive by this happy ftratagem : he was deputed ambaflador to Sparta, and there confidently denied that the walls were raifing. * But, © added he,’ if you be not fatisfied with my declaration, fend whom you pleafe of credit and eminence to en- quire the truth; and in the mean time let me be your prifoner.”” This they complied with : when Themittocles privately difpatched a meflenger to the Athenians, with {trict charge to detain thofe who were fent to * Athens for intelligence, till their walls were raifed ; and after that, not to permit them leave the city, till the Spartans had releafed him. The ftratagem fucceeding, the walls were raifed ; Themiftocles then returned, the delegates were fet at liberty, and Athens fortified, to the great mortification of the Lacedemonians. 5. In the war with the Zginates, Themiftocles prevented the Athenians from their purpoft of dividing amongft themfelves a hundred talents, the produce of the filver mines; and propofed that a hundred of the moft opulent citizens fhould contribute each a talent to the fund: engaging, that if the city were fatisficd with the ufe to which he fhould recommend the money to be applied, it fhould be placed to the publick account; if not, the contributions fhould be returned. The propofal was embraced ; the hundred citizens vying with cach other . STRATAGEMS OF WAR. - gs other in expedition, every one fitted out a handfome veTel: and the _ Athenians faw themfelves on a fudden furnifhed with a powerful deet; which they employed not only againft the Eginates, but wgainft the whole power of Perfia. 6. WuEeN the Ionians, in alliance with the Perfians, foug!:it under Xerxes, Themiftocles ordered the Grezks to have this infeription placed on their walls: “ O, impious Ionians, thus.to war agamft your fa- thers!” This memorial created in the mind of the king an indelible fufpicion of their difaffeCtion. ; 7. THEMIsToCLES, in order to clude the refentmet of the Athe- nians, without making himfelf known to the mater of the fhip, embarked for Ionia. But the veiltl being forced by a ftorm upen Naxos, which was at that time invaded by the Athenians, afraid of being apprehended, he went up to the mafter, and difcovered to him who he was; at the fame time threatening, if he fuffered him to be taken, to accufe him to the Athenians of having been bribed to ‘tranfport him to Ionia. For the common fafety of them both, he therefore propofed that no one fhould be permitted to fet foot on fhore. "Terrified by thefe menaces, the mafter obliged every one to continue cn board ; and put out again to fea as expeditioufly as he was able. CHAP? Xxx em ——— *ARISTIDES. ARISTIDES and Themiftocles, moft inveterate enemies, were each at the head of oppofite factions in the ftate: but upon Perfa’s expedition againft the Athenians, they amicably went out of the city together, and, grafping each other's hand, protefted; ¢ Here we de- pofit our former animofitics, and lay afide our mutual enmity, till we ‘have put an end to the war in which we are engaged againit Perfa.” After 30 POLYZNUS’S After this folemn proteftation on both fides, loofing their hands, they filled the ditch by which they ftood, as if they had there buryed their animofity; and acted unanimoufly through the whole courfe of the war. ‘This harmony in the conduct of the generals, diftrefled the enemy, and fecured to themfclves the victory. CHAP. XXX. LEONIDAS. LEONIDAS Su the Perfian army, at Thermopyle, the ftrait- nefs of the place making the great fuperiority of the enemy’s forces of Little fervice to them. : 2. A riTTLE before an engagement, Leonidas oblirving the clouds look thick and lowering, turned about to his officers, and bade them not be furprized at the thunder and lightning, which from the ap- pearance of the heavens, he obferved muft be very foon expected. The ‘army of Leonidas, thus forewarned of the phznomencn which {oon appeared, confidently advanced to battle. But the enemy, terrified and difpirited at the menaces of the elements, afforded an cafy conqueft to the Spartans. 3. Havine made an irruption into the enemy's territories, Leoni- das in the night difpatched fmall parties different ways, with orders, upon a fignal given, to fell the trees, and fet fire to the villages. At fizht of this, they who were in the city imagining the enemy's forces to be much more numerous than they were, ventured not out to give them battle, but fuffered them to carry off the fpoil unmolefted. CHAP, STRATAGEMS OF WAR, 31 CHAP XXXII. Sr ——— LEOTYCHIDES, ~ OBSERVING the Athenians, engaged in a naval war about My- cale, were alarmed at the great fuperiority of the enemy’s forces, Leotychides devifed means to detach the Ionians from the intereft of the Medes ; in which he knew they were engaged, more through fear, than inclination. He pretended an exprefs was arrived, with information of a viftory obtained by the Greeks over the Perfians, at Plata. Encouraged by this affurance, the Ionians joined the Greeks; and for- tune afterwards gave the fanction of truth to this ftratagem, in realizing the pretended victory. CHAP. XIXIV. CIMON. AT the river Eurymedon, Cimon having conquered the king's lieutenants, and taken many of his hips, manned them with Greeks; who, dreffed in Median habits, failed to Cyprus. The Cyprians, de- ceived by the barbarian drefs, readily received the fleet as friends and allies. But no fooner were they fafe on fhore, than they too plainly proved that they were Greeks: and made themfelves mafters of the ifland, more by the fudden confternation into which the Cyprians were thrown, than the force that was employed againft them. 2. Cimon having carried off from Seftos and Byfantium many captives and rich fpoil, was, at the requeft of the allics, appointed to divide them. The captives alone compofed one fhare of the divifion ; and the other was made up of robes, veftments, bracelets, and other trinkets. 32 fC POLYANUS'S trinkets. ‘The allies chofe the oranments, and the Athenians contented themfelves with the naked captives. Cimon was ridiculed for having made, as was thought, fo unequal a divifion, and affigned a choice of fo much the better portion to the allies. Shortly after came the friends and relations of the captives from Lydia and Phrygia, and redeemed them at very great ranfoms. The forecaft of Cimon, and the advan- tageous difpofition he had made, then appeared; and the Athenians retorted their ridicule upon the allies. CHAP XXIV. MYRONIDES. THE Athenians and Thebans having formed againft each other; Myronides, the Athenian general, ordered his men, as foon as the fignal for battle was given, to begin the charge from the left. They did fo; when Myronides, after having for a fhort time engaged at the ‘head of them, hatftily advanced to the right wing, calling out aloud, « We are victorious in the left.” Upon mention of the word vic- Tor1gus, the Athenians received a frefh acceffion of courage, and charged the enemy with redoubled fury. 'T he Thebans, on the con- trary, difpirited with the news of their defeat, abandoned the field to the enemy. 2. WueN Myronides led the Athenians againft Thebes, and was advancing to the ficld, he ordered them to ground their arms, and take a view of the country round. They did fo; when addrefling them, « Obferve, © faid he,” what a fpacious plain this 1s; and what a num- ber of hoife the enemy have mn it. If we run away, the cavalry will moft undoubtedly overtake us; But if we ftand like men, there are the faireft hopes of victory.” By this conciic harangue, he convinced them of the neceflity of maintaining their ground; and penetrated even to the territories of Phocis and Locri. CHAP. TN TH Ha ye STRATAGEMS OF WAR. 33 CHAP. XXJVi PERICLES. WHILST the Lacedemonians were ravaging Attica; in order to divert their operations, by carrying the war into their own country, Pericles fitted out fome Athenian galleys with orders to lay waite the maritime parts of Sparta: and thus retaliated the injuries the Athe- nians had fuftained, by committing greater upon the Lacedemonians. 2. WhEeN Archidamus, who had been formerly a friend and acquain- tance of Pericles, invaded Attica; Pericles, who was very rich, and had large eftates, fufpecting, that on account of their former intimacy, Archidamus might not f{uffer his property to fhare the general ravage, to fecure himfelf from the fufpicion of the Athenians, before the de- vaftation was begun, went into the aflembly, and made a publick dona- tion to the city of all his pofieflions. CHAP XJXVIL ma —— - CLEON. CLEON, by means of a lucky difcovery, betrayed Seftos to the Aby- denians without the expence of a battle. Theodorus, a friend of his, who had the command of the watch in the city, having an intrigue with a woman in the fuburbs, obferved a narrow acqueduct, which was con- “tinued through the walls. By pulling up a ftone, through this pafs he ufed to vifit his miftrefs; and at his return, replacing the ftone as ufual, he continued his amecur undifcovered. At an hour, when wine -and mirth had opened his mind, he confefled his intrigue to his friend Cleon; who immediately communicated it to the Abydenians: and, waiting for.a dark night, when Theodorus had pulled up the ftone, and E : was 34 *POLYZNUS’S was amufing him{cIf with his miftre(s, he introduced a party of the enemy through the aquedu&. Thefe, after they had flain the watch, “opened the gates to the reft of the army; and cafily made themfelves mafters of Seftos. CHAP. XXXVI BRASIDAS. BRASIDAS was attacked near Amphipolis, and upon a rough crag- gy hill hemmed ia by the enemy; who, to prevent his efcape by night, raifed round the hill a hich wall of ftone. The Lacedemonians were inftant with their general to lead them out to battle, and not let them ftay to be cooped up, and perifh with famine. But Brafidas, without regarding their folicitations, told them, he beft knew the proper time for engaging. After the enemy had extended their wall round the great- eft part of the hill; one place only being left open, like a pafs into a fpacious lawn, he gave orders for battle, adding, that this was the time to thew their fpirit. Then making a vigorous fally, they forced a paifage with great {laughter of the enemy, and little lofs to themfelves. For the ftraitnefs of the place was no inconvenience. to the {mall nuniber of their forces, whilft the wall fecured them from an attack upon their rear. Thus were the enemy's numbers rendered ufclefs, and the Lacediwmo- nians effected a fafe retreat. 2. AmpuipoLrs, which was under the Athenian protection, having been betrayed into the hands of Brafidas, he ordered the gates to be fhut: and, taking the keys, threw them over the walls; that thus not having it in their power to open their gates again to the enemy that had invefted it, they might place all their confidence in a vigorous de- fence. 3. WuEN Brafidas, who had with great fecrefy advanced to Amphi- polis, found every thing therein confufion; not judging it prudent to : hazard STRATAGEMS OF WAR. 13 hazard a battle with an enemy, actuated by defpair, he iffued a procla- mation; promifing fecurity to the Athenians, if they would agree to a truce with him, and retreat with their own property. And to the Am- phipolitans he made another propofal, that they fhould enjoy the free- dom of the ftate, if they would enter into a ftrict alliance with the La- _cedemonians. The terms of the proclamation were accepted by the Athenians, who drew off their forces; and the Amphipolitans became allies to Lacedemon. 4- Brasipas, intending to fail to Sicyon by night, ordered a trireme * to be manned, and fail before him; whilit himfelf followed in a light floop. That in cafe the trireme was attacked by a larger veflel, the floop might come up to its affiftance; but if it were equally engaged, he in the mean time might arrive fafe at Sicyon. 5. Tur enemy in a narrow defile hanging upon the Lacedemonians’ rear; Brafidas ordered his men to cut down great quantities of wood as they marched, and pile it in heaps; which being {ct on fire, and the flame fpreading wide, he thus fecured his rear, and effected a fafe re- treat. CHAP XXXIV NIC! AS. NICIAS failed by night to that part of Corinth, where is the moun- tain Solyges; and after he had there landed his Athenian forces, and a thoufand other troops, and pofted them in ambufcade, at different places, he returned to Athens: and on the next morning, as foon as it was day, openly embarked for Corinth. The Corinthians advanced with alacrity to oppofe him, and difpute his landing. When the ambufeade fuddenly difcovered themfelves; and furioufly falling upon the enemy, gave them a total dcfeat. 2 2. THE ® A fhip containing three benches of oarse 36 -"POLYANUS'S 2. TE Athenians being encamped about Olimpius, Nicias ordered: wooden fpikes in the night to be fixed in the ground, which extended on a level before the camp; and on the next day, when Ecphantus, general | of the Syracufan horfe, advanced with his cavalry, he was entirely routed, the {pikes ticking into the horits” hoofs every ftep they advanced. And many of them not being able to make good their retreat, were cut. to pieces by the heavy armed troops, that were provided with hard {tiff thoes for the purpofe. 3. Nicias, with a few men, was left to defend a town ; whilfl the main body of the army lay at Thapfus. Put the Syracufans having poflefled themfelves of the outworks, where was depofited a great quantity of wood, Nicias, finding him{lf unable any longer to defend the town, fet fire to the wood, which continuing to burn fiercely, repelled. the enemy; till the army returned from Thapfus, and relieved him. 4 Nicias, when clofly purfued by Gylippus, and very near being taken, difpatched a herald to him, with a propofal to furrender on whatever conditions he would offer him: at the fame time defiring that fome one might be fent to ratify the treaty. Gylippus, not. diftrufting the herald, immediately encamped; aud, deiiiting from fui- ther purfuit, fent back Nicias’s herald, and with him onc commiilioned to conclude the treaty. But Nicias, having in the mean time poileiicd himfclf of a more advantageous poft, continued the war : after he had by this impofition of the herald made good his retreat. CHAP XL. ALCIBIADELS. TO make trial of the affection of his friends, Alcibiades contrived the following device—In a dark place in his houft he fhut up the ftatuc of a man ; and difcovering it to his frisnds feparat.ly, as a perfon, whom he had STRATAGEMS OF WAR. 37 had murdered, he begged their affiftance in contriving means to conceal the fact. They all excufed themfclves from having any concern in an af- fair of that nature, except Callias, the fon of Hippoenicus; who readily . offered to receive the pretended corple, and fecrete it from a difcovery. In Callias, therefore, he diicovered a faithful friend ; who ever after- wards held the firlt place in his attections. 2. In a foreign expedition, Alcibiades landed his forces in the enemy's country by night: and waited their attack the next day. But finding them not difpofed to venture out of the city, and hazard a battle, he planted an ambufcade; and, after burning his tents, weighed anchor fiom thence, and failed back. As foon as from the city they had feen him embark, they confidently opened their gates, and in little parties ftraggled up and down the country : when the ambufeade, fal- lying out upon them, took many prifoners, and no inconfiderable booty. Alcibiades immediately appeared on the coait again, and taking on board both the fpoil and the captors, failed back to Athens. 3. WurLe the Lacedemonians laid fiege to Athens, Alcibiades, in order to excite vigilance in the centincls, who were pofted at the Pireum, and the long walls which extended to the fea, gave notice, that three times every night he would hold out a torch from the tower; and that whoever of the guard did not anfwer him, by holding up their's at the fainc time, fhould be punifhied for neglelt of duty. The flratagem had its etiect; for all were particularly careful to be in readinefs, to.an- fiver their general's fignal. 4. In an expedition againlt Sicily, Alcibiades touched at Corfica; where, as his army was numerous, he divided it into three parts, that it might the more cally be fupplied with forage: and advancing to Catane, when he found the Catanwans determined not to adiuit him, he difpatched an embally to them, defimng that he might be permitted to enter their city alone, anu (0 communicate to them what he hal of 5 complied with, he left . orders conivquence to propofe. This sequel bau 38 POLYANUS’S orders with his generals, whilft the citizens flocked from all quarters to the aflembly, to make a vigorous attack upon fuch gates as were’ weakeft. Accordingly, whilft Alcibiades was haranguing the Cata- nzans, they found the Athenians in poflefiion of the city. 5. AFTER Alcibiades had poficffed himfelf of Catane, he retaired in his fervice, and found means to attach to him, a faithful Catanzan, who was well known at Syracufe. Him he difpatched thither, under pretext of being charged with a commiflion to the Syracafans by fome of their friends in Catane; which was, to inform them that the Athe- nians devoted their time to pleafures and feftivity, and accuftomed themfelves to ftroll from the camp, fecure and unarmed; and that therefore if early in the morning they could furprize the camp, the Athenians they would find an eafy capture, unarmed, and indulging themfelves in the city. The Syracufan chiefs eafily credited him, and gave orders immediately for an embarkation of their whole army for Catane. They accordingly landed at Corfica, and, advancing to Ca- tane, encamped at the river Symethus. As foon as Alcibiades perceived - them advancing, manning his triremes with all expedition, he embarked and failed directly to Syracufe; where he arrived without oppofition, and entirely demolifhed their fortifications. 6. ArciBiapes being ordered from Sicily, to take his trial for defacing the ftatucs of Mercury, and a prophanation of the myfte- ries, hired a light-built veflel, to carry him to Lacedemon. He there advifed the ftate io fend fpeedy fuccours to the Syracufans, and to fortify Decelea; which if neglected, they could receive from thence neither the product of the foil, nor of the filver mines: and cautioned them, that they muft alfo expect the revolt of the iflanders, as foon as they faw themfielves befieged. Thefe his tranfations at Lacedemon induced the Athenians to pafs his recall from exile. 7. In an action between the Athenians and Syracufans, Alcibiades obferving a great quantity of dry fern between the two armies, while a brifk STRATAGCEMS OF WAR, 39 britk wind blew full on the backs of the Athenians, and againit the enemy's faces, ordered the fern to be fet on fire: and the wind driving the fmoak into the enemy’s eyes, they found themfelves unable to make any ftand, and a general rout enfued. * 8. Arci1aDpEs, when fo pent up by Tyribafus that there was but onc way by which he could fecure his retreat, while the enemy, who would not hazard a general engagement, huiiz upon his rear, encamped in a place well covered with wood ; where he ordered a quantity of timber to be cut down, and piled in different heaps : this in the night he fet on fire, and privately decamped. The barbarians, {cing the fire, never fufpected the Grecians of having ftruck their tents: and as foon as the ftratagem was difcovered, and Tyribafus prepared to follow him, he found his march fo interrupted by the fire, that he was obliged to defift from the purfuit. 9. ArciBrapes privately difpatched Theramenes and Thrafybulus with a large {quadron to Cyzicum, to cut off the enemy’s retreat to the city; whillt he himfelf, with a few triremes, advanced to offer them battle. Mindarus, conceiving a contempt for his little fleet, in- ftantly prepared for the engagement: when no fooner had they clofed, than the Athenian fiecet counterfeited flight; and the Lacedemonians, as if victory had declared in their favour, cagerly purfued them. But Alcibiades, as foon as he approached that part of his flect which failed under the command of Theramenes and Thrafybulus, hoifted his flag, and, tacking about, ftood to the enemy. Mindarus then endeavoured to fheer off, and make for the city; but was prevented by the move- ment of Theramenes. Cut off from that refource, he direéted his courfe to a point of Cyzicum called Cleros; but from thence alfo he was repulfed by the army of Pharnabazus. Alcibiades in the mean * A fimilar ftratagem Hannibal is reported by Frontinus to have employed againft the Romans at Cann, : time 40 POLYZNUS'S time clofely purfued him, fhattering his fhips, by running foul of them with his beaks, and hauling them off with his gra; ling-irons, as orten as they attempted to land: whilft thofe who, effectc’ = landing, were cut to pieces by Pharnabazus. And the death of Mlindarus finally completed to Alcibiades a brilliant and glorious victory. “CHAP XLI ARCHIDAMUS, ON the night before a battle, in which Archidamus was to com- mand the Lacedemonian army againft the Arcadians, to fpirit up the Spartans, he had an altar privately erected, adorned with two fuits of bright armour ; and directed two horfes to be led round it. In the morning, the captains and f{ubalterns, obferving thofe new fuits of armour, i prints of two horfes’ feet, and an altar raifed as it were of itfelf, perfuaded themfelves that Caftor and Pollux had been to allure them of their afliftance. The foldiers, thus infpired with courage, and imprefled with enthufiaftick notions of divine affiftance, fought gallantly, and obtained the victory. 2. AT a time when Archidamus laid clofe fiege to Corinth, the rich citizens and the poor were divided into feparate factions; the one party inclined to deliver up the city to the enemy, and the other to eftablith in it an oligarchy. Archidamus, receiving intelligence of thefe divi- fions, flackened the fiege. He no longer advanced his machines to the walls, no longer marked out his lines of circumvallation, no longer employed himfelf in levelling the ground. The rich men therefore, fuf- * | have in this ftratagem followed the original; in which, however, there is an un- doubted error; for Pharnabafus never was an ally of the Athenians. It is probable therefore that the fleet, which Alcibiades is {uid to have difpatclied under the command of Theramenes and Thrafybulus to Cyficum, landed there a body of troops under Thrafybulus : and that the true reading, inftead of Pharnabazus, is Thrafybulus. pecting STRATAGCEMS OF WAR, 41 petting that he had gained over the other faction to betray the city to him, determined to be before hand with them, and difpatched an em- bafly to Archidamus with the furrender of it: fhipulating for their fafety by the fanction of a future alliance. 3. AT Lacedemon happened a violent fhock of an earthquake, by which five houfes only were left ftanding. Archidamus, feeing the men wholly bufied in faving their effects, and fearing left they fhould them- felves ftay to be buried in the ruins, ordered the trumpet to found an alarm : on which the Spartans, imagining an enemy was advancing againft them, immediately repaired to him. The houfes in the mean time fell; but the men were thus happily preferved. 4. Tue Arcadians, after a viltory obtained over the Spartans, being left mafters of the field, Archidamus weak, and difabled with his wounds, {ent to petition a truce, to bury their dead; while there yet re- mained any to perform the office.® 5. ArRcuipamus marched his army by night to Cara, through a long tedi 5 road, rough and craggy, and incommoded with waters. He endeavoured, as much as pofiible, to keep up the {pirits of his men, ha- rafled as they were with a fatiguing and laborious march; both by ex- ampie and exhortation encouraging them to perfevere. By this forced march, they furprized the enemy; and, unprepared as they were for fo fudden an attack, entirely defeated them, and plundered the city. When afterwards, exulting in their victory, they were banqueting in the cap- tured town, Archidamus afked them, at what particular time the city appeared to them to be taken. Some anfwered, when they began the clofe attack; others when they came within the reach of their javelins. “ Neither, ¢ replied he;’ but when we continued our march through that tedious dreary fwamp: for perfeverance and refolution eventually conquer every thing.” * The ftratagem is left imperfect, and fhould be thus fupplied,—¢« The nature of the “ requeft impreficd the Arcadians with horror at the carnage it conveyed, induced them to ¢ fheath the fword, and, inftead of a truce, enter into an alliance with tae Spartans.” F CHAP. 42 POLYZNUS'S CIHAY XLII I———— GYLIPPUS, : GYLIPPUS, ambitious of being invefted with the chief command of the Syracufan army, convened the other generals to a council of wai: where he communicatzd to them a defign of poficiiing themfclves of a hill which lay between the city and the Athenian Camp. With this pro- pofal after they had fignified their concuirence, he by night difpatched a revolter to inform the enemy of the defign: who tock advantage of the intelligence, and immediately pofiefled themficlves of the mountain. Upon this Gylippus pretended great indignation, as if his plan had by . fome or other of the generals been difcovered to the enemy. To pre- vent therefore any fuch communication of intelligence in future, the chiefs of Syracufe committed to Gylippus the fole management of the war. ; 2. Tur eminence, of which the Athenians had poflefled themfclves, Gylippus finding it neceffary to recover, out of a great number of vellels feleted twenty: which hemanned, and had frequently manceuvred. Thefe, as foon as he had compleated his compliment of men for the reft of the fleet, he ordered to put to fea carly the next morning. The enemy no fooner perceived them under fail, than they alfo embarked, and advanced to give them battle. But whilft they edged off, and the Athenians were brifkly purfuing them; Gylippus allo, having manned the reft of the fleet, put to fea. And the attention of the Athenians being thus en- gaged in a naval altion, the few troops, they had left behind, were eafily diflodged by Gylippus’s infantry, who afterwards polefied thems fclves of the pot. CHAP, ! STRATAGEMS OF WAR, 43 CHAP XLII Ar——— HERMOCRATES. AN infurrection taking place in Syracufe, and a great band of flaves being colleéted together ; Hermocrates fent ambafiador to Sofiftratus, their leader, one Daimachus, a captain of horfe, and formerly a par- ticular friend and acquaintance of Sofiftratus: who told him from the generals, that from particular regard for the fortitude he had dif- played, they had agreed to give the men their freedom, furnifth them with arms, and allow them a military ftipend ; and that they alfo ad- mitted him to the rank of general, and defired that he would forth- with come and join them in their deliberations on public bufinefs. Relying on the friendfhip of Daimachus, Sofiftratus attended the ge- nerals, with twenty of his beft and ableft men: who were all 1imme- diately feized, and thrown into chains; whiift Hermocrates marched out with fix thoufand picked men, and having taken prifoners the reft of the flaves, he engaged to them on oath, that they fhould re- ceive no ill treatment from him, provided they would return to their refpective mafters: to which they all agreed, except three hundred, who revolted to the Athenians. : 2. Tue Athenians, having fuffered in a naval engagement with the Syracufans off Sicily, refolved to withdraw their forces from the ifland in the night; whilit the Syracufans lay buried in wine and flecp after their triumphal facrifices. Hermocrates fufpected the defign, but not venturing to hazard an engagement with troops drow(y and inebrirted as his were, he difpatched a revolter who told Nicias ; his fiiends, who were ever vigilant in watching all opportunitics of formation, ap- prized him, that if he attempted to make his retreat that night, he would inevitably fall into the enemy's ambuftade. The intelligence 2 obtained i“ POLYZENUS’S obtained credit with Nicias; who waited for the next day, before he decamped. The next morning, Hermocrates ordered the Syracufans to arms; who were by that time well refrefhed, and had flept off the fumes of the laft evening's debauch: and poflefling himfelf of the pots at the pafles of the rivers, and the bridges, he defeated the Athe- nians with great flaughter. CHAP XILIV. ETEONICUS. CONON, the Athenian, had befieged Eteonicus, the Lacedemo- nian, in Mitylene; when a light-horfeman arrived exprefs with news of Callicratidas, the Spartan admiral, having defeated the enemy at Argi- nufe. Eteonicus commanded the exprefs to retire out of the city privately by night, and the next day to return, crowned with chaplets, and hymning victory; and he himfelf offered facrifice for the aufpi- cious news; while Conon and the Athenian army, ftruck with confter- nation, raifed the fiege. Eteconicus, exerting himfelf with re- doubled vigour, fitted out a fleet for Chios, and marched the army to Methymna, a city then in alliance with Lacedemon. CIHAD XLV. LYSANDER. LYSANDER, having promifed his Milefian friends to reduce the people to their fubjettion, for that purpofe went to Miletum. And in his harangues, whilft he feverely animadverted on the innovators, he promifed the citizens his endeavours to fecure to them their liberty, and to protet them in it. The people, not iii his fincerity, readily STRATAGEMS OF WAR. 43 readily embraced his offers, and put themfelves under his protection. When, unprepared for an attack, at a fignal given, his friends fell upon the unfufpecting citizens, and having flain the leaders of the oppofition, Miletum relapfed into the power of his fiiends. 2. AT the Egofpotamos the Athenians feveral times put to fea, and bearing down upon the enemy offered them battle, which Lyfander al- ways declined : whereupon they returned to their ftation, exulting in their fuccefs, and hymning victory. The Lacedemonian at laft fent two {loops to obferve them; the captains of which, as foon as they per- ceived the enemy landing, hoifted a brazen fhicld as a fignal to Lyfan- der: who immediately advanced with the reft of the fleet, crowding all the fail he could; and came up with the Athenians, juft after the forces were landed. Some of them were gone to reft, and others employed, part on one thing, part on another: when the Lacedeemonians on a fudden attacking them, a regular force againft a confufed rout, ob- tained an eafy victory. They took the whole fleet, both men and fhips; except one galley only, which efcaped to carry the ungrateful news to Athens. | 3. LysanpERr ufed to fay; « Boys were to be cheated with dice, but an enemy with oaths.” 4. AFTER Lyfander had made himfelf mafter of Thafos, knowing that many of the citizens, who were in the Athenian intereft, had con- cealed themfelves through fear, convened the Thafians to the temple of Hercules. Where, ina gracious and conciliating harangue, he fignified to them how readily he forgave all thofe who might have concealed themfelves in confequence of this revolution of affairs; and hoped they would difmifs all fears of his refentment. On the affurance he gave ~ them, in fo facred a place as the temple, and that too in the c'ty of his anceftor Hercules, and captivated by this fpecious addrefs, th: Tha- fians, who had before concealed themfelves, began to venture oat, and appeared publickly: whom Lyfander, after forbearing two or three days 46 POLY ENUS’S days to take any notice of them, that fo they being lefs fearful, might alfo be leis circumfpect, ordered to be fuddenly feized and executed. 5. Wen it was debated by the Lacedemonians and their alliss, whether they fhould not endeavour the entire deftruction of Athens, Lyfander urged many arguments againft it : and particularly the con- fideration, that Thebes, which was a neighbouring ftate, would thercby be rendered more powerful, and a more formidable enemy to Sparta. Whereas, if they could preferve the dependence of Athens, under the government of tyrants, they might through its vicinity, watch the motions of the Thebans; whofe affairs muft of courfe decreafe. Lyfander’s advice was approved ; and they were prevailed on to give up the defign of deftroying Athens. SAD. XLVI, AGIS. IN a war between the Peloponnefians and Laced@monians, the lat- ter were reduced to great fcarcity of provifions; when Agis gave orders that the oxen for one whole day fhould be kept from their feeding. And to conceal from the enemy their diftrefs, he fent over fome revolters to inform them, that the next night a great reinforcement was expected at the Lacediemonian camp. All the day the mouths of the cattle were muzzled ; and loofed as foon as night came on. The hungry oxen thus fet free, and turned loofe into the paftures, leaping about and bel- lowing, railed a terrible noife, which the cavities between the hills did not a little contribute to increafe. He ordered the foldiers at the fame time to difperfe themfclves abroad, and kindle feveral fires. The Pelo- ponnefians, alarmed at the bellowing of the oxen, and the fhouts they heard, as well as the fires which they obferved, concluded the enemy to be ftrongly reinforced, {truck their tents, and precipitately retreated. : CHAP STRATAGEMS OF WAR, 47 CHAP XLVI St i. THRASYLLUS. TO conceal from the enemy the number of his thips, Thrafyllus ordered the puots to link two together, expanding only the fails of one. And by this ftratagem only one half of his fleet was difcernible by the enemy. 2. TurasyLrus, having laid clofe fiege to Byzantium, and vigo- roufly carried on the attack, {truck {uch a general terror into the minds of the Byzantines, leit their city fhould be carried by ftorm, that they capitulated with him for the furrender of it within a limited time; and gave hottages for their obfervance of the articles. Thrafyllus accord- ingly raifed the fiege, and embarking his army failed for Ionia: but © returned fecretly by might, and made himfelf mafter of the defencelefs city. CHAP. XLVI, CONON. CONON, in danger of being deferted by his allies, difpatched a revolter to the enemy with information of their intended retreat, of the time when they intended to ftrike their tents, and of their rout : who took their meafures accordingly, and placed an ambufcade to intercept them. He then informed the allied army of intel- ligence he had received, that an ambufcade was planted to intercept them; of which he was happy in an opportunity of =pprizing them, that they might be upon their guard, and the more fately effect their retreat. As foon as they were fatisfied of the truth of Conon’s intel- ligence 48 POLYZNUS'S ligence, and difcovered the ambufcade, won with his generofity, they returned back to the camp, and continued with him till he had put an honourable end to the war. 2. CALLICRATIDAS, with a flcet double to the enemy, falling in with Conon, gave chafc; and purfued him almoft to Mitylene : when obferving the Lacedemonian {hips widely feparated in the purfuit, Conon hoifted up the rm flag, which was the fignal for battle to the other commanders. They immediately ftood to, and forming a line, furioufly engaged the Lacediericuian fleet; which, being thrown into confufion by this fuddei attack of the cuemy, were moft of them cither - fhattered to pieces, or fuk. And Conon obtained a compleat vic- tory. 3. Wuen Agefilans was laying wafte Afia, Conon, being fent to the affiftatice of Pharnabaius, advifed the Perfian to let his gold circu- late anionglt the orators of the Gracian tutes: *¢ Of which, * faid he,’ when they have once tafted, they will at your requeft influence their country, not only to make a prace with you, but to turn their arms againft the Spartans.” The advice was followed, ard fucceeded for the Corinthian war prefently broke out, in confuruence of which the Spar- tans were obliged to recall Agefilaus fron Afia. 4. Conon, when blocked up in Mitylene by the Lacedemonians, fecing it neceflary to give the Athenians notice of it, and yet diftrefled how to do it undifcovered, manned two of his fwviftell failing {loops with able feamen ; and having furnithed them with every thing necef- fary, he ordered them to lie by till the evening. As foon as the day clofed, and he obferved the guard ftraggling about the fhore, and vari- oufly employed, fome in drefling their wounds, fome piling the wood, and others lighting the fires; he command.d them to fet fail, and ficer different courfes: that in cafe one was taken, the other might efcape. But they both arrived fafe ; the enemy being cither too neglectful to ob- ferve, or too indolent to purfue them. : . Just STRATAGEMS OF WAR, 49 3. Just before a naval engagement, Conon, having received intelli- gence by a revolter, that a choice detachment of the enemy’s fleet had determined, as their principal aim, to take the fhip in which he failed, fitted out a trireme exactly like his own. And invefting the captain of it with the admiral’s robes, he ordered it to the right wing : and alfo commanded, that the whole fleet fhould receive their fignals from it. This the enemy obferved ; and forming a line of their bett hips, 1m- mediately attacked the fuppofed admiral’s veffel : while Conon vigoroufly engaging them with the reft of his fleet, funk part, and put the reft to flight. : CnaAP XLIX. XENOPHON. XENOPHON, in his famous retreat from Perfia, when he found Tifaphernes’s cavalry continually attacking his baggage, advifed that their carriages, with all that was not abfolutely neceflary either for war, or the conveyance of their ftores, might be left behind; left the Greeks fhould defeat all poflibility of a retreat, by facrificing their lives in the defence of their property. 2. As the enemy kept continually galling his rear, Xenophon formed his little army into two fronts, placing his baggage in a hollow fquare in the middle ; and in this difpofition he profecuted his march: cover- ing his rear with the cavalry, flingers, and targetcers ; who repulfed the frequent incurfions of the barbarians. 3. Xenoprnon, obferving that the barbarians had poffefled them- felves of a defile through which his route neceflarily lay, favoured by a high mountain with an extenfive view of the country, difcerned on ac. ceflible hill ; but defended by a party of the enemy. At the head of a detachment, fuch as he judged fufficient for the purpofe, thither he G : marched ; 5a POLYANUS'S marched ; and diflodging the forces that were pofted there, difcovered himfelf to the enemy below : who feeing the advantageous pofition of the Greeks, abandoned themfelves to flight ; and thus opened a fafe paflage for the Gracian army. 4. Tue barbarian cavalry being drawn up on the oppofite fide of a river, which Xenophon was obliged to crofs, and ready to difpute his paffage over it, he felected a thoufand men, whom he detached to ford the river a little above ; whilft he himfelf, to engage the obfervation of the enemy, made a feint, as if intending to crofs it diretly again{t them. In the mean time the detached party gained the oppofite fide; and ap- pearing above the enemy, engaged them : whilft Xenophon fafely paflcd. it with the remaining part of his army. PREFATORY STRATAGEMS OF WAR. st PREFPATORY ADDRESS, WITH this fecond book of Stratagems, I beg leave to prefent your moft facred majefties, Antoninus and Verus; who are yourfelves well qualified to judge at what expence of labour and time I have made this collection ; ever ftudious of your fervice: though the honourable poft, I hold under you at the bar, allows me few leifure hours for the profecution of other ftudies. BOOK II. CHAT 1% AGESIIL AUS, 1. AGESILAUS took the field againft the Acarnenfians about feed- time; but finding that at that feafon they intended fowing their lands, againft the remonftrances of the Laced@monians, he marched back his army: alleging, that after they had fown their corn, in order to pre- ferve it, they would be more inclinable to peace. ¢ For then, ¢ faid he,” peace they muft have; or fuffer us to reap the fruits of their labour.” 2. Tue Lacedemonians, advancing to an engagement againft the united force of Thebes and Athens, though the light-armed troops could be of no fervice, Agefilaus ordered the whole phalanx to the at- tack. Chabrias, general of the Athenians, and Gorgidas of the The- bans, obferving the number of the enemy, commanded their refpective corps not to advance; but with their fhields fixed on their knees, and their {pears couched, in that pofture to remain, and receive the enemy's 2 charge. sz POLYENUS'S charge. Agefilaus, ftruck with the firm difpofition of their battle, judged it he province of a general rather to retreat, than hazard fo un- promifing an engagement. 3. AcEsiLavus appeared at Coronza with a force fuperiour to what he had ever commanded before: when an exprefs arrived with intelli-- gence that Bifander, the Lacedemonian admiral, had by Pharnabazus been defeated and flain. Left the army fhould be difpirited by this ill news, Agcfilaus gave orders to the heralds to proclaim the contrary : that the Lacedemonians had been victorious by fea. And to favour the deceit, he himfelf appeared crowned, offered facrifices on account of the aufpicious news, and fent portions of the victims. round to his friends. Thefe demonftrations of victory fo infpirited his troops; that they marched out to battle with confidence and alacrity. - 4. AGESILAUs, after his victory at Corona, being told that the Athenians had fled for refuge to the temple of Minerva, replied, « Let them go wherever they are inclined ; for nothing can be attended with greater danger, than an engagement to which the enemy is forced by defpair.” 5. AGEsILAUS, in his Afiatick expedition, to infpire his men with a contempt for the barbarians, whom they had been ufed to regard with terror, ordered fome Perfian captives to be ftripped ; and expofing them naked before the army, he bade the Grecks obferve their delicate and puny frames, occafioned by the luxurious lives in which they were trained up ; and on the other hand, how rich and coftly was their ap- parel : laconically adding, ¢ Thofe are our enemies, and thefe the re- wards of victory.” 6. IT was a conftant maxim with this general, always to leave the enemy a door open for flight. 7. Upon a complaint of the allies, that the Lacedemonians brought nto the field fewer forces than themfelves, Agefilaus commanded them to fit down by themfelves; and the Spartans to do the fame: that: .STRATAGEMS OF WAR, 53 that fo the matter might be brought to a proof. Thus feated, a herald made proclamation for all the potters to rife: of the allies a great number did fo. Upon the fecond proclamation, which was for the fmiths to rife; many more ftood up. All the carpenters, who were a large body, were next ordered to rife. And, in the fame manner, all other handicraftmen and mechanicks, in their order. So that amongit the allies, there were {carce any left feated. But of the Lacedemonians, not aman was een ftanding ; for they are by their laws reftricted from practifing any mechanick employment. Thus were the allies taught, that though they contributed, towards carrying on the war, more men; yet the Lacedemonians brought into the field more foldiers. 8. WueN Agefilaus, having marched his army into Afia, continued ravaging the territories in that part of the king's dominions; Tifa- phernes propofed to him a truce for three months: which time was. employed in intrigues to win over to the king's intereft the Grecian cities, that were in Afia. And at the fame time, while the Greeks, re- fraining from acltion, quietly waited for the expiration of the truce, the Perfian was indefatigable in augmenting his force ; and, contrary to his own engagements, on a fudden attacked them. Unexpecting an encmy, and unprepared to refit, a general tumult and confternation pervaded the Grecian camp: when Agefilaus, with a compofed and tranquil countenance, or rather with looks expreflive of joy, thus ad- drefled his troops : « Tifaphernes I thank for his perjury; by which he has made the gods his enemies, and our allies. Let us therefore, my lads, march out with becoming confidence, in conjunction with fo great auxiliaries.” Spirited by this fhort harangue, the general led them forth, and obtained a compleat victory. 9. Upon his march to Sardis, Agefilaus difpatched perfons to pro- pagate a report, that his march was only a pretence to deceive Tifa- phernes : for though the expedition feemed profefledly againft Lydia, yet his real defign was againft Caria. Tifaphernes, informed of this, directed. 54 POLYENUS’S dire€ed all his attention towards the defence of Caria; whilit the La- cedemonian made an impreflion upon Lydia, and enriched himfelf with the {poil of that defencelefs territory. 10. WHEN Agefilaus invaded Acarnania, and the Acarnanians had re- tired to the mountains; he halted in the plain country, and contented himfelf with deftroying the wood in the adjacent places, by grubbing up the trees. The Acarnanians defpifed his apparent inertion, whilt he feemed wholly occupied in deftroying their trees; and ventured down from the pofts they poflefled in the mountains, to the cities which were fituated on the plains. This movement of theirs invited Agefilaus to action : who, by a forced march of a hundred and fixty furlongs in the night, early the next morning furprized them; made prifoners all the men he could pick up, and retreated with a great quantity of cattle, and other booty. £1. AGESILAUS, having heard that the Thebans had fecured the pafs at Scolos, ordered all the embaffies from Greece to continue: at Thefpize; and commanded them to {tore there the forage for the army. The Thebans, informed of this, marched their forces, which were pofted at the pafs at Scolos, againft Thefpie, in order to intercept whatever might be intended for that ftation. Whilft Agefilaus after a two days march found the poft at Scolos deferted, which he pafled un- difputed. y2. Tue Thebans, when Agefilaus was ravaging their country, poflefied themfelves of a hill, by Nature almoft inacceflible, called the Scat of Rhea: where he could not engage them but at a great difad- vantage ; nor penetrate any further into the country, till he had dif- lodged them. He made a feint therefore of drawing off his forces; and marching direétly againft Thebes : which was at that time quite evacuated. The Thebans, afraid for their city, abandoned their ad- vantageous poft, and hafted to the defence of it; whillt Agefilaus pafled the hill without oppofition. 13. AT STRATAGEMS OF WAR, 55 13. AT the battle of Leuétra, many of the Lacedemonians hav- ing thrown down their arms, and deferted their ranks; that fo great a body might not be branded with infamy, Agefilaus procured himfelf to be appointed a temporary legiflator. In that capacity, not ventur- ing to unhinge the conftitution fo far as to eftablifh any new laws, he only for the time difpenfed with the execution of the old ones; leaving them after the battle of Leuctra to remain in full force. 14. A sEp1TioN happening at Sparta, and a great part of the fol- diery having poflefied themfelves of the facred mountain of Diana If- foria nigh Pitane; while the united forces of the Thebans and Arca- dians at the fame time preffed hard upon them; a general confternation took place amidft the tumults of war and fedition, Agefilaus, whofe refolution and promptitude of thought in the moft general confufion never forfook him, confidered, that to endeavour to force them to obe- dience, would in their prefent” circumf{tances be dangerous; and to fupplicate and intreat them, a diminution of his authority. Going therefore to the mountain alone and unarmed, with an intrepid and ‘unfufpecting countenance, he called out, “My lads, you have miftaken my orders ; you therefore to that mountain, ¢ pointing to another place,” and you poft yourfelves there : take your refpective ftations, and reft on your arms.” Suppofing him ignorant of their intention of mutiny, they obeyed, and marched to the feveral ftations he afligned them. But as foon as night came on, he difpofed of twelve of the ringleaders in different places, and thus quafhed the fedition. 15. Tue army being in great diftrefs, and numbers every day de- ferting ; to conceal from the reft of the army the number of deferters, Agefilaus fent men in the night through the different quarters of the camp, with orders to gather up all the fhields that were caft away, and bring them to him : left the fhicld being found, fhould betray the de- fertion of its mafter, By this means, no fhiclds being afterwards feen, the 56 POLYAZNUS’S the defertion of the troops was not perceived, and the army refumed their courage. 16. AGesiLAuUs lay a long time before Phocis, without being able to carry the city ; nor could he well difpenfe with the lofs of time, the fiege was likely to coft him. The Phocian allies on the other hand were no lefs weary of the fiege, than he was. He therefore ordered his army to ftrike their tents; and retreated. Upon this retreat of the enemy, the allies gladly received their difcharge: of which Agefilaus “having notice returned, and made an eafy Gs of the city thus evacuated by the allies. 17. Having occafion to march through Macedonia, Agefilaus fent an embally to king AEropus, to treat with him for a free paffage. But the Macedonian, who had received intimation of the weaknefs of the Lacedemonian cavalry, refufed to enter into any treaty with him: and, ordering: his own cavalry to take the field, returned anfiver, that he would meet him in perfon. Agefilaus therefore, to make a greater thew of cavalry than he really had, ordered the infantry to form the firft line; and behind them he placed all the horfe he could mufter up, dif- pofing them in a double phalanx: and increafing the number with affes, mules, and fuch horfes as, being paft fervice, were ufed only for draw- ing the baggage. Soldiers mounted upon thefe, and equipped in com- ~ pleat horfe armour, gave the appearance of a numerous cavalry. And ftruck with fo formidable a force, /Eropus concluded a league with the Lacedemonians, allowing them a free paffage through his dominions. 18. WuiLe the army was encamped in Bweotia, Agefilaus obferv- ing the allies averfe to an engagement, and continually flipping away, difpatched private orders to Orchomenus, a city in the alliance, whither they withdrew themfelves, to admit none of the allies into their city, without orders from him. Finding therefore no place of refuge, they no longer confulted for their fafety by flight, but victory. 19 In STRATAGEMS OF WAR, : 57 19. IN an engagement with the Lacedemonians the Thebans being hard prefled endeavoured to cut their way through the Lacedemoniin phalanx. The engagement continued obftinate, and the carnage cn both fides was great: when Agefilaus commanded his troops to at upon the defenfive, and open their ranks: which gave the Thcbans an opportunity of breaking through; who immediately betook them- felves to flight. Agefilaus then fell upon their rear, and, without further lofs to himfelf, obtained a compleat and cheap victory over the flying foe. : 20. I~ another engagement with the Bxotians, oblerving the allies to be on the point of giving ground, Agefilaus ordered a retreat: which was rade through a narrow defile of mountains, the Lacede- monians leading the van: there he halted; and the enemy falling upon his rear, the allies had no alternative but to conquer, or die. 21. AcesiLAaus having invaded Beeotia, ordered the allies to deftroy the timber, and lay wafte the country: but obferving their negligence and remifInefs in executing his orders, he commanded them to defift from further ravages; at the fame time removing his camp three or four times a day. In confcquence of thefe manczuvres, they became obliged to cut down wood for the purpofe of erecting their tents, And thus were they compelled by neceflity to do what their general's orders, and the injury the enemy would thereby fuftain, could not prevail upon them to effect. 22. AcrsiLavus, alting in Egypt as an ally to Netancbus ; they were in a little fpot of ground hemmed in, and blockaded. The Egyptian, impatient at fecing himfelf thus immured, was inftant with Agefilaus to hazard an engagement. But he continued inflexible to his purpofe, waiting till his little army was furrounded with a wall and trench, one fmall gap only remaining, which looked like a gate- way into the inclofure. Agefilaus then calling out, “Now is the time for courage!” fallied out at the portal, vigoroufly attacked, and H routed 58 POLY ZNUS’S routed the enemy, the enclofure ferving as a fortification to prevent them from being furrounded by fuperiourity of numbers. 23. A BATTLE was fought between the Lacediemenians and The bans, in which the victory was doubtful; the night only determining the difpute. Agefilaus difpatched in the night a party of foldiers, on whom he could depend, with orders to bring off from the field, or fecretly bury, all the Spartans they could find: which having accom- plithed they retired into the camp before day. The enemy perceiving by day-light, that almoft all the dead were Thebans, loft their {pirits and alacrity, prefuming they had reccived a fignal defeat. 24. AGEsILAUs, returning from his Afiatick expedition, marched through Botia; when the Thebans, endeavouring to harrafs him in his march, poflefled themfelves of the defiles through which he was obliged to pafs. Upon this he formed his army into a double phalanx, and in that difpofition gave publick orders to direct their march to Thebes. Terrified left he fhould furprife the city in their abfence, the Thebans inftantly quitted their pofts, and returned with all the expedition they could to protect it: leavi ing Agefilaus to puifue his march unimolefted. : 25. Tue Thebans, to prevent the irruption of A he aus into their territories, fortified their camp: on either fide of which was a narrow defile. Agefilaus, forming his army into a fquare and hollow column, advanced againft the pafs on the left: on which having drawn the enemy's whole attention, he privately detached {mall bodies of troops from his rear ; who poffefled themfelves of the other pafs without op- pofition : and through that he entered the Theban territories, and ra- vaged them at difcretion. ‘26. WaiLE Agefilaus was encamped againft Lampfacum ; there came to him fome fick revolters from the mines : who told in the camp, that the Lampfacenians had deftined to the mines all the prifon- ers they fhould take. This {o enraged the army, that they advanced to STRATAGEMS OF WAR, 39 to the very walls of the city, determined to ftorm and plunder it. Agefilaus, unable to reprefs their fury, and yet inclined to fave the city, pretended to join in the general refentment; and ordered his troops immediately to deftroy all the neighbouring vineyards, as being the property of the principal citizens. While the troops were thus em- ployed, he found means to apprife the Lampfacenians of their danger, and to put them on their guard againft the intended attack. 27. WHILE the Laced®monians and Thebans were encamped againft each other on oppofite fides of the Eurotas; Agefilaus finding the Lacedemonians eager to pafs the river, and dreading the fuperiour force of the enemy, induftrioufly propagated a report, that the oracle had declared, “the army would be routed, that firft croffed the river. Thus reftraining the ardour of the Lacedemonians, he left a few of the allies under the command of their general Symmachus the Thafian, to guard the paflage of the Eurotas; at the fame time ordering him, as foon as the enemy attempted to crofs the river, to retreat with preci- pitation, directing his rout to fome hollow ways, where he had placed an ambufcade : himfelf in the mean time taking a ftrong pofiticn with the Lacedemonian veterans. ‘The Thebans, obferving the {mall force that was left under Symmachus to difpute their pafiage, affumed con- fidence, and croffed the river : and while they purfued the troops, that according to their inftructions fled before them, they fell to the am- bufcade, and loft fix hundred men. : 28. AcEesiraus having marched into Mefienia, difpatched a fpy: who returned with intelligence, that not only the Meflenians had quit- ted the city, refolved to oppofe him ; but even their wives and children, and the flaves, who were manumitted on the occafion. He therefore gave up the enterprife; obferving, that men in defperation would al- ways fight with moft determined courage. 29. When the Lacedemonians were blocked up in their city by the Thebans ; indignant at being cooped within their walls with Hz the Go POLYZANLDS’S the women, determined to fally out, and by a glorious attempt cither conquer, or die. Agefilaus diifuaded them from the rath defign ; remind- ing them, that they once had thus blocked up the Athenians : who, inftead of throwing away their lives in fuch a wild attempt, manned their walls, and defended the city; till wearied out with oppofition and delay, they had themfclves been compelled to raife the fiege, and eva- cuate the country. 30. AGEsiLAUS, returning from Afia with great fpoils, was har- raffled by the enemy: who annoyed him with their arrows and darts. He therefore flanked his army with the prifoners ; whom unwilling to facrifice, the barbarians defifted from future attacks. 31. Tur city Menda, which was in the intereft of the Athenians, Agefilaus furprifed by night; and poflefled himfelf of the ftrongeft part of it. ‘The Mendenfians enraged, and determined to difpute the poft with him; ¢ What occafion,” faid he, ftanding up and haranguing them, “for fo much rage and refentment ? one half of you are in the confpiracy, that betrayed the city to me,” The Mendenfians thus made to fufpect each other, fubmitted to the victor’s terms without further refiftance. 32. IT was the prattice of Agefilaus, to reftore without ranfom to their countries thofe captives, who had powerful connections in their refpeltive ftates: in order to leflen their confequence and power to excite innovations, by creating a fufpicion of their fidelity in the minds of their fellow citizens. 33. In the embaflies Agefilaus received, he always made it a requi- fition, that the enemy fhould depute perfons of the firft confequence in the ftate, When living with them on terms of friendfhip, and politely treating them, among the common people he raifed fufpicions of thew difaffection, and thus promoted fedition in their refpective cities. ’ STRATAGENMS OF WAR, or CHAP 1. Eas Y ~~ CLEARCHLIS. CLEARCHUS at the head of a numerous army having advanced to a river, in one place {o eafily fordable that the water would not reach higher than the knees, and in another fo deep as to be breaft-high, endzavoured firft to effect a paffage where the water was thalloweft. But finding it roughly difputed with flings and arrows, he marched his heavy-armed troops to the {pot, where the river was deepeft. The great- eft part of their bodies being there concealed beneath the water, and that which was above covered with their fhields, they croffed it without lofs, and forced the enemy to retreat; while the remaining part of the army pafied the fhallow ford without oppofition.. 2. AFTER the death of Cyrus, Clearchus retreating with the Grecian forces encamped in a neighbourhood that abounded with pro- vifions. ‘Thither Tifaphernes fent ambalfiadors, affuring them of his permiffion to continue unmolefted there, on giving up their arms. Clearchus pretended fo great attention to the embafly, as induced Tifaphernes, depending on a treaty taking place, to difband part of his army, and fend his troops into quarters. After which the Greeks ftruck their tents in: the night, and in an unremitted march of a day and night got fo far ftart of the Periian, that before he could collect his difperfed troops, they were entirely out of his reach. 3. CLEARcHUS requefted Cyrus not to expofe himfelf to danger, ‘but to poft himfelf at a diftance, as a fpetator of the engagement : re- prefenting to him, that a fingle man by mere bodily ftrength could be of little confequence in determining an action; whereas if he fell in battle, they mutt all fall with him. He then advanced {lowly with the Greeks in a clofe firm phalanx, the exact order of whofe march ftruck terror. 62 POLYENUS'S terror into the enemy. And as foon as they approached within reach of their javelins, he ordered them, as faft as they could run, to cloie, And by this manccuvre the Greeks were fuperiour to the Perfians in every action. 4. AFTER the death of Cyrus, the Greeks were left in pofleffion of a large and rich tract of country; which was fo furrounded by a river, that, but for one narrow ifthmus, it was perfectly infular. Clearchus finding it difficult to prevent them from encamping in the peninfula, difpatched to the camp a pretended deferter, who informed them that the king had it in contemplation to draw a wall acrofs the ifthmus, and hem them in. The Greeks took the alarm, acceded to Clearchus’s meafures, and encamped without the ifthmus. 5. RETURNING from an expedition with great treafures, Clearchus was furprifed by a fuperiour force on a mountain, upon which he had pofted himfelf. While the enemy were drawing a trench round the mountain ; he was incefiantly importuned by his officers to engage, be- fore they were quite blocked up. Have a little patience, replied the chief. And as {oon as the evening approached, in the moft incompleat part of the trench he depofited his baggage and booty : and on that, as a narrow pafs, engaged the enemy ; thereby defeating the advantage which their fupcriourity of numbers gave them. 6. CLEARcHUS returning with the fpoils he had taken from Thrace, and not being able to make good his retreat to Byzantium, encamped near the Thracian mountains : and expelting that the Thracians would from thence pour down and attack him in the night, he ordered his .troops to lay on their arms, and in the courfe of the night frequently to roufe themfelves. In order to make trial of their readinefs to receive -a fudden attack, he chefe a very dark night, and in the midit of it at the head of a fmall detachment appeared before” his own camp; his ‘men brandithing and ftriking their arms againft each other in the Thracian manner. His troops, taking them for the enemy, immedi- ately STRATAGEMS OF WAR. : 63 ately formed, to receive them. - The Thracians in the mean time in reality advanced, in hopes to furprife them afleep: who being drelt and in arms, received the afailants ; and, unprepared as they were for fo ready and vigorous a refiftance, defeated them with great {laughter. 7. AFTER the revolt of the Byzantines, Clearchus, though con- demned by the Ephori, profzcuted the expedition againft the Thracians; and with four fhips arrived at Lampfacum : where he apparently lived in a loofe and diflipated manner. To him the Eyzantines applied for afliftance againft the Thracians, by whom they were clofely prefled. Pretending a fevere fit of the gout, it was three days before he admit- ted the Byzantine ambaffadors to an audience : when he told them, he was very forry for their fitnation ; and affured them of the affiftance they required. Accordingly manning two fhips, befides the four he had with him, he fet {ail for Byzantium. There he debarked his own troops, and addreffing him{tlf to an affembly of the people, advifed them to embark on board his fhips all their cavalry and effective men ; and, in order to divert the attention of the enemy from the city, to fall upon their rear. At the fame time he direfted the mafters of the velflels, as foon as they faw him give the fignal for battle, immediately to weigh anchor. The troops embarked, and the fignal given, the veffels were immediately under tail : when Clearchus, pretending to be thirty, and obferving a tavern clofe by, defired the Byzantine gencrals to ftep in with him. And pofting a party of his men at the door, he maflacred the generals, and enjoined the mafter of the tavern, on rifk of his life, not to fuffer the tranfaction to tranfpire: till taking advan- tage of the abfence of the citizens, who were bufied in forwarding the embarkation, he introduced his own troops, and. made himfelf mafter of the city. 8. Tue Thracians fent ambafiadors to Clearchus, who had eid terror and devaftation through their country, to folicit peace. But averfe to it on any terms, as an inexpedient meafure, he ordered the cooks 64 POLY ENUS’S cooks to cut in picces two or three Thracian bodies, and hang them up: enjoining them, if any Thiacians afked what it mearcg, to tell them they were to be got ready for Clearchuss fupper. Struck with horror at fuch ats as that, the Thracian ambafiadors took their leave, without ever opening their commifiion. 9. CLEarcuus, finding his infantry much galled by the enemy's horfe, formed his army into platoons *, each platoon co- vering a more than ufual fpace: and ordered them, lowering their fhields, under cover of them, with their fivords to dig ditches as large as they readily and conveniently could. As foon as this was effected, he advanced beyond the ditches into the plain that lay before them, dire@ing his troops, as foon as they were prefled by the encmy’s ca- valry, to retreat behind the ditches they had made. The horfe pufh- ing eagerly after them, fell one over another into the ditches; andl be- came an eafy facrifice to the troops of Clearchus. 10. WHEN Clearchus was in "Thrace, his army was harraffed with groundlefs apprehenfions of nocturnal attacks: to re-eftablifh there- fore that tranquillity in his canip, which was thus difturbed by con- tinual tumults and confufion, he ordered, that if any tumult fhould arife, not a man fhould ftir; and if any one rofe and left his tent, that he thould be killed as an enemy. ‘Thefe orders effectually dif- fipat.d all apprehenfions of a nocturnal furprife; and quict and tran- quillity again took place. ® | have ventured thus to tranflate the Greek manbior; though perhaps the platoon may not exactly anfwer to the =2sbies, which fignifics a brick or tile : a quadrilateral ngure, whofe oppofite fides were equal ; its length sitinded towards the enemy, and exceeding its depth. Ga CHAPD, de wv} STRATAGEMS OF WAR. 6s CHAP. ll, EPAMINONDAS. PHABIADES, prefect of the tower, conceived a paffion for the wife of Epaminondas, who informed her hufband of the advances he had made to her. Epaminondas directed her to diffemble with the lover, and to invite him to fupper: defiring him at the fame time to bring fome friends with him, to whom fhe promifed to introduce ladies as eafy and complying as herfelf. According to engagement Phxbi- ades and his company came; and found every thing agreeable to their withes. After having fupped, and drank freely, the ladies defired leave to retire, in order to attend an evening facrifice, and promifed to return. The requeft was complied with, and the porters were or- dered again to introduce them. They accordingly left the company, and gave their drefs to fome beardlefs youths ; whom one of the wo- men attending back to the porters, they, after a fhort converfation with her, introduced to the company. The young men, according to their inftru®tions, immediately difpatched both Phzbiades and his com- panions *. 2. Wuen Epaminondas advanced to Leu&trz, the Thefpians difcovered a difinclination to engage : which he plainly obferved; but to avoid any confufion in the army by their defertion, at the inftant of attack, ordered proclamation to be made, that whoever of the Beeo- tians wifhed to leave the field, fhould have liberty to doit. The Thefpians, armed as they were, took advantage of the proclamation, “= * This whole relation has many marks of fpurioufnefs. It is no ftratagem of war, but a pretended anecdote of Epaminondas. It mentions the wife of that illuftrious chief; who was never married: as well as the ignoble death of Phzbiades, who died gallantdy fighting againit the Thebans, : I and 6 POL YENTUSS and withdrew : while Epaminondas with the determined troops, that remained with him, obtainud a glorious and {plendid victory. 3. Epaminonpas having made an irraption into Pcloponnefus, found the enciny encamped at Mount Onzum. A violent form of thunder happened at the time, which greatly intimidated the army. The augur declared againft engaging. It is the very time faid Epaminondas for aftion : the thunder plainly fignifying the confufion of the army encamped. The turn, the general gave to the phenomenon, infpired confidence in the foldiers; who with eagernefs advanced to the attack. 4. In the engagement at Leuctre, Epaminondas commanded the Thebans, and Cleombrotus the Lacedeemonians. Victory remained long in fufpence : when Epaminondas called on his troops, to give him one ftep more, and he would enfure the victory. They did fo: and obtained it. The Spartan king Cleombrotus was killed in the ation, and the Lacedemonians left the enemy matters of the field. 5s. In a fuccefsful expedition againt the Lacedwemonians, Epami- nondas had it in his power to have taken Lacedemon: but retreated from before the city, without availing himfelf of the advantage he pof- feffed. His colleagues threatening to bring him to account for his conduét, he fhewed them the Arcadians, the Mellenians, the Argives, and other Peloponnefians: ¢ If “faid he,” we were to extirpate the Lace- dazmonians, all thefe would become our enemies; who are now our al- lies, not for the fake of aggrandifing Thebes, but to check the Spartan power.” 6. Epaminonpas ufed to encourage the Thebans to try their firength with the Lacedemonians, who lived amongft them, in wreftling and boxing: and in thofe exercifes cafily maftering them, they conceived a contempt for the people; and thus learned to mect them in the field with confident fuperiourity. 7.- While in Peloponnefus, Epaminondas conftantly drew up his army as for ation at fun-rife: thereby imprefling the enemy with a perfuafion STRATAGEMS OF WAR. 67 . perfuafion that he meant to try it openly with them in the ficld. De- ceived by this feint, he attacked them in the night, quite unprepared to receive him. 8. AT the memorable action between the Lacedzmonians and their allies, commanded by Cleombrotus, and the Thebans under the con- duct of Epaminondas ; the Theban general contrived by two devices to fupport the fpiiit of his trcops, alarmed at the fuperiour force of the enemy, whofe army amounted to forty thouland men. When they marched cut of the city, he prepared a man to mect them, an entire ftianger, with a garland on his head, and drefled with ribbands: who told them he was commiflioned by Trophonius to inform them, that the victory would be their's, who began the attack. The Thebans, religioufly impreffed with this declaration of the oracle, Epaminondas then ordered to pay their vows at the temple of Hercules : after hav- ing previoufly inftructed the priefts to open the temple by night, take out the rufly arms that lay there, furbifh them up, and place them before the ftatue of the god; after that with their attendants to quit the place, and apprife nobody of what was done. No fooner had the foldiers and their officers entered the temple, which they found open, without any fervant attending, and the old rufty arms new furbifhed, bright and gleaming, than they raifed their acclamations to the god ; and ad- vanced to battle, in confidence that they fought under the aufpices of ‘Hercules. The event correfponded with the confidence they had af- fumed : and with a fifth of the number, they defeated an army of forty thoufand men. . 9. To prevent an irruption that Epaminondas attempted into La- cedzemonia, a body of Spartans were detached to fecure the pafs by the Onan mountains : before which Epaminondas halted, and pretended im- mediately to attempt to force it. The Lacedaemonians continued all night under arms, ready to receive him : who on the contrary, giving orders to his men to refrefh and repofe themfelves, deferred his attack 12 till 68 POLYAZNUS’S till the next morning ; when ftriking his tents, he engaged the enemy fleeping, and weary for want of the night's reft; cafily defeated them, and forced the pafs. 10. EpamMinoNDas once attempted by an affault in the night to poflefs himfelf of the city of Laced®mon, in the abfence of the Lace- demonian forces. But Agefilaus, by fome deferters being informed of his defign, by a forced march threw himfelf with a body of troops into the town : and being there prepared to receive the enemy repulfed them with great lofs. Amidft the confufion that enfued in the Theban army, routed by night and vigoroufy prefled by the Lacedemonians, many threw away their fhields; which Epaminondas obferving, in or- “der to conceal their difgrace, directed the trcops to deliver up their . fhields to the keepers of the baggage, and themfclves to attend the ge- neral only with their fivords and fpears. This ingratiated him with thofe who had thrown away their arms; and who, in return for that act of favour, were moft alert in executing his commands. : 11. IN an engagement between the Thebans and Lacedemonians, night coming on, and the victory remaining undetermined, both ar- mics retreated to their refpective camps. The Lacedemonians, who en- camped in regular order, with their proper regiments, and companies, mifling their comrades, became acquainted with their lofs; and went un- der great difcouragement and concern to ret. Epaminondas, on the con- trary, ordered the Thebans, without regard to their particular regiment, or company, to fup as quick as they could, in whatever tent they happened to gain; and to fupply cach other with fuch provifions as they found at hand. Immediately after fupper, they repaired to fleep; which was the founder, as not being difturbed by the known lofs of their comrades. ‘The next morning they marched to the attack, well refrefhed and in full fpirits; and obtained an eafy victory over the ene- ‘my, faint and difpirited by the lofs of their friends, and like an army that had already fuffered a defeat. 12. When Epaminondas took the field againft the Lacedemonians and STRATAGEMS OF WAR. 69 and their allies, whofe army amounted to forty thoufand men : ob- ferving his troops, as might be expected, alarmed at the great fuperi- ourity of the enemy, by various ftratagems he endeavoured to keep up their fpirits. There was in the temple of Pallas at Thebes a ftatue of the goddefs holding a fpear in her right hand; and before her knees lay a fhield. In the night he introduced an artift into the temple ; who altered the ftatue, and made her in her left hand hold the handle of the fhield. In the morning, before the troops marched out, he ordered the temples to be all thrown open, on pretence of performing fome offices of religion, before he went to battle. The foldiers remarked with afto- nithment the change in the goddefs’s appearance ; which they confider- ed as an affurmce of her immediate protection. Ina ftudied harangue on the occafion, Epaminendas ufed every argument to fupport the im- preffion : and the Thebans engaged with fuch confidence of fuccefs, that clofing with the enemy fword in hand, they obtained againft a great advantage in numbers, a compleat and brilliant victory. 13. Wire the Theflalians were drawn up on the oppofite fide of the river Sperchius, in order to difpute the Theban’s paflage over the bridge ; Epaminondas, obferving in the morning a cloud rife from the cait of the river, commanded his men to carry every one of them two faggots of wood, one green and the other dry; and at midnight to fet fire to the dry one, and lay the green one at the top of it. The night, the clouds, and the fmoke fo obfcured the air, that Epaminondas marched his army over the bridge undifcovered ; nor till the fmoke and clouds were difperfed, did the Theflalians know the Theban army had crofled the bridge ; who then prefented themfelves in order of battle on the open plain. 14. To gain the advantage of ground againft the Lacedemonians, Epaminondas ordered his general of the borfe, with fixteen hundred of ‘the cavalry, to ride up and down, advancing a {mall diftance before the army. Having by this means raifed a cloud of duft, which prevented the 70 | POLY ZNUS’S ‘the enemy from obferving his motions: he filed off, and took pofleflion of the higher ground. His pofition foon explained to the Lacedemo- nians, what before they could not account for, the advanced movements -of the cavalry. 15. ‘To excite the Thebans to a vigorous attack on the Lacedwe- ‘monians, Epaminondas produced a great fnake: and before the ar- ‘my, bruifing its head, « Cruth but the head,” faid he, ¢ and you fee how impotent 1s the reft of the body. Thus let us but bruife the head of the confederacy, that is the Lacedeemonians: and the power of the al- lies will be infignificant.” The Thebans felt the force of his obferva- tion, attacked and routed the Lacedzmonian troops ; and the whole tbody of the allics immediately gave way and fled. CHAP. IV srs PELOPIDAS. PELOPIDAS advanced againft two fortified towns of the Mag- nefians, diftant about an hundred and twenty furlongs from cach other. Upon approaching one, he ordered fome horfemen, with «chaplets on their head, on full {peed to ride up to him, and inform him that the other city was taken. This intelligence as foon as he received, he defifted from his prefent enterprife; and marched to the city which was fuppofed to have been taken. As foon as he came be- fore the walls of it, he direfted a great fire to be kindled ; the fmoke of which being feen in the other city, confirmed the people in their fufpicion of that city being taken, and burnt : and thercfore to avoid the fame calamity, on the return of Peclopidas, they opened their gates, and furrendered the city to him. With the forces he took in that town, he then advanced againft the other; who, convinced of the fate of that alicady taken, ventured to hold out no longer, but furrender- ed ther’s alfo to the conquerour. 2. PeLo- STRATAGEMS OF WAR. i 2. PELOPIDAS, not having time to crofs a river in his retreat from Theflaly, the enemy prefling fo clofe upon his rear, encamped by the fide of it; and in front of the enemy entrenched himfelf as ftrongly as the time would permit. Then directing a great quantity of wood to be cut down, and laid in the trenches, he ordered his troops to reft. About midnight he fet the wood on fire ; which burning very brifkly, interrupted the purfuit of the enemy, and gave him an opportunity of paffing the river unmolefted. 3. A Lacepznmonian garrifon having been impofed on Thebes ; the commander of it fixed his quarters in the tower. It happened to be the feaft of Venus: which the women celebrate with great fef- tivity ; while the men as fpetators attend. To do honour to the: goddefs, the captain of the garrifon ordered {ome proftitutes to be in- troduced : among whom entered Pelopidas, with a dagger concealed under his veft; flew the captain of the garrifon, and delivered Thebes from the tyranny of the foe. -< CHAP V. CORCIAS.. 2 GORGIAS was the perfon, who firft inflituted the facred band =. it confifted of thirty*, devoted to each other by mutual obligations of love. And fuch was the effect of the paffion, they had conceived for each other; that they were fcarcely ever known to fly : but either died for each other, or gallantly conquered. 2. Gorgias, who commanded a detachment of cavalry, having fallen in with a body of heavy-armed troops under the command of - Phabidas on a confined piece of ground, ordered a retreat; as if ® It thould be three hundred, which is the number of the facred band. unable v2 POLYZNUS’S unable to fuftain the attack of the heavy-armed troops. The enemy continued to prefs clofely on him, till he had at laft drawn them to an open plain : when Gorgias, hoifting up a helmet on the top of a fpear, gave a fignal to his troops to face about. The impreflion of the cavalry, as foon as they had room to aét, the heavy-armed troops were no longer able to fuftain ; but abandoned themfclves to flight : many were {lain in the rout; and Phabidas amongft others with diffi- culty elcaped to Thefpia. CHAP Vi "DERCYLLIDAS DERCYLLIDAS pledged himfelf with an oath to Medias the tyrant of Scepfis; that if he would come forth to a conference with him, he fhould have free liberty to return into the city. The tyrant accordingly advanced to meet him. At that conference Dercyllidas ordered him on peril of his life to direct the gates to be opened. ‘Thus intimidated, he gave the orders impofed on him, and the gates were thrown open. * Now,” faid Dercyllidas, return into your city: for that I engaged to you. But I and my army will enter too.” CHAP. Vil Mea ALCETAS. ALCETAS the Lacedemonian, having planned an expedition from Iftiza, in order to conceal his ftrength, embarked part of his forces on board one trireme ; which he ordered to manceuvre in fight of the enemy. When taking his opportunity, he privately failed with his STRATAGCEMS OF WAR, 7% his whole force, confifting of three triremes, and pofleffed himfelf of all the enemy’s ftores. : CHAP VI ARCHILAIDAS. ARCHILAIDAS the Lacedemonian purfuing his rout through a fufpicious country, where he thought it very probable ambufcades might be formed to intercept him, though he had received no intelli- gence of any, fignified it to his army as a fact, of which he had been apprifed; and ordered them therefore to march in order of battle. His apprehenfions were eventually verified; a ftrong force having been placed in ambufh to furprifc him: whom he inftantly attacked; and unprepared to receive the Lacedemonians, as not {fufpecting any pre- paration for action on their fide, eafily cut to pieces. CHAP IX ISIDAS. IN confequence of the fatal battle at Leuctra, the Thebans having placed a garrifon at Gythium, a port of the Lacedzmonians, Ifidas aflociated with him a hundred youths of his acquaintance; who oiling * themfelves, bound chaplets of olive on their temples, and, concealing under their arms a dagger, run naked upon the plain, Ifidas being firft, and the reft following him. And while the Thebans, deceived by their appearance, fuppofed they were only entertaining themfelves with * It was a praQice both with the Greeks and Romans, previous to exercifes of agility, fuch as running, wreftling, &c. to oil their limbs; in order to render them more pliant and flexile. K fports; ei POLYZENUS’'S fports ; the Lacedemonians with {word in hand fell upon them, killed fome, and, expelling the reft from the town, regained the pofleffion of Gythium. : ; CHAP X CLEANDRIDAS, IN an expedition againft Terenis, Cleandridas marched his army under cover of a hollow way, in order to furprifc the city. But the Terenenfians, apprifed by deferters of his defign, marched out, and fhewed themfclves on the eminences above him. His troops were dif- heartened at the advantageous pofition; when Cleandridas called out, « Courage, my lads;” and then ordered a herald to proclaim aloud, « Jet thofe of the Terenenfians, who can, anfwer the fignal agreed on, and they will be fafe.” The Terenenfians, induced by this pro- clamation to fuppofe themfelves betrayed, precipitately retreated, in order to fecure the city; leaving Cleandridas to purfue his march in fafety : who, after having ravaged the country, retreated without mo-- Ieftation. | 2. CLEaNDRIDAS, the Thurlan, after having defeated the Leuca- nians, led the Thurians to the field of battle: and there obferved to them, on the fpot where they had been pofted, the clofe and compact manner in which they fought, and to which he told them they owed the victory : while the enemy, quitting their pofts, and loofening their ranks, were not able to fuftain their united thock. While he was thus haranguing them, the Leucanians had rallied, and with a confidgrable acceflion of force were advancing againlt him. Cleandridas retreated to a confined and narrow fpot, where the enemy’s fuperiority of numbers was rendered ufelefs; and his own troops extended a front equal to theirs. By this manccuvre the Leucanians received a fecond defeat. 3. To increafe the fufpicions, that were entertained by the Tegeates : againft STEATAGEMS OF WAR ”5 againft their chiefs, as being fecretly in the intereft of the Lacedzemo- nians, Cleandridas, when he ravaged the country, from all devaftation fcrupuloufly exempted their eftates. Diftinguithed by fuch marks of the enemy's attention, they were immediately charged with treafon: and, finding the refentment of the people run high againft them, for fear of being punithed by a falfe imputation of treafon, b=came really guilty of it, and betrayed to him the city: thus neceflitated for their’ own prefervation to realize a falfe {ufpicion. 4. IN the Leucanian war, Cleandridas, after having defeated the enemy with half their number, apprehenfive that he fhould not be able again to bring them to an action, if they knew his ftrength, prefented ‘a narrow front; forming the phalanx in depth. The Leucanians, de- fpifing the fuppofed inferiority of his numbers, thought of nothing but how to prevent the efcape of the enemy: and accordingly ex- tended their ranks, in order to furround them, After they had by this motion precluded their own retreat, Cleandridas ordered his officers to extend their cohorts as wide as they could; and thereby furrounded the _Leucanians, who were all cut to pieces, except a few, who bafely faved themfelves by flight. 5. CLEANDRIDAS always diffuaded a regular engagement again a fuperi jour force: obfer ving, that when the lion’s {kin was not fuflicient, it was neceffary to few to it the fox’s tail. CH AP XI PHARACIDAS, THE Carthaginians having declared war againft the Syracufans, Pharacidas fell in with a Carthaginian fquadron, and took nine fhips; which, having the enemy’s main fleet, of much fuperiour force, to pafs, : K2 ; he 26 POLYZENUS’S he manned with his own troops and failors. The Carthaginians, knowing the fhips, and fuppofing them their friends, fuffered them to pafs unmolefted into the haven of Syracufe. CHAP 2), DEIPHANTES. DEIPHANTES directed the Dorians, in order to bring the Argives to an action, to ravage their country; and himfelf at the fame time | embarked a detachment, with which he landed near a mountain in the vicinity of the Argive camp. A {cout was difpatched to give informa- tion to the Argives of the depredations the Dorians committed: who immediately marched out to engage them. Deiphantes, with his de- tachment, in the mean time fallied out from his ambufcade; and in the abfence of the army took poffeflion of their camp. The parents, chil- dren, and wives of the Argives, having thus fallen into the hands of "the enemy; to redeem them, they delivered up to the Dorians the coun- try and cities of which they had difpofiefled them. "CHAD JI EVURYTION, EURYTION, King of Sparta, finding the war in which he had engaged againft the Arcadians protradted beyond his expectation, in order to throw the city into faltions, difpatchcd a herald to inform them ; the Lacedemonians would raife the fiege, if they would banifh the guilty: under which term he diftinguifhed thofe, who had been concerned STRATAGEMS OF WAR. 77 concerned in the deftrultion of Agzina. Thofe, accordingly, who had been inftrumental in the maflacre committed there, apprchenfive lefk they fhould be facrificed by the people for the purchafe of peace, Sr banded together; on promife of freedom affociated with them the flaves, : and put to the {word all whom they thought inimical to their party. The city thus divided into two factions, they, whofe object was peace, dflembled in a particular quarter of the town by themfelves, and threw open the gates to the enemy: who by the Mantinzan faction obtained what they were unable to effet by force of arms. . CHAP XIV. EPHORI T HE Ephori, having been apprifed of a confpiracy, formed by Cynadon, and not thinking it advifeable to feife him in the city, pri- “vately difpatched a party of horfe to the borders of Lacedemon; where it was contrived, Cynadon, attended by two foldiers, fhould be invited to a private conference. As foon as he arrived on the fpot, the horfe, who had been difpatched for that purpofe, feifed him, and by torture made him confefs the reft of the confpirators. His confeflion was fent to the Ephori, who ordered them to execution; which, a previous form or trial not being required, was attended with no tumult or confufion. 2. Having learned that a riot was intended, the fignal of which was to be a cap thrown up in the midft of the forum; the crier was ordered to make this proclamation: ¢ All who are for the cap being thrown up, quit the forum.” Accordingly all who were concerned in the intended riot, finding their defign was difcovered, defifted from the execution of it. CHAP. -78 POLYAEZENVUS'S CHAP XV. IHIPPODADMAS. WHILE Hippodamas was blocked up by the Arcadians in Prafie, and reduced to great diftrefs for want of provifions ; the Spartans dif “patched to him a courier, whom the Arcadians intercepted, and con- ducting him to the walls, gave him permiflion to deliver his difpatches there, but would not fuffer him to enter the city. Hippodamas from - the walls inftantly called out to him, ¢ Tell the Ephori to deliver us from the woman, that is bound in the temple of Chalcicecus.” The . Arcadians could make nothing of the injunction : but the Lacedemo- nians underftood the deliverance he required, to be from famine. For “there hung in the temple of Chalcicecus a picture of Famine; a woman - pale, and emaciated, with her hands tied behind her. Thus did Hippo- - damas fo contrive his information, as to keep it fecret from the enemy, ‘but render it plain to thofc for whom it was intended. CHAT Sur r, : 3 GASTRON, pu IN the Perfian war, Gaftron the Lacedzmonian commanding in ‘Egypt, previous to a battle, made the Grecians and Egyptians "change their arms and drefs. The Gracians appeared in the Egyptian habit, and the Egyptians in that of Greece. He drew up the Grecks “in the front ; and the Egyptians formed behind, to fupport them. The Greeks with their accuftomed refolution maintained the poft of danger; and STRATAGEMS OF WAR. 79 and opening the way before them, the Egyptians, animated by their example, advanced boldly to the charge. The Perfians fecing this, and fuppofing them alfo to be Greeks, gave way, and a general rout enfued. CHAP XVI. MEGACLIDAS. MEGACLIDAS, in his retreat before a fuperiour force, pofted him-- felf on a rough and woody mountain; where being clofely preffed by the enemy, he divided his army : direfting the. molt cumbrous and ufe lefs part of it, to endeavour to make their efcape through the woods; knowing the enemy would be apprifed of the attempt. And, while they were engaged in purfuit of the fugitives, he with the choiceft part: of his troops took a different rout, and made good his retreat. ’ CHAP XVI HARMOSTELES.. HARMOSTES the Lacedemonian being clofely befieged by the Athenians, and having no more than two days provifion left ; the Spar- tans difpatched a herald to him: whom the Athenians conducted to the walls, but would not permit him to enter the city. The herald from thence proclaimed aloud, « The Lacedaemonians bid you perfift; for you will foon receive relief.” T o this Harmoftes replied, « Tell the La- cedemonians to be in no hurry; for we have yet fix months provifion in ftore.” The Athenians, as winter now approached, not caring for a tedious winter campaign, raifed the fiege, and difbanded their army. CHAP. 5. POLYZNISS CH AP Xi. THIBRON, THIBRON, having attacked a fort in Afia, prevailed on the governor to meet him, and try if they could negotiate a truce; in which, if they failed, he engaged by oath to reconduét him into the fort. The governor accordingly met him, and the conference was be- gun: during which, the garrifon being more remifs through expecta- tion of a truce taking place; the befiegers took advantage of it, and in a vigorous attack carried the fort by ftorm. Thibron, agreeably to his oath, reconducted the governor to the fort ; and there ordered him to be executed. Ed CII AP XX DEMARATUS T HE intelligence, which Demaratus communicated to the Lacedz- monians, concerning Xerxes’s army, he engraved on a tablet ; which he afterwards covered with wax: that, if intercepted, no characters might appear. : CHAT Yi jn! ERIPPIDAS AS foon 4s Erippidas arrived at Trachinian Heraclea, he fuma- monced an aflembly; which he furrounded with armed troops, and or- dered STRATAGCEMS OF WAR, 81 dered the Trachinians to be {cated by themfelves. He then demanded of them an account of their iniquitous practices, as the laws of Sparta in criminal cafes required. This done, he ordered the foldiers to chain the offenders, carry them out of the city, and execute them. CH AP XXII ISCHOLAUS. ISCHOLAUS obferving at Anos the Athenian fleet in ftrong force hovering near the coaft, and fufpecting their intention to cut out fome of his fhips from the harbour, ordered them to be fecured by their mafts to a tower, that ftood near the ramparts; the thips neare(t the ftrand being faftened immediately to the tower, and the reft to each other. In the night the Athenians made the attempt that Ifcholaus ~ fufpetted : of which the people of Enos informed by the guard imme- diately fallied forth, and made great havock among the Athenians both by fea and land. : 2. IscuorLaus'’s rout lying through a country, in one part fteep and craggy, and full of precipices, while in the other the enemy had advantageoufly pofted themfelves on a mountain that commanded the plain below; when the wind was very high, he ordered a quantity of wood to be fet on fire. The enemy by the fmoak and fire driven from their poft, Ifcholaus took the advantage, and paffed them without lofs or danger. ey 3. Iscuoraus, when in Dryes befieged by Chabrias, who was ‘advancing the ram to the walls, himfelf gave orders for a part of the ‘wall to be demolifhed: fuppofing that it would be attended with this double effect ; that it would engage his own foldiers to fight more refo- 1, lutely, 82 POLYAZNUS'S lutely, when they found themfelves no longer protected by the wall; and alfo difcourage the enemy from carrying on their works, when they faw how little the befieged depended on their fortifications. And fo effectually the ftratagem fucceeded, that the enemy would not venture to enter a city, where the inhabitants appeared aCtuated by defperation. 4. Having been informed that fome of the guard intended to be- tray the city, then invefted by the Athenians, to the enemy, Ifcholaus ordered a mercenary to be added to every fentry. And by this ma- nceuvre, without the appezrance of fufpicion, he prevented the exe- cution of any traiterous defign. CHAP XIN. -.MNASIPPIDAS. THE enemy having come up with Mnafippidas, who had a very inferiour force, attacked him in the night: when he ordered his light- armed troops and trumpets to wheel round ; and after they had turned the enemy’s flank, to found the charge, and fall upon their rear with a fhower of darts. Finding themfelves thus attacked both in front and rear, they made a precipitate retreat; apprehending they were in danger of being hemmed in by a numerous army. CHAP XXIV. ANTALCIDAS, ANTALCYDAS finding, while he lay with a fuperiour fleet at ‘Abydos, that the Athenian veflels at Tenedos would not venture to Join Iphicrates at Byzantium, who, he was informed, had attacked the Chalce- STRATAGEMS OF WAR. 813 Chalcedonians, his allies, gave orders to fail to Chalcedon: but weigh- ing anchor, he took his ftation near Cyzicum. When the movement of Antalcydas was known at Tencdos, it was determined immediately to fail and join Iphicrates at Byzantium. And as {oon as they ap- proached the enemy’s fleet, which crowded into a bay were not at a diftance difcovered; Antalcidas failed out, and vigoroufly attacked them: funk fome, and made capture of the reft. CHAP XHW. 05 AGESIPOL 13 AT the fiege of Mantinaa, which was condulted by Agefipolis, the Lacedzmonian forces were joined by their allies; who, though well af- feCted to the Mantinzans, were obliged to attend the Lacedemenians in that expedition, as being mafters of Greece. Agefipolis having received intelligence, that the allies fecretly fupplied the befieged with whatever they occafionally wanted, to prevent fuch intercourfe in future, let loofe a number of dogs about the camp; and particularly about that part of it, which fronted the city. This ftopped the correfpondence ; no one venturing to pafs between the camp and the city, for fear of being difcovered by the barking of the dogs. CHAP XXXVI STHENIPPLUS, STHENIPPUS the Lacedemonian, pretending refentment at having been fined by the Ephori, retired to the Tegeates; who readily received him. And while he refided there, he found means to bribe a party, Lz : that 84 POLYANUS’S that were inimical to Ariftocles the prince; and by their affiftance, when he was going to attend a facrifice, fell upon him, and flew him. CHAP XXXVI CALLICRATIDAS. CALLICRATIDAS the Cyren®an defired the prefect of the tower of Magnefia, to receive four of his fick: which requeft being complied with, four perfons in compleat armour, and with {words under their vefts, laid themfelves down upon beds; and twenty young men, with arms concealed, carried the litters. As foon as they were introduced within the walls, they fell upon the centinels, and flew them; and made themfelves matters of the fort. 2. WHEN Callicratidas was befieged at Magnefia, and the enemy were proceeding to advance the battering-ram ; at a place, leat acceffi- ble to the aflailants, he direfted a breach to be made in the walls: and while the enemy's attention was engaged in the quarter where they di- reted the attack, he paffed the breach, and in a vigorous fortie falling on their rear, repulfed them with great lofs, a~d made no fmall number prifoners. After his return to the city, he repaired the breach he had direted to be made in the walls: of which the enemy had been too warmly engaged to take advantage. CHAP XXVUI © MAGAS. > WHEN Magas left Cyrene, to proceed on a foreign expedition ; he committed to his friends the charge of the city. But the darts and other STRATAGEMS OF WAR, 8s other weapons of war he fecured in the tower; and difmantled the walls. That, in his abfence if any innovations fhould be attempted, he might fecure an eafy entrance into it on his return. 2. Macas, having made him{elf mafter of Parztonium, directed the watch to kindle fires in the light-houfe both in the evening, and early in the morning, as if he were there. And by this deception he penetrated unmolefted into the country, as far as the place that is called Chius. CHAP XXIX. CLEONYMUS, CLEONYMUS, King of Lacedemon, at the fiege of Treezenes, pofted againft different parts of the city expert dartfmen; and ordered them to hurl into the town javelins with this infcription: “I am come to affert the liberties of Treezenes.” The Treezenians alfo, whom he had taken prifoners, he fent home without ranfom: that they might communicate to their fellow citizens the happy intelligence. Eudami- das, however, an officer of experience, and of indefatigable attention, warmly oppofed his interefts. And while the different factions were engaged in animofities and contention within the gates; Cleonymus fcaled the walls, made himfelf mafter of the city, and impofed on it a Spartan garrifon. 2. AT the ficge of Edefla, when a breach was effected in the walls, and the fpear-men, (whofe fpears were fixteen cubits long) fallied out upon the affalants, Cleonymus deepened his phalanx, and ordered the front linc to ufe no arms; but with both hands to feize the enemy's fpears, and hold them faft; while the next rank immediately ‘advanced, ‘and clofed upon them. Their fpears thus feized, the men ; iH retreated ; 85 POLYZNUS'S retreated; but the next rank, prefling on them, either took them pri- foners, or flew them. By this maucuvre of Cleonymus the long and formidable {pear was rendered ufelefs, and became rather an incum- brance, than a weapon of offence. CHAP XXX CLEARCHUS. IN order to procure a tower to be erefted in Heraclea, Clearchus direted the mercenaries to fteal out by night, and to plunder, rob, maim, and do all the mifchief they could. Under thofc injuries the citizens complained to Clearchus, and begged his protection: who told them, it was impoflible to prevent the depredations of the troops otherwife than by confining them within walls; a mecafure he wifhed to recom- mend to them. They confented to his propofal, and marked out a part of the city; where he raifed a wall, and ercfted a tower: which however were no protection to them, but fecured to him ‘a power of committing every irregularity he pleafed. 2. CLEARCHUS, tyrant of Heraclzea, gave out, that he intended to difmifs his guards, and reftore the republic into the hands of the THREE HUNDRED : who accordingly met at the fenate houfe, to make their acknowledgments to him for the reftoration of their liberty. Thither he repaired; and, placing an armed force at the fenate door, directed the crier to call them out: and, the foldiers feizing them one by one, he ordered them all to be conveyed to the tower. 3. CLEARcHUs, fufpelting the number of citizens too great for the fafety of his government, and having no pretence to rid himf{elf of them, undertook an expedition againft the city Afticum in the midft ~ of the dog-days; compleating his levies, of youths from fixtcen years of age to twelve, On approaching Afticum, he encamped the citizens on STRATAGEMS OF WAR, “ba on a flat morafs, full of dead and ftagnated waters; and ordered them to watch the motions of the Thracians: while he himf{elf with the mercenaries, as if intending to fuftain all the danger of the fiege, took his poft on an eminence, fhaded with wood, and re- frethed with rivulets. In this pofition he protracted the fiege, till he loft all the citizens: the ftagnate waters at that hot feafon necef= farily producing in the camp fatal difeafes. Having thus effected his purpofe, he raifed the fiege; and pretended the citizens died by an in~ fectious difeafe. CH AP - XXXL ARISTOMENELES. ARISTOMENES the Meflenian once ferved in a naval engagement as an ally to Dionyfius: when opening his lines a Little, and finding fome of the enemy's fhips in the midft of his divifion, he called out to his officers, *“ Let them fly.” The enemy hearing this, and fuppof- ing the defeat gencral, gave up the altion, and abandoned themfclves to flight. 2. AFTER three {plendid* victories obtained over the Lacedemoni- ans, Ariftomenes general of the Meflenians, difabled with wounds, was with many others taken prifoner. They were fentenced by the La- cedemonians to be all thrown down the precipice; the reft naked, but -Ariftomenes, in refpect to his bravery, in arms, The others under- went the fentence, and were killed on the (pot: but the broad fhicld of Ariftomenes, being in fome meaflure fupported by the air, let him _gently down upon the ground. Looking up, he faw nothing above, * The original is, pi ixareupona buses. A literal tranflation would have founded aukwardly in Englith: but the meaning is, that he had three times facrificed to Mars for having by his own hand flain in an a&ion a hundred of the enemy. but . - 88 POLY AZNUSS but inacceflible precipices; yet, poflefling a mind above the pregrava- tion of defpair, he did not relinquifh all hopes of fafety : when ex- amining the mountain round, he at laft perceived a cleft; and into it fome foxes enter. When breaking off fiom a dead body a bone, he caught one of the foxes by the tail; and, though fevercly bitten by it, would not quit his hold: but following it into the cleft, and clearing away the rubbifh with the bone he held in his other hand, he efcaped through the mountain; and arrived at the Meflenian camp, juft as they were going to try the iflue of another battle. He immediately armed; and put himfelf at their head. The Lacedzmonians, fceing Ariftomenes, whom they had thrown from the precipice, a punifhment from which no one ever efcaped with life, leading the enemy’s troops againft them, and again engaging in battle, precipitately quitted the field; flying before him, as a being more than human. 3. ARISTOMENES, another time prifoner with the Lacedzemonians, and bound with cords, went fo clofe to a fire that was in the prifon, as to burn the cords; then fell upon the guards, and flew them. And privately entering Sparta, he fixed up their fhields in the temple of Chalcicecus with this infeription; *¢ Ariftomenes has efcaped from the ‘Lacedemonians unhurt:” after which he returned to Meflcna. 4. Upon the day when the Lacedemonians made their annual fa- crifice to Caftor and Pollux, Ariftomenes and a friend, mounted on ‘two white horfes, and ornamented with gold ftars on their heads, as foon as night came on, fhewed themfelves at a little diftance from the Lacedemonians ; who with their wives and children were celebrating the feftival on the plain without the city. They, fuperftitioufly believing them to be Caftor and Pollux, the more freely indulged in wine and paftime: when the two fuppofed deities, alighting from their horfes, advanced with ford in hand among(t them; and, after leaving many dead on the fpot, remounted their horfes, and made their efcape. | CHAP, STRATAGEMS OF WAR 8g CHAP XXXL CINEAS. IN an engagement between the Thebans and Mantinenfians, both fides claimed the victory: the Mantinenfians however propofed to fend heralds to the Thebans, afking leave to carry off their dead. But Ci- neas the Athenian, whofe brother Demetrius lay dead in the field, op- pofed the propofition : declaring, he would fooner leave his brother with- out a fepulchre, than give up the honour of the victory to the enemy: “for,” added he, to prevent the enemy from erecting trophies on our’s and our country’s difgrace, my brother facrificed his life.” Moved by the refolution of Cyneas, the Mantinenfians relinquifhed their defign. SCH AP XXX. HEGCETORIDES. WHILE the Thafians were cloftly befieged by the Athenians, and numbers daily perifhed by war and famine; none venturing to propofe a treaty with the enemy on account of a law then in force, which made it a capital oifence to propofe a treaty with the Athenians: Hegetori- des, putting a rope about his neck, entered the afiembly, and thus ad- dreffed them; ¢ Fellow citizens, you will diipofc of me as you think proper, and as may ferve your intereft belt; but in pity to the reft of the citizens, who have hitherto furvived the havock, that famine and the fivord have made among us, repeal the law that precludes all deli- berations concerning peace.” The Thafians took his advice; abfolved Hegetorides, and repealed the law. M CHAP, 90 POLYZNUS'S CHAP. XVI. PINIAS. DINJAS the fon of Telefippus, by birth a Phercean, removed to Cranon a city of Theflaly, where he fupported himfelf by catching birds on the lakes and rivers; and there advanced himfelf from that low flation to the fovereignty by the following devices: The Crano- nians for the watch and guard of the city ufed to pay by agreement a certain ftipend a year. Dinias took it upon ftipulated terms ; and for three years performed his office fo diligently, that the citizens could walk out more fecure in the night, than by day. His conduét in this office gained him great reputation; and to ingratiate himfelf further with the people; he hired more watchmen, in order to keep every thing in greater fecurity. The collectorfhip of the tenths of corn being va- cant, he perfuaded his younger brother, who had then never held any publick office, magnifying it as a very lucrative employment, to hire it. His brother, thus appointed collector, aflociated with him a num- ber of young men proportionate to the different tracts of land, from whence he was to collect the corn: and on the celebration of a feftival, which 1s called Tenia, when the Cranonians give themf{elves up to ban- queting and merriment, Dinias uniting to his own dependents, the watchmen, the gatherers of corn, that were connected with his brother, with this band of fober men he attacked and eafily defeated thofe who were drunk; flew more than a thoufand of the citizens, and aflumed the fovercignty of Cranon. aie CHAP. STRATAGEMS OF WAR. 91 CHAP XXXV NICON NICON, a fiee-booter from Phere in Peloponnefus, having in frequent irruptions committed great depredations on the Meffenians; Agemachus, their general, at laft furprifed, and took him. Being brought before their aflembly, he engaged to the Meflenians, if they would fpare his life, to put them in polieilion of Phere. To this they agreed : when fixing on a dark night, he took with him a few attend- ants, with bundles of ftraw on their fthoulders, directing a greater num- ber at a fhort diftance to follow him. About two o’clock in the morning he arrived at the gates, called to the centinels, and gave them the word. Knowing his voice, as well as the word, they inftantly opened the gates: and Nicon and his party entering, each threw down his bundle, and drawing their fwords flew the centinels; and the reft, rufhing in, made themfelves matters of the city. CHAD XXJVi DYZTAS. DIZETAS general of the Achaians, finding himfelf unable by a regular fiege to carry the city of the Herzenfes, contrived by ftratagem to effect what he had in vain attempted by force of arms. By large bribes he won over fome of the citizens to his purpofe; who took fre- quent opportunities of attending the centinels to the gates: and fami- liarly converfing with them, and treating them with entertainments, they found means to take an impreffion of the keys, which they fent Mz te oz POLYAZNUS'S to Diztas; who had keys mad= exactly to the pattern. Thefe he fent back to the confederates; directing them to fix a mght, when they would open their gates to him. By the device of the keys having with a fcleCt body of troops entered the city: Diwtas found it neceflary to fupport that device with another. For after the Herazenfes had been alarmed, and apprifed of what had happened; they fallied forth in great numbers, with the advantage of being well acquainted with every part of the city. Dixtas, feeing the appearance of a formidable oppo- fition, difperfed his trumpets in various parts of the city; directing them every where to found the attack. The Herxenfes, hearing the found of the enemy’s trumpets from all fides, and from thence fup- pofing them in pofleffion of every quarter of the town, abandoned the city, and fled. They afterwards fent an embafly to Diatas, requefting permiflion to return to their own country; and engaging to the Achaians future fubjetion. CHAP JIXNVH. TESAMENUS, TESAMENUS in his march obferving a number of birds hovering over a particular fpot, without ever fettling, fuppofed fome men in the place, which kept them on the wing. On reconnoitrng the ground, he found the Ionians in ambufh ; whom he attacked, and cut to pieces. CHAP XXIV ONOMARCRUS. ONAMARCHUS the Phocian, when Elatia was befieged by the Beotians, ordered all the inhabitants out of the town, and locked the gates. STRATAGEMS OF WAR, 03 gates. In one rank he placed the fathers, mothers, children, and wives. And, ranged before them, he formed in order of battle all that could bear arms. Pelopidas concluding, from fuch appearance of def- peration, that they were detetmined cither to conquer, or die, retreated without hazarding an engagement. 2. WHEN Onomarchus commanded againft the Macedonians, he covered his rear with a fteep and craggy mountain; and on the tops of it placed in ambufh a number of men expert in throwing ftones, fur- nifhed with huge ftones and pieces of ragged rocks for the purpofe. He then advanced, and formed his army on the plain. The Macedo- nians began the attack with their javelins; which the Phocians pre- tending themfelves unable to fuftain, retreated half way up the moun- tain. The Macedonians brifkly purfued them; till they came within reach of the ambufcade: who then difcovered themfelves; and with huge ftones anncyed the Macedonian phalanx. Onomarchus then gave the fignal for the Phocians to face about, and renew the charge. The Macedonians vigoroufly attacked by the troops next to them, and grievoufly annoyed by thofe above, with great difficulty made good a precipitate retreat: on which occafion, Philip king of Macedon is faid vauntingly to have cried out, «“ We do not fly, but retreat like rams, to renew the attack with greater power.” POLY- POLY ANUS’S STRATAGEMS OF WAR. PREFATORY ADDRESS To your moft facred majefties, Antonius and Verus, I addrefs this Third Book of Stratagems: from whence I truft fome advantage may be derived as well by the ftatefman, as the foldier. For to know how to negotiate advantageoufly with an enemy, and to preferve good government at home, are as much in the province of imperatorial fcience, as conduét in the field. This is a truth, yourfelves illuftrate;.. who, vefted with imperatorial power, and fovereigns of the world, are ever forming defigns for the glory and happinefs of your fubjects, and in the bofom of peace planning operations of war. Your real exploits in the field I forbear to mention; they are known to all the world, BOOK li. CHAP. 1 DEMOSTHENES. DEMOSTHENES, finding Pylos, a city of the Lacedemonians, firongly garrifoned, direCted his march to Acra. The Laced@monians apprehending what he intended as a feint to be his real defign, quitted Pylos, 25 POLYEZNUS'S Pylos, and marched with all expedition to Acra, hoping to furprife Demofthenes immediately on his landing. But on their approach thither, Demofthenes expeditioufly returned to Pylos, of which eva- cuated by the garrifon he eafily made himfelf mafter. 2. DeEmosTHENES, when he commanded the Acarnanians and Amphilochians again{t the Peloponnefians, encamped in front of the enemy, a large torrent parting the camps. Obferving the enemy greatly to out-number him, and apprehending their object would be to furround him, in a hollow place aptly formed for an abufcade he con- cealed a body of heavy armed troops, with three hundred of the allies: direCting them, if the enemy attempted to furround him, to fally forth and fall upon their rear. The Pcloponnefians, as he expeted, ex- tended their lines, endeavouring to furround the allies: when the am- bufcade fallying forth, fell upon their rear, and with eafe decided the victory. CHAD IT ir PACHES, * PACHES, having laid fiege to Notium, propofed to Hippias, general of Piffithnus, a conference; engaging to him by oath, that if he would come out and meet him, he fhould be recondudted into the city alive and fafe. Hippias accordingly advanced to meet him: when Paches, leaving him to the care of a guard, took the city by ftorm; then directed Hippias to be conducted into it, agreeably to his engagement, alive and fafe; and afterwards to be executed. . col CHAP, STRATAGEMS OF WAR, 07 CHAY HH. TOLMIDAS. THE Athenians, to enable Tolmidas to man a fleet, voted him = compliment of a thoufand men, with permiffion to chufe them. When going up to each of the youths, he told him that he intended to make «choice of him; but that it would have a better appearance, 1f -he would give in his name, and offer himfelf as volunteer. Three thoufand ac- cordingly gave in their names. From thofe therefore, who did not give in their names, Tolmidas chofc the'thoufand, the ftate had allotted him: and with the three thoufand, that had turned out as volunteers, was enabled to man fifty fhips with an addition of four thoufand men, in- ftead of one thoufand. GILAP. IV. PHORMIO. PHORMIO had invaded Chalcis, and brought off fomebooty ; with which he afterwards landed at Cyros. ‘Thither the Chalcidenfians fent an embafly to him, demanding a reftitution of what they had loft. Having with fecrefy and difpatch fitted out a tender,* as if juft arrived from Athens, he pretended that the people had ordered him immediately home: made full reftitution to the ambafladors of whatever they de manded, and inftantly got under fail; but dropped anchor at a little # The veer, which I have tranflated * Tenders,” were light fhips fitted for particular ules: fometimes built for viQualling fhips to fupply the main fleet with provifions ; and fome- times for expedition, to carry exprefles, and to obferve the cnemy’s motions. N afland, 08 POLYANUSS ifland, no great diftanceoff. And while the Chalcidenfians, feeing their property reflored, and fuppofing Phormio to have failed for Athens, neg- Jected to poft guards either in the city, or the country; he furprifed them, unprepared for defence, was very near making himfelf mafter of the city, and brought oil’ from the country immenfe booty. 2. Puorntio with only thirty fail refolved to face the enemy, whofe force confifted of fifty: and forming his little force into five lines, wore away before the adverfc fleet under an eafy fail. The enemy fecling their fuperiority, and eager to engage, crowded all the fail they could, to come up with them: by which means the {wifteft failing veficls left the reft at a diftance. Phormio, obferving this want of order in the cnemy, kept his lines: and vigoroufly attacking the fhips that came firft into ation, funk them; and then bore down upon thofe that were next. The other captains, in their refpective lines, obferving the fame manceuvre, gave the enemy no time to form; and left them no hope of fafety, but in flight. 3 : 3. PHorMIO In a fingle (hip, being attacked near Naupatum by two, took the advantage of a heavy meichantman that lay at anchor deeply laden; and doubling round her, directed his beak with full force againft the ftern of the floweft failer, and funk her before the other could come up to her affiftance : after which he eafily defeated the other. CHAD V. CLISTHENES, T WHILE Clifthenes lay before Cirra; the oracle declared, the city fhould be invincible till the fea reached the facred land. The Cirrenfes looked upon themfelves as perfectly fafe in this affurance; the facred land, to which their city was contiguous, being fituated far diftant from the STRATAGEMS OF WAR, . 99 the occan. But Clifthenes, informed of the oracle, immediately devo- ted to Apollo both the city and the country: fo that every thing being thus made facred, the oracle was fulfilled; and the fea that wathed the country of Cyrra, wafhed the facred land. Clifthenes afterwards fuc- ~ ceeded in his enterprife, and reduced the place : when the country was con- fecrated in form to the god. CHAP Vi PHRYNICUS, WHEN Phrynicus commanded in Samos, he formed a defign to be- tray the city; but being charged with it, before the plot was ripe for exccution, confcious of the intention, and afraid of convition, he changed fides and betrayed the enemy; apprifing the Samians of all their movements before they took place. In fuch a part, where the wall was weakeft, he told them, they would direct all their force : but come, faid he, let us fortify it before they arrive. They did fo; and com- pleated their works in time. After which the operations of the enemy were conducted, juft as Phrynicus had informed them they would be. Alcibiades, who commanded them, fufpeting the duplicity of Phryni- cus afterwards fent letters to the Samians, informing them of the intended treafon. But the Samians were too much prejudiced in favour of Phrynicus, from the good meafures he had advifed, to pay ii regard to the letters of an enemy. > Naz CHAP, 100 POLY ZSNUSS CY AYP VI. LACIIARES. LACHARES, after Athens was taken by Demetrius, mn the habit of a flave, with his face blacked, and on his arm a batket of money cevered with dung, flipped out through a little gate; and mounting his horfe, with all pollible expedition eydeavoured to make his elcape. Buta party of 'Tarentine horfe Leing difpatched after him; when clofe at his heels, Lachares feattered the golden Darius’s on the road. The men difinount- ed, to pick up the money: and the purfuit by that means interrupted gave Lachares time to make his efcape into Eezotia. 2. Wuen Thebes was taken, Lachares hid himfelf in the common fewers : and after remaining there three or four days, he ventured out in the night, got fafe to Delphos, and from thence to Lyfimachus. 3. When the enemy had made themfelves mafters of Scftos, La- chares concealed himfelf fome days in a pit: having with him juft provifion enough to fupport Nature. It fortunately happened, that a woman's burial pafled clofe by ; when throwing a woman's gown round ‘him, with a black veil on his head, he mixed among the mourners, and thus efcaped out of the gates, and fafely reached Lyfimachia. ' CH AP Vl ARCHINDGS, THE Argives had ordered new arms to be made for all the citizens at the publick expence: and Archinus was appointed fuperintendant of the work. He accordingly gave out to each of the citizens their new arms, STRATAGEMS OF WAR. x01 arms, and received of them their old ones in return; upon pretence of dedicating them to the gods according to the Argive decree. Initead of which, he armed with them a banditti of ftrangers, and lodgers, the profligate, the poor, and defperate; and by their affittance feized on the fovereignty. CHAP 1X {PHICRATES IPHICRATES, after having formed his hinges, and ready to engage, obferving feveral trembling, and pale, and in thelr countenances expief- fing every fymptom of fear, ordered a herald to make proclamation ; that whoever had left any thing behind him, might go back and fetch it, and immediately return and join the army. Of this proclamation the cowards all gladly took advantage, and lefi the fill. As foon as they were gone, Iphicrates called out: “Now, my lads, is the time far ation; as we have got rid of our incumbrances. - The rewards of cou- rage and refolution will now be their's only, who deferve them.” From this harangue the army derived new confidence, and engaging in the abfence of thofe, who had tkulked away, obtained a glorious victory. * 5, AFTER routing the enemy, Iphicrates never fuffered his lines ‘to be broken in the ardour of purfuit : continually calling out to the light-armed troops to beware of ambufeades. It was allo a general \ Cilevith him, never to prefs his enemy too clofe in their rout ; if there Wwerdny narrow pafles, or rivers behind them. For thus to hem them in, is often to force them through defperation to rally and fight. Net- ther did he conceive it a point of good generalfhip, to purfue the enemy to their walls and battlements: for a victory gained, and rafhly fol- * This is not fo properly a firatagem, asa firing of military inflrulticns. lowed Jot POLYZENUGS'S lowed up within javelin’s reach of the walls, has often been fnatched away; and the conquerours in their turn with difgrace and lofs, have been forced to relinquith their conquefis. 3. IPnrcrA TEs, having made himfelf mafter of a town in the night, while the people affembled in great bodies, and poured into the forum, ordered the gates to be thrown open: thereby giving the inhabitants an opportunity to efcape, that he might with the greater fecurity keep pof- feffion of the place. - : 4. Urox an irruption which Iphicrates had made into Thrace, while his troops were flying before the enemy as if ftruck with a panick fear; ‘he ordered proclamation to be made; that whoever would inform of any man, that had thrown away his arms, he for his information fhould have them. The proclamation had the intended effet, the men recover- ed their {pirits, and refolutely fuftained the enemy’s fhock. 5. IpuicrATES, finding it neceffary to pafs the enemy in the night, directed his trumpets to an extremity of their lines, with orders to found the charge: on which alarm the enemy advanced to the poft, where the trumpets founded; while Iphicrates marched his army un- molefted along the oppolite extremity, the pafs being left quite open. 6. AFTER a defeat Iphicrates had fuftained, with the remains of his army he halted in a rough piece of ground, that was covered with wood. And being clofely purfued by the enemy, to fecure a retreat, he found it neceflary to pafs them. To effect this, he ordered his troops in the night with noife and tumult to put themfclves in motion in one quarter: where having drawn the enemy's attention, he directed his march with- ‘out oppofition by a different one. * : ; =. IpnicrATES, though his army was much more numerous than that of the enemy, and the augurs had pronounced fuccefs, to the equal . ® This ftratagem with a fmall variation is a repetition of the preceding one. fur STRATAGENMS OF WAR, 103 furprife of both armies hill declined an engagement.” The augury of my own mind, fays he, determines me againt engaging : for where an army is very numcrous, they can neither charge, nor fing the Pzan,* together; and when I order them to clofe, I hear more of the chatter- ing of their tecth, than of the clang of their arms. 8. WriLe the two armies lay encamped againft each other; Iphi- crates, whofe object was to avoid an engagement, gained a three days march of the encmy, before they knew that he had ftruck his tents. And this he effetted by directing fires to be fupplied with dry wood, and green wood to be continually thrown on them; which occafioned a conftant fmoak, and fo darkened the air, that the armies could not perceive what was going forwards in each other's camp. : 9. WaeNeveR the augurs declared againft engaging; without im- plicitly fubmitting to their direction, Iphicrates ufed to change his ground, and vary his movements: and then order the facrifices to be repeated. And this he did, in order to gain time maturely to con- fider a matter of fo great importance, as the good or ill fuccefs of a battle. 10. IpurcraTES, once commanding againft the Lacedamonians, had a great variety of applications; from one for the command of five hundred men, from another for the command of one hundred, and from another for a company : all which he at the time rejected. But, on a future day, haftily drawing up his army, he gave private inftruc- tions to his generals to throw it into confufion, and raife a panick among the troops; as if the enemy were advancing in force to attack them. In this general confufion the timorous fled, and the brave ad- vanced againft the fuppofed foe. Iphicrates then {miled, and told them, the panick was of his own raifing ; to try the merit of their dif- # The Pzan previous to the charge was a hymn to Mars. The Pzan after a victory was a hymn to Apollo. be ferent 704. POLYANUS'S ferent pretenfions. To thofe, who had maintained their ground, 'he -gave-commands; and ordered thofe, who had retreated, to follow their deaders. 11. Having fixed on his ground, Iphicrates before he encamped «detached a body of troops, to fecure a poft at a confiderable diftance from the army. His officers, furpiifed at the movement, afked the reafon of his taking fo diftant a pofition. To prevent, replied Iphi- crates, the after-refleCtion of, “ Who would have conceived fuch a movement neceffary?” Implying, that in war every precaution ought to be taken; and as little as poflible left to hazard. 12. IpuicraTEs having been brought to an engagement in an «open plain, where the enemy were much fuperiour in numbers, drew ap his army; firft opening a trench on his rear: thereby fhewing them, that by thus having cut off all hopes of retreat, they had nothing left but to conquer or die. : 13. WueN Iphicrates had to engage with new-raifed troops, he did not, immediately on forming, begin the attack; but wearied them by various manceuvres, before he commenced the engagement. But if he commanded new-raifed troops againft an army of vete- rans, he immediately engaged; giving all poflible efficacy to the firft attack. 14. WneneveRr Iphicrates had forced a flying enemy into a nar- row pafs; he always contrived to open a way for them, and give them time and opportunity to efcape, without endeavouring to oblige them to force a way by victory: faying, there was no recafon to compel an enemy to be brave. 15. IpnicrRATES, on a profecution againft him for a capital offence, placed in court fome youths, with {words in their hands : who fhewed the hilts of them to the judges, and thereby fo intimidated them; that auflice fhut her eyes, and Iphicrates was abfolved. 16, 1pHI- STRATAGEMS OF WAR, 105 16. IpnicrATES in the palace of his father in law * went up to him, and fhewed him his coat of mail. * You fee, ‘faid he,” I am always in exercife and on my guard +.” 17. IpuicraTes, during traces always fortified his camp: ob- ferving, that it was not the part of a good general, to fay, “I could not have thought 1t.” 18. THE enemy having encamped in great force againft Iphicrates, he found it neceflary to attempt a retreat. And as they clofely watched his motions, he cut down all the wood that was near him; and fixing it up in the camp, hung fhields, helmets, and fpears upon it: which the enemy obferving fuppofed him ftill in camp; while he had by evacuated it, and effected a fafe retreat. 19. Waren Iphicrates out-numbered the enemy, and withed to conceal his ftrength from them, in order to make them, from his fup- pofed weaknefs, the more ready to engage; he ufed to make two fol- diers fleep on one bed, taking it in turns to lye down to reft; and alternately to place their arms upon each other’s. And on the con- trary, if his force was fmall, and he wifhed to imprefs the enemy with an idea of his numbers being greater than they really were, he ordered every foldier to make two beds: then fhifted his ground, and encamped in a different place. Thus the enemy, from the number of wi] * Cotys, King of Thrace; whofe daughter Iphicrates had married: and whom he fuf- pected of entertaining feeret defigns againft him; and, according to an intimation of Demoft- henes in his oration againft Ariitocrates, not without rezfon. + The words are unite ¢urarrighas ; which it is difficult literally to tranflate. Meoasrw has 2 reference to the rudiments of military fcience : and young men, on their firft entrance into the fervice, in the initiatory ftudies of their profeflion were faid werd, to exercife. And in thofe ftudics a fundamental rule was @urarrihas, to be on their guard. To this application of the words Iphicrates feems in the above paflage to aliude : jocofely obferving, and at the fame time ferioufly in‘ending the point of his oblcrvation to Cotys, “ You fee 1 do not forget the rudiments of my probation ; 1am always in exercifc, and on my guard.” Oo beds 106 POLY/ZENUS'S beds they obferved, confident in their own fuppofed {uperiourity ad- vanced rafhly to the charge, or difpirited by the appearance of his, re- luétantly commenced the engagement. 20. Tue Thebans had formed a defign to furprife Athens by night; of which Iphicrates being apprifed, fummoned the people at a particu- lar fignal in the night to affemble in the forum. He then told them, he had a party at Thebes, who were ready to betray the city to them. « Let us, *faid he,” therefore march quietly out; we may make our- felves matfters of the city without ftriking a blow.” As foon as the Thebans by their emiffaries at Athens were informed of this council, and the object of it, they thought no more of furprifing Athens; di- recting their attention to the confervation of their own city. 21. Being very inferiour in force to the enemy, and his troops on that account difpirited, Iphicrates at {upper called to him the captains of companies * and leaders of bands; and bade them raife from their refpective corps whatever gold, filver, or trinkets, they could: on pretence that he had bribed a party in the enemy's camp, to betray the * The radi, which I have tranflated « Company,” confifted of 128 men: the command- er of which was denominated rafiapyes. + The Aoxos, or band, confifted of 16 men: and the leader of it was ftiled Aoyays. The diftin@ion of the terms apxo, and ayes, may perhaps be in fome meafure explained by the ranks in our army, diftinguithed by commiffioned, and warrant officers : though it muft be acknowledged, they do not exactly correfpond. Nor does the organization of our army exally aflimilate to that of the ancient Greeks. They had their leaders of 16, 10, and even § men. But then it is to be obferved, that their actions were always decided hand to hand : in which thofe leaders were of great ufe; fetting the example, and obferving that their refpetive corps did their duty. Whereas the battles of the moderns arc generally determined by ordinance and mufquetry. But when it comes to the pufh of the bayonet; in which cafe the innate valour of the Britifh troops generally bears the palm of victory, per- haps a leader of 10, or 12, might be an improvement in our military arrangements: and if thought fo, might be eafily conttituted by the addition of three or four corporals to every company. army STRATAGEME OF WAR, 107 army to him; and that to make good his engagement, he wanted every afliftance that could be fpared him. And as foon as he had received the contributions of the army, he told them, he fhould immediately proceed to action. The officers accordingly brought to him, what they had been able to raife: which he took, and made an offering from it to ProPiTrous Mercury; as if in purfuance of the agreement be- tween him and the confpirators : and after a fhort interval drew up his army, and advanced to the attack. The troops recovered their {pirite, and pulhed boldly on; in confidence that the enemy's army would be betrayed to them. : 22. IpuicraTzs uled to refemble an army marfhalled for action to the human body. The phalanx he called the breaft, the light- armed troops the hands, the cavalry the feet, and the general the head. If any of the inferiour parts were wanting, the army he faid was de- feCtive: but if it wanted a general, it wanted every thing. 23. IPBICRATES propagated a report at Mitylenz, that he intended fhortly to provide a number of fhiclds, to be fent to the Chian {laves. "The rumour gaining credit among the Chians; fearful of a rebellion among the flaves, they immediately fent him prefents, and entered into an alliance with Athens. | 24. WuEeN preparations were making by the Athenians for the fiege of Sicyon, the Lacedeemonian general, who was ordered to re- lieve it, directed the ambafladors, which came to folicit affiftance, to plant an ambufcade, and endeavour to furprife the enemy. This they accordingly did. And Iphicrates, who took the direct way to the city, had pafled it. But fome youths from the walls audacioufly call- ing out to him, on his prefenting himfelf before the place, “ Now however you will meet your punifhment;” it occurred to him, there muft be fomething particular, on which they depended. He therefore immediately marched back, but took a different rout; and with a feleét Oz body 108 POLYZEXNUS'S - body of his beft troops, refolved to explore the country: when in a clofe covert way he difcovered the ambufcade, which he cut to pieces. On this occafion he acknowledged his error, in not reconnoitring the ground : though he had immediately availed himf{clf of his fufpiciens, and thereby defeated the purpofe of the enemy’s manceuvre. . 25. WHEN preparing for an engagement with the barbarians, to animate his men, Iphicrates called out; ¢ Thofe barbarians feem not to know the terror, the arms of Iphicrates carry with them: but, by your affiftance, my lads, I will now teach them to know it, and to tell the tale to others.” When the armies were drawn up, fome one obferved, the enemy cut a formidable appearance. “Therefore, replied Iphicra- tes,” we muft be fo much the more formidable.” : 26. IPHICRATES on a particular occafion conjured his men by all the glorious exploits they had performed under his command, in this one requeft to indulge him; to advance britkly, and begin the attack: con- fident that if he did not inftantly bear down upon the enemy, they would ‘do it upon him; and that whichever army attacked, the other would find it difficult to fuftain the charge. : 27. IpnicrATEs told his men, he would infure them the victory; if mutually animating each other, upon a certain fignal he {hould give, they would advance but a fingle pace. At the crifis, when victory hung in equal fufpenfe, he gave the fignal: the army returned it with accla- mations ; advanced a pace, and defeated the enemy. 28. WueN Iphicrates commanded at Corinth againft the Thebans, and was much prefled by his troops to bring the enemy to an action; obferving, that they out-numbered him, and were alfo flufhed with their late victory at Leuctre, he refufed to hazard an engagement. “ But, ¢ faid he,” I have formed you to that height of military glory, which has . taught you to defpilfe the Thebans: now let fome abler officer take the command, and lead you to the charge.” By this mild reprimand he won STRATACGCENMS OF WAR. 109 won the Athenians from their purpofe ; and reprefled an ill-timed ardour, that would probably have terminated in a defeat. 29. IpuicrA TEs at the inftance of Ariftophon and Chares was profecuted for treafon againft the ftate, in not bringing the enemy to an action at Embata; when he had it in his power to have deftroyed their fleet. Finding the charge ftrongly fupported againft him, inftead of proceeding farther in his defence, he ftopped {hort and fhewed the judges his fword: who, in fear left the court might be furrounded by his confederates in arms, acquitted him. Some one intimating, after the caufe was over, that he had intimidated the judges by menacing violence; “I fhould be an idiot indeed, replied Iphi- crates;> if I could fight for the Athenians, and could not do the fame for myfelf.” 30. AT atime when the Athenians for fome particular purpofe were in great want of money; Iphicrates advifed them, to pull down the publick buildings, that fronted the ftreets, and fell them. But as the demolition of thofe buildings would have been a great detriment to the houfes that were built up againft them ; the owners of them, as Iphi- crates forefaw, paid the fums that were wanted, to have the buildings preferved. 31. THE booty that was taken after an ation Iphicrates diftributed among the troops, according to each individual's particular ‘defervings. But the contributions raifed on cities, where no engagements had taken place, he divided not to each man fingly, but to each feparate corps, by companies, and bands. And, while the troops were refpetively arming themfelves, his practice was, after filence had been proclaimed, to promife to diftinguifh, in the diftribution of the booty, every man in the differ- ent corps of cavalry, heavy, or light armed troops, that fhould particu- larly fignalife himfelf. And at all feftivals, and publick mectings, the men, 110 POLYAZANUS’S men, who had difplayed mot courage, he always honoured with the firlt feats.* By thefe devices he promoted courage and emulation. 32. IpnicraTEs ufed to exercife his troops in all thofe various ma- nceuvres, that might be neceffary in action ; {ham fallies, {ham ambufcades, proditions, revolts, furprifes, and panics : fo that when any of them were really practifed by the enemy, or required from his own troops, they were in either cafe experienced and ready. 33. THE enemy having formed, about five furlongs diftant from the Athenian army, on an ¢levated poft near the facred mount, with the fea on their rear, and only one pafs in front, fo narrow as not to admit two men a-breaft; and the approach towards the fea fteep and craggy: Iphicrates with a body of refolute, {trong men, oiling, and properly equipping, themfelves, took the advantage of a ftill night; fkirted the mountain, and {wimming over particular places where the fea was deep- eft, landed on the rear of the enemy, cut the centinels to pieces, and fecured the march of his army through the defile. Then, while it was yet night, attacking the enemy unprepared to receive him, he with little fofs obtained a compleat victory; thofe, who efcaped the {word, being made prifoners. : 34. IN a winter campaign, when the Athenian army were ill-cloathed and fed, Iphicrates faw the prefent moment the proper inftant for en- gaging ; but obferved his troops, from the hardfhips they experienced, ill-affected to the fervice. Habited therefore in a mean drefs, and thinner cloathed than the reft, he went round the camp, exhorting the troops # Great ftrefs was formerly laid on the honours of the table. See Homer’s Iliad, 1. 1a Vv. 310, a poem, which abounds in military documents. Taxus, 70 On ros Timipnpicla paricra Edm 71, npracwy 71, 3s manos maroc, Ee, Glaucus, why claim we at the feftive treat The table’s bonouss, and the higheft feat ?—&e. imme- STRATAGEMS OF WAX. 311 immediately to draw out, and advance to the attack: who, feeing their general thus meanly drefled, and without thoes, facrificed eafe and con- venience to the publick good, and readily followed him to the charge. 35. IpnicraTEs, when his military cheft was low, ufed to march his troops to fea coafts and unfrequented places ; where their expences would be fmall. But when his finances were in good plight, he quar- tered them 1n cities and rich countries; where having quickly fquandered away their money, their poverty might excite them to fome great enter- prife. But he never fuffered them to be idle. When they were not engaged in actual fervice, he always appointed them to fome employment : ordering them either to fcoop the earth, to fink trenches, to cut down wood, to fhift their camp, or to repair their baggage; gonfidering idle- nefs, as the parent of plots and mutinies. » 36. IpHICRATES, after ravaging Samos, failed to Delos: whither the Samian ambaffadors repaired, to purchafe the property he had taken from them: all which he promifed fhould be reftored to them. And fecretly fitting out a tender, which he pretended was juft arrived from Athens, and had brought him letters of recall, he took a friendly leave of the Samians; and ordered the captains of his fleet to weigh anchor, and get under fail. He then fteered to an uninhabited ifland, and anchored there a day and night. ‘The Samians, as foon as they heard that Iphi- crates had courteoufly received their ambaffadors, left Delos, and was recalled home, abandoned themfelves to a falfe fecurity both in the city, and in the country. But while enjoying themfelves in parties, and ftrol- ling abroad, he again landed at Samos; and carried off a greater booty, than he had done before. The fame ftratagem Phormio practifed againt the Chalcidenfians, 37. When Iphicrates, who acted as arbitrator between the Lacedz- monians and Thebans, then at war with each other, found that the Argive and Arcadian allies of the Thebans prevented a reconciliation between 112 POLY ENUS’S between them; he ordered a body of troops to ravage Argolis. The Argives complaining of fuch an incurfion, he faid the ravages were committed by their own revolters; againft whom he pretended to march, in order to punifh them: and, as if fuccefsful in his expedition, reftored to the Argives the property of which they had been plundered. Won by fuch an act of generous retribution, they looked on Iphicrates as their benefactor and friend; and perfuaded the Thebans to agree to the pro- pofed conditions of peace. ‘38. Wren Iphicrates, in the fervice of Perfia, had with Pharnabazus carried the war into ZAgypt; there being in that part of the world no havens, he directed the captains of the veflels every one to take with him forty facks. And when they brought to land, he ordered all the facks to be filled-gvith fand, and from the fides of the fhip to be fufpended m the will Under the ftay of this counterbalance they rode fafe:- which ferved them in place of an harbour. : 39. At Epidaurum Iphicrates drew up his army near the fea; but ~ not being in a condition to engage, he advanced to a thick, fhady wood: where he called aloud for the ambufh to thew themfelves. The enemy, fearing a numerous ambufcade, wheeled about and retreated to their Tips, : 40. IpuicraTEs, when in Theffaly, and Jafon the tyrant, having encamped againft each other near a rivers fide, agreed to terminate the conteft by a treaty. They accordingly met under the bridge without arms, to fettle the terms of it; having been previoufly fearched by each other's officers. After they had formally bound themfelves by oath to . adhere to the conditions that fhould be fettled, - Iphicrates mounted the bridge ; and Jafon begun a facrifice to the river, with a fheep he had taken from a neighbouring flock. Iphicrates then leaping down, feized a knife, with which though he did not murder Jafon; he awed him into fuch terms in making the treaty, as he thought fit to preferibe. 41. IpHi- STRATAGEMS OF WAR, 1r3 41. Ipurcra TEs in the Thracian war, when the enemy were en- camped near him, diretted a wood, which lay between the two camps, to be fet on fire in the night ; and leaving his baggage, and a great ftore of cattle, under cover of the night, rendered by the {fmoak more dark than it really was, retreated to a place thick and fhady, and covered with underwood. As foon as day appeared, the Thracians advanced againft the camp, which they found abandoned, and immediately fell to plundering the baggage, and the live ftores. Thus engaged and {feparated, Iphicrates advancing in good order, fell fuddenly upon them; defeated them, and recovered his baggage. : + 42. In his attack on a particular place by night, Iphicrates or-: dered the trumpets, difperfed in various parts, to found the charge. The enemy intimidated at the found of the different trumpets endea- voured to efcape, fome one way, and fome another; while he, having cut off the few that Spokes ji eafily made himfelf matter of the place. t ‘43. WaiLe Iphicrates was at Corleth, the Laceldinontins ad- vanced againft the city. He did not however venture immediately to hazard a battle: but learning that there were ftrong pofts about the city, he privately poflefled himfelf of them; and then ordered thofe who were within the walls to join him. The whole body of the people advancing in one firm compact band, {fo intimidated the La->damo- nians with their numbers, and the advantageous pofition of their allies, that they raifed the fiege, and retreated, without ftriking a blow. 44. IpurcraTES, when at war with the Abydenians he lay at Cherronefus, having pofted himfelf on an advantageous {pot, pretended to be afraid of Axibidius the Lacediemonian general, and threw up a wall round his camp. The Abydenians fecing him raifing a wall, and from thence prefuming on his fuppofed weaknefs, ventured out of the city; and made excurfions into the country, as their occafions required. P . Iphi- 114 TLHEPOLYA NDS... S12 Iphicrates obferving them thus thrown off from their guard, detached a part of his army by night into the territories of the Abydenians, ravaged their country, made many prifoners, and Carlod off boty to a confiderable amount. > 45. WHEN Iphicrates mw at Corinth, having fil ohne hot ily fupported the oppofite faction had reiolved in the night to admit into the city mercenaries from Laced@mon, he muftered his troops, left a part of them in the city as a garrifon, marched the reft out, and drew them up without the gates. Then haftening to the gate, which the Lacedemonian faction ol opened for the admiflion of the merce- naries, he threw himfelf in with them upon their rear: and a confufed engagement fucceeding, unexpected on the part of the mercenaries, many of them fell in the night; and in the morning many more were. cut: to pieces, who had taken refuge in the temples. 11:46. IpnicrRATES, in an expedition into Thrace, being encamped with eight thoufand men, and hearing that the Thracians intended to attack his camp in the night, evacuated it in the evening; and pofted himfelf in a valley about three furlongs diftant, where he lay unob- ferved by the enemy. They accordingly attacked his camp, which they found evacuated, and plundered it: ridiculing the Greeks, as an: enemy who had invaded them, only to run away again. Iphicrates then advaacing from his retreat, fuddenly attacked them with great flaughter, and took a confiderable number prifoners. = 47. IpnicraTEs having a two day's march to make through a. fandy country, deftitute of water, ordered the army after fupper to 1ll the water cafks : and as foon as the fun was down, he begun his march, - which he continued all night. The next morning he encamped, and ordercd the troops to refreth themfelves. And having refted all day, “and in the evening taken their fuppers; when the night came on, they parted up their baggage, and renewed their march. - Thus inftead ford . of STRATAGEMS OF WAR. 135 of a two day’s march, he had only one day, and that a day of reft, to encounter the heat of the climate, and the {carcity of water. 48. IpuicrAaTEs, having acquired at Epidaurum great fpoils, in his retreat to his fhips was purfued by the Lacedemonian governor of the country; who had pofted himfelf on an eminence, to intercept him. Before his baggage Iphicrates drew up his heavy-armed troops, inter- mixing here and there with them fome of his light-armed and other lefs effective * forces, to increafe their numbers; concealing himfelf at a {mall ditance with the reft of his army. Thofe advancing againft the Lacedemonian, he quitted his heights to engage them; of which Iphicrates, with the other part of his troops, having wheeled about, took poffeflion, and falling upon his rear entirely defeated him. 49. IpnicrATEs having about Phlyuntes fome narrow defiles to pafs, while the enemy hung upon his rear, ordered his troops to clear the pafs with all expedition: while he, with a body of his beft troops falling back into the rear to cover them, attacked the encmy, difordered and confufed in the eagernefs of their purfuit, and made great havock amongf(t them. : ti so. IrnicraTEs, having made an irruption into Thrace, en- camped on an open plain, almoit furrounded by a ridge of mountains, and acceflible only in one pafs by a bridge; that the Thracians crofled in the night, with intention to attack his camp: which, having lighted in it a number of fires, he evacuated, and fkirting the moun- tains concealed himfelf in a piece of fhrubby ground ncar the bridge; while the Thracians advanced againft his camp, not doubting by the ® On this paffage I will obferve in general, that the exiras, or heavy-armed troops, were the firft and moft confiderable body in the Grecian infantry: engaging with broad fhields and long fpears. The dines, or light-armed men, fought chiefly with arrows, darts, flings, &ec. Thofe who are here ftiled xv¢vs, were ad the baggage keepers, &c. ordered into the ranks > ooly to fwell the fhew of numbers. : za P 2 fires 116 POLYAZANUS'S fires but he was fill there, Iphicrates in the mean time quitted his ftation, paffed the bridge, and effected a fafe retreat. 51. IpnicraTEs, when in command of a numerous army, con- fifting both of naval, and land forces, kept always in hand a quarter of their pay, as a fecurity againtt their defertion. By this means he preferved his army compleat, and his troops rich; having always a fourth part of their pay in arrears. 52. IpnicraTES, having encamped oppofite to the Lacedemonian allies, in the night made his army change their drefs : the foldiers drefled themfelves in the habit of the fervants, and the fervants in that of the foldiers. They in the military drefs walked about at pleafure with the air of freemen; leaving the care of their arms to the fervants : they in the fervile drefs, as their fervice required, were employed about the arms. The encmy, fecing this, did the fame: their foldiers leifurely amufed ~ themfelves without the limits of the camp; while their fervants were engaged in their ordinary employment within. At a fignal given, the troops of Iphicrates, {eifing their arms, inftantly advanced againft the enemy’s camp; from whence the fervants precipitately fled, and the fol- diers thus furprifed unarmed, were either flain, or taken prifoners. 53. IpHICRATES, on another occafion, being encamped directly op- pofite to the enemy, and obferving that they dined regularly at a certain hour, made his men dine early in the morning ; and immediately after attacked the enemy: whom, without ever clofing, they with their darts engaged all day at a diftance. And in the evening after both fides had retreated, and the enemy were fate down to their repaft, his own foldiers having dined heartily early in the day, he attacked the enemy while at their fupper, and made no fmall havock amongft them. 54. Tue narrownefs of the roads at Phlyuntes obliging Iphicrates fo march with a narrow front, and his lines extended to the rear, which was much galled by the enemy, he ordered them to march quicker ; and, with STRATAGEMS OF WAR, 117 with a fele&t body of troops, falling back into the rear, he vigoroufly attacked the enemy, fatigued with the purfuit, and in no order; cut many of them to picces; and made the reft prifoners. 55. IpnicraTEs, when lying at Corcyra he received intelligence of Crinippus having failed from Sicily with eleven ftore hips, in a fmall ifland near which his courfe lay ordered a beacon to be lighted: and weighing anchor in the night, he fell in with him, and took every {hip but one. 56. IpnicrAaTES, while in Thrace, having had intelligence of a confpiracy being formed by two of his generals, feleCted a party of his bet and moft confidential troops: and ordered them as foon as he had charged the fufpetted generals with the confpiracy, immediately to feife their arms, and thofe of the corps they commanded: which was accord- ingly done. The confpiracy afterwards being clearly proved, Iphicrates ordered the generals to execution ; ftripped the foldiers, and turned them naked out of the camp. : 57. Two thoufand mercenaries having revolted to the Lacedemo- - nians, Iphicrates difpatched after them private letters to the generals of the revolters; reminding them of the time appointed, and afluring them they might then depend on affiftance from Athens : well knowing, that thofe letters would be intercepted by the * GUARDS OF THE ROADS. This was accordingly the cafe ; and the Lacedemonians, upon the inter- cepted letters being carried to them, difpatched a body of troops to ap- prehend the revolters : who, in this untoward f{ituation, real traitours to the Athenians, and fufpetted of treachery to the Lacedemonians, had nothing left but to endeavour to make their cfcape from both. 58. Wuen Iphicrates commanded at Chios, to convict a party of ® The Puaaxss rwr odo» Were centinels ftationed on the publick roads, to make enquiries of all paffengers relpe@ing their bufinefs, &c. and to tranfmit information to the neighbouring towns of any particular occurrences, that might affect either private perfons, or the ftate. the y & / ’ -4 ~n 118 POLYZAZANUS’S the Chians whom Iphicrates fufpected of favouring the interefts of La cedemon ; he ordered fome captains of veflels fecretly to weigh anchor in the night, and the next morning to return into harbour, habited in the Lacedzmonian drefs. Thofe, who were in the Lacedeemonian intereft, as foon as they faw them, run with great joy to welcome them to the harbour: when Iphicrates, advancing with a body of troops from the = CHAP. 256 POLYZEANUS’S CHAP ILVIN MENTOR. MENTOR, having got Hermaus into his power, wrote letters in his name to all the cities, that were under his authority ; ordering them to receive as their governor the perfon, whom he had charged with the delivery of the refpective letters : which he fealed with Hermaus’s zal. Knowing his feal, in obedience to the mandate of the letters, the peo- ple furrendered their feveral cities into the hands of Mentor’s officers. CHAP XAX. +ANAXAGOR AS. ANAXAGORAS, Codrus, and Diodorus, fons of Echeonax, flew Hegefias, tyrant of Ephefus: when Philoxenus, governer of Ionia under Alexander, demanded them to be given up by the Ephefians. But the people not complying with his requifition, he entered the town with a body of troops ; apprehended the three brothers, threw them into chains, and imprifoned them in the tower of Sardis. After a long and fevere imprifonment, with a file, that had been conveyed to them by a friend, they liberated themfelves from their chains; and, habited in fervile dref- fes, efcaped as fervants out of the prifon in the night : then cutting their cloaths into long pieces, they ufed them inftead of ropes ; and let them- felves down by them from the walls. Diodorus unfortunately fell down from the top of the walls ; and laming himfelf, was obliged to lic where he fell : till he was taken up by the Lydians, and fent to Alexander to be punifhed according to his pleafure. But Alexander dying at Baby- lon, STRATAGENMS OF WAR. 257 lon, he was fent to Perdiccas at Ephefus, to take his trial there. In the mean time Anexagoras and Codrus, who had got clear off, arrived at Athens : and, hearing of Alexander's death, returned to Ephefus ; and fct their brother at liberty. CH AP L. PIND AR. WHILE Creefus lay before Ephefus, the tower, which was called the traitrefs, fell down; and the capture of the place became inevitable. When Pindar, who poficfied the fovereignty, recommended to the Ephe- fians, to run a rope round the walls and gates, faftening it to the pil-- lars of the temple of Diana; and to confecrate the whole city to the goddefs. Creefus in honour of the deity {pared the city, as placed un- der her immediate protection : prefented the Ephefians with their liber- ty, and made an alliance with them. : CH AP. 1) THERON. © "THERON, who kept privately in pay a body of the Agrigentines, ready on all occafions to obey his orders, being in want of money to make good to them their arrears, - feifed on a fum that had been raifed for the erection of a temple to Minerva : and by this device he got it into his poffeflion. He obferved to them the work had gone on {lowly, and propofed to have the building contracted for at a certain fum, and a time ftipulated for the completion of the work. The citizens thought the propofal a very good one : agreed to let out the work, and lodged : Kk : the 258 POLYZENUS'S the money raifed for the purpofe in the hands of Gorgus, Theron’s fon. As foon as the money had pafled into Theron’s hands, inftead of em- ploying architects, ftone-cutters, and other artificers, he converted the people’s money againft themfelves, paid his men, formed them into a body of guards: and by their affiftance poflefled himfelf of the fove- reignty of Agrigentum. CH AP LI SISYPHUS. SISYPHUS, having fufpetted Autolycus of frequently ftealing his oxen, fhod them with lead, inferibing charalters on the fhoes to this effect: « Autolycus is a thief.” Autolycus, according to his ufual prac- tice {tole them away in the night. Sifyphus the next morning traced them to the paftures of Autolycus; and fhewed the neighbouring farm- -ers the footfteps of the oxen, which declared Autolycus’s theft. CHAP LIL. AGNON. AGNON conceived a defign of planting an Attic colony at that part of the river Strymon, which is called the NiNE-WA YS. But agaft the attempt there exifted this oracle: Athenians, why ef late attempt to raife The firucture proud, and colonize NINE-WAYS? Vain the attempt, unautherifed by Heaven; Rire the decree, that rigid Fate hath given Aganft STRATAGEMS OF WAR, 259 Againft the deed : till from the filent tomb At Troy the ftubble of old Rhefus come To join its parent foil. ‘Then, then proceed: And Fate fhall give the act a glorious meed. in confequence of this declaration of the god, Agnon difpatched fome men to Troy, in the night to open the monument of Rhefus, and to bring away his bones : which they bundled up in a purple robe, and brought to the Strymon. But the Barbarians, who poflefled the coun- try, would not permit him to crofs the river. Agnon not in a condi- tion to effet a paflage over it by force, concluded a truce with them for three days; who retired to their own refidence, leaving him, for the time fhipulated between them, quiet in his poft. In the night he paffed the Strymon with his army ; carrying with him the bones of Rhefus, which he buried at the river fide: and there he intrenched himfelf with a foffe and palifades ; refting in the day, and working at the fortificati- ons every night. In three nights his works were compleated : when the Barbarians returned ; and, finding in what manner he had during their abfence employed himfelf, charged him with an infringement of the truce. “ Of that, ‘replied Agnon,” I am perfectly clear : the truce was for three days inaction, which I religioufly obferved : the works, you fee, I erected in the intermediate nights.” Such was the origin of the city, which Agnon built on the NINE-wA Ys, and called it Amphi- polis, | Kkz CHAP, 260 POLYZENUS’'S CHAD LIV AMPHIRETUS. AMPHIRETUS the Acanthian was taken by pirates, and carried into Lemnos : where he was kept in clofe confinement, the pirates ex- .pecling a very confiderable fum for his ranfom. He took little fuftenance, but drank vermilion mixed with falt water; which gave a tinge to his fools, that made his captors believe he was feifed with the bloody flux: “and being afraid left his death fhould rob them of the expected ranfom, they: releafed him from his confinement; hoping that exercife might ‘reftore him to his health. But no fooner did he find himfelf at liber- ty, than. he made his efcape in the night; and getting into a fifhing- boat, arrived fafe at Acanthum. Hh od ao BOOK 2A A STRATAGEMS OF WAR. 261 BOOK VI. PROOEMIUM, This Seventh Book of Stratagems I addrefs to your moft facred majefties, Antoninus and Verus: in which you will obferve, that the minds even of Barbarians are competent to military ftratagems, decep- tions, and devices. And you will confequently fee reafon, not to hold them in too great contempt yourfeclves; and to give the fame caution in charge to your generals. On the contrary, there is nothing againft which they can be required more ftrictly to guard, than devices, wiles, and deception: in which. the Barbarians excel much more, than in military prowefs. Nor will any thing more cffectually fecure them againft their devices, than a fettled diftruft of their promifes and pro- feflions. To that unitimg Roman valour, we fhall be {till more fupe- riour to them, if we further add a knowledge of thofc ftratagems they have been ufed to employ. CHAP 1 DIOCYLES DIOCLES the Median in this manner pofleffed himfelf of the fo- vereignty of the Medes. They were a vagrant people, and had no fettled habitations: had no cities, no laws, knew no principles of equity ; but plundered cach other of whatever the one wanted, and the other poflefled. Diocles gave laws to his neighbours, and endeavoured to inculcate on their minds the principles of juftice. They were delighted with 262 ln POLY EANUSS with his regulations, and paid implicit obedience to his decrees. His name foon became famous among the Medes; and to determine their differences, numbers continually reforted to him, as a molt jut and upright judge. As foon as his eminence and reputation had conciliated to him univerfal efteem, he obtained guards to fecure him from the in- juries, to which his determinations might expofe him. By the affift- ance of thefe in the night he filled his little habitation with ftones ; which he thewed the Medes in the day, and pretended to have been thrown at him, to the great danger of his life, by thofe againft whom he had determined caufes. The people were enraged at the treatment, with which he had fo undefervedly met, and for the fccurity of his perfon allotted him a refidence on an impregnable eminence; appointed him a guard, and directed his table to be fupplied from the facred re- venues. This guard he continued every day increafing: and in the end, inftead of judge, became a king. CHAP I ALYATTES THE Cimmerians, a people of uncommon fize, having made war on Alyattes; he took the ficld againft them, and directed his men to carry with them to battle a number of large fierce dogs: who, being fet on by their mafters, fell upon the Barbarians, as they would on a parcel of wild beafts; tore many of them, fo as to difable them from aftion, and put others to flight. 2. To weaken the Colophonians in their cavalry, in which they were very powerful, Alyattes entered into an alliance with them. And when they ferved under him, in the diftribution of prefents he always particularly ditinguifhed the horfe. At laft when he lay at Sardis, he kept STRATAGEMS OF WAR. 264 kept a fumptuous table for them, and appointed them double pay. The cavalry, who were encamped without the city, no fooner heard of their pay being doubled, than delivering their horfes to the care of the horfe-keepers, they inftantly reforted to the city, in great eagernefs to receive their doubled pay. Alyattes on a fudden ordered the gates to be fhut, and with a body of armed troops furrounded and cut them to pieces; then mounted his own men on the Colophonian horfes. CHAP HI PSAMMETICHUS. TEMANTHES king of ZEgypt, who was {lain by Plfammetichas; confulted the oracle concerning his fuccefs in his future views onthe kingdom: which directed him to beware of the cocks. Pfammetichus, who was very intimate with Pigres the Carian, as foon as he was in- formed by him that the Carians were the firft who wore plumes of feathers on their helmets, immediately conceived the meaning of the oracle; took into his fervice a great number of Carians, and advanced againft Memphis. When encamping at the temple of Ifis, about five fur- longs from the city; an engagement was fought, in which Temanthes was defeated. From thefe Carians a part of Memphis is called Ca- romemphis. CIAD IV. AMASIS AMASTS in an enzaement with the Arabians placed behind’ the: £gyptians the ftatues of thc gods they held in moft honour and ve neration ; 264 : POLYZENUS'S eration; that they might be induced with the greater alacrity to face danger: fuppofing themfelves under the immediate eye of their gods, who would not betray them, or leave them in the hands of their ene- mies. CHAD VY, MIDAS. MIDAS, pretending that he was going to perform a folemn facrifice to the great gods, led out the Phrygians in the night as in proceflion, with flutes, and timbrels, and cymbals: each of them at the fame tine pri- vately carrying fwords. The citizens all left their houfes to fee the proceflion : when the mufical performers drew their {fwords, flew the fpeCtators as they came out into the ftreets, took poficflion of their houfes, and invefted Midas with fovereignty. } EL bh sp exiiiBug o. g ~ yp 3 Lot ir Aha cilia Gh CAVE hi, “4 : Lili. Ih) i it id c FH A P.. VI. i Y Bian ' : iy io wl. Rif edi oe, ¥ Ticta : on p ix "ry rine CYRUS IN three feveral engagements with the Medes Cyrus was each time defeated. A fourth battle with them he determined to hazard at Fafar- gadae ; where the Perfians had left their wives and children. There he was again defeated : but the Perfians flying to the city, and there feeing their wives and children, they were ftruck with the reflection of what they mutt fuffer from a victorious enemy, rallied, and attacked the Medes, who in their eager purfuit had loft all order; and obtained fo decifive a viCtory, that the Medes never after ventured to face Cyrus in the field. . Klin 11d 2. AGREE- STRATAGEMS OF WAR 265 2. AGREEABLE to a treaty, into which Cyrus had entered with Creefus, he ftruck his tents, and from Sardis led off his forces. But as foon as the night came on he returned, attacked the city unpr cpared for a fiege, and took it by ftorm. "3. AFTER Cyrus had made himfcif mafter of Sardis, and Creefus ftill held out in the fort, in expectation of affiftance from Greece; he ordered the Sardian prifoners, the friends and relations of the befieged, to be bound, and expofed before them: a herald at the fame time pro- claiming, if the befieged furrendered to Cyrus the fort, they fhould * receive their friends and relations fafe and without ranfom ; but if they perfifted in holding it againft him, he would hang every man before their eyes. To fave their friends therefore, they chofe rather to give up the fort than wait the iffue of the precarious hopes with which Cree- fus had flattered himfelf of affiftance from the ftates of Greece. 4. AFTER the defeat of Creefus, and his captivity, the Lydians having again revolted, Cyrus, who was himfelf intent on an expedition againft Babylon, difpatched Mazares the Mede into Lydia ; with orders, as foon as he had reduced the country into fubjection, to take from them their arms and horfes, oblige them to wear women’s drefles, and to fuf- fer them to entertain themfelves neither in hurling the javelin, in horfe- manthip, nor in any martial exercifes: but to oblige them all to fpin, and fing, and purfue only female amufements. And by thefe means their minds became fo daftardifed and effeminate; that the Lydians, once a very warlike people, became of all the Barbarians the moft Pus fillanimous. 15. Cyrus; at the Rene of Babylon, after he find compli the channel, through which he intended to turn the Euphrates, that then run through the city, marched his army toa confiderable diftance: which induced the Babylonians to conclude, that he had given up all hopes of ~-4 gaging the place; and they therefore became more remifs in their de-: Ll fence 266 POLYENUS'S fence of it. But fuddenly diverting the courfe of the river, he fecretly marched his army through the old channel; and, while the Babyloni- ans thought themfelves in perfect fecurity, made himfelf matter of the place. 6. WuEeN Cyrus, in an engagement with Creefus, obferved that the great dependance of the Lydian was in his cavalry ; to render them ufe- Iefs, he oppofed in front againft them a number of camels: the nature of which animals is fuch, that horfes can bear neither the fight nor {fmell of them. The horfes accordingly became ungovernable, turned about, and fled ; throwing down the Lydians in their flight, and breaking their ranks : fo that victory declared for Cyrus, before he engaged. 7. To induce the Perfians to throw off the Median yoke, Cyrus made ufe of this device. He pointed out to them a barren, briery {pot ; and bade them clear and cultivate it : a work, which with great labour and fatigue they effected. Thenext day he ordered them to bathe and clean themfelves, and attend him: when he received them with a fumptuous entertainment. After the day had been thus luxurioufly {pent, he afked them, which of the two days they liked beft. To which they replied ; "this day was as much preferable to the former, as happinefs is to mifery. Happinefs then, faid Cyrus, it is in your own power to obtain. Eman- cipate yourfelves from the fervitude of the Medes. The Perfians, {truck with the greatnefs of the propofal, revolt, and create Cyrus their king. Under whofe aufpices, they not only crufhed the power of the Medes ; but acquired to themfelves the empire of all Afia. 8. Wren Cyrus laid fiege to Babylon ; the Babylonians, who had within themfelves great plenty of provifions of all kinds, derided the enterprife. But he foon difcovered the quarter where to attack them. and turned the river Euphrates, whofe natural courfe was through the town, into a neighbouring lake. Their fupplies of water thus cut off, they had no alternative ; but to fubmit to Cyrus, or to die with thirft. 9. Cyrus, STRATAGEMS OF WAR. 267 . 9. Cyrus, after having been defeated by the Medes, retreated to Pa- fargadz ; when finding the Perfians in great numbers revolted to the enemy, he informed his army that the next day he fhould receive from federal powers that were hoftile to the Medes a re-inforcement of a hundred thoufand men: take therefore, faid he, my lads, every man his faggot, to welcome your allies. ‘This affurance of affiftance the Perfian deferters' communicated to the Medes. And as foon as night came on, Cyrus ordered every man to light his faggot. The Medes, feeing a great number of fires burning, concluded that the auxiliaries were arrived; and, inftead of purfuing the conquered foe, thought it expedient, in their turn to retreat. 10. At the fiege of Sardis Cyrus conftructed machines of wood, that were as high as the walls: and placed ftatues on them, in Perfian drefles, with their beards on, quivers on their thoulders, and bows in their hands. And thefe he advanced in the night {o clofe to the walls, ‘that they feemed to be above the fort. Early in the morning in a different quarter Cyrus begun his attack: againft which the whole force that was in the town was immediately direted. When the fta- tues on the oppofite quarter being accidentally difcovered, a general cry enfued: and univerfal fear poficfled the befieged; as if the fort was in the hands of the enemy. Throwing open their gates, each made his efcape in the beft manner he could ; and Cyrus became mafter of Sardis at difcretion. / CHAP VU HARPAGUS. HARPAGUS, to convey a letter privately to Cyrus, paunched ‘a hare, and in the belly fewed up the letter: the bearer, equipped Se Llz with 268 : POLYENUS'S with hunter's nets, delivered the hare fafe; paffing the guards of” ‘the roads without {ufpicion. CHAD. VII, »CROESUS. CROESUS, finding himfelf difappointed of the auxiliaries which ‘the Greeks had promifed him, chofc out fome of the ableft and ftouteft Lydians; and armed them in the Grzcian manner. Unaccuftomed to the arms of Greece, Cyrus's men were at a lofs how either to attack, or to guard againft them. The clang of the fpears upon the fhiclds ftruck them with terrour: and the fplendour of the brazen fhields fo terrified the horfes, that they could not be brought to the charge. By this ftratagem Cyrus was defeated, and made a truce with Creefus for ‘three months. 2. Croksus, having been defeated by Cyrus in Cappadocia, in order to make good his retreat, ordered his men to carry with them as much wood as they conveniently could. This they depofited in a narrow defile, through which Crefus led his forces, and purfued his march all night with what expedition he could: leaving fome of his light horfe, as foon as day appeared, to fet the wood on fire. By this means Creefus cffeCted his retreat; Cyrus being by the fire greatly impeded in his purfuit. CHAP IX CAMEBYSES. ~ WHEN Cambyfes invefted Pelufium, as being the entrance inte Egypt, the Silii with great refolution defended it: advancing formidable STRATAGEMS OF WAR. 269 formidable machines againft the befiegers; and from their catapults throwing darts, ftones, and fire. Againft the deftructive fhowers thus difcharged upon him Cambyfes ranged before his front line, dogs, fheep, cats, Ibifes,* and whatever animals the Egyptians hold facred. The fear of hurting the animals, which they regard with veneration, inftantly checked their operations : Cambyfes tock Pelufium; and thus opened himfelf a pele into Agypt. . : €. gf .CH AP, X. TORR ARES. AFTEF he extin@ion of the Magi, who had ufurped is govern- ment of Perfia, Darius and feven other Perfian peers became competi- - tors for the empire: ‘between whom it was amicably agreed thus to fettle their pretenfions. They engaged at a particular hour, to meet on horfe- “back at a place fixed on for the purpofe without the city; and that he, whofe horfe neighed firft, fhould be king. OEbares, Darius’s groom, as foon as he was apprifed of the determination, the day before the ‘ conteft brought his horfe to the place appointed; and there introduced to him a mare: then took the horfe back to the ftable. The next - morning each mounted his horfe, and met at the ground according to * agreement: when Darius’s horfe, recollecting the place, and his enjoy- ‘ment there, inftantly neighed for his mare. The reft of the peers im- mediately difmounted, made their obedience to i and fvand “him he ef Perfia. X00 LS » Be wisi isa kind of fa whic feels 5pe0 Anal REST E rs - c ’ 3f I, : ei dd wad gies | ] CHAP; 270 POLYZNUS'S CH AP YI DARIUS. "DARIUS having taken the field againft the Sutin, when both “armies were ready to engage, a hare rofe from her feat, and run clofe by the Scythian phalanx: while feveral of the Scythians purfued it. Darius obferved on the occafion, that this was not the time to engage ; when the Scythians felt their fuperiority fo forcibly, that they could pur- fue a hare in front of the Perfian army : and accordingly ordered his trumpets to found a retreat. 2. WaEN Darius and the feven Perfian chiefs agreed to fall upon “the Magi in the night; in order to know each other in the dark, he propofed to them to wear the button, that faftens the tiara behind, on their forehead ; that fecling the button, they might know their friends. _- 3 Darrus was the firft, that impofed taxes on the people. And to remove the odium of fuch a meafure from himfelf, he directed the peers "in their refpective provinces to raife them. They according to their ~orders levied very high duties: which Darius took; but referving to _ himfelf only half, he remitted the other half to the people. 4. Darius undertook an expedition into Scythia : but finding him- elf unable to gain any advantages there, and his provifion likewife run- “ning thort, he began to think of a retreat. To make it with the leaft -lofs, by concealing his defign from the enemy, he directed his tents to be left ftanding, juft as they had been for fome time before. And in them were many wounded foldiers, affes, mules, and dogs; and a great number of fires were lighted : which thofe that were left behind had orders conftantly in the night to kindle. The Scythians feeing the fires, end fhe tents ftanding, and hearing the confufed noife of the animals, ; fup- - STRATAGEMS OF WAR. 271 fuppofed the Perfians quietly encamped ; when they had effectually fe- cured their retreat. As foon as Darius’s movement was known in the Scythian camp, they purfued him as brifkly as they could: but he was too far out of their reach, tobe overtaken. : 5. WHEN Darius laid fiege to Chalcedon, the Chalcedonians ne- gleCted to make thofe exertions, which the force of fo formidable an. enemy required ; relying upon the ftrength of their walls, and their great ftore of provifions. Nor did Darius on the other hand make any . attack upon the walls ; but contented himfelf with ravaging at large the country round = pretending that he waited for an acceffion of force,. before he attempted any thing direttly againft the city. But while the whole attention of the Chalcedonians was employed upon their walls, which continuing fafe, they apprehended they had nothing to fear; the Perfians from a mountain called Aphafium, diftant about ten fur- longs from the city, opened a mine = which they continued as far as’ the forum. As foon as they reached that fpot, which they conjectured they had, from the roots of olive trees, which grew there ; they waited the approach of the night: when they entered the forum, and with- out the lofs of a man became mafters of the city ; while the Chalce- donians were wholly intent on the defence of their walls. 6. Darius, in an expedition againft the Sacce, found himfelf in danger of being inclofed by three armies. Advancing therefore with’ all expedition againt that, which was neareft to him, he engaged and de- feated it. And habiting his men in the drefles and arms of the Saccians, he marched againft another army of the Saccz, advancing {lowly and fecurely as it were to meet their friends. But the Perfians, according to their orders, no fooner came within fpear’s length of them; than, inftead of friendly falutations, they fell upon them, and cut them to pieces. ‘Thus victorious over two divifions of the enemy, he advanced : *againft 272. POLYENUS'S againft the third; who, having learned the fate of the other two, fub- mitted to him without hazarding a battle. 7- Tue Egyptians, on account of the cruelties exercifed by Grinder their governor, having revolted ; to reduce them to obedience, Darius himfelf marched through the defart of Arabia, and arrived at Memphis : juft at the time, when the Algyptians were commemorating the lofs of Apis. He immediately ordered proclamaticn to be made, that he would himfelf give a hundred talents of gold to the man, that fhould produce Apis. Struck with the fo great piety of their prince, they took a de- cifive part againft the revolters, and entirely devoted themfclves to the " interefts of Darius. . 8. Darius having invaded the Saccz; their three Kings, Sacephares, Homarges, and Thamyris, had retired in confultation upon the meafures proper to be taken in the prefent emergency of their affairs. When a certain ftable-keeper, Rifaces by name, was introduced to them, and pro pofed himfelf to deftroy the Perfian force: if they would pledge them- felves to him by oath, to give to his children and family all the horfesand treafures, that from the deftruction of the enemy fhould fall into their hands. This being fatisfactorily fettled, he drew out his knife, cut off his nofe, and ears, maiming himfelf alfo in other parts of the body; and thus disfigured deferted to Darius: who gave credit to his complaints of the cruel treatment he had received from the Saccian king. But, added he, by the eternal fire, and the facred water, I fwear, that by the Perfians I will have my revenge. And itis inyour power, by the means I will ex- Plain to you, to give the glorious revenge I alk. Tomorrow night the Saccz mean to fhift their camp: I know the {pot where they intend to polt themfelves; and can condudt you to it by a nearer way; than they will take; where as in a net you fhall inclofe them. I am a horfe-keeper; and know every ftep of the country for many miles around, But it will be STRATAGEMS OF WAR. 273 be neceflary to take with us water and provifion for feven days: for this purpofe order preparations to be made: no time is to be loft. Having accordingly conducted the army, in a march of feven days, into the moft barren and fandy part of Media; when both their water and provifions began to run fhort: the Chiliarch Rhanofbates, fufpzting the treachery of their conductor, took him afide, and expoftulated with him. What could induce you, faid he, to deceive fo powerful a monarch, and {o nu- merous an army ? You have brought us to a place deftitute of every ne- ceffary of life. Neither beaft, nor bird inhabits it: nor do we know whither to proceed, or how to return. Rifaces, clapping his hands, anfwered him with an effufion of laughter, I have gained a noble vic- tory : I have faved my country from impending danger ; and by famine and thirft configned the Perfian army to deftruction. The Chiliarch enraged immediately ftruck off his head. Darius fixed his fceptre in the ground, tying round it his tiara and the royal diadem; and climbing an eminence, implored Apollo in this moment of diftrefs to preferve his army, and give them water. The god heard his prayers ; and a plen- tiful fhower enfued : which they received on hides, and in vafes; and fubfifted on it, till they reached the Bactrum : when in the prefervation, they had experienced, they acknowledged the favour of the god. But though the device of the horfe-keeper in this inflance failed ; Zopi- rus afterwards copied it with fuccefs againft the Babylonians. CHAP XU. ZOPIR US, DARIUS having long laid before Babylon, without being able to carry it; Zopirus, one of his peers, miferably mangled his face, and fled to the enemy as a deferter : pretending to have been thus cruelly treated by Darius, The Babylonians credited the veracity of his com- he * Mm plaints : 274 PQLY ZNUS'S plaints; which in his appearance they faw fo plainly written: tock him into their protection, and their confidence in him by degrees in- creafing, they at laft gave him the direction of the city. Invefted with this power, he foon found means in the night to throw open the gates and put Darius in poffeflion of Babylon: who exprefled himfelf on the occafion in a manner worthy a great and generous prince. I would not, faid he, for twenty Babylons fce Zopirus fo disfigured as he is. | SH AP. XU. ARTAXERXESH KING Artaxerxes ordered Orontes to fend to him Teribazus, a - grandee of Cyprus. Orontes, who was afraid of Teribazus, dared not to employ force againft him; but took him by the following device. Under a particular rcom in his houfe there was a dungeon : over the mouth of which he directed a triclinium to be placed, but not faftened down ; and to be covered with embroidered tapeftry. Hither he invited Teribazus, pretending to have fome private bufinefs to communicate to . him: when throwing himfclf on the triclinium, that was prepared for him, it funk down with him into the dungeon, Thus was he taken; and fent in chains to the king. CH AP. XIV. ORONTES, 'ORONTES, having revolted from the king, carried on a flying war with his generals : and being driven to mount Tmolus, he there ftrongly. * This ftratagem appears to me more properly to belong to Orontes, than Artaxerxcss Epes as we find the firatagems of Artaxerxes recorded afterwards, Ch. XVI. intrenched ~ STRATAGEMS OF WAM. 275. “ntrenclied himfelf. As foon as the enemy came up with him, and en- camped againft him, he funk a very deep fofle ; and in all the avenues leading to his camp ordered the guard to be doubled. With a choice body of horfe he then fallied out in the night : and, taking the way to Sardis, fell in with a large fupply of provifions, that were deftined for the enemy’s camp ; which he feifed, and alfo carried off from the Sar- dians a confiderable booty. Of thefe tranfactions he fent intelligence to the camp; and erdered them the next day to draw out, and advance againft the enemy : who with great confidence marched out, and attack- ed them. But no fooner were they engaged, than Orontes with his «cavalry falling upon their rear gained a compleat vitory with little Jofs : the enemy leaving many dead on the field ; and many were taken prifoners. 2. OroNTES, with ten thoufand heavy-armed Greeks, engaged Autophradates; who advanced againft him with the fame number, and was particularly {trong in his cavalry. Orontes bade his men look round, and fee the extenfivenefs of the plain: obferving to them, that if they loofened their ranks, it would be impofiible for them to fuftain the charge of the enemy’s horfe. Accordingly preferving their ‘lines compat and clofe, they received the cavalry upon their fpears; who finding they could make no impreflion on them retreated: when Orontes ordered the Greeks, if the horfe made a fecond attack upon them, to advance three paces forward, to meet them. They did fo: and the cavalry fuppofing they meaned ‘to charge them, quitted the field, and abandoned themfelves to flight. . 3. Havinc loft a great number cf his allies, which Autophradates ‘had cut off by an ambufcade, Orontes propagated a report that a body ‘of mercenaries were on their march to join him; and took care that fuch intelligence, with every mark of confirmation he could give it, fhould be communicated to Autophradates, In the night he armed the Mm 2 {toutelt 276 | POLYZNUS’S ftouteft of the Barbarians in Grzcian armour; and, as foon as it was day, pofted them in his army among the reft of the Greeks, with in- terpreters who were acquainted with both languages, and repeated in the Barbarian language the fame commands that were given to the Greeks: and in this order he advanced to battle. Autophradates, fee- ing fuch a number armed in Grazcian armour, concluded he had re- ceived the re-inforcement, of which he had been informed: and afraid to hazard a battle at fo great a difadvantage, broke up his camp, and retreated. - & CHAP XV XERXES XERXES, having undertaken an expedition againft Greece, en- gaged a number of nations in the enterprife; by propagating a report, that he had gained over fome of the principal Greeks, to betray the country to him. Suppofing therefore they were marching not to fub- due a country, but to take poficflion, they were eafily prevailed on to join the confederacy. And many of the Barbarian ftates voluntarily offered themfelves as allies. 2. SoMmE Greck {pies having been zpprehended] in the camp, Xerxes, inftead of punifhing them, ordered them to be condudted through every par tof it, and fhewn all his forces. He then bade them go back, and tell the Greeks what they had {cen, and who it was that fhewed it them. 3. WHILE Xerxes lay at anchor near Abydos, waiting to inter- cept the Gracian fleets; a fleet of {tore-fhips fell into his hands, la- den with provifions: which the Barbarians propofed to fink, with all the men that were on board. Xerxes however would not confent to it; but brought them to, and afked whither they were bound. ¥or Greece, STRATAGEMS OF WAR, 277 Greece, anfwered they. And fo are we, replied Xerxes: the ftore-fhips therefore are ours: and be gone. As foon as they reached Greece, they {pread univerfal terror there with the intelligence of Xerxes’s invafion. 4. To conceal the great numbers, that the Barbarians loft at Ther- mopyle, Xerxes ordered the relations of thofe that were mifling, to go out in the night, and privately bury them. 5. XeRxEs not able to bring his numerous army to a¢t at Ther-- mopyle, on account of the ftraitnefs of the pafs, loft a number of Per- fians before it : tili one Ephialtes, a Trachinian, difcovered to him a private way acrofs the mountains; through which he detached a hun- dred thoufand men. Thefe taking a circuit round fell upon the Greci- ‘an rear, and cut to pieces Leonidas himfelf, and every man of the little: troop he commanded. CH AP’. XVI5 ARTAXERXES. ARTAXERXES difpatched Tithrauftus to feife Tifaphernes: and: ‘charged him with two letters, one to Tifaphernes himfelf, invefting. ‘him with the command of the expedition againft the Greeks; and ano- ther to Arius, direGting him to affift T ithrauftus in ap pprehending ‘him. As foon as Arius, who then refided at’ Colate, a qty of ‘Phrygia, had read the letter, he fent to Tifaphernes, defiring a con- ference with him on bufinefs of importance, and particularly on fome -matters of concern relative to Greece, Entertaining no fufpicion of any defigns being formed’ againft him, he left his forces at Sardis; and attended by a body of three hundred Arcadians and Milefians inftantly repaired to Arius: where after his journey he laid afide his fcimitar, and went into the bath. Arizus with his fervants ruthed fuddenly f. upon a ALP OLYENUSS AL upon him, and feifed him; -then put him into a covered carriage, and delivered him up to Tithrauftus: who conveyed him to Celenz, there ftruck off his head, and carried it to the king. Artaxerxes fent it to ‘his mother Parafatis, who had long wifhed to fee the death of Cyrus revenged on Tifaphernes. /Nor did the mothers and wives of all the Greeks, who had followed Cyrus, exprefs lefs fatisfaction at the pu- sifhment of a man; that had with L Brat treachery circumvented their fons and hufbands. ro i - 2. ARTAXERXES by every means endeavoured w promote wars .amongft the Greeks; and was always ready to affift the conquered party: for by throwing in afliftance to the weaker power, he placed them on a nearer equality; and thereby the more effeftually exhaufted -the victor’s ftrength. CC. AP. XVH, OCHUS. AFTER the death of Artaxerxes, Ochus his fon, fenfible that he Jdhould not immediately have that influence over his fubjects, ‘which his father had, prevailed on the eunuchs, his chamberlain, and the captain of his guard, to conceal his death for the fpace of ten months. And in the mean time he wrote circular letters in his father’s name, and fealed them with the royal fignet, commanding all his fubjects to ac- knowledge Ochus as their king, and as fuch to pay him obedience. The mandate was univerfally complied with: when Ochus acknow- ledged his father’s death; and ordered a general mourning for him ac- «ording to the cuftom of Perfia. : CHAP, STRATAGCEMS OF YAR, 279 CHAP. JVI. TISAPHERNES, TISAPHERNES affeCted a particular friendfhip with Clearchus, #dmitted him to his female parties, and pretended to treat him with fingular refpect, . The fame regard he alfo profefled for the other Gre- cian generals; and fent them an invitation: which. was accepted by, Proxenus the. Beeotian, Mcnon the Theilaliam,. Agis tire Arcadian, and Socrates the Achaian, who, attended by twenty captains of - com~ panies, and two hundred foldicrs, were introduced to him. The ge nerals Tifaphernes fent in chains to the king; and maflacred all the reft, $3 2. Tisapnernes meditated a. defign of . invading Miletum, and feifing all the defcrters, that had taken refuge there. But being at the time unprepared for fuch an expedition, he induftrioufly propagated the report of his having it in contemplation: fo that the Milefians re- moved all their property from the country into the city. And as foen as he was really prepared for the enterprife, he pretended to drop it, . and difbanded his army; but with private orders for no foldier to re- - move to any confiderable diftance. As foon as the Milefians faw his army difbanded ; weary of having been fo long in a ftate of imprifon- ment in the city, they ventured out into the country as pleafure in- vited, or bufinefs called them. When inftantly colletting his ferces, he furprifed them, difperfed up and down in their fields and vineyards, and put all he met to the fvord. oo Ataf irri nih LR tra Y iY 1 ‘s ud 5 CHAP; 286 . "POLYANUS’S CHAP Xx PHABRNABAZUS. PHARNABAZUS having preferred charges of mifdemeanour againft Lyfander, the Lacedemonians fent him letters of recall from Afia. When Lyfander importuned him, to be lefs fevere in his reprefentation of his condu&, Pharnabazus promifed he would: and addrefied a letter to the Lacedemonians, of the purport Lyfander defired. But at the fame time he privately wrote another letter, giving a very different ac- count. In fealing the letter, he contrived to flip that which he had privately written, and which was in fhape exactly the fame with that Lyfander had defired, in the place of the other; and gave it into his hand. On his return to Lacedemon, Lyfander, as the cuftom was, delivered his letter to the Ephori: which as foon as they had read, they fhewed him; obferving at the fame time that there was no room for any defence, the very letter, which he himfelf produced, con- demning him, | CHAP XX. GLOS. ‘GLOS, while on an expedition againft Cyprus, fufpeting the Grz- tians that were in his fervice of having endeavoured to prejudice him with the Greeks in Ionia, to difcover his enemies, ordered a veffel to fail for Ionia. ‘The mafter delayed for fome days the failing of the fhip, under pretence of manning and vi¢tualling it; but in reality to give every one, who might be inclined to write, time to fend letters by it to their STRATAGEMS OF WAR, 231 their refpective friends. As foon as the fhip had cleared the harbour, the mafter put to land at a particular point according to Glofs’s directions : where he met him, and received all the letters that had been delivered to him for Ionia. In thofe he difcovered, who were the perfons inimical to his interefts ; whom he forbore to punith immediately, but took the earlieft opportunities that offered to get rid of them. CHarpr XI DATAMES, DATAMES, finding himfelf exceedingly prefled by his men for their arrears of pay, convened his troops, and harangued them : affur- ing them that, at a place diftant only three days march, he had great treafures. ‘Thither therefore, faid he, my lads, let us march with ali expedition. From the confidence with which he declared it, the army believed the fact: and immediately begun their march. When he came within one day’s diftance of it, he ordered them to halt, and ref them- felves : while, taking with him fome mules and camels, he repaired to a temple, decorated with the wealth of the country. There he received thirty talents of filver, which on the camels and mules he carried to the army; having firft filled with it a few vafes, and taken a great number of others of the fame fhape and fize, that he pretended to be full. Up- on his return to the army, he fhewed the full vafes to the foldiers ; who delighted at the fight gave him credit for what he faid of all the reft. But he told them, that before he could make a diftribution to each, he muft go to Amifus to have the bullion coined into money. Amifus being many days march from thence, and a place very incommodious to winter in; the troops difcovered no difpofition to fuch a march, and Nn troubled 282 POLYANUS'S troubled him the whole winter with no more importunities for their ar- rears. 2. Datames had formed a defign againft the Sinopians : but they having a very ftrong fleet, and he none, nor any carpenters to build him one, he entered into a clofe alliance with them: and promifed to lay fiege to Seftos, a place moft hoftile to them, and put it into their hands. The Sinopians were delighted with the propofal; and, mn pro- fecuting the enterprife, defired to affift him with whatever he might want. He told them he had plenty both of money and men ; and that all he wanted was machines, catapults, battering rams, and teftudos ; which would be neceffary in carrying on the fiege, and with which he was altogether unprovided. The Sinopians immediately furnithed him with all the builders and carpenters they had : whom he employed in building fhips, as well as machines; and having by this means pro- cured a naval force, inftead of Seflos he attacked Sinope. 3. DaTanmes crofled the Euphrates, having made war on the grand monarch, and penetrated into his territories ; who marched againft him in great force :- but his army being ill fupplied with provifions, he was much retarded in his march. Datames in the mean time by the dif- ficulty of procuring forage for fo numerous a body of troops obliged to make a precipitate retreat before the formidable force, that was brought into the field again{t him, direCted his march to the neareft point of the river he could gain : where he linked two carriages a-breaft, and to them faftened two more; and on the bottom of the circumference of the wheels nailed broad boards, to keep them from finking in the mud. He then ordered fome of the ftouteft men in his army to {wim the river, and lead after them a number of the ftrongef(t horfes that could be picked out: to the horfes the carriages, on which he placed his baggage, were faft- ened by ropes ; and his men thruft them into the river, thofe who were before, STRATAGEMS OF WAR. 283 before, and the horfes at the % ime time drawing them forwards. In this manner he croffed the river without lofs ; and, having gained ten days march of the king, effected a fafe retreat. 4. DaTames having received intelligence, a fhort time before an engagement was intended to take place, that defigns were formed againft him by fome of his own foldiers, changed armour with one of his officers: who wore his armour ; while he entered the battle in a borrowed fuit. The confpirators, miftaking the perfon who wore the royal armour for the king, 1 5. Having invefted Smope, Datames received a letter from the in their attempt upon him were difcovered, and taken. king, peremptorily ordering him to raife the fiege. Unwilling to have it fuppofed, he obeyed orders in doing it, as foon as he had read the let- ter, he paid marks of refpect to it, made a facrifice on the occafion, as having received from the king a fingular favour, embarked and quitted the enterprife. . 6. DaT AMES, clofely purfued by Autophradates, reached a river; which not daring to ford in the face of the enemy, he pretended to en- camp on the fide of it. And fixing very high and large tents in front of the enemy, he concealed the horfe and baggage behind them : order- ing his men not to unharncefs a horfe, or take off abridle; and the foldiers, not to difarm themfelves. The enemy, when they faw Data- mes encamped, halted, and encamped againft him: teok their horfes from the carriages, and put them to their fodder ; and begun to pre- pare their fuppers. Datames, his horfes, men, and every thing 1n rea- dinefs for croffing the river, as foon as he faw the enemy thus difpofed of, began his paffage over it: which, while the adverfary were collect- ing their fcattered troops, forming their lines, getting ready their horfes, and arming themfelves, he fafely effected. =. In the midft of an engagement, a tribune, having deferted from the left wing to the enemy with a body of horfe, threw the foot into Nnz2 con=- 284 POLY ENUS'S confternation : when Datames, running up to the difpirited troops, bade them preferve their ranks, and prepare for an attack; for the horfe had by his orders made that movement, in order to take their opportunity: -of fupporting the attack of the infantry. The foot believed him ; and, to fnatch the victory from the cavalry, in a clofe firm body vigoroufly attacked the enemy, and defeated them : nor were they apprifed of the revolt of the horfe, till they had obtained the victory, CH AP XY. COSINGAS THE generals of the Cxronians and Sceboans, nations of Thrace; were chofen from among the priefts of Juno. And Cofingas, accord- ing to the inftitution of the country, was elected their prieft and genes ral : whom the army however on fome difguft refufed to obey. To reduce to order this refratory fpirit that pervaded the troops, Colingas built a number of long ladders ; faftening them to one another : and propa- gated a report ; that he had refolved to climb up to heaven, and inform, Juno of the difobedience of the Thracians. Stupid and ridiculous as, thofe people notorioufly are, they were terrified with the idea of their general's intended journey, and the confequent wrath of heaven ; im- plored him to drop his refolution, and engaged themfclves by an oath. implicitly to obey all his future commands. LXE CHAP, STRATACGEMS OF WAR. 233 CHAP XXII MAUSOLUS. MAUSOLUS king of Caria, having occafion for more money than he could venture to raife on his fubjects, aflembled his friends, and pre- tended his apprehenfions that the grand monarch intended to ftrip him of his dominions. He produced to them his treafures, gold, and filver, his horfes, jewels, and whatever he had of value; which he faid hz meaned to fend to the king, requefting him to permit him to enjoy his hereditary territories. His friends, believing the reality of his fituation according to his reprefentation of it, the fame.day fent him treafures to immen{e amount. 2. In order to make himfelf mafter of Latmus, a city ftrongly for-- tified, Maufolus pretended a defire to cultivate a {trict alliance with the Latmians. And with that view he reftored to them the hoftages, Hi- diicus had taken : and compofed his guard of Latmians; as men, or whofe fidelity he could place moft dependence. In whatever they wifhed, he made a point to oblige them : and having thus bound them to his. intereft, he requefted them to fend him three hundred men as guards for: his perfon ; pretending bufinefs, that required his prefence at Pygela, and that he was apprehenfive of the finifter defigns of Phytus the Ephe- fian. They immediately fent him the complement required; with which, and other forces he had in readinefs, he marched to Latmus, on his route to Pygela. The citizens all came out, to fee the army pafs: when a. body of troops, which he had by night placed in ambufh, fallied out, and pofleffed themfelves of the city; deferted by its inhabitants, and the gates left wide open. Maufolus then took a circuit round, entered : with all his forces, and added it to his dominions, CHAP, 286 POLYZNUS'S CMAP XXIV BORGES. BORGES by the great monarch had been appointed governor of Eion, a city fituated on the river Strymon : which was clofely befieged by the Greeks. Having bravely held out to the laft extremity, and find- ang he could no longer defend the city, he determined not to facrifice to the enemy his truft ; but fet fire to it, and with his wife, and children, perifhed in the flames. C-HAP XIV. DROMICHATES, DROMICHAETES was king of Thrace, and Lyfimachus of Ma- .cedon : when the Macedonian made war on Thrace; againft whom Dromichetes employed the following ftratagem. Aithis, his general, pretended to refent fome infult of the Thracian prince; and deferted to Lyfimachus: who trufting to his fidelity, gave himfelf up to his direCtion ; till he had brought the Macedonian army into fuch a fitua- tion, that they had at once to contend with famine, thirft, and a pow- erful enemy. Dromichwetes in this fituation took his opportunity to attack them : defeated the Macedonians with great flaughter, and took Lyfimachus prifoner. The Macedonian army is reported to have amount- ed to a hundred thoufand men. CHAP. STRATACEMS OF WAR, 287 CH AP XXXVI ARIOBARZANES. ARIOBARZANES was by Autophradates blocked up in Adramyt- tium by fea and land: when wanting a fupply both of ftores and men, which, the enemy fo clofely watched him, he could not get intro- duced, he direlted Pteleuntes, who commanded the garrifon in a neigh- bouring ifland, to open a correfpondence with Autophradates, and pre- tend a readinefs to betray to him his truft. Agreeably to fuch pro- pofal, Autophradates ordered the fleet to fail, and take pofleflion of the - ifland. An ample fupply of ftores and men were in the mean time: thrown into Adramyttium: and the fleet returned to their ftation,. without having effected any thing againft the ifland. CHAP XXXVI AUTOPHRADATES. AUTOPHRADATES, having undertaken an expedition into Pifidia, . marched his army to a defile; which he found the enemy had fecured, - and that, without expofing himfelf to great lofs, he would not be able to pafs it. He therefore retreated about fix furlongs back. And as foon as night came on, the Pilidians, who had obferved his retreat, quitted alfo their poft: when Autophradates with his light-armed troops by an expeditious march paffed the defile; and, followed by the reft of his army, penetrated into Pifidia, and laid the whole country under contribution. 2. AUTOPHRADATES, obferving the Ephcfians, who were en- camped 288 ‘POLY ZZ NUSS camped oppofite to him, leifurely walking about, and amufing them- felves, propofed a conference with the Ephefian chiefs; which they accordingly accepted. And while he was thus engaged with them, the generals of his cavalry and heavy-armed troops, according to the orders he had given them, fuddenly attacked the Ephefians; difperfed in firag- gling parties, and unprepared for action: part of whom were cut to pieces, and the reft made prifoners. 3. To induce the mercenaries to take the field, Autophradates pro- cured a report to be propagated; that his pretended expedition was 11 reality no more than a general mufter of his troops, in crder to find pretence for abridging of their pay all who fhould not make their ap- pearance, and be ready in arms. The men therefore all armed, and attended; exprefling great alacrity for action. .Autophradates imme- diately marched them out; convincing them, the review they had been taught to expet was againft a real enemy in the ficld. aad C31 AP. XXXVI. i ARSABES, "THE Barczans, befieged by Arfabes, fent an embafly to him with -propofals of peace: which he granted them, and in confirmation of it, according to the Perfian cuftom, gave them his hand. He then raifed the fiege, recommended to them a clofe alliance with the king againft Greece, and propofed to them to furnifh him with a number of car- riages which he wanted for his Grecian expedition. Agreeable to his propofal, they fent fome of their chicfs to him to concert meafures for the expedition: whom he courteoufly received, and made a magnificent entertainment for them. He alfo opened a market to all the Barcaans, where in vaft profufion things of every kind were expofed to fale, They STRATAGEMS OF WAR, 289 They accordingly in great numbers came out to purchafe: when the Perfians, on a fignal given, poflefled themfelves of the gates, rufthed into the city, and plundered it; putting all to the {word, who at- tempted to make any refiftance. 2. ARsaBEs having revolted from the king, and become mafter of the greater Phrygia, took the field againft his generals. When having received intelligence, that his own ‘general of the horfe was in the in- tereft of his enemies; and had engaged, as foon as they came to action, to defert to them: he went to his tent in the night, and ordered him to be examined by torture. As foon as a full confeflion of the fact had been made, Arfabes commanded his arms and regimentals, as well as thofe of all the cavalry who were privy to the confpiracy, to be in- ftantly taken from them; and others to be accoutred in them, on whofe fidelity he could depend. And thofe he ordered, as foon as they faw the enemy make the fignal for a revolt, to obey it, pafs over to them, and fall into their rear. The plan being thus fettled, Arfabes vigor- oufly attacked them in front; the cavalry at the fame time, who had obeyed the given fignal, inftead of aflifting, fell upon their rear; the ranks were inftantly broken, and a general rout enfued. C HAP. XXIX. » . i , . yg wwe - ! b ii cai. ad aT - : 'MITHRIDATES. ‘THE Ro ried Mithridates to take Datames, who had revolted, cither alive, or dead. With this view Mithridates pretended alfo to re- volt; and offered to join Datames. But that cautious general defired to fee fome proofs of his revolt by commencement of hoftilities againft the king, before he trufted his profeflions. Mithridates accordingly begun to ravage the country; he levelled his forts with the ground, burned his SAD Oo villages. 290 POLY ZENUS’S villages, raifed contributions, and plundered his fubjects. Having taken fuch a decided part againft the royal intereft, the two generals agreed upon a conference, at which they were to meet unarmed. But Mithri- dates in the fpot appointed for their meeting had privately concealed a number of daggers, which he had hid up and down in the ground, pri- vately marking the places where he had concealed them. After they had amicably walked about, and fpent a confiderable time in conference; Datames took his leave, and they parted: when Mithridates, haftily catching up one of the daggers, which he concealed under his left arm, called back Datames; as having fomething farther to fay, which he had forgot. He accordingly returned: and Mithridates, pointing to a mountain, told him it would be proper to fecure that poft; at which while Datames was very intently looking, Mithridates plunged the dagger into his breatt. 2. MituripaTEs had taken refuge in a city of Paphlagonia; where being clofely purfued, he in the night ftripped the houfes of their furniture, vafes, and whatever was valuable, and fcattered them indif- criminately about the ftreets: he then left the city, and made the beft ‘of his way. When his purfuers the next morning entered the city, and faw vafes and other things of value fcattered about the ftreets; they immediately fell to plundering. And though their generals or- dered them not to ftop, but with all expedition to purfue their march: they refufed to forego for any expectations a certain advantage which they had at hand. Mithridates, having thus gained confiderable ground of them, effected his efcape. wR, Le of Ke CHAP. STRATAGEMS OF WAR, 2Qr CHAP XXX MEMPSIS. MEMPSIS had been obliged to retreat before Aribeeus, who had made war on him; but at laft determined not to be blocked up in his. city. With this purpofe he brought out whatever was valuable: his wives, his children, and his treafures he placed without the walls; and deftroyed the gates. Aribeeus faw in his conduét the marks of defperation; and drew off his army : not judging it advifable to engage. an enemy, thus devoted to death, or determined on victory. CHAP XXXII CERSOBLEPTES. SOME of the relations of Cerfobleptes, after having embezzled confiderable fums of money, revolted from him. He afterwards how- ever found means to recall them to their duty: and, to detach them from each other, he gave them feparate governments of cities. After fome time had pafled, he fent orders to have them feifed on pretence of the money they had embezzled, expelled them from their cities, and confifcated their eftates.

where STRATAGEMS OF WAR. 297 where they were lodged, fome taking up their quarters in one inn, and fome in another; the inn-keepers were commanded by the guard, that attended them, and who furrounded the towns, every man to kill his lodgers: who accordingly made them drunk, and executed their orders. _ Thus were three thoufand murdered in the night, and buried, without tumult or confufion. CHAP XL SURENAS. CRASSUS, after an ignominious defeat he had reccived from the Parthians, having retreated to the mountains, Surenas general of the Parthians fearing left ke fhould rally his forces, and in defperation return to the charge, fent a herald to inform him; that the great mo- narch was ready to enter into a treaty of peace with him, and that having convinced the Romans of the Parthian courage, he was ready now to convince them of their humanity. Craffus fufpected defign, and was unwilling to treat with him: but the foldiers, whofe fpirits were deprefled and broken, clafhing their arms, infifted on his com- pliance with the Barbarian's propofal. In filent forrow he accordingly fet out for the Parthian camp on foot: when Surenas, who affelted to treat him with great refpet, fent him a horfe richly caparifoned; which he was defired to mount. The Barbarian groom then gave the horfe a prick; which made him {pring forwards: and he would have run with Craflus, as was intended, into the midft of the Parthian army, had not Octavius, one of his licutenants, who perceived the defign, caught hold on the reins; as did alfo Pctronius a Chiliarch. O&avius immediately drew his fword, and killed the groom on the fpot: and was himfelf {lain by a Parthian. Another at the fame time Pp fell 268 POLYANUS'S fell upon Craflus, cut off his head and right hand, and carried them to Herod, the grand monarch of the Parthians. The king was at that time engaged at an entertainment: where Jafon the Trallian was ating the Bacche of Euripides. The tragedian had juft repeated this verfe; « A new fkinned calf we from the mountains bring, <¢ Bleft fpoil;”— when they arrived with the head of Craffus, and brought it to the king. All was immediately clapping and acclamation: and Exathres jumping up obferved, the verfe was moft appofite to the occafion. The circum- ftance gave a new zeft to the royal banquet: the king remunerated the bearer with a handfome prefent; and gave the tragedian a talent. CHAP XL THE CELTS, THE Celts having been engaged in a long war with the Autoriate, and nothing decifive effeéted on either fide; they poifoned their provi- fions and wine with noxious herbs, and fuddenly in the night left their camp in confufion. The Autoriate, fuppofing they had confcious of their inferiority made a precipitate retreat, took pofleflion of their camp; and rioted on the ftores they found there: but were prefently feifed with violent cholics; and in that condition the Celt fur-- prifed, and flew them. CHAP; STRATAGEMS OF WAR, 299 CY AP XLII THE THRACIANS THE Thracians engaged the Beeotians at the lake Copais, and were defeated : they then retreated to Helicon ; and made a truce with the Beeotians for a certain number of days, to give time for fettling the conditions of peace. In reliance on their late victory, and the faith of the truce, the Beeotians celebrated a facrifice in honour of Minerva Ito- nia. But at night while intent on their ceremony, and engaged in the entertainment, the Thracians armed, and attacked them; cut many of them to pieces, and took a great number prifoners. The Beeotians af- terwards charged them with a breach of the truce : which the Thracians denied; aflerting that the terms of the truce expreffed a certain number of days, but not a fyllable concerning the nights. CHAP. ILIV. THE SCYTHIANS, THE Scythians, previous to an engagement with the Tribali, or- dered their hufbandmen and horfe-keepers, as foon as they faw them engaged, to thew themfelves at a diftance with as great a number of horfes as they could collet. The Tribali on a diftant view of fuch a number of men and horfes, and the duft they raifed, fuppofing thema frefh body of Scythians advancing to the affittance of their countiymen, re the field, and abandoned themfelves to flight. . WHILE the Scythians were engaged in the Afiatic war, the wo- men, confidering themfelves as detisend by their hufbands, had children Pp: by 300 : POLY ZNUS’S by their flaves ; who, on the return of their mafters, determined to dif= . pute with them the property they poflefied. They accordingly took the field ; and advanced in arms, to give them battle. When a Scythian, fearing left if once engaged defperation might make them brave, advif- ed ; that they fhould lay down their arms and bows, and advance againft their flaves with whips in their hands. The idea was embraced : and the flaves, confounded with the confcioufnefs of their fervitude, 1mme- diately threw down their arms, and fled. CHAP XLV, THE PERSIANS. THE Perfians, fufpecting the Samians and Milefians of finifter defigns, pofted them by themfelves on the heights of Mycale, on pre- tence of their being well acquainted with the country : but in reality, to prevent them from infecting the reft of the Greeks. 2. Wuen the Perfians under Cyrus engaged the Medes ; ZEbares a fatrap of Perfia fled the field, and the army followed him. The Per- fian women, informed of the defeat, marched out in a body, and met the fugitives : and, lifting up their robes, called out to them, Whither would you fly? Will ye hide yourfelves here, from whence ye came? The women’s reproof ftruck the Pcrfians with confcious fhame. They returned to the charge: and defeated the engmy. aZ5e — CHAP, STRATAGEMS OF WAR. 3¢1 CHAP XLVI THE TAURI I'T was a cuftom with the Tauri, a people of Scythia, always before a battle to dig ditches, throw up mounds, and render the ground im- ~ paflable behind : that confcious of their retreat being thus cut off, they might know no alternative, but victory, or death. CHAP XLVI. THE PALLENIANS. T HE Pallenians, when they failed from Troy on their return home, touched at Phlegra. And while the men were engaged in little excur- fions in the country, the captive Trojan women, tired with the voyage, and apprehenfive of the ill treatment they might experience from the Gracian dames, at the inftigation of Euthria, the fifter of Priam, fet fire to the fleet. The Grecians, thus become deftitute of fhipping, pof- foffed themfelves of the region of Scione: in which they built a city, and inftead of Phlegra called the country Pallene.* * Sec a fimilar account of another party of Trojans: Book VIII. Ch. XXV. Strat. II. which is noticed by Plutarch and Dionyfius of Halicarnaflus; as this of the Pallenenfes is by Thucydides. NC Ad oS ta CHAP. 302 POL YZNUSS CIALP XLVI HANNIBAL. HANNIBAL having laid fiege to Salmatis, a great and opulent city in Iberia, agreed with the inhabitants to raife the fiege on payment of three hundred talents of filver, and the delivery of three hundred hoft- ages. The Salmatians afterwards refufed to make good the terms of their agreement. In confequence of which Hannibal detached a body of troops to plunder the town. The Barbarians then petitioned him for permif- fion to leave the city, with their wives, and only the cloaths they wore: ftipulating to leave behind them their flaves, arms, and treafures. The women accordingly marched out with their hufbands, each carrying concealed a dagger 1n her bofom. The foldiers immediately entered the town, and fell to plundering. When the women gave their hufbands the daggers; who re-entered the city, and, fome of the women with drawn {words attending them, attacked the plunderers, feifed fome, and drove the reft out of the city. Hannibal, in refpect to the refolution of the women, reftored to them their hoftages, their country, and pro- _perty. CHAP JLIX THE TYRRBENIAN WOMEN. "THE Tyrrhenians, who inhabited Lemnos and Imbros, having been expelled from their pofleflions by the Athenians, landed at Tana- rus: and ferved as auxiliares to the Spartans in the Eilotic war. For this fervice they were prefented with the freedom of the ftate, and per- : . mifiion STRATAGEMS OF WAR, 303 miffion to intermarry with them. But in being excluded from the fenate, and all offices of truft, they were confidered as diffatisfied; and being afterwards fufpeted of defigns againft the ftate, the Lacedemo- nians threw them into prifon. Thither their wives repaired, and re- quefted leave of the guards to vifit and converfe with their hufbands. They were accordingly admitted: when they changed dreffes with them; and in the evening difguifed in the women’s cloaths, the men made their efcape: while the women remained in prifon in their hufband’s drefes, prepared for any event: Nor did the men forget, or defert their wives; but poffefled themfelves of Taygetus, and engaged the Eilots to. a revolt. The Lacedemonians, apprehenfive that ferious confequencss might enfue, fent an embafly with powers to fettle the controverfy; and reftored to them their wives. They alfo fupplied them with money and fhips :- and fent them out as a Lacedzmonian colony. BC HAPY L THE CELTS. THE Celts, long harraffed with civil wars, had taken the field againft each other, and were juft advancing to battle: when their wives, ruthing into the ficld, threw themfelves between the two arinies, and intrcated them to lay afide their mutual animofities. At the | inftance of the women the battle was fufpended: and the difputes of the different parties in the end were happily and amicably adjufted. Throughout the towns and villages of the Celts ever after, on any con-- fultation upon peace, or war, concerning cither themfelves or their allies, the opinion of the women is always taken. And in their treaties with Hannibal it was fpecified, that if the Celts fhould have - 304 POLYZNUS'S : have any charge to offer againft any of the Carthaginians, the dif- pute fhould be referred to their generals and commanders of herfe: . but if the Carthaginians had any charge to urge againft any of the Celts, if fthould be referred to the determination of the Celtic women. / BOOK STRATACEMS OF WAR, 303 BOOK VII PROOEMIUM. Ths Eighth Book of Stratagems I addrefs to your moft facred majeftics, Antoninus and Verus. And having with it finithed the collection I promifed, I have only to with to you fuccefs in the wars, in which you are at prefent engaged, equal to your military merits, and to myfelf your favourable opinion, that amidft my civil employs I have devoted my leifure hours to fuch purfuits, as may ferve the Ro- man empire, and the Greeks, in conducting wars, and regulating treaties of pcace. What is won in the field, muft be fecured in the cabinet : and he, that excels in both, deferves immortal glory, and his country’s thanks. CHAP 1 AMULIUS, AMULIUS and Numitor were brothers. Amulius the younger kept his brother in captivity, and himfclf mounted the throne of Alba. And to prevent Numitor, who had an only daughter Sylvia, from hav- ing any pofterity capable of revenging his ufurpation, hé appointed her prieftefs of Vefta: who in confequence of that office became devoted to perpetual virginity. Qq CHAP. 306 POLY ENUSS CHAP HN, NUMITOR. REMUS and Romulus, fons of Mars and Sylvia, formed a defign againft Amulius: poflefied themfelves of the citadel, and from thence attacked the city. Numitor, who was privy tc the confpiracy, fum- moned the citizens: told them the enemy meaned to attack the city, that Amulius had betrayed the interefts of it, and fled: but bade them meet him in the market place. The citizens accordingly armed, and affembled: when Remus and Romulus, after having {lain Amulius, marched out of the citadel, harangued the citizens, and told them, who they were, how they had been injured, and the refolution they had taken to revenge the injuftice that had been done their grandfather. "The people applauded the act, and placed Numitor on the throne. CHAP I ROMULUS, T HE Romans being in want of wives, Romulus ordered procla- ‘mation to be made throughout the neighbouring cities, that he intended: a facrifice to Equeftrian Neptune; on which occafion he meaned to. exhibit fports, and games, and athletic excrcifes, and to reward the vic- tors with magnificent prefents. From the towns adjacent this drew: numbers of people of all ranks; men, women, and virgins. Romulus. firittly ordered his people to offer no violence either to the men, or ma- trons, but on a particular fignal given to feife the virgms; and that not STRATAGEMS OF WAR, 30% not for purpofes of luft, but to contrat marriages with them. And from thefe marriages the firft Romans were born. 2. RomutLus encamped about ten furlongs from the city of the Fidenates, and in the night marched out his forces; forming a narrow front with one half of his troops: and the reft he pofted in ambufh, having given his orders to the officers, who commanded the ambufcade. As foon as it was light, he advanced with his little army againft tie gates ; which he ordered his pioneers, furnifhed with hatchets and picks axes, to break down. The Fidenates, enraged at his prefumption and temerity, opened their gates, and without any order rufhed out, and attacked the enemy ; who {lowly and in good order retreated before them. The Fidenates, fufpecting nothing of an ambufcade, and defpifing the paucity of the troops they faw, prefled clofely on him; prefuming on a cheap and eafy victory. The commanders of the troops that formed the ambufh made their men {it down clofe, fo as not to be difcovered by the enemy : while the Roman army continued retreating, and at a little diftance wheeled round them ; and were purfued by the Fidenates. The ambufcade, as foon as the enemy had pafled them, fallied out; and with a great fhout fell upon their rear, which, already fatigued by a long pur- fuit, they engaged with great advantage : and thofe, who before fled, faced about, fnatched the palm of victory from their purfuers, and made themfelves mafters of the city. CHAP 1Vv, NUMA. TO form the Romans to the arts of peace, Numa retired into the facred temple of the nymphs; and there fhut himfelf up alone for fe- veral days. And from thence when he returned to the people, he pro- Qq 2 duced 308 POLY ZNSE duced certain oracles, which he faid had been delivered to him by the nymphs, and perfuaded them to receive as laws : to which they accord- ingly paid a moft implicit obfervance. And the body of thofe religious inftitutions, feafts, fupplications, facrifices, and ceremonies, which are at this day in ufe among the Romans, were framed by Numa ; and by the people originally received as the inftitutions of the nymphs. And in this device I have always thought he had an eye to Minos and Ly- curgus. For of thefe the one from Apollo, and the other from Jove, received, or at leaft profefled to have received, the laws ; which the one prevailed on the Lacedzmonians, and the other on ‘the Cretans, to accept and obferve. CHAD V, TULL US. IN the reign of Tullus, an engagement was fought between the "Fidenates and the Romans; in which the Albans, who were pofted in the left wing of the Roman army, deferted their poft in the moment of action, and retired to the mountains. A horfeman rode full {peed up to Tullus, to acquaint him with the treachery of the Albans : who in a loud and refolute tone of voice immediately replied, go back to your poft; what the Albans have done, they have done by my order, with ‘intention to furround the enemy. On hearing this the Romans fet up a loud fhout. Their exultation ftruck terror into the Fidenates; who, {ufpeting the movement of the Albans to be in reality what Tullus - pretended, a defign to furround them, fought to elude the manccuvre “by a precipitate flight. wpe CHAP. STRATAGEMS OF WAR. 309 CH A P.. VIL TARQUINIUS. TARQUIN tired out with a long war againft the Gabii, in the courfe of which he had befieged their city, but had not been able to carry it, fcourged his youngeft fon Sextus; and fent him over to the enemy in the character of a deferter. Seeing the marks of cruelty and ignominy, that he carried about him, they doubted not his fincerity, but received him as a friend. He made profeflions to them of great fervices againft his father; and performed fome. He ravaged the Roman territories, irt frequent fkirmifhes defeated the enemy, took fome prifoners, and re- . turned laden with {poils. The Gabii convinced of his fuperior valour, made him general of their armies, and commander in chie?. Thusin. vefted with power, he privately difpatched a meffenger to his father, to enquire what he would have him do. Tarquin, as they were converfing in the garden, ftruck off the heads of fome of the talleft poppies : then turning to the meflenger he faid, tell my fon, I would have him do thus. According to his inftrutions, Sextus took means to rid himfelf of the moft powerful of the Gabii; and, thus reduced to weaknefs, and rob- bed of its natural protectors, to the Romans betrayed the city. CHAP. VIL CAMILLUS WHEN Camillus commanded againft the Falerians; the mafter; to whofe care the inftrution of the Falerian boys was committed, Id them out of the city, under pretence of exercifing them: and de- Livered 310 POLY ZNUS'S livered them up to the Romans. Camillus, in deteftation of the tiea- . chery of the padagogue, ordered his hands to be tied behind him ; and thus difgraced directed the boys to conduct him to their parents. The Falerians whipped him to death: and ftruck with the exemplary regard to juftice and duty, which Camilus had difplayed, they furrendered them- felves to him without rifking a battle. Thus did he by an at of ge- nerofity {fubdue thofe, who had proved themfelves invincible by arms. 2. Tue Gauls, under the conduct of their king Brennus, made themfelves malters of Rome; and kept poffeflion of it feven months. When Camillus, having collected the forces that were difperfed in dif- ferent parts of the country, defeated Brennus, and recovered the city. Thirteen years after the Gauls again ventured to invade the Roman ter- ritories, and encamped at the river Aniene, not far from the city. Ca- millus was on this occafion a fifth time created dictator; and took the command of the army. Againft the broad fwords of the Gauls, with which they aimed their blows at the enemy’s head, he made his men - wear light helmets ; by which the fwords were foon blunted, and brok- en: and the Roman target, which was of wood, not being proof againft the ftroke, he directed them to border it round with a thin plate of brafs. "He alfo taught them the ufe of the long fpear ; with which they engaged . in clofe fight, and receiving the blow of the {word on their target, made their thruft with the fpear: while the Gallic fteel, being foft and ill- tempered, the edge of the fword was by means of the brafs plate foon turned ; and the weapon became unferviceable. By this advantage in the arms, the Romans obtained a cheap and eafy victory ; many of the Gauls were cut to pieces, and the reft faved themfelves by flight. 2 CHAP. STRATAGEMS OF WAR 31 CHAP VI < MUCIUS, IN a war between the Tufcans and Romans, when Porfenna was king of the Tufcans, and Poplicola, then in his third confulfhip, com- manded the Romans ; Mucius, a Roman citizen of approved valour, formed a defign againft the life of Porfenna: and for that purpofe en- tered the Tufcan camp, imitating the Tufcan dialect, and habited in a Tufcan drefs. And, while the king was fcated on his throne, attended by his officers, Mucius advanced towards it; and, not knowing the king’s perfon plunged his fword in the breaft of one who fate near him, whom he miftook for the king.. He was inftantly feifed ; and confeffed. his intention, and who he was: and while the facrifice, according to immediate orders, was. offering for Porfenna’s fafety, he thruft his errant hand into the fire; and with an intrepid voice, and without emotion, converfed with the king, his hand in the mean time broiling in the flames. On Porfenna expreffing his aftonifhment at the intre- pidity he difplayed, Mutius bade him not be furprifed at any extraordi-- nary refolution he might fancy in him :. for, faid he, there are at this inftant three hundred Romans, poffeffed of as much courage and refo- lution as myfelf, ftraggling about your camp, and with the fame defign. The king gave credit to his affertion ; and, alarmed for his own fafety, smmediately put an end to the war. CRAP, - 312 : | POL YZENUS’S CHAD IX SYLIL A. IN the focial war Aldinus, an officer of rank, and advanced in years, was murthered by fome of his own men; who fet upon him with ftones and clubs. Great as the offence was, Sylla neglected to punifh it, on the principle of making them behave with the greater courage in future; obferving, that to expiate a great offence, fo much greater difplay of military merit would be neceffary: which in the next engagement proved eventually true. 2. In an engagement at Orchomenus with Archelaus general of Mithridates, Sylla, perceiving the Romans give ground, leaped from his horfe; and feifing a ftandard, advanced with it through the flying fquadrons, and called aloud to them, “My death, O Romans, will be glorious; and when you are afked, where you betrayed Sylla, fay at ~ Orchomenus.” The reproof fo ftung the Romans, that they faced about, vigoroufly attacked the enemy, and changed the fortune of the day. CBAD X, MARIUS. WHEN the Cimbri and Teutones, a people favage in their manners, of immenfe ftature, with horrid countenances, and a language fcarcely human, penetrated into Italy; Marius would not venture at firft a clofe engagement, but ordered his men to advance no farther than the trenches, and within javelin’s cat fkirmifh with them at a diftance. The Ro- mans, after having been thus familiarized to their figures, foon learned > as STRATAGEMS OF WAR, 313 as favages to defpife them: and deflired Marius to lead them out, and give them an opportunity of fignalifing themfelves againft the barba- rous invaders. He did fo: and of a hundred thoufand of the enemy few efcaped; the greater part being either taken prifoners, or flain. 2. Previous to an engagement with the Teutones and Cimbrians, who were advantageoufly pofted on the heights of the mountains, Marius ordered Marcellus with three thoufand heavy-armed troops in the night to take a circuit round the mountains, and endeavour to make good their march over the more inacceflible parts of them, on the enemy's rear. This fervice performed, he commanded the troops, “with which he had advanced to the mountains, to fall back; that the enemy prefuming on their inferiority might purfue them, and be thus decoyed into the plain. The manceuvre fucceeded; and Marius attacking ther in front, and Marcellus in the rear, obtaining a brilliant victory. 3. Marius in his war with the Cimbrians, who came out of a cold country, fenfible that they could bear froft and fnow much better than heat and fun, took the field againft them in the month of Auguft; and harrafled their rear. And when the Barbarians faced about, they met in front not only the enemy, but a hot beaming fun: to fence againft the heat and glare of which, they endeavoured to fhade their faces with their fhiclds. This left their bodies bare, at which the Ro- mans aimed; flew of them twelve thoufand, and fix thoufand were taken prifoners. CHAP XL MARCELLUS. ~ MARCELLUS at the fiege of Syracufe, having been repeatedly beaten off from the walls by the machines of Archimedes, defifted for Rr a time 314 "poly mass a time from his attempts to ftorm the town. Till having taken pri- foner Damippus the Spartan, who had failed from Syracufe, and gained intelligence from him of a particular tower on the walls, capable of containing a great number of men, and carelefsly guarded, and that the walls alfo in that quarter were very acceflible, he ordered proper ladders to be made for an efcalade; and, while the Syracufans were engaged in celebrating a feftival in honour of Diana, and giving a loofe to banqueting and merriment, he made himfelf mafter of the tower: and lining the parapet with his troops, early in the morning he broke open the gates, and poflefled himfelf of the city. The men, who had be- haved with great gallantry, required the city to be given up to them to be plundered. But Marcellus, withing to preferve from acts of out- rage the inhabitants, yet at the fame time unwilling to difappoint the foldiery, gave up to them the money and flaves: but forbade any in-. jury being offered to the perfons of the freemen and priefts. Cue. ATI11.10US. ATILIUS, when a prifoner of the Carthaginians, engaged himfelf' by an oath, if they would give him leave to go on his parole to Rome, to endeavour to perfuade the fenate, to put an end to the war: and, if he did not fucceed in the negociation, to return. As foon as he ar-- rived at Rome, he advifed the fenate to the direct contrary: he difco- vered to them the weaknefs of the Carthaginians; and pointed out to them in what part, and in what manner they were moit open to at- tacks. The fenate were convinced of the propriety cf his advice; and requefted him to remain with them, and confider an oath extorted from him by neceflity as no oath at all. To the intreatics of the fenate his ae wife, STRATAGEMS OF WAR 315 wife, his children, friends, and relations, tenderly embracing him, added theirs. But, deaf to all their pleadings, he difdained to violate his oath; and returned to Carthage: where he informed the Carthagi- nians of the ftratagem he had employed for the fervice of his country, and the datermination of the Romans. In refentment of his conduct, they threw him into a dungeon; and after fcourging, and exercifing va- nous cruelties on him, put him to death. CHAP XI. CAIUS. CAIUS had given exprefs orders for every one to continue under arms, and not to {tir out of the camp: when, in the heat of the day, his fon led out his horfe to water at a river, that ran clofe by. The father immediately ordered his head to be ftruck off for difobedience of orders : thus enforcing difcipline by the facrifice of his fon. CIIAP JV. FAB1lUS, FABIUS, when he commanded againft Hannibal, after having been cenfured in the fenate for not bringing the enemy to an engage- ment, was prefled by his fon to wipe off the afperfion, and proceed to ation. Fabius then, leading him through the army, pointed out to him every part of it, and explained the apparent myfterioufnefs of his condué. Obferve, faid he, how many infirm men, how many unfit for ation, contribute to form this army: and who would in prudence ritk the hazard of a battle on the prowefs of fuch troops as thefe? : Rez Every 316 POLYZANUS'S Every man, that has had any experience in military affairs, knows that we can never depend on bringing our whole force into action: and if feparately attacked, in the parts where thofc men are pofted we muft be defeated. For this reafon I ftudy to avoid a general action; con- tenting myfelf with harrafling the enemy in his march, by fecuring advantageous pofts, and by fecret negociations winning over cities to revolt from him. Such his conduct was at firft cenfured as timidity; but afterwards received its full praife: the Romans, after other generals had loft great armies, having recourfe to Fabius; whom they appointed general, and afterwards dictator, and alfo firnamed Maximus; which in the Greek fignifies MeG1sTos. 2. Fasius having been honoured with the firname of Maximus, and Scipio only with that of Macnus, Scipio, with fome degree of pique at the fuperiour diftinction of Fabius, afked him how it was; that he, who had only faved the Roman armies, {hould be firnamed Maximus, while himfelf, who in clofe action had engaged Hannibal, and beat him, fhould have no higher dittintion than that of Magnus. Why, replied Fabius, if I had not preferved the men ; you would have had no foldiers, with whom to have fought and conquered him. 3. Fasius by ftratagem made himfelf mafter of the city of the Tarentines, then in alliance with Hannibal. In the army of Fabius was a Tarentine, whofe fifter, a young woman of exquifite beauty in Tarentum, poflefled the affections of Abrentius, to whom Hannibal had committed the charge of the walls. Fabius, informed of the circum- ftance, difpatched the Tarentine into the city; with intructions through his fifter to cultivate an acquaintance with Abrentius, and endeavour to bring him over to the interefts of the Romans. This he cifected; and Abrentius having difcovered to him, in what part the walls might be moft fuccefsfully attacked, Fabius there applied his ladders, and took the town by ftorm. This exploit gained Fabius great reputation; in -~ STRATAGEMS OF WAR, 312 in that he had by a ftratagem got the better of Hannibal, ‘than whom no general had ever employed ftratagems with greater fuccefs. SCHAP XV QUINTUS QUINTUS Fabius, when very far advanced mn years, in order to get his fon appointed general, requefted the Romans not to charge - him with the command of their armies: which would in effect, {aid he, be calling me out in extreme old age to attend him. The Romans wifhed for nothing more, than to have a man of Fabius’s experience to fuperintend the operations of the army; and therefore invefted the youth with the fupreme command. But as foon as he was ap- pointed, Fabius excufed himfelf from attending him in the field: left his fuppofed confequence thould prove a diminution of his fon’s glory. CHAP XV. SCIPIO SCIPIO, when in Spain, having received information that the enemy had advanced to action before they had dined, drew up his army againft them, and amufed them for feven hours with various manceuvres: then after they had been thus wearied, and faint for want of refrefhment, he vigoroufly attacked, and eafily defeated them. 2. Scipio expelled all proftitutes from the camp : bidding them go, and exercife their trades in cities, abandoned to eafe and luxury. He * This ftratagem fhould have made the 4th in the preceding chapter: as it refers to Quintus Fabius, as the other three chapters do. But I follow the Leyden edition of Mafavicius, : ordered ' 318 POLYZANUS’S ordered alfo to be fent away all couches, tables, vafes, and the whole dinner equipage, except a pot, a {pit, and an earthen mug. And if any one defired to be indulged in a filver cup; hic limited the fize of it to a pint. The ufe of baths he prohibited: and forbade thofe, who ufed unguents, to be attended by fervants in their fiillions ; obferving that thof: might be much more ufefully employed in taking care of the cattle. He obliged the army to cold dinners; allowing the preparation of hot meat only for fuppers. He introduced the diefs of the Gallic cloak; and himfelf ufed to wear a black one: and in walking about the camp, if he faw any of the generals reclined on couches, he would lament the luxury of the army, and their love of eafe. 3. Scipio obferving a foldicr bending under a huge piece: of pali- fade, called out to him ; Fellow-foldier, you feem over-loaded.” In deed Yom, © replied the non,” “1fecit, ‘hidhes and am afraid, you place your hopes of fafcty more on your palifades, than your fword.” 4. SEEING a foldier very intent on difplaying the clegance of his fhield ; «It is a thame, ¢faid Scipio,” for a Roman to pique himfelf more on the ornament of his left hand, than of his right.” 5. Scipio, interrupted by a commotion of the people, called aloud to them; The fhout of an armed foe never terrified me ; and the cla- mour of a mob never fhall, the baftard fpawn of Italy, and not her genuine fons.” The refolution, with which he expreficd bimfelf, filenced the rioters, and quathed the commotion. 9. ArTrr the taking of Pheenifln, a city in Iberia, they who had she charge of the prifoncrs brought to Scipio a virgin of extraordinary beauty. He immediately enquired for her father, and reftored to him his daughter. The prefents alfo, which he had brought to purcliafe her ranfom, Scipio returned : defiring him to accept them in addition to her fortune. And whatever other women were taken, whether the wives or daughters of men of any confequence, he committed them to the STRATAGEMS OF WAR, 319 the care of two grave and aged Romans; with orders that they fhould be entertained in a manner {uitable to their rank. This eminent dif- play of continence in Scipio won over to the Roman interefts and al- lance a great number of Iberian cities. 7. Scipio, having engaged Syphax king of the Maffefyllians in an alliance with him. pallcd over into Sicily. While he was there, Afdru- ’ 7 bal, who had a daughter of exquifitc beauty, promifed her to Syphax, on condition that he would renounce the Roman alliance... The mar- riage accordingly took place; and Syphax difpatched a letter to Scipio, with information of the connection he had formed, and a prohibition of his intended expedition to Libya. Senfible of the great confidence the Romans placed in the alliance of Syphax, and apprehenfive that if apprifed of his revolt they would not venture to invade Libya, Scipio fummoned a council, and laid before them Syphax’s letter ; altering the purport of it to the direct contrary of what he had exprefled : as, that he thereby invited them into Libya, was furprifed they had {fo long de- ferred their expedition, and obferved that treaties of alliance fhould be brifkly executed, or would foon be diffolved. This reprefentation gave new confidence and alacrity to the Romans, who were inftant with him to fix a day for their embarkation. §. Som: Carthaginian {pies having been apprehended, inftead of. executing them as the Roman law directed, Scipio ordered them to be conducted through every quarter of the camp. Where after having feen the men fome exercifed in launching the dart, others in hurling the javelin, fome again employed in furbifhing their arms, and others in fharpening their fwords, they were again introduced to Scipio: who, after having entertained them at dinner, bade them go, and tell their cm- ployer all they had feen. The report, which the {pies made of the mag- nanimity of Scipio, and the preparations for war they obferved in the Roman: 320 POL YZN'USS " Roman camp, alarmed Hannibal, and firuck the Carthaginian army with confternation. CHAP XV. PORCIUS CATO. WHEN Porcius Cato invaded Spain, ambafladors met him from every city, with tenders of fubmifiion to him and the Roman people : thofe he directed within a fixed time to fend hoftages. And two of thefe hoftages from each place he charged with a letter to their refpective ci- ties : dire&ing them all to be delivered on the fame day. The purport of the letters was the fame: ¢ The moment you receive this, demolith ‘your walls.” The orders being immediate gave no time to one city to confult another; and each fearing left, if the reft complied with the orders, and they fhould not, they might be reduced to a ftate of flavery, obeyed the mandate: and in one day every city in Iberia razed their walls. CI AP XVil. FAUNLUS. IN honour of Diomede, who died in Italy, Faunus inftituted fu- neral games. On the firft day he propofed to the Greeks to form a proceffion in arms : the next day he commanded the Barbarians to do the fame ; direlting them, for the purpofe, to borrow arms of the Greeks: with which they were no fooner furnifhed, than they fellupon the Grecks, and flew them with their own weapons. CHAP, STRATAGEMS OF WAR, 321 CHAP XIX. TITUS CLEONYMUS having made Titus prifoner, demanded for his ran- fom two cities, Epidamnus and Apollonia. The father of Titus refufed to give them up to him; bidding him keep his prifoner. Under thefe circumftances Titus procured a ftatue to be made of himfelf in an atti- tude of fleep, which he placed in his houfe: and having contrived means, . while the centinels were guarding the room where he had placed the ftatue, to get fecretly on board a fhip, he made his efcape before the de- ception was difcovered.. CHAP XIX STRATAGEMS OF WAR. 333 towards the ifland, and with intention to give Mucius battle ; and on the thips of burden he erefted his towers and machines. Mucius from thofe preparations for action concluded his intention to fight ; and there- fore ftretched out into the open fea, where he might have room to form his line. But Auguftus, inftead of engaging, flipped into the port, which Mucius had left. While he, having no other port at hand where he could lic fafe from ftorms, was obliged to fail forward to Thefprotis : leaving Auguftus to crofs the Adriatic without ritkk ; who from thence paffed over into Macedonia. CHAP XXV. THE ROMANS. AFTER the Celts had made themfelves mafters of the city, they concluded a treaty with the Romans on the following conditions : that they fhould pay them tribute, leave a gate at all times open, and give them a portion of land to cultivate. Thefe terms acceded to, the Celts fixed their camp: and the Romans treating them as friends fent them various prefents, and fupplied them with plenty of wine. The Barba- rians (for the Celts in particular are ftrongly addicted to liquor) fo frecly indulged in the wine, that there was fcarcely a man amongft them who could ftand upright. In that condition the Romans attacked them ; and cut every man to picces. And that they might in elfect appear to have fulfilled the conditions of the treaty, they confiruted a gate which was left open on an inacceflible rock. 2. Tne Trojans, who had furvived the conflagration of Troy, under the conduct of Aneas anchored at the mouth of the Tyber; and land- ing there, in detached parties went up into the country. In their abfence the women held a confultation : when the Trojan Rhome thus addrefied 334 POLYZAENUS'S addrefled them : ¢ Whither are we wandering ? How long are we to be tofled on the fea? Come on, let us burn the fhips; and thereby reduce our hufbands to the neceflity of eftablifhing themfelves here.” Having thus faid, fhe inftantly lighted a torch, and fet one of the fhips on fire: the reft of the women followed her example, and demolifhed the whole ficet. Thus deftitute of fhipping, the Trojans through necetlity fixed themfelves 1n Italy. 3. Corroranus, after he had been banithed Rome, offered hi: fervices to the Tufcans ; which they accepted, afterwards conftituted him general of their forces, and under his conduct in various engagements defeated the Romans. At laft he advanced againit Rome, detérmined to ftorm the city. A proceflion of Roman matrons, with Veturia the mother of Coriolanus at their head, advanced to meet the exafperated foe; and to try the force of entreaties to win him from his purpole. They proftrated themfelves before him, and embraced his knees; Ve- ‘turia thus concluding their fupplications : «If however you are deter- mined not to {pare your country; firft flay your mother, and this venerable band of Roman matrons.” Coriolanus moved with compaflion, dropped a tear, and retreated : affording an eminent inftance of filial duty, but fatal to himfelf. For the Tufcans by a publick decree dentenced him to death, for breach of truft in ii to profecute a victory which he had an his hands. - ‘CHAP XUV SEMIRAMIS. SEMIRAMIS when in the bath received intelligence of the revolt of the Siracians; and, without waiting to have her fandals put on, or her hair drefled immediately left it, and took the field, Her exploits are ua STRATAGEMS OF WARK, 32% are recorded on pillars, in thefe words. NATURE MADE ME A WO-~ MAN; BUT I HAVE RAISED MYSELF TO A DEGREE OF RIVALRY WITH THE GREATEST MEN. I SWAYED THE SCEPTRE oF NINOS: AND EXTENDED MY DOMINIONS TO THE RIVER HINAMEMES EAST WARD; ON THE SOUTH TO THE COUNTRY, FRAGRANT WITH THE PRODUCTION OF FRANKINCENSE AND MYRRH; AND NORTHWARD To THE SACCZA AND THE S0GDIANs. NO ASSYRIAN BEFORE ME EVE SAW THE SEA : BUT, DISTANT ASTHE SEAS ARE FROM HENCE, I' HAVE SEEN FOUR. AND TO THEIR PROUD WAVES WHO CAN SET BOUNDS? I HAVE DIRECTED THE COUKSES OF RIVERS AT MY WILL: AND MY WILL HATH DIRECTED THEM WHERE THEY MIGHT PROVE USEFUL. ] HAVE MADE A BARREN LAND PRODUCE PLENTY, ANT: FERTILISED IT WITH. MY RIVERS. 1 HAVE BUILT WALLS THA ARE IMPREGNABLE :. AND WITH IRON FORCED A WAY THROUGH. INACCESSIBLE ROCKS. AT GREAT EXPENCES I HAVE FORMED" ROADS IN PLACES, WHICH BEFORE NOT EVEN THE WILD BEAST COULD TRAVERSE. AND GREAT AND VARIOUS AS MY EXPLOITS HAVE BEEN, [HAVE ALWAYS FOUND LEISURE HOURS, WITH WHICH. TO INDULGE MYSELF AND FRIENDS. CH AP XXXVI. RMODOGUNLE. RHODOGUNE juft coming out of the bath, her hair yet un drefled, reccived intelligence of the revolt of a fubjugated nation. Without waiting to have her hair dreffed, fhe mounted her horfe, and put herfelf at the head of her army: at the fame time vowing never to have her hair drefled, till fhe had fubdued the revolters; which not till after a tedious war fhe accomplifhed. She then bathed, and had her 336 POLYZENUS'S her hair dreffed: from which circumftance the roval arms of Perfia bear on them Rhodogune with difhevelled hair. CHAP TCV TOMYRILS CYRUS advancing againft the Maflagete, Tomyrnis ther Queen retreated before him. The Perflan army clofely purfued her; entered, and plundered, her camp: where they found great plenty of wine, and all forts of provifion; on which they immodcrately indulged, revelling all night, as if they had obtained a victory. In that fituation Tomyris attacked them, and cut them to pieces; being partly buried in fleep, and partly fo drenched with wine, and furfeited with banqueting, that OD) they could fcarcely ftand upright: and Cyrus himf{clf was flain. CIOAP XII. —~— pe NITETI!S. CYRUS king of Perfia demanded of Amafis king of Aigypt his daughter in marriage. But, inftcad of his own, he fent him Nitetis the daughter of king Apria, whofe death he had effected, and mounted his throne. Nitetis had long pafled for the daughter of Amafis, after the had cohabited with Cyrus. But after having borne him children, and made herfelf miftrefs of his affections, fhe informed him, who fhe was; that Apria was her father, the king and mafter of Amafis. And now, faid fhe, fince Amafis is dead, it will be a gencrous act to re- venge the injury of my family on Pfammetichus his fon. Cyrus con- fented : but died before the expedition took place. His fon Cambyfes : however J STRATAGEMS OF WAR. 337 "however was prevailed on by his mother to undertake it: which he finithed fuccefsfully, and transferred the Agyptian {ceptre once more into the hands of the family of Apria. CHAP XXX. PHILOTIS, ‘THE Latins under the command of Pofthumus made war upon ‘the Romans: at the fame time offering to form-an alliance with them, if they would give them their daughters in marriage; thereby cement- ‘ing the two nations, as they had themfelves done in the cafe of the ‘Sabines. The Romans were at that time in no condition to engage in a war; and yet were unwilling to part with their daughters. When Philotis, a young and handfome flave, propofed to them to drefs her, and fuch other good-looking flaves as they could pick out, and fend them to the Latins in place of their daughters; at the fame time en- gaging to let them know by lighting a torch, at what time in the night the Latins went to reft. Accordingly as foon as with their new brides they had retired to repofc; Philotis lighted the torch, and the Romans furprifed the Latins in bed, and {lew them. CHAP XIXXXL C1LOEL1A. ‘THE Romans concluded a treaty with the Tyrrhenians, and {ent as hoftages for the obfervance of it fhe daughters of fome of the firft families in Rome. Thofe young women ufed frequently to retire to the Tyber to bathe: when Clelia, who was one of them, propofed to Un the 338 “ “POLYAENUSS the reft to tie their cloaths about their heads, and {wim over the river. The Romans admired their refolution: but agreeably to the faith of the treaty fent them all back to the Tyrrhenians. Porfenna king of Tufcany, on their being introduced to him, atked who was the pro- pofer of fo daring an act. To which Cleha undauntedly replied, fhe was. Porfenna pleafed with her manly f{pirit, prefented her with a horfe richly caparifoned, and with juft encomiums on their fortitude fent her and the reft of her companions back to Rome. CHAP XX3. POR CIA. PORCIA, the daughter of Cato, and wifc- of Brutus, fufpetting Ker hufband entertained fome defigns againft Ceefar, which he would not venture to communicate to her, cut her thigh with a razor: thus giving him proof of the refolution, with which fhe could inflict the wound, and bear the pain. Brutus no longer hefitated to difcover to. her the confpiracy: when carrying her own drefs to him, he found a fword privately concealed in it. This Brutus ufed, when with the reft of the confpirators he murdered Ceefar. And when afterwards, m conjunction with Caflius, he engaged, and was defeated by, Au- guftus; and fell upon his own fword: Porcia firft endeavoured to- ftarve herfelf. But not being able to cffect that by the interpofition of her relations and domeftics, fhe ordered fome fire to be brought to her, under pretence of ufing fome unguents: and feifing the burning coals in her hands, fhe fwallowed them, before any body that was prefent had time to prevent it. Thus died Porcia; a memorable in- ftance of refolution and fortitude, and of conjugal affection. CHAP, STRATAGENS OF WAR, 339 CH AP XXXII. TELYES]IL LA. CLEOMENES king of Sparta having defeated the Argives, of whom more than feven thoufand were left dead on the ficld, directed his march to Argos; in hopes of making himfelf mafter of the city. When Telefilla, a mufician, put herfelf at the head of the Argive women: who armed, and fo fuccefsfully defended the walls, that they repulfed Cleomenes, and the other king Damaratus, and faved the aty. In memory of this exploit of the women the Argives every month celebrate the feftival of the Numenia: when the women wear the tunic and robe, and the men the woman's gown. CHAP XXXIV. CHILONIS, __CHIUL.ONIS, the daughter of Cleades, and wife of Theopompus, learning that her hufband was made prifoner by the Arcadians, tra- welled into Arcadia to fee him. The Arcadians, in confideration of the affection fhe had difplayed, gave her leave to vifit him in prifon: when fhe changed drefles with him; and he by that means effected his efcape, fhe in his ftead remaining in prifon. Theopompus cre long watched an opportunity, and feifed a pricftefs of Diana, as fhe was celebrating a proceflion at Pheneus: and for her the Tegeatx exchanged Chilonis. Vuz CHAP, - 340 POLYZNUS'S CHAP XX%V. PIER TA. A confiderable body of the Ionians, that inhabited Miletum, on: a fedition that was formed againft the pofterity of Neleus, feparated and eftablifhed themfelves at Myuntes: and there lived in a ftate of hoftility with their old countrymen, though not in altual war; but ufed to mect them on feftivals, and public occafions. On the celebra- tion of a folemn feftival called NeLE1DES, Pieria, daughter of Pythu a man of cminence, went to Miletum: where Phrygius, one of the pofterity of Neleus, met her; and becoming enamoured of the girl, afked how he could moft agreeably ferve her. By giving me an opportunity, replied the maid, of coming hither frequently, and with as ‘much company as I pleafe. Phrygius underftood her meaning; effected a permanent peace, and a re-eftablithment of the union of the two ftates. Famous ever after in the annals of the Milefian hiftory became the - love of Phrygius and Picria. CHAD XIX POLYCRETE. THE Milefians, affifted by the Erythreeans, made war on the Naxians: and Dioznetus general of the Milefians ravaged their coun- try, and brought off confiderable booty, befides a number of women; and among them Polycrete; of whom he became enamoured, and co- habited with her not on the terms of a flave, but as his wife. In the Milefian camp was celebrated a folemn feftival; which by the Mile- fians ’ STRATAGEMS OF WAR, 341 fians is univerfally obferved. Polycrete requefted Diognetus’s permif- fion to fend her brothers a fmall prefent of the fumptuous fare that was prepared: and in a cake moulded up a piece of lead; ordering the bearer to tell her brothers, that it was intended only for their ufe. On the lead fhe inferibed, that if they would attack the Milefian camp, they might furprife the enemy in a ftate of intoxication and fleep. The Naxian generals accordingly made the attack; and fuc- ceeded. Polycrete for her fervice was highly honoured by her citizens; who at her inftance preferved Diognetus, and his fortunes. CHAP XYXVIL THE PHOCA ANS. T HE Phoczans under the command of Phoxus marched to thé afliftance of Mandron, king of the Bebracians; who was attacked by the neighbouring Barbarians. Mandron for their fervice appointed to the Phoczans a part of the country, and city, and invited them to fet- tle there. By their courage and conduct they had obtained many vic- tories, and enriched themfelves with great fpoils: which fo drew upon them the envy of the Bebricians; that, in the abfence of Mandron, they formed a refolution to maffacre them. But Lampface, the daughter of Mandron, having got information of the defign, as fhe could not pre- vent it, privately difcovered it to the Greeks: who prepared a magnificent facrifice in the fuburbs, and invited the Barbarians to partake of it. The Phocenfians then divided themftlves into two bodies : one of which fecured the walls ; and the other flew the banqueters, and made them- felves mafters of the city. Lampface they afterwards honourably reward- ed, and from her named the city Lampfacum. CHAP, 342 : YOLYAZANUSS LH AP XXXVI. ARETAPHIL A. NICOCRATES, tyrant of the Cirenenfians, among a number of other oppreflive and atrocious acts, with his own hands flew Melanip- pus, price of Apollo; and married Aretaphila his wife, a woman of exquifite beauty. She endeavoured by poifon, and various methods, to revenge on the tyrant her diftreffed country, and her hufband’s death : for which fhe was accufed, and tried. But, notwithftanding the tortures to which fhe was expofed, fhe cenfefled nothing, but that fhe had ad- miniftered to him a love-potion, in order to fix his affeltions. By the tyrants order fhe was finally acquitted ; and on fuppofition that fhe had fuffered innocently, he afterwards treated her with marks of greater at- tention and affeGtion. Having a daughter, who was extremely beauti- ful, the introduced her to Leander, the tyrant’s brother : who became enamoured of her, and with the confent of Nicocrates married her. Influenced by the frequent remonftrances of his mother-in-law, Leander formed a refolution to free his country by the tyrants death : which after much difficulty he found means to effet by the afliftance of the groom of his chamber. CHAP, 6 SYNIX, SY CAMM A. SINORIX and Sinatus were poffefled of Tetrarchies in Gaul. Cam- ma, the wife of Sinatus, was efteemed as virtuous, as fair: and was prieftefs of Diana, an office of the higheft rank that a woman can hold . in - STRATAGEMS OF WAR. 343 in Gaul. Sinorix conceived a paffion for her; which he defpaired of gratifying either by force, or entreaties, while her hufband was alive. Sinatus therefore he procured to be affaffinated : and not long after paid: his addrefles to Camma; who repeatedly rejected his pretenfions. At laft however at the prefling folicitation of her friends and acquaintance fhe pretended to confent : and the day of marriage was fixed. When Sinorix, attended by a great number of Gauls, both men and women, waited on her: who with blandithments and tendernefs accompanied him to the altar. There from a golden cup fhe drank to him, and bade him partake with her in the draught. He received it with pleafure,. as a token of bridal love; and drank it off. © But the bridal cup was a potion of ftrong poifon. As foon as fhe faw, that he had drank it; falling down on her knees, fhe with a loud voice exclaimed : «I thank thee, venerable Diana, for granting me in this thy temple a glorious revenge for my murdered hufband.” This faid, fhe dropped down, and. expired : and the bridegroom at the altar of the goddefs expired with her. CHAP Xi. TIMOCLEA. TIMOCLEA was fifter of Theagnes the Theban : that Theagnes,. who fought Philip at Chzronea; when he called out, whither would. you purfuc me? and was anfwered, even into Macedonia. After his death, when Alexander facked Thebes ; and fome were plundering the city in one part, and fome in another : a certain Thracian, named Hip- parchus, entered the houfe of Timoclea; after fupper forced her to his bed, and alfo infifted on her telling him, where fhe had depofited her treafures. She acknowledged, fhe had vafes, cups, and other picces of orna- 344 POLYANUS’S ornamental furniture, which on the city being taken fhe faid fhe had depofited in a dry well. The Thracian prefled her immediately to attend him, and thew him the place : which fhe accordingly did ; conducting him through the garden, and bringing him to the well. Fearing left any one fhould be beforehand with him, he eagerly entered it : but in- ftead of a treafure, found a.thower of ftones : which Timoclea and her fervants difcharged upon him, and buried him under the pile. The Macedonians getting intelligence of the tranfaction, feifed her, and car- ried her before Alexander. When fhe confeiied-the fact: and faid, no terrors would make her repent of having fo glorioufly revenged the brutal violence, that the Barbarian had offered to her. Alexander ap- plauded her fpirit; and exempted from the publick calamity not only her, but all who could prove any relation to her. CHAD XI ERY XO, LEARCHUS was declared regent of the Cyrenenfians, during the minority of Battus fon -of Arccfilaus: but intoxicated with power, foon became not only a king, but a tyrant; exercifing upon the citi- zens the moft atrocious alls of cruelty and injuflice. The mother of Battus was Eryxo, a weman of great modefty and exemplary virtue : for whom Learchus conceived a violent paffien, and made her propo- fals of marriage; on which fubject fhe referred him to her brothers. They, as it had been concerted between them and their fifter, demurring upon it, fhe fent a fervant to Learchus, acquainting him that her bro- thers feemed to difapprove of it : but if he would give them a meeting at her houfe, a conference fhe apprehended might remove their prefent _ objeflions. So fair an opening feemed to him to promiifc a favourable iffue. - STRATAGEMS OF WAR, 345 iffue. At night he repaired to Eryxo’s houfe without a guard : and on entering found there Polyarchus her eldeft brother, attended by two youths, armed, and in waiting to receive him; who immediately fell upon him, and flew him. They then proclaimed Battus king; and reftored to the Cyrenenfians their antient form of government. CHAP XL PYTHOPOLIS, PYTHES, in his dominions having difcovered fome gold mines, fet all his men at work in digging, fearching for, and cleaning the ore: no bufinefs but that was carried on either by land or fea. The people were all uneafy at the land being fuffered to lie uncultivated : as in the mean time there was likely to be had no corn, no fruits, nor any thing for the purpofes of life. The women entreated the wife of Pithes to -ufe her influence with her hufband on this fubject of general complaint. She bade them not be uneafy ; and aflured them fhe would. Accord- ingly fending for fome goldfmiths, fhe ordered them to make her in gold fifth, ripe fruits, cakes, and meats of various kind. Pythes, on his return from a journey, afked if fupper was ready. When a golden table was placed before him, covered with the refemblance of various eatables, all worked up in gold. Pythes much admired the workmanthip : then or- dered them to be taken away, and the fupper to be brought. Other difhes . were accordingly ferved up : and others after them : but in all were ferved “up only the refemblance of viands in gold. Pythes in a rage defied her to have done with her fhew, and let him have his fupper; for he was fatigued and hungry. You do not confider, replied his wife, that victuals are. fcarce to be procured. The whole country is employed in ranfacking the bowels of the ¢arth for gold : and unlefs we can eat it, X x we 346 POLYZENUS’S we muft all foon ftarve. Pythes, convinced of the propriety of this remonftrance, ordered the people from the mines; and directed them to employ themfelves in hufbandry, and other ufeful occupations. CHAD XLII CHRYSAMB, CNOPUS, defcended from the family of the Codride, made war on an Ionian colony, that had been planted at Erythra. And having been diretted by the oracle to commit the conduct of the expedition to a Theflalian prieftefs of Hecate, he fent an embafly to the Theflalians, informing them of the declaration of the oracle; which returned with the prieftefs Chryfame. Poflefled of great {kill in the occult qualities of herbs, fhe chofe out of the herd a large and beautiful bull, gilded his horns, decorated him with garlands, and purple ribbands embroi- dered with gold, and mixing in his fodder a medicinal herb that will excite madnefs, ordered him to be kept in the ftall and fed upon it. The efficacy of this medicine was fuch, that not only the beaft that eat it was feifed with madnefs ; but all, who eat of the flefh of it, when in fuch a ftate, were feifed with the fame difeafe. The enemy having ‘encamped againft her, fhe directed an altar to be raifed in fight of ~them ; and, every preparation for a facrifice being made, the bull was brought out: when, the medicine operating, he broke loofe ; and run wild into the plain, roaring, and tilting at every thing he met, The Erythreans fecing the victim, intended for the enemy's facrifice, running towards their camp, confidered it as a huppy omen, feifed the beaft, and offered him up in facrifice to their g« 5: cvery one, in participation of the facrifice, eating a piece of the fic... The whole army was foon after feifed with madnefs, and exhibited ti-¢ fame marks of wildnefs and frenzy the STRATAGEMS OF WAR. 247 the bull had done. Chryfame, obferving this, directed Cnopus imme- diately to draw out his forces, and charge the enemy. Incapable of making any defence, the Erythreans were cut to pieces; and Cnopus made himfelf mafter of Erythra, a great and flourifhing city. CHAP XLIV, POLYCLEA. EATUS the fon of Philip had an only fifter named Polyclea, defcended with him from the Horaclide. The oracle having declared, that whichever of the family fhould firft crofs the Achelous, fhould poflefs the city, and enjoy the throne; while he was engaged in a war with the Beeotians, who had formerly fettled themfelves in Theffaly, and the army was preparing to pafs the Achelous, Polyclea bound up her foot, pretending to have hurt it, and requefted her brother to carry her acrofs the river. With her defire, fufpecting no defign, he readily complied, gave his fhicld to his armour-bearer, and took his fifter on his fhoulders: who, as he approached the oppofite bank, leaped from him on fhore; and turning to /Eatus, « Remember, faid fhe,” the oracle; by whofe declaration the kingdom is mine: for I firft reached the fhore.” /atus, pleafed with the device, and captivated with the girl’s addrefs, married, and fhared the kingdom with her. The pro- du& of the marriage was a fon, whofe name was Theflalus: from whom the city was afterwards called Theflalia. N40 HR Xx2 CHAP. 48 POLY ZNUSS CH AP XLV. I.E ZN A. HOW Ariftogiton and Harmodius delivered Athens from the ty- rant’s yoke, is known to every Greek. Ariftogiton had a miftrefs, whofe name was Lexzna. Hippias ordered her to be examined by tor- ture, as to what fhe knew of the confpiracy: having with great refo- lution long borne the various cruelties that had been exercifed on her, Jet the further increafe of pain fhould extort from her any diufcovery, fhe with her own hand cut out her tongue. The Athenians in memery of her ereted in the veftibule of the tower the ftatuc of a lionefs in brafs, without a tongue. : CH AP -ZTLVL TTHEMISTO,. PHILO the fon of Phricodemus the tyrant became enamoured of Themifto, daughter of Critho the OEanthian. The tyrant demanded her for his fon in marriage ; and was by her father refufed. In refent- ment of the affront, Phricodemus ordered Critho’s fons to be expofed to wild bealts before the eyes of their father and- mother: then feifed the daughter, and gave her in marriage to his fon. Themifto, thus forced to his embraces, under her robe concealed a {word ; with which in the night, while the bridegroom was aflecp, fhe fo fecretly difpatched him, that not the lealt noife was heard. She then found means to efcape out of the houfe, and fled to the fhore: where fhe found a boat; went into it, and committing herfelf to the mercy of the wind and Waves, STRATAGEMS OF WAR. 349 waves, was carried to a city of Achaia, in which was a temple of Neptune : where fhe took refuge. Thither Phricodemus fent his other fon Heracontes, the brother of him that had been murthered, to de- mand the girl of the Elicenfians : who, in conformity with the tyrant’s requifitions, delivered her up. But the fhip had fcarce got under fail, when a violent ftorm arofe ; which drove them to Rhium a town in Achaia: where two Acarnanian veflels, the Acarnanians being at that time at open war with the tyrant, made prize of the fhip, and carried it to Acarnania. The people there, as foon as they were informed of the tranfaction, bound Heracontes, and delivered him up to the dif- pofal of the girl. The tyrant then fent an embalfly to her, requefting his fon: whom fhe promifed to give up, after the had received her -parents. Phricodemus accordingly fent her parents: but the Acarna- nians notwithftanding would not deliver up Heracontes; but fcourged him, and afterwards put him to death. The tyrant himfelf not many days afterwards fell by the hand of his citizens. And, what is remark- able, the inhabitants of Elice with their city were not long afterwards ingulphed in the fea, which fiwelled over them by an earthquake: Neptune thus feeming to have revenged himfelf on them for the indig- nity they had offered him, in delivering up a fugitive, that had fled for refuge to his fhrine. CHAP XLVI. PHERETIMA. ARCESILAUS fon of Battus king of the Cyrenians by a fedition of the people was driven from his kingdom: when his mother Phere- tima failed to Cyprus, to fupplicate the affiftance of Euelthon king of Salamis. The Cyprian however was deaf to her entreaties : and Arce- filaus 350 Be? POLY ANUS'S filaus at laft entered into the fervice of Greece; where he acquired great wealth, and recovered his kingdom. But being too fevere in the punifhments he exacted on fome of his enemies, he was flair by the neighbouring Barbarians. Amidft all thefe calamities Pherctina did not lofe her fpirit, but applied to Aryandes an Agyptian prince; and repeating fome obligations fhe had formerly an opportunity of con- ferring on Cambyfes, the was fupplied with a powerful force: with which fhe attacked the Cyrenians both by fea and land, revenged the death of her fon, and re-inftated her family on the throne. CHAP XLVI AXITOTHE A. PTOLEMY king of ZEgypt having fent a powerful force to difpof- fefs Nicocles of his kingdom ; both he and his brothers, rather than fubmit to flavery, fell by their own hands. Axiothea the wife of Ni- cocles, emulous of the glorious refolution of the deceafed, aflfembled their fifters, mothers, and wives; and exhorted them not to fubmit to any thing unworthy of their family. Accordingly barring the doors of the women’s apartments, while the citizens were crowding into the palace, with their children in their arms they fet firc to the houfe: fome difpatched themielves with the fword, and others refolutely leaped into the flames. Axiothea, who was the promoter of the enterprife, after fhe had feen them all thus glorioufly fall, firft ftabbed, and then threw herfelf into the fire ; to preferve even her dead body fiom falling into the hands of the enemy. 5 CHAP, STRATAGEMS OF WAR. Cam CH AP NIIY > ARCRHIDAMIS PYRRHUS king of Epirc in a bloody battle having defeated the Lacedemonians, marched againft the city : when they came to a refo- lution to convey their wives and children to Crete; and themfelves to try the fortune of another battle: determined either to obtain the victory, or at a dear price to fell their lives. But Archidamis the daughter of king Cleades rejetted the propofal, alledging that Spartan women ought with their hufbands to live, and die. They therefore infifted on fharing in the operations of war : fome fetched the tools, others dug in the fofle, fome again were employed in fharpening the arms, and others affifted in drefling the wounded. The fpirit of the women gave new refolutlon to the Spartans : who again took the field ; engaged Pyrrhus, and de- feated him. CHAD VL. PANARISTES. ANTIOCHUS, firnamed Deus, married Laodice his fifter by the fathers’s fide, and had by her Seleucus. He alfo afterwards married Bere- nice, daughter of king Ptolemy; by whom he had likewife a fon : and dying, while he was in his infancy, he left his kingdom to Scleucus. Laodice not thinking her fon fecure on the throne, while the fon of Berenice was living, fought means to procure his death. Berenice in- voked the pity and afliftance of her hufband’s fubjects: but too late: The aflaflins however exhibited to the people a child very like him, they had 352 A. POLY A NUS’S had murthered ; declared him to be the royal infant, whom they had fpared ; and a guard was appointed for his perfon. Berenice had alfo a guard of Gallic mercenaries; and a fortified citadel appointed for her refidence : and the people fivore allegiance to her. By the fuggeftions of Ariftarchus her phyfician, fhe now conceived heifclf perfectly fecure ; and hoped to reconcile to her all who had before been inimical to her pretenfions. But their object in the oath they had taken to her was only to throw her off her guard: which effected, fhe was privately affaffi- nated. And feveral of the women, who were about her, fell in attempting “to fave her. Panarifte however, Mania, and Gethofyne buried the body of Berenice, and in the bed on which fhe had been murthered, placed another woman in her ftead ; pretending the was fhll living, and likely to recover of the wound fhe had received. And of this they perfuaded her fubjeéls, till Ptolemy the father of the deceafed arrived ; who dif- ~ patched Tetters into the countries round in the names of his daughter and her fon, as if ftill alive: and by this ftratagem of Panarifte fecured to himfelf without a fingle engagement the whole country from Taurus to India. CHAP 14 THREANGO THEANO the mother of Paufanias, after he had been convicted of "a defign to betray the city to the Medes, and had taken refuge in the temple of Minerva Chalcizca, from whence the law ftrictly forbids to force the fuppliant, thither immediately repaired ; and laid a brick, fhe carried with her, at the door. The Lacedzmonians, in admiraticn of her prompt thought and refolution, carried alfo every one a brick to the door of the temple. And the door way thus blocked up, without forc- ing STRATAGEMS OF WAR. 35 ing the fuppliant from the altar, the traitor perifhed by being blocked up 1n the temple. ‘asd 8 CH AP, hi Lisrtion DEIDAMEIA. ; DEIDAMET. A, he daughter of Pyrrhus, attacked and took Abr cia; to revenge the death of Ptolemy. And on the Epirots fuppliantly fuing for peace; {hie granted it only on condition of their acknowledging her hereditary rights, and the hcnours of her anceftors.-- This -they engaged to do, without any intention to obferve their engagement,” For fome of them immediately formed a-defign againft her Ve and bribed Neftor one of Alexander's guards to murther her: who, ftruck with her ‘majeftic dignity, fixed his éyes on the ground as in meditation, and return- ‘ed without accomplifhing his purpofe. She then withdrew to the temple ‘of Diana Hegemone, where Milo, who had been guilty of parricide, with -a drawn’ fword purfued her. She had jel time to call out, to him, Tu rid Aaa d a Slaughter, thou matricide, on flaughter raife.”, Ww hen Milo shied a blow, and flow her § in the temple. ot ei re ivy 2 Hi Gard} Ci 1 250 4 ia ny G 1] A Pl he pi fonbe ad sen 'ARTEMISIA ~ ~~. 3k So ERD iis rads elas ARPEMISTA § in he ‘naval battle at Suluidls Ending the Perfian defeated, and herfelf near falling into the hands of the Grecks, hu the Perfian colours to be taken down; and the mafter of the fhip to bear down upon, and attack a Perfian veflel, that was pafling by her. The Grecks, fecing this, fuppofed her to be one of their allies, drew TAL Yy oh sini a her ® dive) ya Nuss off, and left her; direfting their forces againft other parts of the Per- dian fleet. Artemifia in the mean time fheered off; and efcaped fafe to Caria. ; 2. ARTEMIs1A, the daughter of Lygdamis, funk a fhip of the Calyndenfian allies, which was commanded by Damafithymus. The king in acknowledgment of her gallantry fent her a compleat {uit of Grecian armour; and prefented the captain of the fhip with a diftaff and fpindle. raat 3. ArRTEMIsIA always chofe a long tip, and carried on poke with her Grecian, as well as Barbarian, colours. And when fhe chafed a Grzcian fhip, fhe hoifted Barbarian colours; but when chafed by a Grecian fhip, fhe hoifted Gracian colours; that the enemy might miftake her for a Greek, and give up the purfuit. - 4. ARTEMIsIA planted an ambufcade near Latmus: and herfelf with a numerous train of women, eunuchs, and muficians, celebrated a facrifice at the grove of the mother of the gods; diftant about feven miles from the city. The Latmians came out to fee the magnificent proceflion: when the ambufcade entered, and took pofleflion of the city. ‘Thus did Artemifia by flutes and ‘cymbals poffefs herfelf of what fhe had in vain endeavoured by force of arms to obtain.. 5. ARTEMISsIA, queen of Caria, fought as an ally to Xerxes againft the Greeks. And at the famous battle of Salamis, the king acknow- ledged her to have fignalifed herfelf above all the officers in the fleet. And even in the heat of the ation obferving the manner, in which fhe diftinguifhed herfelf, he exclaimed: «O Jupiter, only of man’s ma- terials you have formed women, and of woman’ s men.” ’ STRATAGEMS OF WAR, 233 CHAP. LIV, TAN 1A. TANIA the wife of Zenis, prince of Dardania, after the death of her hufband, with the afliftance of Pharnabazus governed the realm. . Drawn in a chariot, fhe always went to battle, gave her orders at the time of action, formed her lines, and rewarded every man who be- haved well, as fhe faw he deferved. And, what has fcarcely happened to any general except herfelf, fhe never fuffered a defeat. But Medius,. who had married her daughter, and from that near relation might ‘have been fuppofed faithful to her, fecretly entered her apartments, and murthered her. : CHAT LV, TIRGATAO. TIRGATAO, of Mwxotis, married Hecatzeus king of the Sinti, a people who inhabit a little above the Bofphorus. He had been expelled his kingdom; but was reinfiated in his throne by Satyrus, tyrant of “the Bofphorus: who gave him his daughter in marriage; but enjoined “him to kill his former wife. As he paflionately loved the Muwotian, . he could not think of killing her; but confined her in a ftrong caftle: from whence however fhe found means to make her efcape. In fear left fhe fhould excite the Mxotians to war, Hecatreus and Satyrus made ftri&t fearch after her: which fhe happily eluded, travelling through lonely and defert ways; hiding herfelf in the woods in the day, and purfuing her journey in the night. At laft fhe reached the Yyz country 256 POLYZENUS'S country of the Inomate: where her own family poflefled the throne. Her father was dead: and his fucceflor in the kingdom fhe afterwards married. She then excited the Ixomate to war; and engaged many warlike nations about the Mzwotis to join the alliance: when the con- federates firft invaded the country of Hecateus; and afterwards ravaged the dominions of Satyrus. Harrafled by a war, in which they found themfelves inferiour to the enemy, they fent an embafly to fue for peace: accompanied by Metrodorus fon of Satyrus, who was offered as a hoftage. This on ftipulated terms fhe granted: to the obfervance of which they engaged themfclves by oath. But no fooner had they “made the oath, than they planned {themes to break it. Satyrus pre- “ vailed on two of his friends, to revolt to her, and put themfelves under her proteftion; the more cafily to find an opportunity to affaffinate her. On their revolt Satyrus wrote a letter, to demand them: which fhe anfwered, by alledging the law of nations juftified her in protelting thofe, who had placed themfelves under her protection. The two re- volters one day requefting an audience of her, while one was entertain- ing her with a pretended matter of importance, the other with a drawn fword levelled a blow at her, which fell upon her girdle: and the guards immediately feifed, and fecured them. They were afterwards ~ examined by torture; and confefled the whole plot: when Tirgatao “ordered the hoftage to execution; and with fire and fword laid wate the territories of Satyrus. Stung with remorfe and forrow for the ca- ‘lamities he had brought upon himfelf and country, he died in the “midft of an unfuccefsful war: leaving his fon Gorgippus to fucceed “him in the throne. Abjuring his father’s proceedings, he fued to her "for peace; which on payment of a tribute fhe granted, and Put an ‘ - end to the war. CHAP, 7 STRATAGEMS -OF WAR, 357 * CHAD LV. AMAGEL. AMAGE the wife of Medofaccus king of the Sarmatians, who in- habit the maritime parts of Pontica, obferving her hufband to be totally given up to luxury, took the reins of government into her own hunds. She determined caufes, ftationed her garrifons, repulfed the mnvafions of enemies; and direCted every thing with fo great ability, that her fame extended through all Scythia. The Cherrhonefites, who inhabit Taurica, and had been much harrafled by a king of the adjacent Scy- thians, had heard of Amage’s fame; and requefted an alliance with her. In confequence of a treaty formed between the two nations, fhe wrote to the Scythian prince, not to repeat his ravages in the Cherronefe: who treated her prohibition with contempt. When with a hundred and twenty men of tried courage, and extraordinary ftrength, cach of them provided with three horfes, in one night and day fhe firetched a march of twelve hundred furlongs; and unexpeltedly arriving at the palace, flew all the guard. And while the Scythians, confounded as in a moment of imminent danger, conceived her force to be much greater than it really was, Amage rufhing into the palace, where fhe had made her frft attack, {lew the Scythian, his friends, and relations; and put the Cherroncefites in free pefleffion of their couatry. To the fon of the Scythian prince fhe gave his hereditary dominions: caution- ing him to take warning by his father’s death; and not intrench upon the territories of his neighbours. Lg 358 : POLYZENUS'S CHAP LVI ARSINOE. ARSINOE, after the death of her hufband Lyfimachus, while the city of Ephefus remained diftratted with feditions, and the faction in the interefts of Seleucus threw the Lyfimachians from the walls, and fet open the gates, placed a {lave in the royal bed-chamber; whom fhe drefled in her own robes, and pofted a ftrong guard at the door. Then drefling herfelf in ragged cloaths, and disfiguring her face, fhe pafied through a private door, run to the thips, and going on board immedi- ately weighed anchor and made her efcape. Menecrates in the mean time, one of the adverfe generals, forced his way into the bed-chamber, and flew the fervant fhe had left there, miftaking her for Arfinoe. CHAP LVI CRATESIPOL1S. "CRATESIPOLIS, who had long fought in vain for an opportunity of betraying the Acrocorinthus to Ptclemy, having been repeatedly affured by the mercenaries, who compofed the guard, that the place “was tenable, applauded their fidelity and bravery : however, faid fhe, it may not be improper to fend for a ré-inforcement form Sicyon. For this purpofe, the openly fent aletter of requeft to the Sicyonians; and privately an invitation to Ptolemy : whofe troops were difpatched in the night, admitted as the Sicyonian allies, and without the concurrence or privity of the guards put in pofielfion of the Acrocorinthus. CHAP. STRATACEMS OF WAR. 359 CHAP LVI THE PRIESTESS. DURING the fiege of Pellene, which was carried on by the Ato- hans; from a high hill, oppofite to the tower where the Pellenenfians ufed to arm, on the feftival of Minerva the prieftefs of that goddefs, who was the talleft and handfomeft virgin that could be picked out, according to annual cuftom, in a full fuit of elegant armour and a three-plumed helmet led the proceffion of the day. The Ztolians feeling a virgin come out in arms from the temple of Minerva, and advance at the head of the armed citizens, fuppofed it was the goddefs herfelf, who was come to their protection ; and immediately raifed the fiege. Intheirre- treat the Pellenenfians purfued, and made no fmall havock amongft them, CH AP. XVI CYNANLE CYNANE, the daughter of Philip, was famous for her military knowledge : fhe conducted armies, and in the ficld charged at the head of them. In an engagement with the Illyrians, fhe with her own hand flew Caria their queen ; and with great {laughter defeated the Illyrian army. She married Amyntas, fon of Perdiccas ; and, foon after lofing him, never would take a fecond hufband. By Amyntas fhe had an only ‘daughter named Eurydice : to whom fhe gave a military education, and anftruted her in the fcience of war. Upon Alexander's death, in ex- “clufion of ‘the royal family, his generals parcelling out his dominions among themfelves, fhe - croffed the Strymon ; forcing her way mn the of] face 360 POLY ZENUS'S face of Antipater, who difputed her paffage over it. She then pafled the Hellefpont, to meet the Macedonian army : when Alcetas with a , powerful force advanced to give her battle. The Macedonians at firft paufed at the fight of Philip’s daughter, and the ifter of Alexander: while after reproaching Alcetas with ingratitude, undaunted at the number of his forces, and his formidable preparations for battle, {he brav ely engag- ed him; refolved upon a glorious death, rather than, ftripped of her do- minions, accept a private life, unworthy the daughter of Philip. CHAP 1X]. PYSTA PYSTA the wife of Seleucus, firnamed Callinicus, when he is defeated by the Gauls at Ancyra, falling into the hands of the enemy, threw afide her royal robe, put on the ragged drefs of an inferiour fer- ' Cm. ~ 01038 2 Eh Caria vant, and as fuch was fold among the prifoners. After having been conveyed amongft the reft of the flaves to Rhodes, fhe there made a dif= covery of herfelf, ‘The Rhodians immediately re-purchafed her of the buyer, habited her in a manner fuitable to her rank, and condaficd her to Antiochia, : CHAP LX -— CE EPICHARIS. ; PISO and Seneca were accufed of a confrivacy againft Nero: and Mellas, a brother of Seneca, having a miftrefs whofe name was Epicha- ris, Nero examined her by torture, concerning what fhe might know of the plot: which fhe refolutely bore without making any difcovery. She ~ STRATAGEMS OF WAR. 361 ~ She was therefore for the prefent difmiffed : but three days afterwards was ordered to be brought again in a litter ; in which as fhe was carri- ed, the pulled off her girdle, and ftrangled herfelf withit. As foon as the men, who had the charge of the litter, had brought it to the place of torture; they fet it down, and bade Epicharis come forth: but on examining the litter, they found only a dead corpfe. ‘The circumftance exceedingly irritated the tyrant: finding himfelf thus over-reached by a proftitute, : CHAP. LIL. THE MILESIAN WOMEN. A GENERAL defpondency once poflefled the young women of Mi- Jetum : many of whom for no vifible reafon deftroyed themfelves. A Milefian woman at laft advifed, that thofe, who were guilty of fuicide, fhould be dragged through the forum. The advice was followed ; and had its defired effect: for dread of the ignominy, that would attend their bodies after death, rivetted them to a life; which the horrors of death itfelf could not effect. : it 1. CII AD LYIV. THE MELIAN WOMEN. AFTER the Melians under the conduct of Symphaus had eftablifhed themfelves in Caria; the Carians, who were fettled at Cryafus, grew jealous of their confequence, and anxious to get rid of them. With that view, they made a publick entertainment, and invited the Melians to partake of it. Buta Carian virgin, who had conceived a paflion for : Zz Sympkus, 362 cp wyPOLY/AENLS'S Symphaeus, difcovered to him their defign. He then returned anfwer to the invitation of the Carians; that it was the cuftom of the Grecks to attend no entertajnments without their wives. ‘They were therefore + defired to bring their wives with them. The Melians accordingly went, in their tunics, and unarmed : but their wives, every one carried a fword in her bofom, and placed herfelf by her hufband. In the midft of the entertainment, obferving a Carian give a fignal, the women inftantly opened their bofoms, and gave every man his fword : who falling upon the Barbarians, cut them to pieces ; and took pofieflion of their city and domains, 4 CHAP Luv, THD PHOCEAN WOMEN. IN a war, that was carried on ‘with fo great animofity between the Phocaans and Theflalians; that the latter had made a refolution to give no. quarter to any Phoczan that bore arms, and to reduce their wives and children to flavery; the Phoczan women previous to the battle collected a great quantity of wood, which they piled up, and mounted it with their children : vowing, as foon as they faw their huf- bands defeated, to fet fire to the pile, and expire in the flames. This refolution of the women produced correfpondent bravery in the men : who fought obftinately, and obtained the victory. \ "S50 of Vea £5 HAH ee ClIAD, BTRATAGEMS OF WAR. "mes CADP LIVI % ISTHE CHIAN WOMEN, THE Chians and Erythreans had been long at war about the pofleflion of Lenconia; when the Chians, finding the cnemy too povser- ful for chem, demanded a truce, and engaged to evacuate the place, taking with them only their cloak and tunic. The Chian women were enraged at the terms: and preffed the men not to relinquith their arms. The men told them, they had engaged by oath to do it. - The women perfifted in their advice, by no means to part with their arms: and propofed to them, in obfervance of their oath to fay, by their cloak and tunic they meaned their fpear and fhield; it being the cuftom of their country to call their {pear a cloak, and their {word a tunic. The Chians followed the women’s advice: and, by thus fhewing their deter- minction to defend themfelves, became afterwards more formidable to fos 4 Cig Cui HA P. LXVIL 3 Pe THE THASIAN WOMEN. ’ THE Thafians clofely befieged, and] in want of cords to tie AE the machines, which againft the enemy's works they erected on their walls; the women fhaved. their heads, and twifting their hair, made it into bands, which were ufed in framing their machines. | 2y POLY ZNUS'S CH ADP LVN, oH THE ARGIVE WOMEN. . PYRRHUS, king of Epire, having on the invitation of Arifteus the Argive undertaken an expedition again{t Argos; the Argives affzin- bled in arms at the forum: while the women from the houfe tops with ftones and bricks attacked the Epirots, and obliged them to retreat; “and Pyrrhus himfelf was killed in the attack, by the difcharge of a nt brick, which firuck him on the temples. The Argive women on this occafion obtained immortal reputation in the conqueft and death of Phe the moft warlike prince of the 2 ngs ley cHAP 130, vi li} ne Fi §-R “ > : Teta: cA £1 $y i eT he ih THE Atolians after a long war with the Acarnanians, were at laft introduced into the city by treachery: ‘The Acarnanians in the hour of danger fought bravely, but were overpowered. The women got upon © the tops of the houfes; and from thence difchar ging ftones and bricks, killed many of the enemy: and by exhortations, remon- ftrances, and fupplications, ‘when the men before fuperiour numbers were. obliged to retreat, they rallied them, and brought them back to the charge. And at laft, when every effort failed, and thofe who fur- . vived the carnage were taken; the women clinging to them, whether » their hufbands, parents, or brothers, held fo clofe, that the enemy unabic to feparate them, were forced to kill both men and women together, nn - ~ « LUD £3 NF CHAP. * a ww STRATAGEMS OF WAR, 365 CLAP LIL = THE CYRENIAN WOMEN, PTOLEMY having made war on the Cyrenians, they committed to Lycopus an ‘Atolian general the whole conduct of the war. And while the men engaged in the field; the women alfo took their fhare of duty: they made the palifades, dug the trench, fupplied the men with darts, ‘took care of the wounded, and prepared their provifions. The men at length being moft of them cut off, Lycopus changed the conftitution into a monarchy: for which the women fo perfecuted him with their reproaches, that he ordered many of them to execution, to which they chearfully and gladly ran. CHAD IX ey THE LACEDAMONIAN WOMEN. THE daughters of the Lacedemonians married the Minyans : who were defcended from the Argonauts. And in confequence of thefe marriages, they were by the Lacedemonians admitted to a fhare of the gov:rnment. But not contented with that, they attempted to make their: "Ives abfolute. The Spartans thereupon feifed them, and threw then: nto prifon. Their daughters—— [So far Polyanus. The remainder of the Stratagem is wanting: but may however be thus fupplied from sie fourth Book of Herodotus.) i THE & Se 366 = P01. Y ANUSS Tue wives of the Minyans, and daughters of the principal Lace- dzmonians, entreated permiffion to vifit their hufbands in the prifon the night before their intended execution : which wes accordingly grant- ed. And in the prifon they exchanged drefles with their hufbands ; who thus furnifhed made their efcape in women’s difguife. They afterwards pofted themfelves on mount Taygetus ; and by the intervention of Thera had their wives reftored to them, with frec permiffion to remove, and fettle themielves wherever they pleafed. : PINS ~~ RETURN CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT . TO===p 202 Main Library LOAN PERIOD 1 [2 3 = HOME USE a 4 5 6 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS Renewals and Recharges may be made 4 days prior to the due date. Books may be Renewed by calling 642-3405 : DUE AS STAMPED BELOW | JUN 2 02002 DEC151336 | av g 12009 RECEIVED UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY | FORM NO. DDé BERKELEY, CA 94720 S (00811290b bi (3 nn soon 2 br FI