Common EXOTIC TREES OF SOUTH FLORIDA (Dicotyledons) Common EXOTIC TREES OF SOUTH FLORIDA (Dicotyledons ) Common EXOTIC TREES OF SOUTH FLORIDA (Dicotyledons )  4  Cornmon EXOTIC TREES OF SOUTH FLORIDA (Dicotyl/edons) Cornmon EXOTIC TREES OF SOUTH FLORIDA (Dicotyedons) Corn I1on EXOTIC TREES OF SOUTH FLORIDA (IDicotyl/edonis) By MARY FRANKLIN BARRETT By jBy MIARY FRANKLIN BARRETT MARY FRANKLIN BARRETT (Frey fAlornelair State NoralSchool ad (Frel ofMncli tt ?omlSho n I UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA PRESS UIESIYO LRD RS Gainsvile. 96Gainesville, 1950  Copyright, 1956, Uivri~'ty of Florida Lir fCnrs aaou ad\nbr.695 Copyright, 1956, Univrsity of Florida Copyright, 1956, Uiversiy of Florda  To msy parents MARY COE BARRETT HALSEY MARSH BARRETT andh To my parents MARY COE BSARRETT HALSEY MARSH BIARRETT and To mny grandmother REBECCA PHOENIX COE Aso arxpression of lore and gratitde To mty parents MARY COE BARRETT HALSEY MAliIu 1IARIIETT and To msv grandmothr REBIECCA PHOENIX COE An on expression of lore and gratitudse Tloss grandmsothr IIEI3ECCA PHOENIX COE As an expression of lore ansi gratitudse   INTROD0U CTION THoE SOUTERNco HALF~ of the Floida Peninsula, along with the Florida Keys, fetas 00 open-air museoum of toeeo feoos oil the oootioeoto that hove teopical or soubtropicol cliotates. The lottee see cooler thao tropi- col aodwaomerthnswarsm-temoperotelimsates. Some toeesooreosotisve aod othees have oeept ins feom the West Indhes, hot maoy ace troly esotic and wvere importedl to be osedl forefurnishiog deecative flowvers oredihle froits, ocbecossseaoftheieooamoentalsaloe igadesansd in the laodscope. People from temspecate dlimates who visit Sooth Florlia foe the first timnewill recognize a few of these tres, or at least see thseir relatioship to famihiar hiods; hot they ovill Ifiad the majocity netv to them. The oioo of this hooh is to msake the commonest esotie teees iotelligihle to those svho woot to learo thseic naomco, hotv they coo he eecognized, whete they came from, some of theie oses, swhere esamples can he seen, items of special interest, asod where additional information coo foe oh- tamned. Perhapscresidenets ofCalifocoia, whereomansyof these plats areegrowo, andevenstdvellers inforeignocoontriesomay fioslpatsaf the test valuable. The treatmeot ofteomateial isot ecycloeic. It almost entirely omits the hooticultoral ands commoecial titles (wvhich hove their owno literatre)andoalsamost ofthe "lgies" conectedlsvithhotany. It does emphasize moephology (stody of focos) and it tooches tasxonomy (classifcatio)hbystoessing valid scientiflcenames andthy shwinsgce- taio relatiooships of species, geneca, aod families. Foe the beoeflt of those who haveoeosv access to largelherhooriaaodhbotaicl libraries o sectionon0 mace technoical details ando, ssally, one too nomeoclature (system of oaming) hove heeo added. This ooklishbasedmoncertain ossomptions. The first isthotoecogni- tionoof the tees shoulde pimorilybyleaves,vhich 000mreabn dantoandmore fcequeotly preseot thanflowersoondfouids. Howevec. some description is moade of hahit (geneool appearaoce of the tree), stem characters, flowers, aodfruits Charactes oftwvigs aremuchaused in the heys. Thetsecood atsomptios is that ao illustration of a leof is mooevau ahle than a description of sloe charcters whiecs it shows, ood that a liviog tree is ifoinitely bettec thtan a descriptions 00 0 piectace of its hohit. Conseqoently a leaf-illustcatioo is given hece foe almost eveos sptecies descoihedt in sdetail; andt locations of living esamples ore cited for all such species. INTRODUU CTI ON THE sSOTHERNvoHALF of the Florida Peninsula. along wvith the Florida Keyt, fooms 00 open-air museom of trees from all the cootineots that hove toopical or suboteopical climates. The latter ace cooler than tropi- caloasdsvarmerthantvarm-~tempecate climtes. Some tceesare native and others hove crept in from the West ladies, hot mtany ore touly esotic and wee impacted to he used forefurnishing decorative flowvers oroedihlefrsuits, orlecause of theireornamental value inogardens and ino the landscape. People from temperate climcatet who visit Sooth Floidba fat the floss time will recogosiae a few of these tees, oreat least see their relatioshoip to familiar hiods; hot they wvill fond thc moajoocity nsew to theom. The aima of this boaok is to make the comonoest esotie tcees intelligihle to thote swho wat to learn theie names, host they coo he recognized. where they come fomsome00 of theires, wvheeexamoples coo foesen items of special ionerest, andI wvhere additionoal information coo fbe oh- soloed. Perhaps residents of Californio, seheoe manoy of these plants areegrown, and even dwellers infoeigncouties may fiod poets of the test valuahle. Thestreatmeot of themateial isot escycopedic. Italmostetirely omits the horticultural andl commcercial sides (which hove their owno liteature) and also most of the "olagics" connected wvitlh hotany. It does emphasiae moephology (stuody of form) and it touches tasoomyo (classification) by steessinog solid scientific namces aod lop showving cer- solos celationships of species, gcnera, and faomilies. Foe the heosefit of those wholhaveno easy access totlarge herhariaanddhtaical liaies a section oo mote technoical details and, osoally, 000e 00 nsomenclaturte (system of naming) have been added. Thislookhishoased oncetainassumptios. The ficst is that recogni- tion of the tees should he primarily lop leaves, wchich are mace abuno- danttandore frequently pesent thanoflosversand foodts. Howvever. same description is moade of habit (geoeral appeacance of the tee)-. stem characters, flowers, and fruits. Characters ofttvigs aremuchsased in the heys. The seconsd assumptioosithat anillustratioof aleaf isorccvlu- abole than a descriptiaon of the charactees which it shows, and that a living toee is infinitely bettee thsao a descriptionor 00a picture of its htabit. Conseqtuentlyoaleaf-illustratio sgivcooherefaealmoost every species described indetail; andflacatiosafliving eamplesae cied for all such species. INTRODUCTION THE SOUTERcN oHALF of the Flaeida Peoinsula aloog wvito the Florida Keyt, forms ass opess-aic mseucm of toees fom all the cootincots that have tropical or subtroapical climates. The latter ae coaler than tropi- calansd warerethansvarm-tcemperateclimtes. Some treesareonative and otherslhave crept in from the West Indict, hot omany ace houly enotic and were impacted to he osed foe foroishing decorative faowers orcedible fruits,aeh ecauseafhiaeoramental valuein gaodeos and ino the landscape. Peaple from teooperatc climates whso visit Souths Floeida foe sloe fioot time vill recognize a fewof these tees, 00 at least see thecir relatiosship to fami iar hinds; hot they wvill flood thc moajocity onew to themo. The aim of this boaok is to make the commooest esatie treet intelligible to those who wont to learns their nsames, how they coo he recognized, wvhere they come fcom, some of theme uses, wvhcere esamplcs coo he seen, icoot of special inteest, and wheoe additiaonal informatiaon coos he oh- tamned. Peohapsoresidents of Califoroi, wvhere manyv of these plaots areegown,andcevendselles insfoeigneotes may flodparessaf the test volooable. The toeatmentafteatoial issotenyclopedfic. It almost etirely omits the horticultural mod commcrcial sides (which have their awn literature)andoalsonmostof te "lgies"cneetedlwith boany. Is does emphasize morphology (stody of focm) and dt touchles tasaonomy (classification)fby stressongtvalid sieontificnamoes andlbyvshovinge- lain oelationshipts of species, genera, and families. Faor the beefit of thoase wholhaveno easv access tolacgeherbariaadmodhtaical libraies a section on moee technical details andl, ssolly, one an omenclatue (systema of naming) have heen added. Thisbaookishbsedon cetainssumpios. The first is thatecogi- tion of the trecs should he peimarily by leaves, wvhich are mooe abun- dantansdmoefeqpently pcesent thanflowcersanlfruods. Hosweve. same description is made of habit (general appeataoce of the tcee). stem charactecs,Sflwers, andfrits Chareactes oftweigs aenmuchused io sloe heys. Thse second asssumption is that an illustrtatiaon of a leaf it ore valu- abole than adesciption of sloe charactees whiech it shotss, and thata living tee is infinitely better than a deseription or a pictace of its hoabit. Conseqenetly aleaf-illstatin is giveotheeforalostevr species descoibed insdetail; andeloatiaonsflivig eampolesoarecitedf foe all such speci es.  The third is that the text as a wehole weill not appeal to al eaders. ansdtherfore shud besoarragedtsat setossns axb sotts-l Fo; example:es,illstatios addescriptionrss hile sotualls cooor- tive, seasb ousesd separately; and in thesriptios sets o il ses namoes, ansd other details soay he ignod ssithourt aflectisatheae mainr of the text. The field studs foe this borok swas made in Florida isn 1936. 1937. 1938, 1949, ad 1951; ad note ad herbariumo specimrens of all bust a seryee species were collected. These h'aebeesscheckedswrith speci- moens in thsellerbariumof the Ness York Btaical arde. Hebru specimrens osf many of themsohase benstudiedlalso atthe Unfled States National Mu seum in W9ashington, D). C.; the Arnold Aboretumso. moaica Plairs, Mlassachusetts; the Bailev Hortoejoum at CoroelltUsnaes- sits', Ithaca. Nese York, and the Universits of Florida at Gaiooesdik Ahlmotall thetlibrary work waas done atthe NewYorkBotanical Gr- den. For theuse ofrhesetfailitieslIthak thedire~tos adcrator. Much personal attention bas heeo given lby Mtirs Ldllian E. brnold and Mr. Erdlman West of the Florlia Agriaultural Esperimenot Station.,osnd by0 Miss Elizabeth C. Hall, litbrarian of the New York Btantsical Larsles tDe. Htaroldt W. Rtichett, bsibsliograpsher of thsat Carsden. hs see mrany qurestionas onsnomenalature. Itam vers goateful to theosans botanits andlotherofriensdus h sss msadesmyr'isitsrtoFloriapleaasatsandproducstiv. Ths f ale yers hese thanhedl in prerious plahications. sot thsesr sells still isfonfluenscingthe present worh. I ame indtds tos the ooneos, esresstives, oald guides is the boaiassl giardtees, nrseres, ands ssther assllectiosss listesd usssser sOATIsOS: tar- teculalytosthoseswho gase pesoalassistance aod allowredoseeto mrake listsof tsairspecries: \tessrs. FranzaAerhaak D).'Edwarss 1M Bectons (ME), C. B. Hutahisions (NI), blab Ksosakssff (CC'. Norm sas Beasaoner (RIN), E. E. Stecens (RPN), Cesorgs T. Tssooeo ,T9C ansd Christisn Witkow of thse ssows dismsasstled Riviera Tropsical LaGases. Soouts Miami. Mr. Caies 13. Wilsons, v ioe-presidestof Woodlaawn Pooh Ceroetery Ca., biasef, has ideetified for soo thesecis in Woodlawn Park ansdBayfrontlPark,'Miamsi,swell as those seenono th SIlHT-reSEIssRPS. llis partirtis bloohasseesissalsasles bMuch help, too, seas ssriginrally receivesd fros Chapssass Field. Lists of trees ins thseir resprective lsoalitics orissnall' wrsee fusrshedl hy Messr. A. R. (ses (PL) Msiltosn Cobiss (UFH). and J. C. Galls- Fsrslossmc:assofr insitilsusedsto dete p'sslcass nosssssss's Thse tirda is tlsat thse test as a swhssle swill sat appleal to all eadssla andsltherefore shsousldbe so srranrgeslthatrsetiossssmalbesomsttel. Fr esasotle: keys, illusstratiosss, anss dlescriptiss whil 1s assstsala corrorsla- tire, amay lsesssed separately; anul in tlse descripstiosns sectionsss o s's namsses, andslsthrestailssmayebeeignorsesdssithsosstsfectisastisae msainer of the test. Thre field seedy for thsis book was Oradle in Florisda ie 1936 1337 1938, 1949, aod 1931; aod notes aod herbsarium specimesee of all hot , verytfewespeiesoeressllete. Thsesesso havesenlceckesdssithspeci- moensins the Herbariums of the New York Bokanical Gardena. Hearsio'm specismenss of smasss of thsess hsave beess studsiedl also .sr rtse tssitesd State, National Mleseoso ins Washsington, D. C.: the brnoldl bretinsoa mar00 Flains, Msassachussetts; the Bailey llortorssss st Corell ULsves sits, Ithaca, Naw York; and the Univarsity of Fhsridas at GaisNiss Almost all thelibrary sworkrwas doe at theoNewYork Botanoical G~ar dern. Forethe ueroftesfsailitiesI thsank the dirctors andlsurstos. Mssch tsersona~l attentiosn ts treesn gfes by Mliss illias E. hesasls ,sssl Mr. ErdmanuWest of the Floriais Agricultural Experimrentrtatiss. or! by bliss Elizabsetl C. Hall, libsrarian of else Ness York lBotanicarl Creos Dr. Harold W. IRicket., lbibliograph~er osf that Carrders. answered, marry questionss 0on naomenclatre. Iams ery grateful tor the msany botanists and other friends ,o hay e~ madle sas vsits tso Floridla lpleasanst anul taroducrtiv e. Those of earlier years hsave been thankedl ins previosr publlicationss. burt their helps still is infiuecig thepreent wreac. Ilameindetedlta thesowners, execusties, ands guiders inth boanicasl gardens, nuerseries, aed other acollections listed trader LOaCAsION-s: par- tfcularlystosthosesewhogave personalassistrsae adalwd et make listsof their species: ?sessrs. FranzAerback iD Fdssesl'M. Becton (MIK), C. B. Hustchsinsons (NIB), Alek Boossaoft N\Il. N r;ses' Rearoner (RIN), B. F. Steveos (lREN), Cearge T. Turner TSC ands Chsristians Wsithow of thre norrs dismoantledl Ririera Tropical Gardefar Sooth NMiami. M~r. Gainses B. Wilron, eioe-prersident of NIoodl s so Park Cemoetery Co., bliasef, has identified far ore thre spearer i Woodslawne Park ansd Bayfronet Each. NMiamis, as wsell as those sdenon sshe SIGHT-ecSEEINGsrsP. Hifsparthinthishook hasbeen onraluable. block help, toos, war originsally rceived fraom Chapmans Field. Lists of trees in their respeatiee localities aricsssll' wearefrise Irs NMessrs.A. 13. (asses (FtL), Milton ('sshh St FHt srsd J.5 C Gao 'For thss meano , of isitial, uso d tor dne pl5, ,,nn c ( The tlsirdl is thsat thre test as a whleslatrl rat apps~eal hr all readrsl). ansd therefore shoulddlbeso arranedthlatrsectiaons aN hoittd Fr esamople: heys, illuratiaos ansd descriptionrs wh ile musturally corieealae- lice, msay he sest separately; andss in thsesdescripstos sectiosssors-- rnamse, andslotheraletailsomate igoedlsithoutssafftaans tear- moainder of thre test. The field study for this book oar muade ie Florida irs 1936. 1s37. 1938, 1949, and195l; andootesandlerarium speimes ofallhbt a eery fespecescwereecolleted. Thesehavehbeenocheckedoith spec- messintbe HerbariemroftheNewYork BaialGarde. Heebasiuam specimenorof mranyof themshavelbeenostudiedlalso at te Unted Stastc Nationsal Mulcseum io Warshington,. D. C., the Arnoldl Abestum. Ja masica Plaicn, Msassachuesetts; the Bailey Ilortorseor at Crnell Univero- sity, Ithaca, Nerw York; andl thre Univ'ersityrof Florida at CGsioessdkl Almost all thelibrry work weasrdoneat the Neo' Yrk BtaicalLa deco For tese of tse facilitieslIthank ltre directors arI assatrs Muceh prersonsal attentiohars saeIen gires by Miss Lillians E. bArnaldl( Mr. Erdmoans West ofI the Floreida Agrieculturral Esperimoent Stallon andur hy bliss Elizabeta C. Hlall, libararianof the Newe York Botarnical Cre. Dr. Haioldt W. Ilickett, bibliosgraphler of thsat Garen hsasweredos marry questions s o omenclaturre. amevers g~ratefuohemanmy btaists andaothee friends woha,, maeaalmsy vsitsrtoFlrida leasanst and produlsctire. Thsosesoflearlier sears haee hersn tharnhed ins preeiour puhlications bsst their help s'till ifssfiuenciglthrprrsentwock. I am indebtedlto theower, esaecutives, andl guides'sn the boan~rical gardlens, nurrserie's, andr othrer ollectionss listed undssersLOAaTIS:~r par- ticurlarly tothosseewhogare psersonasl asistance andsallowsedlamestr makehlstsroftheirspeies: NMessrs. Frsara berback (D)' Edwrd NI Becton (NIK), C. B. Huotcison (NIB), Alek Bosakofl (IMCC Nrma Rearoner (BN), B. F. Stecens 31EN). Ceorge T. Torer TSC n Chrirtians Witkowa of thesow dse ismsanrtledl Risiera Tropical Carder,. Sousth Miami. M~r. Gaines 13. NWilson, vce-presidenst at NS'ssssla'sv Park Cemoetry Cos., Mliamif, has idenstified fseorme ther rpciesi WoodlawnePark andBay'frot ark. Miami,asswell asthaososeon ass SIGHT-sEErVG TlRrPS. Hlis prart hr this hook has bseenoiealale. bloch hrelps, too, ws cirgirralla receivedl f roms Ch'lapmanr FieldI. Listssof treesinsteirrspsectieloalities rigin~ally swarefrise by blesses. .A. B. Cares (PL), Milone Cohins 3tFH) andl J. C. Grllo- ' Forslhe rssa,s initi~rsals '.c's tosass den s~ss ot s aosor - ,, 0." 's  wa PC). My equestionmaire lists were checked iss 1955 be thoseere- steosnsible for east coslleeionss. A list for Rey West, prepared by the Junior Cardeo Clob are1 edited be Sir. aod Mrs. Kseodal Mosston ed Csoral Cables. seas sup~plemented assd lesnt by Ste. Williams Mysers of Key West. Chasobees ofCosooercebhave beess sees helpsfsd. Thbse at Btradentons aod be. Petersbsorg bare suppbied "Locatoes" msade b Crdess Clusbs. A sisoilar pamopsletbhas cssoe freom Ponts Cssrda. and booklets have beeoereceived froos EdisonrTropical Cares aod Carib- bean Cardenss. Dr. lR. Brusce Ledins (CEH) ts soade usefssl critiscis of moy choire of species. Helpfol advice has beer esteoded fry Nliss Adele Caziss ssf Laks Wortb, Dr. Clyde Reed of the University of Tasopa, asse Mtessrs. Ed- w'insA. Menniger oStart andDavidhturrock of West Palm Besets. I retoro sharks also to msy co-cbaoffeurssMiss Aotoinette Potmsn- Crarser of Westfield, Noe Jerses', aod mys sister Mliss Dorotbe SI. Barrettof East Orange, Ncw'ersey. De.IrasJ. ConditaofRieside. Caldfornia, a forersost autbority or Piers, has presentedsmerwithsoary berharism speciosess of thsat gensus. Manysrsears sago tbe lrte Dr. fatsr Kunkelb Smallof the NereYork Btanical ardenrsllowsed recta examsire his uopublisbed manuosscript are Crosscss Of the ilhsstrations 3d figures weere desass hyr Ss Flszabeth 1. Kisoball of Peterbsorough, New Hlamspsie Sever figrsweemd by E. Bradley Tattle of Montelair, Nere Jerser, for my booklet (1937). Thserubbirgs sod the remaeiing ilhustestions ate roe sespesnsibeilit. Ceedit for additioral pictres see stated we its thseer The thanks of llwhoare iteestedointrees aedue to those who ostroducedandtdisteibotedetlictreesrin Florsea. Aongthemsthae beer Dr. David Fairchild, Edwein A. Mlennrenger, Herye Nebrheng, the Rleasoseers, Charles T. Sioson, sod David Sturrock; also those re- sponsrble for the Coiled Stales Plasnt lotroduction Carrdern at Chapsmon Field, the Dade County Parks Nurseries, the Urnsiersise of Florida Fs- pe-rmert Station, are1 certaine depeartensts eel the Uaivrsite of SMores. Blooemfield, Newe Jerey StoRe F. ItARrEre Jaeesarrj, 1959 way (PC). Sly questisenraire listsr were checked an 1951 by thse re- spornsible for meost collections. A list for Key WVest, preparesd by the Junior Carder Clsub sod ediKed by SMr. ard Mrs. Ksedal Mlortor of Coral Cables, rear sopleeneted andlteat hr Ster. Williame Stecrs at Key West. Chamrbers of Commerce hare beer ers helpfssl. TIhese af Bradenton sod bt. Petershurg have suppbied "Locators" erode be Carder Clerks. A simodar parsphlet lhas come Irom Ports Cords, a)c bookletshave bere cied frm disoT opical Gades and Corik hear Cardens. Dr. R. Bre Ledin (UFFI) has made useful criticisms of my choice of species. Helpful advice has beres estrended by Stirs Adele Loafer of Lake Worth, Dr. Clyde Reed of the LUniersity of Tampa, seed StMessrs. Rd- tear A. Mennioger of Stuartand DavidbSturrockaof West Palm Beach. I return tharks also to say co-chsauffeors, Slier Antoinete Purtmars- Coarser of Westfield, Nere Jersey, and me sister Sties Doerothy SI. lBarrettlofEstrae, Nerw tersey. Dc.IraJ. Conditafivride. California,aiforemoostlatority onFcus, has prerentedteritomanr herharium specimens of that fears. Starer years a go the late Dr. jabs KunkelbSmallrfltheNewYok BoanclGrdenaollowed mre to esamoire his unpubhisbed mo~ascript me Ealmis. Df the illustratoens 32 figures were dearer by SMrs. Elizabeth L. Kimball of Peterborough, New Hamsophire. Sevee figres mere md try K. Bradley Teettle of SMontlar, New Jersey, far mey booeklet (1937). The ruhbrgs sod she terraierrorillustrations arc roe responesibiltile Credit foe aedeitioneal pictures ace stalest wttll thee. Therthanks ofallrrhoaare interesedeinsreesrecdetothoserrwho introduced andiributedexotic trcesin Florida. XAogltsem ae hero Dr. David Fairchild, Edwin A. Menrirger. Henry Nebrling, the Reasoeesr, Charlcs T. Simepsonr, erec David Steerrock; also those re sponsihle for tke Lofted States Plart Inreoductior Carder at Chapman. Field, she Dade Corset> Parks Nurseries, the Unieresite of Florida Ex- teeriment btation, sod certain dlepartentas of Ike LUnieersitv of Sharei. seay (PC). Sly quoestionnasire lists were checked ire 1955 by thease re- spoersible foe most collectiones. A list far Key West, prepared by she Juor Carder Club sod edited by SMr, seed SMrs. Kenedal Stse of Coral Cables. seas supplrementrel sod trot Is> Ste. Wiedliame teers at Key West. ChambersofCommeehaebeenveryehelpefl. Tlhose at Braetoo sod by. Petersburgbhae suepplied "Locators" madee try Carder Cluks. A simidar pamphlet bar came from Pmnta Cmraa atd bmoklesrhaverbeenrecived Irom Edimmn Tropical Garens andCarib- bear Candent. Dr. R. Bre Ledin (UFH) has madle usefuleciticisms of my choice of species. Helpful advice has beer estendedt by Sties Adele Caziesof Lake Worth, Dr. Clyde Reed of the Urniersity of Tampa. and Mtessrs. Rd- win A. Menninger of Stuars sod David Storrach of Werst Poa Beach. I retuern tharks alto to my co-chauffeurs, Mliss Antohnette Putmoan- Cramerof Westfield.NceJersead my sistr iss Dorotbe St BarretsofbEasttOrange,NewlJrsey. Dr.Ira J. Condbtofiesidabe. Calfra a foremost autbority'on Fares hat prerseted me milk manr herharium spreimoensof that gears. Manyearsagee the late Dr. joha Kunkel Small of ltre Newe York Botanicalr Larder sllooed see to examine his unpublished manuoscript or Foics. Df the illustratbons 3d figures were dearn by hrs. Rlizabeth . Rimball of Peterborough, Newe Hamapsrhe. Seen figurees tere erode by K. Bradley Tattle of Monetclair, New Jersey, far are booklet (1937). The rubbings seed the remaining illustratieons erar m rcessilailit. Credit fr aedeitiarnal picturres ore stoacel troth theeo Therthmnkaf allrwhosarehdnerstdosnsres mreduertothoserwho intnoducred asse distributedt esotic trees or Floridd. Among these taer tera Dr. David Fairchild, Rdwie A. Menniner, Hlenrye Nebhalig, the Resers, Charles T. bimepseon, seed David Storrach; also share re- sponssible Ion the LUnited States lant Intctcions Cares at Chaopan Field. she Dade Ceesety Parks Nuarteries, the LUniversaite of Florida Ex- perimettato, and certanodeparmntcssafbthedtnivrsity of Miasor. Bloomfield, New Jerey Share F. BseoeET Janury, 156f Blaaomfield, Ncew Jerey Januasryf, 156f MAsos F. BsRcAEr   INTRODUCTION LIST OF PLATES EXPLANATIONS L BASIS OF CHOICE II. NAMES III. CHARACTERS HABIT -.- ROOTS ___--______ vii INTRODUCTION xii LIST OF PLATES EXPLANATIONS 1 L BASIS OF CHOICE 2 IL. NAMES II. CHARACTERS vii INTRODUCTION xii LIST OF PLATES EXPLANATIONS 1 L BASIS OF CHOICE 2 1 2 II. NAMES III. CHARACTERS HABIT ROOTS L E A V E S __________ -__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ FLOWERS______ FRUITS SE E D S ___ -- - - - - -- - - -- - _ - _ - - GENERAL TERMS IV. DISTRIBUTION V . U SES _________ PLATE SECTION GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS KEYS DESCRIPTIONS, ILLUSTRATIONS, and FLORIDA LOCATIONS SIGHT-SEEING TRIPS IN GREATER MIAMI REFERENCES INDEX 5 5 7 10 11 12 12 16 16 17 24 25 52 394 401 405 HABIT . ROOTS LEAVES FLOWERS F R U IT S _____ -_ - - - - _ _ _ _ -- -- _ - _ SEEDS ___ -- .- GENERAL TERMS _ - __ IV. DISTRIBUTION V . U SES _____________ PLATE SECTION GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS KEYS DESCRIPTIONS, ILLUSTRATIONS, and FLORIDA LOCATIONS SIGHT-SEEING TRIPS IN GREATER MIAMI REFERENCES INDEX_____ 5 5 5 7 10 11 12 12 16 16 17 24 25 52 394 401 405 5 5 5 SEEDS IV. DISTRIBUTION V. USES -._._ PLATE SECTION GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS KEYS ____ DESCRIPTIONS, ILLUSTRATIONS, and FLORIDA LOCATIONS . SIGHT-SEEING TRIPS IN GREATER MIAMI REFERENCES INDEX 10 11 12 12 16 16 17 24 25 52 394 401 405  PLATES (Pages 17 -23) PLAT-EL Chaates and arang tsofssigsbdsad simple leases. PLAE II. Sbapes, apeses, and basesof bladesalfsimple enire leaes and leaflets. PLATE III. Side-ssargins asad seisaing of unslobed blades as blasde-like parts. PEAaE IV. Veining and lobing of sinsple blaales. PLATE V. Onee-eosmpossnd leaves. PLATE VI. Biecopound teas-es. PLATE VII. Bicomspond andltricomspounsadleases. Flosserechaaess all C2OMMSON EOTIC TREES OFSOTFLID PLATES (lag-s 17- 23) PLATE I. Characeressand arrangemsentsnifsswigs bsds..ssslsimple leavs P5LATE IL. Shsapes, apexes, anslbases ofbladesf sispleeatiselease and leaflets. PLAE III. Siade-snargins anal seisning of unlobsed blades ne blade-like pasts. PLATE IV. Veining and toting of simle blades. PLATE V. Once-cosnponnd leaves. PLATE VI. Bicospoond leaves. PLATE VII. Bicomnpound and tricomnponnlleaves. Fbosweecaracter.. PLATES (loagan 17 -23) PLATEL L.Chsaceseandarranagensentssofst-igs buds.andlsimople leaves. PLATE I1. Shbapes, apexes, and bases nf blades of simple entice laaes and leaflets. PLAnE III. Side-smoegins and veining of nnlobed blades oe blade-like parts. PLATE IV. Veining and lobing of simople blades. PLATE V. Onne-cnmpound leaves. PLATE VI. iceompound teas-es. PLATE VII. Bicompondaandltinomponsl leaesa. Plossr-caaeee.  EXPLANATIONS I keep six honest serving-nien (They tanght ame all I knew); Thteir names are What anti Why and SWies And Hate and Where and Whba. EXPLANATIONS EPAAIN EXPLANATIONS I. BASIS or CaHOIC.-WHAT trees are inclurded in this bonk? Of corethere is no single chaeacter (characteristic) w'hichmareks a tree ostansexoti foreignser). Ifatpecimenecannsothbeidentifetlhv abook wchich envers all thre native tteet of Sooth Florida (tee nRFREcNCES) it probahly is an enotic; or, starting as suseh, it hsas escaped frons eulti- nation and may even have beconse natnealized. Sante asnistance is given hy the location of a tree if thtis obviously is artificial, as alotty streets an spaced inna patten, althousghs mnty native trees ae nuted ins these a a ys Not nearly all enotie trees of southerntFlorida are ittcludtecthre To he elhgible they must tmeet the totlosng speeificationta. (1) ECaLtsOSccSEDS Their seeds mast graoe to mtuhity ina ehosed strsuntusrevhiecs eventuatty lsecomnes the frssit. Sueh trees he- tong to the Angiospers ("ensclosest-seed" plants). This restrictiotn hars osut the Gymtnosperms(nakedt-seedt"plansts), including tose trees swhich in the North aren cmmnonly called "ever greens ," although some, like the Ginkgss and the Larch, have decidutous traces (those whichs Ifalt at the approach of winster). (2) TWO SEcD-LEAVc.sc They toast be Angiosperms whose seeds contain on embreyo (rustimentary plant) swhich has too cot yledons (seed- leaves), sank as snake op almot alt the contents ofta pea or abean seed, la the North the so-called "broad-leaved" trees are Dicotyledos. They have annual rings in there stems ansla cospicos~ netwoark of veins ins their leaves, in contrast to monocotygledlons, swhich have no tre annuad~l eings and schose tost conspicuous veins can lengthse in the leaf-hlade. Thre are almost no mnsocstyledonous trees in the North. Those of Soath Florida include Pahms, Bamboos. Bananas. Traveler's Tree, asd othees, wchich are ecnladed tesom this test. (3) HABITn. They mast have a tree hasbit rather than a shrnb habit. The Usnited States Forest Service defines a tree as a woody phatrsith a tingle erect stent (tenk) thsreeinsches or snore in cdiasmeter at lane and one-halt tent tram the ground, and with ahei ght of at least tsarlve fret. I keep sin honest seen'ing-rten (They taught ate nllt knew); Their namsne ore What and Why and Whten And How and Where and Who. I. BAStS or CHOIC.-WHAT trees ore inceluded Pa this hook? Of coarse thsere is no single character (chsaracteristic) scht msarks a tree as ansexotic (foreigner). tftaspeimncasnothbeidlentified byohabok which covers all the native trees of Sooth Florida (see BEFRENCESnc) it probably is ass exaic; or, starting as suceh, it has escapiedl from cutlti- cation and may even have becomne naturalized. Somneassistance is given by the tocation of a tree if this ohviously is artikfical, as along streets or spaced insa pattern, althsought many notice trees ore nused in these cans. Nost nietry all exaic trees of soustherns Flosricda are incledtts hsere. To be eligible they muast meet the folloswing specifkcatins. (1 NL ScnS.ED. Their sests most grosw to mtutrity in a tinted structure which eventoatty becomes the trod. Sock trees be- long to ste Attgiospermss ("enclosesd-seed" plats). This restriction hors stat the Gyjnospers ( naked-send" plants), includhsg those teet wchich in the North ore commonty called "evergreens," although some, like the Ginkgo ansd the Larch have dlecidsla lnaves (thosseo'hick toll at the approach of winter). (2) aWO SccD-tcAVES. They toast he Angiosperms whose seeds contain n embryo (rusdimwntary plant)swhich has tswo cotypledonts (seed- leaves), tacht as make op alost all th e contestsofa peanornabean seesd. In tte North thre to-called "bsroacd-leavecl" toe es ace Dicotyledons. They hone annual rings in their stes and as cans'picuous netw'ork ot sveins ins their leaves, its contrast to monocotygledlons, whichs hose nao trer ansnsal rings antI swhose most cosnspicouss veins rats lengthssise in the leaf-lade. Thre ore almonst sno nsonocotyledonsoua tones ins the Northt. Those at South Flomida inwtude Palms, Bambos, tBasanas, Traveler's Tree, ansd others, swhichs are exclusded irons tlis test. (3) HAnITa. They toast have a tee habit rather than a sttrnh habit. The United Sttes Forest Service dressnes a tree as a woody plant aith a ssngle erect stern (trnk) three iw'hes or some in sdiamseter at tsar and one-halt feet from the grousndl,ands with ahei ght of at least twelve feet. I keep sin honest seevng-snen (They taght mse all I knew); Their namsan are What and Why sod Whtens Antd flow and Withere nd Who. I. BASS or tOtE-WHAT Frees are included int this book? Of coarse theresno sngle character (chracteristic) swhich arks a tree asoaneotic foreine). It tsp ecimen caant be identifiedbynahboo wchich covers all the nattve trees of Sooth Florida (tee RFERENCES) it probably is an exotic or, startsng as sock, it has escaped from talki- sations and roan ev en Isate becnomenturaliedl. Satan assistance in given by the tocatos of astee if this obavioursly is artificial, as along streets or spaced intapattrn, although mny native trees are used in these cans. Not nietry alt esotic tees of sousthterns Florida are inclnded ite. To be eligible then mast meet the folloswing specikications. (1) ENCLOSED StarS TIhsie see ds mast grow to maoturity insa closedlstrsuctturewhich eventus'ltlysecnoesthefrtuit. Suchstreslbe- tang to the Angiosperms ("ensclosed-seed" plants). This restriction bars ant the Gymno'serms( 'naked-seed" plants), includhsg those trees which ins the North Isare cnomonly called "evergreens," although some, like the Ginkgo andi the Larch, htave deciduos leaves (th ote wshichs fall at the approach of winter). (2) Two SEED-LEAVEc. They mast be Angiospermos chose sends contain Ott emryo (rtudimntary plant) swhichs has tswo cotylerdoans (send- leaves), arch as make up almost all the contents of a pea ora bean seed, la the North the so-called "broad-leaved" trees ace Dicotyledn. They haveannualobingsbintheir stensoand aconspicuous netw'orh o veinsshn their traves, it contrast to motnocotygledons, swhicht have tno tran aanal rings and w'hcan tost conspicuous veins ran lengthwvise in the leaf-blasde. Thtere are almost no tntocotyledosous trees in the North, Those of Sooth Florida include Palms, Baoboos, Boaaas. Traveler's Tree, and others, which are exclnded front this test. (3) HArI. Thtey mustttave atree habit rathr thannaoshrub habit. The United States Forest Service dressnes a tee assaswoody pltnt swith a single erect stem (trunk) three inchses on morne in dliasmeter atfour anrd one-halt feet from tke ground, nd swithkahei ght of at least twcelverfet.  2 COMM~ON EXcOC ThEOF SO~ UTH tLo5ODs Bet there ace some exceptions in Florida, because of prucocg. accidenst aege of tree, change of climate, or other reasns so thatl thse alboce dchi- nos ntepeted ith acertai amount ofleesa. Ahshu hbush hassevralwod stesarisinegatmorsearethe groundm. and is less tall thanssemost trees. Vero Beach on the east coast to St. Petersborg on the wse coast. Thast arais Sooth Floida so foe as this hooh is conceredc. It etes so to Key West. (5) BELAIscE ABUNDANE seN ACCcSSIBLELOCATIONS. Accessihlica tionss ace those listed iss FLORIeA LOCATIONS assd SIGHT-SEEINc. mee, aod seenselseheceinsparksandelng steets. This hasheecdetceomied byc a tally of trees seessoc listed froom ssscls places. Ioclosdcd. Ihass eeace a fete less comoo Sheds sehsch prohahly wil beom ooe ahsnasdnt. All the hiods here descrshed see likels to he faouod at Chapseao Field aod the Dade Cooots Psrks Nuaccerses. hot thosc pslaces-ace ot mentioncd hs coonectson wsth spcshc tree. partle bscauese they ace nost open to ste pohlsc oo qsite the sae leas as the other locatioss. Prisale grounsos see ssot lssted onless thee areissccdedlisnreotssmadehbypesosss lea tscesscahle hsasc ol- taised pceomisshos, or uoless the trees cal bae seeonlease the streect The "accessible locatioss ace mosstly isscitses snear thse sescosts. II. NAsIEes.-WHO( ace these esetic trees' WXhst comes hsce thsey Whatssicksamcs? Each sortofiplansthsonlsoeohal lcgitioatc naome,wlichecaeehosdhbyootherckindsofplano . This csthse scientific come, sosoetieses called thse Lasses onome bcaus sosc Dacts al- soost alseays hasve Latio foroms. evees wesnc thse arc desssd fr coa an other langucages. Eachealid slataessssstsavcts'csts:tseascinomal. Botasn- ical cpubllicatios geoecally laciest 0 scieetihcfconeinstcdifcccert fease ocrdinacy prisct, as ice italics, asnc frequcenstly follass it lay thcc ab- hceviated easee of its assthor, hc ordisnsrs type. Thcs psopcc cam ic c oecesscee,foexsasmple, if twoausthorschaeegienthesamecscienthfi naeto twsodifieenotsorts of pkaotc. Somceteesheecesadldla refereoce to the publication hin which the 000e sees hirst N-c Ipub-so lished. The Secst cwccrc of thce beinomcial is thec gccccric nacs, ;namccfct- genusetoswhichsthcelelanctelons);thsecondcl r scciscthcc scific nae(orespecific eithet) andsenotsthse speciescofplanct. A cenus cmntains oneeormoespecies. Is is Lkeahmans Iseeci cwithcmemersc wchoce last name is werittenc first, as inc a telephonce bok. Gcccerapua Bustthere aresoe excetiosinc Fhoricda. Secaseeofiesocicc. accidcot ageeofltree, chansge of climate, oreotherereasosso that thaeabecehi nsitioseis ineteetedswith acetchainaoont olee-ac. Acshu Sods has several swoody stems arisinsg at oc near the gr~ound. cod is Iess tall thsan most tees. (4) LOCAesIO. Theyeosthbeocaed ossaor sooilinoelfom Vero Beachkon the east coast tot. Petesborg oo theeestcoast. That areaoisSouth Floeidaosoifarasthishook iscocroed. It cxtcondsesoth he Key West. (5) cELATIVc ABUNDANCE INc AsCCESSIBEe L OeCOes . Accessible loca- tions are thsehlsted inFORIDAc sOCAseo-cs ansd SIGHc-SEINc cces-and seeclsewhereinoparksand aloncg strees. This hs beencedetermcedisc he tally of trees seen ochlited frome sucsh laces. Inchudcd. Hsacs- eeace a fewe less ceoson kindis wshich proablly willbeom ceare akbundaect. ASl the Sheds here descrihed ace likelc to hc ifoosd at Chapman Field and the Dade Ceount Parkhs Nurseriec. Sot thoe places- arecnotsetiedecissconnsectionsssithsspecifictees. parctly hecauese the y ace eat open toc the pubslic 00 qucite thc camebai s thesoterlcaionics. Private groussscaresnotlitedlculesethey ame hnchuded in reporcts made hy persosewhoe smbheo- toined permission, as enlcecs the tees can he seenflom thc stoect_ Te "accessihle locatios" ace smostly isn cities ecar thse acccasts. SI. NAcIES.-VHO ace these exetic trees? \Whatsnamees lease thseye Whcatnickeames? Each sortao lansthascoelyoeval ;legitecatc namesewhich canoesedhby nootherckindofplant. floe>i the -sceiics cease, somceties collect the Latin ae hcbecet ets catsi- est elwse havlesLatnformees,cevensweneysc arecied leasm woseel ice ether laenguages. Eachevahldplant obese muast haeewo ats: it isea bical Boyan ical pulicastsoes gencerally prinet a scicentific ncamce i ac etpe different lesse ordinesary lpeint, as see itcalics, asse fcecquentclc flloc sties the> is- heviaated ecame of etc auethor, in ordineary tyec. Tis propecr naess accessery foe exameple, ifltwoauthors hae giens the sae scientific nametotwsoehiffrentsortseofplanet. Sometiethccleeeseclde., rlefeece to the pubcacteon an wchich the ocoss sees heirst alie pub- The Secst cwords of tihc binomeial is thce gecnec namae case ofth, genusctocehich the plantheloegc); thececond \occiesth, 5secifi naeorspecificcepithetcanesnslotesctheespecies ofplanct. A sesn containesoeoremeee peces. It ic lke ahumnaessoisesthemers swhoselastenameciswritefirst, aschteatelephoehook. G~eeapua 2 COMMcON EXsOeTTEES OFcOUTHcFLORImA Sect there ace some exceptioes he Florida, hecauec of peoccieso accesnet age of tree, chansge of elieeate, or ashe ccreasons, so that thse shoe edcefi- nitioisiterpetedswith aceransameosntaofleewa. AsaeS bsh heas seeraclmweoly stems aisineg atoreeetegoundscanl scis less tall thee most tees. (4) LOCATION. Theyemustbe locatedaoeaorsuth oflahleco VerocBeacb ontheceastecoast toht.Peersburcg oncte est coat. That area isfSoethloidaso faratisook is cocee . It ectendsosth to Key West. (5) ELeATIE ABUNDANEcc sIN ACCESSIeBLE LOCee s caca sblsca thoseare thosehlsted inFLORIecAsLOCATIeONSand SIGH-SEcea TBccc. cod seen elsewhereinopaeks andalocgsteet. This hashbeenedeeeeiaed by a tally of teces deor elisted Isaac sceh lases. Included- laos- evr caea me less ceommoen kisnds wehiche probablye wcllecm more absendane. ASl the Sheds hee described ace likele to he foost at Chapmeae Field aced the Dade Ceaety- Packs Noseri~es, Sot those places-ac seat menetionedl inconnssection ceills specific tees. parte because they see eat opens to the pubic eon quite the samebsi as the other loaiones. Feds-ale grounesci are seat listed uneless tey ace inecled in repee oos ae by persons echo prmaly hose oh- tainsed permaissiose, or uness thse tees case ice seen lease else 'bste. The "accessible locationes" ace mactlie eetes eaor the seacoast. HI. NAsssa-WIIG ace thsese exotic trees ? What namees have thec> Wdhataickne see Eachsort ofplansthasoly oecalid le~stenate nesse, whicts cae he seds ice no slicer kinde f pclaiet. Pisces tice scientific namee, sometiemes called the Lain ename bcecause etc arsts al- moeestcalweces lesse Latie ifots esvenc ccIee thsey a-ce drxdfo No ice othser laneguages. FEachesvalidl lantc ename musstlhave tso arets: it is alinceomal Btan-e ical pubklicatloes geeraclly preint a scientciic namee inc a tc pe different lesse oredienary lprint, as inc italies, aend feen~ethe followe sties thce sic bevialted seame of its austho, ie ordisnary type. Tie Irprnaei necessary, lee exameple, if twcautotrs have gicene lscase scientifSh nameetmwodiffeentsorts ofplas. Someetimces threis adec reference he the publieaton he which the name swas Secst cchdl Sc b licked. Thcefistseeorieof theinieais thegseeric amc nass of cc, geneus tosewichsthe lat lonegs;teecondse scscelii ts,-scs ee- Doeees(orespecificcepithest)eadsenotecses thseciessof lat. X,'s contahnsoeeso oreece. It is liehm~an fsaaile oithcascoshece wehoseklsetname isceitceehfist seinatelephoebook. Gdcncra pyuced  nELANAIONS .3 of gens) are written with a capital issitial; species (samc sword is bolts sinigular and plral) are printed mostly or entirety in somall letters. If seveeal species of a single genes are listed ceseeustively the geeeic naseof ali except tsefiestmay be shoretened toits iitia. Somseties the specific rname is nknsosn sor none has yet beess givess to a plant. In this case the geoerc nasme is followed by the abbeviatios: sp. The ahheciatin foe msore shoe one specics is spp. Esameples of the abse arec seen in the genes of Oaks, Quecusn: susch as Queront olbo, Q. rubea L., Q. sp., Q. spp. Severalrlatesd geeassr, occasiossaiy, asolitaryegesss)ecompise a family. This generally tahes the nanse of see ssf its genera, woiths the asdsed teeminations -ACEAE. to thss bosh both tire scsesstific ands the cons names of families 000 peirsted so capstal lettes In cots- nection with the descriptions of genera andi species short sumsmaries are msade of their fatoilies, paetly- to lis characters ecomon to the species and se ts asoid repetition, and partly to smshe crosnections be- tween scell-knoswe northoe andi sonthenspecies. Somsetimoesspecimns eta species disffer distsnctls frees thse type (original) specimen, although ret enuhh to spit thsc specistints lo or more small er species. Snob diffeenes sas becealled corictes (abbreviation: oar.). Specimens reosmbling the type soot be designated asvr ypico, and ether varieties may he green namses snob 0s0v00. ershra, etc. A slighter differenoce than a carrels may be tcrmoed a fsorme (abbreviatisn: f.). Varieties and formas ae comomon aong msuch- culticated herbs and shrubs, hot are toss frequent or the case of tees. Suchhorticultueal forms-oftenonamed-aftercapeson -are printed iorinary tope andi shouild be preceded hoyCisc letteer c.Thsere is smochsdifferencesofnoinsioas toswherespeces endiand oareieties or f ormsnr hegin. There see masse prirnciples asnd regulatrons governing the naminrg of plants. They ace sot oth in the lnteesaosas Rusles of Boanical Vossenolatue Themostifundamsentarue isthat thetsvldnamof asplsnt (except one of thse mosses, fsngs, orefssds) is thse frt one which seas corectly applied and effectivelo pubished dnoesg sor after Mas, 17a3 Thatswasthe dateswhentheSwedsh genius who called ismselie after aLindentee, psbishedthse first parofis pcis Piotntsm inwhsidco e onsistentlyonamedplantsodih bnomials in- stsesdsftwsthphrasesssf seeralcords ss practscals sf1 boanistshbe- fssrehsissshsdssse. CarolsrLinnsaess(Karel sssn Lisnnc)edidsst in- sent bisomsut hewas the first to makh i rs niesa. Ir is a tesbute to hrm that the anthoeship of the sans specses sch he osf gersus) ore written withr a capital initial; species (samse sword in boils singularoand plureal)are printed mstlynerenrelinsmallitetters. If several species of a single goner ore listed consenutioely the generic nasosef all exeepttheofirstsmayhbeshorened to its initial. Sosmetimes the specific name is nkhnswn or noe has yet been givess to a plant. In tis ease the generic name is follosced by the abbeviation: op. Tb0 abbeviatin fee more than one speeies is spp. Esasoples of the absse ace seen hr the genes of Obks, Quercns: snob as Quecut ethbs, Q3. eubrm I.., Q3. sp., Q3. spp. Several relatedt genera (or, occasinaloiy, a soiiary germs) compeise a family. This generally takes the name of one sl its genera, soith the added termination -ACEAE. In this bsook both tire scienstific and the common nsames of familiesoae peintedt ins capital lettees. In con- nection swith the descriptions of genera and spooler short sommonier are mode of their families, paetly to list chsaracters commson to the species oand so to avoid repetiio, anrd paetly to soahe connections ho- twees well-known nrthern rest southern species. Soemems specimens of a species differ distinctly from the type (original) specimen, although net eough to spl the species into to orsoeesmaller species. Susch digffeences masy lao collect vareies (abbreviation: oar.). Specimens resembling the typo msay ho designated as oar. typioa, and ether varieties mray he given sarer sscha var00. erbra, etc. A slighter differene thsanocovriety may ho termed a foero (abbeviatin: f.). Varieties and forma or oe comsmon amng mussci- culitivated herbs andi sheubs, bet ace less frequ~ent ins the case of trees. Such horicltoaloms-oftennamed aftercapeson-arc printed iorinaey typo and shonld be preceded he the lettee c. Thre is mach differenee of opinion as to whore specisendadvreiso formeas begin. Thee ae many principles sod refulations governing the scarming of plants. They are sot forth or the Inernaoesnal Rudes of Botanicol Nomcnclatune. Thsesmostfnedamntcal rleis that thevalidnaasesf a plant (enceptsonef thesses, fungi, orfossis)issthc fiest one which was corctly applied red effectrvely pubhished dusrn or afto May, 1753. That seas thc datc wecn the Sowedish gesruso who cariled himsselftLinss, after aLsienrtree, publishedlthe firstpartofhs Specisc Pionrnnm in which ire consstently named plants with biomois in- stood of with phrases of several words as practrcalsy oil bstanit be- forechimshad don. Caolsin~aeus (Karlivon Linne) di ni entiomials,hrbutshewas therohrst tomakeitheirnsenivsal . Itis a trbueto Inhite that the -authorship of the mant species ohrch be EXPLANATIONS 3 of genes) are writtsn swith a capitol initial; spaecies (same scord ins boils singular and plneal) are printed mostly sor entirely its small totters. If seereai species of asingle gonus are listed cosecuetively the geeeic namseof all except thefirst maylbeoshortened to its initial. Sometimes she speoific name isnknown or none has yet been given to a plant. In this case the generic name is followed by the abbreviation: sp. Tb0 abbeviatin fee more than onse species is spp. Examssples of the aboe are seen in the genes of Obks. Qecust: such as Quercs nlns, Q3. robin L., Q3. sp., Q3. spp. Seeeal related genera (or, sccasinaolly, a soitary goner) comprise a fattn/p. This generally lobes the tnasne of ne sl its gesre, swith the added termination -ACEAE. Irn this hook both tire scienstifio and rho comsmn names of families are peinsted its capital letters. Irn on- nectionswidbthe descriptionesofgenenrandispecies shortssumnaries are made of their famrilies, poetic- to list chsaracters comon to the species anod so to avsid eepetdtion, and poetiy Is moohe onnectisns he- to-eon swell-known orthern andI sounthess species. Soetimes specimens of a secies differ edistinctly frstm the tripe (originsal) specimen, althoumgh not eenough Is spit the species into Ices ormnee smaller species. Such differensces moay be cagled varieties (abbeviation: ear.). Specimens resembling the type stay ho designated as ear. typico, anrd other varieties moay he given sains rsuch as coo. en/resole. A slighter differecethanaoaietysmaybe teredera fsenr (abbreviatiorn: f.). Varieties andi foemos a00 comosnm among roach- ocultivatedhebtsrdtshrubs,lbut are lss fequrent in thcse of trees. Snob hsorticluralformss-eften named afterca person -are pointed ins ordinary type and shrould be preceded ire the letterec There is roucebdifference ofspinionr as toswhere species endland varietiesror formas begin Tisoreaemanyprrneiois and roanlations govreringthsenaming of plants. They ae not forth in the Inteenatsoonal Boles a) fistanicol Nmencltre. Thenmostlfndamoentlrredissthatlthreovaid namof aophant(exceptstonesofthemsssesfnngioslfssds)shefst one wch swas corrctly appieds and effectels pulishedl dring ar aftec slat. 1753. Tba wIsas the date sen the Sweedsb genius swbo called himoself ie, miter raLnenstree, publirshredthcet partsofhisrpcies Pineerr,etnbwhhhe onsistentynamed plantscsidh binmisi- steadslo ith phaes ofevoeral wordisras practicallyallbotanists b- fsoreiimbsddione. Caesls Linnauss(Kaisl n sinn)cdidnorti- ent biomials, iantlhewas thefrsttnsmakethei se universal. It is a tribsste tn hrm that the austhos hip of lbs mtany species which ho  4 COMMON0 EOTIC- TREES OF' SOTHi FcLORIDA pusblished is irndieatedt be the sissgle letter L., sshereas otlher assthsors are desigsnated byr froem tsro letters to thseir sstotenae Somre people object to sciesntific ocoses. Thsey say tshey ore hsardt to proonceand resemesor, orss that thee are alweays beiogcheanred. Ansd yet these soare people talk glibly aboot assd esven ksnoo lose to spell Chryssntbemsum cost other sdiffleelt sscames of gardens plants- to sac nsothing of the namses of sosoe friends, nseighbtors, and souejects ofnets paper headlirses. If tbe moeaosing of a sientifie onose is knoan.oitoi roore easill resembeed. Lisssaesss sossetioresscosseealesd littlc eeker ins the titles he rose. Poe issstace, he sscoed a geuss-ith biaes- twein-like leesves Bosshisria, alter too Soiss brotheers. the Borrhis vo core famsouss botooists (althousgh rot tseins). Latinshas beers the laoguage of scenoe for osasns lsosresc of . Solitae.Alone, as only ace Sloocr at a code; othsn a cluster. Spice. A sharp-pointed, slender, or somcethmos foeked. body, topi- call) at assnode; afsessa mdccsikied stipule. Socmcetimces a large prcle. bSsalk. The nceacicg is ohsiacc, bust the tercs is applied to too ancc plant-pacts. H ee restricted to the ucsually slendler sappoet of a Slosercor floe-elustoe, cc a feuit cc fruit-ecsterc. Tip. The esxcrece fre endl anc apes. To. This mceans "tp to" cc acot coca than" when fllowced bya tue alecming"sswhen foslloed byc octher ccswoIs thanssssncmeeal; elsewhleeit ls emcplsoyed sas incomo uae Teranslcent. Allowsincg lighst toass throughpt, althoughc scat trans- lpaent. Unaml. Withsout pricklos as spinses, or spinsy teethssonsleaf-bslade. usdser. Theon of ato asurflaces awbics is less expsssed to sunligiht. IUppe. Thce onse of two surfacos khics is coca exposed to sunslight. V'egetativ. Nat sxal. PVecetative reproduction is that carrieod EXPLANAIONSt1 semcbles asoblongccra square that has hems polled askew or is lop- sided. Ricm. Thickensed edgo, as of thce blade-margin, somcetcces msade by branchles from the petiole. Rotted. Ac a margin appacrently erled andocriccom the cpper sarface of a blade, sometimecs ocurcsinconea cion s withc sidle-eins. Sceasc. Tru-caetsareectosofthe bark andtoftenheecose de- taceds. Bud-s-caloes eeternal shsingle-likeoectionss fcor intlersal Iparts. Scales ass leassusaloy pica a powervc or rusto atpteac- ance as a whole, bat indbvidually often have definite ace1 characteris- tiecshatses such as stars. Flcsorssometimcshasesch sale. Theoy and leads (asc in figs) oftens havecale-liko beadts. Lareoraised aeas cnsfruitssmaybeoceginccancdcnot true sales. bScurfy. Hainsg small, laose, powcdery scales, saocetimess theoremainsa of haics. Secndarytrccnk. Proap-rootsefrom largelbcanchesccac lockacsdlat lie crinr acuks. Esaample: hanas bat. This tecrm is usced insteadt ol "saic" whec twoc lesas, leaflets, vssorothcerpartsare aangedalostlbutaatqaite o~paosite to eco he lon an axis PScxal. Conceerningthe repcoductieosostmccuchbas isfoucndin flowes. Siclsesaped. Nsaro, ecuredas inc an5 arc; as shownsns I I - c. Side- (lateal-). L~ocatedl alonsg a longpitudsinal axis; as sie-pcinscc (all exceptthesonae ortwoat teapcexof a baipinnsate leaf). Politary. Aloe,ascanlyone floer at acnode;not i aclute. Spie. A sharts-tsaicted, slecndee, or somcetimses locked, isady, typi- callc at a nodse; ofitec a modasifoed stiplcel. Scometimcos a lacge prickle. Stalk. Tlse meansing is obveioucs, bcut the taco is applied tc too many planstparts. Store restricted to the usuallo slendecaspport of a flowe 00 00loawercluste, cc a least cc fruit-ecste. Tip. The esteme free east of mn apes. Ta. This mceaas "tp to" cc acot more than" whoa fldlowed bc a nuealIbcominbsg"ccc whecfllowed byo otherordess thancsnumcerals. els oher ib s eoycced s incomo uae Translucentl. Alloswinbg light to pass throuph, althougch scat trans- lpaent. Unsaredee. PPithouct prcikles or spsines, or cspin teeth ass leaf-bladles. Unde. The oce aS twoa coolacos wchich is less expose-d to sunlight. Upipiee. The once of two surcfaes swhich is mcae exoaseds to sunclight. Vagetatica. Not sesual. Vegetatieepradction is that arrcied-on  _by plant organs other than the flower, such assonts. tm., sometsnes leaves, Wnsody plants. Here belong all tone troes hbt ot ai~lsat «t tone-habit), also atmst all shrubs, andsncvns IV. Dteensneenea -WIIEIE The anasse s tofoold:teci- tries toolsich the aressnativeasd the places tshethss canbo s grsoing in SouthFloida. The irsterecevshra -y