DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS  be deso dairycattle, judged shws wi4th purbred dairy buls inspired wieimrvmeto diycate e tra - /, L Emeritus of Iowa State University. He guided and inspired students and breeders of dairy cattle, judged shows, served on committees of true type, unified score cards, and type classifi- cation, and was a type classifier with Holsteins and Jerseys. His investiga- tions of grading up common cows with purebred dairy bulls inspired wide improvement of dairy cattle. :t 4 I E He guided anud inspired students anud breeders of dairy cattl, juudged shows', unifidcrad, adtype csii- caionu, anud wauatypelasifier wi~th Houlstis anud Jersey. His invetiga- tionsu of gradling upcomn ow wuith purbred dairy bulls inspired wuide iumprovemenut of dairy catl. &' I M Dr. C. H. Eckles (1875-1933 ), teache aund piuner r- serh worker in dairyhusbadrydiy podut, and datiry cattle nutrition. His infuencetontiues to spreadu through his publictionsu, the wortk of h studenuts, and the 142 grautel studenuts wuho old manuy bey positions in researh, teacuhing, produtionu, anud inudutry. He a acclaimeid tute of the 'Tenu Matert Minds of Datiryhug" and affectionately called 'The Chief' by asoites. Dr. C. H. Ecklesi (1875--1933), teacher atud phioete searh wokerinudiyhuban~udry, dairy product,ad dairy catle nutriion. His infuenc cotiueto s, pread through his publications, the twortk of hit stiudets, anud the 142 grautet students wbo hold many key positionst in researcuth, tahing, prodution, and inutrhy. Hi a aclaimeud tote of the "Ten Mater Minuds ot Datiryitng" and affectionateuly callbed "The Chief" by assoitest. Dr-. C. H. uckles (1875-1933), teaheru anud pioneer re- serh wkerddiryusbdy,d iy p odut, and dairy cttle utrttitionu. Hit infuence cotiues, to spreaud thrtough his puublicationst, the wuork if hit tudet, antd the 142 gradtuate studets wuho bold mantuy bey potitiotut int research, teacihinug, proidutionu, and inudutry. He tutu acclahuimed tute of the "Ten Mater Minuds if Dairying" anud affectionatly called 'The Chief" by astsociattes.  DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT RAYMOND B. BECKER UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA PRESS GAINESVILLE / 1973 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT RAYMOND B. BECKER UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA PRESS GAINESVILLE / 1973 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT RAYMOND B. BECKER UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA PRESS GAINESVILLE / 1973  ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author and puhtishers heresy express their thanks to the follow- iag, whose generous conrihutions have made possihie she puhicra- tion of this work: ALVR~ee JEREr CoRMr, toe., Jackseosvilte, Florida AIAsNer BoREDRS rSERIE toe., tirFeree, Wisconsin (Subsidiary of W. Rt. Grace & Cempaoy) CLBRTr CAMMACKoe, Gerva, Ftorida CFLORroA frRsWN SWrer CLUr FLRIDAr GERNsro CAsssLE CorUs FLORo JESEY CATsvEr Coos FLORmDA HOLSTrrIN-FRISAN ASSOrrIeATON, toe. MR. and MRS. JoAMES trrE, Sommerfield, Clorida V. C. JeOmNSO, Dinsmore, Florida fUDSeN MINrAr, Palm Ci, Florida NOENosr Ore fREmaRos AmeSOAIO, toe., Tiffino, Ohio Tom C. and JULIAoG. PERRY, Moore Have, Florida DOAoo D. tPoAer, Orlardo, Clorida C. W. RoAVES, Gainesvitle, Florida fOHo SARGANoT, Lahelaed, Fierids ToE WoLTrR Srmm CosMosY, Taevst, Clorida J. K. SUART, Barrow, Clorida CoARO L. WoRe, JR., Astatule, Clorida CARReOoL L. WAos, SR., Christmas, Clorida MR. and MRS. WALoERWELENR rrJaksonille, Florida Copyright © 1073 by the Stats of Ctorlda Board of Truterm at the Itrnalo Imrovement Trust Cord Atl Rights Reserved Libmary of Congrrss Caraoe Cord No. 704178987 ISBN 0-8130-0335-0 Printed to Clorida ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author and puhlishers heresy eopress their thanks to the follow- fog, whose generous contrihutions have made possihle the puhlica- tion of this work: ,ALvorro JERSEY CoRMr, toe., Jachsonviltr, Florida AIANo BRErreRS SERVIE, toe., tleFerest, Wierrorsin (Suhsidiary at W. Rt. Grace & Comprany) ELoERT CAMMAoC, Geneva, Ftorida CORoD GUERNoSEs GCATTor Core CLORIAsr JERSEY CoTvE Coos FLORmro HeOSTEsN-FRISIANo ASseoCIrToN, toe. Ms. ard MRS. JoAMES ttrE, Sommerfield, Clorida V. C. JaONON, Dinsmore, Clorida fJUSON MINEAR, Calm Crty, Clorida NORrHERN GrIn BREEoans ASSOCIATmON, toe., Tiffsn, Ohio ToC.andfJULIAG.PRRYs, Morelave, lrida DOooLD D. CooT, Orlado, Clorida C. W. REoVss, Gaiesvitle, Flomida fOHo SoRoEAor, Lahelaod, Clorida Tar WooTR Serum CAMIos, Taltevast, Clorida J. K. STARTs, Barow, Clorida ComROoo L. WoRe, JR., Astatla, Clorida CoARROoL L. WoRe, SR., Christmas, Ftorida MR, and MRS. WooTE eWELKR Jaksonville, Florida Copytright 30 t9TS hy toe Statr of Ftorida Board of Trustees of tbe Itrml Imoprovement Trust Curd AlO Rights Resered Librr ot Congrest Cataog Cord No. 70-178987 ISBN 0-8130-0335-0 Printed in Florida ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author and puhlishers herehy express their thanks to the follow- ing, whose generous conrihutions have mode possihle the publica- tier of this work AossEe JERsSYoFRM,IN., Jacksonveill,Floida AIANo BRmEDRSa SERVIE, toe., HeFerea, Wiscorsin (Suhsidiary of W. R. Cre & Comspasy) CorERs CoAMMoC, Geneva, Florida FLORmDo CURsSEs CorTE Core CLORIA JERSEY CAToEr~ Coos CLOsRA HaOLSTeIN-FRIESIAN ASSeoerATO, toe. Ms. ord MRS. fourS Itre, Sommerfield, Fierids V.~ C. JONONo, Dinsmoee, Clorida fJUSON MINosos Calm City, Clordda NOENss GemO BRrEDERS ASSeOrmATO, INe., Tiffe, Ohio Tess C. andJULIAoG. PRR, Maore Haves, Florida GONoA D. Cooss, Grlad, Clorida C. W. RroVS, Gainesville, Flomida fOHN SoRCroor, Laheland, Florida ToE WoLTR Serum CoMIos, Taolevst, Clorida f. K. SUART, Bareowe, Clorida CoROLo L. WoRe, JR., Astaula, Clorida CAR0000 L. WAus, SR., Christmas, Flmida M. andMS. WALTER WELsENsR Jackkmnville, Flarde Copyright © 1973 hy ttoe State of Florndo Beard of Trustees of the Insterual Improavement Trust Curd All Rights Restr d Libhury of Congrs Catalog Cord Nt. 70-178987 ISBN 0-8130-0335-0 Printed is Florida  PREFACE When Dr. H. H. Kildee taught "dairy breeds" as a separate course, no textbook was available. Inspiration from this course led me to continue studying. Dr. C. H. Eckles and C. S. Plumb advised on sources of original materials. Libraries were searched in the United States. Dr. Sir John Hammond gave assistance at the School of Agriculture in Cambridge. Dr. A. C. McCandlish arranged appoint- ments in Scotland. Konsulent K. M. Andersen assisted with Danish materials and travel to original sources. Dean E. L. Anthony sup- plied an unpublished dissertation on the Red Danish milk breed. Breed secretaries and Dr. H. H. Hume wrote letters of introduction which gave entree in England, the Channel Islands, and Europe. Intensive study was conducted at antiquarian bookshops, cattle shows, breed offices, libraries, museums, and on farms in Europe. Curators aided in measuring fossil Bos skulls in Cambridge, Cal- PREFACE When Dr. H. H. Kildee taught "dairy breeds" as a separate course, no textbook was available. Inspiration from this course led me to continue studying. Dr. C. H. Eckles and C. S. Plumb advised on sources of original materials. Libraries were searched in the United States. Dr. Sir John Hammond gave assistance at the School of Agriculture in Cambridge. Dr. A. C. McCandlish arranged appoint- ments in Scotland. Konsulent K. M. Andersen assisted with Danish materials and travel to original sources. Dean E. L. Anthony sup- plied an unpublished dissertation on the Red Danish milk breed. Breed secretaries and Dr. H. H. Hume wrote letters of introduction which gave entree in England, the Channel Islands, and Europe. Intensive study was conducted at antiquarian bookshops, cattle shows, breed offices, libraries, museums, and on farms in Europe. Curators aided in measuring fossil Bos skulls in Cambridge, Cal- PREFACE When Dr. H. H. Kildee taught "dairy breeds" as a separate course, no textbook was available. Inspiration from this course led me to continue studying. Dr. C. H. Eckles and C. S. Plumb advised on sources of original materials. Libraries were searched in the United States. Dr. Sir John Hammond gave assistance at the School of Agriculture in Cambridge. Dr. A. C. McCandlish arranged appoint- ments in Scotland. Konsulent K. M. Andersen assisted with Danish materials and travel to original sources. Dean E. L. Anthony sup- plied an unpublished dissertation on the Red Danish milk breed. Breed secretaries and Dr. H. H. Hume wrote letters of introduction which gave entree in England, the Channel Islands, and Europe. Intensive study was conducted at antiquarian bookshops, cattle shows, breed offices, libraries, museums, and on farms in Europe. Curators aided in measuring fossil Bos skulls in Cambridge, Cal-  vi EDAIRY CATTLE BREEDS DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS vi DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS cutta, Leeuwarden, London, and Zurich. The British Museum of Natural History supplied photographs of Bos skulls and provided access to the library on mammalian paleontology. Graphs, maps, and vignettes heading selected chapters were pre- pared from historical material by our son George F. Becker. Dean H. H. Kildee and Dr. C. H. Eckles granted use of their photographs. Dean Kildee selected some key illustrations. Rand McNally Com- pany provided copyrighted maps on which to superimpose informa- tion. F. Windels permitted the use of two illustrations from Four Hundred Centuries of Cave Art. A photograph of Bos primigenius was bought from the Danish National Museum. Dr. J. U. Duerst's photograph of Bos longifrons was loaned by the Zootechnische u. Veterinar Hygienisches Institut in Bern. Dr. M. V. A. Sastry photo- graphed two skulls in Calcutta. The Milk Industry Foundation gave two pictures of rock paintings from the Frobenius-Fox expedition. Secretary H. G. Shepard supplied original copies of early ideal Jersey type. Hugh Bone copied the original photograph of the first public milking trial in Ayr. R. W. Hobbs provided the photograph of his eight Dairy Shorthorn cows. M. S. Prescott of the Holstein-Friesian World presented photo- graphs of Solomon Hoxie, Spring Brook Bess Burke 2d, and Wis- consin Admiral Burke Lad. Mrs. Laura Baxter sent the engravings of Kitty Clay 3rd and Kitty Clay 4th. The John Gosling meat cut- ting demonstration and Dr. S. M. Babcock were photographed by the staff of Iowa State College and the University of Wisconsin. Some pictures were obtained from Robert F. Hildebrand and Harry A. Strohmeyer, Jr. Ralph Sneeringer of the University of Florida copied some photographs with permission. The chapters on the respective breeds were reviewed critically by the following authorities. Ayrshire-John Graham, David Gib- son, Jr., Doris E. Chadburn, and G. A. Bowling; Brown Swiss-John Graham, Fred S. Idtse, W. Engeler, and R. W. Stumbo; Dutch Belted-C. H. Willoughby; Guernsey-H. C. Le Page and Karl B. Musser; Holstein-Friesian-Dr. J. M. Dijkstra and H. W. Norton, Jr.; Jersey-H. C. Shepard and Lynn Copeland; Milking Shorthorn -Arthur Furneaux, W. E. Dixon, and Jesse B. Oakley; Red Dane- K. M. Andersen, K. Hansen, Ejner Nielsen, and Dean E. L. An- thony. cutta, Leeuwarden, London, and Zurich. The British Museum of Natural History supplied photographs of Bos skulls and provided access to the library on mammalian paleontology. Graphs, maps, and vignettes heading selected chapters were pre- pared from historical material by our son George F. Becker. Dean H. H. Kildee and Dr. C. H. Eckles granted use of their photographs. Dean Kildee selected some key illustrations. Rand McNally Com- pany provided copyrighted maps on which to superimpose informa- tion. F. Windels permitted the use of two illustrations from Four Hundred Centuries of Cave Art. A photograph of Bos primigenius was bought from the Danish National Museum. Dr. J. U. Duerst's photograph of Bos longifrons was loaned by the Zootechnische u. Veterinar Hygienisches Institut in Bern. Dr. M. V. A. Sastry photo- graphed two skulls in Calcutta. The Milk Industry Foundation gave two pictures of rock paintings from the Frobenius-Fox expedition. Secretary H. G. Shepard supplied original copies of early ideal Jersey type. Hugh Bone copied the original photograph of the first public milking trial in Ayr. R. W. Hobbs provided the photograph of his eight Dairy Shorthorn cows. M. S. Prescott of the Holstein-Friesian World presented photo- graphs of Solomon Hoxie, Spring Brook Bess Burke 2d, and Wis- consin Admiral Burke Lad. Mrs. Laura Baxter sent the engravings of Kitty Clay 3rd and Kitty Clay 4th. The John Gosling meat cut- ting demonstration and Dr. S. M. Babcock were photographed by the staff of Iowa State College and the University of Wisconsin. Some pictures were obtained from Robert F. Hildebrand and Harry A. Strohmeyer, Jr. Ralph Sneeringer of the University of Florida copied some photographs with permission. The chapters on the respective breeds were reviewed critically by the following authorities. Ayrshire-John Graham, David Gib- son, Jr., Doris E. Chadburn, and G. A. Bowling; Brown Swiss-John Graham, Fred S. Idtse, W. Engeler, and R. W. Stumbo; Dutch Belted-C. H. Willoughby; Guernsey-H. C. Le Page and Karl B. Musser; Holstein-Friesian-Dr. J. M. Dijkstra and H. W. Norton, Jr.; Jersey-H. C. Shepard and Lynn Copeland; Milking Shorthorn -Arthur Furneaux, W. E. Dixon, and Jesse B. Oakley; Red Dane- K. M. Andersen, K. Hansen, Ejner Nielsen, and Dean E. L. An- thony. cutta, Leeuwarden, London, and Zurich. The British Museum of Natural History supplied photographs of Bos skulls and provided access to the library on mammalian paleontology. Graphs, maps, and vignettes heading selected chapters were pre- pared from historical material by our son George F. Becker. Dean H. H. Kildee and Dr. C. H. Eckles granted use of their photographs. Dean Kildee selected some key illustrations. Rand McNally Com- pany provided copyrighted maps on which to superimpose informa- tion. F. Windels permitted the use of two illustrations from Four Hundred Centuries of Cave Art. A photograph of Bos primigenius was bought from the Danish National Museum. Dr. J. U. Duerst's photograph of Bos longifrons was loaned by the Zootechnische u. Veterinar Hygienisches Institut in Bern. Dr. M. V. A. Sastry photo- graphed two skulls in Calcutta. The Milk Industry Foundation gave two pictures of rock paintings from the Frobenius-Fox expedition. Secretary H. G. Shepard supplied original copies of early ideal Jersey type. Hugh Bone copied the original photograph of the first public milking trial in Ayr. R. W. Hobbs provided the photograph of his eight Dairy Shorthorn cows. M. S. Prescott of the Holstein-Friesian World presented photo- graphs of Solomon Hoxie, Spring Brook Bess Burke 2d, and Wis- consin Admiral Burke Lad. Mrs. Laura Baxter sent the engravings of Kitty Clay 3rd and Kitty Clay 4th. The John Gosling meat cut- ting demonstration and Dr. S. M. Babcock were photographed by the staff of Iowa State College and the University of Wisconsin. Some pictures were obtained from Robert F. Hildebrand and Harry A. Strohmeyer, Jr. Ralph Sneeringer of the University of Florida copied some photographs with permission. The chapters on the respective breeds were reviewed critically by the following authorities. Ayrshire-John Graham, David Gib- son, Jr., Doris E. Chadburn, and G. A. Bowling; Brown Swiss-John Graham, Fred S. Idtse, W. Engeler, and R. W. Stumbo; Dutch Belted-C. H. Willoughby; Guernsey-H. C. Le Page and Karl B. Musser; Holstein-Friesian-Dr. J. M. Dijkstra and H. W. Norton, Jr.; Jersey-H. C. Shepard and Lynn Copeland; Milking Shorthorn -Arthur Furneaux, W. E. Dixon, and Jesse B. Oakley; Red Dane- K. M. Andersen, K. Hansen, Ejner Nielsen, and Dean E. L. An- thony.  Preface vii Dean H. H. Kildee, Dr. I. R. Jones, our daughters Mrs. Elizabeth J. Mitchell and Mrs. Ann M. Herrick, and Robert A. Herrick re- viewed the entire manuscript. Sincere appreciation is expressed to them and to many other persons, here and overseas, who contrib- uted the historical information. Through the active interest of Extension Dairyman C. W. Reaves, Director of Special Programs Albert F. Cribbett, and Dr. E. T. York, Vice President for Agricultural Affairs at the University of Florida, a number of interested dairy people contributed to The SHARE Council, University of Florida Foundation, Incorporated. Their loyal cooperation enabled the University of Florida Press to produce this volume. To those many authorities and to all others participat- ing in the production, the author expresses his humble appreciation and thanks. Grateful acknowledgment and thanks are due to my wife Harriet and to our children. Their patience, encouragement, and coopera- tion were most helpful. Preface vii Dean H. H. Kildee, Dr. I. R. Jones, our daughters Mrs. Elizabeth J. Mitchell and Mrs. Ann M. Herrick, and Robert A. Herrick re- viewed the entire manuscript. Sincere appreciation is expressed to them and to many other persons, here and overseas, who contrib- uted the historical information. Through the active interest of Extension Dairyman C. W. Reaves, Director of Special Programs Albert F. Cribbett, and Dr. E. T. York, Vice President for Agricultural Affairs at the University of Florida, a number of interested dairy people contributed to The SHARE Council, University of Florida Foundation, Incorporated. Their loyal cooperation enabled the University of Florida Press to produce this volume. To those many authorities and to all others participat- ing in the production, the author expresses his humble appreciation and thanks. Grateful acknowledgment and thanks are due to my wife Harriet and to our children. Their patience, encouragement, and coopera- tion were most helpful. Preface vii Dean H. H. Kildee, Dr. I. R. Jones, our daughters Mrs. Elizabeth J. Mitchell and Mrs. Ann M. Herrick, and Robert A. Herrick re- viewed the entire manuscript. Sincere appreciation is expressed to them and to many other persons, here and overseas, who contrib- uted the historical information. Through the active interest of Extension Dairyman C. W. Reaves, Director of Special Programs Albert F. Cribbett, and Dr. E. T. York, Vice President for Agricultural Affairs at the University of Florida, a number of interested dairy people contributed to The SHARE Council, University of Florida Foundation, Incorporated. Their loyal cooperation enabled the University of Florida Press to produce this volume. To those many authorities and to all others participat- ing in the production, the author expresses his humble appreciation and thanks. Grateful acknowledgment and thanks are due to my wife Harriet and to our children. Their patience, encouragement, and coopera- tion were most helpful.   INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION This book is organized into four sections. Chapters 1-4 describe the geological origin of the genus Bos and domestication and early de- velopment of common cattle. Man possibly came from east-central Africa to the regions where cattle roamed wild. He hunted cattle for food during the Pleistocene Age and into historical times. Capture and domestication predated written history. Early artists pictured the chase, and later some tame cattle, on rocks and on the walls of caves. Neolithic peoples brought small domesticated cattle from western Asia into Europe, following watercourses where travel was easiest. They brought some cultivated cereals and reached the British Isles and Channel Islands over land connections. Breakdown of feudal tenure and enclosure of lands allowed owners to select bulls to mate with their cows. Better crops and feed stored for winter use were corequisite with selection in improvement of cattle. This book is organized into four sections. Chapters 1-4 describe the geological origin of the genus Bos and domestication and early de- velopment of common cattle. Man possibly came from east-central Africa to the regions where cattle roamed wild. He hunted cattle for food during the Pleistocene Age and into historical times. Capture and domestication predated written history. Early artists pictured the chase, and later some tame cattle, on rocks and on the walls of caves. Neolithic peoples brought small domesticated cattle from western Asia into Europe, following watercourses where travel was easiest. They brought some cultivated cereals and reached the British Isles and Channel Islands over land connections. Breakdown of feudal tenure and enclosure of lands allowed owners to select bulls to mate with their cows. Better crops and feed stored for winter use were corequisite with selection in improvement of cattle. This book is organized into four sections. Chapters 1-4 describe the geological origin of the genus Bos and domestication and early de- velopment of common cattle. Man possibly came from east-central Africa to the regions where cattle roamed wild. He hunted cattle for food during the Pleistocene Age and into historical times. Capture and domestication predated written history. Early artists pictured the chase, and later some tame cattle, on rocks and on the walls of caves. Neolithic peoples brought small domesticated cattle from western Asia into Europe, following watercourses where travel was easiest. They brought some cultivated cereals and reached the British Isles and Channel Islands over land connections. Breakdown of feudal tenure and enclosure of lands allowed owners to select bulls to mate with their cows. Better crops and feed stored for winter use were corequisite with selection in improvement of cattle.  x DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Fairs, markets, and agricultural shows rewarded and inspired men with good animals. Chapters 5-20 trace the gradual development of breeds. A few in- dividuals initiated private herdbooks to keep reliable pedigrees. Solomon Hoxie believed that a herdbook should record conformation or production of individual animals "upon which a science of cattle culture could be based." Associations of breeders developed pro- grams to measure achievements and granted recognition to breeders who qualified for them. Improvement of cattle once was largely an art, dependent on the observing eye and analytical mind of a few leading breeders. Mendel's laws of inheritance and later discoveries added science to art, increasing the rate of improvement. Improved dairy cattle served as the foundation stock in the United States. Heredity is estimated by biometricians to contribute less than 20 percent to milk producing capacity; 80 percent is a factor of en- vironment (breeding efficiency, disease control, management, nutri- tion, and other agencies). Such contributions are assembled in part in chapter 21. The Summary, based on breed chapters, constitutes chapter 22. What does the future hold for further improvements among dairy cattle? The germ plasms of animals possess several types of heredi- tary genes. Desirable characters have been segregated and dis- seminated from seedstock such as Penshurst Man O'War, Jane of Vernon, May Rose 2d, and other improvers. Some undesirable re- cessive genes have been traced even to seedstock animals of the highest qualities. Such genes in heterozygous form were present un- recognized through many generations. They can crop out among some of the progeny from matings between heterozygous parents. Plant breeders have developed disease-resistant varieties by apply- ing known methods to their foundation stocks used in pollinations. The science of improved cattle breeding lies in the future, with methods known at present. The plant breeders' methods can be duplicated by cooperation among dedicated breeders, using the tool of artificial breeding in order to obtain proofs and application to develop better strains of dairy cattle. Examples of such accom- plishments have been cited for Ayrshires, Friesians, and Holstein- Friesians, and in several breeding references. Fairs, markets, and agricultural shows rewarded and inspired men with good animals. Chapters 5-20 trace the gradual development of breeds. A few in- dividuals initiated private herdbooks to keep reliable pedigrees. Solomon Hoxie believed that a herdbook should record conformation or production of individual animals "upon which a science of cattle culture could be based." Associations of breeders developed pro- grams to measure achievements and granted recognition to breeders who qualified for them. Improvement of cattle once was largely an art, dependent on the observing eye and analytical mind of a few leading breeders. Mendel's laws of inheritance and later discoveries added science to art, increasing the rate of improvement. Improved dairy cattle served as the foundation stock in the United States. Heredity is estimated by biometricians to contribute less than 20 percent to milk producing capacity; 80 percent is a factor of en- vironment (breeding effirciency, disease control, management, nutri- tion, and other agencies). Such contributions are assembled in part in chapter 21. The Summary, based on breed chapters, constitutes chapter 22. What does the future hold for further improvements among dairy cattle? The germ plasms of animals possess several types of heredi- tary genes. Desirable characters have been segregated and dis- seminated from seedstock such as Penshurst Man O'War, Jane of Vernon, May Rose 2d, and other improvers. Some undesirable re- cessive genes have been traced even to seedstock animals of the highest qualities. Such genes in heterozygous form were present un- recognized through many generations. They can crop out among some of the progeny from matings between heterozygous parents. Plant breeders have developed disease-resistant varieties by apply- ing known methods to their foundation stocks used in pollinations. The science of improved cattle breeding lies in the future, with methods known at present. The plant breeders' methods can be duplicated by cooperation among dedicated breeders, using the tool of artificial breeding in order to obtain proofs and application to develop better strains of dairy cattle. Examples of such accom- plishments have been cited for Ayrshires, Friesians, and Holstein- Friesians, and in several breeding references. Fairs, markets, and agricultural shows rewarded and inspired men with good animals. Chapters 5-20 trace the gradual development of breeds. A few in- dividuals initiated private herdbooks to keep reliable pedigrees. Solomon Hoxie believed that a herdbook should record conformation or production of individual animals "upon which a science of cattle culture could be based." Associations of breeders developed pro- grams to measure achievements and granted recognition to breeders who qualified for them. Improvement of cattle once was largely an art, dependent on the observing eye and analytical mind of a few leading breeders. Mendel's laws of inheritance and later discoveries added science to art, increasing the rate of improvement. Improved dairy cattle served as the foundation stock in the United States. Heredity is estimated by biometricians to contribute less than 20 percent to milk producing capacity; 80 percent is a factor of en- vironment (breeding efficiency, disease control, management, nutri- tion, and other agencies). Such contributions are assembled in part in chapter 21. The Summary, based on breed chapters, constitutes chapter 22. What does the future hold for further improvements among dairy cattle? The germ plasms of animals possess several types of heredi- tary genes. Desirable characters have been segregated and dis- seminated from seedstock such as Penshurst Man O'War, Jane of Vernon, May Rose 2d, and other improvers. Some undesirable re- cessive genes have been traced even to seedstock animals of the highest qualities. Such genes in heterozygous form were present un- recognized through many generations. They can crop out among some of the progeny from matings between heterozygous parents. Plant breeders have developed disease-resistant varieties by apply- ing known methods to their foundation stocks used in pollinations. The science of improved cattle breeding lies in the future, with methods known at present. The plant breeders' methods can be duplicated by cooperation among dedicated breeders, using the tool of artificial breeding in order to obtain proofs and application to develop better strains of dairy cattle. Examples of such accom- plishments have been cited for Ayrshires, Friesians, and Holstein- Friesians, and in several breeding references.  CONTENTS CONTENTS CONTENTS Chapter 1. Geological Origin of Cattle . . . . . . . . 1 Chapter 2. Domestication of Cattle . . . . . . . . . 21 Chapter 3. The Bronze Age and Early History . . . . . 43 Chapter 4. Cattle Improvement Begins . . . . . . . . 52 Chapter 5. Ayrshires in Scotland . . . . . . . . . . 72 Chapter 6. Ayrshires in America . . . . . . . . . . 106 Chapter 7. Brown Swiss in Switzerland . . . . . . . . 134 Chapter 8. Brown Swiss in America . . . . . . . . . 155 Chapter 9. Dutch Belted . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Chapter 10. Guernseys in the Channel Islands . . . . . 186 Chapter 11. Guernseys in the United States . . . . . . 204 Chapter 12. Friesians in the Netherlands . . . . . . . 227 Chapter 13. Holstein-Friesians in the United States . . . 252 Chapter 14. Cattle on the Island of Jersey . . . . . . . 286 Chapter 1. Geological Origin of Cattle . . . . . . . . 1 Chapter 2. Domestication of Cattle . . . . . . . . . 21 Chapter 3. The Bronze Age and Early History . . . . . 43 Chapter 4. Cattle Improvement Begins . . . . . . . . 52 Chapter 5. Ayrshires in Scotland . . . . . . . . . . 72 Chapter 6. Ayrshires in America . . . . . . . . . . 106 Chapter 7. Brown Swiss in Switzerland . . . . . . . . 134 Chapter 8. Brown Swiss in America . . . . . . . . . 155 Chapter 9. Dutch Belted . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Chapter 10. Guenseys in the Channel Islands . . . . . 186 Chapter 11. Guernseys in the United States . . . . . . 204 Chapter 12. Friesians in the Netherlands . . . . . . . 227 Chapter 13. Holstein-Friesians in the United States . . . 252 Chapter 14. Cattle on the Island of Jersey . . . . . . . 286 Chapter 1. Geological Origin of Cattle . . . . . . . . Chapter 2. Domestication of Cattle . . . . . . . . . Chapter 3. The Bronze Age and Early History . . . . . Chapter 4. Cattle Improvement Begins . . . . . . . . Chapter 5. Ayrshires in Scotland . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 6. Ayrshires in America . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 7. Brown Swiss in Switzerland . . . . . . . . Chapter 8. Brown Swiss in America . . . . . . . . . Chapter 9. Dutch Belted . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 10. Guernseys in the Channel Islands . . . . . Chapter 11. Guernseys in the United States . . . . . . Chapter 12. Friesians in the Netherlands . . . . . . . Chapter 13. Holstein-Friesians in the United States . . . Chapter 14. Cattle on the Island of Jersey . . . . . . . 1 21 43 52 72 106 134 155 175 186 204 227 252 286  xii DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Chapter 15. Jerseys in the United States . . . Chapter 16. Dairy Shorthorns in the British Isles Chapter 17. Milking Shorthorns in America . . Chapter 18. Red Danish in Denmark . . . . Chapter 19. Red Danish in America . . . . . Chapter 20. Red-and-White Dairy . . . . . . Chapter 21. Contributions to Better Dairying . Chapter 22. Summary . . . . . . . . . Index of Names . . . . . . . . . . . . Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 . . . . 342 . . . . 366 . . . . 386 . . . . 418 . . . . 427 . . . . 434 . . . . 476 . . . . 539 . . . . 549 xii DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Chapter 15. Jerseys in the United States . . . Chapter 16. Dairy Shorthorns in the British Isles Chapter 17. Milking Shorthorns in America . . Chapter 18. Red Danish in Denmark . . . . Chapter 19. Red Danish in America . . . . . Chapter 20. Red-and-White Dairy . . . . . . Chapter 21. Contributions to Better Dairying . Chapter 22. Summary . . . . . . . . . Index of Names . . . . . . . . . . . . Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 . . . . 342 . . . . 366 . . . . 386 . . . . 418 . . . . 427 . . . . 434 . . . . 476 . . . . 539 . . . . 549 xii DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Chapter 15. Jerseys in the United States . . . Chapter 16. Dairy Shorthorns in the British Isles Chapter 17. Milking Shorthorns in America . . Chapter 18. Red Danish in Denmark . . . . Chapter 19. Red Danish in America . . . . . Chapter 20. Red-and-White Dairy . . . . . . Chapter 21. Contributions to Better Dairying . Chapter 22. Summary . . . . . . . . . Index of Names . . . . . . . . . . . . Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 . . . . 342 . . . . 366 . . . . 386 . . . . 418 . . . . 427 . . . . 434 . . . . 476 . . . . 539 . . . . 549  CHAPTERI1 GEOLOGICAL ORIGIN OF CATTLE THE HIsTORY of the origin and development of animal life is frag- mentary as obtained by paleontological studies. Although count- less numbers of animals lived, remains of only a few were preserved in fossil form. Some animals drowned in floods, became mired in some bog, or were eaten by predatory animals or man; their bones became covered and preserved from the elements. Erosion, extreme drouth, excavation, or dredging revealed those few specimens to man, but conditions to preserve bones existed in limited areas. Therefore many specimens disintegrated, leaving possibly only a tooth or some study bones. Furthermore the value of these remains may not have been recognized by their discoverers; often the fossils were not turned over to an agency interested in their significance. This imperfect means represents the tools with which to interpret past ages. CHAPTERI1 GEOLOGICAL ORIGIN OF CATTLE THE HISTORY of the origin and development of animal life is frag- mentary as obtained by paleontological studies. Although count- less numbers of animals lived, remains of only a few were preserved in fossil form. Some animals drowned in floods, became mired in some bog, or were eaten by predatory animals or man; their bones became covered and preserved from the elements. Erosion, extreme drouth, excavation, or dredging revealed those few specimens to man, but conditions to preserve bones existed in limited areas. Therefore many specimens disintegrated, leaving possibly only a tooth or some study bones. Furthermore the value of these remains may not have been recognized by their discoverers; often the fossils were not turned over to an agency interested in their significance. This imperfect means represents the tools with which to interpret past ages. CHAPTER 1 GEOLOGICAL ORIGIN OF CATTLE THE HISTORY of the origin and development of animal life is frag- mentary as obtained by paleontological studies. Although count- less numbers of animals lived, remains of only a few were preserved in fossil form. Some animals drowned in floods, became mired in some bog, or were eaten by predatory animals or man; their bones became covered and preserved from the elements. Erosion, extreme drouth, excavation, or dredging revealed those few specimens to man, but conditions to preserve bones existed in limited areas. Therefore many specimens disintegrated, leaving possibly only a tooth or some study bones. Furthermore the value of these remains may not have been recognized by their discoverers; often the fossils were not turned over to an agency interested in their significance. This imperfect means represents the tools with which to interpret past ages.  LDAIRY CATTLE BREEDS GEOLOGICAL AGES One needs to know measures of time to realize the significance of origins, migrations, and descent of species. The ages of fishes, rep- tiles, and mammals are characterized by movements and deposition of earth with entrapped remains of life of each period. Typical ex- posed deposits have been explored and their fauna described. Rates of sedimentation, climatic changes, potassium-argon ratios, and rate of disintegration of radio-carbon-14 have served as methods of es- timating time and are subject to further investigation. No attempt will be made to assign years to these periods, but quoted estimates may be repeated (Table 1.1). The earliest fossil remains of mammals are chiefly those of the marsupials. Such remains are found in rocks of the Triassic and Jurassic periods in Australasia, where the marsupials were protected from encroachment by higher mammals. Some higher placental animals appeared in the Oligocene and Miocene periods, but many did not appear until the Pliocene. Migrations occurred over a long period; their time and direction were affected by geographic and climatic barriers such as mountains, deserts, seas, and icecaps dur- ing glacial periods. Man destroyed wild species during the Old Stone and New Stone Ages, and became a disseminator of domesti- cated animals in the New Stone Age. Fossil remains of cattle (genus Bos) include teeth, skulls, and other bones distributed in parts of southern and western Asia, Europe, and northern Africa. Great Britain and the Channel Islands, which were connected with the continent by land, contributed to early records of cattle. Wild cattle (true genus Bos) did not ap- pear in the western hemisphere. THE MIOCENE AGE Investigations into the origin of cattle lead into mammalian paleon- tology, based on few preserved specimens. Personal viewpoints affect the conclusions, which are subject to reinterpretation when additional discoveries may be made in Asia, Africa, or Europe. LDAIRY CATTLE BREEDS GEOLOGICAL AGEs One needs to know measures of time to realize the significance of origins, migrations, and descent of species. The ages of fishes, rep- tiles, and mammals are characterized by movements and deposition of earth with entrapped remains of life of each period. Typical ex- posed deposits have been explored and their fauna described. Rates of sedimentation, climatic changes, potassium-argon ratios, and rate of disintegration of radio-carbon-14 have served as methods of es- timating time and are subject to further investigation. No attempt will be made to assign years to these periods, but quoted estimates may be repeated (Table 1.1). The earliest fossil remains of mammals are chiefly those of the marsupials. Such remains are found in rocks of the Triassic and Jurassic periods in Australasia, where the marsupials were protected from encroachment by higher mammals. Some higher placental animals appeared in the Oligocene and Miocene periods, but many did not appear until the Pliocene. Migrations occurred over a long period; their time and direction were affected by geographic and climatic barriers such as mountains, deserts, seas, and icecaps dur- ing glacial periods. Man destroyed wild species during the Old Stone and New Stone Ages, and became a disseminator of domesti- cated animals in the New Stone Age. Fossil remains of cattle (genus Bos) include teeth, skulls, and other bones distributed in parts of southern and western Asia, Europe, and northern Africa. Great Britain and the Channel Islands, which were connected with the continent by land, contributed to early records of cattle. Wild cattle (true genus Bos) did not ap- pear in the western hemisphere. THE MIOCENE AGE Investigations into the origin of cattle lead into mammalian paleon- tology, based on few preserved specimens. Personal viewpoints affect the conclusions, which are subject to reinterpretation when additional discoveries may be made in Asia, Africa, or Europe. LDAIRY CATTLE BREEDS GEOLOGICAL AGES One needs to know measures of time to realize the significance of origins, migrations, and descent of species. The ages of fishes, rep- tiles, and mammals are characterized by movements and deposition of earth with entrapped remains of life of each period. Typical ex- posed deposits have been explored and their fauna described. Rates of sedimentation, climatic changes, potassium-argon ratios, and rate of disintegration of radio-carbon-14 have served as methods of es- timating time and are subject to further investigation. No attempt will be made to assign years to these periods, but quoted estimates may be repeated (Table 1.1). The earliest fossil remains of mammals are chiefly those of the marsupials. Such remains are found in rocks of the Triassic and Jurassic periods in Australasia, where the marsupials were protected from encroachment by higher mammals. Some higher placental animals appeared in the Oligocene and Miocene periods, but many did not appear until the Pliocene. Migrations occurred over a long period; their time and direction were affected by geographic and climatic barriers such as mountains, deserts, seas, and icecaps dur- ing glacial periods. Man destroyed wild species during the Old Stone and New Stone Ages, and became a disseminator of domesti- cated animals in the New Stone Age. Fossil remains of cattle (genus Bos) include teeth, skulls, and other bones distributed in parts of southern and western Asia, Europe, and northern Africa. Great Britain and the Channel Islands, which were connected with the continent by land, contributed to early records of cattle. Wild cattle (true genus Bos) did not ap- pear in the western hemisphere. THE MIOCENE AGE Investigations into the origin of cattle lead into mammalian paleon- tology, based on few preserved specimens. Personal viewpoints affect the conclusions, which are subject to reinterpretation when additional discoveries may be made in Asia, Africa, or Europe.  TABLE 1.1 GELGIA AE RELAO ORII F PCE Er aO r prio. ypialif TABLE 1.1 GELGIA AE REAE OOII OFA SPECIES Er Orprio. ypial if TABLE 1.1 GOGICAAA GE EAEAOORGNO PCE CenozoicA A PesentA Man developed culturally; agriculture; Aim- proved livestockA. BAAAAA Man aaanA; early domeAstiation ofaB - imli he eastArn hemisphere; lake dwel- lings; Iate NAw StAnA, Bronze, and IrAn deposits, vaAlIey gaveIs; BAA EAAAABAAAAA and AotAer large mamaAs; migrations AvAr land coAAAcAAAAs. Old StAAe ABA. PIAAAeAe Fossil manA iA east-cAAtrAI AfriAA; LeptobAA and AotAeA AAAAAAAAs; mAAAAtAAA upeaas. MiAAAAe Cassy plinsA; manAy mamaAs; earlyAA OigBAAAAA IAAAeAAed fArAAAA and AAAAe cal foratioAAn; EAAAAA PIaAAAAAI mamaAAI with hoAAs and BrindinB PEAAAAA Many aAAieAA maaAA. CraceAAAAA Brad-laf foAAssincaseAA; AAoAAAAIa fAAm- BAAn; birds, sakesA; lt Af dinAsaurs. JuaAAic TAAthed birds; moAAA mamalsA; dicotyedon- TrasAic Land pIaAts, dinAsaurs, AAeptIAes, pimitAAvA mamals;AA Bypsum and salIt depoits. eranAA Reptiles, insAAts sAited AA less hum~iden CarbonifeArous FAreAtso Ath oal mAIasuresAA; ampbiansA sharks, AAInoids. DAAvoniAn TrAAs, fernl, maAAne fishes appaA. SilAAAAn Landplants, earAlyinAeAts. OrdoviciaA Snails, AmAIIAsAA, sponges, AoAAIs, fBAhaterA Bfihe. CamrianA Early fosil mainAA life; trilobites appaA roAAAAAAiA Primitive marAAAA forms appar rarely,en traped by sedAiatAAAA. AAIAAAzoiA Igneousrock, mamorphoAsfis ocAArinAA. CAAnAzoAic TAAAIAAI PesAAA Man dAAAIoped cAIturally; agrAicultur; im- pAAAed liAvAstAAk. BAAAAA MaA aA artisaA; eaAly dAmeaA tiAon ofan- AAAAls iA Ahe eastArA heisAApheArA; lake dwel- ings; la New SAAAA, BAAAAA, and IAon deposits, vaIIey gaveAIA; BAA pIAAAAAAAAAA and AcoAnetion. Old StoAA AgA. PioAAne FAAAsil man in eaAA-centaI AfiAa; LAeAtobAs ad AtBAr ruAiantsAA; moAAAtAiA uphaasI. MioAAAA Gassy plins; many mamaA lsA; eaAly - OligoAeAe InAAAaAed foAAAtA ad AsAme calA forationA; EocenA PIaAental mamaAAI wAiAh hoofs and grinding PalAocAAA Many aAAiAnt mamaA lsAI. CraceoAus BraAd-laf forests increase;AsoeAal AforaA - Juaic Toothed birds; mAorA mamalsA; dicotyledon- TrassiAc Land plants, dinosauAA, reptilAA, primitAve mamals;A BypsAuA and tall depoits. PermAaA ReptIles, inseAtA AuAted Ao IAsA humiden Carboniferous Forestso Ath oal mAAI asurAeAs; amphibans, shIarks, AAInoids. DAvonian TAees, ferns, mariAA fiAhAs apparA. SilArian Lan~d ants, earAlyiAAeAts. OrdoviAian SAnaiAs, molIIusAA, sponges, AoraIs, frsaterAA fishes. CamriaAA EaAly fossl marAAAA lifA; tilobites appar. roterozAic Priitiv marAAne Bforms apearA rarAly,en trapped by Aedimentation. rAhAozoiA IAAeoAsArock, mamorAAphois occAringA. CenozAoic T P PAesent Man developeId culturaIly; agricuItur;im proved livesAtock. RAAAAt MaA aA arian; early domes~tiation ofan- iasiA the astAArA BAispAAA; lakA dwel- in~gA; la NAew SAonA, BronAA, and IAon depAits, vaIIey gavels; BAA primABigeni and othAr large mamalsA; migrations over land AonnActions. Old StonA ABA. PioceAne FAsitl man in ast-centraI Afia; LeptobAA ad othAer ruantsAA; AAuaA inA Aphaals. MioAAnA Gassy plinA; maAy maalsI; arlyI ru OliBocene BncAAased forAsts ad someA cal forationA; EoAAAA PlaAAAtaI amaAlsI Awith hoofs and BrindiAB PaeoAAAA Many anientAamalsAI. CraceoAAuA Brad-lafAfoestinreaseA;IsoeAaAlAforaAI- tBAA; birds, sakeA; last Af diAosaAr. JuasicA ToAotAed birds; moreA mamalsI; dicotyledon- TrasicA Land pIants, dinosauAs, AAAtiles, primitAvA PAeAAAaA Repti, iAAect siteAd to less hum~iden CaAbAAiBAAAAA ForeAtso Ath cBal AAeIasArAeA; am~phians, sharks, AAAnoids. DAvAniaA Trees, ferns, maiAA fisheAs appar. SiIAAAaA Landpants, earlinsecAts. OrdoviAian SAnais, moIIusAs, sponges, AAAaIs, frsaterAAA CambraA EaAly fosil maineA lA; tioIbites appar. roteAozoiA PrimitiAA maie formsAAaparArarely,en taped by sedAimatAion. rcAeoAAAA IBAAouAAoAk, mamorphs~isA ocAuringA.  4 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS J. Cossar Ewart reported to the Scottish Cattle Breeding Confer- ence that: At the end of the Miocene Age, the immense area between the Ganges and the Jumna [rivers], now occupied by the Si- walik Hills, consisted of boundless well-watered plains. That they were fertile will be evident in that they supported a large number of mammals, including three-toed horses, pigs, sheep, goats and antelopes, also buffaloes, bison, and of es- pecial interest Leptobos, the oldest and in many ways the most primitive known member of the ox family. Some writers, however, did not regard Leptobos as a true mem- ber of the ox family but rather as an older form from which the true ox may have descended. The Siwalik Hills (Fig. 1.) are a former ancient flood plain ex- tending along the Himalayan foothills in East Punjab into United Provinces in northern India. Hollow-horned mammals, including three species of true oxen (Bos) which were ancestors of domestic cattle, appear to have originated in this region. THE PLIOCENE AGE Pilgrim classed the fauna of the Pinjor zone (in the upper Siwalik Hills) at the headwaters of the Bunnah River as belonging to the lower part of the middle Pliocene Age. Fossil camel, Hemibos, horse, Leptobos, and others occurred here. Overlaying boulder con- glomerate also yielded fossil buffalo, camel, hippopotamus, horse, rhinoceros, and swine, as well as B. acutifrons, B. planifrons, and B. platyrhinus. He concluded, "Then the first appearance of true Bos is in the Upper Pliocene of the Siwaliks, while Leptobos and Hemi- bos precede it in the Middle and Lower Pliocene." THE PLEISTOCENE AGE The earliest fossil remains of true cattle were found in the lower Pleistocene deposits in the Siwalik Hills of north central India below the Himalayan mountains (Fig. 1.2). This earliest true ox was dis- 4 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS J. Cossar Ewart reported to the Scottish Cattle Breeding Confer- ence that: At the end of the Miocene Age, the immense area between the Ganges and the Jumna [rivers], now occupied by the Si- walik Hills, consisted of boundless well-watered plains. That they were fertile will be evident in that they supported a large number of mammals, including three-toed horses, pigs, sheep, goats and antelopes, also buffaloes, bison, and of es- pecial interest Leptobos, the oldest and in many ways the most primitive known member of the on family. Some writers, however, did not regard Leptobos as a true mem- ber of the ox family but rather as an older form from which the true ox may have descended. The Siwalik Hills (Fig. Ll) are a former ancient flood plain ex- tending along the Himalayan foothills in East Punjab into United Provinces in northern India. Hollow-horned mammals, including three species of true oxen (Bos) which were ancestors of domestic cattle, appear to have originated in this region. THE PLIOCENE AGE Pilgrim classed the fauna of the Pinjor zone (in the upper Siwalik Hills) at the headwaters of the Bunnah River as belonging to the lower part of the middle Pliocene Age. Fossil camel, Hemibos, horse, Leptobos, and others occurred here. Overlaying boulder con- glomerate also yielded fossil buffalo, camel, hippopotamus, horse, rhinoceros, and swine, as well as B. acutifrons, B. planifrons, and B. platyrhinus. He concluded, "Then the first appearance of true Bos is in the Upper Pliocene of the Siwaliks, while Leptobos and Hemi- bos precede it in the Middle and Lower Pliocene." THE PLEISTOCENE AGE The earliest fossil remains of true cattle were found in the lower Pleistocene deposits in the Siwalik Hills of north central India below the Himalayan mountains (Fig. 1.2). This earliest true ox was dis- 4 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS J. Cossar Ewart reported to the Scottish Cattle Breeding Confer- ence that: At the end of the Miocene Age, the immense area between the Ganges and the Jumna {rivers], now occupied by the Si- walik Hills, consisted of boundless well-watered plains. That they were fertile will be evident in that they supported a large number of mammals, including three-toed horses, pigs, sheep, goats and antelopes, also buffaloes, bison, and of es- pecial interest Leptobos, the oldest and in many ways the most primitive known member of the ox family. Some writers, however, did not regard Leptobos as a true mem- ber of the ox family but rather as an older form from which the true ox may have descended. The Siwalik Hills (Fig. Ll) are a former ancient flood plain ex- tending along the Himalayan foothills in East Punjab into United Provinces in northern India. Hollow-horned mammals, including three species of true oxen (Bos) which were ancestors of domestic cattle, appear to have originated in this region. THE PL1OCENE AGE Pilgrim classed the fauna of the Pinjor zone (in the upper Siwalik Hills) at the headwaters of the Bunnah River as belonging to the lower part of the middle Pliocene Age. Fossil camel, Hemibos, horse, Leptobos, and others occurred here. Overlaying boulder con- glomerate also yielded fossil buffalo, camel, hippopotamus, horse, rhinoceros, and swine, as well as B. acutifrons, B. planifrons, and B. platyrhinus. He concluded, "Then the first appearance of true Bos is in the Upper Pliocene of the Siwaliks, while Leptobos and Hemi- bos precede it in the Middle and Lower Pliocene." THE PLEISTOCENE AGE The earliest fossil remains of true cattle were found in the lower Pleistocene deposits in the Siwalik Hills of north central India below the Himalayan mountains (Fig. 1.2). This earliest true ox was dis-  Geological Origin 5 covered by Hackett in the Narbada Valley in 1874, and was named B. acutifrons Lydekker. The shall has a sharp eidge frons the pa11 down In the middle at the faeehead. The haens were nely 10 feet fernm tip to tip, and estended ontwaed and npwaed. The neat yongee geavel deposits af the Naebada Valley in this region yielded eemains af B. namadicus (oe B. planifrons Lydek- kee), as shown in Figure 1.3. B. planifeans, an extinct Indian as, was af slendee build, with hoens at the hull set law an the shall. It was desceihed firest by Falconee and Cautley, and called also B. tauerausmacracceros Dueest, ae B. palsagausa by Rutimeyee. This wild species was contempoaeouas with eaely man in India during the Old Stnec Age. Its eemains were peesent also in the lowest levels excavated at Anau in Tuekestan by Duest in 1904. The spe- cies which Duerst found in the higher deposits at Anau wee smaller and mare refined and had shorter horns. He desceibed it as B. tarus brachyceros. Northerm India was a center team wehich Geological Origin 5 cavered by Hackett in the Narbada Valley in 1874, and was named B. acutifrons Lydekke. The skult has a shaep eidge fernm the pall dawn to the middle at the forehead. The hamns weee nearly 10 feet lernm tip to tip, and extended outward and upward. The neat yonger gravel deposits at the Narbada Valley in this region yielded remains of B. namadieus (oe B. planifrons Lydek- kee), as shown in Figue 1.3. B. plansifeans, an extinct Indian as, wasatfslenderebuild, with hoensnofthehbull set lowonthe shall. It was desceibed firest by Falconee and Cautley, and called also B. taueunawcraceros Ducerst, or B. palacagacrus by Rutimcyer. This wild species was contcmpoaeous with eaely man in India during the Old Stnec Age. Its remains wee peesent alsa in the lowest levels excavated at Aran in Tuekestan by Duerst in 1904. The spe- cies which Duerst found in the higher deposits at Anau wee smaller and mare refined and had shorteehorms. He desceibed it as B. tauena beachyceros. Northerm India was a center lernm which Geological Origin 5 covered by Hackett in the Naebada Valley in 1874, and seas named B. acutifrons Lydekkce. The shall has a sharp ridge lernm the pall dawn to the middle at the forehcad. The hamns wee neaely 10 feet lernm tip to tip, and estcnded outwaed and upward. The next yongee gravel deposits al the Narbada Valley in this eegian yielded remains at B. namadicus (oe B. plsnifrons Lydek- kee), as shown in Figure 1.3. B. planifron, an extinct Indian as, was at slendee build, with barns afth abull set law an the skull. It was dcscribcd Berst by Falconer and Cautley, and called also B. tauena macrocceros Ducrst, or B. palaeogarus by Rutimeye. This wild species was contempoeaneos with early man in India during the Old Stnec Agc. Its remains wre present also in the lowest levels excavated at Anau in Turkestan by Duerst in 1904. The spe- cies which Duerst found in the higher deposits at Anau were smaller and mare refined and had shorterhorns. He desceibed it as B. taurus brachycero. Northern India was a center tram which r FIG. 1.1. The Siwalik Hills extend along the southern Himalayan foothills in East Punab and United Provinces betweenheadwaters ofthe Juna ns d Ganges riers. Tke genus Lsptobos and asker ballsw-horned mammals de- veloped herecdurngthe late Miocene andearly Plocene aes. (Useaof the coprighted background mar by permisson ofthe Rand McNally Comamny.) FIG. 1.1. The Siwalih Hills extend alang the suthern Himalayan foothills in East Punjab and United Provines betneen headwraters of the Jumna and Gangecs rivers. The genus Leptobos and ashes hollon-horned mammals de- veloped here doring the late Miocene and earle Pliocene ages. (Use of she copyrighted backgrond map hy permission of tbe Rand McNally Company.) FIG. 1.1. The Siwatih Hilts sxtead slang the southern Hsmalayan fothills i EastPunjabhand Untd Provinces hetweenheadwaters othelJunaamd Gangesrivers. The grants Leptobos and asker hollom-horned manmals de- velopd hererduringtherlateMioeneandaryPioene ages. (Useofthe copyrighted background mtap hr prmssion of the Rtand McNally Campany.)  6 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS hollow-horned mammals (Cavicornia) disseminated. Bovines ap- peared first in the sub-Himalayas. The small cattle (Hemibos) are related to the existing anoa of the Celebes. Long-skulled forms such as the ancestral ox (Lep- tobos) appear to be similar to the species L. etruscus in the Val d'Arno in the "Recent Pliocene Fauna" of Europe. The true ox (Bos) appeared in Europe after the beginning of Pleistocene times -the second faunal stage. The Swiss paleontologist Professor L. Rutimeyer regarded B. acu- tifrons and B. namadicus as the Asiatic and probably older forms of B. primigenius; Richard Lydekker considered them distinct, but suggested B. namadicus as a descendant of B. acutifrons. B. plani- frons Lydekker, with shorter horns and flattened frontal bones, may have been the female of B. acutifrons. FIG. 1.2. Bos acutifrons was the largest known wild ox. The bone horn cores spanned 86.5 inches even though broken off where yet over 3 inches in di- ameter. (Photographed by Dr. M. V. A. Sastry, Geological Survey of India.) FIG. 1.3. Bos namadicus, or Bos planifrons, was contempo- rary with early man during the Pleistocene Age in the Punjab province of India. (Photographed by Dr. M. V. A. Sastry.) 6 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS hollow-horned mammals (Caoicornia) disseminated. Bovines ap- peared first in the sub-Himalayas. The small cattle (Hemibos) are related to the existing anoa of the Celebes. Long-skulled forms such as the ancestral ox (Lep- tobos) appear to be similar to the species L. etruscus in the Val d'Arno in the "Recent Pliocene Fauna" of Europe. The true ox (Bos) appeared in Europe after the beginning of Pleistocene times -the second faunal stage. The Swiss paleontologist Professor L. Rutimeyer regarded B. acu- tifrons and B. namadicus as the Asiatic and probably older forms of B. primigenius; Richard Lydekker considered them distinct, but suggested B. namadicus as a descendant of B. acutifrons. B. plani- frons Lydekker, with shorter horns and flattened frontal bones, may have been the female of B. acutifrons. FIG. 1.2. Bos acutifrons was the largest known wild ox. The bone horn cores spanned 86.5 inches even though broken off where yet over 3 inches in di- ameter. (Photographed by Dr. M. V. A. Sastry, Geological Survey of India.) FIG. 1.3. Bos namadicus, or Bos planifrons, was contempo- rary with early man during the Pleistocene Age in the Punjab province of India. (Photographed by Dr. M. V. A. Sastry.) 6 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS hollow-horned mammals (Cavicornia) disseminated. Bovines ap- peared first in the sub-Himalayas. The small cattle (Hemibos) are related to the existing anoa of the Celebes. Long-skulled forms such as the ancestral ox (Lep- tobos) appear to be similar to the species L. etruscus in the Val d'Arno in the "Recent Pliocene Fauna" of Europe. The true ox (Bos) appeared in Europe after the beginning of Pleistocene times -the second faunal stage. The Swiss paleontologist Professor L. Rutimeyer regarded B. acu- tifrons and B. namadicus as the Asiatic and probably older forms of B. primigenius; Richard Lydekker considered them distinct, but suggested B. namadicus as a descendant of B. acutifrons. B. plani- frons Lydekker, with shorter horns and flattened frontal bones, may have been the female of B. acutifrons. FIG. 1.2. Bos acutifrons was the largest known wild ox. The bone horn cores spanned 86.5 inches even though broken off where yet over 3 inches in di- ameter. (Photographed by Dr. M. V. A. Sastry, Geological Survey of India.) FIG. 1.3. BOas namadicus, or Bos planifrons, was contempo- rary with early man during the Pleistocene Age in the Punjab province of India. (Photographed by Dr. M. V. A. Sastry.)  Geological Origin 7 Geological Origin 7 Geological Origin 7 Lydekker wrote of the Siwalik fauna in the Pliocene: Originally discovered in the outer ranges of the typical Hima- layan area, the Siwalik fauna has been traced towards the northwest into Punjab, Kach, Sind and the northwestern fron- tier of Baluchistan; the beds from the two latter areas being lower in the series than those from the typical Siwalik Hills, and containing an older assemblage of forms, although several are common to all. .. Goats and oxen for the first time made their appearance, the former being represented by species belonging to the typ- ical Capra, and to the shorter-horned genus Hemitragus. The oxen (Bos) included members of all existing groups with up- right triangular horns nearly allied to the anoa of the Celebes. ... Genera like Hippopotamus, Bos, Capra, Equus and Elephas are unknown previous to the Siwalik epoch, and some of them were evolved at or about that time in the Indian area. Lydekker considered B. taurus primigenius to be the ancestral stock of domesticated cattle. B. fraseri has been identified with a skull from the Pleistocene formation in the Narbada valley. The genera Equus and Elephas existed in North America in an earlier period. Teeth of the camel occur also in some hard rock phosphate deposits in America. Rutimeyer stated that B. etruscus H. Falconer (or L. elatus) was found with remains of mastodon, elephant, rhinoceros, and hippo- potamus in the late Pliocene deposits of the Astigiana, between San Paula and Dusino, Italy. B. etruscus, a specimen of which is in the museum in Turin, Italy, ranged widely in Italy and France. B. etruscus (male) had wide heavy horn bases and a less promi- nent poll than other later European species of cattle. Females were hornless. From its anatomy, B. etruscus appeared to be related to the banteng or Java ox of the present day-Bos sondaicns-but with horns placed low on the skull near the eyes. A Siwalik representa- tive, B. falconeri, had a more slender skull and horns of the bulls turned upward more. THE OLD STONE AGE Many fossil remains of B. primigenius Bojanus (Fig. 1.4), repre- senting the Old Stone Age, have been found over western Asia, northern Africa, and nearly all of Europe and the British Isles. Lydekker wrote of the Siwalik fauna in the Pliocene: Originally discovered in the outer ranges of the typical Hima- layan area, the Siwalik fauna has been traced towards the northwest into Punjab, Kach, Sind and the northwestern fron- tier of Baluchistan; the beds from the two latter areas being lower in the series than those from the typical Siwalik Hills, and containing an older assemblage of forms, although several are common to all. . Goats and oxen for the first time made their appearance, the former being represented by species belonging to the typ- ical Capra, and to the shorter-horned genus Hemitragus. The oxen (Bos) included members of all existing groups with up- right triangular horns nearly allied to the anoa of the Celebes. ... Genera like Hippopotamus, Bos, Capra, Equus and Elephas are unknown previous to the Siwalik epoch, and some of them were evolved at or about that time in the Indian area. Lydekker considered B. taurus primigenius to be the ancestral stock of domesticated cattle. B. fraseri has been identified with a skull from the Pleistocene formation in the Narbada valley. The genera Equus and Elephas existed in North America in an earlier period. Teeth of the camel occur also in some hard rock phosphate deposits in America. Rutimeyer stated that B. etruscus H. Falconer (or L. elatus) was found with remains of mastodon, elephant, rhinoceros, and hippo- potamus in the late Pliocene deposits of the Astigiana, between San Paula and Dusino, Italy. B. etruscus, a specimen of which is in the museum in Turin, Italy, ranged widely in Italy and France. B. etruscus (male) had wide heavy horn bases and a less promi- nent poll than other later European species of cattle. Females were hornless. From its anatomy, B. etruscus appeared to be related to the banteng or Java ox of the present day-Bos sondaicus-but with horns placed low on the skull near the eyes. A Siwalik representa- tive, B. falconeri, had a more slender skull and horns of the bulls turned upward more. THE OLD STONE AGE Many fossil remains of B. primigenius Bojanus (Fig. 1.4), repre- senting the Old Stone Age, have been found over western Asia, northern Africa, and nearly all of Europe and the British Isles. Lydekker wrote of the Siwalik fauna in the Pliocene: Originally discovered in the outer ranges of the typical Hima- layan area, the Siwalik fauna has been traced towards the northwest into Punjab, Kach, Sind and the northwestern fron- tier of Baluchistan; the beds from the two latter areas being lower in the series than those from the typical Siwalik Hills, and containing an older assemblage of forms, although several are common to all.... Goats and oxen for the first time made their appearance, the former being represented by species belonging to the typ- ical Capra, and to the shorter-horned genus Hemitragus. The oxen (Bos) included members of all existing groups with up- right triangular horns nearly allied to the anoa of the Celebes. ... Genera like Hippopotamus, Bos, Capra, Equus and Elephas are unknown previous to the Siwalik epoch, and some of them were evolved at or about that time in the Indian area. Lydekker considered B. taurus primigenius to be the ancestral stock of domesticated cattle. B. fraseri has been identified with a skull from the Pleistocene formation in the Narbada valley. The genera Equus and Elephas existed in North America in an earlier period. Teeth of the camel occur also in some hard rock phosphate deposits in America. Rutimeyer stated that B. etruscus H. Falconer (or L. elatus) was found with remains of mastodon, elephant, rhinoceros, and hippo- potamus in the late Pliocene deposits of the Astigiana, between San Paula and Dusino, Italy. B. etruscus, a specimen of which is in the museum in Turin, Italy, ranged widely in Italy and France. B. etruscus (male) had wide heavy horn bases and a less promi- nent poll than other later European species of cattle. Females were hornless. From its anatomy, B. etruscus appeared to be related to the banteng or Java ox of the present day-Bos sondaicus-but with horns placed low on the skull near the eyes. A Siwalik representa- tive, B. falconeri, had a more slender skull and horns of the bulls turned upward more. THE OLD STONE ACE Many fossil remains of B. primigenius Bojanus (Fig. 1.4), repre- senting the Old Stone Age, have been found over western Asia, northern Africa, and nearly all of Europe and the British Isles.  8 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Waterworn rocks, broken by man for a sharp edge, were called Soan-type artifacts in southern Asia. They occurred with a B. na- madicus skull during the Pleistocene in the Punjab province of India. The older river-drift gravel beds along the Somme, Oise, and Thames rivers in France and England yielded fossilized bones of the primitive wild ox. Specimens occurred in the more recent gravels along the river valleys of France. Ludwig H. Bojanus de- scribed the fossil remains of the ox in these gravel beds in 1827 and named the species B. primigenius. This species roamed wild over all of western Europe and northern Africa. The crudest flint implements made by man were associated with fossil ox bones in the older river drifts. The first of these imple- ments recognized as the work of early man were discovered by M. Boucher de Perthes in 1847 near Amiens and Abbeville in the Somme River valley of France. J. Wyatt found similar ones near 8 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Waterworn rocks, broken by man for a sharp edge, were called Soan-type artifacts in southern Asia. They occurred with a B. na- madicus skull during the Pleistocene in the Punjab province of India. The older river-drift gravel beds along the Somme, Oise, and Thames rivers in France and England yielded fossilized bones of the primitive wild ox. Specimens occurred in the more recent gravels along the river valleys of France. Ludwig H. Bojanus de- scribed the fossil remains of the ox in these gravel beds in 1827 and named the species B. primigenius. This species roamed wild over all of western Europe and northern Africa. The crudest flint implements made by man were associated with fossil ox bones in the older river drifts. The first of these imple- ments recognized as the work of early man were discovered by M. Boucher de Perthes in 1847 near Amiens and Abbeville in the Somme River valley of France. J. Wyatt found similar ones near 8 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Waterworn rocks, broken by man for a sharp edge, were called Soan-type artifacts in southern Asia. They occurred with a B. no- madicus skull during the Pleistocene in the Punjab province of India. The older river-drift gravel beds along the Somme, Oise, and Thames rivers in France and England yielded fossilized bones of the primitive wild ox. Specimens occurred in the more recent gravels along the river valleys of France. Ludwig H. Bojanus de- scribed the fossil remains of the ox in these gravel beds in 1827 and named the species B. primigenius. This species roamed wild over all of western Europe and northern Africa. The crudest flint implements made by man were associated with fossil ox bones in the older river drifts. The first of these imple- ments recognized as the work of early man were discovered by M. Boucher de Perthes in 1847 near Amiens and Abbeville in the Somme River valley of France. J. Wyatt found similar ones near FIG. 1.4. The great ox Bos primigenius Bojanus spread during the Pleistocene Age over Europe and the British Isles. The last specimen died in captivity in 1627. This specimen was taken from a deposit near Athol, Perthshire. M-2245. British Museum. FIG. 1.4. The great ox Bos primigenius Bojanus spread during the Pleistocene Age over Europe and the British Isles. The last specimen died in captivity in 1627. This specimen was taken from a deposit near Athol, Perthshire. M-2245. British Museum. FIG. 1.4. The great ox BOs primigenius Bojanus spread during the Pleistocene Age over Europe and the British Isles. The last specimen died in captivity in 1627. This specimen was taken from a deposit near Athol, Perthshire. M-2245. British Museum.  Geological Origin 9 Geological Origin 9 Geological Origin 9 Bedford, England, along with bones of deer, hippopotamus, horse, mammoth, ox, and rhinoceros. VIAN As HUNTERS Man sometimes lived in caves and shelters during part of the next stage of civilization. Primitive man used flaked weapons and tools; he brought home the quarry to his cave where the flesh was eaten and the long bones broken for marrow. B. primigenius bones weere not disfigured by gnawing, indicating the dog had not yet become man's companion. An early hunter broke a young bull's lumbar vertebra with a spear. The animal escaped and the bone healed. The bull broke through the ice and drowned when five to six years old. Professor Sven Nilsson excavated it in 1840 from 10 feet deep in the peat bog at Onnarp, Sweden. Another ox drowned in a bog in northwestern Sjaelland, Denmark. Almost the entire skeleton was recovered (Fig. 1.5) on removal of peat. Small flint microliths weere embedded in two ribs. A skull dug from Burwell Fen, near Cambridge, England, Bedford, England, along with bones of deer, hippopotamus, horse, mammoth, ox, and rhinoceros. MAN As HUNTERs Man sometimes lived in caves and shelters during part of the next stage of civilization. Primitive man used flaked weapons and tools; he brought home the quarry to his cave where the flesh was eaten and the long bones broken for marrow. B. primigenius bones were not disfigured by gnawing, indicating the dog had not yet become man's companion. An early hunter broke a young bull's lumbar vertebra with a spear. The animal escaped and the bone healed. The bull broke through the ice and drowned when five to six years old. Professor Sven Nilsson excavated it in 1840 from 10 feet deep in the peat bog at Onnarp, Sweden. Another ox drowned in a bog in northwestern Sjaelland, Denmark. Almost the entire skeleton was recovered (Fig. 1.5) on removal of peat. Small flint microliths were embedded in two ribs. A skull dug from Burwell Fen, near Cambridge, England, Bedford, England, along with bones of deer, hippopotamus, horse, mammoth, ox, and rhinoceros. MAN As HUNTERS Man sometimes lived in caves and shelters during part of the next stage of civilization. Primitive man used flaked weapons and tools; he brought home the quarry to his cave where the flesh was eaten and the long bones broken for marrow. B. primigenius bones were not disfigured by gnawing, indicating the dog had not yet become man's companion. An early hunter broke a young bull's lumbar vertebra with a spear. The animal escaped and the bone healed. The bull broke through the ice and drowned when five to six years old. Professor Sven Nilsson excavated it in 1840 from 10 feet deep in the peat bog at Onnarp, Sweden. Another ox drowned in a bog in northwestern Sjaelland, Denmark. Almost the entire skeleton was recovered (Fig. 1.5) on removal of peat. Small flint microliths were embedded in two ribs. A skull dug from Burwell Fen, near Cambridge, England, FIG. 1.5. Bos primigenius was hunted by early man for food. This animal, the skeleton of which is in the Danish National Museum at Copenhagen, was shot in the flank and two ribs with small flint microliths before it drowned in a peat boe near Vie on the Island of Siaelland. Denmark. FIG. 1.5. Bos primigenius was hunted by early man for food. This animal, the skeleton of which is in the Danish National Museum at Copenhagen, was shot in the flank and two ribs with small flint microliths before it drowned in a peat boa near Via on the Island of Siaelland. Denmark. FIG. 1.5. Bos primigenius was hunted by early man for food. This animal, the skeleton of which is in the Danish National Museum at Copenhagen, was shot in the flank and two ribs with small flint microliths before it drowned in a peat bo near Via on the Island of Siaelland, Denmark.  10 DAIRY CATTLE BRBE EDS had a broken celt or flint axe in its forehead (Fig. 1.6). A skoll pre- serwed at Bromberg, Prossia, had three spear woonds oo the fore- head. These findings indicated that msan hooted the wild asx B. peimoigenius for food. B. primigentius stood 6 to 7 feel tall at the withers. A osature cow 10 DAIBY CATTLE nnnEnS had a broken cell or flint axe in its fnrehead (Fig. 1.6). A shall pre- served at Brombrg, Prossia, had three spear woonds on the fore- head. These findings indicated that man honted the wild on B. peimigenius for food. B. primigenius stood 6 to 7 feet tall at the withers. A maturee cow 10 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS had a broken cell or flint axe in its forehead (Fig. 1.6). A skoll pre- serwed at Bromenheg, Prossia, had three spear wooods on the fore- head. These findings indicated that man honted the wild nox B. peimoigensis for food. B. primoigenius stood 6 to 7 feet tall at the withers. A mature cow a is FIG. 1.6. A flint axe penetrated this Bos primigenius skull, found in Burwell Fen, near Cambridge, England. FIG.1.5 A lin st pes~ted 1,1 EspeiigetsslsllStad i Osswl FSCttiAfsFIG. esT1.6t.tlsAttflintsicnaxettpenetratnedcn ll IG. .5BA sst os ot sgtnstthiskullsigesfountd51 intadiurwellel Fec, nets Cnnsb~~~tdge, Englcad. ~Fen, nar Cssssrid s,- Englansd. Fc esCsisde sgad FIG. L6. A flint axe pe -tra6 -! this Bos prim'genius skull, found in Burwell Fen, near Cambridge, England.  GeoogialOrigi 11 Geolgica Origi 11 Geoogca Orgi skeleton, which was exhibited at the Technical Agricultural High School in Berlin, was taken from the bottom of a peat bog at Guhlen, Brandenburg, Germany. An almost complete skeleton was in the Sedgwick (Woodwardian) Museum at Cambridge, England. CAVES AND CAvE PAINTINGS Caves have yielded considerable evidence concerning cattle. E. O. James mentioned that: the Abbes A. and J. Souyssenie and Barden found in a low- roofed cave near the village of La Chapelle-sur-Saints . . . in the department of Cobreze, a Neanderthal skeleton lying in a small pit near the center of the passage . . . stones surrounding the skeleton. Mousterian flints, estimated at two thousand, and the bones of the woolly rhinoceros, reindeer, ibex, bison, cave- hyena, and other cold-loving animals occurred in the deposit, while above the skull were the leg bones of the ancient type of ox, and pieces of quarts, flint, ochre, and broken bones were arranged around the skeleton. The wild ox was used for food long before the advent of Neo- lithic man and a smaller kind of domesticated cattle. Keith esti- mated the Mousterian period at the Wurm glaciation of northern Europe at about 40,000 B.c. Cave paintings were discovered in 1879 by the five-year old daughter of the Spanish Marquis de Sautuola while he was exca- vating Altamira Cave in the Pyrenees Mountains near Santillana del Mar. Similar cave paintings have been found in France, Spain, Italy, and the Libyan Desert in Africa. Cliff and rock shelters south- west of Tripoli in the Sahara Desert bear paintings of cattle in do- mestication. Primitive cave paintings date to the Aurignacian period of the Old Stone Age, estimated at about 20,000 B.c. The older designs are crude outline drawings, but others appear in good proportions. Early designs were colored in red or black on limestone walls and ceilings of ancient caves (Fig. 1.7). Later paintings combined three or more colors. A cave at Pasiega, Spain, contained over 250 paint- ings and 36 engravings of bison, chamois, deer, horses, ibex, and skeleton, which was exhibited at the Technical Agricultural High School in Berlin, was taken from the bottom of a peat bog at Guhlen, Brandenburg, Germany. An almost complete skeleton was in the Sedgwick (Woodwardian) Museum at Cambridge, England. CAVES AND CAVE PAINTINGS Caves have yielded considerable evidence concerning cattle. E. O. James mentioned that: the Abbes A. and J. Souyssenie and Barden found in a low- roofed cave near the village of La Chapelle-sur-Saints . . . in the department of Cobreze, a Neanderthal skeleton lying in a small pit near the center of the passage . . . stones surrounding the skeleton. Mousterian flints, estimated at two thousand, and the bones of the woolly rhinoceros, reindeer, ibex, bison, cave- hyena, and other cold-loving animals occurred in the deposit, while above the skull weere the leg bones of the ancient type of ox, and pieces of quarts, flint, ochre, and broken bones were arranged around the skeleton. The wild ox was used for food long before the advent of Neo- lithic man and a smaller kind of domesticated cattle. Keith esti- mated the Mousterian period at the Warm glaciation of northern Europe at about 40,000 B.C. Cave paintings were discovered in 1879 by the five-year old daughter of the Spanish Marquis de Sautuola while he was exca- vating Altamira Cave in the Pyrenees Mountains near Santillana del Mar. Similar cave paintings have been found in France, Spain, Italy, and the Libyan Desert in Africa. Cliff and rock shelters south- west of Tripoli in the Sahara Desert bear paintings of cattle in do- mestication. Primitive cave paintings date to the Aurignacian period of the Old Stone Age, estimated at about 20,000 B.C. The older designs are crude outline drawings, but others appear in good proportions. Early designs were colored in red or black on limestone walls and ceilings of ancient caves (Fig. 0.7). Later paintings combined three or more colors. A cave at Pasiega, Spain, contained over 250 paint- ings and 36 engravings of bison, chamois, deer, horses, ibex, and skeleton, which was exhibited at the Technical Agricultural High School in Berlin, was taken from the bottom of a peat bog at Guhlen, Brandenburg, Germany. An almost complete skeleton was in the Sedgwick (Woodwardian) Museum at Cambridge, England. CAVES AND CAVE PAINTINGS Caves have yielded considerable evidence concerning cattle. E. O. James mentioned that: the Abbs A. and J. Souyssenie and Barden found in a low- roofed cave near the village of La Chapelle-sur-Saints . . . in the department of Cobreze, a Neanderthal skeleton lying in a small pit near the center of the passage ... stones surrounding the skeleton. Mousterian flints, estimated at two thousand, and the bones of the woolly rhinoceros, reindeer, ibex, bison, cave- hyena, and other cold-loving animals occurred in the deposit, while above the skull weere the leg bones of the ancient type of ox, and pieces of quarts, flint, ochre, and broken bones were arranged around the skeleton. The wild ox was used for food long before the advent of Neo- lithic man and a smaller kind of domesticated cattle. Keith esti- mated the Mousterian period at the Wurm glaciation of northern Europe at about 40,000 B.C. Cave paintings were discovered in 1879 by the five-year old daughter of the Spanish Marquis de Sautuola while he was exca- vating Altamira Cave in the Pyrenees Mountains near Santillana del Mar. Similar cave paintings have been found in France, Spain, Italy, and the Libyan Desert in Africa. Cliff and rock shelters south- west of Tripoli in the Sahara Desert bear paintings of cattle in do- mestication. Primitive cave paintings date to the Aurignacian period of the Old Stone Age, estimated at about 20,000 B.c. The older designs are crude outline drawings, but others appear in good proportions. Early designs were colored in red or black on limestone walls and ceilings of ancient caves (Fig. 1.7). Later paintings combined three or more colors. A cave at Pasiega, Spain, contained over 250 paint- ings and 36 engravings of bison, chamois, deer, horses, ibex, and  12 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS stag done chiefly in red. Animals in caves were depicted as pierced by arrows or spears. Many paintings showed scenes of the chase (Fig. 1.8), or of cows and younger animals being killed by spears or arrows-an unlikely practice if domestication had been known. Such paintings were in the Albarracia, La Madelaine, Lascaux, Sovigna, and other caves. One painting (Plate XII, of J. Cabre) pictured in red three cattle with long horns directed upward and outward. Human beings were close to three horned cattle in at least one cave painting. No weapons were in their hands, and the cattle were standing quietly. Was this intended to indicate domesticated cattle? Ernst Grosse ob- served that hunting people neglected plants in cave paintings. THE NEw STONE AGE Man in Europe was still a hunter and fisherman at the beginning of the New Stone Age. Kkkenmnddinger-shell mounds-along the North Sea and deposits in cave dwellings contained fossil bones of animals not domesticated. 12 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS stag done chiefly in red. Animals in caves were depicted as pierced by arrows or spears. Many paintings showed scenes of the chase (Fig. 1.8), or of cows and younger animals being killed by spears or arrows-an unlikely practice if domestication had been known. Such paintings were in the Albarracia, La Madelaine, Lascaux, Sovigna, and other caves. One painting (Plate XII, of J. Cabre) pictured in red three cattle with long horns directed upward and outward. Human beings were close to three horned cattle in at least one cave painting. No weapons were in their hands, and the cattle were standing quietly. Was this intended to indicate domesticated cattle? Ernst Grosse ob- served that hunting people neglected plants in cave paintings. THE NEw STONE AGE Man in Europe was still a hunter and fisherman at the beginning of the New Stone Age. Kkkenmnddinger-shell mounds-along the North Sea and deposits in cave dwellings contained fossil bones of animals not domesticated. 12 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS stag done chiefly in red. Animals in caves were depicted as pierced by arrows or spears. Many paintings showed scenes of the chase (Fig. 1.8), or of cows and younger animals being killed by spears or arrows-an unlikely practice if domestication had been known. Such paintings were in the Albarracia, La Madelaine, Lascaux, Sovigna, and other caves. One painting (Plate XII, of J. Cabre) pictured in red three cattle with long horns directed upward and outward. Human beings were close to three horned cattle in at least one cave painting. No weapons were in their hands, and the cattle were standing quietly. Was this intended to indicate domesticated cattle? Ernst Grosse ob- served that hunting people neglected plants in cave paintings. THE NEw STONE AGE Man in Europe was still a hunter and fisherman at the beginning of the New Stone Age. Kokkenmsddinger-shell mounds-along the North Sea and deposits in cave dwellings contained fossil bones of animals not domesticated. 5h /) U 6 l FIG. 1.7. A large red dappled cow from a cave painting at Lascaux, France. (With permission of F. Windels from Four Hundred Centuries of Cave Art. Copyrighted.) FIG. 1.7. A large red dappled cow from a cave painting at Lascaux, France. (With permission of F. Windels from Four Hundred Centuries of Cave Art. Copyrighted.) FIG. 1.7. A large red dappled cow from a cave painting at Lascaux, France. (With permission of F. Windels from Four Hundred Ceouries of Cave Art. Copyrighted.)  GelgclOgn 13 GeoogialOrigi 13 Geoogca Origi 13 Various stages of cultures were described in the Royal Scottish Museum in Edinburgh: Aurignacian: The tools-beautifully made end-scrapers. Points and some bone implements with a split base. Solutrian: People small in number. Chief invention was a slender type of javelin, head shaped like a laurel leaf (made by pressure flaking). Magdalenian: Bone and flint implements were in use. Lance heads were typical of the earlier Solutrian culture. Cave art was at its height, and drawings of contemporaneous animals, such as bison, reindeer, and mammoth, are found on cave walls and on pieces of bone. Mesolithic culture, Asilian, kitchen-middens, etc.: At the close of the Paleolithic period a sudden change in climate took place. Milder conditions prevailed, forest reappeared. Neolithic man lived in huts and began agriculture and the domestication of animals. Pottery making was begun, and his implements were formed by polishing and grinding. Various stages of cultures were described in the Royal Scottish Museum in Edinburgh: Aurignacian: The tools-beautifully made end-scrapers. Points and some bone implements with a split base. Solutrian: People small in number. Chief invention was a slender type of javelin, head shaped like a laurel leaf (made by pressure flaking). Magdalenian: Bone and flint implements were in use. Lance heads were typical of the earlier Solutrian culture. Cave art was at its height, and drawings of contemporaneous animals, such as bison, reindeer, and mammoth, are found on cave walls and on pieces of bone. Mesolithic culture, Asilian, kitchen-middens, etc.: At the close of the Paleolithic period a sudden change in climate took place. Milder conditions prevailed, forest reappeared. Neolithic man lived in huts and began agriculture and the domestication of animals. Pottery making was begun, and his implements were formed by polishing and grinding. Various stages of cultures were described in the Royal Scottish Museum in Edinburgh: Aurignacian: The tools-beautifully made end-scrapers. Points and some bone implements with a split base. Solutrian: People small in number. Chief invention was a slender type of javelin, head shaped like a laurel leaf (made by pressure flaking). Magdalenian: Bone and flint implements were in use. Lance heads were typical of the earlier Solutrian culture. Cave art was at its height, and drawings of contemporaneous animals, such as bison, reindeer, and mammoth, are found on cave walls and on pieces of bone. Mesolithic culture, Asilian, kitchen-middens, etc.: At the close of the Paleolithic period a sudden change in climate took place. Milder conditions prevailed, forest reappeared. Neolithic man lived in huts and began agriculture and the domestication of animals. Pottery making was begun, and his implements were formed by polishing and grinding. FIG. 1.8. A frieze from the "Hall of Cattle," Lascaux, France, discovered in 1940 near Montignac-sur-Vezere. The Bos primigenius bull, at the right in back, has a spear in the muzzle and a throwing stick to the left of its horns. (With permission of F. Windels from Four Hundred Centuries of Cave Art. Copyrighted.) FIG. 1.8. A frieze from the "Hall of Cattle," Lascaux, France, discovered in 1940 near Montignac-sur-Vezere. The Bos primigenius bull, at the right in back, has a spear in the muzzle and a throwing stick to the left of its horns. (With permission of F. Windels from Four Hundred Centuries of Cave Art. Copyrighted.) FIG. 1.8. A frieze from the "Hall of Cattle," Lascaux, France, discovered in 1940 near Montignac-sm-Vezere. The Bos primigenius bull, at the right in back, has a spear in the muzzle and a throwing stick to the left of its horns. (With permission of F. Windels from Four Hundred Centuries of Care Art. Copyrighted.)  14 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 14 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 14 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS The Museum legend concerning B. taurus primigenius stated: Although the Urus has been extinct in Scotland for many centuries, it once lived throughout the length of the land. Its remains have been found from Wigtonshire to Caithness in marl deposits, from the floors of lakes which succeeded the Glacial Period, and in peat bogs. That it was hunted by the early settlers in Scotland is shown by its bones occurring in broch and cave deposits. The Urus was a large strong beast standing about six feet high at the shoulder. The horns were very long, and the horn cores were long, curved, and massive. John Fleming owned a cattle skull 27.5 inches in length and 11.5 inches across the orbits. Richard Owen, describing a skull in the British Museum of Natural History that was found near Blair Atholl in Perthshire, stated that it was a yard long, and that the horn cores spanned 3 feet 6 inches. In the older Kfkkenmgddinger or shell mounds along the Danish seacoast, no traces of cereal grains were found. Domestic fowls were absent, but bones of ducks, geese, and swans were common. The stag, roe deer, and wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) comprised about 97 percent of the mammalian remains. Bear, beaver, dog, fox, hedge- hog, lynx, marten, mouse, otter, porpoise, seal, water rat, wolf, and urns were represented. Traces of a smaller ox also were found. Only the dog was domesticated, according to Professor Steenstrup, a Danish archeologist. Flint implements were plentiful, but metals were absent in these mounds. Zeuner (1963) concluded that settled agriculture preceded domestication of the "crop-robbers" such as cattle, water buffalo, yak, and pig. He regarded domestication of the cow as most significant. Professor J. J. A. Worsaae considered that during the New Stone Age inhabitants of Denmark possessed tame cattle and horses, and probably some knowledge of agriculture. Relics in the later shell mounds fitted with the early Neolithic Stone Age, when the art of polishing flint implements was known. He stated further: The inhabitants of Denmark, and the west of Europe, in the stone-period, are therefore to be designated as forming the transition between the past ancient nomadic races, and the more recent agricultural and civilized nameless tribes.... The The Museum legend concerning B. taurus primigenius stated: Although the Urus has been extinct in Scotland for many centuries, it once lived throughout the length of the land. Its remains have been found from Wigtonshire to Caithness in marl deposits, from the floors of lakes which succeeded the Glacial Period, and in peat bogs. That it was hunted by the early settlers in Scotland is shown by its bones occurring in broch and cave deposits. The Urus was a large strong beast standing about six feet high at the shoulder. The horns were very long, and the horn cores were long, curved, and massive. John Fleming owned a cattle skull 27.5 inches in length and 11.5 inches across the orbits. Richard Owen, describing a skull in the British Museum of Natural History that was found near Blair Atholl in Perthshire, stated that it was a yard long, and that the horn cores spanned 3 feet 6 inches. In the older Kgkkenm ddinger or shell mounds along the Danish seacoast, no traces of cereal grains were found. Domestic fowls were absent, but bones of ducks, geese, and swans were common. The stag, roe deer, and wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) comprised about 97 percent of the mammalian remains. Bear, beaver, dog, fox, hedge- hog, lynx, marten, mouse, otter, porpoise, seal, water rat, wolf, and urns were represented. Traces of a smaller ox also were found. Only the dog was domesticated, according to Professor Steenstrup, a Danish archeologist. Flint implements were plentiful, but metals were absent in these mounds. Zeuner (1963) concluded that settled agriculture preceded domestication of the "crop-robbers" such as cattle, water buffalo, yak, and pig. He regarded domestication of the cow as most significant. Professor J. J. A. Worsaae considered that during the New Stone Age inhabitants of Denmark possessed tame cattle and horses, and probably some knowledge of agriculture. Relics in the later shell mounds fitted with the early Neolithic Stone Age, when the art of polishing flint implements was known. He stated further: The inhabitants of Denmark, and the west of Europe, in the stone-period, are therefore to be designated as forming the transition between the past ancient nomadic races, and the more recent agricultural and civilized nameless tribes.... The The Museum legend concerning B. taurus primigenius stated: Although the Urus has been extinct in Scotland for many centuries, it once lived throughout the length of the land. Its remains have been found from Wigtonshire to Caithness in marl deposits, from the floors of lakes which succeeded the Glacial Period, and in peat bogs. That it was hunted by the early settlers in Scotland is shown by its bones occurring in broch and cave deposits. The Urns was a large strong beast standing about six feet high at the shoulder. The horns were very long, and the horn cores were long, curved, and massive. John Fleming owned a cattle skull 27.5 inches in length and 11.5 inches across the orbits. Richard Owen, describing a skull in the British Museum of Natural History that was found near Blair Atholl in Perthshire, stated that it was a yard long, and that the horn cores spanned 3 feet 6 inches. In the older Kgkkenmddinger or shell mounds along the Danish seacoast, no traces of cereal grains were found. Domestic fowls were absent, but bones of ducks, geese, and swans were common. The stag, roe deer, and wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) comprised about 97 percent of the mammalian remains. Bear, beaver, dog, fox, hedge- hog, lynx, marten, mouse, otter, porpoise, seal, water rat, wolf, and urns were represented. Traces of a smaller ox also were found. Only the dog was domesticated, according to Professor Steenstrup, a Danish archeologist. Flint implements were plentiful, but metals were absent in these mounds. Zeuner (1963) concluded that settled agriculture preceded domestication of the "crop-robbers" such as cattle, water buffalo, yak, and pig. He regarded domestication of the cow as most significant. Professor J. J. A. Worsaae considered that during the New Stone Age inhabitants of Denmark possessed tame cattle and horses, and probably some knowledge of agriculture. Relics in the later shell mounds fitted with the early Neolithic Stone Age, when the art of polishing flint implements was known. He stated further: The inhabitants of Denmark, and the west of Europe, in the stone-period, are therefore to be designated as forming the transition between the past ancient nomadic races, and the more recent agricultural and civilized nameless tribes.... The  GeologilOrigi 15 GeolgilOrigi 15 Gelgclrgn1 inhabitants of Denmark during the bronze-period were the peo- ple who first brought with them a peculiar degree of civiliza- tion. To them were owing the introduction of metals, the prog- ress of agriculture and of navigation. Although some B. primigenius were domesticated in Europe, this species mainly was hunted as a wild animal. Fossil bones were found in the lower (older) kitchen debris of early lake dwellers in Italy, Switzerland, Germany, and Great Britain. B. primigenius, which remained wild during historic times, became extinct in the British Isles before the close of the Bronze Age. Caesar called the larger bovine "urus," which he mentioned as native in the Hercynian or Black Forest of Germany. Tacitus and Pliny wrote that the horns of these cattle, used as drinking cups, sometimes held as much as 2 urs (2 liters). A free translation by Lydekker of De Bello Gallico, book vi, chapter xxix (written about 65 B.C.) stated: There is a third kind of these animals which are called uri. In size these are but little inferior to elephants, although in ap- pearance, color, and form they are bulls. Their strength and speed are great. They spare neither man nor beast when they see them. . . . In the expanse of their horns, as well as in form and appearance, they differ much from our [domesticated] oxen. A few aurochs were in the province of Maine about A.D. 550. They were hunted by Charlemagne in forests near Aix-la-Chapelle, Rhenish Prussia, in the ninth century. Records in a Swiss abbey mentioned auroch meat near the close of the tenth century, and crusaders crossing Germany in the eleventh century saw the ani- mals. Skulls and bones of B. longifrons Owen, resembling Island-type Jerseys in size and proportions, were found commonly in the relic beds of lake dwellings, in morasses, and near old forts in Europe and the British Isles, and were associated with stone and bronze implements. The "Niebelungen Lied," an early German legendary poem, cited Siegfried as killing a wisent (European Bison bonasus) and four urus near Wfirm in the twelfth century. Beltz described a chart made about 1284, citing urus between the Duaa and Dnieper inhabitants of Denmark during the bronze-period were the peo- ple who first brought with them a peculiar degree of civiliza- tion. To them were owing the introduction of metals, the prog- ress of agriculture and of navigation. Although some B. primigenius were domesticated in Europe, this species mainly was hunted as a wild animal. Fossil bones were found in the lower (older) kitchen debris of early lake dwellers in Italy, Switzerland, Germany, and Great Britain. B. primigenius, which remained wild during historic times, became extinct in the British Isles before the close of the Bronze Age. Caesar called the larger bovine "urus," which he mentioned as native in the Hercynian or Black Forest of Germany. Tacitus and Pliny wrote that the horns of these cattle, used as drinking cups, sometimes held as much as 2 urs (2 liters). A free translation by Lydekker of De Bello Gallico, book vi, chapter xxix (written about 65 n.C.) stated: There is a third kind of these animals which are called uri. In size these are but little inferior to elephants, although in ap- pearance, color, and form they are bulls. Their strength and speed are great. They spare neither man nor beast when they see them. . . . In the expanse of their horns, as well as in form and appearance, they differ much from our [domesticated] oxen. A few aurochs were in the province of Maine about A.D. 550. They were hunted by Charlemagne in forests near Aix-la-Chapelle, Rhenish Prussia, in the ninth century. Records in a Swiss abbey mentioned auroch meat near the close of the tenth century, and crusaders crossing Germany in the eleventh century saw the ani- mals. Skulls and bones of B. longifrons Owen, resembling Island-type Jerseys in size and proportions, were found commonly in the relic beds of lake dwellings, in morasses, and near old forts in Europe and the British Isles, and were associated with stone and bronze implements. The "Niebelungen Lied," an early German legendary poem, cited Siegfried as killing a wisent (European Bison bonasus) and four urus near Wiirm in the twelfth century. Beltz described a chart made about 1284, citing urus between the Duaa and Dnieper inhabitants of Denmark during the bronze-period were the peo- ple who first brought with them a peculiar degree of civiliza- tion. To them were owing the introduction of metals, the prog- ress of agriculture and of navigation. Although some B. primigenius were domesticated in Europe, this species mainly was hunted as a wild animal. Fossil bones were found in the lower (older) kitchen debris of early lake dwellers in Italy, Switzerland, Germany, and Great Britain. B. primigenius, which remained wild during historic times, became extinct in the British Isles before the close of the Bronze Age. Caesar called the larger bovine "uros," which he mentioned as native in the Hercynian or Black Forest of Germany. Tacitus and Pliny wrote that the horns of these cattle, used as drinking cups, sometimes held as much as 2 urs (2 liters). A free translation by Lydekker of De Bello Gallico, book vi, chapter xxix (written about 65 n.C.) stated: There is a third kind of these animals which are called uri. In size these are but little inferior to elephants, although in ap- pearance, color, and form they are bulls. Their strength and speed are great. They spare neither man nor beast when they see them.... In the expanse of their horns, as well as in form and appearance, they differ much from our [domesticated] oxen. A few aurochs were in the province of Maine about A.D. 550. They were hunted by Charlemagne in forests near Aix-la-Chapelle, Rhenish Prussia, in the ninth century. Records in a Swiss abbey mentioned auroch meat near the close of the tenth century, and crusaders crossing Germany in the eleventh century saw the ani- mals. Skulls and bones of B. longifrons Owen, resembling Island-type Jerseys in size and proportions, were found commonly in the relic beds of lake dwellings, in morasses, and near old forts in Europe and the British Isles, and were associated with stone and bronze implements. The "Niebelungen Lied," an early German legendary poem, cited Siegfried as killing a wisent (European Bison bonasus) and four urus near Winrm in the twelfth century. Beltz described a chart made about 1284, citing urus between the Duaa and Dnieper  TABLE 1.2 TABLE 1.2 TABLE 1.2 MEASUREMENTS (IN CENTIMETERS) OF SKULLS OF FOSSIL BOSS AND THOSE FROM PRESENT-DAY CATTLE MEASUREMENTS (IN CENTIMETERS) OF SKULLS OF FOSSIL BOSS AND THOSE FROM PRESENT-DAY CATTLE MEASUREMENTS (IN CENTIMETERS) OF SKULLS OF FOSSIL BOS, AND THOSE FROM PRESENT-DAY CATTLE I Species and location Leptobos falconeri British Museum' Bos acutifrons, F. & Cautley National Museum, Calcutta Bos namadicus Falconer (F- Bos primigenius Bojanus British Museum Cambridge University of Copenhagen University of Lund Bos longifrons Owen" British Museum British Museum Width. H.- L- tn Between Narrow-Maximum Circumference Length of of horn ett of ...... t base Pf outer skull core. Part eye0 horn cores curvature forehead sockets Right Left Right Leh 42.4 7.3 18.9 21.8 22.0 22.8 " 12.7 21.6 24.0 40.0 40.1 125.1 ° 109.4 ^ -155) 54.7 18.3 20.5 26.3 34.9 34.3 79.3" 104.5" 75.6 26.0 25.4 32.4 35.0 72.4 20.5 42.0 41.0 81.3 86.0 69.8 22.8 65.0 20.0 22.7 28.0 32.3 32.5 65.0 66.0 19.0 26.3 42.5 40.2 ° 90.5 72.5. 19.5 22.2 28.2 33.5 19.0 24.8 30.5 40.0 39.5 86.0 84.5 61.2 17.0 23.3 30.2 30.3 29.5 58.3 59.5 1 70.7 20.5 40.4 30.2 31.4 31.8 56.2 56.7 63.2 19.0 21.3 26.9 26.5 26.2 41.6- 46.0 ° 61.3 52.6 16.6' 17.1 22.9 17.0 17.0 24.3 22.0° 16.2 18.5 20.1 19.8 17.5 20.2 41.3° 16.2 15.8 19.9 15.3 15.8 11.5° 15.5" 49.4 15.3 17.5 22.8 18.5 18.5 20.0" 17.0" 48.6 14.5" 17.0 22.8 22.2 22.4 22.4 22.4 Siwalik Hills, Pliocene 4 b Upper Siwaliks, Upper Pliocene 5b Narbada Valley, Middle Pleistocene Blair Atholl, Perthshire, Scotland 0 Barrington, Pleistocene Marl pit, Scotland 0 Stone axe in forehead; Burwell Fen 54 Barrington, Pleistocene (C. E. Gray) Peat deposit, Scotland 5 Fen land 5 Burwell Fen, Cambridge. 29.021 7 Peat bog, Denmark. Male 0 b Peat bog, Denmark. Female Onnarp peat bog, Sweden. Sven Nilsson. Ob Walthamstown, Essex. Male 2 56 Burwell Fen, flat forehead Ob Reach Fen 4 Clapton, Essex. M-4097. Male Width. Horne Length Between Narrow-Maximum Circumference Length of Specie. and of horn eet a e at ha.e of outer Source or note. location -H core. Part of eye horn cores cu[vature forehead .oAk U Right Left Right Left Leptobos falconerl British Museum' 42.4 7.3 18.9 21.8 22.0 22.8 Siwalik Hills, Pliocene Bos acutifrons, F. & Cautley National Museum, Calcutta " 12.7 21.6 24.0 40.0 40.1 125.1" 109.4" Upper Siwahks, Upper Pliocene Bos namadicus Falconer (F-155) 54.7 18.3 20.5 26.3 34.9 34.3 79.3° 104.5" Narbada Valley, Middle Pleistocene Box primigenius Bojanus British Museum 75.6 26.0 25.4 32.4 35.0 72.4 Blair Atholl, Perthshire, Scotland 20.5 42.0 41.0 81.3 86.0 Barrington, Pleistocene 69.8 22.8 Marl pit, Scotland Cambridge 65.0 20.0 22.7 28.0 32.3 32.5 65.0 66.0 Stone axe in forehead; Burwell Fen 19.0 26.3 42.5 40.2" 90.5 72.5" Barrington, Pleistocene (C. E. Gray) 19.5 22.2 28.2 33.5 Peat deposit, Scotland 19.0 24.8 30.5 40.0 39.5 86.0 84.5 Fen land 61.2 17.0 23.3 30.2 30.3 29.5 58.3 59.5 Burwell Fen, Cambridge. 29.021 University of Copenhagen 70.7 20.5 40.4 30.2 31.4 31.8 56.2 56.7 Peat bog, Denmark. Male 63.2 19.0 21.3 26.9 26.5 26.2 41.6 46.0 ^ Peat bog, Denmark. Female University of Lund 61.3 Onnarp peat bog, Sweden. Sven Nilsson. Bos longifrons Owen" British Museum 52.6 16.6 17.1 22.9 17.0 17.0 24.3 22.0 Walthamstown, Essex. Male 16.2 18.5 20.1 19.8 17.5 20.2 41.3" 16.2 15.8 19.9 15.3 15.8 11.5" 15.5" Burwell Fen, flat forehead 49.4 15.3 17.5 22.8 18.5 18.5 20.0 ° 17.0" Reach Fen British Museum 48.6 14.5" 17.0 22.8 22.2 22.4 22.4 22.4 Clapton, Essex. M-4097. Male Widths xnrne Length Between Narrow-Maximum Circumference Length of Specie. and of horn set at base of outer Source or note. location skull cores part of horn core. curvature forehead sockets Right Left Rlght Left Leptobos /alconeri British Museuma 42.4 7.3 18.9 21.8 22.0 22.8 Siwalik Hills, Pliocene Box acutifrons, F. & Cautley National Museum, Calcutta . 12.7 21.6 24.0 40.0 40.1 125.1 ° 109.4 b Upper Siwaliks, Upper Pliocene Box namadicus Falconer (F-155) 54.7 18.3 20.5 263 34.9 34.3 79.3" 104.5" Narbada Valley, Middle Pleistocene Box primigenius Bojanus British Museum 75.6 26.0 25.4 32.4 35.0 72.4 Blair Atboll, Perthshire, Scotland 20.5 42.0 41.0 81.3 86.0 Barrington, Pleistocene 69.8 22.8 Marl pit, Scotland Cambridge 65.0 20.0 22.7 28.0 32.3 32.5 65.0 66.0 Stone axe in forehead; Burwell Fen 19.0 26.3 42.5 40.2b 90.5 72.5 o Barrington, Pleistocene (C. E. Cray) 19.5 22.2 28.2 33.5 Peat deposit, Scotland 19.0 24.8 30.5 40.0 39.5 86.0 84.5 Fen land 61.2 17.0 23.3 30.2 30.3 29.5 58.3 59.5 Burwell Fen, Cambridge. 29.021 University of Copenhagen 70.7 20.5 40.4 30.2 31.4 31.8 56.2 56.7 Peat bog, Denmark. Male 63.2 19.0 21.3 26.9 26.5 26.2 41.6h 46.0" Peat bog, Denmark. Female University of Lund 61.3 Onnarp peat bog, Sweden. Sven Nilsson. Bos longifrons Owen" British Museum 52.6 16.6° 17.1 22.9 17.0 17.0 24.3 22.0^ Walthamstown, Essex. Male 16.2 18.5 20.1 19.8 17.5 20.2 41.3° 16.2 15.8 19.9 15.3 15.8 11.5^ 15.5° Burwell Fen, flat forehead 49.4 15.3 17.5 22.8 18.5 18.5 20.0. 17.0" Reach Fen British Museum 48.6 14.5" 17.0 22.8 22.2 22.4 22.4 22.4 Clapton, Essex. M-4097. Male  15.9 13.8 17.3 12.0 Ireland 15.0 14.2 19.8 11.5 Kutterschitz Zurich 43.2 14.6 15.2 19.7 11.3 11.5 11.5 9.4" C-21 14.0 17.3 23.0 Ireland Zurich 44.6 13.5 14.6 19.4 12.4 12.0 10.6° 10.5" B-2 13.0 14.7 18.6 12.6 Peat deposit, Ireland 12.8 14.4 18.2 13.0 Hostomitz 12.8 14.3 19.2 11.3 Peat deposit, Ireland. Female 12.7 15.0 19.6 14.0 Anatolia. Female 12.3 13.7 17.0 11.0 Tschonschitz 12.2 13.4 13.7 9.2 Cave at Lascaux, France 12.1 13.4 17.4 9.2 Thames River. Male 11.9 13.7 18.4 10.5 Peat bog, Walthamstown, Essex rattle breeds, present Cambridge 50.0 16.6 19.5 23.5 25.8 25.8 37.5 39.9 Ayrshire male, over horn shells Cambridge 45.0 14.0 15.8 20.5 15.3 15.3 25.0 24.0 Ayrshire female, over horn shells Zurich 50.7 23.0 20.4 25.6 24.0 23.9 26.5 25.0 Brown Swiss male, over horn shells Zurich 49.2 18.9 18.1 23.0 16.0 16.0 17.0 18.0 Brown Swiss female, over born shells Dinsmore Farms 50.7 13.8 19.8 26.0 26.7 27.0 27.0 28.1 Guernsey male, Florida Florida Station 49.5 14.3 15.8 22.5 deborned Guernsey female Florida Station 51.5 12.4 15.3 21.5 dehorned Holstein female Floridae 47.9 34.6 15.5 24.4 18.8 19.1 18.8 18.1 Average of 4 males Florida Station 43.1 13.1 14.0 20.7 11.8 11.7 15.6 15.8 Average of 9 females Range Station 54.3 18.3 19.5 24.0 29.3 30.4 34.5 35.0 Guzerat Brahman male Range Station 49.5 15.3 17.2 19.8 20.5 20.9 27.6 28.7 Guzerat Brahman female a. British Museum of Natural History, London. b. Part broken or worn. c. Prominent poll. d. Owen considered skulls with smaller horn measurements to be females of the species. e. Three Jersey males and 9 Jersey cows were from the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station. One male was from Highview Farm courtesy of Carlos Griggs. Ages of Ayrsbires and Brown Swiss were not available; all others were mature cattle of the present breeds. f. Bos taurus brachyceros Rutimeyer and Bos longifrons Owen are synonymous; usages depend on countries. 15.9 13.8 17.3 12.0 Ireland 15.0 14.2 19.8 11.5 Kutterschitz Zurich 43.2 14.6 15.2 19.7 113 11.5 11.5 9.4b C-21 14.0 17.3 23.0 Ireland Zurich 44.6 13.5 14.6 19.4 12.4 12.0 10.6b 10.5b B-2 13.0 14.7 18.6 12.6 Peat deposit, Ireland 12.8 14.4 18.2 13.0 Hostomitz 12.8 14.3 19.2 11.3 Peat deposit, Ireland. Female 12.7 15.0 19.6 14.0 Anatolia. Female 12.3 13.7 17.0 11.0 Tscbonschitz 12.2 13.4 13.7 9.2 Cave at Lascaux, France 12.1 13.4 17.4 9.2 Thames River. Male 11.9 13.7 18.4 10.5 Peat bog, Walthamstown, Essex rattle breeds, present Cambridge 50.0 16.6 19.5 23.5 25.8 25.8 37.5 39.9 Ayrshire male, over horn shells Cambridge 45.0 14.0 15.8 20.5 15.3 15.3 25.0 24.0 Ayrshire female, over horn shells Zurich 50.7 23.0 20.4 25.6 24.0 23,9 26.5 25.0 Brown Swiss male, over horn shells Zurich 49.2 18.9 18.1 23.0 16.0 16.0 17.0 18.0 Brown Swiss female, over horn shells Dinsmore Farms 50.7 13.8 19.8 26.0 26.7 27.0 27.0 28.1 Guernsey male, Florida Florida Station 49.5 14.3 15.8 22.5 dehorned Guernsey female Florida Station 51.5 12.4 15.3 21.5 dehorned Holstein female Florida 47.9 34.6 15.5 24.4 18.8 19.1 18.8 18.1 Average of 4 males Florida Station 43.1 13.1 14.0 20.7 11.8 11.7 15.6 15.8 Average of 9 females Range Station 54.3 18.3 19.5 24.0 29.3 30.4 34.5 35.0 Guzerat Brahman male Range Station 49.5 15.3 17.2 19.8 20.5 20.9 27.6 28.7 Guzerat Brahman female a. British Museum of Natural History, London. b. Part broken or worn. c. Prominent poll. d. Owen considered skulls with smaller horn measurements to be females of the species. e. Three Jersey males and 9 Jersey cows were from the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station. One male was from Highview Farm courtesy of Carlos Griggs. Ages of Ayrshires and Brown Swiss were not available; all others were mature cattle of the present breeds. f. Bos taurus brachycerm Rutimeyer and Bas longifrons Owen are synonymous; usages depend on countries. 15.9 13.8 17.3 12.0 Ireland 15.0 14.2 19.8 11.5 Kutterschitz Zurich 43.2 14.6 15.2 19.7 11.3 11.5 11.5 9.4 ^ C-21 14.0 17.3 23.0 Ireland Zurich 44.6 13.5 14.6 19.4 12.4 12.0 10.6" 10.5° B-2 13.0 14.7 18.6 12.6 Peat deposit, Ireland 12.8 14.4 18.2 13.0 Hostomitz 12.8 14.3 19.2 11.3 Peat deposit, Ireland. Female 12.7 15.0 19.6 14.0 Anatolia. Female 12.3 13.7 17.0 ll.o Tschonschitz 12.2 13.4 13.7 9.2 Cave at Lascaux, France 12.1 13.4 17.4 9.2 Thames River. Male 11.9 13.7 18.4 10.5 Peat bog, Walthamstown, Essex rattle breeds, present Cambridge 50.0 16.6 19.5 23.5 25.8 25.8 37.5 39.9 Ayrshire male, over born shells Cambridge 45.0 14.0 15.8 20.5 15.3 15.3 25.0 24.0 Ayrshire female, over horn shells Zurich 50.7 23.0 20.4 25.6 24.0 23.9 26.5 25.0 Brown Swiss male, over horn shells Zurich 49.2 18.9 18.1 23.0 16.0 16.0 17.0 18.0 Brown Swiss female, over horn shells Dinsmore Farms 50.7 13.8 19.8 26.0 26.7 27.0 27.0 28.1 Guernsey male, Florida Florida Station 49.5 14.3 15.8 22.5 deborned Guernsey female Florida Station 51.5 12.4 15.3 21.5 dehorned Holstein female Florida 47.9 34.6 15.5 24.4 18.8 19.1 18.8 18.1 Average of 4 males Florida Station 43.1 13.1 14.0 20.7 11.8 11.7 15.6 15.8 Average of 9 females Range Station 54.3 18.3 19.5 24.0 293 30.4 34.5 35.0 Guzerat Brahman male Range Station 49.5 15.3 17.2 19.8 20.5 20.9 27.6 28.7 Guzerat Brahman female a. British Museum of Natural History, London. b. Part broken or worn, c. Prominent poll. d. Owen considered skulls with smaller born measurements to be females of the species. e. Three Jersey males and 9 Jersey cows were from the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station. One male was from Highview Farm courtesy of Carlos Griggs. Ages of Ayrshires and Brown Swiss were not available; all others were mature cattle of the present breeds. f. Box taurus brachycerox Rutimeyer and Bos longitrona Owen are synonymous; usages depend on countries.  18 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS rivers and Carpathian Mountains. The species finally became ex- tinct there in the seventeenth century. Lydekker, Whitehead, and James Wilson thought White Park cattle of the British Isles descended from more or less domesticated early, not wild, aurochs. Since some White Park cattle were polled, this suggested some relation to early Norse cattle of the polled spe- cies B. akeratos. Roman cattle, as well as B. longifrons, may be in the ancestry. Drinking horns made from the outer horn shells of the great wild ox are in many European museums. The Friesch Museum in Leeuwarden had 13 such drinking horns, some carved or orna- mented and others mounted in brass and silver. The largest had an inside diameter at the base of over 4 inches and exceeded 24 inches in length of outer curvature. Smaller ones were of similar proportions. Two horns bore dates of A.n. 1397 and A.D. 1571. A painting made about A.n. 1500, and found by British zoologist Hamilton Smith in an antique shop at Augsburg in 1827, repre- sented a rough-haired maneless bull with large coarse head, thick neck, and a small dewlap. Its horns turned forward and outward, and were light colored with black tips. The hair was sooty black with a light ring around the muzzle. (Morse reproduced Baron Herberstein's woodcut after Nehring, in the USDA Bureau of Ani- mal Industry 27th annual report.) Herberstein stated that the urus and European bison lived within historic times. A free translation of Nehring's account of Herberstein's Rerum Moscovitearum Com- mentarii, published in 1549, stated: Of the wild animals in lands belonging to Lithuania, is one which they call "sober." It is called "bison" in Latin, while Germans call it aurochs. Closely related to it is another "lur," or Latin "urus." We Germans call it bisent incorrectly, for its form is that of a wild ox. Its color is nearly black, and a grayish stripe along the back. Editions of 1551 and 1556 contained pictures of both ures and bison. An edition of 1557 mentioned that forest cattle (Boes syl- vestris) differed from domestic cattle only in their black color and white stripe along the back. Herberstein went to Moscow several times and saw both ures and bison. 18 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS rivers and Carpathian Mountains. The species finally became ex- tinct there in the seventeenth century. Lydekker, Whitehead, and James Wilson thought White Park cattle of the British Isles descended from more or less domesticated early, not wild, aurochs. Since some White Park cattle were polled, this suggested some relation to early Norse cattle of the polled spe- cies B. akeratos. Roman cattle, as well as B. longifrons, may be in the ancestry. Drinking horns made from the outer horn shells of the great wild ox are in many European museums. The Friesch Museum in Leeuwarden had 13 such drinking horns, some carved or orna- mented and others mounted in brass and silver. The largest had an inside diameter at the base of over 4 inches and exceeded 24 inches in length of outer curvature. Smaller ones were of similar proportions. Two horns bore dates of A.D. 1397 and A.D. 1571. A painting made about A.n. 1500, and found by British zoologist Hamilton Smith in an antique shop at Augsburg in 1827, repre- sented a rough-haired maneless bull with large coarse head, thick neck, and a small dewlap. Its horns turned forward and outward, and were light colored with black tips. The hair was sooty black with a light ring around the muzzle. (Morse reproduced Baron Herberstein's woodcut after Nehring, in the USDA Bureau of Ani- mal Industry 27th annual report.) Herberstein stated that the urns and European bison lived within historic times. A free translation of Nehring's account of Herberstein's Rerum Moscovitearum Com- mentarii, published in 1549, stated: Of the wild animals in lands belonging to Lithuania, is one which they call "sober." It is called "bison" in Latin, while Germans call it aurochs. Closely related to it is another "lur," or Latin "urus." We Germans call it bisent incorrectly, for its form is that of a wild ox. Its color is nearly black, and a grayish stripe along the back. Editions of 1551 and 1556 contained pictures of both urns and bison. An edition of 1557 mentioned that forest cattle (Boes syl- vestris) differed from domestic cattle only in their black color and white stripe along the back. Herberstein went to Moscow several times and saw both ures and bison. 18 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS rivers and Carpathian Mountains. The species finally became ex- tinct there in the seventeenth century. Lydekker, Whitehead, and James Wilson thought White Park cattle of the British Isles descended from more or less domesticated early, not wild, aurochs. Since some White Park cattle were polled, this suggested some relation to early Norse cattle of the polled spe- cies B. akeratos. Roman cattle, as well as B. longifrons, may be in the ancestry. Drinking horns made from the outer horn shells of the great wild ox are in many European museums. The Friesch Museum in Leeuwarden bad 13 such drinking horns, some carved or orna- mented and others mounted in brass and silver. The largest bad an inside diameter at the base of over 4 inches and exceeded 24 inches in length of outer curvature. Smaller ones were of similar proportions. Two horns bore dates of A.D. 1397 and A.n. 1571. A painting made about A.n. 1500, and found by British zoologist Hamilton Smith in an antique shop at Augsburg in 1827, repre- sented a rough-haired maneless bull with large coarse head, thick neck, and a small dewlap. Its horns turned forward and outward, and were light colored with black tips. The hair was sooty black with a light ring around the muzzle. (Morse reproduced Baron Herberstein's woodcut after Nehring, in the USDA Bureau of Ani- mal Industry 27th annual report.) Herberstein stated that the urns and European bison lived within historic times. A free translation of Nehring's account of Herberstein's Rerum Moscovitearum Com- mentarii, published in 1549, stated: Of the wild animals in lands belonging to Lithuania, is one which they call "sober." It is called "bison" in Latin, while Germans call it aurochs. Closely related to it is another "lur," or Latin "urus." We Germans call it bisent incorrectly, for its form is that of a wild ox. Its color is nearly black, and a grayish stripe along the back. Editions of 1551 and 1556 contained pictures of both urus and bison. An edition of 1557 mentioned that forest cattle (Bores syl- vestris) differed from domestic cattle only in their black color and white stripe along the back. Herberstein went to Moscow several times and saw both ures and bison.  GeoogiaO rigi 19 GeoogialOrigin 193eloia t ~ Orgi 19 Wrzeeniewski (1878) wrote that these wild cattle lived in the woods of Jakterwka until the seventeenth century. The last known specimen died in 1627 in the Zoological Garden of Count Zamoisky. Other fossil species related closely to B. primigenius are B. tro- checeros, B. frontosus, B. brachyceros or longifrons, B. namadicus, B. brachycephalus, and B. typicus. Morse believed them so nearly related that some and perhaps nearly all could be varieties de- scended from it. All species of Bos which lived wild in Pliocene and Pleistocene eras in Europe are extinct. Domesticated cattle pre- sumably are descended mainly from B. primigenius, B. longifrons, B. frontosus, and B. trocheceros. The taurine group is represented also by B. taurus mauritanicus Thomas, probably identical with B. episthonomus of Pomel, in Al- geria and Tunis until historic times. This may be a variety of B. primigenius, distinguished by a shorter forehead, horns curved more downward and less forward, with larger and more slender legs. B. indicus and others were in Asia and parts of Africa. These zebu cattle have been distributed widely in the warm zones. Skulls of various species of genus Bos differ in size and shape. Measurements of typical skulls of B. primigenius and of B. longi- frons are shown in comparison with those of present dairy breeds in Table 1.2. REFERENCES Adametz, L. 1898. Studien uber Bos (brachyceros) europaeus, die wilde Stammform der Brachyceros-Rassen des europaischen Hausrindes. Z. Land- wirtsch. 46:269-320. Arendander, E. D. 1898. Studien uber das ungehornte Rindvieh im nordlichen Europa unser besonderer Beruchsichtigung der nordschwedischen Fjellrasse, nebst Untersucbingen uber die Ursacben der Hornlosiskeit. Ber. Physiolo- gisch. Lab. Versuchanstalt Landwirtsch. Inst. Univ. Halle 2(13):172. Babington, Charles G. 1864. On a skull of Bos primigenius associated with flint implements. Antiquarian Common. 2:285-88. Beltz, R. 1898. Bos primigenius in Mittelalter. Globus 73(7):116-17. Bojanus, Ludwig H. 1827. De Use Nostrate Eiusque Sceleto Commentatio. Verhandl. Kaiserlichen Leopoldinisch-Carolinischn Akad. Naturforsch. 13(2):413-78. Cabre, Juan. 1915. El rupestra en Espana. Memoria No. 1. Madrid. Wrzeeniewski (1878) wrote that these wild cattle lived in the woods of Jakterwka until the seventeenth century. The last known specimen died in 1627 in the Zoological Garden of Count Zamoisky. Other fossil species related closely to B. primigenius are B. tro- checeros, B. frontosus, B. brachyceros or longifrons, B. namadicus, B. brachycephalus, and B. typicus. Morse believed them so nearly related that some and perhaps nearly all could be varieties de- scended from it. All species of Bos which lived wild in Pliocene and Pleistocene eras in Europe are extinct. Domesticated cattle pre- sumably are descended mainly from B. primigenius, B. longifrons, B. frontosus, and B. trocheceros, The taurine group is represented also by B. taurus mauritanicus Thomas, probably identical with B. episthonomus of Pomel, in Al- geria and Tunis until historic times. This may be a variety of B. primigenius, distinguished by a shorter forehead, horns curved more downward and less forward, with larger and more slender legs. B. indicus and others were in Asia and parts of Africa. These zebu cattle have been distributed widely in the warm zones. Skulls of various species of genus Bos differ in size and shape. Measurements of typical skulls of B. primigenius and of B. longi- frons are shown in comparison with those of present dairy breeds in Table 1.2. REFERENCES Adametz, L. 1898. Studien uber Bos (brachyceros) europaeus, die wilde Stammform der Brachyceros-Rassen des europaischen Hausrindes. Z. Land- wirtsch. 46:269-320. Arendander, E. D. 1898. Studie uber das ungehornte Rindvieh im nordlichen Europa unser besonderer Beruchsichtigung der nordschwedischen Fjellrasse, nebst Untersuchingen uber die Ursachen der Homlosiskeit. Ber. Physiolo- gisch. Lab. Versuchanstalt Landwirtsch. Inst. Univ. Halle 2(13):172. Babington, Charles G. 1864. On a skull of Bos primigenius associated with flint implements. Antiquarian Commun. 2:285-88. Beltz, R. 1898. Bos primigenius in Mittelalter. Globus 73(7):116-17. Bojanus, Ludwig H. 1827. De Uro Nostrate Eiusque Sceleto Commentatio. Verhandl. Kaiserlichen Leopoldinisch-Carolinischen Akad. Naturforsch. 13(2):413-78. Cabre, Juan. 1915. El rupestra en Espana. Memoria No. 1. Madrid. Wrzeeniewski (1878) wrote that these wild cattle lived in the woods of Jakterwka until the seventeenth century. The last known specimen died in 1627 in the Zoological Garden of Count Zamoisky. Other fossil species related closely to B. primigenius are B. tro- checeros, B. frontosus, B. brachyceros or longifrons, B. namadicus, B. brachycephalus, and B. typicus. Morse believed them so nearly related that some and perhaps nearly all could be varieties de- scended from it. All species of Bos which lived wild in Pliocene and Pleistocene eras in Europe are extinct. Domesticated cattle pre- sumably are descended mainly from B. primigenius, B. longifrons, B. frontosus, and B. trocheceros. The taurine group is represented also by B. taurus mauritanicus Thomas, probably identical with B. episthonomus of Pomel, in Al- geria and Tunis until historic times. This may be a variety of B. primigenius, distinguished by a shorter forehead, horns curved more downward and less forward, with larger and more slender legs. B. indicus and others were in Asia and parts of Africa. These zebu cattle have been distributed widely in the warm zones. Skulls of various species of genus Bes differ in size and shape. Measurements of typical skulls of B. primigenius and of B. longi- fron are shown in comparison with those of present dairy breeds in Table 1.2. REFERENCES Adametz, L. 1898. Studien uber Bos (brachyceros) europaeus, die wilde Stammform der Brachyceros-Rassen des europaischen Hausrindes. Z. Land- wirtsch. 46:269-320. Arendander, E. D. 1898. Studien uber das ungehornte Rindvieh im nordlichen Europa unser besonderer Berchsichtigung der nordschwedischen Fjellrasse, nebst Unt-esuebingen uber die Ursacben der Hornlosiskeit. Ber. Physiolo- gisch. Lab. Versuchanstalt Landwirtsch. Inst. Univ. Halle 2(13):172. Babington, Charles G. 1864. On a skull of Bos primigenius associated with flint implements. Antiquarian Common. 2:285-88. Beltz, R. 1898. Bos primigenius in Mittelalter. Globus 73(7):116-17. Bojmus, Ludwig H. 1827. De Uro Nostrate Ciusque Sceleto Commentatio. Verhandl. Kaiserlichen Leopoldinisch-Carolinische Akad. Naturforsch. 13(2):413-78. Cabre, Juan. 1915. El rupestra en Espana. Memoria No. 1. Madrid.  29 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS usiss, Garsiss H. 1961. A clock fotss a gs: Pstsssisss-argos. ah. Go- graphic Mag. 120:590-92. Dawklis, WillEDm B. 1866. OR tbs fossil Britisb BRxen. Part 1. Bss muss, Casars. QurtD. J. Geol. ISoc. Lssdson 22:391-402. Dsgerbol, M. 1963. Prehistoric cattle iR DDenmark assd adjacent areas. Roy. Antbropo. Ist. Occasionasl Pspsr 18, pp. 68-79. D55515, J. U. 1908. AnimalI remains from tbs excavations at Asnas, and lbs bose sf Anau iD its relation Is lbe rcs o dostsic hosss. Exploratisss is Turkestan. Exposition of 2964. Vsl. 2. Caregie Ist., Wshington, D.C. Pp. 341-44. Ewarst, J. Cssa. 1925. The ordgin sf cattle. Posc. Sctssh Catle Bsrisding Conf. Olivsr & Boyd, London. Pp. 1-46. Falconer, Hugh. 1959. Dscsiptive catalogue sf tbs fssil ssessiss sf Vertebrata fsrom tbD 9Siai Hills, lhs Nasbudda, Pesrsm Island, stc., in sthe Mssus sf the Asiatic Society so Bengal. Calsutsa. Frsdsjo, A., S. Jason, asd C. A. Mobsrg. 1956. Halstningass i Sverige. Dskassbssss-Blsdsts Boktrpsbssi. Hssbssstsis, Sigmunsd. 1549. Dsessm Mosssssissssss Commestiisl. Dasil. Latsis sds., 1511 and 1556. Hsgbss, T. Mcsisen. 1694. Ths evolution sf lbs British bsssds of catsle. 2J Rsy. Agr. Sss. Esgl. 5(sss. 3):561-63. Jaes, E. 0. 1627. Pbs Stone Ages. Sheldon Pssss, Lssdss. Kellsr, Cssssd. 1961. Dis Abstssssssg desr Hastierse. Zurich. Kindt-Jesen, Ols. 1957. Dsesmasb befsrs lbs Vibisgs. Psssgs, Ass' Yssb. Lydskkss, Disbssd. 1696. Wild issen, sbissp, ssd gosts isf sll land, lisig and extinc. Lssdss. Mse, E. W. 1916. Ths sscsstsy of dostsisatsd sstls. USDA Bss. Asimasl Ind. 2716 Ass. Rsp., pp. 187-139. NilssonE, Sves. 1619. Osnb shes sictad ssistisg bsviss ssissls of Scasdissia. Ass. Msg. Nst. Hist. 4(sss. 2):256-69. Oswss, Dishard. 1966. Pslssntology, or a systematic susrvey of einct~s animas asd their geslisgissl relstisns. Edinbssgb. Piggsts, Stuart. 1961. Tbp dassn osf civilszation. The fist worsld ssrssy of human cususssinsssisly tiess. Mscssaw Hill, Nssw Yssk. Rstimesyss, L. 1962. Dis Fasss dess Pfshlbsslss is dss Ssbswi. Nsss Dsnk- sshdllsDn dss sllgsemsisss. Sschweiz. Gss. gssmtes atusss. 19:1-249. Wssssr, Hsgs. 1902 Dis Risdsszsch. 2sd sd. Beslis. Whitehssd, U, Kieneth. 1953. The ascisnt White Cattle of Drisain and tbsir dssssdsss. Fsbss & Pabss, Londons. Wilsss, JamesI. 1929. Ths evoslsution of Dritish castle and lbs fsshiosisg sj breeisds. Vistsns& Cs. Lssdson. Wisdsls, P. 1951. Fosur hssdred censtssies of ssvs sst. (Fsosswssd by Abbs Breusl.) Mssfigsss, Francei. Wossss, J. 3. A., ssd Williams J. Tbssmas. 1949. This primevsl antiquities of Dsessark. J. H. Parker, London. Wrssssisbi, Asgst. 1979. Studisns zusGsicisbe des polni~ishe Tss (Us, Uss, Bss primsigesius Bsjasus). Z. Wiss. Zool..30:493-555. 20 DAIRDY CATTLE BREEDS Csrtiss, Casniss H. 1961. A slssb fosstlsssgs: Potsssiuss-asgss. a. Gps- grspbis Msg. 126,590-92. Dsawkins, William, B. 1966. OE lbs fssil Britlsh oxeD. Part 1. Bsssrss, Casars. Qsart. J. Gss. Siss, Lon~don 22:391-40. Dsgssbol, M. 1963. Psebitosds sattls iE Dsesmssk ssd sdjacsnt asess. Ro. Assthrspl. Ist. Ossssiosssl Pspss 29, pp. 68-79. Duerst, J. U. 1908. Ansimal remains fomss tbs excavations at Ana, and thes hose of Asnns is its srlstiss Is tbs ssaces of dostsic hoses. Explsrstisss is Tsurkestss. Expossition sf 1964. Vsl. 2. Carnsgis Is., Wshingtsn, D.C. Pp. 341-44. Ewasrt, 3. Cssass. 1915. Tbs origlin of sstl. Psiss. Ssottisb Catle Bsspdisg Conf. Dlivss & Boyd, Losdss. Pp. 1-46. Fsiscosis, Hsgb. 1959. Descriptive sstslsgss sf ths fsssil sssssiss sf Verstsbrta fsssm lbs Siwailib Hills, ths Nssbsdds, Pssims Island, stc., is the, Msssum of ths Asiatic Soietisy of Begal. Cslsstts. Frsjoip, A., S. Jasss, asd C. A. Mobsrg. 1956. Dsllsislsisgss i Svigeip. Dskashssmns-Bladsts Bsbtspsbsi. Hssbesstsis, Sigmussd. 1549. Rsssm Mosscoiicamm Cisss sss1. Bsil. Lastsr is., 1551 and 1556. Hsghss, A. Mcs~esssy. 1694. Abs evolutis1 ofbsh British bsssds isf catsl. J. Ro. Ags. ISis. Esgl. 5(Iss. 3):561-63. Jamesis, E. D. 1917. Ths Stosis Ais. Sheldoss Presss, Londo. Kllss, Cosrad. 1962. Die Abstsammssg diss Hsier. Zssish. Klindt-Jesens Ols. 1907. Denmssss befoss tbs Vibisgs. Praeige, Nsew Yssb. Lydsbks, Ricbssd. 1696. Wild issss, sbsep, snd gssts of sll laBd, lsisn and eincist, Lssdss. Mss, E. W. 1916. Ths ascsstry isf domsticatied ssttls, USDA Bs. Asismsl Isn. 27th Ass. Rep., pp. 197-139. Nlssson,Sve. 1849.DOn the extinctsandes~ingboinesaimaslsfScansdinai. Ass. Msg. as. His. 4(sss. 2):256-69. Dsss, Risbsar. 1966. Pslonologisy, ss s systemastis sssrisy of extinct ssimsls ssd thsis geoslogicsl sslstisss. Edisbssgb. Piggot, Stuar. 1961. Tbe dsswn sf civibliasio. Ths fistI worild susrssy of humsans iutrs inssaly timeps. Mscssaw H2il, Nsss Yss. Rsimeyeri, L, 1962. Dis Fassa dess Pfshlbsstss is dss Sschwsi. Nssis Denk- sehrifteD dss allgsemsisss. Schwesis. Gss. gissstss Nistsrss. 19:1-246. Wsse, Hsg. 1901 Dis insdeissch. 2sd isd. Disslis. Witheasd, G. enest. 1953. Ths ssiest Whits Cattls sf Bitin ssd tbsis dssssdsts. Fahiss & Fsbers, Lssdss. W6ilsonE, Jamess. 1929. The evoslsison of Bitish catsle sssd ths fashioingi iof breedss. Vistss &. Cs., LondoE. Winsdls, F. 1952. Fosus hsssdssd sisstssiss of casve sart. (Foreword by Abbs Dssuil.) Msshigss, Frsses. Wossas, J. J. A., and Wliams J. Tbsssss. 1949. Thes psimssssl sntiqsities of Dssssssrk. J.D. Pssrkss, London. Wrsessiskbi, Asgst. 1679. Studissss zusGseichtsbe dess polESisb5 Tss (Us, Uss, Biss primsigeisis Dsjssss). Z. W~iss. Zissl. 30:493-555. -90 DAIRY CATTLD BREEDS Curtiss, Gassiss H. 1961. A slssb fos lbs ags Pstassiss-asgss. al. Gsis- grsphic Msg. 120:590-92. Dsswkiss, William B. 1966. DE lbs fossil Britlsh oxenR. Part 1. Bss ssssl, Casars. Qusst. . Geol. ISis. Lsndos 22:391-40. Dsgsrbol, M. 1963. Pssbisoic satls iD Dsenmark ssd sdjacsnt assss. Ro. Antlhropol. Inst. Occsiossl Papss 29, pp. 68-79. Duerst, J. U.190. Aimaslsremisfromb th s5ecavainsIatAnau,5andthe bose sf ARaB iD its sslatiss Is tbs srsces sf dosic boses. Explorations is Tsurkessa. Espssition sf 1964. Vsl. 2. Casregie 1nst., Wshington, D.C. Pp. 341144. Eswast, J. Cssss. 1920. Abs issigins sf satle. Psros. Scoish Casle Bseissnsg Cosf. Dlivss & Bsyd, Lssdss. Pp. 1-46. Fslconse, Hsgb. 1659. Dscsipthss sstalsgss sf tbs fsssil rsemais sf Vsstsbsats fssss lbs Sissalik Hills, lbs Nsrbsdds, Psrim Island, ists., lB tbs Musessm of lbs Asiatis Soieity sf Bsngal. Calsstta. Prsdsjs, A., S. Jasos, ssd C. A. Msbesg. 1956. Hsllislssispss i Svigesi. Dskashamsnss-Bladsts DiBstisbkeri. Hssbesseis, Sigssssd. 1549. Dsisss Sfisssssiissss Commestii , Dsil. Laters sds., 1551 and 1556. Hugbss, T. Msclssny. 1994. Tbs evolution sf tbs rdtsh bsssds osf catsl. J. Roy. Agis. Siss. Esgl. 5(sss. 3):561-63. Jamsss, E. D. 1927. Ths Stissi Agis. Sheldoss Psress, LondoD. Kllsr, Csssad. 1902. Dis Abstsasssss ders Hassiers. Zusich. Klindt-Jesse, Dle. 1957. Desssss bisforis Ibis Vibings. Prssgss, Nss Yssb. Lydekkerss, Risbard. 1696. Wild issen, shssp, ssd gissts of sll landis, lisig ansd eisscts. Losdss. Mose, E. W. 1910. Ths ancestryp of domsesticatsd catssls. USDA Bss. Asimail Isd. 27th Ass. Respt., pp. 187-239. NilssonSven. 1849.Onthe sststssdsisigboisssimlsf Scadinavsi. Ass. ap. at. Hist. 4(sss. 2):256-69. Dssss, Risbssd. 1966. Pslseostslogy, ori a systeici Isurvesy of ex~tinct aimasls ssd thesp pseoloicasl relsionss. Edisburgb. Piggotls, Stsuast. 1961. Ths dssws of civilizssion. Ths fist wrld surveyis sf human cultures is easrly times. Mcs~saw Hi2l, Nsew Yssk. Dsimesye, L. 1961. Dis Faunsa ders Pfshlbsstss is dss Sschwsi. Nsss Dsnk- sehriften dsr sllgsessisss. Sschwsis. Gss. gsamtenis atusr. 19:1-249. Wsssss, Hugpi. 1902 Dis Risdsssssh. 2sd ed. Brislis. Whhitsbssd, G. Kennssth. 1953. The aienit Wbite Csttle isf Dsitsin snd tbsis dscesndsns. Fshiss & Fabss, Lssdss. Wilsons, 51am51. 1909. Ths evoslstios sf Dritishs sstle ssd tbs fsioingi sof bssisds. Vistons & Cs., LondoE. W6isdes, F. 1951. Fsss husndssd scestuies of scasi srt. (Psssswsrd by Abbs Dsssdl.) Montignac, FraDncs. Wossas, 5. 5, A., ssd Willisss 3. Tbsosas. 1949. Ths prievsl sstiqsities of Dsesmssrk. J. H. Psrbsr, Londs. Wssisbi, Aspgust. 1979. Studissss zuGshicbts dsis pslDisebsD Ass (Us, Uss, Bhls prismigesius Dojanus). Z. W~iss. Ziss. 30:493-555.  CHAPTER 2 DOMESTICATION OF CATTLE DOMESTICATION of cattle was man's greatest exploitation of the wild animal kingdom, according to F. E. Zeoner. Much evidence from the later period of prehistory-during, and following Neolithic times-has been gathered during the past century. Evidence has come from excavations, cave paintings, rock engravings, and the study of the origin of Aryan languages. Development of a system of timing by radiocarbon-14 brought some systematization to previ- ously isolated observations. Two factors affect dependability of such time estimates: biological contaminations and the distinction be- tween remains of wild and domesticated oxen in the same region. Since domestication preceded written history, the exact time and place of this event pends further discoveries. Reed believed that B. longifrons cattle were domesticated about 6000 B.C., probably in Headpiece: Vignette of lake-dweller's hut. CHAPTER 2 DOMESTICATION OF CATTLE DOMESTICATION of cattle was man's greatest exploitation of the wild animal kingdom, according to F. E. Zeuner. Much evidence from the later period of prehistory-during, and following Neolithic times-has been gathered during the past century. Evidence has come from excavations, cave paintings, rock engravings, and the study of the origin of Aryan languages. Development of a system of timing by radiocarbon-14 brought some systematization to previ- ously isolated observations. Two factors affect dependability of such time estimates: biological contaminations and the distinction be- tween remains of wild and domesticated oxen in the same region. Since domestication preceded written history, the exact time and place of this event pends further discoveries. Reed believed that B. longifrons cattle were domesticated about 6000 B.C., probably in Headpiece: Vignette of lake-dweller's hut. CHAPTER 2 DOMESTICATION OF CATTLE DOMESTICATION of cattle was man's greatest exploitation of the wild animal kingdom, according to F. E. Zeuner. Much evidence from the later period of prehistory-during, and following Neolithic times-has been gathered during the past century. Evidence has come from excavations, cave paintings, rock engravings, and the study of the origin of Aryan languages. Development of a system of timing by radiocarbon-14 brought some systematization to previ- ously isolated observations. Two factors affect dependability of such time estimates: biological contaminations and the distinction be- tween remains of wild and domesticated oxen in the same region. Since domestication preceded written history, the exact time and place of this event pends further discoveries. Reed believed that B. longifrons cattle were domesticated about 6000 B.C., probably in Headpiece: Vignette of lake-dweller's hut.  22 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS the Zagros Mountains and their grassy forelands (hilly flank areas), where cereal farming and village settlements had begun. An advance in civilization was associated with domestication first of the dog as a hunting companion, then of goats and sheep, and later of cattle. Mucke theorized that a primitive people who made little use of hunting weapons had been involved in domesticating animals. Zeaner grouped cattle with crop trespassers. He believed that such proximity was one reason for early domestication. J. U. Duerst concluded from excavations at Anau, a delta-oasis in Turke- stan: The agricultural stage of human development (crop grow- ing) must also have preceded the state of cattle breeders, but through the accomplished domestication of ruminants, men ob- tained freedom of motion for traveling with cattle for good pastures, and commenced a nomadic life. This must be the real explanation of the origin of the wandering people, which Mucke cannot explain, and he consequently considers a priori that nomadic peoples were nomadic before the domestication of cattle. . . . Consequently the first domestication of cattle must have been by a settled people such as the Anau-li were. ... Importation of metals from India came at a later date. R. Pumpelly believed that wild cattle were driven by thirst dur- ing drouth to the better-watered oases. J. U. Duerst excavated mounds of ancient settlements at Anau and found the remains of domesticated cattle were at a higher level than the earlier levels containing wheat and barley. The wild species B. namadicus was in the lowest level at Anau. This species was contemporaneous as a wild animal with early man in India during the Old Stone Age. Though hunting weapons were lacking, he found no enclosures for holding cattle. Shalidar cave and the nearby Zawi Chemi village sites long were occupied. Excavations of the cave floor down 14 meters to lime- stone bedrock yielded several human skeletons and evidence from four strata of soil (and fallen limerock slabs). The lower part of layer B-1, colored by decayed organic matter (from animal drop- pings ), contained grinding stones to prepare acorns or grass seeds as 22 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS the Zagros Mountains and their grassy forelands (hilly flank areas), where cereal farming and village settlements had begun. An advance in civilization was associated with domestication first of the dog as a hunting companion, then of goats and sheep, and later of cattle. Mucke theorized that a primitive people who made little use of hunting weapons had been involved in domesticating animals. Zeuner grouped cattle with crop trespassers. He believed that such proximity was one reason for early domestication. J. U. Duerst concluded from excavations at Anau, a delta-oasis in Turke- stan: The agricultural stage of human development (crop grow- ing) must also have preceded the state of cattle breeders, but through the accomplished domestication of ruminants, men ob- tained freedom of motion for traveling with cattle for good pastures, and commenced a nomadic life. This must be the real explanation of the origin of the wandering people, which Mucke cannot explain, and he consequently considers a priori that nomadic peoples were nomadic before the domestication of cattle. . . . Consequently the first domestication of cattle must have been by a settled people such as the Anau-li were. ... Importation of metals from India came at a later date. R. Pumpelly believed that wild cattle were driven by thirst dur- ing drouth to the better-watered oases. J. U. Duerst excavated mounds of ancient settlements at Anau and found the remains of domesticated cattle were at a higher level than the earlier levels containing wheat and barley. The wild species B. namadicus was in the lowest level at Anau. This species was contemporaneous as a wild animal with early man in India during the Old Stone Age. Though hunting weapons were lacking, he found no enclosures for holding cattle. Shalidar cave and the nearby Zawi Chemi village sites long were occupied. Excavations of the cave floor down 14 meters to lime- stone bedrock yielded several human skeletons and evidence from four strata of soil (and fallen limerock slabs). The lover part of layer B-1, colored by decayed organic matter (from animal drop- pings ), contained grinding stones to prepare acorns or grass seeds as 22 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS the Zagros Mountains and their grassy forelands (hilly flank areas), where cereal farming and village settlements had begun. An advance in civilization was associated with domestication first of the dog as a hunting companion, then of goats and sheep, and later of cattle. Mucke theorized that a primitive people who made little use of hunting weapons had been involved in domesticating animals. Zeaner grouped cattle with crop trespassers. He believed that such proximity was one reason for early domestication. J. U. Duerst concluded from excavations at Anau, a delta-oasis in Turke- stan: The agricultural stage of human development (crop grow- ing) must also have preceded the state of cattle breeders, but through the accomplished domestication of ruminants, men ob- tained freedom of motion for traveling with cattle for good pastures, and commenced a nomadic life. This must be the real explanation of the origin of the wandering people, which Mucke cannot explain, and he consequently considers a priori that nomadic peoples were nomadic before the domestication of cattle. . . . Consequently the first domestication of cattle must have been by a settled people such as the Anau-li were. ... Importation of metals from India came at a later date. R. Pumpelly believed that wild cattle were driven by thirst dur- ing drouth to the better-watered oases. J. U. Duerst excavated mounds of ancient settlements at Anau and found the remains of domesticated cattle were at a higher level than the earlier levels containing wheat and barley. The wild species B. nanadicus was in the lowest level at Anau. This species was contemporaneous as a wild animal with early man in India during the Old Stone Age. Though hunting weapons were lacking, he found no enclosures for holding cattle. Shalidar cave and the nearby Zawi Chemi village sites long were occupied. Excavations of the cave floor down 14 meters to lime- stone bedrock yielded several human skeletons and evidence from four strata of soil (and fallen limerock slabs). The lower part of layer B-1, colored by decayed organic matter (from animal drop- pings), contained grinding stones to prepare acorns or grass seeds as  Domestication 23 Domestication 23 Domestication 23 food, and a hafted stone sickle or cutting tool. This layer was dated by carbon-14 at about 8,650 years ago. The presence of snail shells, and suggested storage pits or basins in the discolored soil, indicated use of gathered and stored foods. Sheep had been domesticated. The next lower soil layer had less color. Flint hunting weapons were present, but there were no hand milling stones, querns, or dis- integrating baskets or fabrics. R. J. Braidwood excavated three sites eastward of the Tigris River, representing different periods. The Palegawra cave yielded many flint blade-tools and some unworked animal bones. Most of the bones were from wild horses, deer, and gazelles, but some were of sheep, goats, and pigs possibly killed by chance among known wild animals of the region. Many fragments of milling stones sug- gested attempts at reaping wild grains for food, but no grains were found in the cave. At Karim Shahir, a later site, about half the bones were of sheep, goats, and pigs. A mound excavated at Jarmo dated perhaps a thousand years later. Four flint blades of a sickle were found in position, with scattered barley and wheat grains. Many bones were of sheep, goat, pig, dog, and some large cattle. These excavations suggest the progression of herding to keep meat avail- able for food. Evidence of the earliest recognized domesticated cattle was found at Banahill and on the Diyala plains in northern Iraq. C. A. Reed estimated the time at some 7,000 years ago. Domesticated cattle were known to be at Thessaly, Greece, on a site dated by carbon-14 at 5550 B.c. Excavations at Tall Arpachiyah eastward of the Tigris River revealed that cattle were in domestication there long before 2900 B.c. M. E. L. Mallowan estimated the Tall Halaf culture there at about 4500 u.C. Decorations of pottery showed long- horn cattle. A model head, dug from a stratum almost down to vir- gin soil, had incurved horns that pointed almost directly forward. The poll was wide, and the forehead was of medium height. Four metal objects that were found included lead and a copper chisel among the pottery and many stone tools. A seashell on the site was at least 1,000 miles from the Indian Ocean. food, and a hafted stone sickle or cutting tool. This layer was dated by carbon-14 at about 8,650 years ago. The presence of snail shells, and suggested storage pits or basins in the discolored soil, indicated use of gathered and stored foods. Sheep had been domesticated. The next lower soil layer had less color. Flint hunting weapons were present, but there were no hand milling stones, querns, or dis- integrating baskets or fabrics. R. J. Braidwood excavated three sites eastward of the Tigris River, representing different periods. The Palegawra cave yielded many flint blade-tools and some unworked animal bones. Most of the bones were from wild horses, deer, and gazelles, but some were of sheep, goats, and pigs possibly killed by chance among known wild animals of the region. Many fragments of milling stones sug- gested attempts at reaping wild grains for food, but no grains were found in the cave. At Karim Shahir, a later site, about half the bones were of sheep, goats, and pigs. A mound excavated at Jarmo dated perhaps a thousand years later. Four flint blades of a sickle were found in position, with scattered barley and wheat grains. Many bones were of sheep, goat, pig, dog, and some large cattle. These excavations suggest the progression of herding to keep meat avail- able for food. Evidence of the earliest recognized domesticated cattle was found at Banahill and on the Diyala plains in northern Iraq. C. A. Reed estimated the time at some 7,000 years ago. Domesticated cattle were known to be at Thessaly, Greece, on a site dated by carbon-14 at 5550 u.C. Excavations at Tall Arpachiyah eastward of the Tigris River revealed that cattle were in domestication there long before 2900 B.C. M. E. L. Mallowan estimated the Tall Halaf culture there at about 4500 B.C. Decorations of pottery showed long- horn cattle. A model head, dug from a stratum almost down to vir- gin soil, had incurved horns that pointed almost directly forward. The poll was wide, and the forehead was of medium height. Four metal objects that were found included lead and a copper chisel among the pottery and many stone tools. A seashell on the site was at least 1,000 miles from the Indian Ocean. food, and a hafted stone sickle or cutting tool. This layer was dated by carbon-14 at about 8,650 years ago. The presence of snail shells, and suggested storage pits or basins in the discolored soil, indicated use of gathered and stored foods. Sheep had been domesticated. The next lower soil layer had less color. Flint hunting weapons were present, but there were no hand milling stones, querns, or dis- integrating baskets or fabrics. R. J. Braidwood excavated three sites eastward of the Tigris River, representing different periods. The Palegawra cave yielded many flint blade-tools and some unworked animal bones. Most of the bones were from wild horses, deer, and gazelles, but some were of sheep, goats, and pigs possibly killed by chance among known wild animals of the region. Many fragments of milling stones sug- gested attempts at reaping wild grains for food, but no grains were found in the cave. At Karim Shahir, a later site, about half the bones were of sheep, goats, and pigs. A mound excavated at Jarmo dated perhaps a thousand years later. Four flint blades of a sickle were found in position, with scattered barley and wheat grains. Many bones were of sheep, goat, pig, dog, and some large cattle. These excavations suggest the progression of herding to keep meat avail- able for food. Evidence of the earliest recognized domesticated cattle was found at Banahill and on the Diyala plains in northern Iraq. C. A. Reed estimated the time at some 7,000 years ago. Domesticated cattle were known to be at Thessaly, Greece, on a site dated by carbon-14 at 5550 u.C. Excavations at Tall Arpachiyah eastward of the Tigris River revealed that cattle were in domestication there long before 2900 n.c. M. E. L. Mallowan estimated the Tall Halaf culture there at about 4500 B.c. Decorations of pottery showed long- horn cattle. A model head, dug from a stratum almost down to vir- gin soil, had incurved horns that pointed almost directly forward. The poll was wide, and the forehead was of medium height. Four metal objects that were found included lead and a copper chisel among the pottery and many stone tools. A seashell on the site was at least 1,000 miles from the Indian Ocean.  24 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS THE ARYANS The Aryans appeared first as a hunting people and then as a crop- gathering people. Roots of their language included some of pastoral pursuits. Names of money and booty were derived from words re- ferring to cattle in several languages of Aryan origin. Lord or prince, Gopatis, originally meant guardian of the cattle. Words ex- panded to mean district or country, or even the earth, once meant pasturage. Keary wrote: The evidence of language points to the belief that the an- cient Aryans had only made some beginnings of agriculture ... for among the words common to the whole Aryan race there were very few connected with farming, whereas their vocabu- lary is redolent of the herd, the cattle-fold, the herdsman, the milking-time. Even the word daughter (Greek-Thurster; Sanskrit-duhitar) means the milker and that seems to throw back the practice of milking to a very remote antiquity. The Aryan branch who wrote Sanskrit, according to Sayce, were nomad herdsmen, living in hovels ... which could be erected in a few hours, and left again as the cattle moved into higher ground around the approach of spring, or descended into the valley when winter approached.... Cattle, sheep, goats and swine were all kept; the dog had been domesticated, and in all probability the horse. The Parsers, who followed the religion of Zoroaster, possessed as their Bible and prayer book the Avesta or Zend-Avesta, which is comprised of several parts. The "songs of praise" paid reverence to the ox. In the ox is our strength, in the ox is our speech, in the ox is our victory, in the ox is our nourishment, in the ox is our clothings, in the ox is our agriculture, which furnishes to us food. The Aryan diety Indra was spoken of as a bull in the Vedic 24 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS THE ARYANS The Aryans appeared first as a hunting people and then as a crop- gathering people. Roots of their language included some of pastoral pursuits. Names of money and booty were derived from words re- ferring to cattle in several languages of Aryan origin. Lord or prince, Gopatis, originally meant guardian of the cattle. Words ex- panded to mean district or country, or even the earth, once meant pasturage. Keary wrote: The evidence of language points to the belief that the an- cient Aryans had only made some beginnings of agriculture ... for among the words common to the whole Aryan race there were very few connected with farming, whereas their vocabu- lary is redolent of the herd, the cattle-fold, the herdsman, the milking-time. Even the word daughter (Greek-Thurster; Sanskrit-duhitar) means the milker and that seems to throw back the practice of milking to a very remote antiquity. The Aryan branch who wrote Sanskrit, according to Sayce, were nomad herdsmen, living in hovels ... which could be erected in a few hours, and left again as the cattle moved into higher ground around the approach of spring, or descended into the valley when winter approached.... Cattle, sheep, goats and swine were all kept; the dog had been domesticated, and in all probability the horse. The Parsees, who followed the religion of Zoroaster, possessed as their Bible and prayer book the Avesta or Zend-Avesta, which is comprised of several parts. The "songs of praise" paid reverence to the ox. In the ox is our strength, in the ox is our speech, in the ox is our victory, in the ox is our nourishment, in the ox is our clothings, in the ox is our agriculture, which furnishes to us food. The Aryan diety Indra was spoken of as a bull in the Vedic 24 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS THE ARYANS The Aryans appeared first as a hunting people and then as a crop- gathering people. Roots of their language included some of pastoral pursuits. Names of money and booty were derived from words re- ferring to cattle in several languages of Aryan origin. Lord or prince, Gopatis, originally meant guardian of the cattle. Words ex- panded to mean district or country, or even the earth, once meant pasturage. Keary wrote: The evidence of language points to the belief that the an- cient Aryans had only made some beginnings of agriculture ... for among the words common to the whole Aryan race there were very few connected with farming, whereas their vocabu- lary is redolent of the herd, the cattle-fold, the herdsman, the milking-time. Even the word daughter (Greek-Thurster; Sanskrit-duhitar) means the milker and that seems to throw back the practice of milking to a very remote antiquity. The Aryan branch who wrote Sanskrit, according to Sayce, were nomad herdsmen, living in hovels ... which could be erected in a few hours, and left again as the cattle moved into higher ground around the approach of spring, or descended into the valley when winter approached.... Cattle, sheep, goats and swine were all kept; the dog had been domesticated, and in all probability the horse. The Parsees, who followed the religion of Zoroaster, possessed as their Bible and prayer book the Avesta or Zend-Avesta, which is comprised of several parts. The "songs of praise" paid reverence to the ox. In the ox is our strength, in the ox is our speech, in the ox is our victory, in the ox is our nourishment, in the ox is our clothings, in the ox is our agriculture, which furnishes to us food. The Aryan diety Indra was spoken of as a bull in the Vedic  Domestication 25 hymns; the clouds still more commonly were the cows of Indra, and the rain their milk. The wicked Panis (evil beings of fog and mist) were mentioned in the Vedas as stealing the cows from the fields and hiding them in caves, from which they were recovered later. In Sanskrit, Gopatis or patriarch meant lord of the cattle; morn- ing, calling of the cattle; and evening, the milking time. Pecunia, Latin for money, was derived from Sanskrit pecus, which originally referred to cattle. The English word fee was from the Aryan word for cattle. Owiefech-Anglo-Saxon for movable property-referred to living cattle, and immovable property was dead cattle. Cattle were the principal medium of barter or exchange. EARLY ARYAN CA'TTLE Cattle were in domestication and were regarded highly many cen- turies before the first permanent written history of the Aryan race. In early times the Aryans occupied an area north of the Hindu Kush or Caucasus border and west of the Boler Tagh mountain ranges of west central Asia. They possessed cattle, horses, and "little cattle" (goats and/or sheep). Their religion and history were passed down by word of mouth in the form of chants, hymns, and prayers that mentioned their leaders, faith, and problems. Limited moisture and scarcity of arable land eastward of the Caspian Sea and the Sea of Aral led them to develop some irrigation from the Oxus (now the Amu Darya River) and Jaxartes River. Their herds and lands were raided and overrun by tribes from the northward, as related in the first four Gathas-Odes to Zarathustra (Zoroaster)-in the Avesta. The Aryans spread out to new lands, taking cattle with them. The Indo-Aryan branch settled in India, and Irano-Aryans migrated into Persia and westward. Writings of the Indo-Aryans are recorded in the Vedic hymns. The Aryans differed from the Semites of that period, the former having changed to a settled agriculture. Their Turanian neighbors were nomadic tribes whose territory surrounded the Aryans. The early influence of the Turanians disappeared in Europe before the advance of the Celts and other Aryan branches who came westward slowly, bringing domesticated cattle. Domestication 25 hymns; the clouds still more commonly were the cows of Indra, and the rain their milk. The wicked Panis (evil beings of fog and mist) were mentioned in the Vedas as stealing the cows from the fields and hiding them in caves, from which they were recovered later. In Sanskrit, Gopatis or patriarch meant lord of the cattle; morn- ing, calling of the cattle; and evening, the milking time. Pecunia, Latin for money, was derived from Sanskrit pecus, which originally referred to cattle. The English word fee was from the Aryan word for cattle. Owiefech-Anglo-Saxon for movable property-referred to living cattle, and immovable property was dead cattle. Cattle were the principal medium of barter or exchange. EARLY ARYAN CATTLE Cattle were in domestication and were regarded highly many cen- turies before the first permanent written history of the Aryan race. In early times the Aryans occupied an area north of the Hindu Kush or Caucasus border and west of the Boler Tagh mountain ranges of west central Asia. They possessed cattle, horses, and "little cattle" (goats and/or sheep). Their religion and history were passed down by word of mouth in the form of chants, hymns, and prayers that mentioned their leaders, faith, and problems. Limited moisture and scarcity of arable land eastward of the Caspian Sea and the Sea of Aral led them to develop some irrigation from the Oxus (now the Amu Darya River) and Jaxartes River. Their herds and lands were raided and overrun by tribes from the northward, as related in the first four Gathas-Odes to Zarathustra (Zoroaster)-in the Avesta. The Aryans spread out to new lands, taking cattle with them. The Indo-Aryan branch settled in India, and Irano-Aryans migrated into Persia and westward. Writings of the Indo-Aryans are recorded in the Vedic hymns. The Aryans differed from the Semites of that period, the former having changed to a settled agriculture. Their Turanian neighbors were nomadic tribes whose territory surrounded the Aryans. The early influence of the Turanians disappeared in Europe before the advance of the Celts and other Aryan branches who came westward slowly, bringing domesticated cattle. Domestication 25 hymns; the clouds still more commonly were the cows of Indra, and the rain their milk. The wicked Panis (evil beings of fog and mist) were mentioned in the Vedas as stealing the cows from the fields and hiding them in caves, from which they were recovered later. In Sanskrit, Gopatis or patriarch meant lord of the cattle; morn- ing, calling of the cattle; and evening, the milking time. Pecunia, Latin for money, was derived from Sanskrit pecus, which originally referred to cattle. The English word fee was from the Aryan word for cattle. Owiefech-Anglo-Saxon for movable property-referred to living cattle, and immovable property was dead cattle. Cattle were the principal medium of barter or exchange. EARLY ARYAN CATTLE Cattle were in domestication and were regarded highly many cen- turies before the first permanent written history of the Aryan race. In early times the Aryans occupied an area north of the Hindu Kush or Caucasus border and west of the Boler Tagh mountain ranges of west central Asia. They possessed cattle, horses, and "little cattle" (goats and/or sheep). Their religion and history were passed down by word of mouth in the form of chants, hymns, and prayers that mentioned their leaders, faith, and problems. Limited moisture and scarcity of arable land eastward of the Caspian Sea and the Sea of Aral led them to develop some irrigation from the Oxus (now the Amu Darya River) and Jaxartes River. Their herds and lands were raided and overrun by tribes from the northward, as related in the first four Gathas-Odes to Zarathustra (Zoroaster)-in the Avesta. The Aryans spread out to new lands, taking cattle with them. The Indo-Aryan branch settled in India, and Irano-Aryans migrated into Persia and westward. Writings of the Indo-Aryans are recorded in the Vedic hymns. The Aryans differed from the Semites of that period, the former having changed to a settled agriculture. Their Turanian neighbors were nomadic tribes whose territory surrounded the Aryans. The early influence of the Turanians disappeared in Europe before the advance of the Celts and other Aryan branches who came westward slowly, bringing domesticated cattle.  26 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION Sir John Marshall directed excavations at Mohenjo-Daro in the Indus Valley between 1922 and 1927 in settlements of a pre-Aryan people, since established to date between 3050 to 2550 B.C., down to 1500 n.C. These people used implements of stone, bronze, and cop- per; they cultivated barley, wheat, date palms, and cotton and had domesticated zebus (humped cattle), short-homed cattle, buffaloes, camels, dogs, elephants, sheep, and swine. Oxen were yoked to wheeled vehicles. Beef, mutton, pork, poultry, fish, and turtles were among their foods. Milk and vegetables were presumed to have been other important parts of their diet. The city had substantial homes, paved streets, a public bath, and sewers. Remains of humped cattle were abundant at every level. A short-horned species of humpless cattle was represented among the terra cotta intaglios discovered, but none of their bones were identified. The intaglio terra cotta seals unearthed depicted 408 bulls of several species. B. gaurus was on 17 seals, and B. indicus was portrayed definitely on 27 seals. Many bulls were not humped. Because the side view showed only one horn, short-homed bulls de- picted were called "unicorn" by Marshall. Frederichs thought these animals to be the aurochs, or B. primigenius and B. namadicus spe- cies, based on the seal-amulets. Some of these cattle had excellent conformations; 53 had rela- tively level rumps, while 328 had definite slope to the rumps. Short sloping rumps are common among humped Indian cattle today (Brahman or zebu cattle). Ernst Mackay mentioned a figurine of a Brahman bull as a fine example of such workmanship. Copper plates bore designs of cattle, one being a zebu or humped. Croco- diles, dogs, elephants, rhinoceros, sheep, and tigers also were repre- sented on the seals. The city was destroyed and its people killed in the streets by the Aryans when they invaded India from the northwest about 1500 B.C. The language of these pre-Aryan people had not been de- ciphered when Sir John Marshall's report was published in 1931, and it was still undeciphered in 1964. The University of Pennsylvania Museum, British Museum, and 26 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS INDUs VALLEY CIVILIZATION Sir John Marshall directed excavations at Mohenjo-Daro in the Indus Valley between 1922 and 1927 in settlements of a pre-Aryan people, since established to date between 3050 to 2550 n.C., down to 1500 n.C. These people used implements of stone, bronze, and cop- per; they cultivated barley, wheat, date palms, and cotton and had domesticated zebus (humped cattle), short-horned cattle, buffaloes, camels, dogs, elephants, sheep, and swine. Oxen were yoked to wheeled vehicles. Beef, mutton, pork, poultry, fish, and turtles were among their foods. Milk and vegetables were presumed to have been other important parts of their diet. The city had substantial homes, paved streets, a public bath, and sewers. Remains of humped cattle were abundant at every level. A short-horned species of humpless cattle was represented among the terra cotta intaglios discovered, but none of their bones were identified. The intaglio terra cotta seals unearthed depicted 408 bulls of several species. B. gaurus was on 17 seals, and B. indicus was portrayed definitely on 27 seals. Many bulls were not humped. Because the side view showed only one horn, short-horned bulls de- picted were called "unicorn" by Marshall. Frederichs thought these animals to be the aurochs, or B. primigenius and B. namadicus spe- cies, based on the seal-amulets. Some of these cattle had excellent conformations; 53 had rela- tively level rumps, while 328 had definite slope to the rumps. Short sloping rumps are common among humped Indian cattle today (Brahman or zebu cattle). Ernst Mackay mentioned a figurine of a Brahman bull as a fine example of such workmanship. Copper plates bore designs of cattle, one being a zebu or humped. Croco- diles, dogs, elephants, rhinoceros, sheep, and tigers also were repre- sented on the seals. The city was destroyed and its people killed in the streets by the Aryans when they invaded India from the northwest about 1500 B.C. The language of these pre-Aryan people had not been de- ciphered when Sir John Marshall's report was published in 1931, and it was still undeciphered in 1964. The University of Pennsylvania Museum, British Museum, and 26 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION Sir John Marshall directed excavations at Mohenjo-Daro in the Indus Valley between 1922 and 1927 in settlements of a pre-Aryan people, since established to date between 3050 to 2550 n.C., down to 1500 n.C. These people used implements of stone, bronze, and cop- per; they cultivated barley, wheat, date palms, and cotton and had domesticated zebus (humped cattle), short-homed cattle, buffaloes, camels, dogs, elephants, sheep, and swine. Oxen were yoked to wheeled vehicles. Beef, mutton, pork, poultry, fish, and turtles were among their foods. Milk and vegetables were presumed to have been other important parts of their diet. The city had substantial homes, paved streets, a public bath, and sewers. Remains of humped cattle were abundant at every level. A short-horned species of humpless cattle was represented among the terra cotta intaglios discovered, but none of their bones were identified. The intaglio terra cotta seals unearthed depicted 408 bulls of several species. B. gaurus was on 17 seals, and B. indicus was portrayed definitely on 27 seals. Many bulls were not humped. Because the side view showed only one horn, short-horned bulls de- picted were called "unicorn" by Marshall. Frederichs thought these animals to be the aurochs, or B. primigenius and B. namadicus spe- cies, based on the seal-amulets. Some of these cattle had excellent conformations; 53 had rela- tively level rumps, while 328 had definite slope to the rumps. Short sloping rumps are common among humped Indian cattle today (Brahman or zebu cattle). Ernst Mackay mentioned a figurine of a Brahman bull as a fine example of such workmanship. Copper plates bore designs of cattle, one being a zebu or humped. Croco- diles, dogs, elephants, rhinoceros, sheep, and tigers also were repre- sented on the seals. The city was destroyed and its people killed in the streets by the Aryans when they invaded India from the northwest about 1500 B.C. The language of these pre-Aryan people had not been de- ciphered when Sir John Marshall's report was published in 1931, and it was still undeciphered in 1964. The University of Pennsylvania Museum, British Museum, and  Domestication 27 Department of Antiquities at Bagdad cooperated in excavating the ancient city of Ur and vicinity. C. Leonard Woolley, who led the expeditions, wrote of this early civilization: "It is not beside the point that Dumusi 'the Shepherd' ranks amongst the kings who reigned before the Flood, or that the traditional title of the Sumar- ian ruler was Patasi, 'the tenant farmer' of the God; the Al'Ubaid society was one of shepherds, farmers and fishermen, as we can tell from the remains." The Royal Cemetery was dated between 3500 and 3200 B.c. The golden head of a bull, a silver donkey from the pole of Queen Shub- ad's chariot, and the "ram caught in the thicket" were objects that dealt with domestic animals. Bulls' heads of copper were found, which had wide polls and incurved horns similar to some British cattle. These objects were used for ornamentation or worship. Ox carts were found in the earliest royal graves at Ur. Oxen were used for plowing and working on the threshing floor. Remains of an ox were attached to the king's wagon in death pit P.G. 1789: "This ox was about the same height as a Chartley bull, a long-horned breed representing approximately the average size of European domesti- cated cattle." This was about 5,000 years ago. Indian influence was brought about by trade. Woolley wrote: "In the second phase of the Royal Cemetery decadence is visibly setting in. The animal scenes are still there, though with certain modifications-the hill creatures, the spotted leopard and the smooth-horned highland bull have been replaced by the water buffalo, and instead of the naked beardless hunter, comes one wearing the flat cap of the north on the bearded figure of the mythological Gilgamesh." A temple excavated at AlUbaid bore an inscribed tablet to the reign of A-anni-padda, second king of the first dynasty of Ur. A row of copper statues of oxen stood on the floor along the wall. A copper frieze (Fig. 2.1) had a row of oxen in high relief, shown in the act of rising. Higher up was a second frieze of mosaic, figures in shell or limestone ... set against a background of blackstone; there are rows of cattle and a fresh version of the familiar scene in which men milk their cows outside the reed-built byre, but here there are also men, clean-shaved priests, who strain the milk Domestication 27 Department of Antiquities at Bagdad cooperated in excavating the ancient city of Ur and vicinity. C. Leonard Woolley, who led the expeditions, wrote of this early civilization: "It is not beside the point that Dumusi 'the Shepherd' ranks amongst the kings who reigned before the Flood, or that the traditional title of the Sumar- ian ruler was Patasi, 'the tenant farmer' of the God; the Al'Ubaid society was one of shepherds, farmers and fishermen, as we can tell from the remains." The Royal Cemetery was dated between 3500 and 3200 B.c. The golden head of a bull, a silver donkey from the pole of Queen Shub- ad's chariot, and the "ram caught in the thicket" were objects that dealt with domestic animals. Bulls' heads of copper were found, which had wide polls and incurved horns similar to some British cattle. These objects were used for ornamentation or worship. Ox carts were found in the earliest royal graves at Ur. Oxen were used for plowing and working on the threshing floor. Remains of an ox were attached to the king's wagon in death pit P.G. 1789: "This ox was about the same height as a Chartley bull, a long-horned breed representing approximately the average size of European domesti- cated cattle." This was about 5,000 years ago. Indian influence was brought about by trade. Woolley wrote: "In the second phase of the Royal Cemetery decadence is visibly setting in. The animal scenes are still there, though with certain modifications-the hill creatures, the spotted leopard and the smooth-horned highland bull have been replaced by the water buffalo, and instead of the naked beardless hunter, comes one wearing the flat cap of the north on the bearded figure of the mythological Gilgamesh." A temple excavated at AlUbaid bore an inscribed tablet to the reign of A-anni-padda, second king of the first dynasty of Ur. A row of copper statues of oxen stood on the floor along the wall. A copper frieze (Fig. 2.1) had a row of oxen in high relief, shown in the act of rising. Higher up was a second frieze of mosaic, figures in shell or limestone ... set against a background of blackstone; there are rows of cattle and a fresh version of the familiar scene in which men milk their cows outside the reed-built byre, but here there are also men, clean-shaved priests, who strain the milk Domestication 27 Department of Antiquities at Bagdad cooperated in excavating the ancient city of Ur and vicinity. C. Leonard Woolley, who led the expeditions, wrote of this early civilization: "It is not beside the point that Dumusi 'the Shepherd' ranks amongst the kings who reigned before the Flood, or that the traditional title of the Sumar- ian ruler was Patasi, 'the tenant farmer' of the God; the A'Ubaid society was one of shepherds, farmers and fishermen, as we can tell from the remains." The Royal Cemetery was dated between 3500 and 3200 B.c. The golden head of a bull, a silver donkey from the pole of Queen Shub- ad's chariot, and the "ram caught in the thicket" were objects that dealt with domestic animals. Bulls' heads of copper were found, which had wide polls and incurved horns similar to some British cattle. These objects were used for ornamentation or worship. Ox carts were found in the earliest royal graves at Ur. Oxen were used for plowing and working on the threshing floor. Remains of an ox were attached to the king's wagon in death pit P.G. 1789: "This ox was about the same height as a Chartley bull, a long-horned breed representing approximately the average size of European domesti- cated cattle." This was about 5,000 years ago. Indian influence was brought about by trade. Woolley wrote: "In the second phase of the Royal Cemetery decadence is visibly setting in. The animal scenes are still there, though with certain modifications-the hill creatures, the spotted leopard and the smooth-horned highland bull have been replaced by the water buffalo, and instead of the naked beardless hunter, comes one wearing the flat cap of the north on the bearded figure of the mythological Gilgamesh." A temple excavated at AlUbaid bore an inscribed tablet to the reign of A-anni-padda, second king of the first dynasty of Ur. A row of copper statues of oxen stood on the floor along the wall. A copper frieze (Fig. 2.1) had a row of oxen in high relief, shown in the act of rising. Higher up was a second frieze of mosaic, figures in shell or limestone ... set against a background of blackstone; there are rows of cattle and a fresh version of the familiar scene in which men milk their cows outside the reed-built byre, but here there are also men, clean-shaved priests, who strain the milk  28 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS and pour it into great stone jars; it is the farm of the goddess Ninkursag, and her priests store the divine milk which was the food of her foster-son the king. History and tradition state that Ur of the Chaldees was among the oldest cities established by the Sumarians, who had acquired the art of writing by using a metal stylus on clay tablets. A consid- erable library maintained at Ninevah (Ashurbanipal) in the seventh century before Christ helped to establish time back another 1,500 years. From these reports, the earliest definite date was 3100 B.C., FIG. 2.1. An mnlay frieze from the temple of Nimkhursag Al'Ubaid, at Ur of the Chaldees, about 2700 BC., portres a nilkmig scene and caring for the milk. (Courtesy of the Universit of Pennsylyania Museum.) when Mes-Anni-Padda, first king of the first dynasty of Ur, as- cended the throne. (Woolley later re-estimated this date at about 2700 B.C.) This people worshipped gods, including the Moon God ("the young bull of heaven"), who was a great landowner. His tenants paid rent in cattle, sheep, goats, barley, oil, rounds of cheese, pots of clarified butter, and bales of wool for which the scribes made duplicate receipts on clay tablets, one of which was filed in the records of the Ziggurat temple. This temple, with a chapel to the moon, antedated the birth of Abraham in the same city by 400 years. Daily offerings of butter, cheese, and dates to major dieties were recorded on six tablets in the Ningal temple, as reported by H. H. 28 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS and pour it into great stone jars; it is the farm of the goddess Ninkursag, and her priests store the divine milk which was the food of her foster-son the king. History and tradition state that Ur of the Chaldees was among the oldest cities established by the Sumarians, who had acquired the art of writing by using a metal stylus on clay tablets. A consid- erable library maintained at Ninevah (Ashurbanipal) in the seventh century before Christ helped to establish time back another 1,500 years. From these reports, the earliest definite date was 3100 B.C., FIG. 2.1. An inlay frieze from the temple of Ninkhursag Al'Ubaid, at Ur of the Chaldees, about 2700 B.C., portrays a milking scene and caring for the milk. (Courtesy of the University of Pennsylvania Museum.) when Mes-Anni-Padda, first king of the first dynasty of Ur, as- cended the throne. (Woolley later re-estimated this date at about 2700 B.C.) This people worshipped gods, including the Moon God ("the young bull of heaven"), who was a great landowner. His tenants paid rent in cattle, sheep, goats, barley, oil, rounds of cheese, pots of clarified butter, and bales of wool for which the scribes made duplicate receipts on clay tablets, one of which was filed in the records of the Ziggurat temple. This temple, with a chapel to the moon, antedated the birth of Abraham in the same city by 400 years. Daily offerings of butter, cheese, and dates to major dieties were recorded on six tablets in the Ningal temple, as reported by H. H. 28 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS and pour it into great stone jars; it is the farm of the goddess Ninkursag, and her priests store the divine milk which was the food of her foster-son the king. History and tradition state that Ur of the Chaldees was among the oldest cities established by the Sumarians, who had acquired the art of writing by using a metal stylus on clay tablets. A consid- erable library maintained at Ninevah (Ashurbanipal) in the seventh century before Christ helped to establish time back another 1,500 years. From these reports, the earliest definite date was 3100 B.C., FIG. 2.1. An lay frieze fhom the temple of Ninkhursag AIUbaid, at Ur of the Chaldees, about 2700 B.C., portrays a nilkimg scene and casing for the milk. (Courtesy of the University of Pennsylvaia Museum.) when Mes-Anni-Padda, first king of the first dynasty of Ur, as- cended the throne. (Woolley later re-estimated this date at about 2700 B.C.) This people worshipped gods, including the Moon God ("the young bull of heaven"), who was a great landowner. His tenants paid rent in cattle, sheep, goats, barley, oil, rounds of cheese, pots of clarified butter, and bales of wool for which the scribes made duplicate receipts on clay tablets, one of which was filed in the records of the Ziggurat temple. This temple, with a chapel to the moon, antedated the birth of Abraham in the same city by 400 years. Daily offerings of butter, cheese, and dates to major dieties were recorded on six tablets in the Ningal temple, as reported by H. H.  Domestication 29 Domestication 29 Domestication 29 Figulla. Milk, bread, white beans, flour, honey, and salt were men- tioned. A change in the river channel withdrew irrigation water from the canals about the second century before Christ, and doomed the city. It is of note that cows, goats, and sheep provided milk from which cheese and sour cooking butter were made at that early time. The Greeks were believed to have appeared in Greece, or at least in Asia Minor, about 1900 B.c., and were probably preceded by the Latin branch of the Aryans, as well as by the Celts in north- ern Europe. In Greek mythology, Hermes (Mercury) stole the cattle of Apollo that were feeding on the Pierian mountains, and hid them. A Vedic hymn mentioned "those who sleep by the cattle... . Keary held that: Possession of cattle was a guarantee against want, and an inducement to a more regular and orderly mode of living.... The importance attached to cattle . . . is evidenced by the fre- quent use of words in their origin relating to cattle, in all the Aryan languages, to express many ordinary incidents of life. Cattle occupied a prominent place in Aryan mythology (the Vedic hymns), titles of honour, names of divisions of the day, divisions of land, for property and money. Races of people who used the Sanskrit language were the Iranic (Persians) and Armenians. Races of Aryan stock in Europe in- cluded Greeks, Latins, Celts (Gauls and Britons), Teutons, Slavs, Lettics, and Albanians. Ancestors of the Parsers down to the end of the Sassanian dy- nasty ruled over the people of Anau. Duerst believed from remains of wild cattle in the lowest excavations at Anau, and of a somewhat different domesticated type at higher levels, that this may have been the region where cattle were first domesticated. An early civ- ilization excavated in the Indus Valley by Marshall possessed do- mesticated cattle at an early period. The advanced civilization in the Indus Valley may push back the time of domesticated cattle to an early time in this part of Asia. Figulla. Milk, bread, white beans, flour, honey, and salt were men- tioned. A change in the river channel withdrew irrigation water from the canals about the second century before Christ, and doomed the city. It is of note that cows, goats, and sheep provided milk from which cheese and sour cooking butter were made at that early time. The Greeks were believed to have appeared in Greece, or at least in Asia Minor, about 1900 B.c., and were probably preceded by the Latin branch of the Aryans, as well as by the Celts in north- ern Europe. In Greek mythology, Hermes (Mercury) stole the cattle of Apollo that were feeding on the Pierian mountains, and hid them. A Vedic hymn mentioned "those who sleep by the cattle... . Keary held that: Possession of cattle was a guarantee against want, and an inducement to a more regular and orderly mode of living. ... The importance attached to cattle . . . is evidenced by the fre- quent use of words in their origin relating to cattle, in all the Aryan languages, to express many ordinary incidents of life. Cattle occupied a prominent place in Aryan mythology (the Vedic hymns), titles of honour, names of divisions of the day, divisions of land, for property and money. Races of people who used the Sanskrit language were the Iranic (Persians) and Armenians. Races of Aryan stock in Europe in- cluded Greeks, Latins, Celts (Gauls and Britons), Teutons, Slavs, Lettics, and Albanians. Ancestors of the Parsecs down to the end of the Sassanian dy- nasty ruled over the people of Anau. Duerst believed from remains of wild cattle in the lowest excavations at Anau, and of a somewhat different domesticated type at higher levels, that this may have been the region where cattle were first domesticated. An early civ- ilization excavated in the Indus Valley by Marshall possessed do- mesticated cattle at an early period. The advanced civilization in the Indus Valley may push back the time of domesticated cattle to an early time in this part of Asia. Figulla. Milk, bread, white beans, flour, honey, and salt were men- tioned. A change in the river channel withdrew irrigation water from the canals about the second century before Christ, and doomed the city. It is of note that cows, goats, and sheep provided milk from which cheese and sour cooking butter were made at that early time. The Greeks were believed to have appeared in Greece, or at least in Asia Minor, about 1900 B.c, and were probably preceded by the Latin branch of the Aryans, as well as by the Celts in north- ern Europe. In Greek mythology, Hermes (Mercury) stole the cattle of Apollo that were feeding on the Pierian mountains, and hid them. A Vedic hymn mentioned "those who sleep by the cattle... . Keary held that: Possession of cattle was a guarantee against want, and an inducement to a more regular and orderly mode of living. ... The importance attached to cattle . . . is evidenced by the fre- quent use of words in their origin relating to cattle, in all the Aryan languages, to express many ordinary incidents of life. Cattle occupied a prominent place in Aryan mythology (the Vedic hymns), titles of honour, names of divisions of the day, divisions of land, for property and money. Races of people who used the Sanskrit language were the Iranic (Persians) and Armenians. Races of Aryan stock in Europe in- cluded Greeks, Latins, Celts (Gauls and Britons), Teutons, Slavs, Lettics, and Albanians. Ancestors of the Parsees down to the end of the Sassanian dy- nasty ruled over the people of Anau. Duerst believed from remains of wild cattle in the lowest excavations at Anau, and of a somewhat different domesticated type at higher levels, that this may have been the region where cattle were first domesticated. An early civ- ilization excavated in the Indus Valley by Marshall possessed do- mesticated cattle at an early period. The advanced civilization in the Indus Valley may push back the time of domesticated cattle to an early time in this part of Asia.  30 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS CATrLE AND DAIRY PRODUCTS IN THE HOLY BIBLE The Hebrews were an agricultural people owning camels, cattle, horses, and sheep. The Bible contains many references to cattle, butter, cheese, and milk. Cattle were mentioned first in the version of the Creation (Gen. 1:24-26) : And God said, Let the earth bring forth the living creatures after his kind, cattle, and creeping thing, and beast of the earth after his kind: and it was so. And God made the beast of the earth after his kind, and cattle after their kind, and every thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind: and God saw that it was good. And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our like- ness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth. Some Hebrews led a nomadic life about 3875 B.C. (Gen. 4:20): "And Adah bare Jabal: he was the father of such as dwell in tents, and of such as have cattle." At the time of the flood (2349 B.C.), Noah took pairs of each kind of animal into the ark, and the remainder perished (Gen. 7:23) : "And every living substance was destroyed which was upon the face of the ground, both man, and cattle, and the creeping things, and the fowl of the heaven; and they were destroyed from the earth; and Noah only remained alive, and they that were with him in the ark." Four hundred years later (1920 B.C.) the cattle were distin- guished by species in Genesis 12:16: "And he entreated Abram well for her sake: and he had sheep, and oxen, and he asses, and manservants, and maidservants, and she asses, and camels." When Abram, Lot, and their families and their followers went out of Egypt in 1918 B.C. (Gen. 13:2-11): And Abram was very rich in cattle, in silver, and in gold.... And Lot also, which went with Abram, had flocks and herds, and tents. And the land was not able to bear them,. that they might dwell together: for their substance was great.... And there was a strife between the herdmen of Abram's cattle and the herdmen of Lot's cattle... . And Abram said unto Lot, 30 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS CATTLE AND DAIRY PRODUCTS IN THE HOLY BIBLE The Hebrews were an agricultural people owning camels, cattle, horses, and sheep. The Bible contains many references to cattle, butter, cheese, and milk. Cattle were mentioned first in the version of the Creation (Gen. 1:24-26): And God said, Let the earth bring forth the living creatures after his kind, cattle, and creeping thing, and beast of the earth after his kind: and it was so. And God made the beast of the earth after his kind, and cattle after their kind, and every thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind: and God saw that it was good. And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our like- ness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth. Some Hebrews led a nomadic life about 3875 B.C. (Gen. 4:20): "And Adah bare Jabal: he was the father of such as dwell in tents, and of such as have cattle." At the time of the flood (2349 B.C.), Noah took pairs of each kind of animal into the ark, and the remainder perished (Gen. 7:23): "And every living substance was destroyed which was upon the face of the ground, both man, and cattle, and the creeping things, and the fowl of the heaven; and they were destroyed from the earth; and Noah only remained alive, and they that were with him in the ark." Four hundred years later (1920 B.C.) the cattle were distin- guished by species in Genesis 12:16: "And he entreated Abram well for her sake: and he had sheep, and oxen, and he asses, and manservants, and maidservants, and she asses, and camels." When Abram, Lot, and their families and their followers went out of Egypt in 1918 B.C. (Gen. 13:2-11): And Abram was very rich in cattle, in silver, and in gold... . And Lot also, which went with Abram, had flocks and herds, and tents. And the land was not able to bear them,. that they might dwell together: for their substance was great.... And there was a strife between the herdmen of Abram's cattle and the herdmen of Lot's cattle.... And Abram said unto Lot, 30 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS CATrLE AND DAIRY PRODUCTS IN THE HOLY BIBLE The Hebrews were an agricultural people owning camels, cattle, horses, and sheep. The Bible contains many references to cattle, butter, cheese, and milk. Cattle were mentioned first in the version of the Creation (Gen. 1:24-26): And God said, Let the earth bring forth the living creatures after his kind, cattle, and creeping thing, and beast of the earth after his kind: and it was so. And God made the beast of the earth after his kind, and cattle after their kind, and every thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind: and God saw that it was good. And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our like- ness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth. Some Hebrews led a nomadic life about 3875 B.C. (Gen. 4:20): "And Adah bare Jabal: he was the father of such as dwell in tents, and of such as have cattle." At the time of the flood (2349 B.C.), Noah took pairs of each kind of animal into the ark, and the remainder perished (Gen. 7:23): "And every living substance was destroyed which was upon the face of the ground, both man, and cattle, and the creeping things, and the fowl of the heaven; and they were destroyed from the earth; and Noah only remained alive, and they that were with him in the ark." Four hundred years later (1920 B.C.) the cattle were distin- guished by species in Genesis 12:16: "And he entreated Abram well for her sake: and he had sheep, and oxen, and he asses, and manservants, and maidservants, and she asses, and camels." When Abram, Lot, and their families and their followers went out of Egypt in 1918 B.C. (Gen. 13:2-11): And Abram was very rich in cattle, in silver, and in gold.... And Lot also, which went with Abram, had flocks and herds, and tents. And the land was not able to bear them,. that they might dwell together: for their substance was great.... And there was a strife between the herdmen of Abram's cattle and the herdmen of Lot's cattle.... And Abram said unto Lot,  Domestication 31 Domestication 31 Domestication 31 Let there be no strife, I pray thee, between me and thee, and between my herdmen and thy herdmen; for we be brethren. Abram suggested that they separate. Lot chose the well-watered plain of Jordan to the east, while Abram went in the opposite direc- tion. Then in Genesis 15:7, God spoke to Abram: "And he said to him, I am the Lord that brought thee out of Ur of Chaldees, to give thee this land to inherit it." Woolley excavated a temple frieze showing a milking scene at Ur, city of Abraham. The famous narrative of early cattle breeding was the agreement between Laban and Jacob (Gen. 30:28-43) whereby Jacob received all broken-colored animals as pay for herding Laban's cattle. Jacob presented cattle to his brother Esau (Gen. 32:15) and Esau took them into Canaan (Gen. 36:6). Jacob's son Joseph (Gen. 41:17-27) interpreted Pharaoh's dream of seven fat oxen devoured by seven lean oxen as foretelling seven years of famine, against which Pha- roah stored grain for this period of adversity. Jacob traded cattle and lands for food in Egypt during the drouth (Gen. 46:6-32). God promised Moses "a land flowing with milk and honey" as a home for his chosen people (Exod. 13:5). Moses mentioned burned offerings of cattle several times in the book of Leviticus. Moses's scouts reported that the Promised Land was flowing with milk and honey. This description was repeated several times (Num. 13:27; and Dent. 11:9; 27:3; 31:20; and 32:14). The latter stated: "Butter of kine, and milk of sheep, with fat of lambs, and rams of the breed of Bashan, and goats, with the fat of kidneys of wheat; and thou didst drink the pure blood of the grape." Joshua succeeded Moses as leader in 1451 B.C. Concerning settle- ment in the land (Josh. 21:2): "And they spake unto them at Shiloh in the land of Canaan, saying, The Lord commanded by the hand of Moses to give us cities to dwell in, with the suburbs thereof for our cattle." When Jael begged of Sisera in 1296 B.C. (Judg. 4:19): "Give me, I pray thee, a little water to drink; for I am thirsty. And she opened a bottle of milk, and gave him drink." Also "He asked water, and Let there be no strife, I pray thee, between me and thee, and between my herdmen and thy herdmen; for we be brethren. Abram suggested that they separate. Lot chose the well-watered plain of Jordan to the east, while Abram went in the opposite diree- tion. Then in Genesis 15:7, God spoke to Abram: "And he said to him, I am the Lord that brought thee out of Ur of Chaldees, to give thee this land to inherit it." Woolley excavated a temple frieze showing a milking scene at Ur, city of Abraham. The famous narrative of early cattle breeding was the agreement between Laban and Jacob (Gen. 30:28-43) whereby Jacob received all broken-colored animals as pay for herding Laban's cattle. Jacob presented cattle to his brother Esau (Gen. 32:15) and Esau took them into Canaan (Gen. 36:6). Jacob's son Joseph (Gen. 41:17-27) interpreted Pharaoh's dream of seven fat oxen devoured by seven lean oxen as foretelling seven years of famine, against which Pha- roah stored grain for this period of adversity. Jacob traded cattle and lands for food in Egypt during the drouth (Gen. 46:6-32). God promised Moses "a land flowing with milk and honey" as a home for his chosen people (Exod. 13:5). Moses mentioned burned offerings of cattle several times in the book of Leviticus. Moses's scouts reported that the Promised Land was flowing with milk and honey. This description was repeated several times (Num. 13:27; and Dent. 11:9; 27:3; 31:20; and 32:14). The latter stated: "Butter of kine, and milk of sheep, with fat of lambs, and rams of the breed of Bashan, and goats, with the fat of kidneys of wheat; and thou didst drink the pure blood of the grape." Joshua succeeded Moses as leader in 1451 B.C. Concerning settle- ment in the land (Josh. 21:2): "And they spake unto them at Shiloh in the land of Canaan, saying, The Lord commanded by the hand of Moses to give us cities to dwell in, with the suburbs thereof for our cattle." When Jael begged of Sisera in 1296 B.C. (Judg. 4:19): "Give me, I pray thee, a little water to drink; for I am thirsty. And she opened a bottle of milk, and gave him drink." Also "He asked water, and Let there be no strife, I pray thee, between me and thee, and between my herdmen and thy herdmen; for we be brethren. Abram suggested that they separate. Lot chose the well-watered plain of Jordan to the east, while Abram went in the opposite direc- tion. Then in Genesis 15:7, God spoke to Abram: "And he said to him, I am the Lord that brought thee out of Ur of Chaldees, to give thee this land to inherit it." Woolley excavated a temple frieze showing a milking scene at Ur, city of Abraham. The famous narrative of early cattle breeding was the agreement between Laban and Jacob (Gen. 30:28-43) whereby Jacob received all broken-colored animals as pay for herding Laban's cattle. Jacob presented cattle to his brother Esau (Gen. 32:15) and Esau took them into Canaan (Gen. 36:6). Jacob's son Joseph (Gen. 41:17-27) interpreted Pharaoh's dream of seven fat oxen devoured by seven lean oxen as foretelling seven years of famine, against which Pha- roah stored grain for this period of adversity. Jacob traded cattle and lands for food in Egypt during the drouth (Gen. 46:6-32). God promised Moses "a land flowing with milk and honey" as a home for his chosen people (Exod. 13:5). Moses mentioned burned offerings of cattle several times in the book of Leviticus. Moses's scouts reported that the Promised Land was flowing with milk and honey. This description was repeated several times (Num. 13:27; and Dent. 11:9; 27:3; 31:20; and 32:14). The latter stated: "Butter of kine, and milk of sheep, with fat of lambs, and rams of the breed of Bashan, and goats, with the fat of kidneys of wheat; and thou didst drink the pure blood of the grape." Joshua succeeded Moses as leader in 1451 B.C. Concerning settle- ment in the land (Josh. 21:2): "And they spake unto them at Shiloh in the land of Canaan, saying, The Lord commanded by the hand of Moses to give us cities to dwell in, with the suburbs thereof for our cattle." When Jael begged of Sisera in 1296 B.c. (Judg. 4:19): "Give me, I pray thee, a little water to drink; for I am thirsty. And she opened a bottle of milk, and gave him drink." Also "He asked water, and  32 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS she gave him milk; she brought forth butter in a lordly dish" (Judg. 5:25). The mother of David directed (1 Sam. 17:18): "And carry these ten cheeses unto the captain of their thousand, and look how thy brethren fare, and take their pledge." David met and slew the Phil- istine giant, Goliath, with a smooth pebble from the brook, directed from his sling. At a later time (2 Sam. 17:27-29): "And it came to pass, when David was come to Mahanaim, that Shedi . . . brought beds, and basins, and earthen vessels, and wheat ... and parched pulse. And honey, and butter, and sheep, and cheese of kine, for David, and for the people that were with him, to eat: for they said, The people is hungry, and weary, and thirsty, in the wilderness." In 1014 n.C., Solomon mentioned milk among his valued foods (Song of Sol. 5:1): "I am come into my garden, my sister, my spouse: I have gathered my myrrh with my spice; I have eaten my honeycomb with my honey; I have drunk my wine with my milk: eat, O friends; drink, yea, drink abundantly, O beloved." Isaiah (7:32) mentioned in a prosperous time: "And it shall come to pass, for the abundance of milk that they shall give, he shall eat butter: for butter and honey shall every one eat that is left in the land." Cattle, milk, butter, and cheese were valued highly by the He- brews from the earliest written history. The word "butter" was changed by the translators in the new revised version of the Bible to "curds." However, cheese, butter, and clarified butter oil were known at an early period. ROCK PAINTINGs Childe described the rock paintings in Spain, stating that "on the cave walls and in adjacent shelters their inhabitants have painted in a conventional manner wild animals and episodes of the chase, but also domesticated cattle, sheep, goats, swine and equids, and pas- toral scenes and even an agricultural diety holding a siekle; sledges and, in the north, wheeled carts are also depicted." Burkitt reported on a group of paintings of the later Aeneolithic 32 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS she gave him milk; she brought forth butter in a lordly dish" (Judg. 5:25). The mother of David directed (1 Sam. 17:18): "And carry these ten cheeses unto the captain of their thousand, and look how thy brethren fare, and take their pledge." David met and slew the Phil- istine giant, Goliath, with a smooth pebble from the brook, directed from his sling. At a later time (2 Sam. 17:27-29); "And it came to pass, when David was come to Mahanaim, that Shedi . . . brought beds, and basins, and earthen vessels, and wheat ... and parched pulse. And honey, and butter, and sheep, and cheese of kine, for David, and for the people that were with him, to eat: for they said, The people is hungry, and weary, and thirsty, in the wilderness." In 1014 B.C., Solomon mentioned milk among his valued foods (Song of Sol. 5:1): "I am come into my garden, my sister, my spouse: I have gathered my myrrh with my spice; I have eaten my honeycomb with my honey; I have drunk my wine with my milk: eat, O friends; drink, yea, drink abundantly, O beloved." Isaiah (7:32) mentioned in a prosperous time: "And it shall come to pass, for the abundance of milk that they shall give, he shall eat butter: for butter and honey shall every one eat that is left in the land." Cattle, milk, butter, and cheese were valued highly by the He- brews from the earliest written history. The word "butter" was changed by the translators in the new revised version of the Bible to "curds." However, cheese, butter, and clarified butter oil were known at an early period. ROCK PAINTINGS Childe described the rock paintings in Spain, stating that "on the cave walls and in adjacent shelters their inhabitants have painted in a conventional manner wild animals and episodes of the chase, but also domesticated cattle, sheep, goats, swine and equids, and pas- toral scenes and even an agricultural diety holding a siekle; sledges and, in the north, wheeled carts are also depicted." Burkitt reported on a group of paintings of the later Aeneolithic 32 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS she gave him milk; she brought forth butter in a lordly dish" (Judg. 5:25). The mother of David directed (1 Sam. 17:18): "And carry these ten cheeses unto the captain of their thousand, and look how thy brethren fare, and take their pledge." David met and slew the Phil- istine giant, Goliath, with a smooth pebble from the brook, directed from his sling. At a later time (2 Sam. 17:27-29): "And it came to pass, when David was come to Mahanaim, that Shedi . .. brought beds, and basins, and earthen vessels, and wheat . . . and parched pulse. And honey, and butter, and sheep, and cheese of kine, for David, and for the people that were with him, to eat: for they said, The people is hungry, and weary, and thirsty, in the wilderness." In 1014 B.C., Solomon mentioned milk among his valued foods (Song of Sol. 5:1); "I am come into my garden, my sister, my spouse: I have gathered my myrrh with my spice; I have eaten my honeycomb with my honey; I have drunk my wine with my milk: eat, O friends; drink, yea, drink abundantly, O beloved." Isaiah (7:32) mentioned in a prosperous time: "And it shall come to pass, for the abundance of milk that they shall give, he shall eat butter: for butter and honey shall every one eat that is left in the land." Cattle, milk, butter, and cheese were valued highly by the He- brews from the earliest written history. The word "butter" was changed by the translators in the new revised version of the Bible to "curds." However, cheese, butter, and clarified butter oil were known at an early period. ROCK PAINTINGS Childe described the rock paintings in Spain, stating that "on the cave walls and in adjacent shelters their inhabitants have painted in a conventional manner wild animals and episodes of the chase, but also domesticated cattle, sheep, goats, swine and equids, and pas- toral scenes and even an agricultural diety holding a siekle; sledges and, in the north, wheeled carts are also depicted." Burkitt reported on a group of paintings of the later Aeneolithic  Domiatin 33 Doesiaion 33 Domestiao 33 Age (Spanish Group III): "An extremely interesting art-group that occurs in rock shelters belonging to the late Neolithic and Copper Age periods has been studied in the Spanish peninsula.... That the folks who made these paintings practiced the domestication of animals is shown by a very charming example found at Las Can- ferras de Penarrubia in the Sierra Morena of an animal led by a halter." M. de Morgan found that oxen were used to till the soil in Egypt at an early date. He also found enclosures where the animals were penned at night. Egyptian monuments indicate that humped cattle -B. indicus-were in domestication as early as the twelfth dynasty, 2100 n.C. In Mesopotamia and Arabia, cattle were in domestication at the same time as in Egypt. Regular trade routes passed through the region. Adametz believed in 1920 that the time of domestica- tion in Egypt had not been determined. He thought the earliest Egyptian "Hamiten" race was descended from B. primigenius al- though their withers were developed strongly. Zebus were in Baby- lonia about 2000 B.C., and were taken to Arabia from there. The horns of early Egyptian cattle were more slender than were those of zebus. Since the oldest goats and sheep came to Egypt from Baby- lonia, Adametz believed that cattle had been brought over the same route across southern Arabia. Rock paintings in southeastern Libya (Figs. 2.2 and 2.3) show cattle in domestication at an early period. Lieutenant Brennans of the French Camel Corps observed many paintings in 1933 and later, on rock walls of overhanging cliffs and in caverns (once human shelters) in the Tassili of the Ajjers. The region is an eroded sandstone plateau in the Sahara Desert south- west of Tripoli. Henri Lhote and associates transcribed these paint- ings for the Museum of Man in Paris. Few wild oxen were pictured. One fresco showed herdsmen defending their cattle against raiders with bows and arrows. The largest herd numbered 65 animals, ac- companied by herdsmen. They were portrayed in red, brown, and yellow colors, some with white markings. Many had wide, upturned horns similar to those in Egyptian sculptures. Their horns were longer than those of early B. longifrons in Europe. A domesticated dog sometimes was pictured. The "Bovidean" period indicated a Age (Spanish Group III): "An extremely interesting art-group that occurs in rock shelters belonging to the late Neolithic and Copper Age periods has been studied in the Spanish peninsula.... That the folks who made these paintings practiced the domestication of animals is shown by a very charming example found at Las Can- ferras de Penarrubia in the Sierra Morena of an animal led by a halter." M. de Morgan found that oxen were used to till the soil in Egypt at an early date. He also found enclosures where the animals were penned at night. Egyptian monuments indicate that humped cattle -B. indicus-were in domestication as early as the twelfth dynasty, 2100 n.C. In Mesopotamia and Arabia, cattle were in domestication at the same time as in Egypt. Regular trade routes passed through the region. Adametz believed in 1920 that the time of domestica- tion in Egypt had not been determined. He thought the earliest Egyptian "Hamiten" race was descended from B. primigenius al- though their withers were developed strongly. Zebus were in Baby- lonia about 2000 B.C., and were taken to Arabia from there. The horns of early Egyptian cattle were more slender than were those of zebus. Since the oldest goats and sheep came to Egypt from Baby- lonia, Adametz believed that cattle had been brought over the same route across southern Arabia. Rock paintings in southeastern Libya (Figs. 2.2 and 2.3) show cattle in domestication at an early period. Lieutenant Brennans of the French Camel Corps observed many paintings in 1933 and later, on rock walls of overhanging cliffs and in caverns (once human shelters) in the Tassili of the Ajjers. The region is an eroded sandstone plateau in the Sahara Desert south- west of Tripoli. Henri Lhote and associates transcribed these paint- ings for the Museum of Man in Paris. Few wild oxen were pictured. One fresco showed herdsmen defending their cattle against raiders with bows and arrows. The largest herd numbered 65 animals, ac- companied by herdsmen. They were portrayed in red, brown, and yellow colors, some with white markings. Many had wide, upturned horns similar to those in Egyptian sculptures. Their horns were longer than those of early B. longifrons in Europe. A domesticated dog sometimes was pictured. The "Bovidean" period indicated a Age (Spanish Group III): "An extremely interesting art-group that occurs in rock shelters belonging to the late Neolithic and Copper Age periods has been studied in the Spanish peninsula.... That the folks who made these paintings practiced the domestication of animals is shown by a very charming example found at Las Can- ferras de Penarrubia in the Sierra Morena of an animal led by a halter." M. de Morgan found that oxen were used to till the soil in Egypt at an early date. He also found enclosures where the animals were penned at night. Egyptian monuments indicate that humped cattle -B. indicus-were in domestication as early as the twelfth dynasty, 2100 n.C. In Mesopotamia and Arabia, cattle were in domestication at the same time as in Egypt. Regular trade routes passed through the region. Adametz believed in 1920 that the time of domestica- tion in Egypt had not been determined. He thought the earliest Egyptian "Hamiten" race was descended from B. primigenius al- though their withers were developed strongly. Zebus were in Baby- lonia about 2000 B.C., and were taken to Arabia from there. The horns of early Egyptian cattle were more slender than were those of zebus. Since the oldest goats and sheep came to Egypt from Baby- lonia, Adametz believed that cattle had been brought over the same route across southern Arabia. Rock paintings in southeastern Libya (Figs. 2.2 and 2.3) show cattle in domestication at an early period. Lieutenant Brennans of the French Camel Corps observed many paintings in 1933 and later, on rock walls of overhanging cliffs and in caverns (once human shelters) in the Tassili of the Ajjers. The region is an eroded sandstone plateau in the Sahara Desert south- west of Tripoli. Henri Lhote and associates transcribed these paint- ings for the Museum of Man in Paris. Few wild oxen were pictured. One fresco showed herdsmen defending their cattle against raiders with bows and arrows. The largest herd numbered 65 animals, ac- companied by herdsmen. They were portrayed in red, brown, and yellow colors, some with white markings. Many had wide, upturned horns similar to those in Egyptian sculptures. Their horns were longer than those of early B. longifrons in Europe. A domesticated dog sometimes was pictured. The "Bovidean" period indicated a  34 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS migration of Neolithic man into the region westward of Egypt at around 3530 B.C. DOMESTICATED CATTLE Many writers of prehistory pointed to evidence that the Aryan peo- ple introduced domesticated cattle from western Asia into Europe. Remains of B. longifrons predominated in relic beds of the early Neolithic settlements. The oldest post-glacial settlers of the fertile Danube Valley and its tributaries possessed short-horned cattle, turbary sheep, and a few pigs. They ascended the valley westward, 34 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS migration of Neolithic man into the region westward of Egypt at around 3530 B.C. DOMESTICATED CATTLE Many writers of prehistory pointed to evidence that the Aryan peo- ple introduced domesticated cattle from western Asia into Europe. Remains of B. longifrons predominated in relic beds of the early Neolithic settlements. The oldest post-glacial settlers of the fertile Danube Valley and its tributaries possessed short-horned cattle, turbary sheep, and a few pigs. They ascended the valley westward, 34 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS migration of Neolithic man into the region westward of Egypt at around 3530 D.C. DOMESTICATED CATTLE Many writers of prehistory pointed to evidence that the Aryan peo- ple introduced domesticated cattle from western Asia into Europe. Remains of B. longifrons predominated in relic beds of the early Neolithic settlements. The oldest post-glacial settlers of the fertile Danube Valley and its tributaries possessed short-horned cattle, turbary sheep, and a few pigs. They ascended the valley westward, FIG. 2.2. Rock paintings discovered at Ain Dua in south- eastern Libya by the Frobenius-Fox expedition indicate that the cow was domesticated more than 6,000 years ago. (From Milk Industry News, Volume 2, Number 1, 1938. Courtesy of Milk Industry Foundation.) FIG. 2.2. Rock paintings discovered at Ain Dua in south- eastern Libya by the Frobenius-Fox expedition indicate that the cow was domesticated more than 6,000 years ago. (From Milk Industry News, Volume 2, Number 1, 1938. Courtesy of Milk Industry Foundation.) FIG. 2.2. Rock paintings discovered at Ain Dua in south- eastern Libya by the Frobenius-Fox expedition indicate that the cow was domesticated more than 6,000 years ago. (From Milk Industry News, Volume 2, Number 1, 1938. Courtesy of Milk Industry Foundation.)  Domestication 35 where one site was timed by radiocarbon-14 at 4000 n.c. They spread southward into Switzerland and Italy, westward down the Rhine, and across Belgium and France to the Channel and British Isles (Fig. 2.4). Migrations were traced by the peculiarly shaped polished flint implements and a crude beaker-type of clay pottery, as they moved westward over the steppes of southern Russia, into Hungary, Gali- cia, Silesia, the Rhineland, Belgium, Normandy, and the Channel and British Isles. These people chose to settle on loess soils and near streams. They were agriculturists and fishermen as well as owners of flocks and herds. Barley, flax, millet, and wheat were introduced in their migrations to newer lands. Childe, in reviewing evidence discovered in many locations, mentioned that inhabitants of the Grecian mainland lived in island villages, hunted deer and other wild life, and possessed domesticated cattle, sheep, and swine. The polished shoe-last celt, a typical implement, was really a hoe used in Neolithic agriculture in the Danube Valley. It was used as a weapon as well. Another people invaded Eastern Thessaly in the second period (2600-2499 0.C.). They made clay figurines, and added models of cattle to the small human images. Domestication 35 where one site was timed by radiocarbon-14 at 4000 B.C. They spread southward into Switzerland and Italy, westward down the Rhine, and across Belgium and France to the Channel and British Isles (Fig. 2.4). Migrations were traced by the peculiarly shaped polished flint implements and a crude beaker-type of clay pottery, as they moved westward over the steppes of southern Russia, into Hungary, Gali- cia, Silesia, the Rhineland, Belgium, Normandy, and the Channel and British Isles. These people chose to settle on loess soils and near streams. They were agriculturists and fishermen as well as owners of flocks and herds. Barley, flax, millet, and wheat were introduced in their migrations to newer lands. Childe, in reviewing evidence discovered in many locations, mentioned that inhabitants of the Grecian mainland lived in island villages, hunted deer and other wild life, and possessed domesticated cattle, sheep, and swine. The polished shoe-last celt, a typical implement, was really a hoe used in Neolithic agriculture in the Danube Valley. It was used as a weapon as well. Another people invaded Eastern Thessaly in the second period (2600-2499 .C.). They made clay figurines, and added models of cattle to the small human images. Domestication 35 where one site was timed by radiocarbon-14 at 4000 0.C. They spread southward into Switzerland and Italy, westward down the Rhine, and across Belgium and France to the Channel and British Isles (Fig. 2.4). Migrations were traced by the peculiarly shaped polished flint implements and a crude beaker-type of clay pottery, as they moved westward over the steppes of southern Russia, into Hungary, Gali- cia, Silesia, the Rhineland, Belgium, Normandy, and the Channel and British Isles. These people chose to settle on loess soils and near streams. They were agriculturists and fishermen as well as owners of flocks and herds. Barley, flax, millet, and wheat were introduced in their migrations to newer lands. Childe, in reviewing evidence discovered in many locations, mentioned that inhabitants of the Grecian mainland lived in island villages, hunted deer and other wild life, and possessed domesticated cattle, sheep, and swine. The polished shoe-last celt, a typical implement, was really a hoe used in Neolithic agriculture in the Danube Valley. It was used as a weapon as well. Another people invaded Eastern Thessaly in the second period (2600-2499 n.C.). They made clay figurines, and added models of cattle to the small human images. FIG. 2.3. Paintings of cows in what is presently the Libyan desert were made about 4000 B.C., or earlier. This one pictures ancient tribesmen worshiping a cow. (Courtesy of Milk Industry Foundation.) FIG. 2.3. Paintings of cows in what is presently the Libyan desert were made about 4000 B.C., or earlier. This one pictures ancient tribesmen worshiping a cow. (Courtesy of Milk Industry Foundation.) FIG. 2.3. Paintings of cows in what is presently the Libyan desert were made about 4000 B.C., or earlier. This one pictures ancient tribesmen worshiping a cow. (Courtesy of Milk Industry Foundation.)  36 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Childe presumed that the megalith builders introduced domesti- cated cattle into England, since bones of cattle, sheep, and swine have been recovered from burial barrows. Cultivated grains have not been connected with this people in Britain. DJSCOvERY OF LAKE DWELLINGS IN SwITzERLAND The winter of 1853-54 was dry and cold. Little snow fell in the Alps, and the water level in many lakes became the lowest on rec- ord. Local people built a wall along the new waterline on the edge of Lake Zurich between Ober Meilen and Dollikon. While removing mud from the lake bottom onto the reclaimed area, they found quantities of piling, animal horns, and some implements. A. Aeppli of Meilen believed these specimens to be of human workmanship, and called Dr. Ferdinand Keller's attention to them. Thus the Swiss lake dwellings were recognized. Over 200 lake dwellings have been found since in Switzerland, mainly representing the Stone and Bronze Ages, but a few settle- 36 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Childe presumed that the megalith builders introduced domesti- cated cattle into England, since bones of cattle, sheep, and swine have been recovered from burial barrows. Cultivated grains have not been connected with this people in Britain. DIScovERY OF LAKE DWELLINGS IN SwITZERLAND The winter of 1853-54 was dry and cold. Little snow fell in the Alps, and the water level in many lakes became the lowest on rec- ord. Local people built a wall along the new waterline on the edge of Lake Zurich between Ober Meilen and Dollikon. While removing mud from the lake bottom onto the reclaimed area, they found quantities of piling, animal horns, and some implements. A. Aeppli of Meilen believed these specimens to be of human workmanship, and called Dr. Ferdinand Keller's attention to them. Thus the Swiss lake dwellings were recognized. Over 200 lake dwellings have been found since in Switzerland, mainly representing the Stone and Bronze Ages, but a few settle- 36 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Childe presumed that the megalith builders introduced domesti- cated cattle into England, since bones of cattle, sheep, and swine have been recovered from burial barrows. Cultivated grains have not been connected with this people in Britain. DISCOvERY OF LAKE DWELLINGS IN SwTzTERLAND The winter of 1853-54 was dry and cold. Little snow fell in the Alps, and the water level in many lakes became the lowest on rec- ord. Local people built a wall along the new waterline on the edge of Lake Zurich between Ober Meilen and Dollikon. While removing mud from the lake bottom onto the reclaimed area, they found quantities of piling, animal horns, and some implements. A. Aeppli of Meilen believed these specimens to be of human workmanship, and called Dr. Ferdinand Keller's attention to them. Thus the Swiss lake dwellings were recognized. Over 200 lake dwellings have been found since in Switzerland, mainly representing the Stone and Bronze Ages, but a few settle- FIG. 2.4. Neolithic man migrated from western Asia up the Danube River and down the Rhine, bringing Bos longifrons Owen as a domesticated animal. (Copyrighted background map by permission of Rand McNally Company.) FIG. 2.4. Neolithic man migrated from western Asia up the Danube River and down the Rhine, bringing Bos longifrons Owen as a domesticated animal. (Copyrighted background map by permission of Rand McNally Company.) FIG. 2.4. Neolithic man migrated from western Asia up the Danube River and down the Rhine, bringing Bos longifrons Owen as a domesticated animal. (Copyrighted background map by permission of Rand McNally Company.)  Domestication 37 ments continued in Roman times. The dwellings were built of wattle and clay daub, on platforms erected on poles driven into the lake bottom. Quartz and flint arrows, stone axes and scrapers, crude pot- tery, bone and wooden weapons, and pieces of flax fabrics were found at Robenhausen and Wangen. L. Rutimeyer identified remains of 10 fishes, 4 reptiles, 26 birds, and 30 quadrupeds-dog, goat, horse, pig, sheep, and two species of oxen. Bones of the stag and ox exceeded those of other species combined. The stag outnumbered the ox in specimens from the earlier settlements at Moosseedorf, Robenhausen, and Wauwyl. The TABLE 2.1 RELATIVE FREQUENCY OF MAMMALIAN REMAINS FROM Swiss LAKE DWELLINGS Moossee- Roben- dorf' WMawy n hauss Wangen Meilen Concise Bienne Bos primigenis 2 2 3 1 2 Bo bison' 1 1 4 ? Bos tanso primigenius 2 ? 5 ? 2 5 2 Bos taurus brachyceros 5 5 2 5 5 2 5 Bos tanrus frontosus 1 2 2 Key: n-began in the Stone Age. 1--denotes a single specimen. 2-indicates remains of several individuals were recovered. 3-specimens were common. 4-specimens very common. 5-specimens present in great numbers. a. Bos bison most be an error of identification. Bison bonasus still lives in woods of Poland, while Bison latifrons has become extinct. reverse was true in later settlements on the western lakes-Wangen and Meilen. Bones of swine were next in abundance. Sheep remains increased in late settlements. Bear, wolf, urus, bison, and elk ap- peared to have been taken occasionally. Rutimeyer gave Sir John Lubbock a table of animal remains recovered from the lake bottoms, part of which are listed in Table 2.1. Rutimeyer used B. brachyceros as the name for B. longifrons. B. bison, the present American bison, was absent; Bison bonasus still lives in woods in Poland, while Bison latifrons is extinct. Horse re- Domestication 37 ments continued in Roman times. The dwellings were built of wattle and clay daub, on platforms erected on poles driven into the lake bottom. Quartz and flint arrows, stone axes and scrapers, crude pot- tery, bone and wooden weapons, and pieces of flax fabrics were found at Robenhausen and Wangen. L. Rutimeyer identified remains of 10 fishes, 4 reptiles, 26 birds, and 30 quadrupeds-dog, goat, horse, pig, sheep, and two species of oxen. Bones of the stag and ox exceeded those of other species combined. The stag outnumbered the ox in specimens from the earlier settlements at Moosseedorf, Robenhausen, and Wauwyl. The TABLE 2.1 RELATIVE FREQUENcY OF MAMnMALIAN REMAINS FROM SwIss LAKE DWELLINGS Moossee- Roben- dor" WauyI- hausen' Wangen Meilen Concise Bienne Bos primigenins 2 2 3 1 2 Bos bison' 1 1 4 ? Bos taurus prmigenius 2 ? 5 ? 2 5 2 Bos taurus brachyceros 5 5 2 5 5 2 5 Bo taurus frontus 1 2 2 Key: x-began in the Stone Age. 1-denotes a single specimen. 2-indicates remains of several individuals were recovered. 3-specimens were common. 4-specimens very common. 5-specimens present in great numbers. a. Bos bison must be an error of identification. Bison bonasu still lives in Woods of Poland, while Bison latifrons has become extinct. reverse was true in later settlements on the western lakes-Wangen and Meilen. Bones of swine were next in abundance. Sheep remains increased in late settlements. Bear, wolf, urus, bison, and elk ap- peared to have been taken occasionally. Rutimeyer gave Sir John Lubbock a table of animal remains recovered from the lake bottoms, part of which are listed in Table 2.1. Rutimeyer used B. brachyceros as the name for B. longifrons. B. bison, the present American bison, was absent; Bison bonasus still lives in woods in Poland, while Bison latifrons is extinct. Horse re- Domestication 37 ments continued in Roman times. The dwellings were built of wattle and clay daub, on platforms erected on poles driven into the lake bottom. Quartz and flint arrows, stone axes and scrapers, crude pot- tery, bone and wooden weapons, and pieces of flax fabrics were found at Robenhausen and Wangen. L. Rutimeyer identified remains of 10 fishes, 4 reptiles, 26 birds, and 30 quadrupeds-dog, goat, horse, pig, sheep, and two species of oxen. Bones of the stag and ox exceeded those of other species combined. The stag outnumbered the ox in specimens from the earlier settlements at Moosseedorf, Robenhausen, and Wauwyl. The TABLE 2.1 RELArIVE FREQUENCY OF MAMMALIAN RE-MAINS FROM Swiss LAKE DWELLINGS Moossee- Roben- dorf- Wauyl- hausen Wangen Meilen Concise Bos primigenins 2 2 3 1 2 Bos bison' 1 1 4 ? Bos tauru primigenius 2 ? 5 ? 2 5 Bos taurus brachyceros 5 5 2 5 5 2 Bos taurus frontosu 1 2 Bienn 2 5 2 Key: x-began in the Stone Age. 1-denotes a single specimen. 2-indicates remains of several individuals were recovered. 3-specimens were common. 4-specimens very common. 5-specimens present in great numbers. a. BOas bison most be an error of identification. Bison bonasus still lives in woods of Poland, while Bison latifrons has become extinct. reverse was true in later settlements on the western lakes-Wangen and Meilen. Bones of swine were next in abundance. Sheep remains increased in late settlements. Bear, wolf, urns, bison, and elk ap- peared to have been taken occasionally. Rutimeyer gave Sir John Lubbock a table of animal remains recovered from the lake bottoms, part of which are listed in Table 2.0. Rutimeyer used B. brachyceros as the name for B. longifrons. B. bison, the present American bison, was absent; Bison bonasus still lives in woods in Poland, while Bison latifrons is extinct. Horse re-  3S DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS mains were scarce in lake dwellings before the Bronze Age. B. tro- choceros was found at Concise. It had not been identified in earlier pileworks. He believed these specimens of B. primigenius and B. bison (or europas) were wild, and that the lake dwellers possessed four principal species of domesticated oxen. The first of these in the early pileworks resembled the urns or B. primigenius, and no doubt was descended from it. This species now is represented best by cattle in Friesland, Jutland, and Holstein. The second, B. trocheo- 38 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS mains were scarce in lake dwellings before the Bronze Age. B. tro- choceros was found at Concise. It had not been identified in earlier pileworks. He believed these specimens of B. primigenius and B. bison (or europas) were wild, and that the lake dwellers possessed four principal species of domesticated oxen. The first of these in the early pileworks resembled the urns or B. primigenius, and no doubt was descended from it. This species now is represented best by cattle in Friesland, Jutland, and Holstein. The second, B. trocho- 38 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS mains were scarce in lake dwellings before the Bronze Age. B. tro- choceros was found at Concise. It had not been identified in earlier pileworks. He believed these specimens of B. primigenius and B. bison (or europas) were wild, and that the lake dwellers possessed four principal species of domesticated oxen. The first of these in the early pileworks resembled the urns or B. primigenius, and no doubt was descended from it. This species now is represented best by cattle in Friesland, Jutland, and Holstein. The second, B. trocho- FIG. 2.5. This skeleton of Bos longifrons Owen was recovered from the lake- dweller site in a peat bog at Schussenried. (From the museum at Stuttgart. Photograph by J. U. Duerst.f) ceros, resembled a fossil form observed in the diluvium of Arezza and Siena, described by F. von Meyer. It had not been found in the Stone Age settlements. Rutimeyer regarded it as scarcely distin- guishable from the urns and observed that its peculiarities were developed principally in females. The third, B. frontosus, occurred sparingly in older pileworks, became more frequent in Bronze Age villages, and prevails now in northern Switzerland as the Simmen- taler breed. Rutimeyer considered the latter also derived from the urus. The fourth was B. longifrons, or brachyceros (short horns), as shown in Figure 2.5. Brachyceros had been applied previously by FIG. 2.5. This skeleton of Bos longifrons Owen was recovered from the lake- dweller site in a peat bog at Schussenried. (From the museum at Stuttgart. Photograph by J. U. Duerst.) Ceres, resembled a fossil form observed in the diluvium of Arezza and Siena, described by F. von Meyer. It had not been found in the Stone Age settlements. Rutimeyer regarded it as scarcely distin- guishable from the urns and observed that its peculiarities were developed principally in females. The third, B. frontosus, occurred sparingly in older pileworks, became more frequent in Bronze Age villages, and prevails now in northern Switzerland as the Simmen- taler breed. Rutimeyer considered the latter also derived from the urns. The fourth was B. longifrons, or brachyceros (short horns), as shown in Figure 2.5. Brachyceros had been applied previously by FIG. 2.5. This skeleton of Bos longifrons Owen was recovered from the lake- dweller site in a peat bog at Schussenried. (From the museum at Stuttgart. Photograph by J. U. Duerst.) ceros, resembled a fossil form observed in the diluvium of Arezza and Siena, described by F. von Meyer. It had not been found in the Stone Age settlements. Rutimeyer regarded it as scarcely distin- guishable from the urns and observed that its peculiarities were developed principally in females. The third, B. frontosus, occurred sparingly in older pileworks, became more frequent in Bronze Age villages, and prevails now in northern Switzerland as the Simmen- taler breed. Rutimeyer considered the latter also derived from the urns. The fourth was B. longifrons, or brachyceros (short horns), as shown in Figure 2.5. Brachyceros had been applied previously by  Domestication 39 Dr. Gray to a different African ox. B. longifrons was abundant in the pileworks. It was not wild in Europe. The brown cow of Swit- zerland descended mainly from it. The food of the pileworks dwellers included six-row barley, three species of wheat, and two species of millet. Oats were brought during the Bronze Age. Wild fruits, fish, and flesh of wild and do- mesticated animals were used. Lubbock believed that milk was an important item of their diet. Pottery colanders, to separate curds from whey, were found in dredgings of the Swiss lake dwellers. Rutimeyer commented on B. longifrons bones from these dwell- ings: "The race which clearly predominated through the whole Stone Age and was found . .. in the formations which we . . . reckon among the oldest in Wangen and Moosseedorf, I may safely call the Peat Race, or the Peat Cow. Its chief characteristics . . . apart from the skull, is the small length and height of its body, and the exceptionally short but remarkably fine and delicate limbs." Richard Owen and McKenney Hughes also commented on the small size of this species. James Wilson concluded that the Celtic (British) strain of B. longifrons probably was predominantly black in color. Nilsson described B. longifrons in Sweden as the smallest of all the ox tribe which lived in the wild state in our portion of the globe. To judge from the skeleton, it was 5 feet 4 inches from the nape to the end of the rump bone, the head about 1 foot 4 inches, so that the entire length must have been 6 feet 8 inches. From the slender shape of its bones, its body must rather have resembled a deer than our common tame ox [of Sweden?]; its legs at the extremities are certainly somewhat shorter and also thinner than those of a crown deer (full antlered red deer). PREHISTORUC PEOPLE I INTALY Canon Isaac Taylor wrote that prehistoric peoples invaded Italy in succession, and brought new cultures to the Po Valley. The Iberian savages came as hunters, lived in caves, and possessed no pottery. They were followed by the Umbro-Latin race who built huts and pile dwellings. The latter race possessed cattle and sheep, made canoes, invented the wagon, and gradually acquired knowledge of Domestication 39 Dr. Gray to a different African ox. B. longifrons was abundant in the pileworks. It was not wild in Europe. The brown cow of Swit- zerland descended mainly from it. The food of the pileworks dwellers included six-row barley, three species of wheat, and two species of millet. Oats were brought during the Bronze Age. Wild fruits, fish, and flesh of wild and do- mesticated animals were used. Lubbock believed that milk was an important item of their diet. Pottery colanders, to separate curds from whey, were found in dredgings of the Swiss lake dwellers. Rutimeyer commented on B. longifrons bones from these dwell- ings: "The race which clearly predominated through the whole Stone Age and was found . .. in the formations which we . . . reckon among the oldest in Wangen and Moosseedorf, I may safely call the Peat Race, or the Peat Cow. Its chief characteristics . . . apart from the skull, is the small length and height of its body, and the exceptionally short but remarkably fine and delicate limbs." Richard Owen and McKenney Hughes also commented on the small size of this species. James Wilson concluded that the Celtic (British) strain of B. longifrons probably was predominantly black in color. Nilsson described B. longifrons in Sweden as the smallest of all the ox tribe which lived in the wild state in our portion of the globe. To judge from the skeleton, it was 5 feet 4 inches from the nape to the end of the rump bone, the head about 1 foot 4 inches, so that the entire length must have been 6 feet 8 inches. From the slender shape of its bones, its body must rather have resembled a deer than our common tame ox [of Sweden?]; its legs at the extremities are certainly somewhat shorter and also thinner than those of a crown deer (full antlered red deer). PREHISTORIC PEOPLE IN ITALY Canon Isaac Taylor wrote that prehistoric peoples invaded Italy in succession, and brought new cultures to the Po Valley. The Iberian savages came as hunters, lived in caves, and possessed no pottery. They were followed by the Umbro-Latin race who built huts and pile dwellings. The latter race possessed cattle and sheep, made canoes, invented the wagon, and gradually acquired knowledge of Domestication 39 Dr. Gray to a different African ox. B. longifrons was abundant in the pileworks. It was not wild in Europe. The brown cow of Swit- zerland descended mainly from it. The food of the pileworks dwellers included six-row barley, three species of wheat, and two species of millet. Oats were brought during the Bronze Age. Wild fruits, fish, and flesh of wild and do- mesticated animals were used. Lubbock believed that milk was an important item of their diet. Pottery colanders, to separate curds from whey, were found in dredgings of the Swiss lake dwellers. Rutimeyer commented on B. longifrons bones from these dwell- ings: "The race which clearly predominated through the whole Stone Age and was found . . . in the formations which we . . . reckon among the oldest in Wangen and Moosseedorf, I may safely call the Peat Race, or the Peat Cow. Its chief characteristics . . . apart from the skull, is the small length and height of its body, and the exceptionally short but remarkably fine and delicate limbs." Richard Owen and McKenney Hughes also commented on the small size of this species. James Wilson concluded that the Celtic (British) strain of B. longifrons probably was predominantly black in color. Nilsson described B. longifrons in Sweden as the smallest of all the ox tribe which lived in the wild state in our portion of the globe. To judge from the skeleton, it was 5 feet 4 inches from the nape to the end of the rump bone, the head about 1 foot 4 inches, so that the entire length must have been 6 feet 8 inches. From the slender shape of its bones, its body must rather have resembled a deer than our common tame ox [of Sweden?]; its legs at the extremities are certainly somewhat shorter and also thinner than those of a crown deer (full antlered red deer). PREHISTORuC PEOPLE IN ITALY Canon Isaac Taylor wrote that prehistoric peoples invaded Italy in succession, and brought new cultures to the Po Valley. The Iberian savages came as hunters, lived in caves, and possessed no pottery. They were followed by the Umbro-Latin race who built huts and pile dwellings. The latter race possessed cattle and sheep, made canoes, invented the wagon, and gradually acquired knowledge of  40 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS bronze. The Latins spoke an Aryan language, and reached Europe probably not more than 6,000 or 7,000 years ago, with domesticated dogs, cattle, and sheep. The Latins erected pile dwellings in the lakes of northern Italy, Germany, and Switzerland. Some lake dwellings were occupied continuously from the Stone Age, through the Bronze Age, and into the early Iron Age. The people stored acorns, hazelnuts, and water chestnuts. Later they began to grow barley, wheat, and flax. They learned to spin and weave fabrics, tan leather, and even to make boats. Some small lakes in northern Italy became peat bogs. People dig- ging peat from such a moor at Mercurage, near Arona, discovered successive layers of such a settlement. The deep layer yielded bones of the wild boar and stag, with a few of domesticated cattle and sheep. There were stores of hazelnuts, acorns, and water chest- nuts along with flint tools and crude pottery, but no metal. The upper relic bed contained bones of the ox and sheep. The settle- ment was destroyed before the agricultural stage had been reached. As population increased and spread, villages were erected on dry land, the remains of which formed small knolls or terre mare (marl beds), the successive strata of debris extending over parts of the Stone and Bronze Ages. Nearly 100 such mounds were known, from which have come such objects as strainers for preparing honey, hand mills for grinding grains, and dishes perforated with holes "which were probably used for making cheese." No iron, gold, silver, or glass were found. At some period in the Bronze Age, the Umbrians were overwhelmed by an invasion of the Etruscans from the north. All of their settlements were destroyed before the advent of the Iron Age, which probably commenced in Italy about the ninth or tenth century before Christ. Klatt summarized 325 references on various kinds of domesticated animals. He concluded that the polled character could be a muta- tion among domesticated cattle, and that differences in dimensions of skulls, horn cores, and other bones might have resulted from se- lections of individual breeding animals. 40 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS bronze. The Latins spoke an Aryan language, and reached Europe probably not more than 6,000 or 7,000 years ago, with domesticated dogs, cattle, and sheep. The Latins erected pile dwellings in the lakes of northern Italy, Germany, and Switzerland. Some lake dwellings were occupied continuously from the Stone Age, through the Bronze Age, and into the early Iron Age. The people stored acorns, hazelnuts, and water chestnuts. Later they began to grow barley, wheat, and flax. They learned to spin and weave fabrics, tan leather, and even to make boats. Some small lakes in northern Italy became peat bogs. People dig- ging peat from such a moor at Mercurage, near Arona, discovered successive layers of such a settlement. The deep layer yielded bones of the wild boar and stag, with a few of domesticated cattle and sheep. There were stores of hazelnuts, acorns, and water chest- nuts along with flint tools and crude pottery, but no metal. The upper relic bed contained bones of the ox and sheep. The settle- ment was destroyed before the agricultural stage had been reached. As population increased and spread, villages were erected on dry land, the remains of which formed small knolls or terre mare (marl beds), the successive strata of debris extending over parts of the Stone and Bronze Ages. Nearly 100 such mounds were known, from which have come such objects as strainers for preparing honey, hand mills for grinding grains, and dishes perforated with holes "which were probably used for making cheese." No iron, gold, silver, or glass were found. At some period in the Bronze Age, the Umbrians were overwhelmed by an invasion of the Etruscans from the north. All of their settlements were destroyed before the advent of the Iron Age, which probably commenced in Italy about the ninth or tenth century before Christ. Klatt summarized 325 references on various kinds of domesticated animals. He concluded that the polled character could be a muta- tion among domesticated cattle, and that differences in dimensions of skulls, horn cores, and other bones might have resulted from se- lections of individual breeding animals. 40 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS bronze. The Latins spoke an Aryan language, and reached Europe probably not more than 6,000 or 7,000 years ago, with domesticated dogs, cattle, and sheep. The Latins erected pile dwellings in the lakes of northern Italy, Germany, and Switzerland. Some lake dwellings were occupied continuously from the Stone Age, through the Bronze Age, and into the early Iron Age. The people stored acorns, hazelnuts, and water chestnuts. Later they began to grow barley, wheat, and flax. They learned to spin and weave fabrics, tan leather, and even to make boats. Some small lakes in northern Italy became peat bogs. People dig- ging peat from such a moor at Mercurage, near Arona, discovered successive layers of such a settlement. The deep layer yielded bones of the wild boar and stag, with a few of domesticated cattle and sheep. There were stores of hazelnuts, acorns, and water chest- nuts along with flint tools and crude pottery, but no metal. The upper relic bed contained bones of the ox and sheep. The settle- ment was destroyed before the agricultural stage had been reached. As population increased and spread, villages were erected on dry land, the remains of which formed small knolls or terre mare (marl beds), the successive strata of debris extending over parts of the Stone and Bronze Ages. Nearly 100 such mounds were known, from which have come such objects as strainers for preparing honey, hand mills for grinding grains, and dishes perforated with holes "which were probably used for making cheese." No iron, gold, silver, or glass were found. At some period in the Bronze Age, the Umbrians were overwhelmed by an invasion of the Etruscans from the north. All of their settlements were destroyed before the advent of the Iron Age, which probably commenced in Italy about the ninth or tenth century before Christ. Klatt summarized 325 references on various kinds of domesticated animals. He concluded that the polled character could be a muta- tion among domesticated cattle, and that differences in dimensions of skulls, horn cores, and other bones might have resulted from se- lections of individual breeding animals.  Domestication 41 REFENCESn Braidwood, L. 1959. Digging hcyond the Tigris. Abelard-Schuman, New Norh. Pp. 261-81. Braidw'ood, R. J. 1959. Noar Eastern prehistory. 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Mallomaa, M. E. L., aod J. C. Rone. 1935. Excavaions at TalO Aspaehiyah, 1933. Peaq 24104, 105-78. Marshall, Sis John. 1931. Mohenjsdses and the Indns civiizastion. London. Mache, J. F. 190. Urgeschichte does Ackerhaues nd dee Viehzncht. Grei- mold. Myens, J. L. 1911. The dams of history. Natl. Ceographic Soy. 1967. Everyday hife in Bihle lions. Sapplementary Oberoaier, H. 1916. Fm-sdi men in Spain. Memoie No. S. Yale Unin. Prest, Nem Haven, Cam-. Piko, Alhert. 1924. fean-Asyan faath and doctrines at containsed in the Zend- Avesta (1874). Standard Pdintiog Co., Louisvilse, Ky. 1930. Indo-Aryn diehies and woship, at contained in Rig Feds (1872). Stanamd Printhng Co., Louisville, Ky. .1936. Lectorm- of the Arya (1973). Standard Printing Ca., Lauisville, Ky.  42 DAISY CATTLE BREEDS Pumspely, R. 1908. Explorations iD TurkestanE. Expedition of 1904. CaSregie Inst., Wash~ington, D.C. Reed, Charles A. 1959. Animls dosticatos is tbe prehistoic NeSS Est. Science 130:1629-39. Ssyce, A. H1. 1991. The primsitve hosme of thpe Arans. Smithsonian Inst. Rept. 1890, pp. 475-87. Solecki, Raphs S. 1963. Prehisor~y is Shanidar Valley is norterIEE Iraq. lSsenc 139:<179-93. Wheeler, Sir R. E. Mortimer. 1947. In anSen59 India, Np. 3. Freger, NED York. .1959. Eprly Iniaais Pa kistan. Praeger, Nssw Ysrk. Woolley, Sir C. L. n.d. The deelopent of lSumerian art. Ur excavations. 2ls.ClaendoPessp,Oford. .1959. Hisory snearthed. E. DeER, London. Zeuer, F. E. 1993. A histpry of dompsticated animalsp. Hutchlison, Londos. 42 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS Psumpelly, R. 1908. Explorations in TuPkPstan. Expedition of 1904. Csassgie Inst., Washington, D.C. Reed, Charles A. 1959. Animasl domsicatiPP is t5e prehistoric Near Est. Science 1306129-39. Sayce, A. H. 1991. The primsitivs homse of ths Aryans. SmithsoiaD Inst. Rptl. 1890, pp. 475-87. Solecki, Rplph S. 1963. Prehistory is Shanidsr Valley is northers Isaq. ScieDeS 139:179-93. Wheeler, Sir R. E. Mortimper. 1947. ID ascient India, Np. 3. PrePger, NewS Yorkp. .1959. Ealyj Indis asd Pskistss. PrePger, News York. Woolley, Sip C. L. n.d. The developmsns of ISsuseias psI. Us excavatios. 2vs. ClaendoPess,0Oxford. -.__ 1958. Hisstry ssearthed. E. Bea, LondoPE. Zeuer, F. E. 1993. A hisr of dpmspticpaped animssi. Hutchisops, LondoE. 42 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS Pumtplly, 0. 1908. Explorations iD Tsrkstan. Expedition of 1904. Csrtsgis Inst., Washingtss, D.C. Reed, Charls A. 1959. Asismal dsomestiso is lbs preistoric NeasEapt. Sciesce 130:169-39. Ssyss, A. H1. 190. Ths psiitivs hopme p9 lbs Aryasl. 9SmithsoiaD Ist. RepS. 1890, pp. 475-87. Splscki, Rslph S. 1963. Peistorsy is Sbanidar Vallsy is sorlhsrs Isaq. Sciencei 139:179-93. Wheeler, Sip R. E. Mortiss. 1947. Ip asciest Isdis, Np. 3. Praeger, NewS York. .1859. Essr~lpi psdi ansPaistss. Prssger, NewS Ysrk. Wsoslly, Sir C. L. n.d. The develspmsest of Sumianip pst. Us excavapos. 2ls. ClaredonsPss,sfod. .1959. Histsry unearthed. E. Bseen, Lssdons. Zesser, F. E. 1903. A histpry of domstpicated psimalsp. Hutchisops, Londos.  CHAPTER 3 THE BRONZE AGE AND EARLY HISTORY CULTURAL STAGES spread slowly with waves of migration from the East, or as commerce increased along channels of trade and barter. As the culture of the Danubian settlers moved slowly during the Neolithic period (New Stone Age), so the Bronze Age cultures progressed as tribes that possessed improved tools and weapons of bronze migrated. Men of the Bronze Age were warriors and agri- culturists, moving onward to new fields with their families and do- mesticated animals. Copper and gold were among the early metals used by man. In addition to tools and weapons, these metals were shaped into orna- ments and objects of worship. The bull's head from the Royal Ceme- tery at Ur was among the finest specimens. The earliest bronze im- plement found at a campsite along the Danube River migration route was timed by radiocarbon-14 at about 2300 .c. The first bronze alloy, which consisted of 1 part of tin to about 3 to 9 parts 43 CHAPTER 3 THE BRONZE AGE AND EARLY HISTORY CULTURAL STAGES spread slowly with waves of migration from the East, or as commerce increased along channels of trade and barter. As the culture of the Danubian settlers moved slowly during the Neolithic period (New Stone Age), so the Bronze Age cultures progressed as tribes that possessed improved tools and weapons of bronze migrated. Men of the Bronze Age were warriors and agri- culturists, moving onward to new fields with their families and do- mesticated animals. Copper and gold were among the early metals used by man. In addition to tools and weapons, these metals were shaped into orna- ments and objects of worship. The bull's head from the Royal Ceme- tery at Ur was among the finest specimens. The earliest bronze im- plement found at a campsite along the Danube River migration route was timed by radiocarbon-14 at about 2300 B.c. The first bronze alloy, which consisted of 1 part of tin to about 3 to 9 parts 43 CHAPTER 3 THE BRONZE AGE AND EARLY HISTORY CULTURAL STAGES spread slowly with waves of migration from the East, or as commerce increased along channels of trade and barter. As the culture of the Danubian settlers moved slowly during the Neolithic period (New Stone Age), so the Bronze Age cultures progressed as tribes that possessed improved tools and weapons of bronze migrated. Men of the Bronze Age were warriors and agri- culturists, moving onward to new fields with their families and do- mesticated animals. Copper and gold were among the early metals used by man. In addition to tools and weapons, these metals were shaped into orna- ments and objects of worship. The bull's head from the Royal Ceme- tery at Ur was among the finest specimens. The earliest bronze im- plement found at a campsite along the Danube River migration route was timed by radiocarbon-14 at about 2300 o.c. The first bronze alloy, which consisted of 1 part of tin to about 3 to 9 parts 43  44 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS of copper, was harder than copper. Perhaps this was discovered during the Indus civilization, in northern Persia (Iraq) or in west- ern Asia. Bronze was known to the early Chaldeans and Egyptians, and there were mines of copper in Israel. BRONZE AGE ROCK ENGRAVINGs Bronze was brought westward about 800 B.C. and was found along with flint, stone, and bone implements in the upper strata of many Swiss lake dwellings. Bronze pieces included perforated dishes be- lieved to have been used in draining whey from curds in making cheese. Such dishes have been found also in Bronze Age sites in Italy. Information is limited on the status of cattle in Europe during the early Bronze Age. Neolithic artists drilled plowing scenes dot- by-dot on the schist rocks at high altitudes near Monte Bego in the Maritime Alps. These engravings showed bulls with exaggerated horns. Sometimes one, two, and even four or five oxen were pulling a wooden plow, guided by one and sometimes two men. These scenes were viewed from above (Fig. 3.1). Similar rock engravings of a plowing scene occur near Tanum, Sweden, in which oxen were viewed from the side (Fig. 3.2). Two gold cups (Fig. 3.3) found in a grave at Vaphio near Sparta in 1889 were dated by Helen Hardner at 1600 to 1500 B.C., but formerly they were thought to have been made by an artist of the Mycean period about 150 B.C. A hunting scene on one cup showed three wild cattle, one tangled in a net. On the other, a man held a wild ox by a thong fastened about the left hind leg. Three other oxen appeared quiet and domesticated. These scenes presumably represented wild bulls, capture, and domestication. The oxen on the cups were thought to be likenesses of European uruses. The cups are displayed in the National Archeological Museum in Athens. VOYAGERS IN BRITAIN The Bronze Age culture was brought to the British Isles by immi- grants from the Rhineland. They brought an improved agriculture, and mined Cornish deposits of tin for bronze manufacture. 44 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS of copper, was harder than copper. Perhaps this was discovered during the Indus civilization, in northern Persia (Iraq) or in west- ern Asia. Bronze was known to the early Chaldeans and Egyptians, and there were mines of copper in Israel. BRONZE AGE ROCK ENGRAvINGs Bronze was brought westward about 800 B.C. and was found along with flint, stone, and bone implements in the upper strata of many Swiss lake dwellings. Bronze pieces included perforated dishes be- lieved to have been used in draining whey from curds in making cheese. Such dishes have been found also in Bronze Age sites in Italy. Information is limited on the status of cattle in Europe during the early Bronze Age. Neolithic artists drilled plowing scenes dot- by-dot on the schist rocks at high altitudes near Monte Bego in the Maritime Alps. These engravings showed bulls with exaggerated horns. Sometimes one, two, and even four or five oxen were pulling a wooden plow, guided by one and sometimes two men. These scenes were viewed from above (Fig. 3.1). Similar rock engravings of a plowing scene occur near Tanum, Sweden, in which oxen were viewed from the side (Fig. 3.2). Two gold cups (Fig. 3.3) found in a grave at Vaphio near Sparta in 1889 were dated by Helen Hardner at 1600 to 1500 o.C., but formerly they were thought to have been made by an artist of the Mycean period about 150 n.C. A hunting scene on one cup showed three wild cattle, one tangled in a net. On the other, a man held a wild ox by a thong fastened about the left hind leg. Three other oxen appeared quiet and domesticated. These scenes presumably represented wild bulls, capture, and domestication. The oxen on the cups were thought to be likenesses of European uruses. The cups are displayed in the National Archeological Museum in Athens. VOYAGERS IN BRITAIN The Bronze Age culture was brought to the British Isles by immi- grants from the Rhineland. They brought an improved agriculture, and mined Cornish deposits of tin for bronze manufacture. 44 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS of copper, was harder than copper. Perhaps this was discovered during the Indus civilization, in northern Persia (Iraq) or in west- ern Asia. Bronze was known to the early Chaldeans and Egyptians, and there were mines of copper in Israel. BRONZE AGE ROCK ENGRAVINGS Bronze was brought westward about 800 B.C. and was found along with flint, stone, and bone implements in the upper strata of many Swiss lake dwellings. Bronze pieces included perforated dishes be- lieved to have been used in draining whey from curds in making cheese. Such dishes have been found also in Bronze Age sites in Italy. Information is limited on the status of cattle in Europe during the early Bronze Age. Neolithic artists drilled plowing scenes dot- by-dot on the schist rocks at high altitudes near Monte Bego in the Maritime Alps. These engravings showed bulls with exaggerated horns. Sometimes one, two, and even four or five oxen were pulling a wooden plow, guided by one and sometimes two men. These scenes were viewed from above (Fig. 3.1). Similar rock engravings of a plowing scene occur near Tanum, Sweden, in which oxen were viewed from the side (Fig. 3.2). Two gold cups (Fig. 3.3) found in a grave at Vaphio near Sparta in 1889 were dated by Helen Hardner at 1600 to 1500 B.C., but formerly they were thought to have been made by an artist of the Mycean period about 150 B.C. A hunting scene on one cup showed three wild cattle, one tangled in a net. On the other, a man held a wild ox by a thong fastened about the left hind leg. Three other oxen appeared quiet and domesticated. These scenes presumably represented wild bulls, capture, and domestication. The oxen on the cups were thought to be likenesses of European urnses. The cups are displayed in the National Archeological Museum in Athens. VOYAGERS IN BRITAIN The Bronze Age culture was brought to the British Isles by immi- grants from the Rhineland. They brought an improved agriculture, and mined Cornish deposits of tin for bronze manufacture.  FIG. 3.1. Enrvn of iploughin~g scnea Fontaba i the Mariim Alps FIG. 3.1. Engraing of ploghing~ scnt Fontanabai the Maritime Alps FIG. 3.1. Enrvn of a luhn cn a otnlai the Maritim Alps duing the Boz Ag. (Photograph from the Assocition fo the Study, Pro tcinadIllutaonf the Vale of Maves Courey ofSerty Gen- FIG. 3.2. A plughing scn ith oxnwsdrlled dot-by-dot int grayan FIG. 3.2. A ploughing scn ith oxnwsdrilld dotI-by-dot int gray and FIG. 3.2. A ploughing scee ith oxn a drilled dot-by-dot lito grayan Dr. Ake Fredsid, Keeper of Antiqiies.)  46 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS J. Cossar Ewart (University of Edinburgh) studied fossil remains of cattle and concluded: The examination of Neolithic and Bronze Age deposits proves that for about 18,000 years there have been living in Europe three kinds of tame cattle, viz: polled cattle (Swedish Fjall Breed, after Arenander), cattle with short horns and cattle with long horns.... There is no evidence of existence of a wild ox of the longi- frons or brachyceros type. Writers of cattle with rare exceptions allege that the long-horned cattle of Western Europe are mainly, if not entirely, descended from the Bos primigenius, a variety of which (the uros or aurochs) Caesar came across in the Hercynian forest. Importance of cattle during the Bronze Age was signified by worship of them as idols, mentioned in early Biblical history (Exod. 32:4). Religious life and worship of early Britons was in the hands of Druid priests. One religious ceremony consisted of cutting mistle- toe from the sacred oak and subsequently sacrificing two white bulls fastened by their horns to the sacred trees. The ceremony was followed by feasting and rejoicing. Early Phoenician and Greek voyagers went westward to Spain and even to Britain in search of metals. The Carthaginians sent their captain Himilco on a voyage that took him along the coast of Britain some time between 570 n.C. and 470 n.C. The poem of "Fes- tus Avienus" mentioned Himilco as the discoverer of Land's End in Cornwall, England. He told of tin and lead, and wrote of native Britons: "They migrate the sea in barks built, not of pine or oak, but strange to say, made of skins and leather." Two branches of the Celtic race reached England, the Goidels arriving first. They found the Iverians (Druids) in possession, and amalgamated with them as a people. The Brythons, who used woven cloth for clothing, also settled in the British Isles several centuries later. Windle stated that "During their occupancy in the fourth century before Christ . . . a syndicate of merchants of Mas- silia [modern Marseilles] fitted out an expedition . . . under a learned Greek mathematician, Pytheas, who twice visited Britain. He mentioned that 'the natives collect the sheaves in great barns, 46 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS J. Cossar Ewart (University of Edinburgh) studied fossil remains of cattle and concluded: The examination of Neolithic and Bronze Age deposits proves that for about 18,000 years there have been living in Europe three kinds of tame cattle, viz: polled cattle (Swedish Fjall Breed, after Arenander), cattle with short horns and cattle with long horns.... There is no evidence of existence of a wild ox of the longi- frons or brachyceros type. Writers of cattle with rare exceptions allege that the long-horned cattle of Western Europe are mainly, if not entirely, descended from the Bos primigenius, a variety of which (the urns or aurochs) Caesar came across in the Hercynian forest. Importance of cattle during the Bronze Age was signified by worship of them as idols, mentioned in early Biblical history (Exod. 32:4). Religious life and worship of early Britons was in the hands of Druid priests. One religious ceremony consisted of cutting mistle- toe from the sacred oak and subsequently sacrifiring two white bulls fastened by their horns to the sacred trees. The ceremony was followed by feasting and rejoicing. Early Phoenician and Greek voyagers went westward to Spain and even to Britain in search of metals. The Carthaginians sent their captain Himilco on a voyage that took him along the coast of Britain some time between 570 B.C. and 470 B.C. The poem of "Fes- tus Avienus" mentioned Himilco as the discoverer of Land's End in Cornwall, England. He told of tin and lead, and wrote of native Britons: "They migrate the sea in barks built, not of pine or oak, but strange to say, made of skins and leather." Two branches of the Celtic race reached England, the Goidels arriving first. They found the Iverians (Druids) in possession, and amalgamated with them as a people. The Brythons, who used woven cloth for clothing, also settled in the British Isles several centuries later. Windle stated that "During their occupancy in the fourth century before Christ . . . a syndicate of merchants of Mas- silia [modern Marseilles] fitted out an expedition . . . under a learned Greek mathematician, Pytheas, who twice visited Britain. He mentioned that 'the natives collect the sheaves in great barns, 46 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS J. Cossar Ewart (University of Edinburgh) studied fossil remains of cattle and concluded: The examination of Neolithic and Bronze Age deposits proves that for about 18,000 years there have been living in Europe three kinds of tame cattle, viz: polled cattle (Swedish Fjall Breed, after Arenander), cattle with short horns and cattle with long horns.... There is no evidence of existence of a wild ox of the longi- frons or brachyceros type. Writers of cattle with rare exceptions allege that the long-horned cattle of Western Europe are mainly, if not entirely, descended from the Bos primigenius, a variety of which (the urns or aurochs) Caesar came across in the Hercynian forest. Importance of cattle during the Bronze Age was signified by worship of them as idols, mentioned in early Biblical history (Exod. 32:4). Religious life and worship of early Britons was in the hands of Druid priests. One religious ceremony consisted of cutting mistle- toe from the sacred oak and subsequently sacrificing two white bulls fastened by their horns to the sacred trees. The ceremony was followed by feasting and rejoicing. Early Phoenician and Greek voyagers went westward to Spain and even to Britain in search of metals. The Carthaginians sent their captain Himilco on a voyage that took him along the coast of Britain some time between 570 n.C. and 470 n.C. The poem of "Fes- tus Avienus" mentioned Himilco as the discoverer of Land's End in Cornwall, England. He told of tin and lead, and wrote of native Britons: "They migrate the sea in barks built, not of pine or oak, but strange to say, made of skins and leather." Two branches of the Celtic race reached England, the Goidels arriving first. They found the Iverians (Druids) in possession, and amalgamated with them as a people. The Brythons, who used woven cloth for clothing, also settled in the British Isles several centuries later. Windle stated that "During their occupancy in the fourth century before Christ . . . a syndicate of merchants of Mas- silia [modern Marseilles] fitted out an expedition . . under a learned Greek mathematician, Pytheas, who twice visited Britain. He mentioned that 'the natives collect the sheaves in great barns,  FIG. 3.3. Tw gold cup fondi the beehive grv at Vaphi ea FIG. 3.3. Two gold cup found inthe beehive grv at Vaphioea that of abu 1500 B.C. FIG. 3.3. Two gold cup foud inthe behv grv at Vaphio ea that of about 1500 B.C.  48 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS and thrash out their corn [grain] there.'" Lake dwellings were in use, both crannogs and pile dwellings. The Brythons cultivated wheat, and possessed cattle and sheep. Strabo, the Greek geographer, described the people of Cassiter- ides (islands of tin), stating: "Walking with staves, and bearded like goats, they subsist by their cattle, leading for the most part a wandering life. And having metal of tin and lead, these and skins they barter with the merchants for earthenware, and salt, and brazen vessels. Formerly the Phoenicians alone carried on this traffic by Gadeira [Gibralter], concealing the passage from every one." Strabo mentioned that the Gauls lived mainly on milk and all kinds of flesh, especially that of swine. ROMANS IN BRITAIN The Romans under Caius Julius Caesar invaded Britain in 55 D.C. The Britons drove their cattle inland, attempting to leave the in- vaders without food. These early domesticated cattle were said by McKenny Hughes and others to have been B. longifrons of the Neo- lithic period, since B. primigenius had been destroyed as a wild species in Britain before the Bronze Age. The Britons claimed to have migrated from Belgium, which also was inhabited by Celts following the Druid religion. The Britons were cultivators who had many cattle, treated their land with ma- nure, and used the plow to produce grain and other crops. The Roman invasion was followed by continuous occupation by armies, retainers, and settlers who introduced horticultural and agricultural plants and brought some cattle. The last Roman garrison was with- drawn in A.D. 142. McKenny Hughes studied remains of cattle in Great Britain, es- pecially from the peat near Reach Lode north of Cambridge. The latter cattle had smooth polls, long, straight horn cores, and com- pared favorably with cattle pictured on Roman coins and early relics of Asia and Egypt. The new kind, supposedly introduced during Roman occupation, modified the small Celtic short-horns and contributed to the ancestors of later improved breeds. Ewart mentioned that hornless cattle skulls discovered at Newstead, an 48 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS and thrash out their corn [grain] there.'" Lake dwellings were in use, both crannogs and pile dwellings. The Brythons cultivated wheat, and possessed cattle and sheep. Strabo, the Greek geographer, described the people of Cassiter- ides (islands of tin), stating: "Walking with staves, and bearded like goats, they subsist by their cattle, leading for the most part a wandering life. And having metal of tin and lead, these and skins they barter with the merchants for earthenware, and salt, and brazen vessels. Formerly the Phoenicians alone carried on this trafeic by Gadeira [Gibralter], concealing the passage from every one." Strabo mentioned that the Gauls lived mainly on milk and all kinds of flesh, especially that of swine. ROMANS IN BRITAIN The Romans under Caius Julius Caesar invaded Britain in 55 D.C. The Britons drove their cattle inland, attempting to leave the in- vaders without food. These early domesticated cattle were said by McKenny Hughes and others to have been B. longifrons of the Neo- lithic period, since B. primigenius had been destroyed as a wild species in Britain before the Bronze Age. The Britons claimed to have migrated from Belgium, which also was inhabited by Celts following the Druid religion. The Britons were cultivators who had many cattle, treated their land with ma- nure, and used the plow to produce grain and other crops. The Roman invasion was followed by continuous occupation by armies, retainers, and settlers who introduced horticultural and agricultural plants and brought some cattle. The last Roman garrison was with- drawn in A.D. 142. McKenny Hughes studied remains of cattle in Great Britain, es- pecially from the peat near Reach Lode north of Cambridge. The latter cattle had smooth polls, long, straight horn cores, and com- pared favorably with cattle pictured on Roman coins and early relics of Asia and Egypt. The new kind, supposedly introduced during Roman occupation, modified the small Celtic short-horns and contributed to the ancestors of later improved breeds. Ewart mentioned that hornless cattle skulls discovered at Newstead, an 48 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS and thrash out their corn [grain] there.'" Lake dwellings were in use, both crannogs and pile dwellings. The Brythons cultivated wheat, and possessed cattle and sheep. Strabo, the Greek geographer, described the people of Cassiter- ides (islands of tin), stating: "Walking with staves, and bearded like goats, they subsist by their cattle, leading for the most part a wandering life. And having metal of tin and lead, these and skins they barter with the merchants for earthenware, and salt, and brazen vessels. Formerly the Phoenicians alone carried on this traffic by Gadeira [Gibralter], concealing the passage from every one." Strabo mentioned that the Gauls lived mainly on milk and all kinds of flesh, especially that of swine. ROMANS IN BRrrAIN The Romans under Caius Julius Caesar invaded Britain in 55 D.C. The Britons drove their cattle inland, attempting to leave the in- vaders without food. These early domesticated cattle were said by McKenny Hughes and others to have been B. longifrons of the Neo- lithic period, since B. primigenius had been destroyed as a wild species in Britain before the Bronze Age. The Britons claimed to have migrated from Belgium, which also was inhabited by Celts following the Druid religion. The Britons were cultivators who had many cattle, treated their land with ma- nure, and used the plow to produce grain and other crops. The Roman invasion was followed by continuous occupation by armies, retainers, and settlers who introduced horticultural and agricultural plants and brought some cattle. The last Roman garrison was with- drawn in A.D. 142. McKenny Hughes studied remains of cattle in Great Britain, es- pecially from the peat near Reach Lode north of Cambridge. The latter cattle had smooth polls, long, straight horn cores, and com- pared favorably with cattle pictured on Roman coins and early relics of Asia and Egypt. The new kind, supposedly introduced during Roman occupation, modified the small Celtic short-horns and contributed to the ancestors of later improved breeds. Ewart mentioned that hornless cattle skulls discovered at Newstead, an  BronzeAemadal isor 4 arnz U Agead fEarlitry 49 BreAgeadk al isoy4 old Roman center in Berwickshire, had Roman origins. He also found a modern type of B. acutifrons among them. James Wilson and others believed that the Park Cattle of England descended in part from large white cattle introduced during Roman occupation. INVASIONS FROM NORTHERN EUROPE Angles from Schleswig-Holstein in southern Denmark, Jutes from Jutland, and Saxons from the northern Netherlands introduced some cattle during the fifth century. Norsemen brought polled cattle of light dun color from the Scandinavian peninsula to coastal settle- ments. About 40 years after the Roman forces withdrew, the Saxons were invited to repel invasion by the Picts and Scots from the north Ao. 447-449. They became aggressive settlers and landowners. Windle described a landowner's estate under the Saxon occupancy, with its rampart, ditch, and a palisade or thick hedge on the former. The estate lands were tilled by villeins and theows (slaves), or rented out. The farming operations, according to Windle, were as follows: the communal officers took charge of the village ploughs and the beasts which drew them were the property of the villeins, the size of whose holdings determined the number of animals required.... The smallest holding of land ... was a bovate ... this word derived from the Latin bos, an ox. . . . Double this amount was a virgate, the normal holding of the villein, who must supply two oxen to the team. (A hide or virgate equals 4 virgates, or a full team of eight oxen.) It will now sum up these facts as to the village if we take one example of a manor-that of Westminster. THE DOMES- DAY BOOK records that the villa ubi sedet Ecclesia Sci Petri (the Abbey) the abbot of the same place holdeth 13% hides. There is land for 11 plough teams (8 oxen each). To the de- mesne belong 9 hides and 1 virgate, and there are 4 plough teams. The villeins have 9 plough teams, and one more might be made. There are: 9 villani with a virgate each; 1 villanus with a hide; (containing 4 virgates ); 9 villani with a half virgate each; 1 cottier with 5 acres; 41 cottiers rendering a shilling each for their gardens; old Roman center in Berwickshire, had Roman origins. He also found a modern type of B. acutifrons among them. James Wilson and others believed that the Park Cattle of England descended in part from large white cattle introduced during Roman occupation. INvASIONS FROM NORTHERN EUROPE Angles from Schleswig-Holstein in southern Denmark, Jutes from Jutland, and Saxons from the northern Netherlands introduced some cattle during the fifth century. Norsemen brought polled cattle of light dun color from the Scandinavian peninsula to coastal settle- ments. About 40 years after the Roman forces withdrew, the Saxons were invited to repel invasion by the Picts and Scots from the north Ao. 447-449. They became aggressive settlers and landowners. Windle described a landowner's estate under the Saxon occupancy, with its rampart, ditch, and a palisade or thick hedge on the former. The estate lands were tilled by villeins and theows (slaves), or rented out. The farming operations, according to Windle, were as follows: the communal officers took charge of the village ploughs and the beasts which drew them were the property of the villeins, the size of whose holdings determined the number of animals required.... The smallest holding of land ... was a bovate ... this word derived from the Latin bos, an ox. . . . Double this amount was a virgate, the normal holding of the villein, who must supply two oxen to the team. (A hide or virgate equals 4 virgates, or a full team of eight oxen.) It will now sum up these facts as to the village if we take one example of a manor-that of Westminster. THE DOMES- DAY BOOK records that the villa ubi sedet Ecclesia Sci Petri (the Abbey) the abbot of the same place holdeth 13% hides. There is land for 11 plough teams (8 oxen each). To the de- mesne belong 9 hides and 1 virgate, and there are 4 plough teams. The villeins have 9 plough teams, and one more might be made. There are: 9 villani with a virgate each; 1 villanus with a hide; (containing 4 virgates ); 9 villani with a half virgate each; 1 cottier with 5 acres; 41 cottiers rendering a shilling each for their gardens; old Roman center in Berwickshire, had Roman origins. He also found a modern type of B. acutifrons among them. James Wilson and others believed that the Park Cattle of England descended in part from large white cattle introduced during Roman occupation. INvASIONS FROM NORTHERN EUROPE Angles from Schleswig-Holstein in southern Denmark, Jutes from Jutland, and Saxons from the northern Netherlands introduced some cattle during the fifth century. Norsemen brought polled cattle of light dun color from the Scandinavian peninsula to coastal settle- ments. About 40 years after the Roman forces withdrew, the Saxons were invited to repel invasion by the Picts and Scots from the north A.D. 447-449. They became aggressive settlers and landowners. Windle described a landowner's estate under the Saxon occupancy, with its rampart, ditch, and a palisade or thick hedge on the former. The estate lands were tilled by villeins and theows (slaves), or rented out. The farming operations, according to Windle, were as follows: the communal officers took charge of the village ploughs and the beasts which drew them were the property of the villeins, the size of whose holdings determined the number of animals required.... The smallest holding of land ... was a bovate ... this word derived from the Latin bos, an ox.... Double this amount was a virgate, the normal holding of the villein, who must supply two oxen to the team. (A hide or virgate equals 4 virgates, or a full team of eight oxen.) It will now sum up these facts as to the village if we take one example of a manor-that of Westminster. THE DOMES- DAY BOOK records that the villa ubi sedet Ecclesia Sci Petri (the Abbey) the abbot of the same place holdeth 13%1 hides. There is land for 11 plough teams (8 oxen each). To the de- mesne belong 9 hides and 1 virgate, and there are 4 plough teams. The villeins have 9 plough teams, and one more might be made. There are: 9 villani with a virgate each; 1 villanus with a hide; (containing 4 virgates); 9 villani with a half virgate each; 1 cottier with 5 acres; 41 cottiers rendering a shilling each for their gardens;  50 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS There are meadows for 11 plough teams; Pasture for cattle of the village; Woods for 100 pigs. There are 25 houses of the abbot's soldiers and of other men who render 8s. per annum or f10 in all. In the same villa Rainardus holds 3 hides of the abbot. There is land for two plough teams, and they are there in demesne, and one cottier. Wood for 100 pigs. Pasture for cattle. Four arpents of vinyard newly planted. All of these are worth 60s. This land belonged to the Church of St. Peter. MARCO POLO's OBSERvATIONS The dependence of people on cattle was observed by the Venetian Marco Polo (1254-1324). He described B. indicus in Persia thus: The beasts also are peculiar; and I will tell you of their oxen. They are very large, and all over white as snow, the hair is very short and smooth, which is owing to the heat of the country. The horns are short and thick, not sharp in the point; and between the shoulders they have a hump some two palms high. There are no handsomer creatures in the world. And when they have to be loaded they kneel like the camel; once the load is adjusted, they rise. Their load is a heavy one, for they are very strong animals. He wrote concerning coastal India: "The food of the people is flesh, and milk, and rice. The people of the province do not kill animals nor spill blood; so if they want to eat meat, they get the Saracens who live among them to play the butcher." Tibetans endowed their wives with cattle, slaves, and money ac- cording to their ability. Tartars moved with the season to find pas- turage, living on milk and meat which their herds supplied, and on wild game. Koumis (a fermented beverage) was made from mare's and cow's milk. After making butter, buttermilk was dried in the sun. Polo wrote, "They also have milk dried into a kind of paste to carry with them; and when they need food they put this in water, and beat it up until it dissolves, and they drink it." Their animals were branded, except sheep and goats, which were herded. Many people in Kublai Khan's domain in northwestern China used flesh and milk as food. On his return journey, Marco Polo noted at the Port of Aden that livestock subsisted in part upon small fish, either fresh or dried. 50 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDs There are meadows for 11 plough teams; Pasture for cattle of the village; Woods for 100 pigs. There are 25 houses of the abbot's soldiers and of other men who render 8s. per annum or £110 in all. In the same villa Rainardus holds 3 hides of the abbot. There is land for two plough teams, and they are there in demesne, and one cottier. Wood for 100 pigs. Pasture for cattle. Four arpents of vinyard newly planted. All of these are worth 60s. This land belonged to the Church of St. Peter. MARCO POLo's OBSERvATIONS The dependence of people on cattle was observed by the Venetian Marco Polo (1254-1324). He described B. indicus in Persia thus: The beasts also are peculiar; and I will tell you of their oxen. They are very large, and all over white as snow, the hair is very short and smooth, which is owing to the heat of the country. The horns are short and thick, not sharp in the point; and between the shoulders they have a hump some two palms high. There are no handsomer creatures in the world. And when they have to be loaded they kneel like the camel; once the load is adjusted, they rise. Their load is a heavy one, for they are very strong animals. He wrote concerning coastal India: "The food of the people is flesh, and milk, and rice. The people of the province do not kill animals nor spill blood; so if they want to eat meat, they get the Saracens who live among them to play the butcher." Tibetans endowed their wives with cattle, slaves, and money ac- cording to their ability. Tartars moved with the season to find pas- turage, living on milk and meat which their herds supplied, and on wild game. Koumis (a fermented beverage) was made from mare's and cow's milk. After making butter, buttermilk was dried in the sun. Polo wrote, "They also have milk dried into a kind of paste to carry with them; and when they need food they put this in water, and beat it up until it dissolves, and they drink it." Their animals were branded, except sheep and goats, which were herded. Many people in Kublai Khan's domain in northwestern China used flesh and milk as food. On his return journey, Marco Polo noted at the Port of Aden that livestock subsisted in part upon small fish, either fresh or dried. 50 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDs There are meadows for 11 plough teams; Pasture for cattle of the village; Woods for 100 pigs. There are 25 houses of the abbot's soldiers and of other men who render 8s. per annum or £10 in all. In the same villa Rainardus holds 3 hides of the abbot. There is land for two plough teams, and they are there in demesne, and one cottier. Wood for 100 pigs. Pasture for cattle. Four arpents of vinyard newly planted. All of these are worth 60s. This land belonged to the Church of St. Peter. MARCO PoLO's OBSERVATIONS The dependence of people on cattle was observed by the Venetian Marco Polo (1254-1324). He described B. indicus in Persia thus: The beasts also are peculiar; and I will tell you of their oxen. They are very large, and all over white as snow, the hair is very short and smooth, which is owing to the heat of the country. The horns are short and thick, not sharp in the point; and between the shoulders they have a hump some two palms high. There are no handsomer creatures in the world. And when they have to be loaded they kneel like the camel; once the load is adjusted, they rise. Their load is a heavy one, for they are very strong animals. He wrote concerning coastal India: "The food of the people is flesh, and milk, and rice. The people of the province do not kill animals nor spill blood; so if they want to eat meat, they get the Saracens who live among them to play the butcher." Tibetans endowed their wives with cattle, slaves, and money ac- cording to their ability. Tartars moved with the season to find pas- turage, living on milk and meat which their herds supplied, and on wild game. Koumis (a fermented beverage) was made from mare's and cow's milk. After making butter, buttermilk was dried in the sun. Polo wrote, "They also have milk dried into a kind of paste to carry with them; and when they need food they put this in water, and beat it up until it dissolves, and they drink it." Their animals were branded, except sheep and goats, which were herded. Many people in Kublai Khan's domain in northwestern China used flesh and milk as food. On his return journey, Marco Polo noted at the Port of Aden that livestock subsisted in part upon small fish, either fresh or dried.  Bronze Age and Early History REFERENCES 51 Bronze Age and Early History REFERENCES 51 Bronze Age and Early History REFERENCES 51 Burkitt, M. C. 1925. Peehistory. 2nd ed. Cambhridge Univ. tress, Canmhridgo. Childe, V. Cordon. 1931. Non light en the msost ancient REs. KC. Pont, Teench, Tsuheen & Co., Lon~don. Degerhol, M. 1963. Prehistoric cottls is Denrnk Rnd adfocent nreas. Boy. Anthoo. Inat. Occasional Papser 18, pp. 68-79. Dickson, Adoas. 1781. The hnshondry of the ancients. 2 solo. Edinburegh. Eart, J. Cosor. 1925. The origin of cotle. Coole hreeodisg. Peas. Sceoish Cattle Breeding Conf. Owoen & Boyd, Edinhoegh. Pp. 1-46. Htughces, T. McKenny. 1894. The esolution of the Britlsh heeds of cattlr. 1. Bey. Age. Soc. Engl. 5(ee. 3):561-63. . 1896. On the more ancient breeds at cotle ewhich have been recog- nied fee the ritisb tsloo insueccessive periods, asd thoir relation to othoer archeological and hisorical dincoseres. Archaeologia 55:125-58. Munro, Roheet, st at. 1891. The British lake village near Clastonbnry. Taunton. Polo, Marco. 1875. The hook of Maco Polo, the Venetian concerning the kingdoes and maes of the Root. Teas. osd ed. hy Col. Htenry Yueo. 2nd ed. Diestos of Old Sooth Wors, London. Reed, C. A. 1961. Osteological esidence foe prohistoric domstati on in sooth- esetern Asia. Z. Ticerznche. Zuchtnngshiol. 76:31-38. Tnylor, Caosn Iosaa. 1881. The prehistorieraces of Itoly. Smoithsonian Inst. Rope. 1898, RE. 489-98. Wilson, losses. 1989. The enolntion of British cotle. Vinton & Cs., London. Windle, Bertraom C, A. 1887. Life in eaoly ritain. Putnamo, Ness Took. Boehitt, M. C. 1911. Peehistory. 2nd ed. Combhddge Unis. Pess, Conmhridge. Childe, V. Coedon. 1835. Ness lighe en the est ancient Rast. K. Post, Trench, Truheet & Co., Losdon. Degehbol, M. 1963. Peehistordc cootls in Denmaorh and adjacent aeas. Bee. Antheopol. Inst. Occosional Popes 18, pp. f1-79. Dickson, Adoas. 1781. The hushandry of the ancients. 2 solo. Edinburgh. Ewaet, J. Coss. 1825. The oeifgis of cotlie. Cootls hreeding. Peoc. Scottish Catle reeeding Coef. Oween h Boyd, Edinhoegh. Pp. 1-46. Huoghes, T. McKeony. 1894. The esolutios of the British heeds of cottls. 1. Rey. Age. Soc. Rngl. Sfsee. 3):561-63. . 1896. On the more ancient hreeds of cattle nwhich hose been recog- nized in the Britsh Ises in escessise periods, and theie relation to other aecheological and historical discoseries. Archaeologia 55:125-5. Monro, Rohert, et al. 1885. The ritish lake sillago near Glasonbnry. Taunton. Polo, Maeco. 1875. The hoek of Maeco Polo, the Venetiaon concening the kingdoms and emaevele of the Roant. Traos. and ed. hy Cal. Hleney Tale. 2nd ed. Directors sf014d Sooth Works, London. Reed, C. A. 1961. Osteologisal esidence foe prehistords doestication in sooth- wsesteen Asia. Z. Tieronch. Zuchtnngshiol. 76:31-38. Taylo, Canon Isaac. 1891. The cehkisoeiceoacee of Italy. ISsithsonian Inst. Reps. 1890, pp. 489-98. Wileon, Josses. 1909. The eveolution of ritish cootl. Vintan & Co., London. Wisdle, Bertross C. A. 1897. Life in early ritain. Putnass, News Task. Brkies, M. C. 1925. Pehistoryj. 2nd ed. Cambrhdge Uois. Pess, Cambhridge. Childe, V. Coedon. 1935. Noes light on she ssost oncient Root. K. Paul, Trenck, Truhees & Co., Londoo. Degeebol, M. 1963. Pehkistoric cattls in Denassok osd adfocent oreas. Roy. Anthropol. tnst. Occosionol Popes 18, pp. 68-79. Dickson, Adam,. 1782. The hushondey of the ancients. 2 sole. Edinhurgh. Ewaost, J. Cossar. 1825. The origin of cools. Cools breedisg. Peoc. Scottish Cattle reeding Conf. Ossen & Boyd, Edinhueg. Pp. 1-46. Hughes, T. McKenny. 1894. The esolution of the Brfitehbreeds of cottls. 1. Roey. Age, Soc. EngI. If see. 3):561-63. . 1896. On the ore ancient beeds at cattle wshich hose bees recog- nized is the British Idlea in successise periods, and thoir relation soothes archeoloical sod hiestorcal discosceis. Aechaeologia 55:125-58. Moses, Rohert, seal. 1895. The Britis lake sillage near Glastonbney. Taunto. Polo, Maeco. 1875. The bosh of Masse Pole, tho Venetian soncessing she kingdosss and ssaresof the Rose. Teas. aed ed. by Cal. Hfenry Tale. 2nd ed. Directoes of Old Sooth Wors, Losdo. Reed, C. A. 1961. Osteological esidence foe pehistorde dsomsticaoen in sooth- wssetern Asia. Z. Tierzucht. Zuchtungobil. 76:31-38. Taylor, Caon Isaac. 1881. The pekistoric eases of Italy. Smitsonian Inst. Reps. 1888, pp. 489-98. Wilson, Jamsse. 1908. The evolnuon of Beitish cattle. Vistan & Co., London. Windle, Rertrass C. A. 1897. Life in eaely Britain. Pattnam, Ness Yank.  CHAPTER 4 CATTLE IMPROVEMENT BEGINS A GAP IN KNOWLEDGE of cattle improvement extends into the thirteenth century (before 1253) when Walter of Henley, bailiff of Christchurch manor (Canterbury?) wrote from experience. Con- cerning the area in estate and in pasture: "And if you have land on which you can have cattle, take pains to stock it as the land requires. And know for truth if you are duly stocked, and your cattle well guarded and managed, it should yield three times the land by the extent." He preferred oxen to horses because of cost, and oxen could be fattened for slaughter in the end. Further: Sort out your cattle once a year between Easter and Whit- suntide-that is to say, oxen, cows, and herds-and let those that are not to be kept put to fatten; if you lay out money to Headpiece: A sixteenth-century dairy farm scene in Europe. (From Mattioli, 1598.) CHAPTER 4 CATTLE IMPROVEMENT BEGINS A GAP IN KNOwLEDGE of cattle improvement extends into the thirteenth century (before 1253) when Walter of Henley, bailiff of Christchurch manor (Canterbury?) wrote from experience. Con- cerning the area in estate and in pasture: "And if you have land on which you can have cattle, take pains to stock it as the land requires. And know for truth if you are duly stocked, and your cattle well guarded and managed, it should yield three times the land by the extent." He preferred oxen to horses because of cost, and oxen could be fattened for slaughter in the end. Further: Sort out your cattle once a year between Easter and Whit- suntide-that is to say, oxen, cows, and herds-and let those that are not to be kept put to fatten; if you lay out money to Headpiece: A sixteenth-century dairy farm scene in Europe. (From Mattioli, 1598.) CHAPTER 4 CATTLE IMPROVEMENT BEGINS A GAP IN KNOWLEDGE of cattle improvement extends into the thirteenth century (before 1253) when Walter of Henley, bailiff of Christchurch manor (Canterbury?) wrote from experience. Con- cerning the area in estate and in pasture: "And if you have land on which you can have cattle, take pains to stock it as the land requires. And know for truth if you are duly stocked, and your cattle well guarded and managed, it should yield three times the land by the extent." He preferred oxen to horses because of cost, and oxen could be fattened for slaughter in the end. Further: Sort out your cattle once a year between Easter and Whit- suntide-that is to say, oxen, cows, and herds-and let those that are not to be kept put to fatten; if you lay out money to Headpiece: A sixteenth-century dairy farm scene in Europe. (From Mattioli, 1598.)  Cate Imprment Bein U3 CateIprveen Bis a3 CalIrovument Beis5 fatten them with grass you will gain. And know for truth that bad beasts cost more than good. Why? I will tell you. If it be a draught beast he must be more thought of and more spared, and because he is spared the others are burdened for his lack. -And if you must buy cattle buy them between Easter and Whitsuntide, for then beasts are spare and cheap. . . . It is well to know how one ought to keep cattle, to teach your people, for when they see that you understand it they will take the more pains to do well. . . . and let your cows have enough feed, that the milk may not be lessened. How much milk your cow should yield. If your cows were sorted out, so that the bad were taken away, and your cows fed in pasture or salt marsh, then ought two cows to give a wey of cheese and a half gallon of butter a week. And if they are fed in pasture of wood, or in meadows after mowing, or in stubble, then three cows ought to yield a wey of cheese and half a gallon of butter a week between Easter and Whitsuntide without rewayn.... And if you see it with regard to the three cows that ought to make a wey, one of these cows would be poor, from which one could not have in two days a cheese worth a halfpence; that would be in six days three cheeses, price three halfpence. And the seventh day should keep the tithe and the waste there may be. THE FEUDAL SYSTEM The feudal system developed gradually from the mid-Roman em- pire, the Frankish empire, and later. Free men and small land- owners "commended" themselves to strong estate owners and nobles, to whom they rendered service in return for protection. The feudal system was strong in the tenth to twelfth centuries. Large manors and estates sometimes were held subject to the will or whims of the ruler. Estates became hereditary under later feudal codes, with no uniform practices. Some kings became strong and despotic. The barons and leaders of the Roman Catholic Church in England opposed such practices. The "Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crowne" in 1689 declared illegal the absolute right of the Crown. This act reserved much authority to an elected Parliament. William and Mary agreed to this Bill of Rights. The bill recognized rights and privileges of common people and free men. fatten them with grass you will gain. And know for truth that bad beasts cost more than good. Why? I will tell you. If it be a draught beast he must be more thought of and more spared, and because he is spared the others are burdened for his lack. And if you must buy cattle buy them between Easter and Whitsuntide, for then beasts are spare and cheap. . . . It is well to know how one ought to keep cattle, to teach your people, for when they see that you understand it they will take the more pains to do well. .. . and let your cows have enough feed, that the milk may not be lessened. How much milk your cow should yield. If your cows were sorted out, so that the bad were taken away, and your cows fed in pasture or salt marsh, then ought two cows to give a wey of cheese and a half gallon of butter a week. And if they are fed in pasture of wood, or in meadows after mowing, or in stubble, then three cows ought to yield a wey of cheese and half a gallon of butter a week between Easter and Whitsuntide without rewayn. ... And if you see it with regard to the three cows that ought to make a wey, one of these cows would be poor, from which one could not have in two days a cheese worth a halfpence; that would be in six days three cheeses, price three halfpence. And the seventh day should keep the tithe and the waste there may be. THE FEUDAL SYSTEM The feudal system developed gradually from the mid-Roman em- pire, the Frankish empire, and later. Free men and small land- owners "commended" themselves to strong estate owners and nobles, to whom they rendered service in return for protection. The feudal system was strong in the tenth to twelfth centuries. Large manors and estates sometimes were held subject to the will or whims of the ruler. Estates became hereditary under later feudal codes, with no uniform practices. Some kings became strong and despotic. The barons and leaders of the Roman Catholic Church in England opposed such practices. The "Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crowne" in 1689 declared illegal the absolute right of the Crown. This act reserved much authority to an elected Parliament. William and Mary agreed to this Bill of Rights. The bill recognized rights and privileges of common people and free men. fatten them with grass you will gain. And know for truth that bad beasts cost more than good. Why? I will tell you. If it be a draught beast he must be more thought of and more spared, and because he is spared the others are burdened for his lack. And if you must buy rattle buy them between Easter and Whitsuntide, for then beasts are spare and cheap. . . . It is well to know how one ought to keep cattle, to teach your people, for when they see that you understand it they will take the more pains to do well.... and let your cows have enough feed, that the milk may not be lessened. How much milk your cow should yield. If your cows were sorted out, so that the bad were taken away, and your cows fed in pasture or salt marsh, then ought two cows to give a wey of cheese and a half gallon of butter a week. And if they are fed in pasture of wood, or in meadows after mowing, or in stubble, then three cows ought to yield a wey of cheese and half a gallon of butter a week between Easter and Whitsuntide without rewayn.... And if you see it with regard to the three cows that ought to make a wey, one of these cows would be poor, from which one could not have in two days a cheese worth a halfpence; that would be in six days three cheeses, price three halfpence. And the seventh day should keep the tithe and the waste there may be. THE FEUDAL SYSTEM The feudal system developed gradually from the mid-Roman em- pire, the Frankish empire, and later. Free men and small land- owners "commended" themselves to strong estate owners and nobles, to whom they rendered service in return for protection. The feudal system was strong in the tenth to twelfth centuries. Large manors and estates sometimes were held subject to the will or whims of the ruler. Estates became hereditary under later feudal codes, with no uniform practices. Some kings became strong and despotic. The barons and leaders of the Roman Catholic Church in England opposed such practices. The "Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crowne" in 1689 declared illegal the absolute right of the Crown. This act reserved much authority to an elected Parliament. William and Mary agreed to this Bill of Rights. The bill recognized rights and privileges of common people and free men.  54 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS The feudal system of land tenure and servitude, strengthened in England under William the Conqueror and his successors, broke down gradually with establishment of a strong elected parliamen- tary government. ENCLOSURE ACTS AND SELECTION The open-field system of culture existed in Great Britain until re- placed by nearly 4,000 Enclosure Acts passed by Parliament be- tween 1760 and 1884. Separate acts directed commissioners to di- vide fields and distribute land among those who had held it jointly. Hedges and roads were built. These changes allowed owners to manage livestock and regulate breeding practices. New cropping systems and rotations could be adopted by farmers. Turnips had been introduced in 1644 and lucerne (alfalfa) later. In feudal times, animals had grazed together under a herdsman, or ran at large. Male animals were used in common, a practice that continued largely even early in the eighteenth century, with little improve- ment other than by selection. Selection undoubtedly played a part in improvement of cattle for centuries. Roman agricultural writers mentioned cattle. Cato the Censor (234-149 n.C.) wrote that grazing cattle were more profit- able than agriculture, and Columella (about A.D. 50) wrote that probably every farm had grass for some cows, goats, or sheep. Adam Dickson summarized Varro (116-27 .C.), Columella, and Palladius (author of "De Re Rustica" in the fourth century A.D.) in the words: "The rustic writers are very particular in their direction about buy- ing cattle, among these there is one mention by almost all of them; ... that the ground to which they are brought, be of the same kind with that on which they are bred." Red and brown cattle were mentioned as more valuable than black cattle. Leonard Mascall, in The Government of Cattell, in 1596 (edi- tions also in 1600 and 1633), used sort rather than breed when de- scribing characteristics of oxen to buy: "Oxen are according to the region and the country where they are bred; for as there is a di- versity of grounds and countries, so likewise there are diversities of bodies, and diversities of natural courage: and likewise diversitie in hairs and horns of them. For those oxen in Asia be of one sort. and 54 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS The feudal system of land tenure and servitude, strengthened in England under William the Conqueror and his successors, broke down gradually with establishment of a strong elected parliamen- tary government. ENCLOSURE ACTS AND SELECTION The open-field system of culture existed in Great Britain until re- placed by nearly 4,000 Enclosure Acts passed by Parliament be- tween 1760 and 1884. Separate acts directed commissioners to di- vide fields and distribute land among those who had held it jointly. Hedges and roads were built. These changes allowed owners to manage livestock and regulate breeding practices. New cropping systems and rotations could be adopted by farmers. Turnips had been introduced in 1644 and lucerne (alfalfa) later. In feudal times, animals had grazed together under a herdsman, or ran at large. Male animals were used in common, a practice that continued largely even early in the eighteenth century, with little improve- ment other than by selection. Selection undoubtedly played a part in improvement of cattle for centuries. Roman agricultural writers mentioned cattle. Cato the Censor (234-149 B.C.) wrote that grazing cattle were more profit- able than agriculture, and Columella (about A.D. 50) wrote that probably every farm had grass for some cows, goats, or sheep. Adam Dickson summarized Varro (116-27 B.C.), Columella, and Palladius (author of "De Re Rustica" in the fourth century A.D;) in the words: "The rustic writers are very particular in their direction about buy- ing cattle, among these there is one mention by almost all of them; ... that the ground to which they are brought, be of the same kind with that on which they are bred." Red and brown cattle were mentioned as more valuable than black cattle. Leonard Mascall, in The Government of Cattell, in 1596 (edi- tions also in 1600 and 1633), used sort rather than breed when de- scribing characteristics of oxen to buy: "Oxen are according to the region and the country where they are bred; for as there is a di- versity of grounds and countries, so likewise there are diversities of bodies, and diversities of natural courage: and likewise diversitie in hairs and horns of them. For those oxen in Asia be of one sort. and 54 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS The feudal system of land tenure and servitude, strengthened in England under William the Conqueror and his successors, broke down gradually with establishment of a strong elected parliamen- tary government. ENCLOSURE ACTS AND SELECTION The open-field system of culture existed in Great Britain until re- placed by nearly 4,000 Enclosure Acts passed by Parliament be- tween 1760 and 1884. Separate acts directed commissioners to di- vide fields and distribute land among those who bad held it jointly. Hedges and roads were built. These changes allowed owners to manage livestock and regulate breeding practices. New cropping systems and rotations could be adopted by farmers. Turnips had been introduced in 1644 and lucerne (alfalfa) later. In feudal times, animals had grazed together under a herdsman, or ran at large. Male animals were used in common, a practice that continued largely even early in the eighteenth century, with little improve- ment other than by selection. Selection undoubtedly played a part in improvement of cattle for centuries. Roman agricultural writers mentioned cattle. Cato the Censor (234-149 B.C.) wrote that grazing cattle were more profit- able than agriculture, and Columella (about A.D. 50) wrote that probably every farm had grass for some cows, goats, or sheep. Adam Dickson summarized Varro (116-27 n.C.), Columella, and Palladius (author of "De Re Rustica" in the fourth century A.D;) in the words: "The rustic writers are very particular in their direction about buy- ing cattle, among these there is one mention by almost all of them; ... that the ground to which they are brought, be of the same kind with that on which they are bred." Red and brown cattle were mentioned as more valuable than black cattle. Leonard Mascall, in The Government of Cattell, in 1596 (edi- tions also in 1600 and 1633), used sort rather than breed when de- scribing characteristics of oxen to buy: "Oxen are according to the region and the country where they are bred; for as there is a di- versity of grounds and countries, so likewise there are diversities of bodies, and diversities of natural courage: and likewise diversitie in hairs and horns of them. For those oxen in Asia be of one sort. and  CaeIpoeetBgn U5 CalImrven Bein 55 Catl Impovmn in 55 those in France of another sort; so likewise here in England of an- other sort." FEED CROPS INTRODUCED Sir Richard Weston (1591-1652) introduced trefoil clover into Sur- rey County and started a crop rotation founded on clover, flax, and turnips. Timothy Nourse (1700) contended that "grass rais'd by foreign seeds" ought to be permitted since great numbers of cattle were raised that way, and consequently more corn (grains): "Now the more corn and cattle are rais'd, the cheaper must all provisions be, which is generally look'd upon to be a benefit to the publick." IMPORTANCE OF SIRES Gervaise Markham wrote the popular Cheape and Good Hus- bandry, the eighth edition of which was printed in 1653. He recog- nized the importance of the sire: "I think fittest in this place, where I intend to treat of horned Cattell and Neat, to speak first of the choyce of a fair bull, being the breeders principallest instrument of profit." He mentioned the best English cattle for the market being bred in Darbyshire, Lancashire, Lincolnshire, Somersetshire, Staf- fordshire, and Yorkshire, where they were mainly black. Lincoln- shire cattle also were pied with more white than other colors, and had small crooked horns. Markham wrote: Now to mix a race of these and the black ones together is not good, for their shapes and colours are so contrary, that their issue are very uncomely: therefore, I would wish all men to make their breeds either simply from the one and the same kind, or else to mixe York-shire . . . with one of the black breeds, and so likewise Lincoln-shire with Somerset-shire, or Somerset-shire with Glocester-shire. . . . Now for the Cow, you should choose her of the same country with your Bull, and as near as may be of one colour, only her bag or udder would ever be white, with four teats and no more, and her belly would be round and large, her fore-head broad and smooth, and all her other parts such as are before shewed in the male kind. The use of the Cow is to fold, either for the Dary, or for breed: the Red Cow giveth the best milk, and the black Cow those in France of another sort; so likewise here in England of an- other sort." FEED CROPS INTRODUCED Sir Richard Weston (1591-1652) introduced trefoil clover into Sur- rey County and started a crop rotation founded on clover, flax, and turnips. Timothy Nourse (1700) contended that "grass rais'd by foreign seeds" ought to be permitted since great numbers of cattle were raised that way, and consequently more corn (grains): "Now the more corn and cattle are rais'd, the cheaper must all provisions be, which is generally look'd upon to be a benefit to the publick." IMPORTANCE OF SIRES Gervaise Markham wrote the popular Cheape and Good Hus- bandry, the eighth edition of which was printed in 1653. He recog- nized the importance of the sire: "I think fittest in this place, where I intend to treat of horned Cattell and Neat, to speak first of the choyce of a fair bull, being the breeders principallest instrument of profit." He mentioned the best English cattle for the market being bred in Darbyshire, Lancashire, Lincolnshire, Somersetshire, Staf- fordshire, and Yorkshire, where they were mainly black. Lincoln- shire cattle also were pied with more white than other colors, and had small crooked horns. Markham wrote: Now to mix a race of these and the black ones together is not good, for their shapes and colours are so contrary, that their issue are very uncomely: therefore, I would wish all men to make their breeds either simply from the one and the same kind, or else to mixe York-shire . . . with one of the black breeds, and so likewise Lincoln-shire with Somerset-shire, or Somerset-shire with Glocester-shire. . . . Now for the Cow, you should choose her of the same country with your Bull, and as near as may be of one colour, only her bag or udder would ever be white, with four teats and no more, and her belly would be round and large, her fore-head broad and smooth, and all her other parts such as are before shewed in the male kind. The use of the Cow is to fold, either for the Dary, or for breed: the Red Cow giveth the best milk, and the black Cow those in France of another sort; so likewise here in England of an- other sort." FEED CROPS INTRODUCED Sir Richard Weston (1591-1652) introduced trefoil clover into Sur- rey County and started a crop rotation founded on clover, flax, and turnips. Timothy Nourse (1700) contended that "grass rais'd by foreign seeds" ought to be permitted since great numbers of cattle were raised that way, and consequently more corn (grains): "Now the more corn and cattle are rais'd, the cheaper must all provisions be, which is generally look'd upon to be a benefit to the publick." IMPORTANCE OF SIRES Gervaise Markham wrote the popular Cheape and Good Hus- bandry, the eighth edition of which was printed in 1653. He recog- nized the importance of the sire: "I think fittest in this place, where I intend to treat of horned Cattell and Neat, to speak first of the choyce of a fair bull, being the breeders principallest instrument of profit." He mentioned the best English cattle for the market being bred in Darbyshire, Lancashire, Lincolnshire, Somersetshire, Staf- fordshire, and Yorkshire, where they were mainly black. Lincoln- shire cattle also were pied with more white than other colors, and had small crooked horns. Markham wrote: Now to mix a race of these and the black ones together is not good, for their shapes and colours are so contrary, that their issue are very uncomely: therefore, I would wish all men to make their breeds either simply from the one and the same kind, or else to mixe York-shire . . . with one of the black breeds, and so likewise Lincoln-shire with Somerset-shire, or Somerset-shire with Glocester-shire. . . . Now for the Cow, you should choose her of the same country with your Bull, and as near as may be of one colour, only her bag or udder would ever be white, with four teats and no more, and her belly would be round and large, her fore-head broad and smooth, and all her other parts such as are before shewed in the male kind. The use of the Cow is to fold, either for the Dary, or for breed: the Red Cow giveth the best milk, and the black Cow  56 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS bringeth forth the goodliest Calf. The yong Cow is the best for breed, yet the indifferent old are not to be refused. That Cow which giveth milke longest is best for both purposes, for she which goeth, longest dry loseth halfe her profit, and is lesse fit for teeming; for commonly they are subject to feed, and that straineth the Womb or Matrix. DUTCH-BREED FOR MILK J. W. Gent described cattle during 1669 (2nd edition in 1675) thus: Of cows and oxen. These worthy sort of beasts are in great re- quest with the husbandman, the Oxe being useful at his cart and plough, the Cow yielding great store of provision both for the family, and the market, and both a very great advantage to the support of the trade of the kingdom. Concerning their form, nature and choice, I need say little, every Countryman almost understanding how to deal with them. The best sort is the large Dutch Cow that brings two calves at one birth, and gives ordinarily two gallons of milk at one meal. As for their breeding, rearing, breaking, curing of their dis- eases, and other ordering of them; and of Milk, Butter and Cheese, etc., I refer you to such authors that do more largely handle the subject than this place will admit of. J. Mortimer (1721) agreed almost wholly with Markham, but added: "The hardiest are the Scotch; but the best sort of cows for the pail, only they are tender and need very good keeping, are the long-legg'd, short-hor'd Cow of the Dutch-breed, which is to be had in some places of Lincolnshire, but most used in Kent, many of these cows will give two gallons of milk at a meal." The "Dutch-breed" was much sought after, according to John Lawrence, in 1726, and at higher prices than other cattle. He com- mented on abuse of commons: But the encouragement is, the many pernicious commons we have, which for the flush of milk in the few summer-months, makes the poor buy cows, to starve them in winter, and to spend so much time in running after them, as would earn twice the worth of their milk by an ordinary labour; whereas, if the commons were enclosed, some would feed them well all the 56 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS bringeth forth the goodhest Calf. The yong Cow is the best for breed, yet the indifferent old are not to be refused. That Cow which giveth milke longest is best for both purposes, for she which goeth, longest dry loseth halfe her profit, and is lesse fit for teeming; for commonly they are subject to feed, and that straineth the Womb or Matrix. DUTCH-BREED FOR MILK J. W. Gent described cattle during 1669 (2nd edition in 1675) thus: Of cows and oxen. These worthy sort of beasts are in great re- quest with the husbandman, the Oxe being useful at his cart and plough, the Cow yielding great store of provision both for the family, and the market, and both a very great advantage to the support of the trade of the kingdom. Concerning their form, nature and choice, I need say little, every Countryman almost understanding how to deal with them. The best sort is the large Dutch Cow that brings two calves at one birth, and gives ordinarily two gallons of milk at one meal. As for their breeding, rearing, breaking, curing of their dis- eases, and other ordering of them; and of Milk, Butter and Cheese, etc., I refer you to such authors that do more largely handle the subject than this place will admit of. J. Mortimer (1721) agreed almost wholly with Markham, but added: "The hardiest are the Scotch; but the best sort of cows for the pail, only they are tender and need very good keeping, are the long-legg'd, short-horn'd Cow of the Dutch-breed, which is to be had in some places of Lincolnshire, but most used in Kent, many of these cows will give two gallons of milk at a meal." The "Dutch-breed" was much sought after, according to John Lawrence, in 1726, and at higher prices than other cattle. He com- mented on abuse of commons: But the encouragement is, the many pernicious commons we have, which for the flush of milk in the few summer-months, makes the poor buy cows, to starve them in winter, and to spend so much time in running after them, as would earn twice the worth of their milk by an ordinary labour; whereas, if the commons were enclosed, some would feed them well all the 56 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS bringeth forth the goodhest Calf. The yong Cow is the best for breed, yet the indifferent old are not to be refused. That Cow which giveth milke longest is best for both purposes, for she which goeth, longest dry loseth halfe her profit, and is lesse fit for teeming; for commonly they are subject to feed, and that straineth the Womb or Matrix. DUTCH-BREED FOR MILK J. W. Gent described cattle during 1669 (2nd edition in 1675) thus: Of cows and oxen. These worthy sort of beasts are in great re- quest with the husbandman, the Oxe being useful at his cart and plough, the Cow yielding great store of provision both for the family, and the market, and both a very great advantage to the support of the trade of the kingdom. Concerning their form, nature and choice, I need say little, every Countryman almost understanding how to deal with them. The best sort is the large Dutch Cow that brings two calves at one birth, and gives ordinarily two gallons of milk at one meal. As for their breeding, rearing, breaking, curing of their dis- eases, and other ordering of them; and of Milk, Butter and Cheese, etc., I refer you to such authors that do more largely handle the subject than this place will admit of. J. Mortimer (1721) agreed almost wholly with Markham, but added: "The hardiest are the Scotch; but the best sort of cows for the pail, only they are tender and need very good keeping, are the long-legg'd, short-hor'd Cow of the Dutch-breed, which is to be had in some places of Lincolnshire, but most used in Kent, many of these cows will give two gallons of milk at a meal." The "Dutch-breed" was much sought after, according to John Lawrence, in 1726, and at higher prices than other cattle. He com- mented on abuse of commons: But the encouragement is, the many pernicious commons we have, which for the flush of milk in the few summer-months, makes the poor buy cows, to starve them in winter, and to spend so much time in running after them, as would earn twice the worth of their milk by an ordinary labour; whereas, if the commons were enclosed, some would feed them well all the  Catl Im~pvment Begis5 Catl SIbmprovemntBeis 57 attlIpvment Beis5 summer, and others would yield hay for them in the winter; whereby there would be always a tolerable plenty of milk; from which spring many more considerable dairies. Lawrence told of a cow belonging to the Vicar of Stanford upon Avon that yielded twelve pounds of butter every week for two or three months, and that made tolerable cheese for the family after- wards. According to R. Bradley in 1729: In the choice of cows, those with the following marks are most worthy our esteem. To be high of stature, long-bodied, having great udders, broad foreheads, fair horns and smooth, and almost all other tokens that are required in the bull; es- pecially to be young; for when they are past twelve years old they are not good for brood. But they live many times much longer, if their pasture be good, and they keep from disease.... In some places they have common bulls and common boars in every town.... Near London, or other very populous places, the milk of cows will yield a sufficient profit in the pail; but in places re- moter from the market, it is either disposed of in the dairy for making butter, if the feed is such as is rich and hearty, and consists of pure grass, which is sweet and free from weeds. He remarked that an "over-plus of milk" in winter was profitable for butter. IMPROvED STRAINs NAMED Toward the end of the eighteenth century, the better strains or va- rieties of cattle began to be known by names of the counties where they originated. The names "kind" and "sort" gave way grad- ually to "breed" as cattle took recognizable distinguishing char- acteristics typical of these areas and as agriculture became more specialized. Thomas Hale recognized this situation in 1758, when he wrote: Our bulls differ only in their size, according to the counties in which they are bred. The various parts of this kingdom af- ford so different pasturage for cattle; that when they are brought into other places, they are called after the name of that whence they came. The Lancashire breed is large, and Welch are smaller, and the Scotch least of all. In Staffordshire summer, and others would yield hay for them in the winter; whereby there would be always a tolerable plenty of milk; from which spring many more considerable dairies. Lawrence told of a cow belonging to the Vicar of Stanford upon Avon that yielded twelve pounds of butter every week for two or three months, and that made tolerable cheese for the family after- wards. According to R. Bradley in 1729: In the choice of cows, those with the following marks are most worthy our esteem. To be high of stature, long-bodied, having great udders, broad foreheads, fair horns and smooth, and almost all other tokens that are required in the bull; es- pecially to be young; for when they are past twelve years old they are not good for brood. But they live many times much longer, if their pasture be good, and they keep from disease.... In some places they have common bulls and common boars in every town.... Near London, or other very populous places, the milk of cows will yield a sufficient profit in the pail; but in places re- moter from the market, it is either disposed of in the dairy for making butter, if the feed is such as is rich and hearty, and consists of pure grass, which is sweet and free from weeds. He remarked that an "over-plus of milk" in winter was profitable for butter. IMPROvED STRAINs NAMED Toward the end of the eighteenth century, the better strains or va- rieties of cattle began to be known by names of the counties where they originated. The names "kind" and "sort" gave way grad- ually to "breed" as cattle took recognizable distinguishing char- acteristics typical of these areas and as agriculture became more specialized. Thomas Hale recognized this situation in 1758, when he wrote: Our bulls differ only in their size, according to the counties in which they are bred. The various parts of this kingdom af- ford so different pasturage for cattle; that when they are brought into other places, they are called after the name of that whence they came. The Lancashire breed is large, and Welch are smaller, and the Scotch least of all. In Staffordshire summer, and others would yield hay for them in the winter; whereby there would be always a tolerable plenty of milk; from which spring many more considerable dairies. Lawrence told of a cow belonging to the Vicar of Stanford upon Avon that yielded twelve pounds of butter every week for two or three months, and that made tolerable cheese for the family after- wards. According to R. Bradley in 1729: In the choice of cows, those with the following marks are most worthy our esteem. To be high of stature, long-bodied, having great udders, broad foreheads, fair horns and smooth, and almost all other tokens that are required in the bull; es- pecially to be young; for when they are past twelve years old they are not good for brood. But they live many times much longer, if their pasture be good, and they keep from disease.... In some places they have common bulls and common boars in every town.... Near London, or other very populous places, the milk of cows will yield a sufficient profit in the pail; but in places re- moter from the market, it is either disposed of in the dairy for making butter, if the feed is such as is rich and hearty, and consists of pure grass, which is sweet and free from weeds. He remarked that an "over-plus of milk" in winter was profitable for butter. IMPROvED STRAINs NAMED Toward the end of the eighteenth century, the better strains or va- rieties of cattle began to be known by names of the counties where they originated. The names "kind" and "sort" gave way grad- ually to "breed" as cattle took recognizable distinguishing char- acteristics typical of these areas and as agriculture became more specialized. Thomas Hale recognized this situation in 1758, when he wrote: Our bulls differ only in their size, according to the counties in which they are bred. The various parts of this kingdom af- ford so different pasturage for cattle; that when they are brought into other places, they are called after the name of that whence they came. The Lancashire breed is large, and Welch are smaller, and the Scotch least of all. In Staffordshire  58 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS they are commonly black, and in Gloucestershire red; and they have the like differences in other counties. The husbandman should be acquainted with the several breeds, that he may suit his purchase to his land. The large kinds are bred where there is good nourishment, and they require the same where they are kept, or they will decline: the poorer and smaller kinds which are used to hard fare, will thrive and fatten upon a moderate land.... The husbandman should have one of these considerations in view, in stocking his land, then using them principally for breed, for milk, or for work; and accordingly as either of these is his principal aim, he is to make his purchase: one breed being fitter for one of these uses, another for another. ... Whatever breed he chuses, he should keep entirely to it; that is, the bull and cows should all be of the same kind; for it is a general and true observation, that a mixed race does not suc- ceed so well. .. The cow being chiefly intended for the dairy, care is to be taken in purchasing a right kind, for there is a vast difference in the profit of this animal, according to the breed. They have large cows in all those counties where they breed large oxen, but the size is not all that the husbandman is to consider; the quantity of milk is not always proportioned to the biggness of the beast; and that is to be his chief regard. Welch and Scotch cows will do upon the poorest pastures: and they will suit some who cannot rise to the price of better kinds. They yield a good quantity of milk if rightly managed; but the fine kinds are the Dutch and Alderney: these are like one another in shape and goodness, but the Alderney cow is preferred, because the hardier. The Dutch breed have long legs, short horns, and a full body. They are to be had in Kent and Sussex, and some other places where they are carefully kept up without mixture and will yield two gallons at a milking; but in order to do this they require good attention, and good food. The Alderney cow is like the Dutch in the shortness of her horns, but she is stronger built, and is not so tender. She re- quires rich feeding, but is not liable to so many accidents, and is equal to the other in quantity and goodness of her milk. Of which ever kind they be observe the following rules in their choice. Let them have the forehead broad and open; the eyes large and full, and except the Dutch and Alderney breeds, let the horns be large, clean and fair.... 58 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDs they are commonly black, and in Gloucestershire red; and they have the like differences in other counties. The husbandman should be acquainted with the several breeds, that he may suit his purchase to his land. The large kinds are bred where there is good nourishment, and they require the same where they are kept, or they will decline: the poorer and smaller kinds which are used to hard fare, will thrive and fatten upon a moderate land.... The husbandman should have one of these considerations in view, in stocking his land, then using them principally for breed, for milk, or for work; and accordingly as either of these is his principal aim, he is to make his purchase: one breed being fitter for one of these uses, another for another. ... Whatever breed he chuses, he should keep entirely to it; that is, the bull and cows should all be of the same kind; for it is a general and true observation, that a mixed race does not suc- ceed so well.... The cow being chiefly intended for the dairy, care is to be taken in purchasing a right kind, for there is a vast difference in the profit of this animal, according to the breed. They have large cows in all those counties where they breed large oxen, but the size is not all that the husbandman is to consider; the quantity of milk is not always proportioned to the biggness of the beast; and that is to be his chief regard. Welch and Scotch cows will do upon the poorest pastures: and they will suit some who cannot rise to the price of better kinds. They yield a good quantity of milk if rightly managed; but the fine kinds are the Dutch and Alderney: these are like one another in shape and goodness, but the Alderney cow is preferred, because the hardier. The Dutch breed have long legs, short horns, and a full body. They are to be had in Kent and Sussex, and some other places where they are carefully kept up without mixture and will yield two gallons at a milking; but in order to do this they require good attention, and good food. The Alderney cow is like the Dutch in the shortness of her horns, but she is stronger built, and is not so tender. She re- quires rich feeding, but is not liable to so many accidents, and is equal to the other in quantity and goodness of her milk. Of which ever kind they be observe the following rules in their choice. Let them have the forehead broad and open; the eyes large and full, and except the Dutch and Alderney breeds, let the horns be large, clean and fair. . .. 58 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS they are commonly black, and in Gloucestershire red; and they have the like differences in other counties. The husbandman should be acquainted with the several breeds, that he may suit his purchase to his land. The large kinds are bred where there is good nourishment, and they require the same where they are kept, or they will decline: the poorer and smaller kinds which are used to hard fare, will thrive and fatten upon a moderate land.... The husbandman should have one of these considerations in view, in stocking his land, then using them principally for breed, for milk, or for work; and accordingly as either of these is his principal aim, he is to make his purchase: one breed being fitter for one of these uses, another for another. ... Whatever breed he chuses, he should keep entirely to it; that is, the bull and cows should all be of the same kind; for it is a general and true observation, that a mixed race does not suc- ceed so well.... The cow being chiefly intended for the dairy, care is to be taken in purchasing a right kind, for there is a vast difference in the profit of this animal, according to the breed. They have large cows in all those counties where they breed large oxen, but the size is not all that the husbandman is to consider; the quantity of milk is not always proportioned to the biggness of the beast; and that is to be his chief regard. Welch and Scotch cows will do upon the poorest pastures: and they will suit some who cannot rise to the price of better kinds. They yield a good quantity of milk if rightly managed; but the fine kinds are the Dutch and Alderney: these are like one another in shape and goodness, but the Alderney cow is preferred, because the hardier. The Dutch breed have long legs, short horns, and a full body. They are to be had in Kent and Sussex, and some other places where they are carefully kept up without mixture and will yield two gallons at a milking; but in order to do this they require good attention, and good food. The Alderney cow is like the Dutch in the shortness of her horns, but she is stronger built, and is not so tender. She re- quires rich feeding, but is not liable to so many accidents, and is equal to the other in quantity and goodness of her milk. Of which ever kind they be observe the following rules in their choice. Let them have the forehead broad and open; the eyes large and full, and except the Dutch and Alderney breeds, let the horns be large, clean and fair. . ..  CateImprvment Beis U9 Ctl Imrement Begin 59 Catl Improemen Begin 59 Of whatever breed the cow be let her neck be long and thin; her belly deep and large. See that she have a large, good, white and clean looking udder, with four well grown teats. Let the bull be of the same breed: and let them be of as large a kind as the pastures will support. But it is better to have a cow of a smaller breed well fed than one of the best in the world starv'd. The red cow it is said gives the best milk, and the black cow is best for her calf; but this is fancy. The red cows milk has been long famous; and a calf of a black cow is accounted good to a proverb; but the breed is the thing of consequence not the colour. The cow that gives milk the longest is the most profitable, to the husbandman; and this is most the case with those which are neither very young, nor advanced into years. CHANCES IN ENGLISH AGRICULTURE Lord Ernle (R. E. Prothero) described this period of change in English agriculture: The house and homestead of the peasantry (under the ma- norial system) were originally the only permanent enclosures, and the only property which they could be said to hold in sep- arate ownership. The rest of the village land was held and farmed in common. It consisted of three portions-arable land, meadow, and pasture. Areas were allotted each for cultivation of wheat, barley, and fallow. . . . After the crops were cleared, the fences were removed; common rights were revived; and the cattle of the village wandered promiscuously over the whole. The meadows were assigned (likewise) to use of individu- als from Candlemas to Midsummer Day, and the remainder of the year were pastured in common. Beyond the arable and meadow lands lay the roughest and poorest land which af- forded timber of building, fencing, or fuel, mast and acorns for swine, rough pasture for the ordinary live stock, and rushes, reeds and heather for thatches, ropes, beds, and a variety of other uses. . . . In 1764, out of 8,500 parishes (in England), 4,500 were still unenclosed, open-field farms, cultivated upon a cooperative system of agriculture.. . Sheep are kept for their wool rather than their mutton, and cattle are valued for their milking qualities or their power of draught.... On the cow-downs the common herdsman tends the cattle of the com- Of whatever breed the cow be let her neck be long and thin; her belly deep and large. See that she have a large, good, white and clean looking udder, with four well grown teats. Let the bull be of the same breed: and let them be of as large a kind as the pastures will support. But it is better to have a cow of a smaller breed well fed than one of the best in the world starv'd. The red cow it is said gives the best milk, and the black cow is best for her calf; but this is fancy. The red cows milk has been long famous; and a calf of a black cow is accounted good to a proverb; but the breed is the thing of consequence not the colour. The cow that gives milk the longest is the most profitable, to the husbandman; and this is most the case with those which are neither very young, nor advanced into years. CHANGES IN ENGLISH AGRICULTURE Lord Ernle (R. E. Prothero) described this period of change in English agriculture: The house and homestead of the peasantry (under the ma- norial system) were originally the only permanent enclosures, and the only property which they could be said to hold in sep- arate ownership. The rest of the village land was held and farmed in common. It consisted of three portions-arable land, meadow, and pasture. Areas were allotted each for cultivation of wheat, barley, and fallow. . . . After the crops were cleared, the fences were removed; common rights were revived; and the cattle of the village wandered promiscuously over the whole. The meadows were assigned (likewise) to use of individu- als from Candlemas to Midsummer Day, and the remainder of the year were pastured in common. Beyond the arable and meadow lands lay the roughest and poorest land which af- forded timber of building, fencing, or fuel, mast and acorns for swine, rough pasture for the ordinary live stock, and rushes, reeds and heather for thatches, ropes, beds, and a variety of other uses.. . . In 1764, out of 8,500 parishes (in England), 4,500 were still unenclosed, open-field farms, cultivated upon a cooperative system of agriculture.. . Sheep are kept for their wool rather than their mutton, and cattle are valued for their milking qualities or their power of draught.... On the cow-downs the common herdsman tends the cattle of the com- Of whatever breed the cow be let her neck be long and thin; her belly deep and large. See that she have a large, good, white and clean looking udder, with four well grown teats. Let the bull be of the same breed: and let them be of as large a kind as the pastures will support. But it is better to have a cow of a smaller breed well fed than one of the best in the world starv'd. The red cow it is said gives the best milk, and the black cow is best for her calf; but this is fancy. The red cows milk has been long famous; and a calf of a black cow is accounted good to a proverb; but the breed is the thing of consequence not the colour. The cow that gives milk the longest is the most profitable, to the husbandman; and this is most the case with those which are neither very young, nor advanced into years. CHANGES IN ENGLISH AGRICULTURE Lord Ernle (R. E. Prothero) described this period of change in English agriculture: The house and homestead of the peasantry (under the ma- norial system) were originally the only permanent enclosures, and the only property which they could be said to hold in sep- arate ownership. The rest of the village land was held and farmed in common. It consisted of three portions-arable land, meadow, and pasture. Areas were allotted each for cultivation of wheat, barley, and fallow.... After the crops were cleared, the fences were removed; common rights were revived; and the cattle of the village wandered promiscuously over the whole. The meadows were assigned (likewise) to use of individu- als from Candlemas to Midsummer Day, and the remainder of the year were pastured in common. Beyond the arable and meadow lands lay the roughest and poorest land which af- forded timber of building, fencing, or fuel, mast and acorns for swine, rough pasture for the ordinary live stock, and rushes, reeds and heather for thatches, ropes, beds, and a variety of other uses. . . . In 1764, out of 8,500 parishes (in England), 4,500 were still unenclosed, open-field farms, cultivated upon a cooperative system of agriculture.. . Sheep are kept for their wool rather than their mutton, and cattle are valued for their milking qualities or their power of draught.... On the cow-downs the common herdsman tends the cattle of the com-  60 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS munity. They begin to feed on the downs in May, and con- tinue to graze there till the meadows are mown, and the crops are cleared from the arable fields. Then they are turned in upon the aftermath, the haulm, and the stubble.... The rams and the parish bull are provided. In the 16th century, agriculture in England became more profitable, enclosures were made, and the rights of common were greatly restricted.... Gardening was taken up again late in the 17th century. Deep drainage began to be discussed. From the Flanders of the 17th century, Sir Richard Weston brought turnips and red clover, and Arthur Young called him a greater benefactor than Newton. . . . Perennial rye grass was introduced. White clover was introduced in 1700, and timothy and orchard grass came to England from America in 1760. The 18th century saw revolutions in English farming. One came when Lord Townsend established the Norfolk system (or ro- tation): wheat, turnips, barley, clover & grass. One half of the land was constantly under grain crops and the other under cattle grazing. Sheep and cattle were fattened on the land on turnips, increasing barley yields. Trowell (1739), Hale (1756), and Anderson (1775) advised several pastures, and suggested they be grazed in rotation to get greater returns from the land. John Mills wrote A Treatise on Cattle in 1776, "showing the most approved methods of breeding, rear- ing, and fitting for use, horses, asses, mules, horned cattle, sheep, goats and swine with Directions for the proper Treatment of their several Disorders." Other writers included bees and rabbits along with all four-legged cattle. Mills regarded the ox as the most valu- able of horned cattle. Also, Mills wrote, "Formerly the wealth of man consisted chiefly in his herds of black cattle - . . for it is only by the cultivation of lands, and the abundance of Cattle that a state can be maintained in a flourishing condition," except for gold and silver. He described the ox by colors and by sorts and sizes in dif- ferent countries. Richness of milk varied with some sorts. Three classes of cattle were recognized: short-horned, longhorn, and polled or muley cattle. Ten years later, George Culley, a farmer at Fenton, Northumber- land, published Observations on Live Stock, containing hints for choosing and improving the best breeds of the most useful kinds of domestic animals. He also included among the livestock rabbits, 60 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS munity. They begin to feed on the downs in May, and con- tinue to graze there till the meadows are mown, and the crops are cleared from the arable fields. Then they are turned in upon the aftermath, the haulm, and the stubble.... The rams and the parish bull are provided. In the 16th century, agriculture in England became more profitable, enclosures were made, and the rights of common were greatly restricted.... Gardening was taken up again late in the 17th century. Deep drainage began to be discussed. From the Flanders of the 17th century, Sir Richard Weston brought turnips and red clover, and Arthur Young called him a greater benefactor than Newton. . . . Perennial rye grass was introduced. White clover was introduced in 1700, and timothy and orchard grass came to England from America in 1760. The 18th century saw revolutions in English farming. One came when Lord Townsend established the Norfolk system (or ro- tation): wheat, turnips, barley, clover & grass. One half of the land was constantly under grain crops and the other under cattle grazing. Sheep and cattle were fattened on the land on turnips, increasing barley yields. Trowell (1739), Hale (1756), and Anderson (1775) advised several pastures, and suggested they be grazed in rotation to get greater returns from the land. John Mills wrote A Treatise on Cattle in 1776, "showing the most approved methods of breeding, rear- ing, and fitting for use, horses, asses, mules, horned cattle, sheep, goats and swine with Directions for the proper Treatment of their several Disorders." Other writers included bees and rabbits along with all four-legged cattle. Mills regarded the ox as the most valu- able of horned cattle. Also, Mills wrote, "Formerly the wealth of man consisted chiefly in his herds of black cattle . . . for it is only by the cultivation of lands, and the abundance of Cattle that a state can be maintained in a flourishing condition," except for gold and silver. He described the ox by colors and by sorts and sizes in dif- ferent countries. Richness of milk varied with some sorts. Three classes of cattle were recognized: short-horned, longhorn, and polled or muley cattle. Ten years later, George Culley, a farmer at Fenton, Northumber- land, published Observations on Live Stock, containing hints for choosing and improving the best breeds of the most useful kinds of domestic animals. He also included among the livestock rabbits, 60 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS munity. They begin to feed on the downs in May, and con- tinue to graze there till the meadows are mown, and the crops are cleared from the arable fields. Then they are turned in upon the aftermath, the haulm, and the stubble.... The rams and the parish bull are provided. In the 16th century, agriculture in England became more profitable, enclosures were made, and the rights of common were greatly restricted.... Gardening was taken up again late in the 17th century. Deep drainage began to be discussed. From the Flanders of the 17th century, Sir Richard Weston brought turnips and red clover, and Arthur Young called him a greater benefactor than Newton. - . . Perennial rye grass was introduced. White clover was introduced in 1700, and timothy and orchard grass came to England from America in 1760. The 18th century saw revolutions in English farming. One came when Lord Townsend established the Norfolk system (or ro- tation): wheat, turnips, barley, clover & grass. One half of the land was constantly under grain crops and the other under cattle grazing. Sheep and cattle were fattened on the land on turnips, increasing barley yields. Trowell (1739), Hale (1756), and Anderson (1775) advised several pastures, and suggested they be grazed in rotation to get greater returns from the land. John Mills wrote A Treatise on Cattle in 1776, "showing the most approved methods of breeding, rear- ing, and fitting for use, horses, asses, mules, horned cattle, sheep, goats and swine with Directions for the proper Treatment of their several Disorders." Other writers included bees and rabbits along with all four-legged cattle. Mills regarded the ox as the most valu- able of horned cattle. Also, Mills wrote, "Formerly the wealth of man consisted chiefly in his herds of black cattle . . . for it is only by the cultivation of lands, and the abundance of Cattle that a state can be maintained in a flourishing condition," except for gold and silver. He described the ox by colors and by sorts and sizes in dif- ferent countries. Richness of milk varied with some sorts. Three classes of cattle were recognized: short-horned, longhorn, and polled or muley cattle. Ten years later, George Culley, a farmer at Fenton, Northumber- land, published Observations on Live Stock, containing hints for choosing and improving the best breeds of the most useful kinds of domestic animals. He also included among the livestock rabbits,  attl ImpoemntBes 61 attl Improemen Bis 61 attl Impovement Beas6 swine, deer, and poultry. Culley recognized breeds of cattle. He pointed out "a very common mistake in endeavoring to unite great-milkers with quick-feeders." He mentioned that neat cattle in the Azores were long-horned and in every respect the same as the Lancashire breed, only less in size. Further, "Mr. Bakewell, from the superior manner in which he has distinguished himself in the breeding of cattle and sheep ... pointed out some of the principal advantages over those methods that were in greatest repute in his day." Culley also described the short-horned breed of cattle, still in many places called the Dutch breed. He mentioned that Mr. Michael Dobinson brought bulls from Holland to the River Tees area.L LIFTING DAYS The backward condition of agriculture with regard to livestock and feed supplies in many areas was exemplified by "lifting days" in the spring. A large painted wall panel at the Agricultural Expo- sition at Bellahoj in 1938 depicted a "lifting day" in 1788 in Den- mark when villeinage or serfdom was discontinued. Cows surviving the winter, but too weak to stand, were lifted and helped onto pas- ture by groups of farmers going from farm to farm. Dr. A. C. Me- Candlish's (1890-1938) grandmother told him of the practice in Wigtonshire during her childhood. Insufficient or unbalanced feed for the cattle caused them to lose condition during the winter and early spring. These limitations of feed, which prevented animals from developing to their inherited capacity, seriously retarded im- provements in livestock. The need for lifting days disappeared when land was enclosed and crop production and farming methods were improved. THE FAIRLIE ROTATION Interest in improvement of agriculture, including livestock, devel- oped gradually. Innovations in fanning spread slowly, as people hesitated to adopt new ideas and practices. As early as 1730, Alex- ander, Earl of Eglinton, began to lay out roads, plantations, and ditches on his estate in the county of Ayrshire. He opened quarries and encouraged his tenants to progress. He brought a prominent farmer from another district as an example. When leases expired, swine, deer, and poultry. Culley recognized breeds of cattle. He pointed out "a very common mistake in endeavoring to unite great-milkers with quick-feeders." He mentioned that neat cattle in the Azores were long-horned and in every respect the same as the Lancashire breed, only less in size. Further, "Mr. Bakewell, from the superior manner in which he has distinguished himself in the breeding of cattle and sheep ... pointed out some of the principal advantages over those methods that were in greatest repute in his day." Culley also described the short-horned breed of cattle, still in many places called the Dutch breed. He mentioned that Mr. Michael Dobinson brought bulls from Holland to the River Tees area. LIFTINc DAYs The backward condition of agriculture with regard to livestock and feed supplies in many areas was exemplified by "lifting days" in the spring. A large painted wall panel at the Agricultural Expo- sition at Bellahoj in 1938 depicted a "lifting day" in 1788 in Den- mark when villeinage or serfdom was discontinued. Cows surviving the winter, but too weak to stand, were lifted and helped onto pas- ture by groups of farmers going from farm to farm. Dr. A. C. Mc- Candlish's (1890-1938) grandmother told him of the practice in Wigtonshire during her childhood. Insufficient or unbalanced feed for the cattle caused them to lose condition during the winter and early spring. These limitations of feed, which prevented animals from developing to their inherited capacity, seriously retarded im- provements in livestock. The need for lifting days disappeared when land was enclosed and crop production and farming methods were improved. THE FAIRLIE ROTATION Interest in improvement of agriculture, including livestock, devel- oped gradually. Innovations in farming spread slowly, as people hesitated to adopt new ideas and practices. As early as 1730, Alex- ander, Earl of Eglinton, began to lay out roads, plantations, and ditches on his estate in the county of Ayrshire. He opened quarries and encouraged his tenants to progress. He brought a prominent farmer from another district as an example. When leases expired, swine, deer, and poultry. Culley recognized breeds of cattle. He pointed out "a very common mistake in endeavoring to unite great-milkers with quick-feeders." He mentioned that neat cattle in the Azores were long-horned and in every respect the same as the Lancashire breed, only less in size. Further, "Mr. Bakewell, from the superior manner in which he has distinguished himself in the breeding of cattle and sheep . . . pointed out some of the principal advantages over those methods that were in greatest repute in his day." Culley also described the short-horned breed of cattle, still in many places called the Dutch breed. He mentioned that Mr. Michael Dobinson brought bulls from Holland to the River Tees area. LIFTING DAYS The backward condition of agriculture with regard to livestock and feed supplies in many areas was exemplified by "lifting days" in the spring. A large painted wall panel at the Agricultural Expo- sition at Bellahoj in 1938 depicted a "lifting day" in 1788 in Den- mark when villeinage or serfdom was discontinued. Cows surviving the winter, but too weak to stand, were lifted and helped onto pas- ture by groups of fanners going from farm to farm. Dr. A. C. Mc- Candlish's (1890-1938) grandmother told him of the practice in Wigtonshire during her childhood. Insuffcient or unbalanced feed for the cattle caused them to lose condition during the winter and early spring. These limitations of feed, which prevented animals from developing to their inherited capacity, seriously retarded im- provements in livestock. The need for lifting days disappeared when land was enclosed and crop production and farming methods were improved. THE FAIRLIE ROTATION Interest in improvement of agriculture, including livestock, devel- oped gradually. Innovations in farming spread slowly, as people hesitated to adopt new ideas and practices. As early as 1730, Alex- ander, Earl of Eglinton, began to lay out roads, plantations, and ditches on his estate in the county of Ayrshire. He opened quarries and encouraged his tenants to progress. He brought a prominent farmer from another district as an example. When leases expired,  62 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS fields were enclosed and a rotation set up under the new leases whereby some land was placed in sod, and only definite amounts cultivated. This was known as the Fairlie system of rotation, de- vised by William Fairlie. Alexander established a Farmers' Society, over which he pre- sided for a number of years. The idea of farmers' societies spread among landowners, and had a great influence on increasing agri- cultural knowledge. The movement made slow progress among ten- ants, who looked upon those innovations as a means to increase their rents. IMPROVEMENTS THROUGH BREEDING Robert Bakewell (1725-95) was among the first prominent im- provers of cattle, sheep, and horses in the British Isles. He was born at Dishley Grange, in Leicestershire, England, where his grand- father and father were tenant farmers and able breeders of live- stock. His ancestors included men prominent in the church, diplo- macy, and the learned professions. Bakewell succeeded to the tenancy of Dishley Grange in 1760 because of infirmities of his father, who died in 1773. The farm con- sisted of 440 acres, of which 110 acres were cultivated. It carried 60 horses, 400 sheep, 510 cattle of all ages, and some swine. Bake- well's experiments in pasture irrigation and improvement, travels, and purchases of breeding stock were so costly that he was declared bankrupt (in the Leicester Journal, December 27, 1783). However, his animals were not sold, and an appreciable estate was left to a nephew when Bakewell died in 1795. Bakewell selected two "Canley" cows from Sir William Gordon of Carrington. They were of an improved strain developed by Sir William Greeley, and later by a Mr. Webster of Canley. Bakewell bought a bull from Westmorland. The use of these animals is il- lustrated in the breeding of sires that he leased out and used later in his own herd. The pedigree of the bull Shakespeare shows how Bakewell tried to perpetuate desired characteristics of selected animals. "Twopenny" was named from the prophesy of a visitor that as a calf he was not worth two pence. The bulls, D and Shakespeare, 62 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS fields were enclosed and a rotation set up under the new leases whereby some land was placed in sod, and only definite amounts cultivated. This was known as the Fairlie system of rotation, de- vised by William Fairlie. Alexander established a Farmers' Society, over which he pre- sided for a number of years. The idea of farmers' societies spread among landowners, and had a great influence on increasing agri- cultural knowledge. The movement made slow progress among ten- ants, who looked upon those innovations as a means to increase their rents. IMPROvEMENTS THROUGH BREEDING Robert Bakewell (1725-95) was among the first prominent im- provers of cattle, sheep, and horses in the British Isles. He was born at Dishley Grange, in Leicestershire, England, where his grand- father and father were tenant farmers and able breeders of live- stock. His ancestors included men prominent in the church, diplo- macy, and the learned professions. Bakewell succeeded to the tenancy of Dishley Grange in 1760 because of infirmities of his father, who died in 1773. The farm con- sisted of 440 acres, of which 110 acres were cultivated. It carried 60 horses, 400 sheep, 510 cattle of all ages, and some swine. Bake- well's experiments in pasture irrigation and improvement, travels, and purchases of breeding stock were so costly that he was declared bankrupt (in the Leicester Journal, December 27, 1783). However, his animals were not sold, and an appreciable estate was left to a nephew when Bakewell died in 1795. Bakewell selected two "Canley" cows from Sir William Gordon of Carrington. They were of an improved strain developed by Sir William. Greeley, and later by a Mr. Webster of Canley. Bakewell bought a bull from Westmorland. The use of these animals is il- lustrated in the breeding of sires that he leased out and used later in his own herd. The pedigree of the bull Shakespeare shows hon Bakewell tried to perpetuate desired characteristics of selected animals. "Twopenny" was named from the prophesy of a visitor that as a calf he was not worth two pence. The bulls, D and Shakespeare, 62 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS fields were enclosed and a rotation set up under the new leases whereby some land was placed in sod, and only definite amounts cultivated. This was known as the Fairlie system of rotation, de- vised by William Fairlie. Alexander established a Farmers' Society, over which he pre- sided for a number of years. The idea of farmers' societies spread among landowners, and had a great influence on increasing agri- cultural knowledge. The movement made slow progress among ten- ants, who looked upon those innovations as a means to increase their rents. IMPROVEMENTS THROUGH BREEDING Robert Bakewell (1725-95) was among the first prominent im- provers of cattle, sheep, and horses in the British Isles. He was born at Dishley Grange, in Leicestershire, England, where his grand- father and father were tenant farmers and able breeders of live- stock. His ancestors included men prominent in the church, diplo- macy, and the learned professions. Bakewell succeeded to the tenancy of Dishley Grange in 1760 because of infirmities of his father, who died in 1773. The farm con- sisted of 440 acres, of which 110 acres were cultivated. It carried 60 horses, 400 sheep, 510 cattle of all ages, and some swine. Bake- well's experiments in pasture irrigation and improvement, travels, and purchases of breeding stock were so costly that he was declared bankrupt (in the Leicester Journal, December 27, 1783). However, his animals were not sold, and an appreciable estate was left to a nephew when Bakewell died in 1795. Bakewell selected two "Canrley" cows from Sir William Gordon of Carrington. They were of an improved strain developed by Sir William. Greeley, and later by a Mr. Webster of Canley. Bakewell bought a bull from Westmorland. The use of these animals is il- lustrated in the breeding of sires that he leased out and used later in his own herd. The pedigree of the bull Shakespeare shows how Bakewell tried to perpetuate desired characteristics of selected animals. "Twopenny" was named from the prophesy of a visitor that as a calf he was not worth two pence. The bulls, D and Shakespeare,  Cl mroeen egn 6 atl Imroemn Bein U3 attleIprovement Ueis6 aesthorland Comely Westmorland bull (Canlev cow) bull Comelvy Twpy The, auter Twopenny Cley An Oxfordshir< Bull Cw Twopenny cow D Cw Shakespeare (bull) were calved about 1772 and 1778, respectively, and were popular sires of the Longhorn breed in their time. Bakewell studied livestock closely. Professor Low wrote about 1842 that Bakewell took over the management of the ancestral home about 1755, and that in breeding cattle, horses, sheep, and swine: He sought for the best animals of their respective kinds, and coupling those together, endeavored to develop in the highest degree, those characteristics which he deemed good. He ap- peared to have disregarded, or made light of, size in all the animals which he reared, and to have looked mainly to those characteristics of form which indicate a disposition to arrive at early maturity, and become readily fat. He acted to the fullest extent upon the principle that the properties of the parents are communicated to their descendants. This led him to attach the highest importance to what is termed blood, or breeding from individuals the descendants of those of approved qualities. A maxim of his was, that "like begets like"-in principle nothing new, but never, perhaps, acted upon in breeding to the like degree before. George Culley, a longtime acquaintance of Bakewell's, wrote of a trip to Friesland for Dutch or Flemish mares to improve the En- estmorand Comely 17t2oland bull (Canlev cow ) bull Comely Twopenny Their daughter Twpennagemeley It- - - IIAn Oxfordshiri Bull Cow Twopenny cow D Cow J shakespeare (bull) were calved about 1772 and 1778, respectively, and were popular sires of the Longhorn breed in their time.v Bakewell studied livestock closely. Professor Low wrote about 1842 that Bakewell took over the management of he ancestral home about 1755, and that in breeding cattle, horses, sheep, and swine: He sought for the best animals of their respective kinds, and coupling those together, endeavored to develop in the highest degree, those characteristics which he deemed good. He ap- peared to have disregarded, or made light of, size in all the animals which he reared, and to have looked mainly to those characteristics of form which indicate a disposition to arrive at early maturity, and become readily fat. He acted to the fullest extent upon the principle that the properties of the parents are communicated to their descendants. This led him to attach the highest importance to what is termed blood, or breeding from individuals the descendants of those of approved qualities. A maxim of his was, that "like begets like"-in principle nothing new, but never, perhaps, acted upon in breeding to the like degree before. George Gulley, a longtime acquaintance of Bakewell's, wrote of a trip to Friesland for Dutch or Flemish mares to improve the En- estmorad Comely Westmorland bull (Canlev cow) bull Comelv Twopenny hi aughter Twope n Cmeley An Oxfordshir Bull Cow Twopenny cow D 1Cow Shakespeare (bu1l) were calved about 1772 and 1778, respectively, and were popular sires of the Longhorn breed in their time. Bakewell studied livestock closely. Professor Low wrote about 1842 that Bakewell took over the management of the ancestral home about 1755, and that in breeding cattle, horses, sheep, and swine: He sought for the best animals of their respective kinds, and coupling those together, endeavored to develop in the highest degree, those characteristics which he deemed good. He ap- peared to have disregarded, or made light of, size in all the animals which he reared, and to have looked mainly to those characteristics of form which indicate a disposition to arrive at early maturity, and become readily fat. He acted to the fullest extent upon the principle that the properties of the parents are communicated to their descendants. This led him to attach the highest importance to what is termed blood, or breeding from individuals the descendants of those of approved qualities. A maxim of his was, that "like begets like"-in principle nothing new, but never, perhaps, acted upon in breeding to the like degree before. George Gulley, a longtime acquaintance of Bakewell's, wrote of a trip to Friesland for Dutch or Flemish mares to improve the En-  64 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS glish stock. Bakewell was disappointed when a Dutch farmer re- fused a high price for one mare. Further, in Observations on Live- stock, Culley cited: The kind of cattle that were most esteemed before Bake- well's day, were the large, long-bodied, big-boned, coarse. gummy, flat-sided kind, and often lyery or black-fleshed. On the contrary, this discerning breeder introduced a small, clean- boned, round, short-carcassed, kindly-looking cattle, and in- clined to be fat; and it is a fact, that these will both eat less food in proportion, and make themselves sooner fat, than the others; they will in truth pay more for their meat in a given time, than any other sort we know of in the grazing way. His sheep are still more excellent than his cattle. Bakewell's fame as a breeder spread and attracted many visitors to Dishley-royalty and nobility from England, France, Germany. and Russia, as well as writers and many breeders of livestock. Cul- ley and Arthur Young visited him. Young described a 10-day visit in 1786, as follows: "In breeding his bulls and cows, (and it is the same with his sheep), he entirely set at nought the old ideas of the necessity of variation from crosses; on the contrary, the sons cover the dams, and the sires their daughters, and their progeny equally good, with no attention whatever to vary the race. The old system. in this respect, he thinks erroneous; and founded in opinion only. without attention either to reason or experience." Bakewell founded the Dishley Society or Tup Club in 1783 to protect and spread the Dishley or New Leicester sheep which he bred. Many rams were leased out for a season, which made it pos- sible for him to return for his own use those that transmitted the desired characteristics to their offspring. This occurred nearly 40 years before foundation of the first herdbook for cattle. His methods can be summarized under four main guidelines: (1) use judgment of type, with an ideal in mind; (2) secure the best stock available for the purpose; (3) breed closely, and prove the transmitting ability of individual animals, using the desirable ones to the maximum; (4) eliminate undesirable animals from the breeding herd. The principles upon which Bakewell depended in producing his improved stock were "fine form, small bones, and a 64 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS glish stock. Bakewell was disappointed when a Dutch farmer re- fused a high price for one mare. Further, in Observations on Lice- stock, Culley cited: The kind of cattle that were most esteemed before Bake- well's day, were the large, long-bodied, big-boned, coarse. gummy, flat-sided kind, and often lyery or black-fleshed. On the contrary, this discerning breeder introduced a small, clean- boned, round, short-carcassed, kindly-looking cattle, and in- clined to be fat; and it is a fact, that these will both eat less food in proportion, and make themselves sooner fat, than the others; they will in truth pay more for their meat in a given time, than any other sort we know of in the grazing way. His sheep are still more excellent than his cattle. Bakewell's fame as a breeder spread and attracted many visitors to Dishley-royalty and nobility from England, France, Germany. and Russia, as well as writers and many breeders of livestock. Cul- ley and Arthur Young visited him. Young described a 10-day visit in 1786, as follows: "In breeding his bulls and cows, (and it is the same with his sheep), he entirely set at nought the old ideas of the necessity of variation from crosses; on the contrary, the sons cover the dams, and the sires their daughters, and their progeny equally good, with no attention whatever to vary the race. The old system, in this respect, he thinks erroneous; and founded in opinion only. without attention either to reason or experience." Bakewell founded the Dishley Society or Tup Club in 1783 to protect and spread the Dishley or New Leicester sheep which he bred. Many rams were leased out for a season, which made it pos- sible for him to return for his own use those that transmitted the desired characteristics to their offspring. This occurred nearly 40 years before foundation of the first herdbook for cattle. His methods can be summarized under four main guidelines: (1) use judgment of type, with an ideal in mind; (2) secure the best stock available for the purpose; (3) breed closely, and prove the transmitting ability of individual animals, using the desirable ones to the maximum; (4) eliminate undesirable animals from the breeding herd. The principles upon which Bakewell depended in producing his improved stock were "fine form, small bones, and a 64 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS glish stock. Bakewell was disappointed when a Dutch farmer re- fused a high price for one mare. Further, in Observations on Live- stock, Culley cited: The kind of cattle that were most esteemed before Bake- well's day, were the large, long-bodied, big-boned, coarse, gummy, flat-sided kind, and often lyery or black-fleshed. On the contrary, this discerning breeder introduced a small, clean- boned, round, short-carcassed, kindly-looking cattle, and in- clined to be fat; and it is a fact, that these will both eat less food in proportion, and make themselves sooner fat, than the others; they will in truth pay more for their meat in a given time, than any other sort we know of in the grazing way. His sheep are still more excellent than his cattle. Bakewell's fame as a breeder spread and attracted many visitors to Dishley-royalty and nobility from England, France, Germany. and Russia, as well as writers and many breeders of livestock. Cul- ley and Arthur Young visited him. Young described a 10-day visit in 1786, as follows: "In breeding his bulls and cows, (and it is the same with his sheep), he entirely set at nought the old ideas of the necessity of variation from crosses; on the contrary, the sons cover the dams, and the sires their daughters, and their progeny equally good, with no attention whatever to vary the race. The old system. in this respect, he thinks erroneous; and founded in opinion only. without attention either to reason or experience." Bakewell founded the Dishley Society or Tup Club in 1783 to protect and spread the Dishley or New Leicester sheep which he bred. Many rams were leased out for a season, which made it pos- sible for him to return for his own use those that transmitted the desired characteristics to their offspring. This occurred nearly 40 years before foundation of the first herdbook for cattle. His methods can be summarized under four main guidelines: (1) use judgment of type, with an ideal in mind; (2) secure the best stock available for the purpose; (3) breed closely, and prove the transmitting ability of individual animals, using the desirable ones to the maximum; (4) eliminate undesirable animals from the breeding herd. The principles upon which Bakewell depended in producing his improved stock were "fine form, small bones, and a  Catt mproetaegn U5 Caezmvmnegns6 attlIprvmenis U5 true disposition to make fat readily." Many prominent breeders since have followed Bakewell's practices of endeavoring to breed the best to the best, with careful selection, and to make the maxi- mum use of desirable sires. King George turned "Farmer George" and became a corres- pondent of Bakewell. A host of distinguished names were enrolled under the banner of the "Farmer's Friend," and stamped the period as active in advancing the science and practice of agricul- ture. The Longhorn breed of cattle is still a minor breed in Eng- land. Bakewell's example stimulated improvers of other breeds. Although not the first improver, the widespread following of his example established Bakewell as the first great improver of live- stock. FAIRS AND MARKETs Incentive toward improvement of livestock stemmed partly from early fairs and markets. When a group of animals was assembled for sale, the better ones often attracted buyers before the poor ani- mals were taken. Fairs are of ancient origin. Franchises or charters to hold them at a given time or place were granted by the king or feudal lord. The charters often stated the commodities to be offered. Fairs were held in China in ancient times, and were operating in Champagne and Brie in A.D. 427. In 660 a cattle market was chartered in Utrecht, Holland, where butter and cheese fairs also were held. "The Horse Fair," painted by Rosa Bonheur, pictured that famous event in France. During Anglo-Saxon times, market transactions were concluded before the "reeve" or before acceptable witnesses for legal se- curity. Buyers and sellers congregated at fairs and markets, which tended to stabilize prices. Fairs-often larger and gayer than mar- kets-increased greatly in the British Isles after the Conquest (1066). Between 1199 and 1483 over 2,800 fairs and markets were chartered in England. Fairs and markets had an educational value. Discriminating buyers at the fairs selected cattle for breeding purposes. Charles Colling saw some desirable calves at Darlington market, and true disposition to make fat readily." Many prominent breeders since have followed Bakewell's practices of endeavoring to breed the best to the best, with careful selection, and to make the maxi- mum use of desirable sires. King George turned "Farmer George" and became a corres- pondent of Bakewell. A host of distinguished names were enrolled under the banner of the "Farmer's Friend," and stamped the period as active in advancing the science and practice of agricul- ture. The Longhorn breed of cattle is still a minor breed in Eng- land. Bakewell's example stimulated improvers of other breeds. Although not the first improver, the widespread following of his example established Bakewell as the first great improver of live- stock. FAIRS AND MARKETS Incentive toward improvement of livestock stemmed partly from early fairs and markets. When a group of animals was assembled for sale, the better ones often attracted buyers before the poor ani- mals were taken. Fairs are of ancient origin. Franchises or charters to hold them at a given time or place were granted by the king or feudal lord. The charters often stated the commodities to be offered. Fairs were held in China in ancient times, and were operating in Champagne and Brie in A.D. 427. In 660 a cattle market was chartered in Utrecht, Holland, where butter and cheese fairs also were held. "The Horse Fair," painted by Rosa Bonheur, pictured that famous event in France. During Anglo-Saxon times, market transactions were concluded before the "reeve" or before acceptable witnesses for legal se- curity. Buyers and sellers congregated at fairs and markets, which tended to stabilize prices. Fairs-often larger and gayer than mar- kets-increased greatly in the British Isles after the Conquest (1066). Between 1199 and 1483 over 2,800 fairs and markets were chartered in England. Fairs and markets had an educational value. Discriminating buyers at the fairs selected cattle for breeding purposes. Charles Calling saw some desirable calves at Darlington market, and true disposition to make fat readily." Many prominent breeders since have followed Bakewell's practices of endeavoring to breed the best to the best, with careful selection, and to make the maxi- mum use of desirable sires. King George turned "Farmer George" and became a corres- pondent of Bakewell. A host of distinguished names were enrolled under the banner of the "Farmer's Friend," and stamped the period as active in advancing the science and practice of agricul- ture. The Longhorn breed of cattle is still a minor breed in Eng- land. Bakewell's example stimulated improvers of other breeds. Although not the first improver, the widespread following of his example established Bakewell as the first great improver of live- stock. FAIRS AND MARKETS Incentive toward improvement of livestock stemmed partly from early fairs and markets. When a group of animals was assembled for sale, the better ones often attracted buyers before the poor ani- mals were taken. Fairs are of ancient origin. Franchises or charters to hold them at a given time or place were granted by the king or feudal lord. The charters often stated the commodities to be offered. Fairs were held in China in ancient times, and were operating in Champagne and Brie in A.D. 427. In 660 a cattle market was chartered in Utrecht, Holland, where butter and cheese fairs also were held. "The Horse Fair," painted by Rosa Bonheur, pictured that famous event in France. During Anglo-Saxon times, market transactions were concluded before the "reeve" or before acceptable witnesses for legal se- curity. Buyers and sellers congregated at fairs and markets, which tended to stabilize prices. Fairs-often larger and gayer than mar- kets-increased greatly in the British Isles after the Conquest (1066). Between 1199 and 1483 over 2,800 fairs and markets were chartered in England. Fairs and markets had an educational value. Discriminating buyers at the fairs selected cattle for breeding purposes. Charles Colling saw some desirable calves at Darlington market, and  66 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS traced their sire which was bought later by his brother and another breeder. This bull became famous as Hubback (319), a foundation animal of the Shorthorn breed. "The Durham Ox," a steer fat- tened by Charles Colling to weigh 3,024 pounds, was displayed at the markets by Colling and two subsequent owners until the bull was past 10 years old. Colling fattened the freemartin "The White Heifer that Travelled" to 2,300 pounds, and exhibited her over the country. These events occurred prior to most livestock exhibi- tions-around 1800 to 1813. Some "Alderney" cattle were distributed in England through the markets, and others were sold through advertising in current papers. THE AGRICULTURAL SOCmTES Organized exchange of ideas for improvement of agriculture was fostered by formation of "The Honourable Society of Improvers in the Knowledge of Agriculture in Scotland" in Edinburgh on June 8, 1723. Membership included the Dukes of Athol, Hamilton and Perth, the Marquises of Lothian and Tweedale, eighteen Earls, and representative barons, knights, and gentry of the country. The members were impressed by the low state of manufactures in Scot- land, and by "how much the right husbandry and improvement of ground is neglected, partly through the want of skill in those who make a profession thereof, and partly through the want of due en- couragement for making proper experiments." Secretary Robert Maxwell published the history of this society in 1743 before a revo- lution disrupted the country in 1745. A committee of 25 people had the duty of dividing into sections to stimulate investigations of agri- culture. These sections were instructed to " ... mark down their thoughts thereupon in writing, to be revised by the Committee." Also to " ... correspond with the most intelligent in all the dif- ferent customs in the nation concerning their different ways of managing their grounds, that what may be amiss may be corrected, and what is profitable initiated." Members of the Committee were asked to "send up the differ- ent ways of the management of their farms, and to form small so- cieties of gentlemen and farmers in their several counties." Advice 66 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS traced their sire which was bought later by his brother and another breeder. This bull became famous as Hubback (319), a foundation animal of the Shorthorn breed. "The Durham Ox," a steer fat- tened by Charles Colling to weigh 3,024 pounds, was displayed at the markets by Colling and two subsequent owners until the bull was past 10 years old. Colling fattened the freemartin "The White Heifer that Travelled" to 2,300 pounds, and exhibited her over the country. These events occurred prior to most livestock exhibi- tions-around 1800 to 1813. Some "Alderney" cattle were distributed in England through the markets, and others were sold through advertising in current papers. THE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETES Organized exchange of ideas for improvement of agriculture was fostered by formation of "The Honourable Society of Improvers in the Knowledge of Agriculture in Scotland" in Edinburgh on June 8, 1723. Membership included the Dukes of Athol, Hamilton and Perth, the Marquises of Lothian and Tweedale, eighteen Earls, and representative barons, knights, and gentry of the country. The members were impressed by the low state of manufactures in Scot- land, and by "how much the right husbandry and improvement of ground is neglected, partly through the want of skill in those who make a profession thereof, and partly through the want of due en- couragement for making proper experiments." Secretary Robert Maxwell published the history of this society in 1743 before a revo- lution disrupted the country in 1745. A committee of 25 people had the duty of dividing into sections to stimulate investigations of agri- culture. These sections were instructed to " ... mark down their thoughts thereupon in writing, to be revised by the Committee." Also to " ... correspond with the most intelligent in all the dif- ferent customs in the nation concerning their different ways of managing their grounds, that what may be amiss may be corrected, and what is profitable initiated." Members of the Committee were asked to "send up the differ- ent ways of the management of their farms, and to form small so- cieties of gentlemen and farmers in their several counties." Advice 66 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS traced their sire which was bought later by his brother and another breeder. This bull became famous as Hubback (319), a foundation animal of the Shorthorn breed. "The Durham Ox," a steer fat- tened by Charles Colling to weigh 3,024 pounds, was displayed at the markets by Colling and two subsequent owners until the bull was past 10 years old. Colling fattened the freemartin "The White Heifer that Travelled" to 2,300 pounds, and exhibited her over the country. These events occurred prior to most livestock exhibi- tions-around 1800 to 1813. Some "Alderney" cattle were distributed in England through the markets, and others were sold through advertising in current papers. THE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES Organized exchange of ideas for improvement of agriculture was fostered by formation of "The Honourable Society of Improvers in the Knowledge of Agriculture in Scotland" in Edinburgh on June 8, 1723. Membership included the Dukes of Athol, Hamilton and Perth, the Marquises of Lothian and Tweedale, eighteen Earls, and representative barons, knights, and gentry of the country. The members were impressed by the low state of manufactures in Scot- land, and by "how much the right husbandry and improvement of ground is neglected, partly through the want of skill in those who make a profession thereof, and partly through the want of due en- couragement for making proper experiments." Secretary Robert Maxwell published the history of this society in 1743 before a revo- lution disrupted the country in 1745. A committee of 25 people had the duty of dividing into sections to stimulate investigations of agri- culture. These sections were instructed to " ... mark down their thoughts thereupon in writing, to be revised by the Committee." Also to " ... correspond with the most intelligent in all the dif- ferent customs in the nation concerning their different ways of managing their grounds, that what may be amiss may be corrected, and what is profitable initiated." Members of the Committee were asked to "send up the differ- ent ways of the management of their farms, and to form small so- cieties of gentlemen and farmers in their several counties." Advice  CattleImprvemetBgins 67 atule Irv nt Bhins6 Cattl Imrvmn eis6 given on fattening and tending cattle was "Be sure to prepare a careful hand to attend feeding of them, for upon this depends the whole success of the attempt." The "Select Society," founded in Edinburgh by Allan Ramsey on May 23, 1754, with 15 members interested in philosophical in- quiry, grew to over 100 members within a year. Resolutions passed on March 23, 1755, "for the encouragement of Arts, Science, Man- ufactures, and Agriculture" included " . . . the Society for the above purposes takes the name of 'The Edinburgh Society for En- couraging Arts, Sciences, Manufactures, and Agriculture in Scot- land.'" A notice in the Edinburgh newspapers on April 10, 1755, mentioned premiums offered for competitions, including a Gold Medal for "the best dissertation on vegetation and the principles of agriculture." Farmers who wished to assist the Society were in- vited to notify the secretary. Discussions included estate manage- ment, highway construction, length of land leases, rent, taxation, converting moor into arable or good pasture ground, and sowing grass seeds without either lime or manure. Prizes of £10 were given in December 1756 for the best stallion, and £4 for feeding and selling to the butcher the greatest number of calves at least 6 weeks old. Alexander Ramsey believed these to be the first prizes awarded in Scotland for livestock. Two prizes for cow-milk cheese, and one for salt butter encouraged dairy enter- prise in 1756. The Select Society and Edinburgh Society were dis- continued in 1765 due to limited finances. About 50 persons met at Fortune's Tentine Tavern in Edinburgh on February 9, 1784. They organized "The Highland Society of Edinburgh" with John, Duke of Argyll as president, four vice- presidents, and twelve committeemen. Objects of the Society ap- proved on March 12, 1784, included: An inquiry into the present state of the Highlands and Is- lands of Scotland, and the condition of their inhabitants. An inquiry into the means of the improvement of the High- lands by establishing towns and villages; by facilitating com- munication through different parts of the Highlands of Scot- land; by roads and bridges, advancing agriculture, and extend- ing fishieries, introducing useful trades and manufactures; and given on fattening and tending cattle was "Be sure to prepare a careful hand to attend feeding of them, for upon this depends the whole success of the attempt." The "Select Society," founded in Edinburgh by Allan Ramsey on May 23, 1754, with 15 members interested in philosophical in- quiry, grew to over 100 members within a year. Resolutions passed on March 23, 1755, "for the encouragement of Arts, Science, Man- ufactures, and Agriculture" included " . . . the Society for the above purposes takes the name of 'The Edinburgh Society for En- couraging Arts, Sciences, Manufactures, and Agriculture in Scot- land.' A notice in the Edinburgh newspapers on April 10, 1755, mentioned premiums offered for competitions, including a Gold Medal for "the best dissertation on vegetation and the principles of agriculture." Farmers who wished to assist the Society were in- vited to notify the secretary. Discussions included estate manage- ment, highway construction, length of land leases, rent, taxation, converting moor into arable or good pasture ground, and sowing grass seeds without either lime or manure. Prizes of £10 were given in December 1756 for the best stallion, and £4 for feeding and selling to the butcher the greatest number of calves at least 6 weeks old. Alexander Ramsey believed these to be the first prizes awarded in Scotland for livestock. Two prizes for cow-milk cheese, and one for salt butter encouraged dairy enter- prise in 1756. The Select Society and Edinburgh Society were dis- continued in 1765 due to limited finances. About 50 persons met at Fortune's Tentine Tavern in Edinburgh on February 9, 1784. They organized "The Highland Society of Edinburgh" with John, Duke of Argyll as president, four vice- presidents, and twelve committeemen. Objects of the Society ap- proved on March 12, 1784, included: An inquiry into the present state of the Highlands and Is- lands of Scotland, and the condition of their inhabitants. An inquiry into the means of the improvement of the High- lands by establishing towns and villages; by facilitating com- munication through different parts of the Highlands of Scot- land; by roads and bridges, advancing agriculture, and extend- ing fishieries, introducing useful trades and manufactures; and given on fattening and tending cattle was "Be sure to prepare a careful hand to attend feeding of them, for upon this depends the whole success of the attempt." The "Select Society," founded in Edinburgh by Allan Ramsey on May 23, 1754, with 15 members interested in philosophical in- quiry, grew to over 100 members within a year. Resolutions passed on March 23, 1755, "for the encouragement of Arts, Science, Man- ufactures, and Agriculture" included " . . . the Society for the above purposes takes the name of 'The Edinburgh Society for En- couraging Arts, Sciences, Manufactures, and Agriculture in Scot- land.'" A notice in the Edinburgh newspapers on April 10, 1755, mentioned premiums offered for competitions, including a Gold Medal for "the best dissertation on vegetation and the principles of agriculture." Farmers who wished to assist the Society were in- vited to notify the secretary. Discussions included estate manage- ment, highway construction, length of land leases, rent, taxation, converting moor into arable or good pasture ground, and sowing grass seeds without either lime or manure. Prizes of £10 were given in December 1756 for the best stallion, and £4 for feeding and selling to the butcher the greatest number of calves at least 6 weeks old. Alexander Ramsey believed these to be the first prizes awarded in Scotland for livestock. Two prizes for cow-milk cheese, and one for salt butter encouraged dairy enter- prise in 1756. The Select Society and Edinburgh Society were dis- continued in 1765 due to limited finances. About 50 persons met at Fortune's Tentine Tavern in Edinburgh on February 9, 1784. They organized "The Highland Society of Edinburgh" with John, Duke of Argyll as president, four vice- presidents, and twelve committeemen. Objects of the Society ap- proved on March 12, 1784, included: An inquiry into the present state of the Highlands and Is- lands of Scotland, and the condition of their inhabitants. An inquiry into the means of the improvement of the High- lands by establishing towns and villages; by facilitating com- munication through different parts of the Highlands of Scot- land; by roads and bridges, advancing agriculture, and extend- ing fishieries, introducing useful trades and manufactures; and  68 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS by an exertion to unite the efforts of the proprietors, and call the attention of the Government towards the encouraging and prosecution of those beneficial purposes. A Royal Charter was issued on May 17, 1787, which changed the name to "The Highlands Society of Scotland at Edinburgh." Par- liament granted £3,000 in 1789, the interest from which was avail- able to pursue stated objects of the Society. The first step toward cattle improvement was the Gold Medal award (valued at 7 guineas or about $35) "for the best Bull from two to five years old, proper for improving the breed of Highland cattle, and the property and in possession of any proprietor or ten- ant in Argyllshire-the bulls to be shown at Connell, Parish of Kil- more, on the 20th October (1789)." Premiums also were offered for bulls owned by tenants having at least 40 cows, and for bulls being in herds that numbered at least 30 cows. The judges were instructed to "pay particular attention to the shape of the bulls, and not to the size, as it was meant to en- courage the true breed of Highland cattle." Heifers also were rec- ognized in 1807. Formation of local societies was proposed and approved at the general meeting in 1792. The Society's first show was held for three days at Edinburgh in December 1822. Prizes were offered for pairs of oxen in four classes: Shorthorn, Aberdeenshire, West Highland, and a class for "Angus, Fife, and Galloway oxen, or any other breed." Sheep and pigs were recognized in 1823, and breeding cows in 1824. Two Ayrshire oxen and a Shorthorn-Ayrshire ox were recognized in the 1825 show. Many general agricultural societies were organized soon after. Dublin Society, founded in 1731, supervised agricultural trials under an official experimentalist. The Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce organized in London in 1754 and began publication of transactions in 1783. Empress Catherine of Russia directed the Free Oeconomical Society to be formed and set up experimental plots near St. Petersburg (Petrograd) under a priest trained on Arthur Young's estate. 8 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS by an exertion to unite the efforts of the proprietors, and call the attention of the Government towards the encouraging and prosecution of those beneficial purposes. A Royal Charter was issued on May 17, 1787, which changed the name to "The Highlands Society of Scotland at Edinburgh." Par- liament granted £3,000 in 1789, the interest from which was avail- able to pursue stated objects of the Society. The first step toward cattle improvement was the Gold Medal award (valued at 7 guineas or about $35) "for the best Bull from two to five years old, proper for improving the breed of Highland cattle, and the property and in possession of any proprietor or ten- ant in Argyllshire-the bulls to be shown at Connell, Parish of Kil- more, on the 20th October (1789)." Premiums also were offered for bulls owned by tenants having at least 40 cows, and for bulls being in herds that numbered at least 30 cows. The judges were instructed to "pay particular attention to the shape of the bulls, and not to the size, as it was meant to en- courage the true breed of Highland cattle." Heifers also were rec- ognized in 1807. Formation of local societies was proposed and approved at the general meeting in 1792. The Society's first show was held for three days at Edinburgh in December 1822. Prizes were offered for pairs of oxen in four classes: Shorthorn, Aberdeenshire, West Highland, and a class for "Angus, Fife, and Galloway oxen, or any other breed." Sheep and pigs were recognized in 1823, and breeding cows in 1824. Two Ayrshire oxen and a Shorthorn-Ayrshire ox were recognized in the 1825 show. Many general agricultural societies were organized soon after. Dublin Society, founded in 1731, supervised agricultural trials under an official experimentalist. The Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce organized in London in 1754 and began publication of transactions in 1783. Empress Catherine of Russia directed the Free Oeconomical Society to be formed and set up experimental plots near St. Petersburg (Petrograd) under a priest trained on Arthur Young's estate. 68 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS by an exertion to unite the efforts of the proprietors, and call the attention of the Government towards the encouraging and prosecution of those beneficial purposes. A Royal Charter was issued on May 17, 1787, which changed the name to "The Highlands Society of Scotland at Edinburgh." Par- liament granted £3,000 in 1789, the interest from which was avail- able to pursue stated objects of the Society. The first step toward cattle improvement was the Gold Medal award (valued at 7 guineas or about $35) "for the best Bull from two to five years old, proper for improving the breed of Highland cattle, and the property and in possession of any proprietor or ten- ant in Argyllshire-the bulls to be shown at Connell, Parish of Kil- more, on the 20th October (1789)." Premiums also were offered for bulls owned by tenants having at least 40 cows, and for bulls being in herds that numbered at least 30 cows. The judges were instructed to "pay particular attention to the shape of the bulls, and not to the size, as it was meant to en- courage the true breed of Highland cattle." Heifers also were rec- ognized in 1807. Formation of local societies was proposed and approved at the general meeting in 1792. The Society's first show was held for three days at Edinburgh in December 1822. Prizes were offered for pairs of oxen in four classes: Shorthorn, Aberdeenshire, West Highland, and a class for "Angus, Fife, and Galloway oxen, or any other breed." Sheep and pigs were recognized in 1823, and breeding cows in 1824. Two Ayrshire oxen and a Shorthorn-Ayrshire ox were recognized in the 1825 show. Many general agricultural societies were organized soon after. Dublin Society, founded in 1731, supervised agricultural trials under an official experimentalist. The Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce organized in London in 1754 and began publication of transactions in 1783. Empress Catherine of Russia directed the Free Oeconomical Society to be formed and set up experimental plots near St. Petersburg (Petrograd) under a priest trained on Arthur Young's estate.  Cattle Improvement Begins 69 AMERICAN FAIRS AND AGRICULTURAL SOCETIES The American Philosophical Society was organized at Philadelphia in 1743. Although not an agricultural society, its proceedings in- cluded agricultural articles. The Strawberry Fair, authorized by an Act of 1723, was held at Childsberrytown in Berkeley County, Vir- ginia, in the spring and autumn "for exposing for sale horses, cattle and merchandise." This fair and later ones were periodic markets. Elkanah Watson-"Father of Agricultural Fairs"-was an early leader and organizer and an especially enthusiastic promoter of fairs. Watson procured two Merino sheep in 1808, which he ex- hibited on the public square in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, near his estate. People interested in these better animals inspired the idea of organizing a different type of agricultural society. Neighbors helped him to found the Berkshire Cattle Show in 1810 and the Berkshire Agricultural Society in 1811. Animals competed for money prizes, and a half-mile parade featured band music and mounted marshals. The show expanded each year to include different types of exhibits-manufactured woolen cloth, a household department, more livestock and farm produce, with a promotional address. New societies were formed with support by state legislatures to hold practical agricultural fairs. Interest declined after Watson died, but by the 1840s it increased again. The earliest American agricultural society may have been the New York Society for Promoting Art, operating in 1766 and award- ing premiums for essays on specific subjects. The New York Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, Arts, and Manufactures dates from 1751. The South Carolina Society for Promoting and Improv- ing Agriculture and other Rural Concerns was projected in 1784. They advocated that plantation owners set aside some land for ex- periments with animals, implements, and plants. The Philadelphia Society for Promotion of Agriculture, founded in 1785, publicized the production of newly introduced dairy cows in its memoirs. The Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, founded in 1792, published reports of its deliberations. They also imported and placed improved breeds of stock with members under an agreement that they be maintained pure and their kind multiplied. Cattle Improvement Begins 69 AMERICAN FAIRS AND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES The American Philosophical Society was organized at Philadelphia in 1743. Although not an agricultural society, its proceedings in- cluded agricultural articles. The Strawberry Fair, authorized by an Act of 1723, was held at Childsberrytown in Berkeley County, Vir- ginia, in the spring and autumn "for exposing for sale horses, cattle and merchandise." This fair and later ones were periodic markets. Elkanah Watson-"Father of Agricultural Fairs"-was an early leader and organizer and an especially enthusiastic promoter of fairs. Watson procured two Merino sheep in 1808, which he ex- hibited on the public square in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, near his estate. People interested in these better animals inspired the idea of organizing a different type of agricultural society. Neighbors helped him to found the Berkshire Cattle Show in 1810 and the Berkshire Agricultural Society in 1811. Animals competed for money prizes, and a half-mile parade featured band music and mounted marshals. The show expanded each year to include different types of exhibits-manufactured woolen cloth, a household department, more livestock and farm produce, with a promotional address. New societies were formed with support by state legislatures to hold practical agricultural fairs. Interest declined after Watson died, but by the 1840s it increased again. The earliest American agricultural society may have been the New York Society for Promoting Art, operating in 1766 and award- ing premiums for essays on specific subjects. The New York Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, Arts, and Manufactures dates from 1751. The South Carolina Society for Promoting and Improv- ing Agriculture and other Rural Concerns was projected in 1784. They advocated that plantation owners set aside some land for ex- periments with animals, implements, and plants. The Philadelphia Society for Promotion of Agriculture, founded in 1785, publicized the production of newly introduced dairy cows in its memoirs. The Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, founded in 1792, published reports of its deliberations. They also imported and placed improved breeds of stock with members under an agreement that they be maintained pure and their kind multiplied. Cattle Improvement Begins 69 AMERICAN FAIRS ANI AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES The American Philosophical Society was organized at Philadelphia in 1743. Although not an agricultural society, its proceedings in- cluded agricultural articles. The Strawberry Fair, authorized by an Act of 1723, was held at Childsberrytown in Berkeley County, Vir- ginia, in the spring and autumn "for exposing for sale horses, cattle and merchandise." This fair and later ones were periodic markets. Elkanah Watson-"Father of Agricultural Fairs"-was an early leader and organizer and an especially enthusiastic promoter of fairs. Watson procured two Merino sheep in 1808, which he ex- hibited on the public square in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, near his estate. People interested in these better animals inspired the idea of organizing a different type of agricultural society. Neighbors helped him to found the Berkshire Cattle Show in 1810 and the Berkshire Agricultural Society in 1811. Animals competed for money prizes, and a half-mile parade featured band music and mounted marshals. The show expanded each year to include different types of exhibits-manufactured woolen cloth, a household department, more livestock and farm produce, with a promotional address. New societies were formed with support by state legislatures to hold practical agricultural fairs. Interest declined after Watson died, but by the 1840s it increased again. The earliest American agricultural society may have been the New York Society for Promoting Art, operating in 1766 and award- ing premiums for essays on specific subjects. The New York Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, Arts, and Manufactures dates from 1751. The South Carolina Society for Promoting and Improv- ing Agriculture and other Rural Concerns was projected in 1784. They advocated that plantation owners set aside some land for ex- periments with animals, implements, and plants. The Philadelphia Society for Promotion of Agriculture, founded in 1785, publicized the production of newly introduced dairy cows in its memoirs. The Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, founded in 1792, published reports of its deliberations. They also imported and placed improved breeds of stock with members under an agreement that they be maintained pure and their kind multiplied.  70 BAIRBY CATTLE BREEDS They itrodnced Merino sheep, Pereheron hoeses, and Ayrshire, Devon, Shoethorn, and othee cattle beeeds. In North Ameriea, fairs have been adapted also towaod ageicsl- taral development, education, and promotion by agricultnral snce- ties, beed oeganizations, fain associations, and governmental agen- cies. Such activities have been espanded to include consigment, promotional, eednction, and dispersal sales of porebred livestock. REFERsENCES Anaderson, lasses. 1770. Essays relating to agricutuee sssd merat affaies. Edin- hoegh. Bradley, Riotsard. 1720. The gestlemsan and fareres' guide foe the inceease and imreeenet of cattle. Londoss. tronss, Robert. 1811. Treatise on runal affairs. Edinhurgh. Cslley, Ceorge. 1700. Observcsions on lice stock. (4th ed, 1807) C. C. J. & J. obhinsos, London. Doassin, Charles B. 159. Onigin of species. Appleton, News York. Dickson, Adam. 1700. The hsbahsdny of the ancients, 2 vats. Edinbusgs. Caenond, Geonge. 100. As atlas of differentnsarieties of cattle of the British Isles and cantle from the East Indies. (A portfolis.) London. Gent, J. W. 1075. Sostems agnicnltnae, beiog the mysteey of hnshasdey dis- cov~ered ansdlayd opsen by J. W. 2nd ed. London. Hate, Thsomas. 1700. A complest body of hnsbandry. 2 vols. London. Hshermsan, Leo. 0030. Mon and his wsorldly goods. EHarpen, Ness Yask. Lassond, Plisabeth. 1000. Wakter of Hanley's husndrs. Lsndos. Lawsence, John. 1720. A neas system of agricultuee. Being a complete bodn of husbandry and gardening in all parts of them. London. 100. A geseral treatise mn cattle, the on, the sheep, snd the swinte. C. Whitmoghass, London. Laoszon, Louis. 100. Agaonomses at Elenes. J. B. Baille-ie & Som, Pasts. A Lincolnshise Grasinn. 1833. The cemplete gazie. 6th ed. Baldssin & Cradock, Lssdon. Loss, David. 1042. On the domestiested animals of the British Isles. Lonsgsn, Gren & Co., London. Markham, Censaine About 1031. Chespe and goed husbandry. 8th esd., 1603. J. Hasison, London. Masscall, Leonsand. 1000. The govnment of catsle. (Eds. to 1033.) Lmndon. Milks, Joshn. 1770. A tneatise on catol. J. Johnmon, London. Mortsmer, John. 1707. The swhole ant of husandry, on the asay ef mnsaging snd improing land. J. H. Msstlsohk, London. Neely, Wayne C. 1t35. The sgsicultural fain. Coluashia Univ. Prenn, Ness York. Pawsons, H. Cecil. 19t7. Bebent Bahewell. Crmsby Lokwoosd h Sont, Lotndon. 70 BAtIBY CATTLE BREEDS They introduced Merino sheep, Percheron horses, and Ayrshine, Devon, Shorthorn, and other cattle beeds. In North America, fairs have been adapted also towsard agicusl- tonal development, education, and peomotion by agricultural socie- ties, beed organizations, fain associations, and governmental agen- cies. Sock activities have been expanded to include consignment, peomotional, redoction, and dispersal sales of ponebed livestock. REFcERECESc Anderson, Jases. 1770. Essays nelating te agricultuee and merat affaies. Edin- hasgh. Bradley, Bichard. 172t. The gentleman and faemens' guide foe the incese and improcement of cattle. London. Brown, Robent. t8ll. Tetise on erurat affasirs. Edinhangk. Culley, George. 1786. Obsevatons on lice stock. (4th ed, 1807) G. G. J. & J. obhinson, Losndon. Darwsin, Chasten B. 1000. Ornigin of species. Aptnton, News Yank. Dickson, Adam. 1700. The hsbhandny of the ancients. 2 vals. Edinaburgh. Garrard, Geonge. 100. As atlas of different vanieties of catol of the tritish Isles and cnttle from the East Indian. (A portflho.)I London. Gent, J. W. 1070. Sestemsa agricultnnas, being the mystery of husbandry dis- covered and layd open hy J. W. 2nd ed. London. Hale, Thonmas. 1706. A compleat body of husbsndry. 2 nols. London. Haherman, Len. 1030. Man and his oldly goods. Harpner, Ness Yank. Laasond, Eliabeth. 1000. Waltee of Hanley's hushsndr. London. Lassrence, Isbn. 1726. A news system of agricnltnre. Being a comp~lete keodt of husbhandry and gardening is all pants of them. Losndon. .__ l80t. A genenal tnestise an cattle, the an, the sheep, and the swnne. C. Whitoinghaan, Lonon. Leouzosn, Lasts. 100. Agannoman et Elevaurs. J. B. Baillanie & Suns, Pads. A Lincolnshie CGrazie. 1033. The cemplete grsasien. 6th ed. Baldnin & Cradank, London. Loss, Dodid. 1t42. On the domesticsated snimals of the British Isles. Longmnans, Caen & Co., London. Masbham, Cervaise, About 1031. Chespe and good hsbandy. tth ad., 1653. J. Haison, London. Mascall, Lnonand. 15t6. The gonemoasnt of cattle. (Eds. to 1033.) London. Mills, John. 1776. A teatise on catol. J. Johnon, London. Mortimser, John. 1707. The ashole ant of husbsandry, an the asay of ntanaging and improving land. J. H. Mottlock, London. Nenly, Wayne C. 1t35. The agricnulnural fain. Columia Usic. Panss, Newe Yank. Pawson, H. Cecil. 1t57. Bebeet Bakeasell. Crnsby Lockwood &bon, London. 70 BAIRBY CATTLE BREEDS They introduced Merdno sheep, Peechenon honses, and Ayrshire, Devon, Shorthorn, and other cattle beeds. In North America, fairs have been adapted also towsard agricl- tonal development, education, and promotinn by agricultural socie- ties, beed organizations, fain associations, and govermetal agen- cies. Sock activities have been expanded to include consigannent, promotioual, nednction, and dispersal sales of porebeed livestock. REERnENCmS Aodnrson, lasses. 1770. Essays netating to agricultuee and merat affaies. Edin- burgh. Bsadlny, Riocsand. 172t. The gentleman and farmens' gnide fan the incease sand improvement of cattle. Lonsdon. Baonas, obent. 1811. Tratise on meral saffairs. Edinbasgk. Calley, Gnooge. 17t6. Obsenvos on Scve stock. (4th ad, 1007) C. C. J. & J. Robinson, Lonado. Darwin, Chasten B. 1000. Ornigin of spedies. Appleton, New Yonk. Dickson, Adam. 17t8. The hnsbandny of the ancients. 2 vols. Edinbangb. Carnard, Cnorge. 100. As aslhe of differnt nanieties of cattle sf the British Isles and cattle from the East Indian. (A postfolbo.) London. Gent, J. W. 1070. Sostemsaageicltnna, being the mystery of hnsbandry dis- covered and layd open by J. W. 2nd ed. London. Hale, Thossas. 1700. A compleat body of hbasndry. 2 ols. London. Hobenrman, Len. 1t3. Man and his asorldly goos. Harpe, Ness Yank. Lamsond, Elizabeth. 1000. Wakten of Henley's husbandr. London. Lassrence, John. 1720. A news system of agricnlture. Being sa cemplete body of husbandry and gardening in all parts of t-hem. Londo. it18t. A gennral testise an cattle, the an, the sheep, and the swn. C. Whitmaghass, Lonsdn. Leowoan, Lasts. 100. Agronomes at Eleveus. J. B. Batllere &Som, Padis. A Lincolnshirn Craoie. 1t33. The cemplete geaie. 6th ed. Baldwia & Cradock, Landon. Loss, Dodid. 1842. Os the domesticated animals of the Brnitih tIsles. Longmnans, GrennbCo.,Londo. Markham, Cenvaite. About 1031. Chesape sand good husbandy. tth ad., 1003. J. Harsomn, London. Mascail, Leonaond. 1000. The gocenmeant of cattle. (Eds. to 1633.1 Londn. Mills, Jobs. 1770. A teatise on cattle. J. Jokason, London. Mortimser, John. 1707. The ashole ant of hussbandny, or the asay of nmanaging sand improving lend. J. H. Montlock, Londaot. Neely, Waynn C. 1t35. The agriculturl fain. Colnumbia Ulsi. Pants, New Yank. Pawsson, H. Cecil. 1t57. Bobent Bakeaset. Crnsby Lonkwoods & Son, Lotndon.  Cattle Improvement Begins 71 Prothero, R. E. (Lord Ernle). 1889. Engisch farming past and pesent. Ed. by Sir A. D. Hall, 1938. Landon. .1892. Landmnarks in Britiab fanning. I. Ray. Age. Sac. Eng. 3(aec. Sebcight, Sic Jchn Saundcra. 1809. The art a) imnprcving the breeds cf donastic animaal.Londn. Tre, Roadney H. 1925. Thc early development ot agricultural aocietiea in thne United States. Anaer. Hidt. Assay. 1920 Ann. Rapt. Waahington, D.C. Pp. 293-305. Young, Acthuc. 1786. A ten day tane to Mr. Rakewecll's. Ann. Age. 6:452-S02. Cattle Improvcement Begins 71 Prothcca, R. E. (Locd Ernic). 1888. Engliah fanning pant and pestnt. Ed. by Sic A. D. Hall, 1936. Lnndon. .1891. Landarka in Britiah tfuaing. 2. Roy. Age. Sac Ela. 3(tnn. 3):11. Sebright, Sic Jahn Saundena. 1809. The act a) improvcing the brends a) doestic animals. Lndon. Trnc, Rndney H. 1925. The eanty developmaent of agricultural societ in the Unitcd Statca. Anmer. Hidt. Annac. 1920 Ann. Rept. Washington, D.C. Pp. 293-305. Yong, Anthur. 1786. A ten day tone Ia Mr. Rakewel's. Ann. Age. 6:452-502. Cattle tImprovement Begins 71 Prnther, R. E. (Land Ecnle). 1888. English fanning pant and penant. Ed. by Sic A. D. Hall, 1936. London. .1892. Landmnarks in Britith tanning. I. Ra. Age. Soc. Eng. 3(ann. 3):11. Sebright, Sic John Sannders. 1809. The act a) imapeoving the beeds a) doestic animals. London. True, Rodney H. 1925. The earnly devnlopmecnt nf atricultunal societiea in the United Statet. Amae. Hist. Asnac. 1820 Ann. Rapt. Waahington, D.C. Pp. 293-305. Yong, Arthnr. 1786. A Inn day tour In Mc. Rakewenll'a. Ann. Age. 6:452-50.  CHAPTER S AYRSHIRES IN SCOTLAND FOUNDATION of the Ayrshire breed on native cows dates back be- tween two and three centuries in the districts of Carrick, Cunning- ham, and Kyle in Ayr (see Fig. 5.1). The county, which extends in a crescent along 70 miles of coast on the Firth of Clyde, is 4 to 28 miles wide and covers 1,149 square miles. The altitude varies be- tween sea level and 2,298 feet; mean temperature ranges from 35 to 654 F.; and annual precipitation averages 35 inches. The cool moist climate favors grasses, cereal grains, and root crops. Dairying is the leading agricultural enterprise. Half the land was in grass in 1925, mostly on clay and heavy loam soils. Turnips, rutabagas, and potatoes were the main tilled crops. Headpiece: Vignette of Ayrshire cow. 72 CHAPTER 5 AYRSHIRES IN SCOTLAND FOUNDATION of the Ayrshire breed on native cows dates back be- tween two and three centuries in the districts of Carrick, Cunning- ham, and Kyle in Ayr (see Fig. 5.1). The county, which extends in a crescent along 70 miles of coast on the Firth of Clyde, is 4 to 28 miles wide and covers 1,149 square miles. The altitude varies be- tween sea level and 2,298 feet; mean temperature ranges from 350 to 650 F.; and annual precipitation averages 35 inches. The cool moist climate favors grasses, cereal grains, and root crops. Dairying is the leading agricultural enterprise. Half the land was in grass in 1925, mostly on clay and heavy loam soils. Turnips, rutabagas, and potatoes were the main tilled crops. Headpiece: Vignette of Ayrshire cow. 72 CHAPTER 5 AYRSHIRES IN SCOTLAND FOUNDATION of the Ayrshire breed on native cows dates back be- tween two and three centuries in the districts of Carrick, Cunning- ham, and Kyle in Ayr (see Fig. 5.1). The county, which extends in a crescent along 70 miles of coast on the Firth of Clyde, is 4 to 28 miles wide and covers 1,149 square miles. The altitude varies be- tween sea level and 2,298 feet; mean temperature ranges from 350 to 65* F.; and annual precipitation averages 35 inches. The cool moist climate favors grasses, cereal grains, and root crops. Dairying is the leading agricultural enterprise. Half the land was in grass in 1925, mostly on clay and heavy loam soils. Turnips, rutabagas, and potatoes were the main tilled crops. Headpiece: Vignette of Ayrshire cow. 72  Ayrshires in Scotland 73 Ayrshires in Scotland 73 Ayrshires in Scotland 73 EARLY CATTLE Remains of extinct B. primigenius occur in Pleistocene deposits, the bottoms of lochs and lakes after the Ice Age. Neolithic settlers who brought B. longifrons as domesticated cattle lived in huts, made pottery and polished stone implements, and had a settled agricul- ture. The Romans brought draft cattle from south of the Alps to Scotland in A.D. 80. Norsemen (Danes and others) raided and even- tually lived in the region. Red cattle and the polled character trace to Norse cattle. Some polled cattle were among the Roman intro- duction into England. Timothy Pont wrote in 1600 that much excel- lent butter was sent to other sections. Dutch cattle were imported into the lowlands of eastern England before 1600. Mortimer described them as "good milkers, long- legg'd, and short-horn'd" in 1721. Some crossing probably took place in the foundation of the Ayrshire breed. OmIN OF DUNLOP CHEESE Barbara Gilmore, who fled to Ireland because of religious persecu- tion, brought the knowledge of cheese making (in 1688) to the farm of Hill in the Parish of Dunlop, as told by R. H. Leitch. Peo- ple suffered many hardships and privations during the religious con- troversies. Little was done then to improve cattle. Daniel DeFoe (author of Robinson Crusoe) wrote before his death in 1731: "The greatest thing this country wants is more enclos'd pastures, by which the farmer would keep stock of cattle well fodder'd in the winter, and which again, would not only furnish good store of but- ter, cheese, and beef to the market, but would, by their quantity of dung, enrich their soil according to the unanswerable maxim in grazing that stock upon land improves land." He favored northern Ayr, its pastures and cattle. LAND ENCLOSURE According to William Aiton, the first Act of the Scottish parliament concerning land enclosure was passed in the reign of James I, about 1457. In 1695 another Act was passed for division of a Common and consolidation of intermixed properties. Agriculture was unprogres- sive. Although landowners instituted improved methods on their EARLY CATLE Remains of extinct B. primigenius occur in Pleistocene deposits, the bottoms of lochs and lakes after the Ice Age. Neolithic settlers who brought B. longifrons as domesticated cattle lived in huts, made pottery and polished stone implements, and had a settled agricul- ture. The Romans brought draft cattle from south of the Alps to Scotland in A.n. 80. Norsemen (Danes and others) raided and even- tually lived in the region. Red cattle and the polled character trace to Norse cattle. Some polled cattle were among the Roman intro- duction into England. Timothy Pont wrote in 1600 that much excel- lent butter was sent to other sections. Dutch cattle were imported into the lowlands of eastern England before 1600. Mortimer described them as "good milkers, long- legg'd, and short-horn'd" in 1721. Some crossing probably took place in the foundation of the Ayrshire breed. ORIGIN OF DUNLOP CHEESE Barbara Gilmore, who fled to Ireland because of religious persecu- tion, brought the knowledge of cheese making (in 1688) to the farm of Hill in the Parish of Dunlop, as told by R. H. Leitch. Peo- ple suffered many hardships and privations during the religious con- troversies. Little was done then to improve cattle. Daniel DeFoe (author of Robinson Crusoe) wrote before his death in 1731: "The greatest thing this country wants is more enclos'd pastures, by which the farmer would keep stock of cattle well fodder'd in the winter, and which again, would not only furnish good store of but- ter, cheese, and beef to the market, but would, by their quantity of dung, enrich their soil according to the unanswerable maxim in grazing that stock upon land improves land." He favored northern Ayr, its pastures and cattle. LAND ENCLOSURE According to William Aiton, the first Act of the Scottish parliament concerning land enclosure was passed in the reign of James I, about 1457. In 1695 another Act was passed for division of a Common and consolidation of intermixed properties. Agriculture was unprogres- sive. Although landowners instituted improved methods on their EARLY CATTLE Remains of extinct B. primigenius occur in Pleistocene deposits, the bottoms of lochs and lakes after the Ice Age. Neolithic settlers who brought B. longifrons as domesticated cattle lived in huts, made pottery and polished stone implements, and had a settled agricul- ture. The Romans brought draft cattle from south of the Alps to Scotland in A.D. 80. Norsemen (Danes and others) raided and even- tually lived in the region. Red cattle and the polled character trace to Norse cattle. Some polled cattle were among the Roman intro- duction into England. Timothy Pont wrote in 1600 that much excel- lent butter was sent to other sections. Dutch cattle were imported into the lowlands of eastern England before 1600. Mortimer described them as "good milkers, long- legg'd, and short-horn'd" in 1721. Some crossing probably took place in the foundation of the Ayrshire breed. ORIGIN OF DUNLOP CHEESE Barbara Gilmore, who fled to Ireland because of religious persecu- tion, brought the knowledge of cheese making (in 1688) to the farm of Hill in the Parish of Dunlop, as told by R. H. Leitch. Peo- ple suffered many hardships and privations during the religious con- troversies. Little was done then to improve cattle. Daniel DeFoe (author of Robinson Crusoe) wrote before his death in 1731: "The greatest thing this country wants is more enclos'd pastures, by which the farmer would keep stock of cattle well fodderd in the winter, and which again, would not only furnish good store of but- ter, cheese, and beef to the market, but would, by their quantity of dung, enrich their soil according to the unanswerable maxim in grazing that stock upon land improves land." He favored northern Ayr, its pastures and cattle. LAND ENCLOSURE According to William Aiton, the first Act of the Scottish parliament concerning land enclosure was passed in the reign of James I, about 1457. In 1695 another Act was passed for division of a Common and consolidation of intermixed properties. Agriculture was unprogres- sive. Although landowners instituted improved methods on their  IRISH SEA 0 15 20 TI V IRISH SEA 5 15 20 30 40 FIG. 5.1. The diicts of Cunninghamo, Kyle, and Carrick, which com~prse the FIG. 5.1. The districts of Cunningham, Kyle, and Carrick, wohich comprse the conty of Ayr in southwestrno Scotland, weethe area in hich the Ayrshire counoty of Ayr hnouthwetern Scotland, weetheara ho which the Ayrshire breed of dairy ca~ttle was deveoped. breed of dairy cattewa developed. NQ v 0ttIJS' IRISH SEA 5 15 20 30 40 Scal of ,Miles FIG. 5.1. The districts of Coooinghamo, Kyle, aod Carrick, wthich omprise the county of Ayr in souothooestooo Scotlaod, were the aoeas in which the Ayosio breed of dairy cattle toos developed.  Ayrshires in Scotland 75 Ayrshires in Scotland 15 Ayrshires in Scotland 75 own farms, tenants hesitated to follow, suspecting a trick by the landlord to exact more rent-in-kind. During winter, cattle became emaciated and weak for lack of proper feed, and many died. When grass became available in spring, farmers--even after 1800-had "lifting days" to get weak cows onto their feet and out to pas- tures. Lack of proper feed retarded improvement of cattle. Marshall Stair introduced horse-hoeing, alfalfa, and St. Foin grass into Wigtonshire after 1728; cultivated turnips, carrots, cabbages, and potatoes; subdivided and enclosed his lands; and drained marshes. His sister did the same in Ayr. Stair died in 1747, his sis- ter in 1770 (100 years of age). EARL OF EGLINTON Alexander, 10th Earl of Eglinton, succeeded to his estate about 1730. Aiton wrote of his activities: He traversed every corner of each of his extensive estates; arranged the divisions and marches of the farm; laid off roads, plantations and ditches, opened quarries, etc. and by the fre- quent seeing and conversing with his tenants, and pointing out the improvements proper to be executed, he roused them to industry, rendered them more intelligent, and laid the foun- dation of their future prosperity. He instituted an agricultural society, and presided over it for many years. The Earl of Eglinton brought from east Lothian, Mr. Wright of Ormiston, an eminent farmer, who introduced into Ayr- shire the proper mode of levelling and straighting land, fallow- ing, drilling, turnip husbandry, etc. His Lordship also put an end on his estate, to that destructive distinction of croft and field land; and the system of over plowing, which had so long and so improperly been pursued; and prohibited his tenants from ploughing more than one third of the land in their pos- session. That which has since obtained the name of 'Fairly ro- tation,' was first introduced by Alexander, Earl of Eglinton, and only followed out by Mr. Fairly after his lordship's death. That important branch of rural economy, the improvement of the breed of cattle, did not escape the attention of that worthy and dignified nobleman. Ploughmen, roadmakers, and people conversant in the dairy, were brought by him, from different parts of Britain. Fencing was begun on an extensive scale, and the face of the country was ornamented and sheltered by many own farms, tenants hesitated to follow, suspecting a trick by the landlord to exact more rent-in-kind. During winter, cattle became emaciated and weak for lack of proper feed, and many died. When grass became available in spring, farmers-even after 1800-had "lifting days" to get weak cows onto their feet and out to pas- tures. Lack of proper feed retarded improvement of cattle. Marshall Stair introduced horse-hoeing, alfalfa, and St. Foin grass into Wigtonshire after 1728; cultivated turnips, carrots, cabbages, and potatoes; subdivided and enclosed his lands; and drained marshes. His sister did the same in Ayr. Stair died in 1747, his sis- ter in 1770 (100 years of age). EARL OF EGLINTON Alexander, 10th Earl of Eglinton, succeeded to his estate about 1730. Aiton wrote of his activities: He traversed every corner of each of his extensive estates; arranged the divisions and marches of the farm; laid off roads, plantations and ditches, opened quarries, etc. and by the fre- quent seeing and conversing with his tenants, and pointing out the improvements proper to be executed, he roused them to industry, rendered them more intelligent, and laid the foun- dation of their future prosperity. He instituted an agricultural society, and presided over it for many years. The Earl of Eglinton brought from east Lothian, Mr. Wright of Ormiston, an eminent farmer, who introduced into Ayr- shire the proper mode of levelling and straighting land, fallow- ing, drilling, turnip husbandry, etc. His Lordship also put an end on his estate, to that destructive distinction of croft and field land; and the system of over plowing, which had so long and so improperly been pursued; and prohibited his tenants from ploughing more than one third of the land in their pos- session. That which has since obtained the name of 'Fairly ro- tation,' was first introduced by Alexander, Earl of Eglinton, and only followed out by Mr. Fairly after his lordship's death. That important branch of rural economy, the improvement of the breed of cattle, did not escape the attention of that worthy and dignified nobleman. Ploughmen, roadmakers, and people conversant in the dairy, were brought by him, from different parts of Britain. Fencing was begun on an extensive scale, and the face of the country was ornamented and sheltered by many own farms, tenants hesitated to follow, suspecting a trick by the landlord to exact more rent-in-kind. During winter, cattle became emaciated and weak for lack of proper feed, and many died. When grass became available in spring, farmers-even after 1800-had "lifting days" to get weak cows onto their feet and out to pas- tures. Lack of proper feed retarded improvement of cattle. Marshall Stair introduced horse-hoeing, alfalfa, and St. Foin grass into Wigtonshire after 1728; cultivated turnips, carrots, cabbages, and potatoes; subdivided and enclosed his lands; and drained marshes. His sister did the same in Ayr. Stair died in 1747, his sis- ter in 1770 (100 years of age). EARL OF EGLINTON Alexander, 10th Earl of Eglinton, succeeded to his estate about 1730. Aiton wrote of his activities: He traversed every corner of each of his extensive estates; arranged the divisions and marches of the farm; laid off roads, plantations and ditches, opened quarries, etc. and by the fre- quent seeing and conversing with his tenants, and pointing out the improvements proper to be executed, he roused them to industry, rendered them more intelligent, and laid the foun- dation of their future prosperity. He instituted an agricultural society, and presided over it for many years. The Earl of Eglinton brought from east Lothian, Mr. Wright of Ormiston, an eminent farmer, who introduced into Ayr- shire the proper mode of levelling and straighting land, fallow- ing, drilling, turnip husbandry, etc. His Lordship also put an end on his estate, to that destructive distinction of croft and field land; and the system of over plowing, which had so long and so improperly been pursued; and prohibited his tenants from ploughing more than one third of the land in their pos- session. That which has since obtained the name of 'Fairly ro- tation,' was first introduced by Alexander, Earl of Eglinton, and only followed out by Mr. Fairly after his lordship's death. That important branch of rural economy, the improvement of the breed of cattle, did not escape the attention of that worthy and dignified nobleman. Ploughmen, roadmakers, and people conversant in the dairy, were brought by him, from different parts of Britain. Fencing was begun on an extensive scale, and the face of the country was ornamented and sheltered by many  76 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS clumps of trees which he caused to be planted on the emi- nences. New farm houses were begun to be erected on more liberal plans; the tenants were taken bound to crop only one third of their possessions; to manure the land, sow grass-seed, and every improvement of which the ground was susceptible. was planned and begun to be executed by that enlightened nobleman. Aiton mentioned that John, Earl of Loudon, raised field turnips, cabbages, and carrots as early as 1756. Fullarton had described the seeding of 3 bushels of ryegrass and 12 pounds of clover per acre, to be cut for hay 1 year and pastured for 5 years. The fodder was to be fed upon the ground, and all manure spread upon it. George Culley listed the long-horned, short-horn'd, polled or Galloway breed, Kiloes or Scottish cattle, and the Alderney or French breed among the several breeds of cattle in the British Isles in 1786. He remembered Michael Dobinson of Durham who brought bulls from Holland early in his life "and those he brought over, I have been told, did much service in improving the breed." Hale (1756) and Arthur Young (1770) mentioned these Dutch cattle in northeastern England. THE (OLD) STATISTICAL ACCOUNTS Rural activities in 893 parishes in Scotland were recorded between 1790 and 1798 in 21 volumes known as The (Old) Statistical Ac- counts. These accounts were prepared largely by local ministers and were edited by Sir John Sinclair, Secretary of Agriculture. Some writers gave little attention to cattle, but butter, cheese, or milk cows were mentioned in at least 16 accounts in southwestern Scotland. Thus scanty development of dairying was recognized in Ayr, leading in the northern district of Cunningham. For the parish of Dunlop, it mentioned: "But the principal produce ... is cheese. For this it has long been known and distinguished, insomuch that all the cheese made in the country about it . . . goes by the name of Dunlop cheese, and finds a ready market on that account. In 1750, the only enclosures were . . . about gentlemen's seats; and in winter . . . the cattle roamed at pleasure and poached on all the arable land.... By 1798 most of the land was enclosed, and cattle were confined." 76 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS clumps of trees which he caused to be planted on the emi- nences. New farm houses were begun to be erected on more liberal plans; the tenants were taken bound to crop only one third of their possessions; to manure the land, sow grass-seed, and every improvement of which the ground was susceptible, was planned and begun to be executed by that enlightened nobleman. Aiton mentioned that John, Earl of Loudon, raised field turnips, cabbages, and carrots as early as 1756. Fullarton had described the seeding of 3 bushels of ryegrass and 12 pounds of clover per acre, to be cut for hay 1 year and pastured for 5 years. The fodder was to be fed upon the ground, and all manure spread upon it. George Culley listed the long-horned, short-hor'd, polled or Galloway breed, Kiloes or Scottish cattle, and the Alderney or French breed among the several breeds of cattle in the British Isles in 1786. He remembered Michael Dobinson of Durham who brought bulls from Holland early in his life "and those he brought over, I have been told, did much service in improving the breed." Hale (1756) and Arthur Young (1770) mentioned these Dutch cattle in northeastern England. THE (OLD) STATISTICAL ACCOUNTs Rural activities in 893 parishes in Scotland were recorded between 1790 and 1798 in 21 volumes known as The (Old) Statistical Ac- counts. These accounts were prepared largely by local ministers and were edited by Sir John Sinclair, Secretary of Agriculture. Some writers gave little attention to cattle, but butter, cheese, or milk cows were mentioned in at least 16 accounts in southwestern Scotland. Thus scanty development of dairying was recognized in Ayr, leading in the northern district of Cunningham. For the parish of Dunlop, it mentioned: "But the principal produce ... is cheese. For this it has long been known and distinguished, insomuch that all the cheese made in the country about it ... goes by the name of Dunlop cheese, and finds a ready market on that account. In 1750, the only enclosures were . . . about gentlemen's seats; and in winter . . . the cattle roamed at pleasure and poached on all the arable land.... By 1798 most of the land was enclosed, and cattle were confined." 76 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS clumps of trees which he caused to be planted on the emi- nences. New farm houses were begun to be erected on more liberal plans; the tenants were taken bound to crop only one third of their possessions; to manure the land, sow grass-seed, and every improvement of which the ground was susceptible, was planned and begun to be executed by that enlightened nobleman. Aiton mentioned that John, Earl of Loudon, raised field turnips, cabbages, and carrots as early as 1756. Fullarton had described the seeding of 3 bushels of ryegrass and 12 pounds of clover per acre, to be cut for hay 1 year and pastured for 5 years. The fodder was to be fed upon the ground, and all manure spread upon it. George Culley listed the long-horned, short-hor'd, polled or Galloway breed, Kiloes or Scottish cattle, and the Alderney or French breed among the several breeds of cattle in the British Isles in 1786. He remembered Michael Dobinson of Durham who brought bulls from Holland early in his life "and those he brought over, I have been told, did much service in improving the breed." Hale (1756) and Arthur Young (1770) mentioned these Dutch cattle in northeastern England. THE (OLD) STATISTICAL ACCOUNTS Rural activities in 893 parishes in Scotland were recorded between 1790 and 1798 in 21 volumes known as The (Old) Statistical Ac- counts. These accounts were prepared largely by local ministers and were edited by Sir John Sinclair, Secretary of Agriculture. Some writers gave little attention to cattle, but butter, cheese, or milk cows were mentioned in at least 16 accounts in southwestern Scotland. Thus scanty development of dairying was recognized in Ayr, leading in the northern district of Cunningham. For the parish of Dunlop, it mentioned: "But the principal produce ... is cheese. For this it has long been known and distinguished, insomuch that all the cheese made in the country about it . . . goes by the name of Dunlop cheese, and finds a ready market on that account. In 1750, the only enclosures were . . . about gentlemen's seats; and in winter . . . the cattle roamed at pleasure and poached on all the arable land.... By 1798 most of the land was enclosed, and cattle were confined."  Ayrshires in Scotland 77 Ayrshires in Scotland 77 Ayrshires in Scotland 77 Of nearby Beith Parish-"They almost universally made Dunlop cheese." Likewise in Dalry-"The breed of cows is much im- proved from what they were." Similar mention of milk cows was made from several surrounding parishes. The middle district of Kyle likewise was turning to dairying, with cheese made "after the Dunlop manner, and equally good." Of Sorn, just to the south-"The black cattle consist partly of the an- cient breed; but mostly of a mixed breed between that and the Cunningham kind. About two-thirds are milk cows and the rest young cattle, rearing for the same purpose." Tarbelton (westward of Som) kept 1,800 cows, and "a prodig- ious quantity of butter and cheese is made annually here for sale." Cattle in Symington Parish were "generally of a good milk kind, giving from 10 to 14 Scotch pints per day." Of Kirkswald Parish-"The dairy was in a most neglected state ... 40 years ago.... Now the milk cows are changed to the better, are put into parks sown down with white and yellow clover, and when they live in the house by night or by day, are fed upon cut red clover. Every steading of farm houses has an apartment by it- self for a milk house, and every conveniency suited to it. Good butter and cheese are now exported from the parish to the market of Ayr and Paisley." COLONEL FULLARTeo's SURVEY Colonel William Fullarton (1793) was appointed by the Board of Agriculture to survey the county of Ayr. He pointed out in his pre- liminary report that in Cunningham a breed of cattle has for more than a century been established, remarkable for the quantity and quality of their milk in propor- tion to their size. They have long been denominated the Dun- lop breed, from the ancient family of that name, or the parish where the breed was first brought to perfection. .. . Within these 20 years, brown and white mottled cattle are so gener- ally preferred as to bring a larger price than others of equal size or shape, if differently marked. It appears, however, that the mottled breed is of different origin from the former stock. ... This breed was introduced into Ayrshire by the present Of nearby Beith Parish--They almost universally made Dunlop cheese." Likewise in Dalry-"The breed of cows is much im- proved from what they were." Similar mention of milk cows was made from several surrounding parishes. The middle district of Kyle likewise was turning to dairying, with cheese made "after the Dunlop manner, and equally good." Of Sorn, just to the south-"The black cattle consist partly of the an- cient breed; but mostly of a mixed breed between that and the Cunningham kind. About two-thirds are milk cows and the rest young cattle, rearing for the same purpose." Tarbelton (westward of Som) kept 1,800 cows, and "a prodig- ious quantity of butter and cheese is made annually here for sale." Cattle in Symington Parish were "generally of a good milk kind, giving from 10 to 14 Scotch pints per day." Of Kirkswald Parish-"The dairy was in a most neglected state ... 40 years ago.... Now the milk cows are changed to the better, are put into parks sown down with white and yellow clover, and when they live in the house by night or by day, are fed upon cut red clover. Every steading of farm houses has an apartment by it- self for a milk house, and every conveniency suited to it. Good butter and cheese are now exported from the parish to the market of Ayr and Paisley." COLONEL FULLARTON'S SURVEY Colonel William Fullarton (1793) was appointed by the Board of Agriculture to survey the county of Ayr. He pointed out in his pre- liminary report that in Cunningham a breed of cattle has for more than a century been established, remarkable for the quantity and quality of their milk in propor- tion to their size. They have long been denominated the Dun- lop breed, from the ancient family of that name, or the parish where the breed was first brought to perfection. .. . Within these 20 years, brown and white mottled cattle are so gener- ally preferred as to bring a larger price than others of equal size or shape, if differently marked. It appears, however, that the mottled breed is of different origin from the former stock. . . . This breed was introduced into Ayrshire by the present Of nearby Beith Parish-"They almost universally made Dunlop cheese." Likewise in Dalry-"The breed of cows is much im- proved from what they were." Similar mention of milk cows was made from several surrounding parishes. The middle district of Kyle likewise was turning to dairying, with cheese made "after the Dunlop manner, and equally good." Of Som, just to the south-"The black cattle consist partly of the an- cient breed; but mostly of a mixed breed between that and the Cunningham kind. About two-thirds are milk cows and the rest young cattle, rearing for the same purpose." Tarbelton (westward of Sorn) kept 1,800 cows, and "a prodig- ious quantity of butter and cheese is made annually here for sale." Cattle in Symington Parish were "generally of a good milk kind, giving from 10 to 14 Scotch pints per day." Of Kirkswald Parish-"The dairy was in a most neglected state ... 40 years ago.... Now the milk cows are changed to the better, are put into parks sown down with white and yellow clover, and when they live in the house by night or by day, are fed upon cut red clover. Every steading of farm houses has an apartment by it- self for a milk house, and every conveniency suited to it. Good butter and cheese are now exported from the parish to the market of Ayr and Paisley." COLONEL FULLARTON's SURvEY Colonel William Fullarton (1793) was appointed by the Board of Agriculture to survey the county of Ayr. He pointed out in his pre- liminary report that in Cunningham a breed of cattle has for more than a century been established, remarkable for the quantity and quality of their milk in propor- tion to their size. They have long been denominated the Dun- lop breed, from the ancient family of that name, or the parish where the breed was first brought to perfection. .. . Within these 20 years, brown and white mottled cattle are so gener- ally preferred as to bring a larger price than others of equal size or shape, if differently marked. It appears, however, that the mottled breed is of different origin from the former stock. . . . This breed was introduced into Ayrshire by the present  78 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Earl of Marchmont . . . from whence they have spread over all the country. This breed is short in the leg, finely shaped in the head and neck, with small horns, not wide, but tapering to the point. They are neither so thin coated as the Dutch, nor so thick and rough as the Lancashire cattle. They are deep in the body, but not so long, nor so full and ample in the carcase and hind quarters as some other kinds. They usually weigh from 20 to 40 English stone.. .. It is not uncommon for these small cows to give from 24 to 34 English quarts of milk daily, during the summer months, while some of them will give as far as 40 quarts, and yield 8 or 9 English pounds of butter weekly. The breed is now so generally diffused over Cunningham and Coil (Kyle), that few of other sorts are reared on any well regulated farm. The farmers reckon that a cow yielding 20 quarts of milk per day during the summer season, will produce cheese and butter worth about £6 per annum.... In former times a proportion of Dutch or Holderness cattle had been propagated, and when well fed, yielded large quan- tities of milk. But they were thin haired, lank in the quarters, and delicate in the constitution, which rendered them unfit for a soil such as Ayrshire's. They were, besides, extremely dificult to fatten, yielded little tallow, and from the spareness of their shapes, incapable of carrying much flesh upon the proper places. Alderneys and Guernseys have also been occasionally intro- duced, in order to give a richness and colour to the milk and butter; which they do in a degree superior to any other animal of the cow species. The term "Ayrshire breed" was used by the Reverend David Ure in 1793, when he wrote "with respect to the origin the com- mon account is, that about a century ago, the farmers in Dunlop were at great pains to improve the original breed of the country, by paying strict attention to the marks which their experience had led them to make of a good milk cow." Forsyth described Ayrshire cows in 1805 as: Formerly black or brown, with white faces and white streaks along their backs, were prevailing colours; but within these 20 years brown and white-mottled cattle are so generally pre- ferred as to bring a larger price than others of equal size and shape if differently marked. It appears, however, that this 78 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Earl of Marchmont . . . from whence they have spread over all the country. This breed is short in the leg, finely shaped in the head and neck, with small horns, not wide, but tapering to the point. They are neither so thin coated as the Dutch, nor so thick and rough as the Lancashire cattle. They are deep in the body, but not so long, nor so full and ample in the carcase and hind quarters as some other kinds. They usually weigh from 20 to 40 English stone. . . . It is not uncommon for these small cows to give from 24 to 34 English quarts of milk daily, during the summer months, while some of them will give as far as 40 quarts, and yield 8 or 9 English pounds of butter weekly. The breed is now so generally diffused over Cunningham and Coil (Kyle), that few of other sorts are reared on any well regulated farm. The farmers reckon that a cow yielding 20 quarts of milk per day during the summer season, will produce cheese and butter worth about £6 per annum.... In former times a proportion of Dutch or Holderness cattle had been propagated, and when well fed, yielded large quan- tities of milk. But they were thin haired, lank in the quarters. and delicate in the constitution, which rendered them unfit for a soil such as Ayrshire's. They were, besides, extremely difiacult to fatten, yielded little tallow, and from the spareness of their shapes, incapable of carrying much flesh upon the proper places. Alderneys and Guernseys have also been occasionally intro- duced, in order to give a richness and colour to the milk and butter; which they do in a degree superior to any other animal of the cow species. The term "Ayrshire breed" was used by the Reverend David Ure in 1793, when he wrote "with respect to the origin the com- mon account is, that about a century ago, the farmers in Dunlop were at great pains to improve the original breed of the country, by paying strict attention to the marks which their experience had led them to make of a good milk cow." Forsyth described Ayrshire cows in 1805 as: Formerly black or brown, with white faces and white streaks along their backs, were prevailing colours; but within these 20 years brown and white-mottled cattle are so generally pre- ferred as to bring a larger price than others of equal size and shape if differently marked. It appears, however, that this 78 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Earl of Marchmont ... from whence they have spread over all the country. This breed is short in the leg, finely shaped in the head and neck, with small horns, not wide, but tapering to the point. They are neither so thin coated as the Dutch, nor so thick and rough as the Lancashire cattle. They are deep in the body, but not so long, nor so full and ample in the carcase and hind quarters as some other kinds. They usually weigh from 20 to 40 English stone.... It is not uncommon for these small cows to give from 24 to 34 English quarts of milk daily, during the summer months, while some of them will give as far as 40 quarts, and yield 8 or 9 English pounds of butter weekly. The breed is now so generally diffused over Cunningham and Coil (Kyle), that few of other sorts are reared on any well regulated farm. The farmers reckon that a cow yielding 20 quarts of milk per day during the summer season, will produce cheese and butter worth about £6 per annum.... In former times a proportion of Dutch or Holderness cattle had been propagated, and when well fed, yielded large quan- tities of milk. But they were thin haired, lank in the quarters, and delicate in the constitution, which rendered them unfit for a soil such as Ayrshire's. They were, besides, extremely dificult to fatten, yielded little tallow, and from the spareness of their shapes, incapable of carrying much flesh upon the proper places. Aldemeys and Guernseys have also been occasionally intro- duced, in order to give a richness and colour to the milk and butter; which they do in a degree superior to any other animal of the cow species. The term "Ayrshire breed" was used by the Reverend David Ure in 1793, when he wrote "with respect to the origin the com- mon account is, that about a century ago, the farmers in Dunlop were at great pains to improve the original breed of the country, by paying strict attention to the marks which their experience had led them to make of a good milk cow." Forsyth described Ayrshire cows in 1805 as: Formerly black or brown, with white faces and white streaks along their backs, were prevailing colours; but within these 20 years brown and white-mottled cattle are so generally pre- ferred as to bring a larger price than others of equal size and shape if differently marked. It appears, however, that this  Aysirs in otad 79 Ayies in hcta 79 Ayies in hctad7 mottled breed is of different origin from the former stock; and the rapidity with which they have been diffused over a great extent of the country, to the almost entire exclusion of the pre- ceding race, is a singular circumstance in the history of breed- ing. . . . The breed is now so generally diffused over Cunning- ham and Coil (Kyle), that very few of other sorts are reared on any well regulated farm. When Colonel Fullarton was transferred to other duties, the Board of Agriculture selected William Aiton, native-born in Ayr, who prepared a new report in 1811. He wrote, "I am old enough to remember, nearly, the commencement of enclosing of land, and the introduction of ryegrass, as a crop in the parrish of Kilmarnock. The popular prejudice and extraordinary clamour, among the ten- antry against these innovations was very strong.. . . The tenants were disposed to consider every movement they were required to make on their possessions, as tending only to augment their labour, and increase the rent rolls of the proprietor." Aiton described the weights and measures used in Ayrshire. A Scotch gallon (8 Scotch pints) was 840 English cubic inches, whereas the English "wine gallon" was the present 231 cubic inches in volume. There were 4 different liquid-measure gallons and 1 dry-measure gallon. Cheese, butter, meat, hay, and straw were sold in Ayrshire by the trone or county weight which con- tained 24 ounces avoirdupois per pound, 16 pounds making 1 stone. English or avoirdupois weight contained 16 ounces per pound, 112 pounds per hundredweight, and 14 pounds per stone "jockey weight" used for groceries and other merchant goods. Dutch weight contained 17% ounces of English avoirdupois weight per pound, 16 pounds per Dutch stone (equalling 17% Eng- lish pounds, or 11 2/3 pounds trone or county weight in Ayrshire). Troy weight was used for gold and silver, and by apothecaries. AITON's SURvEY OF AYR Aiton wrote: Next to the melioration of the soil, the raising of grain, sowing grasses, and planting of useful roots; the rearing of cattle, and turning their produce to the best account, form the more im- portant concern of the husbandman. . . . The age, shape and mottled breed is of different origin from the former stock; and the rapidity with which they have been diffused over a great extent of the country, to the almost entire exclusion of the pre- ceding race, is a singular circumstance in the history of breed- ing.... The breed is now so generally diffused over Cunning- ham and Coil (Kyle), that very few of other sorts are reared on any well regulated farm. When Colonel Fullarton was transferred to other duties, the Board of Agriculture selected William Aiton, native-born in Ayr, who prepared a new report in 1811. He wrote, "I am old enough to remember, nearly, the commencement of enclosing of land, and the introduction of ryegrass, as a crop in the parrish of Kilmarnock. The popular prejudice and extraordinary clamour, among the ten- antry against these innovations was very strong. . . . The tenants were disposed to consider every movement they were required to make on their possessions, as tending only to augment their labour, and increase the rent rolls of the proprietor." Aiton described the weights and measures used in Ayrshire. A Scotch gallon (8 Scotch pints) was 840 English cubic inches, whereas the English "wine gallon" was the present 231 cubic inches in volume. There were 4 different liquid-measure gallons and 1 dry-measure gallon. Cheese, butter, meat, hay, and straw were sold in Ayrshire by the trone or county weight which con- tained 24 ounces avoirdupois per pound, 16 pounds making 1 stone. English or avoirdupois weight contained 16 ounces per pound, 112 pounds per hundredweight, and 14 pounds per stone "jockey weight" used for groceries and other merchant goods. Dutch weight contained 17% ounces of English avoirdupois weight per pound, 16 pounds per Dutch stone (equalling 17% Eng- lish pounds, or 11 2/3 pounds trone or county weight in Ayrshire). Troy weight was used for gold and silver, and by apothecaries. AIrOs SURvEY OF AYR Aiton wrote: Next to the melioration of the soil, the raising of grain, sowing grasses, and planting of useful roots; the rearing of cattle, and turning their produce to the best account, form the more im- portant concern of the husbandman. . . . The age, shape and mottled breed is of different origin from the former stock; and the rapidity with which they have been diffused over a great extent of the country, to the almost entire exclusion of the pre- ceding race, is a singular circumstance in the history of breed- ing. . . . The breed is now so generally diffused over Cunning- ham and Coil (Kyle), that very few of other sorts are reared on any well regulated farm. When Colonel Fullarton was transferred to other duties, the Board of Agriculture selected William Aiton, native-born in Ayr, who prepared a new report in 1811. He wrote, "I am old enough to remember, nearly, the commencement of enclosing of land, and the introduction of ryegrass, as a crop in the parrish of Kilmarnock. The popular prejudice and extraordinary clamour, among the ten- antry against these innovations was very strong. . . . The tenants were disposed to consider every movement they were required to make on their possessions, as tending only to augment their labour, and increase the rent rolls of the proprietor." Aiton described the weights and measures used in Ayrshire. A Scotch gallon (8 Scotch pints) was 840 English cubic inches, whereas the English "wine gallon" was the present 231 cubic inches in volume. There were 4 different liquid-measure gallons and S dry-measure gallon. Cheese, butter, meat, hay, and straw were sold in Ayrshire by the trone or county weight which con- tained 24 ounces avoirdupois per pound, 16 pounds making 1 stone. English or avoirdupois weight contained 16 ounces per pound, 112 pounds per hundredweight, and 14 pounds per stone "jockey weight"used for groceries and other merchant goods. Dutch weight contained 17 ounces of English avoirdupois weight per pound, 16 pounds per Dutch stone (equalling 17% Eng- lish pounds, or 11 2/3 pounds trone or county weight in Ayrshire). Troy weight was used for gold and silver, and by apothecaries. AITOs SURvEY OF AYR Aiton wrote: Next to the melioration of the soil, the raising of grain, sowing grasses, and planting of useful roots; the rearing of cattle, and turning their produce to the best account, form the more im- portant concern of the husbandman. . . . The age, shape and  80 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 80 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 80 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS qualities, as well as the sizes ... require to be attended to ... the breed is most improved by selecting males of the best shapes and qualities, and by no means so large as the females which they cover, and that the shapes and qualities, as well as the size of the stock are chiefly governed by the food and man- ner in which the animal is treated. ... The only distinction of breeds to be met with in the county of Ayr, are the Galloway and the Dairy Cows. As both are ex- cellent of their kinds, a particular description of each requires to be given. Galloway cattle prevailed in Carrick until Aiton's time, when: the dairy breed has been lately introduced, and is fast increas- ing in Carrick, still the Galloway cow is most common in that district of Ayrshire.... As the county of Ayr formed a part of the kingdom of Gal- loway, and was inhabited by the same people [Cambrian Britons], their cattle, and the mode of treating them would continue the same in both countries, so long as the inhabitants remained uncivilized; except in so far as they were affected by soil or climate. But the inhabitants of both countries seem to have begun much earlier than their neighbors, to pay attention to cattle and their produce. The dairy breed of cows in Ayrshire . . . are in fact a breed of cows that have, by crossing, coupling, feeding, and treat- ment, been improved and brought to a state of perfection which fits them above all others yet known, to answer almost in every diversity of situation, where grains and grasses can be raised to feed them, for the purposes of the dairy, or for fat- tening them for beef. That justly celebrated breed have neither been imported from abroad, nor raised to their present excellence, altogether, by the magical effects of gigantic bulls, brought into the dis- trict. For though some alterations may have been affected in their size, shape, and colour, by the introduction of a few cows and bulls, of an improved breed, as I shall have occasion to notice; yet the dairy breed of Ayrshire are in a great measure the native indigenous breed of the county of Ayr, improved in their size, shapes and qualities, chiefly by judicious selection, cross coupling, feeding, and treatment, for a long period of time, and with much judgement and attention by the industri- ous inhabitants of the county, and principally by those in the district of Cunningham. qualities, as well as the sizes ... require to be attended to ... the breed is most improved by selecting males of the best shapes and qualities, and by no means so large as the females which they cover, and that the shapes and qualities, as well as the size of the stock are chiefly governed by the food and man- ner in which the animal is treated. . . . The only distinction of breeds to be met with in the county of Ayr, are the Galloway and the Dairy Cows. As both are ex- cellent of their kinds, a particular description of each requires to be given. Galloway cattle prevailed in Carrick until Aiton's time, when: the dairy breed has been lately introduced, and is fast increas- ing in Carrick, still the Galloway cow is most common in that district of Ayrshire. . . . As the county of Ayr formed a part of the kingdom of Gal- loway, and was inhabited by the same people [Cambrian Britons], their cattle, and the mode of treating them would continue the same in both countries, so long as the inhabitants remained uncivilized; except in so far as they were affected by soil or climate. But the inhabitants of both countries seem to have begun much earlier than their neighbors, to pay attention to cattle and their produce. The dairy breed of cows in Ayrshire. . . are in fact a breed of cows that have, by crossing, coupling, feeding, and treat- ment, been improved and brought to a state of perfection which fits them above all others yet known, to answer almost in every diversity of situation, where grains and grasses can be raised to feed them, for the purposes of the dairy, or for fat- tening them for beef. That justly celebrated breed have neither been imported from abroad, nor raised to their present excellence, altogether, by the magical effects of gigantic bulls, brought into the dis- trict. For though some alterations may have been affected in their size, shape, and colour, by the introduction of a few cows and bulls, of an improved breed, as I shall have occasion to notice; yet the dairy breed of Ayrshire are in a great measure the native indigenous breed of the county of Ayr, improved in their size, shapes and qualities, chiefly by judicious selection, cross coupling, feeding, and treatment, for a long period of time, and with much judgement and attention by the industri- ous inhabitants of the county, and principally by those in the district of Cunningham. qualities, as well as the sizes ... require to be attended to ... the breed is most improved by selecting males of the best shapes and qualities, and by no means so large as the females which they cover, and that the shapes and qualities, as well as the size of the stock are chiefly governed by the food and man- ner in which the animal is treated. . . . The only distinction of breeds to be met with in the county of Ayr, are the Galloway and the Dairy Cows. As both are ex- cellent of their kinds, a particular description of each requires to be given. Galloway cattle prevailed in Carrick until Aiton's time, when: the dairy breed has been lately introduced, and is fast increas- ing in Carrick, still the Galloway cow is most common in that district of Ayrshire. . . . As the county of Ayr formed a part of the kingdom of Gal- loway, and was inhabited by the same people [Cambrian Britons], their cattle, and the mode of treating them would continue the same in both countries, so long as the inhabitants remained uncivilized; except in so far as they were affected by soil or climate. But the inhabitants of both countries seem to have begun much earlier than their neighbors, to pay attention to cattle and their produce. The dairy breed of cows in Ayrshire . . . are in fact a breed of cows that have, by crossing, coupling, feeding, and treat- ment, been improved and brought to a state of perfection which fits them above all others yet known, to answer almost in every diversity of situation, where grains and grasses can be raised to feed them, for the purposes of the dairy, or for fat- tening them for beef. That justly celebrated breed have neither been imported from abroad, nor raised to their present excellence, altogether, by the magical effects of gigantic bulls, brought into the dis- trict. For though some alterations may have been affected in their size, shape, and colour, by the introduction of a few cows and bulls, of an improved breed, as I shall have occasion to notice; yet the dairy breed of Ayrshire are in a great measure the native indigenous breed of the county of Ayr, improved in their size, shapes and qualities, chiefly by judicious selection, cross coupling, feeding, and treatment, for a long period of time, and with much judgement and attention by the industri- ous inhabitants of the county, and principally by those in the district of Cunningham.  Ayrshires in Scotland 81 Ayrshires in Scotland 8I Ayrshires in Scotland 81 It appears from the adage taken as the motto, and quoted above ("Kyle for a Man, Carrick for a Cow, Cunningham for Butter and Cheese, And Galloway for Woo',") that the making of butter and cheese had, at the most remote period of their history, been the chief study and the highest boast ... of the inhabitants of Cunningham. In prosecuting this species of industry, they could not fail to discover, that the cows who were the most amply supplied with suitable food, would yield the greatest quantities of good milk. Hence another adage of unknown antiquity, common in that district. "The cow gives her milk by the Mode." That discovery once made, it was natural for them to do their utmost to supply that food which so much contributed to the milk they wanted; and the im- proved feeding so given would, independent of other circum- stances, tend greatly to the increase and improvement of the stock of cows. . It was chiefly by these means (selecting calves from the better producing cows), and not by changing the stock, or al- together by lining their cows with bulls of greater size, that the dairy breed of Ayrshire attained their present unrivalled perfection.... Some alteration was probably made on the dairy stock of Ayrshire, by the introduction of a few Dutch or English cows and bulls of a size greatly superior to the native race in that county.. .. Among other crosses with foreign cows or bulls, I under- stand, that the Earl of Marchmont, about 1750, purchased from the Bishop of Durham, carried to his seat in Berwick- shire, several cows and a bull either of the Teeswater or other English breed, of high brown and white colour, now so general in Ayrshire; and that Bruce Campbell, Esq., then factor on his Lordship's estates, in Ayrshire, carried some of that breed to Sonberg, in Kyle, from whence they spread over different parts of the county. A bull of that stock, after coupling with many cows about Cessnock, was brought by Mr. Hamilton, of Sun- drum, and left a numerous progeny in that quarter of Ayrshire. I am of opinion that this bull . . . would increase the size, and alter the colour of his progeny, and the large bones and ill shapes, incident to the calves begotten by a large bull, upon a small cow, would be gradually corrected in after generations. I have also been told that John Dunlop, Esq., of Dunlop, brought some cows of a large size, from a distance, probably of the Dutch, Teeswater, or Lincoln breeds, and that much of It appears from the adage taken as the motto, and quoted above ("Kyle for a Man, Carrick for a Cow, Cunningham for Butter and Cheese, And Galloway for Woo',") that the making of butter and cheese had, at the most remote period of their history, been the chief study and the highest boast ... of the inhabitants of Cunningham. In prosecuting this species of industry, they could not fail to discover, that the cows who were the most amply supplied with suitable food, would yield the greatest quantities of good milk. Hence another adage of unknown antiquity, common in that district. "The cow gives her milk by the Mod." That discovery once made, it was natural for them to do their utmost to supply that food which so much contributed to the milk they wanted; and the im- proved feeding so given would, independent of other circum- stances, tend greatly to the increase and improvement of the stock of cows. . It was chiefly by these means (selecting calves from the better producing cows), and not by changing the stock, or al- together by lining their cows with bulls of greater size, that the dairy breed of Ayrshire attained their present unrivalled perfection.... Some alteration was probably made on the dairy stock of Ayrshire, by the introduction of a few Dutch or English cows and bulls of a size greatly superior to the native race in that county.. .. Among other crosses with foreign cows or bulls, I under- stand, that the Earl of Marchmont, about 1750, purchased from the Bishop of Durham, carried to his seat in Berwick- shire, several cows and a bull either of the Teeswater or other English breed, of high brown and white colour, now so general in Ayrshire; and that Bruce Campbell, Esq., then factor on his Lordship's estates, in Ayrshire, carried some of that breed to Sornberg, in Kyle, from whence they spread over different parts of the county. A bull of that stock, after coupling with many cows about Cessnock, was brought by Mr. Hamilton, of Sun- drum, and left a numerous progeny in that quarter of Ayrshire. I am of opinion that this bull ... would increase the size, and alter the colour of his progeny, and the large bones and ill shapes, incident to the calves begotten by a large bull, upon a small cow, would be gradually corrected in after generations. I have also been told that John Dunlop, Esq., of Dunlop, brought some cows of a large size, from a distance, probably of the Dutch, Teeswater, or Lincoln breeds, and that much of It appears from the adage taken as the motto, and quoted above ("Kyle for a Man, Carrick for a Cow, Cunningham for Butter and Cheese, And Galloway for Woo',") that the making of butter and cheese had, at the most remote period of their history, been the chief study and the highest boast ... of the inhabitants of Cunningham. In prosecuting this species of industry, they could not fail to discover, that the cows who were the most amply supplied with suitable food, would yield the greatest quantities of good milk. Hence another adage of unknown antiquity, common in that district. "The cow gives her milk by the Mo." That discovery once made, it was natural for them to do their utmost to supply that food which so much contributed to the milk they wanted; and the im- proved feeding so given would, independent of other circum- stances, tend greatly to the increase and improvement of the stock of cows. ... It was chiefly by these means (selecting calves from the better producing cows), and not by changing the stock, or al- together by lining their cows with bulls of greater size, that the dairy breed of Ayrshire attained their present unrivalled perfection.... Some alteration was probably made on the dairy stock of Ayrshire, by the introduction of a few Dutch or English cows and bulls of a size greatly superior to the native race in that county.. .. Among other crosses with foreign cows or bulls, I under- stand, that the Earl of Marchmont, about 1750, purchased from the Bishop of Durham, carried to his seat in Berwick- shire, several cows and a bull either of the Teeswater or other English breed, of high brown and white colour, now so general in Ayrshire; and that Bruce Campbell, Esq., then factor on his Lordship's estates, in Ayrshire, carried some of that breed to Sornberg, in Kyle, from whence they spread over different parts of the county. A bull of that stock, after coupling with many cows about Cessnock, was brought by Mr. Hamilton, of Sun- drum, and left a numerous progeny in that quarter of Ayrshire. I am of opinion that this bull . . . would increase the size, and alter the colour of his progeny, and the large bones and ill shapes, incident to the calves begotten by a large bull, upon a small cow, would be gradually corrected in after generations. I have also been told that John Dunlop, Esq., of Dunlop, brought some cows of a large size, from a distance, probably of the Dutch, Teeswater, or Lincoln breeds, and that much of  82 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS the improved breed of Cunningham proceeded chiefly from their origin. John Orr, Esq., of Barrowfield, brought from Glas- gow, or some part of the East country, to Grougar, about 1769. several very fine cows of the colour now in vogue; one of whom I remember cost £6, which was more than twice the price of the best cow then in that quarter. As I lived then in that neighborhood, I had access to know that many calves were reared from these cows, and that their offspring have been greatly multiplied, on the strath of the water of Irvine. Though I have mentioned those, I do not suppose they were the only instances of cows, of larger and improved breeds, being introduced into the county. It was probably from some or other of these mixtures, that the red and white colours of the present stock, now so com- mon, were introduced. I remember, about 1778 and 1780, that breed became fashionable, with some of the most opulent and tasty farmers, in the parish of Dunlop and Stewarton; and that from these quarters of the county they gradually spread over the other parts, first of Cunningham, afterwards of Kyle, and now of Carrick, and other districts even out of the county. Till these were introduced, the cows of Cunningham were gen- erally black, with some white on their face, belly, neck, back, or tail. The native breed of cows in Scotland, seem to have been generally black, and except in the improved dairy breed, they are still mostly of a dark or black colour. Hence the term black cattle is still applied to cows of every colour, all over Scotland.... The size of the Ayrshire improved dairy cows varies from 20 to 40 stones English, according to the quality and abun- dance of their food. If cattle are too small for the soil, they will soon rise to the size it can maintain, and the reverse, if they are larger than it is calculated to support. The shapes most approved of in the dairy breed are as fol- lows. Head small, but rather long and narrow at the muzzle. The eye small, but smart and lively. The horns small, clear, crooked, and their roots at considerable distance from each other. Neck long and slender, tapering towards the head, with no loose skin below. Shoulders thin. Fore-quarters light. Hind- quarters large. Back straight, broad behind, and the joints rather loose and open. Carcase deep, and pelois capacious and wide, over the hips, with round fleshy buttocks. Tail long and small. Legs small and short, with firm joints. Udder capacious, broad and square, stretching forward and neither fleshy, low 82 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS the improved breed of Cunningham proceeded chiefly from their origin. John Orr, Esq., of Barrowfield, brought from Glas- gow, or some part of the East country, to Grougar, about 1769, several very fine cows of the colour now in vogue; one of whom I remember cost £6, which was more than twice the price of the best cow then in that quarter. As I lived then in that neighborhood, I had access to know that many calves were reared from these cows, and that their offspring have been greatly multiplied, on the strath of the water of Irvine. Though I have mentioned those, I do not suppose they were the only instances of cows, of larger and improved breeds, being introduced into the county. It was probably from some or other of these mixtures, that the red and white colours of the present stock, now so com- mon, were introduced. I remember, about 1778 and 1780, that breed became fashionable, with some of the most opulent and tasty farmers, in the parish of Dunlop and Stewarton; and that from these quarters of the county they gradually spread over the other parts, first of Cunningham, afterwards of Kyle, and now of Carrick, and other districts even out of the county. Till these were introduced, the cows of Cunningham were gen- erally black, with some white on their face, belly, neck, back, or tail. The native breed of cows in Scotland, seem to have been generally black, and except in the improved dairy breed, they are still mostly of a dark or black colour. Hence the term black cattle is still applied to cows of every colour, all over Scotland.... The size of the Ayrshire improved dairy cows varies from 20 to 40 stones English, according to the quality and abun- dance of their food. If cattle are too small for the soil, they will soon rise to the size it can maintain, and the reverse, if they are larger than it is calculated to support. The shapes most approved of in the dairy breed are as fol- lows. Head small, but rather long and narrow at the muzzle. The eye small, but smart and lively. The horns small, clear, crooked, and their roots at considerable distance from each other. Neck long and slender, tapering towards the head, with no loose skin below. Shoulders thin. Fore-quarters light. Hind- quarters large. Back straight, broad behind, and the joints rather loose and open. Carcase deep, and pelvis capacious and wide, over the hips, with round fleshy buttocks. Tail long and small. Legs small and short, with firm joints. Udder capacious, broad and square, stretching forward and neither fleshy, low 82 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS the improved breed of Cunningham proceeded chiefly from their origin. John Orr, Esq., of Barrowfield, brought from Glas- gow, or some part of the East country, to Grougar, about 1769, several very fine cows of the colour now in vogue; one of whom I remember cost £6, which was more than twice the price of the best cow then in that quarter. As I lived then in that neighborhood, I had access to know that many calves were reared from these cows, and that their offspring have been greatly multiplied, on the strath of the water of Irvine. Though I have mentioned those, I do not suppose they were the only instances of cows, of larger and improved breeds, being introduced into the county. It was probably from some or other of these mixtures, that the red and white colours of the present stock, now so com- mon, were introduced. I remember, about 1778 and 1780, that breed became fashionable, with some of the most opulent and tasty farmers, in the parish of Dunlop and Stewarton; and that from these quarters of the county they gradually spread over the other parts, first of Cunningham, afterwards of Kyle, and now of Carrick, and other districts even out of the county. Till these were introduced, the cows of Cunningham were gen- erally black, with some white on their face, belly, neck, back, or tail. The native breed of cows in Scotland, seem to have been generally black, and except in the improved dairy breed, they are still mostly of a dark or black colour. Hence the term black cattle is still applied to cows of every colour, all over Scotland.... The size of the Ayrshire improved dairy cows varies from 20 to 40 stones English, according to the quality and abun- dance of their food. If cattle are too small for the soil, they will soon rise to the size it can maintain, and the reverse, if they are larger than it is calculated to support. The shapes most approved of in the dairy breed are as fol- lows. Head small, but rather long and narrow at the muzzle. The eye small, but smart and lively. The horns small, clear, crooked, and their roots at considerable distance from each other. Neck long and slender, tapering towards the head, with no loose skin below. Shoulders thin. Fore-quarters light. Hind- quarters large. Back straight, broad behind, and the joints rather loose and open. Carcase deep, and pelvis capacious and wide, over the hips, with round fleshy buttocks. Tail long and small. Legs small and short, with firm joints. Udder capacious, broad and square, stretching forward and neither fleshy, low  Ayrshires in Scotland 83 Ayrshires in Scotland 83 Ayrshires in Scotland 83 hung, nor loose; the milk veins large and prominent. Teats short, all pointing outwards, and at considerable distance from each other. Skin thin and loose. Hair soft and woolly. The head, bones, horns, and all parts of least value small; and the general figure compact and well proportioned. The most valuable quality which a dairy cow can possess is that she yields much milk. A cow in Ayrshire that does not milk well will soon come to the hammer. I have never seen cows anywhere that, under the same mode of feeding and treatment, would yield so much milk as the dairy breed of that district. Ten Scotch pints per day is no way uncommon. Sev- eral cows yield for some time twelve pints, and some thirteen or fourteen pints per day. I have heard of sixteen or eighteen pints being taken from a cow every day, but I have never seen so much; and I suspect there must have been some froth, either in the milk, or in the story. Care and feed of the cows was mentioned. The winter food of the dairy stock in the county of Ayr, from the time that the grass fails in the autumn, till it rises in the month of May, has been chiefly the straw of oats, or . . . the hay of bog meadows, frequently but ill preserved. For a few weeks after they calve, they are allowed some weak corn and chaff boiled, with infusions of hay; and by way of luxury a morsel of rye-grass or lea-hay once every day; and of late years by some farmers, a small quantity of turnips, in the early part of the winter, and a few potatoes in the spring, have been added. Such meagre feeding, for so long . . . reduced the cow to a skeleton. When turned out to pasture in the month of May, many of the cows are so much dried up and emaciated, that they appear like the ghosts of cows; their milk vessels are dried up, and it is not till they have been several weeks at the grass that they give either much milk, or of a rich quality. Every dairy farmer will admit that their cows are much in- jured by the length of the winter. . . . They can . .. shorten the period, and soften the rigours of winter by providing them such stores of turnips, potatoes, and other green food as will render the cattle comfortable, and preserve them in a milky habit till the return of summer. . . . the high price obtained for rye- grass-hay causes the farmer to deal it out but sparingly to the cows.... The food in summer, of the dairy stock in the county of Ayr, is generally pasture. In the best cultivated districts, hung, nor loose; the milk veins large and prominent. Teats short, all pointing outwards, and at considerable distance from each other. Skin thin and loose. Hair soft and woolly. The head, bones, horns, and all parts of least value small; and the general figure compact and well proportioned. The most valuable quality which a dairy cow can possess is that she yields much milk. A cow in Ayrshire that does not milk well will soon come to the hammer. I have never seen cows anywhere that, under the same mode of feeding and treatment, would yield so much milk as the dairy breed of that district. Ten Scotch pints per day is no way uncommon. Sev- eral cows yield for some time twelve pints, and some thirteen or fourteen pints per day. I have heard of sixteen or eighteen pints being taken from a cow every day, but I have never seen so much; and I suspect there must have been some froth, either in the milk, or in the story. Care and feed of the cows was mentioned. The winter food of the dairy stock in the county of Ayr, from the time that the grass fails in the autumn, till it rises in the month of May, has been chiefly the straw of oats, or . . . the hay of bog meadows, frequently but ill preserved. For a few weeks after they calve, they are allowed some weak corn and chaff boiled, with infusions of hay; and by way of luxury a morsel of rye-grass or lea-hay once every day; and of late years by some farmers, a small quantity of turnips, in the early part of the winter, and a few potatoes in the spring, have been added. Such meagre feeding, for so long . . . reduced the cow to a skeleton. When turned out to pasture in the month of May, many of the cows are so much dried up and emaciated, that they appear like the ghosts of cows; their milk vessels are dried up, and it is not till they have been several weeks at the grass that they give either much milk, or of a rich quality. Every dairy farmer will admit that their cows are much in- jured by the length of the winter.... They can ... shorten the period, and soften the rigours of winter by providing them such stores of turnips, potatoes, and other green food as will render the cattle comfortable, and preserve them in a milky habit till the return of summer. . . . the high price obtained for rye- grass-hay causes the farmer to deal it out but sparingly to the cows.... The food in summer, of the dairy stock in the county of Ayr, is generally pasture. In the best cultivated districts, hung, nor loose; the milk veins large and prominent. Teats short, all pointing outwards, and at considerable distance from each other. Skin thin and loose. Hair soft and woolly. The head, bones, horns, and all parts of least value small; and the general figure compact and well proportioned. The most valuable quality which a dairy cow can possess is that she yields much milk. A cow in Ayrshire that does not milk well will soon come to the hammer. I have never seen cows anywhere that, under the same mode of feeding and treatment, would yield so much milk as the dairy breed of that district. Ten Scotch pints per day is no way uncommon. Sev- eral cows yield for some time twelve pints, and some thirteen or fourteen pints per day. I have heard of sixteen or eighteen pints being taken from a cow every day, but I have never seen so much; and I suspect there must have been some froth, either in the milk, or in the story. Care and feed of the cows was mentioned. The winter food of the dairy stock in the county of Ayr, from the time that the grass fails in the autumn, till it rises in the month of May, has been chiefly the straw of oats, or . . . the hay of bog meadows, frequently but ill preserved. For a few weeks after they calve, they are allowed some weak corn and chaff boiled, with infusions of hay; and by way of luxury a morsel of rye-grass or lea-hay once every day; and of late years by some farmers, a small quantity of turnips, in the early part of the winter, and a few potatoes in the spring, have been added. Such meagre feeding, for so long . . . reduced the cow to a skeleton. When turned out to pasture in the month of May, many of the cows are so much dried up and emaciated, that they appear like the ghosts of cows; their milk vessels are dried up, and it is not till they have been several weeks at the grass that they give either much milk, or of a rich quality. Every dairy farmer will admit that their cows are much in- jured by the length of the winter.... They can ... shorten the period, and soften the rigours of winter by providing them such stores of turnips, potatoes, and other green food as will render the cattle comfortable, and preserve them in a milky habit till the return of summer.. .. the high price obtained for rye- grass-hay causes the farmer to deal it out but sparingly to the cows... .The food in summer, of the dairy stock in the county of Ayr, is generally pasture. In the best cultivated districts,  84 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS where clover and rye-grass grow luxuriantly and the pasture is nourishing, the cows fare well and produce much milk. He described feeding of freshly cut clover in the byre, thus get- ting "double the quantity" of feed from an area as against graz- ing it. He advocated dividing a pasture and grazing alternately to prevent seeding. Also, the tax on salt deprived cows "of that nec- essary article of their life and comfort." ORIGIN OF THE BREED Aiton continued seeking the origin of improved Ayrshires. His last account stated: They have increased to double their former size, and they yield about four, and some of them five, times the quantity of milk they formerly did. By greater attention to their breed- ing and feeding, they have changed from an ill shaped, puny, mongrel race of cattle, to a fixed and specific breed, of excel- lent shape, quality and colour. This change has not been ef- fected by merely expelling one. breed and introducing another, but on the far sounder principles of careful crossing and better feeding.... These are all the instances of stranger cattle which have been brought into the county of Ayr, as far as I know at the time . . . or have been able to trace, and I am not aware, that more than a dozen or at most twenty such cows ever came into this district. I am disposed to believe, that although they ren- dered the red colour with white patches fashionable in Ayr- shire, they could not have had much effect in changing the breed into their present highly improved condition. The greatest number of cows then weighed 24 to 36 stones. Better feed and care allowed the cows to develop to the extent of their inherited ability, but more than feed is necessary to establish a breed. Lack of it restricts development and milk production. John Speir believed that some qualities of Ayrshires depended strongly on Dutch cattle brought to England probably between 1600 and 1750, before the black-and-white color dominated in the Netherlands. A few cattle were sent to Scotland from the Island of Jersey by Field Marshall Henry Seymour Conway and Lieutenant General Andrew Gordon between 1772 and 1806. 84 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS where clover and rye-grass grow luxuriantly and the pasture is nourishing, the cows fare well and produce much milk. He described feeding of freshly cut clover in the byre, thus get- ting "double the quantity" of feed from an area as against graz- ing it. He advocated dividing a pasture and grazing alternately to prevent seeding. Also, the tax on salt deprived cows "of that nec- essary article of their life and comfort." ORIGIN OF THE BREED Aiton continued seeking the origin of improved Ayrshires. His last account stated: They have increased to double their former size, and they yield about four, and some of them five, times the quantity of milk they formerly did. By greater attention to their breed- ing and feeding, they have changed from an ill shaped, puny, mongrel race of cattle, to a fixed and specific breed, of excel- lent shape, quality and colour. This change has not been ef- fected by merely expelling one breed and introducing another, but on the far sounder principles of careful crossing and better feeding.... These are all the instances of stranger cattle which have been brought into the county of Ayr, as far as I know at the time . . . or have been able to trace, and I am not aware, that more than a dozen or at most twenty such cows ever came into this district. I am disposed to believe, that although they ren- dered the red colour with white patches fashionable in Ayr- shire, they could not have had much effect in changing the breed into their present highly improved condition. The greatest number of cows then weighed 24 to 36 stones. Better feed and care allowed the cows to develop to the extent of their inherited ability, but more than feed is necessary to establish a breed. Lack of it restricts development and milk production. John Speir believed that some qualities of Ayrshires depended strongly on Dutch cattle brought to England probably between 1600 and 1750, before the black-and-white color dominated in the Netherlands. A few cattle were sent to Scotland from the Island of Jersey by Field Marshall Henry Seymour Conway and Lieutenant General Andrew Gordon between 1772 and 1806. 84 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS where clover and rye-grass grow luxuriantly and the pasture is nourishing, the cows fare well and produce much milk. He described feeding of freshly cut clover in the byre, thus get- ting "double the quantity" of feed from an area as against graz- ing it. He advocated dividing a pasture and grazing alternately to prevent seeding. Also, the tax on salt deprived cows "of that nec- essary article of their life and comfort." ORIGIN OF THE BREED Aiton continued seeking the origin of improved Ayrshires. His last account stated: They have increased to double their former size, and they yield about four, and some of them five, times the quantity of milk they formerly did. By greater attention to their breed- ing and feeding, they have changed from an ill shaped, puny, mongrel race of cattle, to a fixed and specific breed, of excel- lent shape, quality and colour. This change has not been ef- fected by merely expelling one. breed and introducing another, but on the far sounder principles of careful crossing and better feeding.... These are all the instances of stranger cattle which have been brought into the county of Ayr, as far as I know at the time ... or have been able to trace, and I am not aware, that more than a dozen or at most twenty such cows ever came into this district. I am disposed to believe, that although they ren- dered the red colour with white patches fashionable in Ayr- shire, they could not have had much effect in changing the breed into their present highly improved condition. The greatest number of cows then weighed 24 to 36 stones. Better feed and care allowed the cows to develop to the extent of their inherited ability, but more than feed is necessary to establish a breed. Lack of it restricts development and milk production. John Speir believed that some qualities of Ayrshires depended strongly on Dutch cattle brought to England probably between 1600 and 1750, before the black-and-white color dominated in the Netherlands. A few cattle were sent to Scotland from the Island of Jersey by Field Marshall Henry Seymour Conway and Lieutenant General Andrew Gordon between 1772 and 1806.  Ayrshires in Scotland 85 Ayrshires in Scotland 85 Ayrshires in Scotland 85 NEw STATISTICAL ACCOUNTs The presence of some Channel Island cattle in southern Scotland was documented in The New Statistical Account of Scotland in 1845. The Reverend David Ure, of Glasgow, stated that dairy cows of Roxburgh to the eastward were "a mixture of the Dutch, French, and English kinds. They are short-horned, deep-ribbed, and of a white and red colour. The Ayrshire breed has now got into the county, and is found to answer exceedingly well." Colonel J. Le Couteur, of Jersey, mentioned the earlier two ship- ments of Jerseys to Scotland, and some resemblance between the races. John Speir described introduction of Highland blood into the Ayrshire breed, as follows: Between 1800 and 1830 the Ayrshires seem to have grown immensely in public favor. . . . The favorite herd at this early period, and the one which exerted probably greater influence on the breed than any other of this period, was that of Theoph- ilus Swinlees, Dalry. . . . He was born 4th April, 1778, and died 18th April, 1872, at 94 years of age. He had a brother Will who was a Highland cattle dealer. . . . Being a neighbor, the writer received direct many of the notes regarding this particular herd.... Theo. Paton often repeated to me the story that the basis of his herd was a cross between an Ayr- shire bull and a West Highland heifer. The introduction of any Highland blood into the Ayrshire breed has often been dis- puted, but as far as this particular instance is concerned there is no room left for doubt. That eminent exhibitor and judge of Ayrshire bulls, the late Wm. Bartlemore, of Paisley, says that this animal was a Skye heifer, and that "The first progeny was a red heifer calf, but the dam in milk exhibited such pre- eminent qualities of teat and udder, that he again mated her for years." It was about this time that the Ayrshire began to have stronger horns than formerly, and with the points turned up- ward instead of inwards; but whether or not these changes were gradually brought about by natural selection, or by the influence of the Swinlees breed, as it was generally called, there is little evidence to show. . . . Bulls from that herd .. . were introduced into almost every herd of prominence. The change was, however, very gradual, for as late as 50 years ago NEw STATISTICAL ACCoomNs The presence of some Channel Island cattle in southern Scotland was documented in The New Statistical Account of Scotland in 1845. The Reverend David Ure, of Glasgow, stated that dairy cows of Roxburgh to the eastward were "a mixture of the Dutch, French, and English kinds. They are short-horned, deep-ribbed, and of a white and red colour. The Ayrshire breed has now got into the county, and is found to answer exceedingly well." Colonel J. Le Couteur, of Jersey, mentioned the earlier two ship- ments of Jerseys to Scotland, and some resemblance between the races. John Speir described introduction of Highland blood into the Ayrshire breed, as follows: Between 1800 and 1830 the Ayrshires seem to have grown immensely in public favor. . . . The favorite herd at this early period, and the one which exerted probably greater influence on the breed than any other of this period, was that of Theoph- ilus Swinlees, Dalry. . . . He was born 4th April, 1778, and died 18th April, 1872, at 94 years of age. He had a brother Will who was a Highland cattle dealer.... Being a neighbor, the writer received direct many of the notes regarding this particular herd. . . . Theo. Paton often repeated to me the story that the basis of his herd was a cross between an Ayr- shire bull and a West Highland heifer. The introduction of any Highland blood into the Ayrshire breed has often been dis- puted, but as far as this particular instance is concerned there is no room left for doubt. That eminent exhibitor and judge of Ayrshire bulls, the late Wm. Bartlemore, of Paisley, says that this animal was a Skye heifer, and that "The first progeny was a red heifer calf, but the dam in milk exhibited such pre- eminent qualities of teat and udder, that he again mated her for years." It was about this time that the Ayrshire began to have stronger horns than formerly, and with the points turned up- ward instead of inwards; but whether or not these changes were gradually brought about by natural selection, or by the influence of the Swinlees breed, as it was generally called, there is little evidence to show. . . . Bulls from that herd .. . were introduced into almost every herd of prominence. The change was, however, very gradual, for as late as 50 years ago NEw STATISTICAL AccouNs The presence of some Channel Island cattle in southern Scotland was documented in The New Statistical Account of Scotland in 1845. The Reverend David Ure, of Glasgow, stated that dairy cows of Roxburgh to the eastward were "a mixture of the Dutch, French, and English kinds. They are short-horned, deep-ribbed, and of a white and red colour. The Ayrshire breed has now got into the county, and is found to answer exceedingly well." Colonel J. Le Couteur, of Jersey, mentioned the earlier two ship- ments of Jerseys to Scotland, and some resemblance between the races. John Speir described introduction of Highland blood into the Ayrshire breed, as follows: Between 1800 and 1830 the Ayrshires seem to have grown immensely in public favor.... The favorite herd at this early period, and the one which exerted probably greater influence on the breed than any other of this period, was that of Theoph- ilus Swinlees, Dalry. . . . He was born 4th April, 1778, and died 18th April, 1872, at 94 years of age. He had a brother Will who was a Highland cattle dealer.... Being a neighbor, . . . the writer received direct many of the notes regarding this particular herd.... Theo. Paton often repeated to me the story that the basis of his herd was a cross between an Ayr- shire bull and a West Highland heifer. The introduction of any Highland blood into the Ayrshire breed has often been dis- puted, but as far as this particular instance is concerned there is no room left for doubt. That eminent exhibitor and judge of Ayrshire bulls, the late Wm. Bartlemore, of Paisley, says that this animal was a Skye heifer, and that "The first progeny was a red heifer calf, but the dam in milk exhibited such pre- eminent qualities of teat and udder, that he again mated her for years." It was about this time that the Ayrshire began to have stronger horns than formerly, and with the points turned up- ward instead of inwards; but whether or not these changes were gradually brought about by natural selection, or by the influence of the Swinlees breed, as it was generally called, there is little evidence to show. . . . Bulls from that herd .. . were introduced into almost every herd of prominence. The change was, however, very gradual, for as late as 50 years ago  86 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS (1859) a large proportion of Ayrshires, as I remember them, had incurved horns. Mr. Hamilton (a noted Ayrshire judge, beginning in 1849) says they were often as much curved in- ward that the points had to be sawn off to prevent them enter- ing the head. The terms "sort," "kind," and "breed" were used loosely in connection with cattle of the British Isles in the 1700s. Final of- ficial sanction of the term "breed of cattle" appears to trace to a report of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland on January 30, 1835. Several distinct breeds were mentioned in this report. Ayrshires were recognized by this Society as a pure breed in 1836. Local cattle were known by the name of Dunlop, Cun- ningham, and then Ayrshire successively as numbers increased and they became recognized more widely as a dairy breed. The many shades of black, brown, red, fawn, and cream leave room for thought as to the source of the fawn, yellow, brindle, and cream colors described with Ayrshires imported into Canada and the United States between 1836 and 1891, and registered in Volume 1 of the Dominion Ayrshire Herd Book. FAIRS AND SHows John Speir stated in 1909 that "the breed as we know it today is in great part the result of the showing season. Ayrshire, and more particularly the Cunninghame and Kyle districts, seem to have been about, if not the very first, to adopt a system of holding competitions and shows." Probably the earliest livestock competition in Scotland took place in December 1756, when the Edinburgh Society awarded a prize to the best draft stallion, and a premium for the greatest number of calves fed and sold to the butcher. A premium for salt butter, and two for cheese, also were awarded in 1756. The present Highland Society-now named the Royal Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland-was founded February 9, 1784, and began to award annual premiums for breeding stock in 1789. Parliament appropriated £3,000, the interest on which was used "for advancing agriculture" and other purposes. In Ayr, the Kilmarnock Farmers' Club, founded in 1786, held its 86 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDs (1859) a large proportion of Ayrshires, as I remember them, had incurved horns. Mr. Hamilton (a noted Ayrshire judge, beginning in 1849) says they were often as much curved in- ward that the points had to be sawn off to prevent them enter- ing the head. The terms "sort," "kind," and "breed" were used loosely in connection with cattle of the British Isles in the 1700s. Final of- ficial sanction of the term "breed of cattle" appears to trace to a report of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland on January 30, 1835. Several distinct breeds were mentioned in this report. Ayrshires were recognized by this Society as a pure breed in 1836. Local cattle were known by the name of Dunlop, Cun- ningham, and then Ayrshire successively as numbers increased and they became recognized more widely as a dairy breed. The many shades of black, brown, red, fawn, and cream leave room for thought as to the source of the fawn, yellow, brindle, and cream colors described with Ayrshires imported into Canada and the United States between 1836 and 1891, and registered in Volume 1 of the Dominion Ayrshire Herd Book. FAIRS AND SHOwS John Speir stated in 1909 that "the breed as we know it today is in great part the result of the showing season. Ayrshire, and more particularly the Cunninghame and Kyle districts, seem to have been about, if not the very first, to adopt a system of holding competitions and shows." Probably the earliest livestock competition in Scotland took place in December 1756, when the Edinburgh Society awarded a prize to the best draft stallion, and a premium for the greatest number of calves fed and sold to the butcher. A premium for salt butter, and two for cheese, also were awarded in 1756. The present Highland Society-now named the Royal Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland-was founded February 9, 1784, and began to award annual premiums for breeding stock in 1789. Parliament appropriated £3,000, the interest on which was used "for advancing agriculture" and other purposes. In Ayr, the Kilmarnock Farmers' Club, founded in 1786, held its 86 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS (1859) a large proportion of Ayrshires, as I remember them, had incurved horns. Mr. Hamilton (a noted Ayrshire judge, beginning in 1849) says they were often as much curved in- ward that the points had to be sawn off to prevent them enter- ing the head. The terms "sort," "kind," and "breed" were used loosely in connection with cattle of the British Isles in the 1700s. Final of- ficial sanction of the term "breed of cattle" appears to trace to a report of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland on January 30, 1835. Several distinct breeds were mentioned in this report. Ayrshires were recognized by this Society as a pure breed in 1836. Local cattle were known by the name of Dunlop, Cun- ningham, and then Ayrshire successively as numbers increased and they became recognized more widely as a dairy breed. The many shades of black, brown, red, fawn, and cream leave room for thought as to the source of the fawn, yellow, brindle, and cream colors described with Ayrshires imported into Canada and the United States between 1836 and 1891, and registered in Volume 1 of the Dominion Ayrshire Herd Book. FAIRS AND SHOwS John Speir stated in 1909 that "the breed as we know it today is in great part the result of the showing season. Ayrshire, and more particularly the Cunninghame and Kyle districts, seem to have been about, if not the very first, to adopt a system of holding competitions and shows." Probably the earliest livestock competition in Scotland took place in December 1756, when the Edinburgh Society awarded a prize to the best draft stallion, and a premium for the greatest number of calves fed and sold to the butcher. A premium for salt butter, and two for cheese, also were awarded in 1756. The present Highland Society-now named the Royal Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland-was founded February 9, 1784, and began to award annual premiums for breeding stock in 1789. Parliament appropriated £3,000, the interest on which was used "for advancing agriculture" and other purposes. In Ayr, the Kilmarnock Farmers' Club, founded in 1786, held its  Ayrshires in Scotland 87 Ayrshires in Scotland 87 Ayrshires in Scotland 87 first cattle show at Kilmarnock in 1793. Gilbert Burns (brother of Robert Bucns) discussed improving Ayrshire cattle in 1795, stating: "Although much has been done of late in this country in proper selection of the species to breed from, yet much remains to be done. That particular attention out to be given to the whole appearance of the animal, as well as to its colour and horns. That much atten- tion out to be given in the selection of the cow as well as of the bull." The particular type of animal desirable to breed from was discussed shortly thereafter. Premiums for heifers at the show were added in 1807. A picture of an ideal Ayrshire cow, as approved by the Club, was published in 1811. The Highland Society rotated location of its show over Scotland, with prizes awarded to Ayrshires first in 1814, then in 1816 and 1821. Forty-nine cows and bulls competed in their show at Glasgow, in 1826. Two prize cows at the Highland Show in 1828 are pic- tured in Figure 5.2. Malcolm Brown (1829) mentioned Ayrshires at the show: "This breed has been greatly improved; yet there re- mains much to be done, and this can only be attained by a careful and continued attention to the temper, size, shape and qualities of first cattle show at Kilmarnock in 1793. Gilbert Burns (brother of Robert Burns) discussed improving Ayrshire cattle in 1795, stating: "Although much has been done of late in this country in proper selection of the species to breed from, yet much remains to be done. That particular attention out to be given to the whole appearance of the animal, as well as to its colour and horns. That much atten- tion out to be given in the selection of the cow as well as of the bull." The particular type of animal desirable to breed from was discussed shortly thereafter. Premiums for heifers at the show were added in 1807. A picture of an ideal Ayrshire cow, as approved by the Club, was published in 1811. The Highland Society rotated location of its show over Scotland, with prizes awarded to Ayrshires first in 1814, then in 1816 and 1821. Forty-nine cows and bulls competed in their show at Glasgow, in 1826. Two prize cows at the Highland Show in 1828 are pic- tured in Figure 5.2. Malcolm Brown (1829) mentioned Ayrshires at the show: "This breed has been greatly improved; yet there re- mains much to be done, and this can only be attained by a careful and continued attention to the temper, size, shape and qualities of first cattle show at Kilmarnock in 1793. Gilbert Bums (brother of Robert Burns) discussed improving Ayrshire cattle in 1795, stating: "Although much has been done of late in this country in proper selection of the species to breed from, yet much remains to be done. That particular attention out to be given to the whole appearance of the animal, as well as to its colour and horns. That much atten- tion out to be given in the selection of the cow as well as of the bull." The particular type of animal desirable to breed from was discussed shortly thereafter. Premiums for heifers at the show were added in 1807. A picture of an ideal Ayrshire cow, as approved by the Club, was published in 1811. The Highland Society rotated location of its show over Scotland, with prizes awarded to Ayrshires first in 1814, then in 1816 and 1821. Forty-nine cows and bulls competed in their show at Glasgow, in 1826. Two prize cows at the Highland Show in 1828 are pic- tured in Figure 5.2. Malcolm Brown (1829) mentioned Ayrshires at the show: "This breed has been greatly improved; yet there re- mains much to be done, and this can only be attained by a careful and continued attention to the temper, size, shape and qualities of FIG. 5.2. An artist's portrait of the first and second prize Ayrshire cows at the Highland Show in 1828. Note the short horns and closely attached udder. (Portrait by Howe.) FIG. 5.2. An artist's portrait of the first and second prize Ayrshire cows at the Highland Show in 1828. Note the short horns and closely attached udder. (Portrait by Howe.) FIG. 5.2. An artist's portrait of the first and second prize Ayrshire cows at the Highland Show in 1828. Note the short horns and closely attached udder. (Portrait by Howe.)  88 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS those intended to breed from together with the greatest care in the treatment of the young stock." The Highland Society's policy committee decided in 1835 to foster "Shorthoroed, West Highland, Polled Angus, Polled Aber- deenshire and Galloway," and the Ayrshire as a dairy breed. This action suppressed Homed Aberdeenshires and the dairy breed of Fifeshire. They advocated upgrading native cattle with bulls of ap- proved breeds. The Highland show held in Ayr in 1835 had 88 Ayrshire entries. 88 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS those intended to breed from together with the greatest care in the treatment of the young stock." The Highland Society's policy committee decided in 1835 to foster "Shorthorned, West Highland, Polled Angus, Polled Aber- deenshire and Galloway," and the Ayrshire as a dairy breed. This action suppressed Homed Aberdeenshires and the dairy breed of Fifeshire. They advocated upgrading native cattle with bulls of ap- proved breeds. The Highland show held in Ayr in 1835 had 88 Ayrshire entries. 88 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS those intended to breed from together with the greatest care in the treatment of the young stock." The Highland Society's policy committee decided in 1835 to foster "Shorthomed, West Highland, Polled Angus, Polled Aber- deenshire and Galloway," and the Ayrshire as a dairy breed. This action suppressed Homed Aberdeenshires and the dairy breed of Fifeshire. They advocated upgrading native cattle with bulls of ap- proved breeds. The Highland show held in Ayr in 1835 had 88 Ayrshire entries. FIG. 5.3. "Geordie" an outstanding first prize winner in 1838 and 1839, was popular. His progeny exerted a wide influence on the breed. He was of Swin- lees stock. mostly from that county. The top bull was of Swinlee breeding. Bulls receiving prizes had to travel the district and serve cows in a radius of 30 miles, if £20 were subscribed. "Geordie" won first prize at the Highland show in 1838 and at the Ayrshire Agricultural Society and Highland shows in 1839 (Fig. 5.3). CHANGES IN SHow IDEALS A General Agricultural Association of Ayrshire held its first show in 1836, and remained permanently in the Burgh of Ayr in 1852. (This still is the leading Ayrshire show in Scotland, equalled on some oc- casions by the Royal Highland Show.) Judges began gradually to place much emphasis on fine points-upturned horns, teats not over FIG. 5.3. "Geordie," an outstanding first prize winner in 1838 and 1839, was popuer. i progeny exerted a wide influence on the breed. He was of Swin- tees stock. mostly from that county. The top bull was of Swinlee breeding. Bulls receiving prizes had to travel the district and serve cows in a radius of 30 miles, if £20 were subscribed. "Geordie" won first prize at the Highland show in 1838 and at the Ayrshire Agricultural Society and Highland shows in 1839 (Fig. 5.3). CHANGES IN SHOw IDEALS A General Agricultural Association of Ayrshire held its first show in 1836, and remained permanently in the Burgh of Ayr in 1852. (This still is the leading Ayrshire show in Scotland, equalled on some oc- casions by the Royal Highland Show.) Judges began gradually to place much emphasis on fine points-upturned horns, teats not over FIG. 5.3. "Geordie," an outstanding first prize winner in 1838 and 1839, was popular. His progeny exerted a wide influence on the breed. He was of Swin- lees stock. mostly from that county. The top bull was of Swinlee breeding. Bulls receiving prizes had to travel the district and serve cows in a radius of 30 miles, if £20 were subscribed. "Geordie" won first prize at the Highland show in 1838 and at the Ayrshire Agricultural Society and Highland shows in 1839 (Fig. 5.3). CHANCES IN SHOw IDEALS A General Agricultural Association of Ayrshire held its first show in 1836, and remained permanently in the Burgh of Ayr in 1852. (This still is the leading Ayrshire show in Scotland, equalled on some oc- casions by the Royal Highland Show.) Judges began gradually to place much emphasis on fine points-upturned horns, teats not over  Ayrshires in Scotland 89 2% inches long, level sole to udder, and style-overlooking milking qualities. The standard of 1853 stated: "Milk vessels capacious and extending well forward, hinder part broad, and firmly attached to the body, the sole or under surface nearly level. The teats from 2 to 2% inches in length, equal in thickness, and hanging perpen- dicularly; their distance apart at the sides should be equal to one- third the length of the vessel, and across to about one-half of the breadth." Yet the dairy was held to be the chief purpose of the breed. Ayrshires in Scotland 89 2 inches long, level sole to udder, and style-overlooking milking qualities. The standard of 1853 stated: "Milk vessels capacious and extending well forward, hinder part broad, and firmly attached to the body, the sole or under surface nearly level. The teats from 2 to 2 inches in length, equal in thickness, and hanging perpen- dicularly; their distance apart at the sides should be equal to one- third the length of the vessel, and across to about one-half of the breadth" Yet the dairy was held to be the chief purpose of the breed. FIG. 5.4. Photograph of the first public milking trial, Ayrshire, 1860. Spon- sored by the Duke of Atholl (right). D. Tweedie, breeder and prize-winner, mentioned teats "from 1 to 2 inches in length, equal in thickness, and hanging perpen- dicularly" about 1865. The Royal Agricultural Society of England recognized Ayrshires at their show in 1855. The Duke of Atholl believed that milking ability was neglected, and so he arranged for a milking contest at the Ayr show. The cows yielding most for ten consecutive milkings won prizes on April 25, 1860. Glen Gaur, owned by a Mr. Wallace, averaged 26 pounds 5 ounces per milking or over 263 pounds in 5 days. The con- testants are shown in Figure 5.4. Ayrshires in Scotland 89 2 inches long, level sole to udder, and style-overlooking milking qualities. The standard of 1853 stated: "Milk vessels capacious and extending well forward, hinder part broad, and firmly attached to the body, the sole or under surface nearly level. The teats from 2 to 2 inches in length, equal in thickness, and hanging perpen- dicularly; their distance apart at the sides should be equal to one- third the length of the vessel, and across to about one-half of the breadth." Yet the dairy was held to be the chief purpose of the breed. FIG. 5.4. Photograph of the first public milking trial, Ayrshire, 1860. Spon- sored by the Duke of Atholl (right). D. Tweedie, breeder and prize-winner, mentioned teats "from 1 to 2 inches in length, equal in thickness, and hanging perpen- dicularly" about 1865. The Royal Agricultural Society of England recognized Ayrshires at their show in 1855. The Duke of Atholl believed that milking ability was neglected, and so he arranged for a milking contest at the Ayr show. The cows yielding most for ten consecutive milkings won prizes on April 25, 1860. Glen Gaur, owned by a Mr. Wallace, averaged 26 pounds 5% ounces per milking or over 263 pounds in 5 days. The con- testants are shown in Figure 5.4. FIG. 5.4. Photograph of the first public milking trial, Ayrshire, 1860. Spon- sored by the Duke of Atholl (right). D. Tweedie, breeder and prize-winner, mentioned teats "from 1 to 2% inches in length, equal in thickness, and hanging perpen- dicularly" about 1865. The Royal Agricultural Society of England recognized Ayrshires at their show in 1855. The Duke of Atholl believed that milking ability was neglected, and so he arranged for a milking contest at the Ayr show. The cows yielding most for ten consecutive milkings won prizes on April 25, 1860. Glen Gaur, owned by a Mr. Wallace, averaged 26 pounds 5% ounces per milking or over 263 pounds in 5 days. The con- testants are shown in Figure 5.4.  90 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS The fad for level soles went so far that some showmen were said to "board" the udders during the night before the show, and "set" the teats with collodion. A rift occurred among the breeders. Some favored the fine points of show type while others wanted deeper udders, longer teats, and lighter natural fleshing. The scale of points adopted in 1884 still held for teats 2 to 2% inches long and spaced exactly so on the udder. An agricultural writer in 1885 criticized: In fact the prize milk cow is like the masher of the period- the one can hardly look over his collar, and the other does not give much milk for fear of injuring the symmetry of her ves- sel.... And all practical men who want to improve their herds stand aloof, because their object is milk and milk alone. They feel that they are more likely to injure than improve their stock by introducing prize strains. Let breeders breed for milk, and determine not to keep or breed from a cow that does not yield a certain quantity of milk containing a given proportion of cream. Let them use as stock bulls those only which are the produce of cows that com- ply with the above conditions. PRODUCING AmnILIT RE-EMPHASIZED No extreme can exist long on an impractical basis. William Bartle- more-breeder, showman, and judge of Ayrshires-thought that the teat craze was passing away in 1889 because of discrimination at sales in favor of cows with longer teats. The export trade also de- manded producing ability. Secretary C. M. Winslow of the Ayr- shire Breeders' Association in the United States wrote in 1904: "The dairymen of the United States today want a cow of fair size, a large milker, with comfortable teats." The Scale of Points of 1906 specified, with Canadian collaboration, "length 2% to 3% inches and not less than 2 inches, thickness in keeping with length, hanging perpendicularly and slightly tapering, and free flow of milk when pressed." A committee petitioned the Highland Society in 1906 that awards to Ayrshire cattle be given to "a type eminently suited for dairy purposes." Beginning in 1913 the Ayr show fostered "milk record classes," with £15 for prizes from the Department of Agriculture for Scot- 90 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS The fad for level soles went so far that some showmen were said to "board" the udders during the night before the show, and "set" the teats with collodion. A rift occurred among the breeders. Some favored the fine points of show type while others wanted deeper udders, longer teats, and lighter natural fleshing. The scale of points adopted in 1884 still held for teats 2 to 2% inches long and spaced exactly so on the udder. An agricultural writer in 1885 criticized: In fact the prize milk cow is like the masher of the period- the one can hardly look over his collar, and the other does not give much milk for fear of injuring the symmetry of her ves- sel. . . . And all practical men who want to improve their herds stand aloof, because their object is milk and milk alone. They feel that they are more likely to injure than improve their stock by introducing prize strains. Let breeders breed for milk, and determine not to keep or breed from a cow that does not yield a certain quantity of milk containing a given proportion of cream. Let them use as stock bulls those only which are the produce of cows that com- ply with the above conditions. PRODUCING AILrTY RE-EMPHASIZED No extreme can exist long on an impractical basis. William Bartle- more-breeder, showman, and judge of Ayrshires-thought that the teat craze was passing away in 1889 because of discrimination at sales in favor of cows with longer teats. The export trade also de- manded producing ability. Secretary C. M. Winslow of the Ayr- shire Breeders' Association in the United States wrote in 1904: "The dairymen of the United States today want a cow of fair size, a large milker, with comfortable teats." The Scale of Points of 1906 specified, with Canadian collaboration, "length 2% to 3% inches and not less than 2 inches, thickness in keeping with length, hanging perpendicularly and slightly tapering, and free flow of milk when pressed." A committee petitioned the Highland Society in 1906 that awards to Ayrshire cattle be given to "a type eminently suited for dairy purposes." Beginning in 1913 the Ayr show fostered "milk record classes," with £15 for prizes from the Department of Agriculture for Scot- 90 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS The fad for level soles went so far that some showmen were said to "board" the udders during the night before the show, and "set" the teats with collodion. A rift occurred among the breeders. Some favored the fine points of show type while others wanted deeper udders, longer teats, and lighter natural fleshing. The scale of points adopted in 1884 still held for teats 2 to 2% inches long and spaced exactly so on the udder. An agricultural writer in 1885 criticized: In fact the prize milk cow is like the masher of the period- the one can hardly look over his collar, and the other does not give much milk for fear of injuring the symmetry of her ves- sel. . . . And all practical men who want to improve their herds stand aloof, because their object is milk and milk alone. They feel that they are more likely to injure than improve their stock by introducing prize strains. Let breeders breed for milk, and determine not to keep or breed from a cow that does not yield a certain quantity of milk containing a given proportion of cream. Let them use as stock bulls those only which are the produce of cows that com- ply with the above conditions. PRODUCING ABILrrY RE-EMPHASIZED No extreme can exist long on an impractical basis. William Bartle- more-breeder, showman, and judge of Ayrsbires-thought that the teat craze was passing away in 1889 because of discrimination at sales in favor of cows with longer teats. The export trade also de- manded producing ability. Secretary C. M. Winslow of the Ayr- shire Breeders' Association in the United States wrote in 1904: "The dairymen of the United States today want a cow of fair size, a large milker, with comfortable teats." The Scale of Points of 1906 specified, with Canadian collaboration, "length 2 to 3% inches and not less than 2 inches, thickness in keeping with length, hanging perpendicularly and slightly tapering, and free flow of milk when pressed." A committee petitioned the Highland Society in 1906 that awards to Ayrshire cattle be given to "a type eminently suited for dairy purposes." Beginning in 1913 the Ayr show fostered "milk record classes," with £15 for prizes from the Department of Agriculture for Scot-  Ayrshires in Scotland 91 Ayrshires in Scotland 91 Ayrshires in Scotland 91 land. To enter, first-calf heifers must have produced 7,000 pounds of milk with 3.5 percent fat, and cows 8,000 pounds of milk. Ani- mals with production pedigrees gained prominence in the show and sale ring. THE "NEw" SHOw The Ayrshire Cattle Herd Book Society set up a committee in 1918 to establish new standards for judging dairy cattle. They proposed as a scale: land. To enter, first-calf heifers must have produced 7,000 pounds of milk with 3.5 percent fat, and cows 8,000 pounds of milk. Ani- mals with production pedigrees gained prominence in the show and sale ring. THE "NEw" SHOw The Ayrshire Cattle Herd Book Society set up a committee in 1918 to establish new standards for judging dairy cattle. They proposed as a scale: land. To enter, first-calf heifers must have produced 7,000 pounds of milk with 3.5 percent fat, and cows 8,000 pounds of milk. Ani- mals with production pedigrees gained prominence in the show and sale ring. THE "NEw" SHOw The Ayrshire Cattle Herd Book Society set up a committee in 1918 to establish new standards for judging dairy cattle. They proposed as a scale: Form, symmetry, and constitution Mammary development, to include teats, shape of udder, milk veins, etc. Authenticated milk yield in the case of a cow Authenticated milking pedigree in the case of bulls and heifers. 30 points 35 points 35 points 35 points Form, symmetry, and constitution Mammary development, to include teats, shape of udder, milk veins, etc. Authenticated milk yield in the case of a cow Authenticated milking pedigree in the case of bulls and heifers. 30 points 35 points 35 points 35 points Form, symmetry, and constitution Mammary development, to include teats, shape of udder, milk veins, etc. Authenticated milk yield in the case of a cow Authenticated milking pedigree in the case of bulls and heifers. 30 points 35 points 35 points 35 points This proposed scale allowed 1 point for each 100 pounds of milk over the minimum (5,000 and 6,500 pounds of 3.8 percent milk) until the 35 points were attained. The "New Show," organized by the Herd Book Society, was held at Ayr on February 9 and 10, 1921, with 203 cattle exhibited-the largest show of Ayrshires to that time. A Canadian judged the show. Beginning in 1921, cows exhibited at the London Dairy Show were required to enter the milking trials. An Ayrshire cow with an udder that was high and wide in rear attachment, full, well veined, and deeper than the "vessel-type" udder won Supreme Indi- vidual Championship and the Spencer Challenge Cup in 1923. A team of six Ayrshire cows won the interbreed championship. The combined effects of these shows reestablished the Ayrshire type on a practical foundation of type and production. A minimum qualifying standard of production was required of females, according to the lactation, for entry at the Scottish Dairy Show. The Herd Book council added an alternative standard for the 1962 show: "Animals which have produced over 400 pound, butterfat at not less than 3.6 percent in any one lactation." These qualifying standards emphasize milking ability as a requirement in Ayrshire show cows. Production records published for 42 of 67 Ayrshires competing This proposed scale allowed 1 point for each 100 pounds of milk over the minimum (5,000 and 6,500 pounds of 3.8 percent milk) until the 35 points were attained. The "New Show," organized by the Herd Book Society, was held at Ayr on February 9 and 10, 1921, with 203 cattle exhibited-the largest show of Ayrshires to that time. A Canadian judged the show. Beginning in 1921, cows exhibited at the London Dairy Show were required to enter the milking trials. An Ayrshire cow with an udder that was high and wide in rear attachment, full, well veined, and deeper than the "vessel-type" udder won Supreme Indi- vidual Championship and the Spencer Challenge Cup in 1923. A team of six Ayrshire cows won the interbreed championship. The combined effects of these shows reestablished the Ayrshire type on a practical foundation of type and production. A minimum qualifying standard of production was required of females, according to the lactation, for entry at the Scottish Dairy Show. The Herd Book council added an alternative standard for the 1962 show: "Animals which have produced over 400 pound, butterfat at not less than 3.6 percent in any one lactation." These qualifying standards emphasize milking ability as a requirement in Ayrshire show cows. Production records published for 42 of 67 Ayrshires competing This proposed scale allowed 1 point for each 100 pounds of milk over the minimum (5,000 and 6,500 pounds of 3.8 percent milk) until the 35 points were attained. The "New Show," organized by the Herd Book Society, was held at Ayr on February 9 and 10, 1921, with 203 cattle exhibited-the largest show of Ayrshires to that time. A Canadian judged the show. Beginning in 1921, cows exhibited at the London Dairy Show were required to enter the milking trials. An Ayrshire cow with an udder that was high and wide in rear attachment, full, well veined, and deeper than the "vessel-type" udder won Supreme Indi- vidual Championship and the Spencer Challenge Cup in 1923. A team of six Ayrshire cows won the interbreed championship. The combined effects of these shows reestablished the Ayrshire type on a practical foundation of type and production. A minimum qualifying standard of production was required of females, according to the lactation, for entry at the Scottish Dairy Show. The Herd Book council added an alternative standard for the 1962 show: "Animals which have produced over 400 pound, butterfat at not less than 3.6 percent in any one lactation." These qualifying standards emphasize milking ability as a requirement in Ayrshire show cows. Production records published for 42 of 67 Ayrshires competing  92 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS in the 1-day milking trial at the 1963 Scottish Dairy Show in Glas- gow averaged: Production Type Milk Fat Solids-not-fat points 92 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS in the 1-day milking trial at the 1963 Scottish Dairy Show in Glas- gow averaged: Production Type Milk Fat Solids-not-fat points 92 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS in the 1-day milking trial at the 1963 Scottish Dairy Show in Glas- gow averaged: Production Type Milk Fat Solids-not-fat points (pounds) 19 mature cows 78.9 12 4-year olds 65.3 11 first-calf heifers 52.8 (percent) (percent) 4.59 8.89 175.1 4.97 9.01 151.9 4.43 9.08 118.5 (pounds) 19 mature cows 78.9 12 4-year olds 65.3 11 first-ealf heifers 52.8 (percent) (percent) 4.59 8.89 175.1 4.97 9.01 151.9 4.43 9.08 118.5 (pounds) 19 mature cows 78.9 12 4-year olds 65.3 11 first-calf heifers 52.8 (percent) (percent) 4.59 8.89 175.1 4.97 9.01 151.9 4.43 9.08 118.5 HERD Boox SOCIETY The Ayrshire Herd Book (Volume 1) containing pedigrees of 17 bulls and 59 cows was compiled in 1877 as a private enterprise by Thomas Farrall of Aspatria, Carlisle. Interest arose soon in estab- lishing an Ayrshire herdbook under an impartial official body. The directors of the Ayrshire Agricultural Association met May 15, 1877, and considered a circular issued by Farrall, particularly the sugges- tion by David Tweedie of Castle Crawford, Abingdon, that the as- sociation initiate action. Farrall's Herd Book probably would not be continued. A committee of three was appointed, with The Honor- able C. R. Vernon as chairman, to take action on Tweedie's sug- gestion. Mr. Vernon convened a public meeting on June 26, 1877, in the Ayr courthouse at which the Ayrshire Herd Book Society was organized. The name was extended later to Ayrshire Cattle Herd Book Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Mr. Vernon compiled Volumes 1 and 2 of the official Ayrshire Herd Book, which the society published in 1878 and 1879. The so- ciety took charge with Volume 3. Records were included of prizes awarded to animals at shows since 1873. Objects of the new So- ciety were: "(1) To maintain the purity of the Breed of Cattle known as Ayrshire Cattle. (2) To collect, verify, preserve, and pub- lish an Ayrshire Cattle Herd Book, with the Pedigrees of the said Cattle, and other useful information concerning them." The oldest animal in Volume 1 was a cow "Premium 1" born in 1852 and died in 1871. A bull "Bob" was born in 1854; his dam was by "Geordie," a show winner of Swinlee stock. After Volume 10 of the Herd Book, "animals are only admitted whose pedigrees can be traced in previous volumes, either through HERD BooK SOCIETY The Ayrshire Herd Book (Volume 1) containing pedigrees of 17 bulls and 59 cows was compiled in 1877 as a private enterprise by Thomas Farrall of Aspatria, Carlisle. Interest arose soon in estab- lishing an Ayrshire herdbook under an impartial official body. The directors of the Ayrshire Agricultural Association met May 15, 1877. and considered a circular issued by Farrall, particularly the sugges- tion by David Tweedie of Castle Crawford, Abingdon, that the as- sociation initiate action. Farrall's Herd Book probably would not be continued. A committee of three was appointed, with The Honor- able C. R. Vernon as chairman, to take action on Tweedie's sug- gestion. Mr. Vernon convened a public meeting on June 26, 1877, in the Ayr courthouse at which the Ayrshire Herd Book Society was organized. The name was extended later to Ayrshire Cattle Herd Book Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Mr. Vernon compiled Volumes 1 and 2 of the official Ayrshire Herd Book, which the society published in 1878 and 1879. The so- ciety took charge with Volume 3. Records were included of prizes awarded to animals at shows since 1873. Objects of the new So- ciety were: "(1) To maintain the purity of the Breed of Cattle known as Ayrshire Cattle. (2) To collect, verify, preserve, and pub- lish an Ayrshire Cattle Herd Book, with the Pedigrees of the said Cattle, and other useful information concerning them." The oldest animal in Volume 1 was a cow "Premium 1" born in 1852 and died in 1871. A bull "Bob" was born in 1854; his dam was by "Geordie," a show winner of Swinlee stock. After Volume 10 of the Herd Book, "animals are only admitted whose pedigrees can be traced in previous volumes, either through HERD BooK SOCIETY The Ayrshire Herd Book (Volume 1) containing pedigrees of 17 bulls and 59 cows was compiled in 1877 as a private enterprise by Thomas Farrall of Aspatria, Carlisle. Interest arose soon in estab- lishing an Ayrshire herdbook under an impartial official body. The directors of the Ayrshire Agricultural Association met May 15, 1877, and considered a circular issued by Farrall, particularly the sugges- tion by David Tweedie of Castle Crawford, Abingdon, that the as- sociation initiate action. Farrall's Herd Book probably would not be continued. A committee of three was appointed, with The Honor- able C. R. Vernon as chairman, to take action on Tweedie's sug- gestion. Mr. Vernon convened a public meeting on June 26, 1877, in the Ayr courthouse at which the Ayrshire Herd Book Society was organized. The name was extended later to Ayrshire Cattle Herd Book Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Mr. Vernon compiled Volumes 1 and 2 of the official Ayrshire Herd Book, which the society published in 1878 and 1879. The so- ciety took charge with Volume 3. Records were included of prizes awarded to animals at shows since 1873. Objects of the new So- ciety were: "(1) To maintain the purity of the Breed of Cattle known as Ayrshire Cattle. (2) To collect, verify, preserve, and pub- lish an Ayrshire Cattle Herd Book, with the Pedigrees of the said Cattle, and other useful information concerning them." The oldest animal in Volume 1 was a cow "Premium 1" born in 1852 and died in 1871. A bull "Bob" was born in 1854; his dam was by "Geordie," a show winner of Swinlee stock. After Volume 10 of the Herd Book, "animals are only admitted whose pedigrees can be traced in previous volumes, either through  Ayrshires in Scotland 93 Ayrshires in Scotland 93 Ayrshires in Scotland 93 the Dam or Sire, but any animal not tracing as above may be en- tered in an Appendix, if approved of by the Committee, without a number, thus qualifying produce for future entry." The Society granted prizes at designated shows in 1903. Produc- tion records became part of the requirements for entering cows in Appendix B of the Herd Book in Volume 32 (1909). Winning show prizes ceased to qualify for entry in Appendix B in July 1915. Heifers then had to produce 204 pounds of butterfat, and cows had to produce 264 pounds of butterfat in 12 months before, or 40 weeks after, a calving date. A cow's tattoo marks also were used for iden- tification. Current production and calving intervals for entry of unregis- tered females in Appendix B are: Interval between calvings (months) Butterfat requirements (in pounds) Heifers Cows the Dam or Sire, but any animal not tracing as above may be en- tered in an Appendix, if approved of by the Committee, without a number, thus qualifying produce for future entry." The Society granted prizes at designated shows in 1903. Produc- tion records became part of the requirements for entering cows in Appendix B of the Herd Book in Volume 32 (1909). Winning show prizes ceased to qualify for entry in Appendix B in July 1915. Heifers then had to produce 204 pounds of butterfat, and cows had to produce 264 pounds of butterfat in 12 months before, or 40 weeks after, a calving date. A cow's tattoo marks also were used for iden- tification. Current production and calving intervals for entry of unregis- tered females in Appendix B are: Interval between calvings (months) Butterfat requirements (in pounds) Heifers Cows the Dam or Sire, but any animal not tracing as above may be en- tered in an Appendix, if approved of by the Committee, without a number, thus qualifying produce for future entry." The Society granted prizes at designated shows in 1903. Produc- tion records became part of the requirements for entering cows in Appendix B of the Herd Book in Volume 32 (1909). Winning show prizes ceased to qualify for entry in Appendix B in July 1915. Heifers then had to produce 204 pounds of butterfat, and cows had to produce 264 pounds of butterfat in 12 months before, or 40 weeks after, a calving date. A cow's tattoo marks also were used for iden- tification. Current production and calving intervals for entry of unregis- tered females in Appendix B are: Interval between calvings (months) Butterfat requirements (in pounds) Heifers Cows 13 14 15 285 323 313 351 342 380 13 14 15 285 323 313 351 342 380 13 14 15 285 323 313 351 342 380 The butterfat test in any lactation founded upon must be 3.75 percent or more. Purebred Ayrshire females by unknown sires were eligible for entry into Appendix C in 1970. Their heifers became eligible for Appendix B. One male was registered for 14.1 females in 1960. Herds free from tuberculosis (attested herds) and those tested for brucellosis were recognized by an insignia from 1936 and 1938 respectively. Elimination of both diseases contributed to extend the average useful life of animals. PEDIGREE REGISTRATION CERTIFICATE SYSTEM The Society discontinued publishing the Herd Book after Volume 78 in 1953, and substituted the Pedigree Registration Certificate System. Official pedigree registration certificates were fully detailed to four generations for lineage and to three generations for produc- tion records. Milk records were furnished by the milk recording associations. All certificates were microfilmed for the Society's ar- chives. The name was shortened to Ayrshire Cattle Society in April 1959. The butterfat test in any lactation founded upon must be 3.75 percent or more. Purebred Ayrshire females by unknown sires were eligible for entry into Appendix C in 1970. Their heifers became eligible for Appendix B. One male was registered for 14.1 females in 1960. Herds free from tuberculosis (attested herds) and those tested for brucellosis were recognized by an insignia from 1936 and 1938 respectively. Elimination of both diseases contributed to extend the average useful life of animals. PEDIGREE REGISTRATION CERTIFICATE SYSTEM The Society discontinued publishing the Herd Book after Volume 78 in 1953, and substituted the Pedigree Registration Certificate System. Official pedigree registration certificates were fully detailed to four generations for lineage and to three generations for produc- tion records. Milk records were furnished by the milk recording associations. All certificates were microfilmed for the Society's ar- chives. The name was shortened to Ayrshire Cattle Society in April 1959. The butterfat test in any lactation founded upon must be 3.75 percent or more. Purebred Ayrshire females by unknown sires were eligible for entry into Appendix C in 1970. Their heifers became eligible for Appendix B. One male was registered for 14.1 females in 1960. Herds free from tuberculosis (attested herds) and those tested for brucellosis were recognized by an insignia from 1936 and 1938 respectively. Elimination of both diseases contributed to extend the average useful life of animals. PEDIGREE REGISTRATION CERTIFICATE SYSTEM The Society discontinued publishing the Herd Book after Volume 78 in 1953, and substituted the Pedigree Registration Certificate System. Official pedigree registration certificates were fully detailed to four generations for lineage and to three generations for produc- tion records. Milk records were furnished by the milk recording associations. All certificates were microfilmed for the Society's ar- chives. The name was shortened to Ayrshire Cattle Society in April 1959.  94 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS The Cattle Blood Typing Service opened in Edinburgh in Sep- tember 1966 to serve all of Britain. By looking at 30 to 40 blood groups of an animal, its dam, and sire or possible sires, correctness of parentage can be determined. The Society is governed by 77 councilmen from the respective districts comprising one or more counties in the British Isles, based on numbers of Ayrshires in each district. The members hold an an- nual meeting and elect their councilmen by mail ballot. 94 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS The Cattle Blood Typing Service opened in Edinburgh in Sep- tember 1966 to serve all of Britain. By looking at 30 to 40 blood groups of an animal, its dam, and sire or possible sires, correctness of parentage can be determined. The Society is governed by 77 councilmen from the respective districts comprising one or more counties in the British Isles, based on numbers of Ayrshires in each district. The members hold an an- nual meeting and elect their councilmen by mail ballot. 94 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS The Cattle Blood Typing Service opened in Edinburgh in Sep- tember 1966 to serve all of Britain. By looking at 30 to 40 blood groups of an animal, its dam, and sire or possible sires, correctness of parentage can be determined. The Society is governed by 77 councilmen from the respective districts comprising one or more counties in the British Isles, based on numbers of Ayrshires in each district. The members hold an an- nual meeting and elect their councilmen by mail ballot. FIG. 5.5. Ayrshire cows in Quinton Dunlop's herd near the Firth of Clyde. A typical herd of Ayrshire cows near the Firth of Clyde is shown in Figure 5.5. TYPE CLASSIFICATION The Society planned to begin type classification of Ayrshire cattle in October 1971 with a demonstration during the annual conven- tion. To arrive at a final score for the animal, the standardized method would break down assessments into sections, such as head and back, shoulders and chest, middle and loin, rump and thighs, feet and legs, shape and size of udder, attachment of udder, teats, veins, quality of udder, giving points to each section. FIG. 5.5. Ayrshire cows in Quinton Dunlop's herd near the Firth of Clyde. A typical herd of Ayrshire cows near the Firth of Clyde is shown in Figure 5.5. TYPE CLASSIFICArTON The Society planned to begin type classification of Ayrshire cattle in October 1971 with a demonstration during the annual conven- tion. To arrive at a final score for the animal, the standardized method would break down assessments into sections, such as head and back, shoulders and chest, middle and loin, rump and thighs, feet and legs, shape and size of udder, attachment of udder, teats, veins, quality of udder, giving points to each section. FIG. 5.5. Ayrshire cows in Quinton Dunlop's herd near the Firth of Clyde. A typical herd of Ayrshire cows near the Firth of Clyde is shown in Figure 5.5. TYPE CLASSIFICATION The Society planned to begin type classification of Ayrshire cattle in October 1971 with a demonstration during the annual conven- tion. To arrive at a final score for the animal, the standardized method would break down assessments into sections, such as head and back, shoulders and chest, middle and loin, rump and thighs, feet and legs, shape and size of udder, attachment of udder, teats, veins, quality of udder, giving points to each section.  Ayrshires in Scotland 95 Ayrshiles in Scotland 95 Ayrshires in Scotland 95 PRODUCTION RECORDs Colonel William Fullarton wrote in 1793: "In Cunningham . . . a breed of cattle has for more than a century been established, re- markable for the quantity and quality of their milk in proportion to their size." Aiton mentioned many cows would yield 3,046 to 3,225 quarts of milk in a season and others not half that amount. William Har- ley's model dairy near Glasgow averaged 12 quarts of milk per day. The first authenticated production records were from the milk- ing contest sponsored by the Duke of Atholl in 1860. The top five cows yielded between 22 and 26 pounds 5% ounces per milking for ten consecutive milkings. The duke bought the winning cow, which produced 6,258 quarts (over 15,000 pounds) of measured milk in 12 months. The yields in a good average Ayrshire herd were estimated by William Bartlemore in the 1880s to be 6,300 to 6,600 pounds of milk per year, with 3.5 to 4.5 percent of butterfat. Cows were fed mainly on pasture, hay, and roots in season. Early in 1903 the breed historian John Speir proposed systematic milk recording to the Highland and Agricultural Society directors. They appropriated £200 annually for 5 years. Three societies op- erated during the cheese-making season. The movement spread. The Ayrshire Cattle Milk Records Committee was set up from 1908 through 1913, representing the Highland and Herd Book societies. The 1,265 records to the end of 1907 averaged 6,784 pounds of milk, 3.71 percent and 252 pounds of butterfat. The committee included the agricultural colleges in 1914, the year the name was changed to the Scottish Milk Records Association. Increased grants aided in support until World War II (1939). Local societies and members assessed the costs largely among themselves and the Herd Book So- ciety. Milk recording was extended gradually to a yearly basis. Milk records were divided into three classes: Cows Heifer Class I Not under 250 pounds fat Not under 200 pounds fat Class II Intermediate Intermediate Class III Under 166 pounds fat Under 133 pounds fat PRODUCTION RECORDs Colonel William Fullarton wrote in 1793: "In Cunningham . . . a breed of cattle has for more than a century been established, re- markable for the quantity and quality of their milk in proportion to their size." Aiton mentioned many cows would yield 3,046 to 3,225 quarts of milk in a season and others not half that amount. William Har- ley's model dairy near Glasgow averaged 12 quarts of milk per day. The first authenticated production records were from the milk- ing contest sponsored by the Duke of Atholl in 1860. The top five cows yielded between 22 and 26 pounds 5% ounces per milking for ten consecutive milkings. The duke bought the winning cow, which produced 6,258 quarts (over 15,000 pounds) of measured milk in 12 months. The yields in a good average Ayrshire herd were estimated by William Bartlemore in the 1880s to be 6,300 to 6,600 pounds of milk per year, with 3.5 to 4.5 percent of butterfat. Cows were fed mainly on pasture, hay, and roots in season. Early in 1903 the breed historian John Speir proposed systematic milk recording to the Highland and Agricultural Society directors. They appropriated £200 annually for 5 years. Three societies op- erated during the cheese-making season. The movement spread. The Ayrshire Cattle Milk Records Committee was set up from 1908 through 1913, representing the Highland and Herd Book societies. The 1,265 records to the end of 1907 averaged 6,784 pounds of milk, 3.71 percent and 252 pounds of butterfat. The committee included the agricultural colleges in 1914, the year the name was changed to the Scottish Milk Records Association. Increased grants aided in support until World War II (1939). Local societies and members assessed the costs largely among themselves and the Herd Book So- ciety. Milk recording was extended gradually to a yearly basis. Milk records were divided into three classes: Cows Heifer Class I Not under 250 pounds fat Not under 200 pounds fat Class II Intermediate Intermediate Class III Under 166 pounds fat Under 133 pounds fat PRODUCTION RECORDS Colonel William Fullarton wrote in 1793: "In Cunningham . . . a breed of cattle has for more than a century been established, re- markable for the quantity and quality of their milk in proportion to their size." Aiton mentioned many cows would yield 3,046 to 3,225 quarts of milk in a season and others not half that amount. William Har- ley's model dairy near Glasgow averaged 12 quarts of milk per day. The first authenticated production records were from the milk- ing contest sponsored by the Duke of Atholl in 1860. The top five cows yielded between 22 and 26 pounds 5% ounces per milking for ten consecutive milkings. The duke bought the winning cow, which produced 6,258 quarts (over 15,000 pounds) of measured milk in 12 months. The yields in a good average Ayrshire herd were estimated by William Bartlemore in the 1880s to be 6,300 to 6,600 pounds of milk per year, with 3.5 to 4.5 percent of butterfat. Cows were fed mainly on pasture, hay, and roots in season. Early in 1903 the breed historian John Speir proposed systematic milk recording to the Highland and Agricultural Society directors. They appropriated £200 annually for 5 years. Three societies op- erated during the cheese-making season. The movement spread. The Ayrshire Cattle Milk Records Committee was set up from 1908 through 1913, representing the Highland and Herd Book societies. The 1,265 records to the end of 1907 averaged 6,784 pounds of milk, 3.71 percent and 252 pounds of butterfat. The committee included the agricultural colleges in 1914, the year the name was changed to the Scottish Milk Records Association. Increased grants aided in support until World War II (1939). Local societies and members assessed the costs largely among themselves and the Herd Book So- ciety. Milk recording was extended gradually to a yearly basis. Milk records were divided into three classes: Cows Class I Not under 250 pounds fat Class II Intermediate Class III Under 166 pounds fat Heifer Not under 200 pounds fat Intermediate Under 133 pounds fat  96 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Records in Class I were published; cows in Class II were regarded of commercial quality, while the number or percentage of Class III animals retained in a herd were published. The stigma of re- taining Class III cows induced disposal. This plan gave incentive whereby production of the breed might improve. The standards were increased in 1933 to 280 pounds in Class I and under 224 pounds in Class III for cows, and 186 and 149 pounds of fat in those classes for first-calf heifers. A Special Production Register was established in Scotland in 1950. Registered cows were eligible in Section I on producing 400 pounds of butterfat in 305 days and a living calf within 13 months of previous calving. From 1954, nonpedigree cows were included in the Register. Cows that calved between 13 and 15 months after start of the year's record and produced 450 pounds of butterfat in 365 days were eligible for Section 2. Average production of Ayr- shires was reported by the National Milk Records in the fiscal year 1959-60 as 8,563 pounds of milk, 3.82 percent and 327 pounds of butterfat from 107,253 lactations. Butterfat tests have fluctuated be- tween 3.82 and 3.91 percent for the breed average in the last 10 years. Lifetime production is recognized by Production Clubs. Seven- teen great Ayrshire cows have achieved membership in the 200,000- pound Club. Some 373 cows rated in the 150,000-pound Club, and 7,037 cows were listed in the 100,000-pound Club by the spring of 1970. When James A. Patterson retired in 1967, the Scottish Milk Rec- ords Association combined with the Scottish Milk Marketing Board and the office was moved from Ayr to Glasgow. PROGENY TESTING Dr. A. C. McCandlish of the West of Scotland Agricultural College began in 1932 to publish comparisons of daughters and dams of living Ayrshire sires. Lists of Approved Dams, which he began, were published first in 1939. Combined activity of the Ayrshire Cattle Herd Book Society, Scottish Milk Records Association, and the agricultural colleges made the production records more useful 96 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Records in Class I were published; cows in Class II were regarded of commercial quality, while the number or percentage of Class III animals retained in a herd were published. The stigma of re- taining Class III cows induced disposal. This plan gave incentive whereby production of the breed might improve. The standards were increased in 1933 to 280 pounds in Class I and under 224 pounds in Class III for cows, and 186 and 149 pounds of fat in those classes for first-calf heifers. A Special Production Register was established in Scotland in 1950. Registered cows were eligible in Section I on producing 400 pounds of butterfat in 305 days and a living calf within 13 months of previous calving. From 1954, nonpedigree cows were included in the Register. Cows that calved between 13 and 15 months after start of the year's record and produced 450 pounds of butterfat in 365 days were eligible for Section 2. Average production of Ayr- shires was reported by the National Milk Records in the fiscal year 1959-60 as 8,563 pounds of milk, 3.82 percent and 327 pounds of butterfat from 107,253 lactations. Butterfat tests have fluctuated be- tween 3.82 and 3.91 percent for the breed average in the last 10 years. Lifetime production is recognized by Production Clubs. Seven- teen great Ayrshire cows have achieved membership in the 200,000- pound Club. Some 373 cows rated in the 150,000-pound Club, and 7,037 cows were listed in the 100,000-pound Club by the spring of 1970. When James A. Patterson retired in 1967, the Scottish Milk Rec- ords Association combined with the Scottish Milk Marketing Board and the office was moved from Ayr to Glasgow. PROGENY TESTING Dr. A. C. McCandlish of the West of Scotland Agricultural College began in 1932 to publish comparisons of daughters and dams of living Ayrshire sires. Lists of Approved Dams, which he began, were published first in 1939. Combined activity of the Ayrshire Cattle Herd Book Society, Scottish Milk Records Association, and the agricultural colleges made the production records more useful 96 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Records in Class I were published; cows in Class II were regarded of commercial quality, while the number or percentage of Class III animals retained in a herd were published. The stigma of re- taining Class III cows induced disposal. This plan gave incentive whereby production of the breed might improve. The standards were increased in 1933 to 280 pounds in Class I and under 224 pounds in Class III for cows, and 186 and 149 pounds of fat in those classes for first-calf heifers. A Special Production Register was established in Scotland in 1950. Registered cows were eligible in Section I on producing 400 pounds of butterfat in 305 days and a living calf within 13 months of previous calving. From 1954, nonpedigree cows were included in the Register. Cows that calved between 13 and 15 months after start of the year's record and produced 450 pounds of butterfat in 365 days were eligible for Section 2. Average production of Ayr- shires was reported by the National Milk Records in the fiscal year 1959-60 as 8,563 pounds of milk, 3.82 percent and 327 pounds of butterfat from 107,253 lactations. Butterfat tests have fluctuated be- tween 3.82 and 3.91 percent for the breed average in the last 10 years. Lifetime production is recognized by Production Clubs. Seven- teen great Ayrshire cows have achieved membership in the 200,000- pound Club. Some 373 cows rated in the 150,000-pound Club, and 7,037 cows were listed in the 100,000-pound Club by the spring of 1970. When James A. Patterson retired in 1967, the Scottish Milk Rec- ords Association combined with the Scottish Milk Marketing Board and the office was moved from Ayr to Glasgow. PROGENY TESTING Dr. A. C. McCandlish of the West of Scotland Agricultural College began in 1932 to publish comparisons of daughters and dams of living Ayrshire sires. Lists of Approved Dams, which he began, were published first in 1939. Combined activity of the Ayrshire Cattle Herd Book Society, Scottish Milk Records Association, and the agricultural colleges made the production records more useful  Ayrshires in Scotland 97 Ayrshires in Scotland 97 Ayrshtires in Scotland 97 to Ayrshire breeders. Progeny testing was placed under a Research Committee of the Herd Book Society in 1947. APPROVED SIREs The Council of the Herd Book Society adopted requirements for Approved Sires and Approved Dams in 1946, as in the United States. An Ayrshire bull must have had 10 or more tested daugh- ters with complete lactations and each produced at least 8,000 pounds of milk, 3.8 percent and 320 pounds of fat in 305 days on a 2 X mature equivalent basis to become an Approved Sire. At least 50 percent of his daughters past 3 years old must have been tested and all first-lactation records average at least 9,000 pounds of milk and 342 pounds of butterfat on a mature equivalent basis. Daugh- ters that died before calving or were in nontesting herds were ex- cluded. Rules revised in 1961 required first-calf heifers to yield at least 7,500 pounds (actual) of milk testing 3.8 percent and 285 pounds of butterfat. The bull must have rated at least 101 points or more in the Relative Rating Value assessment based on contemporary herd- mate comparisons by the Scottish Bureau of Records in Edinburgh or the Livestock Records Bureau of the Milk Marketing Board of England and Wales, with at least 80 percent of all daughters' milk recorded. Records were computed to two milkings daily, in 305 days or less. Production requirements for Approved Ayrshire Sires in 1966 were increased to the following averages: first lactation-8,500 pounds milk, 4 percent and 340 pounds fat second lactation-9,000 pounds milk, 4 percent and 360 pounds fat third and later lactations-10,000 pounds milk, 4 percent and 400 pounds fat Some 2,046 Ayrshire bulls qualified as Approved Sires before 1968. APPROvED DAMS Before 1961 there weere two requirements for Approved Dams: (a) Three or more daughters must produce an average of 9,000 pounds of milk, 3.8 percent and 342 pounds of butterfat in 305 days on a mature equivalent basis. Sixty percent of them must each have to Ayrshire breeders. Progeny testing was placed under a Research Committee of the Herd Book Society in 1947. APPROVED SIREs The Council of the Herd Book Society adopted requirements for Approved Sires and Approved Dams in 1946, as in the United States. An Ayrshire bull must have had 10 or more tested daugh- ters with complete lactations and each produced at least 8,000 pounds of milk, 3.8 percent and 320 pounds of fat in 305 days on a 2X mature equivalent basis to become an Approved Sire. At least 50 percent of his daughters past 3 years old must have been tested and all first-lactation records average at least 9,000 pounds of milk and 342 pounds of butterfat on a mature equivalent basis. Daugh- ters that died before calving or were in nontesting herds were ex- cluded. Rules revised in 1961 required first-calf heifers to yield at least 7,500 pounds (actual) of milk testing 3.8 percent and 285 pounds of butterfat. The bull must have rated at least 101 points or more in the Relative Rating Value assessment based on contemporary herd- mate comparisons by the Scottish Bureau of Records in Edinburgh or the Livestock Records Bureau of the Milk Marketing Board of England and Wales, with at least 80 percent of all daughters' milk recorded. Records were computed to two milkings daily, in 305 days or less. Production requirements for Approved Ayrshire Sires in 1966 were increased to the following averages: first lactation-8,500 pounds milk, 4 percent and 340 pounds fat second lactation-9,000 pounds milk, 4 percent and 360 pounds fat third and later lactations-10,000 pounds milk, 4 percent and 400 pounds fat Some 2,046 Ayrshire bulls qualified as Approved Sires before 1968. APPROVED DAMSt Before 1961 there were two requirements for Approved Dams: (a) Three or more daughters must produce an average of 9,000 pounds of milk, 3.8 percent and 342 pounds of butterfat in 305 days on a mature equivalent basis. Sixty percent of them must each have to Ayrshire breeders. Progeny testing was placed under a Research Committee of the Herd Book Society in 1947. APPROvED SIRES The Council of the Herd Book Society adopted requirements for Approved Sires and Approved Dams in 1946, as in the United States. An Ayrshire bull must have had 10 or more tested daugh- ters with complete lactations and each produced at least 8,000 pounds of milk, 3.8 percent and 320 pounds of fat in 305 days on a 2 X mature equivalent basis to become an Approved Sire. At least 50 percent of his daughters past 3 years old must have been tested and all first-lactation records average at least 9,000 pounds of milk and 342 pounds of butterfat on a mature equivalent basis. Daugh- ters that died before calving or were in nontesting herds were ex- cluded. Rules revised in 1961 required first-calf heifers to yield at least 7,500 pounds (actual) of milk testing 3.8 percent and 285 pounds of butterfat. The bull must have rated at least 101 points or more in the Relative Rating Value assessment based on contemporary herd- mate comparisons by the Scottish Bureau of Records in Edinburgh or the Livestock Records Bureau of the Milk Marketing Board of England and Wales, with at least 80 percent of all daughters' milk recorded. Records were computed to two milkings daily, in 305 days or less. Production requirements for Approved Ayrshire Sires in 1966 were increased to the following averages: first lactation-8,500 pounds milk, 4 percent and 340 pounds fat second lactation-9,000 pounds milk, 4 percent and 360 pounds fat third and later lactations-10,000 pounds milk, 4 percent and 400 pounds fat Some 2,046 Ayrshire bulls qualified as Approved Sires before 1968. APPROVED DAS Before 1961 there were two requirements for Approved Dams: (a) Three or more daughters must produce an average of 9,000 pounds of milk, 3.8 percent and 342 pounds of butterfat in 305 days on a mature equivalent basis. Sixty percent of them must each have  98 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS yielded 8,500 pounds of milk, 3.8 percent and 340 pounds of butter- fat. (b) Two tested daughters qualified their dam if each produced more than 9,500 pounds of milk, 3.8 percent and 361 pounds of but- terfat in 305 days. The index of a son was equal to that of a daugh- ter's record, providing 50 percent of his 3-year-old daughters were tested. In 1961 the Council revised the requirements so that the actual average of all daughters' records be at least 7,500 pounds of milk, 3.8 percent and 285 pounds of butterfat on two milkings daily. Not less than 60 percent of all tested progeny must each produce at least 8,000 pounds of milk and 320 pounds of fat. When a dam had only two daughters, each must yield at least 8,500 pounds of milk, 3.8 percent and 323 pounds of butterfat. With too few daughters, the average of all daughters of her son were equivalent to the rec- ords of a daughter. Only first lactations were studied, except at an owner's request. Since 1954 an Approved Dam also must have pro- duced two 305-day records attaining the standard of 9,000 pounds of milk and 3.8 percent butterfat. In 1966 production requirements of daughters (at least two) were the same as those for Approved Sires, with 4.0 percent fat. Re- quirements for total solids or solids-not-fat in the milk were held in abeyance by the Research Council since insufficient numbers of these records were available then. Some 4,701 cows earned the Ap- proved Dam rating before 1966. In 1966 cows were studied for "Approval" only on request. One point was earned for each pound of butterfat that the daugh- ters' average production exceeded the breed standard for first, sec- ond, or subsequent 305-day lactations. The production standard continued with 4.0 percent fat. Dams qualifying were designated as Classified Approved Dams. SOLmS-NoT-FAT I AYRSHIRE Muss Attention was given to butterfat contents of milk by the Scottish Milk Marketing Board (organized in 1933) and other agencies since early in World War II. Lower prices were paid for milk which fell below 3.5 percent fat during the winter, and under 3.4 percent fat in summer. The board notified all producers when solids-not-fat 98 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS yielded 8,500 pounds of milk, 3.8 percent and 340 pounds of butter- fat. (b) Two tested daughters qualified their dam if each produced more than 9,500 pounds of milk, 3.8 percent and 361 pounds of but- terfat in 305 days. The index of a son was equal to that of a daugh- ter's record, providing 50 percent of his 3-year-old daughters were tested. In 1961 the Council revised the requirements so that the actual average of all daughters' records be at least 7,500 pounds of milk, 3.8 percent and 285 pounds of butterfat on two milkings daily. Not less than 60 percent of all tested progeny must each produce at least 8,000 pounds of milk and 320 pounds of fat. When a dam had only two daughters, each must yield at least 8,500 pounds of milk, 3.8 percent and 323 pounds of butterfat. With too few daughters, the average of all daughters of her son were equivalent to the rec- ords of a daughter. Only first lactations were studied, except at an owner's request. Since 1954 an Approved Dam also must have pro- duced two 305-day records attaining the standard of 9,000 pounds of milk and 3.8 percent butterfat. In 1966 production requirements of daughters (at least two) were the same as those for Approved Sires, with 4.0 percent fat. Re- quirements for total solids or solids-not-fat in the milk were held in abeyance by the Research Council since insufficient numbers of these records were available then. Some 4,701 cows earned the Ap- proved Dam rating before 1966. In 1966 cows were studied for "Approval" only on request. One point was earned for each pound of butterfat that the daugh- ters' average production exceeded the breed standard for first, sec- ond, or subsequent 305-day lactations. The production standard continued with 4.0 percent fat. Dams qualifying were designated as Classified Approved Dams. SOLIs-NoT-FAT IN AYRSHRE MutK Attention was given to butterfat contents of milk by the Scottish Milk Marketing Board (organized in 1933) and other agencies since early in World War II. Lower prices were paid for milk which fell below 3.5 percent fat during the winter, and under 3.4 percent fat in summer. The board notified all producers when solids-not-fat 98 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS yielded 8,500 pounds of milk, 3.8 percent and 340 pounds of butter- fat. (b) Two tested daughters qualified their dam if each produced more than 9,500 pounds of milk, 3.8 percent and 361 pounds of but- terfat in 305 days. The index of a son was equal to that of a daugh- ter's record, providing 50 percent of his 3-year-old daughters were tested. In 1961 the Council revised the requirements so that the actual average of all daughters' records be at least 7,500 pounds of milk, 3.8 percent and 285 pounds of butterfat on two milkings daily. Not less than 60 percent of all tested progeny must each produce at least 8,000 pounds of milk and 320 pounds of fat. When a dam had only two daughters, each must yield at least 8,500 pounds of milk, 3.8 percent and 323 pounds of butterfat. With too few daughters, the average of all daughters of her son were equivalent to the rec- ords of a daughter. Only first lactations were studied, except at an owner's request. Since 1954 an Approved Dam also must have pro- duced two 305-day records attaining the standard of 9,000 pounds of milk and 3.8 percent butterfat. In 1966 production requirements of daughters (at least two) were the same as those for Approved Sires, with 4.0 percent fat. Re- quirements for total solids or solids-not-fat in the milk were held in abeyance by the Research Council since insufficient numbers of these records were available then. Some 4,701 cows earned the Ap- proved Dam rating before 1966. In 1966 cows were studied for "Approval" only on request. One point was earned for each pound of butterfat that the daugh- ters' average production exceeded the breed standard for first, sec- ond, or subsequent 305-day lactations. The production standard continued with 4.0 percent fat. Dams qualifying were designated as Classified Approved Dams. SOLmS-NoT-FAT IN AYnsHmE Mute Attention was given to butterfat contents of milk by the Scottish Milk Marketing Board (organized in 1933) and other agencies since early in World War II. Lower prices were paid for milk which fell below 3.5 percent fat during the winter, and under 3.4 percent fat in summer. The board notified all producers when solids-not-fat  Ayrshires in Scotland 99 Ayrshires in Scotland 99 Ayrshires in Scotland 99 fell under 8.5 percent. No further steps were taken in Scotland prior to 1962. The Milk Marketing Board of England and Wales, sup- ported by the National Farmers Union, announced that in October 1962 premium payments would begin for all milk containing over 12.6 percent total solids. A price penalty would apply to milk under 12 percent total solids or 8.4 percent solids-not-fat. The policy was approved by the Ministry of Agriculture. Heredity is recognized as important with relation to the solids- not-fat contents of milk. The Scottish Milk Marketing Board, Han- nah Dairy Research Institute, and the Institute of Animal Genetics in the University of Edinburgh cooperated in 1949 to study milk from about 500 daughter-dam pairs of cows. A pilot program was begun in 1954 whereby solids-not-fat was determined in the bulk milk of selected herds in one milk recording circuit. Control re- corders were trained at the Hannah Dairy Research Institute in correct use of the lactometer. Solids-not-fat determinations have been made routinely since October 1957 on bulk milk of each herd. These records are provided for voluntary use of herd owners. In 1962 the Scottish Milk Marketing Board began payments for milk based on fat and solids-not-fat. The Ayrshire Cattle Society publicized that 319 Ayrshire heifers at all B.O.C.M. Ltd. progeny tests averaged 9.11 percent solids-not- fat and 3.90 percent fat. The 715 Ayrshire cows at all postwar Lon- don Dairy Shows averaged 8.95 percent solids-not-fat and 4.15 per- cent butterfat; the 296 Ayrshire heifers averaged 9.10 percent solids-not-fat and 4.38 percent fat. This emphasized the desirable quality of Ayrshire milk with regard to its contents of solids-not-fat. The Council of the Ayrshire Cattle Society sent a resolution to all Milk Marketing Boards in June 1962, as follows: "The Ayrshire Cattle Society of Great Britain and Ireland requests all Milk Mar- keting Boards to provide facilities to all members of Milk Record- ing Societies for the testing of solids-not-fat at the very earliest op- portunity. In particular, it is emphasized that those facilities be made to all breeders of pedigree dairy cattle in view of the impor- tance of these tests in the selection of breeding for total solids." It was asked that all breeders be given equal opportunity to apply such tests with their registered cattle. fell under 8.5 percent. No further steps were taken in Scotland prior to 1962. The Milk Marketing Board of England and Wales, sup- ported by the National Farmers Union, announced that in October 1962 premium payments would begin for all milk containing over 12.6 percent total solids. A price penalty would apply to milk under 12 percent total solids or 8.4 percent solids-not-fat. The policy was approved by the Ministry of Agriculture. Heredity is recognized as important with relation to the solids- not-fat contents of milk. The Scottish Milk Marketing Board, Han- nah Dairy Research Institute, and the Institute of Animal Genetics in the University of Edinburgh cooperated in 1949 to study milk from about 500 daughter-dam pairs of cows. A pilot program was begun in 1954 whereby solids-not-fat was determined in the bulk milk of selected herds in one milk recording circuit. Control re- corders were trained at the Hannah Dairy Research Institute in correct use of the lactometer. Solids-not-fat determinations have been made routinely since October 1957 on bulk milk of each herd. These records are provided for voluntary use of herd owners. In 1962 the Scottish Milk Marketing Board began payments for milk based on fat and solids-not-fat. The Ayrshire Cattle Society publicized that 319 Ayrshire heifers at all B.O.C.M. Ltd. progeny tests averaged 9.11 percent solids-not- fat and 3.90 percent fat. The 715 Ayrshire cows at all postwar Lon- don Dairy Shows averaged 8.95 percent solids-not-fat and 4.15 per- cent butterfat; the 296 Ayrshire heifers averaged 9.10 percent solids-not-fat and 4.38 percent fat. This emphasized the desirable quality of Ayrshire milk with regard to its contents of solids-not-fat. The Council of the Ayrshire Cattle Society sent a resolution to all Milk Marketing Boards in June 1962, as follows: "The Ayrshire Cattle Society of Great Britain and Ireland requests all Milk Mar- keting Boards to provide facilities to all members of Milk Record- ing Societies for the testing of solids-not-fat at the very earliest op- portunity. In particular, it is emphasized that those facilities be made to all breeders of pedigree dairy cattle in view of the impor- tance of these tests in the selection of breeding for total solids." It was asked that all breeders be given equal opportunity to apply such tests with their registered cattle. fell under 8.5 percent. No further steps were taken in Scotland prior to 1962. The Milk Marketing Board of England and Wales, sup- ported by the National Farmers Union, announced that in October 1962 premium payments would begin for all milk containing over 12.6 percent total solids. A price penalty would apply to milk under 12 percent total solids or 8.4 percent solids-not-fat. The policy was approved by the Ministry of Agriculture. Heredity is recognized as important with relation to the solids- not-fat contents of milk. The Scottish Milk Marketing Board, Han- nah Dairy Research Institute, and the Institute of Animal Genetics in the University of Edinburgh cooperated in 1949 to study milk from about 500 daughter-dam pairs of cows. A pilot program was begun in 1954 whereby solids-not-fat was determined in the bulk milk of selected herds in one milk recording circuit. Control re- corders were trained at the Hannah Dairy Research Institute in correct use of the lactometer. Solids-not-fat determinations have been made routinely since October 1957 on bulk milk of each herd. These records are provided for voluntary use of herd owners. In 1962 the Scottish Milk Marketing Board began payments for milk based on fat and solids-not-fat. The Ayrshire Cattle Society publicized that 319 Ayrshire heifers at all B.O.C.M. Ltd. progeny tests averaged 9.11 percent solids-not- fat and 3.90 percent fat. The 715 Ayrshire cows at all postwar Lon- don Dairy Shows averaged 8.95 percent solids-not-fat and 4.15 per- cent butterfat; the 296 Ayrshire heifers averaged 9.10 percent solids-not-fat and 4.38 percent fat. This emphasized the desirable quality of Ayrshire milk with regard to its contents of solids-not-fat. The Council of the Ayrshire Cattle Society sent a resolution to all Milk Marketing Boards in June 1962, as follows: "The Ayrshire Cattle Society of Great Britain and Ireland requests all Milk Mar- keting Boards to provide facilities to all members of Milk Record- ing Societies for the testing of solids-not-fat at the very earliest op- portunity. In particular, it is emphasized that those facilities be made to all breeders of pedigree dairy cattle in view of the impor- tance of these tests in the selection of breeding for total solids." It was asked that all breeders be given equal opportunity to apply such tests with their registered cattle.  100 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS IMPACT OF WORLD WAR II D. Marshall stated that poultry and swine decreased in number under feed rationing in Scotland. Fewer sheep were kept on till- able land. Horse population decreased and use of government tractors increased. Acres of vetch, beans, kale, and cabbages in- creased for feeding milk cows. Dairy cattle increased from 741,000 in 1939 to 823,000 in 1945, with registered animals increasing. Milk production decreased in the first 2 years, then increased: 1939 1944-45 100 DAIRY CATTLE B DREDS IMPACT OF WORLD WAR II D. Marshall stated that poultry and swine decreased in number under feed rationing in Scotland. Fewer sheep were kept on till- able land. Horse population decreased and use of government tractors increased. Acres of vetch, beans, kale, and cabbages in- creased for feeding milk cows. Dairy cattle increased from 741,000 in 1939 to 823,000 in 1945, with registered animals increasing. Milk production decreased in the first 2 years, then increased: 1939 1944-415 100 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS IMPACT oF WORLD WAR II D. Marshall stated that poultry and swine decreased in number under feed rationing in Scotland. Fewer sheep were kept on till- able land. Horse population decreased and use of government tractors increased. Acres of vetch, beans, kale, and cabbages in- creased for feeding milk cows. Dairy cattle increased from 741,000 in 1939 to 823,000 in 1945, with registered animals increasing. Milk production decreased in the first 2 years, then increased: 1939 1944415 Summer milk, gallons 77,046,000 Winter milk, gallons 54,451,000 82,977,000 58,852,000 Summer milk, gallons 77,046,000 Winter milk, gallons 54,451,000 82,977,000 58,852,000 Summer milk, gallons 77,046,000 Winter milk, gallons 54,451,000 82,977,000 58,852,000 Milk was rationed for children and invalids, and increased to 0.66 of a pint daily per person-double that in 1935. Eradication of tu- berculosis in cattle progressed rapidly. LIcENsING BuLs The Department of Agriculture for Scotland established licensing of bulls, effective June 1, 1950. For License A, a bull must be eli- gible or registered in a dairy breed herdbook. His dam and sire's dam were required to meet standard production requirements. Milk records on the Pedigree Registration Certificate of the Ayr- shire Cattle Society were accepted for granting a Dairy A bull li- cense. License B can be issued to some bulls from first-calf heifers, with some restrictions. In 1960, 1,014 A and 436 B licenses were granted for Ayrshire bulls. The Society registered 1,541 males and 26,577 females in 1968. In addition, 477 females qualified in Appendix A and 478 in Ap- pendix B in the grading-up system. This was a ratio of 1 male to 17.9 females entered. ARTIFICIAL BREEDING AND PROvING BULLS Artificial breeding in Scotland began before World War II, and with licensed bulls since 1950. A polled Ayrshire bull was kept at one center in 1955. Progeny testing of Ayrshire bulls in artificial use was begun in 1954 at the South Cathkin Testing Center of the British Oil and Cake Mills, Limited, in Lanarkshire. The Scottish Milk Marketing Board and Ayrshire Cattle Society were co- Milk was rationed for children and invalids, and increased to 0.66 of a pint daily per person-double that in 1935. Eradication of tu- berculosis in cattle progressed rapidly. LICENSING BuLLs The Department of Agriculture for Scotland established licensing of bulls, effective June 1, 1950. For License A, a bull must be eli- gible or registered in a dairy breed herdbook. His dam and sire's dam were required to meet standard production requirements. Milk records on the Pedigree Registration Certificate of the Ayr- shire Cattle Society were accepted for granting a Dairy A bull li- cense. License B can be issued to some bulls from first-calf heifers, with some restrictions. In 1960, 1,014 A and 436 B licenses were granted for Ayrshire bulls. The Society registered 1,541 males and 26,577 females in 1968. In addition, 477 females qualified in Appendix A and 478 in Ap- pendix B in the grading-up system. This was a ratio of 1 male to 17.9 females entered. ARTIFICIAL BREEDING AND PROvING BULLs Artificial breeding in Scotland began before World War II, and with licensed bulls since 1950. A polled Ayrshire bull was kept at one center in 1955. Progeny testing of Ayrshire bulls in artificial use was begun in 1954 at the South Cathkin Testing Center of the British Oil and Cake Mills, Limited, in Lanarkshire. The Scottish Milk Marketing Board and Ayrshire Cattle Society were co- Milk was rationed for children and invalids, and increased to 0.66 of a pint daily per person-double that in 1935. Eradication of tu- berculosis in cattle progressed rapidly. LIcENSING BULLS The Department of Agriculture for Scotland established licensing of bulls, effective June 1, 1950. For License A, a bull must be eli- gible or registered in a dairy breed herdbook. His dam and sire's dam were required to meet standard production requirements. Milk records on the Pedigree Registration Certificate of the Ayr- shire Cattle Society were accepted for granting a Dairy A bull li- cense. License B can be issued to some bulls from first-calf heifers, with some restrictions. In 1960, 1,014 A and 436 B licenses were granted for Ayrshire bulls. The Society registered 1,541 males and 26,577 females in 1968. In addition, 477 females qualified in Appendix A and 478 in Ap- pendix B in the grading-up system. This was a ratio of 1 male to 17.9 females entered. ARTIFICIAL BREEDING AND PROvING Bus Artificial breeding in Scotland began before World War II, and with licensed bulls since 1950. A polled Ayrshire bull was kept at one center in 1955. Progeny testing of Ayrshire bulls in artificial use was begun in 1954 at the South Cathkin Testing Center of the British Oil and Cake Mills, Limited, in Lanarkshire. The Scottish Milk Marketing Board and Ayrshire Cattle Society were co-  Ayrshires in Scotland 101 Ayrshires in Scotland 101 Ayrshires in Scotland 101 sponsors. The farm tests about 13 heifers by each of 4 Ayrshire bulls at a time. Heifers are loaned, and held under similar feeding and management through an average of 270 days of the first lactation. Rate of milk letdown, total yield, fat, and solids-not-fat percentages are recorded; conformation and udder attachments are observed. Milk from 44 daughters recorded during 1964-95 ranged from 8.78 to 9.44, and averaged 9.11 percent solids-not-fat. About 1 bull in 12 has been considered outstanding, but it is considered equally valu- able to detect below-average bulls before allowing them heavy serv- ice. The Board of Records (Livestock Records Bureau) was estab- lished under the Department of Agriculture for Scotland in 1955 through its Animal Breeding Research Organization. They receive and analyze all milk records obtained by the milk recording bodies in Scotland. They cooperate with the Scottish Milk Marketing Board, which owns the bulls in artificial service, and with the Ayr- shire Cattle Society. The bureau carries out virtually a progeny test by contemporary comparisons in the field. Bull evaluation by con- temporary comparisons was extended in 1962 for earlier estimations of their potential value. The earliest heifers by a young sire are identified by tattoos or registration numbers. When these heifers freshen, Milk Records supervisors are contacted for the first 90-day yields together with that of a heifer by another sire calving near the same time on the same farm. Such preliminary comparisons afford early relative indications of the better and poorer sires as concerns peak of lactation of their daughters. The Livestock Records Bureau follows this with the regular contemporary comparison, which in- cludes the results of persistency. Intercountry shipments of Ayrshire semen must be authorized by a Pedigree Semen Export Certificate by the Ayrshire Cattle Society in the exporting country, and must meet sanitary regulations of respective health authorities. MEnrr BULLS The revised Constitution and Rules that took effect in 1964 provided for Merit Bull registration certificates to be issued to males whose dams qualified with two consecutive 305-day lactations, as follows: sponsors. The farm tests about 13 heifers by each of 4 Ayrshire bulls at a time. Heifers are loaned, and held under similar feeding and management through an average of 270 days of the first lactation. Rate of milk letdown, total yield, fat, and solids-not-fat percentages are recorded; conformation and udder attachments are observed. Milk from 44 daughters recorded during 1964-65 ranged from 8.78 to 9.44, and averaged 9.11 percent solids-not-fat. About 1 bull in 12 has been considered outstanding, but it is considered equally valu- able to detect below-average bulls before allowing them heavy serv- ice. The Board of Records (Livestock Records Bureau) was estab- lished under the Department of Agriculture for Scotland in 1955 through its Animal Breeding Research Organization. They receive and analyze all milk records obtained by the milk recording bodies in Scotland. They cooperate with the Scottish Milk Marketing Board, which owns the bulls in artificial service, and with the Ayr- shire Cattle Society. The bureau carries out virtually a progeny test by contemporary comparisons in the field. Bull evaluation by con- temporary comparisons was extended in 1962 for earlier estimations of their potential value. The earliest heifers by a young sire are identified by tattoos or registration numbers. When these heifers freshen, Milk Records supervisors are contacted for the first 90-day yields together with that of a heifer by another sire calving near the same time on the same farm. Such preliminary comparisons afford early relative indications of the better and poorer sires as concerns peak of lactation of their daughters. The Livestock Records Bureau follows this with the regular contemporary comparison, which in- cludes the results of persistency. Intercountry shipments of Ayrshire semen must be authorized by a Pedigree Semen Export Certificate by the Ayrshire Cattle Society in the exporting country, and must meet sanitary regulations of respective health authorities. MERu BULLS The revised Constitution and Rules that took effect in 1964 provided for Merit Bull registration certificates to be issued to males whose dams qualified with two consecutive 305-day lactations, as follows: sponsors. The farm tests about 13 heifers by each of 4 Ayrshire bulls at a time. Heifers are loaned, and held under similar feeding and management through an average of 270 days of the first lactation. Rate of milk letdown, total yield, fat, and solids-not-fat percentages are recorded; conformation and udder attachments are observed. Milk from 44 daughters recorded during 1964--65 ranged from 8.78 to 9.44, and averaged 9.11 percent solids-not-fat. About 1 bull in 12 has been considered outstanding, but it is considered equally valu- able to detect below-average bulls before allowing them heavy serv- ice. The Board of Records (Livestock Records Bureau) was estab- lished under the Department of Agriculture for Scotland in 1955 through its Animal Breeding Research Organization. They receive and analyze all milk records obtained by the milk recording bodies in Scotland. They cooperate with the Scottish Milk Marketing Board, which owns the bulls in artificial service, and with the Ayr- shire Cattle Society. The bureau carries out virtually a progeny test by contemporary comparisons in the field. Bull evaluation by con- temporary comparisons was extended in 1962 for earlier estimations of their potential value. The earliest heifers by a young sire are identified by tattoos or registration numbers. When these heifers freshen, Milk Records supervisors are contacted for the first 90-day yields together with that of a heifer by another sire calving near the same time on the same farm. Such preliminary comparisons afford early relative indications of the better and poorer sires as concerns peak of lactation of their daughters. The Livestock Records Bureau follows this with the regular contemporary comparison, which in- cludes the results of persistency. Intercountry shipments of Ayrshire semen must be authorized by a Pedigree Semen Export Certificate by the Ayrshire Cattle Society in the exporting country, and must meet sanitary regulations of respective health authorities. MERr BULLS The revised Constitution and Rules that took effect in 1964 provided for Merit Bull registration certificates to be issued to males whose dams qualified with two consecutive 305-day lactations, as follows:  102 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS 360 pounds butterfat at 3.8 percent minimum of 5 tests in first lactation 420 pounds butterfat at 3.8 percent minimum of 5 tests in second lactation 450 pounds butterfat at 3.8 percent minimum of 5 tests in third lactation 500 pounds butterfat at 3.7 percent minimum of 5 tests in fourth or subsequent lactation This standard recognized that butterfat percentages in milk de- creased gradually after cows reached maturity. The above standard was changed to 4.0 percent fat for 1968 and later. Less than 10 per- cent of Merit Bulls registered before 1967 had dams with two lac- tations below 4 percent butterfat. Production records of cows in the 100,000-pound Club, averaging under 3.6 percent butterfat were not published after 1962. The mode of butterfat tests of 1,728 lifetime records of cows in the 100,000-pound Club between June 1963 and the close of 1966 was 3.85 percent, with a range of 3.60 and 5.01 percent fat. The 178 lifetime records of cows in the 150,000-pound Club in 1961-66 also had a mode at 3.85 percent, with a range of 3.26 to 4.70 percent fat. A blood typing scheme for all Britain was established in Edin- burgh in September 1966. The service was available to members on a fee basis. The society also agreed to blood type every two hun- dredth male registered (at random), as well as all bulls selected for the Society's Young Sire Scheme and cases referred to the Dis- cipline Committee. AYRsHIRE TRENDs A trend has occurred away from the traditionally horned Ayrshire of Swinlee type. This was noticeable particularly in eastern Scotland and England where many herds are handled on the yard or open court system. The proportion of dehorned Ayrshires was insignifi- cant 25 years ago. From three polled Ayrshires from the United States in 1948 and a polled bull in artificial service first in 1955, the polled character has spread. 102 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS 360 pounds butterfat at 3.8 percent minimum of 5 tests in first lactation 420 pounds butterfat at 3.8 percent minimum of 5 tests in second lactation 450 pounds butterfat at 3.8 percent minimum of 5 tests in third lactation 500 pounds butterfat at 3.7 percent minimum of 5 tests in fourth or subsequent lactations This standard recognized that butterfat percentages in milk de- creased gradually after cows reached maturity. The above standard was changed to 4.0 percent fat for 1968 and later. Less than 10 per- cent of Merit Bulls registered before 1967 had dams with two lac- tations below 4 percent butterfat. Production records of cows in the 100,000-pound Club, averaging under 3.6 percent butterfat were not published after 1962. The mode of butterfat tests of 1,728 lifetime records of cows in the 100,000-pound Club between June 1963 and the close of 1966 was 3.85 percent, with a range of 3.60 and 5.01 percent fat. The 178 lifetime records of cows in the 150,000-pound Club in 1961-66 also had a mode at 3.85 percent, with a range of 3.26 to 4.70 percent fat. A blood typing scheme for all Britain was established in Edin- burgh in September 1966. The service was available to members on a fee basis. The society also agreed to blood type every two hun- dredth male registered (at random), as well as all bulls selected for the Society's Young Sire Scheme and cases referred to the Dis- cipline Committee. AYRSHsmE TRENDS A trend has occurred away from the traditionally horsed Ayrshire of Swinlee type. This was noticeable particularly in eastern Scotland and England where many herds are handled on the yard or open court system. The proportion of dehorned Ayrshires was insignifi- cant 25 years ago. From three polled Ayrshires from the United States in 1948 and a polled bull in artificial service first in 1955, the polled character has spread. 102 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 360 pounds butterfat at 3.8 percent minimum of 5 tests in first lactation 420 pounds butterfat at 3.8 percent minimum of 5 tests in second lactation 450 pounds butterfat at 3.8 percent minimum of 5 tests in third lactation 500 pounds butterfat at 3.7 percent minimum of 5 tests in fourth or subsequent lactation This standard recognized that butterfat percentages in milk de- creased gradually after cows reached maturity. The above standard was changed to 4.0 percent fat for 1968 and later. Less than 10 per- cent of Merit Bulls registered before 1967 had dams with two lac- tation below 4 percent butterfat. Production records of cows in the 100,000-pound Club, averaging under 3.6 percent butterfat were not published after 1962. The mode of butterfat tests of 1,728 lifetime records of cows in the 100,000-pound Club between June 1963 and the close of 1966 was 3.85 percent, with a range of 3.60 and 5.01 percent fat. The 178 lifetime records of cows in the 150,000-pound Club in 1961-66 also had a mode at 3.85 percent, with a range of 3.26 to 4.70 percent fat. A blood typing scheme for all Britain was established in Edin- burgh in September 1966. The service was available to members on a fee basis. The society also agreed to blood type every two hun- dredth male registered (at random), as well as all bulls selected for the Society's Young Sire Scheme and cases referred to the Dis- cipline Committee. AYRSHIRE TRENDS A trend has occurred away from the traditionally horsed Ayrshire of Swinlee type. This was noticeable particularly in eastern Scotland and England where many herds are handled on the yard or open court system. The proportion of dehorned Ayrshires was insignifi- cant 25 years ago. From three polled Ayrshires from the United States in 1948 and a polled bull in artificial service first in 1955, the polled character has spread.  Arhies bn Scolad 103 Ayrsie in Sctln 103 Ayrsi in Sad 103 Advertisements or illustrations in The Ayrshire Cattle Society's Journal for Winter 1970 showed some trends within the breed. One herd was naturally polled and 47 apparently were dehorned. The polled cow Hartly Design 689695 had been the Supreme Indi- vidual Champion and member of the winning Bledisloe Trophy team at the London Dairy Show in 1964. Eight illustrations were of horned Ayrshires. Of the 132 advertisements 35 were mainly an- nouncements. Three herds proudly reported high total milk solids, and 50 with 4 percent average butterfat tests or above. Sixty-three herds were listed as accredited (brucellosis-free), and three were attested (tuberculosis-free), one since 1911. Undoubtedly others were under test, but the brief announcements precluded mention. A survey in 1967 found that 1.75 percent of Ayrshires being regis- tered were naturally polled. Some 60 to 80 percent of Ayrshires in the United Kingdom are dehorned because of pen or loose hous- ing of milking herds. The Ministry of Agriculture (England) or the Department of Agriculture for Scotland had provided Strain 19 Bang's vaccine free for immunizing against brucellosis for calves 151 to 240 days old, beginning in May 1962. The Ayrshire Cattle Society's Journal is published quarterly. The Research Bulletin formerly contained the list of recently Approved Sires, Approved Dams, cows that qualified for the 100,000-, 150,000-, and 200,000-pound Clubs with milk production. J. Lawson is the General Secretary and Editor, at 1 Racecourse Road, Ayr., Scotland. REFERENCEs Anonymous. 1804. Various methods calculated for the improvement of the County of Caithness carried on in the course of the year 1803. Farmers' Mag. 5:6. . 1877. Proceedings of meeting to organize the Herd Book Society. N. Brit. Agriculturist 29(n.s.):426-27. . 1949. The Ayrshire breed brochure from Ayrshire Cattle Herd Book Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Aiton, William. 1811. A general view of the agriculture of the county of Ayr. A Vepier, Trongate. Glasgow. . 1825. A treatise on the dairy breed of cows and dairy husbandry. . 1830-31. On the characteristics of cattle. Quart. J. Agr. 2:485-97. . 1833-34. On the dairy cattle of Ayrshire. Quart. J. Agr. 4:763-80. Advertisements or illustrations in The Ayrshire Cattle Society's Journal for Winter 1970 showed some trends within the breed. One herd was naturally polled and 47 apparently were dehorned. The polled cow Hartly Design 689695 had been the Supreme Indi- vidual Champion and member of the winning Bledisloe Trophy team at the London Dairy Show in 1964. Eight illustrations were of horned Ayrshires. Of the 132 advertisements 35 were mainly an- nouncements. Three herds proudly reported high total milk solids, and 50 with 4 percent average butterfat tests or above. Sixty-three herds were listed as accredited (brucellosis-free), and three were attested (tuberculosis-free), one since 1911. Undoubtedly others were under test, but the brief announcements precluded mention. A survey in 1967 found that 1.75 percent of Ayrshires being regis- tered were naturally polled. Some 60 to 80 percent of Ayrshires in the United Kingdom are dehorned because of pen or loose hous- ing of milking herds. The Ministry of Agriculture (England) or the Department of Agriculture for Scotland had provided Strain 19 Bang's vaccine free for immunizing against brucellosis for calves 151 to 240 days old, beginning in May 1962. The Ayrshire Cattle Society's Journal is published quarterly. The Research Bulletin formerly contained the list of recently Approved Sires, Approved Dams, cows that qualified for the 100,000-, 150,000-, and 200,000-pound Clubs with milk production. J. Lawson is the General Secretary and Editor, at 1 Racecourse Road, Ayr., Scotland. REFERENCEs Anonymous. 1804. Various methods calculated for the improvement of the County of Caithness carried on in the course of the year 1803. Farmers' Mag. 5:6. . 1877. Proceedings of meeting to organize the Herd Book Society. N. Brit. Agriculturist 29(n.s.):426-27. . 1949. The Ayrshire breed brochure from Ayrshire Cattle Herd Book Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Aiton, William. 1811. A general vew of the agriculture of the county of Ayr. A Vepier, Trongate. Glasgow. . 1825. A treatise on the dairy breed of cows and dairy husbandry. . 1830-31. On the characteristics of cattle. Quart. J. Agr. 2:485-97. . 1833-34. On the dairy cattle of Ayrshire. Quart. J. Agr. 4:763-80. Advertisements or illustrations in The Ayrshire Cattle Society's Journal for Winter 1970 showed some trends within the breed. One herd was naturally polled and 47 apparently were dehorned. The polled cow Hartly Design 689695 had been the Supreme Indi- vidual Champion and member of the winning Bledisloe Trophy team at the London Dairy Show in 1964. Eight illustrations were of horned Ayrshires. Of the 132 advertisements 35 were mainly an- nouncements. Three herds proudly reported high total milk solids, and 50 with 4 percent average butterfat tests or above. Sixty-three herds were listed as accredited (brucellosis-free), and three were attested (tuberculosis-free), one since 1911. Undoubtedly others were under test, but the brief announcements precluded mention. A survey in 1967 found that 1.75 percent of Ayrshires being regis- tered were naturally polled. Some 60 to 80 percent of Ayrshires in the United Kingdom are dehorned because of pen or loose hous- ing of milking herds. The Ministry of Agriculture (England) or the Department of Agriculture for Scotland had provided Strain 19 Bang's vaccine free for immunizing against brucellosis for calves 151 to 240 days old, beginning in May 1962. The Ayrshire Cattle Society's Journal is published quarterly. The Research Bulletin formerly contained the list of recently Approved Sires, Approved Dams, cows that qualified for the 100,000-, 150,000-, and 200,000-pound Clubs with milk production. J. Lawson is the General Secretary and Editor, at 1 Racecourse Road, Ayr., Scotland. REFERENCES Anonymous. 1804. Various methods calculated for the improvement of the County of Caithness carried on in the course of the year 1803. Farmers' Mag. 5:6. . 1877. Proceedings of meeting to organize the Herd Book Society. N. Brit. Agriculturist 29(n.s.):426-27. 1949. The Ayrshire breed brochure from Ayrshire Cattle Herd Book Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Aiton, William. 1811. A general view of the agriculture of the county of Ayr. A Vepier, Trongate. Glasgow. . 1825. A treatise on the dairy breed of cows and dairy husbandry. . 1830-31. On the characteristics of cattle. Quart. J. Agr. 2:485-97. . 1833-34. On the dairy cattle of Ayrshire. Quart. J. Agr. 4:763-80.  104 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Auld, DCv. Robert, an~d Alexander Cuthill. 1845. Nssw Sistical Account of Scotland 18:58. BarIEemore, William,. Cited by Johs Speir. 1909. Brisban, eT. Tbhomas. 1790-98. The (Old) Stasticasl Account of S~cItland 8:537. BchanEn, JCames. Absst 1880. Is J. P. SheCldon, Dairy Farmsing: Bsisg lbs thesCry, practics asnd metods of dairyisg. London. Csampbell, A. B. 1843. New StCaitcal Accoust of SCCotland 16828. olley, GeTrgs. 1788. ObservatisC s E lvesck. G. C. J. & J. RoCinsDon, LCE- don. DCFCe, Daniel. 1738. A tCur tbro' ths whosles lanld sf Creat ritan. Rev. edC. Dickie, DCC. MatICCw. 1845. NewC StCaticl Account of ScCotland 5:288, 300. DicksCn, JamCCs. 1835-36. Os the appicCEon of the points by wic cCttle CIe judged. Qsart. 1. Agr. 8:546-88. Dickls, R. W. 1805. PrctCicCl agicultrCe. Vsl. 2. LoECdCn. Pp. 994, 1117. Donald, H. P., D. W. DenI, Call A. L. WilsoE. 1851. The geneIc analCsis of tbe incidence of dropsical calesat bith in herds of Ayrshire cattle. Brit. VetI. 0. 1088,227-45. DonaldsoCn, eT. Williams. 1811. Trans. Highland Agr. Sc. Scotland. Farrall, TbsomCs. 1878. Os lbs Ayrshire breed of cows. Trass. Highlasd Agr. S5c. Scotland S(ICC. 4):129-47. .1877. Tbs Ayshbire Hssd Book. PCCsytb, Be. 1885. Besssis Cf SCCtland. 4 vols. Pp. 439, 445-46. Fow'ler, A. B. 1833. Thes Ayrsbire breed of cattle: A genetEc study. 1. Dairy Rs. 4,11-28. Fullaslon, JCohn. 1845. NewC Staistical Account Cf Scotland, 16,161. Fullarto, CoI. Williss,. 8783. Ceneral view, Cf Ilhs Cgriculture of Itle county Cf Ayr, wilb obsrsios ss lbs mesas of its improvements. Garrard, GorCge. 1800 andC later. Dscription Cf tbs varios typs of CsIen Ecm- mnis tbs rtisb Iless. Portfolio. LCEdCn. Harlsy, Williss,. 1819. Tbs Harlssadirs systeCmC5C. Hsgg, Thoms, Js. 1845. New Stisials Accunt Cf SoClandC 16:215. Hugbs, T. McEnnIy. 1888. On tbe more im~pCrtaEt brssds sf catIle whIich bave bCeRn rcogniCedin he lBis RjIle n11 BucessIive peisI~~ aId tlbsr ss- lation IC CtheC acheoCCIgicC1Cal bbisoicassIcoeiesCI. AIcbECCIagiC 5(155. 2): 125-58. LCawCence, Jobn. 1888. A gsssral trase on cattle. lnd sd. C. WittEngbhs. P. 69. A LiEcClnshire CrCziCr. 1888. Cbs cComplete grCCier. (6tb sd., 1833.) WV. JIck- ICE, NewYorC. LCCw, DEC14. 1842. Os lbs domsticated anims Cf tbs British Iless. LCng- mansI,CGren&Co.,LondonE. McCEEIIIII, A. C. 1818. BlackC aEd whbts Ayrsbires. Ayshirs Quart. 3(4):24- 28. M'Kiney, DCC. JaesCC, Davi StrCng, Call Andrew Hamilton. 1845. Nsew Stla- tisical AccCunt Cf SEctland 5,545. MacNCilage, Archibald. 1881. Pamss AyrhSre sires. TrIIns. Highland Agr. S9c. SoCland 1S(ICI. 4):149-76. MarsbalI, DEC44. 1846. ScCtishb agicultuEe duing Ille CwII. Trasl. Highland Ags. Sc. SEctlCnd 58(111. 5)1-77. MartEE, W. C. L. 1854. Cattls, Thsir bhisory and various bresds. London. P. 187. 584 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Asld, DeC. Robert, and AICxander Cstbill. 1845. Nssw Stisical Accunt of Sotlan~d 18:58, BaIIICemCrC, WilliCas. Citsd by JobC Speir. 1989. Brisbae, RCC. ThoCmas. 1790-98. Tbs (Old) StatCitcal Account Cf SotClandI 9:537. sBcEana, JamCes. About 1888. Is J. P. OSldoE, Dairy Farming: Bsing tbs thsCry, practic Cand meCthods Cf daEirying. LCondCn. CamIpbCll, A. B. 1843, Nssw Stisical Account Cf Sotland, 16,828. CsIlsy, CICrge. 1788. Obsrios on live CstCck. C. C, J. & J. DobinsCn, Lon- dCE. DCPCC, Daniel. 1738. A ICEr Ills,' lbs whole ICslanC Cf Gresat rtain. Rev, ed. Diciei, ev. MatbCew. 1845. Nsew StatIitcal Account Cf Soslband 5:288, 300. DicksCn, JCCCCs. 1835-38. Os lbs applicatiCE C6 lbs points by Cwbisb cattle aCe jsdged. Quart. 1. Aar. 8:546-88. DicksCn, R. W. 1805. PrccalC agicultueI. Vosl. 2. LConICn. Pp. 994, 1117. DCnaId, H. P., D. W. DeCs, Cnd A. L. WilsCn. 1852. The geec analysis Cof tbe incideceE of drpia calves at birtb in herds of Ayrshire cattle. ri. VesI. J. 1088:127-45. DCnaldsCn, DCC. Williams. 1811. Trans. Hlighlasd Ag. Sc. ScCtland. FaCICII, Tbhomas. 1878. OE tbI Ayrshbre breed Cf cCowI. TrlEs. Highlasd Ag. Soc. 9Sclansd 8(ICI. 4):129-47. .1877. Cbs Ayrsbire Herd BCoS. Poslytb, Ro. 0805. Besuis Cf Sotlands. 4 vols. Pp. 439, 445-46. PCowler, A. B. 1833. Tbs Ayrshbre breed sf cattle: A geeic study. 1. Dairy Rss. 4:11-28. PullartCn, JobE. 1845. NewC Statitcal AccCunt Cf SoCland 16:161. FullCIIon, CsI. WilliCas. 1783. General vew of the agriculturC of Ills couEty Cf Ayr, EwitbClsevaiCons lbsth meas Cf its imlproCement. Garrard, George. 1800 lnd later. Dscipion of tbs vaios typs Cf ssen Ecos- DICE is lbs riisb IleC. PortfCliC. LCEdCn. HarIey, Williams. 1829. TbC Hsrlssbas dairyCss. Hogg, DTCCmII, Jr. 1845. NIT Statbiscal Account Cf Scotland 16:225. Hugbs, T. McKenny. 1886. On tbC moCrI impCrtCnt breeds of catIIe whbicb hae bIe rcoCgnized ine Bis ls n11 Bsuccessive eiods aECd tbsir IC- lation IC CtbCr acheoCIogical adI bistCical discoveris. ArchaeClogia 5(ICI. 2): 125-58. LaeCcIeE, JCohE. 108. A gsseral treatise CE cattle. 2nd ed. C. WitlEngham. P. 68. A Linclnsbire Crazier. 1808. Tbs com~plete grCzier. (6tb ed., 1833.) W. Jack- sEn, New York. LCCw, David?. 1842. Os lbs domsicated anlimls Cf Ills Br4iib ICles. LCng- mansI,CGren&C, LondonC. MECEEIIShb, A. C. 1918. Black CEnd wite Ayrsbires. Ayrshire Quar. 3(4):24- 28. b'Kisley, DCC. JaesC, DavidI Strong, aRd AnewIC HaCiltonC. 1845. Nsew Stal- tisticEl AccCunt Cf SCcotCCnd 5:545. MacNeilage, Arcbibald. 1801. PamsI5 Ayrshbre sie. TIas. Higlansd Agr. Scs. Sotland, 1S(CsI. 4):149-76. MarsbCll, DCvid. 1846. Scottisb agriculture dsdsng the CCII. Tran. Higlanld Agr. Sc. Scotlandf 26(111. 5):1-77. MaEi, W. C. L. 1854. Cattls: Thesir bistory and vaiouIs bsesds. LondCn. P. 107. 184 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Asld, DCC. Rober, and AIleCander Cstbil. 1845. Nssw StCtistical AccCunt Cf ScCtland 18:58. DCarIlemCrC, Willias,. Ci1ed by Jobn Speir. 1809. Bdisbae, DCC. TbComas. 1790-98. Tbe (Dld) StCtistical Account of SEcotland 8:537. Bucbanan, JCamCs. About 1888. Is J. P. SbldCn, Dairy Farming: Bsisg lbs tbeory, praIctice asd msetbods Cf dairyisg. LCEdo. Csampbsll, A. B. 0845. Nssw StCtistical Account Cf Scotland 16:828. Csllsy, Ceorg. 1786. Oblsersaios on li stck. C. C. J. & J. Dobison, LonI- don. DeFCC, DaniCI. 1738. A tour Ills, lbs whoIe Isand Cf Crsat Britain. DIe. ed. DicbiC, DCC. MatIhewC. 0845. Nsew StCatitcal Account Cf ScCtland 5:288, 300. DicbsCE, Jams. 1835-36. On the applDcCtCD of lbs poiEts by Cwbicb Eattle are jsdgsd. Qsar. 1. Aa. 8:546-88. DicbsCC, R. W. 1805. Practical agriculturIe. VCI. 2. LCondCE. Pp. 884, 1117. DonaIld, H. P., D. W. Dens, and? A. L. WisCE. 1952. TheC geec analysis Cof tbC incEdenCe of drosical calCes at birtb iE berds sf Ayshbire EatIe. Bri. VCt. 0. 18:227-45. Donaldson, ev. William,. 1811. TIas. Higbland Ag. Sc. Sotland. FCrrCll, TbComCs. 1876. On tbC Ayrshire breed Cof cCI. TIas. HiglanId Ag. ScC. Sot~land 8(111. 4):12947. .1877. Ths Ayshbirs Hesrd Book. PCrsytb, Ro. 1805. Beais Cf ScotlandI. 4 vols. Pp. 439, 445-46. Fowler,, A. B. 1833. Tbe Ayrsbire bree,? Cf cEttIC, A geec study. 1. Dairy Rs. 4:11-26. PullCrto, Jobn. 1845. NewC Stasical Account Cf SCCotland 16:261. PsIIasIon, CCI. William,. 1783. GsssraI view Cf lbs agriculture Cof tbs county of Ay, withlbservatios Cs lbs smsas, Cf ill im~proCeen. GarrardI,CGeorg. 1800 andIlateC.Dsciption of teEEios tpesf eIcomI- mnis h lB is CI~le s. PCrtfolio. LCondC. HCrIey, Willias,. 1829. Ths Harleissn dairy syCsCem. Hogg, ThoCmC, Jr. 1845. New StisiEcal AEcoun Cf Scotland 16,225. Hugbes, T. McICenny. 1896. On te moCII im~pCrCEt breeds of cattIC whbich baes beCCn rcognizCed iC tbC BritIbh Iles iD sucesiveI p5eids CEd tbsb Ie- lation Io otber aceoCIgical CEnd bisticaC iscveis. Archeologia 5sCI. 2): 125-58. Lawrece, Jobn. 1808. A genCral trseatise Cn cattl. lnd ed. C. Wittingbham. P. 69. A LincInshire CrCzier. 1808. Tbs com~pletC grCzie. (6tb Id., 1833.) W. lEck- soE, NeCCYork. CLCC, DEC14. 1842. Os lbs domsicated aimals~ Cf lbs rlish Isls. LCng- ms,GrCInC& Co, Londons. MECanEishb, A. C. 1818. Blacb and, whbi Ayrsbirs. Ayrsies Quar. 3(4):24- 28. M'KineIy, DIev. Jaes,~ DCvid StIong, andC Andew HCEmiltoE. 5945. New~ SIC- istical AcEcunt Cf SEctlad, 5,545. MacNeilagC, Arcbibald. 1801. PFamous Ayshbiresires. Trans. Hligland Ag. Sc. ScCotlInI 13)111. 4)1049-76. Mashabll, Dasid. 1846. SEIoish agrECiculue durdng lbs waC. TIas. Higlansd Agr. SIc. ScCotland 58(111. 5):1-77. MarinE, W. C. L. 1854. Cattle: Thir istoryI andI vaious breds. LCndon. P. 107.  Ayrshires in Scotland 105 Murroy, ilbert. 1875. The Ayrshire broed of caftol. In J. Colean, The cattle of Groat Britain. Hlorooo Con, London. Pottigreow, Robort. 1845. Nonw Statiotical Accont of Scotland 16:111-17. Pont, Timntby. About 100. Topographicat taccount of tho district of Cnnning- boon, Ayrsbie. Pp. 9-16. Prydo, Gorogo 5. 1937. Aye Bnegh Acons 1534-1 624. 3rd too. P. 28. Bamsay, Alonondot. 1979. Hiotory of the Highland and Agricntunnal Soceoty of Sootland. W. Blackwood & Soos, Edionugh. Oood, 0. E. 1924. A trip to Sootland. Ayoshine Dig. 10(4):10-il. Roid, Jobn. 1949. Boooding better cowt. In The Ayrshiro boood (hoochuoe). Apt. Pp. 29-33. Robetson. 1929. Progoons of iotprocetnents in Ayrshire, ntore particnlarly Cnn- ninghamne. Robeotson, K. J. 1962. Spooding op Soeld progony roesults. Ayrshiee Cattla Soc. J. 34(3):122-26. Sinclair, Sit John. Tho (Old) Stotistical Accounts. 21 colt. (Woitnon by pattort and othoos.) .1912. An aceonnt of the systems of husbandoy odoptod in the mr imnproved districts of Scotland. Aroh Conntnhlo & Co., Edinbnrgh. Snmith, A. 0. Buchonon. 1930. The vnine ol the lvestock thanw. In Aynthioe Ago. Astoc., The Book of the Association. Glntgowc. Pp. 109-It. .1937. The Ayrshire booed. Pat-Peent-Pntnre. Gloaow'. Pp. t06- 10. Speir, John. 1909. Eaoly hitory of the Ayrshire booed of cottic. In Report of Milh Becordn for the Season 1908. Pp. 271-317. Stuonoch, Anchibold. 1866-67. Bopott at the agriculture of Ayrthine. Trons. Highland Ago. Soc. Scotland 1(tot. 4):21-lot. Tweedie, D. 1995. The Upper Wood of Lanookohioe. Vol. 4. P. 14. Ure, Rev. Dovid. 1793. Tho history of Rnthglen ond Boot Kilbride. Pp. 194, 187-89. Wallace, Bobort, and J. A. Scotf Wotson. 1923. Paon beve stock of Great Br0t- ain. 5th ed. Oliveo h Boyd, Edinbuogh. Youaon, Willioam. 1893. The comnplete goaziero. 13th od. Willoam Preamt, Lon- don. Miscellaneout Booed Poblhcatont 1877-1958. Ayrnhire Cattle Hood Boob. Volt. 1-78. 1936. The Bock of the Ansociation, 1836-1936. Ayrthire Agt. Atoe., Apt. 1954. Ayrthire bntl ptoving ttation, Sontb Cathkin. Ayrshioe Cattle Soc. J. 27: 7,79. 1954. Ayrshire Cattle Hood Book Society Boo. Onll. 6th od. 1961. Rnlet governiog Clnh coat. Ayoshioe Conice Soc. J. 33(2)>84-85. Onion governing the Appeoal of Ayrshioe siran. Onion governing the Appeovol of Ayrshire data. Ayonshires in Scotland 105 Mortay, Githert. 1975. The Ayrshie boeed of cattle. In J. Coleman, The conkl of Gral Britain. Hoace Coo, Lonon. Pettigrew, Robort. 1045. Non, Statistical Account of Scotland 16:11-17. Pont, Timtothy. Ahoot 1000. Topogoaphicai account of the district of Conning- bam, Ayrnhire. Pp. 9-16. Peyde, Georeo S. 1937. Aye Bnegh Accont, 1534-16024. 3od too. P. 28. Ramay, Alexander. 1979. Histoey of the Highland and Agricnutal Society of Scotland. W. Blachwood & Soot, Edinhurgh. Read, 0.0E. 1924. A trip to Scotland. Ayrshire Dig. 10(4):10-11. Reid, John. 1949. Breoding hencer cowt. In The Ayoshire boned (brochuoe). Apt. Pp. 29-33. Roberotn. 1919. Progens of improocementn in Ayrshire, more particnlariy Cun- ninghaae. Rohertson, K. J. 1902. Speedina op foeld progenynrenults. Ayoshire Catkl Soc. J. 34(3):122-2. Sinclirb, Sir John. The (Did) Stotisticni Accounts. 21 cob. (Written by pastors and otherst.) ____1912. An accont of the systems of hosbondoy adopted in the moe ampaoved diotroctn of Scotland. Arob Contoble h Co., Edionugh. Smith, A. D. Buchanon. 1930. The value of the livestock ohow'. to Ayrtbiro Ago. Atsoc., The Book of the Ansociation. Clotgow. Pp. 106-If. .1937. The Ayoohioe booed. Patt-Pesent-Ftoo. Glatgow. Pp. 106- 10. Speir, John. 1909. Early hittoty of the Ayttbire booed of cottit. to Rteport of Miuh Recoods foe the Seonon 1909. Pp. 271-317. Sturrock, Archibold. 1866-67. Reyport of the agriculture of Ayrshdre. Trnso. Highland Agr. Soc. Scotland l(tee. 4):21-106. Tweedie, D. 1905. The Uper Wood of Lanaokshire. Vol. 4. P. 14. Coo, Rev. David. 1793. The histooy of Ruthgken and East Kiibride. Pp. 194, 187-89. Wallace, Robeot, and J. A. Scotf Wahsoo. 1923. Faoro beve stoch of Great Br0t- amn. 5th ed. Oicer & Boyd, Edinburgh. Youoff, Williamo. 1993. The compote goaoieo. 13th od. Willoam Pteam, Lon- don. Mincoltoneout Booed Publicatooot 1877-1958. Ayrshie Cottie Hood Book. Volt. 1-78. 1936. The Book of the Asnociation, 1836-1936. Ayrshire Age. Antoc., Apt. 1954. Ayrshie bol ponig stton, Sonth Cathkino. Ayonhioe Conkl Soc. J. 27: 7,79. 1954. Ayrshire Cottie Hood Book Society Ben. Boll. 6th ed. 1901. Rulet governing Club coat. Ayoohire Cotle Soc. J. 33(2):84-85. Onlon goveoning the Approval of Ayrshioe oires. Runks goceoning the Approvai of Ayrshire data. Ayrohireso in Scotland 105 Muotap, Gilbet. 1975. The Ayrshioe booed of conkto In. Coteman, The yankl of Gral Britain. Horace Coo, London. Pettigrew, Robtrt. 1941. Non, Statisti cot Account of Scotland 16:111-17. Pool, Timtothy. Ahoot l6ft. Topographicai account of the distIol of Conning- bam, Ayrshie. Pp. 9-16. Pcydo, Georeo S. 1937. Aye Buegh Account, 1534-1 624. 3rd toer. P. 28. Ranoay, Aletaode. 1879. History of the Highland and Agrcnltnrat Safiety of Scotland. W. Blachaood & Soot, Edinhurgh. Raed, 0.0E. 1924. A tipo to Scotland. Ayrshire Dig. 10(4):10-1. Reid, John. 1949. Breediog hetter coat. In The Ayoshie booed (brochue). Apt. Pp. 29-33. Roborton. 1929. Poogoess of impiovemnts in Ayrshir, moe particlaoiy Con- ninghame. Robertso, K. J. 1962. Speeding op foeld progenytreult. Ayrshirto Cattle Soc. . 34(3):122-2. Sinclaib, Sit John. The (Dld) Statisticai Acconts. 21 colt. (Written by pastoos nd others.) .1012. An accont of the nysteas of hnnbandry adopted in the moe improved districts of Scotland. Arch Contable h Co., Edinburgh. Smith, A. D. Buchnno. 1930. The valoe of the licetack thow'. In Ayrshire Age. Assoc., The Book of the Associatio. Glosgow. Pp. 106-It. .1937. The Ayrshire booed. Past-Peent-Fturo. Glatgow. Pp. 106- 10. Speir, Joho. 1909. Eroly history of the Aytshire hoeed of conile. In Reort of Mdlk Records foe the Season 1999. Pp. 271-317. Stuonoch, Anchibold. 1866-67. Beort of the agrdculture of Ayrshire. Tenn. Highland Age. Soc. Scotland t(tee. 4):21-100. Tacedie, D. 1905. The Uppee Wood of Lanarkshire. Vol. 4. P 14. Coo, Boo. David. 1793. The hiotory of Ruthglen and Boot Kilboide. Pp. 104, 187-89. Wollace, Roeot, and J. A. Scoff Wahsoo. 1923. PFatm beve ntock of Great Boil- ai.5th ed. Oiver & Boyd, Ediobuogh. YouaoO Williamo. 1993. The conplete grazie. 13th ed. Wiliam PFroam, Laon- doo. Miscellaneoos Booed Publications 1877-158. Ayrshire Cattie Heed Book. Voln. 1-78. 1930. The Bock of the Association, 1836-1936. Ayrshire Age. Atoe., Apt. 1954. Ayrshie bolt proving ttfion, Sooth Cathkin. Ayrshire Conkl Soc. J. 27:7,79. 1954. Aynshire Catle Heed Boob Socfety Ben. Bnl. 6th ed. 1901. Rulet governiog Club coat. Ayrshire Catile Soc. J. 33(2):84-85. Onlon governing the Appoval of Ayrnhire niron. Onion governing the Apoal of Ayrshire data.  CHAPTER 6 AYRSHIRES IN AMERICA THE FIRST Ayrshires imported to America supplied fresh milk for the passengers and officers aboard sailing vessels, and were sold on reaching port. An Ayrshire bull and cow were imported to New York by Henry W. Mills about 1822. Dr. White owned an Ayrshire cow in Duchess County, New York, in 1828. The Massachusetts So- ciety for the Promotion of Agriculture and John P. Cushing im- ported 1 bull and 7 cows in 1837. Their second importation in 1845 numbered 1 bull and 4 cows, and the third included 4 bulls and 11 heifers "mainly of Swinlee stock" in 1858. The Society reported one of their cows produced 10 pounds of butter in a week at 12 years old in January, 4 months after calving, when fed hay and a quart of carrots daily. Another cow yielded 15 pounds of butter per week on common feed, and had four daughters, all first-rate cows. The Society contrasted these Ayrshires with famous "native" cows that left no progeny equal to themselves. 106 CHAPTER 6 AYRSHIRES IN AMERICA HE FIRST Ayrshires imported to America supplied fresh milk for the passengers and officeers aboard sailing vessels, and were sold on reaching port. An Ayrshire bull and cow were imported to New York by Henry W. Mills about 1822. Dr. White owned an Ayrshire cow in Duchess County, New York, in 1828. The Massachusetts So- ciety for the Promotion of Agriculture and John P. Cushing im- ported 1 bull and 7 cows in 1837. Their second importation in 1845 numbered 1 bull and 4 cows, and the third included 4 bulls and 11 heifers "mainly of Swinlee stock" in 1858. The Society reported one of their cows produced 10 pounds of butter in a week at 12 years old in January, 4 months after calving, when fed hay and a quart of carrots daily. Another cow yielded 15 pounds of butter per week on common feed, and had four daughters, all first-rate cows. The Society contrasted these Ayrshires with famous "native" cows that left no progeny equal to themselves. 106 CHAPTER 6 AYRSHIRES IN AMERICA THE FIRST Ayrshires imported to America supplied fresh milk for the passengers and officers aboard sailing vessels, and were sold on reaching port. An Ayrshire bull and cow were imported to New York by Henry W. Mills about 1822. Dr. White owned an Ayrshire cow in Duchess County, New York, in 1828. The Massachusetts So- ciety for the Promotion of Agriculture and John P. Cushing im- ported 1 bull and 7 cows in 1837. Their second importation in 1845 numbered 1 bull and 4 cows, and the third included 4 bulls and 11 heifers "mainly of Swinlee stock" in 1858. The Society reported one of their cows produced 10 pounds of butter in a week at 12 years old in January, 4 months after calving, when fed hay and a quart of carrots daily. Another cow yielded 15 pounds of butter per week on common feed, and had four daughters, all first-rate cows. The Society contrasted these Ayrshires with famous "native" cows that left no progeny equal to themselves. 106  Ayrshires in America 107 Ayrshires in America 107 Ayrshires in America 107 Several importations came between 1860 and 1870. Cows were milked by hand in the United States by men who preferred ani- mals with long teats. When Scottish emphasis changed toward slightly longer teats (2 to 2% inches in 1884, and 2% to 3% inches in 1906), 2,867 Ayrshires entered the country from 1885 to 1926. Seventy-five importers were listed in Volume 1 of the Ayrshire Rec- ord. Colonel Zadock Pratt reported yearly production of about 50 "native" cows during 1857 to 1861 averaging between 4,355 and 5,209 pounds of milk per cow. He mentioned that cows could be improved by a single cross to one of the pure breeds. AYRSHIRE HERD BoO The Massachusetts Society required their animals to be kept pure. The Association of Breeders of Thoroughbred Neat Stock assembled the first Ayrshire Herd Book. This Association dealt separately with Ayrshire, Alderney, Devon, Hereford, Jersey, and Shorthorn cattle. It was sponsored by an "Alderney" breeder in 1859. Vol- ume 1 had pedigrees of 79 Ayrshire bulls and 217 cows under 130 ownerships. Volume 2 appeared in 1686 and Volume 3 in 1871. Lewis Sturte- vant studied these volumes and found them to contain the follow- ing: Imported Tracing to importation Others Males 59 482 407 Females 192 872 914 Dissatisfied because lack of records prevented tracing some animals completely to importation, Sturtevant Brothers assembled the North American Ayrshire Register, wherein every animal was traced to importation. Volume 1 entered 238 bulls and 521 females, to the importation of 1837. The cow Twinney 500 had "Swinley horns." J. R. Sturtevant called a meeting of 16 persons "to fix up the herdbook of Mr. Boggs" (the first herdbook). Some 24 persons attended a second meeting in 1875. The old volumes were "brushed aside," and a new Ayrshire Record was established with J. D. W. French as editor for the Ayrshire Breeders' As- Several importations came between 1860 and 1870. Cows were milked by hand in the United States by men who preferred ani- mals with long teats. When Scottish emphasis changed toward slightly longer teats (2 to 2% inches in 1884, and 2% to 3% inches in 1906), 2,867 Ayrshires entered the country from 1885 to 1926. Seventy-five importers were listed in Volume 1 of the Ayrshire Rec- ord. Colonel Zadock Pratt reported yearly production of about 50 "native" cows during 1857 to 1861 averaging between 4,355 and 5,209 pounds of milk per cow. He mentioned that cows could be improved by a single cross to one of the pure breeds. AYRSHIRE HERD BoO The Massachusetts Society required their animals to be kept pure. The Association of Breeders of Thoroughbred Neat Stock assembled the first Ayrshire Herd Book. This Association dealt separately with Ayrshire, Alderney, Devon, Hereford, Jersey, and Shorthorn cattle. It was sponsored by an "Alderney" breeder in 1859. Vol- ume 1 had pedigrees of 79 Ayrshire bulls and 217 cows under 130 ownerships. Volume 2 appeared in 1686 and Volume 3 in 1871. Lewis Sturte- vant studied these volumes and found them to contain the follow- ing: Imported Tracing to importation Others Several importations came between 1860 and 1870. Cows were milked by hand in the United States by men who preferred ani- mals with long teats. When Scottish emphasis changed toward slightly longer teats (2 to 2 inches in 1884, and 2% to 3% inches in 1906), 2,867 Ayrshires entered the country from 1885 to 1926. Seventy-five importers were listed in Volume 1 of the Ayrshire Rec- ord. Colonel Zadock Pratt reported yearly production of about 50 "native" cows during 1857 to 1861 averaging between 4,355 and 5,209 pounds of milk per cow. He mentioned that cows could be improved by a single cross to one of the pure breeds. AYRSHIRE HERD BOOK The Massachusetts Society required their animals to be kept pure. The Association of Breeders of Thoroughbred Neat Stock assembled the first Ayrshire Herd Book. This Association dealt separately with Ayrshire, Alderney, Devon, Hereford, Jersey, and Shorthorn cattle. It was sponsored by an "Alderney" breeder in 1859. Vol- ume 1 had pedigrees of 79 Ayrshire bulls and 217 cows under 130 ownerships. Volume 2 appeared in 1686 and Volume 3 in 1871. Lewis Sturte- vant studied these volumes and found them to contain the follow- ing: Imported Tracing to importation Others Males 59 Females 192 482 407 872 914 Males 59 Females 192 482 407 872 914 Dissatisfied because lack of records prevented tracing some animals completely to importation, Sturtevant Brothers assembled the North American Ayrshire Register, wherein every animal was traced to importation. Volume 1 entered 238 bulls and 521 females, to the importation of 1837. The cow Twinney 500 had "Swinley horns." J. R. Sturtevant called a meeting of 16 persons "to fix up the herdbook of Mr. Boggs" (the first herdbook). Some 24 persons attended a second meeting in 1875. The old volumes were "brushed aside," and a new Ayrshire Record was established with J. D. W. French as editor for the Ayrshire Breeders' As- Dissatisfied because lack of records prevented tracing some animals completely to importation, Sturtevant Brothers assembled the North American Ayrshire Register, wherein every animal was traced to importation. Volume 1 entered 238 bulls and 521 females, to the importation of 1837. The cow Twinney 500 had "Swinley horns." J. R. Sturtevant called a meeting of 16 persons "to fix up the herdbook of Mr. Boggs" (the first herdbook). Some 24 persons attended a second meeting in 1875. The old volumes were "brushed aside," and a new Ayrshire Record was established with J. D. W. French as editor for the Ayrshire Breeders' As-  108 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS sociation. They printed Volume 4 before The Ayrshire Record, Newt Series, Volume 1 appeared in 1876. The Ayrshire Breeders' Asso- ciation and North American Ayrshire Register united in 1881 and incorporated legally in 1886 under the name of The Ayrshire Breeders' Association. The Constitution stated: "We, the undersigned breeders of Ayr- shire cattle, recognizing the importance of a trustworthy Herd Book that shall be accepted as final authority in all questions of pedigree. and desiring to secure the cooperation of all who feel an interest in preserving the purity of this stock, do hereby agree to form an As- sociation for the publication of a Herd Book, and for such other purposes as may be conducive to the interest of breeders, and adopt the following Constitution." The Association received registrations from 2,273 owners in 1969. Some 850 Ayrshire bulls and 11,739 females were registered during 1969, with the numbers in 18 states increasing over those of the previous year. Operating departments of the Association are Office Manage- ment, Records Department, Registrations and Transfers, Promotion, and The Ayrshire Digest. A Promotion Director is active. Officers of the Ayrshire Breeders' Association are elected an- nually. The nominating committee divided the country into eight districts in 1946, based on registrations and breed activities. Dis- tricts were adjusted as breed distribution changed. Registrations for the 1956 revision were as follows: 108 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS sociation. They printed Volume 4 before The Ayrshire Record, Netc Series, Volume 1 appeared in 1876. The Ayrshire Breeders' Asso- ciation and North American Ayrshire Register united in 1881 and incorporated legally in 1886 under the name of The Ayrshire Breeders' Association. The Constitution stated: "We, the undersigned breeders of Ayr- shire cattle, recognizing the importance of a trustworthy Herd Book that shall be accepted as final authority in all questions of pedigree. and desiring to secure the cooperation of all who feel an interest in preserving the purity of this stock, do hereby agree to form an As- sociation for the publication of a Herd Book, and for such other purposes as may be conducive to the interest of breeders, and adopt the following Constitution." The Association received registrations from 2,273 owners in 1969. Some 850 Ayrshire bulls and 11,739 females were registered during 1969, with the numbers in 18 states increasing over those of the previous year. Operating departments of the Association are Office Manage- ment, Records Department, Registrations and Transfers, Promotion. and The Ayrshire Digest. A Promotion Director is active. Officers of the Ayrshire Breeders' Association are elected an- nually. The nominating committee divided the country into eight districts in 1946, based on registrations and breed activities. Dis- tricts were adjusted as breed distribution changed. Registrations for the 1956 revision were as follows: 108 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS sociation. They printed Volume 4 before The Ayrshire Record, Netc Series, Volume 1 appeared in 1876. The Ayrshire Breeders' Asso- ciation and North American Ayrshire Register united in 1881 and incorporated legally in 1886 under the name of The Ayrshire Breeders' Association. The Constitution stated: "We, the undersigned breeders of Ayr- shire cattle, recognizing the importance of a trustworthy Herd Book that shall be accepted as final authority in all questions of pedigree. and desiring to secure the cooperation of all who feel an interest in preserving the purity of this stock, do hereby agree to form an As- sociation for the publication of a Herd Book, and for such other purposes as may be conducive to the interest of breeders, and adopt the following Constitution." The Association received registrations from 2,273 owners in 1969. Some 850 Ayrshire bulls and 11,739 females were registered during 1969, with the numbers in 18 states increasing over those of the previous year. Operating departments of the Association are Office Manage- ment, Records Department, Registrations and Transfers, Promotion. and The Ayrshire Digest. A Promotion Director is active. Officers of the Ayrshire Breeders' Association are elected an- nually. The nominating committee divided the country into eight districts in 1946, based on registrations and breed activities. Dis- tricts were adjusted as breed distribution changed. Registrations for the 1956 revision were as follows: District 1 2 3 4 5 6 Average of 1953-55 registrations New England states New York Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, Indiana Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Idaho, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, Washington, Oregon, California 4,407 3,947 3,893 3,796 3,729 4,013 District 1 2 3 4 5 6 Average of 1953-55 registrations New England states New York Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, Indiana Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Idaho, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, Washington, Oregon, California 4,407 3,947 3,893 3,796 3,729 4,013 District 1 2 3 4 5 6 Average of 1953-55 registrations New England states New York Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, Indiana Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Idaho, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, Washington, Oregon, California 4,407 3,947 3,893 3,796 3,729 4,013  Ayrshires in America 109 Ayrshires in America 109 Ayrshires in America 109 A director was elected annually from each district to serve a 3- year term. Offeers included a president, four vice-presidents, and the directors. Proxies were specific by custom, avoiding abuse of this privilege. No proxies could be solicited beyond the state or dis- trict in which a member lived. A committee approved proxies 7 days before the meeting. An Executive Committee consisted of the President, First Vice-President and six Directors. Elections have been by secret mail ballot before the annual meeting, since 1959. No proxies were voted. Members voted to reduce from 18 to 12 di- rectors in 1968. SELEcrrvE REGISTRATION A pedigree evaluation plan for male calves was begun in 1945. The program, revised later, included three classes of registration certifi- cates. A "Preferred" Ayrshire bull registration certificate was issued to a calf (a) by an Approved Sire and from an Approved Dam, or (b) by an Approved Sire and from a dam with 9,750 pounds of milk and 400 pounds of butterfat in the first lactation, and she by an Approved Sire. The average of two or three 305-day records com- puted to a 2X mature equivalent basis also was recognized for the dam's production requirements. A "Selected" pedigree certificate was issued (a) to a male calf by an Approved Sire, and from a dam with 9,750 pounds of milk and 400 pounds of butterfat; (b) to a male calf by a "Preferred" pedigree sire, and from an Approved Dam, or a dam with 9,750 pounds of milk and 400 pounds of butterfat; or (c) to a male calf by a sire with a transmitting index of 9,750 pounds of milk and 400 pounds of butterfat, or from an Approved Dam or a dam with 9,750 pounds of milk and 400 pounds of butterfat. In the last instance, the dam's sire must have been Approved or have the transmitting index mentioned. If the dam was Approved, it was not required of her sire. Records were for the first lactation, or average of the first two or three lactations. Lactations were for 305-day 2X mature equivalent basis. Records of dams at comparable ages were used in comparing with daughters. A "Standard" pedigree certificate was issued if the higher cer- A director was elected annually from each district to serve a 3- year term. Officers included a president, four vice-presidents, and the directors. Proxies were specific by custom, avoiding abuse of this privilege. No proxies could be solicited beyond the state or dis- trict in which a member lived. A committee approved proxies 7 days before the meeting. An Executive Committee consisted of the President, First Vice-President and six Directors. Elections have been by secret mail ballot before the annual meeting, since 1959. No proxies were voted. Members voted to reduce from 18 to 12 di- rectors in 1968. SELECrIvE REGISTRATION A pedigree evaluation plan for male calves was begun in 1945. The program, revised later, included three classes of registration certifi- cates. A "Preferred" Ayrshire bull registration certificate was issued to a calf (a) by an Approved Sire and from an Approved Dam, or (b) by an Approved Sire and from a dam with 9,750 pounds of milk and 400 pounds of butterfat in the first lactation, and she by an Approved Sire. The average of two or three 305-day records com- puted to a 2X mature equivalent basis also was recognized for the dam's production requirements. A "Selected" pedigree certificate was issued (a) to a male calf by an Approved Sire, and from a dam with 9,750 pounds of milk and 400 pounds of butterfat; (b) to a male calf by a "Preferred" pedigree sire, and from an Approved Dam, or a dam with 9,750 pounds of milk and 400 pounds of butterfat; or (c) to a male calf by a sire with a transmitting index of 9,750 pounds of milk and 400 pounds of butterfat, or from an Approved Dam or a dam with 9,750 pounds of milk and 400 pounds of butterfat. In the last instance, the dam's sire must have been Approved or have the transmitting index mentioned. If the dam was Approved, it was not required of her sire. Records were for the first lactation, or average of the first two or three lactations. Lactations were for 305-day 2X mature equivalent basis. Records of dams at comparable ages were used in comparing with daughters. A "Standard" pedigree certificate was issued if the higher cer- A director was elected annually from each district to serve a 3- year term. Officers included a president, four vice-presidents, and the directors. Proxies were specific by custom, avoiding abuse of this privilege. No proxies could be solicited beyond the state or dis- trict in which a member lived. A committee approved proxies 7 days before the meeting. An Executive Committee consisted of the President, First Vice-President and six Directors. Elections have been by secret mail ballot before the annual meeting, since 1959. No proxies were voted. Members voted to reduce from 18 to 12 di- rectors in 1968. SELECrvE REGISTRATION A pedigree evaluation plan for male calves was begun in 1945. The program, revised later, included three classes of registration certifi- cates. A "Preferred" Ayrshire bull registration certificate was issued to a calf (a) by an Approved Sire and from an Approved Dam, or (b) by an Approved Sire and from a dam with 9,750 pounds of milk and 400 pounds of butterfat in the first lactation, and she by an Approved Sire. The average of two or three 305-day records com- puted to a 2X mature equivalent basis also was recognized for the dam's production requirements. A "Selected" pedigree certificate was issued (a) to a male calf by an Approved Sire, and from a dam with 9,750 pounds of milk and 400 pounds of butterfat; (b) to a male calf by a "Preferred" pedigree sire, and from an Approved Dam, or a dam with 9,750 pounds of milk and 400 pounds of butterfat; or (c) to a male calf by a sire with a transmitting index of 9,750 pounds of milk and 400 pounds of butterfat, or from an Approved Dam or a dam with 9,750 pounds of milk and 400 pounds of butterfat. In the last instance, the dam's sire must have been Approved or have the transmitting index mentioned. If the dam was Approved, it was not required of her sire. Records were for the first lactation, or average of the first two or three lactations. Lactations were for 305-day 2X mature equivalent basis. Records of dams at comparable ages were used in comparing with daughters. A "Standard" pedigree certificate was issued if the higher cer-  110 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS tificate was not rated. During 1970, 40 bulls received Preferred registration certificates, 63 rated Selected pedigree certificates, and 862 were Standard. All production requirements were increased in 1963 to 10,000 pounds of milk and 410 pounds of butterfat, and in 1970 to 12,500 pounds of milk and 500 pounds of butterfat. IDENTITY ENROLLMENT In 1970 the Directors of the Ayrshire Breeders' Association rec- ommended two steps for the Identity Enrollment of unregistered Ayrshire females: (a) Females were approved for Ayrshire type and color by a breed representative who inserted an official ear tattoo to be recorded by the Association; and (b) a daughter by a registered Ayrshire bull must qualify with an inspection score of at least 0.825 points and have a standard DHIA record at least equal- ing the DHIR breed average for the age group. Based on USDA Sire Summaries, Ayrshire bulls were Production Approved when their daughters qualified on a graded scale with the following: Predicted difference Repeatability (pounds milk) (percent) +800 25 +500 60 +100 90 Double Approved sires had at least ten daughters with an aver- age final score of 0.850 or more by the latest classification program. Most Ayrshires are red and white in varying proportions. Some are mahogany instead of red. A few cattle are "black and white," or very dark mahogany. AYRSHIRES IN THE SHOw RING Ayrshire cattle were displayed at the agricultural fairs of New Eng- land and New York in 1842 and earlier. They competed in mixed classes with Devon, Durham, Hereford, and native cattle. The New York State Agricultural Society appointed a committee to discuss ... those forms, qualities and properties which most conduce to intrinsic value; and also that the distinctive characteristics of each 110 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS tificate was not rated. During 1970, 40 bulls received Preferred registration certificates, 63 rated Selected pedigree certificates, and 862 were Standard. All production requirements were increased in 1963 to 10,000 pounds of milk and 410 pounds of butterfat, and in 1970 to 12,500 pounds of milk and 500 pounds of butterfat. IDENTITY ENROLLMENT In 1970 the Directors of the Ayrshire Breeders' Association ree- ommended two steps for the Identity Enrollment of unregistered Ayrshire females: (a) Females were approved for Ayrshire type and color by a breed representative who inserted an official ear tattoo to be recorded by the Association; and (b) a daughter by a registered Ayrshire bull must qualify with an inspection score of at least 0.825 points and have a standard DHIA record at least equal- ing the DHIR breed average for the age group. Based on USDA Sire Summaries, Ayrshire bulls were Production Approved when their daughters qualified on a graded scale with the following: Predicted difference Repeatability (pounds milk) (percent) +800 25 +500 60 +100 90 Double Approved sires had at least ten daughters with an aver- age final score of 0.850 or more by the latest classification program. Most Ayrshires are red and white in varying proportions. Some are mahogany instead of red. A few cattle are "black and white," or very dark mahogany. AYRSHIRES IN THE SHow REIG Ayrshire cattle were displayed at the agricultural fairs of New Eng- land and New York in 1842 and earlier. They competed in mixed classes with Devon, Durham, Hereford, and native cattle. The New York State Agricultural Society appointed a committee to discuss ... those forms, qualities and properties which most conduce to intrinsic value; and also that the distinctive characteristics of each 110 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS tificate was not rated. During 1970, 40 bulls received Preferred registration certificates, 63 rated Selected pedigree certificates, and 862 were Standard. All production requirements were increased in 1963 to 10,000 pounds of milk and 410 pounds of butterfat, and in 1970 to 12,500 pounds of milk and 500 pounds of butterfat. IDENTITY ENROLLMENT In 1970 the Directors of the Ayrshire Breeders' Association rec- ommended two steps for the Identity Enrollment of unregistered Ayrshire females: (a) Females were approved for Ayrshire type and color by a breed representative who inserted an official ear tattoo to be recorded by the Association; and (b) a daughter by a registered Ayrshire bull must qualify with an inspection score of at least 0.825 points and have a standard DHIA record at least equal- ing the DHIR breed average for the age group. Based on USDA Sire Summaries, Ayrshire bulls were Production Approved when their daughters qualified on a graded scale with the following: Predicted difference Repeatability (pounds milk) + 00 +500 +100 (percent) 25 60 90 Double Approved sires had at least ten daughters with an aver- age final score of 0.850 or more by the latest classification program. Most Ayrshires are red and white in varying proportions. Some are mahogany instead of red. A few cattle are "black and white," or very dark mahogany. AYRSHIRES IN THE SHOw RiNc Ayrshire cattle were displayed at the agricultural fairs of New Eng- land and New York in 1842 and earlier. They competed in mixed classes with Devon, Durham, Hereford, and native cattle. The New York State Agricultural Society appointed a committee to discuss . . those forms, qualities and properties which most conduce to intrinsic value; and also that the distinctive characteristics of each  Arsires in Amric 11.1 Ayrshires ud Amrian Ayrsire s Amrau 11 separate breed may be as closely defined as possible." They met October 17-18, 1843. George Randall and others drew up a scale of points for judging Ayrshires, presented January 3, 1844. This "Scale of Points in the Ayrshire Cow" was cited in Volume 1 of the Do- minion Ayrshire Herd Book in 1853. The 100-point scale gave 12 points to udder, which was to have the following characteristics: Udder-In this breed is of more especial importance as the Ayrshires have been bred almost exclusively with reference to their milking properties. The great feature of the udder should be capacity, without being fleshy. It should be carried squarely and broadly forward, and show itself largely behind. As it rises upward, it should not mingle too immediately with the muscles of the thighs, but continue to preserve its own par- ticular texture of skin-thin, delicate, and ample in its folds. The teats should stand wide apart, and be lengthy, but not large and coarse. Ayrshires were displayed at the New York State Fair in 1852, 1854, and 1861. The Massachusetts Society and Massachusetts Board of Agriculture sponsored an exhibition in Boston in October 1857. Nineteen monetary prizes were offered in seven classes for Ayrshires. The Ayrshire Breeders' Association adopted a Scale of Points for Ayrshire cows in 1885, giving 33 points to udder and teats from a total of 100 points. It provided for "teats from 2 to 3 inches in length, equal in thickness, the thickness being proportional to the length." The udder was to be capacious, and sole nearly level. A Scale of Points for bulls was adopted in 1887. Conflict arose in 1893 between American preference for milking cows with convenient size of teats and the Scottish "vessel-type" Ayrshire at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. The Canadian judge preferred Canadian cows with upturned horns and vessel-type udders. "He wholly ignored milking points," accord- ing to The Country Gentleman. After this incident, Robert Wallace of Auchenbrain, Ayrshire, wrote: "I frankly admit that far too many of our Ayrshires have been judged from a wrong standpoint, our judges going wholly for beauty of form without giving, I may say, any heed to what is likely to be the most useful in the dairy. I separate breed may be as closely defined as possible." They met October 17-18, 1843. George Randall and others drew up a scale of points for judging Ayrshires, presented January 3, 1844. This "Scale of Points in the Ayrshire Cow" was cited in Volume 1 of the Do- minion Ayrshire Herd Book in 1853. The 100-point scale gave 12 points to udder, which was to have the following characteristics: Udder-In this breed is of more especial importance as the Ayrshires have been bred almost exclusively with reference to their milking properties. The great feature of the udder should be capacity, without being fleshy. It should be carried squarely and broadly forward, and show itself largely behind. As it rises upward, it should not mingle too immediately with the muscles of the thighs, but continue to preserve its own par- ticular texture of skin-thin, delicate, and ample in its folds. The teats should stand wide apart, and be lengthy, but not large and coarse. Ayrshires were displayed at the New York State Fair in 1852, 1854, and 1861. The Massachusetts Society and Massachusetts Board of Agriculture sponsored an exhibition in Boston in October 1857. Nineteen monetary prizes were offered in seven classes for Ayrshires. The Ayrshire Breeders' Association adopted a Scale of Points for Ayrshire cows in 1885, giving 33 points to udder and teats from a total of 100 points. It provided for "teats from 2 to 3 inches in length, equal in thickness, the thickness being proportional to the length." The udder was to be capacious, and sole nearly level. A Scale of Points for bulls was adopted in 1887. Conflict arose in 1893 between American preference for milking cows with convenient size of teats and the Scottish "vessel-type" Ayrshire at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. The Canadian judge preferred Canadian cows with upturned homs and vessel-type udders. "He wholly ignored milking points," accord- ing to The Country Gentleman. After this incident, Robert Wallace of Auchenbrain, Ayrshire, wrote: "I frankly admit that far too many of our Ayrshires have been judged from a wrong standpoint, our judges going wholly for beauty of form without giving, I may say, any heed to what is likely to be the most useful in the dairy. I separate breed may be as closely defined as possible." They met October 17-18, 1843. George Randall and others drew up a scale of points for judging Ayrshires, presented January 3, 1844. This "Scale of Points in the Ayrshire Cow" was cited in Volume 1 of the Do- minion Ayrshire Herd Book in 1853. The 100-point scale gave 12 points to udder, which was to have the following characteristics: Udder-In this breed is of more especial importance as the Ayrshires have been bred almost exclusively with reference to their milking properties. The great feature of the udder should be capacity, without being fleshy. It should be carried squarely and broadly forward, and show itself largely behind. As it rises upward, it should not mingle too immediately with the muscles of the thighs, but continue to preserve its own par- ticular texture of skin-thin, delicate, and ample in its folds. The teats should stand wide apart, and be lengthy, but not large and coarse. Ayrshires were displayed at the New York State Fair in 1852, 1854, and 1861. The Massachusetts Society and Massachusetts Board of Agriculture sponsored an exhibition in Boston in October 1857. Nineteen monetary prizes were offered in seven classes for Ayrshires. The Ayrshire Breeders' Association adopted a Scale of Points for Ayrshire cows in 1885, giving 33 points to udder and teats from a total of 100 points. It provided for "teats from 2% to 3 inches in length, equal in thickness, the thickness being proportional to the length." The udder was to be capacious, and sole nearly level. A Scale of Points for bulls was adopted in 1887. Conflict arose in 1893 between American preference for milking cows with convenient size of teats and the Scottish "vessel-type" Ayrshire at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. The Canadian judge preferred Canadian cows with upturned horns and vessel-type udders. "He wholly ignored milking points," accord- ing to The Country Gentleman. After this incident, Robert Wallace of Auchenbrain, Ayrshire, wrote: "I frankly admit that far too many of our Ayrshires have been judged from a wrong standpoint, our judges going wholly for beauty of form without giving, I may say, any heed to what is likely to be the most useful in the dairy. I  112 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS have left off following the fancy, and am going in for what is likely to produce milk." Ayrshire standards changed because of the Columbian Exposi- tion. American breeders recognized that beauty might be added to pure utility. The scale of points of the Ayrshire Breeders' Association in 1901 was worded similarly to the Canadian and Scottish scales of 1884 even to the udder and teat descriptions (from 2% to 3 inches in length). The Swinlee type exerted little influence on Ayrshires in the United States before 1900. The older type in America was mod- ified eventually. Scottish-bred Ayrshires exhibited at the Pan- American Exposition (Buffalo, 1901) and Louisiana Purchase Ex- position (St. Louis, 1904) attracted attention. NATIONAL DAIRY SHow The National Dairy Association held its first show in Chicago on February 15-24, 1906. Ayrshires, Dutch Belteds, Guernseys, Holstein-Friesians, and Jerseys were exhibited. Brown Swiss were admitted in 1907 after that breed association voted to become a dairy rather than a dual-purpose breed. The association sponsored the National Dairy Show, which was the court of last resort in dairy type. Regional shows at Springfield, Massachusetts; Waterloo, Iowa; and Portland, Oregon, were an intermediate level above state fairs. The National moved from region to region-Springfield, Massa- chusetts, to San Francisco over 40 years. It was interrupted by foot and mouth disease (1915), a depression (1932-34), and World War II. The Association, which had been a center of many national events, disbanded in 1946. The Ayrshire Digest stated that not a single "vessel-type" udder was seen in the 1939 shows. "According to present-day standards, there is beauty in the popular udder of this period, even though it is built for utility." A similar change occurred in Scot- land following the "new show" in 1921, with emphasis on udder quality and utility rather than vessel-type udders. 112 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS have left off following the fancy, and am going in for what is likely to produce milk." Ayrshire standards changed because of the Columbian Exposi- tion. American breeders recognized that beauty might be added to pure utility. The scale of points of the Ayrshire Breeders' Association in 1901 was worded similarly to the Canadian and Scottish scales of 1884 even to the udder and teat descriptions (from 2% to 3 inches in length). The Swinlee type exerted little influence on Ayrshires in the United States before 1900. The older type in America was mod- ified eventually. Scottish-bred Ayrshires exhibited at the Pan- American Exposition (Buffalo, 1901) and Louisiana Purchase Ex- position (St. Louis, 1904) attracted attention. NATIONAL DAIRY SHOw The National Dairy Association held its first show in Chicago on February 15-24, 1906. Ayrshires, Dutch Belteds, Guernseys, Holstein-Friesians, and Jerseys were exhibited. Brown Swiss were admitted in 1907 after that breed association voted to become a dairy rather than a dual-purpose breed. The association sponsored the National Dairy Show, which was the court of last resort in dairy type. Regional shows at Springfield, Massachusetts; Waterloo, Iowa; and Portland, Oregon, were an intermediate level above state fairs. The National moved from region to region-Springfield, Massa- chusetts, to San Francisco over 40 years. It was interrupted by foot and mouth disease (1915), a depression (1932-34), and World War II. The Association, which had been a center of many national events, disbanded in 1946. The Ayrshire Digest stated that not a single "vessel-type" udder was seen in the 1939 shows. "According to present-day standards, there is beauty in the popular udder of this period, even though it is built for utility." A similar change occurred in Scot- land following the "new show" in 1921, with emphasis on udder quality and utility rather than vessel-type udders. 112 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS have left off following the fancy, and am going in for what is likely to produce milk." Ayrshire standards changed because of the Columbian Exposi- tion. American breeders recognized that beauty might be added to pure utility. The scale of points of the Ayrshire Breeders' Association in 1901 was worded similarly to the Canadian and Scottish scales of 1884 even to the udder and teat descriptions (from 2% to 3 inches in length). The Swinlee type exerted little influence on Ayrshires in the United States before 1900. The older type in America was mod- ified eventually. Scottish-bred Ayrshires exhibited at the Pan- American Exposition (Buffalo, 1901) and Louisiana Purchase Ex- position (St. Louis, 1904) attracted attention. NATIONAL DAIRY Ssow The National Dairy Association held its first show in Chicago on February 15-24, 1906. Ayrshires, Dutch Belteds, Guernseys. Holstein-Friesians, and Jerseys were exhibited. Brown Swiss were admitted in 1907 after that breed association voted to become a dairy rather than a dual-purpose breed. The association sponsored the National Dairy Show, which was the court of last resort in dairy type. Regional shows at Springfield, Massachusetts; Waterloo, Iowa; and Portland, Oregon, were an intermediate level above state fairs. The National moved from region to region-Springfield, Massa- chusetts, to San Francisco over 40 years. It was interrupted by foot and mouth disease (1915), a depression (1932-34), and World War II. The Association, which had been a center of many national events, disbanded in 1946. The Ayrshire Digest stated that not a single "vessel-type" udder was seen in the 1939 shows. "According to present-day standards, there is beauty in the popular udder of this period, even though it is built for utility." A similar change occurred in Scot- land following the "new show" in 1921, with emphasis on udder quality and utility rather than vessel-type udders.  Ayrshires in America 113 ALL-AMERICAN CONTEST An All-American Contest, open to winners of first or second prize at county or district shows, or the top four places at state or larger shows, was initiated in 1960. Canadian animals competing in the United States shows were eligible also. Owners made nominations and submitted a glossy photograph and the show record. Females of milking age were required to be on production test before the shows. A nominating committee selected six animals from each class for placing by the All-American Judging Committee. A Junior All- Ayrshires in America 113 ALL-AMERICAN CONTEST An All-American Contest, open to winners of first or second prize at county or district shows, or the top four places at state or larger shows, was initiated in 1960. Canadian animals competing in the United States shows were eligible also. Owners made nominations and submitted a glossy photograph and the show record. Females of milking age were required to be on production test before the shows. A nominating committee selected six animals from each class for placing by the All-American Judging Committee. A Junior All- Ayrshires in America 113 ALL-AMERICAN CONTEST An All-American Contest, open to winners of first or second prize at county or district shows, or the top four places at state or larger shows, was initiated in 1960. Canadian animals competing in the United States shows were eligible also. Owners made nominations and submitted a glossy photograph and the show record. Females of milking age were required to be on production test before the shows. A nominating committee selected six animals from each class for placing by the All-American Judging Committee. A Junior All- i. FIG. 6.1. The ideal Ayrshire cow was prepared by a True Type committee and two artists in 1924. American Contest under the same rules limited nominations to owners under 21 years of age. TRUE TYPE The Ayrshire Breeders' Association appointed John Cochrane and A. H. Tryon as a True Type Committee in 1921. They studied many photographs and employed Robert F. Hildebrand and Rob- ert F. Heinze to present their ideas in a painting. The picture por- trayed True Type. The Ideal Ayrshire Cow possessed mammary development, dairy conformation, ruggedness, capacity, general FIG. 6.1. The ideal Ayrshire cow was prepared by a True Type committee and two artists in 1924. American Contest under the same rules limited nominations to owners under 21 years of age. TRUE TYPE The Ayrshire Breeders' Association appointed John Cochrane and A. H. Tryon as a True Type Committee in 1921. They studied many photographs and employed Robert F. Hildebrand and Rob- ert F. Heinze to present their ideas in a painting. The picture por- trayed True Type. The Ideal Ayrshire Cow possessed mammary development, dairy conformation, ruggedness, capacity, general FIG. 6.1. The ideal Ayrshire cow was prepared by a True Type committee and two artists in 1924. American Contest under the same rules limited nominations to owners under 21 years of age. TRUE TYPE The Ayrshire Breeders' Association appointed John Cochrane and A. H. Tryon as a True Type Committee in 1921. They studied many photographs and employed Robert F. Hildebrand and Rob- ert F. Heinze to present their ideas in a painting. The picture por- trayed True Type. The Ideal Ayrshire Cow possessed mammary development, dairy conformation, ruggedness, capacity, general  114 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS lines, and style of the breed. The udder was a compromise be- tween vessel-type and the deep udders of some heavy milkers (Fig. 6.1). A True Type model revised in 1970 had increased sta- ture and was dehorned. A scale of points for cows was revised in 1931. The committee re- gretted insufficient information to revise the bull scorecard. Long- wearing qualities were emphasized rather than "fancy" points. Eight points were given to feet and legs, 10 to barrel, and 30 for mammary development. Teats were to be of "convenient size." Ideal weight of mature Ayrshire cows was given as 1,000 to 1,400 pounds. Many Penshurst Farm cows exceeded 1,400 pounds. Class- ification inspectors measured some 2,000 cows in 1942, of which 877 averaged 1,156 pounds, Excellent and Very Good cows tending to be larger than others. TYPE CLASSIFICATION Type classification with Ayrshires began in 1941, following classifi- cation of three other breeds. All cows in the milking herd and bulls past 18 months old have been scored since 1947. Association in- spectors rated registered Ayrshires as: 114 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS lines, and style of the breed. The udder was a compromise be- tween vessel-type and the deep udders of some heavy milkers (Fig. 6.1). A True Type model revised in 1970 had increased sta- ture and was dehorned. A scale of points for cows was revised in 1931. The committee re- gretted insufficient information to revise the bull scorecard. Long- wearing qualities were emphasized rather than "fancy" points. Eight points were given to feet and legs, 10 to barrel, and 30 for mammary development. Teats were to be of "convenient size." Ideal weight of mature Ayrshire cows was given as 1,000 to 1,400 pounds. Many Penshurst Farm cows exceeded 1,400 pounds. Class- ification inspectors measured some 2,000 cows in 1942, of which 877 averaged 1,156 pounds, Excellent and Very Good cows tending to be larger than others. TYPE CLASSIFICATION Type classification with Ayrshires began in 1941, following classifi- cation of three other breeds. All cows in the milking herd and bulls past 18 months old have been scored since 1947. Association in- spectors rated registered Ayrshires as: 114 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS lines, and style of the breed. The udder was a compromise be- tween vessel-type and the deep udders of some heavy milkers (Fig. 6.1). A True Type model revised in 1970 had increased sta- ture and was dehorned. A scale of points for cows was revised in 1931 The committee re- gretted insufficient information to revise the bull scorecard. Long- wearing qualities were emphasized rather than "fancy" points. Eight points were given to feet and legs, 10 to barrel, and 30 for mammary development. Teats were to be of "convenient size." Ideal weight of mature Ayrshire cows was given as 1,000 to 1,400 pounds. Many Penshurst Farm cows exceeded 1,400 pounds. Class- ification inspectors measured some 2,000 cows in 1942, of which 877 averaged 1,156 pounds, Excellent and Very Good cows tending to be larger than others. TYPE CLASSIFICATION Type classification with Ayrshires began in 1941, following classifi- cation of three other breeds. All cows in the milking herd and bulls past 18 months old have been scored since 1947. Association in- spectors rated registered Ayrshires as: Excellent Very Good Good Plus Good Fair Poor (points ) More than 90 85-89 80-84 75-79 70-74 Fewer than 70 Excellent Very Good Good Plus Good Fair Poor (points ) More than 90 85-89 80-84 75-79 70-74 Fewer than 70 Excellent Very Good Good Plus Good Fair Poor (points) More than 90 85-89 80-84 75-79 70-74 Fewer than 70 Mature cows should tape 1,200 pounds and heifers under 36 months at least 900 pounds to be eligible for a 90-point score. Av- erage scores of Ayrshires classified in 1970 were: Mature cows should tape 1,200 pounds and heifers under 36 months at least 900 pounds to be eligible for a 90-point score. Av- erage scores of Ayrshires classified in 1970 were: Classification score Bulls Cows Mature cows should tape 1,200 pounds and heifers under 36 months at least 900 pounds to be eligible for a 90-point score. Av- erage scores of Ayrshires classified in 1970 were: Classification score Bulls Cows Classification score 90-100 85-89 80-84 75-79 Under 75 (number) (percent) 7 12.1 39 67.3 11 18.9 1 1.7 (number) (percent) 126 5.2 1413 58.3 823 34.0 51 2.1 10 0.4 90-100 85-89 80-84 75-79 Under 75 (number) (percent) 7 12.1 39 67.3 11 18.9 1 1.7 (number) (percent) 126 5.2 1413 58.3 823 34.0 51 2.1 10 0.4 90-100 85-89 80-84 75-79 Under 75 (number) (percent) 7 12.1 39 67.3 11 18.9 1 1.7 (number) (percent) 126 5.2 1413 58.3 823 34.0 51 2.1 10 0.4  Ayrshires in America 115 The average score of 2,477 Ayrshires in 93 herds in 1970 was 0.855. Average production of cows increased with type ratings, with small differences between groups. The classification form contained 10 divisions under the break- down system, including head and neck, shoulders and chest, middle and loin, rump and thighs, feet and legs, general quality, breed characteristics. The mammary system was divided into shape and size, fore and rear udder attachments, teats, veins, and quality. Suspensory ligament was considered. Each part was scored on a 100-point basis; the scores were totalled and divided by 10 for total score. A score could be raised or lowered at successive reclassifica- tions. Distinct breaking away of the udder was faulted according to age of the animal, as also were winged shoulders or faulty feet and legs. The inspector recorded abnormalities such as wry-tail, wry-face, pop eye, cropped ears, or other hereditary characters. The classification was recorded on the registration certificate by the As- sociation. The classification system was improved in 1967 by adding de- scriptive terms for which each of the ten divisions was faulted on the basis of a 100 score. Descriptive terms of faults were: Stature A. too small B. legs too short C. lack of stretch D. general coarseness E. lack of symmetry Dairy Characteristics A. thick and/or patchy B. coarse C. lack of refinement D. thick thighs E. lack of breed character Head and neck A. head too short B. head narrow C. Roman nose Ayrshires in America 115 The average score of 2,477 Ayrshires in 93 herds in 1970 was 0.855. Average production of cows increased with type ratings, with small differences between groups. The classification form contained 10 divisions under the break- down system, including head and neck, shoulders and chest, middle and loin, rump and thighs, feet and legs, general quality, breed characteristics. The mammary system was divided into shape and size, fore and rear udder attachments, teats, veins, and quality. Suspensory ligament was considered. Each part was scored on a 100-point basis; the scores were totalled and divided by 10 for total score. A score could be raised or lowered at successive reclassifica- tions. Distinct breaking away of the udder was faulted according to age of the animal, as also were winged shoulders or faulty feet and legs. The inspector recorded abnormalities such as wry-tail, wry-face, pop eye, cropped ears, or other hereditary characters. The classification was recorded on the registration certificate by the As- sociation. The classification system was improved in 1967 by adding de- scriptive terms for which each of the ten divisions was faulted on the basis of a 100 score. Descriptive terms of faults were: Stature A. too small B. legs too short C. lack of stretch D. general coarseness E. lack of symmetry Dairy Characteristics A. thick and/or patchy B. coarse C. lack of refinement D. thick thighs E. lack of breed character Head and neck A. head too short B. head narrow C. Roman nose Ayrshires in America 115 The average score of 2,477 Ayrshires in 93 herds in 1970 was 0.855. Average production of cows increased with type ratings, with small differences between groups. The classification form contained 10 divisions under the break- down system, including head and neck, shoulders and chest, middle and loin, rump and thighs, feet and legs, general quality, breed characteristics. The mammary system was divided into shape and size, fore and rear udder attachments, teats, veins, and quality. Suspensory ligament was considered. Each part was scored on a 100-point basis; the scores were totalled and divided by 10 for total score. A score could be raised or lowered at successive reclassifica- tions. Distinct breaking away of the udder was faulted according to age of the animal, as also were winged shoulders or faulty feet and legs. The inspector recorded abnormalities such as wry-tail, wry-face, pop eye, cropped ears, or other hereditary characters. The classification was recorded on the registration certificate by the As- sociation. The classification system was improved in 1967 by adding de- scriptive terms for which each of the ten divisions was faulted on the basis of a 100 score. Descriptive terms of faults were: Stature A. too small B. legs too short C. lack of stretch D. general coarseness E. lack of symmetry Dairy Characteristics A. thick and/or patchy B. coarse C. lack of refinement D. thick thighs E. lack of breed character Head and neck A. head too short B. head narrow C. Roman nose  116 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS D. neck short and thick Shoulders and chest A. shoulders thick B. shoulders open or loose C. crops weak and chine not prominent D. chest shallow or constricted Middle A. slab sided B. shallow C. short D. round ribbed Loin and rump A. loin narrow B. loin weak or flat C. low thurls D. low pins E. rump short F. tail high or coarse Feet and legs A. rear legs sickle B. rear legs crooked C. rear legs post E. pasterns weak F. feet shallow heel C. feet splayed H. feet toe out Mammary system and appearance A. too large or bulgy B. too small C. short fore D. short rear E. pendulous F. quartered G. tilted Attachment A. fore weak 116 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS D. neck short and thick Shoulders and chest A. shoulders thick B. shoulders open or loose C. crops weak and chine not prominent D. chest shallow or constricted Middle A. slab sided B. shallow C. short D. round ribbed Loin and rump A. loin narrow B. loin weak or flat C. low thurls D. low pins E. rump short F. tail high or coarse Feet and legs A. rear legs sickle B. rear legs crooked C. rear legs post E. pasterns weak F. feet shallow heel G. feet splayed H. feet toe out Mammary system and appearance A. too large or bulgy B. too small C. short fore D. short rear E. pendulous F. quartered G. tilted Attachment A. fore weak 116 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS D. neck short and thick Shoulders and chest A. shoulders thick B. shoulders open or loose C. crops weak and chine not prominent D. chest shallow or constricted Middle A. slab sided B. shallow C. short D. round ribbed Loin and rump A. loin narrow B. loin weak or flat C. low thurls D. low pins E. rump short F. tail high or coarse Feet and legs A. rear legs sickle B. rear legs crooked C. rear legs post E. pasterns weak F. feet shallow heel G. feet splayed f. feet toe out Mammary system and appearance A. too large or bulgy B. too small C. short fore D. short rear E. pendulous F. quartered C. tilted Attachment A. fore weak  Ayrshires in America 117 Ayrshires in America 117 Ayrshires in America 117 B. rear narrow C. suspensory ligament weak Teats, veins, quality A. teats not even in size or placement B. teats bulbous or too long C. udder meaty D. lack of veining Type classification calls the owner's attention to the desirable and weak points in conformation of individual animals and to the transmitting ability of the herd sires and dams. PRODUCTION RECORDs Average production by milk cows in the United States in 1861 was less than 3,870 pounds. In contrast, one of the four Ayrshire cows imported in 1837 by John P. Cushing yielded 9,680 pounds of milk in a lactation. Native cows in the Sturtevant herd over 8 years averaged 4,605 pounds of milk (67 cow-years), and Ayrshire cows averaged 5,550 pounds of milk (67.9 cow-years). Eleven owners submitted to Secretary C. M. Winslow 614 records of Ayrshires from 1874 to 1890 which averaged 6,109 pounds of milk. Winslow con- sidered this the average capacity for the breed under farm condi- tions. The Home Dairy Test was adopted in 1884, with prizes offered for production of milk, butter, and cheese by individual cows, and for herds of six cows or more. Several cows produced 10,000 to 12,617 pounds of milk in a year. In 1894 the Committee on Tests stated: "Resolved, That this Association approves the plan of offer- ing prizes to herds of Ayrshire cows on the basis of solids in milk and a certain percent of butterfat, as determined by the Babcock test. "Resolved, That the Executive Committee be authorized to carry out this plan under such rules and regulations as it may pre- scribe." Supervision of the tests was placed with the respective state Col- lege of Agriculture in 1895. Tests then were of 2 days' duration, but were extended to 365 days in 1896. Rena Myrtle 9530 com- B. rear narrow C. suspensory ligament weak Teats, veins, quality A. teats not even in size or placement B. teats bulbous or too long C. udder meaty D. lack of veining Type classification calls the owner's attention to the desirable and weak points in conformation of individual animals and to the transmitting ability of the herd sires and dams. PRODUcrioN RECORDs Average production by milk cows in the United States in 1861 was less than 3,870 pounds. In contrast, one of the four Ayrshire cows imported in 1837 by John P. Cushing yielded 9,680 pounds of milk in a lactation. Native cows in the Sturtevant herd over 8 years averaged 4,605 pounds of milk (67 cow-years), and Ayrshire cows averaged 5,550 pounds of milk (67.9 cow-years). Eleven owners submitted to Secretary C. M. Winslow 614 records of Ayrshires from 1874 to 1890 which averaged 6,109 pounds of milk. Winslow con- sidered this the average capacity for the breed under farm condi- tions. The Home Dairy Test was adopted in 1884, with prizes offered for production of milk, butter, and cheese by individual cows, and for herds of six cows or more. Several cows produced 10,000 to 12,617 pounds of milk in a year. In 1894 the Committee on Tests stated: "Resolved, That this Association approves the plan of offer- ing prizes to herds of Ayrshire cows on the basis of solids in milk and a certain percent of butterfat, as determined by the Babcock test. "Resolved, That the Executive Committee be authorized to carry out this plan under such rules and regulations as it may pre- scribe." Supervision of the tests was placed with the respective state Col- lege of Agriculture in 1895. Tests then were of 2 days' duration, but were extended to 365 days in 1896. Rena Myrtle 9530 com- B. rear narrow C. suspensory ligament weak Teats, veins, quality A. teats not even in size or placement B. teats bulbous or too long C. udder meaty D. lack of veining Type classification calls the owner's attention to the desirable and weak points in conformation of individual animals and to the transmitting ability of the herd sires and dams. PRODUCTION RECORDS Average production by milk cows in the United States in 1861 was less than 3,870 pounds. In contrast, one of the four Ayrshire cows imported in 1837 by John P. Cushing yielded 9,680 pounds of milk in a lactation. Native cows in the Sturtevant herd over 8 years averaged 4,605 pounds of milk (67 cow-years), and Ayrshire cows averaged 5,550 pounds of milk (67.9 cow-years). Eleven owners submitted to Secretary C. M. Winslow 614 records of Ayrshires from 1874 to 1890 which averaged 6,109 pounds of milk. Winslow con- sidered this the average capacity for the breed under farm condi- tions. The Home Dairy Test was adopted in 1884, with prizes offered for production of milk, butter, and cheese by individual cows, and for herds of six cows or more. Several cows produced 10,000 to 12,617 pounds of milk in a year. In 1894 the Committee on Tests stated: "Resolved, That this Association approves the plan of offer- ing prizes to herds of Ayrshire cows on the basis of solids in milk and a certain percent of butterfat, as determined by the Babcock test. "Resolved, That the Executive Committee be authorized to carry out this plan under such rules and regulations as it may pre- scribe." Supervision of the tests was placed with the respective state Col- lege of Agriculture in 1895. Tests then were of 2 days' duration, but were extended to 365 days in 1896. Rena Myrtle 9530 com-  118 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS pleted the first record at the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion, producing 12,175 pounds of milk, 468 pounds of butterfat. The Preamble of the Advanced Registry rules adopted in 1902, stated: "For the purpose of encouraging a better system of keeping milk and butterfat records, that we may obtain more and reliable records of the dairy yield of Ayrshire cows, we hereby adopt the following rules and regulations for the establishment of a system of Advanced Registry for Ayrshire cattle." The requirements to qualify were: 7 days Year's record Milk "Butter" Milk "Butter" (Fat) 2-year-old 200 8 5,500 325 192 6/7 lbs. Mature form (5 years) 350 14 8,500 375 321 3/7 lbs. Bulls entered the Advanced Registry when they scored 80 points and had two daughters qualify. They entered without scoring when four daughters had qualified. Butterfat tests were supervised for 2 days monthly by the Agricultural College representative. Owners reported daily milk production to the breed association monthly, from which the butterfat yield was computed. Home Dairy Tests were continued until 1911. The 2,598 Advanced Registry records completed before July 1917 averaged 9,555 pounds of milk, 3.95 percent and 377 pounds of butterfat. A higher requirement was set for the Advanced Registry in a 300-day Roll of Honor class estab- lished March 1, 1918. Those cows also must carry a living calf for 180 days during the test. Roll of Honor requirements were 6,000 pounds of milk and 250.5 pounds of fat as 2-year olds, up to 9,000 pounds of milk and 360 pounds of fat at mature age of 5 years. Roll of Honor tests were lengthened to 305 days. Owners tended to delay breeding cows while on test, for higher production records. Generally only the selected cows were placed on test. The Associa- tion published only those records that exceeded the requirements. HERD TEST The Ayrshire Breeders' Association led by adopting a Herd Test in July 1925 which included all cows in the herd, rather than selected individuals. This called attention to good management of all cows 118 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS pleted the first record at the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion, producing 12,175 pounds of milk, 468 pounds of butterfat. The Preamble of the Advanced Registry rules adopted in 1902, stated: "For the purpose of encouraging a better system of keeping milk and butterfat records, that we may obtain more and reliable records of the dairy yield of Ayrshire cows, we hereby adopt the following rules and regulations for the establishment of a system of Advanced Registry for Ayrshire cattle." The requirements to qualify were: 7 days Year's record Milk "Butter" Milk "Butter" (Fat) 2-year-old 200 8 5,500 325 192 6/7 lbs. Mature form (5 years) 350 14 8,500 375 321 3/7 lbs. Bulls entered the Advanced Registry when they scored 80 points and had two daughters qualify. They entered without scoring when four daughters had qualified. Butterfat tests were supervised for 2 days monthly by the Agricultural College representative. Owners reported daily milk production to the breed association monthly, from which the butterfat yield was computed. Home Dairy Tests were continued until 1911. The 2,598 Advanced Registry records completed before July 1917 averaged 9,555 pounds of milk, 3.95 percent and 377 pounds of butterfat. A higher requirement was set for the Advanced Registry in a 300-day Roll of Honor class estab- lished March 1, 1918. Those cows also must carry a living calf for 180 days during the test. Roll of Honor requirements were 6,000 pounds of milk and 250.5 pounds of fat as 2-year olds, up to 9,000 pounds of milk and 360 pounds of fat at mature age of 5 years. Roll of Honor tests were lengthened to 305 days. Owners tended to delay breeding cows while on test, for higher production records. Generally only the selected cows were placed on test. The Associa- tion published only those records that exceeded the requirements. HERD TEST The Ayrshire Breeders' Association led by adopting a Herd Test in July 1925 which included all cows in the herd, rather than selected individuals. This called attention to good management of all cows 118 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS pleted the first record at the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion, producing 12,175 pounds of milk, 468 pounds of butterfat. The Preamble of the Advanced Registry rules adopted in 1902, stated: "For the purpose of encouraging a better system of keeping milk and butterfat records, that we may obtain more and reliable records of the dairy yield of Ayrshire cows, we hereby adopt the following rules and regulations for the establishment of a system of Advanced Registry for Ayrshire cattle." The requirements to qualify were: 7 days Year's record Milk "Butter" Milk "Butter" (Fat) 2-year-old 200 8 5,500 325 192 6/7 lbs. Mature form (5 years) 350 14 8,500 375 321 3/7 lbs. Bulls entered the Advanced Registry when they scored 80 points and had two daughters qualify. They entered without scoring when four daughters had qualified. Butterfat tests were supervised for 2 days monthly by the Agricultural College representative. Owners reported daily milk production to the breed association monthly, from which the butterfat yield was computed. Home Dairy Tests were continued until 1911. The 2,598 Advanced Registry records completed before July 1917 averaged 9,555 pounds of milk, 3.95 percent and 377 pounds of butterfat. A higher requirement was set for the Advanced Registry in a 300-day Roll of Honor class estab- lished March 1, 1918. Those cows also must carry a living calf for 180 days during the test. Roll of Honor requirements were 6,000 pounds of milk and 250.5 pounds of fat as 2-year olds, up to 9,000 pounds of milk and 360 pounds of fat at mature age of 5 years. Roll of Honor tests were lengthened to 305 days. Owners tended to delay breeding cows while on test, for higher production records. Generally only the selected cows were placed on test. The Associa- tion published only those records that exceeded the requirements. HERD TEST The Ayrshire Breeders' Association led by adopting a Herd Test in July 1925 which included all cows in the herd, rather than selected individuals. This called attention to good management of all cows  Ayrshires in America 119 and regular breeding. It measured a bull's transmitting ability rather than publicized a few higher producing daughters. Records of poor producers were omitted from the computed herd average after 1930 if their registration certificates were cancelled. Lifetime records became emphasized more than individual lactations. The Herd Test rules were replaced by Dairy Herd Improvement Regis- try (DHIR) in 1966 with all dairy breeds. Average production of Ayrshires in the Herd Test is shown in TABLE 6.1 AVERAGE PRODUCTION OF AYRSHIRE COWS IN THE HERD TEST Actual production Year cow. Milk (lbs.) Test (%) Fat (lbs. 1926 1,420 7,698 4.01 309 1930 2,712 7,992 4.02 321 1937 3,555 8,575 4.03 345 1947 8,830 9,052 4.05 377 1957 10,892 9,695 4.10 398 1968 8,087 12,705 4.00 508 a. Computed to a mature equivalent 4.00 percent fat corrected milk. Table 6.1. This was computed to a 305-day mature equivalent basis in 1957, as 10,478 pounds of milk, 4.10 percent and 432 pounds of butterfat. Records shorter than 240 days were excluded. Certificates of meritorious production were issued to animals exceeding a standard according to age. Eighty-eight cows exceeded lifetime production of 100,000 pounds of milk before 1969. The 2,617 cows also tested for solids-not-fat averaged 10,705 pounds of milk, 8.7 percent and 933 pounds of solids-not-fat. The 254 cows tested for protein averaged 11,022 pounds of milk, 3.4 per- cent and 374 pounds of protein in 305 days. A "production base" was computed from HIR records up to 305 days in length during the previous 3 years, beginning in 1959, for use in calculating Approvals, transmitting indexes, and other improvement programs. The Advanced Registry was discontinued in 1926 but reinstated June 14, 1933, with higher requirements (10,000 pounds of milk, 400 pounds of butterfat for 2-year olds; 12,000 pounds of milk, 480 pounds of fat at 5 years old). Before the new requirements, Ad- Ayrshires in America 119 and regular breeding. It measured a bull's transmitting ability rather than publicized a few higher producing daughters. Records of poor producers were omitted from the computed herd average after 1930 if their registration certificates were cancelled. Lifetime records became emphasized more than individual lactations. The Herd Test rules were replaced by Dairy Herd Improvement Regis- try (DHIR) in 1966 with all dairy breeds. Average production of Ayrshires in the Herd Test is shown in TABLE 6.1 AVERAGE PRODUCTION OF AYRSHIRE COWS IN THE HERD TEST Actual production Year Cows Milk (bs.) Test (%) Fat s..) 1926 1,420 7,698 4.01 309 1930 2,712 7,992 4.02 321 1937 3,555 8,575 4.03 345 1947 8,830 9,052 4.05 377 1957 10,892 9,695 4.10 398 1968" 8,087 12,705 4.00 508 a. Computed to a mature equivalent 4.00 percent fat corrected milk. Table 6.1. This was computed to a 305-day mature equivalent basis in 1957, as 10,478 pounds of milk, 4.10 percent and 432 pounds of butterfat. Records shorter than 240 days were excluded. Certificates of meritorious production were issued to animals exceeding a standard according to age. Eighty-eight cows exceeded lifetime production of 100,000 pounds of milk before 1969. The 2,617 cows also tested for solids-not-fat averaged 10,705 pounds of milk, 8.7 percent and 933 pounds of solids-not-fat. The 254 cows tested for protein averaged 11,022 pounds of milk, 3.4 per- cent and 374 pounds of protein in 305 days. A "production base" was computed from HIR records up to 305 days in length during the previous 3 years, beginning in 1959, for use in calculating Approvals, transmitting indexes, and other improvement programs. The Advanced Registry was discontinued in 1926 but reinstated June 14, 1933, with higher requirements (10,000 pounds of milk, 400 pounds of butterfat for 2-year olds; 12,000 pounds of milk, 480 pounds of fat at 5 years old). Before the new requirements, Ad- Ayrshires in America 119 and regular breeding. It measured a bull's transmitting ability rather than publicized a few higher producing daughters. Records of poor producers were omitted from the computed herd average after 1930 if their registration certificates were cancelled. Lifetime records became emphasized more than individual lactations. The Herd Test rules were replaced by Dairy Herd Improvement Regis- try (DHIR) in 1966 with all dairy breeds. Average production of Ayrshires in the Herd Test is shown in TABLE 6.1 AVERAGE PRODUCTION OF AYRSHIRE COWS IN THE HERD TEST Actual production Year Cows Milk b.) Test (%) Fat (b..) 1926 1,420 7,698 4.01 309 1930 2,712 7,992 4.02 321 1937 3,555 8,575 4.03 345 1947 8,830 9,052 4.05 377 1957 10,892 9,695 4.10 398 1968' 8,087 12,705 4.00 508 a. Computed to a mature equivalent 4.00 percent fat corrected milk. Table 6.1. This was computed to a 305-day mature equivalent basis in 1957, as 10,478 pounds of milk, 4.10 percent and 432 pounds of butterfat. Records shorter than 240 days were excluded. Certificates of meritorious production were issued to animals exceeding a standard according to age. Eighty-eight cows exceeded lifetime production of 100,000 pounds of milk before 1969. The 2,617 cows also tested for solids-not-fat averaged 10,705 pounds of milk, 8.7 percent and 933 pounds of solids-not-fat. The 254 cows tested for protein averaged 11,022 pounds of milk, 3.4 per- cent and 374 pounds of protein in 305 days. A "production base" was computed from HIR records up to 305 days in length during the previous 3 years, beginning in 1959, for use in calculating Approvals, transmitting indexes, and other improvement programs. The Advanced Registry was discontinued in 1926 but reinstated June 14, 1933, with higher requirements (10,000 pounds of milk, 400 pounds of butterfat for 2-year olds; 12,000 pounds of milk, 480 pounds of fat at 5 years old). Before the new requirements, Ad-  120 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS vanced Registry records averaged above 10,000 pounds of milk and 430 pounds of fat. Roll of Honor records averaged a little lower. Production tests are supervised under the "Uniform Rules for Of- ficial Testing" approved by the American Dairy Science Associa- tion, Purebred Dairy Cattle Association, and the breed associations. Methods of supervision of DHIA records were modified in 1959-0 to be acceptable by all dairy breed associations. Supervision is by the superintendent of official testing of the respective state agricul- tural college. The Ayrshire Breeders' Association maintains a file of lactation records for use with registration certificates, pedigrees, and sale catalogues. Preferred and Selected registration certificates are based on production records of ancestry. Analyses of production records and type classification scores determine an Approved Sire and an Approved Dam. The 100,000-pound Club certificate and an ani- mal's lifetime production are determined from assembled records. Average yearly production of a herd, a type classification score of 0.835, and other qualifications are required for an annual Construc- tive Breeder Award. Leonard Tufts began studies of desirable transmitting bulls through their daughters' records. His work was followed by a Re- search Committee of Mr. Tufts, James W. Linn, and Gus Bowling. E. C. Deubler, Henry B. Mosle, and C. T. Conklin served later. The West Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station assisted with analysis of records provided by the Association. Secretary C. T. Conklin wrote: ". . . the late Leonard Tufts of Pinehurst, N.C.... patiently labored for a method of rating sires that would require a full and complete record of all daughters re- gardless of level of production." APPROvED AYRSHE SuRES The plan for Approved Ayrshire Sires adopted in 1942 resulted from these studies, requirements for qualifying being: (a) a bull must have at least ten daughter-dam pairs, using the first available lactation records; (b) all tested daughters must average at least 8,500 pounds of milk or 340 pounds of butterfat, with not under 3.9 percent fat; (c) the sire must have an equal parent index of at least 120 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS vanced Registry records averaged above 10,000 pounds of milk and 430 pounds of fat. Roll of Honor records averaged a little lower. Production tests are supervised under the "Uniform Rules for Of- ficial Testing" approved by the American Dairy Science Associa- tion, Purebred Dairy Cattle Association, and the breed associations. Methods of supervision of DIHA records were modified in 1959-60 to be acceptable by all dairy breed associations. Supervision is by the superintendent of official testing of the respective state agricul- tural college. The Ayrshire Breeders' Association maintains a file of lactation records for use with registration certificates, pedigrees, and sale catalogues. Preferred and Selected registration certificates are based on production records of ancestry. Analyses of production records and type classification scores determine an Approved Sire and an Approved Dam. The 100,000-pound Club certificate and an ani- mal's lifetime production are determined from assembled records. Average yearly production of a herd, a type classification score of 0.835, and other qualifications are required for an annual Construc- tive Breeder Award. Leonard Tufts began studies of desirable transmitting bulls through their daughters' records. His work was followed by a Re- search Committee of Mr. Tufts, James W. Linn, and Gus Bowling. E. C. Deubler, Henry B. Mosle, and C. T. Conklin served later. The West Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station assisted with analysis of records provided by the Association. Secretary C. T. Conklin wrote: ". . . the late Leonard Tufts of Pinehurst, N.C.... patiently labored for a method of rating sires that would require a full and complete record of all daughters re- gardless of level of production." APPROvED AYRSHmE SInES The plan for Approved Ayrshire Sires adopted in 1942 resulted from these studies, requirements for qualifying being: (a) a bull must have at least ten daughter-dam pairs, using the first available lactation records; (b) all tested daughters must average at least 8,500 pounds of milk or 340 pounds of butterfat, with not under 3.9 percent fat; (c) the sire must have an equal parent index of at least 120 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS vanced Registry records averaged above 10,000 pounds of milk and 430 pounds of fat. Roll of Honor records averaged a little lower. Production tests are supervised under the "Uniform Rules for Of- ficial Testing" approved by the American Dairy Science Associa- tion, Purebred Dairy Cattle Association, and the breed associations. Methods of supervision of DHIA records were modified in 1959-60 to be acceptable by all dairy breed associations. Supervision is by the superintendent of official testing of the respective state agricul- tural college. The Ayrshire Breeders' Association maintains a file of lactation records for use with registration certificates, pedigrees, and sale catalogues. Preferred and Selected registration certificates are based on production records of ancestry. Analyses of production records and type classification scores determine an Approved Sire and an Approved Dam. The 100,000-pound Club certificate and an ani- mal's lifetime production are determined from assembled records. Average yearly production of a herd, a type classification score of 0.835, and other qualifications are required for an annual Construe- tive Breeder Award. Leonard Tufts began studies of desirable transmitting bulls through their daughters' records. His work was followed by a Re- search Committee of Mr. Tufts, James W. Linn, and Gus Bowling. E. C. Deubler, Henry B. Mosle, and C. T. Conklin served later. The West Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station assisted with analysis of records provided by the Association. Secretary C. T. Conklin wrote: '. . . the late Leonard Tufts of Pinehurst, N.C.... patiently labored for a method of rating sires that would require a full and complete record of all daughters re- gardless of level of production." APPROvED AYRSHnE SsRES The plan for Approved Ayrshire Sires adopted in 1942 resulted from these studies, requirements for qualifying being: (a) a bull must have at least ten daughter-dam pairs, using the first available lactation records; (b) all tested daughters must average at least 8,500 pounds of milk or 340 pounds of butterfat, with not under 3.9 percent fat; (c) the sire must have an equal parent index of at least  Ayrshires in America 121 A i merica 121 Ayrshires in America 121 8,500 pounds of milk or 340 pounds of butterfat; (d) not less than 90 percent of tested daughters must each meet production require- ments. Some 101 bulls were approved before 1943. The standard was in- creased in 1945 to 9,000 pounds of milk, 3.9 percent and 360 pounds of fat; 60 percent of daughters to exceed this standard. The stan- dard was raised in 1958 to 9,450 pounds of milk, 3.9 percent and 390 pounds of fat in 305 days on a 2x mature equivalent basis. Re- quirements were 10,000 pounds of milk and 400 pounds of fat, if test was disregarded. The base in 1961 was 9,750 pounds of milk and 400 pounds of fat. In 1963 this was increased to 10,000 pounds of milk, 3.9 percent and 410 pounds of fat in 305 days on a 2 x ma- ture equivalent basis. If test was disregarded, 11,000 pounds of milk and 440 pounds of butterfat were required. Since 1946, bulls approved for production also were eligible for Approval on type transmission when ten or more unselected daugh- ters had been classified with an average score of 0.825 or above. At least 50 percent of registered tested daughters 3 years old or older must have been classified. A bull was called Double Approved when qualified for production and type transmission. The average type score was increased to 0.835, and in 1963 to 0.850. Six bulls qualified as Approved Sires in 1967, bringing the total number to 840. Bulls in artificial service were rated on achievements of the first 20 daughters from tested dams. Average production of the herd and of dams was published to indicate the environment when the ree- ords were made. USDA Sire Performance Summaries for production, to which the Association's type ratings are added, superceded the Approved Sire program in 1968. This plan utilized DHIR and DHIA records, herdmate comparisons, adjustment for number of lactations and herds involved, and of estimated repeatability weighted by com- puter methods. APPROvED DAMS A plan for Approved Dams in November 1942 required (a) the dam must have three or more daughters with first lactations of at 8,500 pounds of milk or 340 pounds of butterfat; (d) not less than 90 percent of tested daughters must each meet production require- ments. Some 101 bulls were approved before 1943. The standard was in- creased in 1945 to 9,000 pounds of milk, 3.9 percent and 360 pounds of fat; 60 percent of daughters to exceed this standard. The stan- dard was raised in 1958 to 9,450 pounds of milk, 3.9 percent and 390 pounds of fat in 305 days on a 2 X mature equivalent basis. Re- quirements were 10,000 pounds of milk and 400 pounds of fat, if test was disregarded. The base in 1961 was 9,750 pounds of milk and 400 pounds of fat. In 1963 this was increased to 10,000 pounds of milk, 3.9 percent and 410 pounds of fat in 305 days on a 2 x ma- ture equivalent basis. If test was disregarded, 11,000 pounds of milk and 440 pounds of butterfat were required. Since 1946, bulls approved for production also were eligible for Approval on type transmission when ten or more unselected daugh- ters had been classified with an average score of 0.825 or above. At least 50 percent of registered tested daughters 3 years old or older must have been classified. A bull was called Double Approved when qualified for production and type transmission. The average type score was increased to 0.835, and in 1963 to 0.850. Six bulls qualified as Approved Sires in 1967, bringing the total number to 840. Bulls in artificial service were rated on achievements of the first 20 daughters from tested dams. Average production of the herd and of dams was published to indicate the environment when the rec- ords were made. USDA Sire Performance Summaries for production, to which the Association's type ratings are added, superceded the Approved Sire program in 1968. This plan utilized DHIR and DHIA records, herdmate comparisons, adjustment for number of lactations and herds involved, and of estimated repeatability weighted by com- puter methods. APPROvED DAMS A plan for Approved Dams in November 1942 required (a) the dam must have three or more daughters with first lactations of at 8,500 pounds of milk or 340 pounds of butterfat; (d) not less than 90 percent of tested daughters must each meet production require- ments. Some 101 bulls were approved before 1943. The standard was in- creased in 1945 to 9,000 pounds of milk, 3.9 percent and 360 pounds of fat; 60 percent of daughters to exceed this standard. The stan- dard was raised in 1958 to 9,450 pounds of milk, 3.9 percent and 390 pounds of fat in 305 days on a 2 x mature equivalent basis. Re- quirements were 10,000 pounds of milk and 400 pounds of fat, if test was disregarded. The base in 1961 was 9,750 pounds of milk and 400 pounds of fat. In 1963 this was increased to 10,000 pounds of milk, 3.9 percent and 410 pounds of fat in 305 days on a 2 x ma- ture equivalent basis. If test was disregarded, 11,000 pounds of milk and 440 pounds of butterfat were required. Since 1946, bulls approved for production also were eligible for Approval on type transmission when ten or more unselected daugh- ters had been classified with an average score of 0.825 or above. At least 50 percent of registered tested daughters 3 years old or older must have been classified. A bull was called Double Approved when qualified for production and type transmission. The average type score was increased to 0.835, and in 1963 to 0.850. Six bulls qualified as Approved Sires in 1967, bringing the total number to 840. Bulls in artificial service were rated on achievements of the first 20 daughters from tested dams. Average production of the herd and of dams was published to indicate the environment when the rec- ords were made. USDA Sire Performance Summaries for production, to which the Association's type ratings are added, superceded the Approved Sire program in 1968. This plan utilized DHIR and DHIA records, herdmate comparisons, adjustment for number of lactations and herds involved, and of estimated repeatability weighted by com- puter methods. APPROvED DAMS A plan for Approved Dams in November 1942 required (a) the dam must have three or more daughters with first lactations of at  122 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS least 8,500 pounds of milk, 3.9 percent and 340 pounds of butter- fat; (b) 60 percent of her tested daughters must each have met production requirements; (c) 60 percent of female progeny above 3 years old must have production records; (d) 50 percent of daugh- ters over 4 years old must exceed the requirements on a 305-day 2X mature equivalent basis. The index of a proven son was re- garded equivalent to a daughter. The production requirements for Approved Dams were increased gradually as the average production of Ayrshires on DHIR test increased. In 1970 the mature equivalent requirements for three daughters were 11,600 pounds of milk, 3.9 percent and 470 pounds of butterfat by not less than 60 percent of her registered progeny over 4 years old. With only two daughters, each must yield at least 12,180 pounds of milk, 3.9 percent and 487 pounds of fat. If fat test was disregarded, 12,760 pounds of milk or 517 pounds of butterfat were needed. Few living cows would qualify as Approved Dams, yet the rating popularized their progeny for breeding purposes. Some 5,394 Ayr- shire cows became Approved Dams through 1968, with 68 cows added in 1969. 100,000-POUND CLUB Since 1933 the Association issued certificates to cows qualifying for the 100,000-pound Club in lifetime milk production. One such cow was Auchenbrain White Beauty 2d 21687, Imp.; calved in 1902 and imported by Penshurst Farm in Pennsylvania (Fig. 6.2). She pro- duced 125,123 pounds of milk, 5,161 pounds of butterfat, as well as seven bulls (four in Advanced Registry) and five Advanced Registry daughters. By 1944 about 90 percent of American-bred Ayrshires were descended from her. Imp. Garclaugh May Mischief 27944 (Fig. 6.3) produced over 125,000 pounds of milk in nine Advanced Registry records. Seven daughters were tested, and four sons served in famous herds, in- cluding Penshurst Man O'War 25200 (Fig. 6.4) at Penshurst Farm, and Penshurst Mischief Maker 18719 at Strathglass Farm. She exerted as great an influence on the breed as did Auchenbrain White Beauty 2d of an earlier generation. 122 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS least 8,500 pounds of milk, 3.9 percent and 340 pounds of butter- fat; (b) 60 percent of her tested daughters must each have met production requirements; (c) 60 percent of female progeny above 3 years old must have production records; ( d) 50 percent of daugh- ters over 4 years old must exceed the requirements on a 305-day 2X mature equivalent basis. The index of a proven son was re- garded equivalent to a daughter. The production requirements for Approved Dams were increased gradually as the average production of Ayrshires on DHIR test increased. In 1970 the mature equivalent requirements for three daughters were 11,600 pounds of milk, 3.9 percent and 470 pounds of butterfat by not less than 60 percent of her registered progeny over 4 years old. With only two daughters, each must yield at least 12,180 pounds of milk, 3.9 percent and 487 pounds of fat. If fat test was disregarded, 12,760 pounds of milk or 517 pounds of butterfat were needed. Few living cows would qualify as Approved Dams, yet the rating popularized their progeny for breeding purposes. Some 5,394 Ayr- shire cows became Approved Dams through 1968, with 68 cows added in 1969. 100,000-POUND CLUB Since 1933 the Association issued certificates to cows qualifying for the 100,000-pound Club in lifetime milk production. One such cow was Auchenbrain White Beauty 2d 21687, Imp.; calved in 1902 and imported by Penshurst Farm in Pennsylvania (Fig. 6.2). She pro- duced 125,123 pounds of milk, 5,161 pounds of butterfat, as well as seven bulls (four in Advanced Registry) and five Advanced Registry daughters. By 1944 about 90 percent of American-bred Ayrshires were descended from her. Imp. Garclaugh May Mischief 27944 (Fig. 6.3) produced over 125,000 pounds of milk in nine Advanced Registry records. Seven daughters were tested, and four sons served in famous herds, in- cluding Penshurst Man O'War 25200 (Fig. 6.4) at Penshurst Farm, and Penshurst Mischief Maker 18719 at Strathglass Farm. She exerted as great an influence on the breed as did Auchenbrain White Beauty 2d of an earlier generation. 122 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS least 8,500 pounds of milk, 3.9 percent and 340 pounds of butter- fat; (b) 60 percent of her tested daughters must each have met production requirements; (c) 60 percent of female progeny above 3 years old must have production records; (d) 50 percent of daugh- ters over 4 years old must exceed the requirements on a 305-day 2X mature equivalent basis. The index of a proven son was re- garded equivalent to a daughter. The production requirements for Approved Dams were increased gradually as the average production of Ayrshires on DHIR test increased. In 1970 the mature equivalent requirements for three daughters were 11,600 pounds of milk, 3.9 percent and 470 pounds of butterfat by not less than 60 percent of her registered progeny over 4 years old. With only two daughters, each must yield at least 12,180 pounds of milk, 3.9 percent and 487 pounds of fat. If fat test was disregarded, 12,760 pounds of milk or 517 pounds of butterfat were needed. Few living cows would qualify as Approved Dams, yet the rating popularized their progeny for breeding purposes. Some 5,394 Avr- shire cows became Approved Dams through 1968, with 68 cows added in 1969. 100,000-POUND CLsB Since 1933 the Association issued certificates to cows qualifying for the 100,000-pound Club in lifetime milk production. One such cow was Auchenbrain White Beauty 2d 21687, Imp.; calved in 1902 and imported by Penshurst Farm in Pennsylvania (Fig. 6.2). She pro- duced 125,123 pounds of milk, 5,161 pounds of butterfat, as well as seven bulls (four in Advanced Registry) and five Advanced Registry daughters. By 1944 about 90 percent of American-bred Ayrshires were descended from her. Imp. Garclaugh May Mischief 27944 (Fig. 6.3) produced over 125,000 pounds of milk in nine Advanced Registry records. Seven daughters were tested, and four sons served in famous herds, in- cluding Penshurst Man O'War 25200 (Fig. 6.4) at Penshurst Farm, and Penshurst Mischief Maker 18719 at Strathglass Farm. She exerted as great an influence on the breed as did Auchenbrain White Beauty 2d of an earlier generation.  Ayrshires in America 123 The Association secretary wrote that: It is the lifetime record that counts. Good dairy cows must wear well and perform efficiently if profits over and above original costs and maintenance charges are to be secured. Since the av- erage cow does not come into production until 30 to 36 months of age, she must begin her milking career with quite a charge against her account. Very rarely will a first-calf heifer "pay out" during her first lactation for all expenses from birth. But with each succeeding lactation, an added credit . .. soon more than balances accounts, putting such cows on a dividend- paying basis. Strathglass Lucky Puff had a cumulating record of 189,843 pounds of milk, 4.0 percent and 7,598 pounds of butterfat in 5,235 days. She was an Approved Dam with eight progeny averaging 9,041 pounds of milk, 4.22 percent and 381 pounds of butterfat per lac- tation. She and two daughters classified Excellent. Delchester Au- dacious Betty 2nd had a lifetime production of 219,891 pounds of milk and 8,676 pounds of butterfat in 5,439 days in milk. Ayrshires in America 123 The Association secretary wrote that: It is the lifetime record that counts. Good dairy cows must wear well and perform efficiently if profits over and above original costs and maintenance charges are to be secured. Since the av- erage cow does not come into production until 30 to 36 months of age, she must begin her milking career with quite a charge against her account. Very rarely will a first-calf heifer "pay out" during her first lactation for all expenses from birth. But with each succeeding lactation, an added credit . .. soon more than balances accounts, putting such cows on a dividend- paying basis. Strathglass Lucky Puff had a cumulating record of 189,843 pounds of milk, 4.0 percent and 7,598 pounds of butterfat in 5,235 days. She was an Approved Dam with eight progeny averaging 9,041 pounds of milk, 4.22 percent and 381 pounds of butterfat per lac- tation. She and two daughters classified Excellent. Delchester Au- dacious Betty 2nd had a lifetime production of 219,891 pounds of milk and 8,676 pounds of butterfat in 5,439 days in milk. Ayrshires in America 123 The Association secretary wrote that: It is the lifetime record that counts. Good dairy cows must wear well and perform efficiently if profits over and above original costs and maintenance charges are to be secured. Since the av- erage cow does not come into production until 30 to 36 months of age, she must begin her milking career with quite a charge against her account. Very rarely will a first-calf heifer "pay out" during her first lactation for all expenses from birth. But with each succeeding lactation, an added credit . .. soon more than balances accounts, putting such cows on a dividend- paying basis. Strathglass Lucky Puff had a cumulating record of 189,843 pounds of milk, 4.0 percent and 7,598 pounds of butterfat in 5,235 days. She was an Approved Dam with eight progeny averaging 9,041 pounds of milk, 4.22 percent and 381 pounds of butterfat per lac- tation. She and two daughters classified Excellent. Delchester Au- dacious Betty 2nd had a lifetime production of 219,891 pounds of milk and 8,676 pounds of butterfat in 5,439 days in milk. b.1t;. 8.2. Auehenbrain White Beauty 2d 21887, Imp., born in 1902, was one of the great transmitting dams of the breed. I WtG. t.2. Auchenbrai White Beauty 2d 21087, Imp., bom in 1902, was one of the great transmitting dams of the breed. h lt;. fi. 2. Auchenbram White Beauty 2d ZIU87, Imp., born in IUU2, was one of the great transmitting dams of the breed.  FIG. 6.3. Imtp. Garclaugh May Mischief 27944 wa grea lifetime prdue antd transmitn dam. He 4 ovn mrlded Yenhnr25 Ma O'Wa, 25200. FIG. 6.3. Imtp. Garclagh May Mischief 27944 wsagreat lifetime produce and transmittinr dam Her oren mclnded Pesus Man O'Wa 252f1). FIG. 6.3. Imtp. Garclaugh May Mischief 27944 wa great lifetime prodce and tansmlittn dam. Hert oen included Penhurt Man O'War 25200 FIG. 6.4. PenhurstI Man O'War 25200 wast on f the gret impover of the bred. 01 147 liig Appovd Ayhire Sire in 1955, ovr72 peren wr desceded from him. His double gradon Penhurs Man O'War 30th wsi atifiil sricet il 16.7 year of age. His 107 daughter had 740 recods avrging9095 puds fik, 4.09 prcetad372ouds fft. Hehd 19 Appovd son, 33 Approved daghlter ad 34 progeny with ovr100,000 poudso ilk. FIG. 6.4. PeshtI Man O'War 25200 was on of thegret impover of the bred. Of 147 living Appoved Ayhire Sie in 1955, over 72 peret wer dseded from him. H doule grandson enhurst Man O'War 30th wsi atificial seric util 10.7 year of age. His 167 dtghtr had 740 rectrds averging 9095 pudso il k, 4.09 percett atd 372 pounds o ft. fie had 19 Appvdson, 33Appvd daghters4nd 3 proenyithlover 000 pountds of41ik. FIG. 6.4. Ptnshurst Mtn O'War 25200 was on of the get improvers of the breed. Of 147 living Appovd Ayrshr Sires it 1955, over 72 percent tere descended Ito hit. His double gratdso Pnshttrst Mtn O'Watr 30th wast int atifii service unil 10.7 yeait of ag. Hit 107 daughltr had 740 repords averaghng 9095 ptottds of milk, 4.09 percet and 372 pounds of fat. He had 19 Approvedson, 33Appoved daghtertd4 pogenytithtlover100O pounids ofm1k.  Ayrshires in America 125 Ayrshires in America 125 Ayrshires in America 125 BREEDING AYRSHRES A 4.0 percent butterfat test is among the characteristics empha- sized for Ayrshire milk. An example of this influence was seen at Sycamore Farm, once owned by Mrs. E. R. Fritsche, former presi- dent of the Association. An increase in fat test was attained largely through three transmitting sires whose immediate ancestors aver- aged mainly over 4.0 percent butterfat in their milk. The change accomplished by this herd is shown in Table 6.2. TABLE 6.2 CHANGE IN AVERAGE BUTTERFAT PERCENTAGE IN MILK OF AYRSHIRES AT SYCAMORE FARM THROUGH INHERITANCE. Number Days in verag pro Proportion of herd testing Year of cow milk Milk (]be.) Test (%) Fat (lbs.) under 4.00 percent 1926 42 293 7,192 3.85 277 57.1 1931 39 322 10,808 4.14 448 30.8 1935 52 317 10,312 4.27 441 13.3 T. V. Armstrong summarized published analyses of Ayrshire milk in 1959. Some 208 milk samples from 14 cows contained an average of 4.15 percent fat, 8.96 of solids-not-fat, 3.58 of total protein, 4.70 of lactose, and 0.68 percent of ash. He pointed out a trend, which DHIR records confirm, toward an increasing percentage of fat in Ayrshire milk. The Association encouraged securing records of pro- tein and solids-not-fat contents of Ayrshire milk. W. J. Tyler and George Hyatt, Jr., calculated a heritability co- efficient of 0.3 for type among 1,601 Ayrshire daughter-dam pairs and 3,738 paternal sisters. The correlation coefficient between but- terfat yield and type rating of 5,177 cows was 0.19. J. C. McDowell of the USDA Bureau of Dairy Industry analyzed many DHIA records and found that the higher producing cows made the greater returns over feed cost on the average. Secretary David Gibson, Jr., reported: "The man that can get 200,000 lbs. of milk from 20 Ayrshire cows in a year is certainly doing a better job for himself and the breed than one who has 30 and getting the same yearly production. Largeness of operation is not the complete answer or a sound substitute for efficiency." Slightly more than 100 male calves are born per 100 females. BREEDING AYRSHmEs A 4.0 percent butterfat test is among the characteristics empha- sized for Ayrshire milk. An example of this influence was seen at Sycamore Farm, once owned by Mrs. E. R. Fritsche, former presi- dent of the Association. An increase in fat test was attained largely through three transmitting sires whose immediate ancestors aver- aged mainly over 4.0 percent butterfat in their milk. The change accomplished by this herd is shown in Table 6.2. TABLE 6.2 CHANGE IN AVERAGE BUTTERFAT PERCENTAGE IN MILK OF AYRSHIRES AT SYCAMORE FARM THROUGH INHERITANCE. Number Days in vrae procon Proportion of herd testing Year of cow milk Milk (Obe.) Test (%) Fat (lbs.) under 4.00 percent 1926 42 293 7,192 3.85 277 57.1 1931 39 322 10,808 4.14 448 30.8 1935 52 317 10,312 4.27 441 13.3 T. V. Armstrong summarized published analyses of Ayrshire milk in 1959. Some 208 milk samples from 14 cows contained an average of 4.15 percent fat, 8.96 of solids-not-fat, 3.58 of total protein, 4.70 of lactose, and 0.68 percent of ash. He pointed out a trend, which DHIR records confirm, toward an increasing percentage of fat in Ayrshire milk. The Association encouraged securing records of pro- tein and solids-not-fat contents of Ayrshire milk. W. J. Tyler and George Hyatt, Jr., calculated a heritability co- efficient of 0.3 for type among 1,601 Ayrshire daughter-dam pairs and 3,738 paternal sisters. The correlation coefficient between but- terfat yield and type rating of 5,177 cows was 0.19. J. C. McDowell of the USDA Bureau of Dairy Industry analyzed many DHIA records and found that the higher producing cows made the greater returns over feed cost on the average. Secretary David Gibson, Jr., reported: "The man that can get 200,000 lbs. of milk from 20 Ayrshire cows in a year is certainly doing a better job for himself and the breed than one who has 30 and getting the same yearly production. Largeness of operation is not the complete answer or a sound substitute for efficiency." Slightly more than 100 male calves are born per 100 females. BREEDING AYRSHIRES A 4.0 percent butterfat test is among the characteristics empha- sized for Ayrshire milk. An example of this influence was seen at Sycamore Farm, once owned by Mrs. E. R. Fritsche, former presi- dent of the Association. An increase in fat test was attained largely through three transmitting sires whose immediate ancestors aver- aged mainly over 4.0 percent butterfat in their milk. The change accomplished by this herd is shown in Table 6.2. TABLE 6.2 CHANGE IN AVERAGE BUTI'ERFAT PERCENTAGE IN MILK OF AYRSHIRES AT SYCAMORE FARM THROUGH INHERITANCE. Number Days in rveprag Procon Moortion of herd testing Year of co s milk Milk (lbs.) Test (%) Fat (lbs.) under 4.00 perent 1926 42 293 7,192 3.85 277 57.1 1931 39 322 10,808 4.14 448 30.8 1935 52 317 10,312 4.27 441 13.3 T. V. Armstrong summarized published analyses of Ayrshire milk in 1959. Some 208 milk samples from 14 cows contained an average of 4.15 percent fat, 8.96 of solids-not-fat, 3.58 of total protein, 4.70 of lactose, and 0.68 percent of ash. He pointed out a trend, which DHIR records confirm, toward an increasing percentage of fat in Ayrshire milk. The Association encouraged securing records of pro- tein and solids-not-fat contents of Ayrshire milk. W. J. Tyler and George Hyatt, Jr., calculated a heritability co- efficient of 0.3 for type among 1,601 Ayrshire daughter-dam pairs and 3,738 paternal sisters. The correlation coefficient between but- terfat yield and type rating of 5,177 cows was 0.19. J. C. McDowell of the USDA Bureau of Dairy Industry analyzed many DHIA records and found that the higher producing cows made the greater returns over feed cost on the average. Secretary David Gibson, Jr., reported: "The man that can get 200,000 lbs. of milk from 20 Ayrshire cows in a year is certainly doing a better job for himself and the breed than one who has 30 and getting the same yearly production. Largeness of operation is not the complete answer or a sound substitute for efficiency." Slightly more than 100 male calves are born per 100 females.  126 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Fewer bulls are registered although many are used in grade herds. Introduction of artificial breeding since 1938 and increasing num- bers of cows per herd reduced the demand for bulls in natural service. This is reflected in the proportion of male registrations, as shown in Table 6.3. POLLED AYRSHIES The polled character was not infrequent among native cows in Ayr, Scotland. Some of them entered into the foundation of Galloway cattle-a black polled beef breed. Polled Ayrshires persisted through the generations. They were present early in parts of Vermont, in- cluding Rutland County. TABLE 6.3 INFLUENCE OF ARTIFICIAL BREEDINC AND NCREASING SIZE OF HERDs ON THE RATIO OF MALES To FEMALES RECISTERED 126 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Fewer bulls are registered although many are used in grade herds. Introduction of artificial breeding since 1938 and increasing num- bers of cows per herd reduced the demand for bulls in natural service. This is reflected in the proportion of male registrations, as shown in Table 6.3. POLLED AYRSHsS The polled character was not infrequent among native cows in Ayr, Scotland. Some of them entered into the foundation of Galloway cattle-a black polled beef breed. Polled Ayrshires persisted through the generations. They were present early in parts of Vermont, in- cluding Rutland County. TABLE 6.3 INFLUENCE OF ARTIFICIAL BREEDING AND INCREASING SIZE OF HERDS ON THE RATIO OF MALES To FEMALES REGISTERED Year 1900 1910 1920 1930 Ratio of males to females registered 1:2.9 1:2.9 1:3.3 1:4.0 Year 1940 1950 1960 1970 Ratio of males to females registered 1:4.8 1:6.1 1:11.4 1:14.6 Year 1900 1910 1920 1930 Rato. of male. to females registered 1:2.9 1:2.9 1:3.3 1:4.0 Year 1940 1950 1960 1970 Ratio of males to females registered 1:4.8 1:6.1 1:11.4 1:14.6 126 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Fewer bulls are registered although many are used in grade herds. Introduction of artificial breeding since 1938 and increasing num- bers of cows per herd reduced the demand for bulls in natural service. This is reflected in the proportion of male registrations, as shown in Table 6.3. POLLED AYRSHmREs The polled character was not infrequent among native cows in Ayr, Scotland. Some of them entered into the foundation of Galloway cattle-a black polled beef breed. Polled Ayrshires persisted through the generations. They were present early in parts of Vermont, in- cluding Rutland County. TABLE 6.3 INFLUENCE OF ARTIFICIAL BREEDING AND INCREASING SIZE OF HERDS ON THE RATIo OF MALES To FEMALEs REGISTERED Ratio of males to Ratio of males to Year females registered Year females registered 1900 1:2.9 1940 1:4.8 1910 1:2.9 1950 1:6.1 1920 1:3.3 1960 1:11.4 1930 1:4.0 1970 1:14.6 Jacob S. Horst of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, purchased a polled bull, Barberry Heights Peter Pan 4th, from Vermont in 1929. He owned a daughter of the famous Penshurst Charming Princess (homed). Some good polled Ayrshires descend from her, and sev- eral noted polled bulls trace to this herd. The polled bull Prince Perhaps of Bart, from the cow Dot's Polled Polly 129757, went through the Lancaster County Ayrshire Association sale in 1940. Three-fourths of his progeny from horned cows were said to be polled. His first daughters outyielded their dams. This bull was ad- vertised under the caption "Why not polled Ayrshires?' in 1941 by Aaron H. Harnish of Lancaster, Pennsylvania. The Ayrshire Breeders' Association authorized the symbol "X" before the registration number of polled Ayrshires. Breeders were invited in 1944 to report past or present Ayrshires born without horns. It was found that 175 had been recorded mostly in recent years. Later applications for registration bear this information. Jacob S. Horst of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, purchased a polled bull, Barberry Heights Peter Pan 4th, from Vermont in 1929. He owned a daughter of the famous Penshurst Charming Princess (homed). Some good polled Ayrshires descend from her, and sev- eral noted polled bulls trace to this herd. The polled bull Prince Perhaps of Bart, from the cow Dot's Polled Polly 129757, went through the Lancaster County Ayrshire Association sale in 1940. Three-fourths of his progeny from horned cows were said to be polled. His first daughters outyielded their dams. This bull was ad- vertised under the caption "Why not polled Ayrshires?" in 1941 by Aaron H. Harnish of Lancaster, Pennsylvania. The Ayrshire Breeders' Association authorized the symbol "X" before the registration number of polled Ayrshires. Breeders were invited in 1944 to report past or present Ayrshires born without horns. It was found that 175 had been recorded mostly in recent years. Later applications for registration bear this information. Jacob S. Horst of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, purchased a polled bull, Barberry Heights Peter Pan 4th, from Vermont in 1929. He owned a daughter of the famous Penshurst Charming Princess (horned). Some good polled Ayrshires descend from her, and sev- eral noted polled bulls trace to this herd. The polled bull Prince Perhaps of Bart, from the cow Dot's Polled Polly 129757, went through the Lancaster County Ayrshire Association sale in 1940. Three-fourths of his progeny from horned cows were said to be polled. His first daughters outyielded their dams. This bull was ad- vertised under the caption "Why not polled Ayrshires?' in 1941 by Aaron H. Harnish of Lancaster, Pennsylvania. The Ayrshire Breeders' Association authorized the symbol "X" before the registration number of polled Ayrshires. Breeders were invited in 1944 to report past or present Ayrshires born without horns. It was found that 175 had been recorded mostly in recent years. Later applications for registration bear this information.  Ayrshires in America 127 Ayrshires in America 127 Ayrshires in America 127 Burt Froberg, La Fayette, Rhode Island, reported birth of a polled heifer calf in 1948. No polled blood was in her ancestry so far as he knew. A polled bull calf Grey Banks' Golden Mulley Boy was born to horned parents and grandparents. Harold B. Cobb, Bluffton, Illinois, reported this bull's first calf from a horned cow to be polled. An editorial in The Ayrshire Digest (in December 1946, page 194) stated "For years it was believed that no Ayrshire was com- plete without horns. But in the meantime the percentage of de- horned Ayrshires has increased. In recent years they have won championships at representative shows, and they have sold well at auction sales. It is estimated that more than half of the breed is now dehorned. If it is more economical to keep dehorned Ayrshires, they will be dehorned Ayrshires. Fads and fashion cannot compete long against practical results." A note from Scotland in The Ayrshire Digest (June 15, 1948, page 416) stated: "The dehorning of Ayrshires in both Scotland and England is receiving a great deal of attention. Principal reason is the increasing use of paddocks or courts in which cattle are con- fined during the winter months rather than maintained in the stan- chions. English breeders seem to be most enthusiastic about de- horning." The genetic character "polled" is dominant, hence their num- bers will increase, especially since breeders formed the Polled Ayr- shire Breeders' Association in 1945. Sixty-eight breeders then were in Pennsylvania, New York, North Carolina, Vermont, West Vir- ginia, and Indiana. Some polled Ayrshires trace from the polled bull Lucky Boy of Willow Springs, out of the polled cow Maggie Mason of Ira, owned by Clayton Fish of Ira, Vermont. The cow Dot's Polled Polly pos- sibly inherited this character from her sire-Armour's Asa of Sand Hill. His short scurlike horns were attached loosely. The Ayrshire Digest stated that several of this bull's progeny had similar horns. This line was believed to be a mutation. From 1944 to 1957, 4,711 polled Ayrshires were registered. During 1969, 33 males and 352 females registered were polled. Three polled Ayrshires were ex- ported to Scotland in 1948. Burt Froberg, La Fayette, Rhode Island, reported birth of a polled heifer calf in 1948. No polled blood was in her ancestry so far as he knew. A polled bull calf Grey Banks' Golden Mulley Boy was born to horned parents and grandparents. Harold B. Cobb, Bluffton, Illinois, reported this bull's first calf from a horned cow to be polled. An editorial in The Ayrshire Digest (in December 1946, page 194) stated "For years it was believed that no Ayrshire was com- plete without horns. But in the meantime the percentage of de- horned Ayrshires has increased. In recent years they have won championships at representative shows, and they have sold well at auction sales. It is estimated that more than half of the breed is now dehorned. If it is more economical to keep dehorned Ayrshires, they will be dehorned Ayrshires. Fads and fashion cannot compete long against practical results." A note from Scotland in The Ayrshire Digest (June 15, 1948, page 416) stated: "The dehorning of Ayrshires in both Scotland and England is receiving a great deal of attention. Principal reason is the increasing use of paddocks or courts in which cattle are con- fined during the winter months rather than maintained in the stan- chions. English breeders seem to be most enthusiastic about de- horming." The genetic character "polled" is dominant, hence their num- bers will increase, especially since breeders formed the Polled Ayr- shire Breeders' Association in 1945. Sixty-eight breeders then were in Pennsylvania, New York, North Carolina, Vermont, West Vir- ginia, and Indiana. Some polled Ayrshires trace from the polled bull Lucky Boy of Willow Springs, out of the polled cow Maggie Mason of Ira, owned by Clayton Fish of Ira, Vermont. The cow Dot's Polled Polly pos- sibly inherited this character from her sire-Armour's Asa of Sand Hill. His short scurlike horns were attached loosely. The Ayrshire Digest stated that several of this bull's progeny had similar horns. This line was believed to be a mutation. From 1944 to 1957, 4,711 polled Ayrshires were registered. During 1969, 33 males and 352 females registered were polled. Three polled Ayrshires were ex- ported to Scotland in 1948. Burt Froberg, La Fayette, Rhode Island, reported birth of a polled heifer calf in 1948. No polled blood was in her ancestry so far as he knew. A polled bull calf Grey Banks' Golden Mulley Boy was born to horned parents and grandparents. Harold B. Cobb, Bluffton, Illinois, reported this bull's first calf from a horned cow to be polled. An editorial in The Ayrshire Digest (in December 1946, page 194) stated "For years it was believed that no Ayrshire was com- plete without horns. But in the meantime the percentage of de- horned Ayrshires has increased. In recent years they have won championships at representative shows, and they have sold well at auction sales. It is estimated that more than half of the breed is now dehorned. If it is more economical to keep dehorned Ayrshires, they will be dehorned Ayrshires. Fads and fashion cannot compete long against practical results:" A note from Scotland in The Ayrshire Digest (June 15, 1948, page 416) stated: "The dehorning of Ayrshires in both Scotland and England is receiving a great deal of attention. Principal reason is the increasing use of paddocks or courts in which cattle are con- fined during the winter months rather than maintained in the stan- chions. English breeders seem to be most enthusiastic about de- horning." The genetic character "polled" is dominant, hence their num- bers will increase, especially since breeders formed the Polled Ayr- shire Breeders' Association in 1945. Sixty-eight breeders then were in Pennsylvania, New York, North Carolina, Vermont, West Vir- ginia, and Indiana. Some polled Ayrshires trace from the polled bull Lucky Boy of Willow Springs, out of the polled cow Maggie Mason of Ira, owned by Clayton Fish of Ira, Vermont. The cow Dot's Polled Polly pos- sibly inherited this character from her sire-Armour's Asa of Sand Hill. His short scurlike horns were attached loosely. The Ayrshire Digest stated that several of this bull's progeny had similar horns. This line was believed to be a mutation. From 1944 to 1957, 4,711 polled Ayrshires were registered. During 1969, 33 males and 352 females registered were polled. Three polled Ayrshires were ex- ported to Scotland in 1948.  128 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS BLACK-AND-WHITE AYRSHIRES Melrose Good Gift 14612 at the Kansas State Agricultural College herd was regarded by E. N. Wentworth as typical "black-and- white" color for the breed. His head and spots were a dark ma- hogany. When mated with unrelated red-and-white cows, his male calves turned to a blackish tinge when 2 to 4 months old, and were distinctly "black-and-white" within 4 months. Heifer calves were red-and-white from this cross. The cow Bangora was the original black-and-white cow in the herd. Wentworth concluded: If the factor for black-and-white color is represented by B, the hereditary constituents are as follows: BB is always black- and-white; bb is always red-and-white; Bb is always black-and- white in the male and red-and-white in the female. Black-and-white is a simple allelomorph of red-and-white in Ayrshire cattle. In the male the black-and-white character is dominant and in the female the red-and-white is dominant. Males heterozygous for the two characters are black-and- white, while females heterozygous for the two characters are red-and-white. HEREDITARY DEFEcrs Crampy. A neuromuscular condition called crampy, progressive posterior paralysis, spasticity, or stretches is a recessive hereditary character in mature bulls and cows. Heterozygous (carrier) ani- mals do not exhibit the condition. Symptoms in the homozygous condition may include periodic spasticity of the back muscles and/or one or both rear legs when under stress. They favor affected parts when rising, standing, or walking. Intensity increases with age and may result in death. Defective skin. Defective skin occurs at birth in calves of several dairy breeds. Skin fails to develop on parts of the lower limbs, mu- cous linings of the mouth, or nostrils. Such areas soon become in- fected, and the animal dies of septicemia. Dropsy or edema. Congenital dropsy, edema, or anasareca develops late during fetal growth. The uterus becomes greatly filled with fluids. Fetal tissues are swollen; rear legs may be enlarged, and the 128 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS BLACK-AND-WHrE AYRSHIRES Melrose Good Gift 14612 at the Kansas State Agricultural College herd was regarded by E. N. Wentworth as typical "black-and- white" color for the breed. His head and spots were a dark ma- hogany. When mated with unrelated red-and-white cows, his male calves turned to a blackish tinge when 2 to 4 months old, and were distinctly "black-and-white" within 4 months. Heifer calves were red-and-white from this cross. The cow Bangora was the original black-and-white cow in the herd. Wentworth concluded: If the factor for black-and-white color is represented by B, the hereditary constituents are as follows: BB is always black- and-white; bb is always red-and-white; Bb is always black-and- white in the male and red-and-white in the female. Black-and-white is a simple allelomorph of red-and-white in Ayrshire cattle. In the male the black-and-white character is dominant and in the female the red-and-white is dominant. Males heterozygous for the two characters are black-and- white, while females heterozygous for the two characters are red-and-white. HEREDITARY DEFEcrs Crampy. A neuromuscular condition called crampy, progressive posterior paralysis, spasticity, or stretches is a recessive hereditary character in mature bulls and cows. Heterozygous (carrier) ani- mals do not exhibit the condition. Symptoms in the homozygous condition may include periodic spasticity of the back muscles and/or one or both rear legs when under stress. They favor affected parts when rising, standing, or walking. Intensity increases with age and may result in death. Defective skin. Defective skin occurs at birth in calves of several dairy breeds. Skin fails to develop on parts of the lower limbs, mu- cous linings of the mouth, or nostrils. Such areas soon become in- fected, and the animal dies of septicemia. Dropsy or edema. Congenital dropsy, edema, or anasarca develops late during fetal growth. The uterus becomes greatly filled with fluids. Fetal tissues are swollen; rear legs may be enlarged, and the 128 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS BLACK-AND-WHITE AYRSHIRES Melrose Good Gift 14612 at the Kansas State Agricultural College herd was regarded by E. N. Wentworth as typical "black-and- white" color for the breed. His head and spots were a dark ma- hogany. When mated with unrelated red-and-white cows, his male calves turned to a blackish tinge when 2 to 4 months old, and were distinctly "black-and-white" within 4 months. Heifer calves were red-and-white from this cross. The cow Bangora was the original black-and-white cow in the herd. Wentworth concluded: If the factor for black-and-white color is represented by B, the hereditary constituents are as follows: BB is always black- and-white; bb is always red-and-white; Bb is always black-and- white in the male and red-and-white in the female. Black-and-white is a simple allelomorph of red-and-white in Ayrshire cattle. In the male the black-and-white character is dominant and in the female the red-and-white is dominant. Males heterozygous for the two characters are black-and- white, while females heterozygous for the two characters are red-and-white. HEREDITARY DEFEcrS Crampy. A neuromuscular condition called crampy, progressive posterior paralysis, spasticity, or stretches is a recessive hereditars character in mature bulls and cows. Heterozygous (carrier) ani- mals do not exhibit the condition. Symptoms in the homozygous condition may include periodic spasticity of the back muscles and/or one or both rear legs when under stress. They favor affected parts when rising, standing, or walking. Intensity increases with age and may result in death. Defective skin. Defective skin occurs at birth in calves of several dairy breeds. Skin fails to develop on parts of the lower limbs, mu- cous linings of the mouth, or nostrils. Such areas soon become in- fected, and the animal dies of septicemia. Dropsy or edema. Congenital dropsy, edema, or anasarea develops late during fetal growth. The uterus becomes greatly filled with fluids. Fetal tissues are swollen; rear legs may be enlarged, and the  Ayrshires in America 129 Ayrshires in America 129 Ayrshires in America 129 ears droop. The condition is believed to be due to a single reces- sive gene, expressed in homozygous condition. Ear notch. An ear notch character occurs in varying degrees in some Ayrshires and Jerseys. Some 53 out of 6,358 classified Ayrshires had ear notch. Wry-face. Wry-face-a bow in midline of the face-was seen in six Ayrshires among 6,358 animals examined. The character occurs in other breeds. Wry-tail. Sacral vertebrae are longer on one side than on the other, causing wry-tail. Ayrshire feldman M. H. Benson saw wry tail in a three-generation group of Ayrshires. About 1.4 percent of Ayrshires classified had wry-tail. Presence of wry-tail may be genetic evi- dence of some Jerseys among foundation stock in early develop- ment of the breed. RECESSIvE LETHALS A committee studied lethal and undesirable characters to de- velop a program. When a bull in artificial use transmitted lethal or serious functional abnormalities, a letter requested that his semen not be distributed. A recessive character crops out only when both parents possess the controlling gene. The owner of a cow that drops such a calf should analyze his own herd for half-sisters and their progeny, one-half of which may carry the same gene from a com- mon ancestor. ARTIFICIAL BREEDING Fillmore Inca 56336 was used by the Litchfield County Artificial Breeding Association in October 1941. Ayrshire breeders placed de- sirably proved bulls with the Massachusetts Selective Breeding As- sociation' in August 1946 for use throughout New England. Other organizations maintained Ayrshire bulls or bought semen for their members, Penshurst Man O'War 30th being used widely. Some 58.8 percent of Ayrshires registered in 1969 were conceived from artificial service. Forty-six Ayrshire bulls were in active use or being sampled in 1969, and their frozen semen transferred to other or- ganizations. To extend the search for capable bulls, an Ayrshire Genetic Breed Improvement Program was adopted by mail ballot ears droop. The condition is believed to be due to a single reces- sive gene, expressed in homozygous condition. Ear notch. An ear notch character occurs in varying degrees in some Ayrshires and Jerseys. Some 53 out of 6,358 classified Ayrshires had ear notch. Wry-face. Wry-face-a bow in midline of the face-was seen in six Ayrshires among 6,358 animals examined. The character occurs in other breeds. Wry-tail. Sacral vertebrae are longer on one side than on the other, causing wry-tail. Ayrshire fieldman M. H. Benson saw wry tail in a three-generation group of Ayrshires. About 1.4 percent of Ayrshires classified had wry-tail. Presence of wry-tail may be genetic evi- dence of some Jerseys among foundation stock in early develop- ment of the breed. RECESSIVE LETHALS A committee studied lethal and undesirable characters to de- velop a program. When a bull in artificial use transmitted lethal or serious functional abnormalities, a letter requested that his semen not be distributed. A recessive character crops out only when both parents possess the controlling gene. The owner of a cow that drops such a calf should analyze his own herd for half-sisters and their progeny, one-half of which may carry the same gene from a com- mon ancestor. ARTIFICIAL BREEDING Fillmore Inca 56336 was used by the Litchfield County Artificial Breeding Association in October 1941. Ayrshire breeders placed de- sirably proved bulls with the Massachusetts Selective Breeding As- sociation' in August 1946 for use throughout New England. Other organizations maintained Ayrshire bulls or bought semen for their members, Penshurst Man O'War 30th being used widely. Some 58.8 percent of Ayrshires registered in 1969 were conceived from artificial service. Forty-six Ayrshire bulls were in active use or being sampled in 1969, and their frozen semen transferred to other or- ganizations. To extend the search for capable bulls, an Ayrshire Genetic Breed Improvement Program was adopted by mail ballot ears droop. The condition is believed to be due to a single reces- sive gene, expressed in homozygous condition. Ear notch. An ear notch character occurs in varying degrees in some Ayrshires and Jerseys. Some 53 out of 6,358 classified Ayrshires had ear notch. Wry-face. Wry-face-a bow in midline of the face-was seen in six Ayrshires among 6,358 animals examined. The character occurs in other breeds. Wry-tail. Sacral vertebrae are longer on one side than on the other, causing wry-tail. Ayrshire fieldman M. H. Benson saw wry tail in a three-generation group of Ayrshires. About 1.4 percent of Ayrshires classified had wry-tail. Presence of wry-tail may be genetic evi- dence of some Jerseys among foundation stock in early develop- ment of the breed. RECESsIvE LETHALS A committee studied lethal and undesirable characters to de- velop a program. When a bull in artificial use transmitted lethal or serious functional abnormalities, a letter requested that his semen not be distributed. A recessive character crops out only when both parents possess the controlling gene. The owner of a cow that drops such a calf should analyze his own herd for half-sisters and their progeny, one-half of which may carry the same gene from a com- mon ancestor. ARTIFICIAL BREEDING Fillmore Inca 56336 was used by the Litchfield County Artificial Breeding Association in October 1941. Ayrshire breeders placed de- sirably proved bulls with the Massachusetts Selective Breeding As- sociation in August 1946 for use throughout New England. Other organizations maintained Ayrshire bulls or bought semen for their members, Penshurst Man O'War 30th being used widely. Some 58.8 percent of Ayrshires registered in 1969 were conceived from artificial service. Forty-six Ayrshire bulls were in active use or being sampled in 1969, and their frozen semen transferred to other or- ganizations. To extend the search for capable bulls, an Ayrshire Genetic Breed Improvement Program was adopted by mail ballot  130 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 130 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 130 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS in 1970. A rotating 5-year committee accepted at least five bulls annually that met eligibility requirements of ancestry. These bulls were placed under contract with the owner for A.I. sampling. The objective was for 30 to 40 daughters to meet production and type classification standards on which the committee and the owner de- cided future disposition. The cooperating semen-producing busi- ness participated. "As an incentive to secure tested and classified daughters of the young sires being sampled, a payment by the Ayr- shire Breeders' Association of $5.00 be made to the owner of each daughter having completed a Standard DHIA or DHIR 305-day 2 X record, and which has been Officially Classified." The Associa- tion's Records Division analyzed all records of ancestry and prog- eny. Six Canadian Ayrshire bulls went to Scotland, including two sons of Selwood Betty's Commander, a Canadian-bred bull long in A.I. service at Eastern A.I. Cooperative, Ithaca, New York. His tomb- stone on the Ayrshire Breeders' Association ground proclaims him "The milkiest bull in the world" for transmission of high milk production. CONSTRUCrIvE BREEDER AwARD A Constructive Breeder Award was initiated in 1942 for breeders owning at least eight cows. Fifty percent of the cows that have calved must have been bred by the owner, and 65 percent owned at least 4 years. The herd must be on a testing program and have produced at least 9,500 pounds of milk, 3.9 percent and 390 pounds of butterfat per cow in 305 days that year. Seventy percent of fe- males in milk must have been type classified, and scores average 0.835 points. Owners apply annually for this award. Forty-eight breeders qualified in 1969. APPROVED AYRSHIRE MrLK In December 1937 a program was adopted to promote Ayrshire milk under a registered trademark-"Approved Ayrshire Milk." Milk from herds with at least 75 percent of registered cows was eligible. The milk must contain at least 4 percent fat and conform to Grade A standards. The herd must he free from brucellosis and in 1970. A rotating 5-year committee accepted at least five bulls annually that met eligibility requirements of ancestry. These bulls were placed under contract with the owner for A.I. sampling. The objective was for 30 to 40 daughters to meet production and type classification standards on which the committee and the owner de- cided future disposition. The cooperating semen-producing busi- ness participated. "As an incentive to secure tested and classified daughters of the young sires being sampled, a payment by the Ayr- shire Breeders' Association of $5.00 be made to the owner of each daughter having completed a Standard DHIA or DHIR 305-day 2 X record, and which has been Officially Classified." The Associa- tion's Records Division analyzed all records of ancestry and prog- eny. Six Canadian Ayrshire bulls went to Scotland, including two sons of Selwood Betty's Commander, a Canadian-bred bull long in A.I. service at Eastern A.I. Cooperative, Ithaca, New York. His tomb- stone on the Ayrshire Breeders' Association ground proclaims him "The milkiest bull in the world" for transmission of high milk production. CONSTRUCvrE BREEDER AwARD A Constructive Breeder Award was initiated in 1942 for breeders owning at least eight cows. Fifty percent of the cows that have calved must have been bred by the owner, and 65 percent owned at least 4 years. The herd must be on a testing program and have produced at least 9,500 pounds of milk, 3.9 percent and 390 pounds of butterfat per cow in 305 days that year. Seventy percent of fe- males in milk must have been type classified, and scores average 0.835 points. Owners apply annually for this award. Forty-eight breeders qualified in 1969. APPROVED AYRSHIRE MILK In December 1937 a program was adopted to promote Ayrshire milk under a registered trademark-"Approved Ayrshire Milk." Milk from herds with at least 75 percent of registered cows was eligible. The milk must contain at least 4 percent fat and conform to Grade A standards. The herd must be free from brucellosis and in 1970. A rotating 5-year committee accepted at least five bulls annually that met eligibility requirements of ancestry. These bulls were placed under contract with the owner for A.I. sampling. The objective was for 30 to 40 daughters to meet production and type classification standards on which the committee and the owner de- cided future disposition. The cooperating semen-producing busi- ness participated. "As an incentive to secure tested and classified daughters of the young sires being sampled, a payment by the Ayr- shire Breeders' Association of $5.00 be made to the owner of each daughter having completed a Standard DHIA or DHIR 305-day 2 x record, and which has been Officially Classified." The Associa- tion's Records Division analyzed all records of ancestry and prog- eny. Six Canadian Ayrshire bulls went to Scotland, including two sons of Selwood Betty's Commander, a Canadian-bred bull long in A.I. service at Eastern A.I. Cooperative, Ithaca, New York. His tomb- stone on the Ayrshire Breeders' Association ground proclaims him "The milkiest bull in the world" for transmission of high milk production. CONSTRUCTIvE BREEDER AwARD A Constructive Breeder Award was initiated in 1942 for breeders owning at least eight cows. Fifty percent of the cows that have calved must have been bred by the owner, and 65 percent owned at least 4 years. The herd must be on a testing program and have produced at least 9,500 pounds of milk, 3.9 percent and 390 pounds of butterfat per cow in 305 days that year. Seventy percent of fe- males in milk must have been type classified, and scores average 0.835 points. Owners apply annually for this award. Forty-eight breeders qualified in 1969. APPROVED AYRSHImE MILK In December 1937 a program was adopted to promote Ayrshire milk under a registered trademark-"Approved Ayrshire Milk." Milk from herds with at least 75 percent of registered cows was eligible. The milk must contain at least 4 percent fat and conform to Grade A standards. The herd must be free from brucellosis and  Ayrshires in America 131 Ayrshires in America 131 Ayrshires in America 131 tuberculosis. The herd, equipment, and processing methods were inspected before granting a license. Seven distributors were licensed in 1967. The trademark "Scotty Milk" also has been used since 1968 for milk with at least 2 percent fat. EXTENSION SERvICE J. G. Watson was the first field agent in 1916 for direct service to breeders. The program is educational, promotional, and service-to- aid with breeders' problems, state and local organizations, junior work, sales, and similar activities. A representative serves also as a type classifier, supplemented by the Association's office staff. BREED PUsLICrrY Breed associations bring the good qualities of a breed before the public with breed pamphlets. News releases and annual Year Book, Advanced Registry, Herd Test, Approved Ayrshire Sires and Dams volumes are used. The modest annual Year Book was followed by The Ayrshire Quarterly on April 1, 1915, and The Ayrshire Digest (monthly) as breed publications. "The Ayrshire Cow-A Hand- book for Breeders" appeared as an elaborate brochure in 1955. Exhibits at shows attract attention of the public and other breeders. DISTINGUISHED SERvICE AwARD The Board of Directors established a Distinguished Service Award in 1948, restricted "to recognize distinguished service for the ad- vancement and improvement of the Ayrshire breed." The first ten awards were conferred on breeders in nine states, including one to Secretary Clifford T. Conklin. He contributed to developing associa- tion programs and policies for 25 years. The office of Executive Secretary David Gibson, Jr., is The Ayr- shire Breeders' Association, Brandon, Vermont 05733. PUREBRED DAIRY CATrLE AsSOCIATION The Purebred Dairy Cattle Association was organized on July 5, 1940, at Peterborough, New Hampshire, for problems of mutual in- terest among the dairy breeds. A "Court of Dairy Queens" at the National Dairy Show in 1940 and 1941, an essay contest on "The tuberculosis. The herd, equipment, and processing methods were inspected before granting a license. Seven distributors were licensed in 1967. The trademark "Scotty Milk" also has been used since 1968 for milk with at least 2 percent fat. ErrENSION SERVICE J. G. Watson was the first field agent in 1916 for direct service to breeders. The program is educational, promotional, and service-to- aid with breeders' problems, state and local organizations, junior work, sales, and similar activities. A representative serves also as a type classifier, supplemented by the Association's office staff. BREED PUBLICrY Breed associations bring the good qualities of a breed before the public with breed pamphlets. News releases and annual Year Book, Advanced Registry, Herd Test, Approved Ayrshire Sires and Dams volumes are used. The modest annual Year Book was followed by The Ayrshire Quarterly on April 1, 1915, and The Ayrshire Digest (monthly) as breed publications. "The Ayrshire Cow-A Hand- book for Breeders" appeared as an elaborate brochure in 1955. Exhibits at shows attract attention of the public and other breeders. DISTINGUISHED SERvICE AwARD The Board of Directors established a Distinguished Service Award in 1948, restricted "to recognize distinguished service for the ad- vancement and improvement of the Ayrshire breed." The first ten awards were conferred on breeders in nine states, including one to Secretary Clifford T. Conklin. He contributed to developing associa- tion programs and policies for 25 years. The office of Executive Secretary David Gibson, Jr., is The Ayr- shire Breeders' Association, Brandon, Vermont 05733. PUREBRED DAIRY CATrLE ASSOCIATION The Purebred Dairy Cattle Association was organized on July 5, 1940, at Peterborough, New Hampshire, for problems of mutual in- terest among the dairy breeds. A "Court of Dairy Queens" at the National Dairy Show in 1940 and 1941, an essay contest on "The tuberculosis. The herd, equipment, and processing methods were inspected before granting a license. Seven distributors were licensed in 1967. The trademark "Scotty Milk" also has been used since 1968 for milk with at least 2 percent fat. EXrENSION SERvICE J. G. Watson was the first field agent in 1916 for direct service to breeders. The program is educational, promotional, and service-to- aid with breeders' problems, state and local organizations, junior work, sales, and similar activities. A representative serves also as a type classifier, supplemented by the Association's office staff. BREED PuLCrY Breed associations bring the good qualities of a breed before the public with breed pamphlets. News releases and annual Year Book, Advanced Registry, Herd Test, Approved Ayrshire Sires and Dams volumes are used. The modest annual Year Book was followed by The Ayrshire Quarterly on April 1, 1915, and The Ayrshire Digest (monthly) as breed publications. "The Ayrshire Cow-A Hand- book for Breeders" appeared as an elaborate brochure in 1955. Exhibits at shows attract attention of the public and other breeders. DISTINGUISHED SERvICE AwARD The Board of Directors established a Distinguished Service Award in 1948, restricted "to recognize distinguished service for the ad- vancement and improvement of the Ayrshire breed." The first ten awards were conferred on breeders in nine states, including one to Secretary Clifford T. Conklin. He contributed to developing associa- tion programs and policies for 25 years. The office of Executive Secretary David Gibson, Jr., is The Ayr- shire Breeders' Association, Brandon, Vermont 05733. PUREBRED DAIRY CATmLE AsSOCIATION The Purebred Dairy Cattle Association was organized on July 5, 1940, at Peterborough, New Hampshire, for problems of mutual in- terest among the dairy breeds. A "Court of Dairy Queens" at the National Dairy Show in 1940 and 1941, an essay contest on "The  132 DATIBY CATTLE BREEDS Value uf a Purebred Dairy Sire," uuified dairy raw and bull scare- cards, unified rules far afficial pradactian testing, a rude af sales ethics, healtb regulatians far dairy cattle, regulatians far artificial breeding and use at teazen semen, and atber mutual prablems have be en cansidred by eammittees arganied by tbe assaciatian. Rec- ammendatians af Ibis geaup are passed tar cansideratian ta tbe separate breed associations. Membership in the organization con- sists af three representatives af eacb breed registry assaciatian, usually tbe president, secretary, and a member. tRFERECES Ananynaoas. 1843. Naice at ansal neeting. The Culticator l0:93. Bawling, C. A. 1951. Ayrshire raffle ia Amereica-Effarts at heeds imprsr- went. Teas. Highland Age. See. Scotland t2(aea. 5):1-1t. Repristed is Ateahiee Dig. 39(2):11, 14; 39(3):146-47, 238; 39(4):252-53. 1953. 19t4. The taals with which we wash. Ayeshire Dig. 50(l):36-37; 5a(2):74, 77; 5a(3):12a, 19B; 50(4):22, 237. Caahltn, C. T. 1942. Ayeahirem ia Amaeeiru. In E. P. rentce, Amserican Dairy Cattle. Htarper, New Tech. Cashing, Cerge. 1992. Bald Dew plaD at actiaa. Ayeshie Dig 48(6):313-14, 358-59. Gihsan, David, Jr. t58. Exccative aecretary's DDnual amting rere. Atteahie Dig. 44(6):309-12. .1968. New Ayrshire Perfanmance Sanwaries. Ayrshie Dig. 54(12): 438-39. Cilnmr, L. 0., and N. S. Fechheime. 1961. Ahnarmalitims ina cattle. Ayrehie Dig. 47(7)(:414-15. Hteward, Sanfard. Charactertities at Ayrshire cattle. U7.S. Patenst Off. Age. flept. 18gs, pp. 1s3-s9. Pratt, Zadack. 1862. The tasesing region of Creene and Deange Caounes, New Yor, withsme accountsofthefarmoatthewie. ReptaofComme.aof atets fee the tear 1861. Agricsltuee, ep. d11-27. Rice, V. A. 1943. Sparhs fram ahserrs ahseratins. Ayrshire Dig. 29(2):5- 7, 2a, 37, 43144, aa-at. -.1943. Chips afl the ald hlock. Ayrshire Dig. 29(12):14-16, 79-44. 1944. Wanted; AD impmoved acre index. Atyrahise Dig. 30(2):8-9, 36-37. 1954. Heed averages mnd hail preings. Ayrahiee Dig. 401121:766, 960. .1956. The eralutian at appral. Ayrshire Dig. 42(1):5-6, 3d. Batch, Peantia M. 18t2. Select hreeds of cattle and their ndaptatDon ta the United States. Bet. ef Commsn. ef Patents fr the year 1861. Agricnlture, er. 427-69. Strahmeyer, H. A., Jr. 1962. Phatagaphy at dairy cattle. Aarshire Dig. 48(5): 273-77. 132 DAIRBY CATTLE BREEDS Value at a Purebred Dairy Sire," unified dairy raw and ball score- cards, unified rules tar afficial pradactian testing, a rude at sales ethics, health regulatians tar dairy cattle, regulatians tar artificial breeding and use at trazen semen, and atbee mutual prublems have be en caonsidered by committees arganied by the assaciatinn. Rec- ammendatians at this graup are passed tar cansideratian ta the separate breed assaciatians. Membership in the arganizatian con- sistsaof threecrepesenttivesf eah bredreisrassocatin, usually the president, secretary, and a member. REFERENCES Ananynoas. 1943. Natice at annal netting. The Cualtivator 10:93. Bawling, C. A. 2951. Ayeshire raffle in America-Effarts at heed imperve- went. Teas. Highland Age. Sac. arotland D2(ttt. 5):1-l. Repriated in Ayrshire Dig. 39(2):11, 14; 39(3):146-47, 238; 39(4):252-53. 1953. ____1994. The taals with which we wash. Ayrshire Dig. 50(1):36-37; 5a(2):74, 77; 50(3):12, 198; 50(4):22a, 237. Codklin, C. T. 1942. Ayeahiees in America. ID B. P. Prenice, Aereiian Dairy Cattle. Rasper, New Yorh. Cashiag, Cesrge. 1992. Bald Dew plam at artias. Aytrthire Dig 48(6):313-14, 358-49. Gihsan, Datid, Jr. 1929. Executire Serretay's anual wmetteng reposrt. Ayrshie Dig. 44(9):399-12. .__ 1998. New Ayrshire Perfaraasce Sanwaries. Ayrahie Dig. 54( 12); 438-39. Gilnore, L. D., asd N. S. Fechheime. 1961. Ahaanmalities in cattle. Ayrsthire Dig. 47(7)(:414-15. Hoaward, Santard. Charactrstics at Ayrshie rattle. U.S. Patent Off. Age. Beet. 1863, pp. 193-99. Prat Zadach. 1801. The tarming regien at CGrene and Oramge Ceutataes, New York, with sme acuntfthefrtae oftthe writr.Rept. f Commsf Patents fee the aear 1861. Agricsltnre, pp. 411-27. Rice, V. A. 1943. Sparkst fram ahsrvers obhrvataons. Ayrthire Dig. 29(2):8- 7, 25, 37, 43-44, 50-51. .__ 1943. Chips slO the ald hlock. Ayrshire Dig. 291(12):14-16, 79-44. ___1944. Wanted: As inprnved sre indes. Aarshire Dig. 30(2):8-9, 36-37. ___1994. Heed aereages and hail pmsvings. Ayrshire Dig. 40(12):766, 960. .__ 1950. Tht evolDiona nof appraral. Ayrshire Dig. 42(1):5-9, 34. Batch, Prancis M. 1992. aelect hreedt ocattrfle ad theft adaptatian ta the United States. Riept. of Comn. ef Patenta fee the yeae 1861. Agriculture, pp. 427-69. Strahsseyer, H. A., Jr. 1962. Photagmaphy at dairy ctttle. Aarshire Dig. 48(5); 273-77. 132 BATIRY CATTLE BREEDS Value atea Purebred Dairy Sire," unified dairy raw and bull scare- cards, unified rules tar afficial praductian testing, a rude at sales ethics, health regulatians tar dairy cattle, regualatians ter artificial breeding and use at trozen semen, and othee mutual prablems have been catnsidered by committees organied by the assaciatian. New- ammendations at this graup are pawsed tar rantideratian ta the separate breed assaciatians. Membership in the aeganizatian con- sists at three representatives at each breed registry asociation, usaally the president, secretary, and a member. REFERENCES Anonynaus. 1943. Natice at annual neeting. The Csaltivatar 1a:93. Bawling, C. A. 2951. Ayrshire raffle in Amerima-Efforts Ht heed imprve- mnt. Teas. Highland Age. Sec. Scotlasd 92(see. 5):1-16. Reprinted in Ateahire Dig. 39(2):11, 14; 39(3):l14647, 238; 39(4):252-53. 1953. 2994. The taals with which we wash. Ayrshire Dig. 50(1):36-37; 5a(2):74, 77; 5(3):12, 199; 50(4):22a, 237. Caonklin, C. T. 1941. Ayrshirest is Anrica. In B. P. Premne, Amserican Dairy Cattle. Rarper, New Yath. Cashing, Gearge. 1962. Beld new plam at artias. Ayrahire Dig 48(6):313-14, 358-59. Cibison, David, Jr. 1958. Executive Secretary's annal meetiag tepees. Ayrthie Dig. 44(6):39-12. .1950. New Arshire Pertanmance Sannaries. Ayrshire Dig. 54(12); 438-39. Gilnare, L. D., end N. B. Pechiheine. 1961. Abinrmalities in raffle. Atyrshire Dig. 47(7)(:414-15. Haward, Sentord. Chararteristics ot Ayrshire raffle. U.S. Patent DO. Age. Beet. 1863, pp. 293-9. Prat Zadach. 1862. The tassning region of Creeesa d Drange Conties, New Yor, withnnoe arcont of thetfarmnofthe wie.Bept f Cmm.f Patentsa far the yirar 1861. Agriculture, pp. 411-27. Rice, V. A. 1943. Spars fran aherers's observation. Ayssehire Dig. 29(2):5- 7, 25, 37, 43-44, 50-51. .1943. Chipa aff the ald hloch. Atyrthire Dig. 29)(12):14-1, 79-84. 1944. Wanted; Ac inproved are index. Atyrshire Dig. 30(2):8-9, 36-37. .1994. Heed averages and hail pruints. Atyrthie Dig. 40(12):766, 960. .1950. The evalutdon St apperal. Ayrshie Dig. 42(1):5-6, 3d. Batch, Prantis M. 1992. Select hreeds et raffle aad theft adaptaioB to the United Stare,. Bept. of Comtm. ef Patents fee the year 1861. Agricultue, pp. 427469. aterhmee, H. A., Jr. 1962. Phasagaphy at dairy cattle. Ayshire Dig. 48(5): 273-77.  Ayrshiren in America 133 Strtarrnt, P. L. and J. N. 1875. The dairy mew. A mrnograph af the Ayr- shire breed of cattle. A. Willias& C., Bsmton. Tufts, Leonard. 1931. Nates an breeding. Ayrshire Dig. 17(1):5-6, 24-26, 28. 1 939. Rndnon sample-The hasie far pmoe stietdies. Ayrnhire Dig. 26(3):3-4, 39. . 1939. Ayrshie families in the meaking. Ayrshire Dig. 27(2):5-, 39. Tyler, W. J., and Gerge Hyatt, Jr. 1949. The heritability of official type ratingt aad the coreelation betwern type ratings and butterfat prnductinn af Ayr- aldre cowct. 5. Dairy Sci. 313-70. Wntson, J. C. 1918-21. A history of the Ayrhie caw. Publithrd terially in Ayrshtire Qnunrt. 4(3):3-4 tn Ayrtshire Dig. 7(8):14-15. Wentwoeth, E. N. 1916. A sen-limitled coine in Ayrthire cattlr. J. Agr. Res. 6:141-47. Ayrshire Digest 1921. Ayrthie herd tett 11():>7. 1920. Auchenan White Seanty 2ad, Ayrshire math en tapeeme. 12(12): 5-9. 1931. Superior linen. 17():>6-7. 1933. Ayrthiret at the Columabian Expostiona. 19(12):18-19,22537. 1934. Dairy Heed tImproreement reeords given reognition. 20(2):6, 17. 1937. Whet back of the Ayrshire hreed? 33(12):5-, 36-39. 1938. Rulet fan Appered Ayrshre Mile hieese. 24(4):1. 1939. Ham the Ayrshre came In Mannaehntettt. 21(5):13, 34-31. 1946. Tuftes Appered Sire progeam adapted. 26)12):10-12. 1941. Ham big should Ayeshires he) 27(9):5, 29-30. 1941. Type elassification plan adapted. 27(12):8-9, 136. 1942. A plan far selecting Appered Dame. 28(12):16, 120. 1943. Fiest Constructbre Breeder Amard annoned. 29():>7,160. 1949. The Doublr Appered Sirein heme. 32(7):5-6. 1946. Codr of etbicn adapted. 32(7):6, 66. 1947. Reneac-Kery to the Ayrshire teaanure chent. 33(12):15-13. 1911. A salute to Penshumnt Man D'Wae. 41(3):105-07, 132. 1916. Ham the Appeovrd Dam progtam morkt. 42(2):45-46,687. 1957. The Ayrshire adder. 42(9):398-99, 432. 1917. P.D.C.A. morkn foar all dairymen. 43(1):1, 36. 1919. All Amerdean Ayrnhire tinned. 44(2):49-50. 1960. The Ayrnhire score card useful an beed imperement tool. 46(12): 836-38. 1943. The story nof Peanshust. 49():266-93. 1943. The Ayrnhire cam. A handbook for breeders. 3d ed. 1967. Classifieation addt descriptve trms, peridet mare meraningful mnot- mation. 53(2):16-17. 1966. The Ayrshire Appered Dam plan. 54(12):510. 1976. The Ayeshire genetc breed improvement pregrama. 56(1)(10, 13. 1970. Identity Enrollment Prageam propoted. 56()1-13. 1976. Ayrthire pedigree eraluaion plan for yong bulls. 156(1(115. 1976. New cairn foe Apperal nof Ayrshire kien. 56(1):15. Ayrshires irn America 133 Sturteant, E. L.andJ. N.17. Te dirynco.A emngraphf the Ayr- sbire breed a) cattle. A. Widliams & Co., Boston. Tufts, Lraaard. 1931. Nates an breeding0. Ayrshire Dig. 17(1):5-6, 24-26, 2. .1939. Rndom tamples-The batin foe proren sie studies. Ayrsheire Dig. 26(3):3-4, 39. ____ 1939. Ayrshire famiies in the mabing. Ayrshire Dig. 27(2):5-, 39. Tyler, W. J., and Gerge Hyatt, Jr. 1949. Thr heritabdity nof offeiil type ratings and the correlation between type ratings and butleefat produetion of Aye- shire coms. J. Dairy Si. 31:63-7. Watsn, J. C. 1918-21. A hitory nof the Ayrshire cam. Published terially in Aprsbire Quaet. 4()3- to Ayrshire Dig. 7(8):14-1. Wentmorth, E. N. 1916. A sex-lriied molne in Ayrshie cattle. J. Agr. Ses. 6:141-47. Ayrehire Digmst 1925. Ayrshire herd test 11():>7. 1926. Auchenan White Beauty 2ad, Ayrnhire motbetnsupreme. 12)12): 5-9. 1931. Superier Sies. 17():>6-7. 1933. Ayrnhiren at the Columbian Expmiion. 19(12):18-19,.55-57. 1934. Dairy Heed Improvementecordt giren recogniion. 20(2):6, 17. 1937. What's bech of the Ayrshire bred? 23(11):5-6, 36-39. 1936. Inlet foe Apprered Ayrtbire Milk hecentes. 244):>5. 1939. Ham the Ayrshire came to Massaehnsette. 21(1):13, 34-31. 1946. Tafts Appered lire progeam adapted. 26)12):10-12. 1941. Ham big should Ayrsbires he) 27(9):1, 29-30. 1941. Type classiflcation plan adapted. 27)12):8-9, 136. 1942. A plan fee selecting Approced Damn. 28)12):16, 110. 2943. Fiest Constructire Breedr Amard annonced. 29(7):7,94. 1946. The Double Appered Sire 8s here. 32():5-6. 1946. Cede a0 ethic, adapted. 32(7):6, 66. 1947. Research-Key te the Ayrnhite treasure chest. 33(12):15-13. 1915. A nalute to Peatbant Man D'Wm. 41():105-07, 132. 1956. Ham the Appered Dam prognam morks. 42():45-46,987. 1917. The Ayrshire adder. 42(9):398-99, 432. 1957. P.D.C.A. morkt foe all dairytarn. 43(1):5, 36. 1919. All Amerkcan Ayrshire tinned. 44(2):49-56. 1994. The Ayrtbire tcre card uteful an breed imperement tool. 46(12): 836-3. 1943. The story nof Penshurst. 49(1):268-93. 1943. The Ayrtbire com. A handboab fan breedern. 3d ed. 1967. Classificatdon add, destcdptire team,, peovides main meaningful indor- mation. 13():16-57. 1966. The Ayrshire Appered Dnm plan. 54(12):510. 1976. The Ayrshire genetie breed imnprovement pmgame. 56(1):1, 13. 1976. Identity Enmollment Program peoposed. 51)12-13. 1976. Ayeshire pedigree eraluaion plan for yong balls. 94(1):12. 1970. Nemmles foe Apperal of Ayrshie sires. 56(1):1. Ayrshires irn America 133 Sturtevant, E. L. and J. N. 1971. The daniry carp. A monograph of the Ayr- sbire breed a) cattle. A. William, & Ca., Pater. Talts, Leonard. 1931. Nate, an breeding. dAyrshire Dig. 17(1):5-6, 24-26, 28. 1939. Random tamples-The batit fan proven sreestudie. Ayrshie Dig. 26():3-4, 39. .1936. Ayrshire familie, in the mahing. Ayrshire Dig. 27():5-6, 38. Tyler, W. J., and Ceore Hyatt, Jr. 1946. The heitability nof ofcial type raings and the corelatdon betmeen type ratlngn and butterfat productoan of Apr- shire coms. J. Dairy Sc. 31:63-7. Watsn, J. C. 1918-21. A histary nof the Ayrshire cam. Publinhed srially in Aprsbire Qnart. 4()3- to Ayrshire Dig. 7():14-15. Wentweortb, E. N. 1916. A sex-limited aolot in Ayrshire cattle. . Age. Se. 6:141-7. Ayrshire Digest 1925. Ayrshire bard tent 11(1):7. 1926. Auchenbrain White Beauty 2nd, Arsnhie motheresupeeme. 12(12): 5-9. 1931. Superior Sarts. 17():>6-7. 1933. Ayrsbies at the Columbian Exposiion. 19)12):18-19,155-57. 1934. Dairy Heed Improrement reeordsngirenrecogniton.22):6, 17. 1937. What's bach of the Ayrnhite breed) 23)11):5-6, 36-38. 1938. Inlet foe Appered Ayrshre Mile haicene. 24():1. 1939. Ham the Ayrehire came to Massachusettt. 25():>13, 34-35. 1940. Taft', Appered line program adapted. 20)12):19-12. 1941. Ham big should Ayrshires he) 27(9):5, 29-30. 1941. Type elassification plan adapted. 27(12):8-9, 136. 1942. A plan for telecting Appered Damn. 29(12):11, 150. 1943. First Constructire Breeder Amend annunced. 29():>7,95. 1946. The Double Appered Sire in here. 32():5-6. 1946. Cede nof ethic, adapted. 32():6, 66. 1947. RSrearch-Key ta the Ayethiee treature chest. 33)12):12-13. 1951. A salute to Penhurst Man D War. 41(3):105-07, 132. 1916. Ham the Appered Dam progtam morks. 42(2)>45-46,687. 1917. The Ayethire adder. 42(9):396-94, 432. 1917. P.D.C.A. math, for all dairymen. 43(1):5, 39. 1959. All Aeriean Arshire amard. 44():4910. 1966. The Ayrshire tcore card aneful an breed imprarement tool. 46)12): 836-38. 1943. The story nof Pennhurst. 49():268-93. 1943. The Ayrthire cam. A handbaok for breedert. 3d ed. 1967. Clasnificatlo add, descriptive termsn, provides moree meanhngful infor- inton. 53():569-57. 1966. The Ayrsie Appcred Dam plan. 54)12):519. 1970. TheAyenshiregeneticbeeedhimpreent prmgtam.51):0, 13. 1970. Identity Enmollment Pmogram proposed. 51)12-13. 1970. Ayrshie pedigee eraluaion plan foe yong bullb. 56(1):15. 1976. Nam milen foe Approval nof Ayrshire niren. 56()1.  A CHAPTER 7 BROWN SWISS IN SWITZERLAND THE OLDEST breed of dairy cattle was developed in the mountain- ous area of Switzerland, a country that occupies 15,940 square miles with the plateau, Jura, and Alps regions. It is on the same latitude as northern Maine, upper Michigan, and Washington state. The ele- vation is between 646 and 15,217 feet above sea level. About 77.5 percent of the area is considered productive land. The country com- prises 25 cantons and half-cantons, inhabited by some 4 million people. Rainfall and temperatures vary considerably over the country. Most of the young stock and some cows are taken to mountain pastures for about 3 months in the summer (Fig. 7.1). Sudden snowfalls may cover the mountain meadows for 3 or 4 days, neces- sitating storage and use of hay. The cattle are herded; milk is made into cheese, which is carried to the valleys. Many cows remain Headpiece: Vignette of Brown Swiss cow. 134 CHAPTER 7 BROWN SWISS IN SWITZERLAND HE OLDEST breed of dairy cattle was developed in the mountain- ous area of Switzerland, a country that occupies 15,940 square miles with the plateau, Jura, and Alps regions. It is on the same latitude as northern Maine, upper Michigan, and Washington state. The ele- vation is between 646 and 15,217 feet above sea level. About 77.5 percent of the area is considered productive land. The country com- prises 25 cantons and half-cantons, inhabited by some 4 million people. Rainfall and temperatures vary considerably over the country. Most of the young stock and some cows are taken to mountain pastures for about 3 months in the summer (Fig. 7.1). Sudden snowfalls may cover the mountain meadows for 3 or 4 days, neces- sitating storage and use of hay. The cattle are herded; milk is made into cheese, which is carried to the valleys. Many cows remain Headpiece: Vignette of Brown Swiss cow. 134 CHAPTER 7 BROWN SWISS IN SWITZERLAND THE OLDEST breed of dairy cattle was developed in the mountain- ous area of Switzerland, a country that occupies 15,940 square miles with the plateau, Jura, and Alps regions. It is on the same latitude as northern Maine, upper Michigan, and Washington state. The ele- vation is between 646 and 15,217 feet above sea level. About 77.5 percent of the area is considered productive land. The country com- prises 25 cantons and half-cantons, inhabited by some 4 million people. Rainfall and temperatures vary considerably over the country. Most of the young stock and some cows are taken to mountain pastures for about 3 months in the summer (Fig. 7.1). Sudden snowfalls may cover the mountain meadows for 3 or 4 days, neces- sitating storage and use of hay. The cattle are herded; milk is made into cheese, which is carried to the valleys. Many cows remain Headpiece: Vignette of Brown Swiss cow. 134  Brown Swiss in Switzerland 135 stabled in the valleys; they are fed soiling crops largely of mowed pasture forage during the summer. All other grasses are cured into hay for the winter. Little grain is fed. When Emperor Rudolph I of Hapsburg (Austria) died, the can- tons of Schwyz, Unterwalden, and Uri formed the League of Three Communities on August 1, 1291. Freedom from feudal obligations to Austrian nobles was recognized by Emperor Henry VII in 1309 Brown Swiss in Switzerland 135 stabled in the valleys; they are fed soiling crops largely of mowed pasture forage during the summer. All other grasses are cured into hay for the winter. Little grain is fed. When Emperor Rudolph I of Hapsburg (Austria) died, the can- tons of Schwyz, Unterwalden, and Uri formed the League of Three Communities on August 1, 1291. Freedom from feudal obligations to Austrian nobles was recognized by Emperor Henry VII in 1309 Brown Swiss in Switzerland 135 stabled in the valleys; they are fed soiling crops largely of mowed pasture forage during the summer. All other grasses are cured into hay for the winter. Little grain is fed. When Emperor Rudolph I of Hapsburg (Austria) died, the can- tons of Schwyz, Unterwalden, and Uri formed the League of Three Communities on August 1, 1291. Freedom from feudal obligations to Austrian nobles was recognized by Emperor Henry VII in 1309 FIG. 7.. Many heifers and some caws are taken to the high mountain mead- ows for about 90 days each summer. and Frederick II in 1340. Other cantons joined between 1332 and 1513. The country was called Schweiz first in 1320, and commonly after 1336. The Hundred Years War in the Middle Ages revolved around alpine possessions, cattle, pasture rights and privileges among cloister dependencies of five monasteries, and free farmers in Ap- penzell, Schwyz, Uri, and other areas. Cattle raising and dairy products were of great importance. The treaty of Westphalia in 1648 liberated Holland and set the Swiss confederation apart from the German empire. The peace of Vienna after Napoleon's empire broke down brought the French, German, Italian, and Romanic areas of Switzerland to the present borders. FIG. 7.1. Many heifers and some cows are taken to the high mountain mead- ows for about 90 days each summer. and Frederick II in 1340. Other cantons joined between 1332 and 1513. The country was called Schweiz first in 1320, and commonly after 1336. The Hundred Years War in the Middle Ages revolved around alpine possessions, cattle, pasture rights and privileges among cloister dependencies of five monasteries, and free farmers in Ap- penzell, Schwyz, Uri, and other areas. Cattle raising and dairy products were of great importance. The treaty of Westphalia in 1648 liberated Holland and set the Swiss confederation apart from the German empire. The peace of Vienna after Napoleon's empire broke down brought the French, German, Italian, and Romanic areas of Switzerland to the present borders. FIG. 7.1. Many heifers and some cows are taken to the high mountain mead- ows for about 90 days each summer. and Frederick II in 1340. Other cantons joined between 1332 and 1513. The country was called Schweiz first in 1320, and commonly after 1336. The Hundred Years War in the Middle Ages revolved around alpine possessions, cattle, pasture rights and privileges among cloister dependencies of five monasteries, and free farmers in Ap- penzell, Schwyz, Uri, and other areas. Cattle raising and dairy products were of great importance. The treaty of Westphalia in 1648 liberated Holland and set the Swiss confederation apart from the German empire. The peace of Vienna after Napoleon's empire broke down brought the French, German, Italian, and Romanic areas of Switzerland to the present borders.  136 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Four breeds of cattle are native to this country-Simmentaler (fawn and white), Brown Swiss, Freiburg (black and white) and Eringer-distributed as in Figure 7.2. Some 46 percent of the 1,646,- 229 cattle in 1956 were Brown Swiss. They were concentrated in the eastern part of the country, with 10 percent or more of this breed in most of the cantons. EARLY CATrLE Archaeological studies were made of some 200 lake dwellings in Europe, mainly in Switzerland and Germany. Wild animals com- mon in the region were B. primigenius Bojanus, bear, stag, wolf. and other large animals. A few specimens of B. taurus trochoceros Rutimeyer were found, but this species apparently became extinct. When Neolithic tribes migrated westward up the Danube valley into Europe, they brought a smaller species of domesticated ox- B. longifrons Owen, also known as B. taurus brachyceros Rutimeyer. Bones of this ox predominated in debris of the lake dwellings. This 136 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Four breeds of cattle are native to this country-Simmentaler (fawn and white), Brown Swiss, Freiburg (black and white) and Eringer-distributed as in Figure 7.2. Some 46 percent of the 1,646,- 229 cattle in 1956 were Brown Swiss. They were concentrated in the eastern part of the country, with 10 percent or more of this breed in most of the cantons. EARLY CATrLE Archaeological studies were made of some 200 lake dwellings in Europe, mainly in Switzerland and Germany. Wild animals com- mon in the region were B. primigenius Bojanus, bear, stag, wolf. and other large animals. A few specimens of B. taurus trochoceros Rutimeyer were found, but this species apparently became extinct. When Neolithic tribes migrated westward up the Danube valley into Europe, they brought a smaller species of domesticated ox- B. longifrons Owen, also known as B. taurus brachyceros Rutimeyer. Bones of this ox predominated in debris of the lake dwellings. This 136 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Four breeds of cattle are native to this country-Simmentaler (fawn and white), Brown Swiss, Freiburg (black and white) and Eringer-distributed as in Figure 7.2. Some 46 percent of the 1,646,- 229 cattle in 1956 were Brown Swiss. They were concentrated in the eastern part of the country, with 10 percent or more of this breed in most of the cantons. EARLY CATTLE Archaeological studies were made of some 200 lake dwellings in Europe, mainly in Switzerland and Germany. Wild animals com- mon in the region were B. primigenius Bojanus, bear, stag, wolf, and other large animals. A few specimens of B. taurus trochoceros Rutimeyer were found, but this species apparently became extinct. When Neolithic tribes migrated westward up the Danube valley into Europe, they brought a smaller species of domesticated ox- B. longifrons Owen, also known as B. taurus brachyceros Rutimeyer. Bones of this ox predominated in debris of the lake dwellings. This FIG. 7.2. Switzerland comprises 25 cantons and half-cantons. Brown Swiss cattle are bred in the shaded eastern area; Simmentaler or Fleckvieh eattle in the west; Eringer cattle in a part of Canton Wallis; and black-and-white Frei- burg cattle in one canton. Up to 10 to 29 percent of the cattle in local areas of most western cantons also are Brown Swiss. FIG. 7.2. Switzerland comprises 25 cantons and half-cantons. Brown Swiss cattle are bred in the shaded eastern area; Simmentaler or Fleckvieh cattle in the west; Eringer cattle in a part of Canton Wallis; and black-and-white Frei- burg cattle in one canton. Up to 10 to 29 percent of the cattle in local areas of most western cantons also are Brown Swiss. FIG. 7.2. Switzerland comprises 25 cantons and half-cantons. Brown Swiss cattle are bred in the shaded eastern area; Simmentaler or Fleckvieb cattle in the west; Eringer cattle in a part of Canton Wallis; and black-and-white Frei- burg cattle in one canton. Up to 10 to 29 percent of the cattle in local areas of most western cantons also are Brown Swiss.  Brown Swiss in Switzerland 137 species is believed to have been the main ancestor of cattle in the plateau and mountain areas. Helvetians (branch of the West Celts) lived in Switzerland be- tween 500 B.C. and 58 B.c. and are ancestors of the present people. Romans invaded some parts between 58 n.c. and A.n. 200, in the late Bronze and early Iron Ages, as seen from relics and Roman coins in later lake dwelling sites. The size of some short-homed al- pine cattle was increased by a larger strain brought by German im- migrants about the first century after Christ. Servatius, field com- mander of the Goten King Theodore the Great, reported in A.D. 515 that the kind of cattle "appeared valuable on account of its size." Kussnacht excavated bones typical of B. brachyceros (B. longi- frons) at Gesslerburg on Mount Rigi. C. Keller identified numerous vertebrae, a few lower jaws, and other bones in 1919. J. Ulrich Duerst concluded from skeletal measurements that the large strains developed from a cross presumably in central Germany between B. primigenius and B. brachyceros. Fossil skulls and Swiss folklore, according to Engeler, pointed toward the origin and descent of Brown Swiss cattle thus: (a) The race in its first domesticated form traced to the lake dwellers' peat cow, brought from the Near East under domestication by early Neo- lithic people. The peat cow and its descendants, the Celtic- Germanic cow, were maintained until the pre-Roman period in north, west, and central Switzerland, except in Graubunden. (b) The first mingling between B. brachyceros and B. primigenius cattle occurred in upper and middle Italy about the fourth century before Christ. These cattle were taken into Granbunden canton with migrations of pastoral people of Rhatur. This hybrid was re- stricted essentially to the Rhatischen valley of canton Granbunden. The conquest and domination of the Helvetians by the Romans in 58 n.c. to A.D. 200 had not influenced the kind of cattle in central and northern Switzerland. Roman cattle did not enter this region. A hybrid between the small, short-horned Celtic cow (B. longi- frons) and the wild urus (B. primigenius) was brought by German immigrants into northern and western Switzerland during feudal times. Brown Swiss in Switzerland 137 species is believed to have been the main ancestor of cattle in the plateau and mountain areas. Helvetians (branch of the West Celts) lived in Switzerland be- tween 500 B.C. and 58 n.e. and are ancestors of the present people. Romans invaded some parts between 58 B.C. and A.D. 200, in the late Bronze and early Iron Ages, as seen from relics and Roman coins in later lake dwelling sites. The size of some short-horned al- pine cattle was increased by a larger strain brought by German im- migrants about the first century after Christ. Servatius, field com- mander of the Goten King Theodore the Great, reported in A.D. 515 that the kind of cattle "appeared valuable on account of its size." Kussnacht excavated bones typical of B. brachyceros (B. longi- frons) at Gesslerburg on Mount Rigi. C. Keller identified numerous vertebrae, a few lower jaws, and other bones in 1919. J. Ulrich Duerst concluded from skeletal measurements that the large strains developed from a cross presumably in central Germany between B. primigenius and B. brachyceros. Fossil skulls and Swiss folklore, according to Engeler, pointed toward the origin and descent of Brown Swiss cattle thus: (a) The race in its first domesticated form traced to the lake dwellers' peat cow, brought from the Near East under domestication by early Neo- lithic people. The peat cow and its descendants, the Celtic- Germanic cow, were maintained until the pre-Roman period in north, west, and central Switzerland, except in Graubunden. (b) The first mingling between B. brachyceros and B. primigenius cattle occurred in upper and middle Italy about the fourth century before Christ. These cattle were taken into Granbunden canton with migrations of pastoral people of Rhatur. This hybrid was re- stricted essentially to the Rhatischen valley of canton Granbunden. The conquest and domination of the Helvetians by the Romans in 58 n.C. to A.n. 200 had not influenced the kind of cattle in central and northern Switzerland. Roman cattle did not enter this region. A hybrid between the small, short-homed Celtic cow (B. longi- frons) and the wild urns (B. primigenius) was brought by German immigrants into northern and western Switzerland during feudal times. Brown Swiss in Switzerland 137 species is believed to have been the main ancestor of cattle in the plateau and mountain areas. Helvetians (branch of the West Celts) lived in Switzerland be- tween 500 B.C. and 58 n.c. and are ancestors of the present people. Romans invaded some parts between 58 n.e. and A.n. 200, in the late Bronze and early Iron Ages, as seen from relics and Roman coins in later lake dwelling sites. The size of some short-homed al- pine cattle was increased by a larger strain brought by German im- migrants about the first century after Christ. Servatius, field com- mander of the Goten King Theodore the Great, reported in A.D. 515 that the kind of cattle "appeared valuable on account of its size." Kussnacht excavated bones typical of B. brachyceros (B. longi- frons) at Gesslerburg on Mount Rigi. C. Keller identified numerous vertebrae, a few lower jaws, and other bones in 1919. J. Ulrich Duerst concluded from skeletal measurements that the large strains developed from a cross presumably in central Germany between B. primigenius and B. brachyceros. Fossil skulls and Swiss folklore, according to Engeler, pointed toward the origin and descent of Brown Swiss cattle thus: (a) The race in its first domesticated form traced to the lake dwellers' peat cow, brought from the Near East under domestication by early Neo- lithic people. The peat cow and its descendants, the Celtic- Germanic cow, were maintained until the pre-Roman period in north, west, and central Switzerland, except in Graubunden. (b) The first mingling between B. brachyceros and B. primigenius cattle occurred in upper and middle Italy about the fourth century before Christ. These cattle were taken into Granbunden canton with migrations of pastoral people of Rhatur. This hybrid was re- stricted essentially to the Rhatischen valley of canton Granbunden. The conquest and domination of the Helvetians by the Romans in 58 n.c. to A.n. 200 had not influenced the kind of cattle in central and northern Switzerland. Roman cattle did not enter this region. A hybrid between the small, short-horned Celtic cow (B. longi- frons) and the wild urus (B. primigenius) was brought by German immigrants into northern and western Switzerland during feudal times.  138 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS EARLY MONASTERY CATrLE The monk Meinrad cleared the forest at Einsiedeln in A.D. 861 and built a chapel for worship. Kaiser Otto III founded the cloister there on October 27, 947, and its abbot exhibited the dignity of a powerful sovereign, according to Duerst. Cattle breeding expanded. Duerst assumed that the hybrid German cattle were used there, since the district around Lake Zurich to the north had been colo- nized by Germans. He attributed the large size of the Rigi race of cattle to the German cattle influence in this mountain district. Deaths of cattle in unusual numbers in 942 was mentioned in monastery records. Alps and meadows were owned by the monas- tery in 965. The Chronist of Mari (a branch of the monastery at Einsiedeln) mentioned a herdsman (Senn) taking cattle of 12 owners to a summit where he herded and milked them and made cheese for the owners from July to autumn. The owners were cloister retainers. A portrayal representing a raid of their animals on the night of January 6-7, 1314, pictured two cattle colored dis- tinctly brown, one purple, one yellow ochre, and one seal red. A monastery inventory on March 28, 1544, listed 2 bulls, 34 cows, 30 oxen, and 17 other cattle. Rulers and influential people from Aus- tria, Germany, and Hungary bought cattle in the canton three cen- turies ago. Abbot August I wrote on August 12, 1607, to Count Johann von Recking concerning Swiss cows of a desired color: "We have ob- tained reply from our officials. They have directed that we have no such kinds with colors among our monastery cows." Nor could the abbot offer the buyer any bull with "curly hair." Engeler con- cluded that Einsiedeln and Swiss cows were more or less single colored then. Count Maximillian wrote to the Abbot on January 22, 1618, to buy 2 bulls of "beautiful large size and red color with large necks" and 10 or 12 milk cows of similar color, or if not available, then of "beautiful light weixelpraun." In 1655 cows were being bred to calve in late winter and early spring at Einsiedeln to take advantage of summer pastures. Cattle at the monastery were described in 1786 as being black or brown, 138 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS EARLY MONASTERY CATTLE The monk Meinrad cleared the forest at Einsiedeln in A.D. 861 and built a chapel for worship. Kaiser Otto III founded the cloister there on October 27, 947, and its abbot exhibited the dignity of a powerful sovereign, according to Duerst. Cattle breeding expanded. Duerst assumed that the hybrid German cattle were used there, since the district around Lake Zurich to the north had been colo- nized by Germans. He attributed the large size of the Rigi race of cattle to the German cattle influence in this mountain district. Deaths of cattle in unusual numbers in 942 was mentioned in monastery records. Alps and meadows were owned by the monas- tery in 965. The Chronist of Mari (a branch of the monastery at Einsiedeln) mentioned a herdsman (Senn) taking cattle of 12 owners to a summit where he herded and milked them and made cheese for the owners from July to autumn. The owners were cloister retainers. A portrayal representing a raid of their animals on the night of January 6-7, 1314, pictured two cattle colored dis- tinctly brown, one purple, one yellow ochre, and one seal red. A monastery inventory on March 28, 1544, listed 2 bulls, 34 cows, 30 oxen, and 17 other cattle. Rulers and influential people from Aus- tria, Germany, and Hungary bought cattle in the canton three cen- turies ago. Abbot August I wrote on August 12, 1607, to Count Johann von Recking concerning Swiss cows of a desired color: "We have ob- tained reply from our officials. They have directed that we have no such kinds with colors among our monastery cows." Nor could the abbot offer the buyer any bull with "curly hair." Engeler con- cluded that Einsiedeln and Swiss cows were more or less single colored then. Count Maximillian wrote to the Abbot on January 22, 1618, to buy 2 bulls of "beautiful large size and red color with large necks" and 10 or 12 milk cows of similar color, or if not available, then of "beautiful light weixelpraun." In 1655 cows were being bred to calve in late winter and early spring at Einsiedeln to take advantage of summer pastures. Cattle at the monastery were described in 1786 as being black or brown, 138 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS EARLY MONASTERY CATTLE The monk Meinrad cleared the forest at Einsiedeln in A.R. 861 and built a chapel for worship. Kaiser Otto III founded the cloister there on October 27, 947, and its abbot exhibited the dignity of a powerful sovereign, according to Duerst. Cattle breeding expanded. Duerst assumed that the hybrid German cattle were used there, since the district around Lake Zurich to the north had been colo- nized by Germans. He attributed the large size of the Rigi race of cattle to the German cattle influence in this mountain district. Deaths of cattle in unusual numbers in 942 was mentioned in monastery records. Alps and meadows were owned by the monas- tery in 965. The Chronist of Mori (a branch of the monastery at Einsiedeln) mentioned a herdsman (Senn) taking cattle of 12 owners to a summit where he herded and milked them and made cheese for the owners from July to autumn. The owners were cloister retainers. A portrayal representing a raid of their animals on the night of January 6-7, 1314, pictured two cattle colored dis- tinctly brown, one purple, one yellow ochre, and one seal red. A monastery inventory on March 28, 1544, listed 2 bulls, 34 cows, 30 oxen, and 17 other cattle. Rulers and influential people from Aus- tria, Germany, and Hungary bought cattle in the canton three cen- turies ago. Abbot August I wrote on August 12, 1607, to Count Johann von Recking concerning Swiss cows of a desired color: "We have ob- tained reply from our officials. They have directed that we have no such kinds with colors among our monastery cows." Nor could the abbot offer the buyer any bull with "curly hair." Engeler con- cluded that Einsiedeln and Swiss cows were more or less single colored then. Count Maximillian wrote to the Abbot on January 22. 1618, to buy 2 bulls of "beautiful large size and red color with large necks" and 10 or 12 milk cows of similar color, or if not available, then of "beautiful light weixelpraun." In 1655 cows were being bred to calve in late winter and early spring at Einsiedeln to take advantage of summer pastures. Cattle at the monastery were described in 1786 as being black or brown.  Brown Swiss in Switzerland 139 with no yellow, white, or red. This monastery and village are shown in Figure 7.3. The Sennengesellschaft or herdsmen's society was founded in 1614. One objective during the next two centuries was to protect and defend their cattle against wild animals and "all other evil dangerous happenings." They reorganized in 1861 as the Farmers' Society of Einsiedeln. LOCAL STRAINS OF SwISS CATeLE At least 12 separate strains of local cattle were recognized by name before 1800 in six or more cantons. There were Schwyzer, Marsh, Toggenburger, Unterwalden, Urner, Haslithaler, and other local types in 1859. Some cattle had sway-backs, high shoulders, or crooked legs, as criticized at the first large exhibition of Swiss cattle in Langenthal in 1868. Wilhelm mentioned three chief groups of solid-colored Alpine cattle in 1872. The Schwyzer or Rigi race (in the Mount Rigi district) varied from light gray-brown to dark brown with a light stripe along the back, about the eyes, and muzzle. The cattle were ruggedly built, excellent for milk, work, and meat. The Rigi race then was found in cantons Schwyz, Lucerne, Zug, and southern Zurich. Smaller Brown Swiss in Switzerland 139 with no yellow, white, or red. This monastery and village are shown in Figure 7.3. The Sennengesellschaft or herdsmen's society was founded in 1614. One objective during the next two centuries was to protect and defend their cattle against wild animals and "all other evil dangerous happenings." They reorganized in 1861 as the Farmers' Society of Einsiedeln. LOCAL STRAINS OF SwISS CATeLE At least 12 separate strains of local cattle were recognized by name before 1800 in six or more cantons. There were Schwyzer, Marsh, Toggenburger, Unterwalden, Urner, Haslithaler, and other local types in 1859. Some cattle had sway-backs, high shoulders, or crooked legs, as criticized at the first large exhibition of Swiss cattle in Langenthal in 1868. Wilhelm mentioned three chief groups of solid-colored Alpine cattle in 1872. The Schwyzer or Rigi race (in the Mount Rigi district) varied from light gray-brown to dark brown with a light stripe along the back, about the eyes, and muzzle. The cattle were ruggedly built, excellent for milk, work, and meat. The Rigi race then was found in cantons Schwyz, Lucerne, Zug, and southern Zurich. Smaller Brown Swiss in Switzerland 139 with no yellow, white, or red. This monastery and village are shown in Figure 7.3. The Sennengesellschaft or herdsmen's society was founded in 1614. One objective during the next two centuries was to protect and defend their cattle against wild animals and "all other evil dangerous happenings." They reorganized in 1861 as the Farmers' Society of Einsiedeln. LOCAL STRAINS OF Swiss CATTLE At least 12 separate strains of local cattle were recognized by name before 1800 in six or more cantons. There were Schwyzer, Marsh, Toggenburger, Unterwalden, Urner, Haslithaler, and other local types in 1859. Some cattle had sway-backs, high shoulders, or crooked legs, as criticized at the first large exhibition of Swiss cattle in Langenthal in 1868. Wilhelm mentioned three chief groups of solid-colored Alpine cattle in 1872. The Schwyzer or Rigi race (in the Mount Rigi district) varied from light gray-brown to dark brown with a light stripe along the back, about the eyes, and muzzle. The cattle were ruggedly built, excellent for milk, work, and meat. The Rigi race then was found in cantons Schwyz, Lucerne, Zug, and southern Zurich. Smaller FIG. 7.3. The monastery and village of Einsiedeln as they appear today. FIG. 7.3. The monastery and village of Einsiedeln as they appear today. FIG. 7.3. The monastery and village of Einsiedeln as they appear today.  140 DA IRtY CATTLE BREEDS brown cattle were in northeastern Switzerland. Wery mentioned wider distribution of the large cattle in 1883; he said that the cows had good udder development and yielded 2,400 to 3,000 liters (5,433 to 6,816 pounds) of milk yearly. Differences between strains of brown cattle were decreasing from valley to valley, as observed at the Neuenberg exposition in 1887. The Gotthard tunnel connecting Fliiclon on Lake Lucerne with the Ticine valley above Milan, Italy, in 1880 increased traffic in cattle. Health of cattle was under supervision of district inspectors when exhibited at the cattle markets. Health certificates were required for rail shipments. Lenhert mentioned greater uniformity of type in 1896, and that the most beautiful cows were found south of Lucerne on Mount Rigi. Heinrich Abt, early herdbook leader, described Brown Swiss cattle as dark brown to silver gray, seldom with white spots under the belly. White spots elsewhere on the body debarred winning a premium. White on the forehead, muzzle, flank, elbow, or in the switch was frowned upon. Advancement in cattle breeding on the high mountains accom- panied improvement of the alps and meadows and an adequate plane of feeding. Experience with cattle was behind the proverb- "Hunger im Stall, Hunger iiberall." CATTLE SHOwS Competitive showing of Brown Swiss cattle began with a cantonal show in 1805. In Canton Schwyz, prize competitions began in 1857. following international expositions in Paris in 1855 and 1856. Cattle under 12 months old did not compete. United States Consul Tanner commented in 1887 that "the system of having shows offers addi- tional stimulus and incentive to have fine cattle that has caused the cattle of Europe to be pushed ... to the high point which they have attained.... It has caused common stock to disappear entirely from Europe." Dr. Lytin invented a measuring instrument in Baden-Baden, rec- ognized by the German Agricultural Society for use when judging animals. Hugo Lenhert recommended its use in Switzerland in 1873. 140 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS brown cattle were in northeastern Switzerland. Wery mentioned wider distribution of the large cattle in 1883; he said that the cows had good udder development and yielded 2,400 to 3,000 liters (5,433 to 6,816 pounds) of milk yearly. Differences between strains of brown cattle were decreasing from valley to valley, as observed at the Neuenberg exposition in 1887. The Gotthard tunnel connecting Fliiclon on Lake Lucerne with the Ticine valley above Milan, Italy, in 1880 increased traffic in cattle. Health of cattle was under supervision of district inspectors when exhibited at the cattle markets. Health certificates were required for rail shipments. Lenhert mentioned greater uniformity of type in 1896, and that the most beautiful cows were found south of Lucerne on Mount Rigi. Heinrich Abt, early herdbook leader, described Brown Swiss cattle as dark brown to silver gray, seldom with white spots under the belly. White spots elsewhere on the body debarred winning a premium. White on the forehead, muzzle, flank, elbow, or in the switch was frowned upon. Advancement in cattle breeding on the high mountains accom- panied improvement of the alps and meadows and an adequate plane of feeding. Experience with cattle was behind the proverb- "Hunger im Stall, Hunger iberall." CATTLE SHOwS Competitive showing of Brown Swiss cattle began with a cantonal show in 1805. In Canton Schwyz, prize competitions began in 1857, following international expositions in Paris in 1855 and 1856. Cattle under 12 months old did not compete. United States Consul Tanner commented in 1887 that "the system of having shows offers addi- tional stimulus and incentive to have fine cattle that has caused the cattle of Europe to be pushed ... to the high point which they have attained.... It has caused common stock to disappear entirely from Europe." Dr. Lytin invented a measuring instrument in Baden-Baden, rec- ognized by the German Agricultural Society for use when judging animals. Hugo Lenhert recommended its use in Switzerland in 1873. 140 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS brown cattle were in northeastern Switzerland. Wery mentioned wider distribution of the large cattle in 1883; be said that the cows had good udder development and yielded 2,400 to 3,000 liters (5,433 to 6,816 pounds) of milk yearly. Differences between strains of brown cattle were decreasing from valley to valley, as observed at the Neuenberg exposition in 1887. The Gotthard tunnel connecting Fliiclon on Lake Lucerne with the Ticine valley above Milan, Italy, in 1880 increased traffic in cattle. Health of cattle was under supervision of district inspectors when exhibited at the cattle markets. Health certificates were required for rail shipments. Lenhert mentioned greater uniformity of type in 1896, and that the most beautiful cows were found south of Lucerne on Mount Rigi. Heinrich Abt, early herdbook leader, described Brown Swiss cattle as dark brown to silver gray, seldom with white spots under the belly. White spots elsewhere on the body debarred winning a premium. White on the forehead, muzzle, flank, elbow, or in the switch was frowned upon. Advancement in cattle breeding on the high mountains accom- panied improvement of the alps and meadows and an adequate plane of feeding. Experience with cattle was behind the proverb- "Hunger im Stall, Hunger iberall." CATTLE SHOwS Competitive showing of Brown Swiss cattle began with a cantonal show in 1805. In Canton Schwyz, prize competitions began in 1857, following international expositions in Paris in 1855 and 1856. Cattle under 12 months old did not compete. United States Consul Tanner commented in 1887 that "the system of having shows offers addi- tional stimulus and incentive to have fine cattle that has caused the cattle of Europe to be pushed ... to the high point which they have attained.... It has caused common stock to disappear entirely from Europe." Dr. Lytin invented a measuring instrument in Baden-Baden, rec- ognized by the German Agricultural Society for use when judging animals. Hugo Lenhert recommended its use in Switzerland in 1873.  Brown Swiss in Switzerland 141 The Society of Swiss Farmers sponsored a scale of points for judging Brown Swiss cattle before 1882. Shows were regarded as necessary in demonstrating desirable breeding types. The show sys- tem differed between cantons but periodic judges' conferences brought more uniformity. A conference called by the Swiss Depart- ment of Industry and Agriculture at Wadenswil in July 1893, in- corporated body measurements into the scorecard, based on meas- urements of prize animals at previous national expositions. Cattle from the higher altitudes were smaller than those from lower zones "due to feed supply." SCORING AND CLASsIFICATION Animals are inspected, scored, and measured for type classification, as in the shows. The bull and female scorecards have ten anatomi- cal divisions valued at ten points each for perfection. Body measure- ments have been established for different ages; those for mature bulls and cows are given in Table 7.1. Consideration when scoring an animal is given to age, condition, disposition, pregnancy, whether stabled or "alped" with relation to activity, stability, environment, and climatic conditions. BREED CHARACTERISTICs Brown Swiss cattle are a triple-purpose breed: for milk, work, and meat. Milk production is of prime importance, with meat and working ability secondary. A mature cow should weigh 600 kilo- grams (1,320 pounds). Since the cows are required to graze on the mountains at times, they need rugged feet and legs. Good health, regular reproduction, and longevity are characteristics. Breeding herds are free from tuberculosis and brucellosis, and mastitis seldom occurs. The cattle adapt themselves readily in almost all climates. They are found widely in all ordinary high altitudes. Good cows produce 10,000 pounds of milk, 4.0 percent and 400 pounds of butterfat in 300 days after the third calf. Production is reduced significantly by summer grazing on the mountains or when held all year at high altitudes. All animals are used for meat ulti- mately. It was held that females calving when 2 3/4 to 3 years old should live longer than those calving when 2 years old. Brown Swiss in Switzerland 141 The Society of Swiss Farmers sponsored a scale of points for judging Brown Swiss cattle before 1882. Shows were regarded as necessary in demonstrating desirable breeding types. The show sys- tem differed between cantons but periodic judges' conferences brought more uniformity. A conference called by the Swiss Depart- ment of Industry and Agriculture at Wadenswil in July 1893, in- corporated body measurements into the scorecard, based on meas- urements of prize animals at previous national expositions. Cattle from the higher altitudes were smaller than those from lower zones "due to feed supply." SCORING AND CLASSIFICATION Animals are inspected, scored, and measured for type classification, as in the shows. The bull and female scorecards have ten anatomi- cal divisions valued at ten points each for perfection. Body measure- ments have been established for different ages; those for mature bulls and cows are given in Table 7.1. Consideration when scoring an animal is given to age, condition, disposition, pregnancy, whether stabled or "alped" with relation to activity, stability, environment, and climatic conditions. BREED CHARACTERISTICs Brown Swiss cattle are a triple-purpose breed: for milk, work, and meat. Milk production is of prime importance, with meat and working ability secondary. A mature cow should weigh 600 kilo- grams (1,320 pounds). Since the cows are required to graze on the mountains at times, they need rugged feet and legs. Good health, regular reproduction, and longevity are characteristics. Breeding herds are free from tuberculosis and brucellosis, and mastitis seldom occurs. The cattle adapt themselves readily in almost all climates. They are found widely in all ordinary high altitudes. Good cows produce 10,000 pounds of milk, 4.0 percent and 400 pounds of butterfat in 300 days after the third calf. Production is reduced significantly by summer grazing on the mountains or when held all year at high altitudes. All animals are used for meat ulti- mately. It was held that females calving when 2 3/4 to 3 years old should live longer than those calving when 2 years old. Brown Swiss in Switzerland 141 The Society of Swiss Farmers sponsored a scale of points for judging Brown Swiss cattle before 1882. Shows were regarded as necessary in demonstrating desirable breeding types. The show sys- tem differed between cantons but periodic judges' conferences brought more uniformity. A conference called by the Swiss Depart- ment of Industry and Agriculture at Wadenswil in July 1893, in- corporated body measurements into the scorecard, based on meas- urements of prize animals at previous national expositions. Cattle from the higher altitudes were smaller than those from lower zones "due to feed supply." SCORING AND CLASSIFICATION Animals are inspected, scored, and measured for type classification, as in the shows. The bull and female scorecards have ten anatomi- cal divisions valued at ten points each for perfection. Body measure- ments have been established for different ages; those for mature bulls and cows are given in Table 7.1. Consideration when scoring an animal is given to age, condition, disposition, pregnancy, whether stabled or "alped" with relation to activity, stability, environment, and climatic conditions. BREED CHARACrERISTICS Brown Swiss cattle are a triple-purpose breed: for milk, work, and meat. Milk production is of prime importance, with meat and working ability secondary. A mature cow should weigh 600 kilo- grams (1,320 pounds). Since the cows are required to graze on the mountains at times, they need rugged feet and legs. Good health, regular reproduction, and longevity are characteristics. Breeding herds are free from tuberculosis and brucellosis, and mastitis seldom occurs. The cattle adapt themselves readily in almost all climates. They are found widely in all ordinary high altitudes. Good cows produce 10,000 pounds of milk, 4.0 percent and 400 pounds of butterfat in 300 days after the third calf. Production is reduced significantly by summer grazing on the mountains or when held all year at high altitudes. All animals are used for meat ulti- mately. It was held that females calving when 2 3/4 to 3 years old should live longer than those calving when 2 years old.  142 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS APPROVED BREEDING BULLs Cantonal authorities in 1883 approved bulls for breeding which had been inspected by a commission at annual competitions. The ani- mals were judged on strong constitution, development, capacity for milk, live weight, estimated slaughter yield, and transmission of de- sirable qualities to their progeny. The premium moneys were paid after an approved bull had served a year, or a "commended" bull served 6 months in an area. Less premium money went to herdbook TABLE 7.1 RANGE OF MEASUREMENTS (IN CENTIMETERS) FOR BROWN SWISS BeLLS AND Cows OF VARIOUS AcES AS CLASSIFICATION STANDARDS 142 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS APPROvED BREEDIN BULLS Cantonal authorities in 1883 approved bulls for breeding which had been inspected by a commission at annual competitions. The ani- mals were judged on strong constitution, development, capacity for milk, live weight, estimated slaughter yield, and transmission of de- sirable qualities to their progeny. The premium moneys were paid after an approved bull had served a year, or a "commended" bull served 6 months in an area. Less premium money went to herdbook TABLE 7.1 RANGE OF MEASUREMENTS (IN CENTIMETERS) Fon BnOwN Swiss BULLS AND COWS OF VARIouS AGES AS CLASSIFICATION STANDARDS Bull Cow Range Average Range Averge 142 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS APPROvED BREEDING BULLS Cantonal authorities in 1883 approved bulls for breeding which had been inspected by a commission at annual competitions. The ani- mals were judged on strong constitution, development, capacity for milk, live weight, estimated slaughter yield, and transmission of de- sirable qualities to their progeny. The premium moneys were paid after an approved bull had served a year, or a "commended" bull served 6 months in an area. Less premium money went to herdbook TABLE 7.1 RANGE OF MEASUREMENTS (IN CENTIMETERS) FOR BROWN SWISS BULLS .AND COWS OF VARIOUs AGES AS CLASSIFICATION STANDARDS Range Average Range Average Height at withers 136-152 Height at hips 136-152 Shoulder to pinbone 159-189 Depth of chest 75-87 Width of chest 52-66 Chest circumference 216-246 Length of rump 53-45 Width of hips 52-64 Width of thurls 52-62 Width of pins Circumference of cannon 23-27 Weight, pounds 1,765-2,380 144 124-138 144 127-141 174 145-165 81 65-75 59 36-52 231 175-205 59 47-55 58 50-60 57 46-54 33-41 25 18-22 2,075 1,100-1,440 131 134 155 70 44 190 51 55 50 37 20 1,270 Height at withers 136-152 Height at hips 136-152 Shoulder to pinbone 159-189 Depth of chest 75-87 Width of chest 52-66 Chest circumference 216-246 Length of rump 53-65 Width of hips 52-64 Width of thmls 52-62 Width of pins Circumference of cannon 23-27 Weight, pounds 1,765-2,380 144 124-138 144 127-141 174 145-165 81 65-75 59 36-52 231 175-205 59 47-55 58 50-0 57 46-54 33-41 25 18-22 2,075 1,100-1,440 131 134 155 70 44 190 51 55 50 37 20 1,270 Height at withers 136-152 Height at hips 136-152 Shoulder to pinbone 159-189 Depth of chest 75-87 Width of chest 52-66 Chest circumference 216-246 Length of rump 535-6 Width of hips 52-64 Width of thurls 52-62 Width of pins Circumference of cannon 23-27 Weight, pounds 1,765-2,380 Average Range 144 124-138 144 127-141 174 145-165 81 65-75 59 36-52 231 175-205 59 47-55 58 50-Of 57 46-54 33-41 25 18-22 2,075 1,100-1,440 Averg 131 134 155 70 44 190 51 55 50 37 20 1,270 bulls, the remainder to cows and breeding heifers, breeding society syndicates, and progeny groups. CATTLE IMPROvEMErT The Swiss Federation and the cantons passed laws and appropri- ated moneys for improvement of dairy cattle at several times from 1848 to 1958. These laws were enacted for leadership rather than paternalism, illustrated in the motto "Through state-help to self- help." Appropriations were for specific purposes "to be used for the improvement of agriculture." The Cantons matched federal ap- propriations. Federation laws were flexible to comply with the re- spective cantonal rules. The laws of 1893 and 1958 provided that premium moneys be withheld from a prize bull until he had been bulls, the remainder to cows and breeding heifers, breeding society syndicates, and progeny groups. CATTLE IMPROvEMENTr The Swiss Federation and the cantons passed laws and appropri- ated moneys for improvement of dairy cattle at several times from 1848 to 1958. These laws were enacted for leadership rather than paternalism, illustrated in the motto "Through state-help to self- help." Appropriations were for specific purposes "to be used for the improvement of agriculture." The Cantons matched federal ap- propriations. Federation laws were flexible to comply with the re- spective cantonal rules. The laws of 1893 and 1958 provided that premium moneys be withheld from a prize bull until he had been bulls, the remainder to cows and breeding heifers, breeding society syndicates, and progeny groups. CATrLE IMPROvEMENT The Swiss Federation and the cantons passed laws and appropri- ated moneys for improvement of dairy cattle at several times from 1848 to 1958. These laws were enacted for leadership rather than paternalism, illustrated in the motto "Through state-help to self- help." Appropriations were for specific purposes "to be used for the improvement of agriculture." The Cantons matched federal ap- propriations. Federation laws were flexible to comply with the re- spective cantonal rules. The laws of 1893 and 1958 provided that premium moneys be withheld from a prize bull until he had been  Brown Swiss in Switzerland 143 used in the canton for at least 6 to 9 months, and until a prize cow dropped a calf by a prize bull. Some subsidies contributed toward organization of local breeding syndicates. Premiums were awarded for bull families and groups of breeding cattle "of which the prog- eny shall be entered in a regular permanent breeding register." Furthermore, "the subsidized associations are required to present annually their animals, of show age and entered in the breeding register, in the show of families or of groups. The amount of the federal subsidy toward the cost of the organization is set according to the number and quality of animals awarded prizes during these shows." Local show authorities reported the details to the Department of Industry and Agriculture. HERDBOoKs The monastery at Einsiedeln kept a private herdbook from 1775 to 1782. The Swiss Agricultural Society began a Schweizerisches Herdsbuch for Brown Swiss cattle in 1879 but discontinued it after 2 years because of opposition to a "bureaucratic" endeavor. The present herdbook resulted from combined efforts of the agricultural society, governmental influences, and laws (1891 to 1896), based on developments among the cattle breeding syndicates. The Cen- tral Herd Book for Brown Swiss was founded in 1893 with its office now at Zug. CATLE BREEDING SYNDICATES The first cattle breeding syndicate to maintain a breeding or local herdbook was organized in Zurich in 1887. The government appro- priated a small sum toward cost of organizing additional syndicates, and granted premiums based on accuracy of the secretary's record books. By 1969, 844 syndicates were active in 22 cantons with 26,830 members owning 221,835 herdbook Brown Swiss cattle. The syndi- cates owned most of the bulls used by their members. Herds aver- aged 8.4.females per herd. The Federation of Brown Swiss Cattle Breeding Syndicates was formed in 1897. Their purposes remain the same: to establish a clearly defined breeding objective; unify judging practices; provide Brown Swiss in Switzerland 143 used in the canton for at least 6 to 9 months, and until a prize cow dropped a calf by a prize bull. Some subsidies contributed toward organization of local breeding syndicates. Premiums were awarded for bull families and groups of breeding cattle "of which the prog- eny shall be entered in a regular permanent breeding register." Furthermore, "the subsidized associations are required to present annually their animals, of show age and entered in the breeding register, in the show of families or of groups. The amount of the federal subsidy toward the cost of the organization is set according to the number and quality of animals awarded prizes during these shows." Local show authorities reported the details to the Department of Industry and Agriculture. HERDBOOKss The monastery at Einsiedeln kept a private herdbook from 1775 to 1782. The Swiss Agricultural Society began a Schweizerisches Herdsbuch for Brown Swiss cattle in 1879 but discontinued it after 2 years because of opposition to a "bureaucratic" endeavor. The present herdbook resulted from combined efforts of the agricultural society, governmental influences, and laws (1891 to 1896), based on developments among the cattle breeding syndicates. The Cen- tral Herd Book for Brown Swiss was founded in 1893 with its office now at Zug. CATrtLE BREEDING SYNsCATES The first cattle breeding syndicate to maintain a breeding or local herdbook was organized in Zurich in 1887. The government appro- priated a small sum toward cost of organizing additional syndicates, and granted premiums based on accuracy of the secretary's record books. By 1969, 844 syndicates were active in 22 cantons with 26,830 members owning 221,835 herdbook Brown Swiss cattle. The syndi- cates owned most of the bulls used by their members. Herds aver- aged 8.4.females per herd. The Federation of Brown Swiss Cattle Breeding Syndicates was formed in 1897. Their purposes remain the same: to establish a clearly defined breeding objective; unify judging practices; provide Brown Swiss in Switzerland 143 used in the canton for at least 6 to 9 months, and until a prize cow dropped a calf by a prize bull. Some subsidies contributed toward organization of local breeding syndicates. Premiums were awarded for bull families and groups of breeding cattle "of which the prog- eny shall be entered in a regular permanent breeding register." Furthermore, "the subsidized associations are required to present annually their animals, of show age and entered in the breeding register, in the show of families or of groups. The amount of the federal subsidy toward the cost of the organization is set according to the number and quality of animals awarded prizes during these shows." Local show authorities reported the details to the Department of Industry and Agriculture. HERDBOOKS The monastery at Einsiedeln kept a private herdbook from 1775 to 1782. The Swiss Agricultural Society began a Schweizerisches Herdsbuch for Brown Swiss cattle in 1879 but discontinued it after 2 years because of opposition to a "bureaucratic" endeavor. The present herdbook resulted from combined efforts of the agricultural society, governmental influences, and laws (1891 to 1896), based on developments among the cattle breeding syndicates. The Cen- tral Herd Book for Brown Swiss was founded in 1893 with its office now at Zug. CATLE BREEDING SYNDsCATES The first cattle breeding syndicate to maintain a breeding or local herdbook was organized in Zurich in 1887. The government appro- priated a small sum toward cost of organizing additional syndicates, and granted premiums based on accuracy of the secretary's record books. By 1969, 844 syndicates were active in 22 cantons with 26,830 members owning 221,835 herdbook Brown Swiss cattle. The syndi- cates owned most of the bulls used by their members. Herds aver- aged 8.4.females per herd. The Federation of Brown Swiss Cattle Breeding Syndicates was formed in 1897. Their purposes remain the same: to establish a clearly defined breeding objective; unify judging practices; provide  144 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS milk and butterfat controls; facilitate procurement of breeding bulls at central bull markets; test bulls; hold cow family shows; publicize the breed; and influence legislation and rules affecting cattle. They assemble the central herdbook from the local bull syndicate records. Hans Eugster is director of the Swiss Herd Book, with its ofice in Zug. MILK CONTROL Selected cows and herds are tested in about 1,500 circuits under the herdbook society. The local official in each circuit supervised milk- ing one day each month and submitted milk samples to the central laboratory for butterfat determinations. Records are entered on punch cards for machine calculation. In 1961, 99,056 Swiss cows averaged 8,034 pounds of milk, 3.88 percent and 312 pounds of fat in 305 days. The 38,891 cows on the plains averaged 8,839 pounds of milk, 3.89 percent and 342 pounds of butterfat. AUTUMN BULL SHows The Federation has sponsored an autumn bull show and market at Zug since 1897 and at Saipans since 1940. The central office was at Bunen (1897-1910), moved to Lucerne (1910-38), and now occu- pies permanent quarters at the showgrounds at Zug. A group of 73 syndicates withdrew in 1911 to form the East Switzerland Brown Cattle Society but reunited with the federation in 1935. The fall show at Raperswil continued but has been held at Zug since 1956. Each local syndicate maintained one or more bulls, their mem- bers owning 50 to 1,500 herdbook cows. Each local syndicate secre- tary (a) kept a list of herdbook (registered) cattle, and branded the insignia on their horns; (b) kept a local herdbook record of breeding; (c) entered birth reports of calves from herdbook cows; (d) kept a register of young stock, with earmarks; and (e) kept the local show and milk production records. Each breeding syndi- cate was entitled to one delegate at the federation assembly for each 150 herdbook cattle. Model rules concerning care, health tests, and management of bulls were suggested by the herdbook office as the basis for a con- tract between a bull syndicate and the caretaker. These rules sug- 144 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS milk and butterfat controls; facilitate procurement of breeding bulls at central bull markets; test bulls; hold cow family shows; publicize the breed; and influence legislation and rules affecting cattle. They assemble the central herdbook from the local bull syndicate records. Hans Eugster is director of the Swiss Herd Book, with its office in Zug. MILK CONTROL Selected cows and herds are tested in about 1,500 circuits under the herdbook society. The local official in each circuit supervised milk- ing one day each month and submitted milk samples to the central laboratory for butterfat determinations. Records are entered on punch cards for machine calculation. In 1961, 99,056 Swiss cows averaged 8,034 pounds of milk, 3.88 percent and 312 pounds of fat in 305 days. The 38,891 cows on the plains averaged 8,839 pounds of milk, 3.89 percent and 342 pounds of butterfat. AUTUMN BULL SHOws The Federation has sponsored an autumn bull show and market at Zug since 1897 and at Saipans since 1940. The central office was at Bunen (1897-1910), moved to Lucerne (1910-38), and now occu- pies permanent quarters at the showgrounds at Zug. A group of 73 syndicates withdrew in 1911 to form the East Switzerland Brown Cattle Society but reunited with the federation in 1935. The fall show at Raperswil continued but has been held at Zug since 1956. Each local syndicate maintained one or more bulls, their mem- bers owning 50 to 1,500 herdbook cows. Each local syndicate secre- tary (a) kept a list of herdbook (registered) cattle, and branded the insignia on their horns; (b) kept a local herdbook record of breeding; (c) entered birth reports of calves from herdbook cows; (d) kept a register of young stock, with earmarks; and (e) kept the local show and milk production records. Each breeding syndi- cate was entitled to one delegate at the federation assembly for each 150 herdbook cattle. Model rules concerning care, health tests, and management of bulls were suggested by the herdbook office as the basis for a con- tract between a bull syndicate and the caretaker. These rules sug- 144 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS milk and butterfat controls; facilitate procurement of breeding bulls at central bull markets; test bulls; hold cow family shows; publicize the breed; and influence legislation and rules affecting cattle. They assemble the central herdbook from the local bull syndicate records. Hans Eugster is director of the Swiss Herd Book, with its office in Zug. MILK CONTROL Selected cows and herds are tested in about 1,500 circuits under the herdbook society. The local official in each circuit supervised milk- ing one day each month and submitted milk samples to the central laboratory for butterfat determinations. Records are entered on punch cards for machine calculation. In 1961, 99,056 Swiss cows averaged 8,034 pounds of milk, 3.88 percent and 312 pounds of fat in 305 days. The 38,891 cows on the plains averaged 8,839 pounds of milk, 3.89 percent and 342 pounds of butterfat. AUTUMN BULL SHOwS The Federation has sponsored an autumn bull show and market at Zug since 1897 and at Saipans since 1940. The central office was at Bunen (1897-1910), moved to Lucerne (1910-38), and now occu- pies permanent quarters at the showgrounds at Zug. A group of 73 syndicates withdrew in 1911 to form the East Switzerland Brown Cattle Society but reunited with the federation in 1935. The fall show at Raperswil continued but has been held at Zug since 1956. Each local syndicate maintained one or more bulls, their mem- bers owning 50 to 1,500 herdbook cows. Each local syndicate secre- tary (a) kept a list of herdbook (registered) cattle, and branded the insignia on their horns; (b) kept a local herdbook record of breeding; (c) entered birth reports of calves from herdbook cows; (d) kept a register of young stock, with earmarks; and (e) kept the local show and milk production records. Each breeding syndi- cate was entitled to one delegate at the federation assembly for each 150 herdbook cattle. Model rules concerning care, health tests, and management of bulls were suggested by the herdbook office as the basis for a con- tract between a bull syndicate and the caretaker. These rules sug-  Brown Swiss in Switzerland 145 Brown Swiss in Switzerland 145 Brown Swiss in Switzerland 145 gested frequency of use, interval between services, health of cows brought for service, provisions for feeding and exercise, and veteri- nary care. Permanent records were kept of services and the identi- fication of each female bred. RECOGNITION OF HERDBOOK BULLS A plan begun in 1897 recognized a bull for 1 year or for life. For the 1-year recognition, the bull was 9 months old and scored at least 80 points. The sire and dam must have been of recognized ancestry for two generations. The dam and both granddams must have milk production records. This recognition was awarded at cantonal shows or at the federation's bull market at Zug. Lifetime recognition was given to bulls 18 months or older, with a higher standard for milk production of ancestors. The plan insti- tuted in 1941 recognized potential breeding quality of bulls based on the following: a. Bulls under 18 months must score 85 points; older bulls, 87 points or more. b. At least four parents and grandparents scored 87 points or more. c. The dam or both granddams earned the lactation insignia, with a minimum of 3.9 percent butterfat. d. At least three of the parents and grandparents rated as members of a breeding family with fertility recognition. At least one in- signia must be on the sire's side and one on the dam's side of the pedigree. Class I. A bull qualified by four requirements, a to d. Class Ib. A bull met three of the four requirements. Class II. A bull met two of the requirements. Class III. A bull met one of the requirements. A canton might temporarily recognize a bull that was underage at the regular show. Such recognition held only until the next show. Recognition at the Federation's bull market applied for the en- tire country. gested frequency of use, interval between services, health of cows brought for service, provisions for feeding and exercise, and veteri- nary care. Permanent records were kept of services and the identi- fication of each female bred. RECOGNITION OF HERDBOOK BULLS A plan begun in 1897 recognized a bull for 1 year or for life. For the 1-year recognition, the bull was 9 months old and scored at least 80 points. The sire and dam must have been of recognized ancestry for two generations. The dam and both granddams must have milk production records. This recognition was awarded at cantonal shows or at the federation's bull market at Zug. Lifetime recognition was given to bulls 18 months or older, with a higher standard for milk production of ancestors. The plan insti- tuted in 1941 recognized potential breeding quality of bulls based on the following: a. Bulls under 18 months must score 85 points; older bulls, 87 points or more. b. At least four parents and grandparents scored 87 points or more. c. The dam or both granddams earned the lactation insignia, with a minimum of 3.9 percent butterfat. d. At least three of the parents and grandparents rated as members of a breeding family with fertility recognition. At least one in- signia must be on the sire's side and one on the dam's side of the pedigree. Class I. A bull qualified by four requirements, a to d. Class lb. A bull met three of the four requirements. Class II. A bull met two of the requirements. Class III. A bull met one of the requirements. A canton might temporarily recognize a bull that was underage at the regular show. Such recognition held only until the next show. Recognition at the Federation's bull market applied for the en- tire country. gested frequency of use, interval between services, health of cows brought for service, provisions for feeding and exercise, and veteri- nary care. Permanent records were kept of services and the identi- fication of each female bred. RECOGNITION OF HERDBOOK BULLS A plan begun in 1897 recognized a bull for 1 year or for life. For the 1-year recognition, the bull was 9 months old and scored at least 80 points. The sire and dam must have been of recognized ancestry for two generations. The dam and both granddams must have milk production records. This recognition was awarded at cantonal shows or at the federation's bull market at Zug. Lifetime recognition was given to bulls 18 months or older, with a higher standard for milk production of ancestors. The plan insti- tuted in 1941 recognized potential breeding quality of bulls based on the following: a. Bulls under 18 months must score 85 points; older bulls, 87 points or more. b. At least four parents and grandparents scored 87 points or more. c. The dam or both granddams earned the lactation insignia, with a minimum of 3.9 percent butterfat. d. At least three of the parents and grandparents rated as members of a breeding family with fertility recognition. At least one in- signia must be on the sire's side and one on the dam's side of the pedigree. Class I. A bull qualified by four requirements, a to d. Class lb. A bull met three of the four requirements. Class II. A bull met two of the requirements. Class III. A bull met one of the requirements. A canton might temporarily recognize a bull that was underage at the regular show. Such recognition held only until the next show. Recognition at the Federation's bull market applied for the en- tire country.  146 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS PREMIUMS FOR SUPERIOR BULS The Department of Agriculture granted small premiums to encour- age retaining superior bulls in service. The bull must have served at least three seasons, and his type score must have rated among the highest one-third in the canton that year in order to receive a prize. He must have been free from tuberculosis and brucellosis. Sixty percent of the females served (at least 30 in the year) must have been with calf. The parents and both grandparents must have been registered, and the dams and granddams must have qualified in the production register. He must have at least 20 "marked" daughters or sons of good quality. A breeding family show was re- quired after the fourth season. Favorable results would qualify him for life. No prizes were awarded to bulls stabled exclusively. Young bulls were required to be "alped" during the local mountain grazing season, or until 10 days before the Federation's bull market. Certifi- cates were issued and the bulls recognized at the Federation's bull market. Some bulls were pastured in valley meadows, or exercised at least 2 months before exhibition at the market. ARTIFICIAL BREEDING Since June 5, 1941, the Brown Swiss Federation required that all calves conceived artificially be identified by a birth report and rec- ords confirming parentage. A law in 1958 required that one or two official stations be established to replace two private studs with about eight bulls. Some 23,634 cows were inseminated in 1964-65. Bull stations were regarded as helping small farmers and establish- ing early proof of the bulls' transmitting ability with daughters under milk control. Three stations used 46 bulls for artificial breeding during 1967-68. Semen was imported from the United States and used experimen- tally to produce about 400 calves, which were tattooed for identifi- cation. The Institute for Animal Breeding at the University of Berne made 357 blood typings with Brown Swiss in 1968 for parent- age determinations. 146 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS PREMIUMS FOR SUPERIOR BULLS The Department of Agriculture granted small premiums to encour- age retaining superior bulls in service. The bull must have served at least three seasons, and his type score must have rated among the highest one-third in the canton that year in order to receive a prize. He must have been free from tuberculosis and brucellosis. Sixty percent of the females served (at least 30 in the year) must have been with calf. The parents and both grandparents must have been registered, and the dams and granddams must have qualified in the production register. He must have at least 20 "marked" daughters or sons of good quality. A breeding family show was re- quired after the fourth season. Favorable results would qualify him for life. No prizes were awarded to bulls stabled exclusively. Young bulls were required to be "alped" during the local mountain grazing season, or until 10 days before the Federation's bull market. Certifi- cates were issued and the bulls recognized at the Federation's bull market. Some bulls were pastured in valley meadows, or exercised at least 2 months before exhibition at the market. ARTIFICIAL BREEDING Since June 5, 1941, the Brown Swiss Federation required that all calves conceived artificially be identified by a birth report and rec- ords confirming parentage. A law in 1958 required that one or two official stations be established to replace two private studs with about eight bulls. Some 23,634 cows were inseminated in 1964-65. Bull stations were regarded as helping small farmers and establish- ing early proof of the bulls' transmitting ability with daughters under milk control. Three stations used 46 bulls for artificial breeding during 1967-68. Semen was imported from the United States and used experimen- tally to produce about 400 calves, which were tattooed for identifi- cation. The Institute for Animal Breeding at the University of Berne made 357 blood typings with Brown Swiss in 1968 for parent- age determinations. 146 DAI IRY CATTLE BREEDS PREMIUMS FOR SUPEmOR BULLS The Department of Agriculture granted small premiums to encour- age retaining superior bulls in service. The bull must have served at least three seasons, and his type score must have rated among the highest one-third in the canton that year in order to receive a prize. He must have been free from tuberculosis and brucellosis. Sixt percent of the females served (at least 30 in the year) must have been with calf. The parents and both grandparents must have been registered, and the dams and granddams must have qualified in the production register. He must have at least 20 "marked" daughters or sons of good quality. A breeding family show was re- quired after the fourth season. Favorable results would qualify him for life. No prizes were awarded to bulls stabled exclusively. Young bulls were required to be "alped" during the local mountain grazing season, or until 10 days before the Federation's bull market. Certifi- cates were issued and the bulls recognized at the Federation's bull market. Some bulls were pastured in valley meadows, or exercised at least 2 months before exhibition at the market. ARTIFICIAL BREEDING Since June 5, 1941, the Brown Swiss Federation required that all calves conceived artificially be identified by a birth report and rec- ords confirming parentage. A law in 1958 required that one or two official stations be established to replace two private studs with about eight bulls. Some 23,634 cows were inseminated in 1964-65. Bull stations were regarded as helping small farmers and establish- ing early proof of the bulls' transmitting ability with daughters under milk control. Three stations used 46 bulls for artificial breeding during 1967-68. Semen was imported from the United States and used experimen- tally to produce about 400 calves, which were tattooed for identifi- cation. The Institute for Animal Breeding at the University of Berne made 357 blood typings with Brown Swiss in 1968 for parent- age determinations.  Brown Swiss in Switzerland 147 SPECIAL TYPE AND UDDER CLASSIFICATION The Brown Swiss Cattle Breeders' Federation instituted a special type and udder classification for cows in 1957 which was conducted especially for "bull mothers." Such classifications were conducted in the spring and summer by experts from the herdbook office. Cows at these classifications must have scored at least 85 points; they generally were under milk recording and were from 1 to 6 months in lactation. They were judged according to the following score- card, and ranked into five groups corresponding somewhat to the ratings of Excellent to Fair in the United States. Descriptions of the body conformation and udder were entered in the herdbook and on the pedigrees. BROwN SwISS SCORECARD FOR CONFORMATION AND UDDER CLASSIFICATION Body conformation score: Size-good, large, small, oversize Depth and Width-good, little depth, shallow Fleshing-good, heavy, poor Feet and legs-good, coarse, fine, defective Color-good, light, dark, belly spots Total score (10 to 5 points) Udder score: Form-square, goat-shaped, bulbous, hanging, divided Size-large, medium, small, long, broad, short, shallow Texture-glandular, medium, fleshy Fore udder-good, too small Rear udder-good, too small, broad, scanty attachment Udder skin-pliable, medium, thick Udder score (5 to 2% points) Teats, veins: Distance-symmetrical, front wide and rear narrow, front narrow and rear wide; sideways wide, medium, narrow Length-good, long, short Thickness-good, fine, thick, full of cracks Tip-round, flat, crater-form, sloping Between teats-none, distance-, too close Brown Swiss in Switzerland 147 SPECIAL TYPE AND UDDER CLASSIFICATION The Brown Swiss Cattle Breeders' Federation instituted a special type and udder classification for cows in 1957 which was conducted especially for "bull mothers." Such classifications were conducted in the spring and summer by experts from the herdbook office. Cows at these classifications must have scored at least 85 points; they generally were under milk recording and weere from 1 to 6 months in lactation. They were judged according to the following score- card, and ranked into five groups corresponding somewhat to the ratings of Excellent to Fair in the United States. Descriptions of the body conformation and udder were entered in the herdbook and on the pedigrees. BROwN SwIss SCORECARD FOR CONFORMATION AND UDDER CLASSIFICATION Body conformation score: Size-good, large, small, oversize Depth and Width-good, little depth, shallow Fleshing-good, heavy, poor Feet and legs-good, coarse, fine, defective Color-good, light, dark, belly spots Total score (10 to 5 points) Udder score: Form-square, goat-shaped, bulbous, hanging, divided Size-large, medium, small, long, broad, short, shallow Texture-glandular, medium, fleshy Fore udder-good, too small Rear udder-good, too small, broad, scanty attachment Udder skin-pliable, medium, thick Udder score (5 to 2% points) Teats, veins: Distance-symmetrical, front wide and rear narrow, front narrow and rear wide; sideways wide, medium, narrow Length-good, long, short Thickness-good, fine, thick, full of cracks Tip-round, flat, crater-form, sloping Between teats-none, distance-, too close Brown Swiss in Switzerland 147 SPECIAL TYPE AND UDDER CLASSIFICATION The Brown Swiss Cattle Breeders' Federation instituted a special type and udder classification for cows in 1957 which was conducted especially for "bull mothers." Such classifications were conducted in the spring and summer by experts from the herdbook office. Cows at these classifications must have scored at least 85 points; they generally were under milk recording and were from 1 to 6 months in lactation. They were judged according to the following score- card, and ranked into five groups corresponding somewhat to the ratings of Excellent to Fair in the United States. Descriptions of the body conformation and udder were entered in the herdbook and on the pedigrees. BROwN SwIss SCORECARD FOR CONFORMATION AND UDDER CLASSIFICATION Body conformation score: Size-good, large, small, oversize Depth and Width-good, little depth, shallow Fleshing-good, heavy, poor Feet and legs-good, coarse, fine, defective Color-good, light, dark, belly spots Total score (10 to 5 points) Udder score: Form-square, goat-shaped, bulbous, hanging, divided Size-large, medium, small, long, broad, short, shallow Texture-glandular, medium, fleshy Fore udder-good, too small Rear udder-good, too small, broad, scanty attachment Udder skin-pliable, medium, thick Udder score (5 to 2% points) Teats, veins: Distance-symmetrical, front wide and rear narrow, front narrow and rear wide; sideways wide, medium, narrow Length-good, long, short Thickness-good, fine, thick, full of cracks Tip-round, flat, crater-form, sloping Between teats-none, distance__, too close  148 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Udder veins-marked, average, lacking Total for teats and veins (5 to 2% points) Total score, udder, teats and veins (10 to 5 points) Ease of milking-easy, difficult Notes (for entries by the judge) The judge underscored the descriptive word either once, or twice if the word applied markedly. The gradings or ratings were as fol- lows: Body conformation Total udder 148 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDs Udder veins-marked, average, lacking Total for teats and veins (5 to 2% points) Total score, udder, teats and veins (10 to 5 points) Ease of milking--easy, difficult Notes (for entries by the judge) The judge underscored the descriptive word either once, or twice if the word applied markedly. The gradings or ratings were as fol- lows: Body conformation Total udder 1481 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDs Udder veins-marked, average, lacking Total for teats and veins (5 to 2% points) Total score, udder, teats and veins (10 to 5 points) Ease of milking-easy, difficult Notes (for entries by the judge) The judge underscored the descriptive word either once, or twice if the word applied markedly. The gradings or ratings were as fol- lows: Body conformation Total udder Without faults Very good Good Fairly good Satisfactory Unsatisfactory 10 9 8 7 6 5 4% 4 3% 3 2%M Without faults Very good Good Fairly good Satisfactory Unsatisfactory 10 9 8 7 6 5 4% 4 3% 3 2%2 Without faults Very good Good Fairly good Satisfactory Unsatisfactory 10 9 8 7 6 5 5 4% 4 3% 3 2%/ FAMILY SHOWs Breeding family shows were established in 1901 to recognize ani- mals with desirable transmitting ability. A bull was at least 3 years old and a cow 5 years old before a breeding family show could be held for them. Three kinds of family shows were held: 1. Bull breeding families consisted of a bull with at least ten sons. Owners of a Brown Swiss bull applied to the Brown Swiss Federa- tion for a show at the time of the Federation's bull market. Two Federation representatives judged these sons, considering their num- bers, quality, and arrangement, which included all the sons ex- hibited at the market in Zug. 2. Bull breeding families by old bulls could be judged at a local association show. These included at least 30 sons and daughters over 6 months old, or 20 if this included over half of his marked progeny. Half the progeny must be cows that had dropped one or more calves. The bull was not required to be present. 3. Cow families descended from one cow included her sons and daughters, and the next generation through the female line. Sons that had passed through the Federation's bull market could be con- sidered. The foundation cow did not need to be present. Cows must have had production records. Those that had calved two or three times must have rated an ®; with four to five calvings, at least two FAMILY SHOWs Breeding family shows were established in 1901 to recognize ani- mals with desirable transmitting ability. A bull was at least 3 years old and a cow 5 years old before a breeding family show could be held for them. Three kinds of family shows were held: 1. Bull breeding families consisted of a bull with at least ten sons. Owners of a Brown Swiss bull applied to the Brown Swiss Federa- tion for a show at the time of the Federation's bull market. Two Federation representatives judged these sons, considering their num- bers, quality, and arrangement, which included all the sons ex- hibited at the market in Zug. 2. Bull breeding families by old bulls could be judged at a local association show. These included at least 30 sons and daughters over 6 months old, or 20 if this included over half of his marked progeny. Half the progeny must be cows that had dropped one or more calves. The bull was not required to be present. 3. Cow families descended from one cow included her sons and daughters, and the next generation through the female line. Sons that had passed through the Federation's bull market could be con- sidered. The foundation cow did not need to be present. Cows must have had production records. Those that had calved two or three times must have rated an ®; with four to five calvings, at least two FAMILY SHoWs Breeding family shows were established in 1901 to recognize ani- mals with desirable transmitting ability. A bull was at least 3 years old and a cow 5 years old before a breeding family show could be held for them. Three kinds of family shows were held: 1. Bull breeding families consisted of a bull with at least ten sons. Owners of a Brown Swiss bull applied to the Brown Swiss Federa- tion for a show at the time of the Federation's bull market. Two Federation representatives judged these sons, considering their num- bers, quality, and arrangement, which included all the sons ex- hibited at the market in Zug. 2. Bull breeding families by old bulls could be judged at a local association show. These included at least 30 sons and daughters over 6 months old, or 20 if this included over half of his marked progeny. Half the progeny must be cows that had dropped one or more calves. The bull was not required to be present. 3. Cow families descended from one cow included her sons and daughters, and the next generation through the female line. Sons that had passed through the Federation's bull market could be con- sidered. The foundation cow did not need to be present. Cows must have had production records. Those that had calved two or three times must have rated an ®; with four to five calvings, at least two  Brown Swiss in Switzerland 149 @, and six or more calvings rated three ® brands for milk produc- tion. The butterfat test must have averaged at least 3.7 percent. The owner of the foundation cow must have been a member of the local association or syndicate. A Federation representative judged the animals according to quality as very good, good, or satisfactory and prepared a short description of the group. They received a diploma. and the breeding family insignia Z was recorded. Breeding families classified with at least 60 percent of First Class sons were rated Silver Medal; with at least 70 percent of First Class sons they rated the Vermeil Medal; and those with at least 80 per- cent of First Class sons rated a Gold Medal. The same medal was awarded only once to the same parent. Breeding families that were judged First Class at the Federation's bull market or in the local syndicates were awarded the breeding family insignia ®, and properly recorded. This insignia was for life. The exhibitor bore the cost of conducting breeding family shows. FERTILITY STAR Regularity of reproduction was recognized with cows by awarding a six-pointed fertility star * when they had dropped six normal calves within 7 years. Such recognition also emphasized longevity. It made necessary the continued maintenance of permanent records by the local syndicate secretaries. Such cows frequently bore sev- eral brands for milk production as well as the fertility star for regu- lar reproduction. Private records of production weere kept early by some owners. A Brown Swiss cow at Grignon School yielded 65 kilograms (143 pounds) of churned butter in 68 days in 1865. Forty cows on an es- tate near Scham averaged 8,126 pounds of milk, 3.36 percent and 273 pounds of butterfat in lactations averaging 286 days. United States Consul S. H. M. Byers cited an average yield per cow of 5,315 pounds of milk, supplied to the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company in 1881, from cows fed largely on grass and hay. Brown Swiss cows at the Einsiedeln monastery averaged 6,356 pounds of milk in 1,667 lactations between 1872 and 1903 while part of them were on the Sihltal alp from June to mid-September. Secretary Heinrich Abt wrote in 1905 that "the associations have the facts Brown Swiss in Switzerland 149 C, and six or more calvings rated three C brands for milk produc- tion. The butterfat test must have averaged at least 3.7 percent. The owner of the foundation cow must have been a member of the local association or syndicate. A Federation representative judged the animals according to quality as very good, good, or satisfactory and prepared a short description of the group. They received a diploma, and the breeding family insignia ® was recorded. Breeding families classified with at least 60 percent of First Class sons were rated Silver Medal; with at least 70 percent of First Class sons they rated the Vermeil Medal; and those with at least 80 per- cent of First Class sons rated a Gold Medal. The same medal was awarded only once to the same parent. Breeding families that were judged First Class at the Federation's bull market or in the local syndicates were awarded the breeding family insignia ®, and properly recorded. This insignia was for life. The exhibitor bore the cost of conducting breeding family shows. FERTILIY STAR Regularity of reproduction was recognized with cows by awarding a six-pointed fertility star * when they had dropped six normal calves within 7 years. Such recognition also emphasized longevity. It made necessary the continued maintenance of permanent records by the local syndicate secretaries. Such cows frequently bore sev- eral brands for milk production as well as the fertility star for regu- lar reproduction. Private records of production were kept early by some owners. A Brown Swiss cow at Grignon School yielded 65 kilograms (143 pounds) of churned butter in 68 days in 1865. Forty cows on an es- tate near Scham averaged 8,126 pounds of milk, 3.36 percent and 273 pounds of butterfat in lactations averaging 286 days. United States Consul S. H. M. Byers cited an average yield per cow of 5,315 pounds of milk, supplied to the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company in 1881, from cows fed largely on grass and hay. Brown Swiss cows at the Einsiedeln monastery averaged 6,356 pounds of milk in 1,667 lactations between 1872 and 1903 while part of them were on the Sihltal alp from June to mid-September. Secretary Heinrich Abt wrote in 1905 that "the associations have the facts Brown Swiss in Switzerland 149 C, and six or more calvings rated three C brands for milk produc- tion. The butterfat test must have averaged at least 3.7 percent. The owner of the foundation cow must have been a member of the local association or syndicate. A Federation representative judged the animals according to quality as very good, good, or satisfactory and prepared a short description of the group. They received a diploma, and the breeding family insignia ® was recorded. Breeding families classified with at least 60 percent of First Class sons were rated Silver Medal; with at least 70 percent of First Class sons they rated the Vermeil Medal; and those with at least 80 per- cent of First Class sons rated a Gold Medal. The same medal was awarded only once to the same parent. Breeding families that were judged First Class at the Federation's bull market or in the local syndicates weere awarded the breeding family insignia ®, and properly recorded. This insignia was for life. The exhibitor bore the cost of conducting breeding family shows. FERTILrrY STAR Regularity of reproduction was recognized with cows by awarding a six-pointed fertility star * when they had dropped six normal calves within 7 years. Such recognition also emphasized longevity. It made necessary the continued maintenance of permanent records by the local syndicate secretaries. Such cows frequently bore sev- eral brands for milk production as well as the fertility star for regu- lar reproduction. Private records of production were kept early by some owners. A Brown Swiss cow at Grignon School yielded 65 kilograms (143 pounds) of churned butter in 68 days in 1865. Forty cows on an es- tate near Scham averaged 8,126 pounds of milk, 3.36 percent and 273 pounds of butterfat in lactations averaging 286 days. United States Consul S. H. M. Byers cited an average yield per cow of 5,315 pounds of milk, supplied to the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company in 1881, from cows fed largely on grass and hay. Brown Swiss cows at the Einsiedeln monastery averaged 6,356 pounds of milk in 1,667 lactations between 1872 and 1903 while part of them were on the Sihltal alp from June to mid-September. Secretary Heinrich Abt wrote in 1905 that "the associations have the facts  150 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS about proving for production. It is especially valuable that milk pro- duction of each cow and the progeny of each breeding bull be proved, since bulls descended from poor milking cows can trans- mit this quality to their offspring. Therefore associations should ac- quire no sire that does not come from a good milking cow." BULL MOTHERs The Federation of Brown Swiss Cattle Breeders' Syndicates began supervising milk production of cows whose owners wished them de- clared "bull mothers." These herdbook cows scored well for con- formation. Their milk was weighed daily, verified by a supervisor, and fat tests determined twice monthly at a central laboratory by Gerber test. Seven cows averaged 9,367 pounds of milk, 365 pounds of butterfat in 323 days, with tests between 3.67 and 4.17 percent fat. HERD TEST Supervision of production in eight herds began in November 1902. The 28 cows averaged 9,179 pounds of milk, 3.88 percent and 357 pounds of butterfat in 357 days and were dry 58 days. The Federa- tion proposed that members record all first-prize cows for milk pro- duction. Records were up to 365 days in length from 1923 to 1931, then for 305 days. Some 174,693 lactations completed during 1969 averaged 9,203 pounds of milk, 3.86 percent and 355 pounds of but- terfat in 338 days. They received largely grass and hays. Cows qual- ified for the lactation brand insignia @ with the following produc- tion: Calving within 14 months Not calving within 14 months Lactation Milk Butterfat Milk Butterfat (pounds) (pounds) First 6,600 245 7,260 268.4 Second 7,480 288 8,250 305.8 Third 8,360 323 9,240 341.0 If the cows were on alpine pastures for 2 months, the requirements were reduced by 800 pounds of milk and 33 pounds butterfat if at altitudes of 1,200 to 1,600 meters; and 1,320 pounds of milk and 46.4 pounds butterfat if at altitudes above 1,600 meters. 150 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS about proving for production. It is especially valuable that milk pro- duction of each cow and the progeny of each breeding bull be proved, since bulls descended from poor milking cows can trans- mit this quality to their offspring. Therefore associations should ac- quire no sire that does not come from a good milking cow." BULL MOTHERS The Federation of Brown Swiss Cattle Breeders' Syndicates began supervising milk production of cows whose owners wished them de- clared "bull mothers." These herdbook cows scored well for con- formation. Their milk was weighed daily, verified by a supervisor, and fat tests determined twice monthly at a central laboratory by Gerber test. Seven cows averaged 9,367 pounds of milk, 365 pounds of butterfat in 323 days, with tests between 3.67 and 4.17 percent fat. HERD TEST Supervision of production in eight herds began in November 1902. The 28 cows averaged 9,179 pounds of milk, 3.88 percent and 357 pounds of butterfat in 357 days and were dry 58 days. The Federa- tion proposed that members record all first-prize cows for milk pro- duction. Records were up to 365 days in length from 1923 to 1931, then for 305 days. Some 174,693 lactations completed during 1969 averaged 9,203 pounds of milk, 3.86 percent and 355 pounds of but- terfat in 338 days. They received largely grass and hays. Cows qual- ified for the lactation brand insignia t with the following produc- tion: Calving within 14 months Not calving within 14 months Lactation Milk Butterfat Milk Butterfat (pounds) (pounds) First 6,600 245 7,260 268.4 Second 7,480 288 8,250 305.8 Third 8,360 323 9,240 341.0 If the cows were on alpine pastures for 2 months, the requirements were reduced by 800 pounds of milk and 33 pounds butterfat if at altitudes of 1,200 to 1,600 meters; and 1,320 pounds of milk and 46.4 pounds butterfat if at altitudes above 1,600 meters. 150 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS about proving for production. It is especially valuable that milk pro- duction of each cow and the progeny of each breeding bull be proved, since bulls descended from poor milking cows can trans- mit this quality to their offspring. Therefore associations should ac- quire no sire that does not come from a good milking cow." BULL MOTHERS The Federation of Brown Swiss Cattle Breeders' Syndicates began supervising milk production of cows whose owners wished them de- clared "bull mothers." These herdbook cows scored well for con- formation. Their milk was weighed daily, verified by a supervisor, and fat tests determined twice monthly at a central laboratory by Gerber test. Seven cows averaged 9,367 pounds of milk, 365 pounds of butterfat in 323 days, with tests between 3.67 and 4.17 percent fat. HERD TEST Supervision of production in eight herds began in November 1902. The 28 cows averaged 9,179 pounds of milk, 3.88 percent and 357 pounds of butterfat in 357 days and were dry 58 days. The Federa- tion proposed that members record all first-prize cows for milk pro- duction. Records were up to 365 days in length from 1923 to 1931, then for 305 days. Some 174,693 lactations completed during 1969 averaged 9,203 pounds of milk, 3.86 percent and 355 pounds of but- terfat in 338 days. They received largely grass and hays. Cows qual- ified for the lactation brand insignia C with the following produc- tion: Calving within 14 months Not calving within 14 months Lactation Milk Butterfat Milk Butterfat (pounds) (pounds) First 6,600 245 7,260 268.4 Second 7,480 288 8,250 305.8 Third 8,360 323 9,240 341.0 If the cows were on alpine pastures for 2 months, the requirements were reduced by 800 pounds of milk and 33 pounds butterfat if at altitudes of 1,200 to 1,600 meters; and 1,320 pounds of milk and 46.4 pounds butterfat if at altitudes above 1,600 meters.  Brown Swiss in Switzerland 151 Cows on the plateau (plains) averaged 9,843 pounds of milk, 3.90 percent fat, compared with 8,025 pounds of milk in the moun- tain region during 1962-63. The milking rate of 144 cows in eight sire groups was reported in 1964. They averaged 4 months after calving and 3.28 previous lac- tations. Maximum milk flow of the groups was 4.09 to 6.37 pounds (1.8 to 2.8 liters) per minute at the peak, and took 7.7 to 11.3 min- utes to complete milking out. Forequarters yielded 44.2 and the rear quarters 55.8 percent of the daily production. In the autumn of 1968, two mobile four-quarter milking machines found an aver- age of 4.88±1.28 pounds of milk per minute and 1.01 pounds of strippings. A Milko-Tester replaced the Gerber butterfat test in the Central Laboratory in 1969. TRANsmIarmNG BULLS A program initiated in 1942 recognized bulls with the @ brand on the horns for good transmission of milk and butterfat to their daugh- ters. The herdbook office designated 22 bulls in 1957. At least 60 percent of the daughters of producing age must have records, and at least half of them with two lactations. The requirements were (a) a comparison of the daughters' production with the average of the milk control society, and (b) at least ten daughter-dam com- parisons for actual production with relation to the breed average and altitude zone in the year the records were made. Milk records were for 270 to 290 days and were not adjusted for summer pastur- ing on the mountains ("alping"). If the average milk yield was slightly below the standard for recognition, there could be higher butterfat percentages and vice versa. Records were compared on a spot graph. If daughters increased in milk and butterfat over the dams, an t insignia had been earned. The following averages were computed by the herdbook office for 48 proved bulls investigated in 1957: Brown Swiss in Switzerland 151 Cows on the plateau (plains) averaged 9,843 pounds of milk, 3.90 percent fat, compared with 8,025 pounds of milk in the moun- tain region during 1962-63. The milking rate of 144 cows in eight sire groups was reported in 1964. They averaged 4 months after calving and 3.28 previous lac- tations. Maximum milk flow of the groups was 4.09 to 6.37 pounds (1.8 to 2.8 liters) per minute at the peak, and took 7.7 to 11.3 min- utes to complete milking out. Forequarters yielded 44.2 and the rear quarters 55.8 percent of the daily production. In the autumn of 1968, two mobile four-quarter milking machines found an aver- age of 4.88±1.28 pounds of milk per minute and 1.01 pounds of strippings. A Milko-Tester replaced the Gerber butterfat test in the Central Laboratory in 1969. TRANsMrrNG BULLS A program initiated in 1942 recognized bulls with the @ brand on the horns for good transmission of milk and butterfat to their daugh- ters. The herdbook office designated 22 bulls in 1957. At least 60 percent of the daughters of producing age must have records, and at least half of them with two lactations. The requirements were (a) a comparison of the daughters' production with the average of the milk control society, and (b) at least ten daughter-dam com- parisons for actual production with relation to the breed average and altitude zone in the year the records were made. Milk records were for 270 to 290 days and were not adjusted for summer pastur- ing on the mountains ("alping"). If the average milk yield was slightly below the standard for recognition, there could be higher butterfat percentages and vice versa. Records were compared on a spot graph. If daughters increased in milk and butterfat over the dams, an ® insignia had been earned. The following averages were computed by the herdbook office for 48 proved bulls investigated in 1957: Brown Swiss in Switzerland 151 Cows on the plateau (plains) averaged 9,843 pounds of milk, 3.90 percent fat, compared with 8,025 pounds of milk in the moun- tain region during 1962-63. The milking rate of 144 cows in eight sire groups was reported in 1964. They averaged 4 months after calving and 3.28 previous lac- tations. Maximum milk flow of the groups was 4.09 to 6.37 pounds (1.8 to 2.8 liters) per minute at the peak, and took 7.7 to 11.3 min- utes to complete milking out. Forequarters yielded 44.2 and the rear quarters 55.8 percent of the daily production. In the autumn of 1968, two mobile four-quarter milking machines found an aver- age of 4.88±1.28 pounds of milk per minute and 1.01 pounds of strippings. A Milko-Tester replaced the Gerber butterfat test in the Central Laboratory in 1969. TRANSMTITING BULLS A program initiated in 1942 recognized bulls with the t brand on the horns for good transmission of milk and butterfat to their daugh- ters. The herdbook office designated 22 bulls in 1957. At least 60 percent of the daughters of producing age must have records, and at least half of them with two lactations. The requirements were (a) a comparison of the daughters' production with the average of the milk control society, and (b) at least ten daughter-dam com- parisons for actual production with relation to the breed average and altitude zone in the year the records were made. Milk records were for 270 to 290 days and were not adjusted for summer pastur- ing on the mountains ("alping"). If the average milk yield was slightly below the standard for recognition, there could be higher butterfat percentages and vice versa. Records were compared on a spot graph. If daughters increased in milk and butterfat over the dams, an m insignia had been earned. The following averages were computed by the herdbook office for 48 proved bulls investigated in 1957:  152 DAIRY gATTLu BEEDSm 152 DAIRY mAuuLE BREEDS 152 DAIRY CATTLE minimum Balls earing C) Bullk without Balls ening ® us w-itkaout Balls erning ® Bulls without Numaber of bulls proved Herdkmok daugkters per bull Dauhkeskhving podtonreods Average msilk yield, pounds Buttrfat yield, pounds Bustterfat test, percest Daughter-dam copa-ison Milk, punuds Botterfat test, percent Compared with silk cntrol assciaion Milk, ponds Butterfat lest, actual percent Produto Oindex Milk, pounds Buterfa, pounds Butterfat, percent Producion, crecd lor "Alping" Milk, poumnds Bstlerfa, posuds Butterftl test, pteen 23 .35(69%) 9,347 3.98 +248 .08 + 102 + .10 9,413 4.07 9,969 25 42(65-,) 9,058 3.93 - 46 8,879 349 3.93 Nnmber of hbuils puoved Hrdbook daugktrs per bull Daghtlers kaing prodcho reorsi Averoge silk yield, pounsil Butterfat yield, poends Butterfatltes, percent Daughte-dams comaris Milk, pouds Bustterfat test, pseen Compored witk milk sontrol asoito Milk, pounds Butterft tes, actoal psrcst Prouionlin des Milk, pouils Botterfat, pounds Butterlat, percest Productio, correcled for "Alping" Milk, pounds Btterfat, pounds Butlterfat test, psIen 50 35(69%) 9.347 3.98 .08 + 102 + .10 9,413 4.07 9,969 4.07 25 42(625,; 9,050 3.93 3.03 Numober of billk proved 23 Herdbook daugkters per bull 50 Daughters having produssctnrcords 39(69%) Aerage milk yield, pounds 9,347 Butlterfat yield, pouns 372 Butterfat test, perceal 3.98 Daughter-dam coparisoss Milk, posuods ±248 Bustterfat test, prcent .08 Compaed wilk milk cotol association Milk, possnsds + 162 Butterfat test, actoal perenst +10 Produconm indlex Milk, pounds 9,423 Bstefat, pounds 383 Buttrfa, prsentl 4.07 Prodlucions, corrected kor "Alping" Milk, poun~ds 9,969 Butterfat, poundls 406 Busterfat test, percent 4.07 4(65- 1 9,058 356 +3.93 -211 + .0.5 8,879 9,316 Tile conference of expects described the aims of raising cattle: "Brown Swiss cattle are heed for a couibined yield of milk and beef. Milk yield and high butterfat peecentage are ehiefly stressed. Vigorous constitution, health, prolifieacy, steadiness for alpine pas- toeing and rough grozing, efficient assimilation of forages and high adaptahility." Cattle in Ssvitzerland have been free from tuberculosis since toss. Bangs disease (brocellosis) olso has been eradicated. H. Clkotli is director of the Brown Swiss Cattle Breeders' Federation. The head- quarters boildiog hooses the heedbooh activities and is adjacent to the showgrounds of their annual ball macbet. Publications of the Federation are in French, German, and Italian. REFEENCES Aonymyus. 1970. Tke beediug value factor, 7tbilssges 6:669-73. Aht, Heinrich. 1905. Dat Schwoeizerisches Brasssieh. (Rev. nil., 1011.) Husber & Co., Frufeld. Adama, B., and M. Ashe. 1959. Akililusges der Risdciehrmtss sud Scklage is der Schweis. Asker, M. 1810. Becicht sbee dir erte schsweizerische Viehausoelssg is Ors. The coofereoce of esperts described the aims of raising cottle: 'Brown Swiss cattle are bred foroacoshined yield of milk and beef. Milk yield and high butterfat percentage are chiefly stressed. Vigorous coostitutioo, health, prolificacy, steadiness for alpine pas- turing and rough gearing, efficient assimilation of forages and high adaptability." Cattle in Switzerland have been free from tuberculosis since 1958. Bang's disease (brucellusis) also has been eradicated. H. ClatSl is director of the Brown Swiss Cattle Breeders' Federation. The head- qoarters buildiog houses the herdbook activities and is adjacent to the shoswgroands of their annual ball marhet. Publications of the Federation are 80 French, German, and Italian. REFERNCES Anoymaos. 1970. Tke heeeding valor factor, Mitteidssges 6:669-73. Akt, Heinrick. 1905. Das Schwceierischrs Beasssieh. (ORe. ned., 1911.) Huber k Ca., Praseufeld. Adom, B., and M. Asker. 1959. Abbildusgen der Risdciehrsses ssd Scklage is dee Schweie. Asker, M. 1816. Bricht shee die erte schwizerische virhrsstrosucg is Bemn. The conference of experts described the aims of raising cattle: "Brown Swims cattle are bred forca cousbined yield of milk and beef. Milk yield and high butterfat percentage are chiefly stressed. Vigorous constitotion, health, prohificacy, steadiness foe alpine pas- turing and rough grazing, efficient assimilation of forages and high adaptability." Cattle in Switzerland have been free from tuberculosis since 195. Bang's disease (brocellosis) also has been eradicated. H. Glattli is director of the Broswn Swiss Cattle Breeders' Federation. The head- qoarters buildiog houses the herdbook activities and is adjacent to the shoswgroonds of their annual bull market. Publications of the Federation are its French, German, and Italian. REccERENCES Asssymus. 1970. Tke hsreediug value factor, Mitteilusoes 6:669-73. Ab, Heciaich. 1905. Var Schweierisches Brsucueh. (Bee. nil., 1911.) Htuhr & Cs., Praseufeld. Adam, B., aud M. Askes. 1859. Abbildssgen der Bindciehemss und Schlage is der Schwia. Asker, M. 1850. Beelckt skee die rstr schwerzerische Viehastelug is Bers.  Browon Swiss in Switzerlansd 153 Bossmgosrtses, B. 8871. Die sc/sweizesist/sp Rindiehssenso. 8Slothsss. Beaschamp, E. R. 1887. Swiss cattle and dairy psoducts. Is cattle snd dairy farmisg. U.S. Cosular Rents. Post 1., pp. 383-18. Bysers, S. H5. M. /887. 8Stistics of Bsosss Sclswytzer cattls. Is Cs/s/s assd doisy fiss nig. U.S. Cosuslars Repts. Psss 1, pp. 303-18. Dusts, J. U. 1828. Kultushistorisb Sudiesn denscwoisosishs Rissdvise- zuct/. Shweiz. Lasdwits. Monschw/. .1831. Crunsdlasgess der Rissdossso/s. Spsisges, Berliss. .1841. Histssische Fosshusngss ub/sr den Usspsung sod die Usfssssso der Hsoservies/shla~ge der Schweiz. Z. Zuch/tunsgs/susde 17(5):149-58. Ensgeler, W. 1843. Die Haltussg der Zoo/ssere. Besss. .1843. Cschichte, Msthoden sssd ssskussstige Dsgassisation voss Zucht- fossilionssst/ssoosnd No/ssolsstssssgss. 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Switzesland. USDA Tec/s. Bll. 181, pp. 1-64. Kaltenesgge, J. 1883. Dio /sistorisoh Ess/wic/slsng des Bundneos Vio/s, Aosss. Kellss, C. 1818. Csc/io/sso der sch/weiischesns Hossiowol. Frauensfeld. Kolios, Fesdissand. 1878. T/so lak/s dwelt/sg of Swi/tze/land ansd st/ses ports of Europe.Tsrans./y. E. Lee. 2vos. J.. Lil& Is C., Lodo. Kick, W. 1878. Le/ss/such der Rissdvie/ssuo/s nsst Bowrecssosgosn na/s den sneue/tes Stasndo der Wissschasft snd Efah/ssung. Krames, H. 1811. Dss sch/stes Rusd. 3sd. ed. Bsslis. Lasdsner, D. 1831. T/ss /sistory of Switzerlandss fwsss s.C. 118 to .D~. 1830. Phil- adolp/sia. Loss/srs, Hssgs. 1886. Rmso sssder Leis/tung susssr Bissdos. 3rd ed. Beris. Maons, F. H. 1887. Swiss catle. Is Csttls and daisy fasminsg. U.S. Cosulars Ropts. Past 1, pp. 187-187. Muis/sood, Findlay. 1813. T/se /s/se gsuids/. Swsitzerland. Muis/soad & Rossiter, Londson. Muslles, P. 1886. Das swoirsdo/s Brssus- wsd F/eckvie/s. Besss. Ringhlz, P. 0. 1888. 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Ks//os, and H. Ms/i. 1964. Bosu/ts of ese of milkisg/ts/s is Bsows Swiss tows. Mitt. Sc/swi. Brasusie/s Ver/s. 1964(4):187-81. Hs/ss, V. t876. Kulturpflanzen sod Haosiere is i/reo U/sorgaog ow Asien. 3rd sd. Beris. Heose ow R/syn. 1878. Cosc/sic/stp des 8S/swoisostsllos sod seises Kultur von doss altesten Zpites /sis zstr Cogesnwos. Vol. 1. 3sd ed. Leipsig. Ho/son, A. /929. Agricultural survey of Esropo. Switzeslasd. USDA Toe/s. Bol. 101, pp. 1-64. Koltenegges, J. 1883. Die hstorisc/se Eotwicklunsg dot Busdsos Vip/s. Awos. Ke//os, C. /819. Cost/sict/s/ der s/swoizesisc/sos Dot/owo. Fsaussfld. Kslles, Fosdisasd. 1878. 7/so to/so dwetlssgs of Switoerlasd sod so/sos posts of Europe.Trans./byJ. E. Lee. 2vos. J.. Little&Iss Co., Lodo. Kitk, W. /878. Lo/ss/sss/ der Rindie/sssuc/s nsoo Berot/ ngos sos/s den snouostoo S/sods der Wissosat/s ssd Erfa/swng. Kramss, H. 1912. Dos st/sonste Risd. 3rd. ed. Besli. Lardne, D. 1832. T/so hsors5 of Switsorlaod fow stC. 110 to A.s. 183. P/sit- adelphsi. Len/sst, Huo. /896. Ross unoderestu/so uner Bisdo. 3od ed. Berlis. Maos, F. Hl. 1887. Swiss tt/s. Is Cot/s asd daisy fasming. U.S. Cons/osr Rop/s. Post 1, pp. 287-297. Msis/sead, Piodlay. /13. Thp /slue goides. Sstzerlasd. Muis/seod & Bowites, Londso. Mulle, P. /886. Das tsweizedsc/se Brauo- osd P/os/solo/. Bero. Risg/sol, P. D. 1908. Cost/sict/ der Bisdvieh/sst/s im Stifte Kissiodols. Losdwisch/. Ja/ss/. Sc/sweiz 22:413-50. Rutomeyes, Lo. 186/. Dip Passo der Pfa/slsoten io der Sc/sweit. Base. Schuoppli. 1891. Mosograpsio des sc/swoizoiso/sen Brauooie/s. Aosao. Tasos, C. C. /887. Castle /sreedisg is Europo asd is tse Uni/ed S/s/ss. Is Cot/s asd doiry farmsing. U.S. Consw/or Rept. Pw/t 1, pp. 41-56.  154 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS WeckhDerin, August. 1827. Abbildunsgen der Rindvieh, and andDee HastieD- ramnsot den PrIguterns eiSeE Mastats des Konigs DIII WsreDrsberg nach dem LDbDn geDeiEIEEI ssd lithogEaphierd vIn Loenz Rlsemss AlIss. Werer, H. 1888. Die Rindiehschlage der Sceiz. Lanir4schIE. Jahrb. 5:1277. .1892. Die RisdserzuhI. E2nd. ed., 1902.) Brdis. Wery, M. G. 1883-84. Ass. Is. Natl. Agron. Ser. A():141-212. Wilkes, MarEiD. 1876. Die RinerrsDs MitIe-DErDD.I. WieR. Wilhelm, Gustav. 1872. Die RindvIieras der AIpeESInrISI. WieR. 154 DAI RY CATTLE RREEDS Weckherlin, Augst. 1827. Abbildungen der Rindvieh snd anderer Haste- r sse saf den PdEivagsIErseinIeE MajeHsa des Konigs ,son Wurerssberg snach decs LDeen geDeichet ssd ithographier von LoenzI Ekesss AleIss. Werer, H. 1888. Die Rindviehschlage der Schweiz. Lssdirllch. Jab. 5:l7T. ____ 2882. Dhe RisdEEIEEII. (2nd. ed., 1802.) Brlsn. WelT, M. G. 1883-84. Ass. Ist. a. AgrSon. SeC. A(9):141-212. Wilckes, Martin. 1876. Die RindeErras Mittel-DEropas. Wien. Wilhelm, Gstavs. 1872. DiD RindvEhrlalIS dIer Alpenlande. WiRen. 154 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS WRekhSerinD, August. 1827. Abb/ildungen dIer RindiehS ssd anderer HastrE- r ssenaf den PrAvstgueII sinr Majestat des Koigs sIn Wuember/Sg snach dIeso Le/Sen gezeichnet ssd lithograpiert vsn LoenzI R/Seman AlessonB. Werer, H. 1888. Die RindviehsE/Slage der Schweiz. Landwsch~l/. Jahrb/. 5:177. 2 882. Die Rinderzuclh. (2nd. ed., 1802.) Brlsi. WeST, M. G. 1883-84. Ass. Is. Nall. ,Agros. SeE. A():141-212. Wilckens, MarEis. 1876. Die RinderrsIEs MiIIel-Europas. Wie. WilhIelm, GstavI. 1872. Die Rindvehrssen der Alenlane. Wien.  CHAPTER 8 BROWN SWISS IN AMERICA THE GOOD reputation of Brown Swiss cattle preceded them to the United States. Francis Rotch wrote in 1861 that "in France, es- pecially, they [Brown Swiss cattle] are much esteemed, and at the agricultural show at Grignon we saw numbers of them in milk, and their performance at the pail compared favorable with those of the common short-horns which were considered the best milkers in the establishment." Henry M. Clark of Belmont, Massachusetts, visited Switzerland in 1869. He bought a bull and seven heifers through Gottfried Burgi about Mount Rigi and in Canton Schwyz. One heifer dropped a bull calf. These cattle received prizes from the Worcester Agricul- tural Society in 1873, 1874, and 1875. Christine 6 and Geneva 7 were reported by the Society to have produced 415 and 376 pounds of milk, respectively, in 7 days in 1875, and "it took 7 to 8 quarts of milk to make a pound of butter on the average." 155 CHAPTER 8 BROWN SWISS IN AMERICA THE Goon reputation of Brown Swiss cattle preceded them to the United States. Francis Botch wrote in 1861 that "in France, es- pecially, they [Brown Swiss cattle] are much esteemed, and at the agricultural show at Grignon we saw numbers of them in milk, and their performance at the pail compared favorable with those of the common short-horns which were considered the best milkers in the establishment." Henry M. Clark of Belmont, Massachusetts, visited Switzerland in 1869. He bought a bull and seven heifers through Gottfried Burgi about Mount Rigi and in Canton Schwyz. One heifer dropped a bull calf. These cattle received prizes from the Worcester Agricul- tural Society in 1873, 1874, and 1875. Christine 6 and Geneva 7 were reported by the Society to have produced 415 and 376 pounds of milk, respectively, in 7 days in 1875, and "it took 7 to 8 quarts of milk to make a pound of butter on the average." 155 CHAPTER 8 BROWN SWISS IN AMERICA THE Goon reputation of Brown Swiss cattle preceded them to the United States. Francis Botch wrote in 1861 that "in France, es- pecially, they [Brown Swiss cattle] are much esteemed, and at the agricultural show at Grignon we saw numbers of them in milk, and their performance at the pail compared favorable with those of the common short-horns which were considered the best milkers in the establishment." Henry M. Clark of Belmont, Massachusetts, visited Switzerland in 1869. He bought a bull and seven heifers through Gottfried Burgi about Mount Rigi and in Canton Schwyz. One heifer dropped a bull calf. These cattle received prizes from the Worcester Agricul- tural Society in 1873, 1874, and 1875. Christine 6 and Geneva 7 were reported by the Society to have produced 415 and 376 pounds of milk, respectively, in 7 days in 1875, and "it took 7 to 8 quarts of milk to make a pound of butter on the average." 155  156 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 156 DAIRY CATTLE BEDS 156 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Ten other importations from Switzerland included 15 bulls and 111 females. Pregnant females dropped 15 bulls and 16 heifer calves that were registered. A foot-and-mouth disease embargo pre- vented further importations. However, six more bulls and a heifer came in four shipments via Mexico between 1908 and 1931. The foundation stock totalled 38 bulls and 135 females registered, from which the breed developed in the United States. A bull imported to Canada in April 1969 was registered so that his semen could be used for artificial breeding. BROWN SwIss AssoCsATsoN OF AMERICA Six breeders of Brown Swiss cattle attended the New England Fair at Worcester, Massachusetts, and organized the Brown Swiss As- sociation of America on September 8, 1880. Their interest was in maintaining authentic pedigrees and promoting the breed. The As- sociation name has been changed several times. It was incorporated under Wisconsin laws in 1925. The Association business was con- ducted in the secretary's home while the Association was small. Secretaries were located in Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York. and Wisconsin, in turn. The Association now is located at 800 Pleasant Street, Beloit, Wisconsin 53511. Officers are president, vice- president, and seven directors. Marvin L. Kruse succeeded Fred S. Idtse as secretary-treasurer in 1963; his address is P. O. Box 1019. Beloit, Wisconsin 53511. The officers and directors divided the United States into seven districts in 1941, and eight in 1968, with about equal membership. subject to revision each 5 years. A director is elected in each dis- trict to serve a 3-year term. The secretary and two field representa- tives were active in the extension program. There were 1,266 active, 2,746 inactive, 747 junior, and 27 hono- rary members in 1966. Life membership was obtained on recom- mendation of a member, approval of the directors, and payment of a $25 membership fee. Corporation membership in 1968 did not exceed 10 years and was renewable. Partnership membership termi- nated on any change in their organization, or death of a partner. Membership and herdbook privileges could be withdrawn by the Ten other importations from Switzerland included 15 bulls and 111 females. Pregnant females dropped 15 bulls and 16 heifer calves that were registered. A foot-and-mouth disease embargo pre- vented further importations. However, six more bulls and a heifer came in four shipments via Mexico between 1908 and 1931. The foundation stock totalled 38 bulls and 135 females registered, from which the breed developed in the United States. A bull imported to Canada in April 1969 was registered so that his semen could be used for artificial breeding. BROwN Swnss ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA Six breeders of Brown Swiss cattle attended the New England Fair at Worcester, Massachusetts, and organized the Brown Swiss As- sociation of America on September 8, 1880. Their interest was in maintaining authentic pedigrees and promoting the breed. The As- sociation name has been changed several times. It was incorporated under Wisconsin laws in 1925. The Association business was con- ducted in the secretary's home while the Association was small. Secretaries were located in Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York. and Wisconsin, in turn. The Association now is located at 800 Pleasant Street, Beloit, Wisconsin 53511. Officers are president, vice- president, and seven directors. Marvin L. Kruse succeeded Fred S. Idtse as secretary-treasurer in 1963; his address is P. O. Box 1019. Beloit, Wisconsin 53511. The officers and directors divided the United States into seven districts in 1941, and eight in 1968, with about equal membership. subject to revision each 5 years. A director is elected in each dis- trict to serve a 3-year term. The secretary and two field representa- tives were active in the extension program. There were 1,266 active, 2,746 inactive, 747 junior, and 27 hono- rary members in 1966. Life membership was obtained on recom- mendation of a member, approval of the directors, and payment of a $25 membership fee. Corporation membership in 1968 did not exceed 10 years and was renewable. Partnership membership termi- nated on any change in their organization, or death of a partner. Membership and herdbook privileges could be withdrawn by the Ten other importations from Switzerland included 15 bulls and 111 females. Pregnant females dropped 15 bulls and 16 heifer calves that were registered. A foot-and-mouth disease embargo pre- vented further importations. However, six more bulls and a heifer came in four shipments via Mexico between 1908 and 1931. The foundation stock totalled 38 bulls and 135 females registered, from which the breed developed in the United States. A bull imported to Canada in April 1969 was registered so that his semen could be used for artificial breeding. BROwN SwIss ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA Six breeders of Brown Swiss cattle attended the New England Fair at Worcester, Massachusetts, and organized the Brown Swiss As- sociation of America on September 8, 1880. Their interest was in maintaining authentic pedigrees and promoting the breed. The As- sociation name has been changed several times. It was incorporated under Wisconsin laws in 1925. The Association business was con- ducted in the secretary's home while the Association was small. Secretaries were located in Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York. and Wisconsin, in turn. The Association now is located at 800 Pleasant Street, Beloit, Wisconsin 53511. Officers are president, vice- president, and seven directors. Marvin L. Kruse succeeded Fred S. Idtse as secretary-treasurer in 1963; his address is P. O. Box 1019. Beloit, Wisconsin 53511. The officers and directors divided the United States into seven districts in 1941, and eight in 1968, with about equal membership. subject to revision each 5 years. A director is elected in each dis- trict to serve a 3-year term. The secretary and two field representa- tives were active in the extension program. There were 1,266 active, 2,746 inactive, 747 junior, and 27 hono- rary members in 1966. Life membership was obtained on recom- mendation of a member, approval of the directors, and payment of a $25 membership fee. Corporation membership in 1968 did not exceed 10 years and was renewable. Partnership membership termi- nated on any change in their organization, or death of a partner. Membership and herdbook privileges could be withdrawn by the  Brown Swiss in America 157 Board of Directors for due cause, after a hearing. Junior member- ship privileges have been granted since November 1965. Annual meetings are held in November. Members may vote by proxy on an approved form filed with the secretary before the meeting. Proxies are voted according to the member's instructions. by a committee, or another member. Swiss RECORD A list of all imported Brown Swiss cattle and their descendants was published by the Association in 1880. The policy was: "Only such animals as are proved to have been imported from Switzer- land, or to have descended from such imported animals will be con- sidered thoroughbred." The pamphlet was named the Swiss Rec- ord. Volumes published in 1889, 1891, 1895, 1899, and 1901 were consolidated into Volume 1 in 1908. Twenty-five volumes were pub- lished before that form was discontinued. Compulsory ear tattooing to identify registered animals was adopted in 1940. Over 2,000 Brown Swiss have been exported to Cuba, Mexico, Central and South America, Canada, Iraq, Afghani- stan, and other countries. The Board of Directors approved the uniform rules of the Ameri- can Dairy Science Association and Purebred Dairy Cattle Associa- tion concerning artificial breeding, frozen semen, and blood antigen identification of animals conceived by artificial insemination. Colonel Harry of J. B., sons of Jane's Royal of Vernon, and other bulls exerted a wide influence on the breed through artificial serv- ices,. PROVISIONAL REGISTRATIONS The Purebred Dairy Cattle Association authorized study of an open herdbook system similar to those operating where the dairy breeds originated. Such a plan would allow owners of herds with lapsed registrations to re-establish purebred status, and some high grade animals to merit registration. The plan was adopted in 1953. Re- quirements for provisional registration involved four generations of females. A Foundation Cow of predominately Swiss characteris- tics and size was tattooed, and produced 10,000 pounds of milk, 400 Brown Swiss in America 157 Board of Directors for due cause, after a hearing. Junior member- ship privileges have been granted since November 1965. Annual meetings are held in November. Members may vote by proxy on an approved form filed with the secretary before the meeting. Proxies are voted according to the member's instructions. by a committee, or another member. Swiss RECORD A list of all imported Brown Swiss cattle and their descendants was published by the Association in 1880. The policy was: "Only such animals as are proved to have been imported from Switzer- land, or to have descended from such imported animals will be con- sidered thoroughbred." The pamphlet was named the Swiss Rec- ord. Volumes published in 1889, 1891, 1895, 1899, and 1901 were consolidated into Volume 1 in 1908. Twenty-five volumes were pub- lished before that form was discontinued. Compulsory ear tattooing to identify registered animals was adopted in 1940. Over 2,000 Brown Swiss have been exported to Cuba, Mexico, Central and South America, Canada, Iraq, Afghani- stan, and other countries. The Board of Directors approved the uniform rules of the Ameri- can Dairy Science Association and Purebred Dairy Cattle Associa- tion concerning artificial breeding, frozen semen, and blood antigen identification of animals conceived by artificial insemination. Colonel Harry of J. B., sons of Jane's Royal of Vernon, and other bulls exerted a wide influence on the breed through artificial serv- ices.n PROVISIONAL REGISTRATIONS The Purebred Dairy Cattle Association authorized study of an open herdbook system similar to those operating where the dairy breeds originated. Such a plan would allow owners of herds with lapsed registrations to re-establish purebred status, and some high grade animals to merit registration. The plan was adopted in 1953. Re- quirements for provisional registration involved four generations of females. A Foundation Cow of predominately Swiss characteris- tics and size was tattooed, and produced 10,000 pounds of milk, 400 Brown Swiss in America 157 Board of Directors for due cause, after a hearing. Junior member- ship privileges have been granted since November 1965. Annual meetings are held in November. Members may vote by proxy on an approved form filed with the secretary before the meeting. Proxies are voted according to the member's instructions. by a committee, or another member. Swiss RECORD A list of all imported Brown Swiss cattle and their descendants was published by the Association in 1880. The policy was: "Only such animals as are proved to have been imported from Switzer- land, or to have descended from such imported animals will be con- sidered thoroughbred." The pamphlet was named the Swiss Rec- ord. Volumes published in 1889, 1891, 1895, 1899, and 1901 were consolidated into Volume 1 in 1908. Twenty-five volumes were pub- lished before that form was discontinued. Compulsory ear tattooing to identify registered animals was adopted in 1940. Over 2,000 Brown Swiss have been exported to Cuba, Mexico, Central and South America, Canada, Iraq, Afghani- stan, and other countries. The Board of Directors approved the uniform rules of the Ameri- can Dairy Science Association and Purebred Dairy Cattle Associa- tion concerning artificial breeding, frozen semen, and blood antigen identification of animals conceived by artificial insemination. Colonel Harry of J. B., sons of Jane's Royal of Vernon, and other bulls exerted a wide influence on the breed through artificial serv- ices. PRovISIONAL REGISTRATIONS The Purebred Dairy Cattle Association authorized study of an open herdbook system similar to those operating where the dairy breeds originated. Such a plan would allow owners of herds with lapsed registrations to re-establish purebred status, and some high grade animals to merit registration. The plan was adopted in 1953. Re- quirements for provisional registration involved four generations of females. A Foundation Cow of predominately Swiss characteris- tics and size was tattooed, and produced 10,000 pounds of milk, 400  158 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS pounds of butterfat in 305 days on a 2X mature equivalent basis. Her type was at least Good Plus in major breakdown ratings. Matings through two generations required a registered bull of equal producing transmission. The Third Generation Cow met these re- quirements, plus production of 11,500 pounds of milk, 450 pounds of butterfat, and a Very Good mammary system. This cow qualified for full registration. Eight animals qualified as Foundation Cows in 1954. Their type ratings included one Excellent, six Very Good, and one Good Plus animal. Seven heifer calves were reported as First Generation females, and one as a Second Generation heifer calf. One cow became registered. Opposition and solicitation of proxy votes gave a majority vote at the 1958 annual meeting to discontinue provisional registration. The Board of Directors closed this provision on November 13. 1958. without affecting previous entries. PROPOSED IDENTITY ENROLLMENT In April 1968 the Board of Directors of the Purebred Cattle Asso- ciation recommended a plan for provisional registration to the mem- bers whereby the sires of unregistered Brown Swiss cows might be- come known. Nearly half the official DHIA production records were unusable for the breed because the sires were not identified. This loss reduced numbers of records usable for USDA Sire Summaries that contribute to breed progress. The Association president ap- pointed nine persons prominent in related dairy fields: Ray Denken- bring, Richard Kellogg, Thomas Lyons, Norman E. Magnussen. Miles McCarry, C. E. Meadows, Eugene Meyer, Robert Schroeder, and Donald E. Voelker-with Directors Bernard Monson, Howard Voegeli, and former secretary Fred S. Idtse-to consider the prob- lem. They concluded that a reliable system of identifying unregis- tered Swiss cows was needed urgently and that it must be simple and expeditious. At least 10,000 unregistered Brown Swiss cows are on DHIA test, with many owners interested in advancement. The Board proposed a program of three steps: Step 1. A cow of Brown Swiss characteristics would be inspected by an Association representative for color and conformation. An ear tag with official identification number would be inserted, recorded 158 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDs pounds of butterfat in 305 days on a 2X mature equivalent basis. Her type was at least Good Plus in major breakdown ratings. Matings through two generations required a registered bull of equal producing transmission. The Third Generation Cow met these re- quirements, plus production of 11,500 pounds of milk, 450 pounds of butterfat, and a Very Good mammary system. This cow qualified for full registration. Eight animals qualified as Foundation Cows in 1954. Their type ratings included one Excellent, six Very Good, and one Good Plus animal. Seven heifer calves were reported as First Generation females, and one as a Second Generation heifer calf. One cow became registered. Opposition and solicitation of proxy votes gave a majority vote at the 1958 annual meeting to discontinue provisional registration. The Board of Directors closed this provision on November 13, 1958. without affecting previous entries. PROPOSED IDENTITY ENROLLMENT In April 1968 the Board of Directors of the Purebred Cattle Asso- ciation recommended a plan for provisional registration to the mem- bers whereby the sires of unregistered Brown Swiss cows might be- come known. Nearly half the official DHIA production records were unusable for the breed because the sires were not identified. This loss reduced numbers of records usable for USDA Sire Summaries that contribute to breed progress. The Association president ap- pointed nine persons prominent in related dairy fields: Ray Denken- bring, Richard Kellogg, Thomas Lyons, Norman E. Magnussen, Miles McCarry, C. E. Meadows, Eugene Meyer, Robert Schroeder, and Donald E. Voelker-with Directors Bernard Monson, Howard Voegeli, and former secretary Fred S. Idtse-to consider the prob- lem. They concluded that a reliable system of identifying unregis- tered Swiss cows was needed urgently and that it must be simple and expeditious. At least 10,000 unregistered Brown Swiss cows are on DHIA test, with many owners interested in advancement. The Board proposed a program of three steps: Step 1. A cow of Brown Swiss characteristics would be inspected by an Association representative for color and conformation. An ear tag with official identification number would be inserted, recorded 158 DAIBY CATTLE BREEDS pounds of butterfat in 305 days on a 2X mature equivalent basis. Her type was at least Good Plus in major breakdown ratings. Matings through two generations required a registered bull of equal producing transmission. The Third Generation Cow met these re- quirements, plus production of 11,500 pounds of milk, 450 pounds of butterfat, and a Very Good mammary system. This cow qualified for full registration. Eight animals qualified as Foundation Cows in 1954. Their type ratings included one Excellent, six Very Good, and one Good Plus animal. Seven heifer calves were reported as First Generation females, and one as a Second Generation heifer calf. One cow became registered. Opposition and solicitation of proxy votes gave a majority vote at the 1958 annual meeting to discontinue provisional registration. The Board of Directors closed this provision on November 13, 1958, without affecting previous entries. PROPOSED IDENTITY ENROLLMENT In April 1968 the Board of Directors of the Purebred Cattle Asso- ciation recommended a plan for provisional registration to the mem- bers whereby the sires of unregistered Brown Swiss cows might be- come known. Nearly half the official DHIA production records were unusable for the breed because the sires were not identified. This loss reduced numbers of records usable for USDA Sire Summaries that contribute to breed progress. The Association president ap- pointed nine persons prominent in related dairy fields: Ray Denken- bring, Richard Kellogg, Thomas Lyons, Norman E. Magnussen, Miles McCarry, C. E. Meadows, Eugene Meyer, Robert Schroeder. and Donald E. Voelker-with Directors Bernard Monson, Howard Voegeli, and former secretary Fred S. Idtse-to consider the prob- lem. They concluded that a reliable system of identifying unregis- tered Swiss cows was needed urgently and that it must be simple and expeditious. At least 10,000 unregistered Brown Swiss cows are on DHIA test, with many owners interested in advancement. The Board proposed a program of three steps: Step 1. A cow of Brown Swiss characteristics would be inspected by an Association representative for color and conformation. An ear tag with official identification number would be inserted, recorded  Brown Swiss in America 159 in the Association office, and a certificate issued at a fee. A female fetus or daughters then in the herd also would be subject to Step 1. (In November, 1970, the Board of Managers ruled that female fetuses with correct breeding identification were eligible for Step 2.) Step 2. Subsequent female offspring by a registered Brown Swiss bull would be eligible for entry under present rules in the Identity Enrollment Herd Book with the prefix C.I.E. (Certified Identity Enrollment) preceding the name, and she must exceed breed aver- age in production. Step 3. A female in the Identity Enrollment Herd Book, meeting production and at least Good Plus in classification would have "Certified" stamped on her Identity Enrollment certificate. Pro- duction and type classification requirements will be based on Cow Indexes as soon as these indexes are available for registered cows on DHIA-DHIR test and official type classification. Progeny of C.I.E. Dams, sired by a registered Brown Swiss bull would be eli- gible for entry in the official herdbook by a transfer fee. The Direc- tors reserved the right to cancel certificates of animals that in their sole judgment fell below desired qualifications. Active members voted in favor of Identity Enrollment, which the Board of Directors then approved unanimously. Secretary Marvin L. Kruse inspected the first Swiss cow during the Florida Dairy Conference at Gainesville on May 14, 1969. Two 4-H Club heifers also were inspected as typical of Brown Swiss characteristics. THE SHOw Brown Swiss cattle have appeared at shows in the United States since 1873. They were displayed as "dual-purpose" cattle because of size. The Association voted in 1906 to promote Swiss as a strictly dairy breed to compete at the National Dairy Show. They have been shown as a dairy breed since 1907. The first scale of points was published in an enlarged Volume 1 of the Swiss Record in 1889, based on 100 points for perfection. The scale of points was revised in 1912, 1930, and 1939 and then re- placed by the unified Scale of Points approved by the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association in 1942. The unified Scale of Points was Brown Swiss in America 159 in the Association office, and a certificate issued at a fee. A female fetus or daughters then in the herd also would be subject to Step 1. (In November, 1970, the Board of Managers ruled that female fetuses with correct breeding identification were eligible for Step 2.) Step 2. Subsequent female offspring by a registered Brown Swiss bull would be eligible for entry under present rules in the Identity Enrollment Herd Book with the prefix C.I.E. (Certified Identity Enrollment) preceding the name, and she must exceed breed aver- age in production. Step 3. A female in the Identity Enrollment Herd Book, meeting production and at least Good Plus in classification would have "Certified" stamped on her Identity Enrollment certificate. Pro- duction and type classification requirements will be based on Cow Indexes as soon as these indexes are available for registered cows on DHIA-DHIR test and official type classification. Progeny of C.I.E. Dams, sired by a registered Brown Swiss bull would be eli- gible for entry in the official herdbook by a transfer fee. The Direc- tors reserved the right to cancel certificates of animals that in their sole judgment fell below desired qualifications. Active members voted in favor of Identity Enrollment, which the Board of Directors then approved unanimously. Secretary Marvin L. Kruse inspected the first Swiss cow during the Florida Dairy Conference at Gainesville on May 14, 1969. Two 4-H Club heifers also were inspected as typical of Brown Swiss characteristics. THE SHOw Brown Swiss cattle have appeared at shows in the United States since 1873. They were displayed as "dual-purpose" cattle because of size. The Association voted in 1906 to promote Swiss as a strictly dairy breed to compete at the National Dairy Show. They have been shown as a dairy breed since 1907. The first scale of points was published in an enlarged Volume 1 of the Swiss Record in 1889, based on 100 points for perfection. The scale of points was revised in 1912, 1930, and 1939 and then re- placed by the unified Scale of Points approved by the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association in 1942. The unified Scale of Points was Brown Swiss in America 159 in the Association office, and a certificate issued at a fee. A female fetus or daughters then in the herd also would be subject to Step 1. (In November, 1970, the Board of Managers ruled that female fetuses with correct breeding identification weere eligible for Step 2.) Step 2. Subsequent female offspring by a registered Brown Swiss bull would be eligible for entry under present rules in the Identity Enrollment Herd Book with the prefix C.I.E. (Certified Identity Enrollment) preceding the name, and she must exceed breed aver- age in production. Step 3. A female in the Identity Enrollment Herd Book, meeting production and at least Good Plus in classification would have "Certified" stamped on her Identity Enrollment certificate. Pro- duction and type classification requirements will be based on Cow Indexes as soon as these indexes are available for registered cows on DHIA-DHIR test and official type classification. Progeny of C.I.E. Dams, sired by a registered Brown Swiss bull would be eli- gible for entry in the official herdbook by a transfer fee. The Direc- tors reserved the right to cancel certificates of animals that in their sole judgment fell below desired qualifications. Active members voted in favor of Identity Enrollment, which the Board of Directors then approved unanimously. Secretary Marvin L. Kruse inspected the first Swiss cow during the Florida Dairy Conference at Gainesville on May 14, 1969. Two 4-H Club heifers also were inspected as typical of Brown Swiss characteristics. THE SHOw Brown Swiss cattle have appeared at shows in the United States since 1873. They were displayed as "dual-purpose" cattle because of size. The Association voted in 1906 to promote Swiss as a strictly dairy breed to compete at the National Dairy Show. They have been shown as a dairy breed since 1907. The first scale of points was published in an enlarged Volume 1 of the Swiss Record in 1889, based on 100 points for perfection. The scale of points was revised in 1912, 1930, and 1939 and then re- placed by the unified Scale of Points approved by the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association in 1942. The unified Scale of Points was  160 D AI R Y CATTLE BREEDS revised in 1957 by redistribution of the points and modified descrip- tions. H. E. Goode described influence of the shows thus: [In type] a general change has been noted.... The coarse head has given way to one of more refinement, which is in- dicative of the dairy quality. The heavy shoulder has been re- fined, the topline straightened, the rump elevated, the thighs thinned, the udder has become attached high behind and ex- tended farther forward, and the teats have been spread and reduced to a more convenient size. These changes have been added to the general dairy appearance of the breed and fortu- nately neither size, constitution, nor capacity has been sacri- ficed. ... the show yard started the Brown Swiss on the rapid road toward improvement in dairy characteristics and the official test has been the factor which has demonstrated the produc- tivity of the breed. Canton shows in the United States with Brown Swiss cattle were initiated by Fred S. Idtse in Wisconsin on May 21, 1938, patterned after Jersey "parish" shows and the earlier black-and-white shows in Utah. Educational judging contests at the canton shows have in- creased interest in desirable dairy type. A Bell Ringer program was begun in 1957 to recognize Brown Swiss animals of desirable type even if displayed at only a single canton or state show. The goal was to support canton shows and recognize desirable individuals. Owners submitted glossy photo- graphs of winning animals, which were judged by a committee of canton show judges in each state. Photographs of winning Bell Ringer animals have been the subjects of an annual national Bell Ringer judging contest. Winners are announced at the annual meet- ing of the Association in November. MODEL SwIsS Cow In 1928 R. C. Keister of Chicago was paid $500 to paint a model Brown Swiss cow. He studied photographs of noted animals, guided by officers and directors and by his visits to good Swiss herds. A pre- liminary painting was displayed before a group of breeders at the National Dairy Show in 1930. The model was approved after minor 160 DAI IRY CATTLE BREEDS revised in 1957 by redistribution of the points and modified descrip- tions. H. E. Goode described influence of the shows thus: [In type] a general change has been noted.... The coarse head has given way to one of more refinement, which is in- dicative of the dairy quality. The heavy shoulder has been re- fined, the topline straightened, the rump elevated, the thighs thinned, the udder has become attached high behind and ex- tended farther forward, and the teats have been spread and reduced to a more convenient size. These changes have been added to the general dairy appearance of the breed and fortu- nately neither size, constitution, nor capacity has been sacri- ficed. ... the show yard started the Brown Swiss on the rapid road toward improvement in dairy characteristics and the official test has been the factor which has demonstrated the produc- tivity of the breed. Canton shows in the United States with Brown Swiss cattle were initiated by Fred S. Idtse in Wisconsin on May 21, 1938, patterned after Jersey "parish" shows and the earlier black-and-white shows in Utah. Educational judging contests at the canton shows have in- creased interest in desirable dairy type. A Bell Ringer program was begun in 1957 to recognize Brown Swiss animals of desirable type even if displayed at only a single canton or state show. The goal was to support canton shows and recognize desirable individuals. Owners submitted glossy photo- graphs of winning animals, which were judged by a committee of canton show judges in each state. Photographs of winning Bell Ringer animals have been the subjects of an annual national Bell Ringer judging contest. Winners are announced at the annual meet- ing of the Association in November. MODEL SwIsS Cow In 1928 R. C. Keister of Chicago was paid $500 to paint a model Brown Swiss cow. He studied photographs of noted animals, guided by officers and directors and by his visits to good Swiss herds. A pre- liminary painting was displayed before a group of breeders at the National Dairy Show in 1930. The model was approved after minor 100 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS revised in 1957 by redistribution of the points and modified descrip- tions. H. E. Goode described influence of the shows thus: [In type] a general change has been noted.... The coarse head has given way to one of more refinement, which is in- dicative of the dairy quality. The heavy shoulder has been re- fined, the topline straightened, the rump elevated, the thighs thinned, the udder has become attached high behind and ex- tended farther forward, and the teats have been spread and reduced to a more convenient size. These changes have been added to the general dairy appearance of the breed and fortu- nately neither size, constitution, nor capacity has been sacri- ficed. ... the show yard started the Brown Swiss on the rapid road toward improvement in dairy characteristics and the official test has been the factor which has demonstrated the produc- tivity of the breed. Canton shows in the United States with Brown Swiss cattle were initiated by Fred S. Idtse in Wisconsin on May 21, 1938, patterned after Jersey "parish" shows and the earlier black-and-white shows in Utah. Educational judging contests at the canton shows have in- creased interest in desirable dairy type. A Bell Ringer program was begun in 1957 to recognize Brown Swiss animals of desirable type even if displayed at only a single canton or state show. The goal was to support canton shows and recognize desirable individuals. Owners submitted glossy photo- graphs of winning animals, which were judged by a committee of canton show judges in each state. Photographs of winning Bell Ringer animals have been the subjects of an annual national Bell Ringer judging contest. Winners are announced at the annual meet- ing of the Association in November. MODEL SwISS COw In 1928 R. C. Keister of Chicago was paid $500 to paint a model Brown Swiss cow. He studied photographs of noted animals, guided by officers and directors and by his visits to good Swiss herds. A pre- liminary painting was displayed before a group of breeders at the National Dairy Show in 1930. The model was approved after minor  Brown Swiss in America 161 changes at the annual meeting in 1930. A four-color picture ap- peared in The Brown Swiss Bulletin of January 1931. The model cow was patterned after no particular animal, yet it bore close resemblance to the noted producer and show winner prominent at the time-Hawthorn Dairy Maid 6753. The model stressed size of udder, dairy temperament, and style in advance of many cows of the breed. The purpose of the model was an attempt to unify judging standards, which had been criticized previously. The first judging conference sponsored by the Association was held in 1942 at two canton shows in Wisconsin. A new model cow planned by Vernon Hull, Paul Bennetch, and Fred Gauntt and prepared by Displaymasters, Inc., of New Jersey, was approved in March 1955. This scale model embodied improve- ments in dairy character and mammary development patterned after Jane of Vernon and her descendants. HERD CLASSIFICA'TION Herd classification was adopted by the Brown Swiss Association in November 1942 after it was tried unofficially in Illinois. Herd clas- sification was described: "as valuable as the show ring has been and will continue to be in focusing the attention . .. on desirable type.. .. Only a small percentage of animals are shown, and in the show ring judging is done on a comparative basis and no attempt is made to classify the individual animals in terms of the breed score card." Type classification measured the degree of excellence in type as compared with an ideal. It furnished a permanent record of desir- able characters and faults of individual animals. Registration certifi- cates of animals that classified Poor were cancelled, and only fe- male progeny were registered from Fair animals. Four leading judges were appointed as official classifiers: F. W. Atkeson, Elmer Hanson, C. S. Rhode, and James Hilton. They worked together in four herds in Illinois and Wisconsin to develop uniform methods. A "breakdown" classification rated anatomical parts of each animal separately, improving over the system used earlier with Ayrshire, Holstein-Friesian, and Jersey cattle. The class- ification plan follows. Brown Swiss in America 161 changes at the annual meeting in 1930. A four-color picture ap- peared in The Brown Swiss Bulletin of January 1931. The model cow was patterned after no particular animal, yet it bore close resemblance to the noted producer and show winner prominent at the time-Hawthorn Dairy Maid 6753. The model stressed size of udder, dairy temperament, and style in advance of many cows of the breed. The purpose of the model was an attempt to unify judging standards, which had been criticized previously. The first judging conference sponsored by the Association was held in 1942 at two canton shows in Wisconsin. A new model cow planned by Vernon Hull, Paul Bennetch, and Fred Gauntt and prepared by Displaymasters, Inc., of New Jersey, was approved in March 1955. This scale model embodied improve- ments in dairy character and mammary development patterned after Jane of Vernon and her descendants. HERD CLASSIFICATION Herd classification was adopted by the Brown Swiss Association in November 1942 after it was tried unofficially in Illinois. Herd clas- sification was described: "as valuable as the show ring has been and will continue to be in focusing the attention . .. on desirable type.... Only a small percentage of animals are shown, and in the show ring judging is done on a comparative basis and no attempt is made to classify the individual animals in terms of the breed score card." Type classification measured the degree of excellence in type as compared with an ideal. It furnished a permanent record of desir- able characters and faults of individual animals. Registration certifi- cates of animals that classified Poor were cancelled, and only fe- male progeny were registered from Fair animals. Four leading judges were appointed as official classifiers: F. W. Atkeson, Elmer Hanson, C. S. Rhode, and James Hilton. They worked together in four herds in Illinois and Wisconsin to develop uniform methods. A "breakdown" classification rated anatomical parts of each animal separately, improving over the system used earlier with Ayrshire, Holstein-Friesian, and Jersey cattle. The class- ification plan follows. Brown Swiss in America 161 changes at the annual meeting in 1930. A four-color picture ap- peared in The Brown Swiss Bulletin of January 1931. The model cow was patterned after no particular animal, yet it bore close resemblance to the noted producer and show winner prominent at the time-Hawthorn Dairy Maid 6753. The model stressed size of udder, dairy temperament, and style in advance of many cows of the breed. The purpose of the model was an attempt to unify judging standards, which had been criticized previously. The first judging conference sponsored by the Association was held in 1942 at two canton shows in Wisconsin. A new model cow planned by Vernon Hull, Paul Bennetch, and Fred Gauntt and prepared by Displaymasters, Inc., of New Jersey, was approved in March 1955. This scale model embodied improve- ments in dairy character and mammary development patterned after Jane of Vernon and her descendants. HED CLASSIFICATION Herd classification was adopted by the Brown Swiss Association in November 1942 after it was tried unoficially in Illinois. Herd clas- sification was described: "as valuable as the show ring has been and will continue to be in focusing the attention . .. on desirable type... .Only a small percentage of animals are shown, and in the show ring judging is done on a comparative basis and no attempt is made to classify the individual animals in terms of the breed score card." Type classification measured the degree of excellence in type as compared with an ideal. It furnished a permanent record of desir- able characters and faults of individual animals. Registration certifi- cates of animals that classified Poor were cancelled, and only fe- male progeny were registered from Fair animals. Four leading judges were appointed as official classifiers: F. W. Atkeson, Elmer Hanson, C. S. Rhode, and James Hilton. They worked together in four herds in Illinois and Wisconsin to develop uniform methods. A "breakdown" classification rated anatomical parts of each animal separately, improving over the system used earlier with Ayrshire, Holstein-Friesian, and Jersey cattle. The class- ification plan follows.  162 D A IRY C AT T LE B REE D S 162 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 162 D A IRY CAT T LE B RE ED S Excellent Very Good Good Plus Good Fair Poor (E) (VG) (GP) (G) (F) (P) Score of animal (points ) 90 or more 85-89 80-84 70-79 60-69 Fewer than 60 Revised score (points) 75-79 65-74 Fewer than 65 Rating Excellent (E) Very Good (VG) Good Plus (GP) Good (G) Fair (F) Poor (P) Score of animal (points) 90 or more 85-89 80-84 70-79 60-69 0 Fewer than 60 Revised score (points) 75-79 65-74 Fewer than 6.: Excellent (E) Very Good (VG) Good Plus (GP) Good (G) Fair (F) Poor (P) Score of animal (points) 90 or more 85-89 80-84 70-79 60-69 Fewer than 60 Revised score (points) 75-79 65-74 Fewer than 65 Experience soon showed need to increase the scores of Good, Fair, and Poor classes. Detailed ratings were published, based on the four main divisions of the unified dairy scorecard adopted in 1942. These were: General appearance 30 points Legs and feet Rump Dairy character 20 points Body capacity 20 points Mammary system 30 points Fore udder Rear udder All females in the herd past 3 years old are classified, but classifi- cations for bulls are optional with the owner. A cow classsfied Ex- cellent may be re-inspected after an interval of 12 months or more for reclassification. Animals rating Excellent may be rerated Excel- lent up to five times (three times under 10 years old). Criticism of mammary development may be indicated in remarks for loose attachment, L.A.; undesirable teat placement, T.P.; or ob- jectionable teat, O.T. Congenital defects (present at birth) are in- dicated, such as crampy legs, C.L.; blindness, B.; wry-tail, W.; wre- face, W.F.; cross-eyes, C.E.; parrot mouth, P.M.; wing shoulders. W.S.; or screw tail, S.T. An animal found to be a "weaver" is clas- sified Poor. Undersized animals are marked "small" in remarks, and reduced one point in the final rating. An increasing proportion of animals are rating Excellent and Very Good, with smaller proportions among the Good Plus, Good, Fair, and Poor ratings. The breakdown classifications were published in The Brown Swiss Bulletin in groups under the sire, and in the Records of Production and Type Classification of Brown Swiss Cattle. This practice allows breeders to study type characters of different families for use in selecting breeding animals. Experience soon showed need to increase the scores of Good, Fair, and Poor classes. Detailed ratings were published, based on the four main divisions of the unified dairy scorecard adopted in 1942. These were: General appearance 30 points Legs and feet Rump Dairy character 20 points Body capacity 20 points Mammary system 30 points Fore udder Rear udder All females in the herd past 3 years old are classified, but classifi- cations for bulls are optional with the owner. A cow classified Ex- cellent may be re-inspected after an interval of 12 months or more for reclassification. Animals rating Excellent may be rerated Excel- lent up to five times (three times under 10 years old). Criticism of mammary development may be indicated in remarks for loose attachment, L.A.; undesirable teat placement, T.P.; or ob- jectionable teat, O.T. Congenital defects (present at birth) are in- dicated, such as crampy legs, C.L.; blindness, B.; wry-tail, W.; wr- face, W.F.; cross-eyes, C.E.; parrot mouth, P.M.; wing shoulders, W.S.; or screw tail, S.T. An animal found to be a "weaver" is clas- sified Poor. Undersized animals are marked "small" in remarks, and reduced one point in the final rating. An increasing proportion of animals are rating Excellent and Very Good, with smaller proportions among the Good Plus, Good, Fair, and Poor ratings. The breakdown classifications were published in The Brown Swiss Bulletin in groups under the sire, and in the Records of Production and Type Classification of Brown Swiss Cattle. This practice allows breeders to study type characters of different families for use in selecting breeding animals. Experience soon showed need to increase the scores of Good, Fair, and Poor classes. Detailed ratings were published, based on the four main divisions of the unified dairy scorecard adopted in 1942. These were: General appearance Legs and feet Rump Dairy character Body capacity Mammary system Fore udder Rear udder 30 points 20 points 20 points 30 points All females in the herd past 3 years old are classified, but classifi- cations for bulls are optional with the owner. A cow classified Ex- cellent may be re-inspected after an interval of 12 months or more for reclassification. Animals rating Excellent may be rerated Excel- lent up to five times (three times under 10 years old). Criticism of mammary development may be indicated in remarks for loose attachment, L.A.; undesirable teat placement, T.P.; or ob- jectionable teat, O.T. Congenital defects (present at birth) are in- dicated, such as crampy legs, C.L.; blindness, B.; wry-tail, W.; wry- face, W.F.; cross-eyes, C.E.; parrot mouth, P.M.; wing shoulders, W.S.; or screw tail, S.T. An animal found to be a "weaver" is clas- sified Poor. Undersized animals are marked "small" in remarks, and reduced one point in the final rating. An increasing proportion of animals are rating Excellent and Very Good, with smaller proportions among the Good Plus, Good, Fair, and Poor ratings. The breakdown classifications were published in The Brown Swiss Bulletin in groups under the sire, and in the Records of Production and Type Classification of Brown Swiss Cattle. This practice allows breeders to study type characters of different families for use in selecting breeding animals.  Brown Swiss in America 163 Secretary Fred S. Idtse prophesied in The Brown Swiss Bulletin of February 1943 that "just as a cow's production is used and of value in pedigree long after she is gone, her oficial type rating will also be used and of value." The breakdown rating and remarks of an animal's weakness and desirable characteristics allowed analysis of the conformation. It was an advance over previous methods. The strong characters, revealed from the averages of classification scores are dairy character, body capacity, legs, and feet. All three charac- ters have been improved in recent years. Udder attachment also has TABLE 8.1 PERCENTAGE OF BROWN SwISS wrTH BREAKDOwN RATINGS OF PoOR TO EXCELLENT IN TYPE GLASSIFICATION 1942-57 1942-65 1966-67a E, VG E, VG E VG G+ G F P Legs and feet 35.66 44.28 9.34 45.23 35.11 7.75 2.27 0.29 Rump 27.60 34.93 7.11 34.32 38.48 14.97 4.78 0.34 Dairy character 51.80 64.91 24.96 53.62 19.25 1.97 0.19 Body capacity 42.97 55.09 18.26 51.20 27.34 3.01 0.19 Fore udder 24.52 31.88 7.32 32.61 37.53 15.47 6.24 0.83 Rear udder 27.51 35.59 8.87 37.49 36.38 13.33 3.76 0.17 Key: E, Excellent; VG, Very Good; G+, Good Plus; G, Good; F, Fair; P, Poor. a. 4,711 Brown Swiss were rated for the first time, excluding 2E, 3E, etc. been improved. Part of these improvements can be attributed to transmitting ability of Jane of Vernon and her descendants. These improvements are shown in Table 8.1. Effective in April 1967 the Excellent rating may be conferred up to five times, as follows: under 5 years, Excellent; 5 or more years, 2E; 9 or more years, 3E; 12 or more years, 4E; 15 or more years, 5E. This plan recognized retention of desirable type to advanced age. The Brown Swiss Descriptive Type Classification was modified in April 1968 with 12 subdivisions: Stature-upstanding, intermediate, low set. Front end-shoulders smoothly blended, chest strong and wide; de- sirable strength and width; coarse shoulders and neck; narrow and weak. Back and loin-straight, full crops, strong wide loin; straight, weak crops; low front end; weak loin and/or back. Brown Swiss in America 163 Secretary Fred S. Idtse prophesied in The Brown Swiss Bulletin of February 1943 that "just as a cow's production is used and of value in pedigree long after she is gone, her official type rating will also be used and of value." The breakdown rating and remarks of an animal's weakness and desirable characteristics allowed analysis of the conformation. It was an advance over previous methods. The strong characters, revealed from the averages of classification scores are dairy character, body capacity, legs, and feet. All three charac- ters have been improved in recent years. Udder attachment also has TABLE 8.1 PERCENTAGE OFr BROWN WIS n BREAKDOwN RATINS OF PooR TO EXCELLENT IN TYPE CLASSIFICATION 1942-57 1942-65 1966-67- E, VG E, VG E VG G+ G F P Legs and feet 35.66 44.28 9.34 45.23 35.11 7.75 2.27 0.29 Rump 27.60 34.93 7.11 34.32 38.48 14.97 4.78 0.34 Dairy character 51.80 64.91 24.96 53.62 19.25 1.97 0.19 Body capacity 42.97 55.09 18.26 51.20 27.34 3.01 0.19 Fore udder 24.52 31.88 7.32 32.61 37.53 15.47 6.24 0.83 Rear udder 27.51 35.59 8.87 37.49 36.38 13.33 3.76 0.17 Key: E, Excellent; VG, Very Good; G+, Good Plus; G, Good; F, Fair; P, Poor. a. 4,711 Brown Swiss were rated for the first time, excluding 2E, 3E, etc. been improved. Part of these improvements can be attributed to transmitting ability of Jane of Vernon and her descendants. These improvements are shown in Table 8.1. Effective in April 1967 the Excellent rating may be conferred up to five times, as follows: under 5 years, Excellent; 5 or more years, 2E; 9 or more years, 3E; 12 or more years, 4E; 15 or more years, 5E. This plan recognized retention of desirable type to advanced age. The Brown Swiss Descriptive Type Classification was modified in April 1968 with 12 subdivisions: Stature-upstanding, intermediate, low set. Front end-shoulders smoothly blended, chest strong and wide; de- sirable strength and width; coarse shoulders and neck; narrow and weak. Back and loin-straight, full crops, strong wide loin; straight, weak crops; low front end; weak loin and/or back. Brown Swiss in America 163 Secretary Fred S. Idtse prophesied in The Brown Swiss Bulletin of February 1943 that "just as a cow's production is used and of value in pedigree long after she is gone, her official type rating will also be used and of value." The breakdown rating and remarks of an animal's weakness and desirable characteristics allowed analysis of the conformation. It was an advance over previous methods. The strong characters, revealed from the averages of classification scores are dairy character, body capacity, legs, and feet. All three charac- ters have been improved in recent years. Udder attachment also has TABLE 8.1 PERCENTAGE OF BROwN Swiss wrrH BREAKDOWN RATINGS OF PooR TO EXCELLENT IN TYPE CLASSIFICATION 1942-57 1942-65 1966-67- E, VG E, VG E VG G+ G F P Legs and feet 35.66 44.28 9.34 45.23 35.11 7.75 2.27 0.29 Rump 27.60 34.93 7.11 34.32 38.48 14.97 4.78 0.34 Dairy character 51.80 64.91 24.96 53.62 19.25 1.97 0.19 Body capacity 42.97 55.09 18.26 51.20 27.34 3.01 0.19 Fore udder 24.52 31.88 7.32 32.61 37.53 15.47 6.24 0.83 Rear udder 27.51 35.59 8.87 37.49 36.38 13.33 3.76 0.17 Key: E, Excellent; VG, Very Good; C+, Good Plus; G, Good; F, Fair; P, Poor, a. 4,711 Brown Swiss were rated for the first time, excluding 2E, 3E, etc. been improved. Part of these improvements can be attributed to transmitting ability of Jane of Vernon and her descendants. These improvements are shown in Table 8.1. Effective in April 1967 the Excellent rating may be conferred up to five times, as follows: under 5 years, Excellent; 5 or more years, 2E; 9 or more years, 3E; 12 or more years, 4E; 15 or more years, 5E. This plan recognized retention of desirable type to advanced age. The Brown Swiss Descriptive Type Classification was modified in April 1968 with 12 subdivisions: Stature-upstanding, intermediate, low set. Front end-shoulders smoothly blended, chest strong and wide; de- sirable strength and width; coarse shoulders and neck; narrow and weak. Back and loin-straight, full crops, strong wide loin; straight, weak crops; low front end; weak loin and/or back.  164 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Rump-long and wide, nearly level; medium width, length, or level- ness; high and/or coarse tail head; narrow, especially at pins: sloping. Hind legs-strong, clean, flat bone, squarely placed, clean flat thighs acceptable; sickled and/or close at hock; bone too light or refined; coarse or blemished hock. Feet-strong, well-formed; acceptable, with no serious faults; front feet toe out; shallow heel; weak pastern. Fore udder-moderate length and firmly attached; moderate length. acceptable attachment; short; bulgy or loose; broken and/or very faulty. Rear udder-firmly attached, high and wide; intermediate in height and width; low attached but firm; narrow and pinched; loosely attached and/or broken. Udder support and floor-strong suspensory ligament and clearly defined halving; acceptable; floor too low, tilted and/or uneven floor; broken suspensory ligament and/or weak floor. Udder quality-soft and pliable; intermediate; could not determine: meaty, persistent edema. Teat size and shape-plumb, desirable length and size and squarely placed; acceptable, no serious fault; wide front teats; other unde- sirable teat placement; objectionable teats size and shape. Miscellaneous terms-dry; small, frail; OCS; blindness; cross-eyed; parrot jaw; wry-face; wing shoulders; post legged (too straight): crampy legs; spread toes; wry-tail; screw tail; weaver; udder quartered; other notes. The description was entered on the classification report by coded numbers. PRODUCTION RECORDs The earliest production records of Brown Swiss cows in the United States (for the cows Christine 6 and Geneva 7) were published by the Worcester Agricultural Society in Massachusetts in 1875. Several breeders kept private records. Bessie 11 produced 82,274 pounds of milk in 10 years (1878-87). During 3 of these years she was credited with 1,683 3/4 pounds of butter churned from her milk. 164 DArRY CATTLE BREEDS Rump-long and wide, nearly level; medium width, length, or level- ness; high and/or coarse tail head; narrow, especially at pins: sloping. Hind legs-strong, clean, flat bone, squarely placed, clean flat thighs acceptable; sickled and/or close at hock; bone too light or refined; coarse or blemished hock. Feet-strong, well-formed; acceptable, with no serious faults; front feet toe out; shallow heel; weak pastern. Fore udder-moderate length and firmly attached; moderate length. acceptable attachment; short; bulgy or loose; broken and/or very faulty. Rear udder-firmly attached, high and wide; intermediate in height and width; low attached but firm; narrow and pinched; loosely attached and/or broken. Udder support and floor-strong suspensory ligament and clearly defined halving; acceptable; floor too low, tilted and/or uneven floor; broken suspensory ligament and/or weak floor. Udder quality-soft and pliable; intermediate; could not determine: meaty, persistent edema. Teat size and shape-plumb, desirable length and size and squarely placed; acceptable, no serious fault; wide front teats; other unde- sirable teat placement; objectionable teats size and shape. Miscellaneous terms-dry; small, frail; OCS; blindness; cross-eyed; parrot jaw; wry-face; wing shoulders; post legged (too straight): crampy legs; spread toes; wry-tail; screw tail; weaver; udder quartered; other notes. The description was entered on the classification report by coded numbers. PRoDUcrION RECORDs The earliest production records of Brown Swiss cows in the United States (for the cows Christine 6 and Geneva 7) were published by the Worcester Agricultural Society in Massachusetts in 1875. Several breeders kept private records. Bessie 11 produced 82,274 pounds of milk in 10 years (1878-87). During 3 of these years she was credited with 1,683 3/4 pounds of butter churned from her milk. 164 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Rump-long and wide, nearly level; medium width, length, or level- ness; high and/or coarse tail head; narrow, especially at pins: sloping. Hind legs-strong, clean, flat bone, squarely placed, clean flat thighs acceptable; sickled and/or close at hock; bone too light or refined; coarse or blemished hock. Feet-strong, well-formed; acceptable, with no serious faults; front feet toe out; shallow heel; weak pastern. Fore udder-moderate length and firmly attached; moderate length. acceptable attachment; short; bulgy or loose; broken and/or very faulty. Rear udder-firmly attached, high and wide; intermediate in height and width; low attached but firm; narrow and pinched; loosely attached and/or broken. Udder support and floor-strong suspensory ligament and clearly defined halving; acceptable; floor too low, tilted and/or uneven floor; broken suspensory ligament and/or weak floor. Udder quality-soft and pliable; intermediate; could not determine: meaty, persistent edema. Teat size and shape-plumb, desirable length and size and squarely placed; acceptable, no serious fault; wide front teats; other unde- sirable teat placement; objectionable teats size and shape. Miscellaneous terms-dry; small, frail; OCS; blindness; cross-eyed; parrot jaw; wry-face; wing shoulders; post legged (too straight); crampy legs; spread toes; wry-tail; screw tail; weaver; udder quartered; other notes. The description was entered on the classification report by coded numbers. PRODUCTION RECORDS The earliest production records of Brown Swiss cows in the United States (for the cows Christine 6 and Geneva 7) were published by the Worcester Agricultural Society in Massachusetts in 1875. Several breeders kept private records. Bessie 11 produced 82,274 pounds of milk in 10 years (1878-87). During 3 of these years she was credited with 1,683 3/4 pounds of butter churned from her milk.  Brown Swiss in America 165 Brienz 168, imported by Scott & Harris, yielded 245 pounds of milk, 9.32 pounds of churned butter in a 3-day milking trial super- vised by the University of Illinois at the American Dairy Show in Chicago in November 1891. She was 11 years old, weighed 1,410 pounds, and was milked three times daily. This was the highest daily butter yield known to Professor W. A. Henry of the University of Wisconsin to that date. She won a first prize at the World's Co- lumbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893 when 13 years old. REGISTER OF PRODUCrIONs The Brown Swiss Association established a Register of Production on May 10, 1911. Merney 2859 completed two records previously in the University of Wisconsin dairy competition: 13,643.7 pounds of milk and 554 pounds of butterfat as a 5-year old, and a later rec- ord of 14,674.8 pounds of milk with 596.9 pounds of butterfat. Re- quirements to qualify for the Register of Production were 220.5 pounds of butterfat in 365 days beginning at 2 years 6 months of age, up to 330 pounds of butterfat at 6 years or older. This standard was increased in 1922 to 250.5 and 360 pounds of butterfat at the re- spective ages. A bull was admitted to the Register of Production when three daughters out of different dams had qualified. A 305-day test was established in 1922 which required that the cow also drop a living calf within 14 months of previous calving. A Farmer's Class was established later with the same requirements in 305 days. This required a living calf also, and that the cow be milked twice daily after the first 15 days. HERD IMPROVEMENT REGISTER The Association established a Herd Improvement Register in March 1932. Production of every cow in the herd was supervised and all records published. The herd test increased in popularity. The aver- age production of Brown Swiss cows in the several classifications is listed in Table 8.2. A tally was made of 6,116 Register of Production records com- pleted prior to April 1940. The average butterfat percentages ranged between 2.92 and 5.74 percent, the mode being between 4.0 and 4.1 percent (see Table 8.3). The average butterfat test in Brown Swiss in America 165 Brienz 168, imported by Scott & Harris, yielded 245 pounds of milk, 9.32 pounds of churned butter in a 3-day milking trial super- vised by the University of Illinois at the American Dairy Show in Chicago in November 1891. She was 11 years old, weighed 1.410 pounds, and was milked three times daily. This was the highest daily butter yield known to Professor W. A. Henry of the University of Wisconsin to that date. She won a first prize at the World's Co- lumbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893 when 13 years old. REGISTER OF PRODUCTION The Brown Swiss Association established a Register of Production on May 10, 1911. Merney 2859 completed two records previously in the University of Wisconsin dairy competition: 13,643.7 pounds of milk and 554 pounds of butterfat as a 5-year old, and a later ree- ord of 14,674.8 pounds of milk with 596.9 pounds of butterfat. Re- quirements to qualify for the Register of Production were 220.5 pounds of butterfat in 365 days beginning at 2 years 6 months of age, up to 330 pounds of butterfat at 6 years or older. This standard was increased in 1922 to 250.5 and 360 pounds of butterfat at the re- spective ages. A bull was admitted to the Register of Production when three daughters out of different dams had qualified. A 305-day test was established in 1922 which required that the cow also drop a living calf within 14 months of previous calving. A Farmer's Class was established later with the same requirements in 305 days. This required a living calf also, and that the cow be milked twice daily after the first 15 days. HERD IMPROVEMENT REGISTER The Association established a Herd Improvement Register in March 1932. Production of every cow in the herd was supervised and all records published. The herd test increased in popularity. The aver- age production of Brown Swiss cows in the several classifications is listed in Table 8.2. A tally was made of 6,116 Register of Production records com- pleted prior to April 1940. The average butterfat percentages ranged between 2.92 and 5.74 percent, the mode being between 4.0 and 4.1 percent (see Table 8.3). The average butterfat test in Brown Swiss in America 165 Brienz 168, imported by Scott & Harris, yielded 245 pounds of milk, 9.32 pounds of churned butter in a 3-day milking trial super- vised by the University of Illinois at the American Dairy Show in Chicago in November 1891. She was 11 years old, weighed 1.410 pounds, and was milked three times daily. This was the highest daily butter yield known to Professor W. A. Henry of the University of Wisconsin to that date. She won a first prize at the World's Co- lumbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893 when 13 years old. REGISTER OF PRODUCTION The Brown Swiss Association established a Register of Production on May 10, 1911. Merney 2859 completed two records previously in the University of Wisconsin dairy competition: 13,643.7 pounds of milk and 554 pounds of butterfat as a 5-year old, and a later rec- ord of 14,674.8 pounds of milk with 596.9 pounds of butterfat. Re- quirements to qualify for the Register of Production were 220.5 pounds of butterfat in 365 days beginning at 2 years 6 months of age, up to 330 pounds of butterfat at 6 years or older. This standard was increased in 1922 to 250.5 and 360 pounds of butterfat at the re- spective ages. A bull was admitted to the Register of Production when three daughters out of different dams had qualified. A 305-day test was established in 1922 which required that the cow also drop a living calf within 14 months of previous calving. A Farmer's Class was established later with the same requirements in 305 days. This required a living calf also, and that the cow be milked twice daily after the first 15 days. HERD IMPROVEMENT REGISTER The Association established a Herd Improvement Register in March 1932. Production of every cow in the herd was supervised and all records published. The herd test increased in popularity. The aver- age production of Brown Swiss cows in the several classifications is listed in Table 8.2. A tally was made of 6,116 Register of Production records com- pleted prior to April 1940. The average butterfat percentages ranged between 2.92 and 5.74 percent, the mode being between 4.0 and 4.1 percent (see Table 8.3). The average butterfat test in  166 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS TABLE 8.2 AVERAGE PRODUCTION OF BROWN Swiss COwS Number of Length Time': Milk Test Fat cords (days) milked (nbs.) (q) (1FS.1 Class 2,018 365 3 15,618 4.01 626 ROP 2,348 365 2 12,723 4.13 525 ROP 1,009 305 3 13,145 4.07 536 ROP 2,371 305 2 12,563 4.05 509 HIR 2,540 305 2 10,740 4.13 444 DOP 48,287 305 2 9,675 4.04 391 HIR Actual production of mature cows 1968-69 305 2 13,357 4.10 548 DHIR records of the breed appears to have increased less than 0.1 percent since the Register of Production was established in 1911. This slight increase is due largely to avoiding bulls from dams whose milk had a low butterfat test. Methods of supervising DHIA records were modified on a trial basis in 1958. They were accepted by the several breed associations for the breed programs. SIRE AND COw RECOGNITION The Association established a Sire Recognition program in 1968. based on USDA Sire Summaries and average type classification scores of daughters. If fewer than 30 tested daughters were con- sidered in a Sire Summary, 50 percent of them must have been registered or positively identified by blood typing. A Superior Sire was rated on a sliding scale with predicted dif- ferences in milk production of daughters over herdmates as follows: Predicted difference in milk Repeatability (pounds) (percent) +400 50 +435 40 +470 30 +500 20 Repeatability is based on numbers of daughters, lactations, and herds represented. At least ten daughters must have been classified and their scores average 83 points for mammary system and 83 points overall. Daughters of a Qualified Sire must rate similarly in average type 166 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS TABLE 8.2 AVERAGE PRODUcTIoN OF BROWN SWIsS Cows Number of Length Times Milk Test Fat rords (days) milked (0bs.) (%r) (IFs.) Class 2,018 365 3 15,618 4.01 626 HOP 2,348 365 2 12,723 4.13 525 ROP 1,009 305 3 13,145 4.07 536 ROP 2,371 305 2 12,563 4.05 509 HIR 2,540 305 2 10,740 4.13 444 ROP 48,287 305 2 9,675 4.04 391 HIR Actual production of mature cows 1968-69 305 2 13,357 4.10 548 DHIR records of the breed appears to have increased less than 0.1 percent since the Register of Production was established in 1911. This slight increase is due largely to avoiding bulls from dams whose milk had a low butterfat test. Methods of supervising DHIA records were modified on a trial basis in 1958. They were accepted by the several breed associations for the breed programs. SIDE AND Cow RECOGNITION The Association established a Sire Recognition program in 1968. based on USDA Sire Summaries and average type classification scores of daughters. If fewer than 30 tested daughters were con- sidered in a Sire Summary, 50 percent of them must have been registered or positively identified by blood typing. A Superior Sire was rated on a sliding scale with predicted dif- ferences in milk production of daughters over herdmates as follows: Predicted difference in milk Repeatability (pounds) (percent) +400 50 +435 40 +470 30 +500 20 Repeatability is based on numbers of daughters, lactations, and herds represented. At least ten daughters must have been classified and their scores average 83 points for mammary system and 83 points overall. Daughters of a Qualified Sire must rate similarly in average type 166 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS TABLE 8.2 AVERAGE PRonUCTON OF BROwN Swiss COwS Number of Length Time: Milk Test Fat cords (days) milked (lbs.) (q,) (Itsjl Class 2,018 365 3 15,618 4.01 626 HOP 2,348 365 2 12,723 4.13 525 ROP 1,009 305 3 13,145 4.07 536 ROP 2,371 305 2 12,563 4.05 509 HIR 2,540 305 2 10,740 4.13 444 ROP 48,287 305 2 9,675 4.04 391 HIR Actual production of mature cows 1968-69 305 2 13,357 4.10 548 DHIR records of the breed appears to have increased less than 0.1 percent since the Register of Production was established in 1911. This slight increase is due largely to avoiding bulls from dams whose milk had a low butterfat test. Methods of supervising DHIA records were modified on a trial basis in 1958. They were accepted by the several breed associations for the breed programs. SIRE AND COw RECOGNITION The Association established a Sire Recognition program in 1968. based on USDA Sire Summaries and average type classification scores of daughters. If fewer than 30 tested daughters were con- sidered in a Sire Summary, 50 percent of them must have been registered or positively identified by blood typing. A Superior Sire was rated on a sliding scale with predicted dif- ferences in milk production of daughters over herdmates as follows: Predicted difference in milk Repeatability (pounds) (percent) +400 50 +435 40 +470 30 +500 20 Repeatability is based on numbers of daughters, lactations, and herds represented. At least ten daughters must have been classified and their scores average 83 points for mammary system and 83 points overall. Daughters of a Qualified Sire must rate similarly in average type  Brown Swiss in America 167 TABLE 8.3 AVERAGE BUTTERFAT TESTS IN RmISTER OF PRoDUcTION AND HERD IMPROVEMENT REGISTRY RECORDS COMPLETED BY BROWN SWIsS COWS BEFORE APRIL 1940. Brown Swiss in America 167 TABLE 8.3 AVERACE BUTTERFAT TESTS IN REISTER OF PRODUcTION AND HERD IMPROVEMEN' REISTRY RECORDS COMPLETED BY BROWN SWIsS CoWs BEFORE APRIL 1940. Brown Swiss in America 167 TABLE 8.3 AVERAcE BUTTERFAT TESTS IN REGISTER OF PRODUCTION AND HERD IMPROVEMENT REGISTRY RECORDS COMPLETED BY BROWN SWISS COWS BEFORE APRIL 1940. Fat Percentage 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.6 4,5 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 Number 1 0 0 2 4 8 1.5 30 54 93 161 224 357 473 572 702 715 710 637 512 374 233 128 56 33 14 5 2 Range 5.74 Fat Percentage 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 Number 1 0 1 0 2 4 8 15 30 54 93 161 224 357 473 572 702 715 710 637 512 374 233 128 56 33 14 5 2 Rang 5.74 Fat Percentage 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 Number 1 0 1 0 2 4 8 15 30 54 93 161 224 357 473 572 702 715 710 637 512 374 233 128 56 33 14 5 2 Range 5.74 Mode and Median 2.92 Mode and Median 2.92 Mode and Median 2.92 classification score. The predicted difference in milk production must at least equal +200 pounds, with a 17 percent repeatability. The Superior and Qualified ratings are not permanent but must be earned each time a USDA Sire Summary is computed or type clas- sification calculated by the Association. Those failing to maintain the status are referred to as Previously Superior or Previously Qual- ified Sires, respectively. The summaries are available three times each year. When published sire recognition data are presented, they include date of summary, registration name and number of bull, owner, per- cent of incomplete records, number of daughters with records, their classification score. The predicted difference in milk production must at least equal +200 pounds, with a 17 percent repeatability. The Superior and Qualified ratings are not permanent but must be earned each time a USDA Sire Summary is computed or type clas- sification calculated by the Association. Those failing to maintain the status are referred to as Previously Superior or Previously Qual- ified Sires, respectively. The summaries are available three times each year. When published sire recognition data are presented, they include date of summary, registration name and number of bull, owner, per- cent of incomplete records, number of daughters with records, their classification score. The predicted difference in milk production must at least equal + 200 pounds, with a 17 percent repeatability. The Superior and Qualified ratings are not permanent but must be earned each time a USDA Sire Summary is computed or type clas- sification calculated by the Association. Those failing to maintain the status are referred to as Previously Superior or Previously Qual- ified Sires, respectively. The summaries are available three times each year. When published sire recognition data are presented, they include date of summary, registration name and number of bull, owner, per- cent of incomplete records, number of daughters with records, their  168 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS average milk and butterfat, predicted difference, repeatability. number of classified daughters, and the average type score in the various breakdowns. The Registered Brown Swiss Sire Performance Summaries are available thrice yearly on a subscription basis, and replace the former volumes of Records of Production and Type Classification of Brown Swiss Cattle. The Board approved use of Cow Indexes for all registered Brown Swiss cows, based on DHIA-DHIR records and type scores, when the indexes become available. BREEDINc BROWN SwISS Some hereditary characters are distinctive among Brown Swiss. The brown color was common in Switzerland during the feudal period. It may vary from light to dark brown. White spots are disfavored but sometimes appear back of the navel. A fillet of lighter colored hair encircles the muzzle. Albinism occurs rarely. The average gestation period of 291 days is longer than in other breeds. Calves are large, attaining mature size and weight later than in other breeds. The change in policy from dual purpose to strictly dairy type in 1906 resulted gradually in improving dairy character (light natural fleshing) and refinement of head, neck, and dewlap. Size and shape of the teats have been improved through selection of breeding ani- mals. Jane of Vernon's descendants contributed greatly to this character as well as to refinement without loss of size. Rugged legs and feet were emphasized in Switzerland, where cattle are "alped" for about 90 days on mountain meadows during the summer. The relation between butterfat production and type was investi- gated with records of 3,161 daughter-dam pairs representing 284 Brown Swiss sires between 1950 and 1953. Sires with five or more daughter-dam pairs were included. The genetic correlation was positive between production and the components used in type clas- sification. K. R. Johnson and D. L. Fourt concluded that selection on type should bring slow genetic improvement in production. Some 428 samples of mixed Brown Swiss milk from 39 herds be- tween Massachusetts and the Pacific coast were analyzed at the 168 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS average milk and butterfat, predicted difference, repeatability. number of classified daughters, and the average type score in the various breakdowns. The Registered Brown Swiss Sire Performance Summaries are available thrice yearly on a subscription basis, and replace the former volumes of Records of Production and Type Classification of Brown Swiss Cattle. The Board approved use of Cow Indexes for all registered Brown Swiss cows, based on DHIA-DHIR records and type scores, when the indexes become available. BREEDING BROWN SwIsS Some hereditary characters are distinctive among Brown Swiss. The brown color was common in Switzerland during the feudal period. It may vary from light to dark brown. White spots are disfavored but sometimes appear back of the navel. A fillet of lighter colored hair encircles the muzzle. Albinism occurs rarely. The average gestation period of 291 days is longer than in other breeds. Calves are large, attaining mature size and weight later than in other breeds. The change in policy from dual purpose to strictly dairy type in 1906 resulted gradually in improving dairy character (light natural fleshing) and refinement of head, neck, and dewlap. Size and shape of the teats have been improved through selection of breeding ani- mals. Jane of Vernon's descendants contributed greatly to this character as well as to refinement without loss of size. Rugged legs and feet were emphasized in Switzerland, where cattle are "alped" for about 90 days on mountain meadows during the summer. The relation between butterfat production and type was investi- gated with records of 3,161 daughter-dam pairs representing 284 Brown Swiss sires between 1950 and 1953. Sires with five or more daughter-dam pairs were included. The genetic correlation was positive between production and the components used in type clas- sification. K. R. Johnson and D. L. Fourt concluded that selection on type should bring slow genetic improvement in production. Some 428 samples of mixed Brown Swiss milk from 39 herds be- tween Massachusetts and the Pacific coast were analyzed at the 168 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS average milk and butterfat, predicted difference, repeatability. number of classified daughters, and the average type score in the various breakdowns. The Registered Brown Swiss Sire Performance Summaries are available thrice yearly on a subscription basis, and replace the former volumes of Records of Production and Type Classification of Brown Swiss Cattle. The Board approved use of Cow Indexes for all registered Brown Swiss cows, based on DHIA-DHIR records and type scores, when the indexes become available. BREEDING BROwN SwISS Some hereditary characters are distinctive among Brown Swiss. The brown color was common in Switzerland during the feudal period. It may vary from light to dark brown. White spots are disfavored but sometimes appear back of the navel. A fillet of lighter colored hair encircles the muzzle. Albinism occurs rarely. The average gestation period of 291 days is longer than in other breeds. Calves are large, attaining mature size and weight later than in other breeds. The change in policy from dual purpose to strictly dairy type in 1906 resulted gradually in improving dairy character (light natural fleshing) and refinement of head, neck, and dewlap. Size and shape of the teats have been improved through selection of breeding ani- mals. Jane of Vernon's descendants contributed greatly to this character as well as to refinement without loss of size. Rugged legs and feet were emphasized in Switzerland, where cattle are "alped" for about 90 days on mountain meadows during the summer. The relation between butterfat production and type was investi- gated with records of 3,161 daughter-dam pairs representing 284 Brown Swiss sires between 1950 and 1953. Sires with five or more daughter-dam pairs were included. The genetic correlation was positive between production and the components used in type clas- sification. K. R. Johnson and D. L. Fourt concluded that selection on type should bring slow genetic improvement in production. Some 428 samples of mixed Brown Swiss milk from 39 herds be- tween Massachusetts and the Pacific coast were analyzed at the  Brown Swiss in America 169 University of Illinois (Bulletin 457). They ranged between 2.92 and 6.74 percent butterfat, and 7.99 to 11.79 solids-not-fat, aver- aging 4.02 percent fat and 9.3 solids-not-fat. Protein, lactose, and ash averaged 3.61, 5.05 and 0.73 percent, respectively. Increased numbers of cows in herds and artificial breeding have reduced needs for bulls, favoring close selection of those reared for breeding purposes. This change is seen in the ratio of males to females registered. Swiss Record Year Male:female ratio Brown Swiss in America 169 University of Illinois (Bulletin 457). They ranged between 2.92 and 6.74 percent butterfat, and 7.99 to 11.79 solids-not-fat, aver- aging 4.02 percent fat and 9.3 solids-not-fat. Protein, lactose, and ash averaged 3.61, 5.05 and 0.73 percent, respectively. Increased numbers of cows in herds and artificial breeding have reduced needs for bulls, favoring close selection of those reared for breeding purposes. This change is seen in the ratio of males to females registered. Swiss Record Year Malefemale ratio Brown Swiss in America 169 University of Illinois (Bulletin 457). They ranged between 2.92 and 6.74 percent butterfat, and 7.99 to 11.79 solids-not-fat, aver- aging 4.02 percent fat and 9.3 solids-not-fat. Protein, lactose, and ash averaged 3.61, 5.05 and 0.73 percent, respectively. Increased numbers of cows in herds and artificial breeding have reduced needs for bulls, favoring close selection of those reared for breeding purposes. This change is seen in the ratio of males to females registered. Swiss Record Year Male:female ratio Volume 1 1869-1908 Volume 10 1925 Volume 20 1942 Volume 25 1946 1960 1969 1:1.47 1:1.55 1:2.15 1:2.16 1:7.85 1:7.54 Volume 1 1869-1908 Volume 10 1925 Volume 20 1942 Volume 25 1946 1960 1969 1:1.47 1:1.55 1:2.15 1:2.16 1:7.85 1:7.54 Volume 1 1869-1908 Volume 10 1925 Volume 20 1942 Volume 25 1946 1960 1969 1:1.47 1:1.55 1:2.15 1:2.16 1:7.85 1:7.54 There were 66 Brown Swiss bulls in 16 studs among bulls of the dairy breeds in 30 artificial breeding organizations in the United States during 1969. Frozen semen transfers between studs enabled wide use of selected animals. Some 48.8 percent of Brown Swiss registered in 1969 resulted from artificial inseminations. During 1969, 52.5 percent of dairy cows in the United States were bred ar- tificially to those selected bulls. Bulls from which semen is frozen must be blood typed. If semen is sold, the living sire and dam also must be blood typed. Wry-tail is not an uncommon recessive minor defect in some Swiss cows. A few albinos have occurred. A few calves have shown a recessive character resembling epilepsy, which they outgrow. Other recessives include crampy or progressive posterior paralysis, and lack of resistance against the two types of lump jaw-the fungus or bone type, and bacterial type affecting soft tissues. When recessive genes are present in a herd, the occurrence may be re- duced gradually by using sires known not to carry the gene. BREED PROMOTION Brown Swiss cattle have been exhibited at shows in the United States since 1873. Production records were published first in pam- phlets, and in a separate book in 1923. Brown Swiss were advertised There were 66 Brown Swiss bulls in 16 studs among bulls of the dairy breeds in 30 artificial breeding organizations in the United States during 1969. Frozen semen transfers between studs enabled wide use of selected animals. Some 48.8 percent of Brown Swiss registered in 1969 resulted from artificial inseminations. During 1969, 52.5 percent of dairy cows in the United States were bred ar- tificially to those selected bulls. Bulls from which semen is frozen must be blood typed. If semen is sold, the living sire and dam also must be blood typed. Wry-tail is not an uncommon recessive minor defect in some Swiss cows. A few albinos have occurred. A few calves have shown a recessive character resembling epilepsy, which they outgrow. Other recessives include crampy or progressive posterior paralysis, and lack of resistance against the two types of lump jaw-the fungus or bone type, and bacterial type affecting soft tissues. When recessive genes are present in a herd, the occurrence may be re- duced gradually by using sires known not to carry the gene. BREED PROMOTION Brown Swiss cattle have been exhibited at shows in the United States since 1873. Production records were published first in pam- phlets, and in a separate book in 1923. Brown Swiss were advertised There were 66 Brown Swiss bulls in 16 studs among bulls of the dairy breeds in 30 artificial breeding organizations in the United States during 1969. Frozen semen transfers between studs enabled wide use of selected animals. Some 48.8 percent of Brown Swiss registered in 1969 resulted from artificial inseminations. During 1969, 52.5 percent of dairy cows in the United States were bred ar- tificially to those selected bulls. Bulls from which semen is frozen must be blood typed. If semen is sold, the living sire and dam also must be blood typed. Wry-tail is not an uncommon recessive minor defect in some Swiss cows. A few albinos have occurred. A few calves have shown a recessive character resembling epilepsy, which they outgrow. Other recessives include crampy or progressive posterior paralysis, and lack of resistance against the two types of lump jaw-the fungus or bone type, and bacterial type affecting soft tissues. When recessive genes are present in a herd, the occurrence may be re- duced gradually by using sires known not to carry the gene. BREED PROMOTION Brown Swiss cattle have been exhibited at shows in the United States since 1873. Production records were published first in pam- phlets, and in a separate book in 1923. Brown Swiss were advertised  170 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS as "The Farmer's Cow," esteemed for size, ruggedness, quiet dis- position, longevity, and good production. Booklets containing pictures, facts, and production records of Brown Swiss cattle have been published since 1918. Volume 5 of Records of Production and Type Classification of Brown Swiss Cattle appeared as a supplement to The Brown Swiss Bulletin. It supplanted the Swiss Record for tracing pedigrees. The Brown Swiss Bulletin first appeared in July 1922. The breed magazine contained reports of breed activities, production records. show and sales reports, and type classifications. It was also a me- dium for advertising the breed. Breeders of Brown Swiss cattle and the Association secretary first contacted the public at farmers' meetings and shows. The Associa- tion advertised moderately in farm magazines. A full-time field- man began to serve in 1938. The secretary and two fieldmen served in 1969. OUTSTANDING ANIMALs A few famous Brown Swiss cattle brought prominence and im- provement to the breed. The bull Imp. Bonepart 141 was imported in 1884 as part of a large shipment, and was used widely by John E. Eldridge. This bull appears among the ancestry of many cattle. Imp. Junker 2365 was brought from Switzerland by E. M. Bar- ton to Illinois in 1906 and used a full natural lifetime. The bull was Grand Champion at the National Dairy Show in 1907 to 1910, and sired many good producing daughters. Swiss Valley Girl 2150 was shipped from Iowa as a yearling to the herd of F. W. Hull at Painesville, Ohio. She produced 13,113 pounds of milk and 495 pounds of butterfat on two milkings daily as a 13-year old. She dropped three bulls and nine female calves. Fourteen records of her daughters average 13,221 pounds of milk, 4.01 percent and 530 pounds of butterfat on yearly test. Two daugh- ters won five Grand Championships at the National Dairy Show. Her daughter Swiss Valley Girl 10th 7887 was a prize winner at the National, and produced 27,513 pounds of milk, 1,106 pounds of butterfat in 365 days as a 12-year old. 170 DA IRY CATTLE BREEDS as "The Farmer's Cow," esteemed for size, ruggedness, quiet dis- position, longevity, and good production. Booklets containing pictures, facts, and production records of Brown Swiss cattle have been published since 1918. Volume 5 of Records of Production and Type Classification of Brown Swiss Cattle appeared as a supplement to The Brown Swiss Bulletin. It supplanted the Swiss Record for tracing pedigrees. The Brown Swiss Bulletin first appeared in July 1922. The breed magazine contained reports of breed activities, production records. show and sales reports, and type classifications. It was also a me- dium for advertising the breed. Breeders of Brown Swiss cattle and the Association secretary first contacted the public at farmers' meetings and shows. The Associa- tion advertised moderately in farm magazines. A full-time field- man began to serve in 1938. The secretary and two fieldmen served in 1969. OUTSTANDING ANIMALs A few famous Brown Swiss cattle brought prominence and im- provement to the breed. The bull Imp. Bonepart 141 was imported in 1884 as part of a large shipment, and was used widely by John E. Eldridge. This bull appears among the ancestry of many cattle. Imp. Junker 2365 was brought from Switzerland by E. M. Bar- ton to Illinois in 1906 and used a full natural lifetime. The bull was Grand Champion at the National Dairy Show in 1907 to 1910, and sired many good producing daughters. Swiss Valley Girl 2150 was shipped from Iowa as a yearling to the herd of F. W. Hull at Painesville, Ohio. She produced 13,113 pounds of milk and 495 pounds of butterfat on two milkings daily as a 13-year old. She dropped three bulls and nine female calves. Fourteen records of her daughters average 13,221 pounds of milk, 4.01 percent and 530 pounds of butterfat on yearly test. Two daugh- ters won five Grand Championships at the National Dairy Show. Her daughter Swiss Valley Girl 10th 7887 was a prize winner at the National, and produced 27,513 pounds of milk, 1,106 pounds of butterfat in 365 days as a 12-year old. 170 DAIRY CATTLE BREE DS as "The Farmer's Cow," esteemed for size, ruggedness, quiet dis- position, longevity, and good production. Booklets containing pictures, facts, and production records of Brown Swiss cattle have been published since 1918. Volume 5 of Records of Production and Type Classification of Brown Swiss Cattle appeared as a supplement to The Brown Swiss Bulletin. It supplanted the Swiss Record for tracing pedigrees. The Brown Swiss Bulletin first appeared in July 1922. The breed magazine contained reports of breed activities, production records. show and sales reports, and type classifications. It was also a me- dium for advertising the breed. Breeders of Brown Swiss cattle and the Association secretary first contacted the public at farmers' meetings and shows. The Associa- tion advertised moderately in farm magazines. A full-time field- man began to serve in 1938. The secretary and two fieldmen served in 1969. OUTSTANDINc ANIMALS A few famous Brown Swiss cattle brought prominence and im- provement to the breed. The bull Imp. Bonepart 141 was imported in 1884 as part of a large shipment, and was used widely by John E. Eldridge. This bull appears among the ancestry of many cattle. Imp. Junker 2365 was brought from Switzerland by E. M. Bar- ton to Illinois in 1906 and used a full natural lifetime. The bull was Grand Champion at the National Dairy Show in 1907 to 1910, and sired many good producing daughters. Swiss Valley Girl 2150 was shipped from Iowa as a yearling to the herd of F. W. Hull at Painesville, Ohio. She produced 13,113 pounds of milk and 495 pounds of butterfat on two milkings daily as a 13-year old. She dropped three bulls and nine female calves. Fourteen records of her daughters average 13,221 pounds of milk, 4.01 percent and 530 pounds of butterfat on yearly test. Two daugh- ters won five Grand Championships at the National Dairy Show. Her daughter Swiss Valley Girl 10th 7887 was a prize winner at the National, and produced 27,513 pounds of milk, 1,106 pounds of butterfat in 365 days as a 12-year old.  Brown Swiss in America 171 Jane of Vernon 29496 (Fig. 8.1) was a great cow among all dairy breeds. She was bred by Orbec D. Sherry of Viroqua, Wisconsin; she won Grand Championship at the Waterloo Dairy Cattle Con- gress in 1932-36 and at the National Dairy Show in 1936. She was sold to Judd's Bridge Farm, where the bull Colonel Harry of J. B. 48672 and the daughters Jane of Judds Bridge 78476 and Jane's Chloe J. B. 109895 were produced. Her older son, Jane's Royal of Vernnon 28594, and his four full sisters-Jane of Vernon 2nd 43893, Jane of Vernon 3rd 55496, Jane of Vernon 4th 65385, and Jane of Vernon 5th 65386-went to Lee's Hill Farm in Morristown, New Jersey. They won Grand Championships at the National Dairy Show in 1938, 1940, and 1941; they were first-prize Get of Sire and first and second prize Produce of Dam groups in 1938. Jane of Vernon produced 23,569 pounds of milk, 1,075.58 pounds of butterfat as a 4-year old; 21,880 pounds of milk, 1,039 pounds of butterfat at mature age. Six daughters completed 15 Register of Production records which averaged 16,700 pounds of milk, 4.5 per- cent and 754 pounds of butterfat. Her older son, Jane's Royal of Brown Swiss in America 171 Jane of Vernon 29496 (Fig. 8.1) was a great cow among all dairy breeds. She was bred by Orbec D. Sherry of Viroqua, Wisconsin; she won Grand Championship at the Waterloo Dairy Cattle Con- gress in 1932-36 and at the National Dairy Show in 1936. She was sold to Judd's Bridge Farm, where the bull Colonel Harry of J. B. 48672 and the daughters Jane of Judds Bridge 78476 and Jane's Chloe J. B. 109895 were produced. Her older son, Jane's Royal of Vernon 28594, and his four full sisters-Jane of Vernon 2nd 43893, Jane of Vernon 3rd 55496, Jane of Vernon 4th 65385, and Jane of Vernon 5th 65386-went to Lee's Hill Farm in Morristown, New Jersey. They won Grand Championships at the National Dairy Show in 1938, 1940, and 1941; they were first-prize Get of Sire and first and second prize Produce of Dam groups in 1938. Jane of Vernon produced 23,569 pounds of milk, 1,075.58 pounds of butterfat as a 4-year old; 21,880 pounds of milk, 1,039 pounds of butterfat at mature age. Six daughters completed 15 Register of Production records which averaged 16,700 pounds of milk, 4.5 per- cent and 754 pounds of butterfat. Her older son, Jane's Royal of Brown Swiss in America 171 Jane of Vernon 29496 (Fig. 8.1) was a great cow among all dairy breeds. She was bred by Orbec D. Sherry of Viroqua, Wisconsin; she won Grand Championship at the Waterloo Dairy Cattle Con- gress in 1932-36 and at the National Dairy Show in 1936. She was sold to Judd's Bridge Farm, where the bull Colonel Harry of J. B. 48672 and the daughters Jane of Judds Bridge 78476 and Jane's Chloe J. B. 109895 were produced. Her older son, Jane's Royal of Vernon 28594, and his four full sisters-Jane of Vernon 2nd 43893, Jane of Vernon 3rd 55496, Jane of Vernon 4th 65385, and Jane of Vernon 5th 65386-went to Lee's Hill Farm in Morristown, New Jersey. They won Grand Championships at the National Dairy Show in 1938, 1940, and 1941; they were first-prize Get of Sire and first and second prize Produce of Dam groups in 1938. Jane of Vernon produced 23,569 pounds of milk, 1,075.58 pounds of butterfat as a 4-year old; 21,880 pounds of milk, 1,039 pounds of butterfat at. mature age. Six daughters completed 15 Register of Production records which averaged 16,700 pounds of milk, 4.5 per- cent and 754 pounds of butterfat. Her older son, Jane's Royal of FIG. 8.1. Jane of Vernon 29496 classified Excellent in all categories except Very Good rump. She was an excellent producer. She transmitted good pro- duction and type to all of her progeny. FIG. 8.1. Jane of Vrnon 29496 classified Excellent in all categories except Very Good rump. She was an excellent producer. She transmitted good pro- duction and type to all of her progeny. FIG. 8.1. Jane of Vernon 29496 classified Excellent in all categories except Very Good rump. She was an excellent producer. She transmitted good pro- duction and type to all of her progeny.  172 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Vernon 28594 (Fig. 8.2), was a popular sire. Her second son, Colonel Harry of J. B. 48672, sired over 1,000 registered progeny, largely by artificial service. Grandsons and later descendants have been used widely in artiftcial breeding. 172 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Vernon 28594 (Fig. 8.2), was a popular sire. Her second son, Colonel Harry of J. B. 48672, sired over 1,000 registered progeny, largely by artificial service. Grandsons and later descendants have been used widely in artificial breeding. 172 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Vernon 28594 (Fig. 8.2), was a popular sire. Her second son, Colonel Harry of J. B. 48672, sired over 1,000 registered progeny, largely by artificial service. Grandsons and later descendants have been used widely in artificial breeding. FIG. 8.2. Jane's Royal of Vernon 28594 sired some of the highest producing Brown Swiss cows. His daughter Royal's Rapture of Lee's Hill 115541 pro- duced 150,216 pounds of milk, 8,438 pounds of butterfat in 6 Register of Pro- duction records; classified Excellent, and won the Grand Champion female at Waterloo in 1949. RESEARCH PROJECTS The Association has sponsored a study of composition of Brown Swiss milk at the University of Illinois, and is interested in methods of protein analysis of milk as a possible breed program. It sponsored projects to determine normal growth standards, length of gestation in Brown Swiss cattle, and other projects. The breed has spread widely since 1869, considering that only 22 bulls and 119 females were imported and an additional 16 bulls and 16 females were imported in dam. An appreciable export trade has developed, especially to Latin American countries. FIG. 8.2. Jane's Royal of Vernon 28594 sired some of the highest producing Brown Swiss cows. His daughter Royal's Rapture of Lee's Hill 115541 pro- duced 150,216 pounds of milk, 8,438 pounds of butterfat in 6 Register of Pro- duction records; classified Excellent, and won the Grand Champion female at Waterloo in 1949. RESEARCH PROJECTs The Association has sponsored a study of composition of Brown Swiss milk at the University of Illinois, and is interested in methods of protein analysis of milk as a possible breed program. It sponsored projects to determine normal growth standards, length of gestation in Brown Swiss cattle, and other projects. The breed has spread widely since 1869, considering that only 22 bulls and 119 females were imported and an additional 16 bulls and 16 females were imported in dam. An appreciable export trade has developed, especially to Latin American countries. FIG. 8.2. Jane's Royal of Vernon 28594 sired some of the highest producing Brown Swiss cows. His daughter Royal's Rapture of Lee's Hill 115541 pro- duced 150,216 pounds of milk, 8,438 pounds of butterfat in 6 Register of Pro- duction records; classified Excellent, and won the Grand Champion female at Waterloo in 1949. RESEARCH PROJECTS The Association has sponsored a study of composition of Brown Swiss milk at the University of Illinois, and is interested in methods of protein analysis of milk as a possible breed program. It sponsored projects to determine normal growth standards, length of gestation in Brown Swiss cattle, and other projects. The breed has spread widely since 1869, considering that only 22 bulls and 119 females were imported and an additional 16 bulls and 16 females were imported in dam. An appreciable export trade has developed, especially to Latin American countries.  Brown Swiss in America RPFERENCES 173 Brown Swiss in America REFREnNCES 173 Brown Swiss in America REFENCErcS 173 Alsvoed, H. E. 1899. Bsceds of daisy castle, USDA Fnrmers' Inll. 106. Athcson, F. W. 1943. Elfects of moe-linae conditions on beed association ac- Biviies. Brown Swiss Bul. 21(7):7-20. Atkeson, F. W., H1. I. Ibsen, and F. Aldsidge. 1944. Inhseritance of as eileptic typsrcbaractetis Bmmwn Smits eattle. J. Hered. 35:4548. Beckser, R. B. 1953. Amsesicsn contrdbutons to bettee daisy cattle. Hoard's Dairyman 98:736-39. Itches, R. B., C. J. Wilcox, ad W. B. eriwbhard. 1961. Ceamoy orsograessive posterios pasalysis is smatuso cattle. J. Daisy Sci. 44:542-47. Burlingham, L. 1942. Bmron Swiss is Amrica. In E. F. Prentice, American daisy cattle. Harer, Nem Yosk. Ppy. 412-19. Dadis, H. F. 1917. Bseeds of daisy cattlr. USDA Farmera' Inll. 993. Goode, H. E. 1515. Fifty champions of thr daisy bseeds. Kimballs Dairy Farner. Waterlos, Inns. Hassis, Cenor M. 1946. Some eadly hissory of the Bsomn Smiss Association. Brain Smiss BoB. 25(1):13-15. Henry, W. A. 1891. The chemical tst ins butterfat. Breeders Gas. 20:469-70. Dolt, Fsank L. 1926. Beomn Swits breed of daisy conice. In T. R. Fistle, His- tory of the dairy industry. Mojooniee, Chicano. Idtse, Fsed S. 1953. The ses head hook. Boms Swiss Bul. 32(3):11-13. .1958. Annual neeting. Misutes. Beotn Swiss InS. 37(6):67, 74-79. Inman, Ira E. 1940. Irown Swiss catlec. Fadts and fignres. Beloit, Wit. Johnsos, K. B., and D. L. Foust. 1990. Heritability, genetics and phesotypic corselaionaof type,certain components of type,and productionoflBown Smist cattle. J. Diry Sci. 43:975-87. Dcermsn, D. B., et al. 1939. Gompostition sof milk of Brsown Smits cost. Illinois Agr. 1E. Sta. Bull. 437. Derman, O. R~. .J. Kedm, and E. M. Craine. 1953. Comeositon sf herd milk of Brain Smist bteed. Il linois doe. Knyt. Sta. Bnll. 567. Plsmb, Chadles S. 1920. The Brown Smits. In Types and breeds of farm ani- mals. Bee. ed. Gins, NewmYork. Ch. 12. Botchs, Francit M. 1862. Article on telect hreeds of cattle and their adaptation to the United Statet. Rcpt. Comm. easents for the year 1861. Agricnlture, pp. 427-69. Wilson, Charles C. 1952. Sn proudly me hail the queen-J ane sof Veenon. Brown Smiss Bnll. 30(8):11-12, f7-6S. Bromn Swiss Bnll. 1922. Vol. 1. 1931. Model Sniss com. 9(7). 1943. Hesd clasticaton. 21(8):7, 12. 1951. Why clasifyf 29(8):11-12, n6. 1966. Type classificanoon, lihe producton testing, thould he made Is pay- not cost. 39(1):11-14. 1964. Jane of Venon-Her influenc contnus. 43(1):11-18. 1965. leoms Smias 'Tomosrom's diry com today." Digin, history ad ero- grams for advancement. 44(1):11-13, 15, 83,986-87. 1968. Directoet take hig stp foe hbred improement. 46(11):13-15. 1969. Registered Irown Smits Sise Summaries. First itane apes; fasts Sn. Ferist and Qnalified Siras. 47(1)>11-1n. Alvoed, H. F. 1999. Breedt of disy cattle. USDA Farmers' null. 296. Atkesos, F. W. 1943. Effects of mac-line conditions on heed sasciationtac- ivitips. lesown Smisa Bll. 21(7):7-20. Atheson, F. W., H. I. Ihten, and F. Aldridge. 1944. Inheritance of an epileptic typc chaeactr in Iron Smits cattle. J. Hored. 35:45-48. Becke, R. B. 1953. American contibhutisons to hencer dity cattle. Hoard's Dairyman 98:736-39. Becker, B. B., C. J. Wilcox, and W.0 B. Pritchatd. 1961. Crasmpy as progesstive poaterior paralysis is moature cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 44:542A47. Bodlinghams, L. 1942. Stoma Sniss is Anoesc. In E. F. Fetice, American diry cattle. Harer, Non York. Pp. 412-19. Dadis, H. F. 1917. Breeds of disy conkl. USDA Farmers' BlB. 993. Goode, H. K. 1919. Fifty champios of the diry hreeds. Kimhall's Dairy Farmer. Watedloo, Ions. Harcia, Geoage M. 1946. Some early history of die Brown Smiss Association. Iron Swiss Bun. 25(1):13-15. Hensy, W. A. 1991. The cbemical tedt for butterf at. Breeders Gaz. 20:4f9-7. Dolt, Frask L. 1926. Beams Switt heed sf daisy cattle. In T. B. Fistic, Dis- tory of the dairy indstry. M~ojoier, Chicags. Idise, Fred S. 1953. The open head hook. Brywn Swiss Bl. 32(3):11-13. ____ 1956. Anal meeting. Minutes. Brown Swims Bl. 37(6):67, 74-79. Inman, tra E. 1946. Irown Swiss castle. Facte snd figurea. Belso, Wis. Johson, K. B., and D. L. Foast 1966. Heitability, genetics and phenotypic correlations of type, certin componenst of sype, and production of Bron Snisa cattle. J. Diry Sci. 43:971-97. Ovesrman, D. R., et al. 1939. Composition of milk of Browno Swist cowa. Illinois Agr. Exp. Sta. Ball. 457. Oerman, O. R., R. J. Keis, and E. M. Craie. 1953. Conmoiton of herd milk of Bsswn Sniss bayed. Illisois Age. Knp. Sta. Bull. 267. Plumb, Charles S. 1926. The Icown Swisat. In Types and breeds of farm ai- nabs. Bay. ed. Gien, Non Yoak. Ch. 12. Botch, Francia M. 1662. Asticle ontselect bseeds of cattle and theis adaetation to the United States. Rept. Comm. eatents for the year 2962. Agricnlture, pp. 427-69. W~ilson, Chadles C. 1952. So proudly we hail the quen-J any of Vero. Brown Swiss InS. 30(8):11-12, 67-88. Iron Swisa Ball. 1922. Vol. 1. 1931. Model Swiss con. 9(7). 1943. Herd clssificaio. 21(8):7, 12. 1951. Why dlamifyf 29(8):11-12, 66. 1966. Type classificatios, likhe eroduction totting, asold be made ty pay- oot cost. 39(1):11-14. 1964. Jane of Vesson-Her inlueynce continuet. 43(1):11-18. 1965. Icown Swiss "Tonoosn daisy con today." Drigin, hissary and yro- grams for advancement. 44(1)>11-13, 15,983,6-87. 1966. Diaectost take hig atees foc hremd improvement. 46(11):13-15. 1966. Registered Bsown Swita Site Summariicc. Fist itane appeas lists Sn- cerise and Qualfed Sirs. 47(1):11-18. Alvord, H. F. 1699. Bredt of daisy cattle. USDA Farmers' Bnll. 296. Atheson, F. W. 1943. Elfects of mae-tine condiions on beed associatisn ac- tivity. Iron Swiss loll. 21(7):7-20. Athesoy, F. W., H. I. Ibsen, and F. Aldridge. 1944. Inkeitance of as epilepic type chamcter in Innsn Snist cattle. J. Bored. 35:4548. Becker, R. B. 1953. American contributions to hencer diry cattle. Hoard's Dairyman 98:736-39. locket, B. B., C. J. Wilcox, and W. B. Pritchard. 1961. Cmampy or progressive posterior pacalysis in maturee cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 44:542-47. Bodlingham, L. 1942. Brmn Swiss is America. to E. F. Prentce, American daisy cottl. Harerm, Nen Yack. Pp. 412-19. Dayis, H. F. 1917. Breeds of diry catle. USDA Farmers' Bull. 993. Goode, H. E. 1919. Fifty champions of the dairy beeds. Kimball's Diry Farmer. Watedloo, Iowa. Hatch, George M. 1946. Some eadly history of the Icown Swiss Associatio. Irown Swiss Bll. 25(1):13-15. Henry, W. A. 1991. The chemical test for butterf at. Breeders Gas. 20:469-7. Holt, Frank L. 1926. Brown Omits beed of diry cattle. Is T. B. Fistic, Him- tory of the dairy industry. Mojonniee, Chicago. Idtse, Fred S. 1953. Thy ses herd bosh. Iron ywiss Isl. 32(3):11-13. .1916. Annual meeting. Minutet. Iron Swiss Bul. 37(6):67, 74-79. Inman, Ira F. 1646. Irown Swiss cattle. Fadts and figures. Beloit, Wit. fohnson, K. B., sod H. L. Font. 1966. Heritability, geneticsansd phenotyyic correlatios of typc, costaiy components of tye, and production of Icown Swisstcatl. J. Dairy yci. 43:975-87. Overma,O. ., et al. 1939. Compoition of milk of Brown Swiss cant. Illinis Agr. Esp. Sta. loll. 457. Oermns, H. R., B. J. Keis, and E. M. Cmain. 1953.Conmoiion ofhrm ik of Boms Smits bated. Illinois Age, Kopt. Sta. loll. 567. Plumb, Chadles S. 1926. Thy Bronn Swiat. In Types and breeds of farm ash- mob. Icc. ed. Gins, NewmYork. Ch. 12. Botch, Francia M. 1962. Article onsealect breeds of cattle sand their adaptaion to the United States. Rept. Comm. Patents for she year 2961. Agricultre, ppe 427-69. Wiilson, Charlet C. 1952. So poudly no hail the queen-f one of Verso. Brows Swiss InS. 30(8):11-12, 67-6. Brows Swisa Boll. 1922. Vol. 1. 1931. Model Swis con. 9(7). 1943. Hrd classificatios. 21(8):7, 12. 1951. Wby dlamify? 29(8):11-12, 66. 1966. Type classificstion, lSky production testing, ahould he made to pay- sot cost. 39(1):11-14. 1994. Jont of Vernon-Her iafluence continuet. 43(1):11-18. 1965. Bero Swiss 'Tomorrow's daisy con today,' Drigin, histosy and pro- grama 6or advancenent 44(1):11-13, 15, 83,926-7. 1966. Disectoas take big steps for breed improvement. 46(11):13-1. 1969. Registered Icown Omits Site Sunmariea. Fist issue aepeas; lits So- peior and Qualified Siaea. 47(1):11-1.  174 BDAIRBY CATTLE BREEDS 1968. Proposed Identity Enro~llment programS revisiosS . .. aEdotrecom BmendedS by tISe BordS of DiErectors. 47(8):22-23. 1969. BrSSEB Siss descripOtve type cIassificatBR. 47(8):47. 1969. Centennial yeaE BESSEB Swiss U.S.A. 48(1):11-21. BrowSw9iss CBttle BreedIers' ABsoiaton ARRual reors Reised BrowB SwssII SiE PerfoErmaneE. 1968. BRIBes aBnd IrglIoBs goBriRg Ite Register of PrdtionB. ASdoptSI May 10, 1911. Rules andI SrSequiemens of StID este of PEroducton Bf BwB ISwiss cattle. AdoptedI Oc. 12, 1922. HorBSI'I DaiEErymS 1948. BErSEB Swiss geIsaion peiod. 93:904. 1951. Changsin chrDte ofBBER t65e BISoER SwBiss Sow. 96( 18):723, 750. ISwssI Record. 1889-1925. Vols. 125. 174DAR CA T EB E S 1968. PEropsRed IdenBEty EBEolBmeBt progrm reviin ... adoiorecom mBeBSIeSI by tbs Board of DirEectBrs. 47(8):22-23. 1969. BEBowB ISs dBeiptSve typ claRssicaton. 47(8):47. 1969. CenteBBial yeaBrowSE Swss4 U.S.A. 48(1):11-21. BrownB Swiss Cattle BIreSees' Associaion Annual repots. Registered BrowSSER SESie PerformanBeE. 1969. DRIles aBSI regulIons goveEBing tIe Reister of PIroduction. ASdopted May 10, 1911. Bes Bnd reqieets of te Register of PErdIonDoB Brow lESERs EBcRISIS. AdopteSd Oc. 12, 1912. HordS'sDiErmaS 1949. BErwB SwissI gestatoB peioBd. 93:904. 1911. ChIBnges Bn charaBeBrE of te HISSER ISwiss cow. 96( 18):723, 750. Siss RecdES. 1889-1925. Vols. 1-25. 174 DAIRBY CATTLE BRED S 196. Propoed Ientty Erollentprra rSevTisin ... adoionSecom-S BmenedB by tbs Board of DiecDtors. 47(8):22-23. 1969. BESSER ISs Edescrptve typqlsiiaio. 47(8):47. 1969. CeBteBBiaI yBe BEroSissR U.S.A. 48(1):11-21. BErSw Swiss CRISIS BrSeIedes' AsR1socato ARRual reports. RegistereId BEBown ISwiss Sie eroSrmneD. 196. Dues BBnd regulionsB gorninBgB tbe Register of ProducDoB, Adoped May iS, 1921. DRIles and Ereireens of the Register of Prodciono Br6w SwissR cRaBttle. Adopted OrS. 12, 1922. HoDIS'S DB6ErymaEI 1949. BErowB Swlss gstaton period. 93:904. 1911. Changs in DharaBerDS of tbe BIDwD Swiss ERIE. 96(18):723, 750. Siss RordSI. 1889-192. Vols. 1-2.  i .., nYr JNJw CHAPTER 9 DUTCH BELTED LnrLE EARLY history of Dutch Belted cattle has been recorded. Gurtenvieh, "canvassed," or belted cattle were regarded well for milking, ability to fatten, and beautiful conformation. August Weck- herlin described them in 1827 in Canton Appenzell in northeastern Switzerland and the Tyrol mountain valleys in Austria. W. Kick mentioned them in 1878, but they were not described in the reports on cattle of Switzerland or the Netherlands by United States con- suls in 1885. Hugo Lehnert stated in 1896 that top crosses with Brown Swiss cattle caused disappearance of the Gurtenvieh from the mountain area, leaving occasional white spots among descend- ants. Headpiece: Vignette of Dutch Belted cow. 175 CHAPTER 9 DUTCH BELTED LrrrLE EARLY history of Dutch Belted cattle has been recorded. Gurtenvieh, "canvassed," or belted cattle were regarded well for milking, ability to fatten, and beautiful conformation. August Weck- herlin described them in 1827 in Canton Appenzell in northeastern Switzerland and the Tyrol mountain valleys in Austria. W. Kick mentioned them in 1878, but they were not described in the reports on cattle of Switzerland or the Netherlands by United States con- suls in 1885. Hugo Lehnert stated in 1896 that top crosses with Brown Swiss cattle caused disappearance of the Gurtenvieh from the mountain area, leaving occasional white spots among descend- ants. Headpiece: Vignette of Dutch Belted cow. 175 CHAPTER 9 DUTCH BELTED L rrrLE EARLY history of Dutch Belted cattle has been recorded. Gurtenvieh, "canvassed," or belted cattle were regarded well for milking, ability to fatten, and beautiful conformation. August Weck- herlin described them in 1827 in Canton Appenzell in northeastern Switzerland and the Tyrol mountain valleys in Austria. W. Kick mentioned them in 1878, but they were not described in the reports on cattle of Switzerland or the Netherlands by United States con- suls in 1885. Hugo Lehnert stated in 1896 that top crosses with Brown Swiss cattle caused disappearance of the Gurtenvieh from the mountain area, leaving occasional white spots among descend- ants. Headpiece: Vignette of Dutch Belted cow. 175  176 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS BREED COMPARISONS IN WURTEMBERG Wurtemberg once was a kingdom of 7,530 square miles, north of Switzerland. The king conducted detailed trials on his estates with 15 breeds of cattle: Alderneys, five breeds from England, three from Switzerland, Friesians, Hungarian, small zebus from India, and three strains from his kingdom. He obtained Gurtenvieh or "can- vassed" cattle twice from Canton Appenzell across Lake Constance in northeastern Switzerland, the first group in 1810. The trials were reported by two German writers and by John H. Klippart of Ohio and Secretary F. L. Houghton of the Holstein-Friesian Association of America. Since color descriptions of Gurtenvieh in Appenzell and Wurtem- berg were identical with those of Lakenfeld or Dutch Belted cattle. it is believed they were the same breed and had a common origin. On the average, the king's cows weighed 950 pounds and calves 73 pounds at birth. The Gurtenvieh cows averaged 5,056 pounds of milk yearly in the trials, while Friesians averaged 6,548 pounds and Brown Swiss 5,764 pounds of milk. Twelve other breeds gave lower yields. C. F. Schmidt, Royal Court Domain Counsellor, recorded re- sults of the trials. No written evidence has been traced, yet it is believed from genetic evidence that cattle with the hereditary white belt were moved by nobility during or soon after the feudal period. Farmers owned them in the local mountain area, but only nobility and wealthy landowners possessed them in the Netherlands. There was published evidence of movements of Friesian and Brown Swiss cattle by prominent people in these areas. EARLY HISTORY IN THE NETHERLANDS William Aiton toured Holland about 1830 and reported: "I saw at Haite Lust, near Haarlem, the seat of M. Van Dervolet of Amster- dam, a stock of ten cows that were all black in the head, neck, fore and hind quarters, and the trunk of the body white. One cow in that herd was of a brown colour where the others were black, but, like them, had a white trunk." Frank R. Sanders, who bred Dutch Belted cattle near Bristol, 176 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS BREED COMPARISONS IN WURTEMBERc Wurtemberg once was a kingdom of 7,530 square miles, north of Switzerland. The king conducted detailed trials on his estates with 15 breeds of cattle: Alderneys, five breeds from England, three from Switzerland, Friesians, Hungarian, small zebus from India, and three strains from his kingdom. He obtained Gurtenvieh or "can- vassed" cattle twice from Canton Appenzell across Lake Constance in northeastern Switzerland, the first group in 1810. The trials were reported by two German writers and by John H. Klippart of Ohio and Secretary F. L. Houghton of the Holstein-Friesian Association of America. Since color descriptions of Gurtenvieh in Appenzell and Wurtem- berg were identical with those of Lakenfeld or Dutch Belted cattle. it is believed they were the same breed and had a common origin. On the average, the king's cows weighed 950 pounds and calves 73 pounds at birth. The Gurtenvieh cows averaged 5,056 pounds of milk yearly in the trials, while Friesians averaged 6,548 pounds and Brown Swiss 5,764 pounds of milk. Twelve other breeds gave lower yields. C. F. Schmidt, Royal Court Domain Counsellor, recorded re- sults of the trials. No written evidence has been traced, yet it is believed from genetic evidence that cattle with the hereditary white belt were moved by nobility during or soon after the feudal period. Farmers owned them in the local mountain area, but only nobility and wealthy landowners possessed them in the Netherlands. There was published evidence of movements of Friesian and Brown Swiss cattle by prominent people in these areas. EARLY HISTORY IN THE NETHERLANDS William Aiton toured Holland about 1830 and reported: "I saw at Haite Lust, near Haarlem, the seat of M. Van Dervolet of Amster- dam, a stock of ten cows that were all black in the head, neck, fore and hind quarters, and the trunk of the body white. One cow in that herd was of a brown colour where the others were black, but, like them, had a white trunk." Frank R. Sanders, who bred Dutch Belted cattle near Bristol, 176 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS BREED COMPARISONS IN WURTEMBERG Wurtemberg once was a kingdom of 7,530 square miles, north of Switzerland. The king conducted detailed trials on his estates with 15 breeds of cattle: Alderneys, five breeds from England, three from Switzerland, Friesians, Hungarian, small zebus from India, and three strains from his kingdom. He obtained Gurtenvieh or "can- vassed" cattle twice from Canton Appenzell across Lake Constance in northeastern Switzerland, the first group in 1810. The trials were reported by two German writers and by John H. Klippart of Ohio and Secretary F. L. Houghton of the Holstein-Friesian Association of America. Since color descriptions of Gurtenvieh in Appenzell and Wurtem- berg were identical with those of Lakenfeld or Dutch Belted cattle. it is believed they were the same breed and had a common origin. On the average, the king's cows weighed 950 pounds and calves 73 pounds at birth. The Gurtenvieh cows averaged 5,056 pounds of milk yearly in the trials, while Friesians averaged 6,548 pounds and Brown Swiss 5,764 pounds of milk. Twelve other breeds gave lower yields. C. F. Schmidt, Royal Court Domain Counsellor, recorded re- sults of the trials. No written evidence has been traced, yet it is believed from genetic evidence that cattle with the hereditary white belt were moved by nobility during or soon after the feudal period. Farmers owned them in the local mountain area, but only nobility and wealthy landowners possessed them in the Netherlands. There was published evidence of movements of Friesian and Brown Swiss cattle by prominent people in these areas. EARLY HISTORY IN THE NETHERLANDS William Aiton toured Holland about 1830 and reported: "I saw at Haite Lust, near Haarlem, the seat of M. Van Dervolet of Amster- dam, a stock of ten cows that were all black in the head, neck, fore and hind quarters, and the trunk of the body white. One cow in that herd was of a brown colour where the others were black, but, like them, had a white trunk." Frank R. Sanders, who bred Dutch Belted cattle near Bristol,  Dutch Belted 177 New Hampshire, toured the Netherlands in 1907 and visited with breeders. He wrote: from the records obtainable, and from conversation with sev- eral of the older breeders of Holland, it seems that these cattle began to flourish about 1750, and no doubt the system of selec- tion by which this marvelous color breeding was attained dates back into the seventeenth century. One breeder says his father informed him that there were gentlemen of wealth and leisure near what is now Haarlem, North Holland, who conceived the idea of breeding animals to a certain color, chiefly with the broad white band in the center of the body, with black ends. These noblemen had large estates, and it is claimed that for more than 100 years they and their descendants worked upon the perfection of the peculiar color markings until they pro- duced Dutch Belted cattle, pigs, and poultry. Herds of belted cattle were few, and owners seldom sold ani- mals of these color markings to commercial herds. No breed or- ganization was formed. Registrations were cared for by the Nether- land General Stamboek at the Hague. G. J. Hengeveld, head inspector of the Dutch Herd Book of North Holland wrote: "The Dutch Belted cattle stand equal to the best cattle in our country for milking, breeding and fattening. They are owned by gentlemen farmers, but they cannot be bought. They are highly appreciated on account of the rarity of their color." NAME OF THE BREED IN HOLLAND The name Lakenfeld, Lakenvelder, or Veldlarker was applied to the breed in the Netherlands, the name meaning literally a field or blanket of white, conveying the idea of a white body with black ends. Sanders observed that many Dutch Belted cattle in the Neth- erlands bore white markings on one or more legs. A photograph of 19 Dutch Belted cattle in the Purmerand, North Holland, in 1906, showed white markings on 18 of 36 legs visible, and white extended above the pasterns in five instances. A picture of 14 cows in the herd of William Jochems, The Hague, Holland, appeared in Vol- ume 13 of the Dutch Belted Herd Book of America. Of 22 pasterns and feet visible, two had white markings. A typical Dutch Belted Dutch Belted 177 New Hampshire, toured the Netherlands in 1907 and visited with breeders. He wrote: from the records obtainable, and from conversation with sev- eral of the older breeders of Holland, it seems that these cattle began to flourish about 1750, and no doubt the system of selec- tion by which this marvelous color breeding was attained dates back into the seventeenth century. One breeder says his father informed him that there were gentlemen of wealth and leisure near what is now Haarlem, North Holland, who conceived the idea of breeding animals to a certain color, chiefly with the broad white band in the center of the body, with black ends. These noblemen had large estates, and it is claimed that for more than 100 years they and their descendants worked upon the perfection of the peculiar color markings until they pro- duced Dutch Belted cattle, pigs, and poultry. Herds of belted cattle were few, and owners seldom sold ani- mals of these color markings to commercial herds. No breed or- ganization was formed. Registrations were cared for by the Nether- land General Stamboek at the Hague. G. J. Hengeveld, head inspector of the Dutch Herd Book of North Holland wrote: "The Dutch Belted cattle stand equal to the best cattle in our country for milking, breeding and fattening. They are owned by gentlemen farmers, but they cannot be bought. They are highly appreciated on account of the rarity of their color." NAME OF THE BREED IN HOLLAND The name Lakenfeld, Lakenvelder, or Veldlarker was applied to the breed in the Netherlands, the name meaning literally a field or blanket of white, conveying the idea of a white body with black ends. Sanders observed that many Dutch Belted cattle in the Neth- erlands bore white markings on one or more legs. A photograph of 19 Dutch Belted cattle in the Purmerand, North Holland, in 1906, showed white markings on 18 of 36 legs visible, and white extended above the pasterns in five instances. A picture of 14 cows in the herd of William Jochems, The Hague, Holland, appeared in Vol- ume 13 of the Dutch Belted Herd Book of America. Of 22 pasterns and feet visible, two had white markings. A typical Dutch Belted Dutch Belted 177 New Hampshire, toured the Netherlands in 1907 and visited with breeders. He wrote: from the records obtainable, and from conversation with sev- eral of the older breeders of Holland, it seems that these cattle began to flourish about 1750, and no doubt the system of selec- tion by which this marvelous color breeding was attained dates back into the seventeenth century. One breeder says his father informed him that there were gentlemen of wealth and leisure near what is now Haarlem, North Holland, who conceived the idea of breeding animals to a certain color, chiefly with the broad white band in the center of the body, with black ends. These noblemen had large estates, and it is claimed that for more than 100 years they and their descendants worked upon the perfection of the peculiar color markings until they pro- duced Dutch Belted cattle, pigs, and poultry. Herds of belted cattle were few, and owners seldom sold ani- mals of these color markings to commercial herds. No breed or- ganization was formed. Registrations were cared for by the Nether- land General Stamboek at the Hague. G. J. Hengeveld, head inspector of the Dutch Herd Book of North Holland wrote: "The Dutch Belted cattle stand equal to the best cattle in our country for milking, breeding and fattening. They are owned by gentlemen farmers, but they cannot be bought. They are highly appreciated on account of the rarity of their color." NAME OF THE BREED IN HOLLAND The name Lakenfeld, Lakenvelder, or Veldlarker was applied to the breed in the Netherlands, the name meaning literally a field or blanket of white, conveying the idea of a white body with black ends. Sanders observed that many Dutch Belted cattle in the Neth- erlands bore white markings on one or more legs. A photograph of 19 Dutch Belted cattle in the Purmerand, North Holland, in 1906, showed white markings on 18 of 36 legs visible, and white extended above the pasterns in five instances. A picture of 14 cows in the herd of William Jochems, The Hague, Holland, appeared in Vol- ume 13 of the Dutch Belted Herd Book of America. Of 22 pasterns and feet visible, two had white markings. A typical Dutch Belted  178 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS cow was photographed in the herd of W. Jochems, Duindigt, near The Hague, by the author in 1938 (Fig. 9.1). Sanders estimated in 1907 that Lakenvelder cattle in the Neth- erlands numbered about 1,000 head, largely in Utrecht and North Holland provinces. DUTCH BELTED CATTLE IN AMERICA The first Dutch Belted cattle were brought to his estate near Go- shen in Orange County, New York, in 1838 by D. M. Haight, United States Consul to Holland. He made two importations later. The 178 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS cow was photographed in the herd of W. Jochems, Duindigt, nea The Hague, by the author in 1938 (Fig. 9.1). Sanders estimated in 1907 that Lakenvelder cattle in the Neth- erlands numbered about 1,000 head, largely in Utrecht and North Holland provinces. DUTCH BELTED CATTLE IN AMERICA The first Dutch Belted cattle were brought to his estate near Go- shen in Orange County, New York, in 1838 by D. M. Haight, United States Consul to Holland. He made two importations later. The 178 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS cow was photographed in the herd of W. Jochems, Duindigt, near The Hague, by the author in 1938 (Fig. 9.1). Sanders estimated in 1907 that Lakenvelder cattle in the Neth- erlands numbered about 1,000 head, largely in Utrecht and North Holland provinces. DUTCH BELTED CATTLE IN AMERICA The first Dutch Belted cattle were brought to his estate near Go- shen in Orange County, New York, in 1838 by D. M. Haight, United States Consul to Holland. He made two importations later. The VIU. .1. A goo type sutch seltea cow owned by W. Jochems, LuninDgt, in the Netherlands. great showman P. T. Barnum purchased several cattle from a Dutch nobleman in 1840, and exhibited them with his circus as "a rare and auristocratic breed." The cows proved to be good milkers, and he placed them on his Orange County farm. H. W. Coleman made a small importation in 1848 to his estate near Cornwall, Penn- sylvania. In 1906 a bull and two cows were registered as imported by H. W. Lance, of Peapack, New Jersey. T. R. Pirtle stated that 69 Dutch Belted animals were imported before 1920. EARLY DEVELOPMENT IN THE UNITED STATES In 1884 Adrian Holbert wrote of buying Dutch Belted calves ear- lier. His son Jessie Holbert managed the herd, but had lost 42 ani- mals by fire in 1883. Ten young cattle survived in an adjoining e-1. s.1. A good type Lutn Belte cow ownera by W. Jochems, Uunaigt, m the Netherlands. great showman P. T. Barnum purchased several cattle from a Dutch nobleman in 1840, and exhibited them with his circus as "a rare and auristocratic breed." The cows proved to be good milkers, and he placed them on his Orange County farm. H. W. Coleman made a small importation in 1848 to his estate near Cornwall, Penn- sylvania. In 1906 a bull and two cows were registered as imported by H. W. Lance, of Peapack, New Jersey. T. R. Pirtle stated that 69 Dutch Belted animals were imported before 1920. EARLY DEvELOPMENT IN THE UNrED STATES In 1884 Adrian Holbert wrote of buying Dutch Belted calves ear- lier. His son Jessie Holbert managed the herd, but had lost 42 ani- mals by fire in 1883. Ten young cattle survived in an adjoining s1-. L.1. A good type Luten Belteadcow ownea by W. Jocnems, uumigt, n the Netherlands. great showman P. T. Barnum purchased several cattle from a Dutch nobleman in 1840, and exhibited them with his circus as "a rare and auristocratic breed." The cows proved to be good milkers, and he placed them on his Orange County farm. H. W. Coleman made a small importation in 1848 to his estate near Cornwall, Penn- sylvania. In 1906 a bull and two cows were registered as imported by H. W. Lance, of Peapack, New Jersey. T. R. Pirtle stated that 69 Dutch Belted animals were imported before 1920. EARLY DEvELOPMENT IN THE UNrED STATES In 1884 Adrian Holbert wrote of buying Dutch Belted calves ear- lier. His son Jessie Holbert managed the herd, but had lost 42 ani- mals by fire in 1883. Ten young cattle survived in an adjoining  Dutch Belted 179 building. D. C. and Jeremiah Knight bought a bull and a heifer from D. M. Haight in 1852. Ten years later the son inherited the herd, some of which descended from one noted milker. DUTCH BELTED CATTLE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA Resolved, That recognizing the importance of a trustworthy Herd Book of Dutch Belted Cattle, which shall be accepted as final authority in all questions of pedigree and for the preser- vation of the purity of the breed, we do hereby form ourselves into an Association for keeping and publishing a Herd Book to advance our interests as breeders of these cattle. Resolved, That Dutch Belted Cattle entitled to registry must be pure bred, black and white, with a continuous belt around the body. White feet or small black spot in belt somewhat ob- jectionable, but not a disqualification. Resolved, That an animal must be of good form, finely pro- portioned, preserving all the qualifications of the milk form. Resolved, That the Herd Book be published as soon as con- venient after 100 Certificates of Registry be issued. N. W. Howell was elected President. H. R. Richards of Easton, Pennsylvania, served 25 years as secretary. The long interval from importations and founding the Herd Book made it impossible to trace all pedigrees completely to animals im- ported from 1838 to 1848. The executive committee inspected all animals for dairy conformation and color markings for entry in Vol- ume 1 of the Herd Book. The committee claimed "that in our sys- tem of selection we have a more uniform class of cattle than has ever been registered in any herd book in existence." The organiza- tion incorporated under New Jersey laws on July 12, 1909, noting: "The objects of the Dutch Belted Cattle Association of America throughout America, is to issue trustworthy Herd Books of record for the maintenance and preservation of purity of the breed, and as final authority on all questions of pedigree and to regulate standards of excellence from time to time as the interests of the members may occasion." Membership increased gradually, limited by the few ani- mals imported and by exportations to other countries. Volume 1 of the Herd Book contained entries from 31 herds. One bull bred in the herd of D. M. Haight was registered by his estate. Dutch Belted 179 building. D. C. and Jeremiah Knight bought a bull and a heifer from D. M. Haight in 1852. Ten years later the son inherited the herd, some of which descended from one noted milker. DUTCH BELTED CATTLE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA Resolved, That recognizing the importance of a trustworthy Herd Book of Dutch Belted Cattle, which shall be accepted as final authority in all questions of pedigree and for the preser- vation of the purity of the breed, we do hereby form ourselves into an Association for keeping and publishing a Herd Book to advance our interests as breeders of these cattle. Resolved, That Dutch Belted Cattle entitled to registry must be pure bred, black and white, with a continuous belt around the body. White feet or small black spot in belt somewhat ob- jectionable, but not a disqualification. Resolved, That an animal must be of good form, finely pro- portioned, preserving all the qualifications of the milk form. Resolved, That the Herd Book be published as soon as con- venient after 100 Certificates of Registry be issued. N. W. Howell was elected President. H. R. Richards of Easton, Pennsylvania, served 25 years as secretary. The long interval from importations and founding the Herd Book made it impossible to trace all pedigrees completely to animals im- ported from 1838 to 1848. The executive committee inspected all animals for dairy conformation and color markings for entry in Vol- ume 1 of the Herd Book. The committee claimed "that in our sys- tem of selection we have a more uniform class of cattle than has ever been registered in any herd book in existence." The organiza- tion incorporated under New Jersey laws on July 12, 1909, noting: "The objects of the Dutch Belted Cattle Association of America throughout America, is to issue trustworthy Herd Books of record for the maintenance and preservation of purity of the breed, and as final authority on all questions of pedigree and to regulate standards of excellence from time to time as the interests of the members may occasion." Membership increased gradually, limited by the few ani- mals imported and by exportations to other countries. Volume 1 of the Herd Book contained entries from 31 herds. One bull bred in the herd of D. M. Haight was registered by his estate. Dutch Belted 179 building. D. C. and Jeremiah Knight bought a bull and a heifer from D. M. Haight in 1852. Ten years later the son inherited the herd, some of which descended from one noted milker. DUTCH BELTED CATTLE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA Resolved, That recognizing the importance of a trustworthy Herd Book of Dutch Belted Cattle, which shall be accepted as final authority in all questions of pedigree and for the preser- vation of the purity of the breed, we do hereby form ourselves into an Association for keeping and publishing a Herd Book to advance our interests as breeders of these cattle. Resolved, That Dutch Belted Cattle entitled to registry must be pure bred, black and white, with a continuous belt around the body. White feet or small black spot in belt somewhat ob- jectionable, but not a disqualification. Resolved, That an animal must be of good form, finely pro- portioned, preserving all the qualifications of the milk form. Resolved, That the Herd Book be published as soon as con- venient after 100 Certificates of Registry be issued. N. W. Howell was elected President. H. R. Richards of Easton, Pennsylvania, served 25 years as secretary. The long interval from importations and founding the Herd Book made it impossible to trace all pedigrees completely to animals im- ported from 1838 to 1848. The executive committee inspected all animals for dairy conformation and color markings for entry in Vol- ume 1 of the Herd Book. The committee claimed "that in our sys- tem of selection we have a more uniform class of cattle than has ever been registered in any herd book in existence." The organiza- tion incorporated under New Jersey laws on July 12, 1909, noting: "The objects of the Dutch Belted Cattle Association of America throughout America, is to issue trustworthy Herd Books of record for the maintenance and preservation of purity of the breed, and as final authority on all questions of pedigree and to regulate standards of excellence from time to time as the interests of the members may occasion." Membership increased gradually, limited by the few ani- mals imported and by exportations to other countries. Volume 1 of the Herd Book contained entries from 31 herds. One bull bred in the herd of D. M. Haight was registered by his estate.  180 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Eight bulls and 17 cows from this herd were registered by later owners. Of 46 bulls and 177 cows in Volume 1, 104 traced in part to the Haight herd. Others probably were so descended, but records had not been kept that established this point. Two-thirds of the en- tries in Volume 1 were in Orange County. Even in 1891 Orange County claimed half the Registered Dutch Belted cattle in this country. Registered herds were established in 32 states, largely in the Cornbelt. Dr. and Mrs. J. G. DuPuis owned the largest herd-White Belt Dairy-near Miami, Florida. Active members in 1960 were lo- cated in California, Florida, Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Msissouri. New York, Oklahoma, Oregon, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, and Wisconsin. Some 2,143 males and 5,233 females were registered in the first 14 volumes of the Herd Book. From autumn 1957 to No- vember 1959 some 45 bulls and 152 females were registered. Con- sideration was given by the association to acceptance of unregis- tered heifers as purebreds where it could be certified that all grandparents were registered. This plan was submitted for a vote of the members. If adopted, entries could be received from six other states that had not kept up registrations during the inactivity and death of a former secretary. THE SHOw RING D. E. Howatt, H. B. Richards, and S. B. Heaton were appointed "to adopt a scale of points to be published as part of the second volume of the Herd Book." This scale of points follows: 190 DAIRY CATTLOE BREEDs Eight bulls and 17 cows from this herd were registered by later owners. Of 46 bulls and 177 cows in Volume 1, 104 traced in part to the Haight herd. Others probably were so descended, but records had not been kept that established this point. Two-thirds of the en- tries in Volume 1 were in Orange County. Even in 1891 Orange County claimed half the Registered Dutch Belted cattle in this country. Registered herds were established in 32 states, largely in the Cornbelt. Dr. and Mrs. J. G. DuPuis owned the largest herd-White Belt Dairy-near Miami, Florida. Active members in 1960 were lo- cated in California, Florida, Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri. New York, Oklahoma, Oregon, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, and Wisconsin. Some 2,143 males and 5,233 females were registered in the first 14 volumes of the Herd Book. From autumn 1957 to No- vember 1959 some 45 bulls and 152 females were registered. Con- sideration was given by the association to acceptance of unregis- tered heifers as purebreds where it could be certified that all grandparents were registered. This plan was submitted for a vote of the members. If adopted, entries could be received from six other states that had not kept up registrations during the inactivity and death of a former secretary. THE SHOw RING D. E. Howatt, H. B. Richards, and S. B. Heaton were appointed "to adopt a scale of points to be published as part of the second volume of the Herd Book." This scale of points follows: 180 D AIRY CATTLE BR E EDS Eight bulls and 17 cows from this herd were registered by later owners. Of 46 bulls and 177 cows in Volume 1, 104 traced in part to the Haight herd. Others probably were so descended, but records had not been kept that established this point. Two-thirds of the en- tries in Volume 1 were in Orange County. Even in 1891 Orange County claimed half the Registered Dutch Belted cattle in this country. Registered herds were established in 32 states, largely in the Cornbelt. Dr. and Mrs. J. G. DuPuis owned the largest herd-White Belt Dairy-near Miami, Florida. Active members in 1960 were lo- cated in California, Florida, Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri. New York, Oklahoma, Oregon, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, and Wisconsin. Some 2,143 males and 5,233 females were registered in the first 14 volumes of the Herd Book. From autumn 1957 to No- vember 1959 some 45 bulls and 152 females were registered. Con- sideration was given by the association to acceptance of unregis- tered heifers as purebreds where it could be certified that all grandparents were registered. This plan was submitted for a vote of the members. If adopted, entries could be received from six other states that had not kept up registrations during the inactivity and death of a former secretary. THE SHOw RING D. E. Howatt, H. B. Richards, and S. B. Heaton were appointed "to adopt a scale of points to be published as part of the second volume of the Herd Book." This scale of points follows: Dutch Belted Cows Dutch Belted Cows Dutch Belted Cows Points Counts Points Counts Points Counts 1. Body color black, with a clearly defined continuous white belt. The belt to be of medium width, beginning behind the shoulder and extending nearly to the hips. 2. Head comparatively long and somewhat dishing; broad between the eyes. Poll prominent; muzzle fine; dark tongue. 3. Eyes black, full and mild. Horns long compared with their diameter. 8 6 4 L Body color black, with a clearly defined continuous white belt. The belt to be of medium width, beginning behind the shoulder and extending nearly to the hips. 2. Head comparatively long and somewhat dishing; broad between the eyes. Poll prominent; muzzle fine; dark tongue. 3. Eyes black, full and mild. Horns long compared with their diameter. 8 6 4 1. Body color black, with a clearly defined continuous white belt. The belt to be of medium width, beginning behind the shoulder and extending nearly to the hips. 2. Head comparatively long and somewhat dishing; broad between the eyes. Poll prominent; muzzle fine; dark tongue. 3. Eyes black, full and mild. Horns long compared with their diameter.  Dutch Belted 181 4. Neck fine and moderately thin and should harmonize in symmetry with the head and shoulders. 6 5. Shoulders fine at the top, becoming deep and broad as they extend backward and downward, with a low chest. 4 6. Barrel large and deep with well-developed abdomen; ribs well rounded and free from fat: 10 7. Hips broad and chine level, with full loin. 10 8. Rump high, long and broad. 6 9. Hindquarters long and deep, rear line incurving. Tail long, slim, tapering to a full switch. 8 10. Legs short, clean, standing well apart. 3 11. Udder large, well developed front and rear. Teats of convenient size and wide apart; mammary veins large, long and crooked, entering large orifices. 20 12. Escutcheon. 2 13. Hair fine and soft; skin of moderate thickness of a rich dark or yellow color. 3 14. Quiet disposition and free from excessive fat. 4 15. General condition and apparent constitution. 6 Dutch Belted 181 4. Neck fine and moderately thin and should harmonize in symmetry with the head and shoulders. 6 5. Shoulders fine at the top, becoming deep and broad as they extend backward and downward, with a low chest. 4 6. Barrel large and deep with well-developed abdomen; ribs well rounded and free from fat 10 7. Hips broad and chine level, with full loin. 10 8. Rump high, long and broad. 6 9. Hindquarters long and deep, rear line incurving. Tail long, slim, tapering to a full switch. 8 10. Legs short, clean, standing well apart. 3 11. Udder large, well developed front and rear. Teats of convenient size and wide apart; mammary veins large, long and crooked, entering large orifices. 20 12. Escutcheon. 2 13. Hair fine and soft; skin of moderate thickness of a rich dark or yellow color. 3 14. Quiet disposition and free from excessive fat. 4 15. General condition and apparent constitution. 6 Dutch Belted 181 4. Neck fine and moderately thin and should harmonize in symmetry with the head and shoulders. 5. Shoulders fine at the top, becoming deep and broad as they extend backward and downward, with a low chest. 6. Barrel large and deep with well-developed abdomen; ribs well rounded and free from fat. 7. Hips broad and chine level, with full loin. 8. Rump high, long and broad. 9. Hindquarters long and deep, rear line incurving. Tail long, slim, tapering to a full switch. 10. Legs short, clean, standing well apart. 11. Udder large, well developed front and rear. Teats of convenient size and wide apart; mammary veins large, long and crooked, entering large orifices. 12. Escutcheon. 13. Hair fine and soft; skin of moderate thickness of a rich dark or yellow color. 14. Quiet disposition and free from excessive fat. 15. General condition and apparent constitution. 8 3 20 2 3 4 6 00 100 100 1 Perfection Perfection Perfection Dutch Belted Bulls The scale of points for males shall be the same as those given for females, except that No. 11 shall be omitted and the bull credited 10 points for size and wide spread, placing of rudi- mentary teats, 5 points additional for development of shoulder, and 5 additional points for perfection of belt. Sixteen Dutch Belted cattle were exhibited at the World's Co- lumbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893 by H. B. Richards, of which 13 were sold to Mexico City after the show. From one to three herds of Dutch Belted cattle were exhibited at the National Dairy Show in 1907 to 1913, with 16 to 41 animals competing. PRODUCTION RECORDs The first production record mentioned was with the entry of "No. 33 Idell-Bred by and property of J. E. Wells, Chester, N.Y.; calved January, 1885; sired by Fritz (11); dam, Betsy, purebred, milk ree- Dutch Belted Bulls The scale of points for males shall be the same as those given for females, except that No. 11 shall be omitted and the bull credited 10 points for size and wide spread, placing of rudi- mentary teats, 5 points additional for development of shoulder, and 5 additional points for perfection of belt. Sixteen Dutch Belted cattle were exhibited at the World's Co- lumbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893 by H. B. Richards, of which 13 were sold to Mexico City after the show. From one to three herds of Dutch Belted cattle were exhibited at the National Dairy Show in 1907 to 1913, with 16 to 41 animals competing. PRODUCTION RECORDs The first production record mentioned was with the entry of "No. 33 Idell-Bred by and property of J. E. Wells, Chester, N.Y.; calved January, 1885; sired by Fritz (11); dam, Betsy, purebred, milk rc- Dutch Belted Bulls The scale of points for males shall be the same as those given for females, except that No. 11 shall be omitted and the bull credited 10 points for size and wide spread, placing of rudi- mentary teats, 5 points additional for development of shoulder, and 5 additional points for perfection of belt. Sixteen Dutch Belted cattle were exhibited at the World's Co- lumbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893 by H. B. Richards, of which 13 were sold to Mexico City after the show. From one to three herds of Dutch Belted cattle were exhibited at the National Dairy Show in 1907 to 1913, with 16 to 41 animals competing. PRODUCTION RECORDS The first production record mentioned was with the entry of "No. 33 Idell-Bred by and property of J. E. Wells, Chester, N.Y.; calved January, 1885; sired by Fritz (11); dam, Betsy, purebred, milk ree-  182 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS ord of 10,599 pounds in 11 months; belted irregular. General condi- tion good." Betsy, unregistered dam of foundation cow No. 33 Idell. had the first production record published in the Herd Book. Dutch Belted cows were entered in the milking contest at the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo, New York, in 1901. Their av- erage production was 4,978 pounds of milk and 169.4 pounds of butterfat in 120 days. Advanced Registry rules were approved at the annual meeting on May 9, 1912. Records were started a year later. Seven cows owned by Dr. H. W. Lance, Peapack, New Jersey, averaged 10,224 pounds of milk, 3.53 percent and 361.2 pounds of butterfat. Two cows were mature age. Herds owned by Dr. J. G. DuPuis of Lemon City, Florida, and J. A. Wilson, Brunswick, Maine, were entered in turn and others later. The leading producers in succession were: 182 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS ord of 10,599 pounds in 11 months; belted irregular. General condi- tion good." Betsy, unregistered dam of foundation cow No. 33 Idell had the first production record published in the Herd Book. Dutch Belted cows were entered in the milking contest at the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo, New York, in 1901. Their av- erage production was 4,978 pounds of milk and 169.4 pounds of butterfat in 120 days. Advanced Registry rules weere approved at the annual meeting on May 9, 1912. Records were started a year later. Seven cows owned by Dr. H. W. Lance, Peapack, New Jersey, averaged 10,224 pounds of milk, 3.53 percent and 361.2 pounds of butterfat. Two cows were mature age. Herds owned by Dr. J. G. DuPuis of Lemon City, Florida, and J. A. Wilson, Brunswick, Maine, were entered in turn and others later. The leading producers in succession were: 182 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS ord of 10,599 pounds in 11 months; belted irregular. General condi- tion good." Betsy, unregistered dam of foundation cow No. 33 Idell, had the first production record published in the Herd Book. Dutch Belted cows were entered in the milking contest at the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo, New York, in 1901. Their av- erage production was 4,978 pounds of milk and 169.4 pounds of butterfat in 120 days. Advanced Registry rules were approved at the annual meeting on May 9, 1912. Records were started a year later. Seven cows owned by Dr. H. W. Lance, Peapack, New Jersey, averaged 10,224 pounds of milk, 3.53 percent and 361.2 pounds of butterfat. Two cows were mature age. Herds owned by Dr. J. G. DuPuis of Lemon City, Florida, and J. A. Wilson, Brunswick, Maine, were entered in turn and others later. The leading producers in succession were: Peapack Duchess 1390, Imp. Peapack Anna 1487 H. W. Lance, Peapack, N. J. Ferndell 1961 Dr. J. G. DuPuis, Lemon City, Florida Glenbeulah's Beauty 2172 A. Quackenboss, St. Cloud, Wisconsin Gem of Columbia 2038 Dr. J. G. DuPuis Angelina 2641 O. A. Leonard, Tolland, Connecticut Gloria 3231 J. A. Wilson, Brunswick, Maine Loraine of Brunswick 3020 J. A. Wilson Milk Test Butterfat (pounds) (percent) (pounds) 13,065.0 3.43 447.64 Peapack Duchess 1390, Imp. 13,159.0 3.68 484.31 Peapack Anna 1487 H. W. Lance, Peapack, N. J. 13,477.9 3.73 501.10 Ferndell 1961 Dr. J. G. DuPuis, Lemon City, Florida 13,295.8 3.99 531.19 Glenbeulah's Beauty 2172 A. Quackenboss, St. Cloud, Wisconsin 17,268.2 3.67 633.86 Gem of Columbia 2038 Dr. J. G. DuPuis 16,022.6 4.17 668.07 Angelina 2641 O. A. Leonard, Tolland, Connecticut 16,545.9 4.71 780.09 Gloria 3231 J. A. Wilson, Brunswick, Maine 18,211.2 4.48 816,53 Loraine of Brunswick 3020 J. A. Wilson Milk Test Butterfat (pounds) (percent) (pounds) 13,065.0 3.43 447.64 Peapack Duchess 1390, Imp. 13,159.0 3.68 484.31 Peapack Anna 1487 H. W. Lance, Peapack, N. J. 13,477.9 3.73 501.10 Ferndell 1961 Dr. J. G. Dupuis, Lemon City, Florida 13,295.8 3.99 531.19 Glenbeulah's Beauty 2172 A. Quackenboss, St. Cloud, Wisconsin 17,268.2 3.67 633.86 Gem of Columbia 2038 Dr. J. G. DuPuis 16,022.6 4.17 668.07 Angelina 2641 O. A. Leonard, Tolland, Connecticut 16,545.9 4.71 780.09 Gloria 3231 J. A. Wilson, Brunswick, Maine 18,211.2 4.48 816.53 Loraine of Brunswick 3020 1. A. Wilson Milk Test Butterfat (pounds) (percent) (pounds) 13,065.0 3.43 447.64 13,159.0 3.68 484.31 13,477.9 3.73 501.10 13,295.8 3.99 531.19 17,268.2 3.67 633.86 16,022.6 4.17 668.07 16,545.9 4.71 780.09 18,211.2 4.48 816.53 A 305-day Roll of Honor class was established in 1928. White Belt Honey 2719 owned by Dr. J. G. DuPuis, was the first cow to qualify in this class. She produced 10,713.7 pounds of milk, 3.81 percent and 408.43 pounds of butterfat and carried a living calf 272 days of the 305-day record. Ninety Advanced Registry records were pub- lished in Volume 13 of the Herd Book. The average production in different age classes is listed in Table 9.1. Breeders discontinued testing in the Advanced Registry several years ago. A 305-day Roll of Honor class was established in 1928. White Belt Honey 2719 owned by Dr. J. G. DuPuis, was the first cow to qualify in this class. She produced 10,713.7 pounds of milk, 3.81 percent and 408.43 pounds of butterfat and carried a living calf 272 days of the 305-day record. Ninety Advanced Registry records were pub- lished in Volume 13 of the Herd Book. The average production in different age classes is listed in Table 9.1. Breeders discontinued testing in the Advanced Registry several years ago. A 305-day Roll of Honor class was established in 1928. White Belt Honey 2719 owned by Dr. J. G. DuPuis, was the first cow to qualify in this class. She produced 10,713.7 pounds of milk, 3.81 percent and 408.43 pounds of butterfat and carried a living calf 272 days of the 305-day record. Ninety Advanced Registry records were pub- lished in Volume 13 of the Herd Book. The average production in different age classes is listed in Table 9.1. Breeders discontinued testing in the Advanced Registry several years ago.  Dutch Belted 183 Dutch Belted 183 Dutch Belted 183 Interest in production records has revived, with thought of estab- lishing a form of herd test. Some 99 cows of all ages and stages of lactation were milked twice daily in one herd. Their actual average production during May 1960 was 895 pounds of milk, 3.6 percent and 32 pounds of butterfat. This is creditable production under commercial farm conditions with two milkings daily. MODEL DUTCH BELTED COw A model Dutch Belted cow was designed in 1947. It accentuated length of body, well-sprung ribs, chest, and barrel capacity. The TABLE 9.1 AVERAGE PRODUCTION AT DIFFERENr AES BY DUTCH BELTED COwS' Average Production Age classes Number of records Milk (lbs.) Test (%) Butterfat (lbs.) Mature 39 11,587.8 439.54 Senior 4-year-old 10 10,783.5 434.72 Junior 4-year-old 7 10,494.5 405.35 Senior 3-year-old 11 9,829.3 405.38 Junior 3-year-old 10 8,320.8 307.37 Senior 2-year-old 6 10,241.9 436.85 Junior 2-year-old 5 7,575.5 292.87 Yearling 2 6,908.8 290.01 Average 90 10,418.8 3.89 405.84 a. All but a few records were made on 2 milkings daily. Interest in production records has revived, with thought of estab- lishing a form of herd test. Some 99 cows of all ages and stages of lactation were milked twice daily in one herd. Their actual average production during May 1960 was 895 pounds of milk, 3.6 percent and 32 pounds of butterfat. This is creditable production under commercial farm conditions with two milkings daily. MODEL DUTCH BELTED COw A model Dutch Belted cow was designed in 1947. It accentuated length of body, well-sprung ribs, chest, and barrel capacity. The TABLE 9.1 AVERAGE PRODUCTION AT DIFFERENr AnES BY DUTcH BELTED Cows' Average Production Age classes Number of records Milk (lb..) Test (%) Butterfat (lb..) Mature 39 11,587.8 439.54 Senior 4-year-old 10 10,783.5 434.72 Junior 4-year-old 7 10,494.5 405.35 Senior 3-year-old 11 9,829.3 405.38 Junior 3-year-old 10 8,320.8 307.37 Senior 2-year-old 6 10,240.9 436.85 Junior 2-year-old 5 7,575.5 292.87 Yearling 2 6,908.8 290.01 Average 90 10,418.8 3.89 405.84 a. All but a few records were made on 2 milkings daily. Interest in production records has revived, with thought of estab- lishing a form of herd test. Some 99 cows of all ages and stages of lactation were milked twice daily in one herd. Their actual average production during May 1960 was 895 pounds of milk, 3.6 percent and 32 pounds of butterfat. This is creditable production under commercial farm conditions with two milkings daily. MODEL DUTCH BELTED COw A model Dutch Belted cow was designed in 1947. It accentuated length of body, well-sprung ribs, chest, and barrel capacity. The TABLE 9.1 AVERAGE PRODUCTION AT DIFFERENe ACES BY DecCH BELTED Cows' Average production Age casses Number of records Milk (lbs.) Test (%) Butterfat (1s&) Mature 39 11,587.8 439.54 Senior 4-year-old 10 10,783.5 434.72 Junior 4-year-old 7 10,494.5 405.35 Senior 3-year-old 11 9,829.3 405.38 Junior 3-year-old 10 8,320.8 307.37 Senior 2-year-old 6 10,241.9 436.85 Junior 2-year-old 5 7,575.5 292.87 Yearling 2 6,908.8 290.01 Average 90 10,418.8 3.89 405.84 a. All but a few records were made on 2 milkings daily.  184 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS withers were fine and the shoulders blended smoothly into the body. The triple wedge shape was typical of dairy cattle. The top- line was straight, hips broad, and rump level. Legs were short, wide apart, and placed squarely. The udder was large, well developed in front and rear, and attached strongly to the belly wall. The teats were of convenient size and placed squarely at well-spaced inter- vals on the floor of the udder. The head and neck showed breed character and refinement. Horns were short and curved inward. The color was black with a wide white belt around the middle. The feet. legs, and switch were black. The model typified the Scale of Points of the breed. Twenty three breeders registered 72 animals, and 25 Dutch Belted animals were transferred to new owners in 1970. BREEDING DUTCH BELTED CATTLE Dutch Belted cows weigh 900 to 1,400 pounds and mature bulls from 1,600 to 2,000 pounds. The calves average around 75 pounds at birth, males being slightly heavier than females. Light natural fleshing is desirable. When the wide white belt extends too far, the fore udder and lower part of the rear legs may be white from the hoofs upward. As with all predominately black breeds, some animals in the Neth- erlands and in the United States carry the gene for recessive red hair coat. The secretary of the Dutch Belted Cattle Association of America is James H. Hendrie, P. O. Box 358, Venus, Florida 33960. The president is John G. DuPuis, Jr., 6000 N.W. 32nd Avenue, Miami. Florida 33142. REFERENCES Aiton, William 1830-31. On the dairy husbandry of Holland. Quart. J. Agr. 2:328-45. Becker, R. B. 1933. Recessive coloration in Dutch Belted cattle. J. Hered. 24: 283-86. Hendrie, James. 1957. History of Dutch Belted cattle. Dutch Belted Cattle Assoc. of America. Miami. Houghton, F. L. 1897. Holstein-Friesian Cattle. Brattleboro, Vt. P. 39. Kick, W. 1878. Lehrbuch der Rindviehzucht nebst Berichtingen nach dem neuesten Stande der Wissenschaft snd Erfahrung. Berlin. 184 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS withers were fine and the shoulders blended smoothly into the body. The triple wedge shape was typical of dairy cattle. The top- line was straight, hips broad, and rump level. Legs were short, wide apart, and placed squarely. The udder was large, well developed in front and rear, and attached strongly to the belly wall. The teats were of convenient size and placed squarely at well-spaced inter- vals on the floor of the udder. The head and neck showed breed character and refinement. Horns were short and curved inward. The color was black with a wide white belt around the middle. The feet. legs, and switch were black. The model typified the Scale of Points of the breed. Twenty three breeders registered 72 animals, and 25 Dutch Belted animals were transferred to new owners in 1970. BREEDING DTrCH BELTED CATrTLE Dutch Belted cows weigh 900 to 1,400 pounds and mature bulls from 1,600 to 2,000 pounds. The calves average around 75 pounds at birth, males being slightly heavier than females. Light natural fleshing is desirable. When the wide white belt extends too far, the fore udder and lower part of the rear legs may be white from the hoofs upward. As with all predominately black breeds, some animals in the Neth- erlands and in the United States carry the gene for recessive red hair coat. The secretary of the Dutch Belted Cattle Association of America is James H. Hendrie, P. O. Box 358, Venus, Florida 33960. The president is John G. DuPuis, Jr., 6000 N.W. 32nd Avenue, Miami. Florida 33142. REFERENCES Aiton, William 1830-31. On the dairy husbandry of Holland. Quart. J. Agr. 2:328-45. Becker, R. B. 1933. Recessive coloration in Dutch Belted cattle. J. Hered. 24: 283-86. Hendrie, James. 1957. History of Dutch Belted cattle. Dutch Belted Cattle Assoc. of America. Miami. Houghton, F. L. 1897. Holstein-Friesian Cattle. Brattleboro, Vt. P. 39. Kick, W. 1878. Lehrbuch der Rindviehzucht nebst Berichtingen nach demo neuesten Stande der Wissenschaft and Erfahrung. Berlin. 184 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS withers were fine and the shoulders blended smoothly into the body. The triple wedge shape was typical of dairy cattle. The top- line was straight, hips broad, and rump level. Legs were short, wide apart, and placed squarely. The udder was large, well developed in front and rear, and attached strongly to the belly wall. The teats were of convenient size and placed squarely at well-spaced inter- vals on the floor of the udder. The head and neck showed breed character and refinement. Horns were short and curved inward. The color was black with a wide white belt around the middle. The feet. legs, and switch were black. The model typified the Scale of Points of the breed. Twenty three breeders registered 72 animals, and 25 Dutch Belted animals were transferred to new owners in 1970. BREEDING DUTCH BELTED CATTLE Dutch Belted cows weigh 900 to 1,400 pounds and mature bulls from 1,600 to 2,000 pounds. The calves average around 75 pounds at birth, males being slightly heavier than females. Light natural fleshing is desirable. When the wide white belt extends too far, the fore udder and lower part of the rear legs may be white from the hoofs upward. As with all predominately black breeds, some animals in the Neth- erlands and in the United States carry the gene for recessive red hair coat. The secretary of the Dutch Belted Cattle Association of America is James H. Hendrie, P. O. Box 358, Venus, Florida 33960. The president is John G. DuPuis, Jr., 6000 N.W. 32nd Avenue, Miami. Florida 33142. REFERENCES Alton, William 1830-31. On the dairy husbandry of Holland. Quart. J. Agr. 2:328-45. Becker, R. B. 1933. Recessive coloration in Dutch Belted cattle. J. Heered. 24: 283-86. Hendrie, James. 1957. History of Dutch Belted cattle. Dutch Belted Cattle Assoc. of America. Miami. Houghton, F. L. 1897. Holstein-Friesian Cattle. Brattleboro, Vt. P. 39. Kick, W. 1878. Lehrbuch der Rindviehzucht nebst Berichtinges nach demo neuesten Stande der Wissenschaft und Erfahrung. Berlin.  Dutch Belted 185 Klippart, John W. 285. Report of an tgricltural tour in Eurcpe. Ohio Agr. Bept. Ser. 2:17-280. Kuitert, K. 1921. Color inheritace in cttle. 1. Hered. 12:102-89. Lehnteet, 1Hugo. 1898. Besse tetd Leistung unee Bintder. Betlin. Pirtle, T. B. 1926. itorey of dairyincg. Mojotncier, Chicgo. P. 44. Plumb,, Chares S. 1928. Typet and tbeeeds of faerm aniemalt. Bee. ed. Ginn, Chicago. Weckhedlin, August. 1827. Abbildungen der Binde~h lnd endeer Haucs- tieeeceee'c auf den' Peivatgutern seicer Magistat des Kenig von Wuetemerg nch dec Liebec gezechttet and lithographiert von Loenez Ekenean Alesen mit leeigefugtec Tedt von Acgcst Weckkeelic. Mitcellcceoct Breed Publicaticns Ouch Belted H-eed Beck, 1886-1929. Vols. 1-13. Ouct Belted Cattle Bull. and Liee Steek 1. Dutclt Belted 15 Klipart, Jchc W. 1885. Repeet of an agricltural tcce in Eroe. Ohit Age. Repd. See. 2:17-2980. Kuitert, K. 1921. Cdeor inheritace in ctdle. 1. Htered. 12:102-88. Lehcert, Hugo. 1898. BRase ccd Leistccgccsee Biedee. Berlin. P-irle, T. B. 1928. Histoey cf dcieyicg. Mojenciet, Chicago. P. 44. Plumb,, Charlet S. 1928. Types acd breeeds of faeec aciemtle. Bee. ed. Ginc, Chiecago. Weekherlic, Augctt. 1827. Abbildccgec der Bicdviet, ccd ecdeer Hact- tierrastec ccf dec Peictgcteectseicee Magietat des Kenig von Wutemerg nch dec Liebec gezchntet ccd lthotgraphieet von Loece Ekeceen Alesen mte beeigefcgtec Teeteecn Acgcet Weektherlic. Miscelacecut Beed Pcblicationt Ouct Belted Heed Beck, 1886-1929. Vols. 1-IS. Ouch Belted Cattle Bul. and Liee Sleek 1. Ducht Belted 185 Klippart, Johnc W. 1885. Bepeet of cc tgeiecultcecl toce in Eerope. Ohie Age. Bept. See. 2:17-28. Kuiteet, K. 1921. Coloe inheritace in cattle. 1. Hdeed. 12:102-09. Lekneet, Huge. 1898. BRcee ccd Leistcegcunee Bindee. Betli. Pietle, T. B. 1928. Histery ef daieying. Mojoniee, Chieago. P. 44. Plumbt, Chardet S. 1920. Types and tbeeede of feare acimatl. Bee. ed. Gin, Chiecago. Weekkerlic, Auguet. 1827. Abbtildcegec der Biedet cnd ccdeee Hace- tierraseec ecf den Peieetgctesetiee Magistat des Kenig von Wuebereg ncht dec Liebec gezeicheet ced kithegeaphiert von Loeez Ekeeae Alesen mit beigefugen Teet von Acgcst Wektherlkn. Miscellaceous Breed Pub~licatioct Ouch Belted Heed Beck, 1886-1929. Volt. 1-13. Ouch Betted Cattle Bcll. and Lice Seock 1.  CHAPTER 10 GUERNSEYS IN THE CHANNEL ISLANDS THE CHANNEL ISLANDS are located about 33 miles north of St. Malo, Brittany, and about 75 miles south of Weymouth, England, between latitude 49 and 50 North. This is the same latitude as northern Labrador, but the warm Gulf Stream moderates the cli- mate. Average rainfall is 38 inches annually; mean temperature is between 49.50 F. in January and 59.7 F. in August. The Islands include Jersey (45 square miles); Guermsey (24.5 square miles); Alderney (3.06 square miles); Sark (2 square miles); Herm (400 English acres); Jethou (100 English acres); and Breqhou (smaller). EARLY HISTORY Cave dwellers of the Mousterian civilization and later the makers of "bell beaker" pottery inhabited the Channel Islands before the arrival of the Celts, who brought knowledge of working metals. At Headpiece: Vignette of Guernsey cow and Island of Guernsey. 186 CHAPTER 10 GUERNSEYS IN THE CHANNEL ISLANDS THE CHANNEL ISLANns are located about 33 miles north of St. Malo, Brittany, and about 75 miles south of Weymouth, England, between latitude 49° and 50* North. This is the same latitude as northern Labrador, but the warm Gulf Stream moderates the cli- mate. Average rainfall is 38 inches annually; mean temperature is between 49.5 F. in January and 59.7° F. in August. The Islands include Jersey (45 square miles); Guemrsey (24.5 square miles); Alderney (3.06 square miles); Sark (2 square miles); Herm (400 English acres); Jethou (100 English acres); and Breqhou (smaller). EARLY HISTORY Cave dwellers of the Mousterian civilization and later the makers of "bell beaker" pottery inhabited the Channel Islands before the arrival of the Celts, who brought knowledge of working metals. At Headpiece: Vignette of Guernsey cow and Island of Guernsey. 186 CHAPTER 10 GUERNSEYS IN THE CHANNEL ISLANDS THE CHANNEL ISLANDs are located about 33 miles north of St. Malo, Brittany, and about 75 miles south of Weymouth, England, between latitude 49 and 50° North. This is the same latitude as northern Labrador, but the warm Gulf Stream moderates the cli- mate. Average rainfall is 38 inches annually; mean temperature is between 49.5 F. in January and 59.7° F. in August. The Islands include Jersey (45 square miles); Guemrsey (24.5 square miles); Alderney (3.06 square miles); Sark (2 square miles); Herm (400 English acres); Jethou (100 English acres); and Breqhou (smaller). EARLY HISTORY Cave dwellers of the Mousterian civilization and later the makers of "bell beaker" pottery inhabited the Channel Islands before the arrival of the Celts, who brought knowledge of working metals. At Headpiece: Vignette of Guernsey cow and Island of Guernsey. 186  Guernseys in the Channel Islands 187 Guernseys in the Channel Islands 187 Guernseys in the Channel Islands 187 least 27 cromlechs have been discovered on four islands. Bones of ox, pig, and sheep and parts of eight human skeletons were found in La Hogue Bie cromlech on Jersey along with "beaker" type pot- tery. Jersey was occupied by the Romans for some 400 years, and was named Caesarea. They knew Guernsey Island as Sarnia. The Chan- nel Islands came under French rule in the sixth century A.D. Norsemen invaded France (Gaul) in A.D. 286 and several times thereafter, landing on the Channel Islands in 856. The French king, Charles the Simple, made peace with Jarl Rollo, who led a Norse invasion in 912. Charles gave his daughter Sisele in marriage and granted the province of Neustria (Normandy) to Rollo in return for Rollo's conversion to and baptism in Christianity and his promise to serve the French king. So Norse adventurers became "Normans," with Rollo as the Duke of Normandy. The Channel Islands were part of his dukedom. James Wilson of Ireland believed the Norse- men brought some polled dun or silver-gray cattle to countries in which they settled. John of Ditton (1309) mentioned establishment of an abbey in the Vale, taking possession of the land, requiring the inhabitants to pay every tenth sheaf of grain as tithe, the eleventh as campart, and a ponnage tax on each house. Castles were fortified in 1327 and 1377 "to contain all the people of the island, and their cattle and other effects" against invasions. Charles Kitts, in The Guernsey Cow, Her History and Her Records, wrote that monks from St. Michel in Brittany founded the abbey St. Michel du Vale about A.D. 960. William the Conqueror added the Vale, Castel, St. Saviours, and St. Peter-in-the-Wood to their lands providing they taught the natives agriculture. This involved introduction of cattle from Breton (Froment de Leon) which were colored solid red, red-and-white, or fawn-and-white, were of small size, and yielded high quality milk. A few years later, monks from Cherbourg founded an abbey on Alderney and one in St. Martin's parish, bringing Norman brindle cattle by barge (the Isigny cattle). The latter cattle were larger than those from Brittany and were good milkers. Crosses of these cattle furnished the main foundation of present Guernseys. least 27 ceromlechs have been discovered on four islands. Bones of ox, pig, and sheep and parts of eight human skeletons were found in La Hogue Bie cromlech on Jersey along with "beaker" type pot- tery. Jersey was occupied by the Romans for some 400 years, and was named Caesarea. They knew Guernsey Island as Sarnia. The Chan- nel Islands came under French rule in the sixth century A.D. Norsemen invaded France (Gaul) in A.D. 286 and several times thereafter, landing on the Channel Islands in 856. The French king, Charles the Simple, made peace with Jarl Rollo, who led a Norse invasion in 912. Charles gave his daughter Sisele in marriage and granted the province of Neustria (Normandy) to Rollo in return for Rollo's conversion to and baptism in Christianity and his promise to serve the French king. So Norse adventurers became "Normans," with Rollo as the Duke of Normandy. The Channel Islands were part of his dukedom. James Wilson of Ireland believed the Norse- men brought some polled dun or silver-gray cattle to countries in which they settled. John of Ditton (1309) mentioned establishment of an abbey in the Vale, taking possession of the land, requiring the inhabitants to pay every tenth sheaf of grain as tithe, the eleventh as rampart, and a ponnage tax on each house. Castles were fortified in 1327 and 1377 "to contain all the people of the island, and their cattle and other effects" against invasions. Charles Kitts, in The Guernsey Cow, Her History and Her Records, wrote that monks from St. Michel in Brittany founded the abbey St. Michel du Vale about A.n. 960. William the Conqueror added the Vale, Castel, St. Saviours, and St. Peter-in-the-Wood to their lands providing they taught the natives agriculture. This involved introduction of cattle from Breton (Froment de Leon) which were colored solid red, red-and-white, or fawn-and-white, were of small size, and yielded high quality milk. A few years later, monks from Cherbourg founded an abbey on Alderney and one in St. Martin's parish, bringing Norman brindle cattle by barge (the Isigny cattle). The latter cattle were larger than those from Brittany and were good milkers. Crosses of these cattle furnished the main foundation of present Guernseys. least 27 cromlechs have been discovered on four islands. Bones of ox, pig, and sheep and parts of eight human skeletons were found in La Hogue Bie cromlech on Jersey along with "beaker" type pot- tery. Jersey was occupied by the Romans for some 400 years, and was named Caesarea. They knew Guernsey Island as Sarnia. The Chan- nel Islands came under French rule in the sixth century A.D. Norsemen invaded France (Gaul) in A.n. 286 and several times thereafter, landing on the Channel Islands in 856. The French king, Charles the Simple, made peace with Jarl Rollo, who led a Norse invasion in 912. Charles gave his daughter Sisele in marriage and granted the province of Neustria (Normandy) to Rollo in return for Rollo's conversion to and baptism in Christianity and his promise to serve the French king. So Norse adventurers became "Normans," with Rollo as the Duke of Normandy. The Channel Islands were part of his dukedom. James Wilson of Ireland believed the Norse- men brought some polled dun or silver-gray cattle to countries in which they settled. John of Ditton (1309) mentioned establishment of an abbey in the Vale, taking possession of the land, requiring the inhabitants to pay every tenth sheaf of grain as tithe, the eleventh as campart, and a ponnage tax on each house. Castles were fortified in 1327 and 1377 "to contain all the people of the island, and their cattle and other effects" against invasions. Charles Kitts, in The Guernsey Cow, Her History and Her Records, wrote that monks from St. Michel in Brittany founded the abbey St. Michel du Vale about A.n. 960. William the Conqueror added the Vale, Castel, St. Saviours, and St. Peter-in-the-Wood to their lands providing they taught the natives agriculture. This involved introduction of cattle from Breton (Froment de Leon) which were colored solid red, red-and-white, or fawn-and-white, were of small size, and yielded high quality milk. A few years later, monks from Cherbourg founded an abbey on Alderney and one in St. Martin's parish, bringing Norman brindle cattle by barge (the Isigny cattle). The latter cattle were larger than those from Brittany and were good milkers. Crosses of these cattle furnished the main foundation of present Guernseys.  188 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS THE FEUDAL PERIOD William the Conqueror, seventh Duke of Normandy, invaded Eng- land in 1066, won the battle of Hastings, and introduced feudalism. The Channel Islands, already divided into parishes, were ruled by him as their duke. When King Phillip of France annexed the Nor- mandy mainland to the French crown in 1204, the Channel Islands remained loyal to the Duke of Normandy (English king). The is- landers' main income in the sixteenth century came from agricul- ture, fisheries, and home-knit woolen garments ("Jerseys"). Two fiefs were originally on Guernsey during feudal times. Land was divided into large farms (bordages). Houses of the tenants (bordiers) were surrounded by the plowlands (corvees). The latter were divided into long strips called ox-gangs or bouvaes. Oxen furnished by each bouve pulled the common plow for the whole field. A tenant was first allowed to enclose his field in the seven- teenth century. The bordiers finally were abolished in 1857. The feudal ruler (Duke of Normandy) received several taxes: fouage or hearth tax, ponnage for mast eaten by pigs in the manor's woods. verp for "ownerless" beasts straying onto his pasture, and other taxes. Cattle were mentioned on the Channel Islands in 1581, 1613, and 1617 in witchcraft trials. James I levied taxes on the export of cattle hides in 1607. Doctor Heylin, chaplain of the Island garrison in 1629, mentioned in his survey of Guernsey and Jersey that the islanders possessed "enough of cattell both for themselves and for their ships." Laws of the Bailiwick of Guernsey over four centuries dealt with cattle in several ways. Exports of beef tallow were prohibited in 1535. In 1537 people could not keep more cattle than they had land to provide feed. In 1542 animals that appeared starving were to be buried well off the road, and cattle could not be tethered or left un- guarded on the roadway. In 1580 stray cattle were to be impounded in the crop season-a period defined by the Royal Court. In 1581 persons found milking the cows of others were subjected to a pen- alty. A number of ordinances regulated the people who could place their animals on the commons (communal lands of feudal times). 188 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS THE FEUDAL PERIOD William the Conqueror, seventh Duke of Normandy, invaded Eng- land in 1066, won the battle of Hastings, and introduced feudalism. The Channel Islands, already divided into parishes, were ruled by him as their duke. When King Phillip of France annexed the Nor- mandy mainland to the French crown in 1204, the Channel Islands remained loyal to the Duke of Normandy (English king). The is- landers' main income in the sixteenth century came from agricul- ture, fisheries, and home-knit woolen garments ("Jerseys"). Two fiefs were originally on Guernsey during feudal times. Land was divided into large farms (bordages). Houses of the tenants (bordiers) were surrounded by the plowlands (corvees). The latter were divided into long strips called ox-gangs or bouvees. Oxen furnished by each bouve pulled the common plow for the whole field. A tenant was first allowed to enclose his field in the seven- teenth century. The bordiers finally were abolished in 1857. The feudal ruler (Duke of Normandy) received several taxes: fouage or hearth tax, ponnage for mast eaten by pigs in the manor's woods. verp for "ownerless" beasts straying onto his pasture, and other taxes. Cattle were mentioned on the Channel Islands in 1581, 1613, and 1617 in witchcraft trials. James I levied taxes on the export of cattle hides in 1607. Doctor Heylin, chaplain of the Island garrison in 1629, mentioned in his survey of Guernsey and Jersey that the islanders possessed "enough of cattell both for themselves and for their ships." Laws of the Bailiwick of Guernsey over four centuries dealt with cattle in several ways. Exports of beef tallow were prohibited in 1535. In 1537 people could not keep more cattle than they had land to provide feed. In 1542 animals that appeared starving were to be buried well off the road, and cattle could not be tethered or left un- guarded on the roadway. In 1580 stray cattle were to be impounded in the crop season-a period defined by the Royal Court. In 1581 persons found milking the cows of others were subjected to a pen- alty. A number of ordinances regulated the people who could place their animals on the commons (communal lands of feudal times). 188 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS THE FEUDAL PERIOD William the Conqueror, seventh Duke of Normandy, invaded Eng- land in 1066, won the battle of Hastings, and introduced feudalism. The Channel Islands, already divided into parishes, were ruled by him as their duke. When King Phillip of France annexed the Nor- mandy mainland to the French crown in 1204, the Channel Islands remained loyal to the Duke of Normandy (English king). The is- landers' main income in the sixteenth century came from agricul- ture, fisheries, and home-knit woolen garments ("Jerseys"). Two fiefs were originally on Guernsey during feudal times. Land was divided into large farms (bordages). Houses of the tenants (bordiers) were surrounded by the plowlands (corvdes). The latter were divided into long strips called ox-gangs or bouves. Oxen furnished by each bouvee pulled the common plow for the whole field. A tenant was first allowed to enclose his field in the seven- teenth century. The bordiers finally were abolished in 1857. The feudal ruler (Duke of Normandy) received several taxes: fouage or hearth tax, ponnage for mast eaten by pigs in the manor's woods. verp for "ownerless" beasts straying onto his pasture, and other taxes. Cattle were mentioned on the Channel Islands in 1581, 1613, and 1617 in witchcraft trials. James I levied taxes on the export of cattle hides in 1607. Doctor Heylin, chaplain of the Island garrison in 1629, mentioned in his survey of Guernsey and Jersey that the islanders possessed "enough of cattell both for themselves and for their ships." Laws of the Bailiwick of Guernsey over four centuries dealt with cattle in several ways. Exports of beef tallow were prohibited in 1535. In 1537 people could not keep more cattle than they had land to provide feed. In 1542 animals that appeared starving were to be buried well off the road, and cattle could not be tethered or left un- guarded on the roadway. In 1580 stray cattle were to be impounded in the crop season-a period defined by the Royal Court. In 1581 persons found milking the cows of others were subjected to a pen- alty. A number of ordinances regulated the people who could place their animals on the commons (communal lands of feudal times).  Guernseys in the Channel Islands 189 THE ENCLOSur Acr The Enclosure Act of the Island of Guernsey in 1717 restrained cattle at large, thus permitting owners to plan matings to improve their herds. A local common was retained along the coast in St. Martin's parish. Grazing of public commons by cattle and sheep was discontinued by order of His Majesty in Council on August 4. 1830. Laws regulating the harvest of seaweed (vraic), essential for fuel in winter and fertilizer, were first passed in 1611, modifications of which stand even today. The seasons of harvest were established. and regulations as to method of harvest provided that the boats would not tear the roots of seaweed from the rocks. LAWS PROHIBIT IMPORTATION OF CATTLE In 1814, the Royal Court forbade landing of any bulls or lean cows into the Bailiwick of Guernsey, subject to a fine and confiscation of the animals. This law was requested by constables of nine parishes and was opposed from St. Peter Port. The laws were made more stringent 5 years later-allowing importation only for slaughter-to protect the Island cattle against misrepresentation of cattle from France, trans-shipped and sold in England as being from the Chan- nel Islands. Any cattle imported for slaughter had to be killed within 4 months. The law of February 17, 1824, forbade importa- tion of any heifer even for slaughter. A register of imported ani- mals was kept to assure compliance with the law. The law of April 26, 1824, added heifer calves to the prohibited list. Calves born to imported cows had to be vealed within 8 weeks. A new stringent law was passed on October 3, 1842, revoking the two laws of 1824 but adding to their provisions. Specifically, all im- ported animals (no bulls allowed) must be branded with an "F" at least 4 inches high and large in proportion on the left cheek and right thigh before leaving the dock. These laws dealt with animals to be slaughtered as meat for the inhabitants. Other laws gave protection against infectious diseases (as foot-and-mouth disease) which might be brought in straw or bedding. Cattle from Jersey were not "foreign" and sometimes were brought as a bride's dowry. Guernseys in the Channel Islands 189 THE ENCLOSURE Acr The Enclosure Act of the Island of Guernsey in 1717 restrained cattle at large, thus permitting owners to plan matings to improve their herds. A local common was retained along the coast in St. Martin's parish. Grazing of public commons by cattle and sheep was discontinued by order of His Majesty in Council on August 4. 1830. Laws regulating the harvest of seaweed (vraic), essential for fuel in winter and fertilizer, were first passed in 1611, modifications of which stand even today. The seasons of harvest were established. and regulations as to method of harvest provided that the boats would not tear the roots of seaweed from the rocks. LAWs PROHIBIT IMPORTATION OF CATrLE- In 1814, the Royal Court forbade landing of any bulls or lean cows into the Bailiwick of Guernsey, subject to a fine and confiscation of the animals. This law was requested by constables of nine parishes and was opposed from St. Peter Port. The laws were made more stringent 5 years later-allowing importation only for slaughter-to protect the Island cattle against misrepresentation of cattle from France, trans-shipped and sold in England as being from the Chan- nel Islands. Any cattle imported for slaughter had to be killed within 4 months. The law of February 17, 1824, forbade importa- tion of any heifer even for slaughter. A register of imported ani- mals was kept to assure compliance with the law. The law of April 26, 1824, added heifer calves to the prohibited list. Calves born to imported cows had to be vealed within 8 weeks. A new stringent law was passed on October 3, 1842, revoking the two laws of 1824 but adding to their provisions. Specifically, all im- ported animals (no bulls allowed) must be branded with an "F" at least 4 inches high and large in proportion on the left cheek and right thigh before leaving the dock. These laws dealt with animals to be slaughtered as meat for the inhabitants. Other laws gave protection against infectious diseases (as foot-and-mouth disease) which might be brought in straw or bedding. Cattle from Jersey were not "foreign" and sometimes were brought as a bride's dowry. Guernseys in the Channel Islands 189 THE ENCLOSURE Acr The Enclosure Act of the Island of Guernsey in 1717 restrained cattle at large, thus permitting owners to plan oatings to improve their herds. A local common was retained along the coast in St. Martin's parish. Grazing of public commons by cattle and sheep was discontinued by order of His Majesty in Council on August 4. 1830. Laws regulating the harvest of seaweed (vraie), essential for fuel in winter and fertilizer, were first passed in 1611, modifications of which stand even today. The seasons of harvest were established. and regulations as to method of harvest provided that the boats would not tear the roots of seaweed from the rocks. LAWS PROHIBIT IMPORTATION OF CATTLE In 1814, the Royal Court forbade landing of any bulls or lean cows into the Bailiwick of Guernsey, subject to a fine and confiscation of the animals. This law was requested by constables of nine parishes and was opposed from St. Peter Port. The laws were made more stringent 5 years later-allowing importation only for slaughter-to protect the Island cattle against misrepresentation of cattle from France, trans-shipped and sold in England as being from the Chan- nel Islands. Any cattle imported for slaughter had to be killed within 4 months. The law of February 17, 1824, forbade importa- tion of any heifer even for slaughter. A register of imported ani- mals was kept to assure compliance with the law. The law of April 26, 1824, added heifer calves to the prohibited list. Calves born to imported cows had to be vealed within 8 weeks. A new stringent law was passed on October 3, 1842, revoking the two laws of 1824 but adding to their provisions. Specifically, all im- ported animals (no bulls allowed) must be branded with an "F" at least 4 inches high and large in proportion on the left cheek and right thigh before leaving the dock. These laws dealt with animals to be slaughtered as meat for the inhabitants. Other laws gave protection against infectious diseases (as foot-and-mouth disease) which might be brought in straw or bedding. Cattle from Jersey were not "foreign" and sometimes were brought as a bride's dowry.  190 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS EARLY ENGLISH WRITINGS Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century writers mentioned "Alderney" cattle and the richness and color of their milk and butter. Thomas Hale (1758) described Alderney cattle as short-homed, squarely built, not tender, requiring rich feeding, and yielding a quantity of good milk. George Cnlley (1786) said these cattle were kept on the estates of the nobility and gentry because their exceedingly rich milk supported the luxury of the tea table. The Alderney cattle were fine-boned and light red or yellow in color; the beef was gen- erally yellow, "very fine in the grain, and well-flavoured." Thomas Dicey (1798) attributed "smallness of their cattle ... to the short- ness of their grass." Guernsey and Jersey cattle were remarkable "for the peculiar goodness of their butter." William Berry (1814), regarded as the most accurate Guernsey historian, mentioned gathering vraic twice yearly to manure the land, and described a crop rotation of wheat, wheat, barley or oats. clover, and parsnips. The latter were considered "the best winter feed for milch cows." Whole milk was churned for butter "of a fine yellow or golden color." Thomas Quayle made the Survey of Agriculture of the Channel Islands in 1815 for the Board of Agriculture (England). He wrote: "Guernsey cattle are larger-boned, taller, in every respect more stout and coarsely made than those of Jersey." The Guermsey cow's carcass was bulkier, its haircoat less fine, and its color usually darker. Guernsey cows usually brought a higher price for export than Jerseys. Jonathan Duncan wrote in 1841: The tethering of all cattle, the use of the spade, and the general culture of clover, lucerne (alfalfa), parsnips, turnips, and mangel-wurzels, add wonderfully to the means of suste- nance of all animals. It is an invariable practise, throughout Guernsey to tether the cattle, staking them by the horns, by means of an iron or wooden peg, attached to a halter about 12 feet in length. This is shifted about four or five times a day, allowing a fresh range of 2 to 5 feet each time. By this system, the most is made of the grass, for none can be trodden down or wasted.... 190 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS EARLY ENGLISH WRITINGs Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century writers mentioned "Alderney" cattle and the richness and color of their milk and butter. Thomas Hale (1758) described Alderney cattle as short-homed, squarely built, not tender, requiring rich feeding, and yielding a quantity of good milk. George Culley (1786) said these cattle were kept on the estates of the nobility and gentry because their exceedingly rich milk supported the luxury of the tea table. The Alderney cattle were fine-boned and light red or yellow in color; the beef was gen- erally yellow, "very fine in the grain, and well-flavoured." Thomas Dicey (1798) attributed "smallness of their cattle ... to the short- ness of their grass." Guernsey and Jersey cattle were remarkable "for the peculiar goodness of their butter." William Berry (1814), regarded as the most accurate Guernsey historian, mentioned gathering vraic twice yearly to manure the land, and described a crop rotation of wheat, wheat, barley or oats. clover, and parsnips. The latter were considered "the best winter feed for milch cows." Whole milk was churned for butter "of a fine yellow or golden color." Thomas Quayle made the Survey of Agriculture of the Channel Islands in 1815 for the Board of Agriculture (England). He wrote: "Guernsey cattle are larger-boned, taller, in every respect more stout and coarsely made than those of Jersey." The Guernsey cow's carcass was bulkier, its haircoat less fine, and its color usually darker. Guernsey cows usually brought a higher price for export than Jerseys. Jonathan Duncan wrote in 1841: The tethering of all cattle, the use of the spade, and the general culture of clover, lucerne (alfalfa), parsnips, turnips, and mangel-wurzels, add wonderfully to the means of suste- nance of all animals. It is an invariable practise, throughout Guernsey to tether the cattle, staking them by the horns, by means of an iron or wooden peg, attached to a halter about 12 feet in length. This is shifted about four or five times a day, allowing a fresh range of 2 to 5 feet each time. By this system, the most is made of the grass, for none can be trodden down or wasted.... 190 DA IRY CATTLE BREEDS EARLY ENGLISH WRITINGS Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century writers mentioned "Alderney' cattle and the richness and color of their milk and butter. Thomas Hale (1758) described Alderney cattle as short-homed, squarely built, not tender, requiring rich feeding, and yielding a quantity of good milk. George Culley (1786) said these cattle were kept on the estates of the nobility and gentry because their exceedingly rich milk supported the luxury of the tea table. The Alderney cattle were fine-boned and light red or yellow in color; the beef was gen- erally yellow, "very fine in the grain, and well-flavoured." Thomas Dicey (1798) attributed "smallness of their cattle ... to the short- ness of their grass." Guernsey and Jersey cattle were remarkable "for the peculiar goodness of their butter." William Berry (1814), regarded as the most accurate Guemsey historian, mentioned gathering vraic twice yearly to manure the land, and described a crop rotation of wheat, wheat, barley or oats. clover, and parsnips. The latter were considered "the best winter feed for milch cows." Whole milk was churned for butter "of a fine yellow or golden color." Thomas Quayle made the Survey of Agriculture of the Channel Islands in 1815 for the Board of Agriculture (England). He wrote: "Guernsey cattle are larger-boned, taller, in every respect more stout and coarsely made than those of Jersey." The Guernsey cow's carcass was bulkier, its haircoat less fine, and its color usually darker. Guernsey cows usually brought a higher price for export than Jerseys. Jonathan Duncan wrote in 1841: The tethering of all cattle, the use of the spade, and the general culture of clover, lucerne (alfalfa), parsnips, turnips, and mangel-wurzels, add wonderfully to the means of suste- nance of all animals. It is an invariable practise, throughout Guernsey to tether the cattle, staking them by the horns, by means of an iron or wooden peg, attached to a halter about 12 feet in length. This is shifted about four or five times a day, allowing a fresh range of 2 to 5 feet each time. By this system, the most is made of the grass, for none can be trodden down or wasted....  Gues in the Channel Islandfs 191 Th upoe general average that a co a ld through- out the yea is one poud of bu~ter or eight quarts of msilk dur- ing the 24 bours. It is obsrvd that the fattest 0 ows are nost thsebest milcher, adtebest milers willnot alwas pro- duce the targest qodotits of botter. Guersey ocos tethered on pasture are sh~own in Figure 10.1. Geses in the Channel tslansot osassi h hustttot 191 Guernseys in the Channel Islands 191 Thsuspposed goeeal average that acow canield though- out the year is one pound of butter or eight quats of milk dur- ingthse 24hous. It is obseoved that the fattest coos are nost thebestomilchersansdthe betilchers ill ost alws pro due the largest quantty of butte. Guernse cowsstethered onpatureare shsswooin Figuse 10.1. The supposed general average that acow can yield throusgh- out thevoearis ono undof btter oreight quartsofumilkhdu- insg the 24 hous. It is observed that thse fattest cowcs are not the best moilchers. sod the hoot msilchrs w-ill not alwcas po- dusce the largest quantity of buttes. Guernseyecows tetheedctonpasture are shownoin igure 10.1. FIG. M~i. Goese ,>sotetheredesoosIoe They aseasa ,cdor 31t,-- ata im tograze but not to tramsple tie frshstssssagc Thse average annual export of cattle frsom the bailiwi~ck froms 1822 to, 1827 w as 42b fr~om Gucerses and T5 from, Aldeosses. to 1.832 the export total sa 6;32, and in 1833, 553 cuss, hifes,sundcalsc- weeexportecd. In, 1901 J. do Gaol, of St. Sasios,, stated to Mliss Ediths Cares. author osf Gsseessesy Folk Loree, that faco, pares often gavte bsride a cuss rts help set sup hssusekepig-a practie sshich ac- couted forcosbteingovsedeteens Jerses and Guernsey before thse herdbooksohwererestablishe. FI. 10.1. Gs -1,sss -d te~son .ossss -1-1- sadassed 2 o ftcc ata im t l.ss b o oo tramsple thse frshl forage Thsoaverageaasssl epsrtsfcattle fromsthsesaiisicksos 1822 to 1827 scas 42b froms Gsesoey ansd 75sfos Alderesse. Iss 1832 thse eport total scat 632. ands is, 1833, 353 coss hisfer,. and~ calves swere exorted. to 1901 J. de Garit of St. Sav-ious stated to Mliss Ediths Cares. austhosr of Gu~eernsey Folkh Loe, that faos, parents oftess gave- thse bride a cosc tos help set ssp lousekeepinsg-a practice swhich ac- counssted forcows beingssmovedsetw-esn Jecseyansd Gernsseyefr thse hserdbook-swere establish~ed. Fttb 1ss.cGreen , ehrdaI: tsss 5ls5t50s5se.(5 ares, a s,--,5,s 3tes-5 at -s tione sss gra ea nots tso srample 5 thefeshs forage. The as-srage aonnual export osf cattle fsrsos theo bailissick tfss,, 1822 to 1827 wsas 428 froms Guecssev assd 75 frsos Altdernos Is, 1832 thseexporttstalssasf:32, asstins13.3,53cos heiferss and cales we r0 expotedl. to 1901 J. de Garis of St. Saciouss, stated to Mliso Ediths Carey. au~thorcf Gurnssey FoslkLoe, that farm pare-tstofens gavethse bride acows tso help set sip houoekeoping-a practice swhichac cssunsted fsorssco beintg mssssedlbeteens Jersey and Guerseyc beforec thse herdhooks store establish~e.  192 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS AN ACRICULTURAL SOCIEY La Gazette de Guernsey of January 17, 1817, published a notice (in French) by D. de Lisle Brock and Pierre Bredthafft to the effect that: His Excellency Major General Bayly . . . having met many citizens who agree with him, the following resolutions have been agreed upon, 1. That there should be formed a Society of Agriculture with the object of acquiring and disseminating the most useful knowledge on matters concerning the country in general, but that the principal object shall be to conserve and improve the breed of our cows, so greatly appreciated by everyone. People were invited to become members and to pay a fee which would be used to buy farm implements as models, and to award prizes for the best specimens of cows, bulls, and other animals. Two resolutions were adopted: That the conformation, beauty and good qualities of cows and bulls and their improvement shall receive the attention of this Society. ... That it shall be recommended to each parochial committee to present their views to the central committee on the means to be taken to insure that a sufficient number of bulls of the best type and of the best strains in the different parts of the Island be kept . . . asking [the States] that a reasonable sum be granted annually; . . . and to occupy themselves generally with the improvements which may be introduced for the cul- tivation of the land and for the improvement of sheep, pigs. and horses. Thirty bulls (1% to 3 years old) were recommended. Five judges and the Society officers visited the parishes and made the selections. The first parish show of cattle was held June 4, 1817, to select the bulls to be used in Vale parish. SHOwS FOR CATTLE The first Island show was held on June 25, 1817, with five judges officiating. The scale of points for bulls at the first Agricultural So- ciety show allowed points for eight items, as follows: 192 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS AN AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY La Gazette de Guernesey of January 17, 1817, published a notice (in French) by D. de Lisle Brock and Pierre Bredthafft to the effect that: His Excellency Major General Bayly . . . having met many citizens who agree with him, the following resolutions have been agreed upon, 1. That there should be formed a Society of Agriculture with the object of acquiring and disseminating the most useful knowledge on matters concerning the country in general, but that the principal object shall be to conserve and improve the breed of our cows, so greatly appreciated by everyone. People were invited to become members and to pay a fee which would be used to buy farm implements as models, and to award prizes for the best specimens of cows, bulls, and other animals. Two resolutions were adopted: That the conformation, beauty and good qualities of cows and bulls and their improvement shall receive the attention of this Society. . . . That it shall be recommended to each parochial committee to present their views to the central committee on the means to be taken to insure that a sufficient number of bulls of the best type and of the best strains in the different parts of the Island be kept . . . asking [the States] that a reasonable sum be granted annually; . . . and to occupy themselves generally with the improvements which may be introduced for the cul- tivation of the land and for the improvement of sheep, pigs. and horses. Thirty bulls (1% to 3 years old) were recommended. Five judges and the Society officers visited the parishes and made the selections. The first parish show of cattle was held June 4, 1817, to select the bulls to be used in Vale parish. SHOwS FOR CATrLE The first Island show was held on June 25, 1817, with five judges officiating. The scale of points for bulls at the first Agricultural So- ciety show allowed points for eight items, as follows: 192 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS AN AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY La Gazette de Guernsey of January 17, 1817, published a notice (in French) by D. de Lisle Brock and Pierre Bredthafft to the effect that: His Excellency Major General Bayly . . . having met many citizens who agree with him, the following resolutions have been agreed upon, 1. That there should be formed a Society of Agriculture with the object of acquiring and disseminating the most useful knowledge on matters concerning the country in general, but that the principal object shall be to conserve and improve the breed of our cows, so greatly appreciated by everyone. People were invited to become members and to pay a fee which would be used to buy farm implements as models, and to award prizes for the best specimens of cows, bulls, and other animals. Two resolutions were adopted: That the conformation, beauty and good qualities of cows and bulls and their improvement shall receive the attention of this Society. . . . That it shall be recommended to each parochial committee to present their views to the central committee on the means to be taken to insure that a sufficient number of bulls of the best type and of the best strains in the different parts of the Island be kept - . . asking [the States] that a reasonable sum be granted annually; . . . and to occupy themselves generally with the improvements which may be introduced for the cul- tivation of the land and for the improvement of sheep, pigs, and horses. Thirty bulls (1% to 3 years old) were recommended. Five judges and the Society officers visited the parishes and made the selections. The first parish show of cattle was held June 4, 1817, to select the bulls to be used in Vale parish. SHOwS FOR CATrLE The first Island show was held on June 25, 1817, with five judges officiating. The scale of points for bulls at the first Agricultural So- ciety show allowed points for eight items, as follows:  Guernseys in the Channel Islands 193 Guernseys in the Channel Islands 193 Guernseys in the Channel Islands 193 1. Type of sire and dam. Dam considered to be a good cow producing yellow butter 5 2. Conformation and general appearance 2 3. Colour 3 4. Distinctive qualities indicating that the strain produces yellow butter 2 5. Beauty of head which is not all white, beauty of horn, the eyes alive and bright 3 6. Neck fleshy, shoulders and chest wide 2 7. Hind quarters not pointed, straight back 2 8. Good legs which do not cross behind in walking 1 Total points 20 Animals that received prizes during the first four years were colored pale red, dark red, red-and-white, brindle, and black-and- white. John Jacob commented (1830) that because of the Society's ac- tivities "... great improvements have been made in their breed of cattle." The States (legislature) granted £60 per annum at that time for premiums devoted to improvement of the cattle. The "Societ6 d'Agriculture de Guernesey" was chartered on Sep- tember 16, 1842, upon petition of 20 persons representing the ten parishes; it took over a show organized by an earlier society. "Royale" was added to the name after Queen Victoria (1838-1901) granted right of charter in 1842. That same year a new scale of points (in French) allowed 28 points for bulls and 30 for cows. A cow scoring less than 21 points was not awarded a prize. Shows in- creased in importance and influence. For example, the show in 1857 entered 31 bulls, 89 cows, and 89 heifers. Bulls were required to remain on the Island for a period for breeding purposes before their owners received the prize money. Cows and heifers also must have calved or have become pregnant before their prizes were paid. The scale of points was revised to 100 points for perfection in 1883. The Herd Book Council of seven members arranged for local shows to be held at 2-month intervals to qualify bulls and cows for the Herd Book. Cows must have been at least 42 days after calving. Bulls-with the exception of those in the artificial insemination serv- ice-were qualified at 12 months for use in the owner's herd only, but at 15 months they became available for public service. The Scale of Points for judging bulls in 1958 follows: 1. Type of sire and dam. Dam considered to be a good cow producing yellow butter 5 2. Conformation and general appearance 2 3. Colour 3 4. Distinctive qualities indicating that the strain produces yellow butter 2 5. Beauty of head which is not all white, beauty of horn, the eyes alive and bright 3 6. Neck fleshy, shoulders and chest wide 2 7. Hind quarters not pointed, straight back 2 8. Good legs which do not cross behind in walking 1 1. Type of sire and dam. Dam considered to be a good cow producing yellow butter 5 2. Conformation and general appearance 2 3. Colour 3 4. Distinctive qualities indicating that the strain produces yellow butter 2 5. Beauty of head which is not all white, beauty of horn, the eyes alive and bright 3 6. Neck fleshy, shoulders and chest wide 2 7. Hind quarters not pointed, straight back 2 8. Good legs which do not cross behind in walking Total points 20 Total points 20 Animals that received prizes during the first four years were colored pale red, dark red, red-and-white, brindle, and black-and- white. John Jacob commented (1830) that because of the Society's ac- tivities "... great improvements have been made in their breed of cattle." The States (legislature) granted £60 per annum at that time for premiums devoted to improvement of the cattle. The "Societ6 dAgriculture de Guernesey" was chartered on Sep- tember 16, 1842, upon petition of 20 persons representing the ten parishes; it took over a show organized by an earlier society. "Royale" was added to the name after Queen Victoria (1838-1901) granted right of charter in 1842. That same year a new scale of points (in French) allowed 28 points for bulls and 30 for cows. A cow scoring less than 21 points was not awarded a prize. Shows in- creased in importance and influence. For example, the show in 1857 entered 31 bulls, 89 cows, and 89 heifers. Bulls were required to remain on the Island for a period for breeding purposes before their owners received the prize money. Cows and heifers also must have calved or have become pregnant before their prizes were paid. The scale of points was revised to 100 points for perfection in 1883. The Herd Book Council of seven members arranged for local shows to be held at 2-month intervals to qualify bulls and cows for the Herd Book. Cows must have been at least 42 days after calving. Bulls-with the exception of those in the artificial insemination serv- ice-were qualified at 12 months for use in the owner's herd only, but at 15 months they became available for public service. The Scale of Points for judging bulls in 1958 follows: Animals that received prizes during the first four years were colored pale red, dark red, red-and-white, brindle, and black-and- white. John Jacob commented (1830) that because of the Society's ac- tivities ". . . great improvements have been made in their breed of cattle." The States (legislature) granted £60 per annum at that time for premiums devoted to improvement of the cattle. The "Societe d'Agriculture de Guernesey" was chartered on Sep- tember 16, 1842, upon petition of 20 persons representing the ten parishes; it took over a show organized by an earlier society. "Royale" was added to the name after Queen Victoria (1838-1901) granted right of charter in 1842. That same year a new scale of points (in French) allowed 28 points for bulls and 30 for cows. A cow scoring less than 21 points was not awarded a prize. Shows in- creased in importance and influence. For example, the show in 1857 entered 31 bulls, 89 cows, and 89 heifers. Bulls were required to remain on the Island for a period for breeding purposes before their owners received the prize money. Cows and heifers also must have calved or have become pregnant before their prizes were paid. The scale of points was revised to 100 points for perfection in 1883. The Herd Book Council of seven members arranged for local shows to be held at 2-month intervals to qualify bulls and cows for the Herd Book. Cows must have been at least 42 days after calving. Bulls-with the exception of those in the artificial insemination serv- ice-were qualified at 12 months for use in the owner's herd only, but at 15 months they became available for public service. The Scale of Points for judging bulls in 1958 follows:  194 DATIBY CATTLE BREEDS Points 1. Size and GeneralI Appearance. Bulls fouryars old and oer, abotD 0000 lb.; mascuin5e thrasghsst, frame well furnished nith TmTsEle, charterstic of a maeE animal, but not beefy; alert and attractive expesson, geea poiseindicatig balanceand ymmDetryfmer- et. CTIDur, shsde of Oawn nith or witout whiate DmaDigs TO 2. Head. Masculine butDnot carse, TIeDn cutean face, broad betwseen brightDeyesODetleexpresioE,stTonDsiewEyijaw,Dmuzzle broadBadT buffclosred; horns medium length, nt cars. 12 3. Nck and Shoulders. Neck tong with well developed crest, clean lbrsat; shoulders powrerful; withers fie, backbone risng sel between shoulder bladeT. 5 4. Chest. Deep and wide betweeD and behind forelegs, body deep; ribs long, deepellspng adwde pat. 10 5. Back. Long and straight fromT shoulder to juncton sof tail, broad and IevDl acosonsadiDps. 10 6. Hin~dquartes. Hok bonewideapatE;Sktighs longlt ad muscular butT not beefy. Tail long and fine, netlDTy ret beteen eic boes. RumTTpIEgTadTEwidadeIelT bEeteDnChooksad pin beDs. T0 7. Legs. Fine. FTrelegs staight, wi~de apart and squarely stL Himd- e ' welTl arTearly perpenhdiula fomTT hack to felck with point o hosck directly is lie nith petvis bTne; wi~de cuTTe fom flank to hock jointDLLegT0freTTnTTTtin, btTnD tenency stsweepoturnT. T2 8. Tets. Of fai ie,Ewie apart adquarTely plae; escutch~en well deelsped. 5 0. Quality. Dick golden pigm~ent throughout as indicated in ears, end sof tail bDne, aTDund eyes and body generally', yellowe at base of horns, bEofs amTbercloredl. Hide this Tnd loose to touch. 20 100 Bualls were acepted only as Pedigree St0ck. CoBws were accepted as Pedigree Stock or as FoundatioD Stock (that is, the sire and dam were notnecessanily onerecord, orthe birthsof acalf was notre- ported on timse). The dam of a bsull mnst have eseeeded the requirements foe Ad- vanced Registry by 10 percent in Scheme A (pregnant within 5 months of previous calving) oe by 20 percent in Scheme B (not pregnant within the tisne set). The dam mnst appear foe inspec- tion with her young bull, or have been scored previously. She must score 84 points, of which Eot fewer than 19 points were foe ndder. The Scale of Points foe cows was as follows: 194 DATIDY CATTLE BREEDS Psints 1. Size ansd Ceneral Appearance. Bulls fouryes otld and sver, about 1500 lb.; masculbne tkrssghsat, feame well fnrnisbed nitb mmcle, characteristic sof a male animal, but not beefy; alert cod attactive expressio, general poise indicating balancr and symmetry so move- ment. Cslour, shade sof fawn nabh TT witbsst nhite markings. T6 2. Head. Masculise bstssot coarse, clesn cut lean fsce, broad between brigtteyes, getle espressin, stTng sneyaw,nmuzzlbroad and buff colored; korsmdiusm lengt, ntcars. 12 3. Neck and Soumlders. Neck long witb well developed crest, clean thrsat; shoslders pownrfl; nitbers fine, backbone rising well betneen shulder blades. 5 4. Chest. Deer and nide betneen cod beinsd forelegs, bmdy derp; ribs long, deepnwll sprsng andnwide apart. O0 5. Back. Long and straight from shoulder to junctn sof tail, broad and hee coslims andbips. 10 0. Hisdquarters. Hook boses wide apacs; thighs lsrsg, flat and musscular butl not beefy. Tail long and fine, neatly set betwn pelvic bones. Rump longandnwide, and levelbtwnrr oks nd pin bns. 10 7. Legs. Fisc. Pstelegs straight, nide scars cod sqnarcly set. Hind- leos well sparE, nearly perpendiclar frsm hsck ts fetlsck niths psint sof hock directly in line witk pelvis bsne; nide curve fssm fsank tD hwckfjont. Legs freeinsmotisn, buttnotesdencytosneepssrntrn. T2 8. Teats. Of fair sizr, wide apart and squarely placed; escutcheon well developed. 5 0. Qsality. Rick golden pdisment throughout as indicated in ears, end o0 tail bsne, around eyes snd bsdy genrrally, yellon at base sof hosrm, hosanber colored. Hide thiand loosersorssc. 20 100 Bnlls were accepted only as Pedigree Stock. Cows wece accepted as Pedigree Stock or as Poundatisn Stock (that is, the sire and dam were not necessarily on record, or the birth of a call was not re- ported on time). The dam of a hull mnst have rsceeded the requirements for Ad- vanced Registry by 10 percent in Scheme A (pregnant within 5 mouths of previous colving) or by 20 percent in Scheme B (not pregnant within the time set). The dam must appear for inspec- lion with her young bull, or have been scored previsusly. She must score 84 points, of which not fewer than 19 points were for udder. The Scale of Points for cows was as follows; 194 DATRYvCATTLE BREEDS 1. Size and Ceneral Appearance. Bslls fosuryears old and seer, about 0000 lb.; mascsline thrssghsst, framr well fursished with muscle, charactristic sof a male snimal, but not beefy; alert and attractie rexpression, geseral poite indicatnng balance and symmerty Dofoe ment. Cslssr, shade sof fawn nith Dr nitbsst nhite msrkings. 2. Head. Masculine but ntcars, clesn cat leamfacehroad btwen bht eyes, getle esyressin,stsonggsinenyfjan,nsealeroad and buff coloured; hornsmedium lengt, not care. 3. Neck and Soualders. Neck tang nitb well developed crest, clean thrsat; shssslders pswerfsl; nitbers fine, backbsne rising well hetneen shsslder blades. 4. Chest. Deep and nide hetneen and behind fsrelegs, bsdy drep; ribs long, deep,nwell sprungandnwidersprt. 5. Back. Long cod stsaight fsrm shoulder to junction sof tail, broad and lee coslaims andips. 0. Hindqsarters. Hsak brses wide apart; thighs lsng, fsat and ssuscular but not beefy. Tail long and fine, seatly set betnees pelvic bones. Rump losg End wide, and level betneen hooks and pin bones. 7. Legs. Fine. Fsselegs stsaight, wide apart and squamely set. Hind- legs well sparE, seasly prpendiclar frsm hsck ts fetlck nith psist sof hsck directly in line nith prlvis bsne; wide curerom flcob ts hkh faint. Legs free in motion, but Eo tendency ts sweeps Tr tur. 8. Tests. Of fairasizen ide apart and squarely placed; escstcheonnwll deceloped. 9. Qsality. Rich gslden pigm~ent thrssghsst ss isdicated in ears, end sof tail bone, around eyrs snd bsdy generally, yellon at base sof horms, hsos sinker colsred. Hide this Tnd lssse ta tssch. 02 0 10 100 Bulbs were accepted only as Pedigree Stock. Csws were accepted as Pedigree Stoek or as Poundaiosn Stock (that is, the sire and dam were not neessarily on record, or thehbirth of acalf was not re- ported on time). The dam of a bull must have esceeded the requirements foe Ad- vanced Registry by 10 percent in Scheme A (pregnant within 5 months sf previous calving) or by 20 percent in Seheme B (not pregnant within the time set). The dam must appear for inspc- tion with her young bull, or have been scored previously. She must score 84 points, of which not fewer than 19 points were for udder. The Scale of Points foe cows was as follows:  Gmupsy ih Chane Isansi 195 amGupy Bin th Ihannl Isabds 19 Guseup i.h Canlsns 195 i Posns Psoint Points 1..izaelargehbt ttcoas. Alrtadtattrativ'e expssiont;gneral poise indicatisng hslassce assd sysmmetry of novme. Csshsr, shade a1 fawn with orwitfiout white makings. 2. Head. Fine ad long, lea fac chad betwe the eyes. Horns fine and slightly cuased. Eyes large, and bright wvith gratle expressison. Muzzle widadbff coloed. 3. N'ck ad Shoulder. Neck long ad tin, sloping graualy into the shoulders; cleas thoat, withers fine and wedge shaped. 4. Body. Abdomen lare ad deep; loin wide ad tin, chest deep and wide hetseen ad behind forelegs. Ribs welt sprung, deep ansd wide apaes. 5. Bac. Longd staightfosholdr tounteof tail,brad ad level acoslins ad hips. 6. Hindquaters. Pelbs wide. Tail bing ad fisne, neatly set betweens pes bonht.Ruplog ad wide, and levelhbetweenhoohs andpin boos's. 7. Legs. Fiat. Forelegs straight, widb apaut ad squarely set. Hindlegs well apart, narly perpendicular from, hock tofetlock, wcitl point of hock directly in hase with pelvit bont; wide curve busm flush to htch joist. Legs free in mtionwith intendsnc yto mwep artain. 6. Udder. 06 good tize and extended well infeast; flimty atahed to the body, 'sell up behind, elsic but not Rleshy, quarters evsenly hat- anced, symmerical and free frtom division. Teats of moedium size, welapat, evely pla'edand haginsgpepediculary. 9. Milk veins prtoient, bang ua totuous sod branching, with deep foutais. Veis odds's cerly defined. Escutcheon widt, high tand hmoad with thigh ovals. tO. Quality. Rich golds's pigsment throusghouas isndicated an eats, ensd ofttailthon,ttudeyes andhtody generaly, yettow athbasetof hos, htofs tmheractbourd. Hidt thin and loose to touch. 1.tSits agebt ot cose. Altad attactie exssip';geeal pois indicating halnc and symmetry of covraet. Colas, shadb tf 5 fawnswithaorwitouttwhite arings. 5 2. Head. Fine andlog, lea fcbodbeteethe ys. Horshfne sad shightly curs'ed. Eyes lttge, and bight with gesstle eopresits. 8 Muzlewidead buffcoloed. 8 3. Nech and Shoulder. Neck long and thin, slping gradually into tbe 6 shoulders; cleat tbroat, withers fine and wedge shaped. 6 4. Body. Abdmen large ad deep; loin wide ua thin, chest deep and 'aide hetween ad hehind forlegs. Ribs welt sparsng, deep tand wide 10 aparet. 10 5.lBac. Longand staight o houtde onctureoftail,brad ad 8 leea crossc loinsand hips. 8 6. Hindqaters. Pelvis wide. Tail long sad fine, natly set beteen pelvishone. Rplongand wideadlvletweenhohksandin 6 bonet. 6 7. Legt. Fiat. Ftreegt straight, wide tpart ad squsarely set. Hisndlegs well apats, nearty perpndiculdar from hock to fetloch, with poits Af bsoch directly in line with pelvs hont; 'aide csurve hrom flush to hoch 8 joit. Legsfree i motiowitho tdeytoswep orturs. 8 8. Udders. Of good size and extended well in front; firmly attached to the htdy, wetl op behid, elasic bit act fleshy, qsuarters evcaly hat- anced, symmetrical and fee from divsiona. Teats of medium site, 2t 'sell spant, etely placed and hangiag perendicularty. 25 9. Milk ven prminent, long and tortuos an sd branching, with deep foutain. Vei ton uddts cleadly defined. Estceon wuidt, high and 8 broadwith thigh ovals. 8 10. Quality. Rich goides pigsment throughout asidicated in eats, end oftatilhon, oudeyes adbody gesserally, yelhsw athbasesofbars, 16 hoofs tmher oosed. Hidt thit and lost o touch. 16 00 100 1. Size large bit int coarse. Atert sand attractive expressio; general poitse indicating halasce sand syosmetsy Af movemet. Coo, shadb Af faw witwitotwhitearksig. 5 2. Headi. Fine sad bang, lean faceboad btween tbe eyes Hlrns fine and slightty curced. Eyes large, and bright with genle expression. Muzzle wide and buff coored.8 3. Neck and Shoulder. Nech tong and thin, sloping gradually into the shoulders; clean tbroat, 'withers bie and wsesdge shaped. 6 4. Body. Abdomentlageand deep; loin wideand thin hest dep ad wide hetweenands behind forelegs. Ribs well spaung, Aeep and wide opats'. 10 5. Back. Long sa straight fro shoulders to juntur of tail, bradA ua levelacossoinandships. 8 6. Hindquaters. Pelis widb. Tait long ua finse, neatly set between pelvs hone. Rumsp long ua w'ide, and level betweenhooks and pin hons. 6 7. Legs. Fisne. Forelegs traight, wide apant and squarely set. Hindlegs welt apaes, narly pepenicualar frsm hack to fetbock, with point of hoch dirtcty hn liar waith pelvis hont; 'aide crefom flush tt hoch joit. Legsteeinotitwith ntedey tawep otun. 8 8. Udder. Of good sie and extended wel infront; firmly attached to the body, welt op behisnd, elastic bit inot fleshy, qarst eeny hat- an'ed, symmtical and fee fom divisio. Teats a6 mediumss ize, welapart, evey plaeainhangigpepenicuay. 25 9. Milkhveinspoiet,logsasn otuos andbrchig,with eep fotn. Veins on udder clesay defisned. Escuthon wide, high tand brtad with thigh tval. 8 t0. Quality. Rich golden pigasent thaoughout as indicated in cars, end of tilhtse,arond eyes andhbody geerally, yelltw athbase o hsss, hoofs amher oose. Hide this anA loose to tooth. 16 100 Ton QUEEN'S CUsP SHOW Queen Victoria iaitiated the annual Queen's (King't) Cup Show hy contributing let guineas each for the two best bulls and five guineas for the heat herd of four cows. At a later show the best cow received the latnes tsaphy. The Queen's Cap Show is the apes in quality ton the separate istands of Guernsey, Alderney, and Saab (see Fig. 10.2). A Cup was awarded to the beat hull in the Artificial Insemination Center in 1657, and a Cup was opet to competition among other bulls. Under the latest rules, owners of bulls eshibited their ani- mals abong with the dam on hen scorecard, the sire, and bath grand- dams or their scorecards. Bulls of sufficient age were represented is Ton QUaN'S CUP SHOW Queen Victoria initiated the annual Queen's (King's) Cup Show by contributing ten guiteas each foe the two beat bulls and five guineas for the best heed of four cows. At a later show the best cow received the latter trophy. The Queen's Cup Show is the apes in quality an the separate islands of Guernsey, Alderney, and Sark (see Fig. 10.2). A Cup was awarded to the best ball in the Artificial Insemination Center in 1957, and a Cup was apet to competition amang other bulls. Under the latest rules, owners of bulls eshibited their ani- mals slang with the dam as hen scosecard, the sine, and bosth grand- dams or their scorecards. Bulbs of sufficient age were repeesented Ton QUaENt'S CUr SuOW Queen Victoria initiated the annual Queen's (King's) Cup Show by contributing ten guioeas each for the two best bulls and five guioeas for the best heed of four cows. At a later shoaw the best cow received the acne trophy. The Queen's Cap Show is the apes in quality an the separate islands of Guernsey, Alderney, and Sark (see Fig. 10.2). A Cup was awaeded to the best hull in the Artificial Inseminatian Center in 1957, and a Cup was open to competition amang ther bulls. Under the latest rules, owners of bulls eshibited their ani- mats abong with the dam as her scosecard, the sire, and bath grand- dams or their scorecards. Bulls of sufficient age were represtoted  196 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS by six or more progeny over 4 months old. All were considered by the judges in making the awards. Bulls winning the Cups were available for public service for 1 year at a service fee approved by the Society. After this period, the Society's brand, "E.R.," was placed on the horn, and the bulls name was engraved on the Cup. 196 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS by six or more progeny over 4 months old. All were considered by the judges in making the awards. Bulls winning the Cups were available for public service for 1 year at a service fee approved by the Society. After this period, the Society's brand, "E.R.," was placed on the horn, and the bull's name was engraved on the Cup. 196 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS by six or more progeny over 4 months old. All were considered by the judges in making the awards. Bulls winning the Cups were available for public service for 1 year at a service fee approved by the Society. After this period, the Society's brand, "E.R.," was placed on the horn, and the bull's name was engraved on the Cup. FIG. 10.2. Guernsey cows lined up before the judges at the King's Cup Show. A Queen's Cup was awarded to the best cow, already in the Ad- vanced Registry. Winners could not compete a second time. GUERNSEY HERD BOOK Island breeders differed on the necessity for keeping a formal pedi- gree herdbook. Some people contended there was no need for one since all Island cattle were purebred. Others thought only the better animals should be entered as breeding stock to improve island cattle. In 1878 James James initiated a private herdbook, which in- cluded entries based on show winnings and selection. James's Guernsey Herd Book entered 178 animals. Sixty-three animals were added to an edition in 1879. The society finally accepted the herd- book of James James as a foundation, and added to it as follows: "That all the animals receiving prizes during the three previous years shall be admitted . . . also all animals which shall receive prizes subsequently, together with their progeny. Good attention FIG. 10.2. Guernsey cows lined up before the judges at the King's Cup Show. A Queen's Cup was awarded to the best cow, already in the Ad- vanced Registry. Winners could not compete a second time. GUERNSEY HERD BOOK Island breeders differed on the necessity for keeping a formal pedi- gree herdbook. Some people contended there was no need for one since all Island cattle were purebred. Others thought only the better animals should be entered as breeding stock to improve island cattle. In 1878 James James initiated a private herdbook, which in- cluded entries based on show winnings and selection. James's Guernsey Herd Book entered 178 animals. Sixty-three animals were added to an edition in 1879. The society finally accepted the herd- book of James James as a foundation, and added to it as follows: "That all the animals receiving prizes during the three previous years shall be admitted . . . also all animals which shall receive prizes subsequently, together with their progeny. Good attention FIG. 10.2. Guernsey cows lined up before the judges at the King's Cup Show. A Queen's Cup was awarded to the best cow, already in the Ad- vanced Registry. Winners could not compete a second time. GUERNSEY HERD BOOK Island breeders differed on the necessity for keeping a formal pedi- gree herdbook. Some people contended there was no need for one since all Island cattle were purebred. Others thought only the better animals should be entered as breeding stock to improve island cattle. In 1878 James James initiated a private herdbook, which in- cluded entries based on show winnings and selection. James's Guernsey Herd Book entered 178 animals. Sixty-three animals were added to an edition in 1879. The society finally accepted the herd- book of James James as a foundation, and added to it as follows: "That all the animals receiving prizes during the three previous years shall be admitted . . . also all animals which shall receive prizes subsequently, together with their progeny. Good attention  Guernseys in the Channel Islands 197 Guernseys in the Channel Islands 197 Guernseys in the Channel Islands 197 being taken that the animals admitted shall possess the superior quality in regard to the milk and butter qualities." Volume 1 of The Royal Guernsey Agricultural Society Herd Book was published in 1882. After 1885, progeny of registered cattle were eligible for entry in the Herd Book without inspection at the shows. Unregistered females that qualified at a show or passed in- spection by the herdbook examiners were registered as Founda- tion Stock, with the initials F.S. following their registration number. A rival herdbook, the General Herd Book of the Island of Guern- sey, was begun in 1881 because of differences of opinions as to ani- mals eligible for registration. The American Guernsey Cattle Club sent Secretary William H. Caldwell to the Island in 1901 to study entry requirements of the two herdbooks. Recognition of the Gen- eral Herd Book was withdrawn in 1902, and it was discontinued. An "Alderney Branch" of the Agricultural Society's herdbook was recognized; Volume I was published in 1907. After July 1, 1918, only a bull whose dam and both granddams were in the Advanced Registry might be registered. Such a bull must be inspected with his dam, at a local show. Fat production of the dam and the sire's dam must exceed Advanced Registry re- quirements since 1922. Now the requirements must be exceeded by 10 percent under Scheme A, or by 20 percent under Scheme B in- volving pregnancy requirements. All registered bulls 15 months old in the bailiwick of Guernsey were required to stand for public service. Service records were kept in duplicate. About 1,200 heifers and 150 bulls were registered an- nually before World War II. Registrations were continued during the war even under German occupation, but no shows were held. Some decline in registrations occurred after the war. The 1965 Census showed 48 bulls more than 12 months old, 25 younger bulls, 2,623 cows, 348 heifers in calf, and 834 other heifers, exclusive of bulls in the A.L stud. Artificial breeding decreased the demand for bulls. PRODUCTION RECORDS Few production records were cited in early Guernsey literature, ex- cept statements that a cow would average a pound of butter daily for the year and some produced twice as much for short periods. being taken that the animals admitted shall possess the superior quality in regard to the milk and butter qualities." Volume 1 of The Royal Guernsey Agricultural Society Herd Book was published in 1882. After 1885, progeny of registered cattle were eligible for entry in the Herd Book without inspection at the shows. Unregistered females that qualified at a show or passed in- spection by the herdbook examiners were registered as Founda- tion Stock, with the initials F.S. following their registration number. A rival herdbook, the General Herd Book of the Island of Guern- sey, was begun in 1881 because of differences of opinions as to ani- mals eligible for registration. The American Guernsey Cattle Club sent Secretary William H. Caldwell to the Island in 1901 to study entry requirements of the two herdbooks. Recognition of the Gen- eral Herd Book was withdrawn in 1902, and it was discontinued. An "Alderney Branch" of the Agricultural Society's herdbook was recognized; Volume I was published in 1907. After July 1, 1918, only a bull whose dam and both granddams were in the Advanced Registry might be registered. Such a bull must be inspected with his dam, at a local show. Fat production of the dam and the sire's dam must exceed Advanced Registry re- quirements since 1922. Now the requirements must be exceeded by 10 percent under Scheme A, or by 20 percent under Scheme B in- volving pregnancy requirements. All registered bulls 15 months old in the bailiwick of Guernsey were required to stand for public service. Service records were kept in duplicate. About 1,200 heifers and 150 bulls were registered an- nually before World War II. Registrations were continued during the war even under German occupation, but no shows were held. Some decline in registrations occurred after the war. The 1965 Census showed 48 bulls more than 12 months old, 25 younger bulls, 2,623 cows, 348 heifers in calf, and 834 other heifers, exclusive of bulls in the A.L stud. Artificial breeding decreased the demand for bulls. PRODUCTION RECORDS Few production records were cited in early Guernsey literature, ex- cept statements that a cow would average a pound of butter daily for the year and some produced twice as much for short periods. being taken that the animals admitted shall possess the superior quality in regard to the milk and butter qualities." Volume 1 of The Royal Guernsey Agricultural Society Herd Book was published in 1882. After 1885, progeny of registered cattle were eligible for entry in the Herd Book without inspection at the shows. Unregistered females that qualified at a show or passed in- spection by the herdbook examiners were registered as Founda- tion Stock, with the initials F.S. following their registration number. A rival herdbook, the General Herd Book of the Island of Guern- sey, was begun in 1881 because of differences of opinions as to ani- mals eligible for registration. The American Guernsey Cattle Club sent Secretary William H. Caldwell to the Island in 1901 to study entry requirements of the two herdbooks. Recognition of the Gen- eral Herd Book was withdrawn in 1902, and it was discontinued. An "Alderney Branch" of the Agricultural Society's herdbook was recognized; Volume I was published in 1907. After July 1, 1918, only a bull whose dam and both granddams were in the Advanced Registry might be registered. Such a bull must be inspected with his dam, at a local show. Fat production of the dam and the sire's dam must exceed Advanced Registry re- quirements since 1922. Now the requirements must be exceeded by 10 percent under Scheme A, or by 20 percent under Scheme B in- volving pregnancy requirements. All registered bulls 15 months old in the bailiwick of Guernsey were required to stand for public service. Service records were kept in duplicate. About 1,200 heifers and 150 bulls were registered an- nually before World War II. Registrations were continued during the war even under German occupation, but no shows were held. Some decline in registrations occurred after the war. The 1965 Census showed 48 bulls more than 12 months old, 25 younger bulls, 2,623 cows, 348 heifers in calf, and 834 other heifers, exclusive of bulls in the A.I. stud. Artificial breeding decreased the demand for bulls. PRODUCTION RECORDS Few production records were cited in early Guernsey literature, ex- cept statements that a cow would average a pound of butter daily for the year and some produced twice as much for short periods.  198 DARY CATTL E BREEDS 198 DARY CATTLE BREEDS 198 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS An average yield of 627 imperial gallons per year was attained by J. Boyd Kinnears herd on the Island. The society provided in 1885 that an Official Milk and Butter Test Book be maintained for sworn private and public production tests conducted under certain rules. Records of milk and butter production of four cows for 7-day peri- ods were published in 1888. Records were begun on a yearly basis in 1911, applying monthly butterfat tests to the owner's milk weights, as was practiced then in the United States. This was the Advanced Registry of the Society. The founding of the Advanced Registry, in the judgment of Charles Kitts (official test supervisor), was a landmark with the Guernsey breed. Records during the first year showed an average of 9,516 pounds of milk, 5.05 percent and 480 pounds of butterfat, mainly from mature cows. Requirements to qualify for the Ad- vanced Registry were 250.5 pounds of butterfat for animals 2 years old and up to 360 pounds in 365 days for those 5 years or older. The standards were increased in May 1938, and now are 6,000 pounds of milk, 293.5 pounds of butterfat for animals 2 years old, up to 9,000 pounds of milk, 425.0 pounds of butterfat for animals 5 years and older. The average test must equal or exceed 4.25 percent but- terfat. Both the Babcock and Gerber butterfat tests were recog- nized. HERD TEsT A Herd Test was established on Guernsey in 193. It was discon- tinued in 1937 when the English Guernsey Cattle Club did not recognize the records for importation of animals to England. The objectives originally stated for this system of mass testing were: "To find by simple testing and record keeping under ordinary con- ditions those cows which were low producers as to be unprofitable to the owner. To find out the bulls which are prepotent for high production. To encourage the use of such bulls as fully as possible and to discourage the use of those which transmit low production." In 1958 the States of Guernsey and the State Committee for Ag- riculture took the first steps toward compulsory production testing of all cows. Limited facilities for keeping records of so many cows made it necessary to proceed gradually. The State Committee An average yield of 627 imperial gallons per year was attained by J. Boyd Kinnear's herd on the Island. The society provided in 1885 that an Official Milk and Butter Test Book be maintained for sworn private and public production tests conducted under certain rules. Records of milk and butter production of four cows for 7-day peri- ods were published in 1888. Records were begun on a yearly basis in 1911, applying monthly butterfat tests to the owner's milk weights, as was practiced then in the United States. This was the Advanced Registry of the Society. The founding of the Advanced Registry, in the judgment of Charles Kitts (official test supervisor), was a landmark with the Guernsey breed. Records during the first year showed an average of 9,516 pounds of milk, 5.05 percent and 480 pounds of butterfat, mainly from mature cows. Requirements to qualify for the Ad- vanced Registry were 250.5 pounds of butterfat for animals 2 years old and up to 360 pounds in 365 days for those 5 years or older. The standards were increased in May 1938, and now are 6,000 pounds of milk, 293.5 pounds of butterfat for animals 2 years old, up to 9,000 pounds of milk, 425.0 pounds of butterfat for animals 5 years and older. The average test must equal or exceed 4.25 percent but- terfat. Both the Babcock and Gerber butterfat tests were recog- nized. HERD TEST A Herd Test was established on Guernsey in 1931. It was discon- tinued in 1937 when the English Guernsey Cattle Club did not recognize the records for importation of animals to England. The objectives originally stated for this system of mass testing were: "To find by simple testing and record keeping under ordinary con- ditions those cows which were low producers as to be unprofitable to the owner. To find out the bulls which are prepotent for high production. To encourage the use of such bulls as fully as possible and to discourage the use of those which transmit low production." In 1958 the States of Guernsey and the State Committee for Ag- riculture took the first steps toward compulsory production testing of all cows. Limited facilities for keeping records of so many cows made it necessary to proceed gradually. The State Committee An average yield of 627 imperial gallons per year was attained by J. Boyd Kinnear's herd on the Island. The society provided in 1885 that an Official Milk and Butter Test Book be maintained for sworn private and public production tests conducted under certain rules. Records of milk and butter production of four cows for 7-day peri- ods were published in 1888. Records were begun on a yearly basis in 1911, applying monthly butterfat tests to the owner's milk weights, as was practiced then in the United States. This was the Advanced Registry of the Society. The founding of the Advanced Registry, in the judgment of Charles Kitts (official test supervisor), was a landmark with the Guernsey breed. Records during the first year showed an average of 9,516 pounds of milk, 5.05 percent and 480 pounds of butterfat, mainly from mature cows. Requirements to qualify for the Ad- vanced Registry were 250.5 pounds of butterfat for animals 2 years old and up to 360 pounds in 365 days for those 5 years or older. The standards were increased in May 1938, and now are 6,000 pounds of milk, 293.5 pounds of butterfat for animals 2 years old, up to 9,000 pounds of milk, 425.0 pounds of butterfat for animals 5 years and older. The average test must equal or exceed 4.25 percent but- terfat. Both the Babcock and Gerber butterfat tests were recog- nized. HERD TEST A Herd Test was established on Guernsey in 1931. It was discon- tinued in 1937 when the English Guernsey Cattle Club did not recognize the records for importation of animals to England. The objectives originally stated for this system of mass testing were: "To find by simple testing and record keeping under ordinary con- ditions those cows which were low producers as to be unprofitable to the owner. To find out the bulls which are prepotent for high production. To encourage the use of such bulls as fully as possible and to discourage the use of those which transmit low production." In 1958 the States of Guernsey and the State Committee for Ag- riculture took the first steps toward compulsory production testing of all cows. Limited facilities for keeping records of so many cows made it necessary to proceed gradually. The State Committee  Guernseys in the Channel Islands 199 Guernseys in the Channel Islands 199 Guernseys in the Channel Isannds 199 proposed that a sole Compulsory Recording Scheme for entire herds apply to all recognized production records on the Island. The groups agreed to conduct a Voluntary Herd Recording Scheme for six years under the Society's supervision. The States of Guernsey passed a resolution on May 25, 1954: "To authorize the States Com- mittee for Agriculture and Fisheries to make an annual grant in re- spect of each milk producer whose entire herd of cows is continu- ously milk and butter-fat recorded under the scheme for the time being administered by the Royal Guernsey Agricultural and Horti- cultural Society, such grants being payable to the said Society...." The rules barred individual selective testing while the Society was under the grant. The Society supervised the Herd Test, and Advanced Registry requirements remained unchanged. About 80 percent of the cows were under Herd Test in 1959. The recording staff was transferred in July 1961 to a laboratory at Beau Sejours under a subcommittee of the States Committee for Agriculture and Fisheries. DIPLOMA OF MERIT Beginning in April 1951 bulls were awarded a Diploma of Merit when ten or more daughters qualified for the Advanced Registry. Two daughters by artificial insemination were equivalent to one daughter by natural service. Cows that produced 50,000 pounds of milk before they were 8 years old were recognized with a Certificate of Merit. An Award of Merit was earned by a cow with three Advanced Registry records. ARTFICIAL BREEDING A Guernsey Artificial Breeding Center was established on the Is- land in 1956, partly to control any reproductive diseases and to make promising bulls more widely accessible. Every registered bull must have been available for public service previously, with few re- strictions. The States Committee for Agriculture and Fisheries and the Herd Book Council drafted rules for operation of the stud and ap- pealed to breeders for bulls. Of 20 offered, four virgin bulls were selected to begin the program in 1956. The demand for artificial proposed that a sole Compulsory Recording Scheme for entire herds apply to all recognized production records on the Island. The groups agreed to conduct a Voluntary Herd Recording Scheme for six years under the Society's supervision. The States of Guernsey passed a resolution on May 25, 1954: "To authorize the States Com- mittee for Agriculture and Fisheries to make an annual grant in re- spect of each milk producer whose entire herd of cows is continu- ously milk and butter-fat recorded under the scheme for the time being administered by the Royal Guernsey Agricultural and Horti- cultural Society, such grants being payable to the said Society...." The rules barred individual selective testing while the Society was under the grant. The Society supervised the Herd Test, and Advanced Registry requirements remained unchanged. About 80 percent of the cows were under Herd Test in 1959. The recording staff was transferred in July 1961 to a laboratory at Beau Sejours under a subcommittee of the States Committee for Agriculture and Fisheries. DIPLOMA OF MERIT Beginning in April 1951 bulls were awarded a Diploma of Merit when ten or more daughters qualified for the Advanced Registry. Two daughters by artificial insemination were equivalent to one daughter by natural service. Cows that produced 50,000 pounds of milk before they were 8 years old were recognized with a Certificate of Merit. An Award of Merit was earned by a cow with three Advanced Registry records. ARTIFICIAL BREEDING A Guernsey Artificial Breeding Center was established on the Is- land in 1956, partly to control any reproductive diseases and to make promising bulls more widely accessible. Every registered bull must have been available for public service previously, with few re- strictions. The States Committee for Agriculture and Fisheries and the Herd Book Council drafted rules for operation of the stud and ap- pealed to breeders for bulls. Of 20 offered, four virgin bulls were selected to begin the program in 1956. The demand for artificial proposed that a sole Compulsory Recording Scheme for entire herds apply to all recognized production records on the Island. The groups agreed to conduct a Voluntary Herd Recording Scheme for six years under the Society's supervision. The States of Guernsey passed a resolution on May 25, 1954: "To authorize the States Com- mittee for Agriculture and Fisheries to make an annual grant in re- spect of each milk producer whose entire herd of cows is continu- ously milk and butter-fat recorded under the scheme for the time being administered by the Royal Guernsey Agricultural and Horti- cultural Society, such grants being payable to the said Society...." The rules barred individual selective testing while the Society was under the grant. The Society supervised the Herd Test, and Advanced Registry requirements remained unchanged. About 80 percent of the cows were under Herd Test in 1959. The recording staff was transferred in July 1961 to a laboratory at Beau Sejours under a subcommittee of the States Committee for Agriculture and Fisheries. DIPLOMA OF MERIT Beginning in April 1951 bulls were awarded a Diploma of Merit when ten or more daughters qualified for the Advanced Registry. Two daughters by artificial insemination were equivalent to one daughter by natural service. Cows that produced 50,000 pounds of milk before they were 8 years old were recognized with a Certificate of Merit. An Award of Merit was earned by a cow with three Advanced Registry records. ARTIFICIAL BREEDING A Guernsey Artificial Breeding Center was established on the Is- land in 1956, partly to control any reproductive diseases and to make promising bulls more widely accessible. Every registered bull must have been available for public service previously, with few re- strictions. The States Committee for Agriculture and Fisheries and the Herd Book Council drafted rules for operation of the stud and ap- pealed to breeders for bulls. Of 20 offered, four virgin bulls were selected to begin the program in 1956. The demand for artificial  200 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS service was so great that two more bulls were added in 1957. A veterinary officer was appointed to manage the service in 1958. When restrictions resulting from two cases of foot-and-mouth dis- ease were removed, semen was sent to Alderney, Sark, and Brecq- hou. Between 70 and 80 percent of the cows on Guernsey were arti- ficially inseminated in 1958. The isolated location of the Channel Islands contributed to rela- tive freedom from some diseases. Tuberculosis and brucellosis were not serious factors. Foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks were eradi- cated by slaughter of the herd and quarantine until danger was past. Lethal recessive characters were discussed by the Society in 1958. A Herd Book rule was adopted in 1957 for detection of and protec- tion against some conditions: "All calves born dead or dying within 12 hours of birth must be notified to the Secretary of the Royal Agricultural and Horticultural Society before being disposed of. (This includes premature births of 5 months onwards). Owners failing to do so will render themselves liable to a fine not exceeding £10 for any one infraction." Bulls that produced lethal recessive characters since February 1958 were to be withdrawn from public service after April 1960. A bull calf could be qualified by the Herd Book Council for the owner's private use and test matings. Such test matings against lethal recessives were not considered public service. They involved mating with at least eight known carriers and 25 daughters of known carrier cows or bulls. The test was completed at calving of the last such mating. A recognized defect of the spermatozoal acrosome cap caused the Society to rule on April 1, 1960, that "all bulls aged 12 months or over at the date of sale which have not proved themselves [fer- tile], must be examined by a Veterinary Surgeon before being sold." OUTSTANDINc GUERNSEYs May Rose 2d 3251 P.S. (Fig. 10.3) was a great transmitter. Highly Commended in 1893, she won first prizes in 1896 and 1897. As Claremont May Rose 3648 E.G.H.B., she won first prize at the 200 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS service was so great that two more bulls were added in 1957. A veterinary officer was appointed to manage the service in 1958. When restrictions resulting from two cases of foot-and-mouth dis- ease were removed, semen was sent to Alderney, Sark, and Brecq- hou. Between 70 and 80 percent of the cows on Guernsey were arti- ficially inseminated in 1958. The isolated location of the Channel Islands contributed to rela- tive freedom from some diseases. Tuberculosis and brucellosis were not serious factors. Foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks were eradi- cated by slaughter of the herd and quarantine until danger was past. Lethal recessive characters were discussed by the Society in 1958. A Herd Book rule was adopted in 1957 for detection of and protec- tion against some conditions: "All calves born dead or dying within 12 hours of birth must be notified to the Secretary of the Royal Agricultural and Horticultural Society before being disposed of. (This includes premature births of 5 months onwards). Owners failing to do so will render themselves liable to a fine not exceeding £ 10 for any one infraction." Bulls that produced lethal recessive characters since Februarv 1958 were to be withdrawn from public service after April 1960. A bull calf could be qualified by the Herd Book Council for the owner's private use and test matings. Such test matings against lethal recessives were not considered public service. They involved mating with at least eight known carriers and 25 daughters of known carrier cows or bulls. The test was completed at calving of the last such mating. A recognized defect of the spermatozoal acrosome cap caused the Society to rule on April 1, 1960, that "all bulls aged 12 months or over at the date of sale which have not proved themselves [fer- tile], must be examined by a Veterinary Surgeon before being sold." OUTsTANDING GUERNSEYS May Rose 2d 3251 P.S. (Fig. 10.3) was a great transmitter. Highly Commended in 1893, she won first prizes in 1896 and 1897. As Claremont May Rose 3648 E.G.H.B., she won first prize at the 200 DA IRY CATTLE BREEDS service was so great that two more bulls were added in 1957. A veterinary officer was appointed to manage the service in 1958. When restrictions resulting from two cases of foot-and-mouth dis- ease were removed, semen was sent to Alderney, Sark, and Brecq- hou. Between 70 and 80 percent of the cows on Guernsey were arti- ficially inseminated in 1958. The isolated location of the Channel Islands contributed to rela- tive freedom from some diseases. Tuberculosis and brucellosis were not serious factors. Foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks were eradi- cated by slaughter of the herd and quarantine until danger was past. Lethal recessive characters were discussed by the Society in 1958. A Herd Book rule was adopted in 1957 for detection of and protec- tion against some conditions: "All calves born dead or dying within 12 hours of birth must be notified to the Secretary of the Royal Agricultural and Horticultural Society before being disposed of. (This includes premature births of 5 months onwards). Owners failing to do so will render themselves liable to a fine not exceeding £10 for any one infraction." Bulls that produced lethal recessive characters since February 1958 were to be withdrawn from public service after April 1960. A bull calf could be qualified by the Herd Book Council for the owner's private use and test matings. Such test matings against lethal recessives were not considered public service. They involved mating with at least eight known carriers and 25 daughters of known carrier cows or bulls. The test was completed at calving of the last such mating. A recognized defect of the spermatozoal acrosome cap caused the Society to rule on April 1, 1960, that "all bulls aged 12 months or over at the date of sale which have not proved themselves [fer- tile], must be examined by a Veterinary Surgeon before being sold." OUTSTANDING GUERNSEYS May Rose 2d 3251 P.S. (Fig. 10.3) was a great transmitter. Highly Commended in 1893, she won first prizes in 1896 and 1897. As Claremont May Rose 3648 E.G.H.B., she won first prize at the  Guernseys in the Channel Islands 201 Royal (Winchester) show in 1897. She gave 48 and 55 pounds of milk in a day when 16 years old. This cow had marked refinement, dairy temperament, level topline, ruggedness, and capacity, but she had weak hind legs in advanced age. Her udder was capacious and strongly attached. Her son Imp. King of the May, two daughters, and granddaughter Imp. Itchen Daisy 3d came to the United States. Guernseys in the Channel Islands 201 Royal (Winchester) show in 1897. She gave 48 and 55 pounds of milk in a day when 16 years old. This cow had marked refinement, dairy temperament, level topline, ruggedness, and capacity, but she had weak hind legs in advanced age. Her udder was capacious and strongly attached. Her son Imp. King of the May, two daughters, and granddaughter Imp. Itchen Daisy 3d came to the United States. Guernseys in the Channel Islands 201 Royal (Winchester) show in 1897. She gave 48 and 55 pounds of milk in a day when 16 years old. This cow had marked refinement, dairy temperament, level topline, ruggedness, and capacity, but she had weak hind legs in advanced age. Her udder was capacious and strongly attached. Her son Imp. King of the May, two daughters, and granddaughter Imp. Itchen Daisy 3d came to the United States. FIG. 10.3. May Rose 2d 3251 P.S. or Claremont May Rose 3648 E.C.H.B. was recognized as one of the greatest transmitting cows of the Guernsey breed. The number of milking cows in 1963-65 averaged over 2,600, with a slight compensating increase in heifers raised for replace- ments. The area of land per cow in dairy farms decreased 10.6 per- cent from 1954 to 1965. Cow numbers were low in 1954, yet in 1964, 20.4 percent more cows yielded 38.6 percent more milk. This represented an increased yield of 15 percent per cow. In 1953, 349 holdings averaged 14.95 acres, compared with 227 holdings aver- aging 20.2 acres in 1964 with 11.45 cows per farm. Fewer acres pro- duced root crops. The larger herds justified more acres for silage production. Lucerne (alfalfa) increased in the new seedings. Fewer acres produced wheat or some other crop. The 1964 agricultural census showed 1.75 acres (4.37 vergees) per cow on dairy farms on Guernsey. FIG. 10.3. May Rose 2d 3251 P.S. or Claremont May Rose 3648 E.G.H.B. was recognized as one of the greatest transmitting cows of the Guernsey breed. The number of milking cows in 1963-65 averaged over 2,600, with a slight compensating increase in heifers raised for replace- ments. The area of land per cow in dairy farms decreased 10.6 per- cent from 1954 to 1965. Cow numbers were low in 1954, yet in 1964, 20.4 percent more cows yielded 38.6 percent more milk. This represented an increased yield of 15 percent per cow. In 1953, 349 holdings averaged 14.95 acres, compared with 227 holdings aver- aging 20.2 acres in 1964 with 11.45 cows per farm. Fewer acres pro- duced root crops. The larger herds justified more acres for silage production. Lucerne (alfalfa) increased in the new seedings. Fewer acres produced wheat or some other crop. The 1964 agricultural census showed L.75 acres (4.37 vergees) per cow on dairy farms on Guernsey. FIG. 10.3. May Rose 2d 3251 P.S. or Claremont May Rose 3648 E.G.H.B. was recognized as one of the greatest transmitting cows of the Guernsey breed. The number of milking cows in 1963-65 averaged over 2,600, with a slight compensating increase in heifers raised for replace- ments. The area of land per cow in dairy farms decreased 10.6 per- cent from 1954 to 1965. Cow numbers were low in 1954, yet in 1964, 20.4 percent more cows yielded 38.6 percent more milk. This represented an increased yield of 15 percent per cow. In 1953, 349 holdings averaged 14.95 acres, compared with 227 holdings aver- aging 20.2 acres in 1964 with 11.45 cows per farm. Fewer acres pro- duced root crops. The larger herds justified more acres for silage production. Lucerne (alfalfa) increased in the new seedings. Fewer acres produced wheat or some other crop. The 1964 agricultural census showed 1.75 acres (4.37 vergees) per cow on dairy farms on Guernsey.  202 DAIRBY CATTLE BREEDS Increased practice of artificial breeding in many countries re- duced the demand for bolls. The ratio of male to female registra- tions decreased from i male to 7.66 females in 194.453, to i male per 18.85 females in 1956-62. Esports of bulls decreased from an average of 50.3, to aboni 4 bolls per year. REEENCES Anonyous. Jar. 17, 1817. [FormationolanAgicoltural Society.] In Gazette de esey. Asonymout. Beoe 1038. Thc Channel Idlands and carts of Brittmn end Nor- msasd. WardLockh&Co., London. Anstad, D. T., and 0. C. Latharo. 1800. The Channel Ilhands. 2nd ed. Loodon. nroy, Willioro. 1815. The histry of the Islind of Gueney, part of the an- ciest Duchy of Normoandy, from the remoetest period of estiqnity to the year 181d. London. Brook, D. do Lidoe, aod P. Bredhafft. Jan. 17, 1017. [Formtatioe of an Agricol- tocal Society.] In Gazette de Cnemeoco. Caldrell, William H, 1923. Longwcater Cunes. Poterhoroogh, N.H. .1041. The Guneye. Peteroooah, N.H. Carcy, Edith F. 1003. Cruersecy felt lore. Lonadan. .1904. The Chensel Islonde. Landotn. Calceman, J. 1875. The catol of Great Britain. C. Caa, Lendan. Callat, Harold A. 1837. Pinning in Gneroroy. Gunemsey Breedees' J. 51:265-67. Crolley, Ceoroe. 1786. Oservotions on lice stock. C. C. J. & J. Roehison, Lan- doe. do Guerin, Beasi C. 1945. Cuerntey herd lair on Itland. Guermsey Breedeer J. 68:105-6, 119. -1947. History of the Betel Caeonsey Ageicultueal and Horticultural Societe. Cuermtey, Dicey, Thomcaa. 1798. As hitorical accont of the lalnd of Guernseo from the feest settlemrent. London. Dancan, Jonathan. 1836-37. Guemney0 and Jeesey Magazine. Volt. 1-4. Lon- d. 1041. The history ofGuernse, weith occasional notiesa of Jcerey, Al- demney and Sort, and haoraphical setthes. London. Preach, T. C, 1944. The Aldermey heed. Guemneyo Breeders J. 66:522, 518. Halo, Thoroat. 1708. Complete body of hnsbandry. 2 salt. Londons. Hazoaed, Willit P. 1872. The Jerey, Alderney mnd Guemnsey core. ltth ed. Parter & Coatet, Philadrlphia. Herman, H. A. 1050. The Itland of Carnsley hegint hbreeding aetificially. Hardes Dairyman 101:823. Heylin, Doctor. 1050. A srmeo of the tree ilanads, Gneeneey and Jomsey; reith the islee appending, according to their politi, and formu of govrent, tootle ecoleelicall and civill. Hilts, Chatlrt L. 1817. The Guney breed. Kinalb, Watrlmo, Iown. Inglit, H. D. 1834. The Channel Ilands of JerseB, Gnerney, Aldtertey, Sort, Hbem and Jellies. Whittaher & Co. Londnn. 282 DAIBY CATTLE BREEDS Increased pcactice of artificial breeding in many countries re- duced the demand for bulls. The ratio of male to female registra- tions decreased from 1 male to 7.66 females in 1944-53, to 1imale per 18.05 femalea in 1956--62. Exports of bulls decreased from an average of 50.3, to about4 bullsper yar. REFERENeCES Anonymous. Jar. 17, 1017. [Pormation oi an Agricultural Society.] In Gaette deGserney. Aaonymout. Beoe 1030. The Channel Islonde end parte of Brittany and Nor- roondy. Ward, Lockh&Co., London. Aattad, D. T., and B. C. Latharo. 1805. The Chensel bslonde. 2nd eat. London. Berty, William. 1015. The hitory of the Island of Guernsey, part of the an- cient Duchy of Normandy, feom the remnotest period of astiqnity to the year 1014. London. Beech, D. do Lisle, aod P. nredhafft. Jon. 17, 1017. [Formationo ano Agricul- tuao Socety.] Io Cozette do Ctaoesee. Caldwrell, William H. 1925. Langreaterenseys. Peterboroagh, N.H. .__ 1041. The Guernsey. Peteeboroogh, N.H. Carey, Edith F. 1003. Gursey felk lore. London. .1004. The Chansel Iland. Larder. Colemoan, J. 1075. The cattlo of Great Britain. C. Con, London. Calma, Harold A. 1037. Paeoing in Cuemrsy. Gnerney Breeders' . 51:265-67. Celley, Gore. 1700. Observatione on hove stret. C. C. J. & J. Rbainron, Lon- don. do Guerin, Beasi C. 1045. Guerntey herd sale on Iland. Guersey Breders' J. 68:105-6, 110. 1047. Hlistory of the Royal Guerroey Agricultural end Horticultnrol Societe. Gurtey. Dicey, Thoroat. 1700. As historical accunt of the belond of Guemnsey from the feest settlement. London. Duacan, Jonathan. 1836-37. Gnersey and Jerey Megazine. Volt. 1-4. Lon- don. .1841. The history of Cuersey, reith occasional notieo of Jerses, Al- doee and Seek, and hiogeaphical sketche. Lmndotn. Pench, T. C. 1044. The Alderney herd. Cuermsey Breedero) . 66:ll, 558. Hale, Thomoat. 1758. Complete hod0 of husbandr. 2 volt. Londont. Haoard, Willit P. 1071. The Jereyo, Alderey and Guerseyc core. 16th red. Portee & Coatet, Philadelphia. Herman, H. A. 1050. The Island oi Cuemney hegiss breeding artificially. Hoardes Dairyman 101:823. Heylin, Doctor. 165. A msrey of the tree ilands, Curne8 and Joesy reith the islot appending, according to their politic, atnd fors of govrrentt, both eccleticall mnd cavill. Hilts, Charlet L. 1817. The Guernsey breed. Kimbhrl, Watrom, Inora. Inglt, H. D. 1034. The Channel Ilands of Jre, Gnernses, Alderneyi, Seek, Hbem and Jethan. Whittahee &e Ca. London. 202 DeAIBY CATTLE BREEnS Increased practice of artificial beeoding in many countries re- duced the demand foe bulls. The ratio of male to female registra- tions decreased from 1 male to 7.66 females in 1944-53, to 1 male per 18.05 females in 1956-62. Exports of bulls decreased from an average of 50.3, to about 4 bulls per year. Aonymousa. Joe. 17, 1017. [Formaioroian Agricultural Society.] ID Gaette de Guerney. Aonaymous. Befrore 1030. The Chanrel Iolons and porto of Brittany end Nor- moody. Ward, Loch & Co., London. Austad, D. T., and B. C. Latharo. 1805. The Channel Islonds. 2nd ed. London. Berry, William. 1815. The hitory of the Ilnd of Guneye, part of ehe an- dieal Ducehy of Normand, from the remotest period of aniquity to the Deer 1014. London. Brock, D. do Lifle, and F. Brodhafft. Jan. 17, 1817. [Formation ot are Agricuel- taral Society.] In CGazette do Curne. Caldwell, William H. 1025. Langreaterenses. Peterbroaoh, N.H. - 1041. The CGcernsey. Petrboroogh, N.H. Carey, Edith F. 1003. Gurnsrrey felt lore. London. - 1004. The Chanrol blond. London. Colemao, J. 1075. The catlo of Cral Britin. C. Cas, London. Callat, Harold A. 1037. Parroing in Curey. Gsarrnsey Breeders J. 51:265-67. Colley, Ceorge. 1706. Observaotiono on hove frtc. C. C. J. &e J. Rbinson, Lan- do Guerin, Basil C. 1945. Guerntey heed tale on Island. Guermsey Beeders' J. 68:105-6, 110. -1047. History of the Roeal Gucerosey Agriculturol and Horticltnoal Societ. Corsey. Diey, Thomat. 1700. As historical account of the Ilrd of Curney from the fleet settloment. Londaa. Duncan, Jonathan. 1836-37. Curey end Jceey Magazino. Volt. 1-4. LoD- do.1841. The history of Gruernsey, reith occasional notices of Jerse, Al- drne0 and Sort, and bioraphical eketche. Linden. French, T. C. 1044. The Alderoey heed. Guernsey Breeders' J. 66:522, 528. Hale, Thomas. 1758. Complete hody1 of hnsbasdr. 2 colt. Londmn. Haaard, Willta P. 1071. The Jersey, Alderaey and CGueeyo core. 10th ed. Portee & Coatrs, Philadrlpia. Herman, H. A. 1000. The Itland of Cauerney hegint heediaa aetificially. Heardes Dairyman 101:823. Heylin, Dactor. 1056. A msrey of the tree iland, Curne8 end Jies; with the isloes appending, arcording to their politic, and formu of govtertnmet.h ecclesticall and ciill. Hilla, Chares L. 1017. The Gurerey breed. Klimball, Watefro, Iowa Inglit, H. D. 1834. The Channel OInds of Jerses, Gune, Aldrey, Sort, Hlem and Jethen. Whittaker & Ce. London.  Guernseys in the Channel Islands 203 Jecoh, Jshn. 1830. Annals of tense of the British Nsenman Isles sonstituting the Beihiwck of Guernsey. J. Smeith, Paris. Jssees, Jaes. 1878, 1879. The Guernsey Heed Beek. Guersssy. Jeresie, Johns. 1821-1822. Account of Guernsey. Jones, W. A. 1902. Ahnormal meorphology of the spermatozoa in Guensey hulls. Brit. Vet. J. 118:257-61. Kitts, Gberlet. 1922. The Gueresey ceow, her history end hererecoeds. Guerntey. LeCornu, C. P. 1859. The agriculhueo stshe Islends of Jersey, Guernsey, Al- demney and Seek. J. Rosy. Aye. Sec. Eng. 20:32-67. LeCouteur, Col. J. 1845. The Jettey, msisneamed Alderney, seow. 1. Boy. Age. Sue. Engl. 5:43-5I. Lows, Dec1d. 1842. Cu the domnssticated enimaels of the British Isles. Longmaen, Green & o.,Londo. MecCulloch, Rbert. 1911, 1858, 1864. Becueil d'Ordonnanses de la Gene Royale de l'Isle tie Guersesey. Vol. 1-3. (Vs1. 4 by Arthur W. Sell.) Guernsey. Pins, J. L. 1989. Guernsey end its haiiwich. Prentise, E. Paesmelee. 1949. The hissory of Channel tslend settle. Guernseyt end Jerseys. Hasser, Nesw York. Quayle, Thornes. 1915. Geneeal tern stf the egrisulture and presetstete sof the Islandsa en the Cost of Norseandy, subjesl ts the Green of Greet Brtain. London. Sysset, Georer S. 1832. Cheeniqys des Isles de Jeesey, Guernsey, Auregns et Seek. Tupper, P. B. 1854. The hisesry if Guernsey and its Bailiwsick; wth occstisnal netices ef Jersey. Stephen Baehy, Gernsey. Wallese, Rbhers. 1899. Farme lise steck ef Gese Britein. 2nd. ed. Olher & Boyd, London. Wereen, J. P. 1926. Cur otsn Island. Guernsey. Wilsn, Jaes. 1909. The esolution of Btitish settle. Vinton & Cso, London. Misellaeus Bseed Puhlkseheos General Herd Bsek of the tsland of Guernsey. 1881-1902. The Guernsey Herd Bush. 1982-. Bees1 Guernsey Agrisultseal and Hoeti- suleueel Sosisty. Vets. 1-. Boyal Alederney Agricuntural Sosiety Heed Bush. 1907-. Vols. 1-. Boys1 Guernsey Ageiculturel end Horticultural Society anual reports. 1842-. Guernseys in the Channel Islands 203 Jacoh, John. 1839. Annas uf tee of the British Noermen Isles constitutting the Bailiwck of Gnsrnsey. J. Smsist, Pests. Jenses, lenses. 1878, 1979. The Guernsey Heed Boek. Geernsey. Jeremsis, John. 1821-1822. Ascount of Guensey. Joes, W. A. 1962. Ahunrml seorphology of she sypermetozee in Gerney hulls. Brie. Vet. 1. 118:257-61. Kints, Chaeles. 1922. The Guernsey cowe, her history end her recrs. Guernsey. LeCoenu, C. P. 1859. The egrisultueo etshe Islands of Jerey, Guernsey, Al- desey and Seek. J. Bey. Age. See. Pug. 20:32-67. Le~outese, Gel. J. 1845. The Jersey, seisnmed Alderney, seen. J. Boy. Aye. Sue. Engl. 5:43-5B. Lown, Destd. 1842. Cu she doestisated anims of she British Isles. Longmaes, Gsren &C, Londo. MecCulloch, Rbuher. 1852, 1859, 1864. Becueil d'Oedennsnses de la Gene Boyale die l'Isle de Guernesey. Vol. 1-3. (Vol. 4 hy Arthse W. Bell.) Guernsey. Pints, J. L. 1889. Guernsey end its haiiwich. Pentis, P. Paetmele. 1940. The history ef Channel Island settle. Guenseyt end Jerseys. Haerper,NewnYor. Queyle, Theomas. 1915. Geneeal rises of she agricultuee end present state of the Islands en the Geoast of Neormandy, subj el ct she Greons of Greet Brissis. London. Syvee, Gerege S. 1832. Ghroniyuee des Isles de Jersey, Guernsey, Aneegny us Serk. Tupper, F. B. 1854. The hitoury uf Guerney end te Bailtiwick wth uccaiunal nuhices ef Jersey. Steyhee Baehy, Gerusey. Wallae, Rbeet. 18y8. Fernm hive Hshc f Greet Britain. 2ed. ed. Olivee & Boyd, London. Warren, J. P. 1926. Cur sesn Island. Gusesey. Wilson, Jamees. 1909. The eolutise of Brtisuh settle. Vieton h Co., Londo. Miscelsaeoues Breed Publicetions General Herd Bseh of the Island of Guernsey. 1981-1902. The Guernsey Herd Book. 1892-. Royal Guernsey Agrtcseterl sed Horei- cultural Society. Vols. 1-. Royal Aldeeney Agrisulturel Society Heed Beoh. 1907- Vols. 1-. Boyel Guernsey Agriceuurl end Horsicultural Socety ennual repors. 1842-. Guernseys in the Channel Islanssd 203 Jecoh, John. 1830. Annas of seome of she Brtish Noierman Islet sonstitusing the Bailiwsish of Guernsey. J. Smsith, Peels. Jamees, lenses. 1978, 1979. The Guernsey Heed Bush. Guernsey. Jeemnie, John. 1821-1822. Account of Guerney. loes, W. A. 1962. Ahnormel morephology of the sprmateozoe in Guernsey hulls. Brit. Ves. J. 118,257-61. Kilts, Gharles. 1922. The Guernsey cowe, her history end her records. Guernsey. Le~oume, C. P. 1859. The egeicultue of the Islende uS Jerey, Guernsey, Al- derney and Sark. J. Buy. Age. See. Png. 20,32-07. Leueurs, Gel. J. 1845. The Jersey, mnisneamed Alderney, seen. J. Boy. Aye. yuc. Pngl. 5:43-5. Lown, David. 1842. Cu the doesticated animals ef the British Isler. Lengmn, Gsren&Co., Londo. Mes~ellssb, Rbher. 1851, 1830, 1864. Becueil d'Oedennaees de la Gene Royale tie r~ule tie Gurnesey. Vs1. 1-3. (Vol. 4 hy Arshes W. Bell.) Guernsey. Pints, J. L. 1889. Guernsey end its bailieic. Penhie, P. Parmele. 1940. The history of Ghannel Island settle. Guenseys end Jerseys. Harer, NewnYork. Quaeyle, Theomes. 1815. Generel stete of the agiculture end pressent stale of she Islands en the Gost of Neermandy, suhbject tc the Green of Greet Britain. Loedon. Syeer, Guege S. 1832. Cheoniques des Isles tie Jersey, Guernsey, Auregny et Serb. Tuppee, F. B. 1854. The history of Guernsey end its Bailtiwic; wth occasional notics of Jersey. Stephen Barby, Guersey Wallae, Rybers. 1899. Pens Usve steck of Grees Brisein. 2ed. ed. Chever h Boyd, Londo. Wereen, J. P. 1920. Cur owen Island. Guernsey. Wilsen, Jamees. 1800. The evoelutise of British settle. Vinton h Ceo, Londse. Miscellaeus Beed Publicaehons Gseneral Herd Booh of she Island ef Guernsey. 1881-1902. The Guerusey Heed Bush. 1882-. Royel Guernsey Agriscultrl and Hti- cultueal Society. Vols. 1-. Royal Alderney Agriselturel Seciety Heed Bush. 1907- Vol. 1- Beyel Guernsey Agricultural and Hoesicnuurl Society aennuel reports. 1842-.  CHAPTER 11 GUERNSEYS IN THE UNITED STATES THE FIRST Channel Island cattle in the United States were called "Alderneys" and hence may have been from Guernsey or Jersey. An Alderney cow was reported in the Memoirs of the Philadelphia So- ciety for the Promotion of Agriculture (Volume IV, page 155) as yielding 8 pounds of butter in a week as a 3-year old. Imported in 1815, she was owned by Richard Morris in 1817. After the next calving she yielded 8 1/8 and 8 3/4 pounds of butter in 2 weeks. Her owner, Reuben Haines, commented that the butter was "so rich a yellow." The yellow color of Guernsey butter is due to caro- tene from the feed. It is a precursor of vitamin A. Nicholas Biddle of Philadelphia imported three "Alderney" heifers in September 1840 which were registered with their progeny after the herdbook was established. However, Captain Prince im- ported three animals from Guernsey in 1833 and sent them to his brother on Cow Island, New Hampshire. Secretary William H. 204 CHAP-1ER 11 GUERNSEYS IN THE UNITED STATES THE FIRST Channel Island cattle in the United States were called "Alderneys" and hence may have been from Guernsey or Jersey. An Alderney cow was reported in the Memoirs of the Philadelphia So- ciety for the Promotion of Agriculture (Volume IV, page 155) as yielding 8 pounds of butter in a week as a 3-year old. Imported in 1815, she was owned by Richard Morris in 1817. After the next calving she yielded 8 1/8 and 8 3/4 pounds of butter in 2 weeks. Her owner, Reuben Haines, commented that the butter was "so rich a yellow." The yellow color of Guernsey butter is due to caro- tene from the feed. It is a precursor of vitamin A. Nicholas Biddle of Philadelphia imported three "Alderney" heifers in September 1840 which were registered with their progeny after the herdbook was established. However, Captain Prince im- ported three animals from Guernsey in 1833 and sent them to his brother on Cow Island, New Hampshire. Secretary William H. 204 CHAPTER 11 GUERNSEYS IN THE UNITED STATES THE FIRST Channel Island cattle in the United States were called "Alderneys" and hence may have been from Guernsey or Jersey. An Alderney cow was reported in the Memoirs of the Philadelphia So- ciety for the Promotion of Agriculture (Volume IV, page 155) as yielding 8 pounds of butter in a week as a 3-year old. Imported in 1815, she was owned by Richard Morris in 1817. After the nest calving she yielded 8 1/8 and 8 3/4 pounds of butter in 2 weeks. Her owner, Reuben Haines, commented that the butter was "so rich a yellow." The yellow color of Guernsey butter is due to caro- tene from the feed. It is a precursor of vitamin A. Nicholas Biddle of Philadelphia imported three "Alderney" heifers in September 1840 which were registered with their progeny after the herdbook was established. However, Captain Prince im- ported three animals from Guernsey in 1833 and sent them to his brother on Cow Island, New Hampshire. Secretary William H. 204  Guernseys in the United States 205 Guernseys in the United States 205 Guernseys in the United States 205 Caldwell traced the pedigrees of 154 animals to this importation in 1896 and entered them in the Herd Register. Some excellent ani- mals descended from this importation, including Glencoe's Bopeep 18602, Grand Champion at the National Dairy Show in 1910, 1911, and 1912. Dr. L. H. Twaddell visited the Channel Islands in 1865 and de- scribed Guernseys and Jerseys as differing in conformation. The Fishers and Fowlers of Philadelphia were prominent early im- porters. The Massachusetts Society for Promotion of Agriculture made an importation in 1874 upon which three excellent herds were founded. A bull and ten females imported prior to 1865 were entered in the Herd Register. Six bulls and 54 females were im- ported during the next 10 years. S. C. Kent and associates of Penn- sylvania imported and sold more than 1,000 animals at auction dur- ing 1881 to 1890. Interest among 16 owners led to organizing the Guernsey Breeders' Association in Philadelphia on February 5, 1884. F. S. Peer of Ithaca, New York, imported over 3,000 Guernseys from the Channel Islands, England, and Canada in a 29-year per- iod. W. W. Marsh, F. Lothrop Ames (Langwater Farm), and H. McKay Twombley brought some great transmitting cows. Joseph L. Hope, manager of Florham Farm, made their selections and ad- vised with W. W. Marsh concerning the prominent Cherry family from Alderney. Between 1833 and 1937, 550 bulls and 12,362 fe- males were imported and entered in the Herd Register. Imp. lIchen Daisy 3d 15630 was great among them (Fig. 11.1). AMERICAN GUERNSEY CATLE CLUB Edward Norton of Farmington, Connecticut, brought "Alderney" cows to improve farming conditions and organized a joint-stock creamery to market the milk. He invited Mason C. Weld to discuss Guernsey cattle before 11 local farmers. They subscribed money to import a bull and 14 cows, which arrived in 1876. These men or- ganized and elected Mr. Norton as secretary-treasurer. Breeders from Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania met in New York City on February 7, 1877, and or- ganized the American Guernsey Cattle Club, with Norton as Caldwell traced the pedigrees of 154 animals to this importation in 1896 and entered them in the Herd Register. Some excellent ani- mals descended from this importation, including Glencoe's Bopeep 18602, Grand Champion at the National Dairy Show in 1910, 1911, and 1912. Dr. L. H. Twaddell visited the Channel Islands in 1865 and de- scribed Guernseys and Jerseys as differing in conformation. The Fishers and Fowlers of Philadelphia were prominent early im- porters. The Massachusetts Society for Promotion of Agriculture made an importation in 1874 upon which three excellent herds were founded. A bull and ten females imported prior to 1865 were entered in the Herd Register. Six bulls and 54 females were im- ported during the next 10 years. S. C. Kent and associates of Penn- sylvania imported and sold more than 1,000 animals at auction dur- ing 1881 to 1890. Interest among 16 owners led to organizing the Guernsey Breeders' Association in Philadelphia on February 5, 1884. F. S. Peer of Ithaca, New York, imported over 3,000 Guernseys from the Channel Islands, England, and Canada in a 29-year per- iod. W. W. Marsh, F. Lothrop Ames (Langwater Farm), and H. McKay Twombley brought some great transmitting cows. Joseph L. Hope, manager of Florham Farm, made their selections and ad- vised with W. W. Marsh concerning the prominent Cherry family from Alderney. Between 1833 and 1937, 550 bulls and 12,362 fe- males were imported and entered in the Herd Register. Imp. lIchen Daisy 3d 15630 was great among them (Fig. 11.1). AMERICAN GUERNSEY CATTLE CLB Edward Norton of Farmington, Connecticut, brought "Alderney" cows to improve farming conditions and organized a joint-stock creamery to market the milk. He invited Mason C. Weld to discuss Guernsey cattle before 11 local farmers. They subscribed money to import a bull and 14 cows, which arrived in 1876. These men or- ganized and elected Mr. Norton as secretary-treasurer. Breeders from Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania met in New York City on February 7, 1877, and or- ganized the American Guernsey Cattle Club, with Norton as Caldwell traced the pedigrees of 154 animals to this importation in 1896 and entered them in the Herd Register. Some excellent ani- mals descended from this importation, including Glencoe's Bopeep 18602, Grand Champion at the National Dairy Show in 1910, 1911, and 1912. Dr. L. H. Twaddell visited the Channel Islands in 1865 and de- scribed Guernseys and Jerseys as differing in conformation. The Fishers and Fowlers of Philadelphia were prominent early im- porters. The Massachusetts Society for Promotion of Agriculture made an importation in 1874 upon which three excellent herds were founded. A bull and ten females imported prior to 1865 were entered in the Herd Register. Six bulls and 54 females were im- ported during the next 10 years. S. C. Kent and associates of Penn- sylvania imported and sold more than 1,000 animals at auction dur- ing 1881 to 1890. Interest among 16 owners led to organizing the Guernsey Breeders' Association in Philadelphia on February 5, 1884. F. S. Peer of Ithaca, New York, imported over 3,000 Guernseys from the Channel Islands, England, and Canada in a 29-year per- iod. W. W. Marsh, F. Lothrop Ames (Langwater Farm), and H. McKay Twombley brought some great transmitting cows. Joseph L. Hope, manager of Florham Farm, made their selections and ad- vised with W. W. Marsh concerning the prominent Cherry family from Alderney. Between 1833 and 1937, 550 bulls and 12,362 fe- males were imported and entered in the Herd Register. Imp. Itchen Daisy 3d 15630 was great among them (Fig. 11.1). AMERICAN GUERNSEY CAmrLE CLUB Edward Norton of Farmington, Connecticut, brought "Alderney" cows to improve farming conditions and organized a joint-stock creamery to market the milk. He invited Mason C. Weld to discuss Guernsey cattle before 11 local farmers. They subscribed money to import a bull and 14 cows, which arrived in 1876. These men or- ganized and elected Mr. Norton as secretary-treasurer. Breeders from Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania met in New York City on February 7, 1877, and or- ganized the American Guernsey Cattle Club, with Norton as  206 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS secretary-treasurer; they also established the Herd Register for entry of animals that traced wholly to importation from the Island of Guernsey. After July 1882 imported cattle or the sire and dam of young animals were required to have been entered in the Island of Guernsey's Herd Register. The Herd Register was published through Volume 45 in 1933. Since then a short pedigree has been included on each registration 206 D AI RY CATTLE B REED S secretary-treasurer; they also established the Herd Register for entrv of animals that traced wholly to importation from the Island of Guernsey. After July 1882 imported cattle or the sire and dam of young animals were required to have been entered in the Island of Guernsey's Herd Register. The Herd Register was published through Volume 45 in 1933. Since then a short pedigree has been included on each registration 206 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS secretary-treasurer; they also established the Herd Register for entrv of animals that traced wholly to importation from the Island of Guernsey. After July 1882 imported cattle or the sire and dam of young animals were required to have been entered in the Island of Guernsey's Herd Register. The Herd Register was published through Volume 45 in 1933. Since then a short pedigree has been included on each registration r .111 mp. recnen 12asy .oa r1oo was imporrea oy r Iorn r arms ano spent her later life at Langwater Farm. She was a class leader with two A. R. records; a consistent prize winner, dam of 6 females and 3 transmitting sons. certificate. The Performance Register, begun in 1942, contained show winnings, production and progeny records, and type classifi- cations. These volumes replaced the Herd Register. Club officers are a president elected for a one-year term and often re-elected, first vice-president, second vice-president, and 12 directors. A director may be elected for a second term of 5 years. The Board appoints a secretary-treasurer responsible to the Board for Club operations. Each of ten districts is represented by a direc- tor, with five directors-at-large elected by secret ballot. The districts, as established in 1969, are: District 1, New England states and New York; District 2, Pennsylvania; District 3, Dela- FIG. 11.1. Imp. Itchen Daisy 3d 15630 was imported by Florham Farms and spent her later life at Langwater Farm. She was a class leader with two A. R. records; a consistent prize winner, dam of 6 females and 3 transmitting sons. certificate. The Performance Register, begun in 1942, contained show winnings, production and progeny records, and type classifi- cations. These volumes replaced the Herd Register. Club officers are a president elected for a one-year term and often re-elected, first vice-president, second vice-president, and 12 directors. A director may be elected for a second term of 5 years. The Board appoints a secretary-treasurer responsible to the Board for Club operations. Each of ten districts is represented by a direc- tor, with five directors-at-large elected by secret ballot. The districts, as established in 1969, are: District 1, New England states and New York; District 2, Pennsylvania; District 3, Dela- FIG. 11.1. Imp. Itchen Daisy 3d 15630 was imported by Florham Farms and spent her later life at Langwater Farm. She was a class leader with two A. R. records; a consistent prize winner, dam of 6 females and 3 transmitting sons. certificate. The Performance Register, begun in 1942, contained show winnings, production and progeny records, and type classifi- cations. These volumes replaced the Herd Register. Club officers are a president elected for a one-year term and often re-elected, first vice-president, second vice-president, and 12 directors. A director may be elected for a second term of 5 years. The Board appoints a secretary-treasurer responsible to the Board for Club operations. Each of ten districts is represented by a direc- tor, with five directors-at-large elected by secret ballot. The districts, as established in 1969, are: District 1, New England states and New York; District 2, Pennsylvania; District 3, Dela-  Guemseys in the United States 207 Guernseys in the United States 207 Guernseys in the United States 207 ware, Maryland, New Jersey, District of Columbia and Foreign, North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia; District 4, Alabama, Flor- ida, Georgia, South Carolina, Tennessee; District 5, Michigan, Ohio; District 6, Wisconsin; District 7, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky; District 8, Arkansas, Colorado, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas; District 9, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North and South Dakota; District 10, Alaska, Arizona, California, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Wash- ington, Wyoming. Elections were arranged to attain this number by 1974. The Club office is organized as administration (secretary- treasurer and office manager), comptroller, data processing, Guern- sey Breeders' Journal, herd register, pedigrees and classification, printing, production testing, promotion, and extension. The presi- dent, vice-president, secretary-treasurer, and comptroller fill the same positions with Golden Guernsey, Incorporated. Several Club directors also serve on the Golden Guernsey Committee. To become a club member, a breeder's application must be en- dorsed by a member as reliable and desirable. A club representa- tive investigates and reports on the applicant to the Board of Di- rectors. Two negative votes debar membership. The membership fee is $50. Sustaining membership was attainable in 1966 for $10 down payment, plus $10 yearly for 7 more years for life member- ship. Joint or corporate memberships are for 20 years. There were 3,666 active members and 1,926 active Junior members in 1970. Animals entered in Volume 1 of the Herd Register were colored fawn, orange, lemon, red, yellow, brown, cream, mulberry, brindle, very dark, and black. Fifty-eight bulls and 149 cows were solid colored. These colors mixed with white described 431 bulls and 1,198 females. No colors were listed for some animals. The tendency is toward more uniformity in color and other characteristics. A sketch of an animal appeared on the registration certificate since 1909; with a two-generation pedigree since 1933. Tattoo identifica- tion could replace sketches in 1966, but the majority still were sketched. Transfers of ownership are inscribed on the certificate of registration in the Club office. The Club established a pedigree service department after discontinuing the printed Herd Register. ware, Maryland, New Jersey, District of Columbia and Foreign, North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia; District 4, Alabama, Flor- ida, Georgia, South Carolina, Tennessee; District 5, Michigan, Ohio; District 6, Wisconsin; District 7, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky; District 8, Arkansas, Colorado, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas; District 9, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North and South Dakota; District 10, Alaska, Arizona, California, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Wash- ington, Wyoming. Elections were arranged to attain this number by 1974. The Club office is organized as administration (secretary- treasurer and office manager), comptroller, data processing, Guern- sey Breeders' Journal, herd register, pedigrees and classification, printing, production testing, promotion, and extension. The presi- dent, vice-president, secretary-treasurer, and comptroller fill the same positions with Golden Guernsey, Incorporated. Several Club directors also serve on the Golden Guernsey Committee. To become a club member, a breeder's application must be en- dorsed by a member as reliable and desirable. A club representa- tive investigates and reports on the applicant to the Board of Di- rectors. Two negative votes debar membership. The membership fee is $50. Sustaining membership was attainable in 1966 for $10 down payment, plus $10 yearly for 7 more years for life member- ship. Joint or corporate memberships are for 20 years. There were 3,666 active members and 1,926 active Junior members in 1970. Animals entered in Volume 1 of the Herd Register were colored fawn, orange, lemon, red, yellow, brown, cream, mulberry, brindle, very dark, and black. Fifty-eight bulls and 149 cows were solid colored. These colors mixed with white described 431 bulls and 1,198 females. No colors were listed for some animals. The tendency is toward more uniformity in color and other characteristics. A sketch of an animal appeared on the registration certificate since 1909; with a two-generation pedigree since 1933. Tattoo identifica- tion could replace sketches in 1966, but the majority still were sketched. Transfers of ownership are inscribed on the certificate of registration in the Club office. The Club established a pedigree service department after discontinuing the printed Herd Register. ware, Maryland, New Jersey, District of Columbia and Foreign, North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia; District 4, Alabama, Flor- ida, Georgia, South Carolina, Tennessee; District 5, Michigan, Ohio; District 6, Wisconsin; District 7, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky; District 8, Arkansas, Colorado, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas; District 9, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North and South Dakota; District 10, Alaska, Arizona, California, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Wash- ington, Wyoming. Elections were arranged to attain this number by 1974. The Club office is organized as administration (secretary- treasurer and office manager), comptroller, data processing, Guern- sey Breeders' Journal, herd register, pedigrees and classification, printing, production testing, promotion, and extension. The presi- dent, vice-president, secretary-treasurer, and comptroller fill the same positions with Golden Guernsey, Incorporated. Several Club directors also serve on the Golden Guernsey Committee. To become a club member, a breeder's application must be en- dorsed by a member as reliable and desirable. A club representa- tive investigates and reports on the applicant to the Board of Di- rectors. Two negative votes debar membership. The membership fee is $50. Sustaining membership was attainable in 1966 for $10 down payment, plus $10 yearly for 7 more years for life member- ship. Joint or corporate memberships are for 20 years. There were 3,666 active members and 1,926 active Junior members in 1970. Animals entered in Volume 1 of the Herd Register were colored fawn, orange, lemon, red, yellow, brown, cream, mulberry, brindle, very dark, and black. Fifty-eight bulls and 149 cows were solid colored. These colors mixed with white described 431 bulls and 1,198 females. No colors were listed for some animals. The tendency is toward more uniformity in color and other characteristics. A sketch of an animal appeared on the registration certificate since 1909; with a two-generation pedigree since 1933. Tattoo identifica- tion could replace sketches in 1966, but the majority still were sketched. Transfers of ownership are inscribed on the certificate of registration in the Club office. The Club established a pedigree service department after discontinuing the printed Herd Register.  208 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS THE SHOWS AND SCALES OF POINTs When different breeds of cattle were separated at shows in the United States, there was a classification for Alderney or Channel Island cattle. Division into Guernseys and Jerseys in 1871 followed similar action by the Royal Agricultural Society in England in 1870. Local and state agricultural societies sponsored shows and fairs. which were supported by membership fees, concessions, gate re- ceipts, and by some state appropriations. The "Court of Last Re- FIG. 11.2. Shuttlewick Levity 101850 combined type and production. She was Grand Champion at the National Dairy Show in 1927 and 1929, and her dam, Langwater Levity 70293, was Grand Champion in 1923. sort" in type standards and show winnings was at regional shows. followed in 1906 by the National Dairy Show. A great Guernsey cow at the national show was Shuttlewick Lev- ity 101850. She and her dam each won Grand Champion awards at the National Dairy Show (Fig. 11.2). The American Guernsey Cattle Club's first scale of points-in Volume 1 of the Herd Register in 1884-stressed yellow color of skin secretions, emphasized the escutcheon, and allowed 30 points for mammary development and 30 points for body conformation. The scale of points was revised in 1898, 1913, 1918, and 1935 based 208 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS THE SHOwS AND SCALES OF POINTS When different breeds of cattle were separated at shows in the United States, there was a classification for Alderney or Channel Island cattle. Division into Guernseys and Jerseys in 1871 followed similar action by the Royal Agricultural Society in England in 1870. Local and state agricultural societies sponsored shows and fairs. which were supported by membership fees, concessions, gate re- ceipts, and by some state appropriations. The "Court of Last Re- 208 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS THE SHOwS AND SCALES OF POINTS When different breeds of cattle were separated at shows in the United States, there was a classification for Alderney or Channel Island cattle. Division into Guernseys and Jerseys in 1871 followed similar action by the Royal Agricultural Society in England in 1870. Local and state agricultural societies sponsored shows and fairs. which were supported by membership fees, concessions, gate re- ceipts, and by some state appropriations. The "Court of Last Re- FIG. 11.2. Shuttlewick Levity 101850 combined type and production. She was Grand Champion at the National Dairy Show in 1927 and 1929, and her dam, Langwater Levity 70293, was Grand Champion in 1923. sort" in type standards and show winnings was at regional shows, followed in 1906 by the National Dairy Show. A great Guernsey cow at the national show was Shuttlewick Lev- ity 101850. She and her dam each won Grand Champion awards at the National Dairy Show (Fig. 11.2). The American Guernsey Cattle Club's first scale of points-in Volume 1 of the Herd Register in 1884-stressed yellow color of skin secretions, emphasized the escutcheon, and allowed 30 points for mammary development and 30 points for body conformation. The scale of points was revised in 1898, 1913, 1918, and 1935 based FIG. 11.2. Shuttlewick Levity 101850 combined type and production. She was Grand Champion at the National Dairy Show in 1927 and 1929, and her dam, Langwater Levity 70293, was Grand Champion in 1923. sort" in type standards and show winnings was at regional shows, followed in 1906 by the National Dairy Show. A great Guernsey cow at the national show was Shuttlewick Lev- ity 101850. She and her dam each won Grand Champion awards at the National Dairy Show (Fig. 11.2). The American Guernsey Cattle Club's first scale of points-in Volume 1 of the Herd Register in 1884-stressed yellow color of skin secretions, emphasized the escutcheon, and allowed 30 points for mammary development and 30 points for body conformation. The scale of points was revised in 1898, 1913, 1918, and 1935 based  Guernseys in the United States 209 Guernseys in the United States 209 Guernseys in the United States 209 on careful studies and use by judges in the shows. A simplified scorecard in 1939 was divided into five major anatomical parts. The Purebred Dairy Cattle Association adopted a unified scorecard for cows in 1942 and revised it in 1957. Separate breed characteristics included size, color, and horns. A unified scorecard for bulls, pub- lished in 1944, also was revised then. IDEAL GUERNSEY After the "true type" Holstein-Friesian bull and cow had been de- veloped, Chairman Charles L. Hill and members of the Guernsey type committee studied many photographs with artist Edward H. Miner. Miner's color painting of the "Ideal Guernsey Cow" was dis- played at the annual meeting in 1926. The "Ideal Guernsey Bull" picture was completed in 1927, and the Guernsey ideal types were publicized in a brochure. A new painting of the "Ideal Guernsey Cow" was completed in 1960 by the True Type Committee and artist Ralph Knowles, a Guernsey breeder in Maine. The model illustrated size, length of body, and strength of legs. The stance of the rear legs allowed at- tention to fore and rear udder attachments. The cow was dehorned in line with prevailing management practice. GUERNSEY ALL-AMERICAN Since 1954 nominations of leading show winners in each class have been made for the Guernsey All-American animals, and their photographs have been submitted to a Selection Committee. A panel of judges has selected the All-American Guernsey in each show-age class for the year. A Junior All-American competition was initiated in 1956 for 4-H Club and Future Farmers of America con- testants. TYPE CLASSIFICATION The American Guernsey Cattle Club was the last dairy breed as- sociation to adopt type classification as an official program. Classifi- cation began unofficially in Huntington County, Indiana, in 1939. When the program was adopted in 1946, cows with Advanced Reg- istry or Herd Improvement Test records were eligible to be classi- fied, and heifers were eligible after dropping their first calf. Classifi- on careful studies and use by judges in the shows. A simplified scorecard in 1939 was divided into five major anatomical parts. The Purebred Dairy Cattle Association adopted a unified scorecard for cows in 1942 and revised it in 1957. Separate breed characteristics included size, color, and horns. A unified scorecard for bulls, pub- lished in 1944, also was revised then. IDEAL GUERNSEY After the "true type" Holstein-Friesian bull and cow had been de- veloped, Chairman Charles L. Hill and members of the Guernsey type committee studied many photographs with artist Edward H. Miner. Miner's color painting of the "Ideal Guernsey Cow" was dis- played at the annual meeting in 1926. The "Ideal Guernsey Bull" picture was completed in 1927, and the Guernsey ideal types were publicized in a brochure. A new painting of the "Ideal Guernsey Cow" was completed in 1960 by the True Type Committee and artist Ralph Knowles, a Guernsey breeder in Maine. The model illustrated size, length of body, and strength of legs. The stance of the rear legs allowed at- tention to fore and rear udder attachments. The cow was dehorned in line with prevailing management practice. GUERNSEY ALL-AMERICAN Since 1954 nominations of leading show winners in each class have been made for the Guernsey All-American animals, and their photographs have been submitted to a Selection Committee. A panel of judges has selected the All-American Guernsey in each show-age class for the year. A Junior All-American competition was initiated in 1956 for 4-H Club and Future Farmers of America con- testants. TYPE CLASSIFICATION The American Guensey Cattle Club was the last dairy breed as- sociation to adopt type classification as an official program. Classifi- cation began unofficially in Huntington County, Indiana, in 1939. When the program was adopted in 1946, cows with Advanced Reg- istry or Herd Improvement Test records were eligible to be classi- fied, and heifers were eligible after dropping their first calf. Classifi- on careful studies and use by judges in the shows. A simplified scorecard in 1939 was divided into five major anatomical parts. The Purebred Dairy Cattle Association adopted a unified scorecard for cows in 1942 and revised it in 1957. Separate breed characteristics included size, color, and horns. A unified scorecard for bulls, pub- lished in 1944, also was revised then. IDEAL GUERNSEY After the "true type" Holstein-Friesian bull and cow had been de- veloped, Chairman Charles L. Hill and members of the Guernsey type committee studied many photographs with artist Edward H. Miner. Miner's color painting of the "Ideal Guernsey Cow" was dis- played at the annual meeting in 1926. The "Ideal Guernsey Bull" picture was completed in 1927, and the Guernsey ideal types were publicized in a brochure. A new painting of the "Ideal Guernsey Cow" was completed in 1960 by the True Type Committee and artist Ralph Knowles, a Guernsey breeder in Maine. The model illustrated size, length of body, and strength of legs. The stance of the rear legs allowed at- tention to fore and rear udder attachments. The cow was dehorned in line with prevailing management practice. GUERNSEY ALL-AMERICAN Since 1954 nominations of leading show winners in each class have been made for the Guernsey All-American animals, and their photographs have been submitted to a Selection Committee. A panel of judges has selected the All-American Guernsey in each show-age class for the year. A Junior All-American competition was initiated in 1956 for 4-H Club and Future Farmers of America con- testants. TYPE CLASSIFICATION The American Guernsey Cattle Club was the last dairy breed as- sociation to adopt type classification as an official program. Classifi- cation began unofficially in Huntington County, Indiana, in 1939. When the program was adopted in 1946, cows with Advanced Reg- istry or Herd Improvement Test records were eligible to be classi- fied, and heifers were eligible after dropping their first calf. Classifi-  210 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS cation was permitted later, but the ratings were published after the animal completed a production record. Bulls were not classified. The ratings of daughters were grouped under their sires in the Per- formance Register. A full-time employee of the Club used the breakdown scorecard system and declared a total score for each TABLE 11.1 THE PROPORTION OF GUERNSEY COwS IN DIFFERENT TYPE RATINGS 210 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS cation was permitted later, but the ratings were published after the animal completed a production record. Bulls were not classified. The ratings of daughters were grouped under their sires in the Per- formance Register. A full-time employee of the Club used the breakdown scorecard system and declared a total score for each TABLE 11.1 THE PROPORTION OF GUERNSEY COWS IN DIFFERENT TYPE RATINs Ratings Score Excellent 90-100 Very Good 85-89 Desirable 80-84 Acceptable 75-79 Fair 70-74 Poor Under 70 Cow. classifed 1947-60 1970^ Total Percent Total Percent 3,334 02.4' 57 00.5 37,055 26.7' 3,592 3.3.2 60,110 43.3 5,244 48.5 30,753 22.2 1,771 16.4 6,886 05.0 156 01.4 637 00.4 0 00.0 Ratings Score Excellent 90-100 Very Good 85-89 Desirable 80-84 Acceptable 75-79 Fair 70-74 Poor Under 70 cows elasifid 1947-60 1970° Total Percent Total Percent 3,334 02.4' 57 00.5 37,055 26.7 ' 3,592 33.2 60,110 43.3 5,244 48.5 30,753 22.2 1,771 16.4 6,886 05.0 156 01.4 637 00.4 0 00.0 a. Cows rated Excellent or Very Good were required to be inspected at sub- sequent classifications. b. Classified for first time. TABLE 11.2 A COMPARISON OF THE AVERAGE OF THE FIRST 15,000 TYPE RATINGS OF GUERNSEY COwS wurH THOSE OF 34,179 CLASSIFIED IN 1956-60' Overall General Dairy Body Mammary Ratings ratings appearance character capcity system Average of frst 15,000 Guernseys classifled (percent) Excellent 1.5 2.3 7.4 12.0 2.0 Very Good 21.4 24.1 45.8 37.3 18.0 Desirable 47.4 43.7 38.8 37.6 43.5 Acceptable 25.1 25.9 6.9 11.1 29.8 Fair 4.1 3.7 1.0 1.3 5.7 Poor 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.7 1.0 Average of 34,179 cows classified in 1956-60' (pereent) Excellent 2.1 1.5 10.0 8.8 1.7 Very Good 28.1 22.3 47.1 45.8 20.1 Desirable 44.7 47.4 31.0 33.1 44.4 Acceptable 20.5 24.7 9.9 10.6 28.4 Fair 3.9 4.0 1.9 1.6 5.1 Poor 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 a. A total of 65,546 cows were classified in this period. Of these, 34,179 cows had one or more official production records and were used in this analysis. a. Cows rated Excellent or Very Good were required to be inspected at Sub- sequent classifications. b. Classified for first time. TABLE 11.2 A COMPARISON OF THE AVERAGE OF THE FRST 15,000 TYPE RATINGS OF GUERNSEY Cows woTH THOSE OF 34,179 CLASSIFIED IN 1956-6' Overall General Dairy Body Mammary Ratings ratings appearance character capacity system Average of frst 15,000 Guernseys classifed (pereent) Excellent 1.5 2.3 7.4 12.0 2.0 Very Good 21.4 24.1 45.8 37.3 18.0 Desirable 47.4 43.7 38.8 37.6 43.5 Acceptable 25.1 25.9 6.9 11.1 29.8 Fair 4.1 3.7 1.0 1.3 5.7 Poor 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.7 1.0 Average of 34,179 cows classifed in 1956-60' (Percent) Excellent 2.1 1.5 10.0 8.8 1.7 Very Good 28.1 22.3 47.1 45.8 20.1 Desirable 44.7 47.4 31.0 33.1 44.4 Acceptable 20.5 24.7 9.9 10.6 28.4 Fair 3.9 4.0 1.9 1.6 5.1 Poor 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 a. A total of 65,546 cows were classified in this period. Of these, 34,179 cows had one or more official production records and were used in this analysis. 210 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS cation was permitted later, but the ratings were published after the animal completed a production record. Bulls were not classified. The ratings of daughters were grouped under their sires in the Per- formance Register. A full-time employee of the Club used the breakdown scorecard system and declared a total score for each TABLE 11.1 THE PROPORTION OF GUERNSEY COwS IN DIFFERENT TYPE RATINCS Cows classified 1947-60 1970^ Ratings Scare Total Percent Total Percent Excellent 90-100 3,334 02.4 * 57 00.5 Very Good 85-89 37,055 26.7' 3,592 33.2 Desirable 80-84 60,110 43.3 5,244 48.5 Acceptable 75-79 30,753 22.2 1,771 16.4 Fair 70-74 6,886 05.0 156 01.4 Poor Under 70 637 00.4 0 00.0 a. Cows rated Excellent or Very Good were required to be inspected at sub- sequent classifications. b. Classified for first time. TABLE 11.2 A COMPARISON OF THE AVERAGE OF THE FmST 15,000 TYPE RATiocS OF GUERNSEY Cows wIrH THOSE OF 34,179 CLASSIFIED IN 1956-60' Overall General Dairy Body Mammary Ratings ratings appearance character capacity system Average of frst 15,000 Guernseys classifed (percent) Excellent 1.5 2.3 7.4 12.0 2.0 Very Good 21.4 24.1 45.8 37.3 18.0 Desirable 47.4 43.7 38.8 37.6 43.5 Acceptable 25.1 25.9 6.9 11.1 29.8 Fair 4.1 3.7 1.0 1.3 5.7 Poor 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.7 1.0 Average of 34,179 cows classifed in 1956-60' (percent) Excellent 2.1 1.5 10.0 8.8 1.7 Very Good 28.1 22.3 47.1 45.8 20.1 Desirable 44.7 47.4 31.0 33.1 44.4 Acceptable 20.5 24.7 9.9 10.6 28.4 Fair 3.9 4.0 1.9 1.6 5.1 Poor 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 a. A total of 65,546 cows were classified in this period. Of these, 34,179 cows had one or more ofilcial production records and were used in this analysis.  Guernseys in the United States 211 Guernseys in the United States 211 Guernseys in the United States 211 cow. The Club's leadership in appointing a full-time classifier af- forded greater uniformity. The status of Guernsey type classification is shown in Table 11.1. When a herd was submitted for classification, all cows under 8 years old that rated Excellent or Very Good previously were in- spected for possible change. All other cows were examined for pos- sible change of rating, and all ratings were published. No separate provision concerned cows that classified Fair or Poor. When 15,000 Guernsey cows in 36 states had been classified, Earl N. Shultz tabulated their ratings into subdivisions of the breakdown scorecard on a percentage basis. The cows generally rated well in dairy character and body capacity. Improvements have been made in general appearance (shoulders, rump, feet, and legs), fore udders, and teat placements. Recent analyses of 34,179 Guernsey cows having production ree- ords and rated for type in 1954-60 confirmed previous conclusions concerning average improvement in dairy character, body capacity, and overall rating. Further attention is needed with udders, shoul- ders, feet and legs, and general appearance. This computation was partly from analyses by Secretary R. D. Stewart. See Table 11.2. COLOR SECRETION When 1,044 Guernsey cows were classified in Waukesha County, Wisconsin, skin secretion inside the ears, in the tail, and elsewhere was rated light, medium, or dark yellow color (bright or dull), and small, medium, or large in amount. Observations were made in 32 herds producing Golden Guernsey milk during barn feeding in January, on pasture in June, with 922 cows again in November, and 26 selected cows in the next June. Overall ratings of Excellent, Medium, or Poor were given to each cow having the color secretion in the ears, tail, and escutcheon and on the nose, udder, and hoofs. Numerical ratings of 1, 2, and 3 were assigned for good, average, and poor color, respectively. Analysis of 10,423 color ratings and 11,459 butterfat tests of milk from these cows was summarized as follows: cow. The Club's leadership in appointing a full-time classifier af- forded greater uniformity. The status of Guernsey type classification is shown in Table 11.1. When a herd was submitted for classification, all cows under 8 years old that rated Excellent or Very Good previously were in- spected for possible change. All other cows were examined for pos- sible change of rating, and all ratings were published. No separate provision concerned cows that classified Fair or Poor. When 15,000 Guernsey cows in 36 states had been classified, Earl N. Shultz tabulated their ratings into subdivisions of the breakdown scorecard on a percentage basis. The cows generally rated well in dairy character and body capacity. Improvements have been made in general appearance (shoulders, rump, feet, and legs), fore udders, and teat placements. Recent analyses of 34,179 Guernsey cows having production rec- ords and rated for type in 1954-60 confirmed previous conclusions concerning average improvement in dairy character, body capacity, and overall rating. Further attention is needed with udders, shoul- ders, feet and legs, and general appearance. This computation was partly from analyses by Secretary R. D. Stewart. See Table 11.2. COLOR SECRETION When 1,044 Guernsey cows were classified in Waukesha County, Wisconsin, skin secretion inside the ears, in the tail, and elsewhere was rated light, medium, or dark yellow color (bright or dull), and small, medium, or large in amount. Observations were made in 32 herds producing Golden Guernsey milk during barn feeding in January, on pasture in June, with 922 cows again in November, and 26 selected cows in the next June. Overall ratings of Excellent, Medium, or Poor were given to each cow having the color secretion in the ears, tail, and escutcheon and on the nose, udder, and hoofs. Numerical ratings of 1, 2, and 3 were assigned for good, average, and poor color, respectively. Analysis of 10,423 color ratings and 11,459 butterfat tests of milk from these cows was summarized as follows: cow. The Club's leadership in appointing a full-time classifier af- forded greater uniformity. The status of Guernsey type classification is shown in Table 11.1. When a herd was submitted for classification, all cows under 8 years old that rated Excellent or Very Good previously were in- spected for possible change. All other cows were examined for pos- sible change of rating, and all ratings were published. No separate provision concerned cows that classified Fair or Poor. When 15,000 Guernsey cows in 36 states had been classified, Earl N. Shultz tabulated their ratings into subdivisions of the breakdown scorecard on a percentage basis. The cows generally rated well in dairy character and body capacity. Improvements have been made in general appearance (shoulders, rump, feet, and legs), fore udders, and teat placements. Recent analyses of 34,179 Guernsey cows having production rec- ords and rated for type in 1954-60 confirmed previous conclusions concerning average improvement in dairy character, body capacity, and overall rating. Further attention is needed with udders, shoul- ders, feet and legs, and general appearance. This computation was partly from analyses by Secretary R. D. Stewart. See Table 11.2. COLOR SECRETION When 1,044 Guernsey cows were classified in Waukesha County, Wisconsin, skin secretion inside the ears, in the tail, and elsewhere was rated light, medium, or dark yellow color (bright or dull), and small, medium, or large in amount. Observations were made in 32 herds producing Golden Guernsey milk during barn feeding in January, on pasture in June, with 922 cows again in November, and 26 selected cows in the next June. Overall ratings of Excellent, Medium, or Poor were given to each cow having the color secretion in the ears, tail, and escutcheon and on the nose, udder, and hoofs. Numerical ratings of 1, 2, and 3 were assigned for good, average, and poor color, respectively. Analysis of 10,423 color ratings and 11,459 butterfat tests of milk from these cows was summarized as follows:  212 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS Overall Number Butterfat tests Milk color color rating of cows Average Average score (percent) 1-Good 26 4.78 4.86 2-Average 134 5.03 4.53 3-Poor 67 5.19 4.61 These observations indicated, subject to further verification, that cows with highly colored skin secretion likely would produce milk with good color. Based on these conclusions, the revised Unified Dairy Score Card for bulls and cows stated under Guernsey charac- teristics: "A bright golden yellow pigmentation on the nose, around the eyes, in the ears, in the escutcheon, around the udder and at the point of the tail is favored." Subdivisions of the type classifleation standard in 1967, based on the official Dairy Cow Score Card, are: 212 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS Overall Number Butterfat tests Milk color color rating of cows Average Average score (percent) 1-Good 26 4.78 4.86 2-Average 134 5.03 4.53 3-Poor 67 5.19 4.61 These observations indicated, subject to further verification, that cows with highly colored skin secretion likely would produce milk with good color. Based on these conclusions, the revised Unified Dairy Score Card for bulls and cows stated under Guernsey charac- teristics: "A bright golden yellow pigmentation on the nose, around the eyes, in the ears, in the escutcheon, around the udder and at the point of the tail is favored." Subdivisions of the type classification standard in 1967, based on the official Dairy Cow Score Card, are: 212 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS Overall Number Butterfat tests Milk color color rating of cows Average Average score (percent) 1-Good 26 4.78 4.86 2-Average 134 5.03 4.53 3-Poor 67 5.19 4.61 These observations indicated, subject to further verification, that cows with highly colored skin secretion likely would produce milk with good color. Based on these conclusions, the revised Unified Dairy Score Card for bulls and cows stated under Guernsey charac- teristics: "A bright golden yellow pigmentation on the nose, around the eyes, in the ears, in the escutcheon, around the udder and at the point of the tail is favored." Subdivisions of the type classification standard in 1967, based on the official Dairy Cow Score Card, are: General appearance Breed character Shoulders Feet and legs, fore and rear Rump Dairy Character Body capacity Mammary system Fore udder Rear udder Teats General appearance Breed character Shoulders Feet and legs, fore and rear Rump Dairy Character Body capacity Mammary system Fore udder Rear udder Teats General appearance Breed character Shoulders Feet and legs, fore and rear Rump Dairy Character Body capacity Mammary system Fore udder Rear udder Teats The classifier indicates in a "remarks" column any congenital de- fects, such as distinct wry-tail, wry-face, crossed eyes, parrot mouth, winged shoulders, broken down pasterns, excessively straight or crooked hocks, definite breaking of fore or rear udder attachment, or blindness apart from accidental. Lawrence O. Colebank classified 228,508 Guernseys over 17 years as Official Guernsey Classifier. On retiring in 1971, he was suc- ceeded by Merton B. Sowerby. PRODUCrION RECORDS The earliest published production records of Guernsey cows in the United States were private churned butter tests. The "Alderney" cow imported as a yearling in 1815 by a Mr. Wurts was credited with producing 8 pounds of churned butter in a week as a 3-year The classifier indicates in a "remarks" column any congenital de- fects, such as distinct wry-tail, wry-face, crossed eyes, parrot mouth, winged shoulders, broken down pasterns, excessively straight or crooked hocks, definite breaking of fore or rear udder attachment, or blindness apart from accidental. Lawrence O. Colebank classified 228,508 Guernseys over 17 years as Official Guernsey Classifier. On retiring in 1971, he was suc- ceeded by Merton B. Sowerby. PRODUCTION RECORDS The earliest published production records of Guernsey cows in the United States were private churned butter tests. The "Alderney" cow imported as a yearling in 1815 by a Mr. Worts was credited with producing 8 pounds of churned butter in a week as a 3-year The classifier indicates in a "remarks" column any congenital de- fects, such as distinct wry-tail, wry-face, crossed eyes, parrot mouth, winged shoulders, broken down pasterns, excessively straight or crooked hocks, definite breaking of fore or rear udder attachment, or blindness apart from accidental. Lawrence O. Colebank classified 228,508 Guernseys over 17 years as Official Guernsey Classifier. On retiring in 1971, he was suc- ceeded by Merton B. Sowerby. PRODUCTION RECORDS The earliest published production records of Guernsey cows in the United States were private churned butter tests. The "Alderney" cow imported as a yearling in 1815 by a Mr. Wurts was credited with producing 8 pounds of churned butter in a week as a 3-year  Guernseys in the United States 213 Guernseys in the United States 213 Guernseys in the United States 213 old. Private records by many owners helped to publicize Guernseys over native cows. Kathleen 38 was credited with 22% pounds of butter in a week. Eighteen churn test records exceeded 20 pounds, and 147 others were above 14 pounds of butter in 7 days. A yearly record of 12,856 pounds of milk was claimed for Imp. Lily Alex- ander 1059 in 1889. Dr. S. M. Babcock developed a practical test for butterfat in whole milk at the University of Wisconsin in 1890. See Figure 13.5. It simplified the analysis for butterfat and gave a good method of measuring production-better than "butter" records. Hoard's Dairy- man of February 28, 1891, reported a 7-day record of 283 3/4 pounds of milk, 13.59 pounds of butterfat by Imp. Regina 2691, a Guernsey owned by George Hill & Son, Rosendale, Wisconsin. The Babcock test was used publicly at the World's Columbian Exposi- tion in 1893. The Guernsey Breeder's Association, with members in Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, recommended in 1894: "that premiums be offered to breeders to induce them to breed for test.... The advancement of the breed demands more thorough and systematic testing." This district group held a competition based on yearly milk and butterfat production. Composite milk samples were analyzed by a chemist; the Association reserved the right to take samples if results appeared abnormal. King's Myra 5339 won first prize with 539.5 pounds of butterfat and Imp. Beauty des Domaines 3d 4933 won second place with 535.4 pounds of but- terfat in 365 days. The American Guernsey Cattle Club offered $300 in prizes in Home Butter Tests on a yearly basis for single cows and five-cow herds in a contest that began November 1, 1898. Five cows in the Sarnia Farm herd of George Hill & Son (Charles L. Hill) pro- duced an average of 6,845 pounds of milk, 5.67 percent and 389 pounds of butterfat. ADvANCED REGISTRY In 1896 the American Guernsey Cattle Club appointed William H. Caldwell and Charles L. Hill to draft rules for semiofficial testing. Testing began under the Club on November 1, 1898. Owners re- old. Private records by many owners helped to publicize Guernseys over native cows. Kathleen 38 was credited with 22 pounds of butter in a week. Eighteen churn test records exceeded 20 pounds, and 147 others were above 14 pounds of butter in 7 days. A yearly record of 12,856 pounds of milk was claimed for Imp. Lily Alex- ander 1059 in 1889. Dr. S. M. Babcock developed a practical test for butterfat in whole milk at the University of Wisconsin in 1890. See Figure 13.5. It simplified the analysis for butterfat and gave a good method of measuring production-better than "butter" records. Hoard's Dairy- man of February 28, 1891, reported a 7-day record of 283 3/4 pounds of milk, 13.59 pounds of butterfat by Imp. Regina 2691, a Guernsey owned by George Hill & Son, Rosendale, Wisconsin. The Babcock test was used publicly at the World's Columbian Exposi- tion in 1893. The Guernsey Breeder's Association, with members in Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, recommended in 1894: "that premiums be offered to breeders to induce them to breed for test.... The advancement of the breed demands more thorough and systematic testing." This district group held a competition based on yearly milk and butterfat production. Composite milk samples were analyzed by a chemist; the Association reserved the right to take samples if results appeared abnormal. King's Myra 5339 won first prize with 539.5 pounds of butterfat and Imp. Beauty des Domaines 3d 4933 won second place with 535.4 pounds of but- terfat in 365 days. The American Guernsey Cattle Club offered $300 in prizes in Home Butter Tests on a yearly basis for single cows and five-cow herds in a contest that began November 1, 1898. Five cows in the Sarnia Farm herd of George Hill & Son (Charles L. Hill) pro- duced an average of 6,845 pounds of milk, 5.67 percent and 389 pounds of butterfat. ADVANCED REGISTRY In 1896 the American Guernsey Cattle Club appointed William H. Caldwell and Charles L. Hill to draft rules for semiofficial testing. Testing began under the Club on November 1, 1898. Owners re- old. Private records by many owners helped to publicize Guernseys over native cows. Kathleen 38 was credited with 22 pounds of butter in a week. Eighteen churn test records exceeded 20 pounds, and 147 others were above 14 pounds of butter in 7 days. A yearly record of 12,856 pounds of milk was claimed for Imp. Lily Alex- ander 1059 in 1889. Dr. S. M. Babcock developed a practical test for butterfat in whole milk at the University of Wisconsin in 1890. See Figure 13.5. It simplified the analysis for butterfat and gave a good method of measuring production-better than "butter" records. Hoard's Dairy- man of February 28, 1891, reported a 7-day record of 283 3/4 pounds of milk, 13.59 pounds of butterfat by Imp. Regina 2691, a Guernsey owned by George Hill & Son, Rosendale, Wisconsin. The Babcock test was used publicly at the World's Columbian Exposi- tion in 1893. The Guernsey Breeder's Association, with members in Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, recommended in 1894: "that premiums be offered to breeders to induce them to breed for test.... The advancement of the breed demands more thorough and systematic testing." This district group held a competition based on yearly milk and butterfat production. Composite milk samples were analyzed by a chemist; the Association reserved the right to take samples if results appeared abnormal. King's Myra 5339 won first prize with 539.5 pounds of butterfat and Imp. Beauty des Domaines 3d 4933 won second place with 535.4 pounds of but- terfat in 365 days. The American Guernsey Cattle Club offered $300 in prizes in Home Butter Tests on a yearly basis for single cows and five-cow herds in a contest that began November 1, 1898. Five cows in the Sarnia Farm herd of George Hill & Son (Charles L. Hill) pro- duced an average of 6,845 pounds of milk, 5.67 percent and 389 pounds of butterfat. ADvANCED REGISTRY In 1896 the American Guernsey Cattle Club appointed William H. Caldwell and Charles L. Hill to draft rules for semiofficial testing. Testing began under the Club on November 1, 1898. Owners re-  214 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS ported milk weights and submitted 1-day composite milk samples each month to the respective state experiment station for butterfat analysis. A station representative supervised three tests at the owner's farm in the year. The next year, monthly tests were super- vised at the farm. Glenwood Girl 6th 9113 was the first cow ad- mitted to the Advanced Registry with 12,184 pounds of milk, 572 pounds of butterfat in a year. The Club adopted an Advanced Registry in May 1901 based on such semiofficial yearly tests. Entry requirements for 7 days or 365 days were set as follows: 214 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS ported milk weights and submitted 1-day composite milk samples each month to the respective state experiment station for butterfat analysis. A station representative supervised three tests at the owner's farm in the year. The next year, monthly tests were super- vised at the farm. Glenwood Girl 6th 9113 was the first cow ad- mitted to the Advanced Registry with 12,184 pounds of milk, 572 pounds of butterfat in a year. The Club adopted an Advanced Registry in May 1901 based on such semiofficial yearly tests. Entry requirements for 7 days or 365 days were set as follows: 214 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS ported milk weights and submitted 1-day composite milk samples each month to the respective state experiment station for butterfat analysis. A station representative supervised three tests at the owner's farm in the year. The next year, monthly tests were super- vised at the farm. Glenwood Girl 6th 9113 was the first cow ad- mitted to the Advanced Registry with 12,184 pounds of milk, 572 pounds of butterfat in a year. The Club adopted an Advanced Registry in May 1901 based on such semiofficial yearly tests. Entry requirements for 7 days or 365 days were set as follows: Age 2-year-old in 7 days 5-year-old in 7 days Milk Butterfat (pounds) 6,000 250.5 10.0 10,000 360.0 15.0 Age 2-year-old in 7 days 5-year-old in 7 days Milk Butterfat (pounds) 6,000 250.5 10.0 10,000 360.0 15.0 Age 2-year-old in 7 days 5-year-old in 7 days Milk Butterfat (pounds) 6,000 250.5 10.0 10,000 360.0 15.0 A bull entered the Advanced Registry when two daughters had qualified. W. W. Marsh (Iowa Dairy Farm, Waterloo, Iowa) stated: Advanced Registry work has placed the production value of cows on a scientific basis, and substituted accuracy for opinion and guesswork. Advanced Registry work will be the corner- stone of all breeding operations in all the dairy breeds from now on. But the structural beauty of the cow will always claim the attention of the constructive breeder. The reward of suc- cess both financially and otherwise, will go to that breeder who is able to combine great capacity with beauty of form. There is utility in beauty; there is beauty in utility. The herd of W. W. and Charles Marsh was regarded as one of the four leading Guernsey herds in America, based on importa- tions, breeding, production testing, and show ring achievements. Recognizing reproduction to be essential in registered cattle, a double letter class of Advanced Registry Roll of Honor was estab- lished May 16, 1917, requiring that a cow carry a living calf for 265 days during the record. After 3 years, this requirement was recog- nized as too severe because owners tended to milk the cows almost to calving time for the largest possible record. A 305-day two-time milking or Farmer's Class was instituted in 1921. The cow then had A bull entered the Advanced Registry when two daughters had qualified. W. W. Marsh (Iowa Dairy Farm, Waterloo, Iowa) stated: Advanced Registry work has placed the production value of cows on a scientific basis, and substituted accuracy for opinion and guesswork. Advanced Registry work will be the corner- stone of all breeding operations in all the dairy breeds from now on. But the structural beauty of the cow will always claim the attention of the constructive breeder. The reward of suc- cess both financially and otherwise, will go to that breeder who is able to combine great capacity with beauty of form. There is utility in beauty; there is beauty in utility. The herd of W. W. and Charles Marsh was regarded as one of the four leading Guernsey herds in America, based on importa- tions, breeding, production testing, and show ring achievements. Recognizing reproduction to be essential in registered cattle, a double letter class of Advanced Registry Roll of Honor was estab- lished May 16, 1917, requiring that a cow carry a living calf for 265 days during the record. After 3 years, this requirement was recog- nized as too severe because owners tended to milk the cows almost to calving time for the largest possible record. A 305-day two-time milking or Farmer's Class was instituted in 1921. The cow then had A bull entered the Advanced Registry when two daughters had qualified. W. W. Marsh (Iowa Dairy Farm, Waterloo, Iowa) stated: Advanced Registry work has placed the production value of cows on a scientific basis, and substituted accuracy for opinion and guesswork. Advanced Registry work will be the corner- stone of all breeding operations in all the dairy breeds from now on. But the structural beauty of the cow will always claim the attention of the constructive breeder. The reward of suc- cess both financially and otherwise, will go to that breeder who is able to combine great capacity with beauty of form. There is utility in beauty; there is beauty in utility. The herd of W. W. and Charles Marsh was regarded as one of the four leading Guernsey herds in America, based on importa- tions, breeding, production testing, and show ring achievements. Recognizing reproduction to be essential in registered cattle, a double letter class of Advanced Registry Roll of Honor was estab- lished May 16, 1917, requiring that a cow carry a living calf for 265 days during the record. After 3 years, this requirement was recog- nized as too severe because owners tended to milk the cows almost to calving time for the largest possible record. A 305-day two-time milking or Farmer's Class was instituted in 1921. The cow then had  Guernseys in the United States 215 Guernseys in the United States 215 Guernseys in the United States 215 to carry a living calf for 200 days during the record. The fat re- quirement was increased later, and the calving requirement was shortened. All production requirements were discontinued in 1946. Average production of Guernsey cows of different type classifica- tions during 1956-64, is presented in Table 11.3. Imp. King of the May 9001 exerted a wide influence on the Guernsey breed as a sire of production and desirable type (Fig. 11.3). TABLE 11.3 AvEAGE PRODUCTION OF GUERNSEY COWS OF DIFFERENT TYPE CLASSIFICATION RATINGS, 1956-64a number of Numeric,, 805-day 2X mature equivalent cows Lactations rating Milk (lb.) Test (%) Fat (lbs.) Excellent Very Good Desirable Acceptable Fair Poort Total 1,200 4,982 20,203 65,804 29,387 80,919 11,634 28,266 1,926 4,100 41 70 64,391 184,141 91.4 86.5 82.3 77.3 72.3 65.6 11,749 10,481 9,603 8,800 8,197 7,563 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 582 514 470 431 399 369 to carry a living calf for 200 days during the record. The fat re- quirement was increased later, and the calving requirement was shortened. All production requirements were discontinued in 1946. Average production of Guernsey cows of different type classifica- tions during 1956-64, is presented in Table 11.3. Imp. King of the May 9001 exerted a wide influence on the Guernsey breed as a sire of production and desirable type (Fig. 11.3). TABLE 11.3 AvERAGE PRODUCTION OF GUERNSEY COWS OF DIFFERENT TYPE CLASSIFICATION RATINGs, 1956-64' S05-day 2X mature equivalent Number of Numerical cows Laetations rating Milk (lb.) Test (%) Fat (ob.) Excellent 1,200 4,982 91.4 11,749 5.0 582 Very Good 20,203 65,804 86.5 10,481 4.9 514 Desirable 29,387 80,919 82.3 9,603 4.9 470 Acceptable 11,634 28,266 77.3 8,800 4.9 431 Fair 1,926 4,100 72.3 8,197 4.9 399 Poor 41 70 65.6 7,563 4.9 369 Total 64,391 184,141 a. A total of 23,678 DHIR records accepted during 1970 averaged 11,155 pounds of milk, 4.64 percent and 518 pounds fat in 305 days on a 2X mature equivalent basis. HERD IMPROvEMENT REGISTRY A Herd Improvement Registry division of the Advanced Registry was established in January 1930. All cows under 12 years old in milk in the herd were required to be tested each year. A cow's rc- ord could be omitted from the herd average if her registration cer- tificate was cancelled before the eleventh month on test. Over 95 percent of the cows on test in 1958 were in the Herd Improvement Registry. DAIRY HERD IMPROvEMENT REGISTRY Some registered dairy cows were on Advanced Registry, HIR, and DHIA test simultaneously for their separate benefits, and some on DHIA test only. The Purebred Dairy Cattle Association studied methods and costs and concluded that more cows might be on breed programs if supervision were unified for acceptability. The to carry a living calf for 200 days during the record. The fat re- quirement was increased later, and the calving requirement was shortened. All production requirements were discontinued in 1946. Average production of Guernsey cows of different type classifica- tions during 1956-64, is presented in Table 11.3. Imp. King of the May 9001 exerted a wide influence on the Guernsey breed as a sire of production and desirable type (Fig. 11.3). TABLE 11.3 AvERAGE PRODUCTION OF GUERNSEY COWS OF DIFFERENT TYPE CLASSIFICATION RATINGs, 1956-64* 305-day 2X mature equivalent Number of Numerical Cows Lactations rating Milk (lbs.) Test (%) Fat (lbs.) Excellent Very Good Desirable Acceptable Fair Poor Total 1,200 4,982 20,203 65,804 29,387 80,919 11,634 28,266 1,926 4,100 41 70 64,391 184,141 91.4 86.5 82.3 77.3 72.3 65.6 11,749 10,481 9,603 8,800 8,197 7,563 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 582 514 470 431 399 369 a. A total of 23,678 DHIR records accepted during 1970 averaged 11,155 pounds of milk, 4.64 percent and 518 pounds fat in 305 days on a 2X mature equivalent basis. HERD IMPROvEMENT REGISTRY A Herd Improvement Registry division of the Advanced Registry was established in January 1930. All cows under 12 years old in milk in the herd were required to be tested each year. A cow's rec- ord could be omitted from the herd average if her registration cer- tificate was cancelled before the eleventh month on test. Over 95 percent of the cows on test in 1958 were in the Herd Improvement Registry. DAIRY HERD IMPROvEMENT REGISTRY Some registered dairy cows were on Advanced Registry, HIR, and DHIA test simultaneously for their separate benefits, and some on DHIA test only. The Purebred Dairy Cattle Association studied methods and costs and concluded that more cows might be on breed programs if supervision were unified for acceptability. The a. A total of 23,678 DHIR records accepted during 1970 averaged 11,155 pounds of milk, 4.64 percent and 518 pounds fat in 305 days on a 2X mature equivalent basis. HERD IMPROvEMENT REGISTRY A Herd Improvement Registry division of the Advanced Registry was established in January 1930. All cows under 12 years old in milk in the herd were required to be tested each year. A cow's rec- ord could be omitted from the herd average if her registration cer- tificate was cancelled before the eleventh month on test. Over 95 percent of the cows on test in 1958 were in the Herd Improvement Registry. DAIRY HERD IMPROvEMENT REGISTRY Some registered dairy cows were on Advanced Registry, HIR, and DHIA test simultaneously for their separate benefits, and some on DHIA test only. The Purebred Dairy Cattle Association studied methods and costs and concluded that more cows might be on breed programs if supervision were unified for acceptability. The  216 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Executive Committee approved rules in 1958 for acceptance of combined HIR-DHIA records. The new rules required approval of DHIA supervisors by the state official in charge and required that cows be identified from registration certificates. Surprise check tests with preliminary dry milkings were required when a cow or herd produced at a high butterfat level. After a 1-year trial in Pennsylvania, the records were accepted during 1959-60 by all breed associations as Dairy Herd Improvement Registry (DHIR) records. Over 100,000 records were used to determine the factors for con- version to a 305-day 2X mature equivalent basis. The average of 23,678 production records in 1970 was 11,155 pounds of milk, 4.64 percent and 518 pounds of butterfat in 305 days. The TeSa method of analyzing milk for butterfat was approved by the directors for use, along with the Babcock test that has been applied for so long. COMPOSrrION OF GUERNSEY MILK Guernsey milk averaged above 4.8 percent fat for a number of years. Butter churned from Guernsey milk was noted for rich color for over two centuries. The Nebraska station observed that this 216 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Executive Committee approved rules in 1958 for acceptance of combined HIR-DHIA records. The new rules required approval of DHIA supervisors by the state official in charge and required that cows be identified from registration certificates. Surprise check tests with preliminary dry milkings were required when a cow or herd produced at a high butterfat level. After a 1-year trial in Pennsylvania, the records were accepted during 1959-60 by all breed associations as Dairy Herd Improvement Registry (DHIR) records. Over 100,000 records were used to determine the factors for con- version to a 305-day 2x mature equivalent basis. The average of 23,678 production records in 1970 was 11,155 pounds of milk, 4.64 percent and 518 pounds of butterfat in 305 days. The TeSa method of analyzing milk for butterfat was approved by the directors for use, along with the Babcock test that has been applied for so long. COMPOsrION OF GUERNSEY MILK Guernsey milk averaged above 4.8 percent fat for a number of years. Butter churned from Guernsey milk was noted for rich color for over two centuries. The Nebraska station observed that this 216 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Executive Committee approved rules in 1958 for acceptance of combined HIR-DHIA records. The new rules required approval of DHIA supervisors by the state official in charge and required that cows be identified from registration certificates. Surprise check tests with preliminary dry milkings were required when a cow or herd produced at a high butterfat level. After a 1-year trial in Pennsylvania, the records were accepted during 1959-60 by all breed associations as Dairy Herd Improvement Registry (DHIR) records. Over 100,000 records were used to determine the factors for con- version to a 305-day 2x mature equivalent basis. The average of 23,678 production records in 1970 was 11,155 pounds of milk, 4.64 percent and 518 pounds of butterfat in 305 days. The TeSa method of analyzing milk for butterfat was approved by the directors for use, along with the Babcock test that has been applied for so long. CoMPosrrION OF GUERNSEY MILK Guernsey milk averaged above 4.8 percent fat for a number of years. Butter churned from Guernsey milk was noted for rich color for over two centuries. The Nebraska station observed that this r FIG. 113. Imp. King of the May 9001 was a leading transmitter. He was a son of Imp. Itchen Daisy 3d 15630, as well as grandsire of her sons Ne Plus Ultra 15265 and OIchen Daisy's May King of Langwater 17345. FIG. 113. Imp. King of the May 9001 was a leading transmitter. He was a son of Imp. DIchen Daisy 3d 15630, as well as grandsire of her sons Ne Plus Ultra 15265 and Itchen Daisy's May King of Langwater 17345. FIG. 11.3. Imp. King of the May 9001 was a leading transmitter. He was a son of Imp. Itchen Daisy 3d 15630, as well as grandsire of her sons Ne Plus Ultra 15265 and Itchen Daisy's May King of Langwater 17345.  Guernseys in the United States 217 Guernseys in the United States 217 Guernseys in the United States 217 color was due to the vitamin A potential value being stored as caro- tene rather than as colorless vitamin A. Carotene from the leafy for- ages also was stored in Guernsey body fat. Some 1,061 lactations by Guernsey cows in 14 herds analyzed in cooperative regional proj- ects ranged from 4.21 to 5.10 percent of fat, 3.53 to 3.78 percent protein, 9.07 to 9.36 percent solids-not-fat, these averaging 5.01, 3.63, and 9.20 percent respectively. The New Jersey station ana- lyzed milk from cows in one Brown Swiss, two Guernsey, two Hol- stein, and two Jersey herds. Although high fat and high protein con- tents tended to be associated, A. W. Hobler reported that "many cows may test three or four points more in fat that test less in pro- tein than the cow with less fat," although this was not general. Environmental factors, breed, and individual hereditary differ- ences modify or limit composition of milk. Milk from 188 complete lactations of Guernsey cows in Arkansas averaged 4.5 percent fat, 3.2 of protein, and 9.2 percent of solids-not-fat, with ranges of 3.9 to 5.4 percent fat, 2.4 to 3.7 of protein, and 8.3 to 9.8 percent of solids-not-fat. Such wide ranges permit selective breeding over a long period. GoLD STAR GUERNSEY SIRE AND DAM The Gold Star Guernsey Sire and Gold Star Guernsey Dam awards recognized good transmitting ability, as adopted in August 1958. To become a Gold Star Guernsey Sire in 1963, ten or more of a bull's registered daughters must have production records at least 15 percent above the breed average, which then was 10,810 pounds of milk or 525 pounds of fat. Sixty percent of his daughters 4 years or older, or 30 daughters bred in four or more herds met require- ments regardless of age. Classification scores for ten or more daugh- ters (at least 60 percent of those 3 years or older and each eligible daughter classified) must average at least 82.5 points. An artificial insemination Gold Star Sire program began in 1964. At least 50 A.L daughters with herdmates in the USDA Sire Sum- mary must have daughters in at least ten herds with a predicted difference of at least plus 400 pounds of milk. At least 15 classified daughters must have an average score of 81.5 percent. No type re- quirement applied for the A.I. Silver Star Production Sire award, color was due to the vitamin A potential value being stored as caro- tene rather than as colorless vitamin A. Carotene from the leafy for- ages also was stored in Guernsey body fat. Some 1,061 lactations by Guernsey cows in 14 herds analyzed in cooperative regional proj- ects ranged from 4.21 to 5.10 percent of fat, 3.53 to 3.78 percent protein, 9.07 to 9.36 percent solids-not-fat, these averaging 5.01, 3.63, and 9.20 percent respectively. The New Jersey station ana- lyzed milk from cows in one Brown Swiss, two Guernsey, two Hol- stein, and two Jersey herds. Although high fat and high protein con- tents tended to be associated, A. W. Hobler reported that "many cows may test three or four points more in fat that test less in pro- tein than the cow with less fat," although this was not general. Environmental factors, breed, and individual hereditary differ- ences modify or limit composition of milk. Milk from 188 complete lactations of Guernsey cows in Arkansas averaged 4.5 percent fat, 3.2 of protein, and 9.2 percent of solids-not-fat, with ranges of 3.9 to 5.4 percent fat, 2.4 to 3.7 of protein, and 8.3 to 9.8 percent of solids-not-fat. Such wide ranges permit selective breeding over a long period. Gons STAR GUERNSEY SIRE AND DAM The Gold Star Guernsey Sire and Gold Star Guernsey Dam awards recognized good transmitting ability, as adopted in August 1958. To become a Gold Star Guernsey Sire in 1963, ten or more of a bull's registered daughters must have production records at least 15 percent above the breed average, which then was 10,810 pounds of milk or 525 pounds of fat. Sixty percent of his daughters 4 years or older, or 30 daughters bred in four or more herds met require- ments regardless of age. Classification scores for ten or more daugh- ters (at least 60 percent of those 3 years or older and each eligible daughter classified) must average at least 82.5 points. An artificial insemination Gold Star Sire program began in 1964. At least 50 A.L daughters with herdmates in the USDA Sire Sum- mary must have daughters in at least ten herds with a predicted difference of at least plus 400 pounds of milk. At least 15 classified daughters must have an average score of 81.5 percent. No type re- quirement applied for the A.L Silver Star Production Sire award, color was due to the vitamin A potential value being stored as caro- tene rather than as colorless vitamin A. Carotene from the leafy for- ages also was stored in Guernsey body fat. Some 1,061 lactations by Guernsey cows in 14 herds analyzed in cooperative regional proj- ects ranged from 4.21 to 5.10 percent of fat, 3.53 to 3.78 percent protein, 9.07 to 9.36 percent solids-not-fat, these averaging 5.01, 3.63, and 9.20 percent respectively. The New Jersey station ana- lyzed milk from cows in one Brown Swiss, two Guernsey, two Hol- stein, and two Jersey herds. Although high fat and high protein con- tents tended to be associated, A. W. Hobler reported that "many cows may test three or four points more in fat that test less in pro- tein than the cow with less fat," although this was not general. Environmental factors, breed, and individual hereditary differ- ences modify or limit composition of milk. Milk from 188 complete lactations of Guernsey cows in Arkansas averaged 4.5 percent fat, 3.2 of protein, and 9.2 percent of solids-not-fat, with ranges of 3.9 to 5.4 percent fat, 2.4 to 3.7 of protein, and 8.3 to 9.8 percent of solids-not-fat. Such wide ranges permit selective breeding over a long period. GoLn STAR GUERNsEY SIRE AND DAM The Gold Star Guernsey Sire and Gold Star Guernsey Dam awards recognized good transmitting ability, as adopted in August 1958. To become a Gold Star Guernsey Sire in 1963, ten or more of a bull's registered daughters must have production records at least 15 percent above the breed average, which then was 10,810 pounds of milk or 525 pounds of fat. Sixty percent of his daughters 4 years or older, or 30 daughters bred in four or more herds met require- ments regardless of age. Classification scores for ten or more daugh- ters (at least 60 percent of those 3 years or older and each eligible daughter classified) must average at least 82.5 points. An artificial insemination Gold Star Sire program began in 1964. At least 50 A.L daughters with herdmates in the USDA Sire Sum- mary must have daughters in at least ten herds with a predicted difference of at least plus 400 pounds of milk. At least 15 classified daughters must have an average score of 81.5 percent. No type re- quirement applied for the A.L Silver Star Production Sire award,  218 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS but at least 51 percent of daughters must be registered. Summarized daughters must average 9,500 pounds of milk. No type requirement was needed of them. Summarized daughters must have a predicted difference of plus 350 pounds of milk, with at least 25 percent re- peatability. A registered Guernsey cow qualified as a Gold Star Guernsey Dam based on at least three progeny. All official records of the three highest progeny must average 20 percent above the breed av- erage, which was 12,760 pounds of milk and 510 pounds of fat in 1970. Each daughter must have scored 82.5 or above. A son may be included if he has received a previous recognition award. Some 235 dams qualified in 1968. Gou STAR GUERNSEY BREEDER AWARD Starting in 1959, Gold Star Guernsey Breeder Award certificates were granted on an annual basis, based on nine requirements. Ap- plications were made before April. All purebred Guernseys over 8 months old owned by the applicant must be registered or their births reported. At least ten registered cows must have produced to meet requirements and the herd be on test currently. All cows in the herd must have completed an official record in the year, and the production must exceed breed average by 15 percent. The owner shall have bred 70 percent of the cows meeting production requirements. Eighty percent of cows with production records must have been classified, with the last rating averaging at least 82.5 per- cent. The herd must be free from tuberculosis with a clean test within 12 months. The herd must have been state certified as free from brucellosis, or have passed a clean test within a year. Milk- ring tests were not accepted. The applicant must be a member of the American Guernsey Cattle Club and an active member of a State Guernsey Breeders' Association. Sixty-seven Gold Star Breeder Awards were earned in 1968 in 20 states. SInE SUMMARES Sire Summaries of bulls with ten or more tested daughters were published in the Guernsey Breeders' Journal during 1954 and on- ward. The latest type score and all production records of daughters 218 DAI RY CATTLE nREED S but at least 51 percent of daughters must be registered. Summarized daughters must average 9,500 pounds of milk. No type requirement was needed of them. Summarized daughters must have a predicted difference of plus 350 pounds of milk, with at least 25 percent re- peatability. A registered Guernsey cow qualified as a Gold Star Guernsey Dam based on at least three progeny. All official records of the three highest progeny must average 20 percent above the breed av- erage, which was 12,760 pounds of milk and 510 pounds of fat in 1970. Each daughter must have scored 82.5 or above. A son may be included if he has received a previous recognition award. Some 235 dams qualified in 1968. GOwD STAR GUERNSEY BREEDER AWARD Starting in 1959, Gold Star Guernsey Breeder Award certificates were granted on an annual basis, based on nine requirements. Ap- plications were made before April. All purebred Guernseys over 8 months old owned by the applicant must be registered or their births reported. At least ten registered cows must have produced to meet requirements and the herd be on test currently. All cows in the herd must have completed an official record in the year, and the production must exceed breed average by 15 percent. The owner shall have bred 70 percent of the cows meeting production requirements. Eighty percent of cows with production records must have been classified, with the last rating averaging at least 82.5 per- cent. The herd must be free from tuberculosis with a clean test within 12 months. The herd must have been state certified as free from brucellosis, or have passed a clean test within a year. Milk- ring tests were not accepted. The applicant must be a member of the American Guernsey Cattle Club and an active member of a State Guernsey Breeders' Association. Sixty-seven Gold Star Breeder Awards were earned in 1968 in 20 states. SuE SUMMARIES Sire Summaries of bulls with ten or more tested daughters were published in the Guernsey Breeders' Journal during 1954 and on- ward. The latest type score and all production records of daughters 218 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS but at least 51 percent of daughters must be registered. Summarized daughters must average 9,500 pounds of milk. No type requirement was needed of them. Summarized daughters must have a predicted difference of plus 350 pounds of milk, with at least 25 percent re- peatability. A registered Guernsey cow qualified as a Gold Star Guernsey Dam based on at least three progeny. All official records of the three highest progeny must average 20 percent above the breed av- erage, which was 12,760 pounds of milk and 510 pounds of fat in 1970. Each daughter must have scored 82.5 or above. A son may be included if he has received a previous recognition award. Some 235 dams qualified in 1968. GOLD STAR GUERNSEY BREEDER AWARD Starting in 1959, Gold Star Guernsey Breeder Award certificates were granted on an annual basis, based on nine requirements. Ap- plications were made before April. All purebred Guernseys over 8 months old owned by the applicant must be registered or their births reported. At least ten registered cows must have produced to meet requirements and the herd be on test currently. All cows in the herd must have completed an official record in the year, and the production must exceed breed average by 15 percent. The owner shall have bred 70 percent of the cows meeting production requirements. Eighty percent of cows with production records must have been classified, with the last rating averaging at least 82.5 per- cent. The herd must be free from tuberculosis with a clean test within 12 months. The herd must have been state certified as free from brucellosis, or have passed a clean test within a year. Milk- ring tests were not accepted. The applicant must be a member of the American Guernsey Cattle Club and an active member of a State Guernsey Breeders' Association. Sixty-seven Gold Star Breeder Awards were earned in 1968 in 20 states. SnE SUMMARIES Sire Summaries of bulls with ten or more tested daughters were published in the Guernsey Breeders' Journal during 1954 and on- ward. The latest type score and all production records of daughters  Guernseys in the United States 219 Guernseys in the United States 219 Guernseys in the United States 219 were computed on a 305-day 2 x mature equivalent basis. The Board of Directors adopted the USDA Sire Summary Program for 1968 with screened tape production records of all registered Guern- seys on DHIR test. Revision of sire summaries with improved analyses of DHIA- DHIR records resulted in new recognition requirements approved by the Board of Directors on April 30, 1968. A Guernsey bull be- came a Gold Star Sire when his progeny qualified simultaneously in production and type classification. At least 20 daughters made an average production of 9,500 pounds of milk on a 305-day 2 x mature equivalent basis. Their predicted difference over herdmates must equal at least plus 250 pounds of milk, with a repeatability of at least 60 percent. At least 25 percent of daughters in the production summary (minimum of ten) must be registered, and have type ratings in the last official classification that averaged 82.5 points. To qualify as a Silver Star Guernsey Sire, at least ten daughters in the last production summary, 51 percent of which were regis- tered, must average at least 9,500 pounds of milk on a mature equivalent basis, and have a predicted difference over herdmates of plus 350 pounds of milk in 305 days, with a 25 percent repeatability. His registered daughters, at least 60 percent of those in the produc- tion summary, must have type ratings averaging at least 83.5 points. The same requirements applied for the Gold Star Guernsey Herd, except that the herd lactation average of all cows must exceed breed average by 25 percent irrespective of being home-bred. The production requirement for 1967 was either 12,850 pounds of milk or 620 pounds of fat on a 305-day 2 x mature equivalent basis. BREEmING GUERNSEYs F. Lothrop Ames improved the body conformation of Guernseys appreciably over 21 years with prepotent animals at Langwater Farm in Massachusetts. Production records and type classification are tools to continue spread of improvements through selection of breeding animals. Guernsey milk is valued for solids-not-fat and yellow color of the products-a trademark of the breed. Significant variations occur among individuals in butterfat and protein con- were computed on a 305-day 2x mature equivalent basis. The Board of Directors adopted the USDA Sire Summary Program for 1968 with screened tape production records of all registered Guern- seys on DHIR test. Revision of sire summaries with improved analyses of DHIA- DHIR records resulted in new recognition requirements approved by the Board of Directors on April 30, 1968. A Guernsey bull be- came a Gold Star Sire when his progeny qualified simultaneously in production and type classification. At least 20 daughters made an average production of 9,500 pounds of milk on a 305-day 2 x mature equivalent basis. Their predicted difference over herdmates must equal at least plus 250 pounds of milk, with a repeatability of at least 60 percent. At least 25 percent of daughters in the production summary (minimum of ten) must be registered, and have type ratings in the last official classification that averaged 82.5 points. To qualify as a Silver Star Guernsey Sire, at least ten daughters in the last production summary, 51 percent of which were regis- tered, must average at least 9,500 pounds of milk on a mature equivalent basis, and have a predicted difference over herdmates of plus 350 pounds of milk in 305 days, with a 25 percent repeatability. His registered daughters, at least 60 percent of those in the produc- tion summary, must have type ratings averaging at least 83.5 points. The same requirements applied for the Gold Star Guernsey Herd, except that the herd lactation average of all cows must exceed breed average by 25 percent irrespective of being home-bred. The production requirement for 1967 was either 12,850 pounds of milk or 620 pounds of fat on a 305-day 2 x mature equivalent basis. BREEDING GUERNSEYS F. Lothrop Ames improved the body conformation of Guernseys appreciably over 21 years with prepotent animals at Langwater Farm in Massachusetts. Production records and type classification are tools to continue spread of improvements through selection of breeding animals. Guernsey milk is valued for solids-not-fat and yellow color of the products-a trademark of the breed. Significant variations occur among individuals in butterfat and protein con- were computed on a 305-day 2 x mature equivalent basis. The Board of Directors adopted the USDA Sire Summary Program for 1968 with screened tape production records of all registered Guern- seys on DHIR test. Revision of sire summaries with improved analyses of DHIA- DHIR records resulted in new recognition requirements approved by the Board of Directors on April 30, 1968. A Guernsey bull be- came a Gold Star Sire when his progeny qualified simultaneously in production and type classification. At least 20 daughters made an average production of 9,500 pounds of milk on a 305-day 2 x mature equivalent basis. Their predicted difference over herdmates must equal at least plus 250 pounds of milk, with a repeatability of at least 60 percent. At least 25 percent of daughters in the production summary (minimum of ten) must be registered, and have type ratings in the last official classification that averaged 82.5 points. To qualify as a Silver Star Guernsey Sire, at least ten daughters in the last production summary, 51 percent of which were regis- tered, must average at least 9,500 pounds of milk on a mature equivalent basis, and have a predicted difference over herdmates of plus 350 pounds of milk in 305 days, with a 25 percent repeatability. His registered daughters, at least 60 percent of those in the produc- tion summary, must have type ratings averaging at least 83.5 points. The same requirements applied for the Gold Star Guernsey Herd, except that the herd lactation average of all cows must exceed breed average by 25 percent irrespective of being home-bred. The production requirement for 1967 was either 12,850 pounds of milk or 620 pounds of fat on a 305-day 2 x mature equivalent basis. BREEDING GUERNSEYS F. Lothrop Ames improved the body conformation of Guernseys appreciably over 21 years with prepotent animals at Langwater Farm in Massachusetts. Production records and type classification are tools to continue spread of improvements through selection of breeding animals. Guernsey milk is valued for solids-not-fat and yellow color of the products-a trademark of the breed. Significant variations occur among individuals in butterfat and protein con-  220 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS tents of milk. These are inherited independently and can be modi- fied by selection of breeding animals. Goals in breeding Guernseys are to retain good production, body capacity, dairy character, udder quality, and yellow color of the dairy products. Greater size, which is needed in many herds, may be attained in part by improved feeding during growth. Old faults needing continued attention are winged shoulders, sway backs. udder attachments, crooked hind legs, and weak pasterns. A few Guernseys possess the dominant gene for polled. Smoky nose and wry-tail are nondominant characters of little importance. Wrv-face sometimes occurs, as does parrot jaw, which may be a recessive character. Progressive posterior paralysis or "crampy" is a recessive character that develops in adult animals within certain lines. Lack of resistance against lump jaw (actinomycosis and actinobacillosis) is an inherited nondominant character in some family lines. Recessive characters controlled by a single gene are observed in one out of four cases when two "normal" parents that possess the gene are mated. Such characters can appear in one out of two progeny when a "normal" carrier is mated with an individual pos- sessing the trait. When both parents exhibit the trait, it will be evi- dent in all their progeny. This explains why recessive characters crop out more often in line-breeding or inbreeding, and less often when out-crossing is practiced. When a recessive character be- comes evident in a herd, both the sire and dam were carriers. On the average, 50 percent of the dam's half-sisters by a common an- cestor also may possess the same gene. Secretary Max Dawdy tabulated 11,065 Guernsey sires with USDA Sire Summaries in 1970. Approximately one-third of them were Plus Proven for milk, similar to earlier analyses of DHIA sires in Table 22.4. Plus Proven sires tended to produce sons with similar ability. He gave some ways for early proving of young sires before extended use. One Guernsey male was registered for each 1.7 females in Vol- umes 1 to 45 of the Herd Register up to 1933. Cooperative artificial breeding began in 1938. Greater numbers of cows per herd on fewer dairy farms resulted in registration of 1 male to 20.5 females 220 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS tents of anilk. These are inherited independently and can be modi- fied by selection of breeding animals. Goals in breeding Guernseys are to retain good production, body capacity, dairy character, udder quality, and yellow color of the dairy products. Greater size, which is needed in many herds, may be attained in part by improved feeding during growth. Old faults needing continued attention are winged shoulders, sway backs, udder attachments, crooked hind legs, and weak pasterns. A few Guernseys possess the dominant gene for polled. Smoky nose and wry-tail are nondominant characters of little importance. Wrv-face sometimes occurs, as does parrot jaw, which may be a recessive character. Progressive posterior paralysis or "crampy" is a recessive character that develops in adult animals within certain lines. Lack of resistance against lump jaw (actinomycosis and actinobacillosis) is an inherited nondominant character in some family lines. Recessive characters controlled by a single gene are observed in one out of four cases when two "normal" parents that possess the gene are mated. Such characters can appear in one out of two progeny when a "normal" carrier is mated with an individual pos- sessing the trait. When both parents exhibit the trait, it will be evi- dent in all their progeny. This explains why recessive characters crop out more often in line-breeding or inbreeding, and less often when out-crossing is practiced. When a recessive character be- comes evident in a herd, both the sire and dam were carriers. On the average, 50 percent of the dam's half-sisters by a common an- cestor also may possess the same gene. Secretary Max Dawdy tabulated 11,065 Guernsey sires with USDA Sire Summaries in 1970. Approximately one-third of them were Plus Proven for milk, similar to earlier analyses of DHIA sires in Table 22.4. Plus Proven sires tended to produce sons with similar ability. He gave some ways for early proving of young sires before extended use. One Guernsey male was registered for each 1.7 females in Vol- umes 1 to 45 of the Herd Register up to 1933. Cooperative artificial breeding began in 1938. Greater numbers of cows per herd on fewer dairy farms resulted in registration of 1 male to 20.5 females 220 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS tents of milk. These are inherited independently and can be modi- fied by selection of breeding animals. Goals in breeding Guernseys are to retain good production, body capacity, dairy character, udder quality, and yellow color of the dairy products. Greater size, which is needed in many herds, may be attained in part by improved feeding during growth. Old faults needing continued attention are winged shoulders, sway backs, udder attachments, crooked hind legs, and weak pasterns. A few Guernseys possess the dominant gene for polled. Smoky nose and wry-tail are nondominant characters of little importance. Wry-face sometimes occurs, as does parrot jaw, which may be a recessive character. Progressive posterior paralysis or "crampy" is a recessive character that develops in adult animals within certain lines. Lack of resistance against lump jaw (actinomycosis and actinobacillosis) is an inherited nondominant character in some family lines. Recessive characters controlled by a single gene are observed in one out of four cases when two "normal" parents that possess the gene are mated. Such characters can appear in one out of two progeny when a "normal" carrier is mated with an individual pos- sessing the trait. When both parents exhibit the trait, it will be evi- dent in all their progeny. This explains why recessive characters crop out more often in line-breeding or inbreeding, and less often when out-crossing is practiced. When a recessive character be- comes evident in a herd, both the sire and dam were carriers. On the average, 50 percent of the dam's half-sisters by a common an- cestor also may possess the same gene. Secretary Max Dawdy tabulated 11,065 Guernsey sires with USDA Sire Summaries in 1970. Approximately one-third of them were Plus Proven for milk, similar to earlier analyses of DHIA sires in Table 22.4. Plus Proven sires tended to produce sons with similar ability. He gave some ways for early proving of young sires before extended use. One Guernsey male was registered for each 1.7 females in Vol- umes 1 to 45 of the Herd Register up to 1933. Cooperative artificial breeding began in 1938. Greater numbers of cows per herd on fewer dairy farms resulted in registration of 1 male to 20.5 females  Guernseys in the United States 221 Guernseys in the United States 221 Guernseys in the United States 221 in 1970. Some 56.3 percent of Guernseys registered in 1970 resulted from artificial inseminations. Oklahoma investigators studied production and type classification records of 1,981 daughter-dam pairs of Guernsey cows representing 511 sires in 239 herds. There were 8,533 production records and 4,172 type classifications between 1947 and 1955. The daughters averaged 8,803 pounds of milk, 425 pounds of butterfat, and their dams had 8,688 pounds of milk, 426 pounds of butterfat. Type scores averaged 82.08 and 81.94 percent respectively. This study TABLE 11.4 CoMBINED HERITABILITY ESTIMATES Heritability estimates Traits Number of studies Average Range in 1970. Some 56.3 percent of Guernseys registered in 1970 resulted from artificial inseminations. Oklahoma investigators studied production and type classification records of 1,981 daughter-dam pairs of Guernsey cows representing 511 sires in 239 herds. There were 8,533 production records and 4,172 type classifications between 1947 and 1955. The daughters averaged 8,803 pounds of milk, 425 pounds of butterfat, and their dams had 8,688 pounds of milk, 426 pounds of butterfat. Type scores averaged 82.08 and 81.94 percent respectively. This study TABLE 11.4 COMBINED HERITABILITY ESTIMATES Heritability estimates Traits Number of studies Average Range in 1970. Some 56.3 percent of Guernseys registered in 1970 resulted from artificial inseminations. Oklahoma investigators studied production and type classification records of 1,981 daughter-dam pairs of Guernsey cows representing 511 sires in 239 herds. There were 8,533 production records and 4,172 type classifications between 1947 and 1955. The daughters averaged 8,803 pounds of milk, 425 pounds of butterfat, and their dams had 8,688 pounds of milk, 426 pounds of butterfat. Type scores averaged 82.08 and 81.94 percent respectively. This study TABLE 11.4 COMBINED HERITABILITY ESTIMATES Heritability estimates Traits Number of studies Average Range General appearance Dairy character Body capacity Mammary system Legs and feet Milk yield Milk fat, percent Milk solids, percent Protein, percent 4 4 4 4 4 57 31 9 9 0.22 0.18 0.23 0.18 0.18 0.28 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.14-0.33 0.07-0.30 0.13-0.28 0.09-0.24 0.14-0.23 0.17-0.60 0.32-0.90 0.35-0.71 0.35-0.76 General appearance Dairy character Body capacity Mammary system Legs and feet Milk yield Milk fat, percent Milk solids, percent Protein, percent 4 4 4 4 4 57 31 9 9 0.22 0.18 0.23 0.18 0.18 0.28 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.14-0.33 0.07-0.30 0.13-0.28 0.09-0.24 0.14-0.23 0.17-0.60 0.32-0.90 0.35-0.71 0.35-0.76 General appearance Dairy character Body capacity Mammary system Legs and feet Milk yield Milk fat, percent Milk solids, percent Protein, percent 4 4 4 4 4 57 31 9 9 0.22 0.18 0.23 0.18 0.18 0.28 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.14-0.33 0.07-0.30 0.13-0.28 0.09-0.24 0.14-0.23 0.17-0.60 0.32-0.90 0.35-0.71 0.35-0.76 was included among the heritability estimates of conformation and certain milk traits summarized by Howard C. Dickey of Maine. The combined heritability estimates published by Dickey in 1970 are shown in Table 11.4. Careful selection and culling of sires could achieve gradual improvements in each trait in the succeeding generations. Robert D. Stewart reported that from 34,179 records by Guernsey cows "the cows that classified the highest in each of the major parts of the score card were also the highest producers per lactation." Only the latest classifications were used. All Excellent and Very Good cows under 8 years old must be rerated at each successive classification of the herd. The strongest characteristics of Guernsey cows have been dairy character and body capacity. Mammary system and overall gen- eral appearance need attention when breeding for improvement of type. was included among the heritability estimates of conformation and certain milk traits summarized by Howard C. Dickey of Maine. The combined heritability estimates published by Dickey in 1970 are shown in Table 11.4. Careful selection and culling of sires could achieve gradual improvements in each trait in the succeeding generations. Robert D. Stewart reported that from 34,179 records by Guernsey cows "the cows that classified the highest in each of the major parts of the score card were also the highest producers per lactation." Only the latest classifications were used. All Excellent and Very Good cows under 8 years old must be rerated at each successive classification of the herd. The strongest characteristics of Guernsey cows have been dairy character and body capacity. Mammary system and overall gen- eral appearance need attention when breeding for improvement of type. was included among the heritability estimates of conformation and certain milk traits summarized by Howard C. Dickey of Maine. The combined heritability estimates published by Dickey in 1970 are shown in Table 11.4. Careful selection and culling of sires could achieve gradual improvements in each trait in the succeeding generations. Robert D. Stewart reported that from 34,179 records by Guernsey cows "the cows that classified the highest in each of the major parts of the score card were also the highest producers per lactation." Only the latest classifications were used. All Excellent and Very Good cows under 8 years old must be rerated at each successive classification of the herd. The strongest characteristics of Guernsey cows have been dairy character and body capacity. Mammary system and overall gen- eral appearance need attention when breeding for improvement of type.  222 DAIR Y CATTLE BREEDS Some 182 Guernsey bulls were among the dairy bulls of six breeds active in artificial breeding organizations in the United States during 1969. They included several Gold Star Guernsey bulls. PROvISIONAL REGISTRATION A plan for Provisional Registration of unregistered Guernseys was adopted in May 1970. Acceptable proof is required of three direct crosses to a registered Guernsey bull; or the females must have been in a purebred herd unregistered for at least 10 years (under signature of the owner or a Club member). The female must have Guernsey color and characteristics. DHIA records must average 13,000 pounds of milk on a 305-day 2 x mature equivalent basis, and the animal must classify Very Good or Excellent, or average 15,000 pounds of milk and classify at least 82.5 points. Females are eligible for a colored registration certificate, and male progeny of the fifth generation of the original nominee are eligible for registra- tion. During 1965, 12.8 percent of all registration applications sent to the Club were returned for corrections. Breeders need to complete and verify all applications before submitting them. Most errors were for omissions or incorrect registration numbers, or lacking the correct signatures. JOINT OCCUPANCY American Guernsey Cattle Club Executive Secretary Karl B. Mus- ser suggested joint occupancy at some central headquarters by the dairy breed associations in 1947. He stated: "We would build one structure to house our five breed offices and do a great deal of our routine clerical work in cooperation. At the same time, we could have separate executive and promotional offices and remain strictly competitive." The Jersey Board of Directors considered the joint occupancy proposal in 1960. A Guernsey-Jersey Joint Occupancy Committee met in Peterborough, New Hampshire, in July 1964. The Holstein- Friesian office was contacted; and Ayrshire, Brown Swiss, and Milk- ing Shorthorn associations were invited to a joint discussion at Waterloo, Iowa, in October 1964. The Guernsey-Jersey committee 222 DAIR Y CATTLE BREEDS Some 182 Guernsey bulls were among the dairy bulls of six breeds active in artificial breeding organizations in the United States during 1969. They included several Gold Star Guernsey bulls. PROvISIONAL REGISTRATION A plan for Provisional Registration of unregistered Guernseys was adopted in May 1970. Acceptable proof is required of three direct crosses to a registered Guernsey bull; or the females must have been in a purebred herd unregistered for at least 10 years (under signature of the owner or a Club member). The female must have Guernsey color and characteristics. DHIA records must average 13,000 pounds of milk on a 305-day 2x mature equivalent basis, and the animal must classify Very Good or Excellent, or average 15,000 pounds of milk and classify at least 82.5 points. Females are eligible for a colored registration certificate, and male progeny of the fifth generation of the original nominee are eligible for registra- tion. During 1965, 12.8 percent of all registration applications sent to the Club were returned for corrections. Breeders need to complete and verify all applications before submitting them. Most errors were for omissions or incorrect registration numbers, or lacking the correct signatures. JOINr OCCUPANCY American Guernsey Cattle Club Executive Secretary Karl B. Mus- ser suggested joint occupancy at some central headquarters by the dairy breed associations in 1947. He stated: "We would build one structure to house our five breed offices and do a great deal of our routine clerical work in cooperation. At the same time, we could have separate executive and promotional offices and remain strictly competitive." The Jersey Board of Directors considered the joint occupancy proposal in 1960. A Guernsey-Jersey Joint Occupancy Committee met in Peterborough, New Hampshire, in July 1964. The Holstein- Friesian office was contacted; and Ayrshire, Brown Swiss, and Milk- ing Shorthorn associations were invited to a joint discussion at Waterloo, Iowa, in October 1964. The Guernsey-Jersey committee 222 DAIR Y CATTLE BREEDS Some 182 Guernsey bulls were among the dairy bulls of six breeds active in artificial breeding organizations in the United States during 1969. They included several Gold Star Guernsey bulls. PROVISIONAL REGISTRATION A plan for Provisional Registration of unregistered Guernseys was adopted in May 1970. Acceptable proof is required of three direct crosses to a registered Guernsey bull; or the females must have been in a purebred herd unregistered for at least 10 years (under signature of the owner or a Club member). The female must have Guernsey color and characteristics. DHIA records must average 13,000 pounds of milk on a 305-day 2X mature equivalent basis, and the animal must classify Very Good or Excellent, or average 15,000 pounds of milk and classify at least 82.5 points. Females are eligible for a colored registration certificate, and male progeny of the fifth generation of the original nominee are eligible for registra- tion. During 1965, 12.8 percent of all registration applications sent to the Club were returned for corrections. Breeders need to complete and verify all applications before submitting them. Most errors were for omissions or incorrect registration numbers, or lacking the correct signatures. JOINT OCCUPANCY American Guernsey Cattle Club Executive Secretary Karl B. Mus- ser suggested joint occupancy at some central headquarters by the dairy breed associations in 1947. He stated: "We would build one structure to house our five breed offices and do a great deal of our routine clerical work in cooperation. At the same time, we could have separate executive and promotional offices and remain strictly competitive." The Jersey Board of Directors considered the joint occupancy proposal in 1960. A Guernsey-Jersey Joint Occupancy Committee met in Peterborough, New Hampshire, in July 1964. The Holstein- Friesian office was contacted; and Ayrshire, Brown Swiss, and Milk- ing Shorthorn associations were invited to a joint discussion at Waterloo, Iowa, in October 1964. The Guernsey-Jersey committee  Guernseys in the United States 223 Guernseys in the United States 223 Guernseys in the United States 223 considered space needs and practical office facilities for rental, lease, purchase, or new construction near transportation facilities. Considerable economy would be attained by the joint use of me- chanical processing (computers and others) of breed records to benefit all breeders of registered dairy cattle. A central location would permit ready communication and a united front for the pure- bred dairy cattle industry, which is the source of seedstock for all dairy cattle. Members of the American Guernsey Cattle Club at the 1965 annual convention voted 701 to 35 in favor of joint occupancy of office facilities with one or more other breed associations. EXTENSION SERvICE Guernsey promotion began with activities of importers, owners, and the American Guernsey Cattle Club secretary. An Extension Serv- ice was organized in 1920. Eight fieldmen and breed representatives served Guernsey breeders in 1970. GOLDEN GUERNSEY PRODucrTs Guemrsey milk and cream were marketed under a copyrighted Golden Guernsey trademark around 1920. Golden Guernsey, In- corporated, promoted sales as the activity increased. Licenses to use the trademark were granted to producers and distributors to advertise and sell Guernsey products meeting health, sanitary, com- position, and other requirements. A small royalty promoted sales of the products. A Gurn-Z-Gold trademark was approved early in 1953 for cream- line milk with less than 4.4 percent butterfat, and homogenized milk below 4.0 percent fat, processed from Golden Guernsey milk. The Guernsey Royal trademark was adopted in 1960 for use when Golden Guernsey milk was processed to meet minimum state legal standards up to 3.7 percent of butterfat. Gurnskim was added in 1961. Nearly 265 million quarts of Guernsey products were mer- chandised under the trademarks during 1967. The Story of Golden Guernsey Milk Products booklet advertised Guernsey products as emblems of quality. considered space needs and practical office facilities for rental, lease, purchase, or new construction near transportation facilities. Considerable economy would be attained by the joint use of me- chanical processing (computers and others) of breed records to benefit all breeders of registered dairy cattle. A central location would permit ready communication and a united front for the pure- bred dairy cattle industry, which is the source of seedstock for all dairy cattle. Members of the American Guernsey Cattle Club at the 1965 annual convention voted 701 to 35 in favor of joint occupancy of office facilities with one or more other breed associations. EXTENSION SERvICE Guernsey promotion began with activities of importers, owners, and the American Guernsey Cattle Club secretary. An Extension Serv- ice was organized in 1920. Eight fieldmen and breed representatives served Guernsey breeders in 1970. GOLDEN GUERNSEY PRODUCTS Guernsey milk and cream were marketed under a copyrighted Golden Guernsey trademark around 1920. Golden Guernsey, In- corporated, promoted sales as the activity increased. Licenses to use the trademark were granted to producers and distributors to advertise and sell Guernsey products meeting health, sanitary, com- position, and other requirements. A small royalty promoted sales of the products. A Gurn-Z-Gold trademark was approved early in 1953 for cream- line milk with less than 4.4 percent butterfat, and homogenized milk below 4.0 percent fat, processed from Golden Guernsey milk. The Guernsey Royal trademark was adopted in 1960 for use when Golden Guernsey milk was processed to meet minimum state legal standards up to 3.7 percent of butterfat. Gurnskim was added in 1961. Nearly 265 million quarts of Guernsey products were mer. chandised under the trademarks during 1967. The Story of Golden Guernsey Milk Products booklet advertised Guernsey products as emblems of quality. considered space needs and practical office facilities for rental, lease, purchase, or new construction near transportation facilities. Considerable economy would be attained by the joint use of me- chanical processing (computers and others) of breed records to benefit all breeders of registered dairy cattle. A central location would permit ready communication and a united front for the pure- bred dairy cattle industry, which is the source of seedstock for all dairy cattle. Members of the American Guernsey Cattle Club at the 1965 annual convention voted 701 to 35 in favor of joint occupancy of office facilities with one or more other breed associations. EXTENSION SERvICE Guernsey promotion began with activities of importers, owners, and the American Guernsey Cattle Club secretary. An Extension Serv- ice was organized in 1920. Eight fieldmen and breed representatives served Guernsey breeders in 1970. GOLDEN GUERNSEY PRODUCrS Guernsey milk and cream were marketed under a copyrighted Golden Guernsey trademark around 1920. Golden Guernsey, In- corporated, promoted sales as the activity increased. Licenses to use the trademark were granted to producers and distributors to advertise and sell Guernsey products meeting health, sanitary, com- position, and other requirements. A small royalty promoted sales of the products. A Gurn-Z-Gold trademark was approved early in 1953 for cream- line milk with less than 4.4 percent butterfat, and homogenized milk below 4.0 percent fat, processed from Golden Guernsey milk. The Guernsey Royal trademark was adopted in 1960 for use when Golden Guernsey milk was processed to meet minimum state legal standards up to 3.7 percent of butterfat. Gurnskim was added in 1961. Nearly 265 million quarts of Guernsey products were mer- chandised under the trademarks during 1967. The Story of Golden Guernsey Milk Products booklet advertised Guernsey products as emblems of quality.  224 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS BREED PUBLICITY The Guernsey Breeders' Association around Philadelphia established the Guernsey Breeders' Journal in 1885 with Willis P. Hazard as editor. The responsibility was great, and they requested the Ameri- can Guernsey Cattle Club to assume the publication. The Journal was printed quarterly with sections of the Herd Register. It became a monthly magazine in 1910, and has been published twice monthly since July 1916. Production records were published first in Advanced Registry volumes. These were replaced by the Performance Register, which also contained show winnings and type classifications. Volumes I to XX contained performance records from 1949 through 1966. A Pro- duction Leader booklet listed Gold Star Sires and Dams, sum- marized sires, and herd lactation averages for those with ten or more cows. The Guernsey Club had the first breed booth at the National Dairy Show in 1907. Several books and breed brochures have been published. William H. Caldwell wrote three books: Langcater Guernseys, The Glenwood Girls, and The Guernsey-all published by the Guernsey Club. James E. Russell of Glenburnie Farm pre- pared Heredity in Dairy Cattle in 1944. This booklet described the art of breeding dairy cattle, based on successes and failures of four leading dairy herds. Written for Future Farmers and 4-H Club members, it was of equal interest and value to experienced breeders. The American Guernsey Cattle Club owns the office building in Peterborough, New Hampshire 03458. Max Dawdy is the Secretary- Treasurer. REFERENCES Ames, F. Lothrop. 1918. Stock breeding as a science and an art. Breeders Gaz. 74:1108-9, 1221-22. Becker, R. B., C. F. Simpson, and C. J. Wilcox. 1963. Hairless Guernsey cattle. 1. Hered. 54:2-7. Becker, R. B., C. J. Wilcox, and W. R. Pritchard. 196l. Progressive posterior paralysis (crampy) in mature cattle. Florida Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 639. Becker, R. B., C. F. Simpson, L. O. Gilmore, and N. S. Fechheimer. 1964. Genetic aspects of actinomycosis and actinobacillosis in cattle. Florida Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 670 and Ohio Agr. Expt. Sta. Res. Bull. 938. 224 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS BREED PUBLICrY The Guernsey Breeders' Association around Philadelphia established the Guernsey Breeders' Journal in 1885 with Willis P. Hazard as editor. The responsibility was great, and they requested the Ameri- can Guernsey Cattle Club to assume the publication. The Journal was printed quarterly with sections of the Herd Register. It became a monthly magazine in 1910, and has been published twice montbly since July 1916. Production records were published first in Advanced Registry volumes. These were replaced by the Performance Register, which also contained show winnings and type classifications. Volumes I to XX contained performance records from 1949 through 1966. A Pro- duction Leader booklet listed Gold Star Sires and Dams, sum- marized sires, and herd lactation averages for those with ten or more cows. The Guernsey Club had the first breed booth at the National Dairy Show in 1907. Several books and breed brochures have been published. William H. Caldwell wrote three books: Langtcater Guernseys, The Glenwood Girls, and The Guernsey-all published by the Guernsey Club. James E. Russell of Glenburnie Farm pre- pared Heredity in Dairy Cattle in 1944. This booklet described the art of breeding dairy cattle, based on successes and failures of four leading dairy herds. Written for Future Farmers and 4-H Club members, it was of equal interest and value to experienced breeders. The American Guernsey Cattle Club owns the office building in Peterborough, New Hampshire 03458. Max Dawdy is the Secretary- Treasurer. REFERENCES Ames, F. Lothrop. 1918. Stock breeding as a science and an art. Breeders Gaz. 74:1108-9, 1221-22. Becker, R. B., C. F. Simpson, and C. J. Wilcox. 1963. Hairless Guernsey cattle. 1. Hered. 54:2-7. Becker, R. B., C. J. Wilcox, and W. R. Pritchard. 1961. Progressive posterior paralysis (crampy) in mature cattle. Florida Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 639. Becker, R. B., C. F. Simpson, L. O. Gilmore, and N. S. Fechheimer. 1964. Genetic aspects of actinomycosis and actinobacillosis in cattle. Florida Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 670 and Ohio Agr. Expt. Sta. Res. Bull. 938. 224 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS BREED PUBLICITY The Guernsey Breeders' Association around Philadelphia established the Guernsey Breeders' Journal in 1885 with Willis P. Hazard as editor. The responsibility was great, and they requested the Ameri- can Guernsey Cattle Club to assume the publication. The Journal was printed quarterly with sections of the Herd Register. It became a monthly magazine in 1910, and has been published twice monthly since July 1916. Production records were published first in Advanced Registry volumes. These were replaced by the Performance Register, which also contained show winnings and type classifications. Volumes I to XX contained performance records from 1949 through 1966. A Pro- duction Leader booklet listed Gold Star Sires and Dams, sum- marized sires, and herd lactation averages for those with ten or more cows. The Guernsey Club had the first breed booth at the National Dairy Show in 1907. Several books and breed brochures have been published. William H. Caldwell wrote three books: Langwater Guernseys, The Glenwood Girls, and The Guernsey-all published by the Guernsey Club. James E. Russell of Glenburnie Farm pre- pared Heredity in Dairy Cattle in 1944. This booklet described the art of breeding dairy cattle, based on successes and failures of four leading dairy herds. Written for Future Farmers and 4-H Club members, it was of equal interest and value to experienced breeders. The American Guernsey Cattle Club owns the office building in Peterborough, New Hampshire 03458. Max Dawdy is the Secretary- Treasurer. REFERENCES Ames, F. Lothrop. 1918. Stock breeding as a science and an art. Breeders GaC. 74:1108-9, 1221-22. Becker, R. B., C. F. Simpson, and C. J. Wilcox. 1963. Hairless Guernsey cattle. J. Hered. 54:2-7. Becker, R. B., C. J. Wilcox, and W. R. Pritchard. 1961. Progressive posterior paralysis ( crampy) in mature cattle. Florida Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 639. Becker, R. B., C. F. Simpson, L. O. Gilmore, and N. S. Fechheimer. 1964. Genetic aspects of actinomycosis and actinobacillosis in cattle. Florida Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 670 and Ohio Agr. Expt. Sta. Res. Bull. 938.  Guernseys in t nd s 225 Guernseys in the United States 225 Guernseys in the United States 225 Berousek, E. R., J. A. Whatley, R. D. Morrison, S. D. Musgrave, and W. R. Harvey. 1961. Heritability and repeatability estimates of production and type of Guernsey cattle. Guernsey Breeders' J. 107:41. Betts, Silas. 1900. The Guernsey cow. Herd Register 1l:xvii-xxii. Biddle, Craig. [Report of churn test of an Alderney cow.] Memoirs of Phila- delphia Soc. for Promotion of Agr. 4:155. Caldwell, William H. 1925. Langwater Guernseys. Peterborough, N.H. . 1941. The Guernsey. Peterborough, N.H. . 1941. The story of the Glenwood Girls. Peterborough, N.H. Clark, John S. 1942. History of the score card. Guernsey Breeder' J. 61: 1069-71. Codman, James M. 1900. The Guernsey breed of cattle. Herd Register 1:iii-v. Colebank, Lawrence O. 1967. Can the colored breeds come back? Hoard's Dairyman 112:1205, 1224. Copeland, Lynn. 1965. A study of Guernsey bulls. Guemsey Breeder' J. 116: 541. Cummings, C. M. 1952. The Advanced Registry for 75 years. Guernsey Breeder' J. 84:611-17. Dawdy, Max L. 1970. A breed priority-More sampling and proving of young Guernsey sires. Guernsey Breeders' J. 126:651-55. Dickey, Howard C. 1970. A look at the future in dairy cattle breeding. Guern- sey Breeder' J. 126:232-33, 292. Eckles, C. H., and E. L. Anthony. 1956. Dairy cattle and milk production. 5th ed. Macmillan, New York. Fitzpatrick, W. W. 1934. Golden Guernsey Milk as sold under the label of the American Guernsey Cattle Club. Guernsey Breeders' J. 45:169-70, 203-4. Hazard, Willis P. 1872. The Jersey, Alderney and Guernsey cow. 10th ed. Porter & Coates, Philadelphia. Hepburn, William K. 1943. Great brood cows are the intrinsic value behind great sires. Guernsey Breeders' J. 63:102-3, 109. Hill, Charles L. 1917. The Guernsey breed. Kimball, Waterloo, Iowa. Legates, J. E., and George Hyatt, Jr. 1956. Relationship between type and pro- duction. Guesey Breeders' J. 96:910-11, 931. Lounsbury, L. R. 1960. Memories of breed progress. Guernsey Breeders' J. 106:112-17, 152. Munn, W. A. 1937. Restricted registration. Guernsey Breeders' J. 51:1133. Prentice, E. Parmalee. 1942. American dairy cattle. Harper, New York. Rakes, J. M., O. T. Stallcup, and D. F. Potts. 1962. Composition of Guernsey milk. Guernsey Breeders' J. 110:323-24. Rice, V. A. 1947. A neglected Held-cow families. Guernsey Breeder' J. 71: 289-93. Robertson, James B. 1936. The Guernsey cow called May Rose II. Guernsey Breeder' J. 49:326-29, 343. Russell, James H. 1944. Heredity in dairy cattle. Peterborough, N.H. Shultz, Earl N. 1947. The frst official classification. Guernsey Breeders' J. 71: 930-31. . 1948. A look at the breed. Guernsey Breeder' J. 73:1185-86, 1219. Stewart, Robert D. 1958. "Gold Star" program to recognize sires, dams and breeders. Guernsey Breeders' 1. 102:342-43. 1958. AR-HIR testing. HIR-DHIA trial in Pennsylvania. Guernsey Breeders' J. 102:1408-9. . 1958. Report of study of skin seeretion of Guernsey cattle in relation to milk color. Guernsey Breeder' J. 102:1410, 1414. Berousek, E. R., J. A. Whatley, R. D. Morrison, S. D. Musgrave, and W. R. Harvey. 1961. Heritability and repeatability estimates of production and type of Guernsey cattle. Guernsey Breeder' J. 107:41. Betts, Silas. 1900. The Guernsey cow. Herd Register 1:xvii-xxii. Biddle, Craig. [Report of churn test of an Alderney cow.] Memoirs of Phila- delphia Soc. for Promotion of Agr. 4:155. Caldwell, William H. 1925. Langwater Guernseys. Peterborough, N.H. . 1941. The Guernsey. Peterborough, N.H. . 1941. The story of the Glenwood Girls. Peterborough, N.H. Clark, John S. 1942. History of the score card. Guernsey Breeder' J. 61: 1069-71. Codman, James M. 1900. The Guernsey breed of cattle. Herd Register 1:iii-v. Colebank, Lawrence O. 1967. Can the colored breeds come back? Hoard's Dairyman 112:1205, 1224. Copeland, Lynn. 1965. A study of Guernsey bulls. Guemsey Breeders' J. 116: 541. Cummings, C. M. 1952. The Advanced Registry for 75 years. Guernsey Breeder' J. 84:611-17. Dawdy, Max L. 1970. A breed priority-More sampling and proving of young Guernsey sires. Guetsey Breeders' 1. 126:651-55. Dickey, Howard C. 1970. A look at the future in dairy cattle breeding. Guem- sey Breeder' J. 126:232-33, 292. Eckles, C. H., and E. L. Anthony. 1956. Dairy cattle and milk production. 5th ed. Macmillan, New York. Fitzpatrick, W. W. 1934. Golden Guernsey Milk as sold under the label of the American Guernsey Cattle Club. Guernsey Breeders' J. 45:169-70, 203-4. Hazard, Willis P. 1872. The Jersey, Alderney and Guernsey cow. 10th ed. Porter & Coates, Philadelphia. Hepburn, William K. 1943. Great brood cows are the intrinsic value behind great sires. Guernsey Breeders' J. 63:102-3, 109. Hill, Charles L. 1917. The Guernsey breed. Kimball, Waterloo, Iowa. Legates, J. E., and George Hyatt, Jr. 1956. Relationship between type and pro- duction. Guernsey Breeders' J. 96:910-11, 931. Lounsbury, L. R. 1960. Memories of breed progress. Guernsey Breeders' J. 106:112-17, 152. Munn, W. A. 1937. Restricted registration. Guernsey Breeders' J. 51:1133. Prentice, E. Parmalee. 1942. American dairy cattle. Harper, New York. Rakes, J. M., O. T. Stallcup, and D. F. Potts. 1962. Composition of Guernsey milk. Guernsey Breeders' J. 110:323-24. Rice, V. A. 1947. A neglected feld-cow families. Guernsey Breeders' J. 71: 289-93. Robertson, James B. 1936. The Guernsey cow called May Rose II. Guernsey Breeder' J. 49:326-29, 343. Russell, James H. 1944. Heredity lo dairy cattle. Peterborough, N.H. Shultz, Earl N. 1947. The frst offcial classifeation. Guernsey Breeder' J. 71: 930-31. . 1948. A look at the breed. Guernsey Breeder' J. 73:1185-86, 1219. Stewart, Robert D. 1958. "Gold Star" program to recognize sires, dams and breeders. Guernsey Breeder' 1. 102:342-43. . 1958. AR-HIR testing. HIR-DHIA trial in Pennsylvania. Guernsey Breeders' J. 102:1408-9. . 1958. Report of study of skin secretion of Guernsey cattle in relation to milk color. Guernsey Breeders' J. 102:1410, 1414. Berousek, E. R., J. A. Whatley, R. D. Morrison, S. D. Musgrave, and W. R. Harvey. 1961. Heritability and repeatability estimates of production and type of Guernsey cattle. Guernsey Breeders' J. 107:41. Betts, Silas. 1900. The Guernsey cow. Herd Register 1:xvii-xxii. Biddle, Craig. [Report of churn test of an Alderney cow.] Memoirs of Phila- delphia Soc. for Promotion of Agr. 4:155. Caldwell, William H. 1925. Langwater Guernseys. Peterborough, N.H. . 1941. The Guernsey. Peterborough, N.H. . 1941. The story of the Glenwood Girls. Peterborough, N.H. Clark, John S. 1942. History of the score card. Guernsey Breeder' J. 61: 1069-71. Codman, James M. 1900. The Guernsey breed of cattle. Herd Register 1iii-v. Colebank, Lawrence O. 1967. Can the colored breeds come back? Hoard's Dairyman 112:1205, 1224. Copeland, Lynn. 1965. A study of Guernsey bulls. Guernsey Breeder' J. 116: 541. Cummings, C. M. 1952. The Advanced Registry for 75 years. Guernsey Breeders' J. 84:611-17. Dawdy, Max L. 1970. A breed priority-More sampling and proving of young Guernsey sires. Guernsey Breeder' J. 126:651-55. Dickey, Howard C. 1970. A look at the future in dairy cattle breeding. Guern- sey Breeders' J. 126:232-33, 292. Eckles, C. H., and E. L. Anthony. 1956. Dairy cattle and milk production. 5th ed. Macmillan, New York. Fitzpatrick, W. W. 1934. Golden Guernsey Milk as sold under the label of the American Guernsey Cattle Club. Guernsey Breeders' J. 45:169-70, 203-4. Hazard, Willis P. 1872. The Jersey, Alderney and Guernsey cow. 10th ed. Porter & Coates, Philadelphia. Hepburn, William K. 1943. Great brood cows are the intrinsic value behind great sires. Guernsey Breeders' J. 63:102-3, 109. Hill, Charles L. 1917. The Guernsey breed. Kimball, Waterloo, Iowa. Legates, J. E., and George Hyatt, Jr. 1956. Relationship between type and pro- duction. Guernsey Breeders' 1. 96:910-11, 931. Lounsbury, L. R. 1960. Memories of breed progress. Guernsey Breeders' J. 106:112-17, 152. Munn, W. A. 1937. Restricted registration. Guesey Breeders' J. 51:1133. Prentice, E. Parmalee. 1942. American dairy cattle. Harper, New York. Rakes, J. M., O. T. Stallcup, and D. F. Potts. 1962. Composition of Guernsey milk. Guernsey Breeders' J. 110:323-24. Rice, V. A. 1947. A neglected field-.cow families. Guernsey Breeders' J. 71: 289-93. Robertson, James B. 1936. The Guernsey cow called May Rose II. Guernsey Breeder' J. 49:326-29, 343. Russell, James H. 1944. Heredity in dairy cattle. Peterborough, N.H. Shultz, Earl N. 1947. The rst offcial classification. Guernsey Breeder' J. 71: 930-31. . 1948. A look at the breed. Guernsey Breeder' J. 73:1185-86, 1219. Stewart, Robert D. 1958. "Gold Star" program to recognize sires, dams and breeders. Guernsey Breeders' 1. 102:342-43. . 1958. AR-HIR testing. HIR-DHIA trial in Pennsylvania. Guernsey Breeders' J. 102:1408-9. . 1958. Report of study of skin secretion of Guernsey eattle in relation to milk color. Guernsey Breedert' J. 102:1410, 1414.  226 DAIBY CATTLE BREEDS .1961. GerDsey clifDicaton programE correlats type aEnd prdutonED. Guernsey Beeders' J. 108:342-43. ISwain, JaeBs. 1909. Channel Islad catlie. AmSer. Agriclturist 27:135-3O. WodDwardES, EdwinB 0. 1942. Guernseys iD AmSerica. In E. P. PentBeB, Ameri- cnDairy CDttle. HarerEB, New York. Pp. 375-93. AerBican Guersey Catle lEu1b pubicaons 1878-1933. Herd Registe. Vols. 1-45. 1977-1927. The sIory so bolfl century. 1939. BeedOing bSetter Guerseys. 1941. Perfomanc Rlegister. Vos. 1-. GuernDseyBeeders' J. 2935. The Be'S HedE Test foE GueEseys. 37:199-200, 207. 1941. Geat production ies. 60:554-57. 1944. Ham~ilton ounty csifies. 66:9-12. 1944. Held classification. 65412. 1969. The GDernsey BeedIes' ouEaI for bolf a cenBtury. 106:04-Il0. 1961. Revision of She onstEtutDo 00nd By-Las o She AmSercOB Guer'sey Cat1le 01Db. 107:20-22, 42. 1967. The AmSerican GDernsey Catle lEu1b type cliiODcatEDn DBes aSnd regu- BatoEs. 119:744. 1970. The propDos ProviionaEl RegistraonD ProgramS iB dEamatc foDS. 125:128-29, 508-9. 226 DAIRBY CATTLE BREEDS .__ 1961. Gernsey cliiOcBton programS DDreIates tpe ad productEon. Guernsey Breders' J. 10:341-43. Swain, James. 1909. ChaelB IslSand catlIe. Ame. Agriclturst 27:135-30. WDDdward, EdwSiD G. 1942. GDeEBseys Bn America. ID E. P. PeIcE, meri- caS DaiEy CoSSle. Har~per, NBew YDrk. Pp. 375-83. AmSeEScOn Guernsey Cotle C1Db pubicatOons 1878-1933. Herod RegisteE. VoIs. 1-45. 1877-1927. Tbe sISSy sof boll a century. 1939. EBeding beSIDer GueEnseys. 1941. PerformDDIce RegisteE. Vos. 1-. GuseyIDBrDeedIer'J. 1935. ThSe Be'S Herd TesS foE GDerseys. 37:199-200, 207. 1941. Geat prducton siEes. 609:554-57. 1944. HamiltoDn ounty classifies. 90:9-12. 1944. Herd cIlaOssifcaio. 65,12. 1960. TIe GueEDsey BeedeEs' JouEaI foE bolf o cIentury. 10,:194-Ill. 1901. ReCviio of tbe Consttuton a By-Laws Dof tbe AmeErEcan Guersey Catle lE01b. 107:29-22, 42. 1907. The AmeicBn GDernsey Catl Clu1b type clifSDcatEDn Iules and regu- SaIDEs. 119:744. 1970. Tbe propsed Provisional RegSistionD PrDoram in drEamatc formS. 125:128-29, 508-9. 220 DAIBY CATTLE BREEDS .1961. ODe'nsey ElifictonDD pEroEram cEEeIDtes type andS prdution. Guernsey BeederEs' 1. 108:342-43. SwinO James. 1909. CbannelI sld catle. Am~e. Agiclturist 27:135-30. WoodSard, EdSiB 0. 1942. OueEDseys lB AeriEca. ID E. P. PentBcE, mri- cOnDairySE Catl. Harpe, Ne'S Yorb. Pp. 375-83. AerEcan GuerDsey Catle lEu1b pubicatDio 1978-1933. He-d Registe. Vols. 1-45. 1877-1927. Tbe sISry Sof bollf acentury. 1939. Bedin~g beterE GueEDsey. 1941. Peformance Regilse. Vosl. 1-. Guernsey BrederOB' J. 1935. The Dnew Herd TesS foE Oueseys. 37:199-200, 207. 1941. Great pEroducEon sirest. 0:554-57. 1944. Homilton County classOfES. 66:9-12. 1944. Herd clssifiEo. 65:12. 1900. Tbe Guernsey BeedSeEs' Joural foE boll o century. 10:104-110. 1901. ReCsiDn Dof tbe ConsEituton sod By-LsS Dof tbe AmeiScaB GueBnsey CatSe C1Db. 107:20-22, 42. 1907. The AerEcaB GuIesey Cale Club type clssificaon BSlEs a regu- BatoEs. 119:744. 1970. Tbe proposed ProvsionaI Regstrion PrD5ora iD damatc forBm. 125:128-29, 508-9.  Sf t A , v / Y NJw CHAPTER 12 FRIESIANS IN THE NETHERLANDS HE BREED of cattle called Holstein-Friesians in the United States is known as Friesians in the native country and much of the British empire. The Netherlands comprise 12 provinces, including a prov- ince reclaimed from the Zuider Zee (South Sea). A 20-mile earth dike extending from North Holland, Wieringen Island, and the coast of Friesland was begun in 1927 and closed in May 1932. This made a freshwater lake of the brackish Zuider Zee, since renamed the Ijsselmeer (Ysselmeer). The northern provinces of Groningen, Friesland, and North Holland extend westward from the German border. Early development of the Friesian breed centered largely in Friesland and North Holland, and spread to other provinces. The Netherlands lies between 52' and 53° 30" North latitude, farther north than Newfoundland. The land extends from 17 feet below sea level to 300 feet elevation, with an extreme altitude of Headpiece: Vignette of Friesian cow. 227 CHAPTER 12 FRIESIANS IN THE NETHERLANDS THE BREED of cattle called Holstein-Friesians in the United States is known as Friesians in the native country and much of the British empire. The Netherlands comprise 12 provinces, including a prov- ince reclaimed from the Zuider Zee (South Sea). A 20-mile earth dike extending from North Holland, Wieringen Island, and the coast of Friesland was begun in 1927 and closed in May 1932. This made a freshwater lake of the brackish Zuider Zee, since renamed the Ijsselmeer (Ysselmeer). The northern provinces of Groningen, Friesland, and North Holland extend westward from the German border. Early development of the Friesian breed centered largely in Friesland and North Holland, and spread to other provinces. The Netherlands lies between 52' and 53' 30" North latitude, farther north than Newfoundland. The land extends from 17 feet below sea level to 300 feet elevation, with an extreme altitude of Headpiece: Vignette of Friesian cow. 227 CHAPTER 12 FRIESIANS IN THE NETHERLANDS THE BREED of cattle called Holstein-Friesians in the United States is known as Friesians in the native country and much of the British empire. The Netherlands comprise 12 provinces, including a prov- ince reclaimed from the Zuider Zee (South Sea). A 20-mile earth dike extending from North Holland, Wieringen Island, and the coast of Friesland was begun in 1927 and closed in May 1932. This made a freshwater lake of the brackish Zuider Zee, since renamed the Ijsselmeer (Ysselmeer). The northern provinces of Groningen, Friesland, and North Holland extend westward from the German border. Early development of the Friesian breed centered largely in Friesland and North Holland, and spread to other provinces. The Netherlands lies between 52' and 53' 30" North latitude, farther north than Newfoundland. The land extends from 17 feet below sea level to 300 feet elevation, with an extreme altitude of Headpiece: Vignette of Friesian cow. 227  228 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 22 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 22 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 960 feet in the southeast. About 1,200,000 acres have been reclaimed from the sea, marshes, and lakes by building dikes and pumping off the water. The new province will include 553,500 acres reclaimed from the Ysselmeer. Winds off the Gulf Stream in the Atlantic Ocean moderate the winter rigors associated with a northern lati- tude. The moderately cool summer and moist climate favor grasses. root crops, and cereal grains-feeds adapted for dairy cows. Crops include rye, oats, fodder, sugar beets, wheat, peas, and lesser cereals in order of acreage. Farms and fields in the lowlands are separated by canals. Some electric fences are used. Most farms comprise 35 to 75 acres; the largest in 1926 was 270 acres. The soils vary between clay and sand in large part, with peat in low areas. Some soils are low in copper or magnesium. Cows obtain about 75 percent of their nutrients from pastures and early-cut hays which grow on. 55 percent of the farmland. Much of the grassland is on moist soils ill-adapted for cultivation, or on heavily fertilized light sandy soil. Rotational and strip grazing give more efficient use of the forages which are of high nutritive value. Hays are cured naturally on tripods or by artificial drying. Grasses are ensiled with some sugar-containing preservative or after wilting for 1 or 2 days in favorable weather. Concentrates are lim- ited to 850 to 1,100 pounds mainly during the winter. EARLY CATrLE Early Kjokkesnoddings or shell mounds of the Old Stone Age along the coast contained bones of migratory wild fowls, stag, roe- deer, and wild boar. About 3 percent of other animals included B. primigenius Bojanus. Traces of a smaller ox were found. B. longi- frons Owen was brought in under domestication late in the Old Stone Age. Professor Worsaae, Danish archaeologist, considered that Danubian immigrants brought domesticated cattle and horses north during the Neolithic era of the New Stone Age. Manmade mounds or terpens were built up in some lowlands of Friesland and Gronin- gen for safety of people and animals during floods. Little is known of cattle near the North Sea other than from fossil remains found in connection with burials, migrations, and conquests. Skulls of present-day Friesian cattle studied by D. L. Bakker in 960 feet in the southeast. About 1,200,000 acres have been reclaimed from the sea, marshes, and lakes by building dikes and pumping off the water. The new province will include 553,500 acres reclaimed from the Ysselmeer. Winds off the Gulf Stream in the Atlantic Ocean moderate the winter rigors associated with a northern lati- tude. The moderately cool summer and moist climate favor grasses. root crops, and cereal grains-feeds adapted for dairy cows. Crops include rye, oats, fodder, sugar beets, wheat, peas, and lesser cereals in order of acreage. Farms and fields in the lowlands are separated by canals. Some electric fences are used. Most farms comprise 35 to 75 acres; the largest in 1926 was 270 acres. The soils vary between clay and sand in large part, with peat in low areas. Some soils are low in copper or magnesium. Cows obtain about 75 percent of their nutrients from pastures and early-cut hays which grow on. 55 percent of the farmland. Much of the grassland is on moist soils ill-adapted for cultivation, or on heavily fertilized light sandy soil. Rotational and strip grazing give more efficient use of the forages which are of high nutritive value. Hays are cured naturally on tripods or by artificial drying. Grasses are ensiled with some sugar-containing preservative or after wilting for 1 or 2 days in favorable weather. Concentrates are lim- ited to 850 to 1,100 pounds mainly during the winter. EARLY CATTLE Early Kjokkenmoddings or shell mounds of the Old Stone Age along the coast contained bones of migratory wild fowls, stag, roe- deer, and wild boar. About 3 percent of other animals included B. primigenius Bojanus. Traces of a smaller ox were found. B. longi- frons Owen was brought in under domestication late in the Old Stone Age. Professor Worsaae, Danish archaeologist, considered that Danubian immigrants brought domesticated cattle and horses north during the Neolithic era of the New Stone Age. Manmade mounds or terpens were built up in some lowlands of Friesland and Gronin- gen for safety of people and animals during floods. Little is known of cattle near the North Sea other than from fossil remains found in connection with burials, migrations, and conquests. Skulls of present-day Friesian cattle studied by D. L. Bakker in 960 feet in the southeast. About 1,200,000 acres have been reclaimed from the sea, marshes, and lakes by building dikes and pumping off the water. The new province will include 553,500 acres reclaimed from the Ysselmeer. Winds off the Gulf Stream in the Atlantic Ocean moderate the winter rigors associated with a northern lati- tude. The moderately cool summer and moist climate favor grasses. root crops, and cereal grains-feeds adapted for dairy cows. Crops include rye, oats, fodder, sugar beets, wheat, peas, and lesser cereals in order of acreage. Farms and fields in the lowlands are separated by canals. Some electric fences are used. Most farms comprise 35 to 75 acres; the largest in 1926 was 270 acres. The soils vary between clay and sand in large part, with peat in low areas. Some soils are low in copper or magnesium. Cows obtain about 75 percent of their nutrients from pastures and early-cut hays which grow on. 55 percent of the farmland. Much of the grassland is on moist soils ill-adapted for cultivation, or on heavily fertilized light sandy soil. Rotational and strip grazing give more efficient use of the forages which are of high nutritive value. Hays are cured naturally on tripods or by artificial drying. Grasses are ensiled with some sugar-containing preservative or after wilting for 1 or 2 days in favorable weather. Concentrates are lim- ited to 850 to 1,100 pounds mainly during the winter. EARLY CATTLE Early Kjokkenmoddings or shell mounds of the Old Stone Age along the coast contained bones of migratory wild fowls, stag, roe- deer, and wild boar. About 3 percent of other animals included B. primigenius Bojanus. Traces of a smaller ox were found. B. longi- frons Owen was brought in under domestication late in the Old Stone Age. Professor Worsaae, Danish archaeologist, considered that Danubian immigrants brought domesticated cattle and horses north during the Neolithic era of the New Stone Age. Manmade mounds or terpens were built up in some lowlands of Friesland and Gronin- gen for safety of people and animals during floods. Little is known of cattle near the North Sea other than from fossil remains found in connection with burials, migrations, and conquests. Skulls of present-day Friesian cattle studied by D. L. Bakker in  Friesians in the Netherlands 229 Friesians in the Netherlands 229 Friesians in the Netherlands 229 1909 compared closely with B. taurus brachyceros Rutimeyer, which Owen called longifrons. Two outer horn shells of the aurochs in the Friesch Museum (Leeuwarden) were credited to the late Stone Age or early Bronze Age, from a mound near Oudaga that con- tained stone axes, early pottery, and a bronze "dagger." One horn shell exceeded 3.75 inches at the inside diameter of the base and 24 inches along the outer curvature. Bakker reported a "bastard" race, apparently crossbred between B. primigenius and B. longi- frons. They most closely resembled the present Friesian cattle. G. J. Hengerveld cited a legend that the Friesians brought cattle and cultures with them from the lower Rhineland about 300 B.C. and that the mother of their cattle-"a cow as white as snow"-came earlier from India. Batavians were said to have arrived two cen- turies later from Hesse near the Rhone headwaters, bringing black cattle. Circumstantial and genetic evidence points to other sources for color inheritance. The Romans found the tribes of northern Europe to possess many cattle, as mentioned in De Belli Gallico (Book 6, Chapter 26) written about 65 n.C. A. Tacitus stated, "They [Friesians and Ba- tavians] owned cattle, not excelling in beauty, but in numbers." White cows were held in religious reverence, suggesting scarcity of this color. The Friesians paid tribute to the Romans in meat, cattle, hides, and horns. The Batavians furnished a contingent of soldiers instead. Later the Friesians and Saxons defied Roman rule. In the fourth century A.D., these northern tribes extended their in- fluence along the coast to the Rhine River. Two skulls of cattle of similar proportions were in the Friesch Museum, one dating to Roman times. This skull is long and nar- row, with horns extending outward and slightly forward. Both skulls resemble present-day Friesian cows. DusAsTERS AFFECT THE REGION The North Sea broke through the coastal dunes between 1219 and 1287, flooded the lowlands, and formed the Zuider Zee. This lake bottom is now being reclaimed. Dutch cattle long have been recognized as dairy animals, with cheesemaking as an outlet for their product. A cattle market was 1909 compared closely with B. taurus brachyceros Rutimeyer, which Owen called longifrons. Two outer horn shells of the aurochs in the Friesch Museum (Leeuwarden) were credited to the late Stone Age or early Bronze Age, from a mound near Oudaga that con- tained stone axes, early pottery, and a bronze "dagger." One horn shell exceeded 3.75 inches at the inside diameter of the base and 24 inches along the outer curvature. Bakker reported a "bastard" race, apparently crossbred between B. primigenius and B. longi- frons. They most closely resembled the present Friesian cattle. G. J. Hengerveld cited a legend that the Friesians brought cattle and cultures with them from the lower Rhineland about 300 B.C. and that the mother of their cattle-"a cow as white as snow"-came earlier from India. Batavians were said to have arrived two cen- turies later from Hesse near the Rhone headwaters, bringing black cattle. Circumstantial and genetic evidence points to other sources for color inheritance. The Romans found the tribes of northern Europe to possess many cattle, as mentioned in De Belli Gallico (Book 6, Chapter 26) written about 65 B.c. A. Tacitus stated, "They [Friesians and Ba- tavians] owned cattle, not excelling in beauty, but in numbers." White cows were held in religious reverence, suggesting scarcity of this color. The Friesians paid tribute to the Romans in meat, cattle, hides, and horns. The Batavians furnished a contingent of soldiers instead. Later the Friesians and Saxons defied Roman rule. In the fourth century A.D., these northern tribes extended their in- fluence along the coast to the Rhine River. Two skulls of cattle of similar proportions were in the Friesch Museum, one dating to Roman times. This skull is long and nar- row, with horns extending outward and slightly forward. Both skulls resemble present-day Friesian cows. DISASTERs AFFECT THE REGION The North Sea broke through the coastal dunes between 1219 and 1287, flooded the lowlands, and formed the Zuider Zee. This lake bottom is now being reclaimed. Dutch cattle long have been recognized as dairy animals, with cheesemaking as an outlet for their product. A cattle market was 1909 compared closely with B. taurus brachyceros Rutimeyer, which Owen called longifrons. Two outer horn shells of the aurochs in the Friesch Museum (Leeuwarden) were credited to the late Stone Age or early Bronze Age, from a mound near Oudaga that con- tained stone axes, early pottery, and a bronze "dagger." One horn shell exceeded 3.75 inches at the inside diameter of the base and 24 inches along the outer curvature. Bakker reported a "bastard" race, apparently crossbred between B. primigenius and B. longi- frons. They most closely resembled the present Friesian cattle. G. J. Hengerveld cited a legend that the Friesians brought cattle and cultures with them from the lower Rhineland about 300 B.C. and that the mother of their cattle-"a cow as white as snow"-came earlier from India. Batavians were said to have arrived two cen- turies later from Hesse near the Rhone headwaters, bringing black cattle. Circumstantial and genetic evidence points to other sources for color inheritance. The Romans found the tribes of northern Europe to possess many cattle, as mentioned in De Belli Gallico (Book 6, Chapter 26) written about 65 B.C. A. Tacitus stated, "They [Friesians and Ba- tavians] owned cattle, not excelling in beauty, but in numbers." White cows were held in religious reverence, suggesting scarcity of this color. The Friesians paid tribute to the Romans in meat, cattle, hides, and horns. The Batavians furnished a contingent of soldiers instead. Later the Friesians and Saxons defied Roman rule. In the fourth century A.D., these northern tribes extended their in- fluence along the coast to the Rhine River. Two skulls of cattle of similar proportions were in the Friesch Museum, one dating to Roman times. This skull is long and nar- row, with horns extending outward and slightly forward. Both skulls resemble present-day Friesian cows. DIssATERS AFFECT THE REGION The North Sea broke through the coastal dunes between 1219 and 1287, flooded the lowlands, and formed the Zuider Zee. This lake bottom is now being reclaimed. Dutch cattle long have been recognized as dairy animals, with cheesemaking as an outlet for their product. A cattle market was  230 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS operated in Utrecht in 660 A.D., another in Haarlem in 1266, one at Schiedam in 1270, and others later. Diseases, floods, and wars decimated the cattle population in parts of the Netherlands at long intervals. Many cattle died in 376- 395, 810, and even as late as 1782. Nearly 396,000 cattle died in the last great epidemic. Stronger dikes were built in the thirteenth cen- tury. The lowlands of Groningen, Friesland, North and South Hol- land, and Zeeland suffered most from inundations. Many people and cattle drowned in floods in 512, 516, 533, 570, 584, and 1170. Some 80,000 persons and animals drowned in Friesland alone in 1187; about 100,000 drowned in 1219. Other floods spread destrue- tion in the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries. In 1570, 9,000 people and 70,000 cattle were drowned in Groningen. Losses were suffered in 1686, 1717, and later, until stronger and higher dikes reduced floods after 1825. War breached the dikes of Wal- cheren Island in 1944 and the Germans breached dikes again before surrender. Gale winds pushed a high tide over the dikes in Febru- ary 1953, drowning many people and cattle. Contagious diseases swept Friesland repeatedly. In 1713 and 1714 with entry of rinderpest, over 300,000 cattle died in 13 months; two-thirds of the cattle died in 1744-56. Friesland lost 109,597 cattle in 11 months (1744-45) and 97,756 head in 6 months in 1768-69; other northern provinces had proportionate losses. Other outbreaks were less severe. Danish, Holstein, and small German cows from Oldenburg, Munster, and Hanover were purchased to replenish the herds following a rinderpest outbreak in 1769. By 1800 cattle had increased to more than 900,000 head in the Netherlands. About 18 million pounds of cheese were produced annually from 1801 to 1804. Armies of Napoleon I took large drafts of cattle in the begin- ning of the nineteenth century, yet cattle breeding prospered. More German cattle were brought into the northern parts of the Nether- lands following drownings from great storms between 1820 and 1825 and losses from a severe lung disease between 1833 and 1849. Bakker wrote of these disasters: If one takes into consideration the great losses caused by drowning and contagious diseases combined with the recur- rent wars, it cannot be wondered that cattle breeding was 230 D AIRY CATTLE BREEDS operated in Utrecht in 660 A.D., another in Haarlem in 1266, one at Schiedam in 1270, and others later. Diseases, floods, and wars decimated the cattle population in parts of the Netherlands at long intervals. Many cattle died in 376- 395, 810, and even as late as 1782. Nearly 396,000 cattle died in the last great epidemic. Stronger dikes were built in the thirteenth cen- tury. The lowlands of Groningen, Friesland, North and South Hol- land, and Zeeland suffered most from inundations. Many people and cattle drowned in floods in 512, 516, 533, 570, 584, and 1170. Some 80,000 persons and animals drowned in Friesland alone in 1187; about 100,000 drowned in 1219. Other floods spread destrue- tion in the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries. In 1570, 9,000 people and 70,000 cattle were drowned in Groningen. Losses were suffered in 1686, 1717, and later, until stronger and higher dikes reduced floods after 1825. War breached the dikes of Wal- cheren Island in 1944 and the Germans breached dikes again before surrender. Gale winds pushed a high tide over the dikes in Febru- ary 1953, drowning many people and cattle. Contagious diseases swept Friesland repeatedly. In 1713 and 1714 with entry of rinderpest, over 300,000 cattle died in 13 months; two-thirds of the cattle died in 1744,56. Friesland lost 109,597 cattle in 11 months (1744-45) and 97,756 head in 6 months in 1768-69; other northern provinces had proportionate losses. Other outbreaks were less severe. Danish, Holstein, and small German cows from Oldenburg, Munster, and Hanover were purchased to replenish the herds following a rinderpest outbreak in 1769. By 1800 cattle had increased to more than 900,000 head in the Netherlands. About 18 million pounds of cheese were produced annually from 1801 to 1804. Armies of Napoleon I took large drafts of cattle in the begin- ning of the nineteenth century, yet cattle breeding prospered. More German cattle were brought into the northern parts of the Nether- lands following drownings from great storms between 1820 and 1825 and losses from a severe lung disease between 1833 and 1849. Bakker wrote of these disasters: If one takes into consideration the great losses caused by drowning and contagious diseases combined with the recur- rent wars, it cannot be wondered that cattle breeding was 230 DAsIRY CATTLE BREEDS operated in Utrecht in 660 A.D., another in Haarlem in 1266, one at Schiedam in 1270, and others later. Diseases, floods, and wars decimated the cattle population in parts of the Netherlands at long intervals. Many cattle died in 376- 395, 810, and even as late as 1782. Nearly 396,000 cattle died in the last great epidemic. Stronger dikes were built in the thirteenth cen- tury. The lowlands of Groningen, Friesland, North and South Hol- land, and Zeeland suffered most from inundations. Many people and cattle drowned in floods in 512, 516, 533, 570, 584, and 1170. Some 80,000 persons and animals drowned in Friesland alone in 1187; about 100,000 drowned in 1219. Other floods spread destrue- tion in the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries. In 1570, 9,000 people and 70,000 cattle were drowned in Groningen. Losses were suffered in 1686, 1717, and later, until stronger and higher dikes reduced floods after 1825. War breached the dikes of Wal- cheren Island in 1944 and the Germans breached dikes again before surrender. Gale winds pushed a high tide over the dikes in Febru- ary 1953, drowning many people and cattle. Contagious diseases swept Friesland repeatedly. In 1713 and 1714 with entry of rinderpest, over 300,000 cattle died in 13 months; two-thirds of the cattle died in 1744-56. Friesland lost 109,597 cattle in 11 months (1744-45) and 97,756 head in 6 months in 1768-69; other northern provinces had proportionate losses. Other outbreaks were less severe. Danish, Holstein, and small German cows from Oldenburg, Munster, and Hanover were purchased to replenish the herds following a rinderpest outbreak in 1769. By 1800 cattle had increased to more than 900,000 head in the Netherlands. About 18 million pounds of cheese were produced annually from 1801 to 1804. Armies of Napoleon I took large drafts of cattle in the begin- ning of the nineteenth century, yet cattle breeding prospered. More German cattle were brought into the northern parts of the Nether- lands following drownings from great storms between 1820 and 1825 and losses from a severe lung disease between 1833 and 1849. Bakker wrote of these disasters: If one takes into consideration the great losses caused by drowning and contagious diseases combined with the recur- rent wars, it cannot be wondered that cattle breeding was  Friesians in the Netherlands 231 Friesians in the Netherlands 231 Friesians in the Netherlands 231 found in a state of decadence at the end of the eighteenth century, and of the old superior class of cattle, few or none were to be noted long. It was necessary to buy smaller cattle from Denmark [which then included Schleswig-Holstein]. These were graded up however by the end of the eighteenth century to possess the qualities previously attributed to the native breed. Professor G. J. Hengeveld mentioned that the soil contained more clay near the seacoast, and "consequently we find large cattle in the provinces of Groningen, Friesland, North Holland, and in some parts of North Brabant and Limburg." COLORS OF DUTCH CATrLE Written history yielded limited evidence concerning cattle in the historic period. Bakker examined 80 paintings by Dutch landscape artists in art galleries, which show colors of 220 cattle. A retabula- tion of Bakker's study is in Table 12.1 Bakker believed that the black-and-white colors came into the Netherlands with cattle brought from Jutland and elsewhere following outbreaks of rinder- pest and other conditions. John Speir observed Dutch landscape paintings in British and Dutch art galleries. Few black-and-white cattle were pictured be- fore 1750. This color pattern presumably was possessed by animals brought as replacements from Denmark and Germany after 1750. Cattle on the Jutland peninsula were black-and-white, top-crossed later with Friesian bulls, and renamed the Black and White Danish breed. Spahr van der Hook assembled records of cattle in public sales during the eighteenth century and earlier. He concluded from the color descriptions that some cattle possessed black color markings in the sixteenth century. Then the red coat color became more prevalent until 1750, when the proportion with black color pattern increased. His tabulations supported in part the observations drawn from artists' landscape paintings. In 1905 K. Hoffman mentioned that red and red-spotted (with white) cattle had been recognized long in the Friesian breed. How- ever, few farmers bred specifically for red-spotted cows. These ani- mals were accorded a section in the early Friesian herdbook; 40 found in a state of decadence at the end of the eighteenth century, and of the old superior class of cattle, few or none were to be noted long. It was necessary to buy smaller cattle from Denmark [which then included Schleswig-Holstein]. These were graded up however by the end of the eighteenth century to possess the qualities previously attributed to the native breed. Professor G. J. Hengeveld mentioned that the soil contained more clay near the seacoast, and "consequently we find large cattle in the provinces of Groningen, Friesland, North Holland, and in some parts of North Brabant and Limburg." COLORS OF DUTCH CATTLE Written history yielded limited evidence concerning cattle in the historic period. Bakker examined 80 paintings by Dutch landscape artists in art galleries, which show colors of 220 cattle. A retabula- tion of Bakker's study is in Table 12.1 Bakker believed that the black-and-white colors came into the Netherlands with cattle brought from Jutland and elsewhere following outbreaks of rinder- pest and other conditions. John Speir observed Dutch landscape paintings in British and Dutch art galleries. Few black-and-white cattle were pictured be- fore 1750. This color pattern presumably was possessed by animals brought as replacements from Denmark and Germany after 1750. Cattle on the Jutland peninsula were black-and-white, top-crossed later with Friesian bulls, and renamed the Black and White Danish breed. Spahr van der Hook assembled records of cattle in public sales during the eighteenth century and earlier. He concluded from the color descriptions that some cattle possessed black color markings in the sixteenth century. Then the red coat color became more prevalent until 1750, when the proportion with black color pattern increased. His tabulations supported in part the observations drawn from artists' landscape paintings. In 1905 K. Hoffman mentioned that red and red-spotted (with white) cattle had been recognized long in the Friesian breed. How- ever, few farmers bred specifically for red-spotted cows. These ani- mals were accorded a section in the early Friesian herdbook; 40 found in a state of decadence at the end of the eighteenth century, and of the old superior class of cattle, few or none were to be noted long. It was necessary to buy smaller cattle from Denmark [which then included Schleswig-Holstein]. These were graded up however by the end of the eighteenth century to possess the qualities previously attributed to the native breed. Professor G. J. Hengeveld mentioned that the soil contained more clay near the seacoast, and "consequently we find large cattle in the provinces of Groningen, Friesland, North Holland, and in some parts of North Brabant and Limburg." COLORS OF DUTCH CATrLE Written history yielded limited evidence concerning cattle in the historic period. Bakker examined 80 paintings by Dutch landscape artists in art galleries, which show colors of 220 cattle. A retabula- tion of Bakker's study is in Table 12.1 Bakker believed that the black-and-white colors came into the Netherlands with cattle brought from Jutland and elsewhere following outbreaks of rinder- pest and other conditions. John Speir observed Dutch landscape paintings in British and Dutch art galleries. Few black-and-white cattle were pictured be- fore 1750. This color pattern presumably was possessed by animals brought as replacements from Denmark and Germany after 1750. Cattle on the Jutland peninsula were black-and-white, top-crossed later with Friesian bulls, and renamed the Black and White Danish breed. Spahr van der Hook assembled records of cattle in public sales during the eighteenth century and earlier. He concluded from the color descriptions that some cattle possessed black color markings in the sixteenth century. Then the red coat color became more prevalent until 1750, when the proportion with black color pattern increased. His tabulations supported in part the observations drawn from artists' landscape paintings. In 1905 K. Hoffman mentioned that red and red-spotted (with white) cattle had been recognized long in the Friesian breed. How- ever, few farmers bred specifically for red-spotted cows. These ani- mals were accorded a section in the early Friesian herdbook; 40  232 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 232 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 232 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS red-spotted bulls and 173 red-spotted cows were registered in 1903, compared with 2,889 bulls and 10,486 cows of the black-and-white pattern. Blue-spotted, dun-spotted, and mouse-gray cattle were in fewer numbers. Because red is recessive to black, this color some- times resulted from mating of black-spotted parents carrying the hereditary gene for recessive red. CATrLE SHOwS The first cattle show in the region was held at Brake (actually in north Germany) in 1836, the practice being introduced from Eng- land, according to U.S. Consul John W. Wilson (1883). Solomon TABLE 12.1 ComORS OF CATTLE IN THE NETHERLANDS, As PICTURED BY FAmus ARTISTS Nubr Numbers of cattle of variou -crs Period of cattle Red Fawn Yellow Dark Others Black-and-white 1550-1600 22 8 6 1 3 4 0 1600-1750 163 96 50 6 4 7 0 1750- 35 35 a. One white cow appeared with 6 fawn or yellow cows painted by R. Savery (1576-1637). b. Bakker counted 35 black-and-white cattle in 20 paintings since 1750. He did not tabulate the cattle of other colors that appeared also. Hoxie imported "the first prize cow" of Holland to the United States in 1880. By 1883 nearly every district held annual cattle shows, re- sulting in greater uniformity among the animals. The Provincial Commission for Cattle Improvement (PCV), sub- sidized by government appropriations, conducted local bull shows in the spring. The Friesch Rundvee Stamboek (herdbook society) held a central spring show for registered bulls in Leeuwarden, and held another in early October for herdbook bulls. Judging was on conformation, with the bulls being rated as first-, second-, or third- class groups. A first-prize animal was designated from among those in the first class. A pamphlet from the export association com- mented that "the . . . excellence reached could be judged from the exhibits at the great National Exposition of the Royal Netherlands Agricultural Society held at The Hague in 1923 and at Utrecht in 1935 and the National Show in 1928." red-spotted bulls and 173 red-spotted cows were registered in 1903, compared with 2,889 bulls and 10,486 cows of the black-and-white pattern. Blue-spotted, dun-spotted, and mouse-gray cattle were in fewer numbers. Because red is recessive to black, this color some- times resulted from mating of black-spotted parents carrying the hereditary gene for recessive red. CATrLE SHOwS The first cattle show in the region was held at Brake (actually in north Germany) in 1836, the practice being introduced from Eng- land, according to U.S. Consul John W. Wilson (1883). Solomon TABLE 12.1 COLORS OF CATrLE IN THE NETHERLANDS, AS PICTURED BY FAsos ARTssS Nubr Numbers of cattle of varions colors Period of eattle Red Fawn Yellow Dark Others Black-and-white 1550-1600 22 8 6 1 3 4 0 1600-1750 163 96 50 6 4 7 0 1750- 35 35 a. One white cow appeared with 6 fawn or yellow cows painted by R. Savery (1576-1637). b. Bakker counted 35 black-and-white cattle in 20 paintings since 1750. He did not tabulate the cattle of other colors that appeared also. Hoxie imported "the first prize cow" of Holland to the United States in 1880. By 1883 nearly every district held annual cattle shows, re- sulting in greater uniformity among the animals. The Provincial Commission for Cattle Improvement (PCV), sub- sidized by government appropriations, conducted local bull shows in the spring. The Friesch Rundvee Stamboek (herdbook society) held a central spring show for registered bulls in Leeuwarden, and held another in early October for herdbook bulls. Judging was on conformation, with the bulls being rated as first-, second-, or third- class groups. A first-prize animal was designated from among those in the first class. A pamphlet from the export association com- mented that "the . .. excellence reached could be judged from the exhibits at the great National Exposition of the Royal Netherlands Agricultural Society held at The Hague in 1923 and at Utrecht in 1935 and the National Show in 1928." red-spotted bulls and 173 red-spotted cows were registered in 1903, compared with 2,889 bulls and 10,486 cows of the black-and-white pattern. Blue-spotted, dun-spotted, and mouse-gray cattle were in fewer numbers. Because red is recessive to black, this color some- times resulted from mating of black-spotted parents carrying the hereditary gene for recessive red. CATrLE SHOwS The first cattle show in the region was held at Brake (actually in north Germany) in 1836, the practice being introduced from Eng- land, according to U.S. Consul John W. Wilson (1883). Solomon TABLE 12.1 COLORS OF CATTLE IN THE NETHERLANDS, As PIcTURED BY FAMous ARTISTS Number -- Period of cattle Red 1550-1600 22 8 1600-1750 163 96 1750- 35 Numbers of cattle of various colors Fawn Yellow Dark Others Black-and-white 6 1 3 4 0 50 6 4 7 0 35 a. One white cow appeared with 6 fawn or yellow cows painted by R. Savery (1576-1637). b. Bakker counted 35 black-and-white cattle in 20 paintings since 1750. He did not tabulate the cattle of other colors that appeared also. Hoxie imported "the first prize cow" of Holland to the United States in 1880. By 1883 nearly every district held annual cattle shows, re- sulting in greater uniformity among the animals. The Provincial Commission for Cattle Improvement (PCV), sub- sidized by government appropriations, conducted local bull shows in the spring. The Friesch Rundvee Stamboek (herdbook society) held a central spring show for registered bulls in Leeuwarden, and held another in early October for herdbook bulls. Judging was on conformation, with the bulls being rated as first-, second-, or third- class groups. A first-prize animal was designated from among those in the first class. A pamphlet from the export association com- mented that "the . .. excellence reached could be judged from the exhibits at the great National Exposition of the Royal Netherlands Agricultural Society held at The Hague in 1923 and at Utrecht in 1935 and the National Show in 1928."  Friesians in the Netherlands 233 Friesians in the Netherlands 233 Friesians in the Netherlands 233 Special shows in 1949 commemorated the seventy-fifth anniver- sary of the Netherlands Rundvee Stamboek and seventieth anni- versary of the Friesch Rundoee Stamboek, cattle herdbooks of the respective provinces. Such shows were held again in 1954 and 1959. HERDOOK ASSOCIATIONS IN THE NETHERLANDs The Nederlandsch Rundvee Stamboek was given legal status by King's decree on September 27, 1873, following establishment of the Holstein Herd Book in the United States in 1871. The NRS was organized subsequently in 1874 through a committee of the Nether- lands Agricultural Society. Thomas E. Whiting, who imported Frie- sian cattle to Concord, Massachusetts, was a patron member. This herdbook was largely a list of inspected cattle approved by pro- vincial committees, and their owners. Body measurements were added to a numerical score in 1897. Such animals sold for export at higher prices than unlisted ani- mals. Entries were grouped by provinces before 1902, and accord- ing to four local breeds thereafter. The NRS herdbook added pedi- gree details in 1907. Supervision by provincial committees gave way to control from a central office at The Hague in 1912. The NRS registered Friesians, the red-and-white Meuse-Rhine-Yssel, and the white-headed black Groningen breeds in separate sections of the herdbook. An Advanced Registry was established in 1922. Admitted were cows that had good conformation and at least two lactations above a minimum requirement. Breeders in the province of Friesland disagreed with methods of the early Netherlands herdbook. They met in "De drie Romers" Inn in Roordahuizum on July 12, 1879, and organized the Friesch Rund- cee Stamboek for approved Friesian cattle in the province of Fries- land. Black-and-white and red-and-white Friesians were entered by both associations. In the first year, 26 bulls and 203 cows were registered in the FRS herdbook. Entries had increased to 375 bulls and 2,523 cows by May 1884. After that date, the progeny of regis- tered bulls and cows entered upon qualifying by a combination of inspection, measurements, and a conformation score. Systematic shows for bulls were instituted in Friesland in 1896; Special shows in 1949 commemorated the seventy-fifth anniver- sary of the Netherlands Rundvee Stamboek and seventieth anni- versary of the Friesch Rundvee Stamboek, cattle herdbooks of the respective provinces. Such shows were held again in 1954 and 1959. HERDBOOK ASSOCIATIONS IN THE NETHERLANDs The Nederlandsch Rundvee Stamboek was given legal status by King's decree on September 27, 1873, following establishment of the Holstein Herd Book in the United States in 1871. The NRS was organized subsequently in 1874 through a committee of the Nether- lands Agricultural Society. Thomas E. Whiting, who imported Frie- sian cattle to Concord, Massachusetts, was a patron member. This herdbook was largely a list of inspected cattle approved by pro- vincial committees, and their owners. Body measurements were added to a numerical score in 1897. Such animals sold for export at higher prices than unlisted ani- mals. Entries were grouped by provinces before 1902, and accord- ing to four local breeds thereafter. The NRS herdbook added pedi- gree details in 1907. Supervision by provincial committees gave way to control from a central office at The Hague in 1912. The NRS registered Friesians, the red-and-white Meuse-Rhine-Yssel, and the white-headed black Groningen breeds in separate sections of the herdbook. An Advanced Registry was established in 1922. Admitted were cows that had good conformation and at least two lactations above a minimum requirement. Breeders in the province of Friesland disagreed with methods of the early Netherlands herdbook. They met in "De drie romers" Inn in Roordahuizum on July 12, 1879, and organized the Friesch Rand- eee Stamboek for approved Friesian cattle in the province of Fries- land. Black-and-white and red-and-white Friesians were entered by both associations. In the first year, 26 bulls and 203 cows were registered in the FRS herdbook. Entries had increased to 375 bulls and 2,523 cows by May 1884. After that date, the progeny of regis- tered bulls and cows entered upon qualifying by a combination of inspection, measurements, and a conformation score. Systematic shows for bulls were instituted in Friesland in 1896; Special shows in 1949 commemorated the seventy-fifth anniver- sary of the Netherlands Rundvee Stamboek and seventieth anni- versary of the Friesch Rundvee Stamboek, cattle herdbooks of the respective provinces. Such shows were held again in 1954 and 1959. HERDBOOK ASSOCIATIONS IN THE NETHERLANDS The Nederlandsch Rundvee Stamboek was given legal status by King's decree on September 27, 1873, following establishment of the Holstein Herd Book in the United States in 1871. The NRS was organized subsequently in 1874 through a committee of the Nether- lands Agricultural Society. Thomas E. Whiting, who imported Frie- sian cattle to Concord, Massachusetts, was a patron member. This herdbook was largely a list of inspected cattle approved by pro- vincial committees, and their owners. Body measurements were added to a numerical score in 1897. Such animals sold for export at higher prices than unlisted ani- mals. Entries were grouped by provinces before 1902, and accord- ing to four local breeds thereafter. The NRS herdbook added pedi- gree details in 1907. Supervision by provincial committees gave way to control from a central office at The Hague in 1912. The NRS registered Friesians, the red-and-white Meuse-Rhine-Yssel, and the white-headed black Groningen breeds in separate sections of the herdbook. An Advanced Registry was established in 1922. Admitted were cows that had good conformation and at least two lactations above a minimum requirement. Breeders in the province of Friesland disagreed with methods of the early Netherlands herdbook. They met in "De drie Romers" Inn in Roordahuizum on July 12, 1879, and organized the Friesch Rund- vee Stamboek for approved Friesian cattle in the province of Fries- land. Black-and-white and red-and-white Friesians were entered by both associations. In the first year, 26 bulls and 203 cows were registered in the FRS herdbook. Entries had increased to 375 bulls and 2,523 cows by May 1884. After that date, the progeny of regis- tered bulls and cows entered upon qualifying by a combination of inspection, measurements, and a conformation score. Systematic shows for bulls were instituted in Friesland in 1896;  234 DA IRY CATTLE BREEDS in 1901 a more detailed inspection of animals was required for ad- mission to the herdbook. Animals from pedigree stock were entered as calves in a young stock register. Heifers then were inspected when they were one year old, and again after their first calving. If approved at the second inspection, they were entered in the register with their pedigrees, conformation scores, and production records. Since 1903, animals are required to score at least 70 points for con- formation. They are measured for length of trunk, height at withers and rump, depth and circumference of chest, widths of chest, hips and thurls, and length of rump. The dam of a male calf now must score at least 16 out of 20 points for udder, teats, and milk veins be- fore he can enter the young stock pedigree register. Bulls are in- spected at 12 months and again at 18 months before full registra- tion and service with herdbook animals. Herdbook numbers of fully registered animals were branded on the horns. All lactation records are published. Scorecards used by the Friesian herdbook inspectors with bulls and cows were as follows: 234 DA IRY CATTLE BREEDS in 1901 a more detailed inspection of animals was required for ad- mission to the herdbook. Animals from pedigree stock were entered as calves in a young stock register. Heifers then were inspected when they were one year old, and again after their first calving. If approved at the second inspection, they were entered in the register with their pedigrees, conformation scores, and production records. Since 1903, animals are required to score at least 70 points for con- formation. They are measured for length of trunk, height at withers and rump, depth and circumference of chest, widths of chest, hips and thurls, and length of rump. The dam of a male calf now must score at least 16 out of 20 points for udder, teats, and milk veins be- fore he can enter the young stock pedigree register. Bulls are in- spected at 12 months and again at 18 months before full registra- tion and service with herdbook animals. Herdbook numbers of fully registered animals were branded on the horns. All lactation records are published. Scorecards used by the Friesian herdbook inspectors with bulls and cows were as follows: 234 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS in 1901 a more detailed inspection of animals was required for ad- mission to the herdbook. Animals from pedigree stock were entered as calves in a young stock register. Heifers then were inspected when they were one year old, and again after their first calving. If approved at the second inspection, they were entered in the register with their pedigrees, conformation scores, and production records. Since 1903, animals are required to score at least 70 points for con- formation. They are measured for length of trunk, height at withers and rump, depth and circumference of chest, widths of chest, hips and thurls, and length of rump. The dam of a male calf now must score at least 16 out of 20 points for udder, teats, and milk veins be- fore he can enter the young stock pedigree register. Bulls are in- spected at 12 months and again at 18 months before full registra- tion and service with herdbook animals. Herdbook numbers of fully registered animals were branded on the horns. All lactation records are published. Scorecards used by the Friesian herdbook inspectors with bulls and cows were as follows: Head (shape, eyes, muzzle, horns) Horns Neck, chest, withers, shoulders Ribs, back, fanks Loin Rump Thighs Tail Legs, posture, gait Legs Milk veins, skin, hair Udder, teats, milk veins General appearance General aspect (including skin, hair), posture, gait Total Bulls Cows 9 8 6 12 10 10 8 8 8 10 12 6 6 3 4 10 6 m 20 20 18 100 100 Head (shape, eyes, muzzle, horns) Horns Neck, chest, withers, shoulders Ribs, back, fanks Loin Rump Thighs Tail Legs, posture, gait Legs Milk veins, skin, hair Udder, teats, milk veins General appearance General aspect (including skin, hair), posture, gait Bulls Cows 9 8 6 12 10 10 8 8 8 10 12 6 6 3 4 10 20 20 18 100 100 Head (shape, eyes, muzzle, horns) Horns Neck, chest, withers, shoulders Ribs, back, fanks Loin Rump Thighs Tail Legs, posture, gait Legs Milk veins, skin, hair Udder, teats, milk veins General appearance General aspect (including skin, hair), posture, gait Total Bulls Cows 9 8 6 12 10 10 8 8 8 10 12 6 6 3 4 10 6 20 20 18 100 100 The Netherlands Cattle Herdbook (NRS) used a scorecard from 1907 until it was revised by a committee on April 12, 1965. The new scorecard listed: Head, eyes muzzle Withers and shoulders Homs Ribs and flank Neck and chest Back and loin The Netherlands Cattle Herdbook (NRS) used a scorecard from 1907 until it was revised by a committee on April 12, 1965. The new scorecard lsted: Head, eyes muzzle Withers and shoulders Horns Ribs and flank Neck and chest Back and loin The Netherlands Cattle Herdbook (NRS) used a scorecard from 1907 until it was revised by a committee on April 12, 1965. The new scorecard hsted: Head, eyes muzzle Withers and shoulders Horns Ribs and flank Neck and chest Back and loin  Friesians in the Netherlands 235 Friesians in the Netherlands 235 Friesians in the Netherlands 235 Rump (pelvis) Thighs and shanks Tail and switch Muscle covering Posture, gait, balance Hoofs Color pattern Hide, hair Udder quality Udder form and placement Teat placement Teat shape Milk veins Length of trunk Height at withers Height at tailhead Depth of chest Width of chest Width of hips Pelvis width Length of rump Feeding capacity Dairy tendency Rump (pelvis) Thighs and shanks Tail and switch Muscle covering Posture, gait, balance Hoofs Color pattern Hide, hair Udder quality Udder form and placement Teat placement Teat shape Milk veins Length of trunk Height at withers Height at tailhead Depth of chest Width of chest Width of hips Pelvis width Length of rump Feeding capacity Dairy tendency Rump (pelvis) Thighs and shanks Tail and switch Muscle covering Posture, gait, balance Hoofs Color pattern Hide, hair Udder quality Udder form and placement Teat placement Teat shape Milk veins Length of trunk Height at withers Height at tailhead Depth of chest Width of chest Width of hips Pelvis width Length of rump Feeding capacity Dairy tendency The scorecard for bulls differed in minor points. The scorecard for bulls differed in minor points. The scorecard for bulls differed in minor points. A=excellent 90-100 points AB=very good 85-89 points B+=good 80-84 points Confor- mation AB AB B+ B+ B+ B- Develop- ment AB A AB B+ B+ B- Appear- ance A B+ AB B+ B- B- Milk indica- tions AB AB AB AB AB AB B = quite acceptable 75-79 points B - = acceptable 70-74 points BC =unacceptable not recorded Skeletal Muscle Total structure coveing General sere AB A A 92 AB AB AB 87 B B- AB 85 B+ B+ B+ 82 B+ B- B 79 B B- B- 72 A=excellent 90-100 points AB=very good 85-89 points B+ =good 80-84 points Confor- mation AB AB B+ B+ B+ B- Develop- ABt A AB B+ B+ B3- B=quite acceptable 75-79 points B - = acceptable 70-74 points BC = unacceptable not recorded A=excellent 90-100 points AB=very good 85-89 points B+=good 80-84 points Appear- ance B+ AB B+ B- B- Milk indica. tions AB AB AB AB AB AB Skeletal Musele structure covering AB A AB AB B B- B+ B+ B+ B- B B- General AB AB B+ B B- Total 92 87 85 82 79 72 Confor. mation AB AB B+ B+ B+ B- Develop- ment AB A AB B+ B+ B- Appea- A P B+ AB B+ B- B- Milk indica- tions AB AB AB AB AB AB B = quite acceptable 75-79 points B - =acceptable 70-74 points BC = unacceptable not recorded Skeletal Muscle AB A AB AB B B- B+ B+ B+ B- B R- AB AB B+ B B- Total seor 92i 87 85 82 79 72 Animals scoring below 70 points were unacceptable in the herdbook. An auxiliary book (Hulpboek) entered bulls and cows without respect to pedigree when such animals scored at least 75 points for conformation. Bulls were not eligible for entry in the auxiliary book after September 12, 1922. The number of animals entered in the Friesian herdbook is given in Table 12.2. Herdbooks were maintained for Friesian cattle in western Gro- ningen (began in 1880) and in Overjssel for only a few years. The North Holland Herd Book was organized in November 1883 with a branch herdbook office in Dover, New Jersey. Three volumes were published in America between 1888 and 1892. Solomon Hoxie received a letter concerning formation of this herdbook to the effect that: Animals scoring below 70 points were unacceptable in the herdbook. An auxiliary book (Hulpboek) entered bulls and cows without respect to pedigree when such animals scored at least 75 points for conformation. Bulls were not eligible for entry in the auxiliary book after September 12, 1922. The number of animals entered in the Friesian herdbook is given in Table 12.2. Herdbooks were maintained for Friesian cattle in westen Gro- ningen (began in 1880) and in Overjssel for only a few years. The North Holland Herd Book was organized in November 1883 with a branch herdbook office in Dover, New Jersey. Three volumes were published in America between 1888 and 1892. Solomon Hoxie received a letter concerning formation of this herdbook to the effect that: Animals scoring below 70 points were unacceptable in the herdbook. An auxiliary book (Hulpboek) entered bulls and cows without respect to pedigree when such animals scored at least 75 points for conformation. Bulls were not eligible for entry in the auxiliary book after September 12, 1922. The number of animals entered in the Friesian herdbook is given in Table 12.2. Herdbooks were maintained for Friesian cattle in western Gro- ningen (began in 1880) and in Overjssel for only a few years. The North Holland Herd Book was organized in November 1883 with a branch herdbook office in Dover, New Jersey. Three volumes were published in America between 1888 and 1892. Solomon Hoxie received a letter concerning formation of this herdbook to the effect that:  236 DA IRY CATTLE BREEDS ... The North Holland Herd Book was started in November. 1883, as a result of the growing American trade, and mainly in- fluenced by B. B. Lord & Sons (American importers). They use a scale of points, . . . take no other colors than black and white, and then leave the final conclusion about the admit- tance or refusal of an animal with their inspectors, thereby facilitating matters. The main difference is found in the fact that the Netherlands Herd Book does not admit any female unless they have actually brought a calf and proved to be sound milkers, while the North Holland Herd Book only re- quires female animals to be two years old at the time of in- spection, no matter if they are in calf or not. The North Hol- land Herd Book Association is originated and run by farmers, who are practical breeders, and I am very sure they aim to do what is right, desire to elevate the breed as well as the Netherlands Herd Book Association, but they do it solely in the hope to get a large share of the American trade. And this pur- pose, I also fully admit, is a legitimate and laudable one. The North Holland Herd Book Society discontinued in 1907, the members joining the larger Netherlands Herd Book Society. HEREDITARY DEFECrs Every bull submitted for registration is examined by a veterinarian to eliminate any bulls with defective reproductive organs or other abnormalities. Animals are rejected if the achilles tendon has been extended surgically; if the retractor muscle of the penis has been cut through; or if the bull calf has been affected with umbilical hernia. TABLE 12.2 REGISTRATIONS OF CATTLE IN THE FRIESIAN HERmBOOK* 236 DAIRY C ATTLE BREEDS . The North Holland Herd Book was started in November. 1883, as a result of the growing American trade, and mainly in- fluenced by B. B. Lord & Sons (American importers). They use a scale of points, . . . take no other colors than black and white, and then leave the final conclusion about the admit- tance or refusal of an animal with their inspectors, thereby facilitating matters. The main difference is found in the fact that the Netherlands Herd Book does not admit any female unless they have actually brought a calf and proved to be sound milkers, while the North Holland Herd Book only re- quires female animals to be two years old at the time of in- spection, no matter if they are in calf or not. The North Hol- land Herd Book Association is originated and run by farmers, who are practical breeders, and I am very sure they aim to do what is right, desire to elevate the breed as well as the Netherlands Herd Book Association, but they do it solely in the hope to get a large share of the American trade. And this pur- pose, I also fully admit, is a legitimate and laudable one. The North Holland Herd Book Society discontinued in 1907, the members joining the larger Netherlands Herd Book Society. HEREDITARY DEFECTS Every bull submitted for registration is examined by a veterinarian to eliminate any bulls with defective reproductive organs or other abnormalities. Animals are rejected if the achilles tendon has been extended surgically; if the retractor muscle of the penis has been cut through; or if the bull calf has been affected with umbilical hernia. TABLE 12.2 REGISTRATIONS OF CATTLE IN THE FRIEsmAN HERDBOO~s 23 DA IRY CATTLE B REEDS . The North Holland Herd Book was started in November, 1883, as a result of the growing American trade, and mainly in- fluenced by B. B. Lord & Sons (American importers). They use a scale of points, . . . take no other colors than black and white, and then leave the final conclusion about the admit- tance or refusal of an animal with their inspectors, thereby facilitating matters. The main difference is found in the fact that the Netherlands Herd Book does not admit any female unless they have actually brought a calf and proved to be sound milkers, while the North Holland Herd Book only re- quires female animals to be two years old at the time of in- spection, no matter if they are in calf or not. The North Hol- land Herd Book Association is originated and run by farmers, who are practical breeders, and I am very sure they aim to do what is right, desire to elevate the breed as well as the Netherlands Herd Book Association, but they do it solely in the hope to get a large share of the American trade. And this pur- pose, I also fully admit, is a legitimate and laudable one. The North Holland Herd Book Society discontinued in 1907, the members joining the larger Netherlands Herd Book Society. HEREDrrARY DEFECrS Every bull submitted for registration is examined by a veterinarian to eliminate any bulls with defective reproductive organs or other abnormalities. Animals are rejected if the achilles tendon has been extended surgically; if the retractor muscle of the penis has been cut through; or if the bull calf has been affected with umbilical hernia. TABLE 12.2 REGISTRATIONS OF CATTLE IN THE FRIESIAN HERDBnoK Calves Year reported 1928-29 14,408 1957-58 62,972 1969 59,054 Of these, red-and-white Percentage with red Cowsaad tand Bulls Purebred cows Hulpboek calves registered regstered (auxiliar) Year reported 778.0 3,635.0 1,402.0 1928-29 14,408 1,491.0 16,329.0 4,660.0 1957-58 62,972 1,675.0 78,002.0 591.0 1969 59,054 Of these, 30.0 511.0 35.0 red-and-white Percentage 1.8 0.6 0.7 with red Cowsa nsetoand Bulls Purebred cows Hulpboek Calves registered rgistered (auxiliary) Year reported 778.0 3,635.0 1,402.0 1928-29 14,408 1,491.0 16,329.0 4,660.0 1957-58 62,972 1,675.0 78,002.0 591.0 1969 59,054 Of these, 30.0 511.0 35.0 red-and-white Percentage 1.8 0.6 0.7 with red Bulls Purebred cos registered registered 778.0 3,635.0 1,491.0 16,329.0 1,675.0 78,002.0 Cowsan td!and Hulpboek (auxiliary) 1,402.0 4,660.0 59L0 30.0 511.0 35.0 0.8 0.6 0.7 a. Friesch Rundee Stamboek. Female calves from Hulpboek cows were eligible for registration as purebreds. a. Friesch Rundoee Stamboek. Female calves from Hulpbmk cows were eligible for registration as purebreds. a. Friesch Rundoee Stamboek. Female calves from Hulpbmk cows were eligible for registration as purebreds.  Friesians in the Netherlands 237 FARMING METHODs A pamphlet by the Friesch Rundvee Stamboek described farming practices: During the time the cattle are in the open they feed ex- clusively on grass, the milk yield being highest during this period. During the winter months, which the cattle have. to pass in the cow-house, the feeds on the pasture farms mainly consist of hay, ensiled grass and sometimes of artificially dried grass. On the mixed holdings besides hay and straw, tuberous plants and roots are also fed during the winter. These standard rations are in normal times supplemented by 650 to 880 lbs. of concentrates per milking cow.... Both the production of milk and sale of breeding cattle are aimed at. Milking is done twice daily at equal intervals. Cows obtain about 75 percent of their nutrients from pastures and early-cut hays grown on 55 percent of the farm land. Moist soils ill-adapted for tillage, or heavily fertilized light sands, produce grasses. Rotational and strip grazing afford efficient use of the for- ages while of high nutritive value. Hays are cured on tripods or by artificial drying. Coarse grasses are ensiled with some sugar- containing preservatives or after wilting 1 or 2 days in favorable weather. Concentrates are limited to 850 to 1100 pounds mainly during the winter. MILK RECORD OF FRIESIAN COwS IN EUROPE In 1833 the King of Wurtemberg brought foreign cows to his es- tate to test and compare them under similar conditions. John Klip- part published their records in 1865: Average annual Average Breed milk yield body weight Friesians in the Netherlands 237 FARMiNG METHODs A pamphlet by the Friesch Rundvee Stamboek described farming practices: During the time the cattle are in the open they feed ex- clusively on grass, the milk yield being highest during this period. During the winter months, which the cattle have to pass in the cow-house, the feeds on the pasture farms mainly consist of hay, ensiled grass and sometimes of artificially dried grass. On the mixed holdings besides hay and straw, tuberous plants and roots are also fed during the winter. These standard rations are in normal times supplemented by 650 to 880 lbs. of concentrates per milking cow.... Both the production of milk and sale of breeding cattle are aimed at. Milking is done twice daily at equal intervals. Cows obtain about 75 percent of their nutrients from pastures and early-cut hays grown on 55 percent of the farm land. Moist soils ill-adapted for tillage, or heavily fertilized light sands, produce grasses. Rotational and strip grazing afford efficient use of the for- ages while of high nutritive value. Hays are cured on tripods or by artificial drying. Coarse grasses are ensiled with some sugar- containing preservatives or after wilting 1 or 2 days in favorable weather. Concentrates are limited to 850 to 1100 pounds mainly during the winter. MILK RECORDS OF FRIESIAN Cows IN EUROPE In 1833 the King of Wurtemberg brought foreign cows to his es- tate to test and compare them under similar conditions. John Klip- part published their records in 1865: Friesians in the Netherlands 237 FARMING METHODs A pamphlet by the Friesch Rundvee Stamboek described farming practices: During the time the cattle are in the open they feed ex- clusively on grass, the milk yield being highest during this period. During the winter months, which the cattle have to pass in the cow-house, the feeds on the pasture farms mainly consist of hay, ensiled grass and sometimes of artificially dried grass. On the mixed holdings besides hay and straw, tuberous plants and roots are also fed during the winter. These standard rations are in normal times supplemented by 650 to 880 lbs. of concentrates per milking cow.... Both the production of milk and sale of breeding cattle are aimed at. Milking is done twice daily at equal intervals. Cows obtain about 75 percent of their nutrients from pastures and early-cut hays grown on 55 percent of the farm land. Moist soils ill-adapted for tillage, or heavily fertilized light sands, produce grasses. Rotational and strip grazing afford efficient use of the for- ages while of high nutritive value. Hays are cured on tripods or by artificial drying. Coarse grasses are ensiled with some sugar- containing preservatives or after wilting 1 or 2 days in favorable weather. Concentrates are limited to 850 to 1100 pounds mainly during the winter. MoK RECORDs OF FRIEsIAN COwS IN EUROPE In 1833 the King of Wurtemberg brought foreign cows to his es- tate to test and compare them under similar conditions. John Klip- part published their records in 1865: North Holland or Friesian Swiss Alderney, or Jersey (pounds) 6,549 1,200 5,764 1,225 3,860 765 Breed North Holland or Friesian Swiss Alderney, or Jersey Average annual Average milk yield body weight (pounds) 6,549 1,200 5,764 1,225 3,860 765 Breed North Holland or Friesian Swiss Alderney, or Jersey Average annual Average milk yield body weight (pounds) 6,549 1,200 5,764 1,225 3,860 765 A herd of 42 to 61 Holland or Friesian cows in Saxony between 1852 and 1859 (386 cow-years) averaged 8,494 pounds of milk yearly. G. J. Hengerveld estimated that Friesian cows would aver- age 3,500 kilograms (7,716 pounds) on milk. Further, "It is stated A herd of 42 to 61 Holland or Friesian cows in Saxony between 1852 and 1859 (386 cow-years) averaged 8,494 pounds of milk yearly. G. J. Hengerveld estimated that Friesian cows would aver- age 3,500 kilograms (7,716 pounds) on milk. Further, "It is stated A herd of 42 to 61 Holland or Friesian cows in Saxony between 1852 and 1859 (386 cow-years) averaged 8,494 pounds of milk yearly. G. J. Hengerveld estimated that Friesian cows would aver- age 3,500 kilograms (7,716 pounds) on milk. Further, "It is stated  238 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS by many farmers that from time to time their productiveness amounts to 5,000 or 6,000 liters (11,360 to 13,631 pounds) of milk." The butterfat content was stated then as 3.0 to 3.5 percent. Solomon Hoxie reported from an international meeting on May 30, 1882, concerning private milk records: "The publishing of milk records in connection with the descriptions in the herd books also was referred. The delegates from both European associations were unfavorable to such a measure on account of their want of confi- dence in records as they are ordinarily kept." In 1895 J. Mesdag, Dairy Konsulent of Leeuwarden, began test- ing for butterfat yields with 49 Friesian cows in three herds; he was aided by the Friesian Agricultural Society. The Gerber test was applied to composite 1-day milk samples at 10-day and 15- day intervals. The average butterfat percentage of milk from indi- vidual cows was reasonably constant from lactation to lactation, and the sire exerted a great influence on butterfat yields. "Control" societies were similar to those in Denmark. The Friesch Rundvee Stamboek contributed to support the societies with the Leeuwarden branch of the Friesch Agricultural Society. Supervision was reor- ganized in 1907 under the Friesch Rundvee Stamboek. Dairy Konsulents of North and South Holland supervised produc- tion contests in those provinces in 1900-1901, with prizes offered by the Holland Agricultural Society. The competition was repeated in 1901-1902. Prizes were based on a combination of production, body scores, and fattening ability. The Groningen division of the Nether- lands herdbook supervised a similar production contest in 1901- 1902, under the Dairy Konsulent. Payments for milk on butterfat tests by the cooperative creameries stimulated production testing. All cows in a herd were tested under these plans. The governmental Central Milk Control Service was established on June 28, 1943. The respective Provincial Control Laboratories analyze milk samples taken by local association supervisors at 14-, 21-, or 28-day intervals from each cow in the herds. The Gerber method has been applied for butterfat percentage. Beginning in October 1957, protein in milk samples was determined by either the Kjeldahl or amido black pigment-binding method. An EL-X8 model electronic computer, installed late in 1967, calculates the production of individual cows. 238 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS by many farmers that from time to time their productiveness amounts to 5,000 or 6,000 liters (11,360 to 13,631 pounds) of milk." The butterfat content was stated then as 3.0 to 3.5 percent. Solomon Hoxie reported from an international meeting on May 30, 1882, concerning private milk records: "The publishing of milk records in connection with the descriptions in the herd books also was referred. The delegates from both European associations were unfavorable to such a measure on account of their want of confi- dence in records as they are ordinarily kept." In 1895 J. Mesdag, Dairy Konsulent of Leeuwarden, began test- ing for butterfat yields with 49 Friesian cows in three herds; he was aided by the Friesian Agricultural Society. The Gerber test was applied to composite 1-day milk samples at 10-day and 15- day intervals. The average butterfat percentage of milk from indi- vidual cows was reasonably constant from lactation to lactation, and the sire exerted a great influence on butterfat yields. "Control" societies were similar to those in Denmark. The Friesch Rundvee Stamboek contributed to support the societies with the Leeuwarden branch of the Friesch Agricultural Society. Supervision was reor- ganized in 1907 under the Friesch Rundvee Stamboek. Dairy Konsulents of North and South Holland supervised produc- tion contests in those provinces in 1900-1901, with prizes offered by the Holland Agricultural Society. The competition was repeated in 1901-1902. Prizes were based on a combination of production, body scores, and fattening ability. The Groningen division of the Nether- lands herdbook supervised a similar production contest in 1901- 1902, under the Dairy Konsulent. Payments for milk on butterfat tests by the cooperative creameries stimulated production testing. All cows in a herd were tested under these plans. The governmental Central Milk Control Service was established on June 28, 1943. The respective Provincial Control Laboratories analyze milk samples taken by local association supervisors at 14-, 21-, or 28-day intervals from each cow in the herds. The Gerber method has been applied for butterfat percentage. Beginning in October 1957, protein in milk samples was determined by either the Kjeldahl or amido black pigment-binding method. An EL-X8 model electronic computer, installed late in 1967, calculates the production of individual cows. 238 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS by many farmers that from time to time their productiveness amounts to 5,000 or 6,000 liters (11,360 to 13,631 pounds) of milk." The butterfat content was stated then as 3.0 to 3.5 percent. Solomon Hoxie reported from an international meeting on May 30, 1882, concerning private milk records: "The publishing of milk records in connection with the descriptions in the herd books also was referred. The delegates from both European associations were unfavorable to such a measure on account of their want of confi- dence in records as they are ordinarily kept." In 1895 J. Mesdag, Dairy Konsulent of Leeuwarden, began test- ing for butterfat yields with 49 Friesian cows in three herds; he was aided by the Friesian Agricultural Society. The Gerber test was applied to composite 1-day milk samples at 10-day and 15- day intervals. The average butterfat percentage of milk from indi- vidual cows was reasonably constant from lactation to lactation, and the sire exerted a great influence on butterfat yields. "Control" societies were similar to those in Denmark. The Friesch Rundvee Stamboek contributed to support the societies with the Leeuwarden branch of the Friesch Agricultural Society. Supervision was reor- ganized in 1907 under the Friesch Rundvee Stamboek. Dairy Konsulents of North and South Holland supervised produc- tion contests in those provinces in 1900-1901, with prizes offered by the Holland Agricultural Society. The competition was repeated in 1901-1902. Prizes were based on a combination of production, body scores, and fattening ability. The Groningen division of the Nether- lands herdbook supervised a similar production contest in 1901- 1902, under the Dairy Konsulent. Payments for milk on butterfat tests by the cooperative creameries stimulated production testing. All cows in a herd were tested under these plans. The governmental Central Milk Control Service was established on June 28, 1943. The respective Provincial Control Laboratories analyze milk samples taken by local association supervisors at 14-, 21-, or 28-day intervals from each cow in the herds. The Gerber method has been applied for butterfat percentage. Beginning in October 1957, protein in milk samples was determined by either the Kjeldahl or amido black pigment-binding method. An EL-X8 model electronic computer, installed late in 1967, calculates the production of individual cows.  Friesians in the Netherlands 239 The production records showed a remarkable increase in the av- erage butterfat percentages in milk from registered Friesian cows. Manufacture of butter was the major outlet for milk in Friesland. Studies in Denmark and the Netherlands had shown a lower feed cost per kilogram of butterfat produced in high-test milk than in milk with a low butterfat test. Breeders then selected herd bulls from cows with a high average butterfat test. The effect has been a gradual increase in the average butterfat tests, as shown in Table 12.3. TABLE 12.3 AvERACE PRoDUcTION, LARCELY BY HERDBOOK COWS, IN FRIESLAND Year 1895 1905 1915 1925 1935 1945 1955 1960 1967 1968 Number of cow Milk (ibs.) Fat (%) Protein (%) Butterfat (lbe.) 49 9,285 2.99 277.6 829 8,826 3.17 279.8 12,479 10,569 3.26 344.5 15,012 9,938 3.54 351.8 19,033 10,644 3.74 398.1 Milk not recorded during World War II 46,601 10,340 4.04 417.7 163,111' 9,691 4.02 389.6 174,557b 10,016 4.13 3.36 413.7 618,429" 10,227 4.01 3.34 410.1 Friesians in the Netherlands 239 The production records showed a remarkable increase in the av- erage butterfat percentages in milk from registered Friesian cows. Manufacture of butter was the major outlet for milk in Friesland. Studies in Denmark and the Netherlands had shown a lower feed cost per kilogram of butterfat produced in high-test milk than in milk with a low butterfat test. Breeders then selected herd bulls from cows with a high average butterfat test. The effect has been a gradual increase in the average butterfat tests, as shown in Table 12.3. TABLE 12.3 AvERACE PRODUCTION, LARGELY BY HERDBOOK COwS, IN FRIESLAND Year Number of cow Milk (ibs.) Fat (%) Protein (%) Butterfat (ibs.) 1895 49 9,285 2.99 277.6 1905 829 8,826 3.17 279.8 1915 12,479 10,569 3.26 344.5 1925 15,012 9,938 3.54 351.8 1935 19,033 10,644 3.74 398.1 1945 Milk not recorded during World War II 1955 46,601 10,340 4.04 417.7 1960 163,111* 9,691 4.02 389.6 1967 174,557b 10,016 4.13 3.36 413.7 1968 618,429" 10,227 4.01 3.34 410.1 a. Included all Friesian cows milk recorded in Friesland. b. About 31 percent were protein tested every 3 weeks. c. Friesian cows in other provinces included. Much cheese was made in other provinces. Less advantage ex- isted for high-test milk in cheese than in butter manufacture, yet the tests in those provinces have increased substantially. The range in tests published in the herdbooks showed the trend for the Frie- sian breed. See Table 12.4. TABLE 12.4 PERCENTAGES OF BUTTERFAT IN MILK OF FRIESIAN COwS IN FRIESLAND AND IN OTHER PROVINCES Friesland Other provinces Records tabulated in 1937 8,368 13,477 Butterfat tests Range 2.83-5.62% 2.04-5.29% Average 3.80% 3.54% Records tabulated in 1967 174,557 618,429 Average 4.13% 4.01% Year 1895 1905 1915 1925 1935 1945 1955 1960 1967 1968 Number of cows Milk (ibs.) Fat (%) Protein (%) Butterfat (ibs.) 49 9,285 2.99 277.6 829 8,826 3.17 279.8 12,479 10,569 3.26 344.5 15,012 9,938 3.54 351.8 19,033 10,644 3.74 398.1 Milk not recorded during World War II 46,601 10,340 4.04 417.7 163,111* 9,691 4.02 389.6 174,557b 10,016 4.13 3.36 413.7 618,429" 10,227 4.01 3.34 410.1 Friesians in the Netherlands 239 The production records showed a remarkable increase in the av- erage butterfat percentages in milk from registered Friesian cows. Manufacture of butter was the major outlet for milk in Friesland. Studies in Denmark and the Netherlands had shown a lower feed cost per kilogram of butterfat produced in high-test milk than in milk with a low butterfat test. Breeders then selected herd bulls from cows with a high average butterfat test. The effect has been a gradual increase in the average butterfat tests, as shown in Table 12.3. TABLE 12.3 AvERAcE PRODUCTION, LARCELY BY HERDBOOK COwS, IN FRIESLAND a. Included all Friesian cows milk recorded in Friesland. b. About 31 percent were protein tested every 3 weeks. c. Friesian cows in other provinces included. Much cheese was made in other provinces. Less advantage ex- isted for high-test milk in cheese than in butter manufacture, yet the tests in those provinces have increased substantially. The range in tests published in the herdbooks showed the trend for the Frie- sian breed. See Table 12.4. TABLE 12.4 PERCENTACES OF BUTTERFAT IN MILK OF FRIESIAN COwS IN FRIESLAND AND IN OTHER PROVINCES Friesland Other provinces Records tabulated in 1937 8,368 13,477 Butterfat tests Range 2.83-5.62% 2.04-5.29% Average 3.80% 3.54% Records tabulated in 1967 174,557 618,429 Average 4.13% 4.01% a. Included all Friesian cows milk recorded in Friesland. b. About 31 percent were protein tested every 3 weeks. c. Friesian cows in other provinces included. Much cheese was made in other provinces. Less advantage ex- isted for high-test milk in cheese than in butter manufacture, yet the tests in those provinces have increased substantially. The range in tests published in the herdbooks showed the trend for the Frie- sian breed. See Table 12.4. TABLE 12.4 PERCENTAGES OF BUTTERFAT IN MILK OF FRIESIAN COWS IN FRIESLAND AND IN OTHER PROVINCES Friesland Other provinces Records tabulated in 1937 8,368 13,477 Butterfat tests Range 2.83-5.62% 2.04-5.29% Average 3.80% 3.54% Records tabulated in 1967 174,557 618,429 Average 4.13% 4.01%  240 DA IRY CATTLE BREEDS The solids-not-fat content was determined in mixed milk from se- lected herds of 18 cows or more in Friesland during 1928 and again in 1949. The average composition of milk from these farms at the 21-year interval was: 1927-28 1948-49 Increase Butterfat 3.58 Solids-not-fat 8.52 Casein 2.38 (percent) 4.12 0.54 8.90 0.38 240 DAI RY CATTLE BREDS The solids-not-fat content was determined in mixed milk from se- lected herds of 18 cows or more in Friesland during 1928 and again in 1949. The average composition of milk from these farms at the 21-year interval was: 1927-28 1948-49 Increase (percent) Butterfat 3.58 4.12 0.54 Solids-not-fat 8.52 8.90 0.38 Casein 2.38 Since October 1957 a large proportion of the herdbook cows have been tested for protein in the milk, currently by the Kjeldahl method at three-week intervals. The provincial milk recording serv- ice supervises this work. The protein percentage of milk is highly hereditary, as is the butterfat percentage. R. D. Politiek of the Wageningen agricultural college found them to be inherited inde- pendently of each other. Two desirable herdbook cows on pasture are shown in Figures 12.1 and 12.2. Butterfat 3.58 Solids-not-fat 8.52 Casein 2.38 (percent) 4.12 0.54 8.90 0.38 240 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS The solids-not-fat content was determined in mixed milk from se- lected herds of 18 cows or more in Friesland during 1928 and again in 1949. The average composition of milk from these farms at the 21-year interval was: 1927-28 1948--49 Increase Since October 1957 a large proportion of the herdbook cows have been tested for protein in the milk, currently by the Kjeldahl method at three-week intervals. The provincial milk recording serv- ice supervises this work. The protein percentage of milk is highly hereditary, as is the butterfat percentage. R. D. Politiek of the Wageningen agricultural college found them to be inherited inde- pendently of each other. Two desirable herdbook cows on pasture are shown in Figures 12.1 and 12.2. FIG. 12.1. Four lactations by Wimpie 22 79412 F.R.S. averaged 12,008 pounds of milk, 4.19 percent, 503 pounds of butterfat. This typical Friesian cow was owned by J. M. Wasenaar, near Jelsum, Friesland. Since October 1957 a large proportion of the herdbook cows have been tested for protein in the milk, currently by the Kjeldahl method at three-week intervals. The provincial milk recording serv- ice supervises this work. The protein percentage of milk is highly hereditary, as is the butterfat percentage. R. D. Politiek of the Wageningen agricultural college found them to be inherited inde- pendently of each other. Two desirable herdbook cows on pasture are shown in Figures 12.1 and 12.2. FIG. 12.1. Four lactations by Wimpie 22 79412 F.R.S. averaged 12,008 pounds of milk, 4.19 percent, 503 pounds of butterfat. This typical Friesian cow was owned by J. M. Wasenaar, near Jelsum, Friesland. FIG. 12.1. Four lactations by Wimpie 22 79412 F.R.S. averaged 12,008 pounds of milk, 4.19 percent, 503 pounds of butterfat. This typical Friesian cow was owned by J. M. Wasenaar, near Jelsum, Friesland.  Friesians in the Netherlands 241 GOVENMoENT INTEREST EN CATTLE IMPROVEMENT The Netherlands sod provincial governmenats have sponsored ac- tivities toe imsprovenment of breeding cattle. The general practice had bern to use a young ball heavily daring a single saaon (May ts Augast) and then to slaaghter or sell him tar export bef ore any kaowledge at his transmitting ability was measared throagh his pro gray. Thr Minister at the Interior oppooed a proposal ts appropriae 10,000 florins foe improvement at breeding cattle in 1896. However, 30,000 florins snere appropriated toe this parpose in t897, and were renewed annoally. State roles lee its oar svere drawvn as fllows (translated freely): Article I. Mosey toe inpsocement at cattle on hehalf at the state shall be 1. Car mnaintenance pseminums for hatls. 2. To contribute for prchase at bulls, and in ease at necessity tot femalea. 3. For maintenance coemime tar iemale breeding reach served by prie hnlts. Nat acr sne-forth at the total tund cosld he premiums for females. Asaicle It. Premius and contributans nnder Arnacle I, 1 and 2, were dissensed atstprcial shear too a rovince or distnict. Only animate see considered that: 1. Arreared worthy at premius. 2. Animate helonging in the district where the show occusrd. Bualls muethbe nsed tor breedinth and he registered in one at the Nethrr- lands hrrdbos. Article III. In rach province through she prayincial cammitte [Gedepunerde Staten] consistng of the agricultural society and herdbhmk society, a rmvincial comssison is apoined whame tunctionnonsst nt: 1. Ts regulate se at state moneys ( arcptabtr to the Minister of therInterior), 2. To noose oar or more prie oudgr commissios. 3. To admaindster and dirhurre the monrys. Arthcle IV. Owner afla prie halt must ose him for servce for adeinite tiar stalfer approved by the provincial commission, and tubmtlist oflthe cow sered. Article VI. Poremiums for iemalee (Article I, 3) are awarded only to renant coms, or oar calced within the date set, and retained for loather hreeding to a herdbook hal. Article IX. Each proovincial comssidon nat report espendituares hetoe Match 1 to the Minister at the Intrior, and report conditnon af breeding cantle in the province durang the recreding yeas. Friesians in the Netherlands 241 GOVENnMENTr INTRErSTrN CrATTLE IMPROVEMErNT The Netherlands and provincial govermsents have sponsoaced ac- tivities for improvement of breeding cattte. The general practice had been to assesa young hall heavily daring a single season (May to Augost) and then to slaghter or sell him tar enport before any hnowledge of his transmitting ability waos measured through his progeny. The Minister of the Interior oppsed a proposal to appropriate 10,000 flormns for improvement at breeding cattle in 1896. Hoswever, 30,000 flormns were appropriated for this purpose in 1897, and were renewed annually. State roles foe its nor were drawna as follows (translated freely): Article I. Money toe inprocement at cattle on hehalf ot the state shall he sed, 1. Fat maintenance premiumas toe halts. 2. To contribute for purchase of hatls, and in ate of necessity for femalet. 3. ar maintenance premiums tar female breeding stock sred by crie halls. Not aces oar-foarth of the total toad coold be premius for females. Article It. Preniuma and contributiona undr Article I, 1 and 2, wr disprersd atstpecial thows tar a province at district. Only ranimalt were considered that, 1. Appeased worthy at premiusoa. 2. Animae belonging in the district wheat the show occusred. Balls most hr rsed for breedinh and hr regiatred in one of the Nether- landr herdboths. Articlr III. Is cach p00cince thraugh the provincial commsittee tcrdoeauterde Staten] consisting of she agricultural rociety and herdhooh society, a pmovincial omamirsion ir appoirted whose tunctione consirts at, 1. To renal ate oar at statr moneys (acoceptable to thc Minister at the Interior). 2. Tn name torsor more prie iudge commirsioot. 3. Ta adcaicdster and dirhurse the moneyr. Article IV. Owner at a prize hail mart ute him far servce for a definite time atsafepprovedhy e proincilcommssion, andsubmitait at the coma sred. Article Vt. Prtemiums lot froaste (Article I, 3) ate awarded only to regnant cows, or oar calced within the data set, and retained foe farther breeding to a herdhooh hal. Article IX. Each provincial commitsion toast report rxpenditorse hefoe Match 1 to the Miistr of the Interior, and report condinaon at breeding conice in the procince dads0g the preceding yeas. Freiesians in the Netherlands 241 GOVENnMENToINTEnRS ImAT GaecIMROVEaMNT The Netherlands and provincial governments have sponsored ac- tivities foe improvement of breeding cattle. The general practice had been to nor a young hail heavily daring a single season (May to August) and thcn to slaghter or sell him tar esport before any hnowledge of his transmitting ability was measured through his progeny. The Minister of the Interior opposed a proposal to appropriate 10,000 flormns far improvement at breeding cattle in 1800. However, 30,000 flormns were appropriated for this purpose in 1897, and were renewed annually. State roles foe its nor were drawn as follows (translated freely): Article I. Money far inpovcement of caide on hehalf of the atate sall he L. Fat maintenance premiums for bolts. 2. To contribute ins purchase of bulls, and inrase aof ecsstfor femalea. 3. For mintenance prominms tot female breeding stock rerved by prie hails. Not oar one-fourth at the total load could be premsinmes nfmaes. Article It. Preniums and continhutioneaunder Article I, 1 and 2, mere dispened at rpecial shows far a province or district. Only animls were osidered that 1. Appeared worthy of preminms. 2. Aimalt belonging is the district where the show occusred. Bollr moat he need far breeding, amdbe registred in oar ot the Nether- lands herdbos. Article III. Is each province thaough the provincial committee [Gerdepntere Staten] consitig at the agicultural sociey and herdbomh society, a provincial commission is appinted whose fnctin osirts of: 1. To regulate ate at statc moneys ( acceprable to rhe Ministr of the Interior). 2. Tn name oar or more prior iudge commirsios. 3. To administr and dishure the moneyr. Article IV. Owner at a prior ball wart ore him toe serce for a definie time at a fee appoved by the provincinl commistion, and submit a lis of the cows toryed. Article VI. Premsiums for femoales (Aricle I, 3) ate awarded only to pregnant sans, or one calved within the dare ret, and retained for further breeding ro a herdbooh ball. Article IX. Each provincial comssnion mast report expenditores before Match 1 to the Minitr of the Intridor, and report condition of breeding conice in the province daring the precmding year.  242 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS The appropriated moneys were prorated among the provinces in proportion to the number of breeding herds. Ten provinces con- tributed additional sums to these prize moneys. PREFERENT BULLS Examinations of progeny of bulls were begun soon after 1900 to de- termine transmitting ability. Since 1910 the Provincial Committee for Cattle Improvement (PCV) in Friesland made examinations at the request of the owner, interested breeders, or the herdbook society. Examinations began when a bull was four years old and were repeated until a decision was made. All available progeny were compared with their dams-sons as regarded conformation and daughters for production and conformation. The herdbook of- fice supplied production records and conformation scores, and lo- cation of the animals. Milkability of daughters was determined with a four- compartment milking machine to determine time and rate of milk letdown, proportion from fore and rear quarters, hand strippings, and response of the cow to machine milking. 242 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS The appropriated moneys were prorated among the provinces in proportion to the number of breeding herds. Ten provinces con- tributed additional sums to these prize moneys. PREFERENT BULLs Examinations of progeny of bulls were begun soon after 1900 to de- termine transmitting ability. Since 1910 the Provincial Committee for Cattle Improvement (PCV) in Friesland made examinations at the request of the owner, interested breeders, or the herdbook society. Examinations began when a bull was four years old and were repeated until a decision was made. All available progeny were compared with their dams-sons as regarded conformation and daughters for production and conformation. The herdbook of- fice supplied production records and conformation scores, and lo- cation of the animals. Milkability of daughters was determined with a four- compartment milking machine to determine time and rate of milk letdown, proportion from fore and rear quarters, hand strippings, and response of the cow to machine milking. 242 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS The appropriated moneys were prorated among the provinces in proportion to the number of breeding herds. Ten provinces con- tributed additional sums to these prize moneys. PREFERENT BULLS Examinations of progeny of bulls were begun soon after 1900 to de- termine transmitting ability. Since 1910 the Provincial Committee for Cattle Improvement (PCV) in Friesland made examinations at the request of the owner, interested breeders, or the herdbook society. Examinations began when a bull was four years old and were repeated until a decision was made. All available progeny were compared with their dams-sons as regarded conformation and daughters for production and conformation. The herdbook of- fice supplied production records and conformation scores, and lo- cation of the animals. Milkability of daughters was determined with a four- compartment milking machine to determine time and rate of milk letdown, proportion from fore and rear quarters, hand strippings, and response of the cow to machine milking. FIG. 12.2. Juweel Vans 76020 N.R.S. averaged 8,690 pounds of milk, 3.85 percent, 335 pounds of butterfat in 324 days for 6 lactations in a certified milk dairy. Two sons and a daughter were exported as breeding animals. FIG. 12.2. Juweel Vaan 76020 N.R.S. averaged 8,690 pounds of milk, 3.85 percent, 335 pounds of butterfat in 324 days for 6 lactations in a certiled milk dairy. Two sons and a daughter were exported as breeding animals. FIG. 12.2. Juweel Vaan 76020 N.R.S. averaged 8,690 pounds of milk, 3.85 percent, 335 pounds of butterfat in 324 days for 6 lactations in a certified milk dairy. Two sons and a daughter were exported as breeding animals.  Friesians in the Netherlands 243 Results of examinations were published in the Friesch Landbouw- blad (Agricultural Gazette). If a bull improved his progeny suffi- ciently, he qualified as Preferent A or Preferent B. A classification for Preferent C was used for a few years. The NRS used a designa- tion of Select Bulls that improved conformation and production of their progeny. These reports were assembled into book form by the Provincial Commission for Cattle Breeding. The book contained the pedigree, photograph when available, number of progeny, a daughter-dam comparison of milk yield, and protein and butterfat tests. Over 70,000 bulls were entered in the FRS herdbook since 1910, 108 of which were declared Preferent. The herdbook society was responsible for examinations and declaring Preferent Bulls since 1955. No fixed production standard was set for Preferent Bulls in Fries- land. The Friesian Cattle Health Service had to certify that the bull did not transmit recognized hereditary defects. The Board of the Netherlands Herd Book initiated the Preferent qualification in 1916 for Friesian bulls in other provinces. A com- mittee that passed on the qualifications included the Head Inspec- tor for the herdbook, a state consulting expert for cattle breeding in the respective province, a Board (NRS) member, and an in- spector for the NRS. Animals were inspected on pasture. Qualified bulls were declared Preferent 1st Class or Preferent 2nd Class. Reports by the committee were published in their journal De Stamboeker (The Herd Book Man). Reports in a booklet included a photograph of the bull and a typical daughter, his pedigree and conformation score, the committee's report, and an analysis of pro- duction records of daughters and their dams. Production standards for daughters to qualify their sires in 1937 were: Friesians in the Netherlands 243 Results of examinations were published in the Friesch Landbouw- blad (Agricultural Gazette). If a bull improved his progeny suffi- ciently, he qualified as Preferent A or Preferent B. A classification for Preferent C was used for a few years. The NRS used a designa- tion of Select Bulls that improved conformation and production of their progeny. These reports were assembled into book form by the Provincial Commission for Cattle Breeding. The book contained the pedigree, photograph when available, number of progeny, a daughter-dam comparison of milk yield, and protein and butterfat tests. Over 70,000 bulls were entered in the FRS herdbook since 1910, 108 of which were declared Preferent. The herdbook society was responsible for examinations and declaring Preferent Bulls since 1955. No fixed production standard was set for Preferent Bulls in Fries- land. The Friesian Cattle Health Service had to certify that the bull did not transmit recognized hereditary defects. The Board of the Netherlands Herd Book initiated the Preferent qualification in 1916 for Friesian bulls in other provinces. A com- mittee that passed on the qualifications included the Head Inspec- tor for the herdbook, a state consulting expert for cattle breeding in the respective province, a Board (NRS) member, and an in- spector for the NRS. Animals were inspected on pasture. Qualified bulls were declared Preferent 1st Class or Preferent 2nd Class. Reports by the committee were published in their journal De Stamboeker (The Herd Book Man). Reports in a booklet included a photograph of the bull and a typical daughter, his pedigree and conformation score, the committee's report, and an analysis of pro- duction records of daughters and their dams. Production standards for daughters to qualify their sires in 1937 were: Friesians in the Netherlands 243 Results of examinations were published in the Friesch Landbouw- blad (Agricultural Gazette). If a bull improved his progeny suffi- ciently, he qualified as Preferent A or Preferent B. A classification for Preferent C was used for a few years. The NRS used a designa- tion of Select Bulls that improved conformation and production of their progeny. These reports were assembled into book form by the Provincial Commission for Cattle Breeding. The book contained the pedigree, photograph when available, number of progeny, a daughter-dam comparison of milk yield, and protein and butterfat tests. Over 70,000 bulls were entered in the FRS herdbook since 1910, 108 of which were declared Preferent. The herdbook society was responsible for examinations and declaring Preferent Bulls since 1955. No fixed production standard was set for Preferent Bulls in Fries- land. The Friesian Cattle Health Service had to certify that the bull did not transmit recognized hereditary defects. The Board of the Netherlands Herd Book initiated the Preferent qualification in 1916 for Friesian bulls in other provinces. A com- mittee that passed on the qualifications included the Head Inspec- tor for the herdbook, a state consulting expert for cattle breeding in the respective province, a Board (NRS) member, and an in- spector for the NRS. Animals were inspected on pasture. Qualified bulls were declared Preferent 1st Class or Preferent 2nd Class. Reports by the committee were published in their journal De Stamboeker (The Herd Book Man). Reports in a booklet included a photograph of the bull and a typical daughter, his pedigree and conformation score, the committee's report, and an analysis of pro- duction records of daughters and their dams. Production standards for daughters to qualify their sires in 1937 were: Age at calving (years) 2 5 Minimum average dairy milk yield (pounds) 22 32 Minimum Minimum Minimum milk fat butterfat (pounds) (percent) (pounds) 6,618 3.40 278 9,596 3.40 403.7 Age at calving (years) 2 5 Minimum average dairy milk yield (pounds) 22 32 Minimum Minimum Minimum milk fat butterfat (pounds) (percent) (pounds) 6,618 3.40 278 9,596 3.40 403.7 Age at calving (years) 2 5 Minimum average dairy milk yield (pounds) 22 32 Minimum Minimum Minimum milk fat butterfat (pounds) (percent) (pounds) 6,618 3.40 278 9,596 3.40 403.7 The comparisons of daughter-dam production were presented graphically in an arrow chart by the Friesch Rundvee Stamboek The comparisons of daughter-dam production were presented graphically in an arrow chart by the Friesch Rundvee Stamboek The comparisons of daughter-dam production were presented graphically in an arrow chart by the Friesch Rundvee Stamboek  244 D AIRY CATTLE BREEDS and in a spot graph by the Nederlandsch Rundvee Stamboek. Ex- amples of these are shown in Figures 12.3 and 12.4. PREFERENT COws The rating "Preferent Cow" was initiated in 1947 in Friesland and in 1950 in the Nederlandsch Rundvee Stamboek. A cow must qual- ify in four categories. A score of 70 points for conformation is re- quired to become registered. Within four years, she must drop at least three pedigree calves. Her milk production must average at least 3.80 percent of butterfat. Over half of her lactations in 330 days or less must equal at least the following amounts: 244 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS and in a spot graph by the Nederlandsch Rundvee Stamboek. Ex- amples of these are shown in Figures 12.3 and 12.4. PREFERENT COwS The rating "Preferent Cow" was initiated in 1947 in Friesland and in 1950 in the Nederlandsch Rundvee Stamboek. A cow must qual- ify in four categories. A score of 70 points for conformation is re- quired to become registered. Within four years, she must drop at least three pedigree calves. Her milk production must average at least 3.80 percent of butterfat. Over half of her lactations in 330 days or less must equal at least the following amounts: 244 DA RY CATTLE BREEDS and in a spot graph by the Nederlandsch Rundvee Stamboek. Ex- amples of these are shown in Figures 12.3 and 12.4. PREFERENT COWS The rating "Preferent Cow" was initiated in 1947 in Friesland and in 1950 in the Nederlandsch Rundvee Stamboek. A cow must qual- ify in four categories. A score of 70 points for conformation is re- quired to become registered. Within four years, she must drop at least three pedigree calves. Her milk production must average at least 3.80 percent of butterfat. Over half of her lactations in 3.30 days or less must equal at least the following amounts: Age Up to 2 years 3 months 2-4 to 2-9 at calving 2-10 to 3-3 at calving 3-4 to 3-9 at calving 3-10 to 4-6 at calving 4-7 to 5-6 at calving 5 years 7 months or older Amount of milk 3,300 kilograms (7,275 pounds) 3,600 kilograms (7,937 pounds) 3,900 kilograms (8,598 pounds) 4,200 kilograms (9,259 pounds) 4,500 kilograms (9,921 pounds) 5,100 kilograms (11,243 pounds) 5,500 kilograms (12,125 pounds) Age Up to 2 years 3 months 2-4 to 2-9 at calving 2-10 to 3-3 at calving 3-4 to 3-9 at calving 3-10 to 4-6 at calving 4-7 to 5-6 at calving 5 years 7 months or older Amount of milk 3,300 kilograms (7,275 pounds) 3,600 kilograms (7,937 pounds) 3,900 kilograms (8,598 pounds) 4,200 kilograms (9,259 pounds) 4,500 kilograms (9,921 pounds) 5,100 kilograms (11,243 pounds) 5,500 kilograms (12,125 pounds) Age Up to 2 years 3 months 2-4 to 2-9 at calving 2-10 to 3-3 at calving 3-4 to 3-9 at calving 3-10 to 4-6 at calving 4-7 to 5-6 at calving 5 years 7 months or older Amount of milk 3,300 kilograms (7,275 pounds) 3,600 kilograms (7,937 pounds) 3,900 kilograms (8,598 pounds ) 4,200 kilograms (9,259 pounds) 4,500 kilograms (9,921 pounds) 5,100 kilograms (11,243 pounds) 5,500 kilograms (12,125 pounds ) When a lactation period exceeded 330 days, it was converted by multiplying the average daily milk yield by 330. When the yield was insuflicient, 50 kilograms of milk, up to 300 kilograms. were deducted from the requirement for each 0.1 percent of fat above 3.80 percent. Allowances of 10 and 15 percent were made for peri- ods of extreme shortage of feed during World War II. When the cow had grazed on certain recognized "light soil," the milk require- ment was reduced by 5 percent. The fourth category required that at least four direct descend- ants of the cow must have been approved, including one female with a production record. Conformation of the progeny must merit at least ten points based on the scores: Female Male When a lactation period exceeded 330 days, it was converted by multiplying the average daily milk yield by 330. When the yield was insufficient, 50 kilograms of milk, up to 300 kilograms, were deducted from the requirement for each 0.1 percent of fat above 3.80 percent Allowances of 10 and 15 percent were made for peri- ods of extreme shortage of feed during World War II. When the cow had grazed on certain recognized "light soil," the milk require- ment was reduced by 5 percent. The fourth category required that at least four direct descend- ants of the cow must have been approved, including one female With a production record. Conformation of the progeny must merit at least ten points based on the scores: When a lactation period exceeded 330 days, it was converted by multiplying the average daily milk yield by 330. When the yield was insuflicient, 50 kilograms of milk, up to 300 kilograms, were deducted from the requirement for each 0.1 percent of fat above 3.80 percent. Allowances of 10 and 15 percent were made for peri- ods of extreme shortage of feed during World War II. When the cow had grazed on certain recognized "light soil," the milk require- ment was reduced by 5 percent. The fourth category required that at least four direct descend- ants of the cow must have been approved, including one female with a production record. Conformation of the progeny must merit at least ten points based on the scores: Female Male 78-79 2 points 72 1 point 80-82 3 points 73-74 2 points 83-84 4 points 75-77 3 points 85 and higher 5 points 78-79 4 points 80 and higher 5 points Preferent son 10 points Female Male 78-79 2 points 72 80-82 3 points 73-74 83-84 4 points 75-77 85 and higher 5 points 78-79 80 and higher Preferent son 1 point 2 points 3 points 4 points 5 points 10 points 78-79 2 points 72 1 point 80-82 3 points 73-74 2 points 83-84 4 points 75-77 3 points 85 and higher 5 points 78-79 4 points 80 and higher 5 points Preferent son 10 points  Fri esians in the Netherlands 245 At least one female progeny was required to meet the production requirements of her damn, as above. If there wee more thsan one femnale progeny, one of them need not necessarily nmeet the pro- duction requirements. Preferent Cows must pass the milkability test wvith a milk finor of at least 4.74 pounds per minute. 5 1,000 1000 tlt 1,0 Milkproduciooftdams, inpounds FtG. 12.3. to an arrow chart, the dam's roduction is indicated on the abscissa above the barn tine. The daughter's production is indicated by the length of the sbaft of tbe arron wcith retation to the scale on the ordinate at the left. Friesians in the Netherlandso 245 At least one female progeny was required to meet the production requirements of her darn, as above. If there were more than one femnale progeny, one of them need not necessarily meet the pro- duction requirements. Preferent Cows must pass the milhability test wvith a milk flow of at least 4.74 pounds pee minute. soot0 sae 200 lT ofl sdciso or scsd ct.12..t0 ro0 hat0h dmsrodcos niae on7 easis bs h aeln.Tedohe' sdcini icaebyhrlnssothshtofhraonntreaiuo th caeoth diaeoshle. Friesians in the Netheelandfs 245 At least one female progeny was required to meet the production requirements of her darn, as above. If there were more than one female progeny, our of them need not necessarily meet the pro- duction requirements. Preferent Cows must pass the milkoability test wvith a milk flow of at least 4.74 pounds per minute. 5,0 i0 12,500 is-oo slaposvsoosorsoool FI.0..to sasnsat h a' edcini niae on10ascsaao,0h0as0ie Tedohletpadciui inatdbshleabothshfofheaonntrraiuo th caeothaditeashlf.  246 DAIRYS CATTLE BREEDS To be recognsized as a High Lactatian Caw, she most have a least seven milk records, meeting 110 percent at requairemensts ii all bsat too of them. Sinsce 1959, 48 Friesian cows each had a life time yield of at least 100,000{ kilograms (220,600 pounds) of milk. The Cesstral Milk Recoeding Seevice, established in 1943, is a n tianal government oeganization cooperatinsg with the agricsdtura and herdbook societies. The recording service also analyzes leans 246 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS To he eecognized as a High Lactation Cow, she mast have a least seven milk records, meeting 110 percent of requsirements ii all hut Ewo of them. Since 1959, 48 Friesian cows each had a life time yield of at least 100,000 hilograms (220,600 pounds)( of milk. The Central Milki Recording Service, established in 1943, is a na tianol govrrnmsent organization cooperating with the agricnltsura and herdbooh societies. The recording service also analyzes trans 246 DIR Y CATTLE BREEDS To he recognized as a High Lactation Cow, she most have a least seven milk records, meeting 110 percent of requsirements ii all bat two of them. Sincr 1959, 48 Friesian cows each had a life time yield of at least 100,000 kilograms (220,900 ponnds) of milk. Thr Central Milk Recording Service, rstablished in 1943, is a no tional governmoent organization coopcrating with the agricultura aod herdbook societies. The recording servicr also analyzes Erans 15,000- 71500 T " .0" " 0 I 15,000 12,500 °a a 'D " 10,000 a v 0 c " 7,5100 y T S " " 15,000 1 " 0 " " " " 0 S. I S. S. T I in T T 0,000 10,00 12,500 15,000 Milk production of dam~s, in pounds FIG. 12.4. On a spat graph, each dot is located at thr point swhere a lin parallel to the hasr ouold intersect aeral linerfromthe base, iodicating thr resprctive lrvrls of production of the daughtr and the corresponding dam. 0,000 10,000 12,500 10,000 Milk production of dons. in pounds FIG. 11.4. On a spot graph, each dot is located at the pint srhre a lin parallel to the baserouold intersect arverical liner finns the basr, indicating the rspectivr levrls of production of ther daughtr and the corrsponding dam. 80,100 10,000 12,500 15.000 Milk prodoction of dass in pounods FIG. 12.4 Os o spot nraph, rook dot is socated at the pint swherer a lin parallrl to the baseswold intersect artical liar frmmthe hose, indicoting the rrspective levels of prodoction of thr daughtr and the corresponding dnm.  Friesians in the Netherlands 247 mitting ability of bulls having 15 or more milking daughters. Dairy products are marketed as butter, cheese, and dried and fresh milk. Milking qualities are determined on at least 20 daughters of bulls in natural use, or 25 to 30 daughters by artificial service. Some 159 sire-groups were tested for milking qualities during 1967-68. Rate of letdown and percentage of milk from the two fore quarters is particularly important, as is the behavior of the cow during ma- chine milking. The four-cup milking machine takes milk from the separate quarters. The first such machine was made by the Delaval company for research at the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion before 1934. Perhaps the first such determinations, by hand milking, were made at the New York (Geneva) station in 1888. STATE PREmium BULLS An animal must have scored at least 75 points and have a good production pedigree to qualify as a State Premium Bull. Anna's Bertus 15025 FRS illustrated the conformation selected (Figure 12.5). The designation was replaced by Recommended Bull, or Select Bull, for transmitting improved conformation and produc- tion. Friesians in the Netherlands 247 mitting ability of bulls having 15 or more milking daughters. Dairy products are marketed as butter, cheese, and dried and fresh milk. Milking qualities are determined on at least 20 daughters of bulls in natural use, or 25 to 30 daughters by artificial service. Some 159 sire-groups were tested for milking qualities during 1967-68. Rate of letdown and percentage of milk from the two fore quarters is particularly important, as is the behavior of the cow during ma- chine milking. The four-cup milking machine takes milk from the separate quarters. The first such machine was made by the Delaval company for research at the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion before 1934. Perhaps the first such determinations, by hand milking, were made at the New York (Geneva) station in 1888. STATE PREMIUM BULLs An animal must have scored at least 75 points and have a good production pedigree to qualify as a State Premium Bull. Anna's Bertus 15025 FRS illustrated the conformation selected (Figure 12.5). The designation was replaced by Recommended Bull, or Select Bull, for transmitting improved conformation and produc- tion. Friesians in the Netherlands 247 mitting ability of bulls having 15 or more milking daughters. Dairy products are marketed as butter, cheese, and dried and fresh milk. Milking qualities are determined on at least 20 daughters of bulls in natural use, or 25 to 30 daughters by artificial service. Some 159 sire-groups were tested for milking qualities during 1967-68. Rate of letdown and percentage of milk from the two fore quarters is particularly important, as is the behavior of the cow during ma- chine milking. The four-cup milking machine takes milk from the separate quarters. The first such machine was made by the Delaval company for research at the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion before 1934. Perhaps the first such determinations, by hand milking, were made at the New York (Geneva) station in 1888. STATE PREMIUM BULLS An animal must have scored at least 75 points and have a good production pedigree to qualify as a State Premium Bull. Anna's Bertus 15025 FRS illustrated the conformation selected (Figure 12.5). The designation was replaced by Recommended Bull, or Select Bull, for transmitting improved conformation and produc- tion. FIG. 12.5. Anna's Bertus 15025 FRS was the type desired in a prize winninge young Friesian bull. FIG. 12.5. Anna's Bertus 15025 FRS was the type desired in a prize winning young Friesian bull. FIG. 12.5. Anna's Bertus 15025 FRS was the type desired in a prize winning young Friesian bull.  248 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 248 DAIRY CATTLE BREEES 248 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS The Health Service for Cattle was instituted in Friesland in 1918 by the Friesch Rundvee Stamboek, cooperating later with the Co- operative Dairy Factories. The Health Service was in charge of eradicating tuberculosis from Friesland in 1951 and for the Nether- lands by May 1956. Bang's disease (brucellosis) and vibriosis were eradicated similarly. Heifers and cows are still inoculated each spring against aftosa (foot-and-mouth disease). Since the close of World War II, over 75,000 breeding animals have been exported to 41 countries on four continents. None went to Canada or the United States although many were exported there before 1905. George Reed of Valley Farm, New Hampshire, described condi- tions and practices in the Netherlands in 1949 as follows: Nearly all the cows we saw had excellent top lines and rumps, some of them were a little heavier over the withers than we like to see in good Holstein dairy cows but their av- erage test is up around 4% and their production seems to be quite high for the amount of concentrates they feed, because their feeds are mostly ... grass silage, hay, beets, and potatoes, and not as much concentrated feed as we feed in the U.S. This was in addition to pasture grasses under a system of rotational grazing. He continued: Their classification is very strict. The highest classification for a bull is 88 points. . . . We saw one cow that was classified 93 and I think the best classification we saw on a bull was 86, although I would easily classify "Excellent" in every bracket in our type of classification. In some of the herds . our classi- fiers would find almost half of the animals classifying in the top brackets because they were very uniform in top lines, rumps, legs, and udders. I believe that their animals may be a little shorter in the neck than ours on the average; they weigh over 200 pounds more than our average Holstein will. They have very alert heads, well-dished, with a broad muzzle and strong jaw. All the female animals have their horns left on and most of the bulls. Their herds were not depleted much from occupation by the Germans. Only one farm that we visited had had to turn in one animal, the poorest in the herd, for food purposes. That was more or less in the form of a fine because the farmer was ordered to turn over a certain amount of his milk to the oc- The Health Service for Cattle was instituted in Friesland in 1918 by the Friesch Rundvee Stamboek, cooperating later with the Co- operative Dairy Factories. The Health Service was in charge of eradicating tuberculosis from Friesland in 1951 and for the Nether- lands by May 1956. Bang's disease (brucellosis) and vibriosis were eradicated similarly. Heifers and cows are still inoculated each spring against aftosa (foot-and-mouth disease). Since the close of World War II, over 75,000 breeding animals have been exported to 41 countries on four continents. None went to Canada or the United States although many were exported there before 1905. George Reed of Valley Farm, New Hampshire, described condi- tions and practices in the Netherlands in 1949 as follows: Nearly all the cows we saw had excellent top lines and rumps, some of them were a little heavier over the withers than we like to see in good Holstein dairy cows but their av- erage test is up around 4% and their production seems to be quite high for the amount of concentrates they feed, because their feeds are mostly ... grass silage, hay, beets, and potatoes, and not as much concentrated feed as we feed in the U.S. This was in addition to pasture grasses under a system of rotational grazing. He continued: Their classification is very strict. The highest classification for a bull is 88 points. . . . We saw one cow that was classified 93 and I think the best classification we saw on a bull was 86, although I would easily classify "Excellent" in every bracket in our type of classification. In some of the herds . .. our classi- fiers would find almost half of the animals classifying in the top brackets because they were very uniform in top lines, rumps, legs, and udders. I believe that their animals may be a little shorter in the neck than ours on the average; they weigh over 200 pounds more than our average Holstein will. They have very alert heads, well-dished, with a broad muzzle and strong jaw. All the female animals have their horns left on and most of the bulls. Their herds were not depleted much from occupation by the Germans. Only one farm that we visited had had to turn in one animal, the poorest in the herd, for food purposes. That was more or less in the form of a fine because the farmer was ordered to turn over a certain amount of his milk to the oc- The Health Service for Cattle was instituted in Friesland in 1918 by the Friesch Rundee Stamboek, cooperating later with the Co- operative Dairy Factories. The Health Service was in charge of eradicating tuberculosis from Friesland in 1951 and for the Nether- lands by May 1956. Bang's disease (brucellosis) and vibriosis were eradicated similarly. Heifers and cows are still inoculated each spring against aftosa (foot-and-mouth disease). Since the close of World War II, over 75,000 breeding animals have been exported to 41 countries on four continents. None went to Canada or the United States although many were exported there before 1905. George Reed of Valley Farm, New Hampshire, described condi- tions and practices in the Netherlands in 1949 as follows: Nearly all the cows we saw had excellent top lines and rumps, some of them were a little heavier over the withers than we like to see in good Holstein dairy cows but their av- erage test is up around 4% and their production seems to be quite high for the amount of concentrates they feed, because their feeds are mostly . . . grass silage, hay, beets, and potatoes, and not as much concentrated feed as we feed in the U.S. This was in addition to pasture grasses under a system of rotational grazing. He continued: Their classification is very strict. The highest classification for a bull is 88 points.... We saw one cow that was classified 93 and I think the best classification we saw on a bull was 86, although I would easily classify "Excellent" in every bracket in our type of classification. In some of the herds . .. our classi- fiers would find almost half of the animals classifying in the top brackets because they were very uniform in top lines, rumps, legs, and udders. I believe that their animals may be a little shorter in the neck than ours on the average; they weigh over 200 pounds more than our average Holstein will. They have very alert heads, well-dished, with a broad muzzle and strong jaw. All the female animals have their horns left on and most of the bulls. Their herds were not depleted much from occupation by the Germans. Only one farm that we visited had had to turn in one animal, the poorest in the herd, for food purposes. That was more or less in the form of a fine because the farmer was ordered to turn over a certain amount of his milk to the oc-  Friesians in the Netherlands 249 cupation army and this man disregarded the order and sold all the milk in town.. .. But they were very particular not to destroy or harm any of the registered animals because they wanted to have the best breeding to carry on with after they conquered these countries and they also wanted the people to be friendly toward them. One place we visited in Leeuwarden was the weekly Friday sale where they sell between 2000 and 3000 Black and White cattle every Friday at private treaty with no auctioneer. They come along and slap each other's hands and the seller keeps shaking his head until the buyer reaches a price that he is satisfied with and then he nods his head in the affirmative and the animal is bought. At these sales the inspectors are present (to judge the young milk cows, whose calves they want to keep in the Herdbook, while registration of the cow may be cancelled after the sale). When animals are selected for inspection and are not already registered from a registered dam, the inspectors are very rigid, and they measure the rump, the body, the shoulders, the head, neck, feet and legs, and the udder. They certainly are very strict on registration of animals they enter in the Herd Book in this manner. (They must score at least 75, rather than 70 points). The sales grounds are maintained by Leeuwarden, and a fee is charged for animals that come to the stalls. The grounds have brick pavement; water and eating facilities are available. ARTIFICIAL BREEDING Artificial breeding began on an experimental basis in 1936 in the Netherlands, and in limited practice 2 years later. The bulls were owned mainly by farmer cooperatives. Provincial supervising com- mittees established minimum standards for milk yields and butter- fat tests of dams and granddams of the bulls, but the cooperatives prefer higher standards. Reports of the Central Committee for Ar- tificial Insemination showed that 62 percent of the cows and about 40 percent of the heifers were bred artificially in 1968. Some 695 Friesian, 389 Meuse-Rhine-Yssel, 11 Groningen, and 1 Jersey bull were in artificial service in the Netherlands in 1970. Bulls in artificial service are blood-typed for antigen pattern to facilitate identification of their progeny when necessary. Formerly Friesians in the Netherlands 249 cupation army and this man disregarded the order and sold all the milk in town. . . . But they were very particular not to destroy or harm any of the registered animals because they wanted to have the best breeding to carry on with after they conquered these countries and they also wanted the people to be friendly toward them. One place we visited in Leeuwarden was the weekly Friday sale where they sell between 2000 and 3000 Black and White cattle every Friday at private treaty with no auctioneer. They come along and slap each other's hands and the seller keeps shaking his head until the buyer reaches a price that he is satisfied with and then he nods his head in the affirmative and the animal is bought. At these sales the inspectors are present (to judge the young milk cows, whose calves they want to keep in the Herdbook, while registration of the cow may be cancelled after the sale). When animals are selected for inspection and are not already registered from a registered dam, the inspectors are very rigid, and they measure the rump, the body, the shoulders, the head, neck, feet and legs, and the udder. They certainly are very strict on registration of animals they enter in the Herd Book in this manner. (They must score at least 75, rather than 70 points). The sales grounds are maintained by Leeuwarden, and a fee is charged for animals that come to the stalls. The grounds have brick pavement; water and eating facilities are available. ARTIFICIAL BREEDING Artificial breeding began on an experimental basis in 1936 in the Netherlands, and in limited practice 2 years later. The bulls were owned mainly by farmer cooperatives. Provincial supervising com- mittees established minimum standards for milk yields and butter- fat tests of dams and granddams of the bulls, but the cooperatives prefer higher standards. Reports of the Central Committee for Ar- tificial Insemination showed that 62 percent of the cows and about 40 percent of the heifers were bred artificially in 1968. Some 695 Friesian, 389 Meuse-Rhine-Yssel, 11 Groningen, and 1 Jersey bull were in artificial service in the Netherlands in 1970. Bulls in artificial service are blood-typed for antigen pattern to facilitate identification of their progeny when necessary. Formerly Friesians in the Netherlands 249 cupation army and this man disregarded the order and sold all the milk in town. . . . But they were very particular not to destroy or harm any of the registered animals because they wanted to have the best breeding to carry on with after they conquered these countries and they also wanted the people to be friendly toward them. One place we visited in Leeuwarden was the weekly Friday sale where they sell between 2000 and 3000 Black and White cattle every Friday at private treaty with no auctioneer. They come along and slap each other's hands and the seller keeps shaking his head until the buyer reaches a price that he is satisfied with and then he nods his head in the affirmative and the animal is bought. At these sales the inspectors are present (to judge the young milk cows, whose calves they want to keep in the Herdbook, while registration of the cow may be cancelled after the sale). When animals are selected for inspection and are not already registered from a registered dam, the inspectors are very rigid, and they measure the rump, the body, the shoulders, the head, neck, feet and legs, and the udder. They certainly are very strict on registration of animals they enter in the Herd Book in this manner. (They must score at least 75, rather than 70 points). The sales grounds are maintained by Leeuwarden, and a fee is charged for animals that come to the stalls. The grounds have brick pavement; water and eating facilities are available. ARTIFICIAL BREEDING Artificial breeding began on an experimental basis in 1936 in the Netherlands, and in limited practice 2 years later. The bulls were owned mainly by farmer cooperatives. Provincial supervising com- mittees established minimum standards for milk yields and butter- fat tests of dams and granddams of the bulls, but the cooperatives prefer higher standards. Reports of the Central Committee for Ar- tificial Insemination showed that 62 percent of the cows and about 40 percent of the heifers were bred artificially in 1968. Some 695 Friesian, 389 Meuse-Rhine-Yssel, 11 Groningen, and 1 Jersey bull were in artificial service in the Netherlands in 1970. Bulls in artificial service are blood-typed for antigen pattern to facilitate identification of their progeny when necessary. Formerly  m.5 DAZEY CATTLE DREIS m5 DAZEY CATTE BREEDS m5 DAZEY CATTE DREEDD a commission of expects inspected the fiest 100 catces sieed by a butt in the sn-catted l100-calf-test, schich considered body eon- formation. This method has been discontinued. Oldee butts with recognized teansission are used on about furc- fifths of the cons, white setected young boths ace being sanspled foe futuee eeplacements. Theie progeny ace analyzed forconformation. peoduction, milhability, sod any cecognized hereditary detects. Beeding efficiencies ace estimated on fli- to 90-day nuncetums. which wee found to be 4.1 peccent higher than actuat cesults. Semen is prepared in amputes, tabtots, or pellets formed and stoced in liquid nitrogen (-320 -F.). When yields of 15 daughtec-dam paics ace recocded, these ace published by the herdbooh societies. A program of measocements and weights deals with ultimate carcass quatity and values. The headquarers of the two herdbook societies ae: H. do Boec. Frfesch Rundvee Stamboeh, Zuiderplein 2-fl, Leeuwsarden, The Netherlands; and Des. A. Koencaad, Stradhoudersptantsoen, 24. 's-Gravenhage, The Hague, The Nethertands. REFERoNCES Bahoven, H. G. A.. ot al. 1953. Hot gebalte 000 do moth van Foros booin sa ovttoife drogstof on hot veoohmd tuosn settehalte en votveijo dmogstot. Oflicel ogaan. Koinshl. Nod. Zuiveband 45(4):53-57. flahhoo, D. L. 1909. Studies uher die Geschichte dcn heutlgen Zbland nd die Zuhunft des Rindes nd seinor Zucht in den Nioderaddn mit heon- deroo holoschor fleonosictiutont dec Arheitweiss des Niedoolandischen Rind- siehstanmhuches. Ionu. Dins., Uslo. nomn. Maruicht. Biakkero D. L., ot at. l948. [The history of the Dutch cow.] In Rindsioh. Amsteodam. Cb. 1. Bilinh, H. H. 1911. The Foiesian Heodhuoh Association. Holsteis-Freian Woeld 19:2033-35. Clemons, G. M. 1937. Holtsins in Holland. Holtein-Friesias Woold 34:1115- 16, 1143. DoLeeuw, P. o925. Impoving tho Holstein-Foiesian coscin Holland. Holstein- Friesin Woeld 2212614-65l, 1179, 1280. Dijksra, J. M., and E. T. oelots. 1959. Peferest Stieres in Frisluand, 190- 1959. Looeu-aodes. Hauser, E. 0. 1953. The Dutch ssribo bach agninst the soa. Sat. flue. Poot 225(45):19-21, 118. Hesgeoceld, 0. J. 1999. Oigin and purity of tho breood. Dutch-Friesian Hood finch 1:10-19. a commission of expects inspected the fonst 100 calves siced by a bull in the sn-called "100-calf-test," which consideced body con- formation. This method bus been discontinued. Older hulls with cecognized transmission ace used on about tue- fifths of the cows, while selected young hulls ace being sampled foe futnce ceplacements. Theic pogeny ace analyzed foe cnformation pruduction, smilkability, and any recognized heceditacr- detects. Breeding efficiencies ace estimated on fil- to 90-day nuncesoos. which wece found to be 4.1 peccent higher than actual cesults. Semen is prepared in ampules, tablets, or pellets fooned and stored in liquid nitrogen ( -320° F.). When yields of 15 daughter-dam pairs ace reornded, these ace published by the herdbook societies. A program of measurements and weights deals with ultimate caccass quality and values. The headquartecs of the two hecdbook societies ae: H. do oe. Fefesch Rudvee Stamboek, Zoiderplein 2-fl, Leeuwacden, The Netherlands; and Des. A. Koencaad, Stcadhoudecsplantsoen, 24, 's-Goavenhage, The Hague, The Netheclands. HEFERNCES Blakhon, H. G. A.. et at. 1953. Hot gehalte can do moth van Fame bomn son vefiie drogstof en hot veohmnd uosn vetgehalto en oetvrie dmogstof. Officieel ogasn. Kosinkl. Ned. Zuivebond 45(4):53-57. Blakkeo, D. L. 1909. Studies oboer die Geschichte den heucigen Zusand nd die Zuhuoft des Rlindes nd seiner Zucht in den Nioderddn mit boson- deero koitischeo flcochsichtgn deo Arbhtissi des Niederlndiscen Find- siobstoumbuches. Ionu. Hiss., Univ. Berm. Martoicht. Blakkerc, D. L., et al. 1949. [The history of the Hutch cmsw.[ In flindcioh. Amsteodam. Cb. 1. Blinb, H. H. 1921. The Friesias Herdbook Associatlon. Holstein-Friesian World 19:2033-35. Clemns, 0. M. 1937. Holttins in Holland. Holstei-Fiuian World 34:1115- 1t, 1143. DeLeuw, P. 1913. Impovcing the Holsein-Fneesim cosc in Holland. Hotin- Frciesian Woeld 21:1164-6, 1278, 1590. Hijksra, J. M., nd E. T. noelots. 1959. Ocefoest Stiewen is Friesland, 190- 1059. Leeuswaodon. Hausero F. H. 1953. The Hutch strike bach aganst the mea. Sot. Ev. Pout 225(45),19-21, 119. Henerceld, C. J. 1990. Oigin sod puricy of tho booed. Dutchs-Fresian Hood Snobk 1:10-19. a commission of expects inspected the flout 190 calves niced by a bull in the so-called "100-calf-test,0 schich consideced body eon- formation. This method bus been discontinued. Older bolls wcth recognized tcansmission ace used on about foor- fifths of the cows, while selected young bulls ace being sampled fnc future replacements. Their progeny ace analyzed foe conformation. production, suilkability, and any cecognized hereditaoy defects. Bceeding efficiencies ace estimated on 60- to 90-day noncetums. which wece found to be 4.1 peccent highee than actual cesults. Semen is prepared in ampules, tablets, or pellets funned and stoced in liquid nitrogen (-320° F.). When yields of 15 daughtec-dam paics ace recorded, these aoe published by the hecdbook societies. A progcam of measucements and weights deals with ulimate cacas quality and values. The headquatecs of the two herdbook societies ace: H. do oe, Fciesch Rundvee Sitamboek, Zuiderplein 2-l, Leeuwaoden, The Netheclands; and Des. A. Konraad, Stcadhoudersplantsoen, 24, 's-Gravenhage, The Hague, The Netherlands. HocEREnES Biakhoven, H. G. A.. et al. 1933. Hot gehate con do mols vam Foicoc booth son votfrife drogstof en hot cerbnd mussen vosgohalto on uetvsije doogstof. Hificicel ogaan. Kink. Ned. Zutoehond 45(4):53-57. Bakkber, H. L. 1909. Studies uher die Geschichte den beuonnen Znocmnd nd die Zukunft des Rnindes nd seiner Zucht in den Niederddn mit boson- dec00 koinischer Bleruchbngut der Acheihociss des Niedeolndischen ind- viehstaumbuches. Ionu. Hiss., Univ. Bemn. Marouich. Bokboo, H. L., et al. 1949. [The history of the Hutch cow.] to Rindieh. Amsterdam. Ch. 1. Blobk, H. H. 1921. The Foiesian Heodbook Association. Holstin-Feian World 19:2033-35. Dlemons, G. M. 1937. Holteins th Holland. Holstein-Friesian Woold 34:1115- 18, 1143 HeLecuw, P. 1915 Impoving the Holstein-Fiesian cow in Holland. Holtein- Friosian Woeld 212648-, 1179, 1180. Hijkono, J. M., and F. T. Boelofs. 1959. Prefecost Stieren in Friesland, 1910- 1959. Leeuwaroden. Hauseo, F. H. 1953. The Dumbh striko bach against the mea. OH. fEve. Post 225(45):19-1, 119. Hongeoceld, H. J. 1890. Origin and purity of the booed Dutchs-Frsians Hood Bobk 1:10-19.  Friesians in the Netherlands 251 Hoektn, F. 1966. Ret niewe keuringsr~apport vant bet Nederlandt Rtttdvee Statnhaek. Tidache. Diergeneesk 91:1265-70. Hoffahnn, K. 1905. Monegraphi en landwtirtschaftlicher Nntttieee. Val. 4. Deoa Hotlander Bind. Leipzig. Hnaghton, F. L. 197. Holstein-Fieian cattle. Brattleboro, Vt. Janse, L. C. 1950. Coetposition af teriesian milk. Neth. Milk Raity J. 4(1):1-9. Klippaet, Jahn W. 18t5. Repeat at an agrcultnral teat in Enrape. Rhie Age. Rept. See. 2:17-280. Lnhhock, Sir John. 1972. Feehiateeic tiese. Appleton, Newe Yorh. Motceip, W. 8., and F. L. Renghten. 1926. The Ralland tystemn at selecetive registeation. Holtein-Friesian Woeld 23:43-44, 66. Foditiek, B. D. 1957. Ret eiwitgehalte in de melk. Thesis, Landnana'hegetchnal, Wageninaen. Reed, Genege. 1949. A Neat Englandee visits Roaland-Faet Twen. Holatein- Fresian World 46:2442-46. BRemlee, Roeet A. 190. Akeoad with Secreetary Runlee-Paet Teen. Holatein- Fresian World 37:480-81, 562-63. Stanfoatd, J. K. 1956. Brtsh Fdiesians-A hitoery at the breed. Max Farrish, Leaden. Tacitut, A. Ahoat 65 n.e. Re Belli Gallico. Bank 6, Ch. 28. U.S. Cenanhar Rtepts. Cattle end deity fanning. 2 volt. GPO, Washington, D.C. Van den Batch, I. C. J. 1930. The tenting tytteme in the Netherlandt. Holstein- Fresian Woeld 27:337, 352, 356. .1936. The maeatueing tyttemt in Hland. Holstein-Friesian Weeld 27: 381-82. .1936. Frefeent bullt in Feietland. Hoektein-Feian World 27:426. Vnn den Hoeh, Spnha. 1952. G~eschiedenij can dc Ficesa. [Hitory at Friesian egaicultue.] Landheaaa 1. Van Welderen, E., and H. C. A. L. Bahea. 1932. Peferent saven in Fresaand 1910-1932. Leeuwareden. Heedheohs L'eaaential de functiennentent dn Heed-Bach. Leeuwcaeden. 1937. Faietch Rundee Steaboeh. Leeuewaeden. 1979. Nederlandtch Rundvee Stamihoeh. The Hague. 1974. North Holland Heed Booh. Roe, N.J. 1899-1992. Ceattele Melhaottaotle Dientt. Stichtiag. 1968. The Heed Booh in the Netheeland. The Hague. 1969. The Black and White Friesian Cattle. Leeuwareden. 1969. Friesians in the Netherlnds 251 Hoehtea, P. 1966. Ret nieeee keuringsrapport can het Nederlandt Rundee Staaahneh. Tidsche. D~iereneesk 91: 1265-70. Hoffan, K. 19605. Monagraphien landwcirtschaftlicher Nutztiere. Vo1. 4. Rae Hoelhander Rind. Leipzig. Houghton, F. L. 1897. Hocktein-Feian cattle. Brattleboro, Vt. Janse, L. C. 195. Compostition at Friesinmilk.Neth. Milk Rairty J.4(1):1-9. Klippaet, John W. 1865. Repeat at an agricultural toue in Encape. Rhio Age. Retpt. See. 2:17-280. Lahhoch, Sie John. 1972. Prehisteric ties. Appleten, Newt Yoeh. Moscrip, W. S., and F. L. Houghton. 1826. The Rolland tysttem of selecte registeation. Hotein-Fiesian Weak! 23:43A14, 66. Poahtiek, 8. R. 1957. Ret eiatisgehalte in de mtelk. Thetis, Laadaaaeehngetchnel, Wageningen. Reed, Reorge. 1949. A Neee Englander citits Relleed-Pact Teen. Htolstein- Ftiesian Week! 46:244248. Beoelee, Roeet A. 196t. Abrad weith Seceetaty Rualee-Part Twoa. Holstein- Freian Weekd 37:480-81, 562-63. Stantoad, J. K. 1956. Britash Fdesians-A history af the hated. Man Parrlsh, Leaden. Tacitus, A. About 65 B.c. Re Belli Gallico. Bank 6, Ch. 28. U.S. Conanlae Repta. Cattle and deiry feaming. 2 vols. RFR, Wahingtan, R.C. Van den Batch, I. C. J. 1930. The scoeing tystemt in the Netherlands. Holstein- Fresian Week! 27:337, 352, 356. .__ 1936. The masetring tystemt in Holland. Holstein-Friesian Weeld 27: 381-82. .193t. Frefetent bulls in Friesland. Holstein-Feian Woeld 27:426. Van den Reek, Spahr. 1852. Geackiedenij can Ac Fieee. [Hitory af Friesian agriculture.] Landherouw 2. Van Welderen, EL, and H. G. A. L. Bakhocen. 1932. Peferent stereen in Friesland 1910-1932. Leeuarden. tlerdboaht Laaasentiat de functiannement du Herd-Book. Leeuarde. 1937. Frech Ruadree Stamboeek. Leeuaden. 1879. Nederlandsch Rundee Stamek. The Hague. 1974. Noath Holland Heed Bank. Rocee, N.J. 1888-1892. Centeale Melknttole Dienst. tcehiag. 1968. The Heed Beak in the Netherland. The Hague. 1969. The Black and White Frdesian Cattle. Leeuarden. 1969. Friesians in the Netherlands 251 Heha, F. 1966. Ret niewte keuringsrapport can hat Nederlands Randee Steanhaeh. Tidacha. Ricegenceal 91: 1265-70. Haffan, K. 1965. Monageaphien landweiatschaftlicher Natatiee. Vol. 4. Ras Hoallandee Bind. Leipig. Houghten, F. L. 1897. RHltein-Fieian cattle. Brattlehoao, Vt. Jante, L. C. 1950. Compostioen at Friesian mlk. Math. Mdlk Deity J.4(1):1-. Kllppaet, John W. l8tS. Repeat af an agricultural acne in Eueop. Rhio Age. Reptt. See. 2:17-28. Lubbock, Sie John. 1872. Feehistoic ties. Appleton, Neat Yoek. Moacric, W. 8S, and F. L. Houghton. 1926. The Holland systema at selectcve registatio. Holsteia-Fflesian Week! 23:43-44, 6t. Falitek, R. R. 1957. Ret eiweisgehalte in de mtelk. Thetia, Landnaaeehegeecheel, Wageningen. Reed, Reorge. 1849. A Newt Englandet citits Holland-Faet Teen. Halaten- Freian Week! 46:2442-46. Ratlee, Robeat A. 1960. Akraed cwith Secretary Ruaeler-Faet Teen. Holtein- Feiesian Week! 37:480-81, 562-63. Stanfoad, J. K. 1956. Britsh Fdietians-A history at the hated. Man Farrish, Leaden. Tacitus, A. Ahout 65 ac. Re Bell Gallico. Book 6, Ch. 28. U.S. Consulae Repts. Rattle and deity featming. 2 cols. RFR, Washington, D.C. Van den Batch, I. C. J. 1830. The scoting tystemt in the Netherlands. Holstein- Fresian Week! 27:337, 352, 356. 1936. The mteasuring tystemt in Holland. Halsteia-Feieian World 27: 381-82. .193t. Fefeent bullt in Friesland. Holstein-Fesian Weeld 27:42. Van den Reek, Spahr. 1952. Reschiedenij can Ac Frea. [Histery at Faietien agriculture.] Landheroat 6. Van Welderen, E., and H. C. A. L. Bakhocen. 1832. Pefeaent stieeen in Ftiesland 1910-1932. Leeuarden. Herdbooks L'essetlde fanctiennetaant du Hteed-Book. Leeueearden. 1937. Fesch Rundcee Steamheek. Leeuwcanden. 1878. Nederlandsch Rundvee Steamhoek. The Hague. 1974. North Holland Reed Bank. DoeaL N.J. 1889-1892. Centeale Melkcntole Dienst. Stechnng. 1968. The Reed Bank in the Netherland. The Rague. 1968. The Black and White Friesian Cattle. Leeuarden. 1969.  CHAPTER 13 HOLSTEIN-FRIESIANS IN THE UNITED STATES CATE wERE introduced into the United States from the Nether- lands in 1621 by the early Dutch colonists. Definite records of their importations are not available. The diary of Samuel S. Forman of Cazenovia, New York, mentioned eight Dutch cattle imported in 1795 by Mr. Lincklean, agent of the Holland Land Company: "The cows were the size of oxen; their colors were clear black and white. not spotted, but large patches of the two colors; very handsome bodies and straight limbs; horns middling size, but gracefully set; their necks were seemingly too slender to carry their heads; their disposition mild and docile." Small importations into Vermont about 1810, into New York about 1825, and into Delaware later were not kept pure. A cow that Winthrop W. Chenery of Belmont, Massachusetts, bought from a sailing vessel was so good that he imported a bull and two cows in 1857 and four more cows in 1859. An outbreak of disease caused CHAPTER 13 HOLSTEIN-FRIESIANS IN THE UNITED STATES CATTL wERE introduced into the United States from the Nether- lands in 1621 by the early Dutch colonists. Definite records of their importations are not available. The diary of Samuel S. Forman of Cazenovia, New York, mentioned eight Dutch cattle imported in 1795 by Mr. Lincklean, agent of the Holland Land Company: "The cows were the size of oxen; their colors were clear black and white. not spotted, but large patches of the two colors; very handsome bodies and straight limbs; horns middling size, but gracefully set: their necks were seemingly too slender to carry their heads; their disposition mild and docile." Small importations into Vermont about 1810, into New York about 1825, and into Delaware later were not kept pure. A cow that Winthrop W. Chenery of Belmont, Massachusetts, bought from a sailing vessel was so good that he imported a bull and two cows in 1857 and four more cows in 1859. An outbreak of disease caused CHAPTER 13 HOLSTEIN-FRIESIANS IN THE UNITED STATES ATTE WERE introduced into the United States from the Nether- lands in 1621 by the early Dutch colonists. Definite records of their importations are not available. The diary of Samuel S. Forman of Cazenovia, New York, mentioned eight Dutch cattle imported in 1795 by Mr. Lincklean, agent of the Holland Land Company: "The cows were the size of oxen; their colors were clear black and white, not spotted, but large patches of the two colors; very handsome bodies and straight limbs; horns middling size, but gracefully set; their necks were seemingly too slender to carry their heads; their disposition mild and docile." Small importations into Vermont about 1810, into New York about 1825, and into Delaware later were not kept pure. A cow that Winthrop W. Chenery of Belmont, Massachusetts, bought from a sailing vessel was so good that he imported a bull and two cows in 1857 and four more cows in 1859. An outbreak of disease caused  H olstein-Friesians in the United States 253 these cattle and all descendants except a bull to be destroyed. Mr. Chenery imported a bull and a cow in 1861 which were among the early cattle registered in this country. The cow Texelaar yielded 1,704% pounds of milk in June 1863. She was fresh as a 4-year old. Gerrit S. Miller of Peterboro, New York, made the second importa- tion which became registered. Many prominent cattle traced to Mr. Miller's herd. Superiority of these cattle as milk producers made them popular. During 25 years (1852-76), 182 animals entered the country that were in the herdbooks later. Some 6,927 cattle were imported in the 10-year period between 1877 and 1886. A total of 7,757 animals came before 1905. Further importations were barred because of foot-and-mouth disease quarantine. Only Canadian cattle have en- tered the United States since that time. HERDBOOKS IN THE UNITED STATES HOLSTEIN HERD BoOs Six breeders met in Boston on March 15, 1871, and organized the Association of Breeders of Thoroughbred Holstein Cattle, which was to publish the Holstein Herd Book. They recognized as "thor- oughbred Holsteins ... those large improved black-and-white cattle imported from the provinces of North Holland, Holstein, or inter- mediate territory, or . . . traced in direct line, on the side of both sire and dam, to animals of undoubted purity of blood of said im- portations." Nine volumes of the Holstein Herd Book were published. DUTCH-FRIESIAN HERD BOOx The Unadilla Valley Stock Breeders Association in New York was organized in 1874 and purchased cattle imported by Thomas E. Whiting of Concord, Massachusetts. More of his cattle were bought in 1876. After Mr. Whiting died in 1877, the Association purchased his herd, records, and a manuscript intended as a "Register of Thoroughbred Dutch Cattle." The papers included an article by G. J. Hengeveld, head inspector of the Nederlandsch Rundvee Stam- boek. Solomon Hoxie and his associates, who owned the Whiting cattle, Holstein-Friesians in the United States 253 these cattle and all descendants except a bull to be destroyed. Mr. Chenery imported a bull and a cow in 1861 which were among the early cattle registered in this country. The cow Texelaar yielded 1,704% pounds of milk in June 1863. She was fresh as a 4-year old. Gerrit S. Miller of Peterboro, New York, made the second importa- tion which became registered. Many prominent cattle traced to Mr. Miller's herd. Superiority of these cattle as milk producers made them popular. During 25 years (1852-76), 182 animals entered the country that were in the herdbooks later. Some 6,927 cattle were imported in the 10-year period between 1877 and 1886. A total of 7,757 animals came before 1905. Further importations were barred because of foot-and-mouth disease quarantine. Only Canadian cattle have en- tered the United States since that time. HERDBOOKS IN THE UNITED STATEs HOLSTEIN HERD BOOs Six breeders met in Boston on March 15, 1871, and organized the Association of Breeders of Thoroughbred Holstein Cattle, which was to publish the Holstein Herd Book. They recognized as "thor- oughbred Holsteins ... those large improved black-and-white cattle imported from the provinces of North Holland, Holstein, or inter- mediate territory, or . . . traced in direct line, on the side of both sire and dam, to animals of undoubted purity of blood of said im- portations." Nine volumes of the Holstein Herd Book were published. DUTCH-FRIESIAN HERD BOO The Unadilla Valley Stock Breeders Association in New York was organized in 1874 and purchased cattle imported by Thomas E. Whiting of Concord, Massachusetts. More of his cattle were bought in 1876. After Mr. Whiting died in 1877, the Association purchased his herd, records, and a manuscript intended as a "Register of Thoroughbred Dutch Cattle." The papers included an article by G. J. Hengeveld, head inspector of the Nederlandsch Rundvee Stam- boek. Solomon Hoxie and his associates, who owned the Whiting cattle, Holstein-Friesians in the United States 253 these cattle and all descendants except a bull to be destroyed. Mr. Chenery imported a bull and a cow in 1861 which were among the early cattle registered in this country. The cow Texelaar yielded 1,704% pounds of milk in June 1863. She was fresh as a 4-year old. Gerrit S. Miller of Peterboro, New York, made the second importa- tion which became registered. Many prominent cattle traced to Mr. Miller's herd. Superiority of these cattle as milk producers made them popular. During 25 years (1852-76), 182 animals entered the country that were in the herdbooks later. Some 6,927 cattle were imported in the 10-year period between 1877 and 1886. A total of 7,757 animals came before 1905. Further importations were barred because of foot-and-mouth disease quarantine. Only Canadian cattle have en- tered the United States since that time. HERDBOOKS IN THE UNITED STATES HOLSTEIN HERD BOOK Six breeders met in Boston on March 15, 1871, and organized the Association of Breeders of Thoroughbred Holstein Cattle, which was to publish the Holstein Herd Book. They recognized as "thor- oughbred Holsteins ... those large improved black-and-white cattle imported from the provinces of North Holland, Holstein, or inter- mediate territory, or . . . traced in direct line, on the side of both sire and dam, to animals of undoubted purity of blood of said im- portations." Nine volumes of the Holstein Herd Book were published. DUTCH-FRIESIAN HERD Boos The Unadilla Valley Stock Breeders Association in New York was organized in 1874 and purchased cattle imported by Thomas E. Whiting of Concord, Massachusetts. More of his cattle were bought in 1876. After Mr. Whiting died in 1877, the Association purchased his herd, records, and a manuscript intended as a "Register of Thoroughbred Dutch Cattle." The papers included an article by G. J. Hengeveld, head inspector of the Nederlandsch Rundvee Stam- boek. Solomon Hoxie and his associates, who owned the Whiting cattle,  254 D AIRY CATTLE BREE DS met at Brookfield, New York, on December 8, 1877, and organized the Association of Breeders of Pure Bred Friesian or Dutch- Friesian Cattle. The Whiting manuscript became the nucleus of the Dutch-Friesian Herd Book. 254 DA IRY CATTLE BREEDS met at Brookfield, New York, on December 8, 1877, and organized the Association of Breeders of Pure Bred Friesian or Dutch- Friesian Cattle. The Whiting manuscript became the nucleus of the Dutch-Friesian Herd Book. r FIG. 13.1. Solomon Hoxie incorpo- rated production records and a sys- tem of type classification based on body measurements and scores into the Main or Advanced Registry of the Dutch-Friesian Herd Book. The pur- poses were "to increase and maintain public interest in the breed; to in- augurate improvement in the breed: and to collect observations upon which a science of cattle culture might be built." C' - FIG. 13.1. Solomon Hosie incorpo- rated production records and a sys- tem of type classification based on body measurements and scores into the Main or Advanced Registry of the Dutch-Friesian Herd Book. The pur- poses were "to increase and maintain public interest in the breed; to in- augurate improverent in the breed: and to collect observations upon which a science of cattle culture might be built." The Dutch-Friesian Herd Book was divided by Secretary Hoxie (see Fig. 13.1) into an Appendix Registry and a Main Registry. Spotted black-and-white Dutch-Friesian cattle from Friesland and North Holland were entered in the Appendix Registry on purity of breeding. Animals were advanced to the Main Registry by the ex- ecutive committee under either of two conditions: (a) imported animals and progeny of Main Registry cows, sired by Main Registry bulls, must have had well-developed escutcheons under the plan of the Pennsylvania Commission (Guenon's scheme of escutcheon clas- sification); and (b) females not fulfilling the requirements (a) must have had a milk record according to age, as follows: at least 6.000 pounds if under 2% years old at date of calving. At least 7,000 pounds if over 2A and under 3% years old. At least 8,000 pounds if 3% and under 4% years old. At least 10,000 pounds if over 4L2 years old at date of calving. Bulls were measured, and their conformation was judged by the inspector. Bulls had to score 80 points or more, based on a Scale of Points, after 1881. Measurements were taken of height at shoulders. height at hips, length of body from shoulder to pins, length of hips. girth of fore chest, and width of hips and of thurls. The measure- ments of 55 cows from a group of 185 cows appeared in Volume 1 of the Dutch-Friesian Herd Book. Maid of Twisk No. 1 was credited with producing 15,960 pounds of milk in 336 days. The Dutch-Friesian Herd Book was divided by Secretary Hoxie (see Fig. 13.1) into an Appendix Registry and a Main Register. Spotted black-and-white Dutch-Friesian cattle from Friesland and North Holland were entered in the Appendix Registry on purity of breeding. Animals were advanced to the Main Registry by the ex- ecutive committee under either of two conditions: (a) imported animals and progeny of Main Registry cows, sired by Main Registry bulls, must have had well-developed escutcheons under the plan of the Pennsylvania Commission (Guenon's scheme of escutcheon clas- sification); and (b) females not fulfilling the requirements (a) must have had a milk record according to age, as follows: at least 6.000 pounds if under 2%n years old at date of calving. At least 7,000 pounds if over 2% and under 3% years old. At least 8,000 pounds if 31 and under 4% years old. At least 10,000 pounds if over 41z years old at date of calving. Bulls were measured, and their conformation was judged by the inspector. Bulls had to score 80 points or more, based on a Scale of Points, after 1881. Measurements were taken of height at shoulders. height at hips, length of body from shoulder to pins, length of hips. girth of fore chest, and width of hips and of thurls. The measure- ments of 55 cows from a group of 185 cows appeared in Volume 1 of the Dutch-Friesian Herd Book. Maid of Twisk No. 1 was credited weith producing 15,960 pounds of milk in 336 days. 254 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS met at Brookfield, New York, on December 8, 1877, and organized the Association of Breeders of Pure Bred Friesian or Dutch- Friesian Cattle. The Whiting manuscript became the nucleus of the Dutch-Friesian Herd Book. FIG. 13.1. Solomon Hoxie incorpo- rated production records and a sys- tem of type classification based on body measurements and scores into . the Main or Advanced Registry of the Dutch-Friesian Herd Book. The pur- poses were "to increase and maintain public interest in the breed; to in- augurate improvement in the breed: and to collect observations upon which a science of cattle culture might be built." The Dutch-Friesian Herd Book was divided by Secretary Hoxie (see Fig. 13.1) into an Appendix Registry and a Main Registry. Spotted black-and-white Dutch-Friesian cattle from Friesland and North Holland were entered in the Appendix Registry on purity of breeding. Animals were advanced to the Main Registry by the ex- ecutive committee under either of two conditions: (a) imported animals and progeny of Main Registry cows, sired by Main Registrv bulls, must have had well-developed escutcheons under the plan of the Pennsylvania Commission (Guenon's scheme of escutcheon clas- sification); and (b) females not fulfilling the requirements (a) must have had a milk record according to age, as follows: at least 6.000 pounds if under 2% years old at date of calving. At least 7.000 pounds if over 2% and under 3% years old. At least 8,000 pounds if 3% and under 4% years old. At least 10,000 pounds if over 412 years old at date of calving. Bulls were measured, and their conformation was judged by the inspector. Bulls had to score 80 points or more, based on a Scale of Points, after 1881. Measurements were taken of height at shoulders. height at hips, length of body from shoulder to pins, length of hips. girth of fore chest, and width of hips and of thurls. The measure- ments of 55 cows from a group of 185 cows appeared in Volume 1 of the Dutch-Friesian Herd Book. Maid of Twisk No. 1 was credited with producing 15,960 pounds of milk in 336 days.  Holstein-Friesians in the United States 255 HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA The two herdbook associations differed over the correct name of the breed and the source of pure breeding stock; they also were apprehensive that production records would "set up an aristocracy within the breed." Two attempts failed to unite them in 1880. A proposal prevailed to adopt the name Holstein-Friesian Association of America and maintain an Advanced Registry. The archives, herd- books, and assets were combined. Ninety-one members of the Dutch-Friesian and 206 of the Holstein associations joined the new association in Buffalo on May 26, 1885. Thomas B. Wales of the Holstein Herd Book became president, and Solomon Hoxie became superintendent of the Advanced Registry. After the animal was registered, it might qualify for the Advanced Registry by type in- spection, body measurements, and milk or butter production. Bulls entered the Advanced Registry on production of progeny and on inspection. The new organization published the Holstein-Friesian Herd Book. AMERICAN BRANCH OF THE NORTH HOLLAND HERD BOOK The Holstein and Dutch-Friesian associations barred registration of animals imported after March 18, 1885, unless owned by members in the United States or Canada. A. C. and N. F. Sluiter, Hollanders, had an importation in quarantine for which registration was refused. After losing a suit to become members, they established the Ameri- can Branch of the North Holland Herd Book. The parent body had been founded in that province in November 1883. Three volumes of their herdbook between 1888 and 1892 registered 293 bulls and 860 females. The Holstein-Friesian Association accepted them for registration in 1892. WESTERN HoLSTEIN-FRIESIAN ASSOCIATION A $100 membership fee in the Holstein-Friesian Association of America, and the need to travel as far as New York to attend annual meetings, created a feeling of disproportionate representation. An agricultural depression around 1890 accentuated dissension. The Western Holstein-Friesian Association was formed in 1892 with a Nebraska charter. Volume 1 of their herdbook in 1895 contained Holstein-Friesians in the United States 255 HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA The two herdbook associations differed over the correct name of the breed and the source of pure breeding stock; they also were apprehensive that production records would "set up an aristocracy within the breed." Two attempts failed to unite them in 1880. A proposal prevailed to adopt the name Holstein-Friesian Association of America and maintain an Advanced Registry. The archives, herd- books, and assets were combined. Ninety-one members of the Dutch-Friesian and 206 of the Holstein associations joined the new association in Buffalo on May 26, 1885. Thomas B. Wales of the Holstein Herd Book became president, and Solomon Hoxie became superintendent of the Advanced Registry. After the animal was registered, it might qualify for the Advanced Registry by type in- spection, body measurements, and milk or butter production. Bulls entered the Advanced Registry on production of progeny and on inspection. The new organization published the Holstein-Friesian Herd Book. AMERICAN BRANCH OF THE NORTH HOLLAND HERD BOOK The Holstein and Dutch-Friesian associations barred registration of animals imported after March 18, 1885, unless owned by members in the United States or Canada. A. C. and N. F. Sluiter, Hollanders, had an importation in quarantine for which registration was refused. After losing a suit to become members, they established the Ameri- can Branch of the North Holland Herd Book. The parent body had been founded in that province in November 1883. Three volumes of their herdbook between 1888 and 1892 registered 293 bulls and 860 females. The Holstein-Friesian Association accepted them for registration in 1892. WESTERN HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN ASSOCIATION A $100 membership fee in the Holstein-Friesian Association of America, and the needto travel as far as New York to attend annual meetings, created a feeling of disproportionate representation. An agricultural depression around 1890 accentuated dissension. The Western Holstein-Friesian Association was formed in 1892 with a Nebraska charter. Volume 1 of their herdbook in 1895 contained Holstein-Friesians in the United States 255 HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA The two herdbook associations differed over the correct name of the breed and the source of pure breeding stock; they also were apprehensive that production records would "set up an aristocracy within the breed." Two attempts failed to unite them in 1880. A proposal prevailed to adopt the name Holstein-Friesian Association of America and maintain an Advanced Registry. The archives, herd- books, and assets were combined. Ninety-one members of the Dutch-Friesian and 206 of the Holstein associations joined the new association in Buffalo on May 26, 1885. Thomas B. Wales of the Holstein Herd Book became president, and Solomon Hoxie became superintendent of the Advanced Registry. After the animal was registered, it might qualify for the Advanced Registry by type in- spection, body measurements, and milk or butter production. Bulls entered the Advanced Registry on production of progeny and on inspection. The new organization published the Holstein-Friesian Herd Book. AMERICAN BRANCH OF THE NoRTH HOLLAND HERD Boox The Holstein and Dutch-Friesian associations barred registration of animals imported after March 18, 1885, unless owned by members in the United States or Canada. A. C. and N. F. Sluiter, Hollanders, had an importation in quarantine for which registration was refused. After losing a suit to become members, they established the Ameri- can Branch of the North Holland Herd Book. The parent body had been founded in that province in November 1883. Three volumes of their herdbook between 1888 and 1892 registered 293 bulls and 860 females. The Holstein-Friesian Association accepted them for registration in 1892. WESTERN HOLSTEIN-FRIEsIAN ASSOCIATION A $100 membership fee in the Holstein-Friesian Association of America, and the needlto travel as far as New York to attend annual meetings, created a feeling of disproportionate representation. An agricultural depression around 1890 accentuated dissension. The Western Holstein-Friesian Association was formed in 1892 with a Nebraska charter. Volume 1 of their herdbook in 1895 contained  256 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 256 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 256 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 2,100 entries. In 1898 the Western Association reunited with the parent organization, which accepted the Western herdbook and assets. The term thoroughbred in the bylaws of the Holstein-Friesian As- sociation of America was changed to purebred before 1890. THE HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN REGISTRY ASSOCIATION, INCORPORATED During a depression, and amid other circumstances, Howard C. Reynold appealed for membership in a new herdbook society, with lower membership and registration fees. The Holstein-Friesian Reg- istry Association organized at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, on July 31. 1925. Proxies were voted. Low registration fees precluded promo- tional activities except for a modest breed magazine. A committee was appointed " ... to formulate a Scale of Points to be recog- nized by this Association and gather data and determine the mini- mum requirements for registration in this Association after January 1, 1928, as to size, conformation, physical development and dairy qualities. . . . This Association shall recognize only such milk and butter records as represent normal hereditary, economical produc- tion." No herdbook was published, and the breed magazine was dis- continued. The association discontinued by proxy vote of active members, and records were transferred to Brattleboro in Septem- ber 1966. Delegates to the parent association voted at the 1966 annual convention to readmit cattle from the Holstein-Friesian Reg- istry Association up to March 1967, entering dead animals at a nominal fee to complete pedigrees. Some 8,106 dead animals were registered as ancestors of 4,786 living animals, and with 154 mem- berships. MEMBERSHIP PARTICIPATION IN ASSOCIATION AFFAmS Bylaws of the Holstein-Friesian Association of America provided for a president, four vice-presidents, six directors, a secretary, a treasurer, and a Superintendent of Advanced Registry. These 14 ofceers constituted the Board of Directors who managed Associa- tion affairs. They were elected at annual meetings, where many 2,100 entries. In 1898 the Western Association reunited with the parent organization, which accepted the Western herdbook and assets. The term thoroughbred in the bylaws of the Holstein-Friesian As- sociation of America was changed to purebred before 1890. THE HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN REGISTRY ASSOCIATION, INCORPORATED During a depression, and amid other circumstances, Howard C. Reynold appealed for membership in a new herdbook society, with lower membership and registration fees. The Holstein-Friesian Reg- istry Association organized at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, on July 31. 1925. Proxies were voted. Low registration fees precluded promo- tional activities except for a modest breed magazine. A committee was appointed " ... to formulate a Scale of Points to be recog- nized by this Association and gather data and determine the mini- mum requirements for registration in this Association after Januarv 1, 1928, as to size, conformation, physical development and dairy qualities. . . . This Association shall recognize only such milk and butter records as represent normal hereditary, economical produc- tion." No herdbook was published, and the breed magazine was dis- continued. The association discontinued by proxy vote of active members, and records were transferred to Brattleboro in Septem- ber 1966. Delegates to the parent association voted at the 1966 annual convention to readmit cattle from the Holstein-Friesian Reg- istry Association up to March 1967, entering dead animals at a nominal fee to complete pedigrees. Some 8,106 dead animals were registered as ancestors of 4,786 living animals, and with 154 mem- berships. MEMBERSHr PARTICIPATION IN AsSOCIATION AFFAmS Bylaws of the Holstein-Friesian Association of America provided for a president, four vice-presidents, six directors, a secretary, a treasurer, and a Superintendent of Advanced Registry. These 14 officers constituted the Board of Directors who managed Associa- tion affairs. They were elected at annual meetings, where many 2,100 entries. In 1898 the Western Association reunited with the parent organization, which accepted the Western herdbook and assets. The term thoroughbred in the bylaws of the Holstein-Friesian As- sociation of America was changed to purebred before 1890. THE HoLsTEIN-FRIESIAN REGISTRY ASSOCIATION, INCORPORATED During a depression, and amid other circumstances, Howard C. Reynold appealed for membership in a new herdbook society, with lower membership and registration fees. The Holstein-Friesian Reg- istry Association organized at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, on July 31. 1925. Proxies were voted. Low registration fees precluded promo- tional activities except for a modest breed magazine. A committee was appointed " ... to formulate a Scale of Points to be recog- nized by this Association and gather data and determine the mini- mum requirements for registration in this Association after January 1, 1928, as to size, conformation, physical development and dairy qualities.. . . This Association shall recognize only such milk and butter records as represent normal hereditary, economical produc- tion." No herdbook was published, and the breed magazine was dis- continued. The association discontinued by proxy vote of active members, and records were transferred to Brattleboro in Septem- ber 1966. Delegates to the parent association voted at the 1966 annual convention to readmit cattle from the Holstein-Friesian Reg- istry Association up to March 1967, entering dead animals at a nominal fee to complete pedigrees. Some 8,106 dead animals were registered as ancestors of 4,786 living animals, and with 154 mem- berships. MEMBERSHa PARTICIPATION IN ASSOCIATION AFFAIRS Bylaws of the Holstein-Friesian Association of America provided for a president, four vice-presidents, six directors, a secretary, a treasurer, and a Superintendent of Advanced Registry. These 14 officers constituted the Board of Directors who managed Associa- tion affairs. They were elected at annual meetings, where many  Holstein-Friesians in the United States 257 members voted proxies of absent members. A smaller Executive Committee from the Board functioned after 1895. The Association reincorporated in 1913, enabling annual meet- ings to be held outside of New York. A president, vice-president, and nine directors took the place of the previous officers. State and local breeders' clubs were represented by delegates at annual meetings. Revision of the bylaws changed procedures. The number of directors was increased to 16 in 1919 based on increased mem- bership. Solicitation and voting of proxies was abused on occasions. This problem had been discussed but not solved. Honorable Frank O. Lowden was nominated for president in 1921. He accepted nomi- nation under condition that the entire Board support him, and a delegate system of representation be established for annual meet- ings. That autumn a called convention met these provisions, which still stand. Delegates are nominated by local members, and are elected in proportion to active membership. Each state has one delegate, plus one additional delegate for each 150 active members. (An active member has registered or transferred an animal within 2 years). These delegates discuss proposals one day and transact business the next day at the annual meeting. The secretary is elected by the directors, instead of by members. There are no proxy votes; instead an alternate acts for an absent delegate. Effective in 1967, a delegate who has served 3 consecutive years, is ineligible for re-election until a year has passed. In 1948 the Secretary became an Executive Secretary, with more responsibilities. The Association office was reorganized for efficiency into the Extension Service, Registry, Advanced Registry, Office Management, and Accounting Departments. Also a Com- puter Operations Department has been added. Individual life membership was at a $25 fee. Starting in 1961, new memberships were for a 10-year term at $20, and were re- newable for 10 years at $10. Active members were required to select a herd prefix name before 1965, which was reserved for 20 years, to use in registering homebred animals. In 1969 there were 26,056 active members, 44,403 total members, and 13,600 junior members under 21 years old. Holstein-Friesians in the United States 257 members voted proxies of absent members. A smaller Executive Committee from the Board functioned after 1895. The Association reincorporated in 1913, enabling annual meet- ings to be held outside of New York. A president, vice-president, and nine directors took the place of the previous officers. State and local breeders' clubs were represented by delegates at annual meetings. Revision of the bylaws changed procedures. The number of directors was increased to 16 in 1919 based on increased mem- bership. Solicitation and voting of proxies was abused on occasions. This problem had been discussed but not solved. Honorable Frank O. Lowden was nominated for president in 1921. He accepted nomi- nation under condition that the entire Board support him, and a delegate system of representation be established for annual meet- ings. That autumn a called convention met these provisions, which still stand. Delegates are nominated by local members, and are elected in proportion to active membership. Each state has one delegate, plus one additional delegate for each 150 active members. (An active member has registered or transferred an animal within 2 years). These delegates discuss proposals one day and transact business the next day at the annual meeting. The secretary is elected by the directors, instead of by members. There are no proxy votes; instead an alternate acts for an absent delegate. Effective in 1967, a delegate who has served 3 consecutive years, is ineligible for re-election until a year has passed. In 1948 the Secretary became an Executive Secretary, with more responsibilities. The Association office was reorganized for efficiency into the Extension Service, Registry, Advanced Registry, Office Management, and Accounting Departments. Also a Com- puter Operations Department has been added. Individual life membership was at a $25 fee. Starting in 1961, new memberships were for a 10-year term at $20, and were re- newable for 10 years at $10. Active members were required to select a herd prefix name before 1965, which was reserved for 20 years, to use in registering homebred animals. In 1969 there were 26,056 active members, 44,403 total members, and 13,600 junior members under 21 years old. Holstein-Friesians in the United States 257 members voted proxies of absent members. A smaller Executive Committee from the Board functioned after 1895. The Association reincorporated in 1913, enabling annual meet- ings to be held outside of New York. A president, vice-president, and nine directors took the place of the previous officers. State and local breeders' clubs were represented by delegates at annual meetings. Revision of the bylaws changed procedures. The number of directors was increased to 16 in 1919 based on increased mem- bership. Solicitation and voting of proxies was abused on occasions. This problem had been discussed but not solved. Honorable Frank O. Lowden was nominated for president in 1921. He accepted nomi- nation under condition that the entire Board support him, and a delegate system of representation be established for annual meet- ings. That autumn a called convention met these provisions, which still stand. Delegates are nominated by local members, and are elected in proportion to active membership. Each state has one delegate, plus one additional delegate for each 150 active members. (An active member has registered or transferred an animal within 2 years). These delegates discuss proposals one day and transact business the next day at the annual meeting. The secretary is elected by the directors, instead of by members. There are no proxy votes; instead an alternate acts for an absent delegate. Effective in 1967, a delegate who has served 3 consecutive years, is ineligible for re-election until a year has passed. In 1948 the Secretary became an Executive Secretary, with more responsibilities. The Association office was reorganized for efficiency into the Extension Service, Registry, Advanced Registry, Office Management, and Accounting Departments. Also a Com- puter Operations Department has been added. Individual life membership was at a $25 fee. Starting in 1961, new memberships were for a 10-year term at $20, and were re- newable for 10 years at $10. Active members were required to select a herd prefix name before 1965, which was reserved for 20 years, to use in registering homebred animals. In 1969 there were 26,056 active members, 44,403 total members, and 13,600 junior members under 21 years old.  258 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS COLOR MARKINGS Friesian cattle in the Netherlands were predominately black-and- white in large patches. Red-and-white Friesians were registered there in small numbers. Dun color also occurred but was not regis- tered in the herdbooks. Color standards were adopted in the United States to exclude color markings observed often among grade cattle. Color markings that barred registration, as revised in 1950, were: solid black, solid white, black in switch, solid black belly, one or more legs en- circled with black that touched the hoof at any point, black on a leg beginning at the hoof and extending to or above the knee or hock, black and white intermixed to give a gray appearance, and colors other than distinctly black-and-white. Some Holstein-Friesians and other black breeds carry the recessive gene for red hair color. On the average the red color crops out in one of four progeny when both parents carry the gene. Solid color is dominant over broken or spotted color. A fine black-speckled pattern tends to be recessive to large black spots and is seen less frequently. "Brockle face" is dom- inant. Two changes concerning coat color of Holstein-Friesians were approved in 1969. Females born since July 1969 with black in the switch or beginning at the hoof became eligible for the herdbook with the suffix OC to the name and B preceding the registration number. A separate red-and-white Holstein-Friesian herdbook ac- cepted females of proved registered ancestors. A 6-month mora- torium applied to females over 2 years old, born before January 1970. THE SHOw RING AND TYPE Cattle from the Netherlands were exhibited soon after importation and before a breed association was organized. Shows brought the breed before the public and stimulated type improvement. Win- throp W. Chenery exhibited "Dutch" cattle in 1864. Gerrit S. Mil- ler's cattle competed with W. A. Russell's at the New York State Fair in 1873. Importers Smith & Powell of Syracuse, New York, showed in 1876 and later. The "Code of Show Ring Ethics," rec- ommended by the PDCA was adopted in 1966. 258 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS COLOR MARKINGS Friesian cattle in the Netherlands were predominately black-and- white in large patches. Red-and-white Friesians were registered there in small numbers. Dun color also occurred but was not regis- tered in the herdbooks. Color standards were adopted in the United States to exclude color markings observed often among grade cattle. Color markings that barred registration, as revised in 1950, were: solid black, solid white, black in switch, solid black belly, one or more legs en- circled with black that touched the hoof at any point, black on a leg beginning at the hoof and extending to or above the knee or hock, black and white intermixed to give a gray appearance, and colors other than distinctly black-and-white. Some Holstein-Friesians and other black breeds carry the recessive gene for red hair color. On the average the red color crops out in one of four progeny when both parents carry the gene. Solid color is dominant over broken or spotted color. A fine black-speckled pattern tends to be recessive to large black spots and is seen less frequently. "Brockle face" is dom- inant. Two changes concerning coat color of Holstein-Friesians were approved in 1969. Females born since July 1969 with black in the switch or beginning at the hoof became eligible for the herdbook with the suffix OC to the name and B preceding the registration number. A separate red-and-white Holstein-Friesian herdbook ac- cepted females of proved registered ancestors. A 6-month mora- torium applied to females over 2 years old, born before January 1970. THE SHOw RING AND TYPE Cattle from the Netherlands were exhibited soon after importation and before a breed association was organized. Shows brought the breed before the public and stimulated type improvement. Win- throp W. Chenery exhibited "Dutch" cattle in 1864. Gerrit S. Mil- ler's cattle competed with W. A. Russell's at the New York State Fair in 1873. Importers Smith & Powell of Syracuse, New York, showed in 1876 and later. The "Code of Show Ring Ethics," rec- ommended by the PDCA was adopted in 1966. 258 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS COLOR MARKINGS Friesian cattle in the Netherlands were predominately black-and- white in large patches. Red-and-white Friesians were registered there in small numbers. Dun color also occurred but was not regis- tered in the herdbooks. Color standards were adopted in the United States to exclude color markings observed often among grade cattle. Color markings that barred registration, as revised in 1950, were: solid black, solid white, black in switch, solid black belly, one or more legs en- circled with black that touched the hoof at any point, black on a leg beginning at the hoof and extending to or above the knee or hock, black and white intermixed to give a gray appearance, and colors other than distinctly black-and-white. Some Holstein-Friesians and other black breeds carry the recessive gene for red hair color. On the average the red color crops out in one of four progeny when both parents carry the gene. Solid color is dominant over broken or spotted color. A fine black-speckled pattern tends to be recessive to large black spots and is seen less frequently. 'Brockle face' is dom- inant. Two changes concerning coat color of Holstein-Friesians were approved in 1969. Females born since July 1969 with black in the switch or beginning at the hoof became eligible for the herdbook with the suffix OC to the name and B preceding the registration number. A separate red-and-white Holstein-Friesian herdbook ac- cepted females of proved registered ancestors. A 6-month mora- torium applied to females over 2 years old, born before January 1970. THE SHOw RING AND TYPE Cattle from the Netherlands were exhibited soon after importation and before a breed association was organized. Shows brought the breed before the public and stimulated type improvement. Win- throp W. Chenery exhibited "Dutch" cattle in 1864. Gerrit S. Mil- ler's cattle competed with W. A. Russell's at the New York State Fair in 1873. Importers Smith & Powell of Syracuse, New York, showed in 1876 and later. The "Code of Show Ring Ethics," rec- ommended by the PDCA was adopted in 1966.  Holstein-Friesians in the United States 259 Holstein-Friesians in the United States 259 Holstein-Friesians in the United States 259 NAME OF THE BREED Dutch cattle were exhibited under different names. Chenery wrote of his "Dutch" cattle for the Report of the Commissioner of Agri- culture in 1864, which was edited to "Holstein" without his knowl- edge and was published. He adopted the name and used it when forming the Association of Breeders of Thoroughbred Holstein Cattle, of which he became president. Scales of points were published in 1880 by the Dutch-Friesian Breeders' Association and used for type inspection of animals for the Main or Advanced Registry. These scales contained 22 articles for bulls and 25 for cows and totalled 100 points for perfection. Re- vised scales gave more attention to mammary development. Their members exhibited "Dutch-Friesian" cattle at shows. Rivalry was keen between the societies over the name; they tried to have the others' cattle barred from some shows. Holstein-Friesians competed at the World's Columbian Exposi- tion in Chicago in 1893 but did not enter the milking contest where the Babcock test was used for butterfat determinations. Seven herds competed at the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo in 1901. More than 100 head were at the St. Louis World's Fair in 1904, where Sarcastic Lad 23971 was made champion bull. The National Dairy Association held its first National Dairy Show at Chicago in 1906 and soon became the dairy "court of last resort." It followed the state fairs and three regional shows: Eastern States Exposition, Springfield, Massachusetts (1917- ); Dairy Cattle Congress, Waterloo, Iowa (1910-65); and the Pacific Inter- national Exposition, Portland, Oregon (1911- ). The National was not held in 1915 due to foot-and-mouth disease in 1914, a financial depression in 1932-34, and World War II in 1942-45. The National Dairy Association disbanded in 1946. Charles L. Hill, organizer and long-time president, was honored for leadership by the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association, which represents the breeders of pure- bred dairy cattle. Until 1965 the Dairy Cattle Congress succeeded as the major show in many dairy activities-educational exhibits, junior and collegiate dairy cattle judging contests, displays of agri- cultural equipment, and some breed meetings. The Dairy Shrine NAME OF THE BREED Dutch cattle were exhibited under different names. Chenery wrote of his "Dutch" cattle for the Report of the Commissioner of Agri- culture in 1864, which was edited to "Holstein" without his knowl- edge and was published. He adopted the name and used it when forming the Association of Breeders of Thoroughbred Holstein Cattle, of which he became president. Scales of points were published in 1880 by the Dutch-Friesian Breeders' Association and used for type inspection of animals for the Main or Advanced Registry. These scales contained 22 articles for bulls and 25 for cows and totalled 100 points for perfection. Re- vised scales gave more attention to mammary development. Their members exhibited "Dutch-Friesian" cattle at shows. Rivalry was keen between the societies over the name; they tried to have the others' cattle barred from some shows. Holstein-Friesians competed at the World's Columbian Exposi- tion in Chicago in 1893 but did not enter the milking contest where the Babcock test was used for butterfat determinations. Seven herds competed at the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo in 1901. More than 100 head were at the St. Louis World's Fair in 1904, where Sarcastic Lad 23971 was made champion bull. The National Dairy Association held its first National Dairy Show at Chicago in 1906 and soon became the dairy "court of last resort." It followed the state fairs and three regional shows: Eastern States Exposition, Springfield, Massachusetts (1917- ); Dairy Cattle Congress, Waterloo, Iowa (1910-65); and the Pacific Inter- national Exposition, Portland, Oregon (1911- ). The National was not held in 1915 due to foot-and-mouth disease in 1914, a financial depression in 1932-34, and World War II in 1942-45. The National Dairy Association disbanded in 1946. Charles L. Hill, organizer and long-time president, was honored for leadership by the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association, which represents the breeders of pure- bred dairy cattle. Until 1965 the Dairy Cattle Congress succeeded as the major show in many dairy activities-educational exhibits, junior and collegiate dairy cattle judging contests, displays of agri- cultural equipment, and some breed meetings. The Dairy Shrine NAME OF THE BREED Dutch cattle were exhibited under different names. Chenery wrote of his "Dutch" cattle for the Report of the Commissioner of Agri- culture in 1864, which was edited to "Holstein" without his knowl- edge and was published. He adopted the name and used it when forming the Association of Breeders of Thoroughbred Holstein Cattle, of which he became president. Scales of points were published in 1880 by the Dutch-Friesian Breeders' Association and used for type inspection of animals for the Main or Advanced Registry. These scales contained 22 articles for bulls and 25 for cows and totalled 100 points for perfection. Re- vised scales gave more attention to mammary development. Their members exhibited "Dutch-Friesian" cattle at shows. Rivalry was keen between the societies over the name; they tried to have the others' cattle barred from some shows. Holstein-Friesians competed at the World's Columbian Exposi- tion in Chicago in 1893 but did not enter the milking contest where the Babcock test was used for butterfat determinations. Seven herds competed at the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo in 1901. More than 100 head were at the St. Louis World's Fair in 1904, where Sarcastic Lad 23971 was made champion bull. The National Dairy Association held its first National Dairy Show at Chicago in 1906 and soon became the dairy "court of last resort." It followed the state fairs and three regional shows: Eastern States Exposition, Springfield, Massachusetts (1917- ); Dairy Cattle Congress, Waterloo, Iowa (1910-65); and the Pacific Inter- national Exposition, Portland, Oregon (1911- ). The National was not held in 1915 due to foot-and-mouth disease in 1914, a financial depression in 1932-34, and World War II in 1942-45. The National Dairy Association disbanded in 1946. Charles L. Hill, organizer and long-time president, was honored for leadership by the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association, which represents the breeders of pure- bred dairy cattle. Until 1965 the Dairy Cattle Congress succeeded as the major show in many dairy activities-educational exhibits, junior and collegiate dairy cattle judging contests, displays of agri- cultural equipment, and some breed meetings. The Dairy Shrine  260 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Club honored dairy leaders, and had headquarters nearby until 1967. The national show for Holsteins was replaced by three re- gional shows in 1966, anticipating more breeder participation and increased ringside audiences. SHOw CLASSIFICATION The show classification dividing cattle into groups according to sex and age includes calves; junior and senior yearlings; 2-, 3-, and 4- year old males and females; get of sire (junior and senior gets at some shows); produce of dam, best uddered cow; junior, senior. and grand champion male and female; premium exhibitor; and premium breeder awards. Some shows do not have a class for 4- year old bulls. Some shows have group classes-young herd (male and three females), dairy herd (four cows in milk), county and state herds comprising eight to ten animals of several ages. Although the Grand Championships were the climax of the show, the most coveted prizes were the Get of Sire and Premier Breeder awards because these indicated quality of the herd from whence the win- ners came. The 1-day "Black-and-White Show" renders great service to the cattle industry. It originated with Holstein breeders around Rich- mond, Utah, in 1915 with initiative of fieldman H. A. Mathieson. Jersey "parish" shows were patterned after it in 1928, and Brown Swiss "canton" shows started in 1938. Many junior dairy shows fol- low the 1-day plan. An annual "All-American" contest has been sponsored by the Holstein-Friesian World since 1922, based on photographs of lead- ing prize winners in the United States and Canada. Animals were placed by a panel of leading judges. This contest recognized top animals even though the animals may have been shown at only a single show. A "Junior All-American" contest was established in 1952. TRUE TYPE Diverse ideas of ideal type existed among breeders and by some leading judges, as evidenced by placings of some animals at suc- cessive shows. Axel Hansen suggested in the Holstein-Friesian 260 DAIR Y CATTLE BREEDS Club honored dairy leaders, and had headquarters nearby until 1967. The national show for Holsteins was replaced by three re- gional shows in 1966, anticipating more breeder participation and increased ringside audiences. SHOw CLASSIICATION The show classification dividing cattle into groups according to sex and age includes calves; junior and senior yearlings; 2-, 3-, and 4- year old males and females; get of sire (junior and senior gets at some shows); produce of dam, best uddered cow; junior, senior, and grand champion male and female; premium exhibitor; and premium breeder awards. Some shows do not have a class for 4- year old bulls. Some shows have group classes-young herd (male and three females), dairy herd (four cows in milk), county and state herds comprising eight to ten animals of several ages. Although the Grand Championships were the climax of the show, the most coveted prizes were the Get of Sire and Premier Breeder awards because these indicated quality of the herd from whence the win- ners came. The 1-day "Black-and-White Show" renders great service to the cattle industry. It originated with Holstein breeders around Rich- mond, Utah, in 1915 with initiative of fieldman H. A. Mathieson. Jersey "parish" shows were patterned after it in 1928, and Brown Swiss "canton" shows started in 1938. Many junior dairy shows fol- low the 1-day plan. An annual "All-American" contest has been sponsored by the Holstein-Friesian World since 1922, based on photographs of lead- ing prize winners in the United States and Canada. Animals were placed by a panel of leading judges. This contest recognized top animals even though the animals may have been shown at only a single show. A "Junior All-American" contest was established in 1952. TRE TYPE Diverse ideas of ideal type existed among breeders and by some leading judges, as evidenced by placings of some animals at suc- cessive shows. Axel Hansen suggested in the Holstein-Friesian 260 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Club honored dairy leaders, and had headquarters nearby until 1967. The national show for Holsteins was replaced by three re- gional shows in 1966, anticipating more breeder participation and increased ringside audiences. SHOw CLASSIFICATION The show classification dividing cattle into groups according to sex and age includes calves; junior and senior yearlings; 2-, 3-, and 4- year old males and females; get of sire (junior and senior gets at some shows); produce of dam, best uddered cow; junior, senior, and grand champion male and female; premium exhibitor; and premium breeder awards. Some shows do not have a class for 4- year old bulls. Some shows have group classes-young herd (male and three females), dairy herd (four cows in milk), county and state herds comprising eight to ten animals of several ages. Although the Grand Championships were the climax of the show, the most coveted prizes were the Get of Sire and Premier Breeder awards because these indicated quality of the herd from whence the win- ners came. The 1-day "Black-and-White Show" renders great service to the cattle industry. It originated with Holstein breeders around Rich- mond, Utah, in 1915 with initiative of fieldman H. A. Mathieson. Jersey "parish" shows were patterned after it in 1928, and Brown Swiss "canton" shows started in 1938. Many junior dairy shows fol- low the 1-day plan. An annual "All-American" contest has been sponsored by the Holstein-Friesian World since 1922, based on photographs of lead- ing prize winners in the United States and Canada. Animals were placed by a panel of leading judges. This contest recognized top animals even though the animals may have been shown at only a single show. A "Junior All-American" contest was established in 1952. TRUE TYPE Diverse ideas of ideal type existed among breeders and by some leading judges, as evidenced by placings of some animals at suc- cessive shows. Axel Hansen suggested in the Holstein-Friesian  Holstein-Friesians in the United States 261 World that the officially recognized judges meet to attain more similarity of judgments. The Executive Committee passed a resolution January 10, 1922, for such a conference. Secretary F. L. Houghton invited about 40 leading breeders, showmen, and judges who might plan some defi- nite action. They met in Philadelphia on March 20, 1922, with Fred Pabst presiding. After much discussion, Pabst suggested that clay models of an ideal type be prepared to scale. The group suggested paintings also, agreed on general procedures, and selected ten per- sons as a subcommittee to carry out the details. The Executive Committee named this group as an official committee and allotted them $50,000 to study and establish "true type." The committee included W. S. Moscrip (chairman), T. E. Elder, R. E. Haeger, Axel Hansen, H. H. Kildee, A. C. Oosterhuis, Fred Pabst, W. H. Standish, Ward W. Stevens, and F. L. Houghton (sec- retary). They engaged Edwin Megargee, animal painter, and Gozo Kawamura, sculptor, to convert their ideas into specific illustrations. After they studied photographs of leading animals and scored and criticized many desirable animals on farms in Waukesha County, Wisconsin, the artists prepared the clay models and paintings to scale. On June 8, 1922, the committee and artists met in Kansas City with many of the original invited group at the Heart of America Holstein sale and first Association convention under the delegate system. Minor changes conformed with the height of withers and fullness of fore udder of two excellent show cows consigned by George B. Appleman of Kansas. The models and paintings received unanimous approval at the directors' meeting in St. Paul in October 1922. Duplicate metal models, painted to conform with the approved paintings, were loaned to land-grant agricultural colleges. Smaller scale models were sold. The Committee on Type (W. S. Moscrip, chairman) revised the Scale of Points to conform with the models. These models and President Frank O. Lowden are shown in Figure 13.2. Spring Brook Bess Burke 2d 131387 was a prominent cow for production and type. Her daughters Bess Johanna Ormsby and Holstein-Friesians in the United States 261 World that the officially recognized judges meet to attain more similarity of judgments. The Executive Committee passed a resolution January 10, 1922, for such a conference. Secretary F. L. Houghton invited about 40 leading breeders, showmen, and judges who might plan some defi- nite action. They met in Philadelphia on March 20, 1922, with Fred Pabst presiding. After much discussion, Pabst suggested that clay models of an ideal type be prepared to scale. The group suggested paintings also, agreed on general procedures, and selected ten per- sons as a subcommittee to carry out the details. The Executive Committee named this group as an official committee and allotted them $50,000 to study and establish "true type." The committee included W. S. Moscrip (chairman), T. E. Elder, R. E. Haeger, Axel Hansen, H. H. Kildee, A. C. Oosterhuis, Fred Pabst, W. H. Standish, Ward W. Stevens, and F. L. Houghton (sec- retary). They engaged Edwin Megargee, animal painter, and Gozo Kawamura, sculptor, to convert their ideas into specific illustrations. After they studied photographs of leading animals and scored and criticized many desirable animals on farms in Waukesha County, Wisconsin, the artists prepared the clay models and paintings to scale. On June 8, 1922, the committee and artists met in Kansas City with many of the original invited group at the Heart of America Holstein sale and first Association convention under the delegate system. Minor changes conformed with the height of withers and fullness of fore udder of two excellent show cows consigned by George B. Appleman of Kansas. The models and paintings received unanimous approval at the directors' meeting in St. Paul in October 1922. Duplicate metal models, painted to conform with the approved paintings, were loaned to land-grant agricultural colleges. Smaller scale models were sold. The Committee on Type (W. S. Moscrip, chairman) revised the Scale of Points to conform with the models. These models and President Frank O. Lowden are shown in Figure 13.2. Spring Brook Bess Burke 2d 131387 was a prominent cow for production and type. Her daughters Bess Johanna Ormsby and Holstein-Friesians in the United States 261 World that the officially recognized judges meet to attain more similarity of judgments. The Executive Committee passed a resolution January 10, 1922, for such a conference. Secretary F. L. Houghton invited about 40 leading breeders, showmen, and judges who might plan some defi- nite action. They met in Philadelphia on March 20, 1922, with Fred Pabst presiding. After much discussion, Pabst suggested that clay models of an ideal type be prepared to scale. The group suggested paintings also, agreed on general procedures, and selected ten per- sons as a subcommittee to carry out the details. The Executive Committee named this group as an official committee and allotted them $50,000 to study and establish "true type." The committee included W. S. Moscrip (chairman), T. E. Elder, R. E. Haeger, Axel Hansen, H. H. Kildee, A. C. Oosterhuis, Fred Pabst, W. H. Standish, Ward W. Stevens, and F. L. Houghton (sec- retary). They engaged Edwin Megargee, animal painter, and Gozo Kawamura, sculptor, to convert their ideas into specific illustrations. After they studied photographs of leading animals and scored and criticized many desirable animals on farms in Waukesha County, Wisconsin, the artists prepared the clay models and paintings to scale. On June 8, 1922, the committee and artists met in Kansas City with many of the original invited group at the Heart of America Holstein sale and first Association convention under the delegate system. Minor changes conformed with the height of withers and fullness of fore udder of two excellent show cows consigned by George B. Appleman of Kansas. The models and paintings received unanimous approval at the directors' meeting in St. Paul in October 1922. Duplicate metal models, painted to conform with the approved paintings, were loaned to land-grant agricultural colleges. Smaller scale models were sold. The Committee on Type (W. S. Moscrip, chairman) revised the Scale of Points to conform with the models. These models and President Frank O. Lowden are shown in Figure 13.2. Spring Brook Bess Burke 2d 131387 was a prominent cow for production and type. Her daughters Bess Johanna Ormsby and  262 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Bess Mercedes Ormsby, and progeny of her sons Sir Pietertje Ormsby Mercedes 37th, Creator, King of the Ormsbys and Winter- thur Bess Burke Best exerted a wide influence on production and Holstein type (Fig. 13.3). The last scale of points was superceded by the unified daioy scorecards, approved by the American Dairy Science Association and copyrighted by the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association. The dairy cow and bull scorecards, first drafted in 1943, were revised in 1957 with descriptions reworded and points redistributed. These scorecards were divided into four major headings: general appear- ance, dairy character, body capacity, mammary system (for cows). and feet and legs (for bulls). Separate characteristics were listed for each breed concerning color, size, and horns. The ideal cow and bull of each breed were shown in colors, and charts illustrated the parts of the dairy bull and cow. 262 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Bess Mercedes Ormsby, and progeny of her sons Sir Pietertje Ormsby Mercedes 37th, Creator, King of the Ormsbys and Winter- thur Bess Burke Best exerted a wide influence on production and Holstein type (Fig. 13.3). The last scale of points was superceded by the unified dairy scorecards, approved by the American Dairy Science Association and copyrighted by the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association. The dairy cow and bull scorecards, first drafted in 1943, were revised in 1957 with descriptions reworded and points redistributed. These scorecards were divided into four major headings: general appear- ance, dairy character, body capacity, mammary system (for cows), and feet and legs (for bulls). Separate characteristics were listed for each breed concerning color, size, and horns. The ideal cow and bull of each breed were shown in colors, and charts illustrated the parts of the dairy bull and cow. 262 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Bess Mercedes Ormsby, and progeny of her sons Sir Pietertje Ormsby Mercedes 37th, Creator, King of the Ormsbys and Winter- thur Bess Burke Best exerted a wide influence on production and Holstein type (Fig. 13.3). The last scale of points was superceded by the unified dairy scorecards, approved by the American Dairy Science Association and copyrighted by the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association. The dairy cow and bull scorecards, first drafted in 1943, were revised in 1957 with descriptions reworded and points redistributed. These scorecards were divided into four major headings: general appear- ance, dairy character, body capacity, mammary system (for cows). and feet and legs (for bulls). Separate characteristics were listed for each breed concerning color, size, and horns. The ideal cow and bull of each breed were shown in colors, and charts illustrated the parts of the dairy bull and cow. FIG. 13.2. President Frank O. Lowden and the true type model Holstein- Friesian bull and cow. These models were developed by a special True Type Committee of ten members. Other dairy breeds followed the example with less extensive projects. FIG. 13.2. President Frank O. Lowden and the true type model Holstein- Friesian bull and cow. These models were developed by a special True Type Committee of ten members. Other dairy breeds followed the example with less extensive projects. FIG. 13.2. President Frank O. Lowden and the true type model Holstein- Friesian bull and cow. These models were developed by a special True Type Committee of ten members. Other dairy breeds followed the example with less extensive projects.  Holstein-Friesians in the United States 263 TYPE CLASSIFICATION AND SInE RECGNToNm After the true type models were completed in 1922, discussion arose that the show ring benefited only a few breeders who exhib- ited their animals. How could these benefits be applied to other cattle at home, and herds not competing? Could a judge visit a herd and constructively criticize the individual animals? Could type be recorded permanently as production records had been, for use in breed programs? Few people recalled that Solomon Hoxie devised an inspection system for the Main or Advanced Registry of the Dutch-Friesian Herd Book before 1880 based on body measurements and scores. His plan was used by the Holstein-Friesian Association of America from 1885 to 1893, and was discontinued during a depression. TYPE CLASSIFICATION A plan was developed to classify animals on farms into ratings ac- cording to conformation scores, recognizing the sires that trans- mitted desirable type. Thus Herd Classification and Sire Recogni- Holstein-Friesians in the United States 263 TYPE CLAssIFICATION AND SEE RECDGNITION After the true type models were completed in 1922, discussion arose that the show ring benefited only a few breeders who exhib- ited their animals. How could these benefits be applied to other cattle at home, and herds not competing? Could a judge visit a herd and constructively criticize the individual animals? Could type be recorded permanently as production records had been, for use in breed programs? Few people recalled that Solomon Hoxie devised an inspection system for the Main or Advanced Registry of the Dutch-Friesian Herd Book before 1880 based on body measurements and scores. His plan was used by the Holstein-Friesian Association of America from 1885 to 1893, and was discontinued during a depression. TYPE CLASSIFICATION A plan was developed to classify animals on farms into ratings ac- cording to conformation scores, recognizing the sires that trans- mitted desirable type. Thus Herd Classification and Sire Recogni- Holstein-Friesians in the United States 263 TYPE CLAsSIFICATION AND SIRE RECDNrcON After the true type models were completed in 1922, discussion arose that the show ring benefited only a few breeders who exhib- ited their animals. How could these benefits be applied to other cattle at home, and herds not competing? Could a judge visit a herd and constructively criticize the individual animals? Could type be recorded permanently as production records had been, for use in breed programs? Few people recalled that Solomon Hoxie devised an inspection system for the Main or Advanced Registry of the Dutch-Friesian Herd Book before 1880 based on body measurements and scores. His plan was used by the Holstein-Friesian Association of America from 1885 to 1893, and was discontinued during a depression. TYPE CLAssIFICATION A plan was developed to classify animals on farms into ratings ac- cording to conformation scores, recognizing the sires that trans- mitted desirable type. Thus Herd Classification and Sire Recogni- FIG. 13.3. Spring Brook Bess Burke 2d 131387 was noted for type and pro- duction. She transmitted these characteristics through 2 daughters and 4 sons. FIG. 13.3. Spring Brook Bess Burke 2d 131387 was noted for type and pro- duction. She transnitted these characteristics through 2 daughters and 4 sons. FIG. 13.3. Spring Brook Bess Burke 2d 131387 was noted for type and pro- duction. She transmitted these characteristics through 2 daughters and 4 sons.  264 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 264 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 264 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS tion began in 1929. Nine part-time inspectors were appointed to classify animals. They met at Silver Glen Farm, St. Charles, Illi- nois, to unify methods. The scorecard soon was revised, as follows: Classifeation Original score Revised score (poas Excellent 85 or more 90 or more Very Good 77.5-84 85-89 Good Plus 72.5-77.4 80-84 Good 67.5-72.4 75-79 Fair 60-67.4 65-74 Poor Below 60 Below 65 The "breakdown" method of scoring according to anatomical parts was devised by F. W. Atkeson for Brown Swiss cattle, based on di- visions of the unified dairy scorecards. The Holstein-Friesian As- sociation adopted a similar plan in 1944. Twelve inspectors classified between 1929 and 1970, some being repeated. Some 1,239,864 ani- mals were classified. Those of 99,361 Holsteins classified in 4,048 herds during 1970 are given below. tion began in 1929. Nine part-time inspectors were appointed to classify animals. They met at Silver Glen Farm, St. Charles, Illi- nois, to unify methods. The scorecard soon was revised, as follows: Classification Original score Revised score (points) Excellent 85 or more 90 or more Very Good 77.5-84 85-9 Good Plus 72.5-77.4 80-84 Good 67.5-72.4 75-79 Fair 60-7.4 65-74 Poor Below 60 Below 65 The "breakdown" method of scoring according to anatomical parts was devised by F. W. Atkeson for Brown Swiss cattle, based on di- visions of the unified dairy scorecards. The Holstein-Friesian As- sociation adopted a similar plan in 1944. Twelve inspectors classified between 1929 and 1970, some being repeated. Some 1,239,864 ani- mals were classified. Those of 99,361 Holsteins classified in 4,048 herds during 1970 are given below. tion began in 1929. Nine part-time inspectors were appointed to classify animals. They met at Silver Glen Farm, St. Charles, Illi- nois, to unify methods. The scorecard soon was revised, as follows: Classification Original score Revised score (poins) Excellent 85 or more 90 or more Very Good 77.5-84 85-89 Good Plus 72.5-77.4 80-4 Good 67.5-72.4 75-79 Fair 60-67.4 65-74 Poor Below 60 Below 65 The "breakdown" method of scoring according to anatomical parts was devised by F. W. Atkeson for Brown Swiss cattle, based on di- visions of the unified dairy scorecards. The Holstein-Friesian As- sociation adopted a similar plan in 1944. Twelve inspectors classified between 1929 and 1970, some being repeated. Some 1,239,864 ani- mals were classified. Those of 99,361 Holsteins classified in 4,048 herds during 1970 are given below. Percentage of animals rated 1969 1970 Percentage of animals rated 1969 1970 Percentage of animals rated 1969 1970 Rating 1929-68 Rating 1929-68 Rating 1929-68 Excellent Very Good Good Plus Good Fair Poor 1.2 12.8 43.1 35.9 6.8 0.2 1.6 13.1 41.4 36.1 7.4 0.4 1.2 12.8 42.8 36.0 6.9 0.3 Excellent Very Good Good Plus Good Fair Poor 1.2 12.8 43.1 35.9 6.8 0.2 1.6 13.1 41.4 36.1 7.4 0.4 1.2 12.8 42.8 36.0 6.9 0.3 Excellent Very Good Good Plus Good Fair Poor 1.2 12.8 43.1 35.9 6.8 0.2 1.6 13.1 41.4 36.1 7.4 0.4 1.2 12.8 42.8 36.0 6.9 0.3 Breeders applied for type classification on a voluntary basis. All cows that had calved and bulls over 3 years old were submitted for inspection. Registration certificates of animals classified Poor were cancelled. Only female progeny from cows or bulls classified Fair were registered. This regulation was dropped in 1959. Effective in 1966, cows may be rated Excellent up to four times, starting at any age after the second calving. An additional E designation may be earned within 6 to 8 years, 9 to 11 years, and 12 years or older. SIRE RECOGNITION A percentage of all available daughters (minimum of ten) and all available dams were required to have been inspected. Three sire ratings were recognized. A Bronze Medal Preferred Sire had im- Breeders applied for type classification on a voluntary basis. All cows that had calved and bulls over 3 years old were submitted for inspection. Registration certificates of animals classified Poor were cancelled. Only female progeny from cows or bulls classified Fair were registered. This regulation was dropped in 1959. Effective in 1966, cows may be rated Excellent up to four times, starting at any age after the second calving. An additional E designation may be earned within 6 to 8 years, 9 to 11 years, and 12 years or older. SIRE RECoGNITION A percentage of all available daughters (minimum of ten) and all available dams were required to have been inspected. Three sire ratings were recognized. A Bronze Medal Preferred Sire had im- Breeders applied for type classification on a voluntary basis. All cows that had calved and bulls over 3 years old were submitted for inspection. Registration certificates of animals classified Poor were cancelled. Only female progeny from cows or bulls classified Fair were registered. This regulation was dropped in 1959. Effective in 1966, cows may be rated Excellent up to four times, starting at any age after the second calving. An additional E designation may be earned within 6 to 8 years, 9 to 11 years, and 12 years or older. SIRE RECOGNITION A percentage of all available daughters (minimum of ten) and all available dams were required to have been inspected. Three sire ratings were recognized. A Bronze Medal Preferred Sire had im-  Holstein-Friesians in the United States 265 Holstein-Friesians in the United States 265 Holstein-Friesians in the United States 265 proved daughters over their dams. A Silver Medal Preferred Sire was strikingly prepotent for herd improvement. A bull qualified as a Gold Medal Proved Sire when as a Silver Medal Approved Sire, 50 percent (at least six) of his daughters exceeded Advanced Reg- istry requirements by 50 percent. The average butterfat test must have been between 3 and 5 percent. The plan became effective in 1929. Later changes adapted the program to bulls in artificial serv- ice. A bull earned the Silver Medal Type rating when at least ten (75 percent of his registered) daughters averaged 81 points; 50 to 75 percent averaged 82 points; 25 to 50 percent averaged 83 points; or less than 25 percent classified 84 points or above. For bulls in arti- ficial service, all daughters in at least ten herds selected by the Ex- ecutive Secretary must be classified. At least 50 must have been inspected, less than half of them being in a single herd. If the aver- age classification score of the daughters equaled 81 points, the sire became a Silver Medal Type Sire. The Silver Medal Production Sire rating was earned when 50 per- cent of the daughters (at least ten) qualified in the Advanced Reg- istry or Herd Test with production 50 percent over the Advanced Registry requirements according to age, with not below a 3.4 per- cent butterfat test. The records must average at least the breed av- erage of 430 pounds of butterfat (January 1954) on a 305-day 2X milking mature equivalent basis. The daughters' average produc- tion must exceed "expectancy" by at least 40 pounds of butterfat. Expectancy is the amount halfway between the breed average and the average production of the dams. As the breed average increased, requirements for the recognition programs also increased. Since January 1964 a bull's daughters must average at least 13,800 pounds of milk and 510 pounds of fat on a 305-day 2x mature equivalent basis. The lactation average for registered Holsteins in 1965 was 15,114 pounds of milk, 3.67 percent and 555 pounds of fat. A bull became a Gold Medal Sire when his daughters qualified him for Silver Medals in both type and production. One of the great Gold Medal Sires is shown in Figure 13.4. The average type score at each age was determined from 24,075 classification scores in 1956. The Breed Average Age (BAA) score proved daughters over their dams. A Silver Medal Preferred Sire was strikingly prepotent for herd improvement. A bull qualified as a Gold Medal Proved Sire when as a Silver Medal Approved Sire, 50 percent (at least six) of his daughters exceeded Advanced Reg- istry requirements by 50 percent. The average butterfat test must have been between 3 and 5 percent. The plan became effective in 1929. Later changes adapted the program to bulls in artificial serv- ice. A bull earned the Silver Medal Type rating when at least ten (75 percent of his registered) daughters averaged 81 points; 50 to 75 percent averaged 82 points; 25 to 50 percent averaged 83 points; or less than 25 percent classified 84 points or above. For bulls in arti- ficial service, all daughters in at least ten herds selected by the Ex- ecutive Secretary must be classified. At least 50 must have been inspected, less than half of them being in a single herd. If the aver- age classification score of the daughters equaled 81 points, the sire became a Silver Medal Type Sire. The Silver Medal Production Sire rating was earned when 50 per- cent of the daughters (at least ten) qualified in the Advanced Reg- istry or Herd Test with production 50 percent over the Advanced Registry requirements according to age, with not below a 3.4 per- cent butterfat test. The records must average at least the breed av- erage of 430 pounds of butterfat (January 1954) on a 305-day 2x milking mature equivalent basis. The daughters' average produc- tion must exceed "expectancy" by at least 40 pounds of butterfat. Expectancy is the amount halfway between the breed average and the average production of the dams. As the breed average increased, requirements for the recognition programs also increased. Since January 1964 a bull's daughters must average at least 13,800 pounds of milk and 510 pounds of fat on a 305-day 2x mature equivalent basis. The lactation average for registered Holsteins in 1965 was 15,114 pounds of milk, 3.67 percent and 555 pounds of fat. A bull became a Gold Medal Sire when his daughters qualified him for Silver Medals in both type and production. One of the great Gold Medal Sires is shown in Figure 13.4. The average type score at each age was determined from 24,075 classification scores in 1956. The Breed Average Age (BAA) score proved daughters over their dams. A Silver Medal Preferred Sire was strikingly prepotent for herd improvement. A bull qualified as a Gold Medal Proved Sire when as a Silver Medal Approved Sire, 50 percent (at least six) of his daughters exceeded Advanced Reg- istry requirements by 50 percent. The average butterfat test must have been between 3 and 5 percent. The plan became effective in 1929. Later changes adapted the program to bulls in artificial serv- ice. A bull earned the Silver Medal Type rating when at least ten (75 percent of his registered) daughters averaged 81 points; 50 to 75 percent averaged 82 points; 25 to 50 percent averaged 83 points; or less than 25 percent classified 84 points or above. For bulls in arti- ficial service, all daughters in at least ten herds selected by the Ex- ecutive Secretary must be classified. At least 50 must have been inspected, less than half of them being in a single herd. If the aver- age classification score of the daughters equaled 81 points, the sire became a Silver Medal Type Sire. The Silver Medal Production Sire rating was earned when 50 per- cent of the daughters (at least ten) qualified in the Advanced Reg- istry or Herd Test with production 50 percent over the Advanced Registry requirements according to age, with not below a 3.4 per- cent butterfat test. The records must average at least the breed av- erage of 430 pounds of butterfat (January 1954) on a 305-day 2 X milking mature equivalent basis. The daughters' average produc- tion must exceed "expectancy" by at least 40 pounds of butterfat. Expectancy is the amount halfway between the breed average and the average production of the dams. As the breed average increased, requirements for the recognition programs also increased. Since January 1964 a bull's daughters must average at least 13,800 pounds of milk and 510 pounds of fat on a 305-day 2x mature equivalent basis. The lactation average for registered Holsteins in 1965 was 15,114 pounds of milk, 3.67 percent and 555 pounds of fat. A bull became a Gold Medal Sire when his daughters qualified him for Silver Medals in both type and production. One of the great Gold Medal Sires is shown in Figure 13.4. The average type score at each age was determined from 24,075 classification scores in 1956. The Breed Average Age (BAA) score  266 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS at each age was regarded as 100 percent, and the scores of individ- ual animals computed on a relative percentage basis. Records of bulls with at least ten classified daughter-dam pairs were reviewed periodically since 1959. To become a Silver Medal Type Sire under the program, the average score of the daughters must exceed ex- pectancy (midway between breed average and dams' average) by at least 1.00 points if a sire has 40 pairs or more; 1.25 points for 30 to 39 pairs; 1.50 for 20 to 29 pairs; 1.75 points for 15 to 19 pairs; or 2.00 points for 10 to 14 pairs. A sire then was recognized as a SMT sire when all available daughters were classified and had a BAA percentage of at least 103 points. A point was 1 percent above 100 percent. In January 1968 standards were increased and Silver Medals changed to temporary Type Qualified and Production Qualified designations, based on the current status. The sire's ten pairs then must have a BAA expectancy of at least 101.00 points. The standard for daughters to exceed their dams then became 1.00 points if he has 100 or more daughter-dam pairs, 1.25 points for 50 to 99 pairs, 1.75 points for 25 to 49 pairs, 2.25 points for 15 to 24 pairs, or 2.75 266 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS at each age was regarded as 100 percent, and the scores of individ- ual animals computed on a relative percentage basis. Records of bulls with at least ten classified daughter-dam pairs were reviewed periodically since 1959. To become a Silver Medal Type Sire under the program, the average score of the daughters must exceed ex- pectancy (midway between breed average and dams' average) by at least 1.00 points if a sire has 40 pairs or more; 1.25 points for 30 to 39 pairs; 1.50 for 20 to 29 pairs; 1.75 points for 15 to 19 pairs; or 2.00 points for 10 to 14 pairs. A sire then was recognized as a NSIT sire when all available daughters were classified and had a BAA percentage of at least 103 points. A point was 1 percent above 100 percent. In January 1968 standards were increased and Silver Medals changed to temporary Type Qualified and Production Qualified designations, based on the current status. The sire's ten pairs then must have a BAA expectancy of at least 101.00 points. The standard for daughters to exceed their dams then became 1.00 points if he has 100 or more daughter-dam pairs, 1.25 points for 50 to 99 pairs, 1.75 points for 25 to 49 pairs, 2.25 points for 15 to 24 pairs, or 2.75 266 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS at each age was regarded as 100 percent, and the scores of individ- ual animals computed on a relative percentage basis. Records of bulls with at least ten classified daughter-dam pairs were reviewed periodically since 1959. To become a Silver Medal Type Sire under the program, the average score of the daughters must exceed ex- pectancy (midway between breed average and dams' average) by at least 1.00 points if a sire has 40 pairs or more; 1.25 points for 30 to 39 pairs; 1.50 for 20 to 29 pairs; 1.75 points for 15 to 19 pairs; or 2.00 points for 10 to 14 pairs. A sire then was recognized as a SIT sire when all available daughters were classified and had a BAA percentage of at least 103 points. A point was 1 percent above 100 percent. In January 1968 standards were increased and Silver Nedals changed to temporary Type Qualified and Production Qualified designations, based on the current status. The sire's ten pairs then must have a BAA expectancy of at least 101.00 points. The standard for daughters to exceed their dams then became 1.00 points if he has 100 or more daughter-dam pairs, 1.25 points for 50 to 99 pairs, 1.75 points for 25 to 49 pairs, 2.25 points for 15 to 24 pairs, or 2.75 FIG. 13.4. Wisconsin Admiral Burke Lad 697789 V.G. More than 166 daugh- ters produced an average of over 14,000 pounds of milk and 500 pounds of butterfat. His 163 classified sons and daughters had an average score of 85.6 percent. He was among the leaders in numbers of Gold Medal sons and daugh- ters. FIG. 13.4. Wisconsin Admiral Burke Lad 697789 V.G. More than 10 daugh- ters produced an average of over 14;000 pounds of milk and 500 pounds of butterfat. His 163 classified sons and daughters had an average score of 85.6 percent. He was among the leaders in numbers of Gold Medal sons and daugh- ters. FIG. 13.4. Wiscoanin Admiral nrke Lad 697789 V.G. More than 10 daugh- ters produced an aerage of over 14,000 pounds of milk and 500 pounds of butterfat. His 163 classified sons and daughters had an average score of 85.6 percent. He was among the leaders in numbers of Gold Medal sons and daugh- ters.  Holstein-Friesians in the United States 267 points if he has 10 to 14 daughter-dam pairs. The system was auto- matic and without a fee. Special applications, however, required a $50 application fee plus the regular fee for individual animals in the applicant's herd, and $5 per head for animals outside the herd. The temporary designation Production Qualified was based on the most recent daughter-herdmate comparison in the USDA Sire Summary. The sire must have at least 10 daughters summarized. The predicted difference must at least equal +200 pounds of milk with a 30 percent or more repeatability, or it could be +300 pounds with a repeatability of 20 through 29 percent. At least 51 percent of his daughters must be registered, or identified by blood typing (un- registered daughters) if less than 30 daughters are included. The designation must be rated as each new sire summary is computed. A sire designated simultaneously as Production Qualified and Type Qualified is automatically recognized with the permanent Gold Medal award. Records useful for herd improvement are obtainable from elec- tronic tapes filed in the Association office. Breeders may request in- formation from this "Holstein Fact Finder" source, including: 1. de- scriptive data of a bull's classified daughters; 2. production records of all tested daughters; 3. production and type classification of in- dividual Holsteins; 4. functional strengths and weaknesses trans- mitted by a sire. Since 1971, mechanized office procedures necessitated assign- ment of an official ID number to each breeder registering a Holstein-Friesian animal. The ID number is a combination repre- senting the owner's surname and is in sequence of assignment. Offi- cial ID numbers appear on the more recent registration certificates. REVISED CLASSIFICATION PROGRAM The type classification program was revised for 1967, as coordinated by George W. Trimberger. Thirteen columns were added for "de- scription of animal," using keyed numbers for descriptive details. These numbers referred to: Stature. 1. Upstanding. 2. Intermediate. 3. Low-set. Head. 1. Clean-cut, well proportioned with style and strength. 2. Strong-lacking style. 3. Short. 4. Plain and/or coarse. 5. Weak. Holstein-Friesians in the United States 267 points if he has 10 to 14 daughter-dam pairs. The system was auto- matic and without a fee. Special applications, however, required a $50 application fee plus the regular fee for individual animals in the applicant's herd, and $5 per head for animals outside the herd. The temporary designation Production Qualified was based on the most recent daughter-herdmate comparison in the USDA Sire Summary. The sire must have at least 10 daughters summarized. The predicted difference must at least equal +200 pounds of milk with a 30 percent or more repeatability, or it could be +300 pounds with a repeatability of 20 through 29 percent. At least 51 percent of his daughters must be registered, or identified by blood typing (un- registered daughters) if less than 30 daughters are included. The designation must be rated as each new sire summary is computed. A sire designated simultaneously as Production Qualified and Type Qualified is automatically recognized with the permanent Gold Medal award. Records useful for herd improvement are obtainable from elec- tronic tapes filed in the Association office. Breeders may request in- formation from this "Holstein Fact Finder" source, including: 1. de- scriptive data of a bull's classified daughters; 2. production records of all tested daughters; 3. production and type classification of in- dividual Holsteins; 4. functional strengths and weaknesses trans- mitted by a sire. Since 1971, mechanized office procedures necessitated assign- ment of an official ID number to each breeder registering a Holstein-Friesian animal. The ID number is a combination repre- senting the owner's surname and is in sequence of assignment. Offi- cial ID numbers appear on the more recent registration certificates. REvISED CLASSIFICATION PROGRAM The type classification program was revised for 1967, as coordinated by George W. Trimberger. Thirteen columns were added for "de- scription of animal," using keyed numbers for descriptive details. These numbers referred to: Stature. 1. Upstanding. 2. Intermediate. 3. Low-set. Head. 1. Clean-cut, well proportioned with style and strength. 2. Strong-lacking style. 3. Short. 4. Plain and/or coarse. 5. Weak. Holstein-Friesians in the United States 267 points if he has 10 to 14 daughter-dam pairs. The system was auto- matic and without a fee. Special applications, however, required a $50 application fee plus the regular fee for individual animals in the applicant's herd, and $5 per head for animals outside the herd. The temporary designation Production Qualified was based on the most recent daughter-herdmate comparison in the USDA Sire Summary. The sire must have at least 10 daughters summarized. The predicted difference must at least equal +200 pounds of milk with a 30 percent or more repeatability, or it could be +300 pounds with a repeatability of 20 through 29 percent. At least 51 percent of his daughters must be registered, or identified by blood typing (un- registered daughters) if less than 30 daughters are included. The designation must be rated as each new sire summary is computed. A sire designated simultaneously as Production Qualified and Type Qualified is automatically recognized with the permanent Gold Medal award. Records useful for herd improvement are obtainable from elec- tronic tapes filed in the Association office. Breeders may request in- formation from this "Holstein Fact Finder" source, including: 1. de- scriptive data of a bull's classified daughters; 2. production records of all tested daughters; 3. production and type classification of in- dividual Holsteins; 4. functional strengths and weaknesses trans- mitted by a sire. Since 1971, mechanized office procedures necessitated assign- ment of an official ID number to each breeder registering a Holstein-Friesian animal. The ID number is a combination repre- senting the owner's surname and is in sequence of assignment. Offi- cial ID numbers appear on the more recent registration certificates. REvISED CLASSIFICATION PROGRAM The type classification program was revised for 1967, as coordinated by George W. Trimberger. Thirteen columns were added for "de- scription of animal," using keyed numbers for descriptive details. These numbers referred to: Stature. 1 Upstanding. 2. Intermediate. 3. Low-set. Head. 1 Clean-cut, well proportioned with style and strength. 2. Strong-lacking style. 3. Short. 4. Plain and/or coarse. 5. Weak.  268 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 2m8 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Front end. 1. Shoulders smoothly blended. 2. Medium strength and width. 3. Coarse shoulder and neck. 4. Narrow and weak. Back. 1. Straight, full crops, strong, wide loin. 2. Straight, weak crops. 3. Low front end. 4. Weak loin and/or back. Rump. 1. Long and wide, nearly level. 2. Medium width, length. or levelness. 3. Pins higher than hips. 4. Narrow, especially at pins. 5. Sloping. Hind legs. . Strong, clean, flat bone, squarely placed, clean flat thigh. 2. Acceptable. 3. Sickled and/or close at hock. 4. Bone too light or refined. 5. Post-legged (too straight). Feet. 1. Strong, well-formed. 2. Acceptable, with no serious faults. 3. Spread toes. 4. Shallow heel. MAMMARY SYSTEM Fore udder. 1. Moderate length and firmly attached. 2. Moderate length, slightly bulgy. 3. Short. 4. Bulgy or loose. 5. Broken and/or faulty. Rear udder. 1. Firmly attached, high and wide. 2. Intermediate in height and width. 3. Low. 4. Narrow and pinched. 5. Loosely at- tached and/or broken. Udder support and floor. . Strong suspensory ligament and cleanly defined halving. 2. Lack of defined halving. 3. Floor too low. 4. Tilted. 5. Broken suspensory ligament and/or weak floor. Udder quality. 1. Soft and pliable. 2. Intermediate. 3. Could not de- termine. 4. Meaty. Teat size and placement. 1. Plumb, desirable length and size. 2. Acceptable with no serious faults. 3. Rear teats back too far. 4. Wide front teats. 5. Undesirable shape. Miscellaneous. . Winged shoulders. 2. Front legs toe out. 3. Weak pastems. 4. Crampy. 5. Small for age. SELECervE REGISTRATION OF MALES Resulting from a resolution in 1926, pedigree ratings of two classes were established for Holstein male calves based on transmitting ability of sires and type and production of dams. Lack of popular use led to the lower rating (Selected Pedigree) being discontinued in 1958, and the Preferred Pedigree registration certificate before 1962. Front end. 1. Shoulders smoothly blended. 2. Medium strength and width. 3. Coarse shoulder and neck. 4. Narrow and weak. Back. 1. Straight, full crops, strong, wide loin. 2. Straight, weak crops. 3. Low front end. 4. Weak loin and/or back. Rump. 1. Long and wide, nearly level. 2. Medium width, length, or levelness. 3. Pins higher than hips. 4. Narrow, especially at pins. 5. Sloping. Hind legs. . Strong, clean, flat bone, squarely placed, clean flat thigh. 2. Acceptable. 3. Sickled and/or close at hock. 4. Bone too light or refined. 5. Post-legged (too straight). Feet. 1. Strong, well-formed. 2. Acceptable, with no serious faults. 3. Spread toes. 4. Shallow heel. MAMMARY SYSTEM Fore udder. 1. Moderate length and firmly attached. 2. Moderate length, slightly bulgy. 3. Short. 4. Bulgy or loose. 5. Broken and/or faulty. Rear udder. 1. Firmly attached, high and wide. 2. Intermediate in height and width. 3. Low. 4. Narrow and pinched. 5. Loosely at- tached and/or broken. Udder support and floor. 1. Strong suspensory ligament and cleanly defined halving. 2. Lack of defined halving. 3. Floor too low. 4. Tilted. 5. Broken suspensory ligament and/or weak floor. Udder quality. 1. Soft and pliable. 2. Intermediate. 3. Could not de- termine. 4. Meaty. Teat size and placement. 1. Plumb, desirable length and size. 2. Acceptable with no serious faults. 3. Rear teats back too far. 4. Wide front teats. 5. Undesirable shape. Miscellaneous. 1. Winged shoulders. 2. Front legs toe out. 3. Weak pasterns. 4. Crampy. 5. Small for age. SELECTrvE REGISTRATION OF MALES Resulting from a resolution in 1926, pedigree ratings of two classes were established for Holstein male calves based on transmitting ability of sires and type and production of dams. Lack of popular use led to the lower rating (Selected Pedigree) being discontinued in 1958, and the Preferred Pedigree registration certificate before 1962. Front end. 1. Shoulders smoothly blended. 2. Medium strength and width. 3. Coarse shoulder and neck. 4. Narrow and weak. Back. 1. Straight, full crops, strong, wide loin. 2. Straight, weak crops. 3. Low front end. 4. Weak loin and/or back. Rump. 1. Long and wide, nearly level. 2. Medium width, length. or levelness. 3. Pins higher than hips. 4. Narrow, especially at pins. 5. Sloping. Hind legs. 1. Strong, clean, flat bone, squarely placed, clean flat thigh. 2. Acceptable. 3. Sickled and/or close at hock. 4. Bone too light or refined. 5. Post-legged (too straight). Feet. 1. Strong, well-formed. 2. Acceptable, with no serious faults. 3. Spread toes. 4. Shallow heel. MAMMARY SYSTEM Fore udder. 1. Moderate length and firmly attached. 2. Moderate length, slightly bulgy. 3. Short. 4. Bulgy or loose. 5. Broken and/or faulty. Rear udder. 1. Firmly attached, high and wide. 2. Intermediate in height and width. 3. Low. 4. Narrow and pinched. 5. Loosely at- tached and/or broken. Udder support and floor. . Strong suspensory ligament and cleanly defined halving. 2. Lack of defined halving. 3. Floor too low. 4. Tilted. 5. Broken suspensory ligament and/or weak floor. Udder quality. 1. Soft and pliable. 2. Intermediate. 3. Could not de- termine. 4. Meaty. Teat size and placement. 1. Plumb, desirable length and size. 2. Acceptable with no serious faults. 3. Rear teats back too far. 4. Wide front teats. 5. Undesirable shape. Miscellaneous. . Winged shoulders. 2. Front legs toe out. 3. WNeak pastems. 4. Crampy. 5. Small for age. SELECTIvE REGISTRATION OF MALES Resulting from a resolution in 1926, pedigree ratings of two classes were established for Holstein male calves based on transmitting ability of sires and type and production of dams. Lack of popular use led to the lower rating (Selected Pedigree) being discontinued in 1958, and the Preferred Pedigree registration certificate before 1962.  Holstein-Friesians in the United States 269 Holstein-Friesians in the United States 269 Holstein-Friesians in the United States 269 PRODUCTON RECORDS IN AMERICA Three cows imported by Gerrit S. Miller from West Friesland yielded an average of 9,597 pounds of milk yearly in 1870-72. Pri- vate records of Holsteins cited in Volume 3 (1873) of the Holstein Herd Book showed that "76 cows have given 60 lbs.... or more per day. . . . We particularly hope attention will be given to butter tests during the next season." The Association adopted a resolution in 1880 to publish private records of 6,000 pounds for 2-year olds and up to 10,000 pounds or over for cows past 4% years old at a $2 fee. Solomon Hoxie of the Dutch-Friesian Association devised rules for a system of recording production in the Main or Advanced Reg- istry. Records were attested by a committee representing some local agricultural society or stock-breeders' association. Require- ments for entry in the Advanced Registry of the Dutch-Friesian Herd Book, and later in Volume 1 of the Holstein-Friesian Associa- tion of America's Herd Book were: PRODUCTION RECORDS IN AMERICA Three cows imported by Gerrit S. Miller from West Friesland yielded an average of 9,597 pounds of milk yearly in 1870-72. Pri- vate records of Holsteins cited in Volume 3 (1873) of the Holstein Herd Book showed that "76 cows have given 60 lbs.... or more per day. . . . We particularly hope attention will be given to butter tests during the next season." The Association adopted a resolution in 1880 to publish private records of 6,000 pounds for 2-year olds and up to 10,000 pounds or over for cows past 4% years old at a $2 fee. Solomon Hoxie of the Dutch-Friesian Association devised rules for a system of recording production in the Main or Advanced Reg- istry. Records were attested by a committee representing some local agricultural society or stock-breeders' association. Require- ments for entry in the Advanced Registry of the Dutch-Friesian Herd Book, and later in Volume 1 of the Holstein-Friesian Associa- tion of America's Herd Book were: PRODUCrION RECORDS IN AMERICA Three cows imported by Gerrit S. Miller from West Friesland yielded an average of 9,597 pounds of milk yearly in 1870-72. Pri- vate records of Holsteins cited in Volume 3 (1873) of the Holstein Herd Book showed that "76 cows have given 60 lbs.... or more per day. . . . We particularly hope attention will be given to butter tests during the next season." The Association adopted a resolution in 1880 to publish private records of 6,000 pounds for 2-year olds and up to 10,000 pounds or over for cows past 4% years old at a $2 fee. Solomon Hoxie of the Dutch-Friesian Association devised rules for a system of recording production in the Main or Advanced Reg- istry. Records were attested by a committee representing some local agricultural society or stock-breeders' association. Require- ments for entry in the Advanced Registry of the Dutch-Friesian Herd Book, and later in Volume 1 of the Holstein-Friesian Associa- tion of America's Herd Book were: Age (years) 2 3 4 5 Milk in 7 days before, and after 8 months after calving Milk in 10 months Before After (pounds) (pounds) 6,500 354 118 7,900 432 144 9,300 511 170 10.700 589 197 Butter in 7 days (pounds) 9 11 13 15 Age (years) 2 3 4 5 Milk in 7 days before, and after 8 months after calving Milk in 10 months Before After (pounds) (pounds) 6,500 354 118 7,900 432 144 9,300 511 170 10.700 589 197 Butter in 7 days (pounds) 9 11 13 15 Age (years) 2 3 4 5 Milk in 7 days before, and after 8 months after calving Milk in 10 months Before After (pounds) (pounds) 6,500 354 118 7,900 432 144 9,300 511 170 10.700 589 197 Butter in 7 days (pounds) 9 11 13 15 Lady DeVries 689 was credited with producing 18,848% pounds of milk in 365 days (Volume 3, Dutch-Friesian Herd Book). Holstein-Friesian cows competed in public milking contests in 15 states and Ontario between 1883 and the 1890s. They did not enter the World's Columbian Exposition trials at Chicago in 1893, where the Babcock test was first used officially. Popularity of public tests waned with development of systems of production testing on farms. Solomon Hoxie proposed in 1892 that the Advanced Registry be based on butterfat yields, determined by the Babcock test, which the Association approved in 1894. Inspection for type and body measurements under the Advanced Registry was discontinued as an economy measure at his suggestion. Prizes were awarded for Ad- Lady DeVries 689 was credited with producing 18,848% pounds of milk in 365 days (Volume 3, Dutch-Friesian Herd Book). Holstein-Friesian cows competed in public milking contests in 15 states and Ontario between 1883 and the 1890s. They did not enter the World's Columbian Exposition trials at Chicago in 1893, where the Babcock test was first used officially. Popularity of public tests waned with development of systems of production testing on farms. Solomon Hoxie proposed in 1892 that the Advanced Registry be based on butterfat yields, determined by the Babcock test, which the Association approved in 1894. Inspection for type and body measurements under the Advanced Registry was discontinued as an economy measure at his suggestion. Prizes were awarded for Ad- Lady DeVries 689 was credited with producing 18,848% pounds of milk in 365 days (Volume 3, Dutch-Friesian Herd Book). Holstein-Friesian cows competed in public milking contests in 15 states and Ontario between 1883 and the 1890s. They did not enter the World's Columbian Exposition trials at Chicago in 1893, where the Babcock test was first used officially. Popularity of public tests waned with development of systems of production testing on farms. Solomon Hoxie proposed in 1892 that the Advanced Registry be based on butterfat yields, determined by the Babcock test, which the Association approved in 1894. Inspection for type and body measurements under the Advanced Registry was discontinued as an economy measure at his suggestion. Prizes were awarded for Ad-  270 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS vanced Registry records in 1894. High private records had less cre- dence. Secretary F. L. Houghton prevailed upon Colleges of Agriculture to supervise the records and apply the Babcock test (Fig. 13.5) in "authenticated fat tests" of 7-days' duration beginning on May 30, 1894. Such tests were initiated in 1895; each milking was super- vised and the Babcock test was applied to milk samples taken by representatives of these state institutions. The peak of 7-day rec- ords was reached in 1920-21 when 14,099 records averaged 437 pounds of milk, 3.57 percent and 15.4 pounds of butterfat. Colonel G. Watson French of Iowana Farms, Davenport, Iowa, lacked con- fidence in short-time tests, and advertised persistently that "It is the other 358 days that count." The public slowly gave greater attention to yearly records when buying breeding animals, and short-time testing declined. The 7- day tests were voted out as of December 31, 1932, after 158,000 of- ficial 7-day butterfat tests had been conducted. Yearly semiofficial testing began in 1908. Daily milk records were kept by the owners; 2-day butterfat tests were supervised officially during each month of the record, and qualifying records were pub- lished by the Association. A division for 305-day production records was instituted in 1916. In 1919 a cow was required to drop a living calf within 14 months of previous calving. A "dairyman's" 305-day division was added in 1920, based on two milkings daily after the first 45 days. GOALS OF PRODUCTION TESTING Yearly records of selected cows were intended to indicate maxi- mum capacity for production. More was learned about feeding and management. Cows were given every opportunity to attain maxi- mum production; they were fitted in the dry period and bred to calve in autumn so the highest milk yields occurred when cool weather favored high fat tests. Quality pasture in spring and sum- mer tended to sustain yields late in lactation. Milking three and four times daily stimulated production. Feeders catered to each cow, and box stalls with water cups added comfort. High records had advertising value. 270 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS vanced Registry records in 1894. High private records had less cre- dence. Secretary F. L. Houghton prevailed upon Colleges of Agriculture to supervise the records and apply the Babcock test (Fig. 13.5) in "authenticated fat tests" of 7-days' duration beginning on May 30, 1894. Such tests were initiated in 1895; each milking was super- vised and the Babcock test was applied to milk samples taken by representatives of these state institutions. The peak of 7-day rec- ords was reached in 1920-21 when 14,099 records averaged 437 pounds of milk, 3.57 percent and 15.4 pounds of butterfat. Colonel G. Watson French of Iowana Farms, Davenport, Iowa, lacked con- fidence in short-time tests, and advertised persistently that "It is the other 358 days that count." The public slowly gave greater attention to yearly records when buying breeding animals, and short-time testing declined. The 7- day tests were voted out as of December 31, 1932, after 158,000 of- ficial 7-day butterfat tests had been conducted. Yearly semiofficial testing began in 1908. Daily milk records were kept by the owners; 2-day butterfat tests were supervised officially during each month of the record, and qualifying records were pub- lished by the Association. A division for 305-day production records was instituted in 1916. In 1919 a cow was required to drop a living calf within 14 months of previous calving. A "dairyman's" 305-day division was added in 1920, based on two milkings daily after the first 45 days. GOALS OF PRODUCrION TESTING Yearly records of selected cows were intended to indicate maxi- mum capacity for production. More was learned about feeding and management. Cows were given every opportunity to attain maxi- mum production; they were fitted in the dry period and bred to calve in autumn so the highest milk yields occurred when cool weather favored high fat tests. Quality pasture in spring and sum- mer tended to sustain yields late in lactation. Milking three and four times daily stimulated production. Feeders catered to each cow, and box stalls with water cups added comfort. High records had advertising value. 270 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS vanced Registry records in 1894. High private records had less cre- dence. Secretary F. L. Houghton prevailed upon Colleges of Agriculture to supervise the records and apply the Babcock test (Fig. 13.5) in "authenticated fat tests" of 7-days' duration beginning on May 30, 1894. Such tests were initiated in 1895; each milking was super- vised and the Babcock test was applied to milk samples taken by representatives of these state institutions. The peak of 7-day rec- ords was reached in 1920-21 when 14,099 records averaged 437 pounds of milk, 3.57 percent and 15.4 pounds of butterfat. Colonel G. Watson French of Iowana Farms, Davenport, Iowa, lacked con- fidence in short-time tests, and advertised persistently that "It is the other 358 days that count." The public slowly gave greater attention to yearly records when buying breeding animals, and short-time testing declined. The 7- day tests were voted out as of December 31, 1932, after 158,000 of- ficial 7-day butterfat tests had been conducted. Yearly semiofficial testing began in 1908. Daily milk records were kept by the owners; 2-day butterfat tests were supervised officially during each month of the record, and qualifying records were pub- lished by the Association. A division for 305-day production records was instituted in 1916. In 1919 a cow was required to drop a living calf within 14 months of previous calving. A "dairyman's" 305-day division was added in 1920, based on two milkings daily after the first 45 days. GOALS OF PRODUCTION TESTING Yearly records of selected cows were intended to indicate maxi- mum capacity for production. More was learned about feeding and management. Cows were given every opportunity to attain maxi- mum production; they were fitted in the dry period and bred to calve in autumn so the highest milk yields occurred when cool weather favored high fat tests. Quality pasture in spring and sum- mer tended to sustain yields late in lactation. Milking three and four times daily stimulated production. Feeders catered to each cow, and box stalls with water cups added comfort. High records had advertising value.  Hotein-Fiesians in thec United States 271 The average production of Holstein-Friesians under selective testing from 1914 to Aprit 1928 wvas computed by M. S. Prescott (Tabte 13.1). He commented that athough some breeders had given attention to higber botteefat tests, the infloence had not spread and the average hovered around 3.4 percent butterfat. DU ncc. o'inba Holstein-Friesians in the United States 271 The average production of Holstein-Friesians under selective testing from 1914 to April 1928 was computed by M. S. Prescott (Tabte 13.1). He commented that althoogh some breeders had given attention to higher botterfat tests, the influence had not spread and the average hovered around 3.4 percent butterfat. _ . $a~ks~it Hostein-Fiesians in the United States 271 The average production of Holstein-Friesians under setective testing from 1914 to April 1928 wvas computed by M. S. Prescott (Table 13.1). He commented that athough some breeders had given attention to higher botterfat tests, the influence bad not spread and the average hovered around 3.4 percent butterfat. FIG. 13.5. Dr. 0. M. Bahcock and thr origioal centrituge ud in thr butterfat test swhich hems his nane. The invcntion enahled hrecdrs tn detrmne quality ofnmitk, in additioo to quantity, wehen selecting breeding animals. FIG. 13.0. Dr. 0. M. Bahcock and the oritinal centrifuge sed in the hutrfat test swhich hears his nane. The invention enabled hrreders to deternine qusality of msilk, in addition to quantity, wben selecting breedinga nimats. FIG. 13.5. Dr. 0. M. Babcock and the original centrtuge sed in the butnrflat test wehich heart his same. The invention enabled breeders to deterne qaity sf msitk, in addition to quantity, oh en selecti~ng breeding animals.  272 DAIRY CATTL E BREEDS 272 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 272 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Selective testing located many transmitting animals but the ree- ords failed to measure the productive range of progeny or the per- sistent production of a cow through successive lactations. Average fat percentage in the milk of well-fitted cows may have been above that obtainable under good management of entire herds. Selective testing served the industry of breeding dairy cattle. Its place was to be supplemented by the Herd Improvement Registry. TABLE 13.1 AVERAGE PRODUCTION oF HOLSTEIN-FmESIAN COwS UNr 8ELETnVE TESTINo, 1914-28 Years Latations Milk (lbs.) Test (%) Butterfat (lba.) 1910-14 1,367 14,422 3.43 495 1915-19 3,548 14,921 3.42 510 1920-24 14,384 16,026 3.38 541 1925-28 9,188 16,753 3.39 567 Average 28,481 16,046 3.39 544 The early trend had been to milk many cows three or four times daily on test, to obtain maximum capacity of cows in milk and but- terfat. The trend has been toward two milkings daily, as shown below. Milkings daily while on test Year Two Three Four (Percent) 1937 18.3 61.2 20.5 1946 45.8 50.2 4.0 1955 63.5 36.5 (discontinued) HERD IMPROvEMENT REGISTRY The plan to test entire herds evolved from the Cow Testing Asso- ciation idea in Denmark, via the Scottish Milk Records Association with Ayrshires and the Herd Improvement Registry of the Ayrshire Breeders' Association in the United States. When proposed for Holstein-Friesians, Malcolm H. Gardner believed it might lower safeguards and public confidence in the records. F. N. Strickland described operations of the Rhode Island Herd Test Plan requiring every cow in the herd to be tested. The Herd Improvement Registry with Holstein-Friesians began Selective testing located many transmitting animals but the rec- ords failed to measure the productive range of progeny or the per- sistent production of a cow through successive lactations. Average fat percentage in the milk of well-fitted cows may have been above that obtainable under good management of entire herds. Selective testing served the industry of breeding dairy cattle. Its place was to be supplemented by the Herd Improvement Registry. TABLE 13.1 AVERAGE PRODUCTION OF HOLSTEIN-FmESIAN Cows UNDER SELEcTIvE TESTING, 1914-28 1910-14 1,367 1915-19 3,548 1920-24 14,384 1925-28 9,188 Average 28,481 14,422 14,921 16,026 16,753 16,046 3.43 3.42 3.38 3.39 3.39 495 510 541 567 544 The early trend had been to milk many cows three or four times daily on test, to obtain maximum capacity of cows in milk and but- terfat. The trend has been toward two milkings daily, as shown below. Milkings daily while on test Year Two Three Four (Percent) 1937 18.3 61.2 20.5 1946 45.8 50.2 4.0 1955 63.5 36.5 (discontinued) HERD IMPROvEMENT REGISTRY The plan to test entire herds evolved from the Cow Testing Asso- ciation idea in Denmark, via the Scottish Milk Records Association with Ayrshires and the Herd Improvement Registry of the Ayrshire Breeders' Association in the United States. When proposed for Holstein-Friesians, Malcolm H. Gardner believed it might lower safeguards and public confidence in the records. F. N. Strickland described operations of the Rhode Island Herd Test Plan requiring every cow in the herd to be tested. The Herd Improvement Registry with Holstein-Friesians began Selective testing located many transmitting animals but the rec- ords failed to measure the productive range of progeny or the per- sistent production of a cow through successive lactations. Average fat percentage in the milk of well-fitted cows may have been above that obtainable under good management of entire herds. Selective testing served the industry of breeding dairy cattle. Its place was to be supplemented by the Herd Improvement Registry. TABLE 13.1 AVERAE PRODUCTION OF HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN COwS UNDER SEoncerV TESTIN, 1914-28 Years Lactations Milk (ob..) Test (%) Butterfat (0b..) 1910-14 1,367 14,422 3.43 495 1915-19 3,548 14,921 3.42 510 1920-24 14,384 16,026 3.38 541 1925-28 9,188 16,753 3.39 567 Average 28,481 16,046 3.39 544 The early trend had been to milk many cows three or four times daily on test, to obtain maximum capacity of cows in milk and but- terfat. The trend has been toward two milkings daily, as shown below. Milkings daily while on test Year Two Three Four (Percent) 1937 18.3 61.2 20.5 1946 45.8 50.2 4.0 1955 63.5 36.5 (discontinued) HERD IMPROvEMENT REGISTRY The plan to test entire herds evolved from the Cow Testing Asso- ciation idea in Denmark, via the Scottish Milk Records Association with Ayrshires and the Herd Improvement Registry of the Ayrshire Breeders' Association in the United States. When proposed for Holstein-Friesians, Malcolm H. Gardner believed it might lower safeguards and public confidence in the records. F. N. Strickland described operations of the Rhode Island Herd Test Plan requiring every cow in the herd to be tested. The Herd Improvement Registry with Holstein-Friesians began  Holstein-Friesians in the United States 273 Holstein-Friesians in the United States 273 Holstein-Friesians in the United States 273 in January 1928 to improve management of entire herds. Also "test- ing all the daughters of a sire is a real check of his ability to transmit the factor for high production and this will be one of the outstand- ing features of the Herd Improvement Test." Testing increased in the HIR division. See Table 13.2. Selective testing located high-producing individuals for advertis- ing and publicity purposes. Testing every cow in the herd, on the other hand, measured transmitting ability of sires and dam and fa- cilitated herd management. DAIRY HERD IMPROvEMENT REGISTRY In 1956 the Board of Directors established rules under which DHIA records might be recognized. The Purebred Dairy Cattle Associa- tion studied modifying supervision of DHIA records so that they would be acceptable for breed use. The rules included approval of supervisors by State Superintendents of Official Testing, identifica- tion of purebred cows from registration certificates, surprise check tests with a preliminary dry milking, method of paying supervisors, and IBM computation of records. The modification was tried in Pennsylvania in 1958-59, then applied nationwide. Only DHIR testing was conducted since 1967. TABLE 13.2 A COMPARISON OF THE TRENDS IN AVERACE PRODUCTION IN SELECTIVE ADVANCED REGISTRY AND WITH ENTIRE MILKIG HERDS Nsumben r ofAverage Production c Year records Milk (ba. Tst (%) Butterfat Obss.) Advanced Registry 1910-28 28,481 16,048 3.39 544 1928-29 1,927 17,050 3.54 579 1949 2,346 15,658 3.64 571 1959 1,355 15,733 3.83 603 1962 (2x) 192 13,753 3.90 536 1962 (3X) 250 18,719 3.79 711 Herd Improvement Register and Dairy Herd Improvement Registry 1929 4,834 10,864 3.34 366 1939 10,315 11,354 3.46 393 1949 32,145 11,220 3.58 401 1959 78,635 13,621 3.62 502 1969* 130,585 15,435 3.68 568 a. Lactation averages on a 305-day 2X mature equivalent basis. in January 1928 to improve management of entire herds. Also "test- ing all the daughters of a sire is a real check of his ability to transmit the factor for high production and this will be one of the outstand- ing features of the Herd Improvement Test." Testing increased in the HIR division. See Table 13.2. Selective testing located high-producing individuals for advertis- ing and publicity purposes. Testing every cow in the herd, on the other hand, measured transmitting ability of sires and dam and fa- cilitated herd management, DAmY HERD IMPROvEMENT REGISTRY In 1956 the Board of Directors established rules under which DHIA records might be recognized. The Purebred Dairy Cattle Associa- tion studied modifying supervision of DHIA records so that they would be acceptable for breed use. The rules included approval of supervisors by State Superintendents of Official Testing, identifica- tion of purebred cows from registration certificates, surprise check tests with a preliminary dry milking, method of paying supervisors, and IBM computation of records. The modification was tried in Pennsylvania in 1958-59, then applied nationwide. Only DHIR testing was conducted since 1967. TABLE 13.2 A COMPARISON OF THE TRENDS IN AVERAGE PRODUCTION IN SELECTIVE ADVANCED REGISTRY AND WITH ENTIRE MILKING HERDS N~urambeofAverage prodution Year records Milk (lbs.) Test (%) Butterfat OIbs.) Advanced Registry 1910-28 28,481 16,048 3.39 544 1928-29 1,927 17,050 3.54 579 1949 2,346 15,658 3.64 571 1959 1,355 15,733 3.83 603 1962 (2X) 192 13,753 3.90 536 1962 (3X) 250 18,719 3.79 711 Herd Improvement Register and Dairy Herd Improvement Registry 1929 4,834 10,864 3.34 366 1939 10,315 11,354 3.46 393 1949 32,145 11,220 3.58 401 1959 78,635 13,621 3.62 502 1969' 130,585 15,435 3.68 568 a. Lactation averages on a 305-day 2X mature equivalent basis. in January 1928 to improve management of entire herds. Also "test- ing all the daughters of a sire is a real check of his ability to transmit the factor for high production and this will be one of the outstand- ing features of the Herd Improvement Test." Testing increased in the HIR division. See Table 13.2. Selective testing located high-producing individuals for advertis- ing and publicity purposes. Testing every cow in the herd, on the other hand, measured transmitting ability of sires and dam and fa- cilitated herd management. DARY HERD IMPROvEMENT RECISTRY In 1956 the Board of Directors established rules under which DHIA records might be recognized. The Purebred Dairy Cattle Associa- tion studied modifying supervision of DHIA records so that they would be acceptable for breed use. The rules included approval of supervisors by State Superintendents of Official Testing, identifica- tion of purebred cows from registration certificates, surprise check tests with a preliminary dry milking, method of paying supervisors, and IBM computation of records. The modification was tried in Pennsylvania in 1958-59, then applied nationwide. Only DHIR testing was conducted since 1967. TABLE 13.2 A COMPARISON OF THE TRENDS IN AVERACE PRODUCTION IN SELECTIVE ADVANCED REGISTRY AND WrrH ENTIRE MUXKINc HERDS Advanced Registry 1910-28 28,481 16,048 1928-29 1,927 17,050 1949 2,346 15,658 1959 1,355 15,733 1962 (2X) 192 13,753 1962 (3X) 250 18,719 Herd Improvement Register and Dairy Herd 1929 4,834 10,864 1939 10,315 11,354 1949 32,145 11,220 1959 78,635 13,621 1969' 130,585 15,435 3.39 3.54 3.64 3.83 3.90 3.79 Improvement 3.34 3.46 3.58 3.62 3.68 544 579 571 603 536 711 Registry 366 393 401 502 568 a. Lactation averages on a 305-day 2X mature equivalent basis.  274 DAIRY CATTLE BREEED 274 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 274 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS COMPOSITION OF HOLSTEIN MILK Milk of Holstein cows in 28,481 yearly records between 1910 and 1928 averaged 3.39 percent fat. Although some breeders had begun to use herd bulls from higher testing families, little effect had been noted. Their example spread and bulls from such lines were used more widely. By 1960 the 90,056 10-month lactations under HIR test averaged 3.70 percent butterfat. Herd sires had not been se- lected for protein content or solids-not-fat in their dams' milk. One leading herd produced milk averaging over 4.0 percent fat, yet their milk contained over 8.5 percent of solids-not-fat only during the cooler months of the year. R. D. Politiek in the Netherlands and the Milk Marketing Board showed that with Friesian cattle the percentage of butterfat and of solids-not-fat (SNF) were inherited independently even though the average trend was for them to vary together. TOTAL NUTRIENT TESTING The Association inaugurated a Total Nutrient Program in July 1962. Some 23,454 lactations with SNF data completed through 1964 averaged 12,603 pounds of milk, 3.67 and 8.54 percent, 462 pounds of butterfat and 1,077 of SNF on a 305-day 2 x mature equivalent basis. Bulls in the 1965 volume of the Green Book (names that begin with A, B, and C) were tallied for daughters with lactations up to 305 days. Some 4,791 records averaged 8.55 percent SNF, with a standard deviation (about 68 percent of them) between 8.20 and 8.90 percent, and an extreme range of 7.20 to 10.20 per- cent SNF. Some 6,432 lactation records of milk from Holstein cows summarized by the Inter-Regional Research Committee on Milk Composition averaged 3.67 ±0.38 percent fat, 8.45 ±.30 percent SNF, and 3.12 ±.25 percent of protein. The standard deviations in- cluded all records in the computations. The Association sponsored research by the Michigan, North Caro- lina, and Wisconsin stations. Preliminary study of 2,500 lactations showed a range of 2.9 to 5.0 percent of butterfat. Lactations of 267 Holstein cows with an average of 3.7 percent of butterfat (current breed average) ranged between 7.8 and 9.3 percent of SNF, with COMPOSITION OF HocSTEIN MILK Milk of Holstein cows in 28,481 yearly records between 1910 and 1928 averaged 3.39 percent fat. Although some breeders had begun to use herd bulls from higher testing families, little effect had been noted. Their example spread and bulls from such lines were used more widely. By 1960 the 90,056 10-month lactations under HIR test averaged 3.70 percent butterfat. Herd sires had not been se- lected for protein content or solids-not-fat in their dams' milk. One leading herd produced milk averaging over 4.0 percent fat, yet their milk contained over 8.5 percent of solids-not-fat only during the cooler months of the year. R. D. Politiek in the Netherlands and the Milk Marketing Board showed that with Friesian cattle the percentage of butterfat and of solids-not-fat (SNF) were inherited independently even though the average trend was for them to vary together. TOTAL NUTRIENT TESTING The Association inaugurated a Total Nutrient Program in July 1962. Some 23,454 lactations with SNF data completed through 1964 averaged 12,603 pounds of milk, 3.67 and 8.54 percent, 462 pounds of butterfat and 1,077 of SNF on a 305-day 2x mature equivalent basis. Bulls in the 1965 volume of the Green Book (names that begin with A, B, and C) were tallied for daughters with lactations up to 305 days. Some 4,791 records averaged 8.55 percent SNF. with a standard deviation (about 68 percent of them) between 8.20 and 8.90 percent, and an extreme range of 7.20 to 10.20 per- cent SNF. Some 6,432 lactation records of milk from Holstein cows summarized by the Inter-Regional Research Committee on Milk Composition averaged 3.67 ±0.38 percent fat, 8.45 ±.30 percent SNF, and 3.12 ±.25 percent of protein. The standard deviations in- cluded all records in the computations. The Association sponsored research by the Michigan, North Caro- lina, and Wisconsin stations. Preliminary study of 2,500 lactations showed a range of 2.9 to 5.0 percent of butterfat. Lactations of 267 Holstein cows with an average of 3.7 percent of butterfat (current breed average) ranged between 7.8 and 9.3 percent of SNF, with COMPOSITION OF HOLSTEIN MILK Milk of Holstein cows in 28,481 yearly records between 1910 and 1928 averaged 3.39 percent fat. Although some breeders had begun to use herd bulls from higher testing families, little effect had been noted. Their example spread and bulls from such lines were used more widely. By 1960 the 90,056 10-month lactations under HIR test averaged 3.70 percent butterfat. Herd sires had not been se- lected for protein content or solids-not-fat in their dams' milk. One leading herd produced milk averaging over 4.0 percent fat, yet their milk contained over 8.5 percent of solids-not-fat only during the cooler months of the year. R. D. Politiek in the Netherlands and the Milk Marketing Board showed that with Friesian cattle the percentage of butterfat and of solids-not-fat (SNF) were inherited independently even though the average trend was for them to vary together. TOTAL NUTRIENT TESTING The Association inaugurated a Total Nutrient Program in July 1962. Some 23,454 lactations with SNF data completed through 1964 averaged 12,603 pounds of milk, 3.67 and 8.54 percent, 462 pounds of butterfat and 1,077 of SNF on a 305-day 2x mature equivalent basis. Bulls in the 1965 volume of the Green Book (names that begin with A, B, and C) were tallied for daughters with lactations up to 305 days. Some 4,791 records averaged 8.55 percent SNF. with a standard deviation (about 68 percent of them) between 8.20 and 8.90 percent, and an extreme range of 7.20 to 10.20 per- cent SNF. Some 6,432 lactation records of milk from Holstein cows summarized by the Inter-Regional Research Committee on Milk Composition averaged 3.67 ±0.38 percent fat, 8.45 ±.30 percent SNF, and 3.12 ±.25 percent of protein. The standard deviations in- cluded all records in the computations. The Association sponsored research by the Michigan, North Caro- lina, and Wisconsin stations. Preliminary study of 2,500 lactations showed a range of 2.9 to 5.0 percent of butterfat. Lactations of 267 Holstein cows with an average of 3.7 percent of butterfat (current breed average) ranged between 7.8 and 9.3 percent of SNF, with  Hosen-reian uh Unidate 7 HosenFrein ini Ethe Unie tate 275 Hosniesian ih Unitdate 275 75.0 percent of them between 8.3 and 9.0 percent SNF. Seventy percent of them were at 8.5 percent or above. Butterfat tests were not a reliable index of low, medium, or high contents of SNF. At the Guernsey annual meeting in May 1962 A. W. Hobler re- ported results of tests by Rutgers University with nine herds of four breeds. He stated, "Each cow is tested monthly for protein, SNF and fat. I find that we have many cows that may test 3 or 4 points more in fat that test less in protein than the cows with less fat. This is not a general rule, but there is a big variation between the herds.... It is so much more desirable to have the tests on protein than for SNF." Solids-not-fat contents of milk fluctuate daily and seasonally, with stage of lactation, advancing gestation, age of cow, and particularly with individuals and between breeds. Although SNF tests vary less widely than fat tests do, they can form the basis for selective breed- ing as is done with fat tests. H. T. Thoele stated, "To breed se- lectively for changes in milk composition, we need individual cow records on milk yield, per cent fat, per cent solids-not-fat and pos- sibly protein." Many experiment stations have been investigating this character- istic cooperatively since 1959 (as noted above), improving meth- ods with experience. In 1960 the Agricultural Extension Service in the state of Washington began to measure SNF in DHIA records. Two artificial breeding studs in California began in 1961 to evaluate daughters of their bulls for SNF. President Leon A. Piquet addressed the annual convention in 1961, stating "The Special Committee has recommended that test- ing of individual cows in a herd monthly for solids-not-fat be made a part of our Association's testing program as fast as methods are developed and can be placed in effective use." RECOGNIION OF TRANSMITTING DAMss A cow became known as an Advanced Registry dam when three progeny, male or female, entered the Advanced Registry with 7- day or semiofficial records of females. Three or more A. R. daugh- ters qualified a bull. All production records now are published in 75.0 percent of them between 8.3 and 9.0 percent SNF. Seventy percent of them were at 8.5 percent or above. Butterfat tests were not a reliable index of low, medium, or high contents of SNF. At the Guernsey annual meeting in May 1962 A. W. Hobler re- ported results of tests by Rutgers University with nine herds of four breeds. He stated, "Each cow is tested monthly for protein, SNF and fat. I find that we have many cows that may test 3 or 4 points more in fat that test less in protein than the cows with less fat. This is not a general rule, but there is a big variation between the herds.... It is so much more desirable to have the tests on protein than for SNF." Solids-not-fat contents of milk fluctuate daily and seasonally, with stage of lactation, advancing gestation, age of cow, and particularly with individuals and between breeds. Although SNF tests vary less widely than fat tests do, they can form the basis for selective breed- ing as is done with fat tests. H. T. Thoele stated, "To breed se- lectively for changes in milk composition, we need individual cow records on milk yield, per cent fat, per cent solids-not-fat and pos- sibly protein." Many experiment stations have been investigating this character- istic cooperatively since 1959 (as noted above), improving meth- ods with experience. In 1960 the Agricultural Extension Service in the state of Washington began to measure SNF in DHIA records. Two artificial breeding studs in California began in 1961 to evaluate daughters of their bulls for SNF. President Leon A. Piquet addressed the annual convention in 1961, stating "The Special Committee has recommended that test- ing of individual cows in a herd monthly for solids-not-fat be made a part of our Association's testing program as fast as methods are developed and can be placed in effective use." RECOGNrION OF TRANSMTrrING DAMs A cow became known as an Advanced Registry dam when three progeny, male or female, entered the Advanced Registry with 7- day or semiofficial records of females. Three or more A. R. daugh- ters qualified a bull. All production records now are published in 75.0 percent of them between 8.3 and 9.0 percent SNF. Seventy percent of them were at 8.5 percent or above. Butterfat tests were not a reliable index of low, medium, or high contents of SNF. At the Guernsey annual meeting in May 1962 A. W. Hobler re- ported results of tests by Rutgers University with nine herds of four breeds. He stated, "Each cow is tested monthly for protein, SNF and fat. I find that we have many cows that may test 3 or 4 points more in fat that test less in protein than the cows with less fat. This is not a general rule, but there is a big variation between the herds... . It is so much more desirable to have the tests on protein than for SNF." Solids-not-fat contents of milk fluctuate daily and seasonally, with stage of lactation, advancing gestation, age of cow, and particularly with individuals and between breeds. Although SNE tests vary less widely than fat tests do, they can form the basis for selective breed- ing as is done with fat tests. H. T. Thoele stated, "To breed se- lectively for changes in milk composition, we need individual cow records on milk yield, per cent fat, per cent solids-not-fat and pos- sibly protein." Many experiment stations have been investigating this character- istic cooperatively since 1959 (as noted above), improving meth- ods with experience. In 1960 the Agricultural Extension Service in the state of Washington began to measure SNF in DHIA records. Two artificial breeding studs in California began in 1961 to evaluate daughters of their bulls for SNF. President Leon A. Piquet addressed the annual convention in 1961, stating "The Special Committee has recommended that test- ing of individual cows in a herd monthly for solids-not-fat be made a part of our Association's testing program as fast as methods are developed and can be placed in effective use." RECOGNIION OF TRANSMITTING DAMS A cow became known as an Advanced Registry dam when three progeny, male or female, entered the Advanced Registry with 7- day or semiofficial records of females. Three or more A. R. daugh- ters qualified a bull. All production records now are published in  276 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 276 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 276 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS the Advanced Registry, Herd Improvement Register, and consoli- dated to the Dairy Herd Improvement Registry in 1967. A Committee on Brood Cow Recognition studied records of 1,000 cows with 100,000 pounds of milk in lifetime production. Over 600 of them had one or more classified daughters. Less than 1 percent would classify as Gold Medal Dams under a plan then considere. Breeders were solicited for their "best brood cows." Sixteen among 50 would meet the requirements under consideration. REQUIREMENTS FOR GOLD MEDAL DAMs A dam may or may not have had a production record or type classi- fication. If tested or classified, her requirements were the same as those of her progeny. Production records were computed to a 305- day 2 x mature equivalent basis. A cow must have produced 100,- 000 pounds of milk, or all records average 13,000 pounds of milk and 525 pounds of butterfat. This was increased in 1965 to 14,400 pounds of milk and 555 pounds of fat. A daughter must have scored 80 points at 2 or 3 years of age, 81 points at 4 or 5 years, or 82 points at 6 years or older; and a qualifying son at least 82 points or be a Silver Medal Type Sire. A son may have rated Silver Medal Production Sire, or all tested daughters average at least 14,900 pounds of milk and 580 pounds of butterfat. At least three progeny must have qualified for type and three for production. The dam may be qualified by three progeny out of four, four out of five or six, five out of seven, or six out of eight or nine progeny. Production requirements for daughters increased steadily to 14,900 pounds of milk and 580 pounds of fat in 1968. Between 1957 and 1969 some 1,078 Gold Medal Dams had qualified. UNDESIRABLE RECESSIvE FAcTORS An amendment to the Association's by-laws in 1957 stated "The Executive-Secretary shall receive and keep on file information con- cerning the inheritance of any Holstein-Friesian animal concluded by him on evidence to be a carrier of an undesirable recessive factor which may affect its use or value for breeding purposes." The recognized "undesirable recessive factors" include red hair factor, bulldog (short legs, bulging forehead, and undershot jaw), prolonged gestation, hairlessness, imperfect skin, muscle contrac- the Advanced Registry, Herd Improvement Register, and consoli- dated to the Dairy Herd Improvement Registry in 1967. A Committee on Brood Cow Recognition studied records of 1,000 cows with 100,000 pounds of milk in lifetime production. Over 600 of them had one or more classified daughters. Less than 1 percent would classify as Gold Medal Dams under a plan then considered. Breeders were solicited for their "best brood cows." Sixteen among 50 would meet the requirements under consideration. REQUIREMENTS FOR GOLD MEDAL DAMS A dam may or may not have had a production record or type classi- fication. If tested or classified, her requirements were the same as those of her progeny. Production records were computed to a 305- day 2 x mature equivalent basis. A cow must have produced 100,- 000 pounds of milk, or all records average 13,000 pounds of milk and 525 pounds of butterfat. This was increased in 1965 to 14,400 pounds of milk and 555 pounds of fat. A daughter must have scored 80 points at 2 or 3 years of age, 81 points at 4 or 5 years, or 82 points at 6 years or older; and a qualifying son at least 82 points or be a Silver Medal Type Sire. A son may have rated Silver Medal Production Sire, or all tested daughters average at least 14,900 pounds of milk and 580 pounds of butterfat. At least three progeny must have qualified for type and three for production. The dam may be qualified by three progeny out of four, four out of five or six, five out of seven, or six out of eight or nine progeny. Production requirements for daughters increased steadily to 14,900 pounds of milk and 580 pounds of fat in 1968. Between 1957 and 1969 some 1,078 Gold Medal Dams had qualified. UNDESIRABLE RECESSIVE FACIURS An amendment to the Association's by-laws in 1957 stated "The Executive-Secretary shall receive and keep on file information con- cerning the inheritance of any Holstein-Friesian animal concluded by him on evidence to be a carrier of an undesirable recessive factor which may affect its use or value for breeding purposes." The recognized "undesirable recessive factors" include red hair factor, bulldog (short legs, bulging forehead, and undershot ja-), prolonged gestation, hairlessness, imperfect skin, muscle contrac- the Advanced Registry, Herd Improvement Register, and consoli- dated to the Dairy Herd Improvement Registry in 1967. A Committee on Brood Cow Recognition studied records of 1,000 cows with 100,000 pounds of milk in lifetime production. Over 600 of them had one or more classified daughters. Less than 1 percent would classify as Gold Medal Dams under a plan then considered. Breeders were solicited for their "best brood cows." Sixteen among 50 would meet the requirements under consideration. REQUIREMENTS FOR GOLD MEDAL DAMS A dam may or may not have had a production record or type classi- fication. If tested or classified, her requirements were the same as those of her progeny. Production records were computed to a 305- day 2 x mature equivalent basis. A cow must have produced 100,- 000 pounds of milk, or all records average 13,000 pounds of milk and 525 pounds of butterfat. This was increased in 1965 to 14,400 pounds of milk and 555 pounds of fat. A daughter must have scored 80 points at 2 or 3 years of age, 81 points at 4 or 5 years, or 82 points at 6 years or older; and a qualifying son at least 82 points or be a Silver Medal Type Sire. A son may have rated Silver Medal Production Sire, or all tested daughters average at least 14,900 pounds of milk and 580 pounds of butterfat. At least three progeny must have qualified for type and three for production. The dam may be qualified by three progeny out of four, four out of five or six, five out of seven, or six out of eight or nine progeny. Production requirements for daughters increased steadily to 14,900 pounds of milk and 580 pounds of fat in 1968. Between 1957 and 1969 some 1,078 Gold Medal Dams had qualified. UNDESIRABLE RECESSIvE FACTORS An amendment to the Association's by-laws in 1957 stated "The Executive-Secretary shall receive and keep on file information con- cerning the inheritance of any Holstein-Friesian animal concluded by him on evidence to be a carrier of an undesirable recessive factor which may affect its use or value for breeding purposes" The recognized "undesirable recessive factors" include red hair factor, bulldog (short legs, bulging forehead, and undershot jaw), prolonged gestation, hairlessness, imperfect skin, muscle contrac-  Holstein-Friesians in the United States 277 Holstein-Friesians in the United States 277 Holstein-Friesians in the United States 277 tion, mule foot, and dwarfism. The Board may add others. This recognizes and tends to reduce distribution of undesirable reces- sive characters. Other factors reported include ataxia, porphyria (pink tooth with loss of red pigment in urine), and external hydro- cephalus. Of 437 animals reported through 1967, 324 carried red factor. Recessive red factor is being tested voluntarily under the Secretary's office. Bulls are mated with eight or more red cows, and their successive calves reported. Seven consecutive black-and-white calves gave a probability of 1 in 128 that the bull did not carry red factor. A certificate was issued to this effect. Five bulls were known carriers of the mule foot recessive gene. An ineligibility color survey during 1962 and 1963 found that 0.12 percent of calves from 1,848 herds were red-and-white, and 4.2 percent of herds reported at least one red calf. STATEMENT OF POLICY A Statement of Policy adopted in 1961 recommended that a buyer be informed when purchasing an animal or semen of a carrier with an undesirable recessive character. The Executive-Secretary su- pervises the offirial color-carrier test given above, to deal with this character. ARTIFICIAL BREEDING Artificial breeding of dairy cattle in the United States apparently began in 1917 on a between-herd basis when King of the Ormsbys 178078 was owned jointly by Allamuchy, Tranquility, and Winter- thur Farms in Delaware and New Jersey. Superintendent Arthur Danks carried fresh semen from a natural service between farms for selective matings. Carnation Farm in Washington practiced artificial insemination on a within-herd basis in 1920, multiplying services of Matador Segis Walker 148839 and his full brother Segis Walker Matador 166136 late in their useful lifetimes. C. L. Cole collected semen by massaging the ampullae of an al- bino Holstein bull at the University of Minnesota in May 1936 and inseminated a heifer successfully. He inseminated cows with fresh semen in several herds near Grand Rapids, Minnesota. Some 105 among 121 cows were pregnant in the spring of 1938. tion, mule foot, and dwarfism. The Board may add others. This recognizes and tends to reduce distribution of undesirable reces- sive characters. Other factors reported include ataxia, porphyria (pink tooth with loss of red pigment in urine), and external hydro- cephalus. Of 437 animals reported through 1967, 324 carried red factor. Recessive red factor is being tested voluntarily under the Secretary's office. Bulls are mated with eight or more red cows, and their successive calves reported. Seven consecutive black-and-white calves gave a probability of 1 in 128 that the bull did not carry red factor. A certificate was issued to this effect. Five bulls were known carriers of the mule foot recessive gene. An ineligibility color survey during 1962 and 1963 found that 0.12 percent of calves from 1,848 herds were red-and-white, and 4.2 percent of herds reported at least one red calf. STATEMENT OF POLICY A Statement of Policy adopted in 1961 recommended that a buyer be informed when purchasing an animal or semen of a carrier with an undesirable recessive character. The Executive-Secretary su- pervises the official color-carrier test given above, to deal with this character. ARTIFICIAL BREEDING Artificial breeding of dairy cattle in the United States apparently began in 1917 on a between-herd basis when King of the Ormsbys 178078 was owned jointly by Allamuchy, Tranquility, and Winter- thur Farms in Delaware and New Jersey. Superintendent Arthur Danks carried fresh semen from a natural service between farms for selective msatings. Carnation Farm in Washington practiced artificial insemination on a within-herd basis in 1920, multiplying services of Matador Segis Walker 148839 and his full brother Segis Walker Matador 166136 late in their useful lifetimes. C. L. Cole collected semen by massaging the ampullae of an al- bino Holstein bull at the University of Minnesota in May 1936 and inseminated a heifer successfully. He inseminated cows with fresh semen in several herds near Grand Rapids, Minnesota. Some 105 among 121 cows were pregnant in the spring of 1938. tion, mule foot, and dwarfism. The Board may add others. This recognizes and tends to reduce distribution of undesirable reces- sive characters. Other factors reported include ataxia, porphyria (pink tooth with loss of red pigment in urine), and external hydro- cephalus. Of 437 animals reported through 1967, 324 carried red factor. Recessive red factor is being tested voluntarily under the Secretary's office. Bulls are mated with eight or more red cows, and their successive calves reported. Seven consecutive black-and-white calves gave a probability of 1 in 128 that the bull did not carry red factor. A certificate was issued to this effect. Five bulls were known carriers of the mule foot recessive gene. An ineligibility color survey during 1962 and 1963 found that 0.12 percent of calves from 1,848 herds were red-and-white, and 4.2 percent of herds reported at least one red calf. STATEMENT OF POLICY A Statement of Policy adopted in 1961 recommended that a buyer be informed when purchasing an animal or semen of a carrier with an undesirable recessive character. The Executive-Secretary su- pervises the official color-carrier test given above, to deal with this character. ARTIFICIAL BREEDING Artificial breeding of dairy cattle in the United States apparently began in 1917 on a between-herd basis when King of the Ormsbys 178078 was owned jointly by Allamuchy, Tranquility, and Winter- thur Farms in Delaware and New Jersey. Superintendent Arthur Danks carried fresh semen from a natural service between farms for selective matings. Carnation Farm in Washington practiced artificial insemination on a within-herd basis in 1920, multiplying services of Matador Segis Walker 148839 and his full brother Segis Walker Matador 166136 late in their useful lifetimes. C. L. Cole collected semen by massaging the ampullae of an al- bino Holstein bull at the University of Minnesota in May 1936 and inseminated a heifer successfully. He inseminated cows with fresh semen in several herds near Grand Rapids, Minnesota. Some 105 among 121 cows were pregnant in the spring of 1938.  278 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Enos J. Perry observed the first farmers' cooperative artificial breeding association for dairy cattle in 1937 on the island of Sam- soe, Denmark. He organized a similar association in New Jersey in 1938 through the cooperation and interest of Guernsey and Hol- stein breeders. A similar organization was set up in Mlissouri the same year. The movement spread gradually. H. W. Norton, Jr., commented on artificial breeding in the 1938 annual report of the Association: Artificial insemination offers tremendous possibilities for breed improvement if properly managed and safeguarded. Under this plan the services of our best bulls can be made available for use with choice females located in widely sepa- rated areas. . . . Cooperative associations make great savings possible to breeders ... and allow them to breed their herds collectively to better sires than they might afford individually. At the same time this method offers very great danger if careless or unscrupulous methods are followed. Properly safe- guarded it may prevent the spread of disease but carelessly handled it may spread disease in every herd in the group. While we should favor artificial insemination because of its possibilities for improvement of the breed, we should protect our breeding records and have assurance of their accuracy and correctness in every detail. In 1941, 1,976 applications for registration in this breed were for calves resulting from artificial inseminations. The reduced demand for bulls because of artificial breeding and increasing numbers of cows per herd, is suggested from the change in proportion of males to total registrations. Reduction in numbers of small herds also re- quires fewer bulls (see Table 13.3). One calf was produced from semen frozen nine years previously. Some 1,429 bulls were in A.I. studs in 1969. The Association has supported research on blood antigens at the University of Wisconsin since 1942. This method of verifying par- entage went into use in 1943. Sires in artificial service now must be blood typed. This has been done under contract between the Pure- bred Dairy Cattle Association and the University of California since June 1955. A Canadian court accepted blood antigen tests in 1954 to verify parentage of Holstein-Friesian cattle. 278 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Enos J. Perry observed the first farmers' cooperative artificial breeding association for dairy cattle in 1937 on the island of Sam- soe, Denmark. He organized a similar association in New Jersey in 1938 through the cooperation and interest of Guernsey and Hol- stein breeders. A similar organization was set up in Missouri the same year. The movement spread gradually. H. W. Norton, Jr., commented on artificial breeding in the 1938 annual report of the Association: Artificial insemination offers tremendous possibilities for breed improvement if properly managed and safeguarded. Under this plan the services of our best bulls can be made available for use with choice females located in widely sepa- rated areas. . . . Cooperative associations make great savings possible to breeders . . . and allow them to breed their herds collectively to better sires than they might afford individually. At the same time this method offers very great danger if careless or unscrupulous methods are followed. Properly safe- guarded it may prevent the spread of disease but carelessly handled it may spread disease in every herd in the group. While we should favor artificial insemination because of its possibilities for improvement of the breed, we should protect our breeding records and have assurance of their accuracy and correctness in every detail. In 1941, 1,976 applications for registration in this breed weere for calves resulting from artificial inseminations. The reduced demand for bulls because of artificial breeding and increasing numbers of cows per herd, is suggested from the change in proportion of males to total registrations. Reduction in numbers of small herds also re- quires fewer bulls (see Table 13.3). One calf was produced from semen frozen nine years previously. Some 1,429 bulls were in A.L. studs in 1969. The Association has supported research on blood antigens at the University of Wisconsin since 1942. This method of verifving par- entage went into use in 1943. Sires in artificial service now must be blood typed. This has been done under contract between the Pure- bred Dairy Cattle Association and the University of California since June 1955. A Canadian court accepted blood antigen tests in 1954 to verify parentage of Holstein-Friesian cattle. 278 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Enos J. Perry observed the first farmers' cooperative artificial breeding association for dairy cattle in 1937 on the island of Sam- soe, Denmark. He organized a similar association in New Jersey in 1938 through the cooperation and interest of Guernsey and Hol- stein breeders. A similar organization was set up in Missouri the same year. The movement spread gradually. H. W. Norton, Jr., commented on artificial breeding in the 193 annual report of the Association: Artificial insemination offers tremendous possibilities for breed improvement if properly managed and safeguarded. Under this plan the services of our best bulls can be made available for use with choice females located in widely sepa- rated areas. . . . Cooperative associations make great savings possible to breeders . . . and allow them to breed their herds collectively to better sires than they might afford individually. At the same time this method offers very great danger if careless or unscrupulous methods are followed. Properly safe- guarded it may prevent the spread of disease but carelessly handled it may spread disease in every herd in the group. While we should favor artificial insemination because of its possibilities for improvement of the breed, we should protect our breeding records and have assurance of their accuracy and correctness in every detail. In 1941, 1,976 applications for registration in this breed were for calves resulting from artificial inseminations. The reduced demand for bulls because of artificial breeding and increasing numbers of cows per herd, is suggested from the change in proportion of males to total registrations. Reduction in numbers of small herds also re- quires fewer bulls (see Table 13.3). One calf was produced from semen frozen nine years previously. Some 1,429 bulls were in A.L studs in 1969. The Association has supported research on blood antigens at the University of Wisconsin since 1942. This method of verifying par- entage went into use in 1943. Sires in artificial service now must be blood typed. This has been done under contract between the Pure- bred Dairy Cattle Association and the University of California since June 1955. A Canadian court accepted blood antigen tests in 1954 to verify parentage of Holstein-Friesian cattle.  Holstein-Friesians in the United States 279 Holstein-Friesians in the United States 279 Uniform rules for artificial breeding were drafted by a committee of the American Dairy Science Association and adopted through the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association by the respective breed as- sociations. A revision in 1955 and 1960 covered storage and use of frozen semen. Some 69.8 percent of Holstein-Friesians registered during 1970 resulted from artificial inseminations. The Research Committee sponsored 7 active projects in 1961: inheritance of solids-not-fat in milk; chemical study to determine TABLE 13.3 PROPORTION OF MALE REGISTRATIONS OF HOLSTEIN-FREANs Uniform rules for artificial breeding were drafted by a committee of the American Dairy Science Association and adopted through the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association by the respective breed as- sociations. A revision in 1955 and 1960 covered storage and use of frozen semen. Some 69.8 percent of Holstein-Friesians registered during 1970 resulted from artificial inseminations. The Research Committee sponsored 7 active projects in 1961: inheritance of solids-not-fat in milk; chemical study to determine TABLE 13.3 PROPORTION OF MALE REGISTRATIONS OF HOLSTEIN-FRIESIANs Year 1900-1909 1910-19 1920-29 1930-39 1940-49 1950-59 1960-69 1970 Registrations Males Females 42,066 88,973 233,216 436,470 299,551 812,276 182,538 683,174 301,569 1,069,174 277,973 1,817,486 199,520 2,473,336 20,324 261,250 1:2.1 1:1.9 1:2.7 1:3.7 1:3.5 1:6.5 1:12.4 1:12.8 Year 1900-1909 1910-19 1920-29 1930-39 1940-49 1950-59 1960-69 1970 Registrations Males Females 42,066 88,973 233,216 436,470 299,551 812,276 182,538 683,174 301,569 1,069,174 277,973 1,817,486 199,520 2,473,336 20,324 261,250 Ratio males to females 1:2.1 1:1.9 1:2.7 1:3.7 1:3.5 1:6.5 1:12.4 1:12.8 Holstein-Friesians in the United States 279 Uniform rules for artificial breeding were drafted by a committee of the American Dairy Science Association and adopted through the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association by the respective breed as- sociations. A revision in 1955 and 1960 covered storage and use of frozen semen. Some 69.8 percent of Holstein-Friesians registered during 1970 resulted from artificial inseminations. The Research Committee sponsored 7 active projects in 1961: inheritance of solids-not-fat in milk; chemical study to determine TABLE 13.3 PROPORTION OF MALE REGIsTRATIONS OF HOLSTEIN-FRIEs-As Registrations Year Males Females Ratio males to females 1900-1909 42,066 88,973 1:2.1 1910-19 233,216 436,470 1:1.9 1920-29 299,551 812,276 1:2.7 1930-39 182,538 683,174 1:3.7 1940-49 301,569 1,069,174 1:3.5 1950-59 277,973 1,817,486 1:6.5 1960-69 199,520 2,473,336 1:12.4 1970 20,324 261,250 1:12.8 carriers of recessive red hair color; heritability of milk and butter- fat production; genetic relationship between milk, fat yields, and increases in production with age; evaluation of genetic changes in some bull-producing herds; evaluation of sires with progeny based on herdmates in a single herd; and prolonged gestation. SIRE EvALUATION Transmitting ability of a sire was estimated by computing the av- erage production of his registered daughters on a 305-day 2 x milk- ing mature equivalent basis. This was compared with production of the tested dams or as a daughter-dam comparison (since the 1930s). Some bulls selected on such comparisons failed to maintain such production levels in subsequent artificial use. An adjusted daughter-herdmate comparison was developed, as discussed else- where. This method was projected further for a Predicted Dif- ference from the average production of the breed. Concerning the latter method, E. L. Corley of the USDA Dairy Cattle Research Branch at Beltsville, Maryland, stated in 1967: "The USDA pro- carriers of recessive red hair color; heritability of milk and butter- fat production; genetic relationship between milk, fat yields, and increases in production with age; evaluation of genetic changes in some bull-producing herds; evaluation of sires with progeny based on herdmates in a single herd; and prolonged gestation. SInE EvALUATION Transmitting ability of a sire was estimated by computing the av- erage production of his registered daughters on a 305-day 2 x milk- ing mature equivalent basis. This was compared with production of the tested dams or as a daughter-dam comparison (since the 1930s). Some bulls selected on such comparisons failed to maintain such production levels in subsequent artificial use. An adjusted daughter-herdmate comparison was developed, as discussed else- where. This method was projected further for a Predicted Dif- ference from the average production of the breed. Concerning the latter method, E. L. Corley of the USDA Dairy Cattle Research Branch at Beltsville, Maryland, stated in 1967: "The USDA pro- carriers of recessive red hair color; heritability of milk and butter- fat production; genetic relationship between milk, fat yields, and increases in production with age; evaluation of genetic changes in some bull-producing herds; evaluation of sires with progeny based on herdmates in a single herd; and prolonged gestation. SInE EvALUATION Transmitting ability of a sire was estimated by computing the av- erage production of his registered daughters on a 305-day 2 x milk- ing mature equivalent basis. This was compared with production of the tested dams or as a daughter-dam comparison (since the 1930s). Some bulls selected on such comparisons failed to maintain such production levels in subsequent artificial use. An adjusted daughter-herdmate comparison was developed, as discussed else- where. This method was projected further for a Predicted Dif- ference from the average production of the breed. Concerning the latter method, E. L. Corley of the USDA Dairy Cattle Research Branch at Beltsville, Maryland, stated in 1967: "The USDA pro-  280 DAIR Y CATTLE BREEDS duction summary represents a new and improved version of the herdmate comparison that has been used since 1960. It is the most reliable index of dairy sires' breeding value yet utilized." The production records of both registered and grade daughters on DHIR and standard DHIA were combined. "By expressing breeding value on all bulls in terms of Predicted Differences, it is now feasible to evaluate and directly compare all bulls included in the summary as to their transmitting ability for production." REGISTERED HOLsTEIN SInE PERFORMANCE SUMMAmIES The Association began to publish a sire guide with the ratings ef- fective in 1968. The latest USDA sire summary for an active bull with ten or more daughters cited the average production per daughter, and number of herds represented. Production was stated as average milk, test, and butterfat yield of daughters, adjusted herdmate average, repeatability, and predicted differences. The average type classification was given next in three parallel lines. representing all daughters, daughter-dam pairs, and the dams, re- spectively. The descriptive type classification adopted in 1967 was given as stature, head, front end, back, rump, hind legs, feet, fore udder, rear udder, udder support and floor, udder quality, and teats. The breed age average (BAA percent) score also was presented. Such detailed comparisons were almost impractical prior to use of elec- tronic computers. PROGRESSIvE BREEDERS' REGISTRY Balanced achievements in programs for breed improvement were recognized with the Progressive Breeders' Award plaque awarded for the first time in 1938. Bronze bars were added for qualifying in succeeding years. In 1970 a breeder qualified for the Progressive Breeders' Registrv award by meeting eight requirements. All eligible animals over 8 months old must be registered. At least 20 registered females must have freshened, and 75 percent must have been bred by the appli- cant. The herd must be on DHIR test, and average at least 700 pounds of milk and 25 pounds of butterfat in 305 days above the 280 DAIR Y CATTLE BREEDS duction summary represents a new and improved version of the herdmate comparison that has been used since 1960. It is the most reliable index of dairy sires' breeding value yet utilized." The production records of both registered and grade daughters on DHIR and standard DHIA were combined. "By expressing breeding value on all bulls in terms of Predicted Differences, it is now feasible to evaluate and directly compare all bulls included in the summary as to their transmitting ability for production." REGISTERED HOLSTEIN SIE PERFORMANCE SUMMARIES The Association began to publish a sire guide with the ratings ef- fective in 1968. The latest USDA sire summary for an active bull with ten or more daughters cited the average production per daughter, and number of herds represented. Production was stated as average milk, test, and butterfat yield of daughters, adjusted herdmate average, repeatability, and predicted differences. The average type classification was given next in three parallel lines, representing all daughters, daughter-dam pairs, and the dams, re- spectively. The descriptive type classification adopted in 1967 was given as stature, head, front end, back, rump, hind legs, feet, fore udder, rear udder, udder support and floor, udder quality, and teats. The breed age average (BAA percent) score also was presented. Such detailed comparisons were almost impractical prior to use of elec- tronic computers. PROGRESSIvE BREEDERS' REGISTRY Balanced achievements in programs for breed improvement were recognized with the Progressive Breeders' Award plaque awarded for the first time in 1938. Bronze bars were added for qualifying in succeeding years. In 1970 a breeder qualified for the Progressive Breeders' Registry award by meeting eight requirements. All eligible animals over 8 months old must be registered. At least 20 registered females must have freshened, and 75 percent must have been bred by the appli- cant. The herd must be on DHIR test, and average at least 700 pounds of milk and 25 pounds of butterfat in 305 days above the 280 DAIR Y CATTLE BtREEDS duction summary represents a new and improved version of the herdmate comparison that has been used since 1960. It is the most reliable index of dairy sires' breeding value yet utilized." The production records of both registered and grade daughters on DHIR and standard DHIA were combined. "By expressing breeding value on all bulls in terms of Predicted Differences, it is now feasible to evaluate and directly compare all bulls included in the summary as to their transmitting ability for production." REGISTERED HOLSTEIN SIE PERFORMANCE SUMMARIES The Association began to publish a sire guide with the ratings ef- fective in 1968. The latest USDA sire summary for an active bull with ten or more daughters cited the average production per daughter, and number of herds represented. Production was stated as average milk, test, and butterfat yield of daughters, adjusted herdmate average, repeatability, and predicted differences. The average type classification was given next in three parallel lines, representing all daughters, daughter-dam pairs, and the dams, re- spectively. The descriptive type classification adopted in 1967 was given as stature, head, front end, back, rump, hind legs, feet, fore udder, rear udder, udder support and floor, udder quality, and teats. The breed age average (BAA percent) score also was presented. Such detailed comparisons were almost impractical prior to use of elec- tronic computers. PROGRESSIvE BREEDERS' REGISTRY Balanced achievements in programs for breed improvement were recognized with the Progressive Breeders' Award plaque awarded for the first time in 1938. Bronze bars were added for qualifying in succeeding years. In 1970 a breeder qualified for the Progressive Breeders' Registry award by meeting eight requirements. All eligible animals over 8 months old must be registered. At least 20 registered females must have freshened, and 75 percent must have been bred by the appli- cant. The herd must be on DHIR test, and average at least 700 pounds of milk and 25 pounds of butterfat in 305 days above the  Holstein-Friesians in the United States 281 lactation average of the breed for the past 3 years (16,000 pounds of milk, 575 pounds of fat in 1970). The herd shall have been classi- fled in the last group or special classification, and the females in the herd have a Breed Age Average percentage not less than 102. Two-thirds of eligible animals shall have an average classification score of at least 81 points. They shall be federally accredited as free from tuberculosis or in a modified accredited area; under state or federal supervision and free from brucellosis (Bang's disease). The breeder must be a member of the Holstein-Friesian Association of America and active in the state or local club. Satisfactory evidence must be in the application for the Progressive Breeders' Registry. There were 118 Progressive Breeders' Registry awards granted in 1969. BREEDING HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN CATrLE The conformation of Holstein-Friesian cattle has improved grad- ually since the true type model bull and cow were developed and since type classification was applied. Although no Holstein cows entered the milking trials at the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893 where the Babcock test for butterfat was applied officially, the Association favored its use the next year. A definite step toward a higher butterfat test was initi- ated when the owner of Dutchland Farm declared at the dispersal sale that he wished to retain a small nucleus because of friendly relation with the breeders. He withdrew the Changeling and Den- ver families from the sale. Their milk exceeded the herd average in butterfat percentage. The average butterfat content of Holstein milk has been increasing gradually since then. A similar trend oc- curred in the Netherlands after it was found that butterfat was produced more economically in higher testing milk. R. D. Politick showed that fat and protein contents of milk are inherited inde- pendently, even though they usually increase or decrease similarly. A long breeding trial at the New Jersey station increased the aver- age butterfat percentage to above 4.0 percent, even though the solids-not-fat frequently averaged below 8.5 percent during the warmer months. Recessive red-and-white Friesians, always registered in the Neth- Holstein-Friesians in the United States 281 lactation average of the breed for the past 3 years (16,000 pounds of milk, 575 pounds of fat in 1970). The herd shall have been classi- fied in the last group or special classification, and the females in the herd have a Breed Age Average percentage not less than 102. Two-thirds of eligible animals shall have an average classification score of at least 81 points. They shall be federally accredited as free from tuberculosis or in a modified accredited area; under state or federal supervision and free from brucellosis (Bang's disease). The breeder must be a member of the Holstein-Friesian Association of America and active in the state or local club. Satisfactory evidence must be in the application for the Progressive Breeders' Registry. There were 118 Progressive Breeders' Registry awards granted in 1969. BREEDING HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN CATrLE The conformation of Holstein-Friesian cattle has improved grad- ually since the true type model bull and cow were developed and since type classification was applied. Although no Holstein cows entered the milking trials at the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893 where the Babcock test for butterfat was applied officially, the Association favored its use the next year. A definite step toward a higher butterfat test was initi- ated when the owner of Dutchland Farm declared at the dispersal sale that he wished to retain a small nucleus because of friendly relation with the breeders. He withdrew the Changeling and Den- ver families from the sale. Their milk exceeded the herd average in butterfat percentage. The average butterfat content of Holstein milk has been increasing gradually since then. A similar trend oc- curred in the Netherlands after it was found that butterfat was produced more economically in higher testing milk. R. D. Politiek showed that fat and protein contents of milk are inherited inde- pendently, even though they usually increase or decrease similarly. A long breeding trial at the New Jersey station increased the aver- age butterfat percentage to above 4.0 percent, even though the solids-not-fat frequently averaged below 8.5 percent during the warmer months. Recessive red-and-white Friesians, always registered in the Neth- Holstein-Friesians in the United States 281 lactation average of the breed for the past 3 years (16,000 pounds of milk, 575 pounds of fat in 1970). The herd shall have been classi- fled in the last group or special classification, and the females in the herd have a Breed Age Average percentage not less than 102. Two-thirds of eligible animals shall have an average classification score of at least 81 points. They shall be federally accredited as free from tuberculosis or in a modified accredited area; under state or federal supervision and free from brucellosis (Bang's disease). The breeder must be a member of the Holstein-Friesian Association of America and active in the state or local club. Satisfactory evidence must be in the application for the Progressive Breeders' Registry. There were 118 Progressive Breeders' Registry awards granted in 1969. BREEDING HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN CATrLE The conformation of Holstein-Friesian cattle has improved grad- ually since the true type model bull and cow were developed and since type classification was applied. Although no Holstein cows entered the milking trials at the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893 where the Babcock test for butterfat was applied officially, the Association favored its use the next year. A definite step toward a higher butterfat test was initi- ated when the owner of Dutchland Farm declared at the dispersal sale that he wished to retain a small nucleus because of friendly relation with the breeders. He withdrew the Changeling and Den- ver families from the sale. Their milk exceeded the herd average in butterfat percentage. The average butterfat content of Holstein milk has been increasing gradually since then. A similar trend oc- curred in the Netherlands after it was found that butterfat was produced more economically in higher testing milk. R. D. Politiek showed that fat and protein contents of milk are inherited inde- pendently, even though they usually increase or decrease similarly. A long breeding trial at the New Jersey station increased the aver- age butterfat percentage to above 4.0 percent, even though the solids-not-fat frequently averaged below 8.5 percent during the warmer months. Recessive red-and-white Friesians, always registered in the Neth-  282 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS erlands herdbooks, were accepted for a separate herdbook by the delegates at the 1970 convention. The polled character occurs in some herds, and a slight tendency toward twinning has been re- ported. Flexed pasterns in newborn calves nearly always are out- grown before the yearling stage. Abnormal skin and four lethal types of "bulldog" seldom occur. Syndactylism (mule foot) resulted from mating certain bulls with known female carriers. Crampy or progressive posterior paralysis is a recessive in grown cattle descended from known carriers. Lack of resistance against the bacterial and fungus types of lump jaw (actinobacillosis and actinomycosis) has allowed cattle to contract the infections as young as 9 months, or later. Wry-tail is a common hereditary skeletal defect of the sacral vertebrae. Albinism is caused by complete lack of the gene(s) for color pigmentation in the body. Frequency of these hereditary defects can be reduced from knowl- edge of the genetic makeup of both parents and their more distant relatives. Less is understood of such complex hereditary characters as the percentages of butterfat, proteins in milk, and the persistency of lactation. The total nutrient testing program since 1962 is a begin- ning toward further improved nutritional values of milk. JOINT OCCUPANCY In 1947 Executive Secretary Karl B. Musser of the American Guern- sey Cattle Club proposed that the five dairy breed organizations re- locate at some midwest area, with one structure to house their of- fices, and do a great deal of routine clerical work in cooperation. The Board of Directors of the American Jersey Cattle Club joined in discussion at Peterborough, New Hampshire, in July 1960. The latter group also visited the Holstein-Friesian office. The latter ad- vised that they would consider joint occupancy only at the home office in Brattleboro, Vermont. This proposal did not fulfill some joint occupancy goals, so the proposal still is in flux. The Holstein-Friesian Association of America has headquarters at Brattleboro, Vermont 05302, with Robert H. Rumler as Ex- ecutive Secretary. 282 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS erlands herdbooks, were accepted for a separate herdbook by the delegates at the 1970 convention. The polled character occurs in some herds, and a slight tendency toward twinning has been re- ported. Flexed pasterns in newborn calves nearly always are out- grown before the yearling stage. Abnormal skin and four lethal types of "bulldog" seldom occur. Syndactylism (mule foot) resulted from mating certain bulls with known female carriers. Crampy or progressive posterior paralysis is a recessive in grown cattle descended from known carriers. Lack of resistance against the bacterial and fungus types of lump jaw (actinobacillosis and actinomycosis) has allowed cattle to contract the infections as young as 9 months, or later. Wry-tail is a common hereditary skeletal defect of the sacral vertebrae. Albinism is caused by complete lack of the gene(s) for color pigmentation in the body. Frequency of these hereditary defects can be reduced from knowl- edge of the genetic makeup of both parents and their more distant relatives. Less is understood of such complex hereditary characters as the percentages of butterfat, proteins in milk, and the persistency of lactation. The total nutrient testing program since 1962 is a begin- ning toward further improved nutritional values of milk. JOINT OcCUPANCY In 1947 Executive Secretary Karl B. Musser of the American Guern- sey Cattle Club proposed that the five dairy breed organizations re- locate at some midwest area, with one structure to house their of- fices, and do a great deal of routine clerical work in cooperation. The Board of Directors of the American Jersey Cattle Club joined in discussion at Peterborough, New Hampshire, in July 1960. The latter group also visited the Holstein-Friesian office. The latter ad- vised that they would consider joint occupancy only at the home office in Brattleboro, Vermont. This proposal did not fulfill some joint occupancy goals, so the proposal still is in flux. The Holstein-Friesian Association of America has headquarters at Brattleboro, Vermont 05302, with Robert H. Rumler as Ex- ecutive Secretary. 282 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS erlands herdbooks, were accepted for a separate herdbook by the delegates at the 1970 convention. The polled character occurs in some herds, and a slight tendency toward twinning has been re- ported. Flexed pasterns in newborn calves nearly always are out- grown before the yearling stage. Abnormal skin and four lethal types of "bulldog" seldom occur. Syndactylism (mule foot) resulted from mating certain bulls with known female carriers. Crampy or progressive posterior paralysis is a recessive in grown cattle descended from known carriers. Lack of resistance against the bacterial and fungus types of lump jaw (actinobacillosis and actinomycosis) has allowed cattle to contract the infections as young as 9 months, or later. Wry-tail is a common hereditary skeletal defect of the sacral vertebrae. Albinism is caused by complete lack of the gene(s) for color pigmentation in the body. Frequency of these hereditary defects can be reduced from knowl- edge of the genetic makeup of both parents and their more distant relatives. Less is understood of such complex hereditary characters as the percentages of butterfat, proteins in milk, and the persistency of lactation. The total nutrient testing program since 1962 is a begin- ning toward further improved nutritional values of milk. JOINr OCCUPANCY In 1947 Executive Secretary Karl B. Musser of the American Guern- sey Cattle Club proposed that the five dairy breed organizations re- locate at some midwest area, with one structure to house their of- fices, and do a great deal of routine clerical work in cooperation. The Board of Directors of the American Jersey Cattle Club joined in discussion at Peterborough, New Hampshire, in July 1960. The latter group also visited the Holstein-Friesian office. The latter ad- vised that they would consider joint occupancy only at the home office in Brattleboro, Vermont. This proposal did not fulfill some joint occupancy goals, so the proposal still is in flux. The Holstein-Friesian Association of America has headquarters at Brattleboro, Vermont 05302, with Robert H. Rumler as Ex- ecutive Secretary.  Holstein-Friesians in the United States 283 BREED PROMOTION Early promotion of Friesian cattle was by exhibition at shows, re- ports of private production records, and public milking contests be- tween breeds. Promotion became more effective after the Holstein and Dutch-Friesian herdbook associations united in 1885. A meager budget was appropriated to a Literary Committee, with Solomon Hoxie as chairman. Advertising space has been bought in farm magazines since 1905. BREED MAGAZINE The Holstein-Friesian Register was founded by E. P. Beauchamp at Terre Haute, Indiana, on March 15, 1886. F. L. Houghton pur- chased it 2 years later and continued publication until he died in 1928. The Holstein-Friesian World appeared at Lacona, New York, under ownership of C. C. Brown and E. M. Hastings in 1904. The Black and White Record began in 1916 and consolidated with the World in 1918. The Holstein-Friesian Register consolidated with the World in 1928. Maurice S. Prescott is editor. The Association supplemented space in these magazines with news releases, articles, and advertising in the farm press. EXTENSION SERVICE The Association established the Extension Service in 1917. Activities included advertising, news releases, assistance with junior club ac- tivities, and booths at fairs. Cooperation is given to 48 state Hol- stein Clubs and over 450 county and district clubs. Brochures and pamphlets have been published concerning Holstein-Friesian cattle. Activities of breed association fieldmen are coordinated with state and regional activities at annual regional extension conferences. An activity index compares regional achievements with national aver- ages on registrations, transfers of ownership, active membership, new members, new buyers, herds on production test, herds classi- fled, state association members, and new junior members. There are 15 national and state Holstein fieldmen in addition to the type classifiers. Holstein-Friesians in the United States 283 BREED PROMOTION Early promotion of Friesian cattle was by exhibition at shows, re- ports of private production records, and public milking contests be- tween breeds. Promotion became more effective after the Holstein and Dutch-Friesian herdbook associations united in 1885. A meager budget was appropriated to a Literary Committee, with Solomon Hoxie as chairman. Advertising space has been bought in farm magazines since 1905. BREED MAGAZINE The Holstein-Friesian Register was founded by E. P. Beauchamp at Terre Haute, Indiana, on March 15, 1886. F. L. Houghton pur- chased it 2 years later and continued publication until he died in 1928. The Holstein-Friesian World appeared at Lacona, New York, under ownership of C. C. Brown and E. M. Hastings in 1904. The Black and White Record began in 1916 and consolidated with the World in 1918. The Holstein-Friesian Register consolidated with the World in 1928. Maurice S. Prescott is editor. The Association supplemented space in these magazines with news releases, articles, and advertising in the farm press. EXTENSION SERvICE The Association established the Extension Service in 1917. Activities included advertising, news releases, assistance with junior club ac- tivities, and booths at fairs. Cooperation is given to 48 state Hol- stein Clubs and over 450 county and district clubs. Brochures and pamphlets have been published concerning Holstein-Friesian cattle. Activities of breed association fieldmen are coordinated with state and regional activities at annual regional extension conferences. An activity index compares regional achievements with national aver- ages on registrations, transfers of ownership, active membership, new members, new buyers, herds on production test, herds classi- fied, state association members, and new junior members. There are 15 national and state Holstein fieldmen in addition to the type classifiers. Holstein-Friesians in the United States 283 BREED PROMOTION Early promotion of Friesian cattle was by exhibition at shows, re- ports of private production records, and public milking contests be- tween breeds. Promotion became more effective after the Holstein and Dutch-Friesian herdbook associations united in 1885. A meager budget was appropriated to a Literary Committee, with Solomon Hoxie as chairman. Advertising space has been bought in farm magazines since 1905. BREED MAGAZINE The Holstein-Friesian Register was founded by E. P. Beauchamp at Terre Haute, Indiana, on March 15, 1886. F. L. Houghton pur- chased it 2 years later and continued publication until he died in 1928. The Holstein-Friesian World appeared at Lacona, New York, under ownership of C. C. Brown and E. M. Hastings in 1904. The Black and White Record began in 1916 and consolidated with the World in 1918. The Holstein-Friesian Register consolidated with the World in 1928. Maurice S. Prescott is editor. The Association supplemented space in these magazines with news releases, articles, and advertising in the farm press. EXTENsION SERvICE The Association established the Extension Service in 1917. Activities included advertising, news releases, assistance with junior club ac- tivities, and booths at fairs. Cooperation is given to 48 state Hol- stein Clubs and over 450 county and district clubs. Brochures and pamphlets have been published concerning Holstein-Friesian cattle. Activities of breed association fieldmen are coordinated with state and regional activities at annual regional extension conferences. An activity index compares regional achievements with national aver- ages on registrations, transfers of ownership, active membership, new members, new buyers, herds on production test, herds classi- fied, state association members, and new junior members. There are 15 national and state Holstein fieldmen in addition to the type classifiers.  284 DATIRY CATTLE BREEDS REFERENCES ArmstSEong, T.V. 1859. VaitionsE in SIR gross com~poston Cf m~ilk as related to theCbreed of She cow. A reiCew and citical evaluation of litSeaturein tAC DUfited Stales 15n1 CCCnada. J. Dairy Set. 42:1-19. Barett, George R. 1958. A CewC Associaion Drogram. AutomDtic rIcgniion of SilCer MedaCI SirCCs. Holstin-Fieian WCrld 5112980, 2984. .1963. AC AssCciatoC CeseachC report-Is cliictioEC Cf 1bu15s woCrh- wilIe? Holstein-FiesCin Word ff:19-2f. BriqCet, J. Jr., CCnd J. L. LCsh. 1547. HOeritiity Cf CCmCunt Cf spCtingf iD HClsteiC-FiesiaD cattIle. J. Heredf. 38:99-1f5. CheCCery, WiCtACCp. 1864. HCIsteiC cattle. DCept. CCmm. Age., USDA, pp. 161- 6 7. CoIe, C. L. 1938. ArtfIici CiCeinCo Cf dCay latle. J. Day Sci. 21:131. DunD, L. C. 1913. TIC inheritace Cf spCtting iS HCIstein catteC. Holstein- FesianC WCCrlI 20:1f81-82, 1701. EfdidgC, F. E., W. H. Smih, and W. M. McLeCof. 1951. Syndactyism iC HCIstinI-Frieiacattl. Its iCheice, desciptICn aCnd ocueCceC. J. HeredI. 42:241-50. GaCerSE, Maflcolm H. 1925. TIC herdf lesS for HCltein-FreCsians. Holste'in- Frieian WorldI 22:1721, 1734. HCengeveld, C. J. 1880. OCigiC Cf DuchI Ectfe. DuchC-Friesian Herd Book .1882. A CeCiew Cf SAC Criin aCnd histy Cf SIR breed. DuchI-FriianiI Herd Book 2:7-17. HCughtCC, F. L. 1897. HClsteiC-Fiesian Ictle. BrattleborC, VS. Hoxi C, Jae L. 1913. SClCmCn DCiI. Little & ICes, NeD YCrk. MCsci, W. S. 1913. Report Cf W. S. MosCrip, chairmanC Cf SAC EcmmitSee aving to do with revision of Scale of Points, preCparatECn Cf Dictures End models Cf perfect aimalCs, IscCIo for judfes, ecI. HlsteiE-FriesanC ffer4 RICA 51:302-3. NCrtCC, H. W., Jr. 1954. MilstesI alCnf She way. HClstein-FIEsaCn World 51:83-87. Pect, M. S., el TI. 1630. HCosin-Freian History. LacCnT, N.Y. if19f. HCosein-Friesian HistCCy. DiamCnd fubilee Ed. LacCna, N.Y. DeaDan, C. E. 194f. HiCtCry If SAC Holstein-FeianC bredI in CaESada. ColDiEs, StehrE, H. R. 1962. C. L. CCIe befan iD 193E. HECEI's DaiCryman 107:419. StricklandI, F. M. 1920. The RhCde Island held tsS DIan. Holstein-FresiCan World 13:151-52. ThCele, H. W. 1961. FCCtACr deCCIelopmen iC sClids-nCt-fat rCTearch. HolsCein- Friesian WIrld 58:1721-23. WarCer, FrCed.1966. SrcC t edesi mpCroCveEICDICdwihIescriDtCo SyDe cIasificaionD. HCoIsin-FieiTan WIrld 63:2754-57. HerdbooksT DuchI-FieiCC Derd Book. 1880-85. American AssCciCtion Cf DBeders Cf Pure DIed Friesian CE DuchI-Friesian CatSIe. VoIs. I-4. Holstein Herd Book. 1872-85. Holtin SBreeders' ATTociation Cf AmicaI. VoIs. 1-9. Holstein-FeianI Herd Dook. 1886-. Holtein-FriesianD AssCciat8on Cf AImer- ica. VCIs. 1-. Western Holsin-Friesian Association Herd Book. 1895. Vol. 1. 284 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS REFERENCES ArDstECnf, T. V. 1959. Variat is iC te grCss compostT8CC Cf Dilk as re1ated to theAbred ofthecow. AeiewDad itica aionIEIII oSfitCeratein theS UiteSCate a11nCd Canada. J. Diry Sef. 42:1-19. BarrCtt,GCCrgeCD. 1958. ACCewAssciionpDoCramAuCDmatICeogiioCCf SlCeS MedaI SieT. Holstein-Fieian World 5298, 1884. .1963. AC Association rCsCarcA rCport-Is clifictionE of bulk worth- wile? HClseiC-Fieian WCCld ff:819-If. DriquC, J. Jr. and J. L. LCsA. 1947. HeCitCaility Cf aDount Cf spCotI iD HCIsteiC-FrCiesicl. J. HIed. 38:9-ifs. CAeCery, WintArCp. 1964. HCIsteiC IcatIe. Rept. CmS. A0aC., USDA, pp. 1861- 67. CCIC, C. L. 1938. Arifiial iCseDinaCon Cf dairy catle. . Dairy Sci. 11131. DCnn, L. C. 1923. TAC inraceC Cf TpCtingf in HIsin cat51e. DCICsCS- FiesiCn WoCld 20:1681-82, 1702. Eldridge, F. E., W. H. Smith, and W. M. McLeod. 1951. 8TRIIICctIIsm iS HCIteiC-Friesiacattl. Its iCAheitaceC, desiion and Coccurece. J. DECe4. 42:241-5. CCrdCer, MalIcolD H. 1925. TAC ACrd tst for HCIstein-FCiians. HolsCein- FeiaS WIrld 22:1721, 1734 HeneeCd, C. J. 1690. Origis Cf DItch cattIe. DuchI-Friesian Her1S Book 1:10-18. .1882. A reiCeCw Cf SAC oiin nd Aisty Cf SAC AreCed. DutcAh-Frisia HOerd RICA 2:7-17. HougAton, F. L. 1997 HClsteiC-FriesianEcattl. BTatSICACTC, VS. HaCte, ICE L. 1923. Solomon DCxie. LittlC A ICes, New YCEA. MosTrip, W. 0. 1823. Reprt CS W. S. MoTscriD, chirman Cf SAC coDDitSeC Ahvin to do witA reviio of Sca11 If PiCIts, prDepaion IS pictues End mdels Cf perfect CniCma, TIcCIo for fudfes, e. HolAsei-FrsianI Derd Book 51:3f2-3. NortCC, H. W., fI. 1954. MiICIstoCes Clonf thIC Day. DCI6Cein-FCesan World 51:83-87. PecotC, M. S., et1a1. 1936. Holtein-FreianI ffis1ory. LalIES, N.Y. .196f. Holin-risian History. DiamoCnd fCbilCC Ed. LacCna, N.Y. ReamanS, C. E. 1946. History8 of SAD Holstein-Freian breed iS DIESadS. Colins-, Toronto. Stoehr, H. D. 1862. C. L. CoII Aegan iD 1938. Hoard's DirymanS 107:418. Strickland, F. M. 1926. TAe DAode IlaSd hCerd ts plan. Holtein-Fre6ianI World 23:151-52. TICCIC, H. W. 1981. FCrther devIeCpCent iC solids-not-fat rCeachC. olsein- Friesian WIrld 58:1721-23. Warner, FIeS B. 1966. Service to breeer improvedf with deition8 type clifiationII. Holstein-Friian World 83:2754-57. HerdboCCks DutcA-Fiesian DCerd DCCI. 180-85. AmericEC Association Cf 8111d111 If Pure Ded FriCTIES CE DuchC-FriesiaC CatSIC. VIII. 1-4. HoltiS DHESd DooA. 1872-85. Hol1tein Breeers'I AssociaionE If AmCerica. VoII. 1-9. Holstin-Fisian DIerd Book. 1880-. Holtein-Friesian AssociaionI If Amer- ica. Vols. 1-. WestlED HolTstin-FeiaD AssociaionD Hrd Book. 1885. VII. 1. 284 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS REFERENCES ArmEstonC, T.V. 1959. VariCtCon iS SIe gross composition If miDk as eledIE to United Stat1s ad CaCnada. J. Dairy Se1. 42:1-19. BrettI,CCG~eore. 1958. ACneDAssciion C progDam. ACuCDmatircoiioCCf SilCIT MCIIal SirCT. HClCtein-Friesan WorldI 55:298, 2984. .1963. AC Assciaton reseachC report-s classifictiCn of AClls worII- DAiSeS Holstein-Friesian WCrld 60:819-If. riquC, J. Jr., and J. L. LEsA. 1947. Heitabiit0- Cf aDount of spoCting in HoIte~iC-Friesian cattlC. J. HeredI. 38:99-105. ChCIeer, WiCntICop. 1864. HoIsteiC cattII. DCeII. ComD. AaE., USDA, pp. 161- 67. ColC, C. L. 1838. ArifiiaI iCseiaion Cf dily 1cat11e.2. Dairy S1i. 21:131. DCCn, L. C. 1923. TIC iDAeitacC Cf spCttinf iS HCItein catSIe. Holstein- FriesiCn World 20:1681-82, 1761. Eldridf, F. E., W. H. Smill, and W. M. McLed. 1951. SyndIItyisES in HolsteiC-FriesianIcatSI. Its iCnCeianc, desIcipioCE and occCrecI. J. Hered4. 42:241-5. CadnCC, MIaIcolD H. 1925. TIe he1d 1115 fCr Holtein-FICiian. DolsCin- Feian WIrld 22:1721, 1734. HCnfCCeId, C. J. 1880. OigiC Cf DuchI IcatIC. DutchAFisian11 Herd DCoI .1882. A CevleD Cf SIC Crifin aCnd istory Cf SAC AbCeed. DutcAh-Friea DIerd BooI 2:7-17. HoughtoC, F. L. 1897. HoClti-Fiesian lttle. DratSICbCT, VS. DCiI, JanC L. 1923. SClomCn DCxiI. Litle & SITe, NeD Yor. MocrIip, W. S. 1921. ReportCf W. S. MoCipI,IIES Chira SA tecomDDitSCe aing to do with revTis of Scale of Poins, preparation If pictues and modCls Cf pCrfCCt aimaDls, sIcoo fCC fudges, ec. HoIsein-Friesan HerdI Book 51:302-3. NCrtCC, H. W., Jr. 1954. MiletoCCes alCng Sill Day. Holstein-FiiCan World 51:83-87. PrescCtI, M. S., etIII. 1830. HClstinC-FeianI History. LacCna, N.Y. .1968. Holstein-Fiesian HdistCry. DiaDCnd Jilee IECd. LacCna, N.Y. DeaDan, C. C. 1946. Distory If the Dosti-eianfI breed iS CIanada. CIlliES, StCChr, H. R. 1965. C. L. CoIe befan in 1838. Hoard's DirymanI 107:419. Stricklan, F. M. 1926. TIC 81ode Island ICerd tst DIII. Hostein-Friian Word 23:151-52. TbCele, H. W. 1961. FCrtCr deveCICDDent iC sClidsT-nCt-fat reearch. HClsinE- Fr11si15 World 58:1721-23. WarerC, Fed B. 1966, Service to 11114e11 improvedI with dIesciionI SIpe classification. Holstef-Frean WIrld 83:2754-57. HerdbCCks Dutc-FrDIiaS Hrd Book. 1880-85. AmCIican Association Cf BdrsCI Cf FCDe Ded FriesiaC CE Dutc-Fesian CatSIC. VIs. 1-4. Holstein Herd Book. 1872-85. Holstin BreCers'I ATTICiatoD Cf AmCrCca. Vols. 1-8. Dolste.inFIeianS Hrd Book. 1886-. Holtein-Fiesian AssociatIon If Amer- ica. VCIs. 1-. WesleED Holstein-Friesian AssociaioCn Herd Book. 1895. Vol. 1.  Holsetein-Friesians in the United States 285 Holsntein-Fresians in the United States 285 Hostein-Freiesiamns in thse United States 285 Haltein-Friesian Warld 1854. Sianificant dates in Holtein history. 51:212, 214, 21t, 218. i958. Rates tor red tactor test. 59:956. 19t. USDA-Holstein agreemsent peat'ided broader base st site intormation tor peadactian. Holstein-Friesin World S4:2t42, 2052. 1970. Holstein seclsssification. A majse advance in Holistein's classificaion progamn. 67:2052-55. Holstein-Friesian Associatioa at Amaerica pnblications Annualietorts. Caine tarekints of Hostein-Friesian cattle. The Hstesin Stary. 1941. Inspectisn and classification at herds and the recognition at sites. Rules and regutntions. 1945. Holstein-Fetesian Tyee and Peadntsion Yeae Sash. Vats. t-. 1953. The jndging mtansal. 1954. The Honlstein htnadhook. 1954. Type cassification and recognition at sires. 1956. Progressive Breeaders' Registry. Rnles effective Jnn. 1, 1956. Reinststed foe 1970. t58. Type classification-Runles and regultonss. 1986. Descsiptivce type classification. tersey J t967. PDCA shaswing code at ethics. 14:109. Hoitein-Feian Wartd 1854. Significant dates is Hstein history. 51:212, 214, 216, 2t8. t958. Rates tor ted factat test. 59:56. 1907. USDA-Holstein ageemaeat provided bsader base at site intormation foat peaduction. Holstein-Friesian World 64:2042, 2052. 1970. Holstein sectassification. A maajor advnce in Hostein'stclasificaion program. 67:252P-55. Holstein-Friesian Associasn at Amserica pubtications dAnnual eporsts. Caine marehings of Holstein-Ftiesan cattle. The Holstein Stary. 194t. tnspection and etassifieation at heeds and the reccognition at sites. Ruies and reguations. 1945. Hontstein-Feiesian Type and Peoduction Tent- Sash. Vain. .- i953. The jadaina msanai. i954. The Hoistein handhook. i954. Type classiiation and recogniin of sines. i956. Peogeessice Bseeders' Rnaistry. Sates effectve Jan. 1, 1958. Reinstated toe i970. toys. Type classification-Rules and regutations. i966. Descsiptive type classaficatyo. Jerey . 1967. PDCA shoewing code at ethics. t4:109. Holstein-Fesian Woeld t954. Significant dates in Holstein histony. 51:2i2, 14, 2t, 208. i958. Rutes tat red tactor test. y9:956. i967. USDA-Holtsteinangeement provdded bsader base ot site ineormation foe peaduction. Holstein-Feian World 64:2042, 2052. 1970. Holstein sectassiitn. A maine advance in Holstein's classiicsaao programt. 67:2052-55. Holstein-Friesin Association af Amesica publications Annualiepot. Caine nat-hints of Holstein-Freian cattle. The Hmlen Stary. 1941. tnspection and ctassification at herds and the recognitiosnO eysies. Sales and regutatiana. 1945. Holistein-Fr-iean Type and Peoduction Yeae Sash. Vols. t- 1953. The iudaing manai. 1954. The Holastein handhoo. 1954. Type cassificatin and recognition at sines. 1956. Progressive Breeders' Regitry. Sates effective Jan. 1, 1956. Reinstated foe 1970. 1958. Type classification-Rues and reguations. 1966. Descripthve type classification. Jetrsea. 1967. PDCA shancint code of ethics. 14:109.  CHAPTER 14 CATTLE ON THE ISLAND OF JERSEY THE NATIVE home of the Jersey breed is the Island of Jersey, the most southern of the Channel Islands, in St. Michael's Bay on the coast of Normandy and Brittany, 30 miles north of the old feudal town of St. Malo. The rainfall averages 34 inches yearly on the Is- land's 45 square miles; frosts are few, and snow seldom falls on the Island. It is in the same latitude as Labrador, but prevailing ocean currents and winds contribute to its mild climate. The mean annual temperature is 51 F. The native islanders were fishermen in part during Roman times when the Emperor Antonius (A.n. 138-161) knew the island as Caesarea. St. Magliore, a Breton, introduced Christianity about A.D. 565, establishing a Christian school (later an abbey) near the present Elizabeth Castle. The Channel Islands were ruled by Rollo, the Norseman, when Headpiece: Vignette of Jersey cow. 286 CHAPTER 14 CATTLE ON THE ISLAND OF JERSEY THE NATIvE home of the Jersey breed is the Island of Jersey, the most southern of the Channel Islands, in St. Michael's Bay on the coast of Normandy and Brittany, 30 miles north of the old feudal town of St. Malo. The rainfall averages 34 inches yearly on the Is- land's 45 square miles; frosts are few, and snow seldom falls on the Island. It is in the same latitude as Labrador, but prevailing ocean currents and winds contribute to its mild climate. The mean annual temperature is 51° F. The native islanders were fishermen in part during Roman times when the Emperor Antonius (A.D. 138-161) knew the island as Caesarea. St. Magliore, a Breton, introduced Christianity about A.D. 565, establishing a Christian school (later an abbey) near the present Elizabeth Castle. The Channel Islands were ruled by Rollo, the Norseman, when Headpiece: Vignette of Jersey cow. 286 CHAPTER 14 CATTLE ON THE ISLAND OF JERSEY THE NATIVE home of the Jersey breed is the Island of Jersey, the most southern of the Channel Islands, in St. Michael's Bay on the coast of Normandy and Brittany, 30 miles north of the old feudal town of St. Malo. The rainfall averages 34 inches yearly on the Is- land's 45 square miles; frosts are few, and snow seldom falls on the Island. It is in the same latitude as Labrador, but prevailing ocean currents and winds contribute to its mild climate. The mean annual temperature is 51° F. The native islanders were fishermen in part during Roman times when the Emperor Antonius (A.n. 138-161) knew the island as Caesarea. St. Magliore, a Breton, introduced Christianity about A.n. 565, establishing a Christian school (later an abbey) near the present Elizabeth Castle. The Channel Islands were ruled by Rollo, the Norseman, when Headpiece: Vignette of Jersey cow. 286  Cattle on . Jesyr8 Cal onw Jese 287. Cattl onJesy8 he became the first Duke of Normandy. The islands still are sub- servient to the Duke or Duchess of Normandy, now rulers of the British empire. Jersey has enjoyed special privileges as an inde- pendent state under the British Crown since 1279, enacting its own laws, levying taxes and duties, and coining at least a part of its money. Because the 12 parishes touch the English Channel, pa- rishioners have had the right to harvest seaweed or "vraic" for fuel and fertilizer since ancient times. EARLY CATTLE Part of a skull of B. longifrons was found at St. Ouen's Bay on the Island of Jersey. Other ox bones occurred in Neolithic kitchen mid- dens on nearby Guernsey. The early cattle doubtless were brought by the Neolithic settlers, and in later movements from the French provinces of Brittany and Normandy. Under the Norman abbots, the feudal lands of Jersey were di- vided into 52 cueilettes and vingtaines, with several good manors. The abbey of St. Heliers was a priory amalgamated with Cherbourg on Normandy. There was a considerable ducal domain on the island about 1100, accounting for early trade with that province. Early mention of cattle on Jersey was incidental to other events. During a political factional disturbance in 1643, soldiers represent- ing the belligerent civil authorities (parliamentarians) sallied forth from the fortified Castle Elizabeth and made a foray upon cattle grazing in neighboring enclosures. The cattle and horses of a royalist were confiscated when he fled to St. Malo during this period (1643- 49). After the royalists got the upper hand, troops had difficulty in buying straw and forage for their horses. The natives claimed they had not more than enough for their own cattle. EARLY AGRICULTURE From an unpublished manuscript Les Chroniques de Jersey by Phillipot Payn (1585), Reverend Phillip Falle drew parts of his early Caesarea, or, An Account of Jersey, published in 1694 and re- vised in 1734. In the 1734 edition he stated: "About 150 years ago the Island lay pretty much open under the feudal allotments and use of lands, but when the humour of planting seized our people, they fell to enclosing, for shelter and security to their fruit." He he became the first Duke of Normandy. The islands still are sub- servient to the Duke or Duchess of Normandy, now rulers of the British empire. Jersey has enjoyed special privileges as an inde- pendent state under the British Crown since 1279, enacting its own laws, levying taxes and duties, and coining at least a part of its money. Because the 12 parishes touch the English Channel, pa- rishioners have had the right to harvest seaweed or "vraic" for fuel and fertilizer since ancient times. EARLY CATrLE Part of a skull of B. longifrons was found at St. Ouen's Bay on the Island of Jersey. Other ox bones occurred in Neolithic kitchen mid- dens on nearby Guernsey. The early cattle doubtless were brought by the Neolithic settlers, and in later movements from the French provinces of Brittany and Normandy. Under the Norman abbots, the feudal lands of Jersey were di- vided into 52 cueilettes and vingtaines, with several good manors. The abbey of St. Heliers was a priory amalgamated with Cherbourg on Normandy. There was a considerable ducal domain on the island about 1100, accounting for early trade with that province. Early mention of cattle on Jersey was incidental to other events. During a political factional disturbance in 1643, soldiers represent- ing the belligerent civil authorities (parliamentarians) sallied forth from the fortified Castle Elizabeth and made a foray upon cattle grazing in neighboring enclosures. The cattle and horses of a royalist were confiscated when he fled to St. Malo during this period (1643- 49). After the royalists got the upper hand, troops had difficulty in buying straw and forage for their horses. The natives claimed they had not more than enough for their own cattle. EARLY AGRICULTURE From an unpublished manuscript Les Chroniques de Jersey by Phillipot Payn (1585), Reverend Phillip Falle drew parts of his early Caesarea, or, An Account of Jersey, published in 1694 and re- vised in 1734. In the 1734 edition he stated: "About 150 years ago the Island lay pretty much open under the feudal allotments and use of lands, but when the humour of planting seized our people, they fell to enclosing, for shelter and security to their fruit." He he became the first Duke of Normandy. The islands still are sub- servient to the Duke or Duchess of Normandy, now rulers of the British empire. Jersey has enjoyed special privileges as an inde- pendent state under the British Crown since 1279, enacting its own laws, levying taxes and duties, and coining at least a part of its money. Because the 12 parishes touch the English Channel, pa- rishioners have had the right to harvest seaweed or "vraic" for fuel and fertilizer since ancient times. EARLY CATrLE Part of a skull of B. longifrons was found at St. Ouen's Bay on the Island of Jersey. Other ox bones occurred in Neolithic kitchen mid- dens on nearby Guernsey. The early cattle doubtless were brought by the Neolithic settlers, and in later movements from the French provinces of Brittany and Normandy. Under the Norman abbots, the feudal lands of Jersey were di- vided into 52 cueilettes and vingtaines, with several good manors. The abbey of St. Heliers was a priory amalgamated with Cherbourg on Normandy. There was a considerable ducal domain on the island about 1100, accounting for early trade with that province. Early mention of cattle on Jersey was incidental to other events. During a political factional disturbance in 1643, soldiers represent- ing the belligerent civil authorities (parliamentarians) sallied forth from the fortified Castle Elizabeth and made a foray upon cattle grazing in neighboring enclosures. The cattle and horses of a royalist were confiscated when he fled to St. Malo during this period (1643- 49). After the royalists got the upper hand, troops had difficulty in buying straw and forage for their horses. The natives claimed they had not more than enough for their own cattle. EARLY AGRICULTURE From an unpublished manuscript Les Chroniques de Jersey by Phillipot Payn (1585), Reverend Phillip Falle drew parts of his early Caesarea, or, An Account of Jersey, published in 1694 and re- vised in 1734. In the 1734 edition he stated: "About 150 years ago the Island lay pretty much open under the feudal allotments and use of lands, but when the humour of planting seized our people, they fell to enclosing, for shelter and security to their fruit." He  288 DAI RY C.ATTLE BREEDS mentioned the great increase of enclosures, fences, hedgerows, and highways as being out of proportion to size of the island. He also described the gathering of seaweed or vraic twice yearly for fuel and fertilizer. John Shebbeare (1771) mentioned the Jersey cows as one of the chief products of the island. The Reverend Mr. Valpy (1785) listed knitted woolen goods and cows as the main exports from Jersey. Culley (1786) stated that Alderney cows were being used about British estates. Thomas Leyte, a military surveyor (1808), wrote: "The cattle of this island are generally small; very few are bred for the market, except calves. Bullocks are universally used in the cart, and killed when past their labour. A sufficient number of cows are kept for use of the inhabitants in milk and butter; the remainder are exported to England, where they sell at a high price." Thomas Quayle's General View of the Agriculture and Present State of the Islands on the Coast of Normandy, subject to the Crown of Great Britain (1815) described the Jersey cow as the possession highest in the Jerseyman's estimation. He told of tethering cows on pasture, and moving them five or six times daily. Colors of the cattle ranged between cream (often mixed with white) and black, or black-and-white, but mainly from fawn or red mixed with white. Cows yielded about 10 quarts of milk daily, with an extreme of 22 English quarts, some churning 12 to 14 pounds of butter per week. Thirty pounds of parsnips with meadow hay were fed daily in winter. Lucerne or alfalfa was introduced, and its regular culture occurred in 15 years. Jersey cows were called Alderneys in England, according to W. Pless (1824). George S. Syvret (1832) wrote that Jersey cows gen- erally were small but gave very fine butter, and were esteemed in England. Henry D. Inglis visited Jersey in 1833 and 1834, and wrote "Milk is scarcely at all used in a Jersey menage; it is all wanted for butter, either for the market, or for indoor consumption." Potatoes were increasing in acreage, and lucerne yielded four cuttings dur- ing the year. Inglis recognized that "... from the system pursued by the agricultural society of Guernsey, the breed of that island now 288 DAI IRY CATTLE BREEDs mentioned the great increase of enclosures, fences, hedgerows, and highways as being out of proportion to size of the island. He also described the gathering of seaweed or vraic twice yearly for fuel and fertilizer. John Shebbeare (1771) mentioned the Jersey cows as one of the chief products of the island. The Reverend Mr. Valpy (1785) listed knitted woolen goods and cows as the main exports from Jersey. Culley (1786) stated that Alderney cows were being used about British estates. Thomas Leyte, a military surveyor (1808), wrote: "The cattle of this island are generally small; very few are bred for the market, except calves. Bullocks are universally used in the cart, and killed when past their labour. A sufficient number of cows are kept for use of the inhabitants in milk and butter; the remainder are exported to England, where they sell at a high price." Thomas Quayle's General View of the Agriculture and Present State of the Islands on the Coast of Normandy, subject to the Crotn of Great Britain (1815) described the Jersey cow as the possession highest in the Jerseyman's estimation. He told of tethering cows on pasture, and moving them five or six times daily. Colors of the cattle ranged between cream (often mixed with white) and black, or black-and-white, but mainly from fawn or red mixed with white. Cows yielded about 10 quarts of milk daily, with an extreme of 22 English quarts, some churning 12 to 14 pounds of butter per week. Thirty pounds of parsnips with meadow hay were fed daily in winter. Lucerne or alfalfa was introduced, and its regular culture occurred in 15 years. Jersey cows were called Alderneys in England, according to W. Pless (1824). George S. Syvret (1832) wrote that Jersey cows gen- erally were small but gave very fine butter, and were esteemed in England. Henry D. Inglis visited Jersey in 1833 and 1834, and wrote "Milk is scarcely at all used in a Jersey menage; it is all wanted for butter, either for the market, or for indoor consumption." Potatoes were increasing in acreage, and lucerne yielded four cuttings dur- ing the year. Inglis recognized that "... from the system pursued by the agricultural society of Guernsey, the breed of that island now 288 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS mentioned the great increase of enclosures, fences, hedgerows, and highways as being out of proportion to size of the island. He also described the gathering of seaweed or vraic twice yearly for fuel and fertilizer. John Shebbeare (1771) mentioned the Jersey cows as one of the chief products of the island. The Reverend Mr. Valpy (1785) listed knitted woolen goods and cows as the main exports from Jersey. Culley (1786) stated that Alderney cows were being used about British estates. Thomas Leyte, a military surveyor (1808), wrote: "The cattle of this island are generally small; very few are bred for the market, except calves. Bullocks are universally used in the cart, and killed when past their labour. A sufficient number of cows are kept for use of the inhabitants in milk and butter; the remainder are exported to England, where they sell at a high price." Thomas Quayle's General View of the Agriculture and Present State of the Islands on the Coast of Normandy, subject to the Crown of Great Britain (1815) described the Jersey cow as the possession highest in the Jerseyman's estimation. He told of tethering cows on pasture, and moving them five or six times daily. Colors of the cattle ranged between cream (often mixed with white) and black, or black-and-white, but mainly from fawn or red mixed with white. Cows yielded about 10 quarts of milk daily, with an extreme of 22 English quarts, some churning 12 to 14 pounds of butter per week. Thirty pounds of parsnips with meadow hay were fed daily in winter. Lucerne or alfalfa was introduced, and its regular culture occurred in 15 years. Jersey cows were called Alderneys in England, according to W. Pless (1824). George S. Syvret (1832) wrote that Jersey cows gen- erally were small but gave very fine butter, and were esteemed in England Henry D. Inglis visited Jersey in 1833 and 1834, and wrote "Milk is scarcely at all used in a Jersey menage; it is all wanted for butter, either for the market, or for indoor consumption." Potatoes were increasing in acreage, and lucerne yielded four cuttings dur- ing the year. Inglis recognized that "... from the system pursued by the agricultural society of Guernsey, the breed of that 'island now  Cattle on Jersey 289 Cattle on Jersey 289 Cattle on Jersey 289 differs in many essential particulars from the breed on Alderney and Jersey.... All over England, the Alderney cow-as it is gen- erally called-is celebrated not only for its beauty, but for the rich- ness of its milk, and the excellence of the butter made from it." Colonel J. Le Couteur (1845) stated that in winter a cow on Jersey was fed some straw, " ... from ten to twenty pounds of hay. with about ten to twenty pounds of parsnips, white carrots, turnips, or mangel-wurzel." Cows calved mainly in early spring in time to go on pasture (usually late April). They were tethered on pasture with a 6- or 8-foot chain attached to a halter, and connected with a swivel and ring to a stout iron stake driven into the ground. The cows were moved three to six times daily after grazing each small semicircle clean (Fig. 14.1). Further: In form the Jersey is deer-like, and small in size; the colors mostly prized are the light red and white; the brown and the fawn; brindled specimens are rarely seen.... A cow is at her prime at six years of age, and continues good until ten years old. Many are kept that are much older but then they begin to fall off. . .. A good cow on the average gives fourteen quarts of milk per day, or eight to nine pounds of butter per week. . . . A great improvement has taken place in the breed of cattle within the last twelve or fifteen years, which is attributable to the formation of agricultural societies in the island. . . . Bulls are seldom kept after their second year, for they become extremely wild and troublesome." A letter from Le Couteur to the secretary of the American Jersey Cattle Club in 1869 mentioned that "Guernsey cattle are not deemed foreign [on Jersey] but there are scarcely over a dozen of that breed in our island. They are of larger bone, and carcass, con- sidered to be coarse, though famous milkers, requiring much more feed than the Jerseys. Our judges at the cattle-shows have dis- carded both them and their progeny." H. G. Shepard wrote recently: The practice of tethering cattle at pasture on Jersey has con- tinued up to the present day, though for economic reasons some use is now being made of electric fencing. The fact that the differs in many essential particulars from the breed on Alderney and Jersey.... All over England, the Alderney cow-as it is gen- erally called-is celebrated not only for its beauty, but for the rich- ness of its milk, and the excellence of the butter made from it." Colonel J. Le Couteur (1845) stated that in winter a cow on Jersey was fed some straw, " ... from ten to twenty pounds of hay. with about ten to twenty pounds of parsnips, white carrots, turnips, or mangel-wurzel." Cows calved mainly in early spring in time to go on pasture (usually late April). They were tethered on pasture with a 6- or 8-foot chain attached to a halter, and connected with a swivel and ring to a stout iron stake driven into the ground. The cows were moved three to six times daily after grazing each small semicircle clean (Fig. 14.1). Further: In form the Jersey is deer-like, and small in size; the colors mostly prized are the light red and white; the brown and the fawn; brindled specimens are rarely seen.... A cow is at her prime at six years of age, and continues good until ten years old. Many are kept that are much older but then they begin to fall off. . . . A good cow on the average gives fourteen quarts of milk per day, or eight to nine pounds of butter per week.... A great improvement has taken place in the breed of cattle within the last twelve or fifteen years, which is attributable to the formation of agricultural societies in the island.... Bulls are seldom kept after their second year, for they become extremely wild and troublesome." A letter from Le Couteour to the secretary of the American Jersey Cattle Club in 1869 mentioned that "Guernsey cattle are not deemed foreign [on Jersey] but there are scarcely over a dozen of that breed in our island. They are of larger bone, and carcass, con- sidered to be coarse, though famous milkers, requiring much more feed than the Jerseys. Our judges at the cattle-shows have dis- carded both them and their progeny." H. G. Shepard wrote recently: The practice of tethering cattle at pasture on Jersey has con- tinued up to the present day, though for economic reasons some use is now being made of electric fencing. The fact that the differs in many essential particulars from the breed on Alderney and Jersey.... All over England, the Alderney cow-as it is gen- erally called-is celebrated not only for its beauty, but for the rich- ness of its milk, and the excellence of the butter made from it." Colonel J. Le Couteur (1845) stated that in winter a cow on Jersey was fed some straw, " ... from ten to twenty pounds of hay. with about ten to twenty pounds of parsnips, white carrots, turnips, or mangel-wurzel." Cows calved mainly in early spring in time to go on pasture (usually late April). They were tethered on pasture with a 6- or 8-foot chain attached to a halter, and connected with a swivel and ring to a stout iron stake driven into the ground. The cows were moved three to six times daily after grazing each small semicircle clean (Fig. 14.1). Further: In form the Jersey is deer-like, and small in size; the colors mostly prized are the light red and white; the brown and the fawn; brindled specimens are rarely seen. . . . A cow is at her prime at six years of age, and continues good until ten years old. Many are kept that are much older but then they begin to fall off. . . . A good cow on the average gives fourteen quarts of milk per day, or eight to nine pounds of butter per week. . . . A great improvement has taken place in the breed of cattle within the last twelve or fifteen years, which is attributable to the formation of agricultural societies in the island.... Bulls are seldom kept after their second year, for they become extremely wild and troublesome." A letter from Le Couteur to the secretary of the American Jersey Cattle Club in 1869 mentioned that "Guernsey cattle are not deemed foreign [on Jersey] but there are scarcely over a dozen of that breed in our island. They are of larger bone, and carcass, con- sidered to be coarse, though famous milkers, requiring much more feed than the Jerseys. Our judges at the cattle-shows have dis- carded both them and their progeny." H. G. Shepard wrote recently: The practice of tethering cattle at pasture on Jersey has con- tinued up to the present day, though for economic reasons some use is now being made of electric fencing. The fact that the  290 DAIRY CATTLE B REEDS pastures are part of the farm, or never very far from it, makes easier the task of moving the animals several times a day. Owing to the mildness of the climate, it is possible for cattle to go out to pasture nearly every day of the year (unless it is very cold or wet), even for a few hours in the winter. The "tethering" system, of course, allows the fullest conservation of pasture, and thus the Island pastures can carry a higher pro- portion of livestock than would otherwise be the case." During the present century cereal acreage has been reduced in Jersey, and more early potatoes are grown for export to England. Tomato growing in the open field became second in importance about 1900. As the land slopes gradually to the southward, tomatoes can follow potatoes on suitable soils. Tomatoes were grown ex- tensively until overproduction restricted the crop to best-suited land. There were many orchards a century ago, when apples and cider were exported in quantities. In 1961 only 141 acres were in orchards. The Colorado potato beetle gained a foothold near the end of the 290 DA IRY CATTLE BREEDS pastures are part of the farm, or never very far from it, makes easier the task of moving the animals several times a day. Owing to the mildness of the climate, it is possible for cattle to go out to pasture nearly every day of the year (unless it is very cold or wet), even for a few hours in the winter. The "tethering" system, of course, allows the fullest conservation of pasture, and thus the Island pastures can carry a higher pro- portion of livestock than would otherwise be the case." During the present century cereal acreage has been reduced in Jersey, and more early potatoes are grown for export to England. Tomato growing in the open field became second in importance about 1900. As the land slopes gradually to the southward, tomatoes can follow potatoes on suitable soils. Tomatoes were grown ex- tensively until overproduction restricted the crop to best-suited land. There were many orchards a century ago, when apples and cider were exported in quantities. In 1961 only 141 acres were in orchards. The Colorado potato beetle gained a foothold near the end of the 290 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS pastures are part of the farm, or never very far from it, makes easier the task of moving the animals several times a day. Owing to the mildness of the climate, it is possible for cattle to go out to pasture nearly every day of the year (unless it is very cold or wet), even for a few hours in the winter. The "tethering" system, of course, allows the fullest conservation of pasture, and thus the Island pastures can carry a higher pro- portion of livestock than would otherwise be the case." During the present century cereal acreage has been reduced in Jersey, and more early potatoes are grown for export to England. Tomato growing in the open field became second in importance about 1900. As the land slopes gradually to the southward, tomatoes can follow potatoes on suitable soils. Tomatoes were grown ex- tensively until overproduction restricted the crop to best-suited land. There were many orchards a century ago, when apples and cider were exported in quantities. In 1961 only 141 acres were in orchards. The Colorado potato beetle gained a foothold near the end of the FIG. 14.1. Cattle on the Island of Jersey have been tethered ever since the enclosure of land. FIG. 14.1. Cattle on the Island of Jersey have been tethered ever since the enclosure of land. FIG. 14.1. Cattle on the Island of Jersey have been tethered ever since the enclosure of land.  Catl o Jese m9 Catteomsey 291 attensey 291 German occupation in World War II. The potato export trade with England was restricted immediately after the liberation on this account. Potato beetles are on the neighboring Cotentin peninsula and a few beetles find their way to island beaches nearly every year if the wind blows from the continent. Strict control and crop spray- ing have kept the potato crop from becoming infested. Broccoli, cauliflower, and flower production for export tended to reduce acreage of early potatoes during recent years. The cattle population usually numbers between 6,000 and 7,000 cows and bred heifers, nearly 3,000 younger females, around 150 bulls over 12 months old and fewer under that age, part of which are intended for export. Cattle numbered 9,178 animals in 1962, all but 166 of them being Jersey Herd Book stock. Five females entered the Herd Book as Foundation Stock in 1962. Limited num- bers of calves were raised during the German occupation, while acreage of wheat was increased temporarily. There were 267 elec- tric fences and 414 milking machines on the Island in 1962. Some 21.2 percent of the Island lands were grazed in 1962 and 8.1 percent were harvested as hay for livestock-mainly Jersey cattle. The cultivated area is reported in vergees; an acre equals 2/ vergees. ACTS OF THE STATEs On July 16, 1763, the States (Island legislature) at the request of the Deputy Attorney General passed an Act forbidding import of cattle, sheep, hogs, fowl, eggs, meat of any kind, butter, and fat from France, under penalty of confiscation of the vessel and cargo. A stringent law was passed on August 8, 1789, forbidding im- portation from France into Jersey of any cow, heifer, calf, or bull. Bullocks could enter certain ports but had to be reported to the parish constable. Masters of vessels had to give an affidavit of the origin of any cattle in shipment. Prohibited animals were to be slaughtered. Masters of vessels had to account for the source of animals shipped out, before clearance of the vessel, with a signed certificate from the seller of each animal as being the breed of the Island, together with the port of intended delivery. When meat for the military garrison could not be obtained wholly German occupation in World War IL The potato export trade with England was restricted immediately after the liberation on this account. Potato beetles are on the neighboring Cotentin peninsula and a few beetles find their way to island beaches nearly every year if the wind blows from the continent. Strict control and crop spray- ing have kept the potato crop from becoming infested. Broccoli, cauliflower, and flower production for export tended to reduce acreage of early potatoes during recent years. The cattle population usually numbers between 6,000 and 7,000 cows and bred heifers, nearly 3,000 younger females, around 150 bulls over 12 months old and fewer under that age, part of which are intended for export. Cattle numbered 9,178 animals in 1962, all but 166 of them being Jersey Herd Book stock. Five females entered the Herd Book as Foundation Stock in 1962. Limited num- bers of calves were raised during the German occupation, while acreage of wheat was increased temporarily. There were 267 elec- tric fences and 414 milking machines on the Island in 1962. Some 21.2 percent of the Island lands were grazed in 1962 and 8.1 percent were harvested as hay for livestock-mainly Jersey cattle. The cultivated area is reported in vergees; an acre equals 21 vergees. ACTS OF THE STATES On July 16, 1763, the States (Island legislature) at the request of the Deputy Attorney General passed an Act forbidding import of cattle, sheep, hogs, fowl, eggs, meat of any kind, butter, and fat from France, under penalty of confiscation of the vessel and cargo. A stringent law was passed on August 8, 1789, forbidding im- portation from France into Jersey of any cow, heifer, calf, or bull. Bullocks could enter certain ports but had to be reported to the parish constable. Masters of vessels had to give an affidavit of the origin of any cattle in shipment. Prohibited animals were to be slaughtered. Masters of vessels had to account for the source of animals shipped out, before clearance of the vessel, with a signed certificate from the seller of each animal as being the breed of the Island, together with the port of intended delivery. When meat for the military garrison could not be obtained wholly German occupation in World War II. The potato export trade with England was restricted immediately after the liberation on this account. Potato beetles are on the neighboring Cotentin peninsula and a few beetles find their way to island beaches nearly every year if the wind blows from the continent. Strict control and crop spray- ing have kept the potato crop from becoming infested. Broccoli, cauliflower, and flower production for export tended to reduce acreage of early potatoes during recent years. The cattle population usually numbers between 6,000 and 7,000 cows and bred heifers, nearly 3,000 younger females, around 150 bulls over 12 months old and fewer under that age, part of which are intended for export. Cattle numbered 9,178 animals in 1962, all but 166 of them being Jersey Herd Book stock. Five females entered the Herd Book as Foundation Stock in 1962. Limited num- bers of calves were raised during the German occupation, while acreage of wheat was increased temporarily. There were 267 elec- tric fences and 414 milking machines on the Island in 1962. Some 21.2 percent of the Island lands were grazed in 1962 and 8.1 percent were harvested as hay for livestock-mainly Jersey cattle. The cultivated area is reported in vergees; an acre equals 2% vergees. AcTs OF THE STATES On July 16, 1763, the States (Island legislature) at the request of the Deputy Attorney General passed an Act forbidding import of cattle, sheep, hogs, fowl, eggs, meat of any kind, butter, and fat from France, under penalty of confiscation of the vessel and cargo. A stringent law was passed on August 8, 1789, forbidding im- portation from France into Jersey of any cow, heifer, calf, or bull. Bullocks could enter certain ports but had to be reported to the parish constable. Masters of vessels had to give an affidavit of the origin of any cattle in shipment. Prohibited animals were to be slaughtered. Masters of vessels had to account for the source of animals shipped out, before clearance of the vessel, with a signed certificate from the seller of each animal as being the breed of the Island, together with the port of intended delivery. When meat for the military garrison could not be obtained wholly  292 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS from England, an Act was passed on March 18, 1826, which per- mitted cattle to be brought from the other Channel Islands and bullocks to be brought from France only into the harbors of St. Helier, St. Aubin, or Mount Orgueil. Notice had to be given before landing them, and the harbor master had to keep a register of cattle that embarked. On September 8, 1864, an Act permitted importation of any cattle from France for slaughter or re-exportation, but all animals disem- barked had to be reported within 24 hours to the Agent, taken to a place provided by the Harbor Committee, branded with the letter F, 3 inches square, and held there until slaughter or re-embarkation under permit. A law of September 19, 1878, guarded against importation of animals from areas known to have an infection of certain contagious diseases. Every precaution was taken to keep the Island breed pure and free from diseases. COLORS OF JERSEYS Thirteen Jerseys in the first show sponsored by the Jersey Agricul- tural and Horticultural Society in 1834 were described. Seven were red and white and one was brown and white; colors of five animals were not stated. Dr. L. H. Twaddell mentioned in 1865: The Jerseys are of all shades of color, from a pale yellow fawn, running through all the intermediate hues, even occa- sionally to a red, an intermixture of black or grey, known as French grey, that merged into black with an amber colored band along the back, the muzzle invariably shaded with a lighter color; and individuals are often seen black and white or pure black, unrelieved by any other color. A yellow brindle is sometimes seen, but this is by no means a favorite. The darker colors are the most popular in England, from the belief that they are hardier in constitution and bear the climate better, but this opinion does not accord with our experience in America. George E. Waring, Jr., visited the Island in 1873 and noted that most Jerseys had some white markings and switches, white legs and feet. 292 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS from England, an Act was passed on March 18, 1826, which per- mitted cattle to be brought from the other Channel Islands and bullocks to be brought from France only into the harbors of St. Helier, St. Aubin, or Mount Orgueil. Notice had to be given before landing them, and the harbor master had to keep a register of cattle that embarked. On September 8, 1864, an Act permitted importation of any cattle from France for slaughter or re-exportation, but all animals disem- barked had to be reported within 24 hours to the Agent, taken to a place provided by the Harbor Committee, branded with the letter F, 3 inches square, and held there until slaughter or re-embarkation under permit. A law of September 19, 1878, guarded against importation of animals from areas known to have an infection of certain contagious diseases. Every precaution was taken to keep the Island breed pure and free from diseases. COLORS OF JERSEYS Thirteen Jerseys in the first show sponsored by the Jersey Agricul- tural and Horticultural Society in 1834 were described. Seven were red and white and one was brown and white; colors of five animals were not stated. Dr. L. H. Twaddell mentioned in 1865: The Jerseys are of all shades of color, from a pale yellow fawn, running through all the intermediate hues, even occa- sionally to a red, an intermixture of black or grey, known as French grey, that merged into black with an amber colored band along the back, the muzzle invariably shaded with a lighter color; and individuals are often seen black and white or pure black, unrelieved by any other color. A yellow brindle is sometimes seen, but this is by no means a favorite. The darker colors are the most popular in England, from the belief that they are hardier in constitution and bear the climate better, but this opinion does not accord with our experience in America. George E. Waring, Jr., visited the Island in 1873 and noted that most Jerseys had some white markings and switches, white legs and feet. 292 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS from England, an Act was passed on March 18, 1826, which per- mitted cattle to be brought from the other Channel Islands and bullocks to be brought from France only into the harbors of St. Helier, St. Aubin, or Mount Orgueil. Notice had to be given before landing them, and the harbor master had to keep a register of cattle that embarked. On September 8, 1864, an Act permitted importation of any cattle from France for slaughter or re-exportation, but all animals disem- barked had to be reported within 24 hours to the Agent, taken to a place provided by the Harbor Committee, branded with the letter F, 3 inches square, and held there until slaughter or re-embarkation under permit. A law of September 19, 1878, guarded against importation of animals from areas known to have an infection of certain contagious diseases. Every precaution was taken to keep the Island breed pure and free from diseases. COLORS OF JERSEYS Thirteen Jerseys in the first show sponsored by the Jersey Agricul- tural and Horticultural Society in 1834 were described. Seven were red and white and one was brown and white; colors of five animals were not stated. Dr. L. H. Twaddell mentioned in 1865: The Jerseys are of all shades of color, from a pale yellow fawn, running through all the intermediate hues, even occa- sionally to a red, an intermixture of black or grey, known as French grey, that merged into black with an amber colored band along the back, the muzzle invariably shaded with a lighter color; and individuals are often seen black and white or pure black, unrelieved by any other color. A yellow brindle is sometimes seen, but this is by no means a favorite. The darker colors are the most popular in England, from the belief that they are hardier in constitution and bear the climate better, but this opinion does not accord with our experience in America. George E. Waring, Jr., visited the Island in 1873 and noted that most Jerseys had some white markings and switches, white legs and feet.  Cattle on Jersey 293 Cattle on Jersey 293 Cattle on Jersey 293 A tabulation of the color markings of Jerseys registered in Volume 1 (1873) of the Jersey Herd Book showed: A tabulation of the color markings of Jerseys registered in Volume 1 (1873) of the Jersey Herd Book showed: A tabulation of the color markings of Jerseys registered in Volume 1 (1873) of the Jersey Herd Book showed: Foundation Stock Bulls Females Pedigree Stock Bulls Females Solid color Broken color 86 64 243 481 17 30 4 18 Foundation Stock Bulls Females Pedigree Stock Bulls Females Solid color Broken color 86 64 243 481 17 30 4 18 Foundation Stock Bulls Females Pedigree Stock Bulls Females Solid color Broken color 86 64 243 481 17 30 4 18 A fad for solid-colored Jerseys which began in England harmed the breed by overlooking meritorious animals with white markings. The fad became a craze with some, the accusation being made that some American importers gave more attention to color than to dairy qualities. Even the secretary of the American Jersey Cattle Club wrote in protest. Most Island breeders were not led astray by the fad. There was a craze for "fancy colored" Jerseys-silver gray, mouse gray, lemon fawn, etc.--during the 1880s. Had this fad per- sisted, the breed would have been harmed. Again, Island breeders were not led astray. The 1904 report of the Island society stated, "The colours most prevalent are fawn, light to dark brown, rusty red, some few grays, some blacks. The secondary colour is white. No Scale ever carried points for colour." Jersey bulls registered in 1937 on the Island ranged in color from fawn to dark brown. Forty- five of them were solid-colored and 40 broken-colored animals. This showed the slow gradual spread of the dominant "self" or solid color in the breed. AGRICULTURAL SOCEIES Garrard, an English writer about 1800 to 1803, gave a brief descrip- tion of "Alderney" cattle which he obtained from the Secretary of the Agricultural Society of Jersey existing in 1799. No evidence was found as to when it was organized. Quayle mentioned in 1815 that "several years ago, the gentry of this Island set on foot an institution of this nature [an Agricultural Society], which has 'corresponded with the Board of Agriculture. It is said to be still in existence; but certainly not with many signs of animation." The secretary, Philip Durell, gave the seal of the earlier Society to the new Society or- ganized in 1833. A fad for solid-colored Jerseys which began in England harmed the breed by overlooking meritorious animals with white markings. The fad became a craze with some, the accusation being made that some American importers gave more attention to color than to dairy qualities. Even the secretary of the American Jersey Cattle Club wrote in protest. Most Island breeders were not led astray by the fad. There was a craze for "fancy colored" Jerseys-silver gray mouse gray, lemon fawn, etc.-during the 1880s. Had this fad per- sisted, the breed would have been harmed. Again, Island breeders were not led astray. The 1904 report of the Island society stated, "The colours most prevalent are fawn, light to dark brown, rusty red, some few grays, some blacks. The secondary colour is white. No Scale ever carried points for colour." Jersey bulls registered in 1937 on the Island ranged in color from fawn to dark brown. Forty- five of them were solid-colored and 40 broken-colored animals. This showed the slow gradual spread of the dominant "self' or solid color in the breed. AGRICULTURAL SOCoTCs Garrard, an English writer about 1800 to 1803, gave a brief descrip- tion of "Alderney" cattle which he obtained from the Secretary of the Agricultural Society of Jersey existing in 1799. No evidence was found as to when it was organized. Quayle mentioned in 1815 that "several years ago, the gentry of this Island set on foot an institution of this nature [an Agricultural Society], which has 'corresponded with the Board of Agriculture. It is said to be still in existence; but certainly not with many signs of animation." The secretary, Philip Durell, gave the seal of the earlier Society to the new Society or- ganized in 1833. A fad for solid-colored Jerseys which began in England harmed the breed by overlooking meritorious animals with white markings. The fad became a craze with some, the accusation being made that some American importers gave more attention to color than to dairy qualities. Even the secretary of the American Jersey Cattle Club wrote in protest. Most Island breeders were not led astray by the fad. There was a craze for "fancy colored" Jerseys-silver gray, mouse gray, lemon fawn, etc-during the 1880s. Had this fad per- sisted, the breed would have been harmed. Again, Island breeders were not led astray. The 1904 report of the Island society stated, "The colours most prevalent are fawn, light to dark brown, rusty red, some few grays, some blacks. The secondary colour is white. No Scale ever carried points for colour." Jersey bulls registered in 1937 on the Island ranged in color from fawn to dark brown. Forty- five of them were solid-colored and 40 broken-colored animals. This showed the slow gradual spread of the dominant "self' or solid color in the breed. AGRICULTURAL SOCETIES Garrard, an English writer about 1800 to 1803, gave a brief descrip- tion of "Alderney" cattle which he obtained from the Secretary of the Agricultural Society of Jersey existing in 1799. No evidence was found as to when it was organized. Quayle mentioned in 1815 that "several years ago, the gentry of this Island set on foot an institution of this nature [an Agricultural Society], which has 'corresponded with the Board of Agriculture. It is said to be still in existence; but certainly not with many signs of animation." The secretary, Philip Durell, gave the seal of the earlier Society to the new Society or- ganized in 1833.  294 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS The Governor of the Island published notice on August 24, 1833, of a meeting to form a "Society of Agriculture and of Horticulture in Jersey ... for the improvement of the farms and gardens, also that of the race of cattle." A committee represented each parish. with Colonel J. Le Couteur as secretary, to draft rules and bylaws. The Society formed on September 28, 1833. The States granted an annual subsidy of £100 until 1841. The name adopted was "The Jersey Agricultural and Horticultural Society." King William IV graciously consented to become Patron in January 1834, whereupon the prefix "Royal" was added. This Society and its committees function today, supervising shows and other activities under pa- tronage of the successive English Sovereigns. There were 672 senior and 46 junior members in 1967. CATrLE SHOwS Michael Fowler, an English cattle buyer, was one who encouraged forming the Society as a means of improving the Island cattle. Five cattle dealers, in the presence of the president and Society com- mittee, drew up two scales of points for judging cattle at the shows, the method being: "Two of the best cows on the Island were se- lected as models; one was allowed to be perfect in the forequarters and barrel, the other in her hind-quarters. With the help of the best breeders and judges, a scale, for governing the judges at the cattle shows, was drawn up." Colonel Le Couteur described the method in 1845. The scales were divided into seven articles, allowing 25 points for perfection in bulls and 27 points for cows and heifers. The scales were used in judging the first show at Easter, 1834. The judges wrote that the cattle were very much out of condi- tion, too slightly formed behind, gait unsightly, udders ill-formed, tail coarse and thick, hoofs large, and heads coarse and ill-shaped. Many lacked the golden tinge within the ears which denoted a property to produce yellow and rich butter. Some females had short bull-necks, too much flesh or dewlap under the throat, or were heavy in the shoulders. It was indicated that these faults could be corrected in the breed. Three pence were added to the prize money of a bull for each subscriber's cow with calf by such a bull. Prize moneys earned 294 DAIRY CTT ATLE BREEDS The Governor of the Island published notice on August 24, 1833, of a meeting to form a "Society of Agriculture and of Horticulture in Jersey .. .for the improvement of the farms and gardens, also that of the race of cattle." A committee represented each parish. with Colonel J. Le Couteur as secretary, to draft rules and bylaws. The Society formed on September 28, 1833. The States granted an annual subsidy of £100 until 1841. The name adopted was "The Jersey Agricultural and Horticultural Society." King William IV graciously consented to become Patron in January 1834, whereupon the prefix "Royal" was added. This Society and its committees function today, supervising shows and other activities under pa- tronage of the successive English Sovereigns. There were 672 senior and 46 junior members in 1967. CATrLE SHOwS Michael Fowler, an English cattle buyer, was one who encouraged forming the Society as a means of improving the Island cattle. Five cattle dealers, in the presence of the president and Society com- mittee, drew up two scales of points for judging cattle at the shows. the method being: "Two of the best cows on the Island were se- lected as models; one was allowed to be perfect in the forequarters and barrel, the other in her hind-quarters. With the help of the best breeders and judges, a scale, for governing the judges at the cattle shows, was drawn up." Colonel Le Couteur described the method in 1845. The scales were divided into seven articles, allowing 25 points for perfection in bulls and 27 points for cows and heifers. The scales were used in judging the first show at Easter, 1834. The judges wrote that the cattle were very much out of condi- tion, too slightly formed behind, gait unsightly, udders ill-formed, tail coarse and thick, hoofs large, and heads coarse and ill-shaped. Many lacked the golden tinge within the ears which denoted a property to produce yellow and rich butter. Some females had short bull-necks, too much flesh or dewlap under the throat, or were heavy in the shoulders. It was indicated that these faults could be corrected in the breed. Three pence were added to the prize money of a bull for each subscriber's cow with calf by such a bull. Prize moneys earned 294 DAIRY CTATTLE BREEDS The Governor of the Island published notice on August 24, 1833. of a meeting to form a "Society of Agriculture and of Horticulture in Jersey . . . for the improvement of the farms and gardens, also that of the race of cattle." A committee represented each parish. with Colonel J. Le Couteur as secretary, to draft rules and bylaws. The Society formed on September 28, 1833. The States granted an annual subsidy of £100 until 1841. The name adopted was "The Jersey Agricultural and Horticultural Society." King William IV graciously consented to become Patron in January 1834, whereupon the prefix "Royal" was added. This Society and its committees function today, supervising shows and other activities under pa- tronage of the successive English Sovereigns. There were 672 senior and 46 junior members in 1967. CATrLE SHOwS Michael Fowler, an English cattle buyer, was one who encouraged forming the Society as a means of improving the Island cattle. Five cattle dealers, in the presence of the president and Society com- mittee, drew up two scales of points for judging cattle at the shows. the method being: "Two of the best cows on the Island were se- lected as models; one was allowed to be perfect in the forequarters and barrel, the other in her hind-quarters. With the help of the best breeders and judges, a scale, for governing the judges at the cattle shows, was drawn up." Colonel Le Couteur described the method in 1845. The scales were divided into seven articles, allowing 25 points for perfection in bulls and 27 points for cows and heifers. The scales were used in judging the first show at Easter, 1834. The judges wrote that the cattle were very much out of condi- tion, too slightly formed behind, gait unsightly, udders ill-formed, tail coarse and thick, hoofs large, and heads coarse and ill-shaped. Many lacked the golden tinge within the ears which denoted a property to produce yellow and rich butter. Some females had short bull-necks, too much flesh or dewlap under the throat, or were heavy in the shoulders. It was indicated that these faults could be corrected in the breed. Three pence were added to the prize money of a bull for each subscriber's cow with calf by such a bull. Prize moneys earned  Cattle on Jersey 295 Cattle on Jersey 295 Castle on Jersey 295 were withheld until a bull had been in service for a season. Prize- winning cows or heifers had to drop one calf on the Island. Entries increased to 71 animals at the show in 1836. In 1838, when Queen Victoria ascended the throne, she continued as patroness, and 153 animals were exhibited. Progeny of previous prize winners were recognized in the 1838 show. Premiums were forfeited if an owner withheld service of a prize-winning bull from the public. Colonel Le Couteur reported in 1841: "Among the members of your Society, seven years attention to breeding have almost caused the ancient characteristic defect of dropping hind quarter of the Jersey cattle to disappear, besides several minor defects, and it only remains to give squareness to the hind quarter and roundness to the barrel to render it a most beautiful animal." The Scale of Points of 1844 had 26 articles for bulls and 30 for fe- males; it was drafted again by the cattle dealers. A group of breeders and officers revised and enlarged the Scale of Points in 1849. Colonel Le Couteur wrote in 1846 that " ... the fixing of points and pedigree to cattle have established the fact that a cow may be equally good as beautiful; and on many farms, including that of the writer, two cows may be found with prize points, each producing 14 pounds of rich butter (per week) in May and June." Le Couteur prepared two drawings in 1849 to illustrate the points of perfection of a Jersey bull and a Jersey cow according to the revised Scale of Points. These drawings were approved by the Society on January 5, 1850. Copies of these original drawings are shown in Figure 14.2. The first direct notice of milk production occurred in 1838, when a second sweepstakes prize was offered "for the Cows, the property of one person, that shall produce the finest coloured and richest cream, at the Spring Show, the trial to be made in lactometer." In 1860, President Edward Mourant donated a prize to be awarded the owner of the best cow in milk 3 to 5 years old. The judges were to disregard the Scale of Points but to pass on the su- periority of each cow generally, and also "the milk of the best cows, when selected from the general lot, shall be tested by means of lactometers, and its quality, together with the form of the udder, shall be considered points of great weight and importance." were withheld until a bull had been in service for a season. Prize- winning cows or heifers had to drop one calf on the Island. Entries increased to 71 animals at the show in 1836. In 1838, when Queen Victoria ascended the throne, she continued as patroness, and 153 animals were exhibited. Progeny of previous prize winners were recognized in the 1838 show. Premiums were forfeited if an owner withheld service of a prize-winning bull from the public. Colonel Le Couteur reported in 1841: "Among the members of your Society, seven years attention to breeding have almost caused the ancient characteristic defect of dropping hind quarter of the Jersey cattle to disappear, besides several minor defects, and it only remains to give squareness to the hind quarter and roundness to the barrel to render it a most beautiful animal." The Scale of Points of 1844 had 26 articles for bulls and 30 for fe- males; it was drafted again by the cattle dealers. A group of breeders and officers revised and enlarged the Scale of Points in 1849. Colonel Le Couteur wrote in 1846 that " ... the fixing of points and pedigree to cattle have established the fact that a cow may be equally good as beautiful; and on many farms, including that of the writer, two cows may be found with prize points, each producing 14 pounds of rich butter (per week) in May and June." Le Couteur prepared two drawings in 1849 to illustrate the points of perfection of a Jersey bull and a Jersey cow according to the revised Scale of Points. These drawings were approved by the Society on January 5, 1850. Copies of these original drawings are shown in Figure 14.2. The first direct notice of milk production occurred in 1838, when a second sweepstakes prize was offered "for the Cows, the property of one person, that shall produce the finest coloured and richest cream, at the Spring Show, the trial to be made in lactometer." In 1860, President Edward Mourant donated a prize to be awarded the owner of the best cow in milk 3 to 5 years old. The judges were to disregard the Scale of Points but to pass on the su- periority of each cow generally, and also "the milk of the best cows, when selected from the general lot, shall be tested by means of lactometers, and its quality, together with the form of the udder, shall be considered points of great weight and importance." were withheld until a bull had been in service for a season. Prize- winning cows or heifers had to drop one calf on the Island. Entries increased to 71 animals at the show in 1836. In 1838, when Queen Victoria ascended the throne, she continued as patroness, and 153 animals were exhibited. Progeny of previous prize winners were recognized in the 1838 show. Premiums were forfeited if an owner withheld service of a prize-winning bull from the public. Colonel Le Couteur reported in 1841: "Among the members of your Society, seven years attention to breeding have almost caused the ancient characteristic defect of dropping hind quarter of the Jersey cattle to disappear, besides several minor defects, and it only remains to give squareness to the hind quarter and roundness to the barrel to render it a most beautiful animal." The Scale of Points of 1844 had 26 articles for bulls and 30 for fe- males; it was drafted again by the cattle dealers. A group of breeders and officers revised and enlarged the Scale of Points in 1849. Colonel Le Couteur wrote in 1846 that " ... the fixing of points and pedigree to cattle have established the fact that a cow may be equally good as beautiful; and on many farms, including that of the writer, two cows may be found with prize points, each producing 14 pounds of rich butter (per week) in May and June." Le Couteur prepared two drawings in 1849 to illustrate the points of perfection of a Jersey bull and a Jersey cow according to the revised Scale of Points. These drawings were approved by the Society on January 5, 1850. Copies of these original drawings are shown in Figure 14.2. The first direct notice of milk production occurred in 1838, when a second sweepstakes prize was offered "for the Cows, the property of one person, that shall produce the finest coloured and richest cream, at the Spring Show, the trial to be made in lactometer." In 1860, President Edward Mourant donated a prize to be awarded the owner of the best cow in milk 3 to 5 years old. The judges were to disregard the Scale of Points but to pass on the su- periority of each cow generally, and also "the milk of the best cows, when selected from the general lot, shall be tested by means of lactometers, and its quality, together with the form of the udder, shall be considered points of great weight and importance."  approved by the gnra meting of the Royal Jersy Agricutural and Hori- cultural Society in1850. aprvdby the gnrl meting of the Royal Jersy Agkicutural and Horti- approvd by the gnra meting of the Royal Jersy Agritura and Horti- cultural Socity in1850.  Ciaeo Jesey27Cateo Jese 297w C.attl Jesy9 Some 179 animals out of 205 exhibited in 1862 were decorated. The annual report commented: "Beauty of symmetry alone cannot ever be the acme of perfection; the latter can only be attained when goodness and beauty are equally combined." Colonel Le Couteur donated a prize for the Island cow in May, 1869-"Cow giving the richest milk." A class was arranged at the show on May 22, 1879 for "cows giving the richest milk on trial, the same animal having calved since January 1st, 1879 and producing 2 pots of milk at one milking." One pot was equal to 2 imperial quarts (2.5 pounds per quart). In 1885 Dr. John S. Linsley criticized Island showyard practices for failure to take producing ability of Jerseys into account more fully. When a production class was added to the show of May 27, 1885, the entry rules specified: "To the cow giving the richest milk on trial, the said animal having calved since January 1, 1885, and producing two pots of milk at one milking." An entry rule set up in 1894 for the Herd Book specified that "any cow or heifer in milk, not registered in the Herd Book, ob- taining either first, second, third, or fourth prize, or 'Certificate of Merit' at any of the Departmental Shows or Butter Tests, shall be eligible for qualification in the Herd Book as Foundation Stock [subject to payment of fee]." This was an outcome of the 24-hour Butter Tests started in 1893 when the English Jersey Cattle Club offered three medals in the milking contests at the Society's three shows. Shows for bulls were held separately from 1837 to 1919, when they were combined with the Spring Show for cows and heifers. Jersey cows on the Island were relatively small animals; mature cows weighed 640 to 800 pounds. Imported Lady Viola 238437 typi- fied the popular "Island type" cow with extreme refinement of the period. See Figure 15.1 for her picture. John Perree, a leading breeder, exporter, and long an officer of the Society, stated in 1938 that foreign demand led to breeding larger animals than formerly (Fig. 14.3). An Autumn Show was instituted in 1928. Classes for Junior and Senior Yearling bulls and heifers divided after July 1 of the previous year. Provision was made in 1950 for 1,000-gallon cows (10,000 Some 179 animals out of 205 exhibited in 1862 were decorated. The annual report commented: "Beauty of symmetry alone cannot ever be the acme of perfection; the latter can only be attained when goodness and beauty are equally combined." Colonel Le Couteur donated a prize for the Island cow in May, 1869-"Cow giving the richest milk." A class was arranged at the show on May 22, 1879 for "cows giving the richest milk on trial, the same animal having calved since January 1st, 1879 and producing 2 pots of milk at one milking." One pot was equal to 2 imperial quarts (2.5 pounds per quart). In 1885 Dr. John S. Linsley criticized Island showyard practices for failure to take producing ability of Jerseys into account more fully. When a production class was added to the show of May 27, 1885, the entry rules specified: "To the cow giving the richest milk on trial, the said animal having calved since January 1, 1885, and producing two pots of milk at one milking." An entry rule set up in 1894 for the Herd Book specified that "any cow or heifer in milk, not registered in the Herd Book, ob- taining either first, second, third, or fourth prize, or 'Certificate of Merit' at any of the Departmental Shows or Butter Tests, shall be eligible for qualification in the Herd Book as Foundation Stock [subject to payment of fee]." This was an outcome of the 24-hour Butter Tests started in 1893 when the English Jersey Cattle Club offered three medals in the milking contests at the Society's three shows. Shows for bulls were held separately from 1837 to 1919, when they were combined with the Spring Show for cows and heifers. Jersey cows on the Island were relatively small animals; mature cows weighed 640 to 800 pounds. Imported Lady Viola 238437 typi- fied the popular "Island type" cow with extreme refinement of the period. See Figure 15.1 for her picture. John Perree, a leading breeder, exporter, and long an officer of the Society, stated in 1938 that foreign demand led to breeding larger animals than formerly (Fig. 14.3). An Autumn Show was instituted in 1928. Classes for Junior and Senior Yearling bulls and heifers divided after July 1 of the previous year. Provision was made in 1950 for 1,000-gallon cows (10,000 Some 179 animals out of 205 exhibited in 1862 were decorated. The annual report commented: "Beauty of symmetry alone cannot ever be the acme of perfection; the latter can only be attained when goodness and beauty are equally combined." Colonel Le Couteur donated a prize for the Island cow in May, 1869-"Cow giving the richest milk." A class was arranged at the show on May 22, 1879 for "cows giving the richest milk on trial, the same animal having calved since January 1st, 1879 and producing 2 pots of milk at one milking." One pot was equal to 2 imperial quarts (2.5 pounds per quart). In 1885 Dr. John S. Linsley criticized Island showyard practices for failure to take producing ability of Jerseys into account more fully. When a production class was added to the show of May 27, 1885, the entry rules specified: "To the cow giving the richest milk on trial, the said animal having calved since January 1, 1885, and producing two pots of milk at one milking." An entry rule set up in 1894 for the Herd Book specified that "any cow or heifer in milk, not registered in the Herd Book, ob- taining either first, second, third, or fourth prize, or 'Certificate of Merit' at any of the Departmental Shows or Butter Tests, shall be eligible for qualification in the Herd Book as Foundation Stock [subject to payment of fee]." This was an outcome of the 24-hour Butter Tests started in 1893 when the English Jersey Cattle Club offered three medals in the milking contests at the Society's three shows. Shows for bulls were held separately from 1837 to 1919, when they were combined with the Spring Show for cows and heifers. Jersey cows on the Island were relatively small animals; mature cows weighed 640 to 800 pounds. Imported Lady Viola 238437 typi- fied the popular "Island type" cow with extreme refinement of the period. See Figure 15.1 for her picture. John Perree, a leading breeder, exporter, and long an officer of the Society, stated in 1938 that foreign demand led to breeding larger animals than formerly (Fig. 14.3). An Autumn Show was instituted in 1928. Classes for Junior and Senior Yearling bulls and heifers divided after July 1 of the previous year. Provision was made in 1950 for 1,000-gallon cows (10,000  298 DA IRY CATTLE BREEDS pounds of milk in 361 days, Class AA or AAA) with at least 5 per- cent butterfat. Get of Sire classes consisted of five female progeny, the sire of which must be alive on the Island but not necessarily shown. Junior Progeny consisted of five uncalved females. There were usually two judges for cow classes, two for bulls, two for uncalved females, and separate judges for the Championships and Challenge Cups. A referee judge with long experience also was elected. The Spring Show classification for 1966 was as follows: Bulls: Junior Yearling bulls, born on or after July 1, 1965; Senior Yearling bulls, born January 1 to July 1, 1965; bulls born May 30, 1963 and before January 1965; aged bulls, born before May 20, 1963; Senior Progeny bulls, based on merits of five registered fe- male progeny; and Junior Progeny bulls, based on five uncalved female progeny. Females: Junior Yearling heifers, born on or after July 1, 1965: Senior Yearling heifers, born January 1 and before July 1, 1965; heifers in calf, under 3 years old; heifers in milk, under 3 years old; young cows, 3 to 6 years old; aged cows; 1,000-gallon cows (produced at least 10,000 pounds of milk and 500 pounds of fat and qualifying for Class AA or Class AAA); and Cow and two progeny, one to be a female. The Scale of Points was revised in 1956, omitting weights for bulls and females. Mammary development was described: Article Points 10. Udder well developed, not fleshy or divided, well balanced; teats of uniform length and size, squarely placed 15 11. Fore-udder running well forward, and well attached 10 12. Rear-udder wide and well attached, not rounding abruptly at the top 10 13. Milk veins large, prominent, and tortuous in their course 3 Secretary H. G. Shepard observed in 1939: "These Shows pro- vide the means of estimating progress in breeding." Junior members held their first Junior Cattle Show in 1962. Junior 298 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS pounds of milk in 361 days, Class AA or AAA) with at least 5 per- cent butterfat. Get of Sire classes consisted of five female progeny, the sire of which must be alive on the Island but not necessarily shown. Junior Progeny consisted of five uncalved females. There were usually two judges for cow classes, two for bulls, two for uncalved females, and separate judges for the Championships and Challenge Cups. A referee judge with long experience also was elected. The Spring Show classification for 1966 was as follows: Bulls: Junior Yearling bulls, born on or after July 1, 1965; Senior Yearling bulls, born January 1 to July 1, 1965; bulls born May 30, 1963 and before January 1965; aged bulls, born before May 20. 1963; Senior Progeny bulls, based on merits of five registered fe- male progeny; and Junior Progeny bulls, based on five uncalved female progeny. Females: Junior Yearling heifers, born on or after July 1, 1965: Senior Yearling heifers, born January 1 and before July 1, 1965; heifers in calf, under 3 years old; heifers in milk, under 3 years old; young cows, 3 to 6 years old; aged cows; 1,000-gallon cows (produced at least 10,000 pounds of milk and 500 pounds of fat and qualifying for Class AA or Class AAA); and Cow and two progeny, one to be a female. The Scale of Points was revised in 1956, omitting weights for bulls and females. Mammary development was described: Article Points 10. Udder well developed, not fleshy or divided, well balanced; teats of uniform length and size, squarely placed 15 11. Fore-udder running well forward, and well attached 10 12. Rear-udder wide and well attached, not rounding abruptly at the top 10 13. Milk veins large, prominent, and tortuous in their course 3 Secretary H. G. Shepard observed in 1939: "These Shows pro- vide the means of estimating progress in breeding." Junior members held their first Junior Cattle Show in 1962. Junior 298 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS pounds of milk in 361 days, Class AA or AAA) with at least 5 per- cent butterfat. Get of Sire classes consisted of five female progeny, the sire of which must be alive on the Island but not necessarily shown. Junior Progeny consisted of five uncalved females. There were usually two judges for cow classes, two for bulls, two for uncalved females, and separate judges for the Championships and Challenge Cups. A referee judge with long experience also was elected. The Spring Show classification for 1966 was as follows: Bulls: Junior Yearling bulls, born on or after July 1, 1965; Senior Yearling bulls, born January 1 to July 1, 1965; bulls born May 30, 1963 and before January 1965; aged bulls, born before May 20, 1963; Senior Progeny bulls, based on merits of five registered fe- male progeny; and Junior Progeny bulls, based on five uncalved female progeny. Females: Junior Yearling heifers, born on or after July 1, 1965; Senior Yearling heifers, born January 1 and before July 1, 1965; heifers in calf, under 3 years old; heifers in milk, under 3 years old; young cows, 3 to 6 years old; aged cows; 1,000-gallon cows (produced at least 10,000 pounds of milk and 500 pounds of fat and qualifying for Class AA or Class AAA); and Cow and two progeny, one to be a female. The Scale of Points was revised in 1956, omitting weights for bulls and females. Mammary development was described: Article 10. Udder well developed, not fleshy or divided, well balanced; teats of uniform length and size, squarely placed 11. Fore-udder running well forward, and well attached 12. Rear-udder wide and well attached, not rounding abruptly at the top 13. Milk veins large, prominent, and tortuous in their course Points 15 10 10 3 Secretary H. G. Shepard observed in 1939: "These Shows pro- vide the means of estimating progress in breeding." Junior members held their first Junior Cattle Show in 1962. Junior  Cattle on Jersey 299 Cattle on Jersey 299 Cattle on Jersey 299 entries also showed in the open classes. Junior members were 8 to 20 years of age, and owned up to six herdbook animals. Two mem- bers were added to the Central Committee in charge of shows. Type classification of entire herds began in October 1967. Twenty- two animals owned by G. A. Richardson had an average score of 86.2 points. PARISH SHOws The first parish Agricultural Society on the Island was organized in St. Peter's parish in 1846. All parishes organized locally, the latest being St. Helier's Agricultural Society in 1902. Jerseys winning at parish shows usually competed in the Island shows. Both Island and Parish shows were held regularly prior to German occupation on July 2, 1940, in World War II. Following the German surrender to the Royal Navy, the Three Parish Show was held on September 26, 1945, after a five-year interruption. JERSEY HERD BOOK Though "pedigree points" were listed in the revised Scale of Points in 1849, the Society's Agricultural Department established the herd- book 17 years later (1866). Colonel C. P. LeCornu mentioned in 1867 that some people opposed a herdbook, since all cattle on the Island were "without any cross with foreign stock." He mentioned entries also showed in the open classes. Junior members were 8 to 20 years of age, and owned up to six herdbook animals. Two mem- bers were added to the Central Committee in charge of shows. Type classification of entire herds began in October 1967. Twenty- two animals owned by G. A. Richardson had an average score of 86.2 points. PARISH SHOWs The first parish Agricultural Society on the Island was organized in St. Peter's parish in 1846. All parishes organized locally, the latest being St. Helier's Agricultural Society in 1902. Jerseys winning at parish shows usually competed in the Island shows. Both Island and Parish shows were held regularly prior to German occupation on July 2, 1940, in World War II. Following the German surrender to the Royal Navy, the Three Parish Show was held on September 26, 1945, after a five-year interruption. JERSEY HERD BOOK Though "pedigree points" were listed in the revised Scale of Points in 1849, the Society's Agricultural Department established the herd- book 17 years later (1866). Colonel C. P. LeCornu mentioned in 1867 that some people opposed a herdbook, since all cattle on the Island were "without any cross with foreign stock He mentioned entries also showed in the open classes. Junior members were 8 to 20 years of age, and owned up to six herdbook animals. Two mem- bers were added to the Central Committee in charge of shows. Type classification of entire herds began in October 1967. Twenty- two animals owned by G. A. Richardson had an average score of 86.2 points. PARISH SHOWS The first parish Agricultural Society on the Island was organized in St. Peter's parish in 1846. All parishes organized locally, the latest being St. Heier's Agricultural Society in 1902. Jerseys winning at parish shows usually competed in the Island shows. Both Island and Parish shows were held regularly prior to German occupation on July 2, 1940, in World War II. Following the German surrender to the Royal Navy, the Three Parish Show was held on September 26, 1945, after a five-year interruption. JERSEY HERD BOOx Though "pedigree points" were listed in the revised Scale of Points in 1849, the Society's Agricultural Department established the herd- book 17 years later (1866). Colonel C. P. LeCornu mentioned in 1867 that some people opposed a herdbook, since all cattle on the Island were "without any cross with foreign stock." He mentioned FIG. 14.3. The bull Observer was being transported to the show. He was a larger bull than many used earlier. FIG. 14.3. The bull Observer was being transported to the show. He was a larger bull than many used earlier. FIG. 14.3. The bull Observer was being transported to the show. He was a larger bull than many used earlier.  300 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 300 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 300 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS also that wide variations occurred in dairy conformation and milk- ing ability, and that by study of pedigrees some poor strains could be avoided. He addressed several parish societies and convinced many farmers of the need of a herdbook system. Animals were first examined for entry in the Herd Book as Foun- dation Stock on April 4, 1866. Owners of approved bulls kept a complete record of qualified cows served. Calves of approved par- ents could be entered as Pedigree Stock, subject to inspection and qualification at the proper age. Bull calves were not allowed to serve until examined and approved at 1 year of age. Heifers were ex- amined after the first calving. Volume 1 of the Jersey Herd Book was published in 1873. Show winnings of animals appeared first in Volume 15. Bulls could be approved in 1960 when 10 months old. Secretary H. G Shepard described (in a letter) the current routine for registration of young stock on the Island: The system of preliminary registration and subsequent quali- fication which was evolved when the Jersey Herd Book was founded in 1866 is still, in essentials, carried on today. Such a system can operate only in a compact community such as is Jersey, where the distances from farm to farm or from farm to St. Helier are at the most nine miles. It works in this way. Calves by a qualified bull and out of a qualified cow or regis- tered heifer-in-milk must be registered within 8 days of birth if they are to be retained. Very few bull calves are registered. When a heifer has dropped her first calf, she is inspected by a panel of judges, and "qualified" as Commended or Highly Commended. Her calf is then eligible for registration. The produce of animals rejected (nowadays less than 1 per cent) is ineligible for registration, but a rejected animal may be re- submitted after next calving and, if then qualified, calves born subsequently are eligible. The small number rejected is due to present day breeders' reluctance to bring out an animal which they know would not be accepted. They are usually slaughtered before calving again. Bulls must be a year old be- fore being "qualified," and are not allowed to serve until then. The dam of the bull must also be brought up for inspection. All calves intended for registration are earmarked within two or three weeks of birth by an official of the Jersey Herd Book, and not left to the breeder to do at his convenience. also that wide variations occurred in dairy conformation and milk- ing ability, and that by study of pedigrees some poor strains could be avoided. He addressed several parish societies and convinced many farmers of the need of a herdbook system. Animals were first examined for entry in the Herd Book as Foun- dation Stock on April 4, 1866. Owners of approved bulls kept a complete record of qualified cows served. Calves of approved par- ents could be entered as Pedigree Stock, subject to inspection and qualification at the proper age. Bull calves were not allowed to serve until examined and approved at 1 year of age. Heifers were ex- amined after the first calving. Volume 1 of the Jersey Herd Book was published in 1873. Show winnings of animals appeared first in Volume 15. Bulls could be approved in 1960 when 10 months old. Secretary H. G Shepard described (in a letter) the current routine for registration of young stock on the Island: The system of preliminary registration and subsequent quali- fication which was evolved when the Jersey Herd Book was founded in 1866 is still, in essentials, carried on today. Such a system can operate only in a compact community such as is Jersey, where the distances from farm to farm or from farm to St. Helier are at the most nine miles. It works in this way. Calves by a qualified bull and out of a qualified cow or regis- tered heifer-in-milk must be registered within 8 days of birth if they are to be retained. Very few bull calves are registered. When a heifer has dropped her first calf, she is inspected by a panel of judges, and "qualified" as Commended or Highly Commended. Her calf is then eligible for registration. The produce of animals rejected (nowadays less than 1 per cent) is ineligible for registration, but a rejected animal may be re- submitted after next calving and, if then qualified, calves born subsequently are eligible. The small number rejected is due to present day breeders' reluctance to bring out an animal which they know would not be accepted. They are usually slaughtered before calving again. Bulls must be a year old be- fore being "qualified," and are not allowed to serve until then. The dam of the bull must also be brought up for inspection. All calves intended for registration are earmarked within two or three weeks of birth by an official of the Jersey Herd Book, and not left to the breeder to do at his convenience. also that wide variations occurred in dairy conformation and milk- ing ability, and that by study of pedigrees some poor strains could be avoided. He addressed several parish societies and convinced many farmers of the need of a herdbook system. Animals were first examined for entry in the Herd Book as Foun- dation Stock on April 4, 1866. Owners of approved bulls kept a complete record of qualified cows served. Calves of approved par- ents could be entered as Pedigree Stock, subject to inspection and qualification at the proper age. Bull calves were not allowed to serve until examined and approved at 1 year of age. Heifers were ex- amined after the first calving. Volume 1 of the Jersey Herd Book was published in 1873. Show winnings of animals appeared first in Volume 15. Bulls could be approved in 1960 when 10 months old. Secretary H. G Shepard described (in a letter) the current routine for registration of young stock on the Island: The system of preliminary registration and subsequent quali- fication which was evolved when the Jersey Herd Book was founded in 1866 is still, in essentials, carried on today. Such a system can operate only in a compact community such as is Jersey, where the distances from farm to farm or from farm to St. Helier are at the most nine miles. It works in this way. Calves by a qualified bull and out of a qualified cow or regis- tered heifer-in-milk must be registered within 8 days of birth if they are to be retained. Very few bull calves are registered. When a heifer has dropped her first calf, she is inspected by a panel of judges, and "qualified" as Commended or Highly Commended. Her calf is then eligible for registration. The produce of animals rejected (nowadays less than 1 per cent) is ineligible for registration, but a rejected animal may be re- submitted after next calving and, if then qualified, calves born subsequently are eligible. The small number rejected is due to present day breeders' reluctance to bring out an animal which they know would not be accepted. They are usually slaughtered before calving again. Bulls must be a year old be- fore being "qualified," and are not allowed to serve until then. The dam of the bull must also be brought up for inspection. All calves intended for registration are earmarked within two or three weeks of birth by an official of the Jersey Herd Book, and not left to the breeder to do at his convenience.  Cattle on Jersey 301 Cattle on Jersey 301 Cattle on Jersey 301 The Earmarking Scheme for calves was adopted January 12, 1946. Five Herd Book judges were elected for a 5-year term by the Jersey Herd Book Committee. One man retired each year, and re- tirees were ineligible for re-election for 2 years. Two or more judges passed upon heifers after first calving, and bulls at 1 year old, for entry in the Herd Book. These animals had undergone preliminary registration at birth, the record involving parentage and purity of pedigree. Unworthy animals were rejected. The initials H.C. or C. added after the name and registration number indicate the respec- tive rating earned at inspection. A rule adopted in 1872 by the American Jersey Cattle Club re- fused entry to an imported animal in their Herd Register unless that individual or its sire and dam had been entered in the Jersey Herd Book. This rule stimulated much interest in registration of Island cattle. Since 1891 the dam has had to be inspected along with her bull calf in order for the latter to be approved. Exceptions were made for dams that had been exported or died but which had satisfactory show winnings. Butter tests of dams also have been considered for the same purpose since 1893. The judges now take into account the yearly records of the dam. Nevertheless, a bull is approved on his own appearance and that of his dam. There have been occasions, according to H. G. Shepard, when a bull was only "Commended" because his dam was not quite good enough in type even though she had high production records. Ph. L. S. Mourant stated that although the Jersey breed was pure before 1866, " ... it is universally admitted that the Herd Book has had for effect the weeding out of undesirable stock. Slowly but progressively the type has improved." Volume 40 of the Herd Book was published during the first year of the German occupation, after which printing was limited until after the liberation. Examinations for entry in the Herd Book were conducted every 6 weeks during all of World War I. PRODUCTION RECORDS ON JERSEY In early days, few private records of milk or butter production were published for cows on the Island of Jersey, but the statements were The Earmarking Scheme for calves was adopted January 12, 1946. Five Herd Book judges were elected for a 5-year term by the Jersey Herd Book Committee. One man retired each year, and re- tirees were ineligible for re-election for 2 years. Two or more judges passed upon heifers after first calving, and bulls at 1 year old, for entry in the Herd Book. These animals had undergone preliminary registration at birth, the record involving parentage and purity of pedigree. Unworthy animals were rejected. The initials H.C. or C. added after the name and registration number indicate the respec- tive rating earned at inspection. A rule adopted in 1872 by the American Jersey Cattle Club re- fused entry to an imported animal in their Herd Register unless that individual or its sire and dam had been entered in the Jersey Herd Book. This rule stimulated much interest in registration of Island cattle. Since 1891 the dam has had to be inspected along with her bull calf in order for the latter to be approved. Exceptions were made for dams that had been exported or died but which had satisfactory show winnings. Butter tests of dams also have been considered for the same purpose since 1893. The judges now take into account the yearly records of the dam. Nevertheless, a bull is approved on his own appearance and that of his dam. There have been occasions, according to H. G. Shepard, when a bull was only "Commended" because his dam was not quite good enough in type even though she had high production records. Ph. L. S. Mourant stated that although the Jersey breed was pure before 1866, " ... it is universally admitted that the Herd Book has had for effect the weeding out of undesirable stock. Slowly but progressively the type has improved." Volume 40 of the Herd Book was published during the first year of the German occupation, after which printing was limited until after the liberation. Examinations for entry in the Herd Book were conducted every 6 weeks during all of World War II. PRODUCTION RECORDS ON JERSEY In early days, few private records of milk or butter production were published for cows on the Island of Jersey, but the statements were The Earmarking Scheme for calves was adopted January 12, 1946. Five Herd Book judges were elected for a 5-year term by the Jersey Herd Book Committee. One man retired each year, and re- tirees were ineligible for re-election for 2 years. Two or more judges passed upon heifers after first calving, and bulls at 1 year old, for entry in the Herd Book. These animals had undergone preliminary registration at birth, the record involving parentage and purity of pedigree. Unworthy animals were rejected. The initials H.C. or C. added after the name and registration number indicate the respec- tive rating earned at inspection. A rule adopted in 1872 by the American Jersey Cattle Club re- fused entry to an imported animal in their Herd Register unless that individual or its sire and dam had been entered in the Jersey Herd Book. This rule stimulated much interest in registration of Island cattle. Since 1891 the dam has had to be inspected along with her bull calf in order for the latter to be approved. Exceptions were made for dams that had been exported or died but which had satisfactory show winnings. Butter tests of dams also have been considered for the same purpose since 1893. The judges now take into account the yearly records of the dam. Nevertheless, a bull is approved on his own appearance and that of his dam. There have been occasions, according to H. G. Shepard, when a bull was only "Commended" because his dam was not quite good enough in type even though she had high production records. Ph. L. S. Mourant stated that although the Jersey breed was pure before 1866, " ... it is universally admitted that the Herd Book has had for effect the weeding out of undesirable stock. Slowly but progressively the type has improved." Volume 40 of the Herd Book was published during the first year of the German occupation, after which printing was limited until after the liberation. Examinations for entry in the Herd Book were conducted every 6 weeks during all of World War I. PRODUCTION RECORDS ON JERSEY In early days, few private records of milk or butter production were published for cows on the Island of Jersey, but the statements were  302 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS made frequently that a good cow should produce a pound of butter per day, and perhaps up to 14 pounds in a week when fresh and on good pasture. Butter tests were started by the Society in 1886. A bronze and a silver medal were donated by P. C. Hanbury for win- ners of a 2-day milking show supervised by the Society on May 15- 16, 1889. Mabel 6th No. 112 and Mabel 13th No. 114 won the awards with yields of 36 pounds 6 ounces and 38 pounds of milk, respectively, after allowances had been made in the scores for the number of days since calving, for butter analysis, and for solids-not- fat. The trials were repeated in 1890 and again in 1892, when 17 cows competed. The English Jersey Cattle Society offered Gold, Silver, and Bronze medals to winners of 1-day butter tests on the Island, beginning in 1893. Ernest Mathews, a judge of the butter tests from England, con- cluded from a study of the butter contest records over 18 years that "richness of milk appears to run in certain families, and to be trans- missible through both sire and dam equally as quantity of milk." A number of butter test winners were taken to the United States by T. S. Cooper & Sons prior to 1906. Some 904 butter test records of 24 hours' duration were conducted between 1889 and 1914, when the show yard was put to military use during World War I. These tests called attention to several top-producing families on the Island -Fancys, Gamboges, Oxfords, and others. Yearly butterfat tests were initiated in December 1912: "The aim of the Committee in introducing these records is to enable breeders to breed from the best milking cows, and to use bulls from the best milking strains only, and thereby to increase the milk and butter producing qualities of the Jersey cow." The Society's committee sent inspectors every fortnight to weigh and sample milk of each cow on the farm, samples being tested by the Gerber method, and total production reported at the end of the year. One of the first cows to produce above the specified requirements was LaFosse Lady 14009 whose published record was: 1913-103 days ... 1,656.5 lbs. milk, 5.52%, 103.83 lbs. fat; 1914-214 days . .. 3,145.0 lbs. milk, 5.62%, 199.75 lbs. fat. This was a creditable record for a cow mainly tethered on pasture, with a little hay and a few roots, and which was milked twice daily during lactation. Few cows receive much 302 DAI IR5Y CATTLE BREEDS made frequently that a good cow should produce a pound of butter per day, and perhaps up to 14 pounds in a week when fresh and on good pasture. Butter tests were started by the Society in 1886. A bronze and a silver medal were donated by P. C. Hanbury for win- ners of a 2-day milking show supervised by the Society on May 15- 16, 1889. Mabel 6th No. 112 and Mabel 13th No. 114 seon the awards with yields of 36 pounds 6 ounces and 38 pounds of milk, respectively, after allowances had been made in the scores for the number of days since calving, for butter analysis, and for solids-not- fat. The trials were repeated in 1890 and again in 1892, when 17 cows competed. The English Jersey Cattle Society offered Gold. Silver, and Bronze medals to winners of 1-day butter tests on the Island, beginning in 1893. Ernest Mathews, a judge of the butter tests from England, con- cluded from a study of the butter contest records over 18 years that "richness of milk appears to run in certain families, and to be trans- missible through both sire and dam equally as quantity of milk." A number of butter test winners were taken to the United States by T. S. Cooper & Sons prior to 1906. Some 904 butter test records of 24 hours' duration were conducted between 1889 and 1914, when the show yard was put to military use during World War I. These tests called attention to several top-producing families on the Island -Fancys, Gamboges, Oxfords, and others. Yearly butterfat tests were initiated in December 1912: "The aim of the Committee in introducing these records is to enable breeders to breed from the best milking cows, and to use bulls from the best milking strains only, and thereby to increase the milk and butter producing qualities of the Jersey cow." The Society's committee sent inspectors every fortnight to weigh and sample milk of each cow on the farm, samples being tested by the Gerber method, and total production reported at the end of the year. One of the first cows to produce above the specified requirements was LaFosse Lady 14009 whose published record was: 1913-103 days ... 1,656.5 lbs. milk, 5.52%, 103.83 lbs. fat; 1914-214 days . .. 3,145.0 lbs. milk, 5.62%, 199.75 lbs. fat. This was a creditable record for a cow mainly tethered on pasture, with a little hay and a few roots, and which was milked twice daily during lactation. Few cows receive much 302 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS made frequently that a good cow should produce a pound of butter per day, and perhaps up to 14 pounds in a week when fresh and on good pasture. Butter tests were started by the Society in 1886. A bronze and a silver medal were donated by P. C. Hanbury for win- ners of a 2-day milking show supervised by the Society on May 15- 16, 1889. Mabel 6th No. 112 and Mabel 13th No. 114 won the awards with yields of 36 pounds 6 ounces and 38 pounds of milk, respectively, after allowances had been made in the scores for the number of days since calving, for butter analysis, and for solids-not- fat. The trials were repeated in 1890 and again in 1892, when 17 cows competed. The English Jersey Cattle Society offered Gold. Silver, and Bronze medals to winners of 1-day butter tests on the Island, beginning in 1893. Ernest Mathews, a judge of the butter tests from England, con- cluded from a study of the butter contest records over 18 years that "richness of milk appears to run in certain families, and to be trans- missible through both sire and dam equally as quantity of milk." A number of butter test winners were taken to the United States by T. S. Cooper & Sons prior to 1906. Some 904 butter test records of 24 hours' duration were conducted between 1889 and 1914, when the show yard was put to military use during World War I. These tests called attention to several top-producing families on the Island -Fancys, Gamboges, Oxfords, and others. Yearly butterfat tests were initiated in December 1912: "The aim of the Committee in introducing these records is to enable breeders to breed from the best milking cows, and to use bulls from the best milking strains only, and thereby to increase the milk and butter producing qualities of the Jersey cow." The Society's committee sent inspectors every fortnight to weigh and sample milk of each cow on the farm, samples being tested by the Gerber method, and total production reported at the end of the year. One of the first cows to produce above the specified requirements was LaFosse Lady 14009 whose published record was: 1913-103 days ... 1,656.5 lbs. milk, 5.52%, 103.83 lbs. fat; 1914-214 days . .. 3,145.0 lbs. milk, 5.62%, 199.75 lbs. fat. This was a creditable record for a cow mainly tethered on pasture, with a little hay and a few roots, and which was milked twice daily during lactation. Few cows receive much  Cattle on Jersey 303 Cattle on Jersey 303 Cattle on Jersey 303 concentrates or are milked thrice daily. In 1924, 140 herds were testing nearly 1,000 cows. Later rules allowed as few as 4 cows in a herd to be placed on test at a time. Milk recording ceased during the German occupation in World War II, and was resumed on No- vember 1, 1945, after five years' interruption. Interest developed after World War II in knowing the production of cows in successive lactations, as well as of other cows in the herd. Production was recorded for 361 days, or the owner might choose a 305-day record by notifying the recorder on his last visit prior to that time. The provision in 1954 that an owner must have three-fourths of his milking cows recorded for production was revised in November 1955 to include the entire herd. Cows that were ten years old or older, or which had been recorded for six consecutive lactations, were permitted to be recorded at the option of the owner. A registered bull was awarded a "Star" for each 100 pounds of butterfat that his dam produced above the minimum requirements for her age. Medal of Merit, Gold, and Silver Medal certificates were awarded to cows that met the same production and calving requirements adopted previously by the American Jersey Cattle Club for similar awards. A bull received the medal award based on three daughters winning the medal, out of different dams. Six "Goddington" prizes were awarded to the leading Certificate of Merit producers each year to encourage lactation records. The highest production before World War II was that of Juillep's Nice Girl 42002, with 17,895.5 pounds of milk, 5.49 percent and 983.47 pounds of butterfat in 1935. Jerseys have been famous for rich milk. The average butterfat tests of Certificate of Merit lactations on the Island ranged between 3.72 and 7.53 percent fat in 1961. The average production of 1,806 cows during 1963 was 9,089 pounds of milk, 5.34 percent and 435 pounds of butterfat in 311 days. Records were discontinued for 5 years during World War II but resumed in November 1945. Pro- duction of Island cows should not be compared with that of cows receiving different feed and care in other countries. concentrates or are milked thrice daily. In 1924, 140 herds were testing nearly 1,000 cows. Later rules allowed as few as 4 cows in a herd to be placed on test at a time. Milk recording ceased during the German occupation in World War II, and was resumed on No- vember 1, 1945, after five years' interruption. Interest developed after World War II in knowing the production of cows in successive lactations, as well as of other cows in the herd. Production was recorded for 361 days, or the owner might choose a 305-day record by notifying the recorder on his last visit prior to that time. The provision in 1954 that an owner must have three-fourths of his milking cows recorded for production was revised in November 1955 to include the entire herd. Cows that were ten years old or older, or which had been recorded for six consecutive lactations, were permitted to be recorded at the option of the owner. A registered bull was awarded a "Star" for each 100 pounds of butterfat that his dam produced above the minimum requirements for her age. Medal of Merit, Gold, and Silver Medal certificates were awarded to cows that met the same production and calving requirements adopted previously by the American Jersey Cattle Club for similar awards. A bull received the medal award based on three daughters winning the medal, out of different dams. Six "Goddington" prizes were awarded to the leading Certificate of Merit producers each year to encourage lactation records. The highest production before World War II was that of Juillep's Nice Girl 42002, with 17,895.5 pounds of milk, 5.49 percent and 983.47 pounds of butterfat in 1935. Jerseys have been famous for rich milk. The average butterfat tests of Certificate of Merit lactations on the Island ranged between 3.72 and 7.53 percent fat in 1961. The average production of 1,806 cows during 1963 was 9,089 pounds of milk, 5.34 percent and 435 pounds of butterfat in 311 days. Records were discontinued for 5 years during World War II but resumed in November 1945. Pro- duction of Island cows should not be compared with that of cows receiving different feed and care in other countries. concentrates or are milked thrice daily. In 1924, 140 herds were testing nearly 1,000 cows. Later rules allowed as few as 4 cows in a herd to be placed on test at a time. Milk recording ceased during the German occupation in World War II, and was resumed on No- vember 1, 1945, after five years' interruption. Interest developed after World War II in knowing the production of cows in successive lactations, as well as of other cows in the herd. Production was recorded for 361 days, or the owner might choose a 305-day record by notifying the recorder on his last visit prior to that time. The provision in 1954 that an owner must have three-fourths of his milking cows recorded for production was revised in November 1955 to include the entire herd. Cows that were ten years old or older, or which had been recorded for six consecutive lactations, were permitted to be recorded at the option of the owner. A registered bull was awarded a "Star" for each 100 pounds of butterfat that his dam produced above the minimum requirements for her age. Medal of Merit, Gold, and Silver Medal certificates were awarded to cows that met the same production and calving requirements adopted previously by the American Jersey Cattle Club for similar awards. A bull received the medal award based on three daughters winning the medal, out of different dams. Six "Goddington" prizes were awarded to the leading Certificate of Merit producers each year to encourage lactation records. The highest production before World War II was that of Juillep's Nice Girl 42002, with 17,895.5 pounds of milk, 5.49 percent and 983.47 pounds of butterfat in 1935. Jerseys have been famous for rich milk. The average butterfat tests of Certificate of Merit lactations on the Island ranged between 3.72 and 7.53 percent fat in 1961. The average production of 1,806 cows during 1963 was 9,089 pounds of milk, 5.34 percent and 435 pounds of butterfat in 311 days. Records were discontinued for 5 years during World War II but resumed in November 1945. Pro- duction of Island cows should not be compared with that of cows receiving different feed and care in other countries.  304 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS TON OF GOLD COWS Patterned after the American Jersey Cattle Club's plan, Ton of Gold certificates were issued to cows producing 2,000 pounds of butterfat or more in four consecutive years recorded in the Milk and Butterfat Record Scheme. EXPORTS OF JERSEY CATTLE R. M. Gow cited a sworn statement dated September 1, 1741, that the sloop Jane was chartered to take eight cows from Jersey to Southampton at 9 shillings freight per cow. This was the earliest exportation of cows from the Island known to him. Reverend Mr. Valpy mentioned export of cows from Jersey in 1785: "The other article of export which deserves to be mentioned (in addition to knit woolen stockings), is cows. They are well known in southern England under the denomination of Alderney, or Norman cows. In the month of June last, no less than 120 were exported to England, and all are the produce of the Island." A little cow purchased by Michael Fowler on return from Barnet Fair produced an average of 14% pounds of butter weekly over 17 weeks. He discovered that she had come from the Channel Islands. Subsequently, he and three sons shipped 7,330 cows and bulls to England, America, Australia, France, and New Zealand in 1873-79. IMPACT OF WORLD WAR II Annual exports of cattle from Jersey ranged from 269 head in 1804 to 2,483 in 1867. More than 819 bulls and 11,139 females went to the United States before World War II. Exports of 662 Jerseys left in 1946 to seven countres. Islander described conditions of the Island cattle during World War II: From June 1940 Jersey cattle had to be slaughtered to pro- vide meat for the population, but until 1944 the number about equalled the normal annual export. Eventually French cattle were imported for slaughter. Thus after many years, foreign cattle did land alive in the Island, for necessity knows no law, but they went straightway to the slaughterhouse. At the liber- ation, every animal, French or Jersey, which had been in German ownership, was brought in for slaughter. After June 6, 304 DAI RY CATTLE REEDS TON OF GOLD COWS Patterned after the American Jersey Cattle Club's plan, Ton of Gold certificates were issued to cows producing 2,000 pounds of butterfat or more in four consecutive years recorded in the Milk and Butterfat Record Scheme. EXPORTS OF JERSEY CATTLE R. M. Cow cited a sworn statement dated September 1, 1741, that the sloop Jane was chartered to take eight cows from Jersey to Southampton at 9 shillings freight per cow. This was the earliest exportation of cows from the Island known to him. Reverend Mr. Valpy mentioned export of cows from Jersey in 1785: "The other article of export which deserves to be mentioned (in addition to knit woolen stockings), is cows. They are well known in southern England under the denomination of Alderney, or Norman cows. In the month of June last, no less than 120 were exported to England. and all are the produce of the Island." A little cow purchased by Michael Fowler on return from Barnet Fair produced an average of 14% pounds of butter weekly over 17 weeks. He discovered that she had come from the Channel Islands. Subsequently, he and three sons shipped 7,330 cows and bulls to England, America, Australia, France, and New Zealand in 1873-79. IMPACT OF WORLD WAR II Annual exports of cattle from Jersey ranged from 269 head in 1804 to 2,483 in 1867. More than 819 bulls and 11,139 females went to the United States before World War II. Exports of 662 Jerseys left in 1946 to seven countries. Islander described conditions of the Island cattle during World War II: From June 1940 Jersey cattle had to be slaughtered to pro- vide meat for the population, but until 1944 the number about equalled the normal annual export. Eventually French cattle were imported for slaughter. Thus after many years, foreign cattle did land alive in the Island, for necessity knows no law, but they went straightway to the slaughterhouse. At the liber- ation, every animal, French or Jersey, which had been in German ownership, was brought in for slaughter. After June 6, 304 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS TON OF GOLD COWS Patterned after the American Jersey Cattle Club's plan, Ton of Gold certificates weere issued to cows producing 2,000 pounds of butterfat or more in four consecutive years recorded in the Milk and Butterfat Record Scheme. EXPORTS OF JERSEY CATTLE R. M. Gow cited a sworn statement dated September 1, 1741, that the sloop Jane was chartered to take eight cows from Jersey to Southampton at 9 shillings freight per cow. This was the earliest exportation of cows from the Island known to him. Reverend Mr. Valpy mentioned export of cows from Jersey in 1785: "The other article of export which deserves to be mentioned (in addition to knit woolen stockings), is cows. They are well known in southern England under the denomination of Alderney, or Norman cows. In the month of June last, no less than 120 were exported to England. and all are the produce of the Island." A little cow purchased by Michael Fowler on return from Barnet Fair produced an average of 14% pounds of butter weekly over 17 weeks. He discovered that she had come from the Channel Islands. Subsequently, he and three sons shipped 7,330 cows and bulls to England, America, Australia, France, and New Zealand in 1873-79. IMPACT OF WoRLD WAR II Annual exports of cattle from Jersey ranged from 269 head in 1804 to 2,483 in 1867. More than 819 bulls and 11,139 females went to the United States before World War II. Exports of 662 Jerseys left in 1946 to seven countries. Islander described conditions of the Island cattle during World War II: From June 1940 Jersey cattle had to be slaughtered to pro- vide meat for the population, but until 1944 the number about equalled the normal annual export. Eventually French cattle were imported for slaughter. Thus after many years, foreign cattle did land alive in the Island, for necessity knows no law, but they went straightway to the slaughterhouse. At the liber- ation, every animal, French or Jersey, which had been in German ownership, was brought in for slaughter. After June 6,  attlnesey m0 atteanmsey m0 Catlem mnJre 0 1944, cattle could no longer come from France and after the reserves drawn from there had been exhausted the Jersey cow (or bull) had to supply the meat for the Islanders. Then in December last, the Germans having used up their resources, including horses, demanded up to 50 head of cattle to be killed weekly for their rations. Therefore, to supply this demand and the civilian ration, over 1,000 head were slaughtered from Dec. 1 to April 30. Besides this, 200 head were requisitioned by the military for shipment to Germany, going forward in two con- signments. It now appears that 130 of these exported Jerseys are in Alderney. An Island committee allotted cows for slaughter to the various parishes and farmers according to the number owned. The farmer was permitted to select or buy a cow for this purpose, as required. The young stock situation was less favorable. Farmers could only keep a small quantity (of milk) for calf rearing and the fewer calves they reared the less milk they needed to retain. It was therefore decided, as from December 1941 to severely restrict the number of heifer calves allowed to be reared and, therefore, registered. Bull calves and surplus heifer calves were slaughtered at three weeks of age (for veal). The number of heifer calves exempted varying from 60 to 100 per month. The number of heifer calves registered in pre-war days averaged 2,200 a year.... The selection of the calves to be retained was the thankless job of another committee which evolved an ingenious system of points. Ideally, the dam of the heifer it was desired to keep should have been inspected, but lack of transport made this impossible. A limited number of bull calves was allowed to be retained, about 36 per annum. Before deciding on these the selection committee invariably inspected the dams of the calves which it was desired to keep and studied also the official pedi- grees of them. Cattle shows were not held, despite endeavors by the German military. Periodical examinations for qualification of animals in the Herd Book continued, but production recording was discontinued during the 5 years of German occupation. The Society officers con- stituted an emergency committee to continue the Herd Book duties. Five cases of foot-and-mouth disease occurred just before and dur- ing the occupation. Infected herds were destroyed promptly, move- 1944, cattle could no longer come from France and after the reserves drawn from there had been exhausted the Jersey cow (or bull) had to supply the meat for the Islanders. Then in December last, the Germans having used up their resources, including horses, demanded up to 50 head of cattle to be killed weekly for their rations. Therefore, to supply this demand and the civilian ration, over 1,000 head were slaughtered from Dec. 1 to April 30. Besides this, 200 head were requisitioned by the military for shipment to Germany, going forward in two con- signments. It now appears that 130 of these exported Jerseys are in Alderney. An Island committee allotted cows for slaughter to the various parishes and farmers according to the number owned. The farmer was permitted to select or buy a cow for this purpose, as required. The young stock situation was less favorable. Farmers could only keep a small quantity (of milk) for calf rearing and the fewer calves they reared the less milk they needed to retain. It was therefore decided, as from December 1941 to severely restrict the number of heifer calves allowed to be reared and, therefore, registered. Bull calves and surplus heifer calves were slaughtered at three weeks of age (for veal). The number of heifer calves exempted varying from 60 to 100 per month. The number of heifer calves registered in pre-war days averaged 2,200 a year.. . The selection of the calves to be retained was the thankless job of another committee which evolved an ingenious system of points. Ideally, the dam of the heifer it was desired to keep should have been inspected, but lack of transport made this impossible. A limited number of bull calves was allowed to be retained, about 36 per annum. Before deciding on these the selection committee invariably inspected the dams of the calves which it was desired to keep and studied also the official pedi- grees of them. Cattle shows were not held, despite endeavors by the German military. Periodical examinations for qualification of animals in the Herd Book continued, but production recording was discontinued during the 5 years of German occupation. The Society officers con- stituted an emergency committee to continue the Herd Book duties. Five cases of foot-and-mouth disease occurred just before and dur- ing the occupation. Infected herds were destroyed promptly, move- 1944, cattle could no longer come from France and after the reserves drawn from there had been exhausted the Jersey cow (or bull) had to supply the meat for the Islanders. Then in December last, the Germans having used up their resources, including horses, demanded up to 50 head of cattle to be killed weekly for their rations. Therefore, to supply this demand and the civilian ration, over 1,000 head were slaughtered from Dec. 1 to April 30. Besides this, 200 head were requisitioned by the military for shipment to Germany, going forward in two con- signments. It now appears that 130 of these exported Jerseys are in Alderney. An Island committee allotted cows for slaughter to the various parishes and farmers according to the number owned. The farmer was permitted to select or buy a cow for this purpose, as required. The young stock situation was less favorable. Farmers could only keep a small quantity (of milk) for calf rearing and the fewer calves they reared the less milk they needed to retain. It was therefore decided, as from December 1941 to severely restrict the number of heifer calves allowed to be reared and, therefore, registered. Bull calves and surplus heifer calves were slaughtered at three weeks of age ( for veal). The number of heifer calves exempted varying from 60 to 100 per month. The number of heifer calves registered in pre-war days averaged 2,200 a year.. . The selection of the calves to be retained was the thankless job of another committee which evolved an ingenious system of points. Ideally, the dam of the heifer it was desired to keep should have been inspected, but lack of transport made this impossible. A limited number of bull calves was allowed to be retained, about 36 per annum. Before deciding on these the selection committee invariably inspected the dams of the calves which it was desired to keep and studied also the official pedi- grees of them. Cattle shows were not held, despite endeavors by the German military. Periodical examinations for qualification of animals in the Herd Book continued, but production recording was discontinued during the 5 years of German occupation. The Society officers con- stituted an emergency committee to continue the Herd Book duties. Five cases of foot-and-mouth disease occurred just before and dur- ing the occupation. Infected herds were destroyed promptly, move-  306 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS ment of cattle prohibited, and no further outbreaks occurred. There was a marked decrease in bulls and replacement females. However. most of the effects on cattle numbers were overcome by 1948. Tractors replaced 61 percent of the horses on farms from 1953 to 1963. Electric fences nearly doubled in number, while milking ma- chines increased from 213 to 711. Less labor is employed on farms. Acreages of early potatoes, tomatoes, cauliflower, and silage crops displaced some grasslands for grazing and hay. JERSEY BREED CONFERENCE The Royal Jersey Agricultural and Horticultural Society was the first British breed organization that called an international breed conference on the Island, in May 1949 which was attended by the Society delegates and delegates from most other Jersey breed so- cieties. The delegates considered import and export requirements. recording production, value of Jersey milk, and related subjects. The World Jersey Cattle Bureau was formed in 1951, and held con- ferences in Canada in 1954, South Africa in 1958, and Columbus. Ohio, in 1968. The aim was for more uniformity in breed improve- ment programs-record keeping, scales of points, and similar pro- grams. Before retiring as Secretary after 44 years of service with the Royal Jersey Agricultural and Horticultural Society, H. G. Shepard observed the change in attitude toward Jersey products: "The solids-not-fat content of milk is now assuming equal if not greater importance than the butterfat percentage." The Jersey Milk Market- ing Board is reporting the solids-not-fat contents in the daily intake of milk processed on the Island. ARTIFICIAL BREEDING All bulls on the Island are at public service, under regulations. Arti- ficial insemination had been used if a cow did not conceive to nat- ural service. The Jersey Artificial Insemination Center, Limited, was organized as a private company with ten directors and the Earl of Jersey as chairman. C. Gruchy is veterinary officer at the stud on Val Poucin Farm. The organization holds membership in 306 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS ment of cattle prohibited, and no further outbreaks occurred. There was a marked decrease in bulls and replacement females. However. most of the effects on cattle numbers were overcome by 1948. Tractors replaced 61 percent of the horses on farms from 1953 to 1963. Electric fences nearly doubled in number, while milking ma- chines increased from 213 to 711. Less labor is employed on farms. Acreages of early potatoes, tomatoes, cauliflower, and silage crops displaced some grasslands for grazing and hay. JERSEY BREED CONFERENCE The Royal Jersey Agricultural and Horticultural Society was the first British breed organization that called an international breed conference on the Island, in May 1949 which was attended by the Society delegates and delegates from most other Jersey breed so- cieties. The delegates considered import and export requirements. recording production, value of Jersey milk, and related subjects. The World Jersey Cattle Bureau was formed in 1951, and held con- ferences in Canada in 1954, South Africa in 1958, and Columbus. Ohio, in 1968. The aim was for more uniformity in breed improve- ment programs-record keeping, scales of points, and similar pro- grams. Before retiring as Secretary after 44 years of service with the Royal Jersey Agricultural and Horticultural Society, H. G. Shepard observed the change in attitude toward Jersey products: "The solids-not-fat content of milk is now assuming equal if not greater importance than the butterfat percentage." The Jersey Milk Market- ing Board is reporting the solids-not-fat contents in the daily intake of milk processed on the Island. ARTIFICIAL BREEDING All bulls on the Island are at public service, under regulations. Arti- ficial insemination had been used if a cow did not conceive to nat- ural service. The Jersey Artificial Insemination Center, Limited. was organized as a private company with ten directors and the Earl of Jersey as chairman. C. Gruchy is veterinary officer at the stud on Val Poucin Farm. The organization holds membership in 306 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS ment of cattle prohibited, and no further outbreaks occurred. There was a marked decrease in bulls and replacement females. However, most of the effects on cattle numbers were overcome by 1948. Tractors replaced 61 percent of the horses on farms from 1953 to 1963. Electric fences nearly doubled in number, while milking ma- chines increased from 213 to 711. Less labor is employed on farms. Acreages of early potatoes, tomatoes, cauliflower, and silage crops displaced some grasslands for grazing and hay. JERsEY BREED CONFERENCE The Royal Jersey Agricultural and Horticultural Society was the first British breed organization that called an international breed conference on the Island, in May 1949 which was attended by the Society delegates and delegates from most other Jersey breed so- cieties. The delegates considered import and export requirements. recording production, value of Jersey milk, and related subjects. The World Jersey Cattle Bureau was formed in 1951, and held con- ferences in Canada in 1954, South Africa in 1958, and Columbus. Ohio, in 1968. The aim was for more uniformity in breed improve- ment programs-record keeping, scales of points, and similar pro- grams. Before retiring as Secretary after 44 years of service with the Royal Jersey Agricultural and Horticultural Society, H. G. Shepard observed the change in attitude toward Jersey products: "The solids-not-fat content of milk is now assuming equal if not greater importance than the butterfat percentage." The Jersey Milk Market- ing Board is reporting the solids-not-fat contents in the daily intake of milk processed on the Island. ARTIFICIAL BREEDING All bulls on the Island are at public service, under regulations. Arti- ficial insemination had been used if a cow did not conceive to nat- ural service. The Jersey Artificial Insemination Center, Limited, was organized as a private company with ten directors and the Earl of Jersey as chairman. C. Gruchy is veterinary officer at the stud on Val Poucin Farm. The organization holds membership in  CaeonSesey30 Caeom ere 0 Cfhtle . Jre0 the Society. No case of hmucellosis, foot-aod-mooth disease, toherco- lssorvihciosis has oceoseed oo the Island doring the post teo years. Semsen, frozen in steams or ampules, is being transferred in- ternationally. BRsEEo PcBLICAaIONS Thee brced joosoals /have heeo pohtished on the Islood. Too swere spoosored psivately: The tosod Cost (1928-34) sod The Jerey Breeders', Crostees' ood Meet/ats' Gazette (1936-39). Newspapers son the Island ofJeseyearied somse oness of agricoltoral act/cities. The Jersey at Home began pobication as a quartecty joomnal i 1951; it mas the offlciat organ a/ the Royal Jcrsey Agricultocal & Horticultural Society. The coter page lace the photograph of a typical Jersey toss and Jersey hall 00 an oat/ice map of the Is/sod of Jersey. A. Dodd is Secretary a/ the Society, at Springfie/d, St. Helicc, Jersey, Chanaet Is/sods. Anonyous. 1037. The Chanoel Is/sods anf tParts of Br/taony sod Not- manady. London. Btostson, Eatc /. 1/54. Jersey cat//c. Londo. Bsss, Bonald. 1940. What I sass on Jersee Is/sod. Jerse Boll. 65:16-17, 22, .194/. Difficoltics of fcsesy tosand. Jersey Batl. /5:82-63. .194/. Prcdr at Jcsesy. /esey Bu//. /5:116, 20/-3. Co//ey, Cere. /786. Obhat/onsan liv Isckot. C. C. /. & J. Robh/nsa, Lon- don. Doocan, Jaos/Isa. /1836-1837. Cureymansd Jcrsey Mag. Va/s. 1-4. ./184. ThehisoyofGuernsey,th occasal/notcesofese, Al- derocy asd Sarh. London. Calle, Bee. Phi//ip. 1/96. Caessres: Or, As Accoant of Jesey. Ost sd. (RBev. sd., /734.)/ Carard, Csorge. 1/00-80S. Dif/creot vas/siss of oosn comason to ths British Is/cs. Casot/alao. / Coo', R. M. 1936. The Jerscy. As outline of her h/s/o dsr/sg too ceo/os/in- 1704 Ia 1935. Amessican Jcasey Catle C/oh, News Yash. H/ash/os, S. E. /854, Charlea thc Scood /0 thc Channs/ Islands. Va/a. 1-2. London. H/aard, Willis C. /872. The fesey, A/desney ad Cuesssey case. /Oah ef. Pore & Coas, Ph/lsdelphis. Iag/is, Hsnry D. /844. The Chasnel Os/snda of fesey, Cuersseyc, Aldesocy, Sash, f/m a/al fe/lass. 5sh ad. Wi/sher & Co., Londoa. the Society. No case of hbrucellosis, foot-aod-mouth disease, tuhercu- losis, orvihciosis has occured othelsslad doringthe past ten years.Semaen, frozensinstrams orampules,seigtasferred in- tecoatoslly. BRsEa PUBLICATIONs Thee breed journa/s hate been polished son the Is/sod. Two were sponored ps/s's/ely: The Islaod Cost (/928--3d) and The Jerey Bseeders', Ceostes' and Mlerc/mo/s' Coot/c (1936-39). Neswspapers onathe land ofJerey caried somenesss f/gicltaactiities. The Jersey at Home hegaa pal/cs/ison as a quarteely joams1l ins 1951; itswas the official/organofhe RyalJesey Agicutural& Hort/cultual Society. The covee page hose the photograph of a typical/Jersey cowtandJerseyhbull onansout/ioe mapsof/hesand ofJersey. A. Dodd is Seccetary of the Society, at Springfie/d, St. Heliee, Jeesey, Chaoae/ Is/sods. REFsRENCS Anontasous. /937. The Chasnel Is/sods ood tosts 0/ Britanny sod N/os- msandy. London. Boason, Erit /. /954. Jesey ta/ttlc. London. Bses, Rosa/d. /94/. Whoat I sass ass Jc/see I//and, Jersey Bu/l. /5:16-17, 22, 24. / 94/. Difficultis o/ ferset Is/sod. Jersey Balt. /5:82-8S. / 94/. Croceduof a/esey. Jesey Bu//. 65,1/6, 2/6-S. Callcy, Ceorge. /786. Oservmationsan soice dtock. C. C. /. & J. Rohinon, Los- don. Doncan, foss/has. /836-1837. Cuersey sod fersca Mag. Vos. 1-4. ./184. Tchestoroaf Guesey,swithoccasoal oticeseofeseyAl- desoey sod Sash. London. Calls, Rev. Chlip. 1/9/. Caearsea: Or, As Accouo/ of Jesey. lot ed. (RBee. ed., 1734.) Cainrard, Ceorge. /800-1803. Differest sac/ctica of oxen common to the Britih Is/es. (PCast/a//a.) Coo, B. M, /93/. The fesey. As outlone of has historB dot/sg too cenasries- 1784 tos 1935. Ames/tao /Jeasey Catle C/oh, New' Yash. Has/sos, S. E. /854. Charlas the Secood /n the Channel Is/sods. Va/s. 1-2. London. Hazard, Wi//is C. /872. The Jersey, Aldesney sod Cuscscowas. /0th ed. Catsc & Cates, Phi/ads/ph/s. Inglis, H/east D. /844. The Chanoel Os/soda of Jersey, Cuersseyc, Aleraey, Sash, f/cam sod fe/Isou. 5th ad. Wistakes & Ca., Losdos. the Society. No case at hbrsce/losis, toot-and-mooth disease, tuheecu- /osis, orsibosishas occomred ontheIslansd duringthe past teo years. Semenfoencinatrams orampules, is eigtasfered in- ternatioal/ly. BREEB PUBLIATIsONS Thee bseed joaurna/s hate been polished son the tsasd. Two mee sponsored ps/vtely: The Is/sod Cost (/928-Sd) sod The fesey Beeders', Grostem' sod Sleet/mo/a' Casette (1936-39). Nemspapers onothesand ofJeseyaried somsees ofagicul/tualactiities. The Jersey at Home began pa/s//eat/son as a qarterly joral /0 1951; it was the official/ogaofhe RyaJesey Agicultural& Horticultural Society. TIhe totes page lace the photograph of a typical/Jersey cow sod Jersey hall on so outlinesmap ofthe/sland of/Jesey. A. Dodd is Setretary of the Society, at Springfie/d, St. He/ice, Jeesey, Chanoel Is/sods. RscERoNES Anonyouos. 197. ThChnne Islnds adPtsofBritannyand N/or- moody. London. Boatoo, Eatc /. /954. Jesey catt/c. Loodon. Bose, Rosa/f. /946. What I /aw 00 /essy Ifsad. Jerecy Bu//. /5:26-17, 22, 24. / 94/. Difficultes 0/ fesey Isasd. Jersey Boll. /5:82-83. .1940. Proceduoof a//aset. Jersey Boll. 65:11/, 206-S. Colley', Ceorge. /786. COemvatioms so lice stock. C. C. J. & J. obisos, Laa- don. Doucan, foaths. /836-1837. Cuseyc and Jersey M/ag. Vs/s. 1-4. . 184. The hiastory/oGesey, th ocaosoa otices ofesey Al- dermey sod Sash. Lodsa. Ca/Is, Bee. Chl/lip. 1/9/. Caeses, Ore, As Account of Jesey. /st ed. (RBee. ed., 1734.) Cacrard, Cmorge. /800-1803. Differeot sac/ees of oxen cocoo to the Bsitish Is/ca. /Cort/oio.)I Coo, B. M. /936. Thc fcrseo. As ocin a/Icer historB dos/ag/twa ceo/os/es- 1784 ta 1835. Amerieso fersey Cot//s C/l, Ness Yash. Haskias, S. E. 1854. Chas/co the Second /0 ths Channel Is/soda. Va/a. 1-2. Loadon. H/aard, W/Blis C. /872. Thc fescy, Aldersey and CGuersey cost. /0th ef. Pastes I Cates, Chiladslphi. log/is, f/cost D. /844. The Chanoel Is/soda of fesey, Couerney, Aldcerey, Sash, f/co sod fe/Isou. 5th ed. Whittaher I Ca., Londao.  308 DOAIRY0CATTLE BEEDS "Iloder." 1845. Howt coditosgo o Jersey Islaod. Jeroty Bootl. 64:956-5"7, 1000-2. Jocob, Jooho. 1830. Annals of the Brtish orman0000 fIle. J. Smithb, Londono. LeComuo, C. P. 1850. Tho agroiuture o to he Islanodsof Jersey, Cuernse, Al- derney and Sark. S. Roy. Ago. Soy. Eog. 2032-67. Lo Cooutoot, Col. J. 1845. Ontt he Jersey, mgisnameod Aldertoey, ooo. J. Boy. Agr. Soc. Eoogl. 5:43-50. LePotourel, J. H. 1837. The moodioevol admiiotrtonh oof the Channeol Ilanods. Oxortd Univ. Press, Oxord. Leyte, Thomoos. 1808. A oskethof 4the hisory oand poesenl state of the Ioslond of Jersey. London. Linsley, Jooho 0. 1885. Jorsy ttle in Ameroioo. Boot Pritnog Houseo, Moot York. Low', David. 1842. Oo theo domesticated animals of the Briio Islot. Loongmano. GenC o.Lodon. Martl, J. 1R. de ha. 1032. The origino of the Jersoy cow. Islood Cowt 17:388-71. Mourant, Ph. L. 0. 1907. Tho doity queeno. Thot Jersoy cow. Jersey. Payn, Philipyot. 1585. Unpuobl. maonoscript cited by Beo. Philli0 Falk. Pless, W. 1824. An aounogot of the Islood of Jersey. T. Boaker, Southamopono Prentice, E. Parmaloe. 1540. The hisoroy off ohe Channeol Isloand cottle. Coot,,- seysoandJerseys. Harpero, MeotYook. Poentice, E. Parmalo, 0004 contributors. 1842. Aooericoo daioy cottle, their pool good futureo. Harpeo, Noew Took. Quayle, Tbhos 1815. Coneralo vie of the agriculture anod presenot state of ohe Ilaodson ohe cooost of Nooroaody, ooobject to tho Cowo of Creot Brtaofo. Loodon. Relooo, Thoooos. 1887. Jerseopcottle. tn Cooley a04 dotry fatooing. U.S. Consuo- hor Ropto. Pool 1, pp. 205-7. Shebbeooo, John. 1771. At, auotheootic nooorotive of tbo oopeono of ohe islanooders of Jersey, Lonodo. Shopood, H. C. 1925. Island Cooo 4:17-19. .1834. Ooe huoodood yoors of thy Royal Agrtoculturoal and Hotiocultuoal Soctoty, 1833-1933. Jorsoy. Staplotono, H. E. Aotuoon, 1948. Butor-Sot potrcentages to moilk of Iladgood. Syvrot, Gorge S. 1832. Chonioques des isles do Jersey, CGoornsey, Auregnoy t Serk.CGuernsey. Thoonton, Joho. 1878. Hiototy of the boted. Jersey. Eoglisho Herd Book of Jeo- toy Cootle 1:1-8S. (Cootios Aots of thot States 1765, 1787, 1828, 1884, god 1878.) Tubbo, L. Cordoo. 1038. Thy book of tho Joosey. Btooh Hooto, Loodoo. Twaoddoll, L. H. 1005. Io Philaodelphia Sooioty for Pootintg Agrioltouo. Volpy, 0R00. 10. 1785. A tout of Jorsoy. Ano. Ago. 4:268-76, 43616, 511-52. Wllacoo, Roboot. 1893. Faoro livo stock of Coot Boitoto. 4th ed. Olivor & Boyd, London. Woriog, Cooge 10., Jr. 1878. A farmero's vactont. J. B. Otgood & Co., Bosooo. Wilon, Joamoo. 1009. PTte evolution of Boitish oatlo. Viootono & Co. Londono. Boyol Jersey Agriooltrl ood Hortticulturaol Society pooblicto 1872-. Jotooy Hood Book, Vol. 1- 1833- Annuaol Repoot (Agoiculturaol Departmtooo); Cotalogueso of ohe Sprtoog, Summooor, good Aootouooo Shows; Jorsep Hood Book Milk aod Bottet Pot Beoods. 1949. Jerseyhbredoferencet. 1951-. Tho Jeosoy Coot ot Homoe. Volo. 1-. 308 BAIRtY CATTLE 8BRE008 "Ilanodot." 1845. Hoot ondithons me oo Jeooty Islood. Jeosoy BolO. 64:956-57 1000-2. Jooob, John. 1830. Annoos of tbo British Normoon Islos. J. Smoith, Lonodoo. LeCornuo, C. P. 1858. The ogrioolturo of the Iolondo of Jotooy, Goeooseo, At- dotney and Sooth. 5. Boy. Ago. Soy. Engl. 20:32-67. Le Cootooo, Col. J. 1845. COo the Jersey, moioooaoood Aldoooey, ooo. S. floy. Ago. Soo. Eog. 5:43-50. LoPatoouool, J. H. 1937. Tho mediotvaI odmooiotraotion of oh' Channl bsloaof. Oxfood Colt.. Poess, Oxord. Leyto, Thomoo. 1808. A oketob of the hostooy ood poosoot stoto of oh' Islhnd of Jersey. Londo. Liosley, Joho S. 1885. Jootoy cattle to Amerooco. Boun Prottng Hooose, Moo Took. Loot, Datvid. 1842. On tho domoostiootod onimoooh of tho Brtishg Isleo. Loogoooo. Creen &Co.,London. Mooott, J. B. de lo. 1032. Tho origin of the Jersey oo. Islood Cow, 17:369-71. Mourant, Ph. L.8S. 1907. Theodairy queen.TheJeroyo. Jeosoy. Payo, Phillipot. 1585. Coopohi. moonuocript cited by Boo. Phillip Polle. Plots, W. 1824. Ao aounoot of tho Islood of Jooooy. T. Bohor, Sotaopto. Prognt, 10. Paoooaloo. 1940. Tho hitooy of tbo Chonnol Isloand cattle. Cuyoo- ooyooandlJoooyo. Harpoo, Moot Took. Prootioo, 10. Parmale, ond cootoibotors. 1842. Amoooicon dotty ogttlo, their poot goof fotuooe. Horpot, Noew Took. Quaylo, Thomaso. 1815. Goneral voito of the agriculture good present state of tho Ishlands on tho oaost of Normanody, oubjoot to tho Cown of Creat Briait. London. Reogf, Thoomgs. 1887. Jeosoy ogttle. to Cotle ond dairy fatooing. U.S. Consu- hor Repts. Poot 1, gp. 205-7. Shobhoaro, John. 1771. An outhontic narrative of tho oppoosion of oh' islaoders of Jersey. Londo. Shepgod, H. C. 1959. Ighaod Cowt 4:17-19. .__ 2934. Ooe houodrod years of the Royol Agrtcoltorl good Horticuoltural 000100y108233-1933. Joosoy. Stapleon, H. 10. Autuon, 1948. Buot-fat perceotagos it moilk of Osadgo. Syvrot, Coge S. 1832. Chrooniqoos des isloo do Jorsey, Guernseyo, Auregnyo of Sark.CGuernsey. Thoontoo, Joho. 1879. Hiototy of tho brood. Jeooey. Eoglosh Hood Book of Jet- toy Cottl 1:I-8S. (Contino Aoto of the Stotoo 1785, 1787, 1826, 1864, ood 1878.) Tobbo, L. Coodgon. 1838. The book of tbo Jortoy. Boooh Hoogo, London. Twa~ddtl, L. H. 1885. It Philodolphiao Sooiety for Pooting Agicultour. Volyy, Boo. 10. 1785. A toot of Jeooty. Ato. Ago. 4:28-7f, 436-46, 511-52. Walloce, Bobort, 1893. Poaro hooet ock of Cret Britaio. 4th ed. Olitver & Boyd, Lonodon. Woaroog, Corge 10., Jo. 1878. A farotoo's vaootion. J. B. Osgood &kCo., Boso. Wilsoo, Jameso. 1909. Tho evolution of Brdtih oattle. Vintton & Co. Loodon. Boyol Jorsoy Agotcoltutol anod Hotlooltorol Sooiety poblocatoons 1872-. Jeotop Hood Book, Vol. I-. 1833-. Aonoal Ropoot (Agoiooltuoal Depatment); Catalogotes of dt Sporing, Souomoo, god Aotumon Skowso; Jertsey flood Book Milk oaod RBte Pot Beordt. 1949. Jerseyhbroodooferenc. 1951-. Tho Joooey Cow t Homeo. Vols. 1-. 308 DoAIR B C ATTLE BREEDtSo "Ioloode." 1845. Hoot conditoooosooeton Jeooty Islood. Jersey BoO. 64:9560-57, 1000-2. Jaook, John. 1830. Aonaoh of tho Brth Nooooo Igloo. J. Smt, Loodon. LeComto, C. P. 189. The ogroolteoyf tho llgodo of Jeroey, Coerosoy, Al- dernty oood Sook. S. Boy. Ago. Soy. Eotg. 20:32-67. Lo Cootoot, Col. 5. 1845. On tho Jerooy, toiosnaood Aldoroey, coot. J. Roy. Ago. Soo. Eog. 5:43-50. LoPaotoorol, f. H. 1837. Tho meodioval odoiittoiton of tho Chanool Ilhnd. Cxod Colt.. Poeoo, Oxood. Leyte, Thomaot. 1808. A skehoo of the hisory ond presynt glote of oh' fshand of JerseyLondo. Liooley, Joho S. 1885. Joosoy oattle to Ameoiog. Boot Printog Hotse, Moot Took. Loot, CDavid. 1842. On thy domticated animaos of thy Brtish Io/go. Loogmoon. Greeo&oo,-London. Maooft, 5. 10. do ha. 1932. Tho oigio of the Joroty oo. Islood Coot 17:369-71. Mometoo, Ph. L. S. 1807. The dotty qoeen. The Jeroty owo. Jersey. Payo, Philkypot. 158S. Unpyubl. maoosctipt ciood by Boo. Phillip Pollt. Ploss, W. 1824. Ao gcougot of tho blood of Jorsoy. T. Bohot, Soutkhooptoo. Prontioo, 10. Poormolot. 1940. Thy bisooy of the Chotoyl tolgod aoleo. Cuyro- soysond Jorsey. Horpor, Moot Took. Poentico, 10. Parmaloe, ood cogotrbotgors. 1842. Ameoican dotty caotl, their pool ood foutr. Haoyer, Moot Took. Quayle, Thomas. 1815. General viewo of the agriculture aod present state of oh' Il/gdo ont thy oast of Nototoody, oubjeot to ohe Ctowno of Croot Britain. London. Reoof, Thomgo. 1887. Jeooty cattlo. Io Cattlo ond dotty foarmiog. U.S. Coosu- hor Repts. Pool 1, pp. 200-7. Shobbeoto, Joho. 1771. Ao gotbootic otoototivo of tho oppresoion of oh' isloodog of Jersey. London. Shopood, H. C. 1929. Islood Coot 4:17-19. .1834. Ooe hoodrod years of tho Roygl Agrtocultural god Horticultoral Sooity, 1833-1933. Jeotoy. Stapltono, H. 10. Auhtmn, 1948. Bottor-fat poeocentageo too milk of Islon ods Syvott, Goge S. 1832. Choniques dot isloo do Jersey, Guerotsey, Avregnoy ef Serk.Couernsey. Thoooton, Joho. 1878. Hisoro of the botod. Jeroey. Eoglish Hood Book of Jet- 000 Cattle 1:1-88. (Contins Aoto of tho Stoteo 1785, 1787, 1828, 1884, ood 1878.) Tobbo, L. Gordoo. 1938. Tbo booh of the Jerooy. Boooh Hoos, Lonodo. Totoddol, L. H. 1885. Io Philadolpbto Sooiety for Pootinkg Agricultur. Valyy, Rto. 10. 1781. A toot of bootey. Ann. Ago. 4:268-76, 436-8,9511-52. Wallaoo, Rooboot. 1883. Poaom ivo stooh of Cret Britaio. 4th ed. Okover & Boyd, Lonodo. Wartog, Gorgo 10., Jo. 1878. A forotoos vacatio. J. B. Ogood & Co, Boso. Wilon, Jomto. 1909. Tbe evoolutioo of Brth catlek. Vioton & Co. London. Boyol Jorooy Agrdoolturaol oand Hortioolturaol Sooiety publooatoon 1872-. Jorsoy Hood Book, Vol. I-. 1833-. Annuaol Reort (Agtiuokorl Detmnto)ot; Cotologoes of dt Sprtoog, Soummer, otd Aoboooo Skoots; Jeroop Hood Book Milk oaod Bottor Pot Beordo. 1949. Jerseyhbredoferencet. 1951-. Tho Jorooy Coo t g Homeo. Vols. 1-.  CHAPTER 15 JERSEYS IN THE UNITED STATES SHIPS TRAVELING to the Channel Islands often sailed from Jersey to Guernsey and finally to Alderney before returning to the English ports. When asked whence they came, it was natural for the sailors to reply that they came from Alderney. The cattle brought by these vessels commonly became called Alderneys in England. Likewise cattle from the Channel Islands first entered the United States under the name of Alderneys. One of the first ones came to the at- tention of the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture. A cow was imported by Maurice and William Worts and was owned by Richard Morris in 1817 and by Reuben Haines in 1818. Richard Morris reported 8 pounds of churned butter from 1 week's milk. The next year, 16 pounds 14 ounces of butter were churned from 14 days' milk production. The rich yellow color of her butter was mentioned by Reuben Haines when on October 20, 1818, he sent a 309 CHAPTER 15S JERSEYS IN THE UNITED STATES SHIPS TRAVELING to the Channel Islands often sailed from Jersey to Guernsey and finally to Alderney before returning to the English ports. When asked whence they came, it was natural for the sailors to reply that they came from Alderney. The cattle brought by these vessels commonly became called Alderneys in England. Likewise cattle from the Channel Islands first entered the United States under the name of Alderneys. One of the first ones came to the at- tention of the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture. A cow was imported by Maurice and William Wurts and was owned by Richard Morris in 1817 and by Reuben Haines in 1818. Richard Morris reported 8 pounds of churned butter from 1 week's milk. The next year, 16 pounds 14 ounces of butter were churned from 14 days' milk production. The rich yellow color of her butter was mentioned by Reuben Haines when on October 20, 1818, he sent a 309 CHAPTER 15 JERSEYS IN THE UNITED STATES SHIPS TRAVELING to the Channel Islands often sailed from Jersey to Guernsey and finally to Alderney before returning to the English ports. When asked whence they came, it was natural for the sailors to reply that they came from Alderney. The cattle brought by these vessels commonly became called Alderneys in England. Likewise cattle from the Channel Islands first entered the United States under the name of Alderneys. One of the first ones came to the at- tention of the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture. A cow was imported by Maurice and William Wurts and was owned by Richard Morris in 1817 and by Reuben Haines in 1818. Richard Morris reported 8 pounds of churned butter from 1 week's milk. The next year, 16 pounds 14 ounces of butter were churned from 14 days' milk production. The rich yellow color of her butter was mentioned by Reuben Haines when on October 20, 1818, he sent a 309  310 DA I RY CATTLE BREEDS sample to Richard Peters, secretary of the Society. The island of her origin is not known. IMPORTATIONS TO AMERICA Captains of sailing vessels sometimes brought a few cors aboard ship to supply milk for the officers' table and for passengers during the voyage. Even as late as 1875, Secretary T. J. Hand entered such a cow in the American Jersey Cattle Club Herd Register, as these cows usually were sold here after the ship arrived. A group of wealthy men about Hartford, Connecticut, sent John A. Tainter to the Island of Jersey in 1850, at which time he brought over about a dozen animals. These included the bull Splendens 16, and the cows Dot 7 and Violet 23. At least 13 clipper ships brought Jersey cattle to America in the early days. Tainter imported over 100 Jerseys on other trips from 1851 to 1861, the famous cow Flora 113 being among them in 1853. She was reported to have produced 511 pounds 2 ounces of churned butter in 50 weeks. The Fowlers. English cattle dealers, brought 601 animals between 1869 and 181. T. S. Cooper & Sons, Coopersburg, Pennsylvania, imported 3,824 registered Jerseys between 1876 and 1928, including many famous show winners, producers, and transmitting animals. Seven Grand Champions at the National Dairy Show were among them. Other extensive importers were Meridale Farms, W. R. Spann & Sons. Frank S. Peer, Edmund Butler, and B. H. Bull & Sons of Brampton, Ontario. Early popularity of the Jersey was indicated by the comment of Francis M. Rotch in 1861: "The cross of the Jersey upon the native has been tried in a few dairies in Otsego county, New York, and the results thus far are as promising. The quality of the milk in every instance is much improved, closely resembling that of the pure breed, whilst in quantity it is but slightly diminished from the na- tive yield. The rich color of the milk, cream and butter is trans- mitted to the cross-bred very strongly." Two English breeders-Philip Dauncey, who was an enthusiast for solid-colored Jerseys, and his follower William C. Duncan- bred some of the prominent ancestors behind the St. Lambert family, Pogis 99th of Hood Farm 94502, Rosaire's Olga Lad 87498. 310 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS sample to Richard Peters, secretary of the Society. The island of her origin is not known. IMPORTATIONS To AMERICA Captains of sailing vessels sometimes brought a few cows aboard ship to supply milk for the officers' table and for passengers during the voyage. Even as late as 1875, Secretary T. J. Hand entered such a cow in the American Jersey Cattle Club Herd Register, as these cows usually were sold here after the ship arrived. A group of wealthy men about Hartford, Connecticut, sent John A. Tainter to the Island of Jersey in 1850, at which time he brought over about a dozen animals. These included the bull Splendens 16. and the cows Dot 7 and Violet 23. At least 13 clipper ships brought Jersey cattle to America in the early days. Tainter imported over 100 Jerseys on other trips from 1851 to 1861, the famous cow Flora 113 being among them in 1853. She was reported to have produced 511 pounds 2 ounces of churned butter in 50 weeks. The Fowlers, English cattle dealers, brought 601 animals between 1869 and 1881. T. S. Cooper & Sons, Coopersburg, Pennsylvania, imported 3,824 registered Jerseys between 1876 and 1928, including many famous show winners, producers, and transmitting animals. Seven Grand Champions at the National Dairy Show were among them. Other extensive importers were Meridale Farms, W. R. Spann & Sons. Frank S. Peer, Edmund Butler, and B. H. Bull & Sons of Brampton, Ontario. Early popularity of the Jersey was indicated by the comment of Francis M. Rotch in 1861: "The cross of the Jersey upon the native has been tried in a few dairies in Otsego county, New York, and the results thus far are as promising. The quality of the milk in every instance is much improved, closely resembling that of the pure breed, whilst in quantity it is but slightly diminished from the na- tive yield. The rich color of the milk, cream and butter is trans- mitted to the cross-bred very strongly." Two English breeders-Philip Dauncey, who was an enthusiast for solid-colored Jerseys, and his follower William C. Duncan- bred some of the prominent ancestors behind the St. Lambert family, Pogis 99th of Hood Farm 94502, Rosaire's Olga Lad 87498. 310 DA IRY CATTLE BREEDS sample to Richard Peters, secretary of the Society. The island of her origin is not known. IMPORTATIONS To AMERICA Captains of sailing vessels sometimes brought a few cows aboard ship to supply milk for the officers' table and for passengers during the voyage. Even as late as 1875, Secretary T. J. Hand entered such a cow in the American Jersey Cattle Club Herd Register, as these cows usually were sold here after the ship arrived. A group of wealthy men about Hartford, Connecticut, sent John A. Tainter to the Island of Jersey in 1850, at which time he brought over about a dozen animals. These included the bull Splendens 16, and the cows Dot 7 and Violet 23. At least 13 clipper ships brought Jersey cattle to America in the early days. Tainter imported over 100 Jerseys on other trips from 1851 to 1861, the famous cow Flora 113 being among them in 1853. She was reported to have produced 511 pounds 2 ounces of churned butter in 50 weeks. The Fowlers, English cattle dealers, brought 601 animals between 1869 and 1881. T. S. Cooper & Sons, Coopersburg, Pennsylvania, imported 3,824 registered Jerseys between 1876 and 1928, including many famous show winners, producers, and transmitting animals. Seven Grand Champions at the National Dairy Show were among them. Other extensive importers were Meridale Farms, W. R. Spann & Sons. Frank S. Peer, Edmund Butler, and B. H. Bull & Sons of Brampton, Ontario. Early popularity of the Jersey was indicated by the comment of Francis M. Rotch in 1861: "The cross of the Jersey upon the native has been tried in a few dairies in Otsego county, New York, and the results thus far are as promising. The quality of the milk in evern instance is much improved, closely resembling that of the pure breed, whilst in quantity it is but slightly diminished from the na- tive yield. The rich color of the milk, cream and butter is trans- mitted to the cross-bred very strongly." Two English breeders-Philip Dauncey, who was an enthusiast for solid-colored Jerseys, and his follower William C. Duncan- bred some of the prominent ancestors behind the St. Lambert family, Pogis 99th of Hood Farm 94502, Rosaire's Olga Lad 87498,  Jerseys in the United States 311 Jerseys in the United States 311 Jerseys in the United States 311 St. Mawes 72053, and seven of the first ten cows awarded the President's Cup for high production. The extent of importations was as follows: Bulls Cows Jerseys imported, 1850 to 1867 61 244 Imported Jerseys registered from 1868 to 1942, including animals in dam 4,607 22,148 4,668 22,392 The peak of importations was reached around 1910. Direct im- portations in limited numbers were resumed in 1946, after the close of World War II. Fifty animals were brought from the Island to the United States in 1969. CoLOR MARKINGS OF JERSEY CATLE Early Jerseys brought to America were quite heterogeneous in hereditary makeup. Their "purity" had been maintained for years by law, precedent, and prejudice, except for a few Guernseys not deemed "foreign" a century ago. The latter had been brought as dowries by brides from the bailiwick of Guernsey. Color descrip- tions served as an index of this heterogeneity, though subject to the frailty of human description. Volume 1 of the Herd Register gave the color markings of registered Jerseys as light cream, silver, yel- low, silver gray or drab, steel, steel gray, gray, French gray, dun, mouse, dove, squirrel gray, deer color, light fawn, fawn, bright salmon, orange fawn, red fawn, dark fawn, roan, red, brick dust red, light brown, brown, mulberry brown, dark brown, mink, choco- late, and black. Most of these colors were mixed with white mark- ings. It was stated in Volume 1 that "the colors most prized are fawn and white." Volumes 1, 2, and 3 cited in Table 15.1 were assembled under sponsorship of the Association of Breeders of Thoroughbred Neat Stock. Volume 100 was published by the American Jersey Cattle Club and contained the color markings of Jerseys registered around 1920. Color markings of a few animals were not stated. Spread of the dominant character for solid color ("self") over a half-century is noted and, further, the shades of brown, cream, fawn, and gray vary less widely. Solid black or mahogany color is St. Mawes 72053, and seven of the first ten cows awarded the President's Cup for high production. The extent of importations was as follows: Bulls Cows Jerseys imported, 1850 to 1867 61 244 Imported Jerseys registered from 1868 to 1942, including animals in dam 4,607 22,148 4,668 22,392 The peak of importations was reached around 1910. Direct im- portations in limited numbers were resumed in 1946, after the close of World War II. Fifty animals were brought from the Island to the United States in 1969. COLOR MARKINGS OF JERSEY CATLE Early Jerseys brought to America were quite heterogeneous in hereditary makeup. Their "purity" had been maintained for years by law, precedent, and prejudice, except for a few Guernseys not deemed "foreign" a century ago. The latter had been brought as dowries by brides from the bailiwick of Guernsey. Color descrip- tions served as an index of this heterogeneity, though subject to the frailty of human description. Volume 1 of the Herd Register gave the color markings of registered Jerseys as light cream, silver, yel- low, silver gray or drab, steel, steel gray, gray, French gray, dun, mouse, dove, squirrel gray, deer color, light fawn, fawn, bright salmon, orange fawn, red fawn, dark fawn, roan, red, brick dust red, light brown, brown, mulberry brown, dark brown, mink, choco- late, and black. Most of these colors were mixed with white mark- ings. It was stated in Volume 1 that "the colors most prized are fawn and white." Volumes 1, 2, and 3 cited in Table 15.1 were assembled under sponsorship of the Association of Breeders of Thoroughbred Neat Stock. Volume 100 was published by the American Jersey Cattle Club and contained the color markings of Jerseys registered around 1920. Color markings of a few animals were not stated. Spread of the dominant character for solid color ("self") over a half-century is noted and, further, the shades of brown, cream, fawn, and gray vary less widely. Solid black or mahogany color is St. Mawes 72053, and seven of the first ten cows awarded the President's Cup for high production. The extent of importations was as follows: Bulls Cows 61 244 Jerseys imported, 1850 to 1867 Imported Jerseys registered from 1868 to 1942, including animals in dam 4,607 22,148 4,668 22,392 The peak of importations was reached around 1910. Direct im- portations in limited numbers were resumed in 1946, after the close of World War II. Fifty animals were brought from the Island to the United States in 1969. COLOR MARKINGS OF JERSEY CATLE Early Jerseys brought to America were quite heterogeneous in hereditary makeup. Their "purity" had been maintained for years by law, precedent, and prejudice, except for a few Guernseys not deemed "foreign" a century ago. The latter had been brought as dowries by brides from the bailiwick of Guernsey. Color descrip- tions served as an index of this heterogeneity, though subject to the frailty of human description. Volume 1 of the Herd Register gave the color markings of registered Jerseys as light cream, silver, yel- low, silver gray or drab, steel, steel gray, gray, French gray, dun, mouse, dove, squirrel gray, deer color, light fawn, fawn, bright salmon, orange fawn, red fawn, dark fawn, roan, red, brick dust red, light brown, brown, mulberry brown, dark brown, mink, choco- late, and black. Most of these colors were mixed with white mark- ings. It was stated in Volume 1 that "the colors most prized are fawn and white." Volumes 1, 2, and 3 cited in Table 15.1 were assembled under sponsorship of the Association of Breeders of Thoroughbred Neat Stock. Volume 100 was published by the American Jersey Cattle Club and contained the color markings of Jerseys registered around 1920. Color markings of a few animals were not stated. Spread of the dominant character for solid color ("self") over a half-century is noted and, further, the shades of brown, cream, fawn, and gray vary less widely. Solid black or mahogany color is  312 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 312 DAIRY CATTLE BREEES 312 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS less common in the breed. Broken color is not discriminated against in the show ring. In fact it is often desired by many breeders. Three of the first four aged Jersey cows at the National Dairy Show in 1939 had white markings, while Lonely Craig 1075153-the Grand Champion female-was about 40 percent white. The small Island type Jersey in favor earlier, was typified by Im- ported Lady Viola 238437 that was imported in 1911. She is shown in Figure 15.1. TABLE 15.1 COLOR MARKINGS OF JERSEYS IN THE UNED STATES BEFORE 1870AN THOSE ENTERED ABOUT 1920 IN THE Herd Register less common in the breed. Broken color is not discriminated against in the show ring. In fact it is often desired by many breeders. Three of the first four aged Jersey cows at the National Dairy Show in 1939 had white markings, while Lonely Craig 1075153-the Grand Champion female-was about 40 percent white. The small Island type Jersey in favor earlier, was typified by Im- ported Lady Viola 238437 that was imported in 1911. She is shown in Figure 15.1. TABLE 15.1 COLOR MARKINGS OF JERSEYS W THF. UNIED STATES BEFORE 1870 AND THOSE ENTERED ABOUT 1920 IN THE Herd Register M.I. Females Herd Register Solid Broken Solid Volume color color color 0 18 9 27 394 60 116 76 252 106 0 32 19 51 385 Broken 202 316 169 687 115 1 2 3 Total 100 0 18 9 27 394 60 116 76 252 106 0 32 19 51 385 Broken color 202 316 169 687 115 less common in the breed. Broken color is not discriminated against in the show ring. In fact it is often desired by many breeders. Three of the first four aged Jersey cows at the National Dairy Show in 1939 had white markings, while Lonely Craig 1075153-the Grand Champion female-was about 40 percent white. The small Island type Jersey in favor earlier, was typified by Im- ported Lady Viola 238437 that was imported in 1911. She is shown in Figure 15.1. TABLE 15.1 COLOR MARKINcS OF JERSEYS N THE UNrE STATES BEFORE 1870 AND THOSE ENTERED ABOUT 1920 IN THE Herd Register Males Females Herd Register Solid Broken Solid Broken volum color color color colo 1 0 60 0 202 2 18 116 32 316 3 9 76 19 169 Total 27 252 51 687 100 394 106 385 115 HERDBOOKS AND BREED AssoC1AoOss The Association of Breeders of Thoroughbred Neat Stock appointed a committee to compile pedigrees of Jersey cattle about 1857. Ten years later their first herdbook was published listing Jerseys under 68 different owners. Known later as the American Jersey Herd Book, the last volume (Volume 6) appeared in 1878. A single volume of the Bristol Jersey Herd Book of cattle in the vicinity of Bristol, Con- necticut, was compiled by S. R. Gridley and W. Barnes and pub- lished in 1869. The Maine State Jersey Association published eight volumes of their herdbook between 1876 and 1898. Correspondence among C. M. Beach, T. J. Hand, S. M. Sharples, and Colonel George E. Waring, Jr., suggested the need "to compile a trustworthy herd book." This resulted in formation of the Ameri- can Jersey Cattle Club at a meeting in Philadelphia in July 1868. Volume 1 of their Herd Register appeared in 1871. The Club incorporated April 19, 1880, in the state of New York and is the present breed organization. They published 117 volumes of the Herd Register. Publication was discontinued during a finan- HERDBOOKS AND BREED AssoCAosOS The Association of Breeders of Thoroughbred Neat Stock appointed a committee to compile pedigrees of Jersey cattle about 1857. Ten years later their first herdbook was published listing Jerseys under 68 different owners. Known later as the American Jersey Herd Book, the last volume (Volume 6) appeared in 1878. A single volume of the Bristol Jersey Herd Book of cattle in the vicinity of Bristol, Con- necticut, was compiled by S. R. Gridley and W. Barnes and pub- lished in 1869. The Maine State Jersey Association published eight volumes of their herdbook between 1876 and 1898. Correspondence among C. M. Beach, T. J. Hand, S. M. Sharples, and Colonel George E. Waring, Jr., suggested the need "to compile a trustworthy herd book." This resulted in formation of the Ameri- can Jersey Cattle Club at a meeting in Philadelphia in July 1868. Volume 1 of their Herd Register appeared in 1871. The Club incorporated April 19, 1880, in the state of New York and is the present breed organization. They published 117 volumes of the Herd Register. Publication was discontinued during a finan- HERDBOOKS AND BREED ASSOCATIONs The Association of Breeders of Thoroughbred Neat Stock appointed a committee to compile pedigrees of Jersey cattle about 1857. Ten years later their first herdbook was published listing Jerseys under 68 different owners. Known later as the American Jersey Herd Book, the last volume (Volume 6) appeared in 1878. A single volume of the Bristol Jersey Herd Book of cattle in the vicinity of Bristol, Con- necticut, was compiled by S. R. Gridley and W. Barnes and pub- lished in 1869. The Maine State Jersey Association published eight volumes of their herdbook between 1876 and 1898. Correspondence among C. M. Beach, T. J. Hand, S. M. Sharples, and Colonel George E. Waring, Jr., suggested the need "to compile a trustworthy herd book." This resulted in formation of the Ameri- can Jersey Cattle Club at a meeting in Philadelphia in July 1868. Volume 1 of their Herd Register appeared in 1871. The Club incorporated April 19, 1880, in the state of New York and is the present breed organization. They published 117 volumes of the Herd Register. Publication was discontinued during a finan-  Jerseys in the United States 313 Jerseys in the United States 313 Jerseys in the United States 313 cial recession in 1931. Thenceforth a short pedigree was included on the registration certificate of each animal. CLUB PoLCsES The policy of the American Jersey Cattle Club once was to have a small select membership, and to handle registrations and transfers of Jersey cattle for nonmembers at only a slightly increased fee than for members. The opinion prevailed that breed affairs could be conducted best by a limited membership among the leading breeders. The incorporated Club met outside of New York state for the first time, after a drive to secure the necessary 1,000 members in 1923 made such a meeting legal. The membership fee was re- duced from $100 to $50 on August 30, 1933. Five members must sign with the applicant before his member- ship will be considered by the Board of Directors. cial recession in 1931. Thenceforth a short pedigree was included on the registration certificate of each animal. CLn PoLIcsES The policy of the American Jersey Cattle Club once was to have a small select membership, and to handle registrations and transfers of Jersey cattle for nonmembers at only a slightly increased fee than for members. The opinion prevailed that breed affairs could be conducted best by a limited membership among the leading breeders. The incorporated Club met outside of New York state for the first time, after a drive to secure the necessary 1,000 members in 1923 made such a meeting legal. The membership fee was re- duced from $100 to $50 on August 30, 1933. Five members must sign with the applicant before his member- ship will be considered by the Board of Directors. 0, ~ 4/ cial recession in 1931. Thenceforth a short pedigree was included on the registration certificate of each animal. CLon POuLCmES The policy of the American Jersey Cattle Club once was to have a small select membership, and to handle registrations and transfers of Jersey cattle for nonmembers at only a slightly increased fee than for members. The opinion prevailed that breed affairs could be conducted best by a limited membership among the leading breeders. The incorporated Club met outside of New York state for the first time, after a drive to secure the necessary 1,000 members in 1923 made such a meeting legal. The membership fee was re- duced from $100 to $50 on August 30, 1933. Five members must sign with the applicant before his member- ship will be considered by the Board of Directors. FIG. 15.1. Imported Lady Viola 238437. First prize cow over the Island of Jersey in 1904 and 1905 and where shown in England in 1906, 1907, and 1908. She was purchased by Elmendorf Farm, Lexington, Kentucky in 1911. She typified the popular Island type Jersey of that period. FIC. 15.1. Imported Lady Viola 238437. First prize cow over the Island of Jersey in 1904 and 1905 and where shown in England in 1906, 1907, and 1908. She was purchased by Elmendorf Farm, Lexington, Kentucky in 191L. She typified the popular Island type Jersey of that period. FIG. 15.1. Imported Lady Viola 238437. First prize cow over the Island of Jersey in 1904 and 1905 and where shown in England in 1906, 1907, and 1908. She was purchased by Elmendorf Farm, Lexington, Kentucky in 1911. She typified the popular Island type Jersey of that period.  314 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS In 1941 George W. Sisson, Jr., long a leader in the Club, spoke of the nonmembers thus: Taxation without their enthusiastic cooperation with us in what this Club and what the cow can do. How can we change this situation? I am not going to formulate it, but I do hope that this Board of Directors will take that matter under advisement and see if they cannot develop some plan. We are a sort of benevolent autocracy in this Club. I have sat with you for 45 years and more and we have done the best we could for the Club, but we haven't reached the heart and soul of these 60 or 70,000 ... whose money we take. The reduced membership fee and an increase in the number of members contributed to a more democratic policy, as Sisson en- visioned. Later changes aided also. Plans to divide the United States into districts for representation by directors and a reform in the method of voting proxies were ap- proved by a majority in a mail ballot of members in 1944. With in- creased membership, the directors considered regional representa- tion as early as 1943. The setup of the Board of Directors was changed to regional representation in 1952. The states were grouped into nine districts with relation to the number of registered Jerseys, and accessibility for travel to di- rectors' meetings. These districts in 1959 were: 314 DA IRY CATTLE BREEDS In 1941 George W. Sisson, Jr., long a leader in the Club, spoke of the nonmembers thus: Taxation without their enthusiastic cooperation with us in what this Club and what the cow can do. How can we change this situation? I am not going to formulate it, but I do hope that this Board of Directors will take that matter under advisement and see if they cannot develop some plan. We are a sort of benevolent autocracy in this Club. I have sat with you for 45 years and more and we have done the best we could for the Club, but we haven't reached the heart and soul of these 60 or 70,000 . . . whose money we take. The reduced membership fee and an increase in the number of members contributed to a more democratic policy, as Sisson en- visioned. Later changes aided also. Plans to divide the United States into districts for representation by directors and a reform in the method of voting proxies were ap- proved by a majority in a mail ballot of members in 1944. With in- creased membership, the directors considered regional representa- tion as early as 1943. The setup of the Board of Directors was changed to regional representation in 1952. The states were grouped into nine districts with relation to the number of registered Jerseys, and accessibility for travel to di- rectors' meetings. These districts in 1959 were: 314 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS In 1941 George W. Sisson, Jr., long a leader in the Club, spoke of the nonmembers thus: Taxation without their enthusiastic cooperation with us in what this Club and what the cow can do. How can we change this situation? I am not going to formulate it, but I do hope that this Board of Directors will take that matter under advisement and see if they cannot develop some plan. We are a sort of benevolent autocracy in this Club. I have sat with you for 45 years and more and we have done the best we could for the Club, but we haven't reached the heart and soul of these 60 or 70,000 . . . whose money we take. The reduced membership fee and an increase in the number of members contributed to a more democratic policy, as Sisson en- visioned. Later changes aided also. Plans to divide the United States into districts for representation by directors and a reform in the method of voting proxies were ap- proved by a majority in a mail ballot of members in 1944. With in- creased membership, the directors considered regional representa- tion as early as 1943. The setup of the Board of Directors was changed to regional representation in 1952. The states were grouped into nine districts with relation to the number of registered Jerseys, and accessibility for travel to di- rectors' meetings. These districts in 1959 were: L. Maine New Hampshire Vermonta Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut New York 2. Pennsylvania Maryland New Jersey Delaware West Virginia Virginia 3. Michigan Indiana Ohio 4. Kentucky Tennessee North Carolina South Carolina 5. Georgia Florida Alabama Mississippi Louisiana 6. Missoui Arkansas Kansas Oklahoma 7. Texas New Mexico Arizona. Wionsishs Illino StsIo o orthDaot 1. Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut New York 2. Pennsylvania Maryland New Jersey Delaware West Virginia Virginia 3. Michigan Indiana Ohio 4. Kentucky Tennessee North Carolina South Carolina 5. Georgia Florida Alabama Mississippi Louisiana 6. Missouri Arkansas Kansas Oklahoma 7. Texas New Mexico Arizona Minnesota Wisconsin Illinois lowa North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Montana wtyoning Colorado Utahm Idaho ,Nevada Washington Oregon California L. Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut New York 2. Pennsylvania Maryland New Jersey Delaware West Virginia Virginia 3. Michigan Indiana Ohio 4. Kentucky Tennessee North Carolina South Carolina 5. Georgia Florida Alabama Mississippi Louisiana 6. Missouri Arkansas Kansas Oklahoma 7. Texas New Mexico Arizona Minnesota Wisconsin Illinois Iowa North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Montana Wyiong Colorado Utah Idaho Nevada Washington Oregon California  Jerseys in the United States 315 Jerseys in the United States 315 Jerseys in the United States 315 One director was elected by the members residing in each dis- trict, with a director-at-large from each group: Districts 1, 2, and 3; Districts 4, 5, and 6; and Districts 7, 8, and 9. Directors served a 3-year term and may be elected for a second 3-year term. The President was elected annually and could succeed himself. The Board divided their duties into six committees: on performance and type, registration and breeds relations, information and ex- tension, Jersey Journal, milk, and finance. The president, vice- president, and three directors constituted the executive committee. An executive secretary was employed by the Board, and his staff carried out the policies outlined by the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors proposed a plan to divide the United States into 12 districts, each to be represented by a director. Mem- bers tabled the proposal at the annual meeting in 1958, and re- manded the recommendation to the Board for further study and consideration later. THE SHOw RING AND SCALE OF POINTS The fourth national exhibition of the United States Agricultural So- ciety held in Philadelphia in October 1856 was the first major ex- hibition at which Jersey cattle were shown in the United States. The scale of points, adopted on the Island in 1849 and amended in 1866, was published in Volume 1 of the Herd Register in 1871. Some 31 "articles" for bulls and 34 for cows and heifers were weighted equally at one point each, regardless of their anatomical or physiological importance. In 1875 the scale was revised with proportionate points for each article, totaling 100 points for perfec- tion. Eight points were allowed for escutcheon. When Guenon's theory that a person could forecast productive capacity of the cow by the pattern of the escutcheon was disproved, the scale was re- vised in 1885. The 32 points for total mammary development (udder, teats, and milk veins) were increased to 39 points. These scales of points guided the judges in evaluating parts of an animal when placing cattle in the show ring. A committee revised the scale of points in 1903, dividing it into items for head, neck, body, tail, udder, teats, milk veins, size, and general appearance with appropriate descriptions under each item. One director was elected by the members residing in each dis- trict, with a director-at-large from each group: Districts 1, 2, and 3; Districts 4, 5, and 6; and Districts 7, 8, and 9. Directors served a 3-year term and may be elected for a second 3-year term. The President was elected annually and could succeed himself. The Board divided their duties into six committees: on performance and type, registration and breeds relations, information and ex- tension, Jersey Journal, milk, and finance. The president, vice- president, and three directors constituted the executive committee. An executive secretary was employed by the Board, and his staff carried out the policies outlined by the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors proposed a plan to divide the United States into 12 districts, each to be represented by a director. Mem- bers tabled the proposal at the annual meeting in 1958, and re- manded the recommendation to the Board for further study and consideration later. THE SHow RING AND SCALE OF POINTS The fourth national exhibition of the United States Agricultural So- ciety held in Philadelphia in October 1856 was the first major ex- hibition at which Jersey cattle were shown in the United States. The scale of points, adopted on the Island in 1849 and amended in 1866, was published in Volume 1 of the Herd Register in 1871. Some 31 "articles" for bulls and 34 for cows and heifers were weighted equally at one point each, regardless of their anatomical or physiological importance. In 1875 the scale was revised with proportionate points for each article, totaling 100 points for perfec- tion. Eight points were allowed for escutcheon. When Guenon's theory that a person could forecast productive capacity of the cow by the pattern of the escutcheon was disproved, the scale was re- vised in 1885. The 32 points for total mammary development (udder, teats, and milk veins) were increased to 39 points. These scales of points guided the judges in evaluating parts of an animal when placing cattle in the show ring. A committee revised the scale of points in 1903, dividing it into items for head, neck, body, tail, udder, teats, milk veins, size, and general appearance with appropriate descriptions under each item. One director was elected by the members residing in each dis- trict, with a director-at-large from each group: Districts 1, 2, and 3; Districts 4, 5, and 6; and Districts 7, 8, and 9. Directors served a 3-year term and may be elected for a second 3-year term. The President was elected annually and could succeed himself. The Board divided their duties into six committees: on performance and type, registration and breeds relations, information and ex- tension, Jersey Journal, milk, and finance. The president, vice- president, and three directors constituted the executive committee. An executive secretary was employed by the Board, and his staff carried out the policies outlined by the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors proposed a plan to divide the United States into 12 districts, each to be represented by a director. Mem- bers tabled the proposal at the annual meeting in 1958, and re- manded the recommendation to the Board for further study and consideration later. THE SHOw RING AND SCALE OF POINTS The fourth national exhibition of the United States Agricultural So- ciety held in Philadelphia in October 1856 was the first major ex- hibition at which Jersey cattle were shown in the United States. The scale of points, adopted on the Island in 1849 and amended in 1866, was published in Volume 1 of the Herd Register in 1871. Some 31 "articles" for bulls and 34 for cows and heifers were weighted equally at one point each, regardless of their anatomical or physiological importance. In 1875 the scale was revised with proportionate points for each article, totaling 100 points for perfec- tion. Eight points were allowed for escutcheon. When Guenon's theory that a person could forecast productive capacity of the cow by the pattern of the escutcheon was disproved, the scale was re- vised in 1885. The 32 points for total mammary development (udder, teats, and milk veins) were increased to 39 points. These scales of points guided the judges in evaluating parts of an animal when placing cattle in the show ring. A committee revised the scale of points in 1903, dividing it into items for head, neck, body, tail, udder, teats, milk veins, size, and general appearance with appropriate descriptions under each item.  316 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Concerning the selection of a Jersey cow, Secretary R. M. Cow stated in 1907: "The scale of points drawn up and adopted by the American Jersey Cattle Club will prove an excellent and instructive guide in selecting a Jersey cow. The best way, however, of de- termining the merits of any dairy cow is to use a pair of scales to ascertain the quantity of the milk, and a Babcock tester to ascertain its quality, or percentage of fat." The committee on Scale of Points was continued, and produced a pictorial scorecard. The "Ideal Dairy Type" cow approved by the American Jersey Cattle Club was accompanied by a new scale of points in 1913. At the fiftieth anniversary of the Club, in 1918, Secretary Gow stated: "I have before me the first volume of the Herd Register, published in 1871.... The first and second volumes of the Herd Register contained a number of photographs of Schreiber's of the presumably leading Jerseys of that day. If anyone doubts whether or not the jerseys have been improved in conformation as well as in production, he need only glance at these pictures. Hardly one of the animals would obtain any place in the modern show ring." James E. (Jimmy) Dodge, late manager of Hood Farm. pre- sented a resolution before the Board of Directors from a nonmem- ber of the Club in 1922 that the ideal weights of Jersey cows in the Scale of Points be increased by 100 pounds, and of bulls 200 pounds. The Directors arranged for weights or measurements of about 10,000 cows with Register of Merit production records. John W. Gowen analyzed the records and found that average production correlated directly with size of the cows. A committee appointed to make a study, also reported that cows winning at the shows must be of good size to appeal to dairy farmers. These cows must have ca- pacity and other qualities indicating good producing ability. The directors revised the Scale of Points in 1927 based on these findings to be: mature cows, 900 to 1,100 pounds-4 points; and mature bulls, 1,300 to 1,600 pounds-5 points. A list of interpretations guiding action of judges in the shows supplemented the Scale of Points in 1929. These interpretations dealt with defects, injuries, udder defects, over-condition, and uni- formity within group classes. Points for general appearance were in- 316 DAIR Y CATTLE BREEDS Concerning the selection of a Jersey cow, Secretary R. M. Gow stated in 1907: "The scale of points drawn up and adopted by the American Jersey Cattle Club will prove an excellent and instructive guide in selecting a Jersey cow. The best way, however, of de- termining the merits of any dairy cow is to use a pair of scales to ascertain the quantity of the milk, and a Babcock tester to ascertain its quality, or percentage of fat." The committee on Scale of Points was continued, and produced a pictorial scorecard. The "Ideal Dairy Type" cow approved by the American Jersey Cattle Club was accompanied by a new scale of points in 1913. At the fiftieth anniversary of the Club, in 1918, Secretary Cow stated: "I have before me the first volume of the Herd Register, published in 1871. . . . The first and second volumes of the Herd Register contained a number of photographs of Schreiber's of the presumably leading Jerseys of that day. If anyone doubts whether or not the Jerseys have been improved in conformation as well as in production, he need only glance at these pictures. Hardly one of the animals would obtain any place in the modern show ring." James E. (Jimmy) Dodge, late manager of Hood Farm, pre- sented a resolution before the Board of Directors from a nonmem- ber of the Club in 1922 that the ideal weights of Jersey cows in the Scale of Points be increased by 100 pounds, and of bulls 200 pounds. The Directors arranged for weights or measurements of about 10,000 cows with Register of Merit production records. John W. Gowen analyzed the records and found that average production correlated directly with size of the cows. A committee appointed to make a study, also reported that cows winning at the shows must be of good size to appeal to dairy farmers. These cows must have ca- pacity and other qualities indicating good producing ability. The directors revised the Scale of Points in 1927 based on these findings to be: mature cows, 900 to 1,100 pounds-4 points; and mature bulls, 1,300 to 1,600 pounds-5 points. A list of interpretations guiding action of judges in the shows supplemented the Scale of Points in 1929. These interpretations dealt with defects, injuries, udder defects, over-condition, and uni- formity within group classes. Points for general appearance were in- 316 DA IRY CATTLE BREEDS Concerning the selection of a Jersey cow, Secretary R. M. Gow stated in 1907: "The scale of points drawn up and adopted by the American Jersey Cattle Club will prove an excellent and instructive guide in selecting a Jersey cow. The best way, however, of de- termining the merits of any dairy cow is to use a pair of scales to ascertain the quantity of the milk, and a Babcock tester to ascertain its quality, or percentage of fat." The committee on Scale of Points was continued, and produced a pictorial scorecard. The "Ideal Dairy Type" cow approved by the American Jersey Cattle Club was accompanied by a new scale of points in 1913. At the fiftieth anniversary of the Club, in 1918, Secretary Gow stated: "I have before me the first volume of the Herd Register. published in 1871. . . . The first and second volumes of the Herd Register contained a number of photographs of Schreiber's of the presumably leading Jerseys of that day. If anyone doubts whether or not the Jerseys have been improved in conformation as well as in production, he need only glance at these pictures. Hardly one of the animals would obtain any place in the modern show ring." James E. (Jimmy) Dodge, late manager of Hood Farm, pre- sented a resolution before the Board of Directors from a nonmem- ber of the Club in 1922 that the ideal weights of Jersey cows in the Scale of Points be increased by 100 pounds, and of bulls 200 pounds. The Directors arranged for weights or measurements of about 10,000 cows with Register of Merit production records. John W. Cowen analyzed the records and found that average production correlated directly with size of the cows. A committee appointed to make a study, also reported that cows winning at the shows must be of good size to appeal to dairy farmers. These cows must have ca- pacity and other qualities indicating good producing ability. The directors revised the Scale of Points in 1927 based on these findings to be: mature cows, 900 to 1,100 pounds-4 points; and mature bulls, 1,300 to 1,600 pounds-5 points. A list of interpretations guiding action of judges in the shows supplemented the Scale of Points in 1929. These interpretations dealt with defects, injuries, udder defects, over-condition, and uni- formity within group classes. Points for general appearance were in-  Jerseys in the United States 317 Jerseys in the United States 317 Jerseys in the United States 317 creased in 1938 with slight reduction in points for head, rump, size, and fore udder attachment. DAIRY COw UNIFIED SCORE CARD A committee of the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association with repre- sentatives of each dairy breed association, prepared a Unified Dairy Cow Score Card in 1942. It was divided into four main headings: general appearance, dairy character, body capacity, and mam- mary system with their respective descriptions. Color, size, and horns were listed separately as breed characteristics. A similar score- card was prepared for dairy bulls. The scorecard for cows was re- vised in 1957. The National Dairy Association sponsored a National Dairy Show as the court of last resort in show ring competition from 1906 to 1941. An outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in 1914 caused the show to be omitted in 1915. A recession cancelled the shows in 1932-34, and the Association disbanded after World War II. Its place was taken by an All-American Jersey Show at Columbus, Ohio, in 1946-48 and at other major shows designated annually by the Board of Directors. Junior owners competed in an All-American Junior Show, and in the open classes. The North American Dairy Cattle Show organized at Columbus, Ohio, in 1967 with Ayrshires, Brown Swiss, Guernseys, and Jerseys, and as a regional show for Holsteins and Milking Shorthorns. National Collegiate and 4-H Dairy Cattle Judging Contests and the annual meeting of the Dairy Shrine Club were held during the show. PARIsH SHOws A system of 1-day "parish shows" has been developed since 1928, dividing states into districts for them. Breeders assembled their Jerseys at a central place for judging and returned home the same day. Better animals often went to state fairs. State fairs and large regional shows-Eastern States Exposition, Dairy Cattle Congress, and Pacific International Exposition-gave regional competitions as feeders to the National Dairy Show. Al- though organized independently, these shows were the show win- creased in 1938 with slight reduction in points for head, rump, size, and fore udder attachment, DAIRY COw UNIFIED SCORE CARD A committee of the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association with repre- sentatives of each dairy breed association, prepared a Unified Dairy Cow Score Card in 1942. It was divided into four main headings: general appearance, dairy character, body capacity, and mam- mary system with their respective descriptions. Color, size, and horns were listed separately as breed characteristics. A similar score- card was prepared for dairy bulls. The scorecard for cows was re- vised in 1957. The National Dairy Association sponsored a National Dairy Show as the court of last resort in show ring competition from 1906 to 1941. An outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in 1914 caused the show to be omitted in 1915. A recession cancelled the shows in 1932-34, and the Association disbanded after World War II. Its place was taken by an All-American Jersey Show at Columbus, Ohio, in 1946-48 and at other major shows designated annually by the Board of Directors. Junior owners competed in an All-American Junior Show, and in the open classes. The North American Dairy Cattle Show organized at Columbus, Ohio, in 1967 with Ayrshires, Brown Swiss, Guernseys, and Jerseys, and as a regional show for Holsteins and Milking Shorthorns. National Collegiate and 4-H Dairy Cattle Judging Contests and the annual meeting of the Dairy Shrine Club were held during the show. PARISH SHOws A system of 1-day "parish shows" has been developed since 1928, dividing states into districts for them. Breeders assembled their Jerseys at a central place for judging and returned home the same day. Better animals often went to state fairs. State fairs and large regional shows-Eastern States Exposition, Dairy Cattle Congress, and Pacific International Exposition-gave regional competitions as feeders to the National Dairy Show. Al- though organized independently, these shows were the show win- creased in 1938 with slight reduction in points for head, rump, size, and fore udder attachment. DAIRY Cow UNIFIED SCORE CARD A committee of the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association with repre- sentatives of each dairy breed association, prepared a Unified Dairy Cow Score Card in 1942. It was divided into four main headings: general appearance, dairy character, body capacity, and mam- mary system with their respective descriptions. Color, size, and horns were listed separately as breed characteristics. A similar score- card was prepared for dairy bulls. The scorecard for cows was re- vised in 1957. The National Dairy Association sponsored a National Dairy Show as the court of last resort in show ring competition from 1906 to 1941. An outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in 1914 caused the show to be omitted in 1915. A recession cancelled the shows in 1932-34, and the Association disbanded after World War II. Its place was taken by an All-American Jersey Show at Columbus, Ohio, in 1946-48 and at other major shows designated annually by the Board of Directors. Junior owners competed in an All-American Junior Show, and in the open classes. The North American Dairy Cattle Show organized at Columbus, Ohio, in 1967 with Ayrshires, Brown Swiss, Guernseys, and Jerseys, and as a regional show for Holsteins and Milking Shorthorns. National Collegiate and 4-H Dairy Cattle Judging Contests and the annual meeting of the Dairy Shrine Club were held during the show. PARIsH SHOwS A system of 1-day "parish shows" has been developed since 1928, dividing states into districts for them. Breeders assembled their Jerseys at a central place for judging and returned home the same day. Better animals often went to state fairs. State fairs and large regional shows-Eastern States Exposition, Dairy Cattle Congress, and Pacific International Exposition-gave regional competitions as feeders to the National Dairy Show. Al- though organized independently, these shows were the show win-  318 D AIRY CATTLE BREEDS dow of the breeding industry, rendering great educational and ad- vertising service. The first annual Jersey Pictorial Parade was supervised by the Club's Type Advisory Committee. Exhibitors of Jerseys submitted photographs of 132 entries that were successful during the 1963 show season. A panel of 12 approved judges placed awards. Seven- teen of 30 animals had exhibited at the All-American Jersey Show. Some animals were recognized that had been at only one show. TYPE CLASSIsICATION The Directors approved a plan on May 31, 1932, for type classifica- tion of registered Jersey herds. The plan was developed by a com- mittee with C. H. Staples (chairman), H. H. Kildee, Jack Shelton, and Lynn Copeland. J. B. Fitch filled the vacancy when Kildee withdrew. The Club adopted the plan at the annual meeting in June 1932. All females of milking age and bulls over 15 months were submitted for classification by official judges appointed by the Club. The classification ratings were: 318 DA IRY CATTLE BREEDS dow of the breeding industry, rendering great educational and ad- vertising service. The first annual Jersey Pictorial Parade was supervised by the Club's Type Advisory Committee. Exhibitors of Jerseys submitted photographs of 132 entries that were successful during the 1963 show season. A panel of 12 approved judges placed awards. Seven- teen of 30 animals had exhibited at the All-American Jersey Show. Some animals were recognized that had been at only one show. TYPE CLASSIFICATION The Directors approved a plan on May 31, 1932, for type classifica- tion of registered Jersey herds. The plan was developed by a com- mittee with C. H. Staples (chairman), H. H. Kildee, Jack Shelton, and Lynn Copeland. J. B. Fitch filled the vacancy when Kildee withdrew. The Club adopted the plan at the annual meeting in June 1932. All females of milking age and bulls over 15 months were submitted for classification by official judges appointed by the Club. The classification ratings were: Originally adopted October, 1936 January, 1968 318 D AIRY CA TTLE B R DS dow of the breeding industry, rendering great educational and ad- vertising service. The first annual Jersey Pictorial Parade was supervised by the Club's Type Advisory Committee. Exhibitors of Jerseys submitted photographs of 132 entries that were successful during the 1963 show season. A panel of 12 approved judges placed awards. Seven- teen of 30 animals had exhibited at the All-American Jersey Show. Some animals were recognized that had been at only one show. TYPE CLASSIFICATION The Directors approved a plan on May 31, 1932, for type classifica- tion of registered Jersey herds. The plan was developed by a com- mittee with C. H. Staples (chairman), H. H. Kildee, Jack Shelton, and Lynn Copeland. J. B. Fitch filled the vacancy when Kildee withdrew. The Club adopted the plan at the annual meeting in June 1932. All females of milking age and bulls over 15 months were submitted for classification by official judges appointed by the Club. The classification ratings were: Originally adopted October, 1936 January, 1968 Excellent Very Good Good Plus Good Fair Poor Originally adopted October, 1936 January, 1968 (points) (points) 90 or more 90 or more 90 or 85-90 85-90 85-90 80-85 80-85 Desirable 80-84 70-80 75-80 Acceptable 75-79 60-70 70-75 Poor 74 or Under 60 Under 70 more below (points) Excellent 90 or more 90 or more Very Good 85-90 85-90 Good Plus 80-85 80-85 Good 70-80 75-80 Fair 60-70 70-75 Poor Under 60 Under 70 (points) 90 or more 85-90 Desirable 80-84 Acceptable 75-79 Poor bor below (points) Excellent 90 or more 90 or more Very Good 85-90 85-90 Good Plus 80-85 80--5 Good 70-80 75-80 Fair 60-70 70-75 Poor Under 60 Under 70 (points) 90 or more 85-90 Desirable 80-84 Acceptable 75-79 Poor 74 or below Classification ratings were published with the Register of Mlerit, Herd Improvement Test, or Tested Sire and Dam volumes in con- nection with the production records. Approved judges classified 14 herds during the first year. Registration certificates of Poor animals were cancelled, and only females from Fair cows were registered. This rule eliminated some registrations from the lower ratings. Fre- quent conferences of type classifiers tended to unify practices and decide on problem situations. Type ratings entered into require- ments for qualifying "Star" bulls and Superior Sires, to be discussed later, Status of the first 335,839 Jersey classifications are summarized in Table 15.2. Jerseys classified in 1948-49 averaged 83.36 points. Nu- Classification ratings were published with the Register of Ierit. Herd Improvement Test, or Tested Sire and Dam volumes in con- nection with the production records. Approved judges classified 14 herds during the first year. Registration certificates of Poor animals were cancelled, and only females from Fair cows were registered. This rule eliminated some registrations from the lower ratings. Fre- quent conferences of type classifiers tended to unify practices and decide on problem situations. Type ratings entered into require- ments for qualifying "Star" bulls and Superior Sires, to be discussed later. Status of the first 335,839 Jersey classifications are summarized in Table 15.2. Jerseys classified in 1948-49 averaged 83.36 points. Nu- Classification ratings were published with the Register of Merit. Herd Improvement Test, or Tested Sire and Dam volumes in con- nection with the production records. Approved judges classified 14 herds during the first year. Registration certificates of Poor animals were cancelled, and only females from Fair cows were registered. This rule eliminated some registrations from the lower ratings. Fre- quent conferences of type classifiers tended to unify practices and decide on problem situations. Type ratings entered into require- ments for qualifying "Star" bulls and Superior Sires, to be discussed later. Status of the first 335,839 Jersey classifications are summarized in Table 15.2. Jerseys classified in 1948-49 averaged 83.36 points. Nu-  Jerseys in the United States 319 Jerseys in the United States 319 Jerseys in the United States 319 merical scores were reported since 1963. Jerseys classified in 1969 averaged 82.71 points, with the changed emphasis on stature and udder form. A revision was adopted in 1968. The terms Good Plus and Good were replaced with Desirable and Acceptable. The Fair rating was discontinued, and Poor was set at 74 points or below. Registration certificates of animals scoring 74 points or below were stamped in TABLE 15.2 AVERAGES OF JERSEY TYPE CLASSIFICATIONS UNDER THE ORIGINAL AND REVISED METHODS merical scores were reported since 1963. Jerseys classified in 1969 averaged 82.71 points, with the changed emphasis on stature and udder form. A revision was adopted in 1968. The terms Good Plus and Good were replaced with Desirable and Acceptable. The Fair rating was discontinued, and Poor was set at 74 points or below. Registration certificates of animals scoring 74 points or below were stamped in TABLE 15.2 AVEAGES OF JERSEY TYPE CLASSIFICATIONS UNDER THE ORIGINAL AND REVISED METHODS merical scores were reported since 1963. Jerseys classified in 1969 averaged 82.71 points, with the changed emphasis on stature and udder form. A revision was adopted in 1968. The terms Good Plus and Good were replaced with Desirable and Acceptable. The Fair rating was discontinued, and Poor was set at 74 points or below. Registration certificates of animals scoring 74 points or below were stamped in TABLE 15.2 AVERAGES OF JERSEY TYPE CLASSIFICATIoNS UNDER THE ORIGINAL AND REVISED METHODS origmnal classinication Excellent Very Good Good Plus Good Fairl Total Animals Classified (No.) (%) 15,192 4.5 132,134 39.4 142,147 42.3 40,776 12.1 5,581 1.7 335,830 Revised Animals classinieda elassincation (No.) (%) 366 2.02 5,586 30.78 Desirable 8,358 46.07 Acceptable 3,386 18.66 Poor (below 75) 449 2.47 18,145 origmnal Animal. Classified classincation (No.) (%)5 Excellent 15,192 4.5 Very Good 132,134 39.4 Good Plus 142,147 42.3 Good 40,776 12.1 Fair 5,581 1.7 Total 335,830 Revised Animals Classifieda clasincation (No.) (%) 366 2.02 5,586 30.78 Desirable 8,358 46.07 Acceptable 3,386 18.66 Poor (below 75) 449 2.47 18,145 Origmal Animals Classified classineation (No.) (%*) Excellent 15,192 4.5 Very Good 132,134 39.4 Good Plus 142,147 42.3 Good 40,776 12.1 Fair 5,581 1.7 Total 335,830 Revised Animals Classified elassinecation (No.) (%) 366 2.02 5,586 30.78 Desirable 8,358 46.07 Acceptable 3,386 18.66 Poor (below 75) 449 2.47 18,145 a. Classified during the first 12 months of the revised program. the Club office that male progeny were ineligible for registration. Stature was considered under general appearance, with emphasis on reasonably more scale. Medium suspensory ligament and udder quality were added to the description of the mammary system. Six hereditary defects-chronic edema, eye defects (crossed and pop eye), front feet toe out, parrot mouth or weak jaw, wry-face, and wry-tail-were recorded by the classifier when observed. All cows under six years old must be scored at each herd inspection, and older animals at the owner's option. Scores may be raised or lowered at later inspections. These changes would reduce the average score of the breed and would give opportunity to strive for improve- ment through selective breeding. All scores available from 1963 are used in Sire Summary Averages. Defects observed under the revised Type Classification program included 35.46 percent toe out, 14.85 percent wry-face, 15.95 wry- tail, 22.42 percent eye defects, 9.48 percent weak jaw, and 1.84 per- cent with chronic edema among 18,145 Jerseys inspected in 498 herds in the first 12-months period. Arlis Anderson retired as classi- fier in 1967. John W. McKittrick succeeded as chief classifier, as- a. Classified during the first 12 months of the revised program. the Club office that male progeny were ineligible for registration. Stature was considered under general appearance, with emphasis on reasonably more scale. Medium suspensory ligament and udder quality were added to the description of the mammary system. Six hereditary defects-chronic edema, eye defects (crossed and pop eye), front feet toe out, parrot mouth or weak jaw, wry-face, and wry-tail-were recorded by the classifier when observed. All cows under six years old must be scored at each herd inspection, and older animals at the owner's option. Scores may be raised or lowered at later inspections. These changes would reduce the average score of the breed and would give opportunity to strive for improve- ment through selective breeding. All scores available from 1968 are used in Sire Summary Averages. Defects observed under the revised Type Classification program included 35.46 percent toe out, 14.85 percent wry-face, 15.95 wry- tail, 22.42 percent eye defects, 9.48 percent weak jaw, and 1.84 per- cent with chronic edema among 18,145 Jerseys inspected in 498 herds in the first 12-months period. Arlis Anderson retired as classi- fier in 1967. John W. McKittrick succeeded as chief classifier, as- a. Classified during the first 12 months of the revised program. the Club office that male progeny were ineligible for registration. Stature was considered under general appearance, with emphasis on reasonably more scale. Medium suspensory ligament and udder quality were added to the description of the mammary system. Six hereditary defects-chronic edema, eye defects (crossed and pop eye), front feet toe out, parrot mouth or weak jaw, wry-face, and wry-tail-were recorded by the classifier when observed. All cows under six years old must be scored at each herd inspection, and older animals at the owner's option. Scores may be raised or lowered at later inspections. These changes would reduce the average score of the breed and would give opportunity to strive for improve- ment through selective breeding. All scores available from 1969 are used in Sire Summary Averages. Defects observed under the revised Type Classification program included 35.46 percent toe out, 14.85 percent wry-face, 15.95 wry- tail, 22.42 percent eye defects, 9.48 percent weak jaw, and 1.84 per- cent with chronic edema among 18,145 Jerseys inspected in 498 herds in the first 12-months period. Arlis Anderson retired as classi- fier in 1967. John W. McKittrick succeeded as chief classifier, as-  320 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS sisted by W. E. Weaver and later by A. D. Meyer. A. D. Meyer be- came chief classifier in 1969. JERSEY PRODUCTION RECORDS Memoirs of the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture (Volume 4, p. 155) published Richard Morris's letter about his 3- year old "Alderney" cow that yielded 8 pounds of churned butter in a week. Whether she was from Guernsey or Jersey is unknown. In the next lactation she produced 14 quarts of milk daily from which 16 pounds 14 ounces of butter "of so rich a yellow" were churned in 14 days. Secretary George E. Waring, Jr., of the American Jersey Cattle Club, cited Flora 113, imported in 1851 for Thomas Motley. Her milk was churned separately. She produced 511 pounds 2 ounces of butter between May 18, 1853, and April 26, 1854. Her persistent production was notable as compared with common cows at that time. J. Milton Mackie believed that milk and butter records should be used along with the scale of points in judging the merits of a Jersey cow. A. B. Darling of New York City requested in 1882 that the Club send a man to supervise a disinterested record of his cows Bomba 10330. Edward Burnett volunteered his services. She pro- duced 205 pounds 6 ounces of milk in 7 days from which he churned 21 pounds 11% ounces of butter. The Board of Directors placed his report in the minutes-the first official production recog- nition by the Club. Major Campbell Brown of Spring Hill, Tennessee, collected 189 private butter test reports, mainly for 7 days, and published them in the Country Gentleman in 1882. Joining with Thomas H. Malone. William J. Webster, and M. M. Gardner, he published Butter Tests of Jersey Cows in 1884, assuming that the records would be of value to breeders. They hoped further to " ... arouse such an interest as will force the American Jersey Cattle Club to elaborate a system which for the future may give more satisfactory results." The Club appointed Major Henry E. Alvord as official tester in 1885. He supervised two butter tests that year. Several private tests reported to him were accepted by the Executive Committee on 320 DA IRY CATTLE BREEDS sisted by W. E. Weaver and later by A. D. Meyer. A. D. Meyer be- came chief classifier in 1969. JERSEY PRODUCTION RECORDS Memoirs of the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture (Volume 4, p. 155) published Richard Morris's letter about his 3- year old "Alderney" cow that yielded 8 pounds of churned butter in a week. Whether she was from Guernsey or Jersey is unknown. In the next lactation she produced 14 quarts of milk daily from which 16 pounds 14 ounces of butter "of so rich a yellow" were churned in 14 days. Secretary George E. Waring, Jr., of the American Jersey Cattle Club, cited Flora 113, imported in 1851 for Thomas Motley. Her milk was churned separately. She produced 511 pounds 2 ounces of butter between May 18, 1853, and April 26, 1854. Her persistent production was notable as compared with common cows at that time. J. Milton Mackie believed that milk and butter records should be used along with the scale of points in judging the merits of a Jersey cow. A. B. Darling of New York City requested in 1882 that the Club send a man to supervise a disinterested record of his cow Bomba 10330. Edward Burnett volunteered his services. She pro- duced 205 pounds 6 ounces of milk in 7 days from which he churned 21 pounds 11% ounces of butter. The Board of Directors placed his report in the minutes-the first official production recog- nition by the Club. Major Campbell Brown of Spring Hill, Tennessee, collected 189 private butter test reports, mainly for 7 days, and published them in the Country Gentleman in 1882. Joining with Thomas H. Malone. William J. Webster, and M. M. Gardner, he published Butter Tests of Jersey Cows in 1884, assuming that the records would be of value to breeders. They hoped further to " ... arouse such an interest as will force the American Jersey Cattle Club to elaborate a system which for the future may give more satisfactory results." The Club appointed Major Henry E. Alvord as offircial tester in 1885. He supervised two butter tests that year. Several private tests reported to him were accepted by the Executive Committee on 320 D AI RY CATTLE BRE EDS sisted by W. E. Weaver and later by A. D. Meyer. A. D. Meyer be- came chief classifier in 1969. JERSEY PRODUCTION RECORDS Memoirs of the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture (Volume 4, p. 155) published Richard Morris's letter about his 3- year old "Alderney" cow that yielded 8 pounds of churned butter in a week. Whether she was from Guernsey or Jersey is unknown. In the next lactation she produced 14 quarts of milk daily from which 16 pounds 14 ounces of butter "of so rich a yellow" were churned in 14 days. Secretary George E. Waring, Jr., of the American Jersey Cattle Club, cited Flora 113, imported in 1851 for Thomas Motley. Her milk was churned separately. She produced 511 pounds 2 ounces of butter between May 18, 1853, and April 26, 1854. Her persistent production was notable as compared with common coss at that time. J. Milton Mackie believed that milk and butter records should be used along with the scale of points in judging the merits of a Jersey cow. A. B. Darling of New York City requested in 1882 that the Club send a man to supervise a disinterested record of his cow Bomba 10330. Edward Burnett volunteered his services. She pro- duced 205 pounds 6 ounces of milk in 7 days from which he churned 21 pounds 11% ounces of butter. The Board of Directors placed his report in the minutes-the first official production recog- nition by the Club. Major Campbell Brown of Spring Hill, Tennessee, collected 189 private butter test reports, mainly for 7 days, and published them in the Country Gentleman in 1882. Joining with Thomas H. Malone, William J. Webster, and M. M. Gardner, he published Butter Tests of Jersey Cows in 1884, assuming that the records would be of value to breeders. They hoped further to " ... arouse such an interest as will force the American Jersey Cattle Club to elaborate a system which for the future may give more satisfactory results." The Club appointed Major Henry E. Alvord as offircial tester in 1885. He supervised two butter tests that year. Several private tests reported to him were accepted by the Executive Committee on  Jerseys in the United States 321 Jerseys in the United States 321 Jerseys in the United States 321 January 4, 1887. The first production records published by the Club were Butter Tests of Registered Jersey Cows in 1889. The volume contained 1,693 private and 36 official records. Five volumes ap- peared, the last being in 1902. REGISTER OF MERIT Some 6,200 private and 597 authenticated and confirmed produc- tion records had been published by the Club. On March 12, 1902, the Executive Committee wrote: Resolved, that it is the sense of this Committee that the Club shall receive, preserve and publish milk and butter-fat records of Jersey cows, provided that all seven-day records shall be authenticated by a representative of any State, Provincial or National experiment station or agricultural college, and that all yearly records shall be verified by a monthly check test of at least two-days duration conducted by such representative. The committee of George S. Peer, H. S. Redfield, and George W. Sisson, Jr., drew up the rules that were approved by the Club on May 6, 1903. The Register of Merit was established: " ... with the object of raising to a higher standard the average excellence of the Jersey breed and to secure an authenticated and permanent production record to which reference can be made in selecting animals for breeding purposes." Countess Matilda 74928 produced 270 pounds of milk containing 16.96 pounds of butterfat in 7 days, yielding 19 pounds 11 ounces of churned butter. Some yearly tests supervised at Hood Farm in Massachusetts were accepted, including Sophie 10th of Hood Farm 143234 with 8,683 pounds of milk, 5.51 percent and 478 pounds of butterfat in a year. Dollie's Valentine 105049, with a confirmed but- ter test at the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station in 1899. was recognized as the highest producer of the breed then. She pro- duced 10,218 pounds of milk and 578 pounds of butterfat in 1 year, and was scored 96.5 points by John A. Middleton. Register of Merit records were divided into 365-day (Class A and AA) and 305-day (Class A and AAA), double and triple letters indicating that a living calf had been dropped within the pre- scribed time. January 4, 1887. The first production records published by the Club were Butter Tests of Registered Jersey Cows in 1889. The volume contained 1,693 private and 36 official records. Five volumes ap- peared, the last being in 1902. REGISTER OF MERIT Some 6,200 private and 597 authenticated and confirmed produc- tion records had been published by the Club. On March 12, 1902, the Executive Committee wrote: Resolved, that it is the sense of this Committee that the Club shall receive, preserve and publish milk and butter-fat records of Jersey cows, provided that all seven-day records shall be authenticated by a representative of any State, Provincial or National experiment station or agricultural college, and that all yearly records shall be verified by a monthly check test of at least two-days duration conducted by such representative. The committee of George S. Peer, H. S. Redfield, and George W. Sisson, Jr., drew up the rules that were approved by the Club on May 6, 1903. The Register of Merit was established: " ... with the object of raising to a higher standard the average excellence of the Jersey breed and to secure an authenticated and permanent production record to which reference can be made in selecting animals for breeding purposes." Countess Matilda 74928 produced 270 pounds of milk containing 16.96 pounds of butterfat in 7 days, yielding 19 pounds 11 ounces of churned butter. Some yearly tests supervised at Hood Farm in Massachusetts were accepted, including Sophie 10th of Hood Farm 143234 with 8,683 pounds of milk, 5.51 percent and 478 pounds of butterfat in a year. Dollie's Valentine 105049, with a confirmed but- ter test at the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station in 1899, was recognized as the highest producer of the breed then. She pro- duced 10,218 pounds of milk and 578 pounds of butterfat in 1 year, and was scored 96.5 points by John A. Middleton. Register of Merit records were divided into 365-day (Class A and AA) and 305-day (Class A and AAA), double and triple letters indicating that a living calf had been dropped within the pre- scribed time. January 4, 1887. The first production records published by the Club were Butter Tests of Registered Jersey Cows in 1889. The volume contained 1,693 private and 36 official records. Five volumes ap- peared, the last being in 1902. REGISTER OF MERIT Some 6,200 private and 597 authenticated and confirmed produc- tion records had been published by the Club. On March 12, 1902, the Executive Committee wrote: Resolved, that it is the sense of this Committee that the Club shall receive, preserve and publish milk and butter-fat records of Jersey cows, provided that all seven-day records shall be authenticated by a representative of any State, Provincial or National experiment station or agricultural college, and that all yearly records shall be verified by a monthly check test of at least two-days duration conducted by such representative. The committee of George S. Peer, H. S. Redfield, and George W. Sisson, Jr., drew up the rules that were approved by the Club on May 6, 1903. The Register of Merit was established: " ... with the object of raising to a higher standard the average excellence of the Jersey breed and to secure an authenticated and permanent production record to which reference can be made in selecting animals for breeding purposes." Countess Matilda 74928 produced 270 pounds of milk containing 16.96 pounds of butterfat in 7 days, yielding 19 pounds 11 ounces of churned butter. Some yearly tests supervised at Hood Farm in Massachusetts were accepted, including Sophie 10th of Hood Farm 143234 with 8,683 pounds of milk, 5.51 percent and 478 pounds of butterfat in a year. Dollie's Valentine 105049, with a confirmed but- ter test at the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station in 1899, was recognized as the highest producer of the breed then. She pro- duced 10,218 pounds of milk and 578 pounds of butterfat in 1 year, and was scored 96.5 points by John A. Middleton. Register of Merit records were divided into 365-day (Class A and AA) and 305-day (Class A and AAA), double and triple letters indicating that a living calf had been dropped within the pre- scribed time.  322 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS Production records of 7, 14, and 30 days were accepted in Class B until 1917 when the short-time division had fallen into disuse. Production requirements for yearly records to qualify a cow were: Age of cow Milk Butterfat Under 30 months 8.000 pounds or 260 pounds 5 years or older 10,000 pounds or 400 pounds A cow that also scored 80 points for conformation qualified for entryn in Class A. Bulls entered Class A when three daughters from dif- ferent dams qualified in production, and the bull scored 80 points. Without scoring, he entered Class B. Owners could select the cows they placed on test. Of the first 55 records, 54 cows scored by the 1903 Scale of Points averaged 91.48 points. Judges probably varied in their estimates of an ideal Jersey, compared with current classifi- cation. Butterfat requirements soon were changed to 250.5 pounds of butterfat at 2 years old, up to 360 pounds at 5 years of age. A 305- day division was added in 1921 with the above requirements, and the 365-day division raised to 290.5 and 400 pounds of butterfat at the respective ages. Production records were quoted in terms of milk and "butter," harking back to the churn test before the Bab- cock test was perfected. The fiftieth annual meeting of the Club (1918) resolved " ... that advertisements relative to the official ree- ords be written exclusively in terms of butterfat." Sophie 19th of Hood Farm 189748 (Fig. 15.2) was among the great producers and transmitters of production. Four sons were used in large herds. One of them-Pogis 99th of Hood Farm 94502- was regarded as the greatest living dairy bull in his day in trans- mitting butterfat production and persistent milking ability. TESTED SuES The Board of Directors amended the rules in September 1931 to eliminate minimum requirements for the Register of Merit and to publish all records of cows on test 270 days or longer. The number of registered daughters past 4 years old was published as an indica- tion of selectivity in testing. A bull having ten or more daughters with records became known as a Tested Sire. Production records were computed to a uniform 365-day mature 322 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS Production records of 7, 14, and 30 days were accepted in Class B until 1917 when the short-time division had fallen into disuse. Production requirements for yearly records to qualify a cow were: Age of cow Milk Butterfat Under 30 months 8.000 pounds or 260 pounds 5 years or older 10,000 pounds or 400 pounds A cow that also scored 80 points for conformation qualified for entrv in Class A. Bulls entered Class A when three daughters from dif- ferent dams qualified in production, and the bull scored 80 points. Without scoring, he entered Class B. Owners could select the cos they placed on test. Of the first 55 records, 54 cows scored by the 1903 Scale of Points averaged 91.48 points. Judges probably varied in their estimates of an ideal Jersey, compared with current classifi- cation. Butterfat requirements soon were changed to 250.5 pounds of butterfat at 2 years old, up to 360 pounds at 5 years of age. A 305- day division was added in 1921 with the above requirements, and the 365-day division raised to 290.5 and 400 pounds of butterfat at the respective ages. Production records were quoted in terms of milk and "butter," harking back to the churn test before the Bab- cock test was perfected. The fiftieth annual meeting of the Club (1918) resolved " ... that advertisements relative to the offcial rec- ords be written exclusively in terms of butterfat." Sophie 19th of Hood Farm 189748 (Fig. 15.2) was among the great producers and transmitters of production. Four sons were used in large herds. One of them-Pogis 99th of Hood Farm 94502- was regarded as the greatest living dairy bull in his day in trans- mitting butterfat production and persistent milking ability. TESTED SuES The Board of Directors amended the rules in September 1931 to eliminate minimum requirements for the Register of Merit and to publish all records of cows on test 270 days or longer. The number of registered daughters past 4 years old was published as an indica- tion of selectivity in testing. A bull having ten or more daughters with records became known as a Tested Sire. Production records were computed to a uniform 365-day mature 322 DA IRY CATTLE BREEDS Production records of 7, 14, and 30 days were accepted in Class B until 1917 when the short-time division had fallen into disuse. Production requirements for yearly records to qualify a cow were: Age of cow Milk Butterfat Under 30 months 8.000 pounds or 260 pounds 5 years or older 10,000 pounds or 400 pounds A cow that also scored 80 points for conformation qualified for entry in Class A. Bulls entered Class A when three daughters from dif- ferent dams qualified in production, and the bull scored 80 points. Without scoring, he entered Class B. Owners could select the cows they placed on test. Of the first 55 records, 54 cows scored by the 1903 Scale of Points averaged 91.48 points. Judges probably varied in their estimates of an ideal Jersey, compared with current classifi- cation. Butterfat requirements soon were changed to 250.5 pounds of butterfat at 2 years old, up to 360 pounds at 5 years of age. A 305- day division was added in 1921 with the above requirements, and the 365-day division raised to 290.5 and 400 pounds of butterfat at the respective ages. Production records were quoted in terms of milk and "butter," harking back to the chum test before the Bab- cock test was perfected. The fiftieth annual meeting of the Club (1918) resolved " ... that advertisements relative to the official ree- ords be written exclusively in terms of butterfat." Sophie 19th of Hood Farm 189748 (Fig. 15.2) was among the great producers and transmitters of production. Four sons were used in large herds. One of them-Pogis 99th of Hood Farm 94502- was regarded as the greatest living dairy bull in his day in trans- mitting butterfat production and persistent milking ability. TESTED SIRES The Board of Directors amended the rules in September 1931 to eliminate minimum requirements for the Register of Merit and to publish all records of cows on test 270 days or longer. The number of registered daughters past 4 years old was published as an indica- tion of selectivity in testing. A bull having ten or more daughters with records became known as a Tested Sire. Production records were computed to a uniform 365-day mature  Jerseys in the United States 323 equivalent basis prior to 1943 when computing the average produc- tion of progeny of Tested Sires. About 80 percent of the cows had been milked twice daily, with the 305-day division gaining in popu- larity. The Board of Directors voted to publish the production records for Tested Sires on a 305-day 2x mature equivalent basis since 1943. During the 1955-56 fiscal year, 1,212 Jersey cows completed 305-day records in the Register of Merit averaging 9,045 pounds of milk, 5.52 percent and 492 pounds of butterfat. The trend was toward less selective testing and more use of the Herd Improve- ment Registry. HERD IMPROvEMENT REGISTRY An advance toward breed improvement came with a program for testing all cows in the herd for production. Following the Ayrshire Breeders' Association, the Board of Directors approved the Herd Improvement Registry which began operation in July 1928. The Bq B H Hj Jerseys in the United States 323 equivalent basis prior to 1943 when computing the average produc- tion of progeny of Tested Sires. About 80 percent of the cows had been milked twice daily, with the 305-day division gaining in popu- larity. The Board of Directors voted to publish the production records for Tested Sires on a 305-day 2 x mature equivalent basis since 1943. During the 1955-56 fiscal year, 1,212 Jersey cows completed 305-day records in the Register of Merit averaging 9,045 pounds of milk, 5.52 percent and 492 pounds of butterfat. The trend was toward less selective testing and more use of the Herd Improve- ment Registry. HERD IMPROvEMENT REGISTRY An advance toward breed improvement came with a program for testing all cows in the herd for production. Following the Ayrshire Breeders' Association, the Board of Directors approved the Herd Improvement Registry which began operation in July 1928. The Jerseys in the United States 323 equivalent basis prior to 1943 when computing the average produc- tion of progeny of Tested Sires. About 80 percent of the cows had been milked twice daily, with the 305-day division gaining in popu- larity. The Board of Directors voted to publish the production records for Tested Sires on a 305-day 2 x mature equivalent basis since 1943. During the 1955-56 fiscal year, 1,212 Jersey cows completed 305-day records in the Register of Merit averaging 9,045 pounds of milk, 5.52 percent and 492 pounds of butterfat. The trend was toward less selective testing and more use of the Herd Improve- ment Registry. HERD IMPROvEMENT REGISTRY An advance toward breed improvement came with a program for testing all cows in the herd for production. Following the Ayrshire Breeders' Association, the Board of Directors approved the Herd Improvement Registry which heam operation in July 1928. The BPW DI H FIG. 15.2. Sophie 19th of Hood Farm 189748 represented the rugged Ameri- can type Jersey popular for size and butterfat production. She held the highest butterfat record over all breeds in 1914, and transmitted high production through 4 sons. FIG. 15.2. Sophie 19th of Hood Farm 189748 represented the rugged Ameri- can type Jersey popular for size and butterfat production. She held the highest butterfat record over all breeds in 1914, and transmitted high production through 4 sons. FIG. 15.2. Sophie 19th of Hood Farm 189748 represented the rugged Ameri- can type Jersey popular for size and butterfat production. She held the highest butterfat record over all breeds in 1914, and transmitted high production through 4 sons.  321 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS herd test was based on 1-day butterfat tests each month of all cows in the herd, over a 12-month period. Certificates of production of individual cows were issued on request and payment of a fee since March 1935. Only cows over 12 years old could be omitted at the owner's option if they had a previous Register of Merit or Herd Im- provement Registry record. The average production of cows in the Herd Improvement Registry is listed in Table 15.3. The HIR divi- sion terminated in December 1965 for a single production program -the Dairy Herd Improvement Registry. DAIRY HERD IMPROvEMENT REGISTRY Supervision of DHIA records was modified in accordance with a study made by the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association and Ameri- can Dairy Science Association so that the records were acceptable to the dairy breed associations. The DHIR was adopted on July 1. 1959. Records made under the new rules for supervision are known as Dairy Herd Improvement Registry (DHIR) records. They are used by the breed associations for the same purposes as the R. of M. records and the HIR. Some 28,613 production records in HIR and DHIR in 1960-61 averaged 8,048 pounds of milk, 5.3 percent and 427 pounds of butterfat. All production testing was consolidated as DHIR in 1966. RECOGNITION OF PRODUCTION A system of medal awards was revised in 1919 to recognize out- standing production with reproduction. Butterfat requirements for these awards were: 321 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS herd test was based on 1-day butterfat tests each month of all cows in the herd, over a 12-month period. Certificates of production of individual cows were issued on request and payment of a fee since March 1935. Only cows over 12 years old could be omitted at the owner's option if they had a previous Register of Merit or Herd Im- provement Registry record. The average production of cows in the Herd Improvement Registry is listed in Table 15.3. The HIR divi- sion terminated in December 1965 for a single production program -the Dairy Herd Improvement Registry. DAIRY HERD IMPROvEMENT REGISTRY Supervision of DHIA records was modified in accordance with a study made by the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association and Ameri- can Dairy Science Association so that the records were acceptable to the dairy breed associations. The DHIR was adopted on July 1. 1959. Records made under the new rules for supervision are known as Dairy Herd Improvement Registry (DHIR) records. They are used by the breed associations for the same purposes as the R. of M. records and the HIR. Some 28,613 production records in HIR and DHIR in 1960-61 averaged 8,048 pounds of milk, 5.3 percent and 427 pounds of butterfat. All production testing was consolidated as DHIR in 1966. RECOGNITION OF PRODUCTION A system of medal awards was revised in 1919 to recognize out- standing production with reproduction. Butterfat requirements for these awards were: 321 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS herd test was based on 1-day butterfat tests each month of all cows in the herd, over a 12-month period. Certificates of production of individual cows were issued on request and payment of a fee since March 1935. Only cows over 12 years old could be omitted at the owner's option if they had a previous Register of Merit or Herd Im- provement Registry record. The average production of cows in the Herd Improvement Registry is listed in Table 15.3. The HIR divi- sion terminated in December 1965 for a single production program -the Dairy Herd Improvement Registry. DAIRY HERD IMPROvEMENT REGISTRY Supervision of DHIA records was modified in accordance with a study made by the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association and Ameri- can Dairy Science Association so that the records were acceptable to the dairy breed associations. The DHIR was adopted on July 1. 1959. Records made under the new rules for supervision are known as Dairy Herd Improvement Registry (DHIR) records. They are used by the breed associations for the same purposes as the R. of M. records and the HIR. Some 28,613 production records in HIR and DHIR in 1960-61 averaged 8,048 pounds of milk, 5.3 percent and 427 pounds of butterfat. All production testing was consolidated as DHIR in 1966. RECOGNITION OF PRODUCTION A system of medal awards was revised in 1919 to recognize out- standing production with reproduction. Butterfat requirements for these awards were: 305 days 365 day (Class AAA) (Class AA) (pounds) 305 days 365 day (Class AAA) (Class AA) (pounds) 305 days 365 day (Class AAA) (Class AA) (pounds) Silver Medal (under 5 years old, 2 years 95 days at start) Increase in fat per day older at start Gold Medal, any age Medal of Merit, any age President's Cup, to highest producer of the year, at least 410 0.2 610 740 500 0.2 700 850 Silver Medal (under 5 years old, 2 years 95 days at start) Increase in fat per day older at start Gold Medal, any age Medal of Merit, any age President's Cup, to highest producer of the year, at least 410 0.2 610 740 500 0.2 700 850 Silver Medal (under 5 years old, 2 years 95 days at start) Increase in fat per day older at start Cold Medal, any age Medal of Merit, any age President's Cup, to highest producer of the year, at least 410 0.2 610 740 500 0.2 700 850 870 1,000 870 1,000 870 1,000 A bull qualified for the corresponding medal since 1921, when three daughters from different dams earned that medal. The Silver A bull qualified for the corresponding medal since 1921, when three daughters from different dams earned that medal. The Silver A bull qualified for the corresponding medal since 1921, when three daughters from different dams earned that medal. The Silver  Jerseys in the United States 325 Jerseys in the United States 325 Jerseys in the United States 325 Medal requirement has been revised to 420 pounds of butterfat at 2 years old, with 0.175 pounds of fat added for each day older at start of the record. Silver Medals are awarded only to females under 5 years old, but to bulls of any age. Since 1941 a cow rated a Ton of Gold certificate when she pro- duced 2,000 pounds of butterfat in four consecutive years in HIR test. TABLE 15.3 AVERAGE PRODUCTION OF JERSEYS IN HERD IMPROVEMENT REGISTRY, 1929-58, AND IN DHIR IN 1970 Medal requirement has been revised to 420 pounds of butterfat at 2 years old, with 0.175 pounds of fat added for each day older at start of the record. Silver Medals are awarded only to females under 5 years old, but to bulls of any age. Since 1941 a cow rated a Ton of Gold certificate when she pro- duced 2,000 pounds of butterfat in four consecutive years in HIR test. TABLE 15.3 AVERACE PaoDUCTION OF JERSEYS IN HERD MPROVEMENT REGISTRY, 1929-58, AND IN DHIR IN 1970 Medal requirement has been revised to 420 pounds of butterfat at 2 years old, with 0.175 pounds of fat added for each day older at start of the record. Silver Medals are awarded only to females under 5 years old, but to bulls of any age. Since 1941 a cow rated a Ton of Gold certificate when she pro- duced 2,000 pounds of butterfat in four consecutive years in HIR test. TABLE 15.3 AVERAGE PRODUCTION OF JERSEYS IN HERD IMPROVEMENT REGISTRY, 1929-58, AND IN DHIR IN 1970 Fiscal years 1929-39 1939-49 1949-58 1970 Number of records 36,145 131,899 203,127 28,026 Milk (lb.) Test (%) 6,854 5.28 7,091 5.35 7,309 5.33 9,914 5.05 Butterfat (0bs.) 362 379 389 501 Fiscal years 1929-39 1939-49 1949-58 1970 Number of records 36,145 131,899 203,127 28,026 Milk (lbs.) Test (%) 6,854 5.28 7,091 5.35 7,309 5.33 9,914 5.05 Butterfat (]bs.) 362 379 389 501 Fiscal years Number of records. 1929-39 36,145 1939-49 131,899 1949-58 203,127 1970 28,026 Milk (lbs.) Test (%) Butterfat bs.) 6,854 5.28 362 7,091 5.35 379 7,309 5.33 389 9,914 5.05 501 A Gold Star Herd Award was earned in the HIR with an average production according to the number of cows, as follows: A Gold Star Herd Award was earned in the HIR with an average production according to the number of cows, as follows: A Cold Star Herd Award was earned in the HIR with an average production according to the number of cows, as follows: Size of herd 5 to 10 cows 10 to 50 cows 50 cows or more Average butterfat production pounds 475 450 425 Size of herd 5 to 10 cows 10 to 50 cows 50 cows or more Average butterfat production pounds 475 450 425 Size of herd 5 to 10 cows 10 to 50 cows 50 cows or more Average butterfat production pounds 475 450 425 RECOGNITION OF TRANSMITTING ABILITY Transmitting ability of Jersey bulls was recognized with the compi- lation of private Butter Tests of Jerseys in 1884, when the produc- tion records were assembled according to sires. Stoke Pogis III 2238 had nine daughters, including the famous Mary Anne of St. Lam- bert 9770 credited with 27 pounds 9% ounces of churned butter in seven days. The Register of Merit recognized Jersey bulls having three daugh- ters qualified for entry from different dams. Bulls with three Gold Medal daughters (producing 610 pounds of butterfat in Class AAA or 700 pounds in Class AA) from different dams, were rated as Gold Medal bulls beginning in May, 1911. The double- and triple-letter classes indicated that the cow carried a living calf for a definite time during the record. This recognition included Silver Medal and Medal of Merit bulls similarly in 1921 RECOGNITION OF TRANSMITTING ABILITY Transmitting ability of Jersey bulls was recognized with the compi- lation of private Butter Tests of Jerseys in 1884, when the produc- tion records were assembled according to sires. Stoke Pogis III 2238 had nine daughters, including the famous Mary Anne of St. Lam- bert 9770 credited with 27 pounds 9% ounces of churned butter in seven days. The Register of Merit recognized Jersey bulls having three daugh- ters qualified for entry from different dams. Bulls with three Gold Medal daughters (producing 610 pounds of butterfat in Class AAA or 700 pounds in Class AA) from different dams, were rated as Gold Medal bulls beginning in May, 1911. The double- and triple-letter classes indicated that the cow carried a living calf for a definite time during the record. This recognition included Silver Medal and Medal of Merit bulls similarly in 1921. RECOGNITION OF TRANSMITTING ABILITY Transmitting ability of Jersey bulls was recognized with the compi- lation of private Butter Tests of Jerseys in 1884, when the produc- tion records were assembled according to sires. Stoke Pogis III 2238 had nine daughters, including the famous Mary Anne of St. Lam- bert 9770 credited with 27 pounds 9% ounces of churned butter in seven days. The Register of Merit recognized Jersey bulls having three daugh- ters qualified for entry from different dams. Bulls with three Gold Medal daughters (producing 610 pounds of butterfat in Class AAA or 700 pounds in Class AA) from different dams, were rated as Gold Medal bulls beginning in May, 1911. The double- and triple-letter classes indicated that the cow carried a living calf for a definite time during the record. This recognition included Silver Medal and Medal of Merit bulls similarly in 1921.  326 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS The tendency toward linebreeding handicapped selection of a particular bull for exerting a wide influence across the breed. No single bull held this distinction since Golden Lad on the Island. Sybil's Gamboge 174663 ranked among the leaders, with 216 regis- tered daughters in natural service, 88 of which yielded an average of 12,234 pounds of milk, 5.12 percent and 626 pounds of butterfat on a 365-day 3X mature equivalent basis in the Register of Merit. Born in 1914 on the Island, he died in Vermont when past 10 years old. Though generations have passed, size and udder quality char- acterize many of his descendants in natural and artificial service. His picture as an old bull is shown in Figure 15.3. At least ten daughters must be tested and ten classified, these being at least 50 percent of all registered daughters 4 years or older. A Jersey cow became a Tested Dam when three progeny quali- fled for production records. A Tested Sire son counted the same as a daughter, based on the average production of his progeny. Xenia's Sparkling Ivy 837775 was a Tested Dam that combined persistent 326 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS The tendency toward linebreeding handicapped selection of a particular bull for exerting a wide influence across the breed. No single bull held this distinction since Golden Lad on the Island. Sybil's Gamboge 174663 ranked among the leaders, with 216 regis- tered daughters in natural service, 88 of which yielded an average of 12,234 pounds of milk, 5.12 percent and 626 pounds of butterfat on a 365-day 3x mature equivalent basis in the Register of Merit. Born in 1914 on the Island, he died in Vermont when past 10 years old. Though generations have passed, size and udder quality char- acterize many of his descendants in natural and artificial service. His picture as an old bull is shown in Figure 15.3. At least ten daughters must be tested and ten classified. these being at least 50 percent of all registered daughters 4 years or older. A Jersey cow became a Tested Dam when three progeny quali- fled for production records. A Tested Sire son counted the same as a daughter, based on the average production of his progeny. Xenia's Sparkling Ivy 837775 was a Tested Dam that combined persistent 326 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS The tendency toward linebreeding handicapped selection of a particular bull for exerting a wide influence across the breed. No single bull held this distinction since Golden Lad on the Island. Sybil's Gamboge 174663 ranked among the leaders, with 216 regis- tered daughters in natural service, 88 of which yielded an average of 12,234 pounds of milk, 5.12 percent and 626 pounds of butterfat on a 365-day 3 x mature equivalent basis in the Register of Merit. Born in 1914 on the Island, he died in Vermont when past 10 years old. Though generations have passed, size and udder quality char- acterize many of his descendants in natural and artificial service. Ilis picture as an old bull is shown in Figure 15.3. At least ten daughters must be tested and ten classified. these being at least 50 percent of all registered daughters 4 years or older. A Jersey cow became a Tested Dam when three progeny quali- fled for production records. A Tested Sire son counted the same as a daughter, based on the average production of his progeny. Xenia's Sparkling Ivy 837775 was a Tested Dam that combined persistent FIG. 15.3. Sybil's Gamboge 174663 sired 88 daughters whose Register of Merit records averaged 12,234 pounds of milk, 5.12 percent and 626 pounds of butterfat on a 365-day 3X mature equivalent basis. FIG. 15.3. Sybil's Gamboge 174663 sired 88 daughters whose Register of Merit records averaged 12,234 pounds of milk, 5.12 percent and 626 pounds of butterfat on a 365-day 3X mature equivalent basis. FIG. 15.3. Sybil's Gamboge 174663 sired 88 daughters whose Register of Merit records averaged 12,234 pounds of milk, 5.12 percent and 626 pounds of butterfat on a 365-day 3X mature equivalent basis.  Jerseys in the Unoited States 327 production seith type and transmitting ability. She is shoswn in Fig- ure 15.4. The Register of Merit roles ssere amenrded ins 1931 to publish all eecoeclo foe 270 days or longer regardless of prsoduction. This swas believed to present the transmitting ability more nearly when rom- poting the average msature eqoivalet productionnofdaoghtersof a Tested Sire and Tested Dam. SUPERItORaANSENIORnSUERIORaSIRES A Tested Sire qoalifird as a Superior Sire since 1932 when half of all daughters over 4 years old were tested and their average pea- duction exceeded 600 pounds sof butterfat oss a 365-day mature equivalent basis. Also at least ten classified daughters (40 per- Jerses in the United Slates 327 production with type and transmitting ability. She is shosen in Fig- are 15.4. The Register of Merit roles were amended in 1931 tn publish oall records for 270 days or lossger regardless osf prodution. This was helieved to presenst the transmitting ability more nearly when com- poling the average msature equivalenst prssduction sof dasughters of a Tested Sire and Tested Dam. SUERIOR ANDs SENIOR SUPROR SInES A Trsted Sire qualified as a Superior Sire since 1932 when half of all daughters over 4yearssold swere tested and theiraverage pro- duction enceeded 600 pousnds of bsstterfat on a 365-day mature equivalenst basis. Also at least tens classified daughters (40 per- Jereys in the United Staten 327 production with type and transmitting ability. She is shown in Fig- ure 15.4. The Register of Merit rssles. were amsended in 1931 Is publish all records for 270 days or longer regardless of productions. This seas helieved to preast the transmitting ability inne nearly when cons- puting the average msature equivalenat production of daughters of a Tested Sire and Tested Dam. SUPensoR AND SENIOR SUERIsOR SInES A Tested Sire qualified as a Superior Sire since 1932 when half of all daughtersaover 4 years old were tested andtheir average pr- duction eceeded 600 ponds of buttecfat on a 365-day mature equivalent basis. Also at least ten classified daughters (40 per- FIG. 15.4. Xenia's Sparhling lve 837775 maes aGold, Medal of Merit, mnd Ton of Gold cow, and classified Excellent when 15 yesrs old. Hes 10 rogeny averaged 488 pounds of hutterfat in 305 days, 2X matmre equivalent hasis, including a Superrior and 4 Senior Surerior Sises. Her daughter Dandy Sparh- lina Ziosta 1039803 hs a lifetime recrd of 1429870 pounds of msilks, 70915 rounds at hutterfat, and it progene averaging 10,400 rounds of milk, m69 pounds of buttesfat. etc. isa4 Xenisa aSparklino Isy 837775 was a Gold, Medal of Merit, sod Ton of Gold caw, and classified Excellent when 15 yeses old. Her 10 progeny avrage4 490 pounds of butterfat in 305 days, 2X matme equivalent hais, including a Suerior and 4 Senior Sueerior Sires. Her daughter Dandy Spark- ting Zinnia 1039863 hs a lifetimerecssd of 142,876 pounds of mdilk, 7,915 epounds sof butterfat, and 11 progeny averaging 10oa6S pounds of mils, 569 rounds of buttesfat. FIG. 15.4. Xenis arkseling Isy 937771 was a Gold, Medal of Merit, and Ton of Gold cam, sod clasifed Excellent whsen 15 years old. Hes 10 progeny aerasged 469 pounds of hurterfar in 305 days,2X matmrerqivlenthai, including a Suerior and 4 Senior Suerior Sires. Her daughter Dandy Spark- lisa Zinnia 1039863 hms a lifetimereeord of 142,870 pounds of milk, 7,915 pounds sof buttesfat, and 11 aprogeny asveraging 10,460 ponds of mils, 569 ponds sof butterfat.  328 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS cent of those over 4 years old) were required, with 90 percent of them rating Good or higher. Requirements were changed in 1935 to require an average type classification score of 82 percent and, in 1943, 450 pounds of butterfat on a 305-day 2x mature equivalent basis. A Superior Sire advanced automatically to a Senior Superior Sire in 1945 when at least 20 daughters averaged 450 pounds of butter- fat and the classification score averaged 83 percent or higher. Some 37 Jersey bulls then had qualified. These standards overlooked some outstanding bulls in small herds. A new standard established in 1952 recognized milk and butterfat production, as follows: 328 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS cent of those over 4 years old) were required, with 90 percent of them rating Good or higher. Requirements were changed in 1935 to require an average type classification score of 82 percent and, in 1943, 450 pounds of butterfat on a 305-day 2x mature equivalent basis. A Superior Sire advanced automatically to a Senior Superior Sire in 1945 when at least 20 daughters averaged 450 pounds of butter- fat and the classification score averaged 83 percent or higher. Some 37 Jersey bulls then had qualified. These standards overlooked some outstanding bulls in small herds. A new standard established in 1952 recognized milk and butterfat production, as follows: 328 DA IRY CATTLE BREEDS cent of those over 4 years old) were required, with 90 percent of them rating Good or higher. Requirements were changed in 1935 to require an average type classification score of 82 percent and, in 1943, 450 pounds of butterfat on a 305-day 2x mature equivalent basis. A Superior Sire advanced automatically to a Senior Superior Sire in 1945 when at least 20 daughters averaged 450 pounds of butter- fat and the classification score averaged 83 percent or higher. Some 37 Jersey bulls then had qualified. These standards overlooked some outstanding bulls in small herds. A new standard established in 1952 recognized milk and butterfat production, as follows: Average production of all daughters on a 305-day 2X mature equivalent basis Milk Butterfat All classified daughters Average score, percent Superior Sire Senior Superior Sire (pounds) 8,400 9,500 470 510 83 84 Average production of all daughters on a 305-day 2X mature equivalent basis Milk Butterfat All classified daughters Average score, percent Superior Sire Senior Superior Sire (pounds) 8,400 9,500 470 510 83 84 Average production of all daughters on a 305-day 2X mature equivalent basis Milk Butterfat All classified daughters Average score, percent Superior Sire Senior Superior Sire (pounds) 8,400 9,500 470 510 83 84 At least ten daughters must be tested and ten classified, these being at least 50 percent of all registered daughters 4 years or older. The Sire Award program was revised by the Board, effective in January 1965. The Tested Sire Award was discontinued and re- placed by an Approved Sire Award. Production records continued on a basis of two milkings daily for 305 days on a mature equivalent basis. Milk production of all daughters of an Approved Sire must exceed the yearly lactation herd average of the herd(s) in which these records were completed. Requirements as of January 1965 were: At least ten daughters must be tested and ten classified, these being at least 50 percent of all registered daughters 4 years or older. The Sire Award program was revised by the Board, effective in January 1965. The Tested Sire Award was discontinued and re- placed by an Approved Sire Award. Production records continued on a basis of two milkings daily for 305 days on a mature equivalent basis. Milk production of all daughters of an Approved Sire must exceed the yearly lactation herd average of the herd(s) in which these records were completed. Requirements as of January 1965 were: At least ten daughters must be tested and ten classified, these being at least 50 percent of all registered daughters 4 years or older. The Sire Award program was revised by the Board, effective in January 1965. The Tested Sire Award was discontinued and re- placed by an Approved Sire Award. Production records continued on a basis of two milkings daily for 305 days on a mature equivalent basis. Milk production of all daughters of an Approved Sire must exceed the yearly lactation herd average of the herd(s) in which these records were completed. Requirements as of January 1965 were: Milk Fat (pounds) Approved Sire 8,500 425 Superior Sire 9,500 475 Senior Superior Sire 10,500 525 Century Sire 10,000 500 Classification (score) 84 84 85 94 Proportion of registered daughters past 4 years old (percent) 70 50 50 Milk Fat (pounds) Approved Sire 8,500 425 Superior Sire 9,500 475 Senior Superior Sire 10,500 525 Century Sire 10,000 500 Classification (score) 84 84 85 84 Proportion of registered daughters past 4 years old (percent) 70 50 50 Milk Fat (pounds) Approved Sire 8,500 425 Superior Sire 9,500 475 Senior Superior Sire 10,500 525 Century Sire 10,000 500 Classification (score) 84 84 85 84 Proportion of registered daughters past 4 years old (percent) 70 50 50  Jerseys in the United States 329 Jerseys in the United States 329 Jerseys in the United States 329 PREnDrCED DIFFERENCES AND PERCENTAGE REPEATAnmrrY The USDA developed a rapid electronic method of analyzing many dairy production records. Analyses compared average production of a sire's progeny with that of herdmates calving in the same year and season. Partial lactations were projected to estimated comple- tion. Production of daughters was compared with that of their herd- mates, and a predicted difference in milk yield was computed. Re- peatability of anticipated future daughters was estimated on a per- centage basis, adjusted for the number of herds and daughters rep- resented. The average of available type classification scores was appended in a sire's analysis when ten or more daughters had been classified. The Club published such analyses for active Jersey bulls three times a year. The previous sire recognition system of Gold and Silver Medals, Superior and Senior Superior, Century, and Approved Sires was applied through 1967 and terminated. A new recognition system initiated in January 1968 accepted the latest (thrice yearly) USDA Sire Summary. The last available type score in 1967 and all subse- quent scores were averaged for each later sire analysis. The Club published such analyses for active Jersey bulls thrice yearly. Awards prior to 1968 are designated as GM(ROM) or SM(ROM) to dis- tinguish them from 1968 medal recognitions. Medal recognitions in 1968 were at three levels of predicted dif- ferences in milk production of daughters over herdmates. The re- quirements were: Predicted difference Minimum Minimum average over herdmates repeatability classification (milk pounds) (percent) Cold Medal +400 or more 20 83 Silver Medal +250-399 20 83 Bronze Medal +100-249 20 83 STAR BULLs AND SELECTIvE REGISTRATION A Star Bull program was instituted in 1939 as an attempt at pedi- gree evaluation. Scoring of qualifications was based on production and type classification of the dam, and upon average production and type scores of progeny of the sire and grandparents. The first standard provided that the pedigree of a young bull might rate up PREDIrED DIFFERENCES AND PERCENTAGE REPEATAm~nnrY The USDA developed a rapid electronic method of analyzing many dairy production records. Analyses compared average production of a sire's progeny with that of herdmates calving in the same year and season. Partial lactations were projected to estimated comple- tion. Production of daughters was compared with that of their herd- mates, and a predicted difference in milk yield was computed. Re- peatability of anticipated future daughters was estimated on a per- centage basis, adjusted for the number of herds and daughters rep- resented. The average of available type classification scores was appended in a sire's analysis when ten or more daughters had been classified. The Club published such analyses for active Jersey bulls three times a year. The previous sire recognition system of Gold and Silver Medals, Superior and Senior Superior, Century, and Approved Sires was applied through 1967 and terminated. A new recognition system initiated in January 1968 accepted the latest (thrice yearly) USDA Sire Summary. The last available type score in 1967 and all subse- quent scores were averaged for each later sire analysis. The Club published such analyses for active Jersey bulls thrice yearly. Awards prior to 1968 are designated as GM(ROM) or SM(ROM) to dis- tinguish them from 1968 medal recognitions. Medal recognitions in 1968 were at three levels of predicted dif- ferences in milk production of daughters over herdmates. The re- quirements were: PREnICrED DIFFERENCES AND PERCENTAGE REPEATABILITY The USDA developed a rapid electronic method of analyzing many dairy production records. Analyses compared average production of a sire's progeny with that of herdmates calving in the same year and season. Partial lactations were projected to estimated comple tion. Production of daughters was compared with that of their herd- mates, and a predicted difference in milk yield was computed. Re- peatability of anticipated future daughters was estimated on a per- centage basis, adjusted for the number of herds and daughters rep- resented. The average of available type classification scores was appended in a sire's analysis when ten or more daughters had been classified. The Club published such analyses for active Jersey bulls three times a year. The previous sire recognition system of Gold and Silver Medals, Superior and Senior Superior, Century, and Approved Sires was applied through 1967 and terminated. A new recognition system initiated in January 1968 accepted the latest (thrice yearly) USDA Sire Summary. The last available type score in 1967 and all subse- quent scores were averaged for each later sire analysis. The Club published such analyses for active Jersey bulls thrice yearly. Awards prior to 1968 are designated as GM(ROM) or SM(ROM) to dis- tinguish them from 1968 medal recognitions. Medal recognitions in 1968 were at three levels of predicted dif- ferences in milk production of daughters over herdmates. The re- quirements were: Predicted difference over herdmates (milk pounds) Gold Medal +400 or more Silver Medal +250-399 Bronze Medal +100-249 Minimum Minimum average repeatability classifteation (percent) 20 83 20 83 20 83 Predicted difference over herdmates (milk pounds) Gold Medal +400 or more Silver Medal +250-399 Bronze Medal +100-249 Minimum Minimum average repeatability classification (percent) 20 83 20 83 20 83 STAR BULLS AND SELECTIvE REGISTRATION A Star Bull program was instituted in 1939 as an attempt at pedi- gree evaluation. Scoring of qualifications was based on production and type classification of the dam, and upon average production and type scores of progeny of the sire and grandparents. The first standard provided that the pedigree of a young bull might rate up STAR BULLS AND SELECTIVE REGISTRATION A Star Bull program was instituted in 1939 as an attempt at pedi- gree evaluation. Scoring of qualifications was based on production and type classification of the dam, and upon average production and type scores of progeny of the sire and grandparents. The first standard provided that the pedigree of a young bull might rate up  330 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS to Four Stars. Reliability of the plan was tested by surveying the background of 238 Tested Sires after rating their pedigrees by the Star method, as follows: Production of daughters, mature basis Number Star rating 365 days 305 days (fat, pounds) 139 0 540 470 45 1 576 501 29 2 595 518 19 3 621 541 6 4 687 598 The Star rating program attempted to analyze transmitting po- tential of an individual, based on ancestry. The scores were amended in 1943 to allow up to seven-Star ratings. Selective registration of bulls was authorized by the Directors in 1939, to begin in 1942. The dams of 26 percent of male calves being registered had either Register of Merit or HIR records. Six percent were by Tested Sires. Others may have had either DHIA or private records, or the sires proved thereby. The proposed program pro- vided two classes of registration certificates: (a) Selective Regis- tration based on production and classification of ancestry, and (b) qualified registration certificates based on purity of descent only. To merit Selective Registration, a male calf met one of the fol- lowing requirements: 1. The sire must be proved in DHIA with daughters whose production averaged 400 pounds of butterfat in 305 days. 2A. The sire must be a Tested Sire under the Club's programs, his daughters' production averaging 400 pounds of butterfat in 3f05 days mature equivalent. 2B. His dam must be a Tested Dam with production as above. 3. His sire must be a Star Bull, and the pedigree of his dam equiva- lent to a One Star rating if a male. 4. His dam must have an approved record of 400 pounds of butter- fat, mature equivalent. CONSTRUCTIvE BREEDERS REGISTRY The Constructive Breeders Registry was established in 1936 to ree- ognize breeders who have developed superior herds through good management and consistent use of the breed programs. The award 330 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS to Four Stars. Reliability of the plan was tested by surveying the background of 238 Tested Sires after rating their pedigrees by the Star method, as follows: Production of daughters, mature basis Number Star rating 365 days 305 days (fat, pounds) 139 0 540 470 45 1 576 501 29 2 595 518 19 3 621 541 6 4 687 598 The Star rating program attempted to analyze transmitting po- tential of an individual, based on ancestry. The scores were amended in 1943 to allow up to seven-Star ratings. Selective registration of bulls was authorized by the Directors in 1939, to begin in 1942. The dams of 26 percent of male calves being registered had either Register of Merit or HIR records. Six percent were by Tested Sires. Others may have had either DHIA or private records, or the sires proved thereby. The proposed program pro- vided two classes of registration certificates: (a) Selective Regis- tration based on production and classification of ancestry, and (b) qualified registration certificates based on purity of descent only. To merit Selective Registration, a male calf met one of the fol- lowing requirements: 1. The sire must be proved in DHIA with daughters whose production averaged 400 pounds of butterfat in 305 days. 2A. The sire must be a Tested Sire under the Club's programs, his daughters' production averaging 400 pounds of butterfat in 305 days mature equivalent. 2B. His dam must be a Tested Dam with production as above. 3. His sire must be a Star Bull, and the pedigree of his dam equiva- lent to a One Star rating if a male. 4. His dam must have an approved record of 400 pounds of butter- fat, mature equivalent. CONSTRUCTIvE BREEDERS REGISTRY The Constructive Breeders Registry was established in 1936 to ree- ognize breeders who have developed superior herds through good management and consistent use of the breed programs. The award 330 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS to Four Stars. Reliability of the plan was tested by surveying the background of 238 Tested Sires after rating their pedigrees by the Star method, as follows: Production of daughters, mature basis Number Star rating 365 days 305 days (fat, pounds) 139 0 540 470 45 1 576 501 29 2 595 518 19 3 621 .541 6 4 687 598 The Star rating program attempted to analyze transmitting po- tential of an individual, based on ancestry. The scores were amended in 1943 to allow up to seven-Star ratings. Selective registration of bulls was authorized by the Directors in 1939, to begin in 1942. The dams of 26 percent of male calves being registered had either Register of Merit or HIR records. Six percent were by Tested Sires. Others may have had either DHIA or private records, or the sires proved thereby. The proposed program pro- vided two classes of registration certificates: (a) Selective Regis- tration based on production and classification of ancestry, and (b) qualified registration certificates based on purity of descent only. To merit Selective Registration, a male calf met one of the fol- lowing requirements: 1. The sire must be proved in DHIA with daughters whose production averaged 400 pounds of butterfat in 305 days. 2A. The sire must be a Tested Sire under the Club's programs, his daughters' production averaging 400 pounds of butterfat in 305 days mature equivalent. 2B. His dam must be a Tested Dam with production as above. 3. His sire must be a Star Bull, and the pedigree of his dam equiva- lent to a One Star rating if a male. 4. His dam must have an approved record of 400 pounds of butter- fat, mature equivalent. CONSTRUCTavE BREEDERS REGISTRY The Constructive Breeders Registry was established in 1936 to rec- ognize breeders who have developed superior herds through good management and consistent use of the breed programs. The award  Jerseys in the United States 331 Jerseys in the United States 331 Jerseys in the United States 331 was based on status of the herd on the last day of each HIR testing year. The requirements were: 1. The applicant shall have bred at least 50 percent of the cows in the herd that have calved, and owned 65 percent of them at least 4 years. 2. The herd must average 400 pounds of butterfat in HIR on a 305- day 2x mature equivalent basis and be entered on test for the ensuing year. 3. At least 60 percent of the females that have calved shall have been type classified and have a minimum average score of 82 percent. 4. The herd must be accredited as free from tuberculosis and be in a modified accredited area. 5. The herd must be free from brucellosis, or on an eradication pro- gram under state supervision. 6. The applicant must be a member of the state Jersey Club, or of the local or county Club. Since 1952 the owner must have bred 75 percent of the herd and the type score be 83 or higher. The certificate applies for that year and is applied for annually. The requirements were revised in 1964. A minimum herd of ten cows must exceed the breed average by 500 pounds of milk, and at least 60 percent of cows that have calved shall average 85 percent for type classification. RELATION OF TYPE TO PRODUCTION AMONG JERSEYs Relation of body conformation to production has been debated by biometricians and by advocates of the respective breeds. Lynn Copeland analyzed 10,363 Jersey type classification ratings and of- ficial production records in 1941, and stated: ... on the average, the higher producing cows also receive the higher classification ratings. . . . It should be observed that a much greater percentage of the higher rating animals have rec- ords than the lower rating animals. . . . It appears that produc- tion and type can be combined and that there is a correlation between the conformation of a cow and her producing ability. ... Since it is realized that there are sometimes pronounced variations in the producing ability of animals of similar con- was based on status of the herd on the last day of each HIR testing year. The requirements were: 1. The applicant shall have bred at least 50 percent of the cows in the herd that have calved, and owned 65 percent of them at least 4 years. 2. The herd must average 400 pounds of butterfat in HIR on a 305- day 2x mature equivalent basis and be entered on test for the ensuing year. 3. At least 60 percent of the females that have calved shall have been type classified and have a minimum average score of 82 percent. 4. The herd must be accredited as free from tuberculosis and be in a modified accredited area. 5. The herd must be free from brucellosis, or on an eradication pro- gram under state supervision. 6. The applicant must be a member of the state Jersey Club, or of the local or county Club. Since 1952 the owner must have bred 75 percent of the herd and the type score be 83 or higher. The certificate applies for that year and is applied for annually. The requirements were revised in 1964. A minimum herd of ten cows must exceed the breed average by 500 pounds of milk, and at least 60 percent of cows that have calved shall average 85 percent for type classification. RELATION OF TYPE TO PRODUCTION AMONG JERSEYS Relation of body conformation to production has been debated by biometricians and by advocates of the respective breeds. Lynn Copeland analyzed 10,363 Jersey type classification ratings and of- ficial production records in 1941, and stated: . on the average, the higher producing cows also receive the higher classification ratings. . . . It should be observed that a much greater percentage of the higher rating animals have rec- ords than the lower rating animals. . . . It appears that produc- tion and type can be combined and that there is a correlation between the conformation of a cow and her producing ability. ... Since it is realized that there are sometimes pronounced variations in the producing ability of animals of similar con- was based on status of the herd on the last day of each HIR testing year. The requirements were: 1. The applicant shall have bred at least 50 percent of the cows in the herd that have calved, and owned 65 percent of them at least 4 years. 2. The herd must average 400 pounds of butterfat in HIR on a 305- day 2x mature equivalent basis and be entered on test for the ensuing year. 3. At least 60 percent of the females that have calved shall have been type classified and have a minimum average score of 82 percent. 4. The herd must be accredited as free from tuberculosis and be in a modified accredited area. 5. The herd must be free from brucellosis, or on an eradication pro- gram under state supervision. 6. The applicant must be a member of the state Jersey Club, or of the local or county Club. Since 1952 the owner must have bred 75 percent of the herd and the type score be 83 or higher. The certificate applies for that year and is applied for annually. The requirements were revised in 1964. A minimum herd of ten cows must exceed the breed average by 500 pounds of milk, and at least 60 percent of cows that have calved shall average 85 percent for type classification. RELATION OF TYE TO PRODUCTION AMONG JERSEYS Relation of body conformation to production has been debated by biometricians and by advocates of the respective breeds. Lynn Copeland analyzed 10,363 Jersey type classification ratings and of- ficial production records in 1941, and stated: . on the average, the higher producing cows also receive the higher classification ratings. . . . It should be observed that a much greater percentage of the higher rating animals have rec- ords than the lower rating animals. . . . It appears that produc- tion and type can be combined and that there is a correlation between the conformation of a cow and her producing ability. ... Since it is realized that there are sometimes pronounced variations in the producing ability of animals of similar con-  332 DAIR Y CATTLE BREEDS formation, such differences can only be determined through production testing. It does appear, however, that as Jersey breeders improve the conformation of their herds, the produc- tion will be increased. This analysis included many cows under selective testing programs. An analysis of 14,143 ratings in the respective classification groups up to March 31, 1948, found that the average production on a 305- day 2x mature equivalent basis increased from 420 pounds of but- terfat with the Fair group to 483 pounds for Excellent cows. Cope- land indicated that cows in the upper levels of type were not neces- sarily high producers, and vice versa. This analysis is presented in Table 15.4. TABLE 15.4 THE BELATION BETWEEN AVERACE TYPE CLASSIFICATION AND BUT-ERFAT PRoDUCTION OF JERSEY CoWs olassification Numbr of s Butterfat prodnetion' (bs.) Excellent 801 483 Very Good 4,213 460 Good Plus 6,060 448 Good 2,700 434 Fair 369 420 a. Butterfat records were computed to 305-day 2X milking, on a mature equivalent basis for comparison. Copeland searched the Jersey Performance Register for records completed during 1943-50 by type-classified heifers with at least 9,000 pounds of milk on HIR test in first lactations. A total of 654 heifers qualified. These animals were traced through the following volumes to 1963, seeking possible average relationships between type ratings and useful longevity. The numbers of lactations by cows with the higher type ratings increased steadily. He concluded that "... heifers of desirable conformation have a better chance of achieving high lifetime totals than do the poorer type heifers. even though the poorer type heifers did produce well in their first lactations." A check of ownerships found that a large proportion of these Jerseys were owned in farmer-breeder herds where produc- tion might be the main reason for retaining them. 332 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS formation, such differences can only be determined through production testing. It does appear, however, that as Jersey breeders improve the conformation of their herds, the produc- tion will be increased. This analysis included many cows under selective testing programs. An analysis of 14,143 ratings in the respective classification groups up to March 31, 1948, found that the average production on a 305- day 2 x mature equivalent basis increased from 420 pounds of but- terfat with the Fair group to 483 pounds for Excellent cows. Cope- land indicated that cows in the upper levels of type were not neces- sarily high producers, and vice versa. This analysis is presented in Table 15.4. TABLE 15.4 THE BELATION BETWEEN AVERACE TYPE CLASSIFICATION AND BUrERFAT PRODUCTION OF JERSEY GOWS clasification Numbe of o Butterfat production (l.) Excellent 801 483 Very Good 4,213 460 Good Plus 6,060 448 Good 2,700 434 Fair 369 420 a. Butterfat records were computed to 305-day 2X milking, on a mature equivalent basis for comparison. Copeland searched the Jersey Performance Register for records completed during 1943-50 by type-classified heifers with at least 9,000 pounds of milk on HIR test in first lactations. A total of 654 heifers qualified. These animals were traced through the following volumes to 1963, seeking possible average relationships between type ratings and useful longevity. The numbers of lactations by cows with the higher type ratings increased steadily. He concluded that ". . . heifers of desirable conformation have a better chance of achieving high lifetime totals than do the poorer type heifers, even though the poorer type heifers did produce well in their first lactations." A check of ownerships found that a large proportion of these Jerseys were owned in farmer-breeder herds where produc- tion might be the main reason for retaining them. 332 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS formation, such differences can only be determined through production testing. It does appear, however, that as Jersey breeders improve the conformation of their herds, the produc- tion will be increased. This analysis included many cows under selective testing programs. An analysis of 14,143 ratings in the respective classification groups up to March 31, 1948, found that the average production on a 305- day 2x mature equivalent basis increased from 420 pounds of but- terfat with the Fair group to 483 pounds for Excellent cows. Cope- land indicated that cows in the upper levels of type were not neces- sarily high producers, and vice versa. This analysis is presented in Table 15.4. TABLE 15.4 THE BELATION BETWEEN AVERAGE TYPE CLASSIFICATION AND BUrTERFAT PRODUCTION OF JERSEY COWS classification Number of cow Butterfat production" (lbs.) Excellent 801 483 Very Good 4,213 460 Good Plus 6,060 448 Good 2,700 434 Fair 369 420 a. Butterfat records were computed to 305-day 2X milking, on a mature equivalent basis for comparison. Copeland searched the Jersey Performance Register for records completed during 1943-50 by type-classified heifers with at least 9,000 pounds of milk on HIR test in first lactations. A total of 654 heifers qualified. These animals were traced through the following volumes to 1963, seeking possible average relationships between type ratings and useful longevity. The numbers of lactations by cows with the higher type ratings increased steadily. He concluded that ". . . heifers of desirable conformation have a better chance of achieving high lifetime totals than do the poorer type heifers, even though the poorer type heifers did produce well in their first lactations." A check of ownerships found that a large proportion of these Jerseys were owned in farmer-breeder herds where produc- tion might be the main reason for retaining them.  Jerseys in the United States 333 Jerseys in the United States 333 Jerseys in the United States 333 SPECIAL JERSEY MrLK The American Jersey Cattle Club established a registered trade- mark for "Jersey Creamline" milk in 1930. Licenses to use the trade- mark were granted to producers or to processors who contracted qualified producers. The contract specified conditions of production, handling, and quality of the product under the trademark. The Club aided in organizing Jersey Creamline, Incorporated, which supervised the milk program. Over 60,000,000 units of Jersey Creamline products were distributed by 295 licensees in 1939. World War II interrupted the program in some areas, and the or- ganization disbanded in 1944. Its duties were re-assumed by the Club. An "All-Jersey" trademark for dairy products from Jersey milk originated with Ed Jackson in the state of Washington. The Fred- erick J. Baker advertising firm developed promotional material for the Jersey producers in the Seattle area and copyrighted the name. The Oregon and Washington Jersey Cattle Clubs purchased ex- clusive rights to use the name, and granted franchises to Jersey or- ganizations in California, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Pennsylvania, Utah, and Wyoming. The American Jersey Cattle Club arranged an agreement with the Oregon and Washington Clubs in 1954 to franchise the All-Jersey trademark in other than the nine states. The Club's Jersey Creamhne program was continued in established areas. National All-Jersey was organized in 1958 to promote the in- creased production and sale of Jersey milk and milk products. The purpose is to merchandize market milk of high food value. This promotes the breed indirectly. COMPOSrTION OF JERSEY MILK Some 203,127 Jersey HIR records in 1949-58 averaged 5.33 percent of butterfat. Some lactations averaged as low as 3.5 percent and others well over 7.0 percent butterfat. There appears to have been little tendency for change, based on selection of herd sires. Some breeders have expressed interest in higher milk yields regardless of butterfat percentages. Some 829 lactations in 13 Jersey herds in four states ranged in average composition from 5.19 to 5.69 percent fat, 3.77 to 4.32 per- SPECIAL JERSEY MILK The American Jersey Cattle Club established a registered trade- mark for "Jersey Creamline" milk in 1930. Licenses to use the trade- mark were granted to producers or to processors who contracted qualified producers. The contract specified conditions of production, handling, and quality of the product under the trademark. The Club aided in organizing Jersey Creamline, Incorporated, which supervised the milk program. Over 60,000,000 units of Jersey Creamline products were distributed by 295 licensees in 1939. World War II interrupted the program in some areas, and the or- ganization disbanded in 1944. Its duties were re-assumed by the Club. An "All-Jersey" trademark for dairy products from Jersey milk originated with Ed Jackson in the state of Washington. The Fred- erick J. Baker advertising firm developed promotional material for the Jersey producers in the Seattle area and copyrighted the name. The Oregon and Washington Jersey Cattle Clubs purchased ex- clusive rights to use the name, and granted franchises to Jersey or- ganizations in California, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Pennsylvania, Utah, and Wyoming. The American Jersey Cattle Club arranged an agreement with the Oregon and Washington Clubs in 1954 to franchise the All-Jersey trademark in other than the nine states. The Club's Jersey Creamline program was continued in established areas. National All-Jersey was organized in 1958 to promote the in- creased production and sale of Jersey milk and milk products. The purpose is to merchandize market milk of high food value. This promotes the breed indirectly. COMPosrTION OF JERSEY MILK Some 203,127 Jersey HIR records in 1949-58 averaged 5.33 percent of butterfat. Some lactations averaged as low as 3.5 percent and others well over 7.0 percent butterfat. There appears to have been little tendency for change, based on selection of herd sires. Some breeders have expressed interest in higher milk yields regardless of butterfat percentages. Some 829 lactations in 13 Jersey herds in four states ranged in average composition from 5.19 to 5.69 percent fat, 3.77 to 4.32 per- SPECIAL JERSEY MILK The American Jersey Cattle Club established a registered trade- mark for "Jersey Creamline" milk in 1930. Licenses to use the trade- mark were granted to producers or to processors who contracted qualifed producers. The contract specified conditions of production, handling, and quality of the product under the trademark. The Club aided in organizing Jersey Creamline, Incorporated, which supervised the milk program. Over 60,000,000 units of Jersey Creamline products were distributed by 295 licensees in 1939. World War II interrupted the program in some areas, and the or- ganization disbanded in 1944. Its duties were re-assumed by the Club. An "All-Jersey" trademark for dairy products from Jersey milk originated with Ed Jackson in the state of Washington. The Fred- erick J. Baker advertising firm developed promotional material for the Jersey producers in the Seattle area and copyrighted the name. The Oregon and Washington Jersey Cattle Clubs purchased ex- clusive rights to use the name, and granted franchises to Jersey or- ganizations in California, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Pennsylvania, Utah, and Wyoming. The American Jersey Cattle Club arranged an agreement with the Oregon and Washington Clubs in 1954 to franchise the All-Jersey trademark in other than the nine states. The Club's Jersey Creamline program was continued in established areas. National All-Jersey was organized in 1958 to promote the in- creased production and sale of Jersey milk and milk products. The purpose is to merchandize market milk of high food value. This promotes the breed indirectly. COMPOSMON OF JERSEY MILK Some 203,127 Jersey HIR records in 1949-58 averaged 5.33 percent of butterfat. Some lactations averaged as low as 3.5 percent and others well over 7.0 percent butterfat. There appears to have been little tendency for change, based on selection of herd sires. Some breeders have expressed interest in higher milk yields regardless of butterfat percentages. Some 829 lactations in 13 Jersey herds in four states ranged in average composition from 5.19 to 5.69 percent fat, 3.77 to 4.32 per-  334 DAIRY CA TTLE BREEDS cent protein, 9.27 to 9.75 percent solids-not-fat, with averages of 5.42, 3.85, and 9.41 percent, respectively. Milk from individual cows varies widely around these averages within herds. EXTENSION OR FIELD SERvICE The Club established an Extension Service in 1916 with Wallace MacMonnies as chief. Publicity was given to production records and to breed activities. Cooperation was extended to state and other organizations promoting purebred dairy bulls, junior dairy clubs, Jersey displays at fairs, and contacts between buyers and sellers of Jersey cattle. Jersey fieldmen were financed later through increased fees for registrations and transfers of animals. Breeders organized local and state Jersey clubs. Their activities included exhibits, dairy tours and picnics, consignment sales, production testing, health programs, group type classifications, junior activities, and meetings. State or- ganizations helped to sponsor statewide dairy projects and partici- pated in unified programs of the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association. The United States was divided into districts, with a Jersey field- man representing the Club in each district. They rendered many services to state organizations, breeders, and prospective buyers of Jersey cattle. Three national youth activities are sponsored. The All-American Junior Jersey Show is held each October in Columbus, Ohio. The Youth Production Contest award is made on the highest total solids produced by a project cow. The Achievement Contest award is based on all activities and achievements since the member first owned a Jersey bull or heifer. A national heifer sale during the an- nual meeting of the Club contributes toward support of the youth projects. JERSEY BREED PUBLICITY The staff prepared pamphlets, booklets, and artistic brochures from time to time. R. M. Cow, an employee for 54 years, wrote The Jer- sey, published by the Club in 1936. Guy M. Crews compiled His- tory of the American Jersey Cattle Club 1868-1968 as a reminder of the activities and programs that have improved the Jersey cow during the first century in America. 334 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS cent protein, 9.27 to 9.75 percent solids-not-fat, with averages of 5.42, 3.85, and 9.41 percent, respectively. Milk from individual cows varies widely around these averages within herds. EXTENSION OR FIELD SERVICE The Club established an Extension Service in 1916 with Wallace MacMonnies as chief. Publicity was given to production records and to breed activities. Cooperation was extended to state and other organizations promoting purebred dairy bulls, junior dair clubs, Jersey displays at fairs, and contacts between buyers and sellers of Jersey cattle. Jersey fieldmen were financed later through increased fees for registrations and transfers of animals. Breeders organized local and state Jersey clubs. Their activities included exhibits, dairy tours and picnics, consignment sales, production testing, health programs, group type classifications, junior activities, and meetings. State or- ganizations helped to sponsor statewide dairy projects and partici- pated in unified programs of the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association. The United States was divided into districts, with a Jersey field- man representing the Club in each district. They rendered many services to state organizations, breeders, and prospective buyers of Jersey cattle. Three national youth activities are sponsored. The All-American Junior Jersey Show is held each October in Columbus, Ohio. The Youth Production Contest award is made on the highest total solids produced by a project cow. The Achievement Contest award is based on all activities and achievements since the member first owned a Jersey bull or heifer. A national heifer sale during the an- nual meeting of the Club contributes toward support of the youth projects. JERSEY BREED PUBICIrY The staff prepared pamphlets, booklets, and artistic brochures from time to time. R. M. Cow, an employee for 54 years, wrote The Jer- sey, published by the Club in 1936. Guy M. Crews compiled His- tory of the American Jersey Cattle Club 1868-1968 as a reminder of the activities and programs that have improved the Jersey cow during the first century in America. 334 D AIRY CATTLE BREEDS cent protein, 9.27 to 9.75 percent solids-not-fat, with averages of 5.42, 3.85, and 9.41 percent, respectively. Milk from individual cows varies widely around these averages within herds. ErrENSION OR FIELD SERVICE The Club established an Extension Service in 1916 with Wallace MacMonnies as chief. Publicity was given to production records and to breed activities. Cooperation was extended to state and other organizations promoting purebred dairy bulls, junior dairy clubs, Jersey displays at fairs, and contacts between buyers and sellers of Jersey cattle. Jersey fieldmen were financed later through increased fees for registrations and transfers of animals. Breeders organized local and state Jersey clubs. Their activities included exhibits, dairy tours and picnics, consignment sales, production testing, health programs, group type classifications, junior activities, and meetings. State or- ganizations helped to sponsor statewide dairy projects and partici- pated in unified programs of the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association. The United States was divided into districts, with a Jersey field- man representing the Club in each district. They rendered many services to state organizations, breeders, and prospective buyers of Jersey cattle. Three national youth activities are sponsored. The All-American Junior Jersey Show is held each October in Columbus, Ohio. The Youth Production Contest award is made on the highest total solids produced by a project cow. The Achievement Contest award is based on all activities and achievements since the member first owned a Jersey bull or heifer. A national heifer sale during the an- nual meeting of the Club contributes toward support of the youth projects. JERSEY BREED PUBLICITY The staff prepared pamphlets, booklets, and artistic brochures from time to time. R. M. Gow, an employee for 54 years, wrote The Jer- sey, published by the Club in 1936. Guy M. Crews compiled His- tory of the American Jersey Cattle Club 1868-1968 as a reminder of the activities and programs that have improved the Jersey cow during the first century in America.  Jerseys in the United States 335 Jerseys in the United States 335 Jerseys in the United States 335 The Jersey Bulletin was the first magazine published exclusively as a dairy breed paper. D. H. Jenkins developed the magazine as a private enterprise on October 1, 1883, in Indianapolis, Indiana. Royer H. Brown became co-owner in 1912. The Club contributed news of the breed and annual Club reports and bought advertising space periodically. Interest in ownership of the breed magazine culminated in establishing the Jersey Journal by action of the Board of Directors in 1953. Negotiations soon concluded purchase of The Jersey Bulletin, its files and good will. The Jersey Journal is pub- lished from the Club office. News releases of local and special in- terest are distributed to local, state, and national papers by the Club. The American Jersey Cattle Club moved from an office in New York City to 1521 East Broad Street in Columbus, Ohio 43205. The location was selected for its centrality in the Jersey cattle popula- tion and activities. IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL BREEDING Jersey bulls were in demand for upgrading dairy cattle in many small herds. One male was registered for each 2.77 females between 1868 and 1931. Cooperative artificial breeding of dairy cattle began in 1938 in New Jersey and Missouri, and the practice spread. The numbers of dairy farms decreased slightly and size of herds in- creased. Some 2,074 male and 35,945 female Jerseys were registered in 1969, or a ratio of 1 male to 17.3 females. The proportion of regis- tered Jerseys conceived by artificial insemination amounted to 50.8 percent in 1969. Males retained for breeding purposes have been selected more critically. A number of farms are believed to have added some registered females because of accessibility of good quality Jersey bulls in arti- ficial service. Average milk yields of cows have increased from the combined effects of improved feeding, better management, and more capable cows than previously. Some 173 Jersey bulls were in A.I. studs in 1969. The Jersey Bulletin was the first magazine published exclusively as a dairy breed paper. D. H. Jenkins developed the magazine as a private enterprise on October 1, 1883, in Indianapolis, Indiana. Royer H. Brown became co-owner in 1912. The Club contributed news of the breed and annual Club reports and bought advertising space periodically. Interest in ownership of the breed magazine culminated in establishing the Jersey Journal by action of the Board of Directors in 1953. Negotiations soon concluded purchase of The Jersey Bulletin, its files and good will. The Jersey Journal is pub- lished from the Club offiee. News releases of local and special in- terest are distributed to local, state, and national papers by the Club. The American Jersey Cattle Club moved from an office in New York City to 1521 East Broad Street in Columbus, Ohio 43205. The location was selected for its centrality in the Jersey cattle popula- tion and activities. IMPAcr OF ARTIFICIAL BREEDING Jersey bulls were in demand for upgrading dairy cattle in many small herds. One male was registered for each 2.77 females between 1868 and 1931. Cooperative artificial breeding of dairy cattle began in 1938 in New Jersey and Missouri, and the practice spread. The numbers of dairy farms decreased slightly and size of herds in- creased. Some 2,074 male and 35,945 female Jerseys were registered in 1969, or a ratio of 1 male to 17.3 females. The proportion of regis- tered Jerseys conceived by artificial insemination amounted to 50.8 percent in 1969. Males retained for breeding purposes have been selected more critically. A number of farms are believed to have added some registered females because of accessibility of good quality Jersey bulls in arti- ficial service. Average milk yields of cows have increased from the combined effects of improved feeding, better management, and more capable cows than previously. Some 173 Jersey bulls were in A.I. studs in 1969. The Jersey Bulletin was the first magazine published exclusively as a dairy breed paper. D. H. Jenkins developed the magazine as a private enterprise on October 1, 1883, in Indianapolis, Indiana. Royer H. Brown became co-owner in 1912. The Club contributed news of the breed and annual Club reports and bought advertising space periodically. Interest in ownership of the breed magazine culminated in establishing the Jersey Journal by action of the Board of Directors in 1953. Negotiations soon concluded purchase of The Jersey Bulletin, its files and good will. The Jersey Journal is pub- lished from the Club office. News releases of local and special in- terest are distributed to local, state, and national papers by the Club. The American Jersey Cattle Club moved from an office in New York City to 1521 East Broad Street in Columbus, Ohio 43205. The location was selected for its centrality in the Jersey cattle popula- tion and activities. IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL BREEDING Jersey bulls were in demand for upgrading dairy cattle in many small herds. One male was registered for each 2.77 females between 1868 and 1931. Cooperative artificial breeding of dairy cattle began in 1938 in New Jersey and Missouri, and the practice spread. The numbers of dairy farms decreased slightly and size of herds in- creased. Some 2,074 male and 35,945 female Jerseys were registered in 1969, or a ratio of 1 male to 17.3 females. The proportion of regis- tered Jerseys conceived by artificial insemination amounted to 50.8 percent in 1969. Males retained for breeding purposes have been selected more critically. A number of farms are believed to have added some registered females because of accessibility of good quality Jersey bulls in arti- ficial service. Average milk yields of cows have increased from the combined effects of improved feeding, better management, and more capable cows than previously. Some 173 Jersey bulls were in A.I. studs in 1969.  336 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS BREEDING JERSEYS Some hereditary traits are known concerning Jersey cattle. Prior to the first breed association in America, it had been found that a cow sired by a Jersey bull and out of a common cow, produced richer milk even though it might be less in amount. The solid coat color was a dominant character, while broken color was recessive. The small size of Jerseys in their native home was due partly to environ- ment, since they grew to larger sizes when exported to England or America before reaching mature growth. Polled Jerseys long have existed. James Wilson, Professor of Agri- culture at the Royal College of Science for Ireland, believed that the dun or fawn color traced to cattle of the Norsemen. He also at- tributed the polled character of some British breeds to the same source, since they developed along the coastal areas once occupied by Norsemen. However, polled individuals that breed true for the character also have been born from horned parents. Polled Jerseys were recognized by the prefix "X" before the registration number, later replaced with the prefix "P." Early shows on the Island of Jersey helped to establish selections for the characteristic level rumps soon after 1833, except in some large and high-producing Jerseys developed in England and Amer- ica. These included the Stoke Pogis, St. Lambert, and Tormentor strains as well as others in Pacific coast states. A correlation of 0.18 was found by Harvey and Lush between transmitting ability for type and for production in 2,786 daughter- dam pairs of Jerseys in 226 herds during 1943-47. Selection on type alone would bring slower improvement in production than selec- tion for production alone. Lynn Copeland found a small positive re- lationship between conformation of 4,587 Jersey cows and their pro- duction. He stated, however, that a high conformation score in an individual animal did not necessarily guarantee superior producing capacity. Hereditary dairy temperament (light natural fleshing, in part) was demonstrated in a meat-cutting demonstration by John Gosling of Kansas City at the Iowa State College Farm and Home Week in 1915. He contrasted the muscle covering which an Aberdeen Angus and a Jersey calf possessed at birth, as shown in Figure 15.5. 336 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS BREEDING JERSEYS Some hereditary traits are known concerning Jersey cattle. Prior to the first breed association in America, it had been found that a cow sired by a Jersey bull and out of a common cow, produced richer milk even though it might be less in amount. The solid coat color was a dominant character, while broken color was recessive. The small size of Jerseys in their native home was due partly to environ- ment, since they grew to larger sizes when exported to England or America before reaching mature growth. Polled Jerseys long have existed. James Wilson, Professor of Agri- culture at the Royal College of Science for Ireland, believed that the dun or fawn color traced to cattle of the Norsemen. He also at- tributed the polled character of some British breeds to the same source, since they developed along the coastal areas once occupied by Norsemen. However, polled individuals that breed true for the character also have been born from horned parents. Polled Jerseys were recognized by the prefix "X" before the registration number, later replaced with the prefix "P." Early shows on the Island of Jersey helped to establish selections for the characteristic level rumps soon after 1833, except in some large and high-producing Jerseys developed in England and Amer- ica. These included the Stoke Pogis, St. Lambert, and Tormentor strains as well as others in Pacific coast states. A correlation of 0.18 was found by Harvey and Lush between transmitting ability for type and for production in 2,786 daughter- dam pairs of Jerseys in 226 herds during 1943-47. Selection on type alone would bring slower improvement in production than selec- tion for production alone. Lynn Copeland found a small positive re- lationship between conformation of 4,587 Jersey cows and their pro- duction. He stated, however, that a high conformation score in an individual animal did not necessarily guarantee superior producing capacity. Hereditary dairy temperament (light natural fleshing, in part) was demonstrated in a meat-cutting demonstration by John Gosling of Kansas City at the Iowa State College Farm and Home Week in 1915. He contrasted the muscle covering which an Aberdeen Angus and a Jersey calf possessed at birth, as shown in Figure 15.5. 336 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS BREEDING JERSEYS Some hereditary traits are known concerning Jersey cattle. Prior to the first breed association in America, it had been found that a cow sired by a Jersey bull and out of a common cow, produced richer milk even though it might be less in amount. The solid coat color was a dominant character, while broken color was recessive. The small size of Jerseys in their native home was due partly to environ- ment, since they grew to larger sizes when exported to England or America before reaching mature growth. Polled Jerseys long have existed. James Wilson, Professor of Agri- culture at the Royal College of Science for Ireland, believed that the dun or fawn color traced to cattle of the Norsemen. He also at- tributed the polled character of some British breeds to the same source, since they developed along the coastal areas once occupied by Norsemen. However, polled individuals that breed true for the character also have been born from horned parents. Polled Jerseys were recognized by the prefix "X" before the registration number, later replaced with the prefix "P." Early shows on the Island of Jersey helped to establish selections for the characteristic level rumps soon after 1833, except in some large and high-producing Jerseys developed in England and Amer- ica. These included the Stoke Pogis, St. Lambert, and Tormentor strains as well as others in Pacific coast states. A correlation of 0.18 was found by Harvey and Lush between transmitting ability for type and for production in 2,786 daughter- dam pairs of Jerseys in 226 herds during 1943-47. Selection on type alone would bring slower improvement in production than selec- tion for production alone. Lynn Copeland found a small positive re- lationship between conformation of 4,587 Jersey cows and their pro- duction. He stated, however, that a high conformation score in an individual animal did not necessarily guarantee superior producing capacity. Hereditary dairy temperament (light natural fleshing, in part) was demonstrated in a meat-cutting demonstration by John Gosling of Kansas City at the Iowa State College Farm and Home Week in 1915. He contrasted the muscle covering which an Aberdeen Angus and a Jersey calf possessed at birth, as shown in Figure 15.5.  Jerseys in the United States 337 Occurrence of some anatomical faults of hereditary character helped to confirm some small relationship between dairy breeds. Ear notch was carried from the Jersey to the Ayrshire in the forma- tive years of the latter breed. Wry-tail occurred in Guernseys and Jerseys, and less frequently among Ayrshire cattle. Desirable char- acteristics may be intensified in uniformity of transmission by in- breeding or close linebreeding. Such breeding practices, unfortu- nately, also can bring out recessive hereditary faults that may be carried unseen in the germ plasm of both parents. Some recessive FIG. 15.5. John Gosling demonstrated that a beef calf (Aberdeen Angus at left) was bom with good muscles into which fat would be deposited as the animal developed. Conversely, the Jersey calf (at right) was born with light natural fleshing or "dairy temperament." Photograph by F. E. Coburn, Iowa State College in 1915. Jerseys in the United States 337 Occurrence of some anatomical faults of hereditary character helped to confirm some small relationship between dairy breeds. Ear notch was carried from the Jersey to the Ayrshire in the forma- tive years of the latter breed. Wry-tail occurred in Guernseys and Jerseys, and less frequently among Ayrshire cattle. Desirable char- acteristics may be intensified in uniformity of transmission by in- breeding or close linebreeding. Such breeding practices, unfortu- nately, also can bring out recessive hereditary faults that may be carried unseen in the germ plasm of both parents. Some recessive FIG. 15.5. John Gosling demonstrated that a beef calf (Aberdeen Angus at left) was bonm with good muscles into which fat would be deposited as the animal developed. Conversely, the Jersey calf (at right) was born with light natural fleshing or "dairy temperament." Photograph by F. E. Coburn, Iowa State College in 1915. Jerseys in the United States 337 Occurrence of some anatomical faults of hereditary character helped to confirm some small relationship between dairy breeds. Ear notch was carried from the Jersey to the Ayrshire in the forma- tive years of the latter breed. Wry-tail occurred in Guernseys and Jerseys, and less frequently among Ayrshire cattle. Desirable char- acteristics may be intensified in uniformity of transmission by in- breeding or close linebreeding. Such breeding practices, unfortu- nately, also can bring out recessive hereditary faults that may be carried unseen in the germ plasm of both parents. Some recessive mx FIG. 15.5. John Gosling demonstrated that a beef calf (Aberdeen Angus at left) was born with good muscles into which fat would be deposited as the animal developed. Conversely, the Jersey calf (at right) was bon with light natural fleshing or "dairy temperament." Photograph by F. E. Coburn, Iowa State College in 1915.  338 DAI IRY CATTLE BREEDS characters are weak udder attachment, buff nose, wry-tail, and sim- ilar simple characters. A nonlethal type of bulldog head or prognathism was reported by Charles Darwin to have occurred among cattle of European origin in Argentina about 1760. The same condition occurred in a grade Jersey herd in Florida in 1949. The character is controlled by a single recessive gene. The recessive character crampy or progressive posterior paralysis (spastic syndrome) develops in adult cattle of the major dairy breeds past 2 years old. It may be chronic or criti- cal. Some Jerseys lack hereditary resistance against the two types of lump jaw which affect the bones or the soft tissues. Blood antigen combinations have been studied at the Ohio, Wis- consin, and California stations. All bulls in artificial breeding under contract with the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association are required to be blood typed. Their blood antigen patterns are retained by the breed associations and are used when needed to establish and con- firm the parentage of progeny in cases of doubt or question be- tween two possible sires of known antigen makeup. Positive identi- fication of parentage by this means was recognized by a Canadian court. Conformation and ideal size of Jersey cows have changed grad- ually from refined animals like Imported Lady Viola, to cows with capacity for greater producing ability. Type classification, as revised in 1968, gave greater emphasis to stature and udder character than formerly. These included a long cleancut head with strong jaw, about 50 inches in height at the withers, and corresponding skeletal structure. Strength of udder attachments were indicated by some definition between the halves for a strong middle suspensory liga- ment rather than a flat udder floor. A soft pliable udder that milked out well denoted much secretory tissue. Strong legs, pasterns, feet not toed outward, and a straightforward stride showed their rug- gedness and wearing ability. Six hereditary defects were recorded when observed at type classifications. JOINT OCCUPANCY Karl B. Musser suggested in 1947 that the five dairy breed organiza- tions build one building to house their offices at an accessible mid- 338 DA IRY CATTLE BREEDS characters are weak udder attachment, buff nose, wry-tail, and sim- ilar simple characters. A nonlethal type of bulldog head or prognathism was reported by Charles Darwin to have occurred among cattle of European origin in Argentina about 1760. The same condition occurred in a grade Jersey herd in Florida in 1949. The character is controlled by a single recessive gene. The recessive character crampy or progressive posterior paralysis (spastic syndrome) develops in adult cattle of the major dairy breeds past 2 years old. It may be chronic or criti- cal. Some Jerseys lack hereditary resistance against the two types of lump jaw which affect the bones or the soft tissues. Blood antigen combinations have been studied at the Ohio, Wis- consin, and California stations. All bulls in artificial breeding under contract with the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association are required to be blood typed. Their blood antigen patterns are retained by the breed associations and are used when needed to establish and con- firm the parentage of progeny in cases of doubt or question be- tween two possible sires of known antigen makeup. Positive identi- fication of parentage by this means was recognized by a Canadian court. Conformation and ideal size of Jersey cows have changed grad- ually from refined animals like Imported Lady Viola, to cows with capacity for greater producing ability. Type classification, as revised in 1968, gave greater emphasis to stature and udder character than formerly. These included a long cleancut head with strong jaw, about 50 inches in height at the withers, and corresponding skeletal structure. Strength of udder attachments were indicated by some definition between the halves for a strong middle suspensory liga- ment rather than a flat udder floor. A soft pliable udder that milked out well denoted much secretory tissue. Strong legs, pasteras, feet not toed outward, and a straightforward stride showed their rug- gedness and wearing ability. Six hereditary defects were recorded when observed at type classifications. JOINT OCCUPANCY Karl B. Musser suggested in 1947 that the five dairy breed organiza- tions build one building to house their offices at an accessible mid- 338 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS characters are weak udder attachment, buff nose, wry-tail, and sim- ilar simple characters. A nonlethal type of bulldog head or prognathism was reported by Charles Darwin to have occurred among cattle of European origin in Argentina about 1760. The same condition occurred in a grade Jersey herd in Florida in 1949. The character is controlled by a single recessive gene. The recessive character crampy or progressive posterior paralysis (spastic syndrome) develops in adult cattle of the major dairy breeds past 2 years old. It may be chronic or criti- cal. Some Jerseys lack hereditary resistance against the two types of lump jaw which affect the bones or the soft tissues. Blood antigen combinations have been studied at the Ohio, Wis- consin, and California stations. All bulls in artificial breeding under contract with the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association are required to be blood typed. Their blood antigen patterns are retained by the breed associations and are used when needed to establish and con- firm the parentage of progeny in cases of doubt or question be- tween two possible sires of known antigen makeup. Positive identi- fication of parentage by this means was recognized by a Canadian court. Conformation and ideal size of Jersey cows have changed grad- ually from refined animals like Imported Lady Viola, to cows with capacity for greater producing ability. Type classification, as revised in 1968, gave greater emphasis to stature and udder character than formerly. These included a long cleancut head with strong jaw, about 50 inches in height at the withers, and corresponding skeletal structure. Strength of udder attachments were indicated by some definition between the halves for a strong middle suspensory liga- ment rather than a flat udder floor. A soft pliable udder that milked out well denoted much secretory tissue. Strong legs, pasterns, feet not toed outward, and a straightforward stride showed their rug- gedness and wearing ability. Six hereditary defects were recorded when observed at type classifications. JOINT OCCUPANCY Karl B. Musser suggested in 1947 that the five dairy breed organiza- tions build one building to house their offices at an accessible mid-  esesin theUdSts ~ m3 esy nteUie St~a ate 39Jesysi mh Unikted~ mtts3 western location, and do routine clerical work in cooperation. The Board of Directors of the American Jersey Cattle Club considered the project. A Guernsey-Jersey joint committee met in Peterbor- ough, New Hampshire, in July 1960. The Jersey committee visited the Holstein-Friesian office in Brattleboro, Vermont. The latter organization would consider joint occupancy only if it were at their home office, which proposal did not fulfill joint occupancy goals. The joint Guernsey-Jersey committee concluded that (a) joint occupancy could result in operational economies to both clubs; (b) moving to Peterborough could have only a short-time advantage; and (c) needs for additional space precluded moving into the Jer- sey office at Columbus, Ohio. Because of evident advantages, both Boards of Directors resolved in October 1964 " ... that the Joint Occupancy Committees . . . be given appropriate authority to ac- complish joint occupancy of their national headquarter facilities, in- cluding but not limited to, proposals for disposition of existing buildings, and for obtaining facilities in a new midwest location." Modernization occurred with conversion to electronic data proc- essing in the Jersey office over 3 years. The first registration certifi- cates were processed thus in 1967. Registration and transfer fees were increased in line with advancing costs. Executive Secretary J. F. Cavanaugh is located with the Ameri- can Jersey Cattle Club office at 1521 East Broad Street, Columbus, Ohio 43205. REFERENCES Anonymous. Memoirs of the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture 4:155; 5:47. Arms, Florence. 1941. One hundred years before Pope 652. Jersey Bull. 60: 1177, 1198-99. Becker, R. B., and P. T. Dix Arnold. 1949. "Bulldog head" cattle. J. Hered. 90:282-86. Brooks, John. 1867. Herd Record of the Association of Breeders of Thorough- bred Neat Stock. Jerseys. Vol. 1. . American Jersey Herd Book. Vol. 2. Brown, Campbell, Thomas A. Malone, William J. Webster, and M. M. Gard- ner. 1884. Butter tests of Jerseys. Copeland, Lynn. 1926. Development of the Jersey breed. Edward Bros., Ann Arbor, Mich. western location, and do routine clerical work in cooperation. The Board of Directors of the American Jersey Cattle Club considered the project. A Guernsey-Jersey joint committee met in Peterbor- ough, New Hampshire, in July 1960. The Jersey committee visited the Holstein-Friesian office in Brattleboro, Vermont. The latter organization would consider joint occupancy only if it were at their home office, which proposal did not fulfill joint occupancy goals. The joint Guernsey-Jersey committee concluded that (a) joint occupancy could result in operational economies to both clubs; (b) moving to Peterborough could have only a short-time advantage; and (c) needs for additional space precluded moving into the Jer- sey office at Columbus, Ohio. Because of evident advantages, both Boards of Directors resolved in October 1964 " ... that the Joint Occupancy Committees . . . be given appropriate authority to ac- complish joint occupancy of their national headquarter facilities, in- cluding but not limited to, proposals for disposition of existing buildings, and for obtaining facilities in a new midwest location." Modernization occurred with conversion to electronic data proc- essing in the Jersey office over 3 years. The first registration certifi- cates were processed thus in 1967. Registration and transfer fees were increased in line with advancing costs. Executive Secretary J. F. Cavanaugh is located with the Ameri- can Jersey Cattle Club office at 1521 East Broad Street, Columbus, Ohio 43205. REFERENCES Anonymous. Memoirs of the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture 4:155; 5:47. Arms, Florence. 1941. One hundred years before Pope 652. Jersey Bull. 60: 1177, 1198-99. Becker, R. B., and P. T. Dix Arnold. 1949. "Bulldog head" cattle. J. Hered. 90:282-86. Brooks, John. 1867. Herd Record of the Association of Breeders of Thorough- bred Neat Stock. Jerseys. Vol. 1. . American Jersey Herd Book. Vol. 2. Brown, Campbell, Thomas A. Malone, William J. Webster, and M. M. Gard- ner. 1884. Butter tests of Jerseys. Copeland, Lynn. 1926. Development of the Jersey breed. Edward Bros., Ann Arbor, Mich. western location, and do routine clerical work in cooperation. The Board of Directors of the American Jersey Cattle Club considered the project. A Guernsey-Jersey joint committee met in Peterbor- ough, New Hampshire, in July 1960. The Jersey committee visited the Holstein-Friesian office in Brattleboro, Vermont. The latter organization would consider joint occupancy only if it were at their home office, which proposal did not fulfill joint occupancy goals. The joint Guernsey-Jersey committee concluded that (a) joint occupancy could result in operational economies to both clubs; (b) moving to Peterborough could have only a short-time advantage; and (c) needs for additional space precluded moving into the Jer- sey office at Columbus, Ohio. Because of evident advantages, both Boards of Directors resolved in October 1964 " ... that the Joint Occupancy Committees . . . be given appropriate authority to ac- complish joint occupancy of their national headquarter facilities, in- cluding but not limited to, proposals for disposition of existing buildings, and for obtaining facilities in a new midwest location." Modernization occurred with conversion to electronic data proc- essing in the Jersey office over 3 years. The first registration certifi- cates were processed thus in 1967. Registration and transfer fees were increased in line with advancing costs. Executive Secretary J. F. Cavanaugh is located with the Ameri- can Jersey Cattle Club office at 1521 East Broad Street, Columbus, Ohio 43205. REFERENCES Anonymous. Memoirs of the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture 4:155; 5:47. Arms, Florence. 1941. One hundred years before Pope 652. Jersey Bull. 60: 1177, 1198-99. Becker, R. B., and P. T. Dix Arnold. 1949. "Bulldog head" cattle. J. Hered. 90:282-86. Brooks, John. 1867. Herd Record of the Association of Breeders of Thorough- bred Neat Stock. Jerseys. Vol. 1. . American Jersey Herd Book. Vol. 2. Brown, Campbell, Thomas A. Malone, William J. Webster, and M. M. Gard- ner. 1884. Butter tests of Jerseys. Copeland, Lynn. 1926. Development of the Jersey breed. Edward Bros., Ann Arbor, Mich.  340 BAIRBY CATTLE BREEDS . 1932. Rasing the breed level of production. 64th EBB. meinUg, AmSeS- icnJesey CaISle Club. *1941. The relat5o between type and prodtiont. 1. Dairy Set. 24: 297-304. * 1965. Type End selful lifetmC prodtion. Jersey J. 12(8):3-31. CrewsE, Gl. M. 1969. History of lbs AmeicaES Jersey Cattle Club, 1868-1968. ColEumbus, Ohis. Fuller, Vaency F. 1893. Theese herd555 at lbs World's CoslumbianS Exstion9. GCw, 6. 91. 1967. About Jersey catle. (AmeicaD Jersey Catsl, Club pamh- * 1936. Tbs Jeseys. AerScEB Jersey CatleClubb, New Yorb. owen, J. W. 1938. OS thet genRei costituton of Jersey cattle as influeedES by hIedity End eBvironmentI. Genetics 18:415-40. Gridley, S. B., and W. Barnes. 1969. Bristol Jesey1 1Hrd Bstk. BrstolI, Conn. Harey, W. B., and J. L. Lsh. 1952. GeDetic CNI5 correlatio bewe typ 4n production in Jersey cattle. 2. Dairy Sci. 35:199-213. Hazad, Willis F. 1972. Tbs Jesesy, Aldernesy and Guernsey cISC. Porter & CoaesI, Philadelphia. Linssley, Jshn S. 1891. Jesey ctle in AmeiSca. Burrs PrDiing Hose, News York. Mc~ittrick, J. W., and A. D. Meyer. 1969. The type clEssificatSo programs Cf tbe AericEn Jesey Cstsle Club. Jese5 J. 16(8):67-70. BEIch, F. W. 1961. SeIctS breeds of cattlC. R1p. CComI. Patsents. Agricltue, p. 465. ACerSScan Jersey Catlt Clsh PublicatEoss 1868-. AnnualE reports. 1871-1931. Herd Register. Vlyss. 1-117. 1983-1953. Tbs Jesesp Butllins. Vols. 1-72. 1691. BuerCtCsts of regsted Jerseycows. 1909. Jersey sCre wCith their tested daughters. 1946. Tbs Jersey Revi. Ns. 3. 1953. Jesey juidgisng mCade easy. 1953-. Jesey~ JournE. Vols. 1-. 1954-. Jersey Performance Regites. VlyI. 1-. 1965. Joint OccupEncy. Jersey J. 12(2):41, 49, 54. 1968-. Oflicial Jesey SiCe Summar~y List. Vols. 1-. The Jerssp Bulletin 1923. SomeC "ancient history" sf tbe A.J.C. Club. 42:1991-97, 2074-75. 1932. TyeC classificatioE plEDs hoS JCesys. 51:891, 969. 1939. Super Bull and Selective BegistratiCn pIas adspted. 58:872, 915. 1941. SIar Bull prCogram. 61:602-11. 1941. Novemsber AJCC Board meeting. NeC regulaIs so tstng Eand class- ifying Stas Bull changes. 61:1626, 1660. 1943. The requisites fss Stsa-sing Bslls. 62:1324. 1943. JudgC Adamss' proposals DneC51 directlors. 62:1507. 1945. Directos' metsg makbes hitosry. 64:1631. 1949. SlctIve and Qualifying Begistrations. 67:1249. 1946. CSCnsrctve Breedes Begistry. 67:1347. 1949. er~d classifiaEion-wbat it dses. 66:253. Jersey Journal 1952. Jettey Hansdbosok Issue. 2:82-90. 1956. All-JErsey smilb ... crseam. 3:21-22, 62. 1956. All-Jersey msilk program. 3:23-24. 340 DAIRDY CATTLE BREEDS .21932. Raisinig the breed Ieel of production. 64tb a55. msetDg, Amer-s icED Jersey Cattle Club. ___1941. Tbe relaEion beteen type End production. 1. Dairys S90. 24: 297-304. ____ 1965. Type Eand uefulD bifedtme producton. Jerssy J. 12(8):3-31. Crews, C. M. 1965, Hisoy sf lbs AmericEn Jerlep Cattle Club, 1868-1968. Cslububs, Obis. FEBler, Vaency F. 1693. The Jersey hed at tbs Wsrd's ColumbiaB Expsitio. Gsow, B. M. 1997. About Jesey catle. (AmIericEn Jersey CatleCGlub pamspb- let.) .__ 1936. Tbs Jesey. AmecanEE Jersey Cattle Clsb, NeD Ysrk. GoenCE, J. W. 1938. OS the1 gIeetc CcstuinoE ere ateasifune by beredity lnd eDvironentES. Genetics 18:415-4. Grdlsy, S. B., and W. Barne~s. 1969. Bristl Jesey Herd Bsssk. Bristsl, ConD. fHsrsey, W. B., End J. L. Lsb. 1952. GeetI6c correlaEon between tyeT and4 produionC in Jesey cEtDIe. 2. Dairy Set. 35:199-213. Hazard, Willis F. 1972. The Jesey, Aldernesy ansd Guernsey cosC. Porter & Coates, Pbiladelpbi. Lisle~y, Jshs S. 1665. Jersey catle in Ameri9ca. Bsurr Prnting Hose, New Ysrk. McKitick, J. W., and A. D. MeeS. 1969. Tb, type clEssificEtCo program sof tbe AmeCricEn Jesey Cattle Club. Jesesy). 16(8):67-7. Botcb, F. W. 1961. Select breeds of cat11e. 61ep. CommI. Pattst. Agricultur, p. 465. AerIicEn Jesey CatSIC Cbub Pulicatos 169-. AnnuEl report. 1871-1931. Hsrd Regiser. Vsls. 1-117. 1883-1953. Tbs Jesey Bulletin. Vst. 1-72. 1691. Butter tests sof registered Jersey cows. 1999. Jersey sires withl tbeir tested daugbtlrs. 1946. Tbs Jesey ReviewC. Ns. 3. 1953. Jesey judging mdeI esy. 1953-. Jersey JournE. Vs. 1- 1954- Jersly Pefrmsance Registe. Vol. 1- 1965. Joint Occu~pEncy. Jesey J. 12(2):41, 49, 54. 1968-. Officisl Jersey Sire SummaEry List. Vsls. 1-. Tbs Jesey Bulletin 1923. SoeC EancieDt histsry" of tbe A.J.C. Cbub. 42:1991-97, 2074-75. 1932. Type clssification plEns fosr Jeseys. 51:891, 909. 1939. Super BulI and Selective Registration pIEn Edopted. 58:872, 915. 1941. Star Bull EprogEam. 61:692-11. 1942. NoemCber AJCC Bslrd meetDng. New regulIons of te9sig an4 sIass- ifying 91ar Busl cbanges. 61:1626, 1666. 1943. Tbe reqsies fos Stsssinsg Bulls. 62:1324. 1543. Jsdge AdaEms' propsals aentB disectsrs. 62:1507. 1945. Direstos' mCeCeg maes history. 64:1831. 1946. Slecstive and Qualifying Begistrations. 67:1249. 1949. GCstrucESve Beeders Registry. 67:1347. 1949. Herd clEssifiCE6So-what~bE it dses. 68:253. Jersey5 Journal 1955. JCsey HEndbssok 1ssue. 2:82-9. 1956. AlI-Jersey msilk . .. cem. 3:21-22, 62. 1956. All-Jersey m~ilk program. 3:23-24. 340 DAIBY CATTLE BREEDS . 1932. Baising thsebreed leveI of productio. 64tb EBB. meet6ng, AmseS- icnJesey Cattle Club. 1941. Tbe rlatson bbetee typ1 End producto. J. Dairsy Sci. 24: 297-304. .1965. Type and sefubl bifedtme productio. Jers1y2. 12(8):3-31. Crewss, G. M. 1969. H~istory sf lbs AeicEn Jersey GEttII Club, 1868-196. Cslsumbss, Ohit. Fuler, VaenEcy C. 1693. Tbs Jerssy berd at lbs Wsrlb's Columbian Expsiio. CowI, B. 91. 1997. Absout Jesey catlt. (AmCericEn Jersey Csttle Club pamphs- .1936. The Jeseys. American Jesey CatIe GClb, NeD Ysrb. GowenS, J. W. 1938. OS the, genetic costitution of Jesey cEDIle Es influened by beredity asd environm5en. Genetics 18:415-4. Gridley, S. B., and W. BarnC. 1969. Bristsl Jersey Herd 6916. Bstol, Csnn. HaresCy, W. B., Eand J. L. Lsh. 1952. Gentc correlation betweDen type 914 prodction in Jersey catle. J. Dsiry Se. 35:199-213. Hazard, Willis F. 1972. Ths Jersey, Aldesrnsy and Gusesy c55w. Psrter & Coes, Pbiladelpbia. Linsley, Jsils S. 1991. Jesey cattle iS AmerSicE. Burr, Prnting Hos, New Yssr. Mcsittricb, J. W., and A. D. Meyes. 1969. Tbe type classification program of tbe AmeicEn Jesey Gattle Glsb. Jesesy J. 16(8):67-7. Btch~, F. W. 1661. SCICCt brseeds sf cEtIE. Rep. GCsmm. Patsents. Agriculture, p. 465. AmCricaD JeseCatGeNI Clsb FublicaEios 168-. Annuasl reports. 1871-1931. Herd Registsr. Vsls. 1-117. 1883-1953. Tbs Jeseys Bulletin. Vs. 1-72. 1691. Bstterstests of registsed JCrsey cosE. 1999. JCrsCy sirsl w~ithl theis tsed dausghters. 1946. Tbe JIrsly Bevilw. Ns. 3. 1953. Jers19 judging made 1asy. 1953-. Jersey Journa. Vos. 1- 1954- J1rsey Performanel RegistI. Vsl. 1- 1965. Jsinl Occupancy. Jersey51. 12(2):41, 49, 54. 1968-. Offisial JCrsey Sire Summary List. Vsls. 1-. Tbs Jesey Bullstins 1923. Ssose "ancient histssy" of tbC A.J.G. GClub. 42:1991-97, 2074-7. 1932. Type cIEasifiEEtso plans for Jeseys. 51:991, 969. 1939. Suer BsII an4 Sseetive Begistration pIEn adopted. 58:872, 915. 1941. StEr DBl programs. 61:602-11. 1942. Novemsber AJCC Bssrd meeting. NeD regulIs of testng 914 cIEst- ifying Stas Bsl cbanges. 61:1626, 1666. 1943. Tbe reqisites for StESring Bslls. 62:1324. 1943. Jsdge Adamis' proposals aentIB direscsors. 62:1507. 1945. Directsrs' mIeetig maes histsry. 64:1831. 1949. SeICeci 914 Qualifying RegistrEtsons. 67:I249. 1946. Costructive Breedies BegiEsr. 67:1347. 1949. HrId clssiiaEon-wbEt it dost. 66:253. Jeseyls Journal 1955. Jesey HEndbook Issue. 2:82-9. 1956. All-Jersey milk . .. eamD. 3:21-22, 62. 2956. All-Jersey m~ilk program. 3:23-24.  Jerseys in the United States 341 1964. News tire Awaend Programt adopted by AJCC Bnoent. s1:2t-2t, 23. 1968. Jersey type classification rules and regulatios, effective January 1, 18. 1968. The new tersey Sine Assent programs. 15(8):26-27, It, 17. 1968.A change in age conesion tacts tan stnadizing tactation toea ma- lass basis. 15(8):43-45. t9lt. Speciat ptan Inr evalsating type sta Jersey bull' prsgeny. 15(8)>73. 1118. Tihe Aeeican Jersey Cattle Ctub, t8t8-i9t8. 15(19):21-29. Jerseys in the United States 341 1964. News line Asward Progeam adonpted by AJCC Baat. t1:20-21, 23. t9ll. Jersey type ctleassifcto res and reguatns, effective Janary 1, 1968. 1988. The seew Jersey lire Awatnd progaam. 15(8):2-27, 31, 97. 1968.Aechange in ageenerionfats fo tsttanriiglatataonstosaem- lane basis. 15(8):43-4. t96t. Special plan fnr evalatangtypestfa Jerey bull's peogeny. 15(8):73. t96t. The Aereican Jersey Cattle Club, 186-196. 15(1):1-29. Jerseys in the United States 341 1964. Ness line Awardn Progtnam adopted by AJC Bnoa. 11:20-21, 23. 1868. Jentey type classificatlon eaten and regultins, effective Jansary 1, l96t. 1981. The news Jeetey line Aweaed progamn. 15(8):2-27, 31,197. t96t. A change in ageecnersinfataorseftrtanarizing lataton ts ama lane bales. 11(8):43-41. 1968. Special plan Ins evtlalan type oftaJersey bull's pnngeny. 15(8):73. 1868. The Amserican Jeeney Cattle Club, t8lt-l96t. 11(19)>21-29.  CHAPTER 16 DAIRY SHORTHORNS IN THE BRITISH ISLES SHORTHORN CATrLE were developed in the drainage basin of the Tees River, a fertile level part of Yorkshire called the Holderness district, and contiguous areas near the "German Ocean" (North Sea) in northeastern England. Some soils in the area were moist clay loams which were relatively fertile. Nutritious forages grown on them permitted cattle to grow large, attracting attention to that kind. The County or Bishopric of Durham borders the north bank of the Tees River. The North Riding of Yorkshire lies to the south- ward, extending toward the east coast, down to the Humber River. The West Riding occupies the southwestern part of Yorkshire. Lin- colnshire is southward across the Humber. The counties of North- umberland, Cumberland, and Westmoreland join Durham and Headpiece: Shorthorn vignette. 342 CHAPTER 16 DAIRY SHORTHORNS IN THE BRITISH ISLES SHORTHORN CATTLE were developed in the drainage basin of the Tees River, a fertile level part of Yorkshire called the Holderness district, and contiguous areas near the "German Ocean" (North Sea) in northeastern England. Some soils in the area were moist clay loams which were relatively fertile. Nutritious forages grown on them permitted cattle to grow large, attracting attention to that kind. The County or Bishopric of Durham borders the north bank of the Tees River. The North Riding of Yorkshire lies to the south- ward, extending toward the east coast, down to the Humber River. The West Riding occupies the southwestern part of Yorkshire. Lin- colnshire is southward across the Humber. The counties of North- umberland, Cumberland, and Westmoreland join Durham and Headpiece: Shorthorn vignette. 342 CHAPTER 16 DAIRY SHORTHORNS IN THE BRITISH ISLES SHORTHORN CATTLE were developed in the drainage basin of the Tees River, a fertile level part of Yorkshire called the Holderness district, and contiguous areas near the "German Ocean" (North Sea) in northeastern England. Some soils in the area were moist clay loams which were relatively fertile. Nutritious forages grown on them permitted cattle to grow large, attracting attention to that kind. The County or Bishopric of Durham borders the north bank of the Tees River. The North Riding of Yorkshire lies to the south- ward, extending toward the east coast, down to the Humber River. The West Riding occupies the southwestern part of Yorkshire. Lin- colnshire is southward across the Humber. The counties of North- umberland, Cumberland, and Westmoreland join Durham and Headpiece: Shorthorn vignette. 342  Shorthorns in the British Isles 343 Yorkshire on the west and north. The accompanying map (Fig. 16.1) shows these areas. The climate is cool and moist near the North Sea. Some freezing weather occurs during the winter months. The high latitude, around 54° to 55° North, is offset by the proximity of the Gulf Stream to Shorthorns in the British Isles 343 Yorkshire on the west and north. The accompanying map (Fig. 16.1) shows these areas. The climate is cool and moist near the North Sea. Some freezing weather occurs during the winter months. The high latitude, around 54° to 55° North, is offset by the proximity of the Gulf Stream to Shorthorns in the British Isles 343 Yorkshire on the west and north. The accompanying map (Fig. 16.1) shows these areas. The climate is cool and moist near the North Sea. Some freezing weather occurs during the winter months. The high latitude, around 54° to 55° North, is offset by the proximity of the Gulf Stream to FIG. 16.1. Shorthorn cattle were developed in the bishopric of Durham, the Holderness district in the River Tees drainage basin and adjacent areas. FIG. 16.1. Shorthorn cattle were developed in the bishopric of Durham, the Holderness district in the River Tees drainage basin and adjacent areas. FIG. 16.1. Shorthorn cattle were developed in the bishopric of Durham, the Holderness district in the River Tees drainage basin and adjacent areas.  344 DA IRY CATTLE BREEDS the northern inlet of the North Sea. Altitudes extend from sea level to the hills and low mountains in the west. PREHISTORIC AND EARLY CATTLE B. primigenius Bojanus was distributed widely over England and Scotland in the Pleistocene and Recent eras. These wild cattle were hunted for food. They became extinct, and participated little if any in later development of cattle in Britain. Neolithic man brought B. longifrons Owen (short-horned) in migrations westward over a land connection with the continent around 2000 B.C., before the first lake dwellers on the islands. B. longifrons remains were found with human remains in the cromlechs, as well as on sites of the later lake dwellers. When the Carthaginian navigator Himilco landed on the south coast of England about 360 B.c., he found native Britons in posses- sion of domesticated cattle. They stretched cattle hides over wooden frames to form boats with which to navigate the sea. Wil- son assumed largely from circumstantial evidence that many of these cattle were black. The natives drove the cattle inland when Romans invaded the island, hoping to deprive them of food. McKenny Hughes found that cattle brought by the Romans were a large lighter-colored kind. Roman influence extended over most of England, up to the Gram- pian Hills in Scotland, including Durham, Yorkshire, and the east coast area. A few skulls of early Roman cattle were polled, although most of them had horns. Angles and Anglo-Saxons came as raiders and later as settlers with their families and cattle from across the North Sea. Norsemen plundered the coastal areas at intervals from A.D. 787 to 832, when they landed a large force along the Thames. Wilson claimed that settlers brought red cattle during the next century, some with polled heads. Most of the polled cattle of the British Isles developed near coastal settlement areas of the Norsemen. Cadwallader John Bates cited the antiquity of short-horned cattle in the North Riding of Yorkshire from a will of John Percy, of Haram, near Helmsley in 1400, as follows: "To my son John I be- queath two stots with short horns; to John Webster a small horned 344 DAIRY CATTLE REDEDS the northern inlet of the North Sea. Altitudes extend from sea level to the hills and low mountains in the west. PREHISTORIC AND EARLY CATLE B. primigenius Bojanus was distributed widely over England and Scotland in the Pleistocene and Recent eras. These wild cattle were hunted for food. They became extinct, and participated little if any in later development of cattle in Britain. Neolithic man brought B. longifrons Owen (short-horned) in migrations westward over a land connection with the continent around 2000 B.C., before the first lake dwellers on the islands. B. longifrons remains were found with human remains in the cromlechs, as well as on sites of the later lake dwellers. When the Carthaginian navigator Himilco landed on the south coast of England about 360 n.C., he found native Britons in posses- sion of domesticated cattle. They stretched cattle hides over wooden frames to form boats with which to navigate the sea. Wil- son assumed largely from circumstantial evidence that many of these cattle were black. The natives drove the cattle inland when Romans invaded the island, hoping to deprive them of food. McKenny Hughes found that cattle brought by the Romans were a large lighter-colored kind. Roman influence extended over most of England, up to the Gram- pian Hills in Scotland, including Durham, Yorkshire, and the east coast area. A few skulls of early Roman cattle were polled, although most of them had horns. Angles and Anglo-Saxons came as raiders and later as settlers with their families and cattle from across the North Sea. Norsemen plundered the coastal areas at intervals from A.D. 787 to 832, when they landed a large force along the Thames. Wilson claimed that settlers brought red cattle during the next century, some with polled heads. Most of the polled cattle of the British Isles developed near coastal settlement areas of the Norsemen. Cadwallader John Bates cited the antiquity of short-horned cattle in the North Riding of Yorkshire from a will of John Percy, of Haram, near Helmsley in 1400, as follows: "To my son John I be- queath two stots with short horns; to John Webster a small horned 344 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS the northern inlet of the North Sea. Altitudes extend from sea level to the hills and low mountains in the west. PREHISTORIC AND EARLY CATLE B. primigenius Bojanus was distributed widely over England and Scotland in the Pleistocene and Recent eras. These wild cattle were hunted for food. They became extinct, and participated little if any in later development of cattle in Britain. Neolithic man brought B. longifrons Owen (short-horned) in migrations westward over a land connection with the continent around 2000 B.C., before the first lake dwellers on the islands. B. longifrons remains were found with human remains in the cromlechs, as well as on sites of the later lake dwellers. When the Carthaginian navigator Himilco landed on the south coast of England about 360 B.C., he found native Britons in posses- sion of domesticated cattle. They stretched cattle hides over wooden frames to form boats with which to navigate the sea. Wil- son assumed largely from circumstantial evidence that many of these cattle were black. The natives drove the cattle inland when Romans invaded the island, hoping to deprive them of food. McKenny Hughes found that cattle brought by the Romans were a large lighter-colored kind. Roman influence extended over most of England, up to the Gram- pian Hills in Scotland, including Durham, Yorkshire, and the east coast area. A few skulls of early Roman cattle were polled, although most of them had horns. Angles and Anglo-Saxons came as raiders and later as settlers with their families and cattle from across the North Sea. Norsemen plundered the coastal areas at intervals from A.D. 787 to 832, when they landed a large force along the Thames. Wilson claimed that settlers brought red cattle during the next century, some with polled heads. Most of the polled cattle of the British Isles developed near coastal settlement areas of the Norsemen. Cadwallader John Bates cited the antiquity of short-horned cattle in the North Riding of Yorkshire from a will of John Percy, of Haram, near Helmsley in 1400, as follows: "To my son John I be- queath two stots with short homs; to John Webster a small horned  Shorthorns in the British Isles 345 stot; to John Belby, a cow with a white leske; to my son John, a heifer with a white head; to Thomas Peke, a heifer called Meg, and to Margaret Percy, another heifer." James Sinclair assumed that this special mention of short horns signified that they were not common, nor were solid colors widely prevalent. The figure of a cow was carved in the northwest corner tower of the eastern chapel of Durham Cathedral about A.D. 1300. When re- stored about 1778 from the Gothic original, the cow portrayed was of Shorthorn type. END OF FEUDALISM During the period of feudal rule, land was owned in large units mainly under control of lords, the church, or other large holders. Dependents, tenants, and free men attached to the large estates had little opportunity to plan their smaller operations separately. R. E. Prothero (Lord Ernle) remarked of feudal times: "No open- field farmer could farm with spirit. Unless all moved together, no one could move hand or foot, and what was every man's business was no man's business, they could make use of no improved meth- ods of cultivation, new crops, better live stock, or mechanical inven- tions." The system of feudal tenure and use of commons, where animals on the estate ran at large or were herded, broke down gradually with the movement for separate enclosures of land. Daniel DeFoe journeyed over Great Britain during 1724 to 1726, and observed that the greatest need " ... is for more enclos'd Pastures, by which the Farmer would keep Stock of Cattle well fodder'd in the Winter, and, which again, would not only furnish good Store of Butter, Cheese, and Beef to the Market, but would by the quantity of Dung, enrich their Soil according to the unanswerable Maxim in grazing, 'that Stock upon Land improves Land."' Many separate Enclosure Acts by Parliament authorized division of Commons among the individual users thereof. Seventy Acts were passed between 1700 and 1760, and over 1,000 Acts between 1760 and 1815. These involved 561,494 acres in Durham and York- Shorthorns in the British Isles 345 stot; to John Belby, a cow with a white leske; to my son John, a heifer with a white head; to Thomas Peke, a heifer called Meg, and to Margaret Percy, another heifer." James Sinclair assumed that this special mention of short horns signified that they were not common, nor were solid colors widely prevalent. The figure of a cow was carved in the northwest corner tower of the eastern chapel of Durham Cathedral about A.D. 1300. When re- stored about 1778 from the Gothic original, the cow portrayed was of Shorthorn type. END OF FEUDALISM During the period of feudal rule, land was owned in large units mainly under control of lords, the church, or other large holders. Dependents, tenants, and free men attached to the large estates had little opportunity to plan their smaller operations separately. R. E. Prothero (Lord Ernle) remarked of feudal times: "No open- field farmer could farm with spirit. Unless all moved together, no one could move hand or foot, and what was every man's business was no man's business, they could make use of no improved meth- ods of cultivation, new crops, better live stock, or mechanical inven- tions." The system of feudal tenure and use of commons, where animals on the estate ran at large or were herded, broke down gradually with the movement for separate enclosures of land. Daniel DeFoe journeyed over Great Britain during 1724 to 1726, and observed that the greatest need " ... is for more enclos'd Pastures, by which the Farmer would keep Stock of Cattle well fodder'd in the Winter, and, which again, would not only furnish good Store of Butter. Cheese, and Beef to the Market, but would by the quantity of Dung, enrich their Soil according to the unanswerable Maxim in grazing, 'that Stock upon Land improves Land.'" Many separate Enclosure Acts by Parliament authorized division of Commons among the individual users thereof. Seventy Acts were passed between 1700 and 1760, and over 1,000 Acts between 1760 and 1815. These involved 561,494 acres in Durham and York- Shorthorns in the British Isles 345 stot; to John Belby, a cow with a white leske; to my son John, a heifer with a white head; to Thomas Peke, a heifer called Meg, and to Margaret Percy, another heifer." James Sinclair assumed that this special mention of short horns signified that they were not common, nor were solid colors widely prevalent. The figure of a cow was carved in the northwest corner tower of the eastern chapel of Durham Cathedral about A.D. 1300. When re- stored about 1778 from the Gothic original, the cow portrayed was of Shorthorn type. END OF FEUDALISM During the period of feudal rule, land was owned in large units mainly under control of lords, the church, or other large holders. Dependents, tenants, and free men attached to the large estates had little opportunity to plan their smaller operations separately. R. E. Prothero (Lord Ernle) remarked of feudal times: "No open- field farmer could farm with spirit. Unless all moved together, no one could move hand or foot, and what was every man's business was no man's business, they could make use of no improved meth- ods of cultivation, new crops, better live stock, or mechanical inven- tions." The system of feudal tenure and use of commons, where animals on the estate ran at large or were herded, broke down gradually with the movement for separate enclosures of land. Daniel DeFoe journeyed over Great Britain during 1724 to 1726, and observed that the greatest need " ... is for more enlos'd Pastures, by which the Farmer would keep Stock of Cattle well fodder'd in the Winter, and, which again, would not only furnish good Store of Butter. Cheese, and Beef to the Market, but would by the quantity of Dung, enrich their Soil according to the unanswerable Maxim in grazing, 'that Stock upon Land improves Land."' Many separate Enclosure Acts by Parliament authorized division of Commons among the individual users thereof. Seventy Acts were passed between 1700 and 1760, and over 1,000 Acts between 1760 and 1815. These involved 561,494 acres in Durham and York-  346 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS shire alone. Some of these were in the district where the Shorthorn breed developed. Prothero wrote concerning the early agricultural leaders Jethro Tull, Lord Townshend, Robert Bakewell, Arthur Young and Coke of Norfolk: "With their names are associated the chief characteris- ties in the farming progress of the period, which may be summed up in the adoption of improved methods of cultivation, the intro- duction of new crops, the reduction of stock-breeding to a science. the provision of increased facilities of communication and of trans- port, and the enterprise and outlay of capitalist landlords and tenant-farmers." Markham (1683), Mortimer (1716), and Hale (1756) mentioned the spread of spotted Dutch cattle to other districts, including York- shire. Lewis F. Allen, American Shorthorn historian, stated that agricultural progress had been made by diking and reclaiming salt marshes of Lincoln, Cambridge, and other east coast counties of England. Little mention of cattle improvement was noted before about 1720. Hale assumed some attention had been given to cattle. since a breed could not spring forth complete in type, color, and condition from the unimproved cattle of previous centuries. FOUNDING THE SHORTHORN BREED The main foundation of any breed consisted largely of local cattle. Written and genetic records introduced cattle that also contributed to the foundation of the Shorthorn breed. The polled character traced to cattle around the early Norse settlements near the coast. The "pyde" coat color resembled that of cattle in the homeland of migrants from across the North Sea. Gervaise Markham (1660) mentioned that the best cattle in England were bred in Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Lancashire, Stafford- shire, and three other counties. Cattle in four of these counties weere "generally all black." Also "those in Lincolnshire are for the most part pyde', with more white than the other colours; their horns little and crooked, of bodies exceedingly tall, long, and large, lean and thin-hided, strong-hoved, not apt to surbate, and are indeed fittest to labour and draught." 346 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS shire alone. Some of these were in the district where the Shorthorn breed developed. Prothero wrote concerning the early agricultural leaders Jethro Tull, Lord Townshend, Robert Bakewell, Arthur Young and Coke of Norfolk: "With their names are associated the chief characteris- tics in the farming progress of the period, which may be summed up in the adoption of improved methods of cultivation, the intro- duction of new crops, the reduction of stock-breeding to a science, the provision of increased facilities of communication and of trans- port, and the enterprise and outlay of capitalist landlords and tenant-farmers." Markham (1683), Mortimer (1716), and Hale (1756) mentioned the spread of spotted Dutch cattle to other districts, including York- shire. Lewis F. Allen, American Shorthorn historian, stated that agricultural progress had been made by diking and reclaiming salt marshes of Lincoln, Cambridge, and other east coast counties of England. Little mention of cattle improvement was noted before about 1720. Hale assumed some attention had been given to cattle. since a breed could not spring forth complete in type, color, and condition from the unimproved cattle of previous centuries. FOUNDING THE SHORTHORN BREED The main foundation of any breed consisted largely of local cattle. Written and genetic records introduced cattle that also contributed to the foundation of the Shorthorn breed. The polled character traced to cattle around the early Norse settlements near the coast. The "pyde" coat color resembled that of cattle in the homeland of migrants from across the North Sea. Gervaise Markham (1660) mentioned that the best cattle in England were bred in Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Lancashire, Stafford- shire, and three other counties. Cattle in four of these counties were "generally all black." Also "those in Lincolnshire are for the most part 'pyde, with more white than the other colours; their horns little and crooked, of bodies exceedingly tall, long, and large, lean and thin-hided, strong-hoved, not apt to surbate, and are indeed fittest to labour and draught." 346 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS shire alone. Some of these were in the district where the Shorthorn breed developed. Prothero wrote concerning the early agricultural leaders Jethro Tull, Lord Townshend, Robert Bakewell, Arthur Young and Coke of Norfolk: "With their names are associated the chief characteris- tics in the farming progress of the period, which may be summed up in the adoption of improved methods of cultivation, the intro- duction of new crops, the reduction of stock-breeding to a science. the provision of increased facilities of communication and of trans- port, and the enterprise and outlay of capitalist landlords and tenant-farmers." Markham (1683), Mortimer (1716), and Hale (1756) mentioned the spread of spotted Dutch cattle to other districts, including York- shire. Lewis F. Allen, American Shorthorn historian, stated that agricultural progress had been made by diking and reclaiming salt marshes of Lincoln, Cambridge, and other east coast counties of England. Little mention of cattle improvement was noted before about 1720. Hale assumed some attention had been given to cattle. since a breed could not spring forth complete in type, color, and condition from the unimproved cattle of previous centuries. FOUNDING THE SHORTHORN BREED The main foundation of any breed consisted largely of local cattle. Written and genetic records introduced cattle that also contributed to the foundation of the Shorthorn breed. The polled character traced to cattle around the early Norse settlements near the coast. The "pyde" coat color resembled that of cattle in the homeland of migrants from across the North Sea. Gervaise Markham (1660) mentioned that the best cattle in England were bred in Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Lancashire, Stafford- shire, and three other counties. Cattle in four of these counties were "generally all black." Also "those in Lincolnshire are for the most part 'pyde, with more white than the other colours; their horns little and crooked, of bodies exceedingly tall, long, and large, lean and thin-hided, strong-hoved, not apt to surbate, and are indeed fittest to labour and draught."  Shorthorns in the British Isles 347 He recommended that cattle of the different colors not be mixed, but pyde and red races could be mixed. Sinclair believed that the Shorthorn breed probably had its origin soon after the union of England and Scotland in 1707. Peace did not come fully, however, until the English forces routed 5,000 High- landers under Prince Charles Edward in 1746 in the battle of Cul- loden. Several families in Holderness and Durham improved their cattle between 1700 and 1750. These included John Bates (grandfather of Thomas Bates), Sir Edward Blackett of Newby, the Smithsons of Stamvick, and Sir James Pennyman. Michael Dobinson of Witton Castle and Sir William St. Quinton of Scampston were mentioned as importing Dutch cattle to improve their herds. John Bailey viewed the introduction of clover as a new era in agriculture, improving the feed supply for livestock. Robert Colling, a leading improver, used clover for pasture, soiling, and hay in 1796. Thomas Bates dictated to his tenant in 1845, from which his grand-nephew wrote Thomas Bates and his Kirklevington Short- horns, in 1897. He stated: "Notwithstanding that the then unre- pealed statute 18 Car II, had in 1666, prohibited the 'importation of all great cattle' as a 'common nuisance,' and that no official rec- ords have been found of cattle landing from Holland, the fact that they did so land hardly admits of doubt." William Ellis cited Dutch or Flanders white cows imported be- fore 1744. An outbreak of murrain in 1745 was believed to have been introduced into the east coast with cattle from Holland. Some believed that Dutch cattle had been brought into England when Dutch engineers were engaged in diking and draining the coastal salt marshes. Another author mentioned in 1756 "the fine Dutch breed, having large legs, short horns, and a full body." Also "they are to be had in Kent and Sussex and some other places, where they are still carefully kept without mixture in colour; they will yield two gallons at a milking but, in order to do this, they require great attendance and the best of feed." This was before the period when cattle of the northern Netherlands became predominantly black-and-white in color. Shorthorns in the British Isles 347 He recommended that cattle of the different colors not be mixed, but pyde and red races could be mixed. Sinclair believed that the Shorthorn breed probably had its origin soon after the union of England and Scotland in 1707. Peace did not come fully, however, until the English forces routed 5,000 High- landers under Prince Charles Edward in 1746 in the battle of Cul- loden. Several families in Holderness and Durham improved their cattle between 1700 and 1750. These included John Bates (grandfather of Thomas Bates), Sir Edward Blackett of Newby, the Smithsons of Stamvick, and Sir James Pennyman. Michael Dobinson of Witton Castle and Sir William St. Quinton of Scampston were mentioned as importing Dutch cattle to improve their herds. John Bailey viewed the introduction of clover as a new era in agriculture, improving the feed supply for livestock. Robert Colling, a leading improver, used clover for pasture, soiling, and hay in 1796. Thomas Bates dictated to his tenant in 1845, from which his grand-nephew wrote Thomas Bates and his Kirklevington Short- horns, in 1897. He stated: "Notwithstanding that the then unre- pealed statute 18 Car II, had in 1666, prohibited the 'importation of all great cattle' as a 'common nuisance,' and that no official rec- ords have been found of cattle landing from Holland, the fact that they did so land hardly admits of doubt." William Ellis cited Dutch or Flanders white cows imported be- fore 1744. An outbreak of murrain in 1745 was believed to have been introduced into the east coast with cattle from Holland. Some believed that Dutch cattle had been brought into England when Dutch engineers were engaged in diking and draining the coastal salt marshes. Another author mentioned in 1756 "the fine Dutch breed, having large legs, short horns, and a full body." Also "they are to be had in Kent and Sussex and some other places, where they are still carefully kept without mixture in colour; they will yield two gallons at a milking but, in order to do this, they require great attendance and the best of feed." This was before the period when cattle of the northern Netherlands became predominantly black-and-white in color. Shorthorns in the British Isles 347 He recommended that cattle of the different colors not be mixed, but pyde and red races could be mixed. Sinclair believed that the Shorthorn breed probably had its origin soon after the union of England and Scotland in 1707. Peace did not come fully, however, until the English forces routed 5,000 High- landers under Prince Charles Edward in 1746 in the battle of Cul- loden. Several families in Holderness and Durham improved their cattle between 1700 and 1750. These included John Bates (grandfather of Thomas Bates), Sir Edward Blackett of Newby, the Smithsons of Stanmick, and Sir James Pennyman. Michael Dobinson of Witton Castle and Sir William St. Quinton of Scampston were mentioned as importing Dutch cattle to improve their herds. John Bailey viewed the introduction of clover as a new era in agriculture, improving the feed supply for livestock. Robert Colling, a leading improver, used clover for pasture, soiling, and hay in 1796. Thomas Bates dictated to his tenant in 1845, from which his grand-nephew wrote Thomas Bates and his Kirklevington Short- horns, in 1897. He stated: "Notwithstanding that the then unre- pealed statute 18 Car II, had in 1666, prohibited the 'importation of all great cattle' as a 'common nuisance,' and that no official rec- ords have been found of cattle landing from Holland, the fact that they did so land hardly admits of doubt." William Ellis cited Dutch or Flanders white cows imported be- fore 1744. An outbreak of murrain in 1745 was believed to have been introduced into the east coast with cattle from Holland. Some believed that Dutch cattle had been brought into England when Dutch engineers were engaged in diking and draining the coastal salt marshes. Another author mentioned in 1756 "the fine Dutch breed, having large legs, short horns, and a full body." Also "they are to be had in Kent and Sussex and some other places, where they are still carefully kept without mixture in colour; they will yield two gallons at a milking but, in order to do this, they require great attendance and the best of feed." This was before the period when cattle of the northern Netherlands became predominantly black-and-white in color.  348 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS George Colley, who was a friend of Robert Bakewell, recognized several breeds in England in 1786, including: The short-horned breed of cattle, is the next to be described; and it is pretty evident that our forefathers have imported these from the Continent: First, because they are still in many places called the Dutch breed; 2dly, because we find these cattle nowhere in this island, except along the east coast, facing those parts of the Continent where the same kind of cattle are still bred; and reaching from Lincolnshire southwards to the borders of Scotland northwards. But, 3rdly, I remember a Gen- tleman of the county of Durham (A Mr. Michael Dobinson), who went in the early part of his life into Holland in order to buy bulls; and those he brought over, I have been told, did much service in improving the breed; and this Mr. Dobinson, and his neighbors even in my day, were noted for having the best breeds of short-horned cattle, and sold their bulls and heifers for very great prices. Culley mentioned that some other people brought some bulls that proved less desirable. Colley and his brother were extensive breeders of Shorthorn cattle. David Low, Professor of Agriculture in the University of Edin- burgh, wrote in 1842: "The Dutch breed was especially estab- lished in the district of Holderness, on the north side of the estuarv of the Humber, whence it extended northward through the plains of Yorkshire; and the cattle of Holderness still retain the distinct traces of the Dutch original, and were long regarded as the finest dairy cows of England." OTHER BLOOD IN FOUNDATION Charles Colling mated two red-polled Galloway cows to his herd sires for a neighbor, and took as payment the red-and-white brindled bull calf from one of them. This animal sired the bull Grandson of Bolingbroke (280), and he in turn sired the cow Lady, lot 7, dropped in 1796. Progeny from this strain were termed the "alloy" blood. Sir William St. Quinton of Scampston imported Dutch cattle to improve his stock. "The stewart at Ormesby repeatedly assured Major Budd that Sir James told him his breed was a cross between 348 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS George Gulley, who was a friend of Robert Bakewell, recognized several breeds in England in 1786, including: The short-horned breed of cattle, is the next to be described; and it is pretty evident that our forefathers have imported these from the Continent: First, because they are still in many places called the Dutch breed; 2dly, because we find these cattle nowhere in this island, except along the east coast, facing those parts of the Continent where the same kind of cattle are still bred; and reaching from Lincolnshire southwards to the borders of Scotland northwards. But, 3rdly, I remember a Gen- tleman of the county of Durham (A Mr. Michael Dobinson), who went in the early part of his life into Holland in order to buy bulls; and those he brought over, I have been told, did much service in improving the breed; and this Mr. Dobinson, and his neighbors even in my day, were noted for having the best breeds of short-homed cattle, and sold their bulls and heifers for very great prices. Culley mentioned that some other people brought some bulls that proved less desirable. Colley and his brother were extensive breeders of Shorthorn cattle. David Low, Professor of Agriculture in the University of Edin- burgh, wrote in 1842: "The Dutch breed was especially estab- lished in the district of Holderness, on the north side of the estuar of the Humber, whence it extended northward through the plains of Yorkshire; and the cattle of Holderness still retain the distinct traces of the Dutch original, and were long regarded as the finest dairy cows of England." OTHER BLOOD IN FOUNDATION Charles Colling mated two red-polled Galloway cows to his herd sires for a neighbor, and took as payment the red-and-white brindled bull calf from one of them. This animal sired the bull Grandson of Bolingbroke (280), and he in turn sired the cow Lady, lot 7, dropped in 1796. Progeny from this strain were termed the "alloy" blood. Sir William St. Quinton of Scampston imported Dutch cattle to improve his stock. "The stewart at Ormesby repeatedly assured Major Budd that Sir James told him his breed was a cross between 348 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS George Culley, who was a friend of Robert Bakewell, recognized several breeds in England in 1786, including: The short-horned breed of cattle, is the next to be described; and it is pretty evident that our forefathers have imported these from the Continent: First, because they are still in many places called the Dutch breed; 2dly, because we find these cattle nowhere in this island, except along the east coast, facing those parts of the Continent where the same kind of cattle are still bred; and reaching from Lincolnshire southwards to the borders of Scotland northwards. But, 3rdly, I remember a Gen- tleman of the county of Durham (A Mr. Michael Dobinson), who went in the early part of his life into Holland in order to buy bulls; and those he brought over, I have been told, did much service in improving the breed; and this Mr. Dobinson, and his neighbors even in my day, were noted for having the best breeds of short-horned cattle, and sold their bulls and heifers for very great prices. Culley mentioned that some other people brought some bulls that proved less desirable. Colley and his brother were extensive breeders of Shorthorn cattle. David Low, Professor of Agriculture in the University of Edin- burgh, wrote in 1842: "The Dutch breed was especially estab- lished in the district of Holderness, on the north side of the estuar of the Humber, whence it extended northward through the plains of Yorkshire; and the cattle of Holderness still retain the distinct traces of the Dutch original, and were long regarded as the finest dairy cows of England." OTHER BLOOD IN FOUNDATION Charles Colling mated two red-polled Galloway cows to his herd sires for a neighbor, and took as payment the red-and-white brindled bull calf from one of them. This animal sired the bull Grandson of Bolingbroke (280), and he in turn sired the cow Lady, lot 7, dropped in 1796. Progeny from this strain were termed the "alloy" blood. Sir William St. Quinton of Scampston imported Dutch cattle to improve his stock. "The stewart at Ormesby repeatedly assured Major Budd that Sir James told him his breed was a cross between  Shorthorns in the British Isles 349 the old shorthorn and the Alderneys." Other writers also cited this cross with Alderneys. The Alderneys possessed short horns that al- ready had been acquired from the Dutch stock. John Lawrence be- lieved that smaller size and earlier maturity may have been gained from the Alderney cross. The Reverend Henry Berry (1851), the Reverend John Storer (after 1877), and three other writers pointed to some Wild White Park cattle in the Shorthorn foundation. The hereditary color pat- tern-a red tinge on tips of the ears-and some historical evidence supported their statements. John Bailey was appointed by the Board of Agriculture to survey Durham in 1796 and again in 1807-9. He observed that color of the cattle was red-and-white around 1740, and white with a little red about the neck, or roan. DEvELOPING BEEF QUALrrIEs Robert Bakewell (1725-94) had chosen longhorn cattle, Leicester sheep, and German coach horses for improvement. He selected the best animals obtainable in his travels; bred the best to the best ir- respective of family relationship; leased out bulls and rams for a season; drew back the ones he preferred to use in his own herd; and culled severely. George Colley and his brother worked with shorthorn cattle in the same period. The brothers Charles Colling of Ketton (1750-1836) and Robert Colling of Barmpton (1749-1820) visited Bakewell in 1783 and studied his methods. They selected the best individuals of short- horn cattle available as foundation stock about 1784 and practiced in-and-in breeding of their better animals even more than Bakewell had done. TuE BULL HuBBAcK (319) A great transmitting bull changed the character of shorthorn cattle. A former tenant farmer, John Hunter, retained a small cow and her bull calf when he became a bricklayer. The animals went to public market and were bought by a Mr. Basnett. Calves sired by this bull caused Robert Colling and a neighbor to buy and use him in their herds. Charles Colling later used him for four years. A Mr. Hubback took the bull to Northumberland when the bull was 10 Shorthorns in the British Isles 349 the old shorthorn and the Alderneys." Other writers also cited this cross with Alderneys. The Alderneys possessed short horns that al- ready had been acquired from the Dutch stock. John Lawrence be- lieved that smaller size and earlier maturity may have been gained from the Alderney cross. The Reverend Henry Berry (1851), the Reverend John Storer (after 1877), and three other writers pointed to some Wild White Park cattle in the Shorthorn foundation. The hereditary color pat- tern-a red tinge on tips of the ears-and some historical evidence supported their statements. John Bailey was appointed by the Board of Agriculture to survey Durham in 1796 and again in 1807-9. He observed that color of the cattle was red-and-white around 1740, and white with a little red about the neck, or roan. DEvELOPIN BEEF QUALrrIEs Robert Bakewell (1725-94) had chosen longhorn cattle, Leicester sheep, and German coach horses for improvement. He selected the best animals obtainable in his travels; bred the best to the best ir- respective of family relationship; leased out bulls and rams for a season; drew back the ones he preferred to use in his own herd; and culled severely. George Colley and his brother worked with shorthorn cattle in the same period. The brothers Charles Colling of Ketton (1750-1836) and Robert Colling of Barmpton (1749-1820) visited Bakewell in 1783 and studied his methods. They selected the best individuals of short- horn cattle available as foundation stock about 1784 and practiced in-and-in breeding of their better animals even more than Bakewell had done. THE BUL HUBBACK (319) A great transmitting bull changed the character of shorthorn cattle. A former tenant farmer, John Hunter, retained a small cow and her bull calf when he became a bricklayer. The animals went to public market and were bought by a Mr. Basnett. Calves sired by this bull caused Robert Colling and a neighbor to buy and use him in their herds. Charles Colling later used him for four years. A Mr. Hubback took the bull to Northumberland when the bull was 10 Shorthorns in the British Isles 349 the old shorthorn and the Alderneys." Other writers also cited this cross with Alderneys. The Alderneys possessed short horns that al- ready had been acquired from the Dutch stock. John Lawrence be- lieved that smaller size and earlier maturity may have been gained from the Alderney cross. The Reverend Henry Berry (1851), the Reverend John Storer (after 1877), and three other writers pointed to some Wild White Park cattle in the Shorthorn foundation. The hereditary color pat- tern-a red tinge on tips of the ears-and some historical evidence supported their statements. John Bailey was appointed by the Board of Agriculture to survey Durham in 1796 and again in 1807-9. He observed that color of the cattle was red-and-white around 1740, and white with a little red about the neck, or roan. DEvELOPING BEEF QUALrrIES Robert Bakewell (1725-94) had chosen longhorn cattle, Leicester sheep, and German coach horses for improvement. He selected the best animals obtainable in his travels; bred the best to the best ir- respective of family relationship; leased out bulls and rams for a season; drew back the ones he preferred to use in his own herd; and culled severely. George Colley and his brother worked with shorthorn cattle in the same period. The brothers Charles Colling of Ketton (1750-1836) and Robert Colling of Barmpton (1749-1820) visited Bakewell in 1783 and studied his methods. They selected the best individuals of short- horn cattle available as foundation stock about 1784 and practiced in-and-in breeding of their better animals even more than Bakewell had done. TE BULL HUBBACK (319) A great transmitting bull changed the character of shorthorn cattle. A former tenant farmer, John Hunter, retained a small cow and her bull calf when he became a bricklayer. The animals went to public market and were bought by a Mr. Basnett. Calves sired by this bull caused Robert Colling and a neighbor to buy and use him in their herds. Charles Colling later used him for four years. A Mr. Hubback took the bull to Northumberland when the bull was 10  350 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS years old. Thomas Bates saw this bull and his calves when the bull was about 13 years old. This bull, known later as Hubback (319) after establishment of the herdbook, became regarded as an impor- tant foundation animal of the improved beef-type Shorthorn breed. Bailey wrote of Hubback and his dam: "This bull and cow selected with so much judgement, are the original stock from which the celebrated Durham Ox, and the justly superior breeds in the pos- session of Mr. Charles Colling, Mr. Robert Colling and Mr. Christo- pher Mason are descended." These men let bulls out on a year's lease. Also they kept full pedi- grees of their animals as a guarantee of pure breeding. The fashion of keeping pedigrees of cattle by owners of the better herds began soon after 1730, some 90 years before formation of the breed herd- book. FOUNDATION OF DAIRY SHORTHORNs Dutch breeding apparently contributed to the milking quality of the local cattle. Thomas Bates was an early proponent of milking abil- ity in Shorthorn cattle. His grandfather, John Bates, admired a short horned cow, property of a Mr. Dobinson, at the Yarm Fair in 1730. Learning that she came of a tribe brought from Holland by Michael Dobinson, he bought six cows and a white bull of the same tribe from Mr. Dobinson's brother. He bred this strain until his death in 1777. George Bates, father of Thomas, bought a heifer calf from a heavy milking cow that in turn yielded up to 24 quarts in a day. She was fattened off when 17 years old. Her daughters in turn were quite good milkers. Thomas Bates (1776-1849) leased the extensive Halton Castle estate and fattened kyloe cattle for market. His father sent him sev- eral excellent Shorthorn cows. He visited Colling Brothers, where Durham Ox and White Heifer That Travelled (got by Favorite) interested him so that he determined to breed the best Shorthorns possible. A legacy from an aunt enabled him to select some of the best animals, including some from the Collings in 1800. A Duchess cow was bought in 1804 and Young Duchess (renamed Duchess 1st) was obtained at the dispersal. Red Rose and Wild Eyes were bought elsewhere. The latter tribe descended from Richard Dobin- 350 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS years old. Thomas Bates saw this bull and his calves when the bull was about 13 years old. This bull, known later as Hubback (319) after establishment of the herdbook, became regarded as an impor- tant foundation animal of the improved beef-type Shorthorn breed. Bailey wrote of Hubback and his dam: "This bull and cow selected with so much judgement, are the original stock from which the celebrated Durham Ox, and the justly superior breeds in the pos- session of Mr. Charles Colling, Mr. Robert Colling and Mr. Christo- pher Mason are descended." These men let bulls out on a year's lease. Also they kept full pedi- grees of their animals as a guarantee of pure breeding. The fashion of keeping pedigrees of cattle by owners of the better herds began soon after 1730, some 90 years before formation of the breed herd- book. FOUNDATION OF DAIRY SHORTHORNs Dutch breeding apparently contributed to the milking quality of the local cattle. Thomas Bates was an early proponent of milking abil- ity in Shorthorn cattle. His grandfather, John Bates, admired a short horned cow, property of a Mr. Dobinson, at the Yarm Fair in 1730. Learning that she came of a tribe brought from Holland by Michael Dobinson, he bought six cows and a white bull of the same tribe from Mr. Dobinson's brother. He bred this strain until his death in 1777. George Bates, father of Thomas, bought a heifer calf from a heavy milking cow that in turn yielded up to 24 quarts in a day. She was fattened off when 17 years old. Her daughters in turn were quite good milkers. Thomas Bates (1776-1849) leased the extensive Halton Castle estate and fattened kyloe cattle for market. His father sent him sev- eral excellent Shorthorn cows. He visited Colling Brothers, where Durham Ox and White Heifer That Travelled (got by Favorite) interested him so that he determined to breed the best Shorthorns possible. A legacy from an aunt enabled him to select some of the best animals, including some from the Collings in 1800. A Duchess cow was bought in 1804 and Young Duchess (renamed Duchess 1st) was obtained at the dispersal. Red Rose and Wild Eyes were bought elsewhere. The latter tribe descended from Richard Dobin- 350 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS years old. Thomas Bates saw this bull and his calves when the bull was about 13 years old. This bull, known later as Hubback (319) after establishment of the herdbook, became regarded as an impor- tant foundation animal of the improved beef-type Shorthorn breed. Bailey wrote of Hubback and his dam: "This bull and cow selected with so much judgement, are the original stock from which the celebrated Durham Ox, and the justly superior breeds in the pos- session of Mr. Charles Colling, Mr. Robert Colling and Mr. Christo- pher Mason are descended." These men let bulls out on a year's lease. Also they kept full pedi- grees of their animals as a guarantee of pure breeding. The fashion of keeping pedigrees of cattle by owners of the better herds began soon after 1730, some 90 years before formation of the breed herd- book. FOUNDATION OF DAIRY SHORTHORNS Dutch breeding apparently contributed to the milking quality of the local cattle. Thomas Bates was an early proponent of milking abil- ity in Shorthorn cattle. His grandfather, John Bates, admired a short horned cow, property of a Mr. Dobinson, at the Yarm Fair in 1730. Learning that she came of a tribe brought from Holland by Michael Dobinson, he bought six cows and a white bull of the same tribe from Mr. Dobinson's brother. He bred this strain until his death in 1777. George Bates, father of Thomas, bought a heifer calf from a heavy milking cow that in turn yielded up to 24 quarts in a day. She was fattened off when 17 years old. Her daughters in turn were quite good milkers. Thomas Bates (1776-1849) leased the extensive Halton Castle estate and fattened kyloe cattle for market. His father sent him sev- eral excellent Shorthorn cows. He visited Colling Brothers, where Durham Ox and White Heifer That Travelled (got by Favorite) interested him so that he determined to breed the best Shorthorns possible. A legacy from an aunt enabled him to select some of the best animals, including some from the Collings in 1800. A Duchess cow was bought in 1804 and Young Duchess (renamed Duchess 1st) was obtained at the dispersal. Red Rose and Wild Eyes were bought elsewhere. The latter tribe descended from Richard Dobin-  Shorthorns in the British Isles 351 son stock obtained in Holland over a century earlier. He regarded the Duchess family highly, and inbred his cows with bulls of that family. Belvedere (1706) was added in 1832. Bates seldom exhib- ited but was highly successful at the first Royal Show at Oxford in 1839. His Duchess and Oxford families became famous. He pre- ferred milking ability over large carcasses. Many of his cattle were red-and-white, with some roans. Breeders interested in selling cows to dairies in the London area followed Bates's leadership in main- taining milking qualities in the breed. Cattle tracing to Bates's herd became popular in America after his death in 1849. In 1873, 109 head brought an average price of $3,504 at the New York Mills Sale. Those were boom prices, and a depression followed. BEEF AND DAIRY TYPE DISTINGUISHED Bailey distinguished between beef and dairy strains within the Shorthorn breed in 1840: It has been already stated that the short-horned cattle were great milkers, this cannot be said of the variety, which has an aptitude to fatten, for though they give a great quantity for some months after calving, they decline considerably after- wards, but the variety of great milkers is yet to be found wherever the dairy is the chief object, and this variety is as carefully preserved and pursued, as the graziers do that of the fattening tribe. It is very common for cows of this breed to give thirty quarts a day. Robert Brown (of Rennie, Brown, and Shirrell) who surveyed the West Riding of Yorkshire in the 1790s, noted, "In the southern part of the Vale of York breeding of cattle is not so much attended to as in the northern part: the object of cattle there being for the dairy, for the making of butter and old milk cheese; and conse- quently the milk alone is attended to. . . . This breed is generally coarse about the hips and rump, but rather shorter legged than in the northern part of the Vale." The Colling Brothers bred mainly for the graziers, while Thomas Bates emphasized the milking ability of the earlier strains. David Low deprecated the loss of milking ability in Durham cows, but Shorthorns in the British Isles 351 son stock obtained in Holland over a century earlier. He regarded the Duchess family highly, and inbred his cows with bulls of that family. Belvedere (1706) was added in 1832. Bates seldom exhib- ited but was highly successful at the first Royal Show at Oxford in 1839. His Duchess and Oxford families became famous. He pre- ferred milking ability over large carcasses. Many of his cattle were red-and-white, with some roans. Breeders interested in selling cows to dairies in the London area followed Bates's leadership in main- taining milking qualities in the breed. Cattle tracing to Bates's herd became popular in America after his death in 1849. In 1873, 109 head brought an average price of $3,504 at the New York Mills Sale. Those were boom prices, and a depression followed. BEEF AND DAIRY TYPE DISTINGUISHED Bailey distinguished between beef and dairy strains within the Shorthorn breed in 1840: It has been already stated that the short-horned cattle were great milkers, this cannot be said of the variety, which has an aptitude to fatten, for though they give a great quantity for some months after calving, they decline considerably after- wards, but the variety of great milkers is yet to be found wherever the dairy is the chief object, and this variety is as carefully preserved and pursued, as the graziers do that of the fattening tribe. It is very common for cows of this breed to give thirty quarts a day. Robert Brown (of Rennie, Brown, and Shirrell) who surveyed the West Riding of Yorkshire in the 1790s, noted, "In the southern part of the Vale of York breeding of cattle is not so much attended to as in the northern part: the object of cattle there being for the dairy, for the making of butter and old milk cheese; and conse- quently the milk alone is attended to. . . . This breed is generally coarse about the hips and rump, but rather shorter legged than in the northern part of the Vale." The Coiling Brothers bred mainly for the graziers, while Thomas Bates emphasized the milking ability of the earlier strains. David Low deprecated the loss of milking ability in Durham cows, but Shorthorns in the British Isles 351 son stock obtained in Holland over a century earlier. He regarded the Duchess family highly, and inbred his cows with bulls of that family. Belvedere (1706) was added in 1832. Bates seldom exhib- ited but was highly successful at the first Royal Show at Oxford in 1839. His Duchess and Oxford families became famous. He pre- ferred milking ability over large carcasses. Many of his cattle were red-and-white, with some roans. Breeders interested in selling cows to dairies in the London area followed Bates's leadership in main- taining milking qualities in the breed. Cattle tracing to Bates's herd became popular in America after his death in 1849. In 1873, 109 head brought an average price of $3,504 at the New York Mills Sale. Those were boom prices, and a depression followed. BEEF AND DAIRY TYPE DISTINGUISHED Bailey distinguished between beef and dairy strains within the Shorthorn breed in 1840: It has been already stated that the short-horned cattle were great milkers, this cannot be said of the variety, which has an aptitude to fatten, for though they give a great quantity for some months after calving, they decline considerably after- wards, but the variety of great milkers is yet to be found wherever the dairy is the chief object, and this variety is as carefully preserved and pursued, as the graziers do that of the fattening tribe. It is very common for cows of this breed to give thirty quarts a day. Robert Brown (of Rennie, Brown, and Shirrell) who surveyed the West Riding of Yorkshire in the 1790s, noted, "In the southern part of the Vale of York breeding of cattle is not so much attended to as in the northern part: the object of cattle there being for the dairy, for the making of butter and old milk cheese; and conse- quently the milk alone is attended to. . . . This breed is generally coarse about the hips and rump, but rather shorter legged than in the northern part of the Vale." The Coiling Brothers bred mainly for the graziers, while Thomas Bates emphasized the milking ability of the earlier strains. David Low deprecated the loss of milking ability in Durham cows, but  352 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS agreed in 1842 that many cows of the modem Holderness variety still ranked first among dairy cows of the country. Youatt (third edition, 1851) observed concerning two classes of Shorthorns that: the Yorkshire cow was brought to the present state of perfec- tion retaining with little diminution, the milking properties of the Holderness, and the grazing ones of the improved short- horn. . .. The old and comparatively unimproved breed is still indeed found in the possession of most of the dairy farmers of this part (North Riding) of the country, for they are preju- diced against the improved short-horns, that their milking prop- erties have been sacrificed to the accumulation of fat, still widely prevails. Shorthorn colors in 1887 were white, red-white mixtures, or roan. Many breeders crossed the types, trying for a middle ground but losing the extreme of either beef or milk. As population of the British Isles increased, the Board of Agriculture estimated in 1908 that farms derived greater income from milk, butter, and cheese than from beef and veal. AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES AND THE SHows The Agricultural Society for the County of Durham was organized in 1783. They held the first show for bulls at Durham in March 1784 and for cows at Darlington in September 1784. Robert and Charles Colling and George Coates, first editor of the herdbook, were suc- cessful exhibitors at these shows. The Durham Ox and the White Heifer That Travelled, from the Colling herd, drew wide attention to the large size of Shorthorns. The Smithfield Cattle and Sheep Society (later the Smithfield Club) organized in London in 1798; the Highland and Agricultural Society (Scotland) formed in 1822. The Bath and West of England Society, and the Royal Agricultural Society of England all sponsored prominent shows. The Royal was organized in 1839. All except the Smithfield Club entered beef and dairy breeds of cattle as well as other livestock. Agricultural editor Arthur Young was the first secre- tary and treasurer of the Royal. Thomas Bates bred and exhibited Duke of Northumberland (1840) and Oxford Premium Cow that 352 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS agreed in 1842 that many cows of the modern Holderness variety still ranked first among dairy cows of the country. Youatt (third edition, 1851) observed concerning two classes of Shorthorns that: the Yorkshire cow was brought to the present state of perfec- tion retaining with little diminution, the milking properties of the Holderness, and the grazing ones of the improved short- horn. . . . The old and comparatively unimproved breed is still indeed found in the possession of most of the dairy farmers of this part (North Riding) of the country, for they are preju- diced against the improved short-horns, that their milking prop- erties have been sacrificed to the accumulation of fat, still widely prevails. Shorthorn colors in 1887 were white, red-white mixtures, or roan. Many breeders crossed the types, trying for a middle ground but losing the extreme of either beef or milk. As population of the British Isles increased, the Board of Agriculture estimated in 1908 that farms derived greater income from milk, butter, and cheese than from beef and veal. AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES AND THE SHOWS The Agricultural Society for the County of Durham was organized in 1783. They held the first show for bulls at Durham in March 1784 and for cows at Darlington in September 1784. Robert and Charles Colling and George Coates, first editor of the herdbook, were suc- cessful exhibitors at these shows. The Durham Ox and the White Heifer That Travelled, from the Colling herd, drew wide attention to the large size of Shorthorns. The Smithfield Cattle and Sheep Society (later the Smithfield Club) organized in London in 1798; the Highland and Agricultural Society (Scotland) formed in 1822. The Bath and West of England Society, and the Royal Agricultural Society of England all sponsored prominent shows. The Royal was organized in 1839. All except the Smithfield Club entered beef and dairy breeds of cattle as well as other livestock. Agricultural editor Arthur Young was the first secre- tary and treasurer of the Royal. Thomas Bates bred and exhibited Duke of Northumberland (1840) and Oxford Premium Cow that 352 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS agreed in 1842 that many cows of the modern Holderness variety still ranked first among dairy cows of the country. Youatt (third edition, 1851) observed concerning two classes of Shorthorns that: the Yorkshire cow was brought to the present state of perfec- tion retaining with little diminution, the milking properties of the Holderness, and the grazing ones of the improved short- horn.... The old and comparatively unimproved breed is still indeed found in the possession of most of the dairy farmers of this part (North Riding) of the country, for they are preju- diced against the improved short-horns, that their milking prop- erties have been sacrificed to the accumulation of fat, still widely prevails. Shorthorn colors in 1887 were white, red-white mixtures, or roan. Many breeders crossed the types, trying for a middle ground but losing the extreme of either beef or milk. As population of the British Isles increased, the Board of Agriculture estimated in 1908 that farms derived greater income from milk, butter, and cheese than from beef and veal. AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES AND THE SHOWS The Agricultural Society for the County of Durham was organized in 1783. They held the first show for bulls at Durham in March 1784 and for cows at Darlington in September 1784. Robert and Charles Colling and George Coates, first editor of the herdbook, weere suc- cessful exhibitors at these shows. The Durham Ox and the White Heifer That Travelled, from the Colling herd, drew wide attention to the large size of Shorthorns. The Smithfield Cattle and Sheep Society (later the Smithfield Club) organized in London in 1798; the Highland and Agricultural Society (Scotland) formed in 1822. The Bath and West of England Society, and the Royal Agricultural Society of England all sponsored prominent shows. The Royal was organized in 1839. All except the Smithfield Club entered beef and dairy breeds of cattle as well as other livestock. Agricultural editor Arthur Young was the first secre- tary and treasurer of the Royal. Thomas Bates bred and exhibited Duke of Northumberland (1840) and Oxford Premium Cow that  Shorthorns in the British Isles 353 Shorthorns in the British Isles 353 Shorthorns in the British Isles 353 won first prizes at the first Royal show at Oxford in 1839. His cow Red Rose 3d led at the Royal show in 1840. An experimental society organized in Rushyford in 1803, limited to 21 members, experimented with "seeds, sowing and soils, fencing, draining, working, cleaning land, manuring in its various forms, stock for different situations, food, feeding, etc." Robert Colling used the first threshing machine in Durham, and invented a horse- rake. Charles Colling introduced green manuring and experimented with roots and fodder crops. The early shows helped to establish standards of quality, meas- ured comparative breeding achievement, and brought improved animals to public attention. The Highland and Agricultural Society laid down principles for future guidance, since "exhibitions of the Society were exerting increasing influence on the character of the stock bred in the country." They recognized the Shorthorned, West Highland, Ayrshire, and the Polled breed of Galloway and the northern (Aberdeen) district as the only ones to distinguish as classes of stock. Others might be entered in their show under the general class of "any breed, pure or cross." This policy put an end to the Fifeshire as a dairy breed around Edinburgh and the Horned Aberdeenshire beef cattle in the northeast. A Metropolitan Dairy Show was held at Islington in 1876, at which time the British Dairy Farmers' Association was organized. The Association sponsored later exhibitions at the London Dairy Show. All cows were exhibited in milk since 1920, and participated in the 2-day milking trials since 1922. Classes for bulls were held until 1939. Records at the London Dairy Show now include the birthdate, live weight, calving date, days since last calving, milk yielded in three consecutive milkings during 24 hours, and the percentages of butterfat, total solids and solids-not-fat. Production points are al- lotted for pounds of milk in 24 hours, pounds of butterfat x 20 and solids-not-fat x 4. Twenty days are deducted from the time since calving, and one point is added for each additional 10 days. The leading cow for conformation is allowed 60 points on inspection, and others are given correspondingly lower scores. The total scores rate the order of the awards. won first prizes at the first Royal show at Oxford in 1839. His cow Red Rose 3d led at the Royal show in 1840. An experimental society organized in Rushyford in 1803, limited to 21 members, experimented with "seeds, sowing and soils, fencing, draining, working, cleaning land, manuring in its various forms, stock for different situations, food, feeding, etc." Robert Colling used the first threshing machine in Durham, and invented a horse- rake. Charles Colling introduced green manuring and experimented with roots and fodder crops. The early shows helped to establish standards of quality, meas- ured comparative breeding achievement, and brought improved animals to public attention. The Highland and Agricultural Society laid down principles for future guidance, since "exhibitions of the Society were exerting increasing influence on the character of the stock bred in the country." They recognized the Shorthorned, West Highland, Ayrshire, and the Polled breed of Galloway and the northern (Aberdeen) district as the only ones to distinguish as classes of stock. Others might be entered in their show under the general class of "any breed, pure or cross." This policy put an end to the Fifeshire as a dairy breed around Edinburgh and the Horned Aberdeenshire beef cattle in the northeast. A Metropolitan Dairy Show was held at Islington in 1876, at which time the British Dairy Farmers' Association was organized. The Association sponsored later exhibitions at the London Dairy Show. All cows were exhibited in milk since 1920, and participated in the 2-day milking trials since 1922. Classes for bulls were held until 1939. Records at the London Dairy Show now include the birthdate, live weight, calving date, days since last calving, milk yielded in three consecutive milkings during 24 hours, and the percentages of butterfat, total solids and solids-not-fat. Production points are al- lotted for pounds of milk in 24 hours, pounds of butterfat x 20 and solids-not-fat x 4. Twenty days are deducted from the time since calving, and one point is added for each additional 10 days. The leading cow for conformation is allowed 60 points on inspection, and others are given correspondingly lower scores. The total scores rate the order of the awards. won first prizes at the first Royal show at Oxford in 1839. His cow Red Rose 3d led at the Royal show in 1840. An experimental society organized in Rushyford in 1803, limited to 21 members, experimented with "seeds, sowing and soils, fencing, draining, working, cleaning land, manuring in its various forms, stock for different situations, food, feeding, etc." Robert Colling used the first threshing machine in Durham, and invented a horse- rake. Charles Colling introduced green manuring and experimented with roots and fodder crops. The early shows helped to establish standards of quality, meas- ured comparative breeding achievement, and brought improved animals to public attention. The Highland and Agricultural Society laid down principles for future guidance, since "exhibitions of the Society were exerting increasing influence on the character of the stock bred in the country." They recognized the Shorthorned, West Highland, Ayrshire, and the Polled breed of Galloway and the northern (Aberdeen) district as the only ones to distinguish as classes of stock. Others might be entered in their show under the general class of "any breed, pure or cross." This policy put an end to the Fifeshire as a dairy breed around Edinburgh and the Horned Aberdeenshire beef cattle in the northeast. A Metropolitan Dairy Show was held at Islington in 1876, at which time the British Dairy Farmers' Association was organized. The Association sponsored later exhibitions at the London Dairy Show. All cows were exhibited in milk since 1920, and participated in the 2-day milking trials since 1922. Classes for bulls were held until 1939. Records at the London Dairy Show now include the birthdate, live weight, calving date, days since last calving, milk yielded in three consecutive milkings during 24 hours, and the percentages of butterfat, total solids and solids-not-fat. Production points are al- lotted for pounds of milk in 24 hours, pounds of butterfat x 20 and solids-not-fat x 4. Twenty days are deducted from the time since calving, and one point is added for each additional 10 days. The leading cow for conformation is allowed 60 points on inspection, and others are given correspondingly lower scores. The total scores rate the order of the awards.  354 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 354 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 354 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS A contest based on production-lactation-inspection began in 1950. Each cow must have three complete lactations, based on minimum yields for the respective breeds. Production was included during 1,400 days from the base calving date. The scores were computed, according to breed, as follows: A contest based on production-lactation-inspection began in 1950. Each cow must have three complete lactations, based on minimum yields for the respective breeds. Production was included during 1,400 days from the base calving date. The scores were computed, according to breed, as follows: A contest based on production-lactation-inspection began in 1950. Each cow must have three complete lactations, based on minimum yields for the respective breeds. Production was included during 1,400 days from the base calving date. The scores were computed, according to breed, as follows: Qualifying minimum milk yield For each 1,000 pounds additional Weighted average fat percent, minimum For each additional 1 percent Calving date, a basic 1,200 days, for each 30 days less, or more, add or subtract Inspection score, for top cow (others proportionately less) 25 points 1 point 25 points 20 points 1 point 60 points Qualifying minimum milk yield For each 1,000 pounds additional Weighted average fat percent, minimum For each additional 1 percent Calving date, a basic 1,200 days, for each 30 days less, or more, add or subtract Inspection score, for top cow (others proportionately less) 25 points 1 point 25 points 20 points 1 point 60 points Qualifying minimum milk yield For each 1,000 pounds additional Weighted average fat percent, minimum For each additional 1 percent Calving date, a basic 1,200 days, for each 30 days less, or more, add or subtract Inspection score, for top cow (others proportionately less) 25 points 1 point 25 points 20 points 1 point 60 points Scores were computed to the third decimal place, and awards were based on total score. The Bledisloe trophy has been awarded at the London Dairy Show since 1922 for interbreed competition by six-cow teams. Dairy Shorthorns won the trophy in 1934, and provided the reserve team in 1931, 1933, 1935, 1947, and 1957. A Dairy Shorthorn cow was Supreme Champion at the London Dairy Show in 1958. Nonpedigree Shorthorns "Typical of the majority of dairy cows in the United Kingdom" were regarded as superior milkers to most cows in the Coates's Herd Book during the early years of the Lon- don Dairy Show. They competed along with other breeds. SHOw CLASSES FOR DAIRY SHORTHORNS The Shorthorn Society of Great Britain and Ireland provided prizes in 1893 for Shorthorn cows in milk. They were judged as beef ani- mals. Richard Stratton, president of the Society, and two friends so- licited subscriptions and awarded prizes for pedigree Shorthorns on the milking characteristics. The Shorthorn Society eventually sponsored these prizes. After 1907 these prizes were awarded only if the cow yielded 25 pounds of milk in a day, or 20 pounds if fresh over 3 months. One-day milk weights were discontinued in 1933, and requirements were changed to lactation yields. Shows have provided classes for Dairy Shorthorn bulls since 1918. They must have been entered in the Dairy Shorthorn Year Book in order to be eligible, the qualifications being: The dam and paternal granddam must have an official record in 305 days of (a) at least Scores were computed to the third decimal place, and awards were based on total score. The Bledisloe trophy has been awarded at the London Dairy Show since 1922 for interbreed competition by six-cow teams. Dairy Shorthoos won the trophy in 1934, and provided the reserve team in 1931, 1933, 1935, 1947, and 1957. A Dairy Shorthorn cow was Supreme Champion at the London Dairy Show in 1958. Nonpedigree Shorthorns "Typical of the majority of dairy cows in the United Kingdom" were regarded as superior milkers to most cows in the Coates's Herd Book during the early years of the Lon- don Dairy Show. They competed along with other breeds. SHOw CLASSES FOR DAIRY SHORTHORNS The Shorthorn Society of Great Britain and Ireland provided prizes in 1893 for Shorthorn cows in milk. They were judged as beef ani- mals. Richard Stratton, president of the Society, and two friends so- licited subscriptions and awarded prizes for pedigree Shorthorns on the milking characteristics. The Shorthorn Society eventually sponsored these prizes. After 1907 these prizes were awarded only if the cow yielded 25 pounds of milk in a day, or 20 pounds if fresh over 3 months. One-day milk weights were discontinued in 1933, and requirements were changed to lactation yields. Shows have provided classes for Dairy Shorthorn bulls since 1918. They must have been entered in the Dairy Shorthorn Year Book in order to be eligible, the qualifications being: The dam and paternal granddam must have an official record in 305 days of (a) at least Scores were computed to the third decimal place, and awards were based on total score. The Bledisloe trophy has been awarded at the London Dairv Show since 1922 for interbreed competition by six-cow teams. Dairy Shorthorns won the trophy in 1934, and provided the reserve team in 1931, 1933, 1935, 1947, and 1957. A Dairy Shorthorn cow was Supreme Champion at the London Dairy Show in 1958. Nonpedigree Shorthorns "Typical of the majority of dairy cows in the United Kingdom" were regarded as superior milkers to most cows in the Coates's Herd Book during the early years of the Lon- don Dairy Show. They competed along with other breeds. SHOw CLASSES FOR DAIRY SHORTHORNS The Shorthorn Society of Great Britain and Ireland provided prizes in 1893 for Shorthorn cows in milk. They were judged as beef ani- mals. Richard Stratton, president of the Society, and two friends so- licited subscriptions and awarded prizes for pedigree Shorthorns on the milking characteristics. The Shorthorn Society eventually sponsored these prizes. After 1907 these prizes were awarded only if the cow yielded 25 pounds of milk in a day, or 20 pounds if fresh over 3 months. One-day milk weights were discontinued in 1933, and requirements were changed to lactation yields. Shows have provided classes for Dairy Shorthorn bulls since 1918. They must have been entered in the Dairy Shorthorn Year Book in order to be eligible, the qualifications being: The dam and paternal granddam must have an official record in 305 days of (a) at least  Shorthorns in the British Isles 355 7,000 pounds of milk if calved at 3 years or younger; (b) 8,000 pounds if calved between 3 and 4 years old; or (c) 10,000 pounds of milk in 305 days if calved at 4 years or older. These yields were for twice-daily milking, and were increased by 15 or 25 percent if milked three or four times daily after the first 30 days from date of calving. Coates's Herd Book AND THE SHORTHORN SOCIrTY Accurate records of pedigree began to be kept in England when certain thoroughbred horses were recognized as sires of speed. Pri- vate records to assure honesty of pedigree culminated in publica- tion of the Thoroughbred Stud Book. James Weatherby of London assembled the first volume in 1791, entitled An Introduction to a General Stud Book. It was the first herdbook published for any breed of farm animals. Soon after 1730, leading breeders of short-horn cattle began to keep private records of pedigrees of their better animals. Purity of descent came to be considered important with improved animals. Studley Bull 626 calved in 1734 was the earliest named animal of the breed. At least 25 prominent named cattle born before 1780 were mentioned in herdbook pedigrees. Bailey wrote that Robert and Charles Colling and Christopher Mason kept books concerning the full pedigrees of their cattle, so that any person could see how they were descended. Sir Henry Vane Tempest urged need of a trustworthy herdbook at a Wynyard annual gathering in 1812, attended by 18 prominent guests. Those present included Charles and Robert Colling, Thomas Booth and two sons, Thomas Bates, George Coates, John Whitaker, and others. Robert Colling and Mr. Paley assisted George Coates and his son to solicit and compile pedigrees of 710 bulls in Volume 1 of the Coates's Herd Book in 1822. Mr. Coates's son succeeded him with the Herd Book until 1846 when the enterprise became the property of Henry Stafford, assisted by Mr. Thornton. Rumors of inaccurate pedigrees in 1872 incited breeders to form the Shorthorn Society. This organization purchased the herdbook and continued publication under the original name. The Shorthorn Society of Great Britain and Ireland was incorporated in 1875. Shorthorns in the British Isles 355 7,000 pounds of milk if calved at 3 years or younger; (b) 8,000 pounds if calved between 3 and 4 years old; or (c) 10,000 pounds of milk in 305 days if calved at 4 years or older. These yields were for twice-daily milking, and were increased by 15 or 25 percent if milked three or four times daily after the first 30 days from date of calving. Coates's Herd Book AND THE SHORTHORN SOCIETY Accurate records of pedigree began to be kept in England when certain thoroughbred horses were recognized as sires of speed. Pri- vate records to assure honesty of pedigree culminated in publica- tion of the Thoroughbred Stud Book. James Weatherby of London assembled the first volume in 1791, entitled An Introduction to a General Stud Book. It was the first herdbook published for any breed of farm animals. Soon after 1730, leading breeders of short-horn cattle began to keep private records of pedigrees of their better animals. Purity of descent came to be considered important with improved animals. Studley Bull 626 calved in 1734 was the earliest named animal of the breed. At least 25 prominent named cattle born before 1780 were mentioned in herdbook pedigrees. Bailey wrote that Robert and Charles Colling and Christopher Mason kept books concerning the full pedigrees of their cattle, so that any person could see how they were descended. Sir Henry Vane Tempest urged need of a trustworthy herdbook at a Wynyard annual gathering in 1812, attended by 18 prominent guests. Those present included Charles and Robert Culling, Thomas Booth and two sons, Thomas Bates, George Coates, John Whitaker, and others. Robert Colling and Mr. Paley assisted George Coates and his son to solicit and compile pedigrees of 710 bulls in Volume 1 of the Coates's Herd Book in 1822. Mr. Coates's son succeeded him with the Herd Book until 1846 when the enterprise became the property of Henry Stafford, assisted by Mr. Thornton. Rumors of inaccurate pedigrees in 1872 incited breeders to form the Shorthorn Society. This organization purchased the herdbook and continued publication under the original name. The Shorthorn Society of Great Britain and Ireland was incorporated in 1875. Shorthorns in the British Isles 355 7,000 pounds of milk if calved at 3 years or younger; (b) 8,000 pounds if calved between 3 and 4 years old; or (c) 10,000 pounds of milk in 305 days if calved at 4 years or older. These yields were for twice-daily milking, and were increased by 15 or 25 percent if milked three or four times daily after the first 30 days from date of calving. Coates's Herd Book AND THE SHORTHORN SOCIETY Accurate records of pedigree began to be kept in England when certain thoroughbred horses were recognized as sires of speed. Pri- vate records to assure honesty of pedigree culminated in publica- tion of the Thoroughbred Stud Book. James Weatherby of London assembled the first volume in 1791, entitled An Introduction to a General Stud Book. It was the first herdbook published for any breed of farm animals. Soon after 1730, leading breeders of short-horn cattle began to keep private records of pedigrees of their better animals. Purity of descent came to be considered important with improved animals. Studley Bull 626 calved in 1734 was the earliest named animal of the breed. At least 25 prominent named cattle born before 1780 were mentioned in herdbook pedigrees. Bailey wrote that Robert and Charles Colling and Christopher Mason kept books concerning the full pedigrees of their cattle, so that any person could see how they were descended. Sir Henry Vane Tempest urged need of a trustworthy herdbook at a Wynyard annual gathering in 1812, attended by 18 prominent guests. Those present included Charles and Robert Colling, Thomas Booth and two sons, Thomas Bates, George Coates, John Whitaker, and others. Robert Colling and Mr. Paley assisted George Coates and his son to solicit and compile pedigrees of 710 bulls in Volume 1 of the Coates's Herd Book in 1822. Mr. Coates's son succeeded him with the Herd Book until 1846 when the enterprise became the property of Henry Stafford, assisted by Mr. Thornton. Rumors of inaccurate pedigrees in 1872 incited breeders to form the Shorthorn Society. This organization purchased the herdbook and continued publication under the original name. The Shorthorn Society of Great Britain and Ireland was incorporated in 1875.  356 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS THE SHORTHORN DINNER CLUB Lord Dunmore inspired organization of the Shorthorn Dinner Club in 1871 for an annual fellowship meeting and dinner among breeders interested in the breeding of Shorthorns. DECLINE AND RISE OF DAIRY SHORTHORNs The Improved Shorthorns became widely popular. Hall W. Keary wrote of the Holderness district in 1848: "The Holderness breed ... of the Short-horn class, strangely resembles the old Yorkshire, ex- cept that it is larger and rather lighter of bone, and altogether a better fleshed animal. The cows of this breed are profuse milkers. and used to be eagerly sought after by the London dairymen. They have, however, laterly been much crossed by the Durham bulls: and the old-fashioned Holderness Cow is far more rarely to be met with than formerly." Increased demands and higher prices for beef bulls followed the opening of extensive grazing areas in the United States west of the Mississippi River and in Argentina. An agricultural depression about 1889 reduced the prices of milking-strain Shorthorns even lower. Many breeders discontinued registrations, or crossed their cows with beef-type bulls. "Deep milking qualities" of the breed were in danger of being lost. James Sinclair wrote: Teeswater and Yorkshire Shorthorns were wont to be the cows most prized for town dairies. Their descendants, the big, roomy, large-uddered, red, white, and roan Shorthorn without registered pedigrees, but carrying their descent unmistakably in their appearance, are still the favorites in town and coun- try dairies ... It may be further observed that since the establishment of the important dairy shows the Shorthorn cows, both those that are purebred and those not eligible for the Coates's Herd Book, have been very successful in carrying off the leading prizes. The Shorthorn is in fact clearly established as the general-purpose breed, combining ... the dual purpose of early maturity and deep milking. Dairy farmers avoided using pedigreed bulls which were largely beef type. A few leading breeders who maintained registration of the milking strains included Charles Adeane, of Barbraham; Lord 356 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS THE SHORTHORN DINNER CLUB Lord Dunmore inspired organization of the Shorthorn Dinner Club in 1871 for an annual fellowship meeting and dinner among breeders interested in the breeding of Shorthorns. DECLINE AND RISE OF DAIRY SHORTHORNS The Improved Shorthorns became widely popular. Hall W. Kearv wrote of the Holderness district in 1848: "The Holderness breed ... of the Short-horn class, strangely resembles the old Yorkshire, es cept that it is larger and rather lighter of bone, and altogether a better fleshed animal. The cows of this breed are profuse milkers. and used to be eagerly sought after by the London dairymen. They have, however, laterly been much crossed by the Durham bulls; and the old-fashioned Holderness Cow is far more rarely to be met with than formerly." Increased demands and higher prices for beef bulls followed the opening of extensive grazing areas in the United States west of the Mississippi River and in Argentina. An agricultural depression about 1889 reduced the prices of milking-strain Shorthorns even lower. Many breeders discontinued registrations, or crossed their cows with beef-type bulls. "Deep milking qualities" of the breed were in danger of being lost. James Sinclair wrote: Teeswater and Yorkshire Shorthorns were wont to be the cows most prized for town dairies. Their descendants, the big, roomy, large-uddered, red, white, and roan Shorthorn without registered pedigrees, but carrying their descent unmistakably in their appearance, are still the favorites in town and coun- try dairies ... It may be further observed that since the establishment of the important dairy shows the Shorthorn cows, both those that are purebred and those not eligible for the Coates's Herd Book, have been very successful in carrying off the leading prizes. The Shorthorn is in fact clearly established as the general-purpose breed, combining ... the dual purpose of early maturity and deep milking. Dairy farmers avoided using pedigreed bulls which were largely beef type. A few leading breeders who maintained registration of the milking strains included Charles Adeane, of Barbraham; Lord 356 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS THE SHORTHORN DINNER CLUB Lord Dunmore inspired organization of the Shorthorn Dinner Club in 1871 for an annual fellowship meeting and dinner among breeders interested in the breeding of Shorthorns. DECLINE AND RISE OF DAIRY SHORTHORNS The Improved Shorthorns became widely popular. Hall W. Keary wrote of the Holderness district in 1848: "The Holderness breed ... of the Short-horn class, strangely resembles the old Yorkshire, ex cept that it is larger and rather lighter of bone, and altogether a better fleshed animal. The cows of this breed are profuse milkers. and used to be eagerly sought after by the London dairymen. They have, however, laterly been much crossed by the Durham bulls: and the old-fashioned Holderness Cow is far more rarely to be met with than formerly." Increased demands and higher prices for beef bulls followed the opening of extensive grazing areas in the United States west of the Mississippi River and in Argentina. An agricultural depression about 1889 reduced the prices of milking-strain Shorthorns even lower. Many breeders discontinued registrations, or crossed their cows with beef-type bulls. "Deep milking qualities" of the breed were in danger of being lost. James Sinclair wrote: Teeswater and Yorkshire Shorthorns were wont to be the cows most prized for town dairies. Their descendants, the big, roomy, large-uddered, red, white, and roan Shorthorn without registered pedigrees, but carrying their descent unmistakably in their appearance, are still the favorites in town and coun- try dairies ... It may be further observed that since the establishment of the important dairy shows the Shorthorn cows, both those that are purebred and those not eligible for the Coates's Herd Book, have been very successful in carrying off the leading prizes. The Shorthorn is in fact clearly established as the general-purpose breed, combining ... the dual purpose of early maturity and deep milking. Dairy farmers avoided using pedigreed bulls which were largely beef type. A few leading breeders who maintained registration of the milking strains included Charles Adeane, of Barbraham; Lord  Shorthorns in the British Isles 357 Henry Bentinck, Underly; Robert Hobbs, Kelmscott; J. C. Robin- son, Iford; Lord Rothschild, Tring Park; George Taylor of Cranford; and a few others. DAIRY SHORTHORN AssOCIATION The few breeders maintaining registrations of milking-strain Short- horns organized the Dairy Shorthorn Association within the Short- horn Society (Coates's Herd Book) in June 1905. To encourage breeding of the dairy strain, they offered prizes at the Royal and other leading shows for pedigreed Shorthorns of good milking type. This Association amalgamated in 1936 with the Shorthorn Society of Great Britain and Ireland. The latest development was publica- tion of Volume 106 of Coates's Herd Book in two sections-Beef and Dairy-entering calves born in 1959. PRODUCTION OF DAIRY SHORTHORNS Some cows owned by Robert Colling yielded up to 28 to 36 quarts of milk in a day. One of Bates' Duchess cows was credited with 294 ounces of butter churned from her milk in a week. A cow owned by Mr. Larkin, of Pewyke, Worcestershire, produced an average of 1,050 imperial gallons of milk for 15 consecutive years. The London Dairy Show added a class for Shorthorns in 1893. where every cow participated in the 2-day milking trials. The av- erage yield of 106 pedigree and nonpedigree Shorthorns during 1895-1900 was 48 pounds 10 ounces of milk, with 1 pound 11 ounces of butter. After butterfat replaced churned butter, Shorthorn cows at the show averaged 43 pounds of milk, 3.73 percent fat, and 12.87 percent total solids in their milk. Twenty-five Dairy Shorthorns at the show in 1953 averaged 60.9 pounds of milk on three milkings daily. The Dairy Shorthorn Association established minimum milk yields for cows to be eligible for prizes at shows. Records were pub- lished in the Dairy Shorthorn Year Book from 1907 to 1936, when the Shorthorn Society took it over. The Association established a scheme of milk records on farms in 1912, requiring occasional super- vision by a local representative. The plan soon was superceded by official milk recording under the Ministry of Agriculture, and is now Shorthorns in the British Isles 357 Henry Bentinek, Underly; Robert Hobbs, Kelmscott; J. C. Robin- son, Iford; Lord Rothschild, Tring Park; George Taylor of Cranford; and a few others. DAIRY SHORTHORN ASSOCIATION The few breeders maintaining registrations of milking-strain Short- horns organized the Dairy Shorthorn Association within the Short- horn Society (Coates's Herd Book) in June 1905. To encourage breeding of the dairy strain, they offered prizes at the Royal and other leading shows for pedigreed Shorthorns of good milking type. This Association amalgamated in 1936 with the Shorthorn Society of Great Britain and Ireland. The latest development was publica- tion of Volume 106 of Coates's Herd Book in two sections-Beef and Dairy-entering calves born in 1959. PRODUCTION OF DAIRY SHORTHORNs Some cows owned by Robert Colling yielded up to 28 to 36 quarts of milk in a day. One of Bates' Duchess cows was credited with 294 ounces of butter churned from her milk in a week. A cow owned by Mr. Larkin, of Pewyke, Worcestershire, produced an average of 1,050 imperial gallons of milk for 15 consecutive years. The London Dairy Show added a class for Shorthorns in 1893. where every cow participated in the 2-day milking trials. The av- erage yield of 106 pedigree and nonpedigree Shorthorns during 1895-1900 was 48 pounds 10 ounces of milk, with 1 pound 11 ounces of butter. After butterfat replaced churned butter, Shorthorn cows at the show averaged 43 pounds of milk, 3.73 percent fat, and 12.87 percent total solids in their milk. Twenty-five Dairy Shorthorns at the show in 1953 averaged 60.9 pounds of milk on three milkings daily. The Dairy Shorthorn Association established minimum milk yields for cows to be eligible for prizes at shows. Records were pub- lished in the Dairy Shorthorn Year Book from 1907 to 1936, when the Shorthorn Society took it over. The Association established a scheme of milk records on farms in 1912, requiring occasional super- vision by a local representative. The plan soon was superceded by official milk recording under the Ministry of Agriculture, and is now Shorthorns in the British Isles 357 Henry Bentinek, Underly; Robert Hobbs, Kelmscott; J. C. Robin- son, Iford; Lord Rothschild, Tring Park; George Taylor of Cranford; and a few others. DAIRY SHORTHORN ASSOCIATION The few breeders maintaining registrations of milking-strain Short- horns organized the Dairy Shorthorn Association within the Short- horn Society (Coates's Herd Book) in June 1905. To encourage breeding of the dairy strain, they offered prizes at the Royal and other leading shows for pedigreed Shorthorns of good milking type. This Association amalgamated in 1936 with the Shorthorn Society of Great Britain and Ireland. The latest development was publica- tion of Volume 106 of Coates's Herd Book in two sections-Beef and Dairy-entering calves born in 1959. PRODUCTION OF DAIRY SHORTHORNS Some cows owned by Robert Colling yielded up to 28 to 36 quarts of milk in a day. One of Bates' Duchess cows was credited with 294 ounces of butter churned from her milk in a week. A cow owned by Mr. Larkin, of Pewyke, Worcestershire, produced an average of 1,050 imperial gallons of milk for 15 consecutive years. The London Dairy Show added a class for Shorthorns in 1893. where every cow participated in the 2-day milking trials. The av- erage yield of 106 pedigree and nonpedigree Shorthorns during 1895-1900 was 48 pounds 10 ounces of milk, with 1 pound 11 ounces of butter. After butterfat replaced churned butter, Shorthorn cows at the show averaged 43 pounds of milk, 3.73 percent fat, and 12.87 percent total solids in their milk. Twenty-five Dairy Shorthorns at the show in 1953 averaged 60.9 pounds of milk on three milkings daily. The Dairy Shorthorn Association established minimum milk yields for cows to be eligible for prizes at shows. Records were pub- lished in the Dairy Shorthorn Year Book from 1907 to 1936, when the Shorthorn Society took it over. The Association established a scheme of milk records on farms in 1912, requiring occasional super- vision by a local representative. The plan soon was superceded by official milk recording under the Ministry of Agriculture, and is now  358 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS supervised by the farmers' cooperative Milk Marketing Board of England and Wales. MILK RECORDING IN ENGLAND AND WALES Several agricultural colleges and county councils organized local milk recording circuits soon after 1900 to obtain production records of individual cows. The Ministry of Agriculture sponsored improve- ment of livestock. Their milk recording scheme for all dairy breeds began under uniform methods early in 1914, but was hampered during World War I. In 1920 delegates from recording societies organized a Central Council as an advisory to the Ministry on poli- cies. Milk recording expanded in October 1933 to include butter- fat tests by the Gerber method at the owner's option. The Ministry relinquished supervision to the Central Council in 1943 during World War II. The Milk Marketing Board of England and Wales assumed supervision in 1943 under the name of National Milk Records. A supervisory board represented the Central Council of Milk Recording Societies, breed registry associations, Milk Mar- keting Board, Ministry of Agriculture, and the National Farmers' Union. The Milk Marketing Board adopted a single plan of official milk recording in 1957 after the government withdrew support. Members with herds on test bore over 80 percent of the costs, supplemented by the Board. The latter justified assistance, since production rec- ords were used in analyzing sires in the artificial insemination branch and in research applicable to the entire industry. Tests for total solids in milk and for solids-not-fat by difference were begun in 1955 with daughters of Friesian bulls, and with daughters of Ayrshires and Dairy Shorthorns in 1956. The Milko-Tester re- placed the Gerber fat analysis in 1968, and tests for protein were begun. The Milk Marketing Board formerly priced milk on the butter- fat content, but also included solids-not-fat in October 1962. Chair- man Richard Trehane of the Board reasoned that fluid milk rather than cheese dominated use of milk in English markets. 358 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS supervised by the farmers' cooperative Milk Marketing Board of England and Wales. MILK RECORDING IN ENGLAND AND WALES Several agricultural colleges and county councils organized local milk recording circuits soon after 1900 to obtain production records of individual cows. The Ministry of Agriculture sponsored improve- ment of livestock. Their milk recording scheme for all dairy breeds began under uniform methods early in 1914, but was hampered during World War I. In 1920 delegates from recording societies organized a Central Council as an advisory to the Ministry on poli- cies. Milk recording expanded in October 1933 to include butter- fat tests by the Gerber method at the owner's option. The Ministry relinquished supervision to the Central Council in 1943 during World War II. The Milk Marketing Board of England and Wales assumed supervision in 1943 under the name of National Milk Records. A supervisory board represented the Central Council of Milk Recording Societies, breed registry associations, Milk Mar- keting Board, Ministry of Agriculture, and the National Farmers' Union. The Milk Marketing Board adopted a single plan of official milk recording in 1957 after the government withdrew support. Members with herds on test bore over 80 percent of the costs, supplemented by the Board. The latter justified assistance, since production rec- ords were used in analyzing sires in the artificial insemination branch and in research applicable to the entire industry. Tests for total solids in milk and for solids-not-fat by difference were begun in 1955 with daughters of Friesian bulls, and with daughters of Ayrshires and Dairy Shorthorns in 1956. The Milko-Tester re- placed the Gerber fat analysis in 1968, and tests for protein were begun. The Milk Marketing Board formerly priced milk on the butter- fat content, but also included solids-not-fat in October 1962. Chair- man Richard Trehane of the Board reasoned that fluid milk rather than cheese dominated use of milk in English markets. 358 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS supervised by the farmers' cooperative Milk Marketing Board of England and Wales. MILK RECORDING IN ENGLAND AND WALES Several agricultural colleges and county councils organized local milk recording circuits soon after 1900 to obtain production records of individual cows. The Ministry of Agriculture sponsored improve- ment of livestock. Their milk recording scheme for all dairy breeds began under uniform methods early in 1914, but was hampered during World War I. In 1920 delegates from recording societies organized a Central Council as an advisory to the Ministry on poli- cies. Milk recording expanded in October 1933 to include butter- fat tests by the Gerber method at the owner's option. The Ministry relinquished supervision to the Central Council in 1943 during World War II. The Milk Marketing Board of England and Wales assumed supervision in 1943 under the name of National Milk Records. A supervisory board represented the Central Council of Milk Recording Societies, breed registry associations, Milk Mar- keting Board, Ministry of Agriculture, and the National Farmers' Union. The Milk Marketing Board adopted a single plan of official milk recording in 1957 after the government withdrew support. Members with herds on test bore over 80 percent of the costs, supplemented by the Board. The latter justified assistance, since production rec- ords were used in analyzing sires in the artificial insemination branch and in research applicable to the entire industrv. Tests for total solids in milk and for solids-not-fat by difference were begun in 1955 with daughters of Friesian bulls, and with daughters of Ayrshires and Dairy Shorthorns in 1956. The Milko-Tester re- placed the Gerber fat analysis in 1968, and tests for protein were begun. The Milk Marketing Board formerly priced milk on the butter- fat content, but also included solids-not-fat in October 1962. Chair- man Richard Trehane of the Board reasoned that fluid milk rather than cheese dominated use of milk in English markets.  Shorthorns in the British Isles 359 Shorthorns in the British Isles 359 Shorthorns in the British Isles 359 REGISTER OF MERIT FOR BULLS In 1929 the Dairy Shorthorn Association established a Register of Merit which a bull entered when ten daughters qualified with milk yields according to age. An Improved Register of Merit was adopted in 1944. Requirements now are that at least six daughters must have yielded as follows: REGISTER OF MERIT FOR BULLS In 1929 the Dairy Shorthorn Association established a Register of Merit which a bull entered when ten daughters qualified with milk yields according to age. An Improved Register of Merit was adopted in 1944. Requirements now are that at least six daughters must have yielded as follows: REGISTER OF MERIT FOR BULLS In 1929 the Dairy Shorthorn Association established a Register of Merit which a bull entered when ten daughters qualified with milk yields according to age. An Improved Register of Merit was adopted in 1944. Requirements now are that at least six daughters must have yielded as follows: Calving at 3 years or younger Calving at 3 to 4 years Calving at 4 years or older Milk Butterfat (pounds) 7,500 300 8,500 330 10,000 375 Calving at 3 years or younger Calving at 3 to 4 years Calving at 4 years or older Milk Butterfat (pounds) 7,500 300 8,500 330 10,000 375 Calving at 3 years or younger Calving at 3 to 4 years Calving at 4 years or older Milk Butterfat (pounds) 7,500 300 8,500 330 10,000 375 The average butterfat must be at least 3.5 percent for the lactation. At least 60 percent of his registered daughters of milking age must have qualified in production, and a sufficient proportion approved for body conformation. ADvANCED REGISTRY FOR COwS An Advanced Registry was established in 1947 for cows with pro- duction in 305 days; cows were listed according to their sires. The average milk and fat production of cows in the several branches of the Shorthorn breed in England and Wales was reported by the Production Division of the Milk Marketing Board of England and Wales for the year ending March 1968 as given in Table 16.1. TABLE 16.1 AVERACE PRODUCTION OF DAIRY SHORTHORNS IN ENGLAND DURING 1968/69 UNDER MILK CONTROL AND OPTIONAL BUTTERFAT TESTS The average butterfat must be at least 3.5 percent for the lactation. At least 60 percent of his registered daughters of milking age must have qualified in production, and a sufficient proportion approved for body conformation. ADVANCED REGISTRY FOR COwS An Advanced Registry was established in 1947 for cows with pro- duction in 305 days; cows were listed according to their sires. The average milk and fat production of cows in the several branches of the Shorthorn breed in England and Wales was reported by the Production Division of the Milk Marketing Board of England and Wales for the year ending March 1968 as given in Table 16.1. TABLE 16.1 AVERAGE PRODUCTION OF DAIRY SHORTHORNS IN ENGLAND DURINc 1968/69 UNDER MsLK CONTROL AND OPTroNAL BUTTERFAT TESTS The average butterfat must be at least 3.5 percent for the lactation. At least 60 percent of his registered daughters of milking age must have qualified in production, and a sufficient proportion approved for body conformation. ADvANCED REGISTRY FOR COwS An Advanced Registry was established in 1947 for cows with pro- duction in 305 days; cows were listed according to their sires. The average milk and fat production of cows in the several branches of the Shorthorn breed in England and Wales was reported by the Production Division of the Milk Marketing Board of England and Wales for the year ending March 1968 as given in Table 16.1. TABLE 16.1 AVERAE PRODUCTION OF DARY SnoRToRNS IN ENGLAND DURIN 1968/69 UNDER MILK CONTROL AND OPTIONAL BUTTERFAT TESTS Number of herds Dairy Shorthoms 362 Lincoln Red Shorthows 2 Northern Dairy Shorthorns 11 Milk (lbs.) Test (%) Butterfat (Ibs.) 8,684 3.62 314 7,722 3.65 282 8,020 3.59 288 Number of herds Dairy Shorthorns 362 Lincoln Red Shorthorns 2 Northern Dairy Shorthorns 11 Milk (lbs.) Test (%) Butterfat (Ibs.) 8,684 3.62 314 7,722 3.65 282 8,020 3.59 288 Number of herds Dairy Shorthorns 362 Lincoln Red Shorthorns 2 Northern Dairy Shorthorns 11 Milk (bs.) Test (%) Butterfat (lbs.) 8,684 3.62 314 7,722 3.65 282 8,020 3.59 288 One of the older herds of Dairy Shorthorns in England was founded at Kelmscott in 1876. Eight homebred cows in this herd, owned by Mr. R. W. Hobbs, averaged 72.5 pounds of milk in a day when in full lactation. They are shown in Figure 16.2. Animals exhibited from this herd have won the Breeders Challenge Cup (bull and two homebred females) 13 times. One of the older herds of Dairy Shorthorns in England was founded at Kelmscott in 1876. Eight homebred cows in this herd, owned by Mr. R. W. Hobbs, averaged 72.5 pounds of milk in a day when in full lactation. They are shown in Figure 16.2. Animals exhibited from this herd have won the Breeders Challenge Cup (bull and two homebred females) 13 times. One of the older herds of Dairy Shorthorns in England was founded at Kelmscott in 1876. Eight homebred cows in this herd, owned by Mr. R. W. Hobbs, averaged 72.5 pounds of milk in a day when in full lactation. They are shown in Figure 16.2. Animals exhibited from this herd have won the Breeders Challenge Cup (bull and two homebred females) 13 times.  3m DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 360 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 360 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Registration of males as Dairy Shorthorn bulls in the Coates's Herd Book began in 1920. A cow qualified as a "bull breeder" when she produced in the first 315 days of lactation: Registration of males as Dairy Shorthorn bulls in the Coates's Herd Book began in 1920. A cow qualified as a "bull breeder" when she produced in the first 315 days of lactation: Registration of males as Dairy Shorthorn bulls in the Coates's Herd Book began in 1920. A cow qualified as a "bull breeder" when she produced in the first 315 days of lactation: Heifer, 3 years 3 months or younger Cow, up to 4 years 3 months Cow, 4 years 3 months or older 5,500 pounds milk 6,500 pounds milk 8,000 pounds milk Heifer, 3 years 3 months or younger Cow, up to 4 years 3 months Cow, 4 years 3 months or older 5,500 pounds milk 6,500 pounds milk 8,000 pounds milk Heifer, 3 years 3 months or younger Cow, up to 4 years 3 months Cow, 4 years 3 months or older 5,500 pounds milk 6,500 pounds milk 8,000 pounds milk The requirements were increased 15 percent if milked three times daily, or 25 percent when milked four times a day. Records were supervised in a recognized Milk Recording Society in England. Scotland, and Irish Free State or North Ireland. Both the dam and sire's dam qualified to enter Dairy Shorthorn bulls for the Register of Qualified Dairy Bulls. GRADING-Up REGISTER A plan to bring nonpedigree Shorthorns of milking strain into Coates's Herd Book was adopted in 1917. The cow's birthdate had to be known and an identifying tattoo placed in her right ear. She must have been approved by the Society inspector as having desir- able Shorthorn characteristics. A Foundation Cow must have given at least 6,000 pounds of milk with first calf, 7,000 pounds with the second calf, or 8,000 pounds in later lactations. Such a cow was admitted to Class A. Her female progeny by a registered Dairy Shorthorn bull were ad- mitted to Class B of the Grading-up Register if tattooed and regis- tered within 30 days of birth. Likewise, females qualified for Class C and Class D in turn. Female progeny of Class D cows, bear- ing four crosses of pedigreed Dairy Shorthorn sires, were eligible for full registration in Coates's Herd Book. All animals had to bear an approved ear tattoo. More than 300,000 females had entered this register up to 1959. LICENSING BULsS The Improvement of Live Stock Act passed by Parliament in 1931 required that bulls born after October 1933 be licensed before being used for breeding. Applications were made for inspection by a Min- istry officer before a male calf was 9 months old. The ear of an ap- proved animal was tattooed with a crown and serial number, or The requirements were increased 15 percent if milked three times daily, or 25 percent when milked four times a day. Records were supervised in a recognized Milk Recording Society in England Scotland, and Irish Free State or North Ireland. Both the dam and sire's dam qualified to enter Dairy Shorthorn bulls for the Register of Qualified Dairy Bulls. GRADING-up REGISTER A plan to bring nonpedigree Shorthorns of milking strain into Coates's Herd Book was adopted in 1917. The cow's birthdate had to be known and an identifying tattoo placed in her right ear. She must have been approved by the Society inspector as having desir- able Shorthorn characteristics. A Foundation Cow must have given at least 6,000 pounds of milk with first calf, 7,000 pounds with the second calf, or 8,000 pounds in later lactations. Such a cow was admitted to Class A. Her female progeny by a registered Dairy Shorthorn bull were ad- mitted to Class B of the Grading-up Register if tattooed and regis- tered within 30 days of birth. Likewise, females qualified for Class C and Class D in turn. Female progeny of Class D cows, bear- ing four crosses of pedigreed Dairy Shorthorn sires, were eligible for full registration in Coates's Herd Book. All animals had to bear an approved ear tattoo. More than 300,000 females had entered this register up to 1959. LICENSING BULLS The Improvement of Live Stock Act passed by Parliament in 1931 required that bulls born after October 1933 be licensed before being used for breeding. Applications were made for inspection by a Min- istry officer before a male calf was 9 months old. The ear of an ap- proved animal was tattooed with a crown and serial number, or The requirements were increased 15 percent if milked three times daily, or 25 percent when milked four times a day. Records were supervised in a recognized Milk Recording Society in England. Scotland, and Irish Free State or North Ireland. Both the dam and sire's dam qualified to enter Dairy Shorthorn bulls for the Register of Qualified Dairy Bulls. GRADING--UP REGISTER A plan to bring nonpedigree Shorthorns of milking strain into Coates's Herd Book was adopted in 1917. The cow's birthdate had to be known and an identifying tattoo placed in her right ear. She must have been approved by the Society inspector as having desir- able Shorthorn characteristics. A Foundation Cow must have given at least 6,000 pounds of milk with first calf, 7,000 pounds with the second calf, or 8,000 pounds in later lactations. Such a cow was admitted to Class A. Her female progeny by a registered Dairy Shorthorn bull were ad- mitted to Class B of the Grading-up Register if tattooed and regis- tered within 30 days of birth. Likewise, females qualified for Class C and Class D in turn. Female progeny of Class D cows, bear- ing four crosses of pedigreed Dairy Shorthorn sires, were eligible for full registration in Coates's Herd Book. All animals had to bear an approved ear tattoo. More than 300,000 females had entered this register up to 1959. LICENSING BULLS The Improvement of Live Stock Act passed by Parliament in 1931 required that bulls born after October 1933 be licensed before being used for breeding. Applications were made for inspection by a Min- istry officer before a male calf was 9 months old. The ear of an ap- proved animal was tattooed with a crown and serial number, or  Shorthorns in the British Isles 361 Shorthorns in the British Isles 361 Shorthorns in the British Isles 361 with an R in a rejected animal. Licenses were transferred to the next owners. The dam and sire's dam must have produced 6,000, 7,000, or 8,000 pounds of milk according to her age for a bull to be granted a "dairy" license in 1945. A minimum butterfat percentage of 3.5 also was required. ARTIFICIAL BREEDING Organized artificial breeding of cattle increased from one center in England inseminating 2,599 cows in 1944-45, to 1,783,583 cows in England and Wales in 1968-69. Twenty-three centers are operated by the Milk Marketing Board, and six are associated centers. Bulls of 18 breeds are used. Dairy Shorthoms accounted for 0.6 percent of services. Six Dairy Shorthorns were among 1,196 bulls used by the Board in 1969-70. Consulting panels, officers, and others examine and obtain ma- ture bulls satisfactory in natural service. Some young bulls are bought from breeders. Health inspections are made before entering A.I. service and periodically thereafter. Selected cows are mated under contract to leading bulls and their male calves reared at the Board's farm at Chippenham. Training for A.I. use begins at 10 months old. One-third of replacements came from the rearing unit in 1959-60. with an R in a rejected animal. Licenses were transferred to the next owners. The dam and sire's dam must have produced 6,000, 7,000, or 8,000 pounds of milk according to her age for a bull to be granted a "dairy" license in 1945. A minimum butterfat percentage of 3.5 also was required. ARTIFICIAL BREEDING Organized artificial breeding of cattle increased from one center in England inseminating 2,599 cows in 1944-45, to 1,783,583 cows in England and Wales in 1968-69. Twenty-three centers are operated by the Milk Marketing Board, and six are associated centers. Bulls of 18 breeds are used. Dairy Shorthorns accounted for 0.6 percent of services. Six Dairy Shorthorns were among 1,196 bulls used by the Board in 1969-70. Consulting panels, officers, and others examine and obtain ma- ture bulls satisfactory in natural service. Some young bulls are bought from breeders. Health inspections are made before entering A.I. service and periodically thereafter. Selected cows are mated under contract to leading bulls and their male calves reared at the Board's farm at Chippenham. Training for A.I. use begins at 10 months old. One-third of replacements came from the rearing unit in 1959-60. with an R in a rejected animal. Licenses were transferred to the next owners. The dam and sire's dam must have produced 6,000, 7,000, or 8,000 pounds of milk according to her age for a bull to be granted a "dairy" license in 1945. A minimum butterfat percentage of 3.5 also was required. ARTIFICIAL BREEDING Organized artificial breeding of cattle increased from one center in England inseminating 2,599 cows in 1944-45, to 1,783,583 cows in England and Wales in 1968-69. Twenty-three centers are operated by the Milk Marketing Board, and six are associated centers. Bulls of 18 breeds are used. Dairy Shorthorns accounted for 0.6 percent of services. Six Dairy Shorthorns were among 1,196 bulls used by the Board in 1969-70. Consulting panels, officers, and others examine and obtain ma- ture bulls satisfactory in natural service. Some young bulls are bought from breeders. Health inspections are made before entering A.I. service and periodically thereafter. Selected cows are mated under contract to leading bulls and their male calves reared at the Board's farm at Chippenham. Training for A.I. use begins at 10 months old. One-third of replacements came from the rearing unit in 1959-60. r r ., ro. . rnese ergm cows yreraeo an average or i..o 1-ruis or mrix rn a day. They were bred and owned by R. W. Hobbs, Kelmscott, Locklade, Gloucestershire, England. ri 0z nese eigm cows yleraea an average or s.. pounas or mix mn a day. They were bred and owned by R. W. Hobbs, Kelmscott, Locklade, Gloucestershire, England. ri- in- rese rigor Cows yrerueu a average u a pounus u day. They were bred and owned by R. W. Hobbs, Kelmscott, Locklade, Gloucestershire, England.  362 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 362 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 362 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Since 1955 young bulls have been used for 500 rst services to cows in herds under milk recording, changing to "500 cows-in-calf per bull" in 1962. They are withheld from much further use, pend- ing analysis by herdmate comparisons of daughters for production and conformation. Production of daughters in the first 180 days of lactation provides preliminary proof of some promising bulls. Prog- eny proved bulls then are used widely. Joseph Edwards concluded of the "first 500" plan: "Frankly, we have found this system to be far superior to earlier methods of sire proving, which included daughter-dam comparisons and straight daughter averages." Thirty of the progeny-analyzed bulls were Dairy Shorthorns. About 85 of the top bulls of several breeds were in the nomination scheme for selective matings, their frozen semen being available through all centers. Their semen is prepared at the Northampton Deep Freeze Unit. Bulls in the contract mating program were blood typed in a laboratory at Copenhagen, Denmark. The Cattle Blood Typing Service was established in Edinburgh in September 1966 to serve all of Britain. Five Dairy Shorthorn sires were progeny tested during 1958 at the British Oil and Cake Mills' Barley Farm, Selby, Yorkshire, Eng- land. The 10 or 12 daughters of each sire were leased from the owners for the trial; accustomed to the environment in advance of calving; then continued under uniform management for an average of 270 days in lactation. They received 14 pounds of hay and 6 pounds of dried beet pulp daily for maintenance. Concentrates (21 percent crude protein and 4.5 percent fat) were offered at 3.5 pounds per imperial gallon of milk with 3.7 percent of butterfat, and an increase of one-fourth pound for each increase of 0.2 per- cent butterfat above the base standard. Records were kept of milk yield, butterfat, and solids-not-fat per- centages. Speed of milking was measured during the peak of lac- tation. Breeders were able to observe conformation transmitted by the respective sires. Results of the trial in average production per cow are given in Table 16.2 Numbers of cattle of the dairy breeds have increased in England and Wales between 1908 and 1955 from 2 to 57 percent; beef cattle increased from 15 to 16 percent; and dual-purpose animals de- Since 1955 young bulls have been used for 500 irst services to cows in herds under milk recording, changing to "500 cows-in-calf per bull" in 1962. They are withheld from much further use, pend- ing analysis by herdmate comparisons of daughters for production and conformation. Production of daughters in the first 180 days of lactation provides preliminary proof of some promising bulls. Prog- eny proved bulls then are used widely. Joseph Edwards concluded of the "first 500" plan: "Frankly, we have found this system to be far superior to earlier methods of sire proving, which included daughter-dam comparisons and straight daughter averages." Thirty of the progeny-analyzed bulls were Dairy Shorthorns. About 85 of the top bulls of several breeds were in the nomination scheme for selective matings, their frozen semen being available through all centers. Their semen is prepared at the Northampton Deep Freeze Unit. Bulls in the contract mating program were blood typed in a laboratory at Copenhagen, Denmark. The Cattle Blood Typing Service was established in Edinburgh in September 1966 to serve all of Britain. Five Dairy Shorthorn sires were progeny tested during 1958 at the British Oil and Cake Mills' Barley Farm, Selby, Yorkshire, Eng- land. The 10 or 12 daughters of each sire were leased from the owners for the trial; accustomed to the environment in advance of calving; then continued under uniform management for an average of 270 days in lactation. They received 14 pounds of hay and 6 pounds of dried beet pulp daily for maintenance. Concentrates (21 percent crude protein and 4.5 percent fat) were offered at 3.5 pounds per imperial gallon of milk with 3.7 percent of butterfat, and an increase of one-fourth pound for each increase of 0.2 per- cent butterfat above the base standard. Records were kept of milk yield, butterfat, and solids-not-fat per- centages. Speed of milking was measured during the peak of lac- tation. Breeders were able to observe conformation transmitted by the respective sires. Results of the trial in average production per cow are given in Table 16.2 Numbers of cattle of the dairy breeds have increased in England and Wales between 1908 and 1955 from 2 to 57 percent; beef cattle increased from 15 to 16 percent; and dual-purpose animals de- Since 1955 young bulls have been used for 500 rst services to cows in herds under milk recording, changing to "500 cows-in-calf per bull" in 1962. They are withheld from much further use, pend- ing analysis by herdmate comparisons of daughters for production and conformation. Production of daughters in the rst 180 days of lactation provides preliminary proof of some promising bulls. Prog- eny proved bulls then are used widely. Joseph Edwards concluded of the "first 500" plan: "Frankly, we have found this system to be far superior to earlier methods of sire proving, which included daughter-dam comparisons and straight daughter averages." Thirty of the progeny-analyzed bulls were Dairy Shorthorns. About 85 of the top bulls of several breeds were in the nomination scheme for selective matings, their frozen semen being available through all centers. Their semen is prepared at the Northampton Deep Freeze Unit. Bulls in the contract mating program were blood typed in a laboratory at Copenhagen, Denmark. The Cattle Blood Typing Service was established in Edinburgh in September 1966 to serve all of Britain. Five Dairy Shorthorn sires were progeny tested during 1958 at the British Oil and Cake Mills' Barley Farm, Selby, Yorkshire, Eng- land. The 10 or 12 daughters of each sire were leased from the owners for the trial; accustomed to the environment in advance of calving; then continued under uniform management for an average of 270 days in lactation. They received 14 pounds of hay and 6 pounds of dried beet pulp daily for maintenance. Concentrates (21 percent crude protein and 4.5 percent fat) were offered at 3.5 pounds per imperial gallon of milk with 3.7 percent of butterfat, and an increase of one-fourth pound for each increase of 0.2 per- cent butterfat above the base standard. Records were kept of milk yield, butterfat, and solids-not-fat per- centages. Speed of milking was measured during the peak of lac- tation. Breeders were able to observe conformation transmitted by the respective sires. Results of the trial in average production per cow are given in Table 16.2 Numbers of cattle of the dairy breeds have increased in England and Wales between 1908 and 1955 from 2 to 57 percent; beef cattle increased from 15 to 16 percent; and dual-purpose animals de-  Shorthorns in the British Isles 363 creased from 83 to 27 percent of the cattle population. Influence of artificial breeding on demands for bulls for natural and artificial use is suggested from changes in the proportion of males and females registered in the herdbooks, as given in Table 16.3. The average letdown of milk was measured in pounds per min- ute and pounds of strippings. Lactation curves were graphed for each cow to show maximum daily yield and persistency of produc- tion. Feed conversion was reported for each in terms of digestible protein and starch equivalent, considering nutrient values of feeds consumed, requirements for body maintenance, for gains in live weight, and the nutrients remaining for each 10 pounds of milk produced. Twenty unselected daughters of a Dairy Shorthorn bull tested at Darlington Hall, Devon, averaged 9,031 pounds of milk, 3.80 per- cent fat and 9.04 percent of solids-not-fat. TABLE 16.2 AVERAGE PRODUcTION OF DAUGHTERS OF DAIRY SHORTHORN BULLs THAT WERE UNDER PROGENY TEST FOR AN AVERAGE OF 270 DAYS IN LACTATION Body Solid.- weight Milk in Number of Milk Butterfat not-fat at elose 3 mntes Bull daughters (lb..) (%) (%) (lbs.) (1b..) Histon Dairy Farmer 12 7,963 3.76 9.02 1,213 12.1 Yewdon Rubio Musicism 12 7,788 3.84 8.90 1,224 13.8 Churchill Brilliant Boy 8th 11 7,870 3.57 8.97 1,202 11.8 Whatcote Lord York 13th 12 7,115 3.71 8.76 1,279 8.4 Avoncourt Lord Barrington 2nd 10 7,464 3.84 8.98 1,291 18.5 Average 7,640 3.74 8.92 1,241 TABLE 16.3 EFFECT OF ARTIFICIAL BREEDING UPON THE PROPORTION OF DAtRY SHORTHORN BULLS RISTERD, 1935 AND 1957 Grading-up Herdbook Year Male Female female Ratio Shorthorn, Coates's 1935 6,509 10,068 1:1.55 Shorthorn, Coates's 1957 2,961 18,958 9,185 1:9.51 Lincoln Red Shorthorn 1957 450 1,717 485 1:4.89 Northern Dairy Shorthorn 1957 402 3,531 505 1:10.04 Shorthorns in the British Isles 363 creased from 83 to 27 percent of the cattle population. Influence of artificial breeding on demands for bulls for natural and artificial use is suggested from changes in the proportion of males and females registered in the herdbooks, as given in Table 16.3. The average letdown of milk was measured in pounds per min- ute and pounds of strippings. Lactation curves were graphed for each cow to show maximum daily yield and persistency of produc- tion. Feed conversion was reported for each in terms of digestible protein and starch equivalent, considering nutrient values of feeds consumed, requirements for body maintenance, for gains in live weight, and the nutrients remaining for each 10 pounds of milk produced. Twenty unselected daughters of a Dairy Shorthorn bull tested at Darlington Hall, Devon, averaged 9,031 pounds of milk, 3.80 per- cent fat and 9.04 percent of solids-not-fat. TABLE 16.2 AVERAGE PRODUCTION OF DAUGHTERs OF DAIRY SHORTHORN BULLs THAT WERE UNDER PROGENY TEST FOR AN AVERAGE OF 270 DAYS IN LACTATION Body Solid.- weight Milk in Number of Milk Butterfat no.t-fat at elose 3 minutes Bull daughters (lbs.) (%) (%) (lbs.) (lb..) Shorthorns in the British Isles 363 creased from 83 to 27 percent of the cattle population. Influence of artificial breeding on demands for bulls for natural and artificial use is suggested from changes in the proportion of males and females registered in the herdbooks, as given in Table 16.3. The average letdown of milk was measured in pounds per min- ute and pounds of strippings. Lactation curves were graphed for each cow to show maximum daily yield and persistency of produc- tion. Feed conversion was reported for each in terms of digestible protein and starch equivalent, considering nutrient values of feeds consumed, requirements for body maintenance, for gains in live weight, and the nutrients remaining for each 10 pounds of milk produced. Twenty unselected daughters of a Dairy Shorthorn bull tested at Darlington Hall, Devon, averaged 9,031 pounds of milk, 3.80 per- cent fat and 9.04 percent of solids-not-fat. TABLE 16.2 AVERAGE PRODUCTION OF DAUGHTERS OF DAIRY SHORTHORN BULLS THAT WERE UNDER PROGENY TEST FOR AN AVERAGE OF 270 DAYS IN LACTATION Body Solids- weight Milk in Number of Milk Butterfat not-fat at clos 3 minutes Bull daughter. (lb..) (%) (%) (lbs.) (lb..) Histon Dairy Farmer Yewdon Rubio Musicism Churchill Brilliant Boy 8th Whatcote Lord York 13th Avoncourt Lord Barrington 2nd Average 12 7,963 3.76 9.02 1,213 12.1 12 7,788 3.84 8.90 1,224 13.8 11 7,870 3.57 8.97 1,202 11.8 12 7,115 3.71 8.76 1,279 8.4 10 7,464 3.84 8.98 1,291 18.5 7,640 3.74 8.92 1,241 Histon Dairy Farmer Yewdes Rubio Musicism Churchill Brilliant Boy 8th Whatcote Lord York 13th Avoncourt Lord Barrington 2nd Average 12 7,963 3.76 9.02 1,213 12.1 12 7,788 3.84 8.90 1,224 13.8 11 7,870 3.57 8.97 1,202 11.8 12 7,115 3.71 8.76 1,279 8.4 10 7,464 3.84 8.98 1,291 18.5 7,640 3.74 8.92 1,241 TABLE 16.3 EFFECT OF ARTIFICIAL BREEDING UPON THE PROPORTION OF DAIRY SHORTHORN BULLs RmISTERED, 1935 AND 1957 Grading-up Herdbook Year Male Female female Ratio Shorthorn, Coates's 1935 6,509 10,068 1:1.55 Shorthorn, Coates's 1957 2,961 18,958 9,185 1:9.51 Lincoln Red Shorthorn 1957 450 1,717 485 1:4.89 Northern Dairy Shorthorn 1957 402 3,531 505 1:10.04 TABLE 16.3 EFFECT OF ARTIFICIAL BREEDING UPON THE PROPORTION OF DARY SHORTHORN BULLs REGISTERED, 1935 AND 1957 Grading-up Herdbook Year Male Female female Ratio Shorthorn, Coates's 1935 6,509 10,068 1:1.55 Shorthorn, Coates's 1957 2,961 18,958 9,185 1:9.51 Lincoln Red Shorthorn 1957 450 1,717 485 1:4.89 Northern Dairy Shorthorn 1957 402 3,531 505 1:10.04  364 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS DAIRY SHORTHSORN JOURSNAL The Dairy Shorthoers Association pubhished the Dairy Shorthorn Journal mnonthly frotm 1932 to 1936; since then the Journal has heen published by the Shorthorn Society. This journal contains geneeat news and advertising ofthe breed, and anntoncemntslfromsthe Society. It is the only beed Society periodical pobhished monnthtn ins Geat Beitain. REFERsENCES Allen, Leowit T. 1070. History of the Short-hoes catle Their oeigins, progress and present condition. Buftato, N.Y. Athtons, E. D. 1040. The se St records is hreedisg dairy csttle in Denmark atsd the Nethertands. Agticsture 56:255-59. Bailey, John. 1010. Conesal niesw of the agriculture of the County of Durhan oith obtervatios on the mesn of its imprnovenment. Bsiley, Johs, and C. Galley. 1805. Ceseral ciewc of the agriculture of the Countytof Northunherland. London. Bates, Cednolleden John. 1007. Thonae Roses and the Kirklevington Short- honse-A contnibution te the history of the pure Dunrhsam cttle. Berny, Rev. Henry. 1011. The Shoes-hens. In W. Youatt, Gentle. 3rd ed. Deadley, B. 1707. A general teaise of sgriculture both philesoephical and trac- hecal. London. Deawn, Bobert (Besnir, resea, ansd ShinreRf). 1793. General viewe of the agri- cslenre of the West Biding of Yorkhire. Londos. Ball, Feed J. 1016. The Londons Dainy Sheen, 1876-1955. Dairy Set. Aber. 18:795-808. Burreos, George T. 1041. Hlas a lens Englishen saed the Milking Shorthon. Milking Shoethors J. 26(8):3-4. .1050. History of Shorthorn ctttle. Vistas h Go., London. Boston, Geaed J. 1024. The dev'elopment of the Deity Shorshorn in Ensgland ansd the inslaeoce of the bred en English agricultue. Proc. World's Dairy Congr. 2:1349-53. Coleeaan, John. 1007. The cattle, thesep and cite of Gees Britain. Honace Gas. London. Golley, Ceorge. 178t. Ohservations on beve stoch. C. C. J. h J. Bobisos, Lon- don. Daswkins, Willians Boyd. 186t. On the Instil rStsh oxn. Pant 1. Des neon Geese. Qusar, 0. Geolog. Soc. London. Feac. 22:391-402. DeFoe, Daniel. 1770. A tone thea' the wohole Itlend of Crest Britin. Snvols. Edwareda, toseph. 1017. D.H.t.A. costs see shaend iD Beiats. Heardes Dairymnss 103(24)12290, 1140. Ellis, Williama. 1744. The moden husbandmasn. Lendon. Coas, John. 1023-24. Lincoln Bed Shorthorn cattle. Agrhculture 30:17-20. Ganer, Franh 5H. 1030. Milh recoedieg and its sequel-Geadiat-up. The Dsiry Shorthorn (pamphlet). Geiffiths, Gel. J. 1034. The Imapeovemrnt ot Line Stoch (LicensRi of Bulls) Act, 1031. Dairy Shorthorns J. 3(7):17-98. Hale, Thomaas. 1756. A compyleat hod0 of husbandry. Vet. 2. London. 364 DAIRY CATTLE BRDEEDS DAIRY SORDYHORN JOURNAL The Daisy Shorthoea Associations poblished the Dairy Shorthorn Journal mntthly leans 1031 to 1036; since then the Journal has been published by the Shorthn Society. This journal contains genseral news aad advertisng of the breed, and ansnsnncemnsts Icons the Society. It is the only beed Society periodical published monthly inGeat Brtain. REFERENCES Allen, Lenis T. 1070. Histasy of the Short-horn cathle Their origin, peegress and present condition. Buffalo, N.Y. AshtoD, E, D. 1040. The ue of records in hreeding deity catnle in Denarke ansd the Nethetlands. Agricuture 5t:255-59. Bailey, John. 180. General vieno of the agrieuture of the Gonty of Durham weith observations as the mese of its imptrovemsent. Bailey, John, and C. Golley. 1005. General viewe of the agrienhtuec of the Connty of Northumhortland. London. Dances, Gtdw'alladr Joehn. 1007. Thoms Boaees end the Kirhlevington Short- boone-A eontribution to the history of the pure Dnehams cattle. Beeny, Bev. Heney. 1011. The Shoes-hens. Ie W. Youatt, Getnle. 3rd ed. radley, B. 1717. A generel ereaise of agricnulure both phileseehicst and tree- tieal. London. Bron, Robert (Beanie, Braown, and ShirreS). 1703. Genoral viese of the agri- eulhuee of the West Biding of Yorhehire. Leodoe. Ball, coed J. 151. The Losdon Deity Shone, 1876-1955. Dairy Sce. Abes. 18:795-S0t. Brrowsn, Gerge T. 1945. Hon a few Englishenstaved the Milking Shorthon. Milking Shorthorn J. 26(8):3. .__ 1050. Dietary of Shorthorn cattle. Vinton h Ga., Lonsdon. Buxton, Gereed J. 1024. Thne dev'elopmsent at the Deity Shorthorn is England and the influene of the heed eR English agricultue. Proc. Woeld's Dsiry Gosge. 2:1349-53. Golemaen, John. 1087. The cattle, obeep end tile of Great Britain. Henorc Cnn. Londen. Galley, George. 1706. Dhservations on line etoch. C. C. J. & J. Reiens, Lon- don. Danhint, William Boyd. 1066. On the fottil Brdtnh oxns tact 1. Des sees Cesar, Qusart. J. Geolag. Soc. London. teoc. 22391-402. DeFoe, Daniel. 1770. A tone thro' the wehole Island of Greet ritain. 2 volh. Cdnards, Joepsh. 1917. D.H.I.A. costs see shared in Britain. Honed's Dairymnss 103(24):1229, 1240. Elhis, Williams. 1744. The maodeon huehandmane. Loendon. Evans, John. 1923-24. Lincoln Bed Shorthon nettle. Agriculture 30:17-2R. Garner, Franh H. 1030. Mhlh reeording end its sequel-Gading-up. The Dairy Shorthorn (pamsphlet). Grifiths, Gal. J. 1034. The Imaprovement of Line Stech (Licensng of Bath!) Act, 1031. Dairy Shorthorn J. 3(7)1907-8. Hale, Thomsas. 175t. A comptleat body of husebandry. Vol. 2. Londn. 364 DAIRBY CATTLE BREEDS DAIRY SnHORTHeOsN JOURNAL The Daisy Shorthorn Association poblished the Dairy Shorthorn Jonrnal monthly leans 1032 to 1936; since thn the Journal hen bees published by the Shothon Society. This journal censtains genseral nsews and advertisingaofthe beed, and ansnsoncementslfromthe Society. It is the onsly breed Society periodical published nsonthly inRGreatHBrtai. REsEENaCES Allen, Lenis T. 1070. Dietary of the Short-horn eattle: Theit origin, pregress end preeentconditio. Buffalo, N.Y. Ashtan, C. D. 1040. The ute of records in bteeding deity cattle in Denmarek and the Netherlands. Agriculture 56:255-5. Bailey, Jobs. 1010. General siese of the agrientusre of the Gaunty of Darham weith obeervation on the eans of itseimptrseet. Bailey, Jahn, sod G. Galley. 1005. Genral view of the agrieulture of the GountyofNorthuearland. Leaden. Baes, Gadnalladee Jahn. 1097. Thoms Bates end the K~irklevingeon Short- hens-A contribution to the history of the enre Dnrhams cattle. Berry, Ben. Henry. 1051. The Sheet-hens. InRW. Youatt, Gentle. 3rd ed. Bradley, B. 1717. A general treatsee of agricutre both thisophicsl and tree' Secat. Londo. Beawn, Robert (Bennse, Deawn, and Shiref). 1703. General vloew of the agri- culture of the Woest Biding of Yorhehire. London. Butll, Fred J. 1056, The London Dairy Shone, 1876-1955. Dairy Sci. Abere. 18:795-080. Buerons, George T. 1945. Hon a fen Englishen toned the Milldng Shorthorn. Mitking Shorthorn J. 26(8):3-4. . 1050. Dietary of Shorthosnecattle. Vinten a Ge., Loadn. Dentes, Geeaed J. 1014. The denelopmeent of the Deity Shorthorn is England and thr insgaene of the beed en Ensglish agriculture. Proc. World's Dairy Gong. 2:1349-53. Golemsan, John. 1007. The cattle, sheet and pigs of Great Britain. Heorc Gos, London. Galley, George. 1706. Observatione on Onve etoch. C. C. J. & J. Rbihnson, Lo'- don. Danhins, Witliams Boyd. 1066. On the fossil British oee. Fort 1. Bos uran Caetse. QuarH. J. Geolog. Sec. London. Frec. 22:391-402. Dreoe, Dosel. 1770. A tone shea' the shale Ieland of Great Britain. 2 nol. Edwardt, Joseph. 1017. D.H..A. costs see shared in Britain. Heardes Dairymn 103(24):1229, 1240. Ellis, Wiliam. 1744. The mondeon husbandman. Londn. Evans, John. 1923-24. Lincoln Bed Shosthen cattle. Agricnltue 3017-2. Carnee, Franh H. 1030. Msilh recording sand its sequel-Gading-ue. The Dairh Shorthorn (pameehlet). Grifftas, Gal. J. 1034. The Impremnent at Line Stoch (Licening nf Dellhi AOL, 1031. Dairy Shorthorn L. 317):197-98. Hale, Thons. 1756. A comptleat body of huesndry. Vel. 2. Londn.  Sherthorns in the Britisth Inlet 365 Housmann, Willieae. 1880. The mnagemnt nt Shorthorn heed. 1. Sty. Agr. See. Engl. lilnee. 2):381-435. Hueghes, T. Mclhenny. 1896. On the morte ieptphnt heedsl of nettle enhich beve been recoegnized in the British telee. Keary, Hell W. 1848. Managemnent nof cattle. J. noy. Age. See. Engl. 9:424-52. Laeceence, Jon. 1728. A nenw syeteen of egricnltnre. Lnndon. . 18015. Ageneral tetise en eettle,theenn, teeheeptnd tesnie. C. Witninghen, Lenden. Leetham, tenat. 1784. Ceneeal vienw eof the agricultnre of the Eest Biding ef Yeehehie and the Ainntey of the City of Terh, nwitb ebervetiens en the ens efite inproveenent. Londen. Leow, David. 1840. On the doesteeiceted animnals ef the British Inlet. Leongmancs, Greent, &Co.,London. Lydehhee, R., en aI. 1881. The nenw natueel hietnry. Vt!. 2. Memmaeh. Meill & Baee, New Terh. Meekhhet, Ceeveise. 1880. The way he get nealth. 10th ed. I. Harison, Lon- den. * 1883. The Englihhouene-wnife. Lendon. Meenhell, W. 1788. The eneel ecennmy ef Yoehehire. Vet. 2. * 1885. Ceneral treetise en cattle. Massingheam, H. J. 1926.owtnlandemen. Londn. Moorhonne, Sydney. 198h. Britens adopt hell progeny tent pnogrenm. Deiryeean's Leegne Tenet 42(21):14. Meetemer, Jehn. 1721. The wnhele eel ef husbandrn. 5th ed. Dublin. Plumeb, C. S. 1820. Status ef tht Deity Sherthere in Engind. Milking Sheet- been Yeae Seth 5:3-7. Peothece, B. S. (Leed Ernle). 1808. Lendnmerhs of Britsh farnming. (Cited by Jaes Siecleic in Histery of Shertheen nettle.) P. 11. 1912. English farmning, past end pesent. Longmns, Gceen & Co., London. Ramsaey, Alexendee. 1878. Histery of tbe Highlend end Agr-icultur-el Soiety~ ef Scotland. W. Blenceod & teens, Edinbuegh. Roewlin, Joshun. 1784. The neomplete teen dector. Clesgow. Rundd, Bertholeee. 1811. An anneunt ef somne ef the stenk eef Sheet Horned nettle ef Cheeles end Bobeet Colhing. Sinclair, Jaese. 1908. Hietoery ef Sheethoen nettle, Vinten h Ce., Loedn. Stoer, Sev. Jehn. 1875. The Wild White Cattle ef Ceat Britain. Ceteell, Pet- tee, & Calpin, Leeden. Thornton, Jon. 5888. Thnorntnicnl. A renoed enf Shortbeen teannectinn. 1:162. Take, J., Jr. 1784. Geneeal niece of the agrinulbee tfthe Tth Biding of Yerb- shire. Wallene, Roert, end 5. A. Seetn Wetson. 1813. Lice stoek ef Creeat Beitain. 5th ed. Obe & Boyd, Edinburgh. Wilsoe, Jaesc. 1888. The evelution ef British nettle end the fenbioning of beed. Vinton & Ce., Loedee. Wright, John. 1848. On Sheet-been nettle. J. Sty. Age. Sen. Engl. 7:201-10. Mitcellaetus Breed Publicaeiont 1855. Lincoln Red Sherthetes. Lineoln Red Sherthen Soniety. Lineon. 1858. Netionel MilkeRcorede. Mdhk Meeheting Steed. 1885. Deiry herd centut Milh Mareteng Beaed. Breeding ted Prodnction Orgenizaeion, Thaes Ditton, Serrcy. The Deiey Shoethern Yeae Seth. Shorthoen Society. Loedn. Sherthorns in the Beitith Inlet 365 Heetenen, Willitee. 1880. The mnagemnent of a Shorthern heed. J. Soy. Age. See. Engl. 18(nee. 2):381-43. Hughes, T. Mnchenny. 1888. On the moete important beeds ef nettle wehich heve been recoegnized in the British Inlet. Keecy, Hell W. 1848. Menegeenent tof nettle. I. Sty. Age. See. Engl. 9:424-52. Laencne, John. 1728. A neen nystem ef agricunhue. Lendon. __. 185. Ageneralteaetenncttle, theo, theheepend the tne. C. Withinghamn, Lendon. Leetheam, Iteen. 1784. Ceneeal niece of the ageiclture ef the Eest Biding ef Yerhshire end the Ainstey of the City of Yoeh, wnith obeevetions en the mneantfit iprovenet. Lenden. Lee', Denid. 1842. On the doeticated animaels tfthe British Inlet. Lengmnnt Green, &Co.,Lndon. Lydehkker, S., en el. 1881. The newn natural histony. Vel. 2. Meamenes. Meertll & Baee, Neen Yorh. Marham, Gervaine. 1880. The way In gel wealth. 18th ed. I. Hariten, Len- den. .1883. The English honse-wnife. Lendon. Meeshell, W. 1788. The enral ecnomeey ef Yorhshire. Vol. 2. .__ 1805. Cenerel treatise en nettle. Massinghamn, H. J. 1826. DOenlend mn. London. Meerheute, Sydey. 1858. Britons adeet hell pnegeny tent pceoteen. Deieymn'n Leegne Tewsn 42(21):1. Mortener, Jehe. 1721. The wehele aet of husbendey. 5th ed. Dublin. Plumbh, C. S. 1820. Staten of the Oaicy Shorthorn in Englend. Milhing Sheet- horn Teen Seth 5:3-7. Peothere, R. E. (Lend Enie). 1888. Lendmarkhs of Britsh farmng. (Cited by Jaese Sincleir in H~istory ef Shorthorn nettle.) P. 11. .1812. English farmning, pent end pesent. Longmns, Geen & Ce., Loedn. Seamsey, Alenendee. 1878. Hitory ti the Highlend end Agrienlturel Soceiety nof Seetlend. W. Blachewood & Soet, Ediehurgh. Ronwlin, Joshne. 1784. The compnlelteeno doctor. Glatgeow. Rudd,SBartholeew'. 182L.An acconttoftsoe of theetock0 hot Hoened cattle ef Cheeles end Robert Colling. Sinnlair, Jaes. 1908. Hlistory ef Sheethoen nettle. Vietn & Ce., Londn. Stoee, Sev. John. 1875. The Wild While Cattle ef Ceat Britain. Cennell, Pel- lee, h Celpn, Lenden. Thenten, Jon. 1888. Thoenton's circnle. A nected eef Shoethoen tnsactioen. V182. Tae, J., Jc. 1784. General niew ef the agricuntuee tfithe Teeth Biding of Terh- shire. Wellece, Robent, end J. A. Scotf Weteon. 1823. Lice teth of Ceat Britein. 5th ed. Olher & Boyd, Edinburgh. Wilten, Jaese. 1888. The ecelution ef 51Brs nettle end the fathioning of breed. Vinton & Ce., Londen. Wrdght, Jon. 1848. On Sheet-been nettle. . Sty. Age. See. Engl. 7:201-10. Mitcellenceoun Breed Publhceteot 1855. Liencoln Red Shorthorns. Linceln Red Sheethern Society. Lineon. 1958. Netienal Milh Renoeds. Milh Merheting Board. 1881. Deity bend cetsut Milh Mareneg Steed. Bneeding end Production Orgenization, Thaeene Dimen, Snrrey. The Daiey Shoethorn Yeae Seth. Shertheen Socety. Leedon. Shorthorns in the Beitish Inlet 365 Housmn, William,. 1880. The mnngeenent et a Shoetheen heed. . Sty. Age. Sen. Engl. i6snee. 1):381-435. Hughes, T. Mcenny. 1888. On the menre inpoetant beeeds ef nettle wehich bae been ecoegnized in the 51Brs Inlet. Keaey, Hell W. 1848. Menegeenent ef nettle. J. Be. Age. See. Eng. 9:424-52. Lawence, John. 1728. A newn sytemn of egrcultur. Lendee. . 1805. Ageneralteaetencattle, theon, theheepnd the sine. C. Wi88engheen, Lenden. Leathaen, Itaec. 1784. Cenerel niece of the agricnltnee ef the Enst Biding ef Teekshire end the Amn5 of the City of Tork, weith obseecetions en the m ea fits imneovecen. Lendon. Leow, Devid. 1842. On the doeticated aimatls tfthe British Inlet. Longmn, Green, &Co.,Lndo. Lydehhe, S., et al. 1881. The newe nateral hitonry. Vol. 2. Meenenlt. Merill &e Baee, Nenw York. Merham, Getvaie. 1880. The ceay tn get welth. 10th ed. I. Hariten, Len- den. .1883. The English honee-weife. Loeden. Mernhell, W. 1786. The eneel ecnnmey ef Torkshire. Vol. 2. .1805. Ceenel tetise en nettle. Massinghamn, H. J. 1928. Docnlend man. London. Mnorhouse, Sydney. 1858. Britont edept hell progeny tent progneam. Dairymn's Leegne Teces 42(21):14. Morteme, Jehn. 1721. The cehele eel ef husbendry. 5th ed. Dublin. Plumbh, C. S. 1820. Steten of the Dairy Shorthorn in England. Milking thent- been Teen Bnek S:3-7. Prethere, R. E. (Lend Ernile). 1888. Lndmarkhn of Britsh fanning. (Coted by laes Sincleir in History of Shorthon nettle.) P. 11. 1912. English farmning, pent end peet, Longmnsn, Geen & Ce., London. Reeneay, Alexendee. 1878. Hintory ti the Highlend end Agricultural Societye ef Scotland. W. Bleahcwod & Sent, Edinbnrgh. Sewlle, Joshne. 1784. The comeplete teow doetor. Clasgow. Rudd, Bertheleee. 1821. An accoent ef some ef the eteck eef Sheet Horned nettle ef Cheelee end Robert Colling. Sienleir, Janes. 1888. is~tory of Shorthoen nettle. Vietn h: Ce., Lendn. Stoer, See. Jeohn. 1875. The Wild While Cettle ef Ceat Britain. Cennell, Pet- ten, & Celeie, Lenden. Thornton, Johe. 1888. Thernton's circnla. A netted en) Sheethern teennactioen. 11. Tae, J., Jr. 1784. General viece tfthe egrecunture ti the Teeth Biding eof Tork- shie. Wellece, Roert, end J. A. Seent Wetsen. 1823. Lice nsthc of Geet Beitin. 5th ed. Olher & Boyd, Edinbnrgh. Wilnon, laente. 1908. The eveletion of Brtish nettle end the feshioning of beedsl. Vinton & Ce., Loedon. Wright, Jthn. 1848. On Short-hon nettle. . Roy. Age. See. Engl. 7:101-10. Mincellenenun Breed Publicateon 1955. Lincele Red Shorthorns. Lincoln Red Sherthorn Society. Lincon. 1858. Netienel Milh Recoeds. Milh Merheting Botrd. 1885. Deity bend ceennu Milk Mareneg Steed. Bneeding end Productin Orgenizatbo, Thaes Diften, Surrey. The Deiry Shorthorn Teen Seth. Shortheen Societ. Lndon.  CHAPTER 17 MILKING SHORTHORNS IN AMERICA SHoRTHoRNs were the first improved breed of cattle introduced to America. Messrs. Gough and Miller brought cattle of Durham ex- traction to Baltimore in 1783, and a second importation was made in 1795. Half-blood descendants were taken from Virginia to Clark County, Kentucky, in 1785 by Matthew Patton's sons. The elder Mr. Patton took a bull and a cow descended from the original "milk" breed. Lewis F. Allen wrote of the animals: "It was not at all un- common for cows of this breed to give thirty-two quarts of milk daily. The Short-horn bull, red in color, with white face, rather heavy horns, yet smooth and round in form was called Mars. ... The cow was called Venus, white in color, with red ears, small, short horns, turning down." Descendants were known as Patton stock. Other importations came into Kentucky, Maryland, Massachu- setts, New York, and Pennsylvania between 1815 and 1830, includ- 366 CHAPTER 17 MILKING SHORTHORNS IN AMERICA SHORTHORNS were the first improved breed of cattle introduced to America. Messrs. Gough and Miller brought cattle of Durham ex- traction to Baltimore in 1783, and a second importation was made in 1795. Half-blood descendants were taken from Virginia to Clark County, Kentucky, in 1785 by Matthew Patton's sons. The elder Mr. Patton took a bull and a cow descended from the original "milk" breed. Lewis F. Allen wrote of the animals: "It was not at all un- common for cows of this breed to give thirty-two quarts of milk daily. The Short-horn bull, red in color, with white face, rather heavy horns, yet smooth and round in form was called Mars. ... The cow was called Venus, white in color, with red ears, small, short horns, turning down." Descendants were known as Patton stock. Other importations came into Kentucky, Maryland, Massachu- setts, New York, and Pennsylvania between 1815 and 1830, includ- 366 CHAPTER 17 MILKING SHORTHORNS IN AMERICA SHORTHORNs were the first improved breed of cattle introduced to America. Messrs. Gough and Miller brought cattle of Durham ex- traction to Baltimore in 1783, and a second importation was made in 1795. Half-blood descendants were taken from Virginia to Clark County, Kentucky, in 1785 by Matthew Patton's sons. The elder Mr. Patton took a bull and a cow descended from the original "milk" breed. Lewis F. Allen wrote of the animals: "It was not at all un- common for cows of this breed to give thirty-two quarts of milk daily. The Short-horn bull, red in color, with white face, rather heavy horns, yet smooth and round in form was called Mars. ... The cow was called Venus, white in color, with red ears, small, short horns, turning down." Descendants were known as Patton stock. Other importations came into Kentucky, Maryland, Massachu- setts, New York, and Pennsylvania between 1815 and 1830, includ- 366  MiliShortirn k in ic 367e Milin Shrhrn nAerc6 MiliShoton Mi in Amrc 367 ing cattle from Thomas Bates. Breeding records were kept, and ani- mals were registered in the (English) Coates's Herd Book. A bull and three cows came from the Bates herd in 1849 and 1850. They included Red Rose 2nd that produced 49 pounds of churned butter in 25 days in second lactation. Allen listed 30 importations of 113 bulls and 229 females between 1850 and 1857. Many early Short- horns were of the dual-purpose strains. After the War Between the States, agricultural expansion west of the Mississippi River created interest in beef cattle. Importations of beef-type Shorthorns predominated, with animals representing Colling, Booth, and Cruickshank breeding. Many milking herds were crossed with popular "Scotch" bulls. A new herdbook rule barred registration of imported Shorthorn bulls that traced to the Appendix Register of Coates's Herd Book. This barred most Dairy Shorthorns. A change in organization of the Shorthorn Breeders' Association eventually eliminated this rule. Frank S. Peer, of Ithaca, New York, imported 72 choice Milking Shorthorns which auctioned in 1916 for an average of $753 per head. James J. Hill, president of the Great Northern Railway, im- ported 2 bulls and 25 cows to his Minnesota farm in 1912. W. J. Hardy, later fieldman and Secretary of the American Milking Short- horn Society, brought these cattle. Still other choice animals were imported. HERDBOOsK Assoc1ATroNS Kentucky breeders appointed a committee to establish a herdbook about 1840. Meetings were held and pedigrees submitted but the matter was postponed. American-bred Shorthorns were registered meanwhile in Volumes 2 to 13 of Coates's Herd Book in England. Lewis F. Allen of Buffalo, New York, assembled pedigrees of Shorthorns privately in 1845 and published Volume 1 of the Ameri- can Herd Book in 1846. This volume attracted considerable atten- tion. Volume 2 followed in 1855, and others later. To help preserve purity of the stock, the Association of Breeders of Thorough-Bred Neat Stock published one volume of a herdbook for "Short Horns" in 1863 in Connecticut. Four of the cows had pro- ing cattle from Thomas Bates. Breeding records were kept, and ani- mals were registered in the (English) Coates's Herd Book. A bull and three cows came from the Bates herd in 1849 and 1850. They included Red Rose 2nd that produced 49 pounds of churned butter in 25 days in second lactation. Allen listed 30 importations of 113 bulls and 229 females between 1850 and 1857. Many early Short- horns were of the dual-purpose strains. After the War Between the States, agricultural expansion west of the Mississippi River created interest in beef cattle. Importations of beef-type Shorthorns predominated, with animals representing Colling, Booth, and Cruickshank breeding. Many milking herds were crossed with popular "Scotch" bulls. A new herdbook rule barred registration of imported Shorthorn bulls that traced to the Appendix Register of Coates's Herd Book. This barred most Dairy Shorthorns. A change in organization of the Shorthorn Breeders' Association eventually eliminated this rule. Frank S. Peer, of Ithaca, New York, imported 72 choice Milking Shorthorns which auctioned in 1916 for an average of $753 per head. James J. Hill, president of the Great Northern Railway, im- ported 2 bulls and 25 cows to his Minnesota farm in 1912. W. J. Hardy, later fieldman and Secretary of the American Milking Short- horn Society, brought these cattle. Still other choice animals were imported. HEnDnOK ASSOCIATIONs Kentucky breeders appointed a committee to establish a herdbook about 1840. Meetings were held and pedigrees submitted but the matter was postponed. American-bred Shorthorns were registered meanwhile in Volumes 2 to 13 of Coates's Herd Book in England. Lewis F. Allen of Buffalo, New York, assembled pedigrees of Shorthorns privately in 1845 and published Volume 1 of the Ameri- can Herd Book in 1846. This volume attracted considerable atten- tion. Volume 2 followed in 1855, and others later. To help preserve purity of the stock, the Association of Breeders of Thorough-Bred Neat Stock published one volume of a herdbook for "Short Horns" in 1863 in Connecticut. Four of the cows had pro- ing cattle from Thomas Bates. Breeding records were kept, and ani- mals were registered in the (English) Coates's Herd Book. A bull and three cows came from the Bates herd in 1849 and 1850. They included Red Rose 2nd that produced 49 pounds of churned butter in 25 days in second lactation. Allen listed 30 importations of 113 bulls and 229 females between 1850 and 1857. Many early Short- horns were of the dual-purpose strains. After the War Between the States, agricultural expansion west of the Mississippi River created interest in beef cattle. Importations of beef-type Shorthorns predominated, with animals representing Calling, Booth, and Cruickshank breeding. Many milking herds were crossed with popular "Scotch" bulls. A new herdbook rule barred registration of imported Shorthorn bulls that traced to the Appendix Register of Coates's Herd Book. This barred most Dairy Shorthorns. A change in organization of the Shorthorn Breeders' Association eventually eliminated this rule. Frank S. Peer, of Ithaca, New York, imported 72 choice Milking Shorthorns which auctioned in 1916 for an average of $753 per head. James J. Hill, president of the Great Northern Railway, im- ported 2 bulls and 25 cows to his Minnesota farm in 1912. W. J. Hardy, later fieldman and Secretary of the American Milking Short- horn Society, brought these cattle. Still other choice animals were imported. HERDBOOK ASSOCIATIONS Kentucky breeders appointed a committee to establish a herdbook about 1840. Meetings were held and pedigrees submitted but the matter was postponed. American-bred Shorthorns were registered meanwhile in Volumes 2 to 13 of Coates's Herd Book in England. Lewis F. Allen of Buffalo, New York, assembled pedigrees of Shorthorns privately in 1845 and published Volume 1 of the Ameri- can Herd Book in 1846. This volume attracted considerable atten- tion. Volume 2 followed in 1855, and others later. To help preserve purity of the stock, the Association of Breeders of Thorough-Bred Neat Stock published one volume of a herdbook for "Short Horns" in 1863 in Connecticut. Four of the cows had pro-  368 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 368 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 368 DAIY AT EL E EDS duced 14 to 17 pounds of butter in a week, and up to 59 pounds of milk in a day. The American Short-horn Record was assembled in Kentucky by Major Humphrey Evans and published by A. J. Alexander. Ten volumes appeared. The Ohio Shorthorn Breeders Association or- ganized in 1876 and published three volumes of a herdbook be- tween 1878 and 1882. The American Shorthorn Breeders' Association was organized in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 1872. They adopted a resolution that Shorthorn cattle trace wholly to imported animals or to those cor- rectly recorded in the American Herd Book. A cow's owner at time of service was recognized as breeder of the progeny. Allen followed this resolution in later registrations. J. H. Pickerall, secretary of the American Shorthorn Breeders' Association, at Chicago, Illinois, aided in consolidating the three American herdbooks into the American Shorthorn Herd Book, new series. The American Polled Durham Breeders' Association was orga- nized in 1889; changed its name to Shorthorn in 1919; and was ab- sorbed by the larger organization in 1922. The Canadian Shorthorn Herdbook appeared in 1867, and the British American Herdbook in 1881. These united as the Dominion Shorthorn Herd Book in Canada in 1886. AMERICAN ORIGIN OF POLED DURHAMs Polled Shorthorn cattle were known in England, but selection fa- vored horned strains. Horned animals were brought to America. James Sinclair mentioned that three females born in America, tracing wholly to horned cattle from England, were the source of Double Standard Shorthorns. Also, pure Shorthorn bulls, mated with native cows in America, resulted in Single Standard Polled Durhams. The Polled Shorthorn Association voted to join the Amer- ican Shorthorn Breeders' Association when Double Standard ani- mals were recognized with an X prefix in the herdbook. Single Standard animals were dropped from registry. The American Milk- ing Shorthorn Society designated polled cattle with a P. duced 14 to 17 pounds of butter in a week, and up to 59 pounds of milk in a day. The American Short-horn Record was assembled in Kentucky by Major Humphrey Evans and published by A. J. Alexander. Ten volumes appeared. The Ohio Shorthorn Breeders Association or- ganized in 1876 and published three volumes of a herdbook be- tween 1878 and 1882. The American Shorthorn Breeders' Association was organized in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 1872. They adopted a resolution that Shorthorn cattle trace wholly to imported animals or to those cor- rectly recorded in the American Herd Book. A cow's owner at time of service was recognized as breeder of the progeny. Allen followed this resolution in later registrations. J. H. Pickerall, secretary of the American Shorthorn Breeders' Association, at Chicago, Illinois, aided in consolidating the three American herdbooks into the American Shorthorn Herd Book, new series. The American Polled Durham Breeders' Association was orga- nized in 1889; changed its name to Shorthorn in 1919; and was ab- sorbed by the larger organization in 1922. The Canadian Shorthorn Herdbook appeared in 1867, and the British American Herdbook in 1881. These united as the Dominion Shorthorn Herd Book in Canada in 1886. AMERICAN ORIGIN OF POILED DURHAMS Polled Shorthorn cattle were known in England, but selection fa- vored horned strains. Horned animals were brought to America. James Sinclair mentioned that three females born in America, tracing wholly to horned cattle from England, were the source of Double Standard Shorthorns. Also, pure Shorthorn bulls, mated with native cows in America, resulted in Single Standard Polled Durhams. The Polled Shorthorn Association voted to join the Amer- ican Shorthorn Breeders' Association when Double Standard ani- mals were recognized with an X prefix in the herdbook. Single Standard animals were dropped from registry. The American Milk- ing Shorthorn Society designated polled cattle with a P. duced 14 to 17 pounds of butter in a week, and up to 59 pounds of milk in a day. The American Short-horn Record was assembled in Kentucky by Major Humphrey Evans and published by A. J. Alexander. Ten volumes appeared. The Ohio Shorthorn Breeders Association or- ganized in 1876 and published three volumes of a herdbook be- tween 1878 and 1882. The American Shorthorn Breeders' Association was organized in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 1872. They adopted a resolution that Shorthorn cattle trace wholly to imported animals or to those cor- rectly recorded in the American Herd Book. A cow's owner at time of service was recognized as breeder of the progeny. Allen followed this resolution in later registrations. J. H. Pickerall, secretary of the American Shorthorn Breeders' Association, at Chicago, Illinois, aided in consolidating the three American herdbooks into the American Shorthorn Herd Book, new series. The American Polled Durham Breeders' Association was orga- nized in 1889; changed its name to Shorthorn in 1919; and was ab- sorbed by the larger organization in 1922. The Canadian Shorthorn Herdbook appeared in 1867, and the British American Herdbook in 1881. These united as the Dominion Shorthorn Herd Book in Canada in 1886. AMERICAN OmGIN OF POILED DURHAMs Polled Shorthorn cattle were known in England, but selection fa- vored horned strains. Horned animals were brought to America. James Sinclair mentioned that three females born in America, tracing wholly to horned cattle from England, were the source of Double Standard Shorthorns. Also, pure Shorthorn bulls, mated with native cows in America, resulted in Single Standard Polled Durhams. The Polled Shorthorn Association voted to join the Amer- ican Shorthorn Breeders' Association when Double Standard ani- mals were recognized with an X prefix in the herdbook. Single Standard animals were dropped from registry. The American Milk- ing Shorthorn Society designated polled cattle with a P.  Milking Shorthorns in America 369 Milking Shorthorns in America 369 Milking Shorthorns in America 369 DECLINE AND RISE OF MILKING SHORTHORNS Shorthorn cattle in America before 1860 were largely the dual- purpose strain, some being from Thomas Bates's herd. After Bates died in 1850, prices of Bates-bred cattle reached speculative levels. Colonel Powell's herd of 109 Bates-bred animals averaged $3,504 at public auction in 1873. Rising popularity of beef-type Shorthorns eclipsed expansion of dual-purpose cattle for two decades. A trend toward beef production favored importing improved beef-type ani- mals. Many dual-purpose herds were crossed with Scotch (beef) Shorthorn bulls. Joe Anderson, David Barnard, and George Taylor of Massachusetts, Frank Holland of Iowa, Arthur Simpson of Ver- mont, and a few other breeders in the Northeast and Midwest avoided use of beef-type bulls. Amos Pendergast bought six cows from Henry Clay in Kentucky in 1848 and drove them to his New York farm. L. D. May bought two of their descendants for his brother-in-law J. K. Innes at Glen- side Farm. These were Kitty Clay 3rd and Kitty Clay 4th. The turning point in Shorthorn interest occurred partly with these cows in a public milking contest at the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago in 1893, as will be mentioned later. This contest drew con- siderable attention to milking ability. MILKING SHORTHORN ORGANIZATIONs L. D. May and W. Arthur Simpson assembled Milking Shorthorn breeders during the Vermont State Fair in 1910 and organized the American Dairy Shorthorn Association. They adopted the constitu- tion and bylaws of the American Shorthorn Breeders' Association in 1912. Thirty-nine breeders had joined. The first Milking Shorthorn Year Book was published in 1915. A separate midwestern group led by James J. Hill organized the American Milking Shorthorn Breeders' Association during the Min- nesota State Fair in 1915. They adopted a uniform plan for classes at fairs; approved a list of Milking Shorthorn judges, and started the Milking Shorthorn Journal in 1919. The two organizations united as the Milking Shorthorn Society in 1920 by a mail vote of 201 to 2. Glenn A. Cobb of Independence, Iowa, was elected secretary and DECLINE AND RISE OF MILKING SHORTHORNS Shorthorn cattle in America before 1860 were largely the dual- purpose strain, some being from Thomas Bates's herd. After Bates died in 1850, prices of Bates-bred cattle reached speculative levels. Colonel Powell's herd of 109 Bates-bred animals averaged $3,504 at public auction in 1873. Rising popularity of beef-type Shorthorns eclipsed expansion of dual-purpose cattle for two decades. A trend toward beef production favored importing improved beef-type ani- mals. Many dual-purpose herds were crossed with Scotch (beef) Shorthorn bulls. Joe Anderson, David Barnard, and George Taylor of Massachusetts, Frank Holland of Iowa, Arthur Simpson of Ver- mont, and a few other breeders in the Northeast and Midwest avoided use of beef-type bulls. Amos Pendergast bought six cows from Henry Clay in Kentucky in 1848 and drove them to his New York farm. L. D. May bought two of their descendants for his brother-in-law J. K. Innes at Glen- side Farm. These were Kitty Clay 3rd and Kitty Clay 4th. The turning point in Shorthorn interest occurred partly with these cows in a public milking contest at the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago in 1893, as will be mentioned later. This contest drew con- siderable attention to milking ability. MILKING SHORTHORN ORGANIZATIONs L. D. May and W. Arthur Simpson assembled Milking Shorthorn breeders during the Vermont State Fair in 1910 and organized the American Dairy Shorthorn Association. They adopted the constitu- tion and bylaws of the American Shorthorn Breeders' Association in 1912. Thirty-nine breeders had joined. The first Milking Shorthorn Year Book was published in 1915. A separate midwestern group led by James J. Hill organized the American Milking Shorthorn Breeders' Association during the Min- nesota State Fair in 1915. They adopted a uniform plan for classes at fairs; approved a list of Milking Shorthorn judges, and started the Milking Shorthorn Journal in 1919. The two organizations united as the Milking Shorthorn Society in 1920 by a mail vote of 201 to 2. Glenn A. Cobb of Independence, Iowa, was elected secretary and DECLINE AND RIsE OF MILKING SHORTHORNS Shorthorn cattle in America before 1860 were largely the dual- purpose strain, some being from Thomas Bates's herd. After Bates died in 1850, prices of Bates-bred cattle reached speculative levels. Colonel Powell's herd of 109 Bates-bred animals averaged $3,504 at public auction in 1873. Rising popularity of beef-type Shorthorns eclipsed expansion of dual-purpose cattle for two decades. A trend toward beef production favored importing improved beef-type ani- mals. Many dual-purpose herds were crossed with Scotch (beef) Shorthorn bulls. Joe Anderson, David Barnard, and George Taylor of Massachusetts, Frank Holland of Iowa, Arthur Simpson of Ver- mont, and a few other breeders in the Northeast and Midwest avoided use of beef-type bulls. Amos Pendergast bought six cows from Henry Clay in Kentucky in 1848 and drove them to his New York farm. L. D. May bought two of their descendants for his brother-in-law J. K. Innes at Glen- side Farm. These were Kitty Clay 3rd and Kitty Clay 4th. The turning point in Shorthorn interest occurred partly with these cows in a public milking contest at the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago in 1893, as will be mentioned later. This contest drew con- siderable attention to milking ability. MILKIN SHORTHORN ORGANIZATIONS L. D. May and W. Arthur Simpson assembled Milking Shorthorn breeders during the Vermont State Fair in 1910 and organized the American Dairy Shorthorn Association. They adopted the constitu- tion and bylaws of the American Shorthorn Breeders' Association in 1912. Thirty-nine breeders had joined. The first Milking Shorthorn Year Book was published in 1915. A separate midwestern group led by James J. Hill organized the American Milking Shorthorn Breeders' Association during the Min- nesota State Fair in 1915. They adopted a uniform plan for classes at fairs; approved a list of Milking Shorthorn judges, and started the Milking Shorthorn Journal in 1919. The two organizations united as the Milking Shorthorn Society in 1920 by a mail vote of 201 to 2. Glenn A. Cobb of Independence, Iowa, was elected secretary and  370 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS editor, succeeded after his early death by Roy A. Cook. Registra- tions were continued in the American Shorthorn Herd Book. L. D. May started a "Voluntary Fund" in 1920 with contributions to pro- mote Milking Shorthorn cattle. Milking Shorthorn breeders increased to 27 percent of the Amer- ican Shorthorn Breeders' Association membership by 1935. There were 41.99 percent of Milking Shorthorn members by August 1942; 46.76 percent beef Shorthorn and 11.25 percent Polled Shorthorn members. Differing views on policies led to separation on February 28, 1948. The American Milking Shorthorn Society built a head- quarters at Springfield, Missouri. SoCrETY OFFICERS The Society conducts business at an annual meeting of delegates and members. Members paying annual dues are eligible to nomi- nate and vote for delegates; the ballots are mailed from the Societ headquarters. Sixty-five delegates were elected for 1968. There were 2,015 active members reported in 1961. The officers appointed the secretary, who served also as managing editor of the Milking Short- horn Journal. GRADING-up PLAN Nonpedigree or grade Milking Shorthorn cows in the United States may be entered in a grading-up plan. The foundation cow was owned by a member, classified Good Plus or higher, had Milking Shorthorn characteristics, and was tattooed. She must qualify in production for the Record of Merit. Such a cow entered Class A of the Grading-up Plan, and was served by a registered Milking Short- horn bull. Female descendants by registered Milking Shorthorn bulls entered Class B, Class C, and Class D in successive genera- tions. A heifer calf bearing four top crosses of registered Milking Shorthorn sires was eligible for full registration. Membership, entry, and transfer fees were involved for such transactions. New Grading- up rules in 1966 granted a Class A foundation certificate to first- cross females meeting requirements for type, production or gains. Daughters of a registered sire became Class B animals, and their daughters in turn were eligible for full registration. 370 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS editor, succeeded after his early death by Roy A. Cook. Registra- tions were continued in the American Shorthorn Herd Book. L. D. May started a "Voluntary Fund" in 1920 with contributions to pro- mote Milking Shorthorn cattle. Milking Shorthorn breeders increased to 27 percent of the Amer- ican Shorthorn Breeders' Association membership by 1935. There were 41.99 percent of Milking Shorthorn members by August 1942; 46.76 percent beef Shorthorn and 11.25 percent Polled Shorthorn members. Differing views on policies led to separation on Februarv 28, 1948. The American Milking Shorthorn Society built a head- quarters at Springfield, Missouri. SoCIErY OFFICERS The Society conducts business at an annual meeting of delegates and members. Members paying annual dues are eligible to nomi- nate and vote for delegates; the ballots are mailed from the Society headquarters. Sixty-five delegates were elected for 1968. There were 2,015 active members reported in 1961. The officers appointed the secretary, who served also as managing editor of the Milking Short- horn Journal. GRADING-up PLAN Nonpedigree or grade Milking Shorthorn cows in the United States may be entered in a grading-up plan. The foundation cow was owned by a member, classified Good Plus or higher, had Milking Shorthorn characteristics, and was tattooed. She must qualify in production for the Record of Merit. Such a cow entered Class A of the Grading-up Plan, and was served by a registered Milking Short- horn bull. Female descendants by registered Milking Shorthorn bulls entered Class B, Class C, and Class D in successive genera- tions. A heifer calf bearing four top crosses of registered Milking Shorthorn sires was eligible for full registration. Membership, entry, and transfer fees were involved for such transactions. New Grading- up rules in 1966 granted a Class A foundation certificate to first- cross females meeting requirements for type, production or gains. Daughters of a registered sire became Class B animals, and their daughters in turn were eligible for full registration. 370 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS editor, succeeded after his early death by Roy A. Cook. Registra- tions were continued in the American Shorthorn Herd Book. L. D. May started a "Voluntary Fund" in 1920 with contributions to pro- mote Milking Shorthorn cattle. Milking Shorthorn breeders increased to 27 percent of the Amer- ican Shorthorn Breeders' Association membership by 1935. There were 41.99 percent of Milking Shorthorn members by August 1942; 46.76 percent beef Shorthorn and 11.25 percent Polled Shorthorn members. Differing views on policies led to separation on February 28, 1948. The American Milking Shorthorn Society built a head- quarters at Springfield, Missouri. SoCITY OFFICERS The Society conducts business at an annual meeting of delegates and members. Members paying annual dues are eligible to nomi- nate and vote for delegates; the ballots are mailed from the Society headquarters. Sixty-five delegates were elected for 1968. There were 2,015 active members reported in 1961. The officers appointed the secretary, who served also as managing editor of the Milking Short- horn Journal. GRADINc-UP PLAN Nonpedigree or grade Milking Shorthorn cows in the United States may be entered in a grading-up plan. The foundation cow was owned by a member, classified Good Plus or higher, had Milking Shorthorn characteristics, and was tattooed. She must qualify in production for the Record of Merit. Such a cow entered Class A of the Grading-up Plan, and was served by a registered Milking Short- horn bull. Female descendants by registered Milking Shorthorn bulls entered Class B, Class C, and Class D in successive genera- tions. A heifer calf bearing four top crosses of registered Milking Shorthorn sires was eligible for full registration. Membership, entry, and transfer fees were involved for such transactions. New Grading- up rules in 1966 granted a Class A foundation certificate to first- cross females meeting requirements for type, production or gains. Daughters of a registered sire became Class B animals, and their daughters in turn were eligible for full registration.  Milking Shorthorns in America 371 Milking Shorthorns in America 371 Milking Shorthorns in America 371 An attempt was adopted at the 1968 annual meeting, to improve milking potential of Milking Shorthorns through use of red-carrier Holstein blood. An approved Red-and-White or a red-carrier Hol- stein male may be mated with a Shorthorn female scoring 82 points or above. Male progeny would be known as an EXP #1 sire. When such an EXP #1 bull was mated with a Milking Shorthorn female, the female progeny must score 82 points or higher, and yield 13,000 pounds of milk and 455 pounds of butterfat to continue under the plan. A birth record EXP #2 male, mated with a Milking Short- horn with the above qualifications might have progeny that classi- fied 82 points and become fully registered. This involved the pa- rental and three succeeding generations of grading up toward full registry. No animal with an EXP prefix in a three-generation record certificate would be accepted for a full registration certificate. The next generation was eligible for full registration. The five-member Grade-up Committee gave unanimous approval to proposed matings of cows producing in the top 2 percent of the breed, with six Red-and-White or red-carrier Holstein bulls whose semen was available, as sires for the 50-50 generation. The commit- tee's approval was required before the A.I. breeding. PUBLIC MILKING TRIALS A turning point in popularity occurred in 1893 when 25 Shorthorn cows competed with Guernseys and Jerseys in milking trials at the World's Columbian Exposition. Kitty Clay 4th won third place in the 30-day butter test with 1,592.9 pounds of milk and 51.98 pounds of butterfat. The Shorthorn cow Nora was second in the 90-day trial with 3,678.8 pounds of milk, 134.5 pounds of butterfat. Twenty- three Shorthorns averaged 2,881 pounds of milk in 90 days and gained nearly 123 pounds in weight per cow. The Kitty Clays are shown in Figure 17.1. The Babcock test to determine butterfat per- centage in milk was used publicly first in this contest (see Fig. 13.5). Five Shorthorn cows yielded an average of 261.5 pounds of churned butter per cow in 5 months during the Pan-American Ex- position at Buffalo, New York, in 1901. Twenty-four Shorthorn cows averaged 4,152 pounds of milk with 153 pounds of fat in 120 days An attempt was adopted at the 1968 annual meeting, to improve milking potential of Milking Shorthorns through use of red-carrier Holstein blood. An approved Red-and-White or a red-carrier Hol- stein male may be mated with a Shorthorn female scoring 82 points or above. Male progeny would be known as an EXP #1 sire. When such an EXP #1 bull was mated with a Milking Shorthorn female, the female progeny must score 82 points or higher, and yield 13,000 pounds of milk and 455 pounds of butterfat to continue under the plan. A birth record EXP #2 male, mated with a Milking Short- horn with the above qualifications might have progeny that classi- fied 82 points and become fully registered. This involved the pa- rental and three succeeding generations of grading up toward full registry. No animal with an EXP prefix in a three-generation record certificate would be accepted for a full registration certificate. The next generation was eligible for full registration. The five-member Grade-up Committee gave unanimous approval to proposed matings of cows producing in the top 2 percent of the breed, with six Red-and-White or red-carrier Holstein bulls whose semen was available, as sires for the 50-50 generation. The commit- tee's approval was required before the A.L breeding. PUBLIC MILKING TRIALs A turning point in popularity occurred in 1893 when 25 Shorthorn cows competed with Guernseys and Jerseys in milking trials at the World's Columbian Exposition. Kitty Clay 4th won third place in the 30-day butter test with 1,592.9 pounds of milk and 51.98 pounds of butterfat. The Shorthorn cow Nora was second in the 90-day trial with 3,678.8 pounds of milk, 134.5 pounds of butterfat. Twenty- three Shorthorns averaged 2,881 pounds of milk in 90 days and gained nearly 123 pounds in weight per cow. The Kitty Clays are shown in Figure 17.1. The Babcock test to determine butterfat per- centage in milk was used publicly first in this contest (see Fig. 13.5). Five Shorthorn cows yielded an average of 261.5 pounds of churned butter per cow in 5 months during the Pan-American Ex- position at Buffalo, New York, in 1901. Twenty-four Shorthorn cows averaged 4,152 pounds of milk with 153 pounds of fat in 120 days An attempt was adopted at the 1968 annual meeting, to improve milking potential of Milking Shorthorns through use of red-carrier Holstein blood. An approved Red-and-White or a red-carrier Hol- stein male may be mated with a Shorthorn female scoring 82 points or above. Male progeny would be known as an EXP #1 sire. When such an EXP #1 bull was mated with a Milking Shorthorn female, the female progeny must score 82 points or higher, and yield 13,000 pounds of milk and 455 pounds of butterfat to continue under the plan. A birth record EXP #2 male, mated with a Milking Short- horn with the above qualifications might have progeny that classi- fied 82 points and become fully registered. This involved the pa- rental and three succeeding generations of grading up toward full registry. No animal with an EXP prefix in a three-generation record certificate would be accepted for a full registration certificate. The next generation was eligible for full registration. The five-member Grade-up Committee gave unanimous approval to proposed matings of cows producing in the top 2 percent of the breed, with six Red-and-White or red-carrier Holstein bulls whose semen was available, as sires for the 50-50 generation. The commit- tee's approval was required before the A.L breeding. PUBLIC MILKING TRIALS A turning point in popularity occurred in 1893 when 25 Shorthorn cows competed with Guernseys and Jerseys in milking trials at the World's Columbian Exposition. Kitty Clay 4th won third place in the 30-day butter test with 1,592.9 pounds of milk and 51.98 pounds of butterfat. The Shorthorn cow Nora was second in the 90-day trial with 3,678.8 pounds of milk, 134.5 pounds of butterfat. Twenty- three Shorthorns averaged 2,881 pounds of milk in 90 days and gained nearly 123 pounds in weight per cow. The Kitty Clays are shown in Figure 17.1. The Babcock test to determine butterfat per- centage in milk was used publicly first in this contest (see Fig. 13.5). Five Shorthorn cows yielded an average of 261.5 pounds of churned butter per cow in 5 months during the Pan-American Ex- position at Buffalo, New York, in 1901. Twenty-four Shorthorn cows averaged 4,152 pounds of milk with 153 pounds of fat in 120 days  372 D AIRY CATTLE BR EEDS during the Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis, Missouri, in 1904. Rowena 2d was the champion dual-purpose cow, making 210 pounds of "butter" in 120 days. Many people saw the cows or read reports about them in farm papers. SHOWS AND FAIns An imported bull was exhibited by Colonel L. G. Morris in 1848 at the New York State Fair. The judging standard published in The Northern Farmer in September 1854 favored beef conformation. Forty points were allowed for tracing direct descent in the English (Coates's) herdbook. The animal's crops must be full; back, loin. and hips broad and wide; hips well covered; rump with plenty of flesh; twist well filled out; quarters well developed downward; and the carcass round. Of 100 points for perfection, one point was as- signed for udder. This disregarded dual-purpose type. Arthur Simpson wrote of Milking Shorthorn cattle at the Vermont State Fair in 1909: "This fair was the first in America to provide full classes for our (Milking Shorthorn) cattle." Show ring compe- titions were independent of public milking trials. 372 DA IRY CATL E BREEDS during the Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis, Missouri, in 1904. Rowena 2d was the champion dual-purpose cow, making 210 pounds of "butter" in 120 days. Many people saw the cows or read reports about them in farm papers. SHOwS AND FARS An imported bull was exhibited by Colonel L. G. Morris in 1848 at the New York State Fair. The judging standard published in The Northern Farmer in September 1854 favored beef conformation. Forty points were allowed for tracing direct descent in the English (Coates's) herdbook. The animal's crops must be full; back, loin. and hips broad and wide; hips well covered; rump with plenty of flesh; twist well filled out; quarters well developed downward; and the carcass round. Of 100 points for perfection, one point was as- signed for udder. This disregarded dual-purpose type. Arthur Simpson wrote of Milking Shorthorn cattle at the Vermont State Fair in 1909: "This fair was the first in America to provide full classes for our (Milking Shorthorn) cattle." Show ring compe- titions were independent of pubc milking trials. 372 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS during the Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis, Missouri, in 1904. Rowena 2d was the champion dual-purpose cow, making 210 pounds of "butter" in 120 days. Many people saw the cows or read reports about them in farm papers. SHOwS AND FAIRS An imported bull was exhibited by Colonel L. G. Morris in 1848 at the New York State Fair. The judging standard published in The Northern Farmer in September 1854 favored beef conformation. Forty points were allowed for tracing direct descent in the English (Coates's) herdbook. The animal's crops must be full; back, loin. and hips broad and wide; hips well covered; rump with plenty of flesh; twist well filled out; quarters well developed downward; and the carcass round. Of 100 points for perfection, one point was as- signed for udder. This disregarded dual-purpose type. Arthur Simpson wrote of Milking Shorthorn cattle at the Vermont State Fair in 1909: "This fair was the first in America to provide full classes for our (Milking Shorthorn) cattle." Show ring compe- titions were sndependent of public milking trials. FIG. 17.1. Kitty Clay 4th and Kity Clay 3d produced 1,592.9 pounds of nik, FIG. 17.1. Kiuy Clay 4th and Kiuy Clay 3d produced 1,592.9 pounds of milk, 51.98 pounds of butterfatutterfat and 1,230.6 pounds of milk and 41.87 pounds of butterfat, respectively, in 30 days during the World's Columbian Exposition in butterfat, respectiveoeaysuring the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893. An artist's drawing. 1893. An artist's drawing. FIG. 17.1. Kicty Clay 4th and Kitty lay 3d produced 1,592.9 pounds of nik, 51.98 pounds of butterfat and 1,230.6 pounds of milk and 41.87 pounds of butterfat, respectively, in 30 days during the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893. An artist's drawing.  MiliShorthorns i mrica 37 MiliShorthos in America 37 MiliS hothrn in Aeic 373 Few state fairs offered a classification for dual-purpose Milking Shorthorns by 1916. One breeder going to midwestern state fairs carried a tent to accommodate his cattle. By 1919 a Milking Short- horn classification was offered by the larger fairs-in California, Eastern States Exposition, Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, New England Fair, New York, and the Pacific International Exposition at Port- land, Oregon. The National Dairy Show entered only dairy breeds. However, the breed society and California officials cooperated in 1939 so that 19 herds with 168 Milking Shorthorns competed when the National Dairy Show was held at San Francisco. Four cows in milk that won the Dairy Herd class in their breed are shown in Figure 17.2. The Dairy Cattle Congress at Waterloo, Iowa, has entered Milk- ing Shorthorn cattle since 1941, assisting the Society to build their own barn on the grounds. A class for "Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer" was added. Judges considered conformation, coverage, and quality of the live animals. Federal carcass grade, dressing per- centage, loin, eye area, and carcass value were obtained after slaughter at Waterloo. Nineteen steers entered in the 1958 show averaged 1,059 pounds live weight, 495 days of age, 2.14 pounds daily gain, and dressed 62.27 percent. Few state fairs offered a classification for dual-purpose Milking Shorthorns by 1916. One breeder going to midwestern state fairs carried a tent to accommodate his cattle. By 1919 a Milking Short- horn classification was offered by the larger fairs-in California, Eastern States Exposition, Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, New England Fair, New York, and the Pacific International Exposition at Port- land, Oregon. The National Dairy Show entered only dairy breeds. However, the breed society and California officials cooperated in 1939 so that 19 herds with 168 Milking Shorthorns competed when the National Dairy Show was held at San Francisco. Four cows in milk that won the Dairy Herd class in their breed are shown in Figure 17.2. The Dairy Cattle Congress at Waterloo, Iowa, has entered Milk- ing Shorthorn cattle since 1941, assisting the Society to build their own barn on the grounds. A class for "Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer" was added. Judges considered conformation, coverage, and quality of the live animals. Federal carcass grade, dressing per- centage, loin, eye area, and carcass value were obtained after slaughter at Waterloo. Nineteen steers entered in the 1958 show averaged 1,059 pounds live weight, 495 days of age, 2.14 pounds daily gain, and dressed 62.27 percent. Few state fairs offered a classification for dual-purpose Milking Shorthorns by 1916. One breeder going to midwestern state fairs carried a tent to accommodate his cattle. By 1919 a Milking Short- horn classification was offered by the larger fairs-in California, Eastern States Exposition, Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, New England Fair, New York, and the Pacific International Exposition at Port- land, Oregon. The National Dairy Show entered only dairy breeds. However, the breed society and California officials cooperated in 1939 so that 19 herds with 168 Milking Shorthorns competed when the National Dairy Show was held at San Francisco. Four cows in milk that won the Dairy Herd class in their breed are shown in Figure 17.2. The Dairy Cattle Congress at Waterloo, Iowa, has entered Milk- ing Shorthorn cattle since 1941, assisting the Society to build their own barn on the grounds. A class for "Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer" was added. Judges considered conformation, coverage, and quality of the live animals. Federal carcass grade, dressing per- centage, loin, eye area, and carcass value were obtained after slaughter at Waterloo. Nineteen steers entered in the 1958 show averaged 1,059 pounds live weight, 495 days of age, 2.14 pounds daily gain, and dressed 62.27 percent. FIG. 17.2. First prize Milking Shorthorn dairy herd at the National Dairy Show, San Francisco in 1939. Duallyn Juniper, Grand Champion cow, stands at the right. FIG. 17.2. First prize Milking Shorthorn dairy herd at the National Dairy Show, San Francisco in 1939. Duallyn Juniper, Grand Champion cow, stands at the right,. FIG. 17.2. First prize Milking Shorthorn dairy herd at the National Dairy Show, San Francisco in 1939. Duallyn Juniper, Grand Champion cow, stands at the right.  374 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS Sires of steers entered in the 1959 show were required to be out of Record of Merit dams. A "Parish Herd" contest was initiated in Iowa in 1936 whereby three or more herds in a district contributed animals that were shown as a group. Minnesota breeders adopted a similar plan in 1937. This plan allowed small breeders with worthy cattle to par- ticipate in major shows. Milking Shorthorns competed at the International Fat Stock Show in Chicago. A Futurity class was instituted at the National Milking Shorthorn Show at Waterloo, the first show in 1958. Owners nominated heifer calves two years in advance of the show, paying nomination fees of $3, $5, $10, and $20 at 6-month periods prior to the show. Prizes from this purse were paid at 15, 12, 10, 8, and 6 percent to winners of the first five places, and lesser amounts for others. Any balance reverted to the purse for future futurity shows. The eighth Futurity showing of two-year-old cows was held in 1965. MILKING SHORTHORN MODELS Seven prominent breeders and Secretary W. J. Hardy studied pho- tographs of 20 leading show cows of England, Canada, and the United States. An artist retouched the outlines of pictures of an im- ported cow and of a former Grand Champion Milking Shorthorn bull at the Eastern States Exposition, to meet combined ideas of the committee. These model type pictures were approved by the So- ciety in 1933. A revised red Milking Shorthorn model cow, either polled or horned, was developed of durable plastic in 1963. TYPE CLASSIFICATION While the Directors were considering type classification, James W. Linn of Kansas State University discussed the subject in the Milking Shorthorn Journal (November 1942), based on his experience as an Ayrshire breeder, type classifier, and Extension Dairyman. He stated that the foremost objectives with purebred livestock were to maintain purity of breeding and to improve and promote better animals. Show rings set standards for breed type and were the show windows for better animals, yet few breeders exhibited. A prize ribbon represented only selected animals and affected few 374 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Sires of steers entered in the 1959 show were required to be out of Record of Merit dams. A 'Parish Herd" contest was initiated in Iowa in 1936 whereby three or more herds in a district contributed animals that were shown as a group. Minnesota breeders adopted a similar plan in 1937. This plan allowed small breeders with worthy cattle to par- ticipate in major shows. Milking Shorthorns competed at the International Fat Stock Show in Chicago. A Futurity class was instituted at the National Milking Shorthorn Show at Waterloo, the first show in 1958. Owners nominated heifer calves two years in advance of the show, paying nomination fees of $3, $5, $10, and $20 at 6-month periods prior to the show. Prizes from this purse were paid at 15, 12, 10, 8, and 6 percent to winners of the first five places, and lesser amounts for others. Any balance reverted to the purse for future futurity shows. The eighth Futurity showing of two-year-old cows was held in 1965. MILKING SHORTHORN MODELS Seven prominent breeders and Secretary W. J. Hardy studied pho- tographs of 20 leading show cows of England, Canada, and the United States. An artist retouched the outlines of pictures of an im- ported cow and of a former Grand Champion Milking Shorthorn bull at the Eastern States Exposition, to meet combined ideas of the committee. These model type pictures were approved by the So- ciety in 1933. A revised red Milking Shorthorn model cow, either polled or horned, was developed of durable plastic in 1963. TYPE CLASStFICATION While the Directors were considering type classification, James W. Linn of Kansas State University discussed the subject in the Milking Shorthorn Journal (November 1942), based on his experience as an Ayrshire breeder, type classifier, and Extension Dairyman. He stated that the foremost objectives with purebred livestock were to maintain purity of breeding and to improve and promote better animals. Show rings set standards for breed type and were the show windows for better animals, yet few breeders exhibited. A prize ribbon represented only selected animals and affected few 374 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS Sires of steers entered in the 1959 show were required to be out of Record of Merit dams. A "Parish Herd" contest was initiated in Iowa in 1936 whereby three or more herds in a district contributed animals that were shown as a group. Minnesota breeders adopted a similar plan in 1937. This plan allowed small breeders with worthy cattle to par- ticipate in major shows. Milking Shorthorns competed at the International Fat Stock Show in Chicago. A Futurity class was instituted at the National Milking Shorthorn Show at Waterloo, the first show in 1958. Owners nominated heifer calves two years in advance of the show, paying nomination fees of $3, $5, $10, and $20 at 6-month periods prior to the show. Prizes from this purse were paid at 15, 12, 10, 8, and 6 percent to winners of the first five places, and lesser amounts for others. Any balance reverted to the purse for future futurity shows. The eighth Futurity showing of two-year-old cows was held in 1965. MILKING SHORTHORN MODELS Seven prominent breeders and Secretary W. J. Hardy studied pho- tographs of 20 leading show cows of England, Canada, and the United States. An artist retouched the outlines of pictures of an im- ported cow and of a former Grand Champion Milking Shorthorn bull at the Eastern States Exposition, to meet combined ideas of the committee. These model type pictures were approved by the So- ciety in 1933. A revised red Milking Shorthorn model cow, either polled or horned, was developed of durable plastic in 1963. TYPE CLASSIrICA-TON While the Directors were considering type classification, James W. Linn of Kansas State University discussed the subject in the Milking Shorthorn Journal (November 1942), based on his experience as an Ayrshire breeder, type classifier, and Extension Dairyman. He stated that the foremost objectives with purebred livestock were to maintain purity of breeding and to improve and promote better animals. Show rings set standards for breed type and were the show windows for better animals, yet few breeders exhibited. A prize ribbon represented only selected animals and affected few  Milig aSeor h in Amria7 Milking Shrhon ineica 375 Miig Shorhorn in . ria7 individuals from the larger herds. He described type classification with three dairy breeds, measuring progress in entire herds, similar to use of official production records. Herd classification was adopted in May 1943 with approved judges serving as classifiers. Bulls over 15 months old and all cows in a herd were submitted for inspection. The ratings were: Points Excellent 90 or more Very Good 85-89 Good Plus 80-84 Good 70-79 Fair 60-69 Poor under 60 A cow could be rated Excellent after the second calving and after it scored in detail and taped at least 73 inches at the heart girth, equivalent to 1,100 pounds live weight. Small size was insufficient reason for a Fair or Poor rating. A bull scored 90 points and had at least two Good Plus daughters, to be classified Excellent. Only fe- males could be registered from Fair parents. Registration certifi- cates were cancelled of Poor animals. Some 939 cows and 67 bulls were classified in 1969. Average scores for bulls and cows were 87.0 and 85.4 points, respectively. A spot sample analysis of Milking Shorthorns classified in Canada and the United States before May 1951 was made, seeking some relationship between type and production. It was thought herds possessing a higher proportion of high scoring cows had better man- agement. This analysis is shown in Table 17.1. TABLE 17.1 TYPE CLASSIFICATION OF MILKING SHORTHORN CoWs PRIOR TO 1951 AND THE AVERAGE PRODUCTION OF A SPOT SAMPLE OF THEM Cows elassified Number of oraeen Classificati on coswith Milk Test Butterfat rating (No.) (%) rccrdc (lbs.) (%) (lbs.) Excellent 945 5.65 794 10,743 3.99 428 Very Good 5,380 32.15 180 10,067 3.95 398 Good Plus 6,535 39.06 250 10,150 3.90 396 Good 3,323 19.86 150 9,663 3.93 380 Fair 514 3.07 50 8,358 4.00 336 Poor 36 .22 1 Not Representative individuals from the larger herds. He described type classification with three dairy breeds, measuring progress in entire herds, similar to use of official production records. Herd classification was adopted in May 1943 with approved judges serving as classifiers. Bulls over 15 months old and all cows in a herd were submitted for inspection. The ratings were: Points Excellent 90 or more Very Good 85-89 Good Plus 80-84 Good 70-79 Fair 60-69 Poor under 60 A cow could be rated Excellent after the second calving and after it scored in detail and taped at least 73 inches at the heart girth, equivalent to 1,100 pounds live weight. Small size was insufficient reason for a Fair or Poor rating. A bull scored 90 points and had at least two Good Plus daughters, to be classified Excellent. Only fe- males could be registered from Fair parents. Registration certifi- cates were cancelled of Poor animals. Some 939 cows and 67 bulls were classified in 1969. Average scores for bulls and cows were 87.0 and 85.4 points, respectively. A spot sample analysis of Milking Shorthorns classified in Canada and the United States before May 1951 was made, seeking some relationship between type and production. It was thought herds possessing a higher proportion of high scoring cows had better man- agement. This analysis is shown in Table 17.1. TABLE 17.1 TYPE CLASSIFICATION OF MILKING SHORTHORN COwS PRIOR TO 1951 AND THE AVERAGE PRODUCTION OF A SPOT SAMPLE OF THEM cows lassfied Numbr of Average production Classification cown with Milk Test Butterfat rating (No.) (%) recors (lbs.) (%) (lbs.) Excellent 945 5.65 794 10,743 3.99 428 Very Good 5,380 32.15 180 10,067 3.95 398 Good Plus 6,535 39.06 250 10,150 3.90 396 Good 3,323 19.86 150 9,663 3.93 380 Fair 514 3.07 50 8,358 4.00 336 Poor 36 .22 1 Not Representative individuals from the larger herds. He described type classification with three dairy breeds, measuring progress in entire herds, similar to use of offircial production records. Herd classification was adopted in May 1943 with approved judges serving as classifiers. Bulls over 15 months old and all cows in a herd were submitted for inspection. The ratings were: Points Excellent 90 or more Very Good 85-89 Good Plus 80-84 Good 70-79 Fair 60-69 Poor under 60 A cow could be rated Excellent after the second calving and after it scored in detail and taped at least 73 inches at the heart girth, equivalent to 1,100 pounds live weight. Small size was insufficient reason for a Fair or Poor rating. A bull scored 90 points and had at least two Good Plus daughters, to be classified Excellent. Only fe- males could be registered from Fair parents. Registration certifi- cates were cancelled of Poor animals. Some 939 cows and 67 bulls were classified in 1969. Average scores for bulls and cows were 87.0 and 85.4 points, respectively. A spot sample analysis of Milking Shorthorns classified in Canada and the United States before May 1951 was made, seeking some relationship between type and production. It was thought herds possessing a higher proportion of high scoring cows had better man- agement. This analysis is shown in Table 17.1. TABLE 17.1 TYPE CLASSIFICATION OF MILKING SHORTHORN COWS PRIOR TO 1951 AND THE AVERAGE PRODUCTION OF A SPOT SAMPLE OF THEM cows classified Number of Aver oion Classification cowith Milk Test Butterfat rating (No.) (%) ecords lbs.) (%) (lbs.) Excellent 945 5.65 794 10,743 3.99 428 Very Good 5,380 32.15 180 10,067 3.95 398 Good Plus 6,535 39.06 250 10,150 3.90 396 Good 3,323 19.86 150 9,663 3.93 380 Fair 514 3.07 50 8,358 4.00 336 Poor 36 .22 1 Not Representative  376 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS The scale of points was revised in 1967 to allow Fair, 65 to unde 75 points; Poor, fewer than 65 points. Animals with dark pig mented noses were not rated above Fair. Scores and a letter de scribing character of the animal, as adopted then, were as follows: Descriptive Terms for Milking Shorthorn Cows General appearance and breed character 50 point Head and neck A. Clean cut, well proportioned, with character and strength B. Strong head but lacking character C. Short head and/or neck D. Plain and/or coarse head and neck E. Weak, narrow head, especially in muzzle Balance and carriage A. Well balanced with straight topline and style B. Acceptable balance but lacking style C. Lacking balance with weak loin and/or back D. Lacking balance and coarse E. Lacking balance and weak or frail Hips, rump, and thighs A. Rump long, wide, and nearly level B. Rump medium in length, width, and levelness C. High tail head D. Narrow rump at thurs and/or pins E. Sloping rump Feet and legs A. Clean, flat bone with strong pastern and deep heel B. Acceptable with no serious fault C. Bone too light or refined D. Sickled and/or close at hocks E. Spread toes and/or shallow heel Withers and shoulders A. Smoothly blended B. Intermediate but not compact C. Crops weak D. Open or loose Body capacity 20 point Stature A. Upstanding with stretch and seale B. Intermediate but not compact C. Low set and/or compact Chest and barrel A. Long barrel with deep open rib and wide chest B. Average barrel and chest C. Barrel lacking depth and/or narrow chest and heart girth D. Short barrel 376 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS The scale of points was revised in 1967 to allow Fair, 65 to unde 75 points; Poor, fewer than 65 points. Animals with dark pig mented noses were not rated above Fair. Scores and a letter de scribing character of the animal, as adopted then, were as follows: Descriptive Terms for Milking Shorthorn Cows General appearance and breed character 50 point Head and neck A. Clean cut, well proportioned, with character and strength B. Strong head but lacking character C. Short head and/or neck D. Plain and/or coarse head and neck E. Weak, narrow head, especially in muzzle Balance and carriage A. Well balanced with straight topline and style B. Acceptable balance but lacking style C. Lacking balance with weak loin and/or back D. Lacking balance and coarse E. Lacking balance and weak or frail Hips, rump, and thighs A. Rump long, wide, and nearly level B. Rump medium in length, width, and levelness C. High tail head D. Narrow rump at thuds and/or pins E. Sloping rump Feet and legs A. Clean, flat bone with strong pastern and deep heel B. Acceptable with no serious fault C. Bone too light or refined D. Sickled and/or close at hocks E. Spread toes and/or shallow heel Withers and shoulders A. Smoothly blended B. Intermediate but not compact C. Crops weak D. Open or loose Body capacity 20 point Stature A. Upstanding with stretch and scale B. Intermediate but not compact C. Low set and/or compact Chest and barrel A. Long barrel with deep open rib and wide chest B. Average barrel and chest C. Barrel lacking depth and/or narrow chest and heart girth D. Short barrel 376 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS The scale of points was revised in 1967 to allow Fair, 65 to unde 75 points; Poor, fewer than 65 points. Animals with dark pig mented noses were not rated above Fair. Scores and a letter de scribing character of the animal, as adopted then, were as follows: Descriptive Terms for Milking Shorthorn Cows General appearance and breed character 50 point Head and neck A. Clean cut, well proportioned, with character and strength B. Strong head but lacking character C. Short head and/or neck D. Plain and/or coarse head and neck E. Weak, narrow head, especially in muzzle Balance and carriage A. Well balanced with straight topline and style B. Acceptable balance but lacking style C. Lacking balance with weak loin and/or back D. Lacking balance and coarse E. Lacking balance and weak or frail Hips, rump, and thighs A. Rump long, wide, and nearly level B. Rump medium in length, width, and levelness C. High tail head D. Narrow rump at thurls and/or pins E. Sloping rump Feet and legs A. Clean, flat bone with strong pastern and deep heel B. Acceptable with no serious fault C. Bone too light or refined D. Sickled and/or close at hocks E. Spread toes and/or shallow heel Withers and shoulders A. Smoothly blended B. Intermediate but not compact C. Crops weak D. Open or loose Body capacity 20 point Stature A. Upstanding with stretch and scale B. Intermediate but not compact C. Low set and/or compact Chest and barrel A. Long barrel with deep open rib and wide chest B. Average barrel and chest C. Barrel lacking depth and/or narrow chest and heart girth D. Short barrel  Milin Shorhwiun Amruc 377 Milkin Shorhon in Ameic 377 Milin Shorhs in e ria 377 A. Modrte length, firmy attached C. Short D. Brknorvr bulgy Rea udder A. Firmly atachd high and wid with strn suspnsor ligament B. Intrmdiat i height and wdthbu wA~~ith wll-defined habving C. Naro and pinched Teat and ude quality A. Teat plumb, deirle length and sizen squarel plced B. Tet ntuiforly placd an/o trting C. Teats of undsrblbe siz and/or shape D. Udder lacks quality (if detrine.d by handling) Remaks: A. Patchby; B. Smll for age; C. Crampy; D. Wing shbulderd; E. Dark Deciptive Term for Milkin~g ShoIhr IBulls A. Stronglacin haracte C.CShorb D.OPn ndorcors A. Weak, rrow head esecaly atmuzl C. Higbothly blende D. To tick~t. and/or l chin no ttdt p bomnen E. Cropstt wea OD. Ope d loos A. Strigh toin, fulcrop,g sItron, wdliandmoinb wthstl C. BAron htopligb, mayb sBighl nvnbtdakn tl D. Wiak tpine Iand/or wat , narowoi D. Rup darw scal t t hurls and/ortt pins Mttamar Iyslttt 30 poits A. MAoderate letngtb, firmly atIabhed B. Moderte lentgth, sligblly bulgy C. SoAB D. Brokn orttver' bulgy Rear udder B. Itermediate in bigbt ad tildtb but wthb well-defind bhaig C. Narrow~ ad pincbed D, Lacking defind babving E. LooselyatabhedaAnd/ortbroken Teats attd udder qality ATeatsplumb, desirblelengthand szanAd squarey placed B. Teatnt iforyplypadad/or srtt ing C. Telafudeirble izad/orthape D. Udder lcks qality (Ait dtrmined by bhadling) Mamary spys~t 30 points A. Modrte length, firmldy attabhed B. Mo~derteI length, sligblly bulgy C. Short D. Bokent~ or very bulgy BRear uder A. Fimlyattachedhdighand idwth stbong uspnolgamnt B. Intermdiate in beigbt tand widtb bt wth well-defind ling C. Narrow~t and pbncbed D. Lacking defined balving E. Loosly ttachbed ad/or broken Tetstand udder qulity A. Tats pIlb, deirable length and size tand sqarIl placed B. Tetsd ntuiformly placed and/or trttting C. Teatsdof udesirbleize d/orhape D. Udder Iacbs qualbty (if determined by bandling) Remabks A. Pthy; B. Smatll bot tg; C. Cram~py; D. Wing shouildered; E. Dark poitst Fial scorer Desciptive TermsA for Milking Shortor 0Bs Gnerl appaead breelcbt teri 70 poitst Head A. Cean cu,Iwellpporioned, witchaactradtregtb B. Stron~g, lacbing cbratert C. Short D. Plin ad/to coars E. Wk,bnarrpw h d peialt muzzle Neck, witer, ad sboulders A. Smooth~ly blended B. Too thick and/orciient prominet C. Croips weak D.lOpen or loos Topline ad carriage A. Stigbt topline, bill crops, strtong, wide loit, and moing wttstyle B. Strong toppinte, maybe sligbtly unvnbt lacintyl C. Weab topline ad/or weak,narwli D. Roachbes bacb when twalbing Hipt, rumtp, ad tbigbt A. Rup log, ideIadneary leve 0. Rumtp medbim in widtb, lenth, oeens C. Higb tatil bad D. Rutmp ttarrot, espeially t thurls and/or pins E. SlopingIrump Peel ad legs A. Clean,flat bone withstrtngpternsand deep heel B. Acceptable wtith bno sei u alts C. Bto iIbgbt or rfind D. Sicbld ad./or close it hocks E. SpradI ttts and/or sbalbttw heel Descriptive Termst for Milking Sbhor 0Bl GneappeIarncandbred chrterl 70 pints Hed A. Clean ct, well propprioned, wtith charatelr ad strttngtb B. Strong, lacbingfcbaracter C. Sort D. Plin Iad/orors E. Wea,tarrowbhed epcialyIA mzCl Neck, wtitber, ad sboulders A. SmoothPly blended B. Too thick ad/or cine not prominent C. Crops weakb D.Ope orloos IToplinte ad carriage A. Staight topline, full crops, Astog, wide loin, and moving ith~ Mtyl B. Strong toplIne, maybe sligbtly unevett butt laing style C. Wak topline ad/or tteab,narwli D. oabhes babk wthent walbing Hips, rum~p, iad tbighs A. Rumttp Itttg, wdh, ad tearly levd B. Rumttp metdbium in widtb, lengtb, o eens C. Higb tail bead D. Rumtp narrow, espeially at thuds ad/or pins P. Slopittg rump FIet ad legs A. Clenfltbone witb trong pasternsaddeepheels B. Acceppable tdth no seious faults C. Bone ttot Iigbt toteid D. Sikled and/r dclose t hocks P. Sped toes tand/ot tbhllo beed  378 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Balance and soothness A. Wellhbalanced andsoothlytflehed B. Lackting balanc~e, coBBsD asd/sr patchy C. Lsacking hblance ssd weak Stetch Bnd scBle A. Lssg bedied asd ustanding with propoionate depth B. Istermediate in lesgth Bnd/sr height C. Shsrt cospled asd/orelow'set Bsdy capacity SuhbtneR Bnd size A. WSelmsed Bnd large rage B. Average is substance sod sloe' C. Frail is mscling D. Smsall for age Heart Cieth A. Wide dhet asd full bock sof shsulders B. Intrmesdiats is chest width C. Narroschettasd/srepisched bacbatthsldert Dorel A. Long barrel with deep, open rib B.Averagebarrel C. Bareeelckigdepth ospringsofib D. Shsrt bseeel 38 psist 378 DAIRY CATTLE BREDS Balance BEnd smoothess A. Well bolosced Bnd smBoSthly fleshed B. Lackisng balBnce, coBrse asd/se patchy C. Ltalkiog balance asd swetk Stetcsh asd scBle A. Long bodicd andl upstanding with prootionate dcpth B. Interediate is lesgth and/or height C. OSortcoupledIBand/orIloset Body cspacity Subtance and tize A. WdllomscledBandlargetfor ge B. Avertge insubtance sod tize C. Frail is muscling D. Small fsor ge SHeErt Cirsh A. Wide chest asd foBl back of shoulders B. Istessediate is chett width C. Narrowschestoand/orpinched backtholdert Barrel A. Long barrelsith deep, opes i B. Aerage barrel C. Barrl lacigdepth ortpring of ib D. Shsrt barrel 30 point. 378 DABIDY CATTLE BREEDS Balance Bnd smtothess A. Well hblanced Bnd smoothsly fleshed B. Lsdkisg balance, coatte asnd/sr ptchy C. Laching blance osd wcetk Stech~ Bnd scOOT A. Lssg bodied ssd spstooding sith propottiotate depth B. Intermsediate in legth and/or height C. Shorttcoupledand/orelow set Bsdy capacity Substosce ssd size A. WellDmuscldand largetfor ge B. Average insubstance Bont size C. Peril is muEscling D. Ssmall fsoge Hesrt GArth A. Wide chest ssd full bock sof thoulders B. Intermeiateinschest idtb C. Narrsw'chest and/orepinched backattholdrs BrDeO A. Long barel sitk deep, open rib B. Aerage bare~l C. Brrellackisg depth ortpring ofldb D. Short barrel 30 psist: DEALt Finscorie psins Final score The Boacrd of Diectoes appoisted lbs Herd Classificatiss CoDS- mittee to Bdminister lbs prsgram. The secretary sspplted blanki fstsss, received applications, BrrBnged foe inspections, Band issued fEnal ceetificates showing lbs sssre of each eligible BnimBl classified is a heed. A role adspted is 1888 allswed aMilkisg bSothsrn to be classi- fied Excellentceswenesundrc5yearesold; 2Ex from 5to 9 eas: 3 Es frsom 8 to 12, aod Ex at 12 years or older. PROOBECeSON 0F MoItING SHORTHORNS Shorthorns impsrted early ists lbs Usited Stoles werDe poplr be- cause of sias asnd msilkisg ability. Peivateecosrds see reported up toS55pounds sf msilkbinoaday, and15 ol7 poun~dsof churnedbttert is a week. Psblic tmilkitsg triast is 1883, 1901, asd 1904, mentioned previously, called attention to lbs mdlking abilbty of selected costs. Rssesofleside, ownedhby L. D. May at Granville CeRnser, Penn- sylvania, was credited witb a private record of 18,075 poundsof0 milk with 675 pounds of butterfat is 365 days. The Boacrd of Directors appoisted the Herd Classificatios Cots- miller to administer Ike program. The seceetary supplied blask forms, received applicatioss, aerasged foe inspections, and issued final ceetificates shoswing the scoce of each eligible asimal classified is a herdl. A rule adopted is 198 allowed a Milking Shorthorn to be classi- fied Excellent once whenounder5years old; 2Ex from 5to 9 eas; 3 Es from 9 to 12, andl Es at 12 years oc older. PRODUICTION OF MILKOING SHORTHssOS Shorthorns issported early into ths Usited States w'ere popular be- cueof size asd milbing ahility. Private records were reported Bp tol55pousds of oilk insaday, andl15to17 pounsdof chursed btter is a week. Public tsilking triols is 1883, 1901, asd 1904, smestiosed peviously, called attentios to the milkisg ability of selected coo's. Rose of Clesside, owned by L. D. May at Granville Cenoter, Penn- sylvasia, was credited with a private cecord of 18,075 pounds of milk with 675 pounds of butterfat is 565 days. The Boardl of Directors appointed the Heed Classification Cots- mittee to admiister the program. The secretary sspplhed blash forms, received applicatioss, aerasged foe inspections, asd issoed final certificates showing the score of each eligible asimsal classified to a heed. A rule adopted is 1968 allowed a Milkisg Shoethorn to be classi- fied Excellent onceswhenounderc5years old; 2 ExfeomS5 to9 eas; 3 Es tests 8 to 12, and Es at 12 years or olde. PREBDECTION OF MILKtING SH~ORTHORNS Shoethorss imported early into the Usited States were popsular be- cause of size and milking ability. Private records srer reported op tol55pounds somilk is aday, and15to17 poun~ds ofchurned bute is a week. Puhlic milkisg trials is 0883, 1900, and 1904, menDtioeBd peiously, called attention to the milisg ability of selected cows. Rose of Glensid, ownedhby L. D. May at Crass-ills Cestee, Pens- sylvania, was credited with a private ecoed of 18,075 poosnds of milk with 675 possnds of butterfot is 365 days.  Milking Shorthorns in America 379 Milking Shorthorns in America 379 Milking Shorthorns in America 379 RECORD OF MER The Milking Shorthorn Society established a Record of Merit in 1915 to obtain milk and/or butterfat records. Cows qualified for entry upon yielding at least a minimum of either milk or butterfat in 365 days. Records were supervised by representatives of the Colleges of Agriculture. Original requirements were: Class Age Milk or Butterfat (pounds) A. Official 30 months 5,250 210.0 Increase per day older at calving 3 0.1 5 years 8,000 300.0 B. Semiofficial Under DHIA supervision C. Private records Subject to supervision as determined by the Society. Daily milk weights reported monthly over owner's affidavit. CT. Under DHIA supervision. Daily milk weights not required. The American Milking Shorthorn Society adopted the Unified Rules for Official Testing for supervision as approved by the Ameri- can Dairy Science Association and the Purebred Dairy Cattle As- sociation. Under a new standard, a cow qualified for the Record of Merit by producing 8,000 pounds of milk or 300 pounds of butterfat in 305 days, computed to a 2X mature equivalent basis with the USDA Age Conversion Factors. Daily milk weights were re- quired, and monthly butterfat tests were supervised by the State Superintendent of Official Testing. Class C Private records were not accepted. Cows that met production requirements and dropped a living calf within 15 months of previous calving qualified for the corre- sponding Double Letter class-AA, BB, or CCT. The rules required in 1959 that the entire herd be entered on test. Daily milk weights were required of all cows in Class A, with a preliminary dry milking and a 1-day test each month. In Class B (Herd Improvement Registry), daily milk weights were not re- quired nor was the preliminary dry milking. The entire herd could start on test in any month in Class B. Cows could be omitted from test in Class B and CY with previous records if they (a) were past 12 years old; (b) were used temporarily as nurse cows; or (c) had lost two or more quarters of the udder. RECORD OF MERTT The Milking Shorthorn Society established a Record of Merit in 1915 to obtain milk and/or butterfat records. Cows qualified for entry upon yielding at least a minimum of either milk or butterfat in 365 days. Records were supervised by representatives of the Colleges of Agriculture. Original requirements were: Class Age Milk or Butterfat (pounds) A. Official 30 months 5,250 210.0 Increase per day older at calving 3 0.1 5 years 8,000 300.0 B. Semiofficial Under DHIA supervision C. Private records Subject to supervision as determined by the Society. Daily milk weights reported monthly over owner's affidavit. CT. Under DHIA supervision. Daily milk weights not required. The American Milking Shorthorn Society adopted the Unified Rules for Official Testing for supervision as approved by the Ameri- can Dairy Science Association and the Purebred Dairy Cattle As- sociation. Under a new standard, a cow qualified for the Record of Merit by producing 8,000 pounds of milk or 300 pounds of butterfat in 305 days, computed to a 2x mature equivalent basis with the USDA Age Conversion Factors. Daily milk weights were re- quired, and monthly butterfat tests were supervised by the State Superintendent of Official Testing. Class C Private records were not accepted. Cows that met production requirements and dropped a living calf within 15 months of previous calving qualified for the corre- sponding Double Letter class-AA, BB, or CCT. The rules required in 1959 that the entire herd be entered on test. Daily milk weights were required of all cows in Class A, with a preliminary dry milking and a 1-day test each month. In Class B (Herd Improvement Registry), daily milk weights were not re- quired nor was the preliminary dry milking. The entire herd could start on test in any month in Class B. Cows could be omitted from test in Class B and CY with previous records if they (a) were past 12 years old; (b) were used temporarily as nurse cows; or (c) had lost two or more quarters of the udder. RECORD OF MERrT The Milking Shorthorn Society established a Record of Merit in 1915 to obtain milk and/or butterfat records. Cows qualified for entry upon yielding at least a minimum of either milk or butterfat in 365 days. Records were supervised by representatives of the Colleges of Agriculture. Original requirements were: Class Age Milk or Butterfat (pounds) A. Official 30 months 5,250 210.0 Increase per day older at calving 3 0.1 5 years 8,000 300.0 B. Semiofficial Under DHIA supervision C. Private records Subject to supervision as determined by the Society. Daily milk weights reported monthly over owner's aidavit. CT. Under DHIA supervision. Daily milk weights not required. The American Milking Shorthorn Society adopted the Unified Rules for Official Testing for supervision as approved by the Ameri- can Dairy Science Association and the Purebred Dairy Cattle As- sociation. Under a new standard, a cow qualified for the Record of Merit by producing 8,000 pounds of milk or 300 pounds of butterfat in 305 days, computed to a 2x mature equivalent basis with the USDA Age Conversion Factors. Daily milk weights were re- quired, and monthly butterfat tests were supervised by the State Superintendent of Official Testing. Class C Private records were not accepted. Cows that met production requirements and dropped a living calf within 15 months of previous calving qualified for the corre- sponding Double Letter class-AA, BB, or CCT. The rules required in 1959 that the entire herd be entered on test. Daily milk weights were required of all cows in Class A, with a preliminary dry milking and a 1-day test each month. In Class B (Herd Improvement Registry), daily milk weights were not re- quired nor was the preliminary dry milking. The entire herd could start on test in any month in Class B. Cows could be omitted from test in Class B and CY with previous records if they (a) were past 12 years old; (b) were used temporarily as nurse cows; or (c) had lost two or more quarters of the udder.  380 DA I RY CATTLE BREEDS Class CT records (DHIA or DHIR) were similar to Class B. The owner obtained forms from the Society on which the DHIA super- visor reported the lactation records of every cow and signed the re- port. Some 2,497 records accepted during 1968-69 averaged 10,120 pounds of milk, 3.74 percent and 378 pounds of butterfat in 305 days on a mature equivalent basis. Owners could enter individual cows in Class D under any of the methods supervised. Such indi- vidual records were not used in proving sires or for other recogni- tion awards. ADvANCED RECORD OF PRODUCTION Superior animals were recognized on meeting requirements if the owner applied for recognition and paid the fee. A cow that classi- fied Excellent or Very Good and produced 20,000 pounds of milk or 800 pounds of butterfat in 28 consecutive months on a 2 x mature equivalent basis qualified for the Advanced Record of Production. Any Record of Merit cow also became eligible when two or more daughters qualified for the Advanced Record of Production. The production requirements were increased in 1962 to 24,000 pounds of milk and 906 pounds of butterfat in 26 months. Bulls were eligible for the Advanced Record of Production on meeting two requirements: Production-Five or more daughters (50 percent or more of daughters recorded 40 or more months previously) shall equal or exceed the Record of Production of their dams in 305 days 2 x mature equivalent, and 15 percent above the requirements. Type-At least five classified daughters (50 percent or more, as above) shall average at least 83 points. They must be the same daughters used for production requirements. The Record of Merit was replaced in June 1962 by the Record of Production, and the requirements were raised for a mature cow to produce 10,000 pounds of milk and 400 pounds of butterfat in :305 days. Animals then on test competed under the earlier plan. MEDAL AwARDS A Bronze, Silver, or Gold Medal was awarded when a cow produced 2,000, 3,000, or 4,000 pounds of butterfat, respectively, in her lifetime on a 2 x mature equivalent basis. 380 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS Class CT records (DHIA or DHIR) were similar to Class B. The owner obtained forms from the Society on which the DHIA super- visor reported the lactation records of every cow and signed the re- port. Some 2,497 records accepted during 1968-69 averaged 10,120 pounds of milk, 3.74 percent and 378 pounds of butterfat in 305 days on a mature equivalent basis. Owners could enter individual cows in Class D under any of the methods supervised. Such indi- vidual records were not used in proving sires or for other recogni- tion awards. ADvANCED RECORD OF PRODUCTION Superior animals were recognized on meeting requirements if the owner applied for recognition and paid the fee. A cow that classi- fled Excellent or Very Good and produced 20,000 pounds of milk or 800 pounds of butterfat in 28 consecutive months on a 2 x mature equivalent basis qualified for the Advanced Record of Production. Any Record of Merit cow also became eligible when two or more daughters qualified for the Advanced Record of Production. The production requirements were increased in 1962 to 24,000 pounds of milk and 906 pounds of butterfat in 26 months. Bulls were eligible for the Advanced Record of Production on meeting two requirements: Production-Five or more daughters (50 percent or more of daughters recorded 40 or more months previously) shall equal or exceed the Record of Production of their dams in 305 days 2x mature equivalent, and 15 percent above the requirements. Type-At least five classified daughters (50 percent or more, as above) shall average at least 83 points. They must be the same daughters used for production requirements. The Record of Merit was replaced in June 1962 by the Record of Production, and the requirements were raised for a mature cow to produce 10,000 pounds of milk and 400 pounds of butterfat in 308 days. Animals then on test competed under the earlier plan. MEDAL AwARDS A Bronze, Silver, or Gold Medal was awarded when a cow produced 2,000, 3,000, or 4,000 pounds of butterfat, respectively, in her lifetime on a 2 x mature equivalent basis. 380 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Class CT records (DHIA or DHIR) were similar to Class B. The owner obtained forms from the Society on which the DHIA super- visor reported the lactation records of every cow and signed the re- port. Some 2,497 records accepted during 1968-69 averaged 10,120 pounds of milk, 3.74 percent and 378 pounds of butterfat in 305 days on a mature equivalent basis. Owners could enter individual cows in Class D under any of the methods supervised. Such indi- vidual records were not used in proving sires or for other recogni- tion awards. ADvANCED RECORD OF PRODUCTION Superior animals were recognized on meeting requirements if the owner applied for recognition and paid the fee. A cow that classi- fied Excellent or Very Good and produced 20,000 pounds of milk or 800 pounds of butterfat in 28 consecutive months on a 2 x mature equivalent basis qualified for the Advanced Record of Production. Any Record of Merit cow also became eligible when two or more daughters qualified for the Advanced Record of Production. The production requirements were increased in 1962 to 24,000 pounds of milk and 906 pounds of butterfat in 26 months. Bulls were eligible for the Advanced Record of Production on meeting two requirements: Production-Five or more daughters (50 percent or more of daughters recorded 40 or more months previously) shall equal or exceed the Record of Production of their dams in 305 days 2X mature equivalent, and 15 percent above the requirements. Type-At least five classified daughters (50 percent or more, as above) shall average at least 83 points. They must be the same daughters used for production requirements. The Record of Merit was replaced in June 1962 by the Record of Production, and the requirements were raised for a mature cow to produce 10,000 pounds of milk and 400 pounds of butterfat in 305 days. Animals then on test competed under the earlier plan. MEDAL AwARDs A Bronze, Silver, or Gold Medal was awarded when a cow produced 2,000, 3,000, or 4,000 pounds of butterfat, respectively, in her lifetime on a 2 X mature equivalent basis.  Milking Shorthorns in America 381 Milking Shorthorns in America 381 Milking Shorthorns in America 381 Meritorious lifetime production was recognized with the W. J. Hardy Memorial Award to any cow with a total production of 100,000 pounds of milk or 4,000 pounds of butterfat in the Record of Merit. Several cows have produced over 135,000 pounds of milk or 5,000 pounds of butterfat in 10 to 17 lactations. STAR RATING A young bull or a heifer rated from one to five Stars based on the number of Advanced Record of Merit sires and dams in three gen- erations of ancestors. PROGRESSIvE BREEDER AwARD A Progressive Breeder Award plaque or an additional bar for the plaque was earned when a breeder met seven requirements in a year: (a) All eligible breeding animals over 1 year old are regis- tered; (b) at least 50 percent of the females (at least ten) were bred by the owner; (c) the herd averaged 10,000 pounds of milk or 400 pounds of butterfat in 305 days 2x mature equivalent basis for the last completed year; (d) at least two-thirds of eligible animals classified with an average of 83 points or higher; (e) the owner shall have shown at least five Milking Shorthorns at a local or other show within 2 years; (f) the owner shall be a member of the state organization and the American Milking Shorthorn Society; and (g) the owner must make application with proof of the qualifica- tions. Twelve breeders qualified in 1967. Production requirements were increased to 11,000 pounds of milk and 445 pounds of butter- fat in 1968. In April 1969 the Directors voted the statement unanimously: "Milking Shorthorn breed is a dairy breed." Steer Classes also were dropped from the Standard Show Classification. USDA Sire Summaries of active bulls in artificial breeding, with daughter-herdmate comparisons, repeatability percentages, and predicted differences for daughters' production were published first in January 1968. Average production of cows tested from 1922 through 1969 is given in Table 17.2. The average butterfat test in individual lactations in 1915-25, 1950, and 1957 ranged between 2.81 and 5.27 percent, with the Meritorious lifetime production was recognized with the W. J. Hardy Memorial Award to any cow with a total production of 100,000 pounds of milk or 4,000 pounds of butterfat in the Record of Merit. Several cows have produced over 135,000 pounds of milk or 5,000 pounds of butterfat in 10 to 17 lactations. STAR RATING A young bull or a heifer rated from one to five Stars based on the number of Advanced Record of Merit sires and dams in three gen- erations of ancestors. PROGRESssvE BREEDER AwARD A Progressive Breeder Award plaque or an additional bar for the plaque was earned when a breeder met seven requirements in a year: (a) All eligible breeding animals over 1 year old are regis- tered; (b) at least 50 percent of the females (at least ten) were bred by the owner; (c) the herd averaged 10,000 pounds of milk or 400 pounds of butterfat in 305 days 2x mature equivalent basis for the last completed year; (d) at least two-thirds of eligible animals classified with an average of 83 points or higher; (e) the owner shall have shown at least five Milking Shorthorns at a local or other show within 2 years; (f) the owner shall be a member of the state organization and the American Milking Shorthorn Society; and (g) the owner must make application with proof of the qualifica- tions. Twelve breeders qualified in 1967. Production requirements were increased to 11,000 pounds of milk and 445 pounds of butter- fat in 1968. In April 1969 the Directors voted the statement unanimously: "Milking Shorthorn breed is a dairy breed." Steer Classes also were dropped from the Standard Show Classification. USDA Sire Summaries of active bulls in artificial breeding, with daughter-herdmate comparisons, repeatability percentages, and predicted differences for daughters' production were published first in January 1968. Average production of cows tested from 1922 through 1969 is given in Table 17.2. The average butterfat test in individual lactations in 1915-25, 1950, and 1957 ranged between 2.81 and 5.27 percent, with the Meritorious lifetime production was recognized with the W. J. Hardy Memorial Award to any cow with a total production of 100,000 pounds of milk or 4,000 pounds of butterfat in the Record of Merit. Several cows have produced over 135,000 pounds of milk or 5,000 pounds of butterfat in 10 to 17 lactations. STAR RATING A young bull or a heifer rated from one to five Stars based on the number of Advanced Record of Merit sires and dams in three gen- erations of ancestors. PROGRESSIvE BREEDER AwARD A Progressive Breeder Award plaque or an additional bar for the plaque was earned when a breeder met seven requirements in a year: (a) All eligible breeding animals over 1 year old are regis- tered; (b) at least 50 percent of the females (at least ten) were bred by the owner; (c) the herd averaged 10,000 pounds of milk or 400 pounds of butterfat in 305 days 2x mature equivalent basis for the last completed year; (d) at least two-thirds of eligible animals classified with an average of 83 points or higher; (e) the owner shall have shown at least five Milking Shorthorns at a local or other show within 2 years; (f) the owner shall be a member of the state organization and the American Milking Shorthorn Society; and (g) the owner must make application with proof of the qualifica- tions. Twelve breeders qualified in 1967. Production requirements were increased to 11,000 pounds of milk and 445 pounds of butter- fat in 1968. In April 1969 the Directors voted the statement unanimously: "Milking Shorthorn breed is a dairy breed." Steer Classes also were dropped from the Standard Show Classification. USDA Sire Summaries of active bulls in artificial breeding, with daughter-herdmate comparisons, repeatability percentages, and predicted differences for daughters' production were published first in January 1968. Average production of cows tested from 1922 through 1969 is given in Table 17.2. The average butterfat test in individual lactations in 1915-25, 1950, and 1957 ranged between 2.81 and 5.27 percent, with the  382 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS modes at 3.80 to 3.89 percent fat. Averaged tests of records pub- lished in the Year Book from 1915 to the present year varied be- tween 3.74 and 4.01 percent. There was little indication of selection of breeding animals to change richness of their milk. CAIN REGISTRY Bulls and steer calves or grade steers born since January 1962 may be entered in the Gain Registry program. Entries were made of all calves born in quarters of the calendar year, calves were TABLE 17.2 AVERAGE PRODUCTION OF MILKG SHORTHORNS 382 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS modes at 3.80 to 3.89 percent fat. Averaged tests of records pub- lished in the Year Book from 1915 to the present year varied be- tween 3.74 and 4.01 percent. There was little indication of selection of breeding animals to change richness of their milk. GAIN REcISTRY Bulls and steer calves or grade steers born since January 1962 may be entered in the Gain Registry program. Entries were made of all calves born in quarters of the calendar year, calves were TABLE 17.2 AVERACE PRODUCTION OF MILKING SHORTHORNS 382 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS modes at 3.80 to 3.89 percent fat. Averaged tests of records pub- lished in the Year Book from 1915 to the present year varied be- tween 3.74 and 4.01 percent. There was little indication of selection of breeding animals to change richness of their milk. GAIN REGISTRY Bulls and steer calves or grade steers born since January 1962 may be entered in the Gain Registry program. Entries were made of all calves born in quarters of the calendar year, calves were TABLE 17.2 AVERAGE PRODUCTION OF MILKING SHORTHORNS Year 1922 1932 1942 1952 1962 1969 Number of records 264 495 919 2,702 2,072 2,497 Milk (Obs.) 8,408 8,312 7,995 9,895 10,120 Test (%) Butterfat llbsa 3.96 .332.9 331.0 3.92 325.3 3.95 315.8 3.86 381.0" 3.74 378.0' Year 1922 1932 1942 1952 1962 1969 Number of records Milk (lb.) 264 8,408 495 919 8,312 2,702 7,995 2,072 9,895 2,497 10,120 Test (%) Butterfat 11bs.) 3.96 .332.9 331.0 3.92 325.3 3.95 315.8 3.86 381.0- 3.74 378.0^ Year Number of records Milk (lb.) 1922 264 8,408 1932 1942 1952 1962 1969 495 919 2,702 2,072 2,497 8,312 7,995 9,895 10,120 Test (%) Butterfat 0lbs.) 3.96 332.9 331.0 3.92 325.3 3.95 315.8 3.86 381.0' 3.74 378.0' a. Computed to a 305-day 2X mature equivalent basis. tattooed, and purebreds were registered. Male calves born within a quarter were weighed at 205 days plus or minus 45 days after birth. under supervision of the Agricultural Extension Service or Voca- tional Agricultural Instructor. Recognition was given when "the computed weight gain over and above an arbitrary 70 pound birth weight must equal or exceed 2.0 pounds a day for all bull calves and 1.8 pounds of steer calves." Heifer calves were added later, to gain 1.7 pounds a day. Weights were adjusted to 205 days. The symbol WR plus two digits represented the Weaning Recognition and average daily gains to this age. A testing period of 365 and 550 days was approved in 1965. During 1968-69, 75 bulls gained an av- erage of 2.4 pounds, 22 steers 2.2, and 94 heifers an average of 2.0 pounds per day. At least 10 young males, or 15 males and females, met the Gain Registry requirements to qualify their sire for the Progeny Wean- ing Recognition award. Retnuh Choice, bred and developed by Joe Hunter, Retnuh Farms, Genesco, Kansas, was the first sire to qualify. At least two progeny met the Weight Recognition require- a. Computed to a 305-day 2X mature equivalent basis. tattooed, and purebreds were registered. Male calves born within a quarter were weighed at 205 days plus or minus 45 days after birth. under supervision of the Agricultural Extension Service or Voca- tional Agricultural Instructor. Recognition was given when "the computed weight gain over and above an arbitrary 70 pound birth weight must equal or exceed 2.0 pounds a day for all bull calves and 1.8 pounds of steer calves." Heifer calves were added later, to gain 1.7 pounds a day. Weights were adjusted to 205 days. The symbol WR plus two digits represented the Weaning Recognition and average daily gains to this age. A testing period of 365 and 550 days was approved in 1965. During 1968-69, 75 bulls gained an av- erage of 2.4 pounds, 22 steers 2.2, and 94 heifers an average of 2.0 pounds per day. At least 10 young males, or 15 males and females, met the Gain Registry requirements to qualify their sire for the Progeny Wean- ing Recognition award. Retnuh Choice, bred and developed by Joe Hunter, Retnuh Farms, Genesco, Kansas, was the first sire to qualify. At least two progeny met the Weight Recognition require- a. Computed to a 305-day 2X mature equivalent basis. tattooed, and purebreds were registered. Male calves born within a quarter were weighed at 205 days plus or minus 45 days after birth. under supervision of the Agricultural Extension Service or Voca- tional Agricultural Instructor. Recognition was given when "the computed weight gain over and above an arbitrary 70 pound birth weight must equal or exceed 2.0 pounds a day for all bull calves and 1.8 pounds of steer calves." Heifer calves were added later, to gain 1.7 pounds a day. Weights were adjusted to 205 days. The symbol WR plus two digits represented the Weaning Recognition and average daily gains to this age. A testing period of 365 and 550 days was approved in 1965. During 1968-69, 75 bulls gained an av- erage of 2.4 pounds, 22 steers 2.2, and 94 heifers an average of 2.0 pounds per day. At least 10 young males, or 15 males and females, met the Gain Registry requirements to qualify their sire for the Progeny Wean- ing Recognition award. Retnuh Choice, bred and developed by Joe Hunter, Retnuh Farms, Genesco, Kansas, was the first sire to qualify. At least two progeny met the Weight Recognition require-  Milking Shorthorns in America 383 Milking Shorthorns in America 383 Milking Shorthorns in America 383 ments in the Gain Registry to qualify their dam as a Progeny Wean- ing Recognition Cow. Two bulls and 46 cows earned these awards in 1969. The owner pays a $2 recording fee for such a dam. Secretary Ray Schooley viewed dual purpose qualities from early observations in seven states, as follows: "We have characteristics in our breed that are unique in Milking Shorthorns. These are (1) easy fleshing, (2) rapid growth, and (3) lean attractive tasty butcher cuts. However, to compete in this modern economy, we must produce cows that will milk without sacrificing our other good points." ARTIFICIAL BREEDING The Purebred Dairy Cattle Association required that bulls used in artificial insemination be blood typed for antigen pattern and a copy of this record be filed with the breed association. A filing fee was required. The American Milking Shorthorn Society established three re- quirements on December 1, 1959, under any of which the purebred progeny of a Milking Shorthorn bull in an artificial breeding center were eligible for registration. These standards were: (a) The bull's dam must have classified Very Good or Excellent. Her Record of Merit records must average 10,000 pounds of milk or 400 pounds of butterfat within 365 days on a 2 x mature equivalent basis. All rec- ords of the three nearest dams must meet this standard. (b) The dam must qualify in production and type as above, and five of the seven nearest dams must average 10,000 pounds of milk or 400 pounds of butterfat on a 2x mature equivalent basis, and each have qualified for the Record of Merit. (c) The bull must have earned the Advanced Record of Merit. Restrictions on eligibility of bulls for use in artificial service were removed in October 1962. Requirements of the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association were continued. The bulls must be blood typed for antigens at a fee of $25, at the Serology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, before the semen is collected. The blood typing report must be filed with the Society with a $10 recording fee, even for within-herd artificial use. All registered Milking Shorthorn cows must be identified from ments in the Gain Registry to qualify their dam as a Progeny Wean- ing Recognition Cow. Two bulls and 46 cows earned these awards in 1969. The owner pays a $2 recording fee for such a dam. Secretary Ray Schooley viewed dual purpose qualities from early observations in seven states, as follows: "We have characteristics in our breed that are unique in Milking Shorthorns. These are (1) easy fleshing, (2) rapid growth, and (3) lean attractive tasty butcher cuts. However, to compete in this modern economy, we must produce cows that will milk without sacrificing our other good points." ARTIFICIAL BREEDING The Purebred Dairy Cattle Association required that bulls used in artificial insemination be blood typed for antigen pattern and a copy of this record be filed with the breed association. A filing fee was required. The American Milking Shorthorn Society established three re- quirements on December 1, 1959, under any of which the purebred progeny of a Milking Shorthorn bull in an artificial breeding center were eligible for registration. These standards were: (a) The bull's dam must have classified Very Good or Excellent. Her Record of Merit records must average 10,000 pounds of milk or 400 pounds of butterfat within 365 days on a 2X mature equivalent basis. All rec- ords of the three nearest dams must meet this standard. (b) The dam must qualify in production and type as above, and five of the seven nearest dams must average 10,000 pounds of milk or 400 pounds of butterfat on a 2x mature equivalent basis, and each have qualified for the Record of Merit. (c) The bull must have earned the Advanced Record of Merit. Restrictions on eligibility of bulls for use in artificial service were removed in October 1962. Requirements of the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association were continued. The bulls must be blood typed for antigens at a fee of $25, at the Serology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, before the semen is collected. The blood typing report must be filed with the Society with a $10 recording fee, even for within-herd artificial use. All registered Milking Shorthorn cows must be identified from ments in the Gain Registry to qualify their dam as a Progeny Wean- ing Recognition Cow. Two bulls and 46 cows earned these awards in 1969. The owner pays a $2 recording fee for such a dam. Secretary Ray Schooley viewed dual purpose qualities from early observations in seven states, as follows: "We have characteristics in our breed that are unique in Milking Shorthorns. These are (1) easy fleshing, (2) rapid growth, and (3) lean attractive tasty butcher cuts. However, to compete in this modern economy, we must produce cows that will milk without sacrificing our other good points." ARTIFICIAL BREEDING The Purebred Dairy Cattle Association required that bulls used in artificial insemination be blood typed for antigen pattern and a copy of this record be filed with the breed association. A filing fee was required. The American Milking Shorthorn Society established three re- quirements on December 1, 1959, under any of which the purebred progeny of a Milking Shorthorn bull in an artificial breeding center were eligible for registration. These standards were: (a) The bull's dam must have classified Very Good or Excellent. Her Record of Merit records must average 10,000 pounds of milk or 400 pounds of butterfat within 365 days on a 2x mature equivalent basis. All rec- ords of the three nearest dams must meet this standard. (b) The dam must qualify in production and type as above, and five of the seven nearest dams must average 10,000 pounds of milk or 400 pounds of butterfat on a 2x mature equivalent basis, and each have qualified for the Record of Merit. (c) The bull must have earned the Advanced Record of Merit. Restrictions on eligibility of bulls for use in artificial service were removed in October 1962. Requirements of the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association were continued. The bulls must be blood typed for antigens at a fee of $25, at the Serology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, before the semen is collected. The blood typing report must be filed with the Society with a $10 recording fee, even for within-herd artificial use. All registered Milking Shorthorn cows must be identified from  384 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS the registration certificate at insemination, and a complete breeding receipt must accompany application for registration of the calf. Some 19.4 percent of animals registered in 1966 were conceived thus. Fifteen Milking Shorthorn bulls were in six A.I. studs in the United States during 1969. Frozen semen was available by trans- fers of title between studs in addition to custom freezing service with privately owned blood-typed bulls. One Milking Shorthorn bull was registered per 4.7 females, plus 25 steers to qualify them for shows in the year. Some 1,066 active members paid annual dues for 1966, with 1,413 junior members. Milking Shorthorn Year Book AND Journal The Milking Shorthorn Year Book has been published annually since 1915. The Year Books contain production records, show win- nings, USDA proved (analyzed) sire averages on production, type classification, gain of any bull, and records of five or more progeny during the year. Five volumes of the Milking Shorthorn Herd Book appeared in 1948-54. The Milking Shorthorn Journal was edited bimonthly by Roy A. Cook from March 1919. W. J. Hardy became secretary and editor in December 1940 and moved to the American Shorthorn Breeders' Association ofier in Chicago. The Journal increased in importance as membership increased. The Society occupied a new headquar- ters at 313 Glenstone Avenue, Springfield, Missouri 65804. W. E. Dixon became secretary in 1955. Ray Schooley was secretary dur- ing 1961-67. Harry Clampitt became executive secretary in 1968. REFERENCES Allen, Lewis F. 1846-82. American Short-horn Herd Book. Vols. 1-24. 1872. History of the Short-horn cattle. Their origin, progress, and present condition. Buffalo, N.Y. Anonymous. 1854. Pedigree of the Short Horn cow. Northern Farmer 1(9): 417-18. Anonymous. 1863. Shorthorns. The Association of Breeders of Thoroughbred Neat Stock. Hartford, Conn. Anonymous. 1893. (Report of milking trials, World's Columbia Exposition.) Breeder's Gazette 24:277-78. Burrows, G. T. 1947. How dual-purpose Shorthorns reached America. Milking Shorthorn J. 28(3):3. 384 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS the registration certificate at insemination, and a complete breeding receipt must accompany application for registration of the calf. Some 19.4 percent of animals registered in 1966 were conceived thus. Fifteen Milking Shorthorn bulls were in six A.I. studs in the United States during 1969. Frozen semen was available by trans- fers of title between studs in addition to custom freezing service with privately owned blood-typed bulls. One Milking Shorthorn bull was registered per 4.7 females, plus 25 steers to qualify them for shows in the year. Some 1,066 active members paid annual dues for 1966, with 1,413 junior members. Milking Shorthorn Year Book AND Journal The Milking Shorthorn Year Book has been published annualy since 1915. The Year Books contain production records, show win- nings, USDA proved (analyzed) sire averages on production, type classification, gain of any bull, and records of five or more progeny during the year. Five volumes of the Milking Shorthorn Herd Book appeared in 1948-54. The Milking Shorthorn Journal was edited bimonthly by Roy A. Cook from March 1919. W. J. Hardy became secretary and editor in December 1940 and moved to the American Shorthorn Breeders' Association office in Chicago. The Journal increased in importance as membership increased. The Society occupied a new headquar- ters at 313 Glenstone Avenue, Springfield, Missouri 65804. W. E. Dixon became secretary in 1955. Ray Schooley was secretary dur- ing 1961-67. Harry Clampitt became executive secretary in 1968. REFERENCEs Allen, Lewis F. 1846-82. American Short-horn Herd Book. Vols. 1-24. . 1872. History of the Short-horn cattle. Their origin, progress, and present condition. Buffalo, N.Y. Anonymous. 1854. Pedigree of the Short Horn cow. Northern Farmer 1(9): 417-18. Anonymous. 1863. Shorthorns. The Association of Breeders of Thoroughbred Neat Stock. Hartford, Conn. Anonymous. 1893. (Report of milking trials, World's Columbia Exposition.) Breeder's Gazette 24:277-78. Burrows, C. T. 1947. How dual-purpose Shorthorns reached America. Milking Shorthorn J. 28(3):3. 384 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS the registration certificate at insemination, and a complete breeding receipt must accompany application for registration of the calf. Some 19.4 percent of animals registered in 1966 were conceived thus. Fifteen Milking Shorthorn bulls were in six A.I. studs in the United States during 1969. Frozen semen was available by trans- fers of title between studs in addition to custom freezing service with privately owned blood-typed bulls. One Milking Shorthorn bull was registered per 4.7 females, plus 25 steers to qualify them for shows in the year. Some 1,066 active members paid annual dues for 1966, with 1,413 junior members. Milking Shorthorn Year Book AND Journal The Milking Shorthorn Year Book has been published annually since 1915. The Year Books contain production records, show win- nings, USDA proved (analyzed) sire averages on production, type classification, gain of any bull, and records of five or more progeny during the year. Five volumes of the Milking Shorthorn Herd Book appeared in 1948-54. The Milking Shorthorn Journal was edited bimonthly by Roy A. Cook from March 1919. W. J. Hardy became secretary and editor in December 1940 and moved to the American Shorthorn Breeders' Association office in Chicago. The Journal increased in importance as membership increased. The Society occupied a new headquar- ters at 313 Glenstone Avenue, Springfield, Missouri 65804. W. E. Dixon became secretary in 1955. Ray Schooley was secretary dur- ing 1961-67. Harry Clampitt became executive secretary in 1968. REFERENCES Allen, Lewis F. 1846-82. American Short-horn Herd Book. Vols. 1-24. . 1872. History of the Short-horn cattle. Their origin, progress, and present condition. Buffalo, N.Y. Anonymous. 1854. Pedigree of the Short Horn cow. Northern Farmer 1(9): 417-18. Anonymous. 1863. Shorthorns. The Association of Breeders of Thoroughbred Neat Stock. Hartford, Conn. Anonymous. 1893. (Report of milking trials, World's Columbia Exposition.) Breeders Gazette 24:277-78. Burrows, G. T. 1947. How dual-purpose Shorthorns reached America. Milking Shorthorn J. 28(3):3.  Milking Shorthknrns in Amnerica 385 Cande, Donnld H. 1955. The Milking Shorthorn tknn-nown-tomorrown. Milk- ing Shorthorn 9. 36(2):2. Clenenger, C. L. 1942. Shorthons in Anmerica. In E. P. Prntnice, Amernicnn dairy catle. Theirpastand futur.Haper, New York. Cook, Roy A. 1919-. Milking Shorthorn J. Vnls. 1-. Linn, Jnmes W. 1941. Herd4 cllssificatnn. Milking Shorlhorn J.123(11):3-5. Plnumb, C. S. 1916. Types and breeds of farmn animnals. Rev. ed. Cinn, Boston. Pg. 235-37. Sanders, A. H. 1919. A history of Short-hon catle. Chicago. Simpson, W. Arthur. 1911. Milking Shorlhorn J. 4(3):1-2. Sparkmann, John. 1951. The pronen mernits of classificatnn. Milking Shorthorn T. 32(6):41. Wood, Cliff. 1949. Polled Milking Shorlhorn history. Milking Shorthorn J. 29(4):45-47. Milking Shorthorn J. 1937, Mrs. L. D. May pasnnnwana hner Glnnlnsidekhom. 18(9):3. 1943. Edilorial. Pnogness. 14(1)128-19. 1941. Crading np plan. 26(1):26-17. 1949. Division nof knndknk socinty. 30(9):6. 1969. Rules govenning artificial insntion. 46(1):9. 1967. A hintory nf Polled Milking Shorlhorns. 49(3):4-5. 1967. Productknn rules and associated pedigree symbolsn. 49(3):12. 1969. The USDA Sine Snummaries. 49(3):6. 1968. 20th nnuanlmeengnd BoadofDirectorsreport.lpeial notio Crade Up Cnommittee. 49(6) :-5, 28-30. 1969. l1st annnnl meeting and Bnnnd nof Dinnctnrs report. 50(6)>4-5, 19-19. O1hen Breed Pnklicatins 1916-. Milking Shorthorn Year Back. Vols. 1-. Chicago; Springfield, Mo. 1948-94. The Amernicnn Milking Sknrlkorn Herd Bonk. Vnls. 1-5. Spring- field, Mo. Milking Skortknrns in Amernica 385 Cande, Dnnld H. 1955. Thn Milking Shnrthnrn then-now-tomnrrow. Milk- ing Shorthorn J. 36(1):1. Clnvenger, C. L. 1941. Shorthons in America. In E. P. Prntnin, Amernicnn dairygcanl. Theirnpastnnd future.lHarper,New York. Cook, Rny A. 1919-. Milking Shornhorn J. Vols. 1-. Linn, Jamnes W. 1941. Hinn4 clasificatnn. Milking Shorthorn J.123(11):3-. Plumbk, C. S. 1910. Types and brneeds of farm animanls. Ren. nd. Ginn, Boston. Pg. 135-37. Sanders, A. H. 1916. A histor of Short-horn cattle. Chicag. Simnpson, W. Arthur. 1911. Milking Shorthor, 9. 4(3):1-1. Sparkmann, John. 1951. Thn provnn merts nof classification. Milking Shorlhonn 1. 32(6):41. Wnnd, Cliff. 1949. Polled Milking Shorthonn history. Milking Shorllhorn J. 29(4):45-47. Milking Shorthorn J. 1937. Mrs. L. D. May pasenawyntne nnnnknlnsidkhom. 16(9):3. 1943. Editorial. Pnogness. 24(1)>18-29. 1949. Cnading np plan. 16(1):10-17. 1949. Diviin nof herdbook society. 30(5):6. 1965. Rlesn governing artiil insneminatnon. 46(1):6. 1967. A history nof Polled Milking Shorthonnn. 49(3):4-5. 1967. Production runles nnd associatnd pedigree symbols. 46(3):11. 1969. Tkn USDA Sine Summarnies. 49(3):6. 1968. 20th nnuanlnmeetngnnd Board ofDirectors report. Special notcenf Cradn Up Commnittee. 49(6):1-5, 19-30. 1969. list annual meeting an4 Bonard nof Directors report. 50(6):4-5, 19-19. Othnn Breed Publicainsn 1910-. Milking Shorthorn Year BEnk. Vols. 1-. Chicago; Spningfield, Mo. 1948-54. Thn Amernican Milking Shorthorn Herd Boonk. Vols. 1-5. Spring- fnid, Mn. Milking Skortkorns in Anmering 385 Cande, Dnald H. 1955. Tkn Milking Shorthorn then-now'-tomorrown. Milk- ing Shorthorn J. 36(2):2. Clnnnnger, C. L. 1941. Shorlhorns in America. In P. P. Prnticen, Americann dairyncatle. Tkeirnpas ndnnfuture. Harpe, NewYork. Conk, tRny A. 1919-. Milking Shornhorn 9. Vols. 1-. Linn, James W. 1941. Herd claiication. Milking Skortkorn J.123(11):3-5. Plumbn, C. S. 1920. Types an4 kreeds of farnm animalsn. Renv. ed. Cinn, lioston. P0. 235-37. Sanders, A. H. 1916. A kistory of Short-horn catle. Chicagn. Simnpson, 55. Anthun. 1911. Milking Skortkorn J. 4(3):1-1. Sparkmann, lnkn. 1951. The pnnvnn mernits nof clagsificatn. Milking Shothn T. 31(6):41. Wood, Cliff. 1949. Polled Milking Shorthnrn histony. Milking Skorthorn J. 29(4):45-47. Milking Sknrlknrn J. 1937. Mrs. L. D. May panses away atker lnsidekhnme. 19(9):3. 1943. Editnrial. Pnognnss. 14(1):10-19. 1945. Crading up plann. 16(1)10-7 1949. Dinision nof knrdbook society. 36(5):6. 1965. Rls gonenning artifiianl ingsemination. 46(5):9. 1967. A history nof Pollnd Milking Skorthorng. 48(3):4-5. 1967. Prodncton runing and associatnd pedignen symnkls. 49(3):11. 1969. The USDA Sine Summarie. 49(3):6. 196. 20th nnual( meetng and Board nof Directors report. Special notice of Grnde Up Commnitte. 49(6)1-5, 19-39. 1969. list nnnal meeting nnd lioand nof Dirnctors repor. 50(6):4-5, 19-19. Othen Brneed Pnklicatinn 1916-. Milking Skortkorn Yen, link. Vnls. 1-. Chiningo; Springfinld, Mn. 1948-54. Tke Amrican Mtilking Shorthorn Hnnd liook. Vols. 1-5. Spring- fiel, Mn.  CHAPTER 18 RED DANISH IN DENMARK DENMARK Is situated east of the North Sea and in the western part of the Baltic, between 54' 33' and 57' 45' North latitude, 8 5 and 12' 57' East of Greenwich, exclusive of Bornholm Island in the Baltic Sea. The main islands are Zeeland (Sjaelland), Funen (Fyn), Moen, Falster, and Lolland. The Faroe Islands and Green- land are in the North Atlantic. Jutland comprises 11,441 square miles and the islands 5,171 square miles. The population numbered 4,448,401 in 1958. The land is mainly a rolling low plain up to 564 feet above sea level. Annual rainfall ranges from 21 to 27 inches and mean temperature from 61' in July to 32' F. in January. Gla- cial boulder clay soil is distributed generally, with sandy soil in the west and organic (peat) soils in beds of old glacial lakes. The soils are adapted for agricultural and forage production. The main in- come is from agriculture, industry, commerce, and fishing. The ag- ricultural census of 1958 showed 7,699,000 acres (73 percent of the 386 CHAPTER 18 RED DANISH IN DENMARK D ENMARK IS situated east of the North Sea and in the western part of the Baltic, between 54' 33' and 57' 45' North latitude, 8 5' and 12' 57' East of Greenwich, exclusive of Bornholm Island in the Baltic Sea. The main islands are Zeeland (Sjaelland), Funen (Fyn), Moen, Falster, and Lolland. The Faroe Islands and Green- land are in the North Atlantic. Jutland comprises 11,441 square miles and the islands 5,171 square miles. The population numbered 4,448,401 in 1958. The land is mainly a rolling low plain up to 564 feet above sea level. Annual rainfall ranges from 21 to 27 inches and mean temperature from 61' in July to 32' F. in January. Gla- cial boulder clay soil is distributed generally, with sandy soil in the west and organic (peat) soils in beds of old glacial lakes. The soils are adapted for agricultural and forage production. The main in- come is from agriculture, industry, commerce, and fishing. The ag- ricultural census of 1958 showed 7,699,000 acres (73 percent of the 386 CHAPTER 18 RED DANISH IN DENMARK DENMARK IS situated east of the North Sea and in the western part of the Baltic, between 54' 33' and 57' 45' North latitude, 8' 5' and 12' 57' East of Greenwich, exclusive of Bornhohn Island in the Baltic Sea. The main islands are Zeeland (Sjaelland), Funen (Fyn), Moen, Falster, and Lolland. The Faroe Islands and Green- land are in the North Atlantic. Jutland comprises 11,441 square miles and the islands 5,171 square miles. The population numbered 4,448,401 in 1958. The land is mainly a rolling low plain up to 564 feet above sea level. Annual rainfall ranges from 21 to 27 inches and mean temperature from 61' in July to 32' F. in January. Gla- cial boulder clay soil is distributed generally, with sandy soil in the west and organic (peat) soils in beds of old glacial lakes. The soils are adapted for agricultural and forage production. The main in- come is from agriculture, industry, commerce, and fishing. The ag- ricultural census of 1958 showed 7,699,000 acres (73 percent of the 386  Red Danish in Denmark 387 country) divided into 3,438,000 acres of cereal grains (wheat, rye, barley, and oats); 1,453,000 acres of potatoes, sugar beets, beets, turnips, and carrots; 2,570,000 acres of hay crops and grasslands; 11,000 acres of fallow lands; and 227,000 acres of other crops. The 3,400,000 cattle in 1959 included the Black-and-White Danish in Jutland, the Red Danish Milk Breed predominating on the is- lands, with 15 percent of Jerseys and 8 percent of Shorthorns. About 5,500,000 swine, largely of the White Danish (Landrace) breed, were produced. Poultry were important, and horses were used in farming. The main agricultural exports were bacon, butter, eggs, beef, and veal. EARLY DANIsH SETTLEMENT Denmark was covered by icecaps three times. Neanderthal man hunted fallow deer and split their bones for marrow during the last warm interglacial period (50,000 n.C.). The earliest men known in the area were of the Noerre-Lynby culture; they used coarsely flaked flints and reindeer horn axes. The Maglemose culture followed; it was named for the Danish site recognized by bone implements and weapons. Hunters of the Hamburgian culture lived in southern Jutland in the late Glacial period. They used flint arrows, scrapers, and tools of antlers and bone. Charcoal from the Bromme settlement was dated by radio- active carbon-14 to about 10,000 B.C. The most widely known early people were of the Litterina per- iod, when oak trees spread across the landscape. These people lived along the coast, ate some fishes and molluscs, shells of which ac- cumulated in Koekkenmoeddinger ("kitchen middens") or shell mounds. Excavation of the shell mounds along the Kattegat and elsewhere yielded bones of many wildfowls and of hunted animals. E. Cecil Curwen wrote: The bones of animals found in Mesolithic settlement sites of the Mullernp culture (say 6000 B.C.) show that man was de- pendent for his living on wild animals such as the red deer, roedeer, elk, urns, wild boar, beaver, badger, pinemartin, wild cat, fox, and hedgehog, and on such birds as the grey duck, grebe, shoveller, coot, crane, cormorant, sea-eagle, and black Red Danish in Denmark 387 country) divided into 3,438,000 acres of cereal grains (wheat, rye, barley, and oats); 1,453,000 acres of potatoes, sugar beets, beets, turnips, and carrots; 2,570,000 acres of hay crops and grasslands; 11,000 acres of fallow lands; and 227,000 acres of other crops. The 3,400,000 cattle in 1959 included the Black-and-White Danish in Jutland, the Red Danish Milk Breed predominating on the is- lands, with 15 percent of Jerseys and 8 percent of Shorthorns. About 5,500,000 swine, largely of the White Danish (Landrace) breed, were produced. Poultry were important, and horses were used in farming. The main agricultural exports were bacon, butter, eggs, beef, and veal. EARLY DANISH SETrLEMENT Denmark was covered by icecaps three times. Neanderthal man hunted fallow deer and split their bones for marrow during the last warm interglacial period (50,000 B.c.). The earliest men known in the area were of the Noerre-Lynby culture; they used coarsely flaked flints and reindeer horn axes. The Maglemose culture followed; it was named for the Danish site recognized by bone implements and weapons. Hunters of the Hamburgian culture lived in southern Jutland in the late Glacial period. They used flint arrows, scrapers, and tools of antlers and bone. Charcoal from the Bromme settlement was dated by radio- active carbon-14 to about 10,000 B.C. The most widely known early people were of the Litterina per- iod, when oak trees spread across the landscape. These people lived along the coast, ate some fishes and molluscs, shells of which ac- cumulated in Koekkenmoeddinger ("kitchen middens") or shell mounds. Excavation of the shell mounds along the Kattegat and elsewhere yielded bones of many wildfowls and of hunted animals. E. Cecil Curwen wrote: The bones of animals found in Mesolithic settlement sites of the Mullerup culture (say 6000 B.C.) show that man was de- pendent for his living on wild animals such as the red deer, roedeer, elk, urns, wild boar, beaver, badger, pinemartin, wild cat, fox, and hedgehog, and on such birds as the grey duck, grebe, shoveller, coot, crane, cormorant, sea-eagle, and black Red Danish in Denmark 387 country) divided into 3,438,000 acres of cereal grains (wheat, rye, barley, and oats); 1,453,000 acres of potatoes, sugar beets, beets, turnips, and carrots; 2,570,000 acres of hay crops and grasslands; 11,000 acres of fallow lands; and 227,000 acres of other crops. The 3,400,000 cattle in 1959 included the Black-and-White Danish in Jutland, the Red Danish Milk Breed predominating on the is- lands, with 15 percent of Jerseys and 8 percent of Shorthorns. About 5,500,000 swine, largely of the White Danish (Landrace) breed, were produced. Poultry were important, and horses were used in farming. The main agricultural exports were bacon, butter, eggs, beef, and veal. EARLY DANISH SETTrLEMENT Denmark was covered by icecaps three times. Neanderthal man hunted fallow deer and split their bones for marrow during the last warm interglacial period (50,000 n.C.). The earliest men known in the area were of the Noerre-Lynby culture; they used coarsely flaked flints and reindeer horn axes. The Maglemose culture followed; it was named for the Danish site recognized by bone implements and weapons. Hunters of the Hamburgian culture lived in southern Jutland in the late Glacial period. They used flint arrows, scrapers, and tools of antlers and bone. Charcoal from the Bromme settlement was dated by radio- active carbon-14 to about 10,000 B.C. The most widely known early people were of the Litterina per- iod, when oak trees spread across the landscape. These people lived along the coast, ate some fishes and molluscs, shells of which ac- cumulated in Koekkenmoeddinger ("kitchen middens") or shell mounds. Excavation of the shell mounds along the Kattegat and elsewhere yielded bones of many wildfowls and of hunted animals. E. Cecil Curwen wrote: The bones of animals found in Mesolithic settlement sites of the Mullerp culture (say 6000 n.C.) show that man was de- pendent for his living on wild animals such as the red deer, roedeer, elk, uras, wild boar, beaver, badger, pinemartin, wild cat, fox, and hedgehog, and on such birds as the grey duck, grebe, shoveller, coot, crane, cormorant, sea-eagle, and black  388 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS stork. The only domesticated animal at this period is the dog- a large and a small. Later on, in the Ertebolle middens, dog- bones are common, and the bones of other animals show marks of gnawing by dogs. The cultivation of corn (cereals) and the domestication of animals appear in Denmark at the beginning of the Neolithic period, about 3000 B.C. . . . both appear simultaneously in northwestern Europe.. . . The domestic ox, pig, sheep, and goat first appear in Denmark at the beginning of the Neolithic period, simultaneously with wheat and barley, and must have been introduced from the south. There was thus no purely pas- toral stage preceding cultivation. ... From impressions of seeds found on early pottery, the following facts were obtained: 388 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS stork. The only domesticated animal at this period is the dog- a large and a small. Later on, in the Ertebolle middens, dog- bones are common, and the bones of other animals show marks of gnawing by dogs. The cultivation of corn (cereals) and the domestication of animals appear in Denmark at the beginning of the Neolithic period, about 3000 B.C. . . . both appear simultaneously in northwestern Europe.. . . The domestic ox, pig, sheep, and goat first appear in Denmark at the beginning of the Neolithic period, simultaneously with wheat and barley, and must have been introduced from the south. There was thus no purely pas- toral stage preceding cultivation. From impressions of seeds found on early pottery, the following facts were obtained: 388 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS stork. The only domesticated animal at this period is the dog- a large and a small. Later on, in the Ertebolle middens, dog- bones are common, and the bones of other animals show marks of gnawing by dogs. The cultivation of corn (cereals) and the domestication of animals appear in Denmark at the beginning of the Neolithic period, about 3000 B.C. . . . both appear simultaneously in northwestern Europe.. . . The domestic ox, pig, sheep, and goat first appear in Denmark at the beginning of the Neolithic period, simultaneously with wheat and barley, and must have been introduced from the south. There was thus no purely pas- toral stage preceding cultivation. From impressions of seeds found on early pottery, the following facts were obtained: Number of Number of discoveries impressions Neolithic Einkorn wheat (T. monococCum) Emmer wheat (T. dicoccum) Dwarf or common wheat (T. compactum or vulgare) Naked barley (Hordeum coelesti) Husked barley (Hordeum vulgare) Bistort (Polygeon) Apple 2 40 24 26 7 21 288 46 40 14 Neolithic Einkorn wheat (T. onococcum) Emmer wheat (T. dicoccum) Dwarf or comron wheat (T. compactum or vulgare) Naked barley (Hordeum coelesti) Husked barley (Hordeum ulgare) Bistort (Polygenum) Apple Number of Number of discoveries impressions 2 21 40 288 24 26 7 3 46 40 14 3 13 Neolithic Einkorn wheat (T. monococcum) Emmer wheat (T. dicoccum) Dwarf or common wheat (T. compactum or vulgare) Naked barley (Hordeum coelesti) Husked barley (Hordeum ulgare) Bistort (Polygesnm) Apple Number of discoveries 2 40 24 26 7 3 Number of impressions 21 288 46 40 14 3 3 3 6 13 6 13 From this, wheat was more common than barley, and the husked barley to which modern varieties are related, forms only a quarter of the total barley. In the late Bronze Age (800400 B.C.) the importance of wheat and barley appears reversed, with Emmer still predominately among the wheat. The probable ultimate source of wheat is the Near East . .. in Turkestan, Afghanistan and northwest India, emmer in Abys- sinia. Barley from Abyssinia, in the Himalayas and the neigh- boring parts of China. Oats came in during the Bronze Age; rye at the beginning of the Iron Age. EARLY CATrLE IN DENMARK B. primigenius Bojanus was the major wild ox of northwestern Europe, with B. frontosus Nilsson (a small polled species) in the Scandinavian region to the north. Neolithic man brought domesticated cattle of the B. longifrons Owen species and cereal grains in migrations from western Asia, up the Danube valley, and northward of the Alps. As people migrated, some domesticated From this, wheat was more common than barley, and the husked barley to which modern varieties are related, forms only a quarter of the total barley. In the late Bronze Age (800-400 B.C.) the importance of wheat and barley appears reversed, with Emmer still predominately among the wheat. The probable ultimate source of wheat is the Near East . . . in Turkestan, Afghanistan and northwest India, emmer in Abys- sinia. Barley from Abyssinia, in the Himalayas and the neigh- boring parts of China. Oats came in during the Bronze Age; rye at the beginning of the Iron Age. EARLY CATTLE IN DENMARK B. primigenius Bojanus was the major wild ox of northwestern Europe, with B. frontosus Nilsson (a small polled species) in the Scandinavian region to the north. Neolithic man brought domesticated cattle of the B. longifrons Owen species and cereal grains in migrations from western Asia, up the Danube valley, and northward of the Alps. As people migrated, some domesticated From this, wheat was more common than barley, and the husked barley to which modern varieties are related, forms only a quarter of the total barley. In the late Bronze Age (800400 B.c.) the importance of wheat and barley appears reversed, with Emmer still predominately among the wheat. The probable ultimate source of wheat is the Near East . . . in Turkestan, Afghanistan and northwest India, emmer in Abys- sinia. Barley from Abyssinia, in the Himalayas and the neigh- boring parts of China. Oats came in during the Bronze Age; rye at the beginning of the Iron Age. EARLY CATTLE IN DENMARK B. primigenius Bojanus was the major wild ox of northwestern Europe, with B. frontosua Nilsson (a small polled species) in the Scandinavian region to the north. Neolithic man brought domesticated cattle of the B. longifrons Owen species and cereal grains in migrations from western Asia, up the Danube valley, and northward of the Alps. As people migrated, some domesticated  Red Danish in Denmark 389 cattle crossed with the wild cattle, producing the Celtic Red (Werner). Evidence was seen in the Danish National Museum, Copenhagen, that the wild ox (B. primigenius) was among early hunted animals. Small flint microliths are embedded in two ribs of an almost com- plete skeleton dug from a peat bog at Vig, on Sfaelland. See Figure 2.5. Their bones were found also in kitchen middens. DEvELOPMENT OF DANISH CATTLE History of early agriculture was scanty, with tribal groups or small kingdoms in different parts. Livestock appeared of minor impor- tance. The peasants paid rents to the landowners with grain. Christianity was introduced in A.n. 826 by the French prelate Ansgar, "the apostle of the North," beginning a new era. King Harold Bluetooth was baptized soon after, followed rapidly by con- version of his people and development of natural resources. Bullocks from Jutland were sold for grazing in the Netherlands around A.D. 1200. Considerable demand developed late in the sev- enteenth century for fat cattle into Germany, southwestern Europe, and Copenhagen. An import duty levied against Danish cattle in 1724 reduced this trade. Rinderpest caused losses in 1745-52 esti- mated at 2 million head. Exports of cereal grains, butter, and cheese began to replace this loss of income. Cattle in northern Jutland were mainly black-and-white. No dis- tinct breed existed on the Danish islands then. The cattle were small, largely horned, and generally spotted-red and white, brindle and white, but seldom black. Hay and straw were fed in winter. Svendsen noted that during the spring, crews of men went to the cow stables each morning on many large farms to help up weak cows. A mural painting at the National Agricultural Exposi- tion in 1938, celebrating 150 years after relief from serfdom, de- picted this practice of "lifting days." FREEDOM FROM SERFDOM Count Christian Ditlev (1748-1827) and his brother Johan Ludwig Reventlow saw from English agricultural practices that abolition of Red Danish in Denmark 389 cattle crossed with the wild cattle, producing the Celtic Red (Werner). Evidence was seen in the Danish National Museum, Copenhagen, that the wild ox (B. primigenius) was among early hunted animals. Small flint microliths are embedded in two ribs of an almost com- plete skeleton dug from a peat bog at Vig, on Sjaelland. See Figure 2.5. Their bones were found also in kitchen middens. DEvELOPMENT OF DANISH CATTLE History of early agriculture was scanty, with tribal groups or small kingdoms in different parts. Livestock appeared of minor impor- tance. The peasants paid rents to the landowners with grain. Christianity was introduced in A.D. 826 by the French prelate Ansgar, "the apostle of the North," beginning a new era. King Harold Bluetooth was baptized soon after, followed rapidly by con- version of his people and development of natural resources. Bullocks from Jutland were sold for grazing in the Netherlands around A.n. 1200. Considerable demand developed late in the sev- enteenth century for fat cattle into Germany, southwestern Europe, and Copenhagen. An import duty levied against Danish cattle in 1724 reduced this trade. Rinderpest caused losses in 1745-52 esti- mated at 2 million head. Exports of cereal grains, butter, and cheese began to replace this loss of income. Cattle in northern Jutland were mainly black-and-white. No dis- tinct breed existed on the Danish islands then. The cattle were small, largely horned, and generally spotted-red and white, brindle and white, but seldom black. Hay and straw were fed in winter. Svendsen noted that during the spring, crews of men went to the cow stables each morning on many large farms to help up weak cows. A mural painting at the National Agricultural Exposi- tion in 1938, celebrating 150 years after relief from serfdom, de- picted this practice of "lifting days." FREEDOM FROM SERFnOM Count Christian Ditlev (1748-1827) and his brother Johan Ludwig Reventlow saw from English agricultural practices that abolition of Red Danish in Denmark 389 cattle crossed with the wild cattle, producing the Celtic Red (Werner). Evidence was seen in the Danish National Museum, Copenhagen, that the wild ox (B. primigenius) was among early hunted animals. Small flint microliths are embedded in two ribs of an almost com- plete skeleton dug from a peat bog at Vig, on Sjaelland. See Figure 2.5. Their bones were found also in kitchen middens. DEvELOPMENT OF DANISH CATrLE History of early agriculture was scanty, with tribal groups or small kingdoms in different parts. Livestock appeared of minor impor- tance. The peasants paid rents to the landowners with grain. Christianity was introduced in A.n. 826 by the French prelate Ansgar, "the apostle of the North," beginning a new era. King Harold Bluetooth was baptized soon after, followed rapidly by con- version of his people and development of natural resources. Bullocks from Jutland were sold for grazing in the Netherlands around A.D. 1200. Considerable demand developed late in the sev- enteenth century for fat cattle into Germany, southwestern Europe, and Copenhagen. An import duty levied against Danish cattle in 1724 reduced this trade. Rinderpest caused losses in 1745-52 esti- mated at 2 million head. Exports of cereal grains, butter, and cheese began to replace this loss of income. Cattle in northern Jutland were mainly black-and-white. No dis- tinct breed existed on the Danish islands then. The cattle were small, largely horned, and generally spotted-red and white, brindle and white, but seldom black. Hay and straw were fed in winter. Svendsen noted that during the spring, crews of men went to the cow stables each morning on many large farms to help up weak cows. A mural painting at the National Agricultural Exposi- tion in 1938, celebrating 150 years after relief from serfdom, de- picted this practice of "lifting days." FREEDOM FROM SERFDOM Count Christian Ditlev (1748-1827) and his brother Johan Ludwig Reventlow saw from English agricultural practices that abolition of  390 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS villeinage would benefit the Danish people. Crown Prince Frederick decreed emancipation from serfdom on June 20, 1788. ENCLOSURE OF LANDs Separate strips of land tilled by tenants and small freeholders were exchanged for consolidated units replacing the "Community Plan" and open field system. Farmers were free to plan cropping systems and manage their own livestock. Farmsteads were built on many small farms. These changes led to growing more cereal grains. Wheat production increased in the Argentine, Australia, and the midwestern United States. Competition in European markets caused a crisis in Danish agriculture, turning many farmers to live- stock production. AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATIONS The village early governing body was the By-lag, representing land- owners, tenants, and crofters without land. Rules to govern the community were agreed upon, read aloud, and recorded. These rules, confirmed by the King, became the district laws. Village fields were divided into strips requiring simultaneous working by the laborers. Government by the By-lag was lessened by the powers which estate owners exercised through the Middle Ages and dur- ing the absolute reign by Kings. Village fields became neglected when peasants were obliged to work the estates. This situation and wars impoverished the Danish nation, particularly the farm popu- lation subject to military service. The Royal Agricultural Society of Denmark was organized in 1769. Members included the nobility, estate owners, and civil ser- vants in towns but few actual farmers. The Society favored forming local agricultural societies, beginning with one on the Island of Bornholm in 1805. Local societies increased to 137 by 1835, dealing with every phase of agriculture. Bylaws of the Royal Agricultural Society stated as an objective " .,.. to encourage by prices and prizes the agriculturist, the artist and the merchant within the do- main and lands of His Royal Majesty." Agricultural advisers or "Konsulents" were employed by societies to serve their members. T. R. Segelcke was appointed as dairy ad- viser by the Royal Society in 1860. The societies sponsored shows, 390 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDs villeinage would benefit the Danish people. Crown Prince Frederick decreed emancipation from serfdom on June 20, 1788. ENCLOSURE OF LANDS Separate strips of land tilled by tenants and small freeholders were exchanged for consolidated units replacing the "Community Plan" and open field system. Farmers were free to plan cropping systems and manage their own livestock. Farmsteads were built on many small farms. These changes led to growing more cereal grains. Wheat production increased in the Argentine, Australia, and the midwestern United States. Competition in European markets caused a crisis in Danish agriculture, turning many farmers to live- stock production. AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATIONS The village early governing body was the By-lag, representing land- owners, tenants, and crofters without land. Rules to govern the community were agreed upon, read aloud, and recorded. These rules, confirmed by the King, became the district laws. Village fields were divided into strips requiring simultaneous working by the laborers. Government by the By-lag was lessened by the powers which estate owners exercised through the Middle Ages and dur- ing the absolute reign by Kings. Village fields became neglected when peasants were obliged to work the estates. This situation and wars impoverished the Danish nation, particularly the farm popu- lation subject to military service. The Royal Agricultural Society of Denmark was organized in 1769. Members included the nobility, estate owners, and civil ser- vants in towns but few actual farmers. The Society favored forming local agricultural societies, beginning with one on the Island of Bornholm in 1805. Local societies increased to 137 by 1835, dealing with every phase of agriculture. Bylaws of the Royal Agricultural Society stated as an objective " .,.. to encourage by prices and prizes the agriculturist, the artist and the merchant within the do- main and lands of His Royal Majesty." Agricultural advisers or "Konsulents" were employed by societies to serve their members. T. R. Segelcke was appointed as dairy ad- viser by the Royal Society in 1860. The societies sponsored shows, 390 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS villeinage would benefit the Danish people. Crown Prince Frederick decreed emancipation from serfdom on June 20, 1788. ENCLOSURE OF LANDS Separate strips of land tilled by tenants and small freeholders were exchanged for consolidated units replacing the "Community Plan" and open field system. Farmers were free to plan cropping systems and manage their own livestock. Farmsteads were built on many small farms. These changes led to growing more cereal grains. Wheat production increased in the Argentine, Australia, and the midwestern United States. Competition in European markets caused a crisis in Danish agriculture, turning many farmers to live- stock production. AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATIONS The village early governing body was the By-lag, representing land- owners, tenants, and crofters without land. Rules to govern the community were agreed upon, read aloud, and recorded. These rules, confirmed by the King, became the district laws. Village fields were divided into strips requiring simultaneous working by the laborers. Government by the By-lag was lessened by the powers which estate owners exercised through the Middle Ages and dur- ing the absolute reign by Kings. Village fields became neglected when peasants were obliged to work the estates. This situation and wars impoverished the Danish nation, particularly the farm popu- lation subject to military service. The Royal Agricultural Society of Denmark was organized in 1769. Members included the nobility, estate owners, and civil ser- vants in towns but few actual farmers. The Society favored forming local agricultural societies, beginning with one on the Island of Bornholm in 1805. Local societies increased to 137 by 1835, dealing with every phase of agriculture. Bylaws of the Royal Agricultural Society stated as an objective " ... to encourage by prices and prizes the agriculturist, the artist and the merchant within the do- main and lands of His Royal Majesty." Agricultural advisers or "Konsulents" were employed by societies to serve their members. T. R. Segelcke was appointed as dairy ad- viser by the Royal Society in 1860. The societies sponsored shows,  Red Danish in Denmark 391 Red Danish in Denmark 391 Red Danish in Denmark 391 production competitions between herds, and investigations of bulls' progeny; they also arranged for local experiments, demonstration fields with crops, and other research. Federations of societies coordinated their activities, starting in 1872. The Federation of Danish Agricultural Societies was estab- lished. The first breeding society was organized in 1884 for joint ownership of bulls. By 1933 some 1,200 societies owned 1,443 bulls used by about 25,000 members. A small grant was available for each breeding society since 1887. The government granted a half million kroners by 1940 to sponsored cattle shows, breeding socie- ties, etc., supplementing the membership fees. Cooperative owner- ship of bulls for natural service decreased to four animals by 1958. However, 98 cattle breeding societies owned 1,212 bulls that insem- inated 1,536,946 cows and heifers in 172,000 herds. Some bulls were owned privately. DEvELoPMENT OF THE RED DANISH MILx BREED Svendsen described native cattle of Lolland-Falster as small, slender, angular, and often long legged. They were light fleshed with comparatively good udders, and some had narrow rumps and were polled. Colors ranged from light red to brownish black; many were red spotted, and black spotted or dun. Cattle on Funen were shades of red or spotted. Some were ryggede (a broad white stripe along the back) with white speckles in the adjoining ground color. They were generally light fleshed, with large barrels, often cow-hocked, with long upturned horns. The cows had reasonable dairy conformation and fair udders. Ac- cording to Prosch, native cattle on Sjaelland were red, brown, black, or spotted. They were angular, with prominent hips. Cattle on the large farms were improved first with introduced animals. Poor feed- ing and management restricted milk production. Appel stated that during the best season on Lolland and Falster, milk production might average 5 to 6 Potter daily (1 Pot nearly equaled 1 kilogram); 10 Potter on Funen. A few cows in the Fred- eriksberg district yielded 12 to 14 Pots. Butter production was esti- mated at 1 Fjerding (61 3/4 pounds) yearly per cow. The Aalstrup herd averaged 45 to 50 pounds of butter yearly per cow during production competitions between herds, and investigations of bulls' progeny; they also arranged for local experiments, demonstration fields with crops, and other research. Federations of societies coordinated their activities, starting in 1872. The Federation of Danish Agricultural Societies was estab- lished. The first breeding society was organized in 1884 for joint ownership of bulls. By 1933 some 1,200 societies owned 1,443 bulls used by about 25,000 members. A small grant was available for each breeding society since 1887. The government granted a half million kroners by 1940 to sponsored cattle shows, breeding socie- ties, etc., supplementing the membership fees. Cooperative owner- ship of bulls for natural service decreased to four animals by 1958. However, 98 cattle breeding societies owned 1,212 bulls that insem- inated 1,536,946 cows and heifers in 172,000 herds. Some bulls were owned privately. DEvELOPMENT OF THE RED DANISH MILK BREED Svendsen described native cattle of Lolland-Falster as small, slender, angular, and often long legged. They were light fleshed with comparatively good udders, and some had narrow rumps and were polled. Colors ranged from light red to brownish black; many were red spotted, and black spotted or dun. Cattle on Funen were shades of red or spotted. Some were ryggede (a broad white stripe along the back) with white speckles in the adjoining ground color. They were generally light fleshed, with large barrels, often cow-hocked, with long upturned horns. The cows had reasonable dairy conformation and fair udders. Ac- cording to Prosch, native cattle on Sjaelland were red, brown, black, or spotted. They were angular, with prominent hips. Cattle on the large farms were improved first with introduced animals. Poor feed- ing and management restricted milk production. Appel stated that during the best season on Lolland and Falster, milk production might average 5 to 6 Potter daily (1 Pot nearly equaled 1 kilogram); 10 Potter on Funen. A few cows in the Fred- eriksberg district yielded 12 to 14 Pots. Butter production was esti- mated at 1 Fjerding (61 3/4 pounds) yearly per cow. The Aalstrup herd averaged 45 to 50 pounds of butter yearly per cow during production competitions between herds, and investigations of bulls' progeny; they also arranged for local experiments, demonstration fields with crops, and other research. Federations of societies coordinated their activities, starting in 1872. The Federation of Danish Agricultural Societies was estab- lished. The first breeding society was organized in 1884 for joint ownership of bulls. By 1933 some 1,200 societies owned 1,443 bulls used by about 25,000 members. A small grant was available for each breeding society since 1887. The government granted a half million kroners by 1940 to sponsored cattle shows, breeding socie- ties, etc., supplementing the membership fees. Cooperative owner- ship of bulls for natural service decreased to four animals by 1958. However, 98 cattle breeding societies owned 1,212 bulls that insem- inated 1,536,946 cows and heifers in 172,000 herds. Some bulls were owned privately. DEvELOPMENT OF THE RED DANISH MILx BREED Svendsen described native cattle of Lolland-Falster as small, slender, angular, and often long legged. They were light fleshed with comparatively good udders, and some had narrow rumps and were polled. Colors ranged from light red to brownish black; many were red spotted, and black spotted or dun. Cattle on Funen were shades of red or spotted. Some were ryggede (a broad white stripe along the back) with white speckles in the adjoining ground color. They were generally light fleshed, with large barrels, often cow-hocked, with long upturned horns. The cows had reasonable dairy conformation and fair udders. Ac- cording to Prosch, native cattle on Sjaelland were red, brown, black, or spotted. They were angular, with prominent hips. Cattle on the large farms were improved first with introduced animals. Poor feed- ing and management restricted milk production. Appel stated that during the best season on Lolland and Falster, milk production might average 5 to 6 Potter daily (1 Pot nearly equaled 1 kilogram); 10 Potter on Funen. A few cows in the Fred- eriksberg district yielded 12 to 14 Pots. Butter production was esti- mated at 1 Fjerding (61 3/4 pounds) yearly per cow. The Aalstrup herd averaged 45 to 50 pounds of butter yearly per cow during  392 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 1832-37 without grain in winter. When oats were added in the winter feed (1837), 68 cows averaged 77 pounds of butter. With more grain during 1838, 70 cows averaged 90 pounds of butter. CATTLE DRIvES Cattle from Slesvig were introduced onto Lolland and Falster by 1750. Cattle were driven overland during 1800 to 1840 for feeding on Funen and Sjaelland, and to supply milk for Copenhagen. Cows from the Angel peninsula in South Slesvig were favored but later were considered small. Larger cattle from the marsh district near Ballum and around Tonder in southwestern Slesvig were driven across Funen to Sjaelland in 1840 to 1863. This province was lost to Prussia in 1864, and restored by plebiscite on July 10, 1920. The popular Kristoffer bull line descended from these cattle. Anthony wrote: "As these droves of cattle passed thru Funen and the other islands, the drovers had stopping places along the way to rest and feed them. This . . . resulted in the buyer . . . selling an unusually good cow to some friendly farmer." Newborn calves were left along the route. Farmers became dissatisfied with poorer native cattle. These districts are shown in Figure 18.1. OoRUPGAARD FARM E. L. Anthony studied development of the Red Danish Milk Breed. E. Tesdorpf took over Ourupgaard Farm on South Falster island in 1840, where 175 to 200 milking cows were maintained. Some 20 to 40 young Angler heifers or cows replaced native cows yearly. Tes- dorpf kept permanent milk records of each cow, and earmarks per- mitted tracing the descent after 1850 to 1860. Gradually the re- placements were homegrown, except for later herd sires. P. A. Morkeberg, state konsulent in cattle breeding, improved the marking system for Tesdorpf, and started the "Family Herd Book" in 1891 based on cows. The herd exhibited and participated in "Breeding Center" production competitions. Development was based on purchased Angler stock along with native cows. Later bulls were from the Ryslinge farm and elsewhere on Funen, with cattle descended from Ballum and Slesvig foundations. Changes in average production per cow are seen in Table 18.1. Breeding stock 392 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 1832-37 without grain in winter. When oats were added in the winter feed (1837), 68 cows averaged 77 pounds of butter. With more grain during 1838, 70 cows averaged 90 pounds of butter. CATTLE DnvES Cattle from Slesvig were introduced onto Lolland and Falster by 1750. Cattle were driven overland during 1800 to 1840 for feeding on Funen and Sjaelland, and to supply milk for Copenhagen. Cows from the Angel peninsula in South Slesvig were favored but later were considered small. Larger cattle from the marsh district near Ballum and around Tonder in southwestern Slesvig were driven across Funen to Sjaelland in 1840 to 1863. This province was lost to Prussia in 1864, and restored by plebiscite on July 10, 1920. The popular Kristoffer bull line descended from these cattle. Anthony wrote: "As these droves of cattle passed thru Funen and the other islands, the drovers had stopping places along the way to rest and feed them. This . . . resulted in the buyer . . . selling an unusually good cow to some friendly farmer." Newborn calves were left along the route. Farmers became dissatisfied with poorer native cattle. These districts are shown in Figure 18.1. OURUPGAARD FARM E. L. Anthony studied development of the Red Danish Milk Breed. E. Tesdorpf took over Ourupgaard Farm on South Falster island in 1840, where 175 to 200 milking cows were maintained. Some 20 to 40 young Angler heifers or cows replaced native cows yearly. Tes- dorpf kept permanent milk records of each cow, and earmarks per- mitted tracing the descent after 1850 to 1860. Gradually the re- placements were homegrown, except for later herd sires. P. A. Morkeberg, state konsulent in cattle breeding, improved the marking system for Tesdorpf, and started the "Family Herd Book" in 1891 based on cows. The herd exhibited and participated in "Breeding Center" production competitions. Development was based on purchased Angler stock along with native cows. Later bulls were from the Ryslinge farm and elsewhere on Funen, with cattle descended from Ballum and Slesvig foundations. Changes in average production per cow are seen in Table 18.1. Breeding stock 392 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 1832-37 without grain in winter. When oats were added in the winter feed (1837), 68 cows averaged 77 pounds of butter. With more grain during 1838, 70 cows averaged 90 pounds of butter. CATTLE DRmvES Cattle from Slesvig were introduced onto Lolland and Falster by 1750. Cattle were driven overland during 1800 to 1840 for feeding on Funen and Sjaelland, and to supply milk for Copenhagen. Cows from the Angel peninsula in South Slesvig were favored but later were considered small. Larger cattle from the marsh district near Ballum and around Tonder in southwestern Slesvig were driven across Funen to Sjaelland in 1840 to 1863. This province was lost to Prussia in 1864, and restored by plebiscite on July 10, 1920. The popular Kristoffer bull line descended from these cattle. Anthony wrote: "As these droves of cattle passed thru Funen and the other islands, the drovers had stopping places along the way to rest and feed them. This . . . resulted in the buyer . . . selling an unusually good cow to some friendly farmer." Newborn calves were left along the route. Farmers became dissatisfied with poorer native cattle. These districts are shown in Figure 18.1. OURUPGAARD FARM E. L. Anthony studied development of the Red Danish Milk Breed. E. Tesdorpf took over Ourupgaard Farm on South Falster island in 1840, where 175 to 200 milking cows were maintained. Some 20 to 40 young Angler heifers or cows replaced native cows yearly. Tes- dorpf kept permanent milk records of each cow, and earmarks per- mitted tracing the descent after 1850 to 1860. Gradually the re- placements were homegrown, except for later herd sires. P. A. Morkeberg, state konsulent in cattle breeding, improved the marking system for Tesdorpf, and started the "Family Herd Book" in 1891 based on cows. The herd exhibited and participated in "Breeding Center" production competitions. Development was based on purchased Angler stock along with native cows. Later bulls were from the Ryslinge farm and elsewhere on Funen, with cattle descended from Ballum and Slesvig foundations. Changes in average production per cow are seen in Table 18.1. Breeding stock  fled Dansh in Denmark 393 sold from the herd influenced many Red Danish cattle. Forty-five of the first 77 bulls of the Lollansd-Falster Heed Book traced to this herd, aod 48 of the 253 rows io the Cow Herd Book, tome 866 hulls and 360 females were sold as hreeding animals from 1875 to 1921. Other herds important in development of the Red Danish Milh Red Danish in Denmark 393 sold from the herd influenced many Red Danish cattl. Forty-five of the first 77 hulls of the Lolland-Falster Heed Book traced to this herd, and 48 of the 253 cows in the Cow Herd Book. Some 866 bulls and 369 females were sold as breeding animals from 1875 to 1921. Other herds important in development of the Red Danish Milk Red Danish in Denmark 393 sold from the herd influenced many Red Danish rattle. Forty-five of the first 77 bulls of the Lolland-Falster Herd Book traced to this herd, and 48 of the 253 cows in the Cow Herd Book. Some 866 hulls and 369 females wre sold as breeding animals from 1875 to 1921. Other herds important in development of the Red Danish Milk ANGELN OLN ASE pp SCILSWI CLESWIG FIGT. 18.1. The hlack-and-swhite Jutland hreed originated on the sanland. The Red Dmnish Milh breed seas develoed on the islmnds from crosses of natisv0 cattle weith animsals irom the Anget penisultoa, large Ballums cattle frost the Tonder district, ood elsewehere. The boundary between Jutland andGermany has hers changed hy sears and aetlebisite. p CLESWIG d FIG. 18.1. The black-and-sehitc Jutland breed originated on the mainland. The Red Danish Milk breed weas developed on the islmnds from crosses of notive cattle seith animals from the Anget peninsula, targr Battom cattlr from the Tonder distrirt, and rlsewehere. The boundary betseen Jutland and Grmany has been changed hy sears and a plebisite. S1CttLES J' FIG. t8.1. The black-and-sehite Jutland breed originated on the maindand. The Red Danish Milk breed seas developed son the islands from crosser of notice cattte seith animals from the Angel peninsula, ar Blalloom rattle fros tshe Tonder ditirt, and elsesehee. The boandary hetseeno Jutland and Germany has hero changed by sears and a plebiscite.  394 DA IRY CATTLE BREEDS Breed, cited by Anthony, included the Ryslinge herd founded in 1840, the Braenderupgaard herd (1865-1915), Birkelund, and Lem- berg herd, all on Funen. Prominent foundation herds or centers on Sjaelland included Kolle Kolle (1892- ), a group of small breeders at the Tjustrup Center, and the Holsinge district herds. Some es- tates supplied breeding animals. Small farmers gave more attention to individual cattle, feeding, and management. Some authorities believe that cooperative use of bulls led small herds to more rapid TABLE 18.1 AVERAGE PRODUCTION OF COWS IN THE OORcAsARD HED, 1841-1921 Year numberofcows Milk (lbs.) Fat test (%) 1841-51 202 3,213 1851-61 209 3,852 1861-71 219 5,082 1871-81 230 5,914 1881-91 249 5,596 1891-1901 294 5,573 1901-11 515 6,190 3.34 1911-14 6,630 3.45 1914-18 545 5,685 3.53 1918-21 6,730 3.57 a. Nejsemhed and Skevlykkegaard farms were purchased in 1901. advances than on large estates. More feed crops were grown; cows were fed more liberally; and management was improved. In addi- tion, interest in production records increased. These measures speeded breed improvement. Few Angler cattle were brought in after 1890. Improved feeding and management allowed cows to show their ability in proportion to hereditary capacity. Governmental and co- operative agencies worked together to improve the breed. DANISH BUTTER ExPORTs Consul Ryder believed that increased feeding around 1870 influ- enced milk yields and yearly butterfat production and butter ex- ports, which were as follows: 394 DAIR Y CATTLE BREEDS Breed, cited by Anthony, included the Ryslinge herd founded in 1840, the Braenderupgaard herd (1865-1915), Birkelund, and Lem- berg herd, all on Funen. Prominent foundation herds or centers on Sjaelland included Kolle Kolle (1892- ), a group of small breeders at the Tjustrup Center, and the Holsinge district herds. Some es- tates supplied breeding animals. Small farmers gave more attention to individual cattle, feeding, and management. Some authorities believe that cooperative use of bulls led small herds to more rapid TABLE 18.1 AVERAoE PRODUcTION OF COwS IN THE OURUPGAARD HERD, 1841-1921 Years num er f cows Milk (lb..) Fat test() 394 DA IR Y CATTLE BR E BS Breed, cited by Anthony, included the Ryslinge herd founded in 1840, the Braenderupgaard herd (1865-1915), Birkelmd, and Lem- berg herd, all on Funen. Prominent foundation herds or centers on Sjaelland included Kolle Kolle (1892- ), a group of small breeders at the Tiustrup Center, and the Holsinge district herds. Some es- tates supplied breeding animals. Small farmers gave more attention to individual cattle, feeding, and management. Some authorities believe that cooperative use of bulls led small herds to more rapid TABLE 18.1 AVERAGE PRODUCTION OF COwS IN THE OoUocAARD HERD, 1841-1921 Years num er a cows Milk (lbs.) Fat test (%) 1841-51 1851-61 1861-71 1871-81 1881-91 1891-1901 1901-11 1911-14 1914-18 1918-21 202 3,213 209 3,852 219 5,082 230 5,914 249 5,596 294 5,573 515 6,190 6,630 545 5,685 6,730 1841-51 1851-61 1861-71 1871-81 1881-91 1891-1901 3.34 1901-11 3.45 1911-14 3.53 1914-18 3.57 1918-21 202 3,213 209 3,852 219 5,082 230 5,914 249 5,596 294 5,573 515 6,190 6,630 545 5,685 6,730 3.34 3.45 3.53 3.57 a. Nejsemhed and Skevlykkegaard farms were purchased in 1901. advances than on large estates. More feed crops were grown; cows were fed more liberally; and management was improved. In addi- tion, interest in production records increased. These measures speeded breed improvement. Few Angler cattle were brought in after 1890. Improved feeding and management allowed cows to show their ability in proportion to hereditary capacity. Governmental and co- operative agencies worked together to improve the breed. DANISH BUTTER ExPORTS Consul Ryder believed that increased feeding around 1870 influ- enced milk yields and yearly butterfat production and butter ex- ports, which were as follows: a. Nejsemhed and Skevlykkegaard farns were purchased in 1901. advances than on large estates. More feed crops were grown; cows were fed more liberally; and management was improved. In addi- tion, interest in production records increased. These measures speeded breed improvement. Few Angler cattle were brought in after 1890. Improved feeding and management allowed cows to show their ability in proportion to hereditary capacity. Governmental and co- operative agencies worked together to improve the breed. DANISH BUTrER ExPoRTs Consul Ryder believed that increased feeding around 1870 influ- enced milk yields and yearly butterfat production and butter ex- ports, which were as follows: 1866 67,305 cwt. butter 1870 127,013 cwt. butter 1875 206,171 cwt. butter 1880 300,157 cwt. butter 1883 353,584 cwt. butter 1866 67,305 cwt. butter 1870 127,013 cwt. butter 1875 206,171 cwt. butter 1880 300,157 cwt. butter 1883 353,584 cwt. butter 1866 67,305 cwt. butter 1870 127,013 cwt. butter 1875 206,171 cwt. butter 1880 300,157 cwt. butter 1883 353,584 cwt. butter  Red Danish in Denmark 395 He believed Danish cattle had developed through improvement of Angler cattle to weigh 900 to 1,050 pounds at maturity. Young bulls weighed 1,200 to 1,400 pounds. Ryder estimated that cows yielded 6,500 pounds of milk with many exceeding 8,000 and some over 10,000 pounds of milk yearly. FARMERS' ASSEMBLIES AT AGRICULTURAL SHows Probably the first cattle show in Denmark was held in 1810. They were more systematical after 1845 with classes and premiums for different kinds of cattle. The Landmandsforsamling or general as- sembly for farmers was held at Randers, Jutland, with the show in 1845. Many of the 94 cattle competing were auctioned later. General farmers' assemblies were held during the shows at Odense in Funen in 1846; at Aarhus, Jutland, in 1847, and Copen- hagen, Sjaelland, in 1852. Discussions at these assemblies considered improving native cattle with foreign blood, and other subjects. A Shorthorn bull came to Ejderstadt in Slesvig in 1843. Island farmers, however, decided on developing a red milk breed. The largest movements of red Angler cattle were from 1841 until the Slesvig war in 1863. Red cattle from northern Slesvig were sold at markets to small farmers. The show at Aarhus in 1866 had eight classes for pure Jutland cattle (black-and-white), four for Anglers, two mixed classes, one class each for Slesvig, Ayrshire, Spanish, mixed Slesvig, and mixed Ayrshire-Angler cattle. By 1873 cattle at many shows on the islands were mainly of red color. RECOGNITION OF RED DANISH CATrTLE The name "Angler or Red Danish Cattle of Pure Race" was applied at the 14th Farmers' Assembly and at the Svendberg show on Funen in 1878. Later shows had classes for Red Danish Milk Cattle. Shows favored rapid improvement in type. Anthony regarded 1845 to 1885 as the great molding period in development of the Red Danish Milk Breed on a native foundation. He wrote: "The three prominent breeds which really left an influ- ence was first of all the Angler, in sections of Lolland-Falster and Sjaelland, and to a certain extent in South Funen, with the Ballum Red Danish in Denmark 395 He believed Danish cattle had developed through improvement of Angler cattle to weigh 900 to 1,050 pounds at maturity. Young bulls weighed 1,200 to 1,400 pounds. Ryder estimated that cows yielded 6,500 pounds of milk with many exceeding 8,000 and some over 10,000 pounds of milk yearly. FARMERS' ASSEMBLIES AT AGRICULTURAL SHOwS Probably the first cattle show in Denmark was held in 1810. They were more systematical after 1845 with classes and premiums for different kinds of cattle. The Landmandsforsamling or general as- sembly for farmers was held at Randers, Jutland, with the show in 1845. Many of the 94 cattle competing were auctioned later. General farmers' assemblies were held during the shows at Odense in Funen in 1846; at Aarhus, Jutland, in 1847, and Copen- hagen, Sjaelland, in 1852. Discussions at these assemblies considered improving native cattle with foreign blood, and other subjects. A Shorthorn bull came to Ejderstadt in Slesvig in 1843. Island farmers, however, decided on developing a red milk breed. The largest movements of red Angler cattle were from 1841 until the Slesvig war in 1863. Red cattle from northern Slesvig were sold at markets to small farmers. The show at Aarhus in 1866 had eight classes for pure Jutland cattle (black-and-white), four for Anglers, two mixed classes, one class each for Slesvig, Ayrshire, Spanish, mixed Slesvig, and mixed Ayrshire-Angler cattle. By 1873 cattle at many shows on the islands were mainly of red color. RECOGNIrION OF RID DANISH CATTLE The name "Angler or Red Danish Cattle of Pure Race" was applied at the 14th Farmers' Assembly and at the Svendberg show on Funen in 1878. Later shows had classes for Red Danish Milk Cattle. Shows favored rapid improvement in type. Anthony regarded 1845 to 1885 as the great molding period in development of the Red Danish Milk Breed on a native foundation. He wrote: "The three prominent breeds which really left an influ- ence was first of all the Angler, in sections of Lolland-Falster and Sjaelland, and to a certain extent in South Funen, with the Ballum Red Danish in Denmark 395 He believed Danish cattle had developed through improvement of Angler cattle to weigh 900 to 1,050 pounds at maturity. Young bulls weighed 1,200 to 1,400 pounds. Ryder estimated that cows yielded 6,500 pounds of milk with many exceeding 8,000 and some over 10,000 pounds of milk yearly. FARMERS' ASSEMBLIES T ATGRICULTURAL SHOwS Probably the first cattle show in Denmark was held in 1810. They were more systematical after 1845 with classes and premiums for different kinds of cattle. The Landmandsforsamling or general as- sembly for farmers was held at Randers, Jutland, with the show in 1845. Many of the 94 cattle competing were auctioned later. General farmers' assemblies were held during the shows at Odense in Funen in 1846; at Aarhus, Jutland, in 1847, and Copen- hagen, Sjaelland, in 1852. Discussions at these assemblies considered improving native cattle with foreign blood, and other subjects. A Shorthorn bull came to Ejderstadt in Slesvig in 1843. Island farmers, however, decided on developing a red milk breed. The largest movements of red Angler cattle were from 1841 until the Slesvig war in 1863. Red cattle from northern Slesvig were sold at markets to small farmers. The show at Aarhus in 1866 had eight classes for pure Jutland cattle (black-and-white), four for Anglers, two mixed classes, one class each for Slesvig, Ayrshire, Spanish, mixed Slesvig, and mixed Ayrshire-Angler cattle. By 1873 cattle at many shows on the islands were mainly of red color. RECOGNITION OF Re DANISH CATTLE The name "Angler or Red Danish Cattle of Pure Race" was applied at the 14th Farmers' Assembly and at the Svendberg show on Funen in 1878. Later shows had classes for Red Danish Milk Cattle. Shows favored rapid improvement in type. Anthony regarded 1845 to 1885 as the great molding period in development of the Red Danish Milk Breed on a native foundation. He wrote: "The three prominent breeds which really left an influ- ence was first of all the Angler, in sections of Lolland-Falster and Sjaelland, and to a certain extent in South Funen, with the Ballum  396 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS cattle having the greater influence in North Funen and the northern part of Sjaelland, and the North Slesvig ... closely akin to the first two, having a prominent part also in Funen and Sjaelland and to a lesser extent in Lolland-Falster." Although Ayrshire, Breitenberger, Brown Swiss, Shorthorn, and Tyrol cattle were used to a limited extent, their influence was largely lost. Red Danish Milk Cattle were recognized generally by 1885. UNITED STATES CONSULAR REPORTS United States Consul Ryder reported to the State Department in 1883: "Denmark possesses two breeds of cattle, namely the Red Danish and the Black Spotted Jutland. The first named constitute the cattle herds of the islands, as also those of a few districts in the southern part of Jutland, whilst the Black Spotted are to be found throughout all the Jutland districts." Some Shorthorn cattle survived and spread in southwestern Jut- land. Angler cattle developed in Schleswig (Slesvig). The cows were a red-brown color and weighed 750 to 900 pounds. They yielded 2,200 to 3,000 quarts of milk yearly. Selected cows in Saxony during 1877 to 1881 yielded an average of 2,939 quarts yearly. Consul Ryder wrote that Angler cattle were smaller than those on Funen. Importance of Angler cattle was shown from the census of bulls. 396 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDs cattle having the greater influence in North Funen and the northern part of Sjaelland, and the North Slesvig ... closely akin to the first two, having a prominent part also in Funen and Sjaelland and to a lesser extent in Lolland-Falster." Although Ayrshire, Breitenberger, Brown Swiss, Shorthorn, and Tyrol cattle were used to a limited extent, their influence was largely lost. Red Danish Milk Cattle were recognized generally by 1885. UNITED STATES CONSULAR REPORTS United States Consul Ryder reported to the State Department in 1893: "Denmark possesses two breeds of cattle, namely the Red Danish and the Black Spotted Jutland. The first named constitute the cattle herds of the islands, as also those of a few districts in the southern part of Jutland, whilst the Black Spotted are to be found throughout all the Jutland districts." Some Shorthorn cattle survived and spread in southwestern Jut- land. Angler cattle developed in Schleswig (Slesvig). The cows were a red-brown color and weighed 750 to 900 pounds. They yielded 2,200 to 3,000 quarts of milk yearly. Selected cows in Saxony during 1877 to 1881 yielded an average of 2,939 quarts yearly. Consul Ryder wrote that Angler cattle were smaller than those on Funen. Importance of Angler cattle was shown from the census of bulls. 396 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS cattle having the greater influence in North Funen and the northern part of Sjaelland, and the North Slesvig ... closely akin to the first two, having a prominent part also in Funen and Sjaelland and to a lesser extent in Lolland-Falster." Although Ayrshire, Breitenberger, Brown Swiss, Shorthorn, and Tyrol cattle were used to a limited extent, their influence was largely lost. Red Danish Milk Cattle were recognized generally by 1885. UNITED STATES CONSULAR REPORTS United States Consul Ryder reported to the State Department in 1883: "Denmark possesses two breeds of cattle, namely the Red Danish and the Black Spotted Jutland. The first named constitute the cattle herds of the islands, as also those of a few districts in the southern part of Jutland, whilst the Black Spotted are to be found throughout all the Jutland districts." Some Shorthorn cattle survived and spread in southwestern Jut- land. Angler cattle developed in Schleswig (Slesvig). The cows were a red-brown color and weighed 750 to 900 pounds. They yielded 2,200 to 3,000 quarts of milk yearly. Selected cows in Saxony during 1877 to 1881 yielded an average of 2,939 quarts yearly. Consul Ryder wrote that Angler cattle were smaller than those on Funen. Importance of Angler cattle was shown from the census of bulls. Year 1866 1871 1876 Island provinces Angler bulls Native bulls 1,981 10,894 1,961 7,907 2,388 7,091 Jutland Angler bulls Native bulls 266 4,833 266 4.208 300 4 376 Year 1866 1871 1876 Island provinces Angler bulls Native bulls 1,981 10,894 1,961 7,907 2.388 7.091 Jutland Angler bulls Native bulls 266 4,833 266 4.208 300 4.376 Year 1866 1871 1876 Island provinces Angler bulls Native bulls 1,981 10,894 1,961 7,907 2.388 7.091 Jutland Angler bulls Native bulls 266 4.833 266 4,208 300 4.376 DANISH CATTLE SHOws L. Hansen Larsen stated: "The cattle shows may be characterized as our oldest existing measure for the furtherance of cattle breed- ing." Cattle shows originated in the British Isles but were modified in Denmark. The Agricultural Society of Randers, Jutland, awarded prizes on conformation to bulls at its first show in 1810. The first government Act of Breeding of Domestic Animals in 1852 appro- priated $4,000 as premiums for livestock at shows. These efforts DANISH CATrLE SHows L. Hansen Larsen stated: "The cattle shows may be characterized as our oldest existing measure for the furtherance of cattle breed- ing." Cattle shows originated in the British Isles but were modified in Denmark. The Agricultural Society of Randers, Jutland, awarded prizes on conformation to bulls at its first show in 1810. The first government Act of Breeding of Domestic Animals in 1852 appro- priated $4,000 as premiums for livestock at shows. These efforts DANISH CATTLE SHows L. Hansen Larsen stated: "The cattle shows may be characterized as our oldest existing measure for the furtherance of cattle breed- ing." Cattle shows originated in the British Isles but were modified in Denmark. The Agricultural Society of Randers, Jutland, awarded prizes on conformation to bulls at its first show in 1810. The first government Act of Breeding of Domestic Animals in 1852 appro- priated $4,000 as premiums for livestock at shows. These efforts  Red Danish in Denmark 397 encouraged local enterprise with premium moneys in proportion to local contributions. Improvement of livestock was encouraged through educational features at the shows. The scale of points for judging cattle at the Soree County Farmers Economic Society show in 1852 was as follows: Red Danish in Denmark 397 encouraged local enterprise with premium moneys in proportion to local contributions. Improvement of livestock was encouraged through educational features at the shows. The scale of points for judging cattle at the Soree County Farmers Economic Society show in 1852 was as follows: Red Danish in Denmark 397 encouraged local enterprise with premium moneys in proportion to local contributions. Improvement of livestock was encouraged through educational features at the shows. The scale of points for judging cattle at the Soree County Farmers Economic Society show in 1852 was as follows: Guenon milk mirror, size and fineness Conformation, hide, hair, lay, head, horns, eyes, and size of animal Total 16 points 8 points 24 points Guenon milk mirror, size and fineness Conformation, hide, hair, lay, head, horns, eyes, and size of animal Total 16 points 8 points 24 points Guenon milk mirror, size and rineness Conformation, hide, hair, lay, head, horns, eyes, and size of animal Total 16 points 8 points 24 points The proprietor of the Ourupgaard herd went before the Farmers' Assembly in 1869 to object to so much emphasis on the es- cutcheon. The government appropriated $7,300 for prizes to bulls past 3 years old at district agricultural shows in 1887. To avoid inbreed- ing, bulls often had been discarded before their daughters were of milking age. Only 371 bulls competed at district shows in 1887, as compared with 1,200 bulls at state shows in 1908. The first show for young stock was held in 1892 to encourage greater uniformity in animals. Young stock shows became impor- tant for purchase and sale of breeding animals. Provincial shows began in 1892. Before 1900, production records from milk recording societies replaced opinions concerning udder, teats, and milk veins as indications of milking capacity. GOvERNMENT PROVISIONS FOR SHOws The Law of 1902 increased government grants for prizes at State Shows to $18,280. If prize money was accepted, the owner was ob- ligated to retain the bull in service until the following May. Bulls 5 years old or over were judged upon the character of daughters and sons examined at the owners' farms before the show. The number of progeny varied with age of the bull, as follows: Age of bull Length of service in district Progeny over 1 year old shown 3 years 5years 2% years 10 6 years 3 years 12* 7 years 4 years 14** *Three must be yearlings. **Four must be yearlings. The proprietor of the Ourupgaard herd went before the Farmers' Assembly in 1869 to object to so much emphasis on the es- cutcheon. The government appropriated $7,300 for prizes to bulls past 3 years old at district agricultural shows in 1887. To avoid inbreed- ing, bulls often had been discarded before their daughters were of milking age. Only 371 bulls competed at district shows in 1887, as compared with 1,200 bulls at state shows in 1908. The first show for young stock was held in 1892 to encourage greater uniformity in animals. Young stock shows became impor- tant for purchase and sale of breeding animals. Provincial shows began in 1892. Before 1900, production records from milk recording societies replaced opinions concerning udder, teats, and milk veins as indications of milking capacity. GOVERNMENT PROvISIONS FOR SHOws The Law of 1902 increased government grants for prizes at State Shows to $18,280. If prize money was accepted, the owner was ob- ligated to retain the bull in service until the following May. Bulls 5 years old or over were judged upon the character of daughters and sons examined at the owners' farms before the show. The number of progeny varied with age of the bull, as follows: Age of bull Length of service in district Progeny over 1 year old shown 3 years 5 years 2% years 10 6 years 3 years 12* 7 years 4 years 14"* *Three rnust be yearlings. *Four must be yearlings. The proprietor of the Ourupgaard herd went before the Farmers' Assembly in 1869 to object to so much emphasis on the es- cutcheon. The government appropriated $7,300 for prizes to bulls past 3 years old at district agricultural shows in 1887. To avoid inbreed- ing, bulls often had been discarded before their daughters were of milking age. Only 371 bulls competed at district shows in 1887, as compared with 1,200 bulls at state shows in 1908. The first show for young stock was held in 1892 to encourage greater uniformity in animals. Young stock shows became impor- tant for purchase and sale of breeding animals. Provincial shows began in 1892. Before 1900, production records from milk recording societies replaced opinions concerning udder, teats, and milk veins as indications of milking capacity. GovERNMENT PROvISIONS FOR SHOws The Law of 1902 increased government grants for prizes at State Shows to $18,280. If prize money was accepted, the owner was ob- ligated to retain the bull in service until the following May. Bulls 5 years old or over were judged upon the character of daughters and sons examined at the owners' farms before the show. The number of progeny varied with age of the bull, as follows: Age of bull Length of service in district Progeny over 1 year old shown 3 years 5 years 2% years 10 6 years 3 years 12' 7 years 4 years 14** *Three must be yearlings. "Four must be yearlings.  398 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Awards to old bulls constituted a progeny show of transmitting ability. A committee appointed by the Minister of Agriculture man- aged progeny shows, cooperating with the Agricultural Societies. Competitions between entire herds and Milk Recording Societies began in 1895. Production records have been required of all cows exhibited since 1906. The Law of 1912 specified: After the expiration of two years from the enactment of this Law, no grant shall be given for prizes for bulls of dairy breeds unless reliable information be given of the yields of milk of their dams by quantity and percentage of fat. After five years ... no grant shall be given for prizes of cows of dairy breeds unless reliable information be given of their yield of milk by quantity and by percentage of fat. This law was a minimum standard for the grant. Cows met mini- mum standards for milk yield and butterfat percentage. The gov- ernment withdrew from supervision in 1927. Over 100 shows were held in Denmark in 1930. Government grants provided about half the prize moneys, supplemented by the societies. By 1954 about 2,000 bulls and 13,000 cows and heifers were awarded prizes an- nually at shows. Bulls under 5 years old were awarded prizes as first, second, third, or fourth class bulls for conformation and for "pedigree." The pedigree points were given for conformation scores of parents and production records of ancestry in the first four generations, with more points given to sire and dam than to earlier generations. Bulls were divided into two groups. A bull 4 to 5 years old might earn prizes for conformation and for progeny. Yields of daughters were considered with bulls past 6 years old. Rules differed for bulls in natural use, and those in artificial service. Herds of 6 to 8 cows or more might exhibit an individual cow; 3 cows represented herds up to 30 cows; 4 cows for herds of 31 to 50 cows; etc. Separate prizes were given for conformation and for pro- duction. Prizes for heifers were not based on size of the herds repre- sented. 398 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS Awards to old bulls constituted a progeny show of transmitting ability. A committee appointed by the Minister of Agriculture man- aged progeny shows, cooperating with the Agricultural Societies. Competitions between entire herds and Milk Recording Societies began in 1895. Production records have been required of all cows exhibited since 1906. The Law of 1912 specified: After the expiration of two years from the enactment of this Law, no grant shall be given for prizes for bulls of dairy breeds unless reliable information be given of the yields of milk of their dams by quantity and percentage of fat. After five years ... no grant shall be given for prizes of cows of dairy breeds unless reliable information be given of their yield of milk by quantity and by percentage of fat. This law was a minimum standard for the grant. Cows met mini- mum standards for milk yield and butterfat percentage. The gov- ernment withdrew from supervision in 1927. Over 100 shows were held in Denmark in 1930. Government grants provided about half the prize moneys, supplemented by the societies. By 1954 about 2,000 bulls and 13,000 cows and heifers were awarded prizes an- nually at shows. Bulls under 5 years old were awarded prizes as first, second, third, or fourth class bulls for conformation and for "pedigree." The pedigree points were given for conformation scores of parents and production records of ancestry in the first four generations, with more points given to sire and dam than to earlier generations. Bulls were divided into two groups. A bull 4 to 5 years old might earn prizes for conformation and for progeny. Yields of daughters were considered with bulls past 6 years old. Rules differed for bulls in natural use, and those in artificial service. Herds of 6 to 8 cows or more might exhibit an individual cow; 3 cows represented herds up to 30 cows; 4 cows for herds of 31 to 50 cows; etc. Separate prizes were given for conformation and for pro- duction. Prizes for heifers were not based on size of the herds repre- sented. 398 DAIR Y CATTLE BREEDS Awards to old bulls constituted a progeny show of transmitting ability. A committee appointed by the Minister of Agriculture man- aged progeny shows, cooperating with the Agricultural Societies. Competitions between entire herds and Milk Recording Societies began in 1895. Production records have been required of all cows exhibited since 1906. The Law of 1912 specified: After the expiration of two years from the enactment of this Law, no grant shall be given for prizes for bulls of dairy breeds unless reliable information be given of the yields of milk of their dams by quantity and percentage of fat. After five years ... no grant shall be given for prizes of cows of dairy breeds unless reliable information be given of their yield of milk by quantity and by percentage of fat. This law was a minimum standard for the grant. Cows met mini- mum standards for milk yield and butterfat percentage. The gov- ernment withdrew from supervision in 1927. Over 100 shows were held in Denmark in 1930. Government grants provided about half the prize moneys, supplemented by the societies. By 1954 about 2,000 bulls and 13,000 cows and heifers were awarded prizes an- nually at shows. Bulls under 5 years old were awarded prizes as first, second, third, or fourth class bulls for conformation and for "pedigree." The pedigree points were given for conformation scores of parents and production records of ancestry in the first four generations, with more points given to sire and dam than to earlier generations. Bulls were divided into two groups. A bull 4 to 5 years old might earn prizes for conformation and for progeny. Yields of daughters were considered with bulls past 6 years old. Rules differed for bulls in natural use, and those in artificial service. Herds of 6 to 8 cows or more might exhibit an individual cow; 3 cows represented herds up to 30 cows; 4 cows for herds of 31 to 50 cows; etc. Separate prizes were given for conformation and for pro- duction. Prizes for heifers were not based on size of the herds repre- sented.  Red Danish in Denmark 399 EVALUATION OF PRODUCTION RECORDS Average production records of each cow shown formerly were com- puted to "butter" by formula, based on milk yield, the fat percent- age minus 0.15, and the amount divided by 86. A cow must have produced at least 150 kilograms of butter, with 3.7 percent butter- fat in her milk. More points were earned with higher yields and butterfat percentages, thus: Butterfat Fat Points (kg.) (percent) 170 3.9 180 4.0 2 190 4.1 3 200 4.2 4 More butterfat and a higher fat test earned additional points at the same increasing rate. An age conversion factor of 20 kilograms of butterfat was added to a record begun under 2 years 9 months of age, and 10 kilograms in the second lactation. If the first lactation began after 2 years 9 months, 10 kilograms of fat were added only once. Cows with 4, 5, or 6 lactations received 1, 2, or 3 points in ree- ognition of longevity. Points for all cows shown were added and prize groups divided as follows: A 12.0-point average rated First Prize class; 9- to 11.9-point average rated Second Prize class; 6- to 8.9-point average rated Third Prize class; and 3- to 5.9-point aver- age rated Fourth Prize class. Uniformity of animals as to size, conformation, breed type, and mammary development was considered important within groups. Separate prizes were awarded for conformation and for pedigree to each individual from a small herd, or to groups from larger herds. Bulls past 5 years old received a prize only according to the merits of their progeny. The last government-sponsored national show was held in 1900. The federated local societies sponsored provincial shows. The fed- erated local societies held an agricultural exposition at Bellahoj in 1938 celebrating 150 years of liberation from serfdom. Cattle were exhibited from every province. A Red Danish bull at this show is shown in Figure 18.2. Larsen commented on the influence of shows: "The cattle shows have contributed very materially to the improvement of the con- Red Danish in Denmark 399 EvALUATION OF PRODUCTION RECORDs Average production records of each cow shown formerly were com- puted to "butter" by formula, based on milk yield, the fat percent- age minus 0.15, and the amount divided by 86. A cow must have produced at least 150 kilograms of butter, with 3.7 percent butter- fat in her milk. More points were earned with higher yields and butterfat percentages, thus: Butterfat Fat Points (kg.) (percent) 170 3.9 1 180 4.0 2 190 4.1 3 200 4.2 4 More butterfat and a higher fat test earned additional points at the same increasing rate. An age conversion factor of 20 kilograms of butterfat was added to a record begun under 2 years 9 months of age, and 10 kilograms in the second lactation. If the first lactation began after 2 years 9 months, 10 kilograms of fat were added only once. Cows with 4, 5, or 6 lactations received 1, 2, or 3 points in ree- ognition of longevity. Points for all cows shown were added and prize groups divided as follows: A 12.0-point average rated First Prize class; 9- to 11.9-point average rated Second Prize class; 6- to 8.9-point average rated Third Prize class; and 3- to 5.9-point aver- age rated Fourth Prize class. Uniformity of animals as to size, conformation, breed type, and mammary development was considered important within groups. Separate prizes were awarded for conformation and for pedigree to each individual from a small herd, or to groups from larger herds. Bulls past 5 years old received a prize only according to the merits of their progeny. The last government-sponsored national show was held in 1900. The federated local societies sponsored provincial shows. The fed- erated local societies held an agricultural exposition at Bellahoj in 1938 celebrating 150 years of liberation from serfdom. Cattle were exhibited from every province. A Red Danish bull at this show is shown in Figure 18.2. Larsen commented on the influence of shows: "The cattle shows have contributed very materially to the improvement of the con- Red Danish in Denmark 399 EvALUATION OF PRODUCTION RECORDS Average production records of each cow shown formerly were com- puted to "butter" by formula, based on milk yield, the fat percent- age minus 0.15, and the amount divided by 86. A cow must have produced at least 150 kilograms of butter, with 3.7 percent butter- fat in her milk. More points were earned with higher yields and butterfat percentages, thus: Butterfat Fat Points (kg.) (percent) 170 3.9 1 180 4.0 2 190 4.1 3 200 4.2 4 More butterfat and a higher fat test earned additional points at the same increasing rate. An age conversion factor of 20 kilograms of butterfat was added to a record begun under 2 years 9 months of age, and 10 kilograms in the second lactation. If the first lactation began after 2 years 9 months, 10 kilograms of fat were added only once. Cows with 4, 5, or 6 lactations received 1, 2, or 3 points in ree- ognition of longevity. Points for all cows shown were added and prize groups divided as follows: A 12.0-point average rated First Prize class; 9- to 11.9-point average rated Second Prize class; 6- to 8.9-point average rated Third Prize class; and 3- to 5.9-point aver- age rated Fourth Prize class. Uniformity of animals as to size, conformation, breed type, and mammary development was considered important within groups. Separate prizes were awarded for conformation and for pedigree to each individual from a small herd, or to groups from larger herds. Bulls past 5 years old received a prize only according to the merits of their progeny. The last government-sponsored national show was held in 1900. The federated local societies sponsored provincial shows. The fed- erated local societies held an agricultural exposition at Bellahoj in 1938 celebrating 150 years of liberation from serfdom. Cattle were exhibited from every province. A Red Danish bull at this show is shown in Figure 18.2. Larsen commented on the influence of shows: "The cattle shows have contributed very materially to the improvement of the con-  400 DA IRY CATTLE BREEDS formation of Danish cattle.... The highly prized bull, born 1886. is tall and coarse of forequarters, soft of back and light of hind- quarters, while the highly prized bull, born 1932, has a far better back line, and deeper and stronger hindquarters." PRODUCTION RECORDS AND MILK RECORDING SOCIETIES An estate-owner offered prizes in 1833 for herds on Soroe or Sjael- land that produced milk especially high in butterfat. Milk was re- corded from individual cows on Ourupgaard Farm since 1841. Other large herds kept production records later. N. Jacobsen, a Jut- land farmer, devised a churn test in 1877, as did N. J. Fjord in 1879. The Gerber butterfat test superceded these in butter factories in the 1890s. Several farmers discussed producing ability of cows in the folk school teacher's home in Askov. His wife, Mrs. Annine Hansen, sug- gested that they employ a "Control Assistant" to record the yield and feed consumption of individual cows. Subsequently, 12 farmers owning about 300 cows organized the Vejen and Omega Society on January 24, 1895. They employed Emil Konradi as so- 400 D AIRY CA TTLE BRE EDS formation of Danish cattle.... The highly prized bull, born 1886. is tall and coarse of forequarters, soft of back and light of hind- quarters, while the highly prized bull, born 1932, has a far better back line, and deeper and stronger hindquarters." PRODUCTION RECORDS AND MILK RECORDING SOCIETIEs An estate-owner offered prizes in 1833 for herds on Soroe or Sjael- land that produced milk especially high in butterfat. Milk was re- corded from individual cows on Ournpgaard Farm since 1841. Other large herds kept production records later. N. Jacobsen, a Jut- land farmer, devised a churn test in 1877, as did N. J. Fjord in 1879. The Gerber butterfat test superceded these in butter factories in the 1890s. Several farmers discussed producing ability of cows in the folk school teacher's home in Askov. His wife, Mrs. Annine Hansen, sug- gested that they employ a "Control Assistant" to record the yield and feed consumption of individual cows. Subsequently, 12 farmers owning about 300 cows organized the Vejen and Omega Society on January 24, 1895. They employed Emil Konradi as so- 400 DAI IRY CATTLE BREEDS formation of Danish cattle.... The highly prized bull, born 1886. is tall and coarse of forequarters, soft of back and light of hind- quarters, while the highly prized bull, born 1932, has a far better back line, and deeper and stronger hindquarters." PRODUCTION RECORDS AND MILK RECORDING SOCIETIES An estate-owner offered prizes in 1833 for herds on Soroe or Sjael- land that produced milk especially high in butterfat. Milk was re- corded from individual cows on Ournpgaard Farm since 1841. Other large herds kept production records later. N. Jacobsen, a Jut- land farner, devised a churn test in 1877, as did N. J. Fjord in 1879. The Gerber butterfat test superceded these in butter factories in the 1890s. Several farmers discussed producing ability of cows in the folk school teacher's home in Askov. His wife, Mrs. Annine Hansen, sug- gested that they employ a "Control Assistant" to record the yield and feed consumption of individual cows. Subsequently, 12 farmers owning about 300 cows organized the Vejen and Omega Society on January 24, 1895. They employed Emil Konradi as so- FIG. 18.2. This typical Red Danish bull was exhibited in 1938 at the agricul- tural exposition at Bellahoi. FIG. 18.2. This typical Red Danish bull was exhibited in 1938 at the agricul- tural exposition at Bellahoj. FIG. 18.2. This typical Red Danish bull was exhibited in 1938 at the agricul- tural exposition at Bellahoj.  Red Danish in Denmark 401 pervisor to begin work May 1. Milk samples were taken regularly and tested for butterfat by the method devised by Dr. Nicholas Gerber of Zurich, Switzerland, in 1888. The Brst Control Society desired to develop cow families that would produce much milk with a high percentage of butterfat. By 1958, 1,721 milk control societies operated in Denmark. More cows were under test on Funen than in other parts of the country. Other countries patterned after this Brst society. King Christian X con- ferred the title "Knight of the Danish Flag" upon Emil Konradi for his pioneer leadership. The Law of 1902 on Breeding of Domestic Animals granted over $32,000 toward milk control societies with this provision: "The so- ciety shall have for its aim to make dairy farming more profitable, by examining into the feeding of the individual cows and their yield of milk by quantity and quality and to help to form strains of dairy cattle producing a higher yield of butter." The Law of 1912 set the maximum grant at $50 to a society of at least ten members with 200 cows. In return, each society submitted an annual report to the provincial Federation of Agricultural So- cieties listing all cows with their birth dates, sire and dam, milk yield, average fat percentage, feed consumption calculated to feed units, calving date, and identification of calf. Transmission of high butterfat test was important, as butter was the main dairy product exported. The Red Danish bull Birk, three sons, and three grandsons illus- trate the transmission of high butterfat percentage (see Table 18.2). Hermed and Thjalfe among the Birk bulls decreased the amount of milk from their daughters, but increased the fat percentage enough to increase the total butterfat yields. Danish cows under milk recording in 1899 averaged 4,322 pounds of milk and 145 pounds of butterfat. Eskedal showed that there was appreciable improvement in average milk yields and butterfat per- centages of cows under milk control. The change over 54 years is shown in Table 18.3. Better feeding, management, and improved hereditary capacity resulted in a higher average production per cow. Limited feed sup- plies reduced production in World War II. Part of the recent in- Red Danish in Denmark 401 pervisor to begin work May 1. Milk samples were taken regularly and tested for butterfat by the method devised by Dr. Nicholas Gerber of Zurich, Switzerland, in 1888. The Brst Control Society desired to develop cow families that would produce much milk with a high percentage of butterfat. By 1958, 1,721 milk control societies operated in Denmark. More cows were under test on Funen than in other parts of the country. Other countries patterned after this first society. King Christian X con- ferred the title "Knight of the Danish Flag" upon Emil Konradi for his pioneer leadership. The Law of 1902 on Breeding of Domestic Animals granted over $32,000 toward milk control societies with this provision: "The so- ciety shall have for its aim to make dairy farming more profitable, by examining into the feeding of the individual cows and their yield of milk by quantity and quality and to help to form strains of dairy cattle producing a higher yield of butter." The Law of 1912 set the maximum grant at $50 to a society of at least ten members with 200 cows. In return, each society submitted an annual report to the provincial Federation of Agricultural So- cieties listing all cows with their birth dates, sire and dam, milk yield, average fat percentage, feed consumption calculated to feed units, calving date, and identification of calf. Transmission of high butterfat test was important, as butter was the main dairy product exported. The Red Danish bull Birk, three sons, and three grandsons illus- trate the transmission of high butterfat percentage (see Table 18.2). Hermed and Thjalfe among the Birk bulls decreased the amount of milk from their daughters, but increased the fat percentage enough to increase the total butterfat yields. Danish cows under milk recording in 1899 averaged 4,322 pounds of milk and 145 pounds of butterfat. Eskedal showed that there was appreciable improvement in average milk yields and butterfat per- centages of cows under milk control. The change over 54 years is shown in Table 18.3. Better feeding, management, and improved hereditary capacity resulted in a higher average production per cow. Limited feed sup- plies reduced production in World War IL Part of the recent in- Red Danish in Denmark 401 pervisor to begin work May 1. Milk samples were taken regularly and tested for butterfat by the method devised by Dr. Nicholas Gerber of Zurich, Switzerland, in 1888. The Brst Control Society desired to develop cow families that would produce much milk with a high percentage of butterfat. By 1958, 1,721 milk control societies operated in Denmark. More cows were under test on Funen than in other parts of the country. Other countries patterned after this first society. King Christian X con- ferred the title "Knight of the Danish Flag" upon Emil Konradi for his pioneer leadership. The Law of 1902 on Breeding of Domestic Animals granted over $32,000 toward milk control societies with this provision: "The so- ciety shall have for its aim to make dairy farming more profitable, by examining into the feeding of the individual cows and their yield of milk by quantity and quality and to help to form strains of dairy cattle producing a higher yield of butter." The Law of 1912 set the maximum grant at $50 to a society of at least ten members with 200 cows. In return, each society submitted an annual report to the provincial Federation of Agricultural So- cieties listing all cows with their birth dates, sire and dam, milk yield, average fat percentage, feed consumption calculated to feed units, calving date, and identification of calf. Transmission of high butterfat test was important, as butter was the main dairy product exported. The Red Danish bull Birk, three sons, and three grandsons illus- trate the transmission of high butterfat percentage (see Table 18.2). Hermed and Thjalfe among the Birk bulls decreased the amount of milk from their daughters, but increased the fat percentage enough to increase the total butterfat yields. Danish cows under milk recording in 1899 averaged 4,322 pounds of milk and 145 pounds of butterfat. Eskedal showed that there was appreciable improvement in average milk yields and butterfat per- centages of cows under milk control. The change over 54 years is shown in Table 18.3. Better feeding, management, and improved hereditary capacity resulted in a higher average production per cow. Limited feed sup- plies reduced production in World War II. Part of the recent in-  402 DAIRY CATTLE DEDS 402 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 02 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS crease in production is attributed to improvement of the cows by widespread use of proved bulls in artificial breeding. RED DANISH MILK BREED Red Danish cattle have horns of medium size, often directed out- ward and forward. The head is refined; skin thin and pliable; chest deep; and barrel capacious. Hips and rump are square and level. TABLE 18.2 DAUGHTER-DAM COMPARISONS OF 7 BIRK BULLS OF THE RED DANISH MILK BREED (BiRK, 3 SONS, AND 3 GRANDSONS ) Daughters Dam. Milk Test Fat Milk Test Fat Bull Number (lbs.) (%) (lbs.) (lb..) (%) (bs.) Birk 59 8,424 3.94 332 7,962 3.70 295 Birkfus 10 9,214 3.91 360 9,000 3.46 311 Birk Nakke 30 9,053 3.83 347 8,639 3.38 292 Heenod 21 9,303 4.35 405 9,731 3.81 371 Jason 33 9,299 4.25 395 8,884 3.73 331 Kretheus 27 9,429 4.05 382 8,534 3.65 313 Thjalfe 34 8,582 3.91 336 8,794 3.56 313 Average 9,043 4.03 364 8,792 3.61 318 TABLE 18.3 INCREASE IN PRODUCTION BY DAIRY CowS UNDER MILK CONTROL sN DENMARK, BETwEEN 1904 AND 1958 1903-4 1957-58 Island or Milk Test Fat Cows under Milk Test Fat province (lbs.) (%) (Obs.) control (%) (lbs.) (%) (lb..) Bornholm 6,413 3.39 216 60 9,006 4.47 403 Funen 7,395 3.39 251 77 8,878 4.72 419 Lolland- Falster 6,243 3.36 210 57 9,176 4.41 405 Sjaelland 6,905 3.42 236 59 9,264 4.44 411 Jutland" 6,731 3.41 229 58 8,960 4.34 389 Entire countryb 60 9,001 4.41 397 a. Part of the cattle on Jutland are Black-and-White Danish cows. Most of the island cattle were of the Red Danish breed. Some Jerseys and Shorthorns are in Denmark. b. Red Danish cows at the bull testing stations in 1967 yielded an average of 11,469 pounds milk, 4.53 percent and 493.8 pounds of fat, 3.80 percent and 423.6 pounds of protein. Black-and-White Danish cows averaged 11,484 pounds milk, 4.32 percent and 496 pounds of fat, 3.65 percent and 419 pounds of protein. crease in production is attributed to improvement of the cows by widespread use of proved bulls in artificial breeding. RED DANISH MILK BREED Red Danish cattle have horns of medium size, often directed out- ward and forward. The head is refined; skin thin and pliable; chest deep; and barrel capacious. Hips and rump are square and level, TABLE 18.2 DAUGHTER-DAM COMPARISONS OF 7 BIRK BULLS OF THE RED DANISH MILK BREED (BIRK, 3 SONS, AND 3 GRANDSONS) Daughters Dams Milk Test Fat Milk Test Fat Bull Number (lb..) (%) (lbS.) (lb..) (%) (lb..) crease in production is attributed to improvement of the cows by widespread use of proved bulls in artificial breeding. RED DANISH MILK BREED Red Danish cattle have horns of medium size, often directed out- ward and forward. The head is refined; skin thin and pliable; chest deep; and barrel capacious. Hips and rump are square and level, TABLE 18.2 DAUGHTER-DAM COMPARISONS OF 7 BIRK BULLS OF THE RED DANISH MILK BREED (BR, 3 SONS, AND 3 GRANDSONS) Birk Birkfus Birk Nakke Hernod Jason Kretheus Thjalfe Average 59 8,424 3.94 332 7,962 3.70 295 10 9,214 3.91 360 9,000 3.46 311 30 9,053 3.83 347 8,639 3.38 292 21 9,303 4.35 405 9,731 3.81 371 33 9,299 4.25 395 8,884 3.73 331 27 9,429 4.05 382 8,534 3.65 313 34 8,582 3.91 336 8,794 3.56 313 9,043 4.03 364 8,792 3.61 318 Birk Birkfus Birk Nakke Hermod Jason Kretheus Thjalfe Average 59 8,424 3.94 332 7,962 3.70 295 10 9,214 3.91 360 9,000 3.46 311 30 9,053 3.83 347 8,639 3.38 292 21 9,303 4.35 405 9,731 3.81 371 33 9,299 4.25 395 8,884 3.73 331 27 9,429 4.05 382 8,534 3.65 313 34 8,582 3.91 336 8,794 3.56 313 9,043 4.03 364 8,792 3.61 318 TABLE 18.3 INCREASE IN PRODUCTION BY DAIRY COwS UNDER MazK COeROL IN DENM[ARK, BETWEEN 1994 AND 1958 1903-4 1957-58 Island or Milk Test Fat Cows under Milk Test Fat ovince (lbs.) (%) (lObs.) control (%) (lbs.) (%) (lbs.) Bornhohn 6,413 3.39 216 60 9,006 4.47 403 Funen 7,395 3.39 251 77 8,878 4.72 419 Lolland- Falster 6,243 3.36 210 57 9,176 4.41 405 Sjaelland 6,905 3.42 236 59 9,264 4.44 411 Jutland" 6,731 3.41 229 58 8,960 4.34 389 Entire countryb 60 9,001 4.41 397 a. Pact of the cattle on Jutland are Black-and-White Danish cows. Most of the island cattle were of the Red Danish breed. Some Jerseys and Shorthorns are in Denmark. b. Red Danish cows at the bull testing stations in 1967 yielded an average of 11,469 pounds milk, 4.53 percent and 493.8 pounds of fat, 3.80 percent and 423.6 pounds of protein. Black-and-White Danish cows averaged 11,484 pounds milk, 4.32 percent and 496 pounds of fat, 3.65 percent and 419 pounds of protein. TABLE 18.3 INCREASE IN PRODUCTION BY DAIRY COwS UNDER MazK COTROL IN DENMARK, BETWEEN 1904 AND 1958 1903-4 1957-58 Island or Milk Test Fat Cow, under Milk Test Fat province (lbs.) (%) (lbs.) control (%) (lbs.) (%) (lb.3 Bornholm 6,413 3.39 216 60 9,006 4.47 403 Funen 7,395 3.39 251 77 8,878 4.72 419 Lolland- Falster 6,243 3.36 210 57 9,176 4.41 405 Sjaelland 6,905 3.42 236 59 9,264 4.44 411 Jutland" 6,731 3.41 229 58 8,960 4.34 389 Entire countryb 60 9,001 4.41 397 a. Part of the cattle on Jutland are Black-and-White Danish cows. Most of the island cattle were of the Red Danish breed. Some Jerseys and Shorthors are in Denmark. b. Red Danish cows at the bull testing stations in 1967 yielded an average of 11,469 pounds milk, 4.53 percent and 493.8 pounds of fat, 3.80 percent and 423.6 pounds of protein. Black-and-White Danish cows averaged 11,484 pounds milk, 4.32 percent and 496 pounds of fat, 3.65 percent and 419 pounds of protein.  Red Danish in Denmark 403 sometimes with prominent sacrum and tailbead; thighs are fairly full. The udder is capacious but tends to be pendulous; teats from 3 to 4 inches long and sometimes irregular in shape. The color mark- ings were described by Larsen thus: The colouring is most frequently a medium red, varying from a light red to a dark red. Markings are now of fairly rare oc- currence, they are not desired, but are permissible even in herd book and show cattle, if small and found under the belly or around the udder. The muzzle must be of a dark slate colour. The sparsely haired skin around the natural openings is not in- frequently of a light red or yellowish red colour. Mature cows generally average around 1,150 pounds, but are about 220 pounds heavier in elite herds. The cattle are of a typical dairy build. Red Danish cows exhibited at the Jubilee Cattle Show in Copenhagen in 1930 weighed 1,389 pounds (1,168 to 1,647 pounds); at Odense, 1,360 pounds. Mature Red Danish bulls aver- aged 2,095 pounds. The selected 670 cows in the Cow Herd Book (volume 39) aver- aged 12,637 pounds of milk, 4.53 percent and 573 pounds of butter- fat. Selection of breeding animals is for at least 4.0 percent fat, with above 7,721 pounds of milk and 485 pounds of butterfat. BLACK-AND-WHrrE DANISH MnK BREED In 1949 crossing two black-and-white breeds-Jutland and Friesian -formed a breed called the Black-and-White Danish Milk Breed, now entered in the same herdbook. By 1959 all but a few of the bulls were of Friesian pedigree. This new breed, which was im- proved in conformation over the Jutland, is distributed in all parts of the province. The Black-and-White Danish cows exceed Red Danish cattle slightly in size. Cows admitted to the herdbook in 1959 measured: (centimeters) Height at withers 133.5 Chest circumference 204.7 Depth of chest 75.8 Width of hips 59.7 Width at thurls 54.9 Average production of 94,196 Black-and-White Danish cows in control societies during 1957-58 was 9,524 pounds of milk, 4.07 per- Red Danish in Denmark 403 sometimes with prominent sacraun and tailbead; thighs are fairly full. The udder is capacious but tends to be pendulous; teats from 3 to 4 inches long and sometimes irregular in shape. The color mark- ings were described by Larsen thus: The colouring is most frequently a medium red, varying from a light red to a dark red. Markings are now of fairly rare oc- currence, they are not desired, but are permissible even in herd book and show cattle, if small and found under the belly or around the udder. The muzzle must be of a dark slate colour. The sparsely haired skin around the natural openings is not in- frequently of a light red or yellowish red colour. Mature cows generally average around 1,150 pounds, but are about 220 pounds heavier in elite herds. The cattle are of a typical dairy build. Red Danish cows exhibited at the Jubilee Cattle Show in Copenhagen in 1930 weighed 1,389 pounds (1,168 to 1,647 pounds); at Odense, 1,360 pounds. Mature Red Danish bulls aver- aged 2,095 pounds. The selected 670 cows in the Cow Herd Book (volume 39) aver- aged 12,637 pounds of milk, 4.53 percent and 573 pounds of butter- fat. Selection of breeding animals is for at least 4.0 percent fat, with above 7,721 pounds of milk and 485 pounds of butterfat. BLACK-AND-WHrrE DANISH MILK BREED In 1949 crossing two black-and-white breeds-Jutland and Friesian -formed a breed called the Black-and-White Danish Milk Breed, now entered in the same herdbook. By 1959 all but a few of the bulls were of Friesian pedigree. This new breed, which was im- proved in conformation over the Jutland, is distributed in all parts of the province. The Black-and-White Danish cows exceed Red Danish cattle slightly in size. Cows admitted to the herdbook in 1959 measured: (centimeters) Height at withers 133.5 Chest circumference 204.7 Depth of chest 75.8 Width of hips 59.7 Width at thurls 54.9 Average production of 94,196 Black-and-White Danish cows in control societies during 1957-58 was 9,524 pounds of milk, 4.07 per- Red Danish in Denmark 403 sometimes with prominent sacrum and tailhead; thighs are fairly full. The udder is capacious but tends to be pendulous; teats from 3 to 4 inches long and sometimes irregular in shape. The color mark- ings were described by Larsen thus: The colouring is most frequently a medium red, varying from a light red to a dark red. Markings are now of fairly rare oc- currence, they are not desired, but are permissible even in herd book and show cattle, if small and found under the belly or around the udder. The muzzle must be of a dark slate colour. The sparsely haired skin around the natural openings is not in- frequently of a light red or yellowish red colour. Mature cows generally average around 1,150 pounds, but are about 220 pounds heavier in elite herds. The cattle are of a typical dairy build. Red Danish cows exhibited at the Jubilee Cattle Show in Copenhagen in 1930 weighed 1,389 pounds (1,168 to 1,647 pounds); at Odense, 1,360 pounds. Mature Red Danish bulls aver- aged 2,095 pounds. The selected 670 cows in the Cow Herd Book (volume 39) aver- aged 12,637 pounds of milk, 4.53 percent and 573 pounds of butter- fat. Selection of breeding animals is for at least 4.0 percent fat, with above 7,721 pounds of milk and 485 pounds of butterfat. BLACK-AND-Wnrm DANISH MILK BREED In 1949 crossing two black-and-white breeds-Jutland and Friesian -formed a breed called the Black-and-White Danish Milk Breed, now entered in the same herdbook. By 1959 all but a few of the bulls were of Friesian pedigree. This new breed, which was im- proved in conformation over the Jutland, is distributed in all parts of the province. The Black-and-White Danish cows exceed Red Danish cattle slightly in size. Cows admitted to the herdbook in 1959 measured: (centimeters) Height at withers 133.5 Chest circumference 204.7 Depth of chest 75.8 Width of hips 59.7 Width at thurls 54.9 Average production of 94,196 Black-and-White Danish cows in control societies during 1957-58 was 9,524 pounds of milk, 4.07 per-  404 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS cent and 388 pounds of fat. The selected cows registered in the herdbook during 1959 averaged 12,873 pounds of milk, 4.21 percent and 542 pounds of butterfat. Larsen listed typical feeds given to a milk cow in 1933 as being about 40 kilograms of swedes (rutabagas) or mangolds, 4 kilograms of straw, and 1 or 2 kilograms of hay daily, with concentrates mainly as high protein oilcakes. The typical winter feed in 1959 consisted of about 50 kilograms of swedes or 35 of beets, 5 to 10 kilograms of beet-top silage, 4 kilograms of straw, and 1 or 2 kilograms of hay daily. Mainly oilcakes with some grain made up the concentrates. Most herds are on fenced pastures in the summer, though some are tethered on clover-and-grass pastures. Elite herds graze up- wards of 5 months in summer and receive some extra concentrates in proportion to milk yield. Young stock, and bulls that must be shown, are developed to good size, especially in elite herds. BREEDING SOCIETs Before the late 1800s, most Danish farms were small, except for a few estates. Farmers often took turns in maintaining a "town bull." but excessive service often rendered these bulls impotent while young. Sentiment was against inbreeding. Older bulls sometimes got unruly, so few were retained until 3 years old. This was the situ- ation in 1874 when the Taurus Cattle Breeding Society organized with 11 Jutland bulls on members' farms. The organization dis- banded in 1878. The bylaws of a smaller society organized in 1881 pledged the members to use only bulls approved by a judging com- mittee on cows from which the calves would be raised. This society succeeded and set the plan for later societies. The Society for Improvement of Cattle Breeding was organized in 1884 in Boholte Parish on Sjaelland by J. M. Fries and Fr. Hvass. A superior bull was bought for use on cows from which to raise calves. One hundred such societies formed before 1887, when a Do- mestic Animals Law provided small grants for retaining bulls that had received prizes. Breeders' societies began to federate about 1880 to foster cooperation with agricultural organizations. The Law of 1912 provided that the society eligible for a breeding-bull grant must have at least ten members, the bull must have received a 404 DAIR Y CATTLE BREEDS cent and 388 pounds of fat. The selected cows registered in the herdbook during 1959 averaged 12,873 pounds of milk, 4.21 percent and 542 pounds of butterfat. Larsen listed typical feeds given to a milk cow in 1933 as being about 40 kilograms of swedes (rutabagas) or mangolds, 4 kilograms of straw, and 1 or 2 kilograms of hay daily, with concentrates mainly as high protein oilcakes. The typical winter feed in 1959 consisted of about 50 kilograms of swedes or 35 of beets, 5 to 10 kilograms of beet-top silage, 4 kilograms of straw, and 1 or 2 kilograms of hay daily. Mainly oilcakes with some grain made up the concentrates. Most herds are on fenced pastures in the summer, though some are tethered on clover-and-grass pastures. Elite herds graze up- wards of 5 months in summer and receive some extra concentrates in proportion to milk yield. Young stock, and bulls that must be shown, are developed to good size, especially in elite herds. BREEDING SoCIras Before the late 1800s, most Danish farms were small, except for a few estates. Farmers often took turns in maintaining a "town bull," but excessive service often rendered these bulls impotent while young. Sentiment was against inbreeding. Older bulls sometimes got unruly, so few were retained until 3 years old. This was the situ- ation in 1874 when the Taurus Cattle Breeding Society organized with 11 Jutland bulls on members' farms. The organization dis- banded in 1878. The bylaws of a smaller society organized in 1881 pledged the members to use only bulls approved by a judging com- mittee on cows from which the calves would be raised. This society succeeded and set the plan for later societies. The Society for Improvement of Cattle Breeding was organized in 1884 in Boholte Parish on Sjaelland by J. M. Fries and Fr. Hvass. A superior bull was bought for use on cows from which to raise calves. One hundred such societies formed before 1887, when a Do- mestic Animals Law provided small grants for retaining bulls that had received prizes. Breeders' societies began to federate about 1880 to foster cooperation with agricultural organizations. The Law of 1912 provided that the society eligible for a breeding-bull grant must have at least ten members, the bull must have received a 404 DAIR Y CATTLE BREEDS cent and 388 pounds of fat. The selected cows registered in the herdbook during 1959 averaged 12,873 pounds of milk, 4.21 percent and 542 pounds of butterfat. Larsen listed typical feeds given to a milk cow in 1933 as being about 40 kilograms of swedes (rutabagas) or mangolds, 4 kilograms of straw, and 1 or 2 kilograms of hay daily, with concentrates mainly as high protein oilcakes. The typical winter feed in 1959 consisted of about 50 kilograms of swedes or 35 of beets, 5 to 10 kilograms of beet-top silage, 4 kilograms of straw, and 1 or 2 kilograms of hay daily. Mainly oilcakes with some grain made up the concentrates. Most herds are on fenced pastures in the summer, though some are tethered on clover-and-grass pastures. Elite herds graze up- wards of 5 months in summer and receive some extra concentrates in proportion to milk yield. Young stock, and bulls that must be shown, are developed to good size, especially in elite herds. BREEDING SOCETIES Before the late 1800s, most Danish farms were small, except for a few estates. Farmers often took turns in maintaining a "town bull." but excessive service often rendered these bulls impotent while young. Sentiment was against inbreeding. Older bulls sometimes got unruly, so few were retained until 3 years old. This was the situ- ation in 1874 when the Taurus Cattle Breeding Society organized with 11 Jutland bulls on members' farms. The organization dis- banded in 1878. The bylaws of a smaller society organized in 1881 pledged the members to use only bulls approved by a judging com- mittee on cows from which the calves would be raised. This society succeeded and set the plan for later societies. The Society for Improvement of Cattle Breeding was organized in 1884 in Boholte Parish on Sjaelland by J. M. Fries and Fr. Hvass. A superior bull was bought for use on cows from which to raise calves. One hundred such societies formed before 1887, when a Do- mestic Animals Law provided small grants for retaining bulls that had received prizes. Breeders' societies began to federate about 1880 to foster cooperation with agricultural organizations. The Law of 1912 provided that the society eligible for a breeding-bull grant must have at least ten members, the bull must have received a  Red Danish in Denmark 405 prize, and 50 percent of members' cows must have been in a Milk Control Society. The agricultural societies joined with cattle breeders' societies and employed an agricultural adviser, or konsulent. Production rec- ords from the control societies came into use by the breeding socie- ties. The konsulent worked for advancement of both societies under a common management. His duties included: 1. (a) Taking part in meetings and fairs; (b) assisting in selecting cows for breeding purposes for the breeders' associations; (c) giving lectures, as arranged with the society presidents; (d) at- tending state and other shows important to his work; (e) as- sisting in organizing milk control societies and in preparing their yearly reports; (f) assisting members as much as time permitted, and (g) making all entries in herdbooks for herds under the com- mon management according to arrangements, particularly the cow family herdbooks. 2. Working under direction of the president, planning with him. The konsulent furthered the societies in every way; he received information of well-bred bulls to direct prospective buyers, with no financial interest in the animals. 3. Assisting the societies in arranging catalogs for fairs and similar work. 4. Preparing an annual report before May 1 of each year. The first step in selective breeding was to locate cows to be bred to association bulls to raise progeny. Cows met conformation re- quirements to be eligible for grants, and (in later years) for produc- tion and type of dam and granddams. The sire and grandsires also were considered later. Bulls receiving grants must have been exhibited at the local shows and, under some conditions, must have participated in larger shows. The grants and rules concerning age of bull, premiums won, number of progeny, and their quality contributed to improving cattle. Breeding societies received small grants also for developing good families through the cow family herdbooks. About 1,200 breeding societies were operating by 1935. Most so- cieties owned one bull; a few had three; and the largest-"Rudme" Red Danish in Denmark 405 prize, and 50 percent of members' cows must have been in a Milk Control Society. The agricultural societies joined with cattle breeders' societies and employed an agricultural adviser, or konsulent. Production rec- ords from the control societies came into use by the breeding socie- ties. The konsulent worked for advancement of both societies under a common management. His duties included: 1. (a) Taking part in meetings and fairs; (b) assisting in selecting cows for breeding purposes for the breeders' associations; (c) giving lectures, as arranged with the society presidents; (d) at- tending state and other shows important to his work; (e) as- sisting in organizing milk control societies and in preparing their yearly reports; (f) assisting members as much as time permitted, and (g) making all entries in herdbooks for herds under the com- mon management according to arrangements, particularly the cow family herdbooks. 2. Working under direction of the president, planning with him. The konsulent furthered the societies in every way; he received information of well-bred bulls to direct prospective buyers, with no financial interest in the animals. 3. Assisting the societies in arranging catalogs for fairs and similar work. 4. Preparing an annual report before May 1 of each year. The first step in selective breeding was to locate cows to be bred to association bulls to raise progeny. Cows met conformation re- quirements to be eligible for grants, and (in later years) for produc- tion and type of dam and granddams. The sire and grandsires also were considered later. Bulls receiving grants must have been exhibited at the local shows and, under some conditions, must have participated in larger shows. The grants and rules concerning age of bull, premiums won, number of progeny, and their quality contributed to improving cattle. Breeding societies received small grants also for developing good families through the cow family herdbooks. About 1,200 breeding societies were operating by 1935. Most so- cieties owned one bull; a few had three; and the largest-"Rudme" Red Danish in Denmark 405 prize, and 50 percent of members' cows must have been in a Milk Control Society. The agricultural societies joined with cattle breeders' societies and employed an agricultural adviser, or konsulent. Production rec- ords from the control societies came into use by the breeding socie- ties. The konsulent worked for advancement of both societies under a common management. His duties included: 1. (a) Taking part in meetings and fairs; (b) assisting in selecting cows for breeding purposes for the breeders' associations; (c) giving lectures, as arranged with the society presidents; (d) at- tending state and other shows important to his work; (e) as- sisting in organizing milk control societies and in preparing their yearly reports; (f) assisting members as much as time permitted, and (g) making all entries in herdbooks for herds under the com- mon management according to arrangements, particularly the cow family herdbooks. 2. Working under direction of the president, planning with him. The konsulent furthered the societies in every way; he received information of well-bred bulls to direct prospective buyers, with no financial interest in the animals. 3. Assisting the societies in arranging catalogs for fairs and similar work. 4. Preparing an annual report before May 1 of each year. The first step in selective breeding was to locate cows to be bred to association bulls to raise progeny. Cows met conformation re- quirements to be eligible for grants, and (in later years) for produc- tion and type of dam and granddams. The sire and grandsires also were considered later. Bulls receiving grants must have been exhibited at the local shows and, under some conditions, must have participated in larger shows. The grants and rules concerning age of bull, premiums won, number of progeny, and their quality contributed to improving cattle. Breeding societies received small grants also for developing good families through the cow family herdbooks. About 1,200 breeding societies were operating by 1935. Most so- cieties owned one bull; a few had three; and the largest-"Rudme"  406 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS in Funen-owned eight bulls that served 870 cows in the herds of 114 members. Generally, 75 to 100 cows were owned per bull. Many small herds benefited from use of better bulls for longer periods than was possible under individual ownership. Cooperation between breeding societies and milk control societies contributed toward higher production per cow. ARTIFICIAL BREEDING SOCIETIEs Konsulent Jens Gylling-Holm organized breeders of Red Danish cattle on the island of Samsoe into the Elite Breeding Society in 1936 with veterinarian K. A. F. Larsen as technician. About 277 farmers listed part of their cows, and bred 1,151 of them with semen largely from one of two bulls. Some 880 cows settled to the first, second, or third service-equal to efficiency of natural service. There were 98 societies in 1958, averaging nearly 12.4 bulls, with 1,268 cows per bull and 63 percent being Red Danish cows. About 27 per- cent of the bulls were five years or older. Some studs consolidated, giving more cows per bull and more efficient operation. From 85 to 90 percent of all cows in Denmark were bred artificially in 1958. Some 93.5 percent of cows inseminated that year were with calf, an increase of 2.3 percent above the record of 1950. The scope of the National Association of Danish Cattle Breeding Societies and the breed distribution are shown in Table 18.4. BULL TESTING STATIONS Three testing stations were established by breeding societies in September 1945 to analyze bulls by testing their daughters under uniform conditions. In 1969-71, 20 stations operated. During 25 years, 1,024 groups of cows had been daughters of Red Danish bulls, 355 of Black-and-White Danish, 243 of Jerseys (two from American frozen semen), and six Shorthorn bulls. The societies realized the daughter-dam comparisons of production often were misinterpreted with cows under different environments. The stations were society- owned farms that could produce the roots, hay, silage, and pasture desired. Milk from the cows reimbursed the farmer for feed. A local manager was paid and supervised by a superintendent from the 406 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS in Funen-owned eight bulls that served 870 cows in the herds of 114 members. Generally, 75 to 100 cows were owned per bull. Many small herds benefited from use of better bulls for longer periods than was possible under individual ownership. Cooperation between breeding societies and milk control societies contributed toward higher production per cow. ARTIFICIAL BREEDING SoCIETI~s Konsulent Jens Gylling-Holm organized breeders of Red Danish cattle on the island of Samsoe into the Elite Breeding Society in 1936 with veterinarian K. A. F. Larsen as technician. About 277 farmers listed part of their cows, and bred 1,151 of them with semen largely from one of two bulls. Some 880 cows settled to the first, second, or third service-equal to efficiency of natural service. There were 98 societies in 1958, averaging nearly 12.4 bulls, with 1,268 cows per bull and 63 percent being Red Danish cows. About 27 per- cent of the bulls were five years or older. Some studs consolidated, giving more cows per bull and more efficient operation. From 85 to 90 percent of all cows in Denmark were bred artificially in 1958. Some 93.5 percent of cows inseminated that year were with calf, an increase of 2.3 percent above the record of 1950. The scope of the National Association of Danish Cattle Breeding Societies and the breed distribution are shown in Table 18.4. BULL TESTING STATIONS Three testing stations were established by breeding societies in September 1945 to analyze bulls by testing their daughters under uniform conditions. In 1969-71, 20 stations operated. During 25 years, 1,024 groups of cows had been daughters of Red Danish bulls, 355 of Black-and-White Danish, 243 of Jerseys (two from American frozen semen), and six Shorthorn bulls. The societies realized the daughter-dam comparisons of production often were misinterpreted with cows under different environments. The stations were society- owned farms that could produce the roots, hay, silage, and pasture desired. Milk from the cows reimbursed the farmer for feed. A local manager was paid and supervised by a superintendent from the 406 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS in Funen-owned eight bulls that served 870 cows in the herds of 114 members. Generally, 75 to 100 cows were owned per bull. Many small herds benefited from use of better bulls for longer periods than was possible under individual ownership. Cooperation between breeding societies and milk control societies contributed toward higher production per cow. ARTIFICIAL BREEDING SocIETIES Konsulent Jens Gylling-Holm organized breeders of Red Danish cattle on the island of Samsoe into the Elite Breeding Society in 1936 with veterinarian K. A. F. Larsen as technician. About 277 farmers listed part of their cows, and bred 1,151 of them with semen largely from one of two bulls. Some 880 cows settled to the first, second, or third service-equal to efficiency of natural service. There were 98 societies in 1958, averaging nearly 12.4 bulls, with 1.268 cows per bull and 63 percent being Red Danish cows. About 27 per- cent of the bulls were five years or older. Some studs consolidated, giving more cows per bull and more efficient operation. From 85 to 90 percent of all cows in Denmark were bred artificially in 1958. Some 93.5 percent of cows inseminated that year were with calf, an increase of 2.3 percent above the record of 1950. The scope of the National Association of Danish Cattle Breeding Societies and the breed distribution are shown in Table 18.4. BULL TESTING STATIONS Three testing stations were established by breeding societies in September 1945 to analyze bulls by testing their daughters under uniform conditions. In 1969-71, 20 stations operated. During 25 years, 1,024 groups of cows had been daughters of Red Danish bulls, 355 of Black-and-White Danish, 243 of Jerseys (two from American frozen semen), and six Shorthorn bulls. The societies realized the daughter-dam comparisons of production often were misinterpreted with cows under different environments. The stations were society- owned farms that could produce the roots, hay, silage, and pasture desired. Milk from the cows reimbursed the farmer for feed. A local manager was paid and supervised by a superintendent from the  Red Danish in Denmark 407 University, independent of the local breeding society. The societies owned 17 of the stations in 1963. Thirteen to 21 unselected heifers by each bull were under test and were delivered on lease to the farm by September 1. Preferably the heifers were 27 to 33 months old, free from tuberculosis and brucellosis, and due to calve between October 1 and November 15. TABLE 18.4 EXTENT OF ARTIFICIAL BREEDING, AND BREED DISTRIBUTION IN DENMARK, 1958 Province Societies Herds Bull.. Cows Cows per bull Funen 16 18,671 178 158,329 890 Jutland 57 124,358 802 1,117,795 1,394 Lolland- Falster 5 5,653 43 49,470 1,150 Sjaelland- Bornholm 20 24,014 189 211,442 1,119 Total 98 172,696 1,212 1,537,036 1,268(ave) Red Danish in Denmark 407 University, independent of the local breeding society. The societies owned 17 of the stations in 1963. Thirteen to 21 unselected heifers by each bull were under test and were delivered on lease to the farm by September 1. Preferably the heifers were 27 to 33 months old, free from tuberculosis and brucellosis, and due to calve between October 1 and November 15. TABLE 18.4 EXTENT OF ARTIFICIAL BREEDING, AND BREED DISTRIBUTION IN DENMARK, 1958 Province societies Herds Bull.. cows Cows per bull Funen 16 18,671 178 158,329 890 Jutland 57 124,358 802 1,117,795 1,394 Lolland- Falster 5 5,653 43 49,470 1,150 Sjaelland- Bornholm 20 24,014 189 211,442 1,119 Total 98 172,696 1,212 1,537,036 1,268(ve.) Red Danish in Denmark 407 University, independent of the local breeding society. The societies owned 17 of the stations in 1963. Thirteen to 21 unselected heifers by each bull were under test and were delivered on lease to the farm by September 1. Preferably the heifers were 27 to 33 months old, free from tuberculosis and brucellosis, and due to calve between October 1 and November 15. TABLE 18.4 EXTENT OF ARTIFICIAL BREEDIN, AND BREED DISTRITION IN DENMARK, 1958 Province societies Herds Bull.. Cows Cows per bull Funen 16 18,671 178 158,329 890 Jutland 57 124,358 802 1,117,795 1,394 Lolland- Falster 5 5,653 43 49,470 1,150 Sjaelland- Bornholm 20 24,014 189 211,442 1,119 Total 98 172,696 1,212 1,537,036 1,268(av.) Bred Red Danish Milk Breed Black-and- White Danish Jersey Shorthorn Other breeds and crosses 87,085 754 968,188 26,594 218 331,076 20,011 193 201,409 1,055 15 12,630 37,951 32 23,643 Breed Red Danish Milk Breed Black-and- White Danish Jersey Shorthorn Other breeds and crosses 87,085 754 968,188 26,594 218 331,076 20,011 193 201,409 1,055 15 12,630 37,951 32 23,643 Breed Red Danish Milk Breed Black-and- White Danish Jersey Shorthorn Other breeds and crosses 87,085 754 968,188 26,594 218 331,076 20,011 193 201,409 1,055 15 12,630 37,951 32 23,643 a. These numbers exclude some privately owned bulls in artificial insemination. They were housed in stanchion barns. The test continued for about 304 days after calving. A concentrate mixture was provided to all testing stations for winter, and another for the pasture season. Feed- ing standards during the winter period provided: Digestible true protein Feed units (grams) Body maintenance 250 4.0 4 percent fat corrected milk, per kilogram 67 0.41 Weight increase, per kilogram 120 0.8 Some 449 Red Danish cows during the 1969-70 tests yielded an average of 11,676 pounds of milk, 4.49 percent and 524 pounds of butterfat, 3.84 percent and 448 pounds of protein in 304 days. Nine- teen daughters of the leading Red Danish bull averaged 14,769 a. These numbers exclude some privately owned bulls in artificial insemination. They were housed in stanchion barns. The test continued for about 304 days after calving. A concentrate mixture was provided to all testing stations for winter, and another for the pasture season. Feed- ing standards during the winter period provided: Digestible true protein Feed units (grams) Body maintenance 250 4.0 4 percent fat corrected milk, per kilogram 67 0.41 Weight increase, per kilogram 120 0.8 Some 449 Red Danish cows during the 1969-70 tests yielded an average of 11,676 pounds of milk, 4.49 percent and 524 pounds of butterfat, 3.84 percent and 448 pounds of protein in 304 days. Nine- teen daughters of the leading Red Danish bull averaged 14,769 a. These numbers exclude some privately owned bulls in artificial insemination. They were housed in stanchion barns. The test continued for about 304 days after calving. A concentrate mixture was provided to all testing stations for winter, and another for the pasture season. Feed- ing standards during the winter period provided: Digestible true protein Feed units ( grams ) Body maintenance 250 4.0 4 percent fat corrected milk, per kilogram 67 0.41 Weight increase, per kilogram 120 0.8 Some 449 Red Danish cows during the 1969-70 tests yielded an average of 11,676 pounds of milk, 4.49 percent and 524 pounds of butterfat, 3.84 percent and 448 pounds of protein in 304 days. Nine- teen daughters of the leading Red Danish bull averaged 14,769  408 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS pounds of milk, 4.55 percent and 672 pounds of butterfat, 3.68 per- cent and 543 pounds of protein. Progeny tests disregarded conforma- tion. All bulls under test, however, had passed their first examina- tion at the cattle shows. Also, "Cattle shows and progeny tests are the primary breeding purposes and they are complementary to each other in the endeavors to improve our cattle stock in conforma- tion as well as in producing ability." Rate of milk letdown of each cow was determined twice during the winter at three consecutive milkings. Twenty-four groups of 408 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS pounds of milk, 4.55 percent and 672 pounds of butterfat, 3.68 per- cent and 543 pounds of protein. Progeny tests disregarded conforma- tion. All bulls under test, however, had passed their first examina- tion at the cattle shows. Also, "Cattle shows and progeny tests are the primary breeding purposes and they are complementary to each other in the endeavors to improve our cattle stock in conforma- tion as well as in producing ability." Rate of milk letdown of each cow was determined twice during the winter at three consecutive milkings. Twenty-four groups of 408 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS pounds of milk, 4.55 percent and 672 pounds of butterfat, 3.68 per- cent and 543 pounds of protein. Progeny tests disregarded conforma- tion. All bulls under test, however, had passed their first examina- tion at the cattle shows. Also, "Cattle shows and progeny tests are the primary breeding purposes and they are complementary to each other in the endeavors to improve our cattle stock in conforma- tion as well as in producing ability." Rate of milk letdown of each cow was determined twice during the winter at three consecutive milkings. Twenty-four groups of 40 25 20 15 - Main yield ® Strippings Shortest Average Longest milking time of all milking time 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 Q Main yield ® Strippings Shortest Average Longest milking time of all milking time 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 flxtin ield O~ Strippig ngs 5 | I , "'"' ' -I l'l I 1 { 123456 123456789 12345678910 Miinutes Percentage of Milk Yield Per Minute FIG. 18.3. Rate of milk let-down per minute by daughters of 67 bulls at co- operative bull testing stations in Denmark. Red Danish cows ranged between 2.60 and 5.10 pounds of milk per minute, averaging 3.90 pounds. An example of the rate, milking time, and weight of strippings is shown in Figure 18.3. High pro- ducers tended to let down their milk faster than did low producers. Protein content of the milk was measured by Kjeldahl analysis since 1951. Milk from 449 Red Danish cows in 1969-70 ranged between 3.38 and 4.26, and averaged 3.84 percent of protein. Butterfat tests ranged from 3.64 to 5.41 percent and averaged 4.49 percent during the investigations. Fat and protein percentages varied independ- ently, hence R. D. Politick believed them to be inherited independ- ently. However, with large numbers of records, the protein per- centages tended to follow the fat irregularly and at a lower rate. Persistency of lactation, body size, and conformation were observed 123456 1234568 798910 iinutes Percentage of Milk Yield Per Minute FIG. 18.3. Rate of milk let-down per minute by daughters of 67 bulls at co- operative bull testing stations in Denmark. Red Danish cows ranged between 2.60 and 5.10 pounds of milk per minute, averaging 3.90 pounds. An example of the rate, milking time, and weight of strippings is shown in Figure 18.3. High pro- ducers tended to let down their milk faster than did low producers. Protein content of the milk was measured by Kjeldahl analysis since 1951. Milk from 449 Red Danish cows in 1969-70 ranged between 3.38 and 4.26, and averaged 3.84 percent of protein. Butterfat tests ranged from 3.64 to 5.41 percent and averaged 4.49 percent during the investigations. Fat and protein percentages varied independ- ently, hence R. D. Politiek believed them to be inherited independ- ently. However, with large numbers of records, the protein per- centages tended to follow the fat irregularly and at a lower rate. Persistency of lactation, body size, and conformation were observed 123456 123456789 12345678910 Miinutes Percentage of Milk Yield Per Minute FIG. 18.3. Rate of milk let-down per minute by daughters of 67 bulls at co- operative bull testing stations in Denmark. Red Danish cows ranged between 2.60 and 5.10 pounds of milk per minute, averaging 3.90 pounds. An example of the rate, milking time, and weight of strippings is shown in Figure 18.3. High pro- ducers tended to let down their milk faster than did low producers. Protein content of the milk was measured by Kjeldahl analysis since 1951. Milk from 449 Red Danish cows in 1969-70 ranged between 3.38 and 4.26, and averaged 3.84 percent of protein. Butterfat tests ranged from 3.64 to 5.41 percent and averaged 4.49 percent during the investigations. Fat and protein percentages varied independ- ently, hence R. D. Politick believed them to be inherited independ- ently. However, with large numbers of records, the protein per- centages tended to follow the fat irregularly and at a lower rate. Persistency of lactation, body size, and conformation were observed  Red Danish in Denmark 409 together with yields of individual quarters of the udder, ability to consume feeds, and other characteristics. About 95 percent of the cows were pregnant by artificial insemi- nation when returned to their owners. Conditions of management and individual feeding in proportion to production were believed to permit a relative measure of heritable characters of these daugh- ters. Wide variations occurred between daughters of different sires and between sire groups. Pedigrees did not necessarily measure breeding value of a bull. Two groups of daughters were sired by three-quarter brothers of equal pedigree value. Daughters of Sire A averaged 10,700 pounds of 4.0 percent fat-corrected milk, while Sire B's daughters averaged 7,200 pounds. About half the increase in milk yield was believed to be suficient to pay for the extra feed re- quired to produce it. The breeding societies considered that results from the testing stations reduced the chances of using poor bulls widely in artificial service. Records of daughters assembled at bull testing stations are a more random sample of the breed and under more uniform feeding and management than are the records of cows selected for entry in the herdbook. Cows at the stations tended toward an increase in butter- fat percentage in milk of the breed. The 21 groups of young cows in 1968-69 dropped male calves av- eraging 88 pounds and females that averaged 81 pounds at birth. The cows weighed 1,098 pounds after calving, and 1,235 pounds at conclusion of the tests. Most of them were pregnant by artificial in- semination at the close, affecting final weights slightly. A high-protein concentrate mixture (Mixture I) was given in al- most constant amount daily, with Mixture II given in addition ac- cording to milk yield. Red Danish in Denmark 409 together with yields of individual quarters of the udder, ability to consume feeds, and other characteristics. About 95 percent of the cows were pregnant by artificial insemi- nation when returned to their owners. Conditions of management and individual feeding in proportion to production were believed to permit a relative measure of heritable characters of these daugh- ters. Wide variations occurred between daughters of different sires and between sire groups. Pedigrees did not necessarily measure breeding value of a bull. Two groups of daughters were sired by three-quarter brothers of equal pedigree value. Daughters of Sire A averaged 10,700 pounds of 4.0 percent fat-corrected milk, while Sire B's daughters averaged 7,200 pounds. About half the increase in milk yield was believed to be suficient to pay for the extra feed re- quired to produce it. The breeding societies considered that results from the testing stations reduced the chances of using poor bulls widely in artificial service. Records of daughters assembled at bull testing stations are a more random sample of the breed and under more uniform feeding and management than are the records of cows selected for entry in the herdbook. Cows at the stations tended toward an increase in butter- fat percentage in milk of the breed. The 21 groups of young cows in 1968-69 dropped male calves av- eraging 88 pounds and females that averaged 81 pounds at birth. The cows weighed 1,098 pounds after calving, and 1,235 pounds at conclusion of the tests. Most of them were pregnant by artificial in- semination at the close, affecting final weights slightly. A high-protein concentrate mixture (Mixture I) was given in al- most constant amount daily, with Mixture II given in addition ac- cording to milk yield. Red Danish in Denmark 409 together with yields of individual quarters of the udder, ability to consume feeds, and other characteristics. About 95 percent of the cows were pregnant by artificial insemi- nation when returned to their owners. Conditions of management and individual feeding in proportion to production were believed to permit a relative measure of heritable characters of these daugh- ters. Wide variations occurred between daughters of different sires and between sire groups. Pedigrees did not necessarily measure breeding value of a bull. Two groups of daughters were sired by three-quarter brothers of equal pedigree value. Daughters of Sire A averaged 10,700 pounds of 4.0 percent fat-corrected milk, while Sire B's daughters averaged 7,200 pounds. About half the increase in milk yield was believed to be suficient to pay for the extra feed re- quired to produce it. The breeding societies considered that results from the testing stations reduced the chances of using poor bulls widely in artificial service. Records of daughters assembled at bull testing stations are a more random sample of the breed and under more uniform feeding and management than are the records of cows selected for entry in the herdbook. Cows at the stations tended toward an increase in butter- fat percentage in milk of the breed. The 21 groups of young cows in 1968-69 dropped male calves av- eraging 88 pounds and females that averaged 81 pounds at birth. The cows weighed 1,098 pounds after calving, and 1,235 pounds at conclusion of the tests. Most of them weere pregnant by artificial in- semination at the close, affecting final weights slightly. A high-protein concentrate mixture (Mixture I) was given in al- most constant amount daily, with Mixture II given in addition ac- cording to milk yield. Mixture I (percent) Cottonseed cake 40 Soybean meal 17 Sunflower seed cake 15 Coconut cake 10 Linseed cake 8 Molasses 5 Animal fat 3 Dicalcium phosphate 2 Mixture II (percent) Mixture I 35 Barley 48 Wheat bran 15 Dicalcium phosphate 2 Mixture I (percent) Cottonseed cake 40 Soybean meal 17 Sunflower seed cake 15 Coconut cake 10 Linseed cake 8 Molasses 5 Animal fat 3 Dicalcium phosphate 2 Mixture II (percent) Mixture I 35 Barley 48 Wheat bran 15 Dicalcium phosphate 2 Mixture I (percent) Cottonseed cake 40 Soybean meal 17 Sunflower seed cake 15 Coconut cake 10 Linseed cake 8 Molasses 5 Animal fat 3 Dicalcium phosphate 2 Mixture II (percent) Mixture I 35 Barley 48 Wheat bran 15 Dicalcium phosphate 2  410 DA IRY CATTLE BREEDS The average feed intake during the 1968-69 tests included Mix- ture I, 496 feed units; Mixture II, 882 feed units; swedes, 185; stock beets, 786; beet tops, 22; grass silage, 262; grass hay, 247; and straw. 40 feed units. These feeds provided a total of 684 pounds of digesti- ble true protein and 2,920 feed units per cow on the average. The cows were on pasture an average of 85 days during that summer. The 21 groups of Red Danish cows varied in average milk let- down rate from 5.10 to 2.60 pounds per minute, varying between groups of daughters and within groups by individual cows. Production in average of 304 days Groups of Milk Fat Butterfat Protein Protein Year daughters (pounds) (percent) (pounds) (percent) (pounds) 1945-46 6 9,150 4.29 399 1951-52 33 9,396 4.40 414 1964-65 49 11,069 4.52 500 3.77 417 1968-69 21 12,211 4.58 559 3.80 464 Bulls at stud are given health tests to eliminate such diseases as vibriosis. PROGENY TESTING FOR MEAT PRODUCTION Feed conversion was measured with groups of male calves by four Red Danish sires in a winter and a spring feeding trial from 14 days old to 200 kilograms (440 pounds) live weight. Calves were fed on a uniform schedule, with colostrum 1 to 4 days old, whole milk in reducing amounts, and skim milk in increasing amounts during the trial. Concentrates comprised of 20 percent linseed cake, 10 percent soybean meal, 10 percent linseed meal, 30 percent rolled barley, and 30 percent rolled oats. This supplemented equal amounts of rolled barley and rolled oats. Each calf received 500,000 interna- tional units (LU.) of vitamin A and 100,000 LU. of vitamin D on arrival. When whole milk was discontinued, each calf received 2,000 lU. of vitamin A and 200 LU. of vitamin D daily. Store calves got 30 grams of dicalcium phosphate daily, supplementing the stock beets fed. From birth to 27 days of age, calves received 100 grams of Aurofac antibiotic daily. Slaughter tests and carcass grades ter- minated each trial. Calves in four groups in 1966-67 averaged 2.24 pounds of gain 410 D AIRY CATTLE BREEDS The average feed intake during the 1968-60 tests included Mix- ture I, 496 feed units; Mixture II, 882 feed units; swedes, 185; stock beets, 786; beet tops, 22; grass silage, 262; grass hay, 247; and straw, 40 feed units. These feeds provided a total of 684 pounds of digesti- ble true protein and 2,920 feed units per cow on the average. The cows were on pasture an average of 85 days during that summer. The 21 groups of Red Danish cows varied in average milk let- down rate from 5.10 to 2.60 pounds per minute, varying between groups of daughters and within groups by individual cows. Production in average of 304 days Groups of Milk Fat Butterfat Protein Protein Year daughters (pounds) (percent) (pounds) (percent) (pounds) 1945-46 6 9,150 4.29 399 1951-52 33 9,396 4.40 414 1964-65 49 11,069 4.52 500 3.77 417 1968-69 21 12,211 4.58 559 3.80 464 Bulls at stud are given health tests to eliminate such diseases as vibriosis. PROGENY TESTING FOR MEAT PRODUCTION Feed conversion was measured with groups of male calves by four Red Danish sires in a winter and a spring feeding trial from 14 days old to 200 kilograms (440 pounds) live weight. Calves were fed on a uniform schedule, with colostrum 1 to 4 days old, whole milk in reducing amounts, and skim milk in increasing amounts during the trial. Concentrates comprised of 20 percent linseed cake, 10 percent soybean meal, 10 percent linseed meal, 30 percent rolled barley, and 30 percent rolled oats. This supplemented equal amounts of rolled barley and rolled oats. Each calf received 500,000 interna- tional units (LU.) of vitamin A and 100,000 LU. of vitamin D on arrival. When whole milk was discontinued, each calf received 2,000 IU. of vitamin A and 200 L U. of vitamin D daily. Store calves got 30 grams of dicalcium phosphate daily, supplementing the stock beets fed. From birth to 27 days of age, calves received 100 grams of Aurofac antibiotic daily. Slaughter tests and carcass grades ter- minated each trial. Calves in four groups in 1966.-67 averaged 2.24 pounds of gain 410 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS The average feed intake during the 1968-69 tests included Mix- ture I, 496 feed units; Mixture II, 882 feed units; swedes, 185; stock beets, 786; beet tops, 22; grass silage, 262; grass hay, 247; and straw. 40 feed units. These feeds provided a total of 684 pounds of digesti- ble true protein and 2,920 feed units per cow on the average. The cows were on pasture an average of 85 days during that summer. The 21 groups of Red Danish cows varied in average milk let- down rate from 5.10 to 2.60 pounds per minute, varying between groups of daughters and within groups by individual cows. Production in average of 304 days Groups of Milk Fat Butterfat Protein Protein Year daughters (pounds) (percent) (pounds) (percent) (pounds) 1945-46 6 9,150 4.29 399 1951-52 33 9,396 4.40 414 1964-65 49 11,069 4.52 500 3.77 417 1968-69 21 12,211 4.58 559 3.80 464 Bulls at stud are given health tests to eliminate such diseases as vibriosis. PROGENY TESTING FOR MEAT PRODUcT1ON Feed conversion was measured with groups of male calves by four Red Danish sires in a winter and a spring feeding trial from 14 days old to 200 kilograms (440 pounds) live weight. Calves were fed on a uniform schedule, with colostrum 1 to 4 days old, whole milk in reducing amounts, and skim milk in increasing amounts during the trial. Concentrates comprised of 20 percent linseed cake, 10 percent soybean meal, 10 percent linseed meal, 30 percent rolled barles, and 30 percent rolled oats. This supplemented equal amounts of rolled barley and rolled oats. Each calf received 500,000 interna- tional units (I.U.) of vitamin A and 100,000 LU. of vitamin D on arrival. When whole milk was discontinued, each calf received 2,000 LU. of vitamin A and 200 L.U. of vitamin D daily. Store calves got 30 grams of dicalcium phosphate daily, supplementing the stock beets fed. From birth to 27 days of age, calves received 100 grams of Aurofac antibiotic daily. Slaughter tests and carcass grades ter- minated each trial. Calves in four groups in 1966-67 averaged 2.24 pounds of gain  Red Danish in Denmark 411 daily from .38 feed units per pound of gain. The carcasses dressed out at 53.7 percent, 70 percent of which was lean meat. Cow FAMILY HERDBOoKs Since 1841 permanent individual milk records were kept of cows in the Ourupgaard Farm herd, owned by E. Tesdorpf. Peter A. Morke- berg, state konsulent in cattle breeding, analyzed the records and set up the first cow "Family Herdbook" from them in 1891. This served as a pattern. Family Herdbooks were not published, but they were recognized officially, since only the Konsulent made en- tries in them. The family herdbook was compiled, based on prominent cows, when production had been recorded for three generations and type was satisfactory. The records included birthdate, sire and dam of each cow, description by the konsulent, prizes received, and milk yields and butterfat percentages under Control Society supervision, coupled with butterfat yields, progeny, transfers of ownership, and other desirable facts. New records were entered yearly by the kon- sulent or officials of the Danish Agricultural Society. Family herd- books kept in 1941 with Friesian, Black-and-White Jutland (Danish), Jersey, Red Danish, and Shorthorn showed the follow- ing numbers of cattle: Bornholm, 70; Funen, 1,860; Jutland, 2,100; Lolland-Falster, 180; and Sjaelland, 835. The total for the five breeds was 5,045. Only cows in family herdbooks were considered for entry in the Cow Herd Book of the Red Danish Milk Breed. The number of family herdbooks kept in 1958 with Black-and-White Danish, Jer- sey, Red Danish, and Shorthorns amounted to about 9,500. RED DANISH HERDBOOKs The Red Danish Milk Breed was declared a distinct breed in 1881, although the breed had been used mainly as milk cows previously. A tenant farmer, Andersen, of Gunderslevholm, started a private herdbook in the 1860s. The Federation of Agricultural Societies in Jutland published the first public herdbook for the Black-and-White Jutland breed in 1881, divided into beef and dairy animals. This Red Danish in Denmark 411 daily from 1.38 feed units per pound of gain. The carcasses dressed out at 53.7 percent, 70 percent of which was lean meat. Cow FAMILY HEnDBOOKS Since 1841 permanent individual milk records were kept of cows in the Ourupgaard Farm herd, owned by E. Tesdorpf. Peter A. Morke- berg, state konsulent in cattle breeding, analyzed the records and set up the first cow "Family Herdbook" from them in 1891. This served as a pattern. Family Herdbooks were not published, but they were recognized officially, since only the Konsulent made en- tries in them. The family herdbook was compiled, based on prominent cows, when production had been recorded for three generations and type was satisfactory. The records included birthdate, sire and dam of each cow, description by the konsulent, prizes received, and milk yields and butterfat percentages under Control Society supervision, coupled with butterfat yields, progeny, transfers of ownership, and other desirable facts. New records were entered yearly by the kon- sulent or officials of the Danish Agricultural Society. Family herd- books kept in 1941 with Friesian, Black-and-White Jutland (Danish), Jersey, Red Danish, and Shorthorn showed the follow- ing numbers of cattle: Bornholm, 70; Funen, 1,860; Jutland, 2,100; Lolland-Falster, 180; and Sjaelland, 835. The total for the five breeds was 5,045. Only cows in family herdbooks were considered for entry in the Cown Herd Book of the Red Danish Milk Breed. The number of family herdbooks kept in 1958 with Black-and-White Danish, Jer- sey, Red Danish, and Shorthorns amounted to about 9,500. RED DANISH HERDBOOKS The Red Danish Milk Breed was declared a distinct breed in 1881, although the breed had been used mainly as milk cows previously. A tenant farmer, Andersen, of Gunderslevholm, started a private herdbook in the 1860s. The Federation of Agricultural Societies in Jutland published the first public herdbook for the Black-and-White Jutland breed in 1881, divided into beef and dairy animals. This Red Danish in Denmark 411 daily from 1.38 feed units per pound of gain. The carcasses dressed out at 53.7 percent, 70 percent of which was lean meat. Cow FAMILY HERDBOOKS Since 1841 permanent individual milk records were kept of cows in the Ourupgaard Farm herd, owned by E. Tesdorpf. Peter A. Morke- berg, state konsulent in cattle breeding, analyzed the records and set up the first cow "Family Herdbook" from them in 1891. This served as a pattern. Family Herdbooks were not published, but they were recognized officially, since only the Konsulent made en- tries in them. The family herdbook was compiled, based on prominent cows, when production had been recorded for three generations and type was satisfactory. The records included birthdate, sire and dam of each cow, description by the konsulent, prizes received, and milk yields and butterfat percentages under Control Society supervision, coupled with butterfat yields, progeny, transfers of ownership, and other desirable facts. New records were entered yearly by the kon- sulent or officials of the Danish Agricultural Society. Family herd- books kept in 1941 with Friesian, Black-and-White Jutland (Danish), Jersey, Red Danish, and Shorthorn showed the follow- ing numbers of cattle: Bornholm, 70; Funen, 1,860; Jutland, 2,100; Lolland-Falster, 180; and Sjaelland, 835. The total for the five breeds was 5,045. Only cows in family herdbooks were considered for entry in the Cow Herd Book of the Red Danish Milk Breed. The number of family herdbooks kept in 1958 with Black-and-White Danish, Jer- sey, Red Danish, and Shorthorns amounted to about 9,500. RED DANIsH HERDBOOKS The Red Danish Milk Breed was declared a distinct breed in 1881, although the breed had been used mainly as milk cows previously. A tenant farmer, Andersen, of Gunderslevholm, started a private herdbook in the 1860s. The Federation of Agricultural Societies in Jutland published the first public herdbook for the Black-and-White Jutland breed in 1881, divided into beef and dairy animals. This  412 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS division was discontinued later, and only the dairy type was recog- nized. Four herdbooks were initiated under the provincial agricultural societies-(a) in Sjaelland in 1885 by J. B. H. Andersen, a farmer. and published through the federated agricultural societies; (b) in Jutland for bulls in 1892, by Konsulent S. P. Pedersen; (c) in Funen in 1891 for bulls, and in 1905 for cows; and (d) in Lolland-Falster in 1896 by A. la Cour. A central herdbook for Red Danish bulls was established in 1893 under the Federation of Danish Agricultural Societies; the first vol- ume appeared in 1896. Between 1905 and 1919, herdbooks for Red Danish cows were maintained under control of the separate provin- cial agricultural societies. The cow herdbooks also came under supervision of the Federated Danish Agricultural Societies. The consolidated herdbooks pub- lished since 1920 for the Red Danish Milk Breed include 63 volumes for bulls, 39 volumes for cows, and a young stock registry herdbook (up to 1959). L. Hansen Larsen described the basis of the current herdbooks: First . . . the foundation for the public herdbook is the family herdbook kept by the Livestock Advisers of the Agricultural Societies. In the family herdbook the Advisor collects all infor- mation about the descent, yield, issue, prizes, measurements, weights of each animal, besides his own description of the ani- mal. Before entering the various items of information, the Ad- viser checks the correctness of them, whereafter the book and its information are authorized by the Agricultural Societies; about 3500 prominent Danish elite herds are entered in family herdbooks. Secondly there is the peculiar feature of the Danish keep- ing of herdbooks that the public herdbook to a material extent is an elite herdbook, containing only elite animals from elite herds. The Registry Herdbook was begun in 1921 under direction of Lars Frederiksen. It published short pedigrees, such as could be used for export purposes, and only average production records of the dams were entered. Four pamphlets or volumes were as- sembled. The work was given to P. A. Morkeberg in 1923 to re- 412 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS division was discontinued later, and only the dairy type was recog- nized. Four herdbooks were initiated under the provincial agricultural societies-(a) in Sjaelland in 1885 by J. B. H. Andersen, a farmer., and published through the federated agricultural societies; (b) in Jutland for bulls in 1892, by Konsulent S. P. Pedersen; (c) in Funen in 1891 for bulls, and in 1905 for cows; and (d) in Lolland-Falster in 1896 by A. la Cour. A central herdbook for Red Danish bulls was established in 1893 under the Federation of Danish Agricultural Societies; the first vol- ume appeared in 1896. Between 1905 and 1919, herdbooks for Red Danish cows were maintained under control of the separate provin- cial agricultural societies. The cow herdbooks also came under supervision of the Federated Danish Agricultural Societies. The consolidated herdbooks pub- lished since 1920 for the Red Danish Milk Breed include 63 volumes for bulls, 39 volumes for cows, and a young stock registry herdbook (up to 1959). L. Hansen Larsen described the basis of the current herdbooks: First ... the foundation for the public herdbook is the family herdbook kept by the Livestock Advisers of the Agricultural Societies. In the family herdbook the Advisor collects all infor- mation about the descent, yield, issue, prizes, measurements, weights of each animal, besides his own description of the ani- mal. Before entering the various items of information, the Ad- viser checks the correctness of them, whereafter the book and its information are authorized by the Agricultural Societies; about 3500 prominent Danish elite herds are entered in family herdbooks. Secondly there is the peculiar feature of the Danish keep- ing of herdbooks that the public herdbook to a material extent is an elite herdbook, containing only elite animals from elite herds. The Registry Herdbook was begun in 1921 under direction of Lars Frederiksen. It published short pedigrees, such as could be used for export purposes, and only average production records of the dams were entered. Four pamphlets or volumes were as- sembled. The work was given to P. A. Morkeberg in 1923 to re- 412 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS division was discontinued later, and only the dairy type was recog- nized. Four herdbooks were initiated under the provincial agricultural societies-(a) in Sjaelland in 1885 by J. B. H. Andersen, a farmer. and published through the federated agricultural societies; (b) in Jutland for bulls in 1892, by Konsulent S. P. Pedersen; (c) in Funen in 1891 for bulls, and in 1905 for cows; and (d) in Lolland-Falster in 1896 by A. Ia Cour. A central herdbook for Red Danish bulls was established in 1893 under the Federation of Danish Agricultural Societies; the first vol- ume appeared in 1896. Between 1905 and 1919, herdbooks for Red Danish cows were maintained under control of the separate provin- cial agricultural societies. The cow herdbooks also came under supervision of the Federated Danish Agricultural Societies. The consolidated herdbooks pub- lished since 1920 for the Red Danish Milk Breed include 63 volumes for bulls, 39 volumes for cows, and a young stock registry herdbook (up to 1959). L. Hansen Larsen described the basis of the current herdbooks: First ... the foundation for the public herdbook is the family herdbook kept by the Livestock Advisers of the Agricultural Societies. In the family herdbook the Advisor collects all infor- mation about the descent, yield, issue, prizes, measurements, weights of each animal, besides his own description of the ani- mal. Before entering the various items of information, the Ad- viser checks the correctness of them, whereafter the book and its information are authorized by the Agricultural Societies; about 3500 prominent Danish elite herds are entered in family herdbooks. Secondly there is the peculiar feature of the Danish keep- ing of herdbooks that the public herdbook to a material extent is an elite herdbook, containing only elite animals from elite herds. The Registry Herdbook was begun in 1921 under direction of Lars Frederiksen. It published short pedigrees, such as could be used for export purposes, and only average production records of the dams were entered. Four pamphlets or volumes were as- sembled. The work was given to P. A. Morkeberg in 1923 to re-  Red Danish in Denmark 413 organize. The first volume of the new Register Herd Book appeared in 1924. Hansen Larsen stated: The Register Herd Book is a printed herdbook, comprising mainly young animals, the minimum age being 1 year. In order to be admitted, the bulls must have been awarded prizes at the cattle shows, and the cows and heifers must have come from herds entered in the Family Herdbooks. In the case of animals of dairy breeds the rule applies . . . that the cows in their descent must have been controlled by recognized Milk Recording Societies. If a bull had not received at least a third prize at a local show, he could be entered if inspected by the Konsulent and if approved for body conformation. Females must have been at least 2 years old, have calved, and have passed the same type requirements as bulls. COw AND BULL HERDBOOKS The Cow Herdbook and Bull Herdbook were elite herdbooks func- tioning by a system of selective registration. Only cows from good family herdbooks were considered for entry in the Cow Herdbook. The dam and granddams must have been production recorded for at least 2 years, with at least 485 pounds of fat as an average of all recorded years. The annual butterfat yield in kilograms must have equaled the chest circumference in centimeters, and her milk must have averaged at least 4 percent of fat. At least one progeny must have met requirements for the Register Herd Book, and any daugh- ters in milk must have yielded 441 pounds of fat in 1 year at mature equivalent age. Herdbook standards were reviewed each year. Cows usually were 6 to 7 years old before qualifying for the Cow Herdbook. The degree of selection was great. Strict requirements limited entry of bulls in the Bull Herdbook to superior animals at least 6 to 7 years old. Only 60 bulls qualified in 1959. At least the dam and both granddams must have been in Milk Control Societies. The bulls must have been awarded at least one prize at the shows, namely first class first grade, first class second grade, or second class first grade for conformation and for pedigree; Red Danish in Denmark 413 organize. The first volume of the new Register Herd Book appeared in 1924. Hansen Larsen stated: The Register Herd Book is a printed herdbook, comprising mainly young animals, the minimum age being 1 year. In order to be admitted, the bulls must have been awarded prizes at the cattle shows, and the cows and heifers must have come from herds entered in the Family Herdbooks. In the case of animals of dairy breeds the rule applies . . . that the cows in their descent must have been controlled by recognized Milk Recording Societies. If a bull had not received at least a third prize at a local show, he could be entered if inspected by the Konsulent and if approved for body conformation. Females must have been at least 2 years old, have calved, and have passed the same type requirements as bulls. COw AND BULL HERDBOOKS The Cow Herdbook and Bull Herdbook were elite herdbooks func- tioning by a system of selective registration. Only cows from good family herdbooks were considered for entry in the Cow Herdbook. The dam and granddams must have been production recorded for at least 2 years, with at least 485 pounds of fat as an average of all recorded years. The annual butterfat yield in kilograms must have equaled the chest circumference in centimeters, and her milk must have averaged at least 4 percent of fat. At least one progeny must have met requirements for the Register Herd Book, and any daugh- ters in milk must have yielded 441 pounds of fat in 1 year at mature equivalent age. Herdbook standards were reviewed each year. Cows usually were 6 to 7 years old before qualifying for the Cow Herdbook. The degree of selection was great. Strict requirements limited entry of bulls in the Bull Herdbook to superior animals at least 6 to 7 years old. Only 60 bulls qualified in 1959. At least the dam and both granddams must have been in Milk Control Societies. The bulls must have been awarded at least one prize at the shows, namely first class first grade, first class second grade, or second class first grade for conformation and for pedigree; Red Danish in Denmark 413 organize. The first volume of the new Register Herd Book appeared in 1924. Hansen Larsen stated: The Register Herd Book is a printed herdbook, comprising mainly young animals, the minimum age being 1 year. In order to be admitted, the bulls must have been awarded prizes at the cattle shows, and the cows and heifers must have come from herds entered in the Family Herdbooks. In the case of animals of dairy breeds the rule applies . . . that the cows in their descent must have been controlled by recognized Milk Recording Societies. If a bull had not received at least a third prize at a local show, he could be entered if inspected by the Konsulent and if approved for body conformation. Females must have been at least 2 years old, have calved, and have passed the same type requirements as bulls. COw AND BULL HERDBOOKS The Cow Herdbook and Bull Herdbook were elite herdbooks func- tioning by a system of selective registration. Only cows from good family herdbooks were considered for entry in the Cow Herdbook. The dam and granddams must have been production recorded for at least 2 years, with at least 485 pounds of fat as an average of all recorded years. The annual butterfat yield in kilograms must have equaled the chest circumference in centimeters, and her milk must have averaged at least 4 percent of fat. At least one progeny must have met requirements for the Register Herd Book, and any daugh- ters in milk must have yielded 441 pounds of fat in 1 year at mature equivalent age. Herdbook standards were reviewed each year. Cows usually were 6 to 7 years old before qualifying for the Cow Herdbook. The degree of selection was great. Strict requirements limited entry of bulls in the Bull Herdbook to superior animals at least 6 to 7 years old. Only 60 bulls qualified in 1959. At least the dam and both granddams must have been in Milk Control Societies. The bulls must have been awarded at least one prize at the shows, namely first class first grade, first class second grade, or second class first grade for conformation and for pedigree;  414 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS the bull also must have been entered in the Register Herd Book. He must have been awarded progeny prizes in one of three cate- gories, as above. The production of all daughters in Milk Recording Societies was compared with that of their dams. Hansen Larsen wrote: This work was initiated by the Agricultural Society in Funen, in as much as they as early as about the year 1900 requested Mr. Sorensen, a veterinary surgeon in Odense, to undertake an investigation of the performance of the progeny of prize bulls. And in 1903 a report was issued, compiled by Mr. Jorgen Otto Pedersen, the agricultural adviser, on inquiries into the progeny' of bulls.... This work was difficult, because the offices had to collect the material for his progeny performance tests.... The Government gives to the Provincial Federations of Ag- ricultural Societies an annual grant of 15,000 Kroner toward this work and the reports. Only 4,700 Red Danish bulls were entered in 63 volumes of the bull herdbook, only 712 being in the recent 10 years (1950-59). Entries contained the birthdate, show prizes, transfers of owner- ship, and progeny records. Improvement in the selected herdbook cows was shown by a comparison of their average production rec- ords. Volume Year Number of cows Milk Test Butterfat (pounds) (percent) (pounds) 1 1921 267 9,632 4.05 390 15 1935 549 11,762 4.32 508 39 1959 670 12,637 4.53 573 BREEDING RED DANISH CATrLE The Island farmers decided to develop a breed of red dairy cattle. The dappled or mottled coat color may come from a different gene combination than the recessive red of some Friesian cattle. The horns are of medium length, inclining outward and forward from the head. Breeders of some elite herds favored retaining the horns to bear brands of identification and achievements. Some uniformity in size and shape of teats has been attained for convenience in ma- chine milking. A gradual increase in butterfat percentage in the milk came from selecting herd sires from high-testing cow families. 414 D AIRY CATTLE BREEDS the bull also must have been entered in the Register Herd Book. He must have been awarded progeny prizes in one of three cate- gories, as above. The production of all daughters in Milk Recording Societies was compared with that of their dams. Hansen Larsen wrote: This work was initiated by the Agricultural Society in Funen, in as much as they as early as about the year 1900 requested Mr. Sorensen, a veterinary surgeon in Odense, to undertake an investigation of the performance of the progeny of prize bulls. And in 1903 a report was issued, compiled by Mr. Jorgen Otto Pedersen, the agricultural adviser, on inquiries into the progeny of bulls.... This work was difficult, because the offices had to collect the material for his progeny performance tests.... The Government gives to the Provincial Federations of Ag- ricultural Societies an annual grant of 15,000 Kroner toward this work and the reports. Only 4,700 Red Danish bulls were entered in 63 volumes of the bull herdbook, only 712 being in the recent 10 years (1950-59). Entries contained the birthdate, show prizes, transfers of owner- ship, and progeny records. Improvement in the selected herdbook cows was shown by a comparison of their average production rec- ords. 414 DAIRY CA TTLE BREEDS the bull also must have been entered in the Register Herd Book. He must have been awarded progeny prizes in one of three cate- gories, as above. The production of all daughters in Milk Recording Societies was compared with that of their dams. Hansen Larsen wrote: This work was initiated by the Agricultural Society in Funen, in as much as they as early as about the year 1900 requested Mr. Sorensen, a veterinary surgeon in Odense, to undertake an investigation of the performance of the progeny of prize bulls. And in 1903 a report was issued, compiled by Mr. Jorgen Otto Pedersen, the agricultural adviser, on inquiries into the progeny of bulls.... This work was difficult, because the offices had to collect the material for his progeny performance tests.... The Government gives to the Provincial Federations of Ag- ricultural Societies an annual grant of 15,000 Kroner toward this work and the reports. Only 4,700 Red Danish bulls were entered in 63 volumes of the bull herdbook, only 712 being in the recent 10 years (1950-59). Entries contained the birthdate, show prizes, transfers of owner- ship, and progeny records. Improvement in the selected herdbook cows was shown by a comparison of their average production rec- ords. Volume Year Number of cows Milk (pounds) 1 1921 267 9,632 15 1935 549 11,762 39 1959 670 12.637 Test Butterfat (percent) (pounds) 4.05 390 4.32 508 4.53 573 Volume Year Number of cows Milk (pounds) 1 1921 267 9,632 15 1935 549 11,762 39 1959 670 12.637 Test Butterfat (percent) (pounds) 4.05 390 4.32 508 4.53 573 BREEDING RED DANISH CATrLE The Island farmers decided to develop a breed of red dairy cattle. The dappled or mottled coat color may come from a different gene combination than the recessive red of some Friesian cattle. The horns are of medium length, inclining outward and forward from the head. Breeders of some elite herds favored retaining the horns to bear brands of identification and achievements. Some uniformity in size and shape of teats has been attained for convenience in ma- chine milking. A gradual increase in butterfat percentage in the milk came from selecting herd sires from high-testing cow families. BREEDING RED DANISH CATeLE The Island farmers decided to develop a breed of red dairy cattle. The dappled or mottled coat color may come from a different gene combination than the recessive red of some Friesian cattle. The horns are of medium length, inclining outward and forward from the head. Breeders of some elite herds favored retaining the horns to bear brands of identification and achievements. Some uniformity in size and shape of teats has been attained for convenience in ma- chine milking. A gradual increase in butterfat percentage in the milk came from selecting herd sires from high-testing cow families.  Red Danish in Denmark 415 Protein content of the milk has been determined on bulls' daugh- ters at the testing stations since 1959. Some hereditary defects are known. Jens Nielsen reported in 1950 that congenital paralysis of the hind legs of some Red Danish calves was reported first in 1924 in southeastern Sjaelland. Affected calves had incomplete paralysis of the hind legs at birth, and soon died. A recessive gene appeared responsible, as symptoms were not evi- dent among animals of heterozygous constitution. He believed the trait traced to the bull Tjalfe Kristoffer, born in 1913. Hsjager, transmitting good production, was heterozygous for this gene. At- tempts to avoid bulls known to transmit the defect is reducing its occurrence. Some cases of mummified fetuses have been observed. Applying diagnostic methods with Red Danish bulls in A.I. serv- ice has contributed to reduce or eliminate trichomoniasis, vibriosis, and certain defects of the reproductive organs. REFERENCES 1932. Det danske Landbrugs Historie. Vol. 3. Copenhagen. Andersen, K. M. 1925. Bull associations in Denmark. Hoard's Dairyman 69(8):260. . 1946. Haandbog in Kraeghold. Aksel Hansens Forlag. Copenhagen. Anonymous. 1938. Denmark's anniversary. A century and a half of progress. Hoard's Dairyman 83(12):346. Anthony, E. L. 1925. The history and development of the Red Danish race of cattle. Unpub. manuscript by permission. Appel, A., and P. A. Morkeberg. 1896. Kraebrugets Udeikling i Danmark. Copenhagen. Ashton, E. D. 1949. The use of records in dairy cattle breeding in Denmark and the Netherlands. Agriculture. J. Ministry Agr. 56:255-59. Blom, E. 1965. The history of artificial insemination in Danish cattle breeding with special regard to its influence on improved sexual health control. Veter- inarian 3:243-48. Bruce, William. 1905. Some features of dairy farming in Denmark. Trans. Highland Agr. Soc. Scotland 17( ser. 5):228-39. Curwen, E. Cecil. 1938. Early agriculture in Denmark. Antiquity 12(46): 135-53. Taken from G. Hatt, Landbrugi: Danemark old rid. Copenhagen. 1937. Dunne, John J. 1920. Cows that made Denmark famous. Hoard's Dairyman 60:528, 542-43. Eskedal, E. Wenzel. 1935. Milk recording societies. In Denmark. Agriculture. Copenhagen. Pp. 277-82. 1955. How the Danes are testing bulls for artificial insemination. (Notes prepared for Minnesota Valley Breeders' Assoc. Courtesy of Wallace Miller, Manager.) Red Danish in Denmark 415 Protein content of the milk has been determined on bulls' daugh- ters at the testing stations since 1959. Some hereditary defects are known. Jens Nielsen reported in 1950 that congenital paralysis of the hind legs of some Red Danish calves was reported first in 1924 in southeastern Sjaelland. Affected calves had incomplete paralysis of the hind legs at birth, and soon died. A recessive gene appeared responsible, as symptoms were not evi- dent among animals of heterozygous constitution. He believed the trait traced to the bull Tjalfe Kristoffer, born in 1913. Hsjager, transmitting good production, was heterozygous for this gene. At- tempts to avoid bulls known to transmit the defect is reducing its occurrence. Some cases of mummified fetuses have been observed. Applying diagnostic methods with Red Danish bulls in A.I. serv- ice has contributed to reduce or eliminate trichomoniasis, vibriosis, and certain defects of the reproductive organs. REFERENCES 1932. Det danske Landbrugs Historic. Vol. 3. Copenhagen. Andersen, K. M. 1925. Bull associations in Denmark. Hoard's Dairyman 69(8):260. . 1946. Haandbog in Kraeghold. Aksel Hansens Forlag. Copenhagen. Anonymous. 1938. Denmark's anniversary. A century and a half of progress. Hoard's Dairyman 83(12):346. Anthony, E. L. 1925. The history and development of the Red Danish race of cattle. Unpub. manuscript by permission. Appel, A., and P. A. Morkeberg. 1896 Keaebrugets Udikling i Danmark. Copenhagen. Ashton, E. D. 1949. The use of records in dairy cattle breeding in Denmark and the Netherlands. Agriculture. J. Ministry Agr. 56:255-59. Blom, E. 1965. The history of artificial insemination in Danish cattle breeding with special regard to its influence on improved sexual health control. Veter- inarian 3:243-48. Bruce, William. 1905. Some features of dairy farning in Denmark. Trans. Highland Agr. Soc. Scotland 17(ser. 5):228-39. Curwen, E. Cecil, 1938. Early agriculture in Denmark. Antiquity 12(46): 135-53. Taken from G. Hatt, Landbrugi: Danemark old rid. Copenhagen. 1937. Dunne, John J. 1920. Cows that made Denmark famous. Hoard's Dairyman 60:528, 542-43. Eskedal, E. Wenzel. 1935. Milk recording societies. In Denmark. Agriculture. Copenhagen. Pp. 277-82. . 1955. How the Danes are testing bulls for artificial insemination. (Notes prepared for Minnesota Valley Breeders' Assoc. Courtesy of Wallace Miller, Manager.) Red Danish in Denmark 415 Protein content of the milk has been determined on bulls' daugh- ters at the testing stations since 1959. Some hereditary defects are known. Jens Nielsen reported in 1950 that congenital paralysis of the hind legs of some Red Danish calves was reported first in 1924 in southeastern Sjaelland. Affected calves had incomplete paralysis of the hind legs at birth, and soon died. A recessive gene appeared responsible, as symptoms were not evi- dent among animals of heterozygous constitution. He believed the trait traced to the bull Tjalfe Kristoffer, born in 1913. Hsjager, transmitting good production, was heterozygous for this gene. At- tempts to avoid bulls known to transmit the defect is reducing its occurrence. Some cases of mummified fetuses have been observed. Applying diagnostic methods with Red Danish bulls in A.I. serv- ice has contributed to reduce or eliminate trichomoniasis, vibriosis, and certain defects of the reproductive organs. REFERENCES 1932. Det danske Landbrugs Historic. Vol. 3. Copenhagen. Andersen, K. M. 1925. Bull associations in Denmark. Hoard's Dairyman 69(8):260. . 1946. Haandbog in Kcaeghold. Aksel Hansens Forlag. Copenhagen. Anonymous. 1938. Denmark's anniversary. A century and a half of progress. Hoard's Dairyman 83(12):346. Anthony, E. L. 1925. The history and development of the Red Danish race of cattle. Unpub. manuscript by permission. Appel, A., and P. A. Morkeberg. 1896. Keaebrugets Udikling i Danmark. Copenhagen. Ashton, E. D. 1949. The use of records in dairy cattle breeding in Denmark and the Netherlands. Agriculture. J. Ministry Agr. 56:255-59. Blom, E. 1965. The history of artificial insemination in Danish cattle breeding with special regard to its influence on improved sexual health control. Veter- inarian 3:243-48. Bruce, William. 1905. Some features of dairy farming in Denmark. Trans. Highland Agr. Soc. Scotland 17(ser. 5):228-39. Curwen, E. Cecil. 1938. Early agriculture in Denmark. Antiquity 12(46): 135-53. Taken from G. Hatt, Landbrugi: Danemark old rid. Copenhagen. 1937. Dunne, John J. 1920. Cows that made Denmark famous. Hoard's Dairyman 60:528, 542-43. Eskedal, E. Wenzel. 1935. Milk recording societies. In Denmark. Agriculture. Copenhagen. Pp. 277-82. . 1955. How the Danes are testing bolls for artificial insemination. (Notes prepared for Minnesota Valley Breeders' Assoc. Courtesy of Wallace Miller, Manager.)  416 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Faber, H. 1921-22. Improveent of dairy cattle in~ DenmoBk. J. Minisry Ag., Great ritais. 28:598-607, 704-11. *1931. Csooeraion is Dansh agriculure. Longmso, GIBeDn & Co., London. Fisker J. 1919. Koslgsslsoblfdols i Ksbehans Amst. Copenshagen. FBederihsoss, Las.s 1910. Dairy catle. Fro Denmarks. Dan~ish Msinistry of For- eigs Affairs. . Daish silk recodinsloieisadthiiflenc±e Iocatte beeding. Goldschmsidt, Herald. 1996. Kvaebosgets Udviklisg i Danmssrk. Copenhagen. Hasen, J., ssd A. Hessos. 1905. D~ie Rinderzucht is Is- ssd Asslssd. Vsl. 1. R. C. Schmsidt & Cs., Leipzig. Pp. 532-49. Houghtos, F. L., and W. S. Msosrip. 1926. The systemI If jusdging catleo at Dsssish showEs. Hoste~ins-Foiesian World 23(4):117, 132. (Citedasumr of Petes Aug. Mokeberg. ) Johassoss, Isso. 1880. Gesotio lspecds of dairy oatle breeding. Un~iv. If lli- oolPrss, Ushsss. Klidt-IJaseno, Ols. 1957. Dosnmask befsooe ths Viksisgs. Praege, New' Ysok. Knudsen, A. F. 1935. Theorsgsanizstiss sof Dansish agrsiulue. Is Dossssso. Agriculturo. Cspesshagos. Pp. 37-48. Lasso, L. H. 1933. Dio Rindviehzsssht is Danmsssrk inbeondere dio Zucht doo Rsos dssischos Milchrsse. 1931. Cattle boeedinsg ansd catle raITs. Is Dessssok. Agriculture. Csoenhsgen. Pp. 197-210. MaarsIeo, Sv. Al. 1911. Aasberetnlisg fo 1950. Asohss. Morkeberg, F. A. 0966. Kssoebrugets Udviksling i DanmBSrk. Copenhasgen. .1916. The Dssish systeos scassle booodisg. J. Bsod Agr. 19:998- 1005. Nielsen, Ejner, ssd B. Vosth. 1911. AfkssssplssII mssd tyro. Beret. FososgsLs- bsosl 15:387. Nielsoss, Jess. 1960. Arvolig lssshoerd hss kaloe. (English ssssssry.) Csoen- hagens. Nielsen, 1K., ansd C. J. M. Hisks. 1997. Malkbsshed og ydeLl undersgelse fra afksomsprs'osatioern. Breot. Fososgslaboratost 359. Niolsos, M. 1931. Csow tedsg asssyiions is DenDmark. Trsass. by Edw'is C. Voorhsies. dsod's Dairymans 76:356. Fosoy, E. J. 2939. Amosng lhe Dssish fsarmers. Inerostate, Danvi'lOe, I. Fluss, Mogess. 1930. Css.teinSg is DenmaSIk. Hossod's Dasirymano 81:467, 480. Pr5sche. 1929. Citod by E. L. Anthssny. The history andS deve1lopment sof the Rod Dssnisb osceof casslo. Unpubl. mascrOipt. Pslliss, A. L. 1951. Denssssk's neD mosdeow ss. Hsords DairymanS 96:612. Rassssss, Frederis. Csttle Ireeders' associat5on LB DenSrkII. USDA Bur. Ansimsl Ind. Bsll. 129. Rsoetsss, Alsss, sod I. L. Mson. 1954. A genethc analysis If ths Besd Danish bleed sf ostlo. Adsa Ago. Sand. 4:257-65. RsttEnsteD, Knuod, asd Rl~oerssFot. 1959. DevelopmentI o6 A. I. ansd pSreny test in DenmarkI. A. 1. Digst 7(7):6-7. Skssvgssod, K., asd Astss PeesenSO. 1946. Surveoy of DaishI agiculture. Na- tonsl Dssisb F. A. 0. Commsittel. Copenhagen. Svensdsen, A. 1993. Kosogsol og Kvasopdrae. 1st Dd. CopenhasgeD. Tsohbesry, B. W., KC. RestIEn, ssd H. 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Genetic spfects of dsisy catle broodisg. Uiv. of Illi- ssis Pels, Urbana. KClindt-.aseo, Ols. 0957. Dosnmsok before Ohe Vikins. Praege, NeD York. Knssdsos, A. P. 1931. Tho oganizaton sof Dasish agiclture. InI DIemad. Agricsulsore. Csosehsgoo. Pp. 37-48. Lasso, L. H. 1933. Dil Rindviehzucht is Dssossso inshossdoo dio ZucohO doo otos dslsbg iMilscossss. ____ 1931. Cattle broodissg snd osttlo Iacel. Is Densmask. Agrisculr. Copeoshsgon. Pp. 187-210. Masseelo, Sv. AL. 0951. Asosberetsisg frs 1950. Asohss. Morkeberg, P. A. 0996. Kosokosgols Udvikling i Dassmsrk. Csposhagos. 1916. Tho Dssish s ystossof ssttlo booodissg. J. Bsod Ago. 19:998- 1005. Niolsos, Ejner, ansd B. Vesth. 1911. Afkomssprsoe med tyoo. Beret. Pososl- bsoratis 11:397. Niols, Joss. 1960. Aorvelig Lsssbood bss ksloe. (English summary.) Copen- hsgos. Niels, K., sasd C. J. M. Hins. 1967. Mslsbarhed og ydelse underosgelse frs afkospostatisoers. Brod. Fososgslshorstoris 359. Niolsos, M. 1931. Cssw testsg a~ssoiation is Dosnmsok. Trsass. by Edw~is C. Vobies. Hsod's Dsiorysss 76:356. Fosoy, E. J. 1939. Amossg the Dssish fsrseos. Insttes, Dssillo, IlI. Plums, Moge1ns. 1938. Cow tosting is Dosossok. Hsod's Dsirymnss 1:467, 490. Posoho. 1921. Cited by E. L. Antony. Tho history snd devoospmenss of tho Red Dssish osce of csttlo. Unpsbl. mascrsipt. Pslliss, A. L. 1951. Doesmsso's SOD osdel cow. Hsod's Dsioyosss 96:612. Rsssen, Foodosik. Cattle bre0d1rs' assoiatson in Desssssk. USDA Bs. AsisslInOd. BS11. 229. Robesons, Aln,snd .L. Mson. 1954. A gseetsanlysisof theRdDansh boood of caslo. Adsa Ago. OSsd. 4:217-65. Rsotensten, Knud4, snd Robhrd Fsot. 1919. Developmenst of A. I. and rogenRy tost iS Dossmsok. A. 1. Digest 7(7):6-7. Sksovgssrd, KC., ansd AnonI Pedersesn. 1946. Survoy sof Dsnish agiclture. Na- tonasl Dssish F. A. 0. Csommittee. Copenhasge. Svonds, A. 1693. Kvsogsul og Kosogspdoset. 1st od. Copenshage. Tssshbosoy, B. W., K. RIoesten, aDd H. Andese. 1960. A comparsonD of dairy sire pogeny tosts made at specoial Danish testing stations with tests masde is fassers' holds. J. Diy Sci. 48:529-45. 416 DAIRY CATTLE BREES Fsbeo, H. 1921-22. Improvement sof dsiry cattle Ln Denmasl. 5. Miistoy Ag., Goest ritsis. 28:598607, 704-11. .1931. Cssoosraiss is Dssish sgricultur. Longmsans, GIBeSn & Cs., Londo. Fiskel J. 1918. Kvsegsolarbeidets i K±oshsoos Ast. Copenshage. Frederiksen,Lars0910. Dairy cattl.FromsDenmarkh.Daish Miitr ofLFo- 1ign Affsios. . Daiosh ilrecodingsietiessand thirifluso o catleobreeding. Goldschmsid, Hoosld. 1886. Kosohosgots Udviklisg i Dssnmark. Copoenhage. Hasso, J., ssd A. Hserses. 0901. Dis Risdersucht is Is- asd Auslsand. Vs1. 1. R. G. Schmidt & Cs., Leipzig. Pp. 532-49. oughton, F. L., and Wp. S. Msooip. 1926. The systeof sjudging csttlo sO Danish shsows. Hslsteis-Friesias Wsorld 23(4):117, 132. (Citodasumr of Poteo Assg. Msokobosg. ) Jshasoss, Ivso. 1900. Gesotic sspects sf dsiry cattle boeedinsg. Usi. sof Ili sois Poolss, Ushsss. Klindt-aseo, Ols. 1957. Desomsok before lhe Vikings. Posogot, NeD Yohk. Knudsen5, A. F. 1931. Tho oganizaton sof Dssnish agricslture. Is Desnssok. Agricultuoo. Cspeshsgos. Pp. 37-48. Lasso, L. H. 1933. Die Risdviehsscbt is Dssosssrk isosdero dio Zucht deo lRslos dsslychos Siilobass. 1935. Csttlo breeding ssd casleo rSces. Is Dosnssok. AgricuSltr. Copen~hagen, Fp. 167-210. Massso, ISv. Al. 1911. Aassereonisg fos 1950. Asohs. Mookohoog, F. A. 1896. Kosohosgols Udviling i Dsssmsok. Copenshage. .1900. Tho Danish ssteml of casle hooodisg. 3. Bsod Ago. 19:998- 1005. Niolses, Ejner, ssd B. Vestb. 1911. Afkomsprover Ded tyoe. Breot. Fosogsla- Isossiss 15:387. Niolse, Loss. 1980. Aovolig lsambood hss kslvo. (Esnglsh summary.) Cspes- hagen. Nielse, K., ssd C. J. M4. Hisnks. 1967. Malkbhrhed sg ydolso underoSgese fra safksmspssovstatisoers. Berot. Fosogslsbossoit 319. Nioels, M. 1931. CID tostisg associations is Doenmask. Trans. by Edssis C. Vsohios. Hsods Dsioyssss 76:56. Folly, E. J. 1939. Amsosg tho Dssish fsorseos. Intersste, Danillo, 11I. Plsus, Mdoges. 1930. CIw tosting is Doesmalk. Hsod's Dsirysss 81:467, 48. Posoho. 0921. Citod by E. L. Anthossy. Tho hisory and devoospmenosf stho Rod Dsnish raclof csttlo. Uspuhl. massssrip. Pslliss, A. L. 1951, Dossssohs SOD model cow. Hsod's Dsirymas 96:612. Rsmssen, PFredorb. Cale breodors' asSociatson iD Denmark. USDA Buso. Asimasl Ind. Rll. 129. Rsboerson, Alssn, snd I. L. Msss. 1914. A gosotic analysis sf Ohe Red Danish hoood of ostleo. Adsa Ago. Ssan. 4±217-65. Rotteostos, Knud, ssd Rsooet Fssto. 1819. Deveospmtsofs A. I. snd pogeny tst is Dosssssk. A. 1. Digost 7(7):6-7. Sksogssod, K., ssd AsntsS Poderse. 1946. Survey of Dsnish agriolture. No- tiossl Dsanish P. A. 0. Csossittoo. Copenhage. SvendIs, A. 1893. Kosegsol 19 Kosogopdost. 1st od. Copenhsgens. Tocbeorry, R. W., K. R~~oesteno, and H. Andese. 1960. Aomprspooilf daisireopogenyltstsssmadelstpeil Daish teosg statsss wth tsts masde is faroers' hoods. J. Dsiry Sci. 48±529-41.  Red Danish in Denmark 417 Werer, Haga. 1902. Die Rindesasehi. 2ad ed. erlin. Warsaa, J. J. A. 1949. The peimseval antiquities af Dennmark. Trana. by Wil- lass J. Thoas. Landan. Refsrences is U.S. Consuar Repts.: 1997. Cattle and dairy fansing. Val. 2. GPO, Washiagtoa, D.C. Brewers, M. S. Cattle is Schlswig-Holstin. Ths Angels ease. P. 395. Ryder, Henrsy S. The Red Danish cattle. Pp. 490-95. .Bastes eaporsa af Dsnark. Pp. 495-98. Vageler, F. Amaana the catle of Gemany. Pp. 410-12. Red Danish in Dennmark 417 Weraer, Huags. 1902. Die Bindeesncht. 2nd sd. Barin. Wosaas, J. J. A. 1849. The primneval antiqaities of Denearek. Trana. by Wil- bass J. Thoas. Lando. Rsfessncs is U.S, Consar Repts.: 1887. Cattle and daisy farsing. Val. 2. GPO, Washisgtas, D.C. Beer, M. S. Cattle is Schleswig-Hostsia. The Aaaela sass. P. 39. Ryder, Hesnry S. Ths Red Daaisb cattle. Pp. 490-9. ___ Batter exports of Denarkas. Pp. 495-98. Vogeles, P. Amoang the cattle of Germanay. Pp. 41012. Red Danish in Denmark 417 Wsrne, Haga. 1902. Die Bindensch. 2nd sd. Betli. Wosaase, J. J. A. 1949. The primseval antiquities of Denmar. Tras. by Wi- bass J. Thoas. Landan. Rsferencs in U.S. Cosar e pt.: 1997. Cattle sand daisy fanding. Vat. 2. CPO, Wasbingto, D.C. Beses, M. S. Cattle is Schleaswig-Hstaein. Tbe Asgels sass. P. 39. Rypder, Henry S. The Red Dansh cattle. Pp. 490.9. .Butter exports of Denarkas. Pp. 495-98. Vogele, P. Amoang the cattle of Gsemany. Pp, 410-12.  CHAPTER 19 RED DANISH IN AMERICA THE REPUTATION of the Red Danish Milk Breed as milk producers preceded their importation by many years. Danish immigrants settled on many farms. United States consuls surveyed the dairy in- dustry in Denmark in 1883-84 for the consular reports on Cattle and Dairy Farming. In 1905 Helmer Rabild organized a coopera- tive cow testing association in Newago County, Michigan (Fig. 19.1), built upon a plan from Denmark. Later he sponsored pro- duction testing of dairy herds in many states while in the Dairy Di- vision in the USDA Bureau of Animal Industry. Cooperative bull societies operated in Jutland in 1874-78, and generally since 1881. One was organized in Michigan in 1908, and others spread from that example. E. L. Anthony studied the origin and development of the Red Danish Milk Breed in Denmark during 1923-24. E. J. Perry ob- served the first artificial breeding cooperative on the island of 418 CHAPTER 19 RED DANISH IN AMERICA THE REPUTATION of the Red Danish Milk Breed as milk producers preceded their importation by many years. Danish immigrants settled on many farms. United States consuls surveyed the dairy in- dustry in Denmark in 1883-84 for the consular reports on Cattle and Dairy Farming. In 1905 Helmer Rabild organized a coopera- tive cow testing association in Newago County, Michigan (Fig. 19.1), built upon a plan from Denmark. Later he sponsored pro- duction testing of dairy herds in many states while in the Dairy Di- vision in the USDA Bureau of Animal Industry. Cooperative bull societies operated in Jutland in 1874-78, and generally since 1881. One was organized in Michigan in 1908, and others spread from that example. E. L. Anthony studied the origin and development of the Red Danish Milk Breed in Denmark during 1923-24. E. J. Perry ob- served the first artificial breeding cooperative on the island of 418 CHAPTER 19 RED DANISH IN AMERICA THE REPUTATION of the Red Danish Milk Breed as milk producers preceded their importation by many years. Danish immigrants settled on many farms. United States consuls surveyed the dairy in- dustry in Denmark in 1883-84 for the consular reports on Cattle and Dairy Farming. In 1905 Helmer Rabild organized a coopera- tive cow testing association in Newago County, Michigan (Fig. 19.1), built upon a plan from Denmark. Later he sponsored pro- duction testing of dairy herds in many states while in the Dairy Di- vision in the USDA Bureau of Animal Industry. Cooperative bull societies operated in Jutland in 1874-78, and generally since 1881. One was organized in Michigan in 1908, and others spread from that example. E. L. Anthony studied the origin and development of the Red Danish Milk Breed in Denmark during 1923-24. E. J. Perry ob- served the first artificial breeding cooperative on the island of 418  Red Danish in America 419 Samsoe, and organized a similar association in New Jersey in 1938. The Danish system of judging dairy cattle into blue, red, and white ribbon classes for conformation was adopted in junior dairy shows. Thus knowledge of Danish cattle and methods for improvement preceded introduction of Red Danish cattle into the United States. IMPORTATION TO AMERICA In 1915 Henry A. Wallace, Secretary of Agriculture, desired Red Danish cattle for breeding investigations, and Congress appropri- ated $10,000 for the project. E. L. Anthony was commissioned by Red Danish in America 419 Samsoe, and organized a similar association in New Jersey in 1938. The Danish system of judging dairy cattle into blue, red, and white ribbon classes for conformation was adopted in junior dairy shows. Thus knowledge of Danish cattle and methods for improvement preceded introduction of Red Danish cattle into the United States. IMPORTATION To AMERICA In 1915 Henry A. Wallace, Secretary of Agriculture, desired Red Danish cattle for breeding investigations, and Congress appropri- ated $10,000 for the project. E. L. Anthony was commissioned by Red Danish in America 419 Samsoe, and organized a similar association in New Jersey in 1938. The Danish system of judging dairy cattle into blue, red, and white ribbon classes for conformation was adopted in junior dairy shows. Thus knowledge of Danish cattle and methods for improvement preceded introduction of Red Danish cattle into the United States. IMPORTATION To AMERICA In 1915 Henry A. Wallace, Secretary of Agriculture, desired Red Danish cattle for breeding investigations, and Congress appropri- ated $10,000 for the project. E. L. Anthony was commissioned by FIG, 19.1. Helmer Rabild organized the first cow testing association, patterned FIG. 19.1. Helmer Rabild organized the first cow testing association, patterned after those in Denmark, in Newago County, Michigan in 1905. Later, he spon- after those in Denmark, in Newago County, Michigan in 1905. Later, he spon- sored similar organizations over the United States while with the Dairy Divi- sored similar organizations over the United States while with the Dairy Divi- sion, Bureau of Animal Industry in the United States Department of Agri- sion, Bureau of Animal Industry in the United States Department of Agri- culture. culture. the USDA to select the animals because of his acquaintance with the breed. Two young bulls and 20 bred heifers were selected from some 200 animals with excellent production background. The ani- mals were quarantined 90 days in the Virgin Islands and another 90 days at Athenia, New Jersey, after which time they were placed at the Agricultural Research Center at Beltsville, Maryland. Three male calves were dropped to services of bulls in Denmark, but some calves were aborted, presumably acquired from swine at large dur- the USDA to select the animals because of his acquaintance with the breed. Two young bulls and 20 bred heifers were selected from some 200 animals with excellent production background. The ani- mals were quarantined 90 days in the Virgin Islands and another 90 days at Athenia, New Jersey, after which time they were placed at the Agricultural Research Center at Beltsville, Maryland. Three male calves were dropped to services of bulls in Denmark, but some calves were aborted, presumably acquired from swine at large dur- FIG. 19.1. Helmer Rabild organized the first cow testing association, patterned after those in Denmark, in Newago County, Michigan in 1905. Later, he spon- sored similar organizations over the United States while with the Dairy Divi- sion, Bureau of Animal Industry in the United States Department of Agri- culture. the USDA to select the animals because of his acquaintance with the breed. Two young bulls and 20 bred heifers were selected from some 200 animals with excellent production background. The ani- mals were quarantined 90 days in the Virgin Islands and another 90 days at Athenia, New Jersey, after which time they were placed at the Agricultural Research Center at Beltsville, Maryland. Three male calves were dropped to services of bulls in Denmark, but some calves were aborted, presumably acquired from swine at large dur-  420 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS ing the quarantine period on the Virgin Islands. The imported Red Danish cattle developed into large animals with the solid red color or the dappled red pattern common in the breed. The cattle were used for research at Beltsville; some young bulls were leased out to determine the milk and butterfat yields of their daughters. Four Red Danish bulls of different bloodlines were imported from Swe- den in 1939. DIsTRIBUTION IN AMERICA Extension Dairyman A. C. Baltzer organized a Red Danish bull as- sociation in Sanilac County, Michigan, among ten dairymen with 240 grade dairy cows. Four Red Danish bulls were loaned for prov- ing by the USDA on February 17, 1939. A second Michigan associa- tion formed in Alcoma County in June 1939 among 12 dairymen owning 213 cows. Thirty herds with 230 cows in Oscoda County, Michigan, formed four bull blocks in November 1941. Red Danish bulls were placed in the Michigan Artificial Breeders Cooperative at East Lansing in 1946. By 1948, 210 breeders in seven other Mich- igan counties agreed to follow rules for grading up their herds as Red Danish cattle. Seven bulls were in artificial service in 1956, with frozen semen from one bull for selective matings. Red Dane 555, used in Michigan, is shown in Figure 19.2. 420 D AIRY CATTLE BREEDS ing the quarantine period on the Virgin Islands. The imported Red Danish cattle developed into large animals with the solid red color or the dappled red pattern common in the breed. The cattle were used for research at Beltsville; some young bulls were leased out to determine the milk and butterfat yields of their daughters. Four Red Danish bulls of different bloodlines were imported from Swe- den in 1939. DISTRIBUTION IN AMERICA Extension Dairyman A. C. Baltzer organized a Red Danish bull as- sociation in Sanilac County, Michigan, among ten dairymen with 240 grade dairy cows. Four Red Danish bulls were loaned for prov- ing by the USDA on February 17, 1939. A second Michigan associa- tion formed in Alcoma County in June 1939 among 12 dairymen owning 213 cows. Thirty herds with 230 cows in Oscoda County, Michigan, formed four bull blocks in November 1941. Red Danish bulls were placed in the Michigan Artificial Breeders Cooperative at East Lansing in 1946. By 1948, 210 breeders in seven other Mich- igan counties agreed to follow rules for grading up their herds as Red Danish cattle. Seven bulls were in artificial service in 1956, with frozen semen from one bull for selective matings. Red Dane 555, used in Michigan, is shown in Figure 19.2. 420 DA IRY CATTLE BREEDS ing the quarantine period on the Virgin Islands. The imported Red Danish cattle developed into large animals with the solid red color or the dappled red pattern common in the breed. The cattle were used for research at Beltsville; some young bulls were leased out to determine the milk and butterfat yields of their daughters. Four Red Danish bulls of different bloodlines were imported from Swe- den in 1939. DIsRmIBUTION IN AMERICA Extension Dairyman A. C. Baltzer organized a Red Danish bull as- sociation in Sanilac County, Michigan, among ten dairymen with 240 grade dairy cows. Four Red Danish bulls were loaned for prov- ing by the USDA on February 17, 1939. A second Michigan associa- tion formed in Alcoma County in June 1939 among 12 dairymen owning 213 cows. Thirty herds with 230 cows in Oscoda County, Michigan, formed four bull blocks in November 1941. Red Danish bulls were placed in the Michigan Artificial Breeders Cooperative at East Lansing in 1946. By 1948, 210 breeders in seven other Mich- igan counties agreed to follow rules for grading up their herds as Red Danish cattle. Seven bulls were in artificial service in 1956, with frozen semen from one bull for selective matings. Red Dane 555, used in Michigan, is shown in Figure 19.2. FIC. 19.2. Red Dane 555 was used in artificial service at the Michigan Arti- ficial Breeding Cooperative as one of the pure foundation bulls. A recent prov- ing credited him with 98 daughters whose 153 records in DHIA averaged 8,437 pounds, 4.1 percent and 348 pounds of butterfat. FIG. 19.2. Red Dane 555 was used in artificial service at the Michigan Arti- ficial Breeding Cooperative as one of the pure foundation bulls. A recent prov- ing credited him with 98 daughters whose 153 records in DHIA averaged 8,437 pounds, 4.1 percent and 348 pounds of butterfat. FIC. 19.2. Red Dane 555 was used in artificial service at the Michigan Arti- ficial Breeding Cooperative as one of the pure foundation bulls. A recent prov- ing credited him with 98 daughters whose 153 records in DHIA averaged 8,437 pounds, 4.1 percent and 348 pounds of butterfat.  Red Danish in America 421 Red Danish in America 421 Red Danish in America 421 Under the cooperative project, all cows and female progeny were tested for production in DHIA for at least one lactation to measure transmitting ability of USDA bulls on loan. Male calves were cas- trated. The original local cows were replaced by their half Red Dane heifers. Two Red Dane bulls were sent to the Alaska Agricul- tural Experiment Station at Matanuska in 1948 for artificial service. In 1956 breeders were located in 17 states, Alaska, and El Salvador. New bloodlines were obtained when four Red Dane bulls were imported from Sweden. Some wereg leased to the Michigan Arti- fcial Breeders Cooperative in 1959, replacing animals then in serv- ice. Four Red Dane bulls were in artificial service in 1967. The Beltsville herd was transferred to Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station in 1948, and later moved to the Herbert Davis Forestry Farm for cross-breeding research. Frozen semen was avail- able from the Michigan stud. A HERDBooK AssOcIATION Michigan farmers who cooperated in proving transmitting ability of the Red Dane bulls became interested in establishing a breed organization. After several meetings, rules were drafted for an open herdbook, similar to methods in European countries. The American Red Danish Association was organized on January 16, 1948, with Mrs. Harry Prowse, Route 3, Marlette, Michigan 48453 as secretary. The rules required that grade or purebred cows of other breeds be recorded as foundation cows when the first calves by a Red Dane bull were birth reported. Each foundation cow must have a DHIA record for at least one lactation. This record became part of the As- sociation's records, as did the production of all later females. Its relatively recent arrival in America has allowed only a few years for the breed to appear before the public. Red Dane cattle have been displayed at field days on breeders' farms, at some local fairs, and at the Michigan State Fair in 1950 (Fig. 19.3), where they were judged as a dairy breed. Birth-reported calves were eli- gible for exhibition at shows. Under the cooperative project, all cows and female progeny were tested for production in DHIA for at least one lactation to measure transmitting ability of USDA bulls on loan. Male calves were cas- trated. The original local cows were replaced by their half Red Dane heifers. Two Red Dane bulls were sent to the Alaska Agricul- tural Experiment Station at Matanuska in 1948 for artificial service. In 1956 breeders were located in 17 states, Alaska, and El Salvador. New bloodlines were obtained when four Red Dane bulls were imported from Sweden. Some were leased to the Michigan Arti- fcial Breeders Cooperative in 1959, replacing animals then in serv- ice. Four Red Dane bulls were in artificial service in 1967. The Beltsville herd was transferred to Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station in 1948, and later moved to the Herbert Davis Forestry Farm for cross-breeding research. Frozen semen was avail- able from the Michigan stud. A HERDBOOK ASSOCIATION Michigan farmers who cooperated in proving transmitting ability of the Red Dane bulls became interested in establishing a breed organization. After several meetings, rules were drafted for an open herdbook, similar to methods in European countries. The American Red Danish Association was organized on January 16, 1948, with Mrs. Harry Prowse, Route 3, Marlette, Michigan 48453 as secretary. The rules required that grade or purebred cows of other breeds be recorded as foundation cows when the first calves by a Red Dane bull were birth reported. Each foundation cow must have a DHIA record for at least one lactation. This record became part of the As- sociation's records, as did the production of all later females. Its relatively recent arrival in America has allowed only a few years for the breed to appear before the public. Red Dane cattle have been displayed at field days on breeders' farms, at some local fairs, and at the Michigan State Fair in 1950 (Fig. 19.3), where they were judged as a dairy breed. Birth-reported calves were eli- gible for exhibition at shows. Under the cooperative project, all cows and female progeny were tested for production in DHIA for at least one lactation to measure transmitting ability of USDA bulls on loan. Male calves were cas- trated. The original local cows were replaced by their half Red Dane heifers. Two Red Dane bulls were sent to the Alaska Agricul- tural Experiment Station at Matanuska in 1948 for artificial service. In 1956 breeders were located in 17 states, Alaska, and El Salvador. New bloodlines were obtained when four Red Dane bulls were imported from Sweden. Some were leased to the Michigan Arti- tcial Breeders Cooperative in 1959, replacing animals then in serv- ice. Four Red Dane bulls were in artificial service in 1967. The Beltsville herd was transferred to Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station in 1948, and later moved to the Herbert Davis Forestry Farm for cross-breeding research. Frozen semen was avail- able from the Michigan stud. A HERDBOOK AssoCIATION Michigan farmers who cooperated in proving transmitting ability of the Red Dane bulls became interested in establishing a breed organization. After several meetings, rules were drafted for an open herdbook, similar to methods in European countries. The American Red Danish Association was organized on January 16, 1948, with Mrs. Harry Prowse, Route 3, Marlette, Michigan 48453 as secretary. The rules required that grade or purebred cows of other breeds be recorded as foundation cows when the first calves by a Red Dane bull were birth reported. Each foundation cow must have a DHIA record for at least one lactation. This record became part of the As- sociation's records, as did the production of all later females. Its relatively recent arrival in America has allowed only a few years for the breed to appear before the public. Red Dane cattle have been displayed at field days on breeders' farms, at some local fairs, and at the Michigan State Fair in 1950 (Fig. 19.3), where they were judged as a dairy breed. Birth-reported calves were eli- gible for exhibition at shows.  422 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS PRODUCTION RECORDS Red Dane cows in the Beltsville herd were reported by O. E. Reed to have produced creditable amounts of milk and butterfat, as listed in Table 19.1. The Bureau of Dairy Industry required that transmitting ability of Red Dane bulls loaned to Michigan farmers be measured. Pro- duction records were supervised in Dairy Herd Improvement As- TABLE 19.1 AVEAGE PRODUCTION OF RED DANISH COWS IN THE USDA HERD AT BELTSVILLE Averageige Milk Test Butterfat Animals Records (years, month.) (lb..) (%) (Ibs.) Imported cows 62 4,2 7,633 4.21 318 12 daughters of D-501 38 4,0 9,199 4.05 371 8 daughters of D-502 18 3,2 9,307 4.03 374 Red Daniah cows in DHIA in United States Year 1954 417 8,744 3.96 386 1968 193 13,487 3.93 530 sociations for daughter-dam comparisons since 1949. Second- and third-cross heifers were obtained as bulls were exchanged between herds. Some 271 lactations in 1964 averaged 11,533 pounds of milk. 4 percent and 457 pounds of butterfat in 305 days 2 x mature equiv- alent basis. Daughters of 12 Red Dane bulls were summarized in DHIA in 1965. Successive generations of females by Red Dane bulls were known as first-cross, second-cross, etc. Third-cross females and fourth-cross males were considered purebred. No earlier male calves were rec- ognized, so they were castrated. BIBTH REPORTING First- and second-cross heifer calves, Red Dane females and males eligible for full registration, were required to be birth reported be- fore 90 days old. They could be reported at a higher penalty fee before 9 months of age. If not birth reported, the female could be recognized only as a potential foundation female. Birth report forms were purchased from the secretary. Identifications were required by an approved ear tag, tattoo, ear 422 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS PRODUCTION RECORDS Red Dane cows in the Beltsville herd were reported by O. E. Reed to have produced creditable amounts of milk and butterfat, as listed in Table 19.1. The Bureau of Dairy Industry required that transmitting ability of Red Dane bulls loaned to Michigan farmers be measured. Pro- duction records were supervised in Dairy Herd Improvement As- TABLE 19.1 AVERAGE PRODUcTION OF RED DANISH COWS IN THE USDA HERD AT BELTSVILLE a Alvege Milk Test Butterfat Animal. Records (years, months) (lb..) (%) (Hbs.) Imported cows 62 4,2 7,633 4.21 318 12 daughters of D-501 38 4,0 9,199 4.05 371 8 daughters of D-502 18 3,2 9,307 4.03 374 Red Daniah cowa in DHIA in United States Year 1954 417 8,744 3.96 386 1968 193 13,487 3.93 530 sociations for daughter-dam comparisons since 1949. Second- and third-cross heifers were obtained as bulls were exchanged between herds. Some 271 lactations in 1964 averaged 11,533 pounds of milk. 4 percent and 457 pounds of butterfat in 305 days 2 x mature equiv- alent basis. Daughters of 12 Red Dane bulls were summarized in DHIA in 1965. Successive generations of females by Red Dane bulls were known as first-cross, second-cross, etc. Third-cross females and fourth-cross males were considered purebred. No earlier male calves were rec- ognized, so they were castrated. BmTH REPORTINc First- and second-cross heifer calves, Red Dane females and males eligible for full registration, were required to be birth reported be- fore 90 days old. They could be reported at a higher penalty fee before 9 months of age. If not birth reported, the female could be recognized only as a potential foundation female. Birth report forms were purchased from the secretary. Identifications were required by an approved ear tag, tattoo, ear 422 DA IRY CATTLE BREEDS PRoDUcrroN RECORDS Red Dane cows in the Beltsville herd were reported by O. E. Reed to have produced creditable amounts of milk and butterfat, as listed in Table 19.1. The Bureau of Dairy Industry required that transmitting ability of Red Dane bulls loaned to Michigan farmers be measured. Pro- duction records were supervised in Dairy Herd Improvement As- TABLE 19.1 AVErAGE PRoDUCTION OF RED DANISH COWS IN THE USDA HErD AT BELTSVILLE Average age Ml et Animals Records (years, monthe) (Obs.) (%) Imported cows 62 4,2 7,633 4.21 12 daughters of D-501 38 4,0 9,199 4.05 8 daughters of D-502 18 3,2 9,307 4.03 Red Daniah cow. in DHIA in United States Year 1954 417 8,744 3.96 1968 193 13,487 3.93 Butterat (Ibs.) 318 371 374 386 530 sociations for daughter-dam comparisons since 1949. Second- and third-cross heifers were obtained as bulls were exchanged between herds. Some 271 lactations in 1964 averaged 11,533 pounds of milk, 4 percent and 457 pounds of butterfat in 305 days 2 x mature equiv- alent basis. Daughters of 12 Red Dane bulls were summarized in DHIA in 1965. Successive generations of females by Red Dane bulls were known as first-cross, second-cross, etc. Third-cross females and fourth-cross males were considered purebred. No earlier male calves were rec- ognized, so they were castrated. BmRTH REPORTING First- and second-cross heifer calves, Red Dane females and males eligible for full registration, were required to be birth reported be- fore 90 days old. They could be reported at a higher penalty fee before 9 months of age. If not birth reported, the female could be recognized only as a potential foundation female. Birth report forms were purchased from the secretary. Identifications were required by an approved ear tag, tattoo, ear  Red Danish in America 423 Red Danish in America 423 Red Danish in America 423 notch, or a brand on the hip midway between the pinbone and the hipbone. RULES FOR REGISTRATIoN Red Dane bulls leased from the USDA were approved or accepted as foundation sires because they descended pure from the original importation. Bulls imported later must be approved for registration by the Board of Directors or executive committee. Males must be sired by a registered or approved Red Dane sire. The dam must be registered in the American Red Danish Cattle Association herd- book. The male calf must have been birth reported. Breeders were responsible for DHIA supervisors reporting 305-day production rec- ords of females to the Association when completed, on the secre- tary's form, or signed computer card. Females were required to have 305-day DHIA records on the dam, maternal granddam, and great granddam, as defined under the rules for males. Any imported Red Danes or their progeny must be reported, approved, and registered in the American Red Danish Cattle Association herdbook before offspring became eligible for notch, or a brand on the hip midway between the pinbone and the hipbone. RULES FOR REGISTRATION Red Dane bulls leased from the USDA were approved or accepted as foundation sires because they descended pure from the original importation. Bulls imported later must be approved for registration by the Board of Directors or executive committee. Males must be sired by a registered or approved Red Dane sire. The dam must be registered in the American Red Danish Cattle Association herd- book. The male calf must have been birth reported. Breeders were responsible for DHIA supervisors reporting 305-day production rec- ords of females to the Association when completed, on the secre- tary's form, or signed computer card. Females were required to have 305-day DHIA records on the dam, maternal granddam, and great granddam, as defined under the rules for males. Any imported Red Danes or their progeny must be reported, approved, and registered in the American Red Danish Cattle Association herdbook before offsprng became ehgible for notch, or a brand on the hip midway between the pinbone and the hipbone. RULES FOR REGISTRATION Red Dane bulls leased from the USDA were approved or accepted as foundation sires because they descended pure from the original importation. Bulls imported later must be approved for registration by the Board of Directors or executive committee. Males must be sired by a registered or approved Red Dane sire. The dam must be registered in the American Red Danish Cattle Association herd- book. The male calf must have been birth reported. Breeders were responsible for DHIA supervisors reporting 305-day production rec- ords of females to the Association when completed, on the secre- tary's form, or signed computer card. Females were required to have 305-day DHIA records on the dam, maternal granddam, and great granddam, as defined under the rules for males. Any imported Red Danes or their progeny must be reported, approved, and registered in the American Red Danish Cattle Association herdbook before offspring became eligible for FIG. 19.3. Buckner's Viola, a third-cross Red Dane, was Grand Champion at the Michigan State Fair in 1950. Her first two lactations averaged 9,261 pounds of milk, 3.64 percent and 337 pounds of butterfat. Bred and owned by Alfred C. Buckner. FIG. 19.3. Buckner's Viola, a third-eross Red Dane, was Grand Champion at the Michigan State Fair in 1950. Her first two lactations averaged 9,261 pounds of milk, 3.64 percent and 337 pounds of butterfat. Bred and owned by Alfred C. Buckner. FIG. 19.3. Buckner's Viola, a third-cross Red Dane, was Grand Champion at the Michigan State Fair in 1950. Her first two lactations averaged 9,261 pounds of milk, 3.64 percent and 337 pounds of butterfat. Bred and owned by Alfred C. Buckner.  424 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS registration. Females must have been birth reported before 9 months old. They must have 305-day production records duly re- ported. All females after the third cross also must have a fully regis- tered sire and dam. Forms were obtained and registration fees paid to the Association. TRANSFERS Transfer forms were in triplicate. One copy went to the purchaser: the original and one copy were sent to the secretary with the regis- tration certificate for inscription of the name of the buyer thereon. The fee was 50 cents. MEMBERSHIP Membership applications must be approved by the Board of Di- rectors. The: membership fee was $10.00. There were 9,160 animals entered in the herdbook before 1959. including females in the grading-up process. Some 361 females and 204 males were fully registered. Bulls from the Red Danish herd at Beltsville were recognized as foundation sires. The foundation cows (grade or registered), as tabulated by Lester J. Cranek, Sr. in 1952. comprised 32.8 percent Guernseys, 29.0 Holsteins, 25.6 Milking Shorthorns, 9.2 Jerseys, 2.7 Brown Swiss, and 0.6 percent mixed breeding. He standardized production records between 270 and 365 days to a 305-day 2x mature equivalent basis. Some 1,358 founda- tion females in the cooperating herds averaged 8,536 pounds of milk, 354 pounds of butterfat. Three generations of crosses averaged 9,116 pounds of milk and 372 pounds of butterfat. In 1956 N. R. Thompson and N. R. Ralston computed records of herdbook cows to a 305-day 2 x mature equivalent basis and found: 424 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDs registration. Females must have been birth reported before 9 months old. They must have 305-day production records duly re- ported. All females after the third cross also must have a fully regis- tered sire and dam. Forms were obtained and registration fees paid to the Association. TRANSFERS Transfer forms were in triplicate. One copy went to the purchaser the original and one copy were sent to the secretary with the regis- tration certificate for inscription of the name of the buyer thereon. The fee was 50 cents. MEMBERSHIP Membership applications must be approved by the Board of Di- rectors. The membership fee was $10.00. There were 9,160 animals entered in the herdbook before 1959. including females in the grading-up process. Some 361 females and 204 males were fully registered. Bulls from the Red Danish herd at Beltsville were recognized as foundation sires. The foundation cows (grade or registered), as tabulated by Lester J. Cranek, Sr. in 1952. comprised 32.8 percent Guernseys, 29.0 Holsteins, 25.6 Milking Shorthorns, 9.2 Jerseys, 2.7 Brown Swiss, and 0.6 percent mixed breeding. He standardized production records between 270 and 365 days to a 305-day 2 x mature equivalent basis. Some 1,358 founda- tion females in the cooperating herds averaged 8,536 pounds of milk, 354 pounds of butterfat. Three generations of crosses averaged 9,116 pounds of milk and 372 pounds of butterfat. In 1956 N. R. Thompson and N. R. Ralston computed records of herdbook cows to a 305-day 2 x mature equivalent basis and found: 424 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS registration. Females must have been birth reported before 9 months old. They must have 305-day production records duly re- ported. All females after the third cross also must have a fully regis- tered sire and dam. Forms were obtained and registration fees paid to the Association. TRANSFERS Transfer forms were in triplicate. One copy went to the purchaser: the original and one copy were sent to the secretary with the regis- tration certificate for inscription of the name of the buyer thereon. The fee was 50 cents. MEMBERSHIP Membership applications must be approved by the Board of Di- rectors. The membership fee was $10.00. There were 9,160 animals entered in the herdbook before 1959. including females in the grading-up process. Some 361 females and 204 males were fully registered. Bulls from the Red Danish herd at Beltsville were recognized as foundation sires. The foundation cows (grade or registered), as tabulated by Lester J. Cranek, Sr. in 1952. comprised 32.8 percent Guernseys, 29.0 Holsteins, 25.6 Milking Shorthorns, 9.2 Jerseys, 2.7 Brown Swiss, and 0.6 percent mixed breeding. He standardized production records between 270 and 365 days to a 305-day 2 x mature equivalent basis. Some 1,358 founda- tion females in the cooperating herds averaged 8536 pounds of milk, 354 pounds of butterfat. Three generations of crosses averaged 9,116 pounds of milk and 372 pounds of butterfat. In 1956 N. R. Thompson and N. R. Ralston computed records of herdbook cows to a 305-day 2 x mature equivalent basis and found: 801 foundation females 703 first-cross cows 411 second-cross cows 123 third-cross cows Lactations per cow Average butterfat (pounds) 2.10 351 2.22 379 1.99 377 1.60 389 801 foundation females 703 first-cross cows 411 second-cross cows 123 third-cross cows Lactations per cow Average butterfat (pounds) 2.10 351 2.22 379 1.99 377 1.60 389 801 foundation females 703 first-cross cows 411 second-cross cows 123 third-cross cows Lactations per cow Average butterfat (pounds) 2.10 351 2.22 379 1.99 377 1.60 389 Daughters of four bulls in A.I. produced an average of 13,078 pounds of milk, 3.88 percent and 507 pounds of butterfat in DHIA in 305-day 2 x mature equivalent basis during 1967. Daughters of four bulls in A.I. produced an average of 13,078 pounds of milk, 3.88 percent and 507 pounds of butterfat in DHIA in 305-day 2 x mature equivalent basis during 1967. Daughters of four bulls in A.I. produced an average of 13,078 pounds of milk, 3.88 percent and 507 pounds of butterfat in DHIA in 305-day 2 x mature equivalent basis during 1967.  Red Danish in America 425 Red Danish in America 425 Red Danish in America 425 BREEDING RED DANISH CATTLE Four Red Dane bulls were in artificial service in Michigan Artificial Breeders' Cooperative during 1967. Average milk and butterfat yields were close to those of herdmates. The solid red color of the Red Danish cattle appeared to be dom- inant over some other colors when bulls were crossed with cows of Guernsey, grade Holstein, and Milking Shorthorn characteristics. Color on sides of the body sometimes was "bloomed" or dappled with darker red on a light red background. White spots sometimes persisted on the underline of first-cross animals, disappearing largely with the second cross. Hereditary light natural fleshing was less marked than with Chan- nel Island breeds. Horns were light colored and of medium length, turning outward and forward from the head. Milk from Red Dane cows is similar in color to Ayrshire, Brown Swiss, and Milking Short- horn milk. Maximum milk yield often was attained by cows past 6 years of age. Some individuals carry the recessive lethal gene in heterozygous condition for posterior paralysis in newborn calves. It outcrops only when a calf acquires the gene from both carrier (heterozygous) parents. Affected calves die in a few days. Mummified fetuses sometimes occur as a recessive defect. Mature cows in average condition weigh 1,300 to 1,500 pounds, and bulls 1,800 to 2,200 pounds. Interest in Red Dane cattle arose mainly in herds whose owners wanted a grading-up program. The opportunity to locate and use bulls desirable as transmitters of high production was limited. Inter- est in the grading-up program decreased and the Association be- came dormant in the 1960s. Frozen semen still is available at Michi- gan Artificial Breeders' Cooperative from Red Dane bulls imported from Sweden. Frozen semen from leading bulls in Denmark could be imported under federal regulations. The breed possesses merit for constructive breeders, as evidenced by their status in their na- tive country, Denmark. BREEDING RED DANISH CArLE Four Red Dane bulls were in artificial service in Michigan Artificial Breeders' Cooperative during 1967. Average milk and butterfat yields were close to those of herdmates. The solid red color of the Red Danish cattle appeared to be dom- inant over some other colors when bulls were crossed with cows of Guernsey, grade Holstein, and Milking Shorthorn characteristics. Color on sides of the body sometimes was "bloomed" or dappled with darker red on a light red background. White spots sometimes persisted on the underline of first-cross animals, disappearing largely with the second cross. Hereditary light natural fleshing was less marked than with Chan- nel Island breeds. Horns were light colored and of medium length, turning outward and forward from the head. Milk from Red Dane cows is similar in color to Ayrshire, Brown Swiss, and Milking Short- horn milk. Maximum milk yield often was attained by cows past 6 years of age. Some individuals carry the recessive lethal gene in heterozygous condition for posterior paralysis in newborn calves. It outcrops only when a calf acquires the gene from both carrier (heterozygous) parents. Affected calves die in a few days. Mummified fetuses sometimes occur as a recessive defect. Mature cows in average condition weigh 1,300 to 1,500 pounds, and bulls 1,800 to 2,200 pounds. Interest in Red Dane cattle arose mainly in herds whose owners wanted a grading-up program. The opportunity to locate and use bulls desirable as transmitters of high production was limited. Inter- est in the grading-up program decreased and the Association be- came dormant in the 1960s. Frozen semen still is available at Michi- gan Artificial Breeders' Cooperative from Red Dane bulls imported from Sweden. Frozen semen from leading bulls in Denmark could be imported under federal regulations. The breed possesses merit for constructive breeders, as evidenced by their status in their na- tive country, Denmark. BREEDING RED DANISH CATTLE Four Red Dane bulls were in artificial service in Michigan Artificial Breeders' Cooperative during 1967. Average milk and butterfat yields were close to those of herdmates. The solid red color of the Red Danish cattle appeared to be dom- inant over some other colors when bulls were crossed with cows of Guernsey, grade Holstein, and Milking Shorthorn characteristics. Color on sides of the body sometimes was "bloomed" or dappled with darker red on a light red background. White spots sometimes persisted on the underline of first-cross animals, disappearing largely with the second cross. Hereditary light natural fleshing was less marked than with Chan- nel Island breeds. Horns were light colored and of medium length, turning outward and forward from the head. Milk from Red Dane cows is similar in color to Ayrshire, Brown Swiss, and Milking Short- horn milk. Maximum milk yield often was attained by cows past 6 years of age. Some individuals carry the recessive lethal gene in heterozygous condition for posterior paralysis in newborn calves. It outcrops only when a calf acquires the gene from both carrier (heterozygous) parents. Affected calves die in a few days. Mummified fetuses sometimes occur as a recessive defect. Mature cows in average condition weigh 1,300 to 1,500 pounds, and bulls 1,800 to 2,200 pounds. Interest in Red Dane cattle arose mainly in herds whose owners wanted a grading-up program. The opportunity to locate and use bulls desirable as transmitters of high production was limited. Inter- est in the grading-up program decreased and the Association be- came dormant in the 1960s. Frozen semen still is available at Michi- gan Artificial Breeders' Cooperative from Red Dane bulls imported from Sweden. Frozen semen from leading bulls in Denmark could be imported under federal regulations. The breed possesses merit for constructive breeders, as evidenced by their status in their na- tive country, Denmark.  426 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS BREED PUBLICTIONS An Association patmphlet contained a brief histoery, facts, and ruales foe registration. A nesnletter feast the secretary's offiee eareiedre poets aboot the beeed. REFERENCES Anonymnons. 1030. Impost Red Danidh cattle. Hard's Doirymn 01(2):40. Anthony, E. L. JueD tOSS. tnformton ts the asthor. Craek~, L. J., St. 1002. Genetic and environmnnetnl influences atfecting the Red Danish cnttle in Michign. Ph.D. Diss., Michigan State Lni. East Lanting. Eckles, C. H., and E. L. Anthony. 1950. Dairy cattle and stilk production. 5th ed. Macnoioln, News Yook. tPn. 00-07. Prose, Mrs. Harry. 1000. Informathon concerning the Red Danish cattle. Anteicon Bed Danish Cattle Asnoc., Marleste, Mich. Rahild, Helner. l9ll. Conw tenting associatlons. USD4 Bunr. Animal tnd. Bunl. 170. Beed, D. E. 1040. Sevenat genenntions of Red Dnnish cnttte DosE tented. Reel. Chief Bre. Dairy tnd., USDA Age. Ren. Admn. Onceehnon, W. J., and H. J. Hodgsn. 1054. Dairying in the land at the mid- night son. Hoand'n Dniryman 99:683t9. Thonson, N. R., and N. P. Ralston. l95t. Entnmntet of genetc prtogtest in the deselopeont of the Amenican Red Danith catle. 1. Dairy Oai. 39:931-32. Winhler, Joel U. 0101. Cooperative hotl ansociationt. USDA Yerbonk, RE. 311- 10. Alto USDA Farnes' Bull. 003. 1918. 426 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS BREED PUBLICTIOtiS An Association pamphlet eontained a bejef histoes, faets, and eralet foe registration. A nesoletter feom the secetary's offiee eareied re- poets obout the breed. Anoeymouas. 1030. Imspont Red Danish cattle. Haredns Dairymann 81(2):40. Anthony, E. L. June 1955. InformanioR to the anthor. Cranek, L. J., Sn. 1952. Genetic and enviraonmental influences affecting the Rod Danish cattle in Michign. Ph.D. Dinn., 'Michigan State Uoi-. East Looting. Echles, C. H., and E. L. Anthony. 1050. Unir0 cattle nd stilt tproduction. 5th ed. Macmnillon, Ness Yorh. Pp. 96-97. Prose, Mon. Dotty. 1050. Information concerning the Red Danith cattle. Amnenicon Bed Danith Cattle Atooc., Manleste, Mich. Rahild, Helmoer. 1011. Case tenting associationt. USDA Bue. Animal tInd. Rtull. Reed, D. E. 1040. Sevenal generations of Red Danith cattle non' tetted. Reel. Chief Br. Dairy tad., USDA Age. Den. Admin. Sweetman, W. J., and H. J. Hodgson. 1054. Dairying in the land of the mnid- night non. Hfoardas Dainynnan 99:6839. Thomson, N. R., and N. P. Raltton. lO5t. Estimates of genetic progrelssi the decelopament of the Amenican Red Danith catnle. J. Dole0 Sci. 39:951-32. Winhltr, fanl G. 1010. Cooperative hotl asociaions. USDA Yenarbook, pp. 311- 10. Also USDA PFarer' Bull. 993. 1010. 426 DAIRDY CATTLE BREEDS BREED PUBLICATINS An Assoeiation pamphlet contained a befef histoes, facts, and ruales foe registration. A Desloetter feotn the secretary's ofiee eareied re. poets ahout the breed REFERENCES Ananymousn. 1050. Impoast Red Danish cattle. Hfoaed's Dairystan 01(2):40. Anthony, E. L. Junne 1055. Inforaon otothe anthor. Cnnek, L. J., Sn. 1952. Genetoc and envinronnental influencet affecting the Bed Danish cattlr in Michnign. Ph.D. Diss., Mtichigan Stole Unic., East Looting. Echles, C. H., and E. L. Anthony. 1000. Dainy cattle nd stilt prodnction. 5th ed. Macmtillon, Ness Yorh. Pp. 06-07. Proste, Mrs. Haeny. 1050. Information concenng the Red Danish castle. Assenican ed Danith Cattle Attoc., Marlette, Mich. Rahild, Helmner. 1011. Cos tletting associatons. CODA Dot. Anistal Ind. Boll. 179. Rred, D. E. 1040. OSenorl genenotiont of Red Danith castle non tented. Rept. Chief Br. Daisy led., USDA Age. Den. Adstie. Swseetmnoa, W. J., and H. J. Hodgon. 1954. Dairying in the land nof the onid- night too. Hfared's Dairystan 99:683. Thompson, N. D., and N. P. Balston. lO5t. Esthmates of gnetic prognent in the developmnt of thr Amseican Red Danith cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 39:531-32. Winhler, Joel C. 1010. Coopenative hotl atoeiatinst. UODA Yeeaok, Ep. 311- 10. Alto USDA Farmes' Bun. 993. 1010.  CHAPTER 20 RED-AND-WHITE DAIRY THE GENE for recessive red coat color existed in Friesland and other provinces of the Netherlands prior to formation of herdbook societies. Red-and-white cattle were recognized in the breed and were registered under the same provisions as for black-and-white animals. The proportion of red-and-white Friesians registered was limited, as the gene for black color is dominant over that for red. The first herdbook associations in the United States and Canada registered only black-and-white cattle; they barred red-and-white individuals from entry, despite their parentage. Thus presence of red color long was "swept under the rug." Solid-colored cattle and those with too great an extension of black on the legs, starting at the hoofs, or black in the switch, were barred likewise, hoping to avoid unethical entry of animals that might have some ancestor out- side of the recognized breed. First-cross and later-generation grade Holsteins frequently had black hair in the switch or extending up- 427 CHAPTER 20 RED-AND-WHITE DAIRY THE GENE for recessive red coat color existed in Friesland and other provinces of the Netherlands prior to formation of herdbook societies. Red-and-white cattle were recognized in the breed and were registered under the same provisions as for black-and-white animals. The proportion of red-and-white Friesians registered was limited, as the gene for black color is dominant over that for red. The first herdbook associations in the United States and Canada registered only black-and-white cattle; they barred red-and-white individuals from entry, despite their parentage. Thus presence of red color long was "swept under the rug." Solid-colored cattle and those with too great an extension of black on the legs, starting at the hoofs, or black in the switch, were barred likewise, hoping to avoid unethical entry of animals that might have some ancestor out- side of the recognized breed. First-cross and later-generation grade Holsteins frequently had black hair in the switch or extending up- 427 CHAPTER 20 RED-AND-WHITE DAIRY THE GENE for recessive red coat color existed in Friesland and other provinces of the Netherlands prior to formation of herdbook societies. Red-and-white cattle were recognized in the breed and were registered under the same provisions as for black-and-white animals. The proportion of red-and-white Friesians registered was limited, as the gene for black color is dominant over that for red. The first herdbook associations in the United States and Canada registered only black-and-white cattle; they barred red-and-white individuals from entry, despite their parentage. Thus presence of red color long was "swept under the rug." Solid-colored cattle and those with too great an extension of black on the legs, starting at the hoofs, or black in the switch, were barred likewise, hoping to avoid unethical entry of animals that might have some ancestor out- side of the recognized breed. First-cross and later-generation grade Holsteins frequently had black hair in the switch or extending up- 427  428 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS ward from the hoofs. Red-and-white calves seldom were retained among registered Holstein-Friesian herds. A survey for ineligible color markings was conducted by the Holstein-Friesian Association of America among one-fourth of the active breeders in 1962 and 1963, 45 percent of whom replied. Their herds averaged 61.7 females per herd. At least one red-and-white calf was reported in 4.2 percent of the herds, or 0.12 percent of calves were red-and-white. A few breeders did not discard red-and-white females of good producing ancestry. In the 1940s Larry Moore, of Suamico, Wis- consin, gathered desirable red-and-white heifers for potential milk- ing purposes, along with registered Holsteins in his herd. Bulls in artificial breeding then were mated widely in commercial herds. This often afforded matings with grade cows carrying the red fac- tor. When the red factor was identified, this information was indi- cated above the stalls, included in stud literature, and mentioned by technicians so that owners of registered Holstein-Friesian cows could avoid the bulls' use, if so desired. About 1947 the brochure Red & White Dairy Cattle Association narrated discussion between the prominent mink breeder Larry Moore and the owner of an excellent Holstein-Friesian herd. Moore suggested developing a mutation breed of dairy cattle from red factor carriers. The breeder believed this could not be accomplished in his lifetime. A red-and-white double grandson of Posch Ormsby Fobes 14th 729449 was sent to the Moore farm and was named Larry Moore King 4710181. Moore assembled red-and-white Hol- stein females to build a h'erd. He recorded the breeding records in a private registry called Colorstein. Several Holstein bulls recog- nized as good transmitters of production and type also carried the gene for recessive red color. An Appendix Registry for crossbred Milking Shorthorn x Red & White Holstein animals was established in the Milking Shorthorn herdbook in 1962. Directors of the American Milking Shorthorn So- ciety voted to discontinue the Appendix Registry in the fall of 1963, suggesting a separate society. 42S DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS ward from the hoofs. Red-and-white calves seldom were retained among registered Holstein-Friesian herds. A survey for ineligible color markings was conducted by the Holstein-Friesian Association of America among one-fourth of the active breeders in 1962 and 1963, 45 percent of whom replied. Their herds averaged 6L7 females per herd. At least one red-and-white calf was reported in 4.2 percent of the herds, or 0.12 percent of calves were red-and-white. A few breeders did not discard red-and-white females of good producing ancestry. In the 1940s Larry Moore, of Suamico, Wis- consin, gathered desirable red-and-white heifers for potential milk- ing purposes, along with registered Holsteins in his herd. Bulls in artificial breeding then were mated widely in commercial herds. This often afforded matings with grade cows carrying the red fac- tor. When the red factor was identified, this information was indi- cated above the stalls, included in stud literature, and mentioned by technicians so that owners of registered Holstein-Friesian cows could avoid the bulls' use, if so desired. About 1947 the brochure Red & White Dairy Cattle Association narrated discussion between the prominent mink breeder Larry Moore and the owner of an excellent Holstein-Friesian herd. Moore suggested developing a mutation breed of dairy cattle from red factor carriers. The breeder believed this could not be accomplished in his lifetime. A red-and-white double grandson of Posch Ormsby Fobes 14th 729449 was sent to the Moore farm and was named Larry Moore King 4710181. Moore assembled red-and-white Hol- stein females to build a herd. He recorded the breeding records in a private registry called Colorstein. Several Holstein bulls recog- nized as good transmitters of production and type also carried the gene for recessive red color. An Appendix Registry for crossbred Milking Shorthorn x Red & White Holstein animals was established in the Milking Shorthorn herdbook in 1962. Directors of the American Milking Shorthorn So- ciety voted to discontinue the Appendix Registry in the fall of 1963, suggesting a separate society. 42S DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS ward from the hoofs. Red-and-white calves seldom were retained among registered Holstein-Friesian herds. A survey for ineligible color markings was conducted by the Holstein-Friesian Association of America among one-fourth of the active breeders in 1962 and 1963, 45 percent of whom replied. Their herds averaged 61.7 females per herd. At least one red-and-white calf was reported in 4.2 percent of the herds, or 0.12 percent of calves were red-and-white. A few breeders did not discard red-and-white females of good producing ancestry. In the 1940s Larry Moore, of Suamico, Wis- consin, gathered desirable red-and-white heifers for potential milk- ing purposes, along with registered Holsteins in his herd. Bulls in artificial breeding then were mated widely in commercial herds. This often afforded matings with grade cows carrying the red fac- tor. When the red factor was identified, this information was indi- cated above the stalls, included in stud literature, and mentioned by technicians so that owners of registered Holstein-Friesian cows could avoid the bulls' use, if so desired. About 1947 the brochure Red & White Dairy Cattle Association narrated discussion between the prominent mink breeder Larry Moore and the owner of an excellent Holstein-Friesian herd. Moore suggested developing a mutation breed of dairy cattle from red factor carriers. The breeder believed this could not be accomplished in his lifetime. A red-and-white double grandson of Posch Ormsby Fobes 14th 729449 was sent to the Moore farm and was named Larry Moore King 4710181. Moore assembled red-and-white Hol- stein females to build a herd. He recorded the breeding records in a private registry called Colorstein. Several Holstein bulls recog- nized as good transmitters of production and type also carried the gene for recessive red color. An Appendix Registry for crossbred Milking Shorthorn x Red & White Holstein animals was established in the Milking Shorthorn herdbook in 1962. Directors of the American Milking Shorthorn So- ciety voted to discontinue the Appendix Registry in the fall of 1963, suggesting a separate society.  Red-and-White Dairy 429 Red-and-White Dairy 429 Red-and-White Dairy 429 RED AND WHITE DAIRY CATTLE SOCIETY The Red and White Dairy Cattle Society was organized at a meet- ing in Springfield in February 1964 and incorporated under Mis- souri laws. Association replaced Society in the name in 1966. An advertisement in Hoard's Dairyman (volume 111, page iii, Jan. 25, 1966) stated: "A great new dairy breed is being developed. It has the striking eye-appeal of rich cherry-red and white color and the uniformly fine type and production that comes from the best registered Holstein bloodlines of North America. Highest producer to date Strickland Reflection May 231-5 y. 2x, 348 d, 24,334 M. 879 F, with more production-bred Red & Whites coming along to give her competition. Crossbreeding potential with Guernseys, Ayrshires and Milking Shorthorns also being developed. Frozen semen avail- able. Write: American Red & White Dairy Cattle Society, 6404 High Drive, Shawnee Mission, Kansas." An advertisement in the Holstein-Friesian World (volume 63, page 1453, July 10, 1966) mentioned registering Red & White Hol- steins. OFFICERS Seven members are elected to the Board of Directors at annual meetings and serve 2-year terms. The Secretary and Treasurer need not be Board members. The directors named an Executive Commit- tee. MEMBERSHIP The secretary granted membership in the Red & White Dairy Cattle Association when an owner registered an animal or purchased frozen semen through the organization for use after October 7, 1966. Membership discontinued on failure to register an animal in any 12-month period. The membership fee of $5 per year included the monthly Newsletter. Frozen semen from selected bulls was deliv- ered from the Northern Illinois Breeding Cooperative, Hampshire, Illinois, when ordered through the secretary. The price of semen included a 15 percent service charge to finance the Association. A person under 21 years old, one of whose parents is a member, RED AND WHITE DAIRY CATTLE SOCIETY The Red and White Dairy Cattle Society was organized at a meet- ing in Springfield in February 1964 and incorporated under Mis- souri laws. Association replaced Society in the name in 1966. An advertisement in Hoard's Dairyman (volume 111, page iii, Jan. 25, 1966) stated: "A great new dairy breed is being developed. It has the striking eye-appeal of rich cherry-red and white color and the uniformly fine type and production that comes from the best registered Holstein bloodlines of North America. Highest producer to date Strickland Reflection May 231-5 y. 2x, 348 d, 24,334 M. 879 F, with more production-bred Red & Whites coming along to give her competition. Crossbreeding potential with Guernseys, Ayrshires and Milking Shorthorns also being developed. Frozen semen avail- able. Write: American Red & White Dairy Cattle Society, 6404 High Drive, Shawnee Mission, Kansas." An advertisement in the Holstein-Friesian World (volume 63, page 1453, July 10, 1966) mentioned registering Red & White Hol- steins, OFFICERS Seven members are elected to the Board of Directors at annual meetings and serve 2-year terms. The Secretary and Treasurer need not be Board members. The directors named an Executive Commit- tee. MEMBERSHIP The secretary granted membership in the Red & White Dairy Cattle Association when an owner registered an animal or purchased frozen semen through the organization for use after October 7, 1966. Membership discontinued on failure to register an animal in any 12-month period. The membership fee of $5 per year included the monthly Newsletter. Frozen semen from selected bulls was deliv- ered from the Northern Illinois Breeding Cooperative, Hampshire, Illinois, when ordered through the secretary. The price of semen included a 15 percent service charge to finance the Association. A person under 21 years old, one of whose parents is a member, RED AND WHITE DAIRY CATrLE SOCIETY The Red and White Dairy Cattle Society was organized at a meet- ing in Springfield in February 1964 and incorporated under Mis- souri laws. Association replaced Society in the name in 1966. An advertisement in Hoard's Dairyman (volume 111, page iii, Jan. 25, 1966) stated: "A great new dairy breed is being developed. It has the striking eye-appeal of rich cherry-red and white color and the uniformly fine type and production that comes from the best registered Holstein bloodlines of North America. Highest producer to date Strickland Reflection May 231-5 y. 2x, 348 d, 24,334 M. 879 F, with more production-bred Red & Whites coming along to give her competition. Crossbreeding potential with Guernseys, Ayrshires and Milking Shorthorns also being developed. Frozen semen avail- able. Write: American Red & White Dairy Cattle Society, 6404 High Drive, Shawnee Mission, Kansas." An advertisement in the Holstein-Friesian World (volume 63, page 1453, July 10, 1966) mentioned registering Red & White Hol- steins. OFFICERS Seven members are elected to the Board of Directors at annual meetings and serve 2-year terms. The Secretary and Treasurer need not be Board members. The directors named an Executive Commit- tee. MEMBERSHIP The secretary granted membership in the Red & White Dairy Cattle Association when an owner registered an animal or purchased frozen semen through the organization for use after October 7, 1966. Membership discontinued on failure to register an animal in any 12-month period. The membership fee of $5 per year included the monthly Newsletter. Frozen semen from selected bulls was deliv- ered from the Northern Illinois Breeding Cooperative, Hampshire, Illinois, when ordered through the secretary. The price of semen included a 15 percent service charge to finance the Association. A person under 21 years old, one of whose parents is a member,  430 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS or who is a member of a regularly constituted Calf Club, is entitled to record pedigrees and transfers, as is a Junior Member. REGISTRATION Foundation animals based on crossbreeding were recognized in the Appendix Registry of the American Milking Shorthorn Society as crosses between Milking Shorthorns and red-and-white Holsteins. Red-and-white animals of registered Holstein-Friesian parentage also were accepted in the Appendix Registry. Red and White, or Red, White, or Roan animals of dairy type and with registered ancestry could be registered in the Red t- White Herd Book, provided the owner became a member of the Associa- tion. If either parent of the animal was registered in another associa- tion, the name and registration number therein was required. If unregistered, breeding and bloodlines; (including name and regis- tration number of registered ancestors) were required, along with satisfactory proof and identification of each animal in the pedigree. to establish that such sire or dam was entirely of registered breed- ing. Descendants of fully registered Holstein breeding were known as Certified F100s. Symbols indicated breeding and parentage of crossbred founda- tion cattle as follows: FN10 (100 percent Holstein of red-and-white color), F50MS (50 percent Holstein and 50 percent Milking Short- horn), F50G (50 percent Holstein and 50 percent Guernsey), F50RD (50 percent Holstein and 50 percent Red Dane), F50A (50 percent Holstein and 50 percent Ayrshire). Second-generation descendants were designated similarly as F75A (75 percent Hol- stein and 25 percent Ayrshire), and so forth. The registration fee was $3 per animal. Article V, Section 10 of the Bylaws stated that: The Board of Directors may establish such conditions or re- strictions on the recording of bulls with respect to sale of semen for artificial insemination purpose.s as it may deem nec- essary. Such conditions or restrictions may include, but are not limited to requiring membership in the corporation as a condi- tion to recording of bulls; providing for cancellation of record- ing if bulls used for such purposes have not been sold or leased 430 D A IRY CATTLE BR EE D S or who is a member of a regularly constituted Calf Club, is entitled to record pedigrees and transfers, as is a Junior Member. REGISTRATION Foundation animals based on crossbreeding were recognized in the Appendix Registry of the American Milking Shorthorn Society as crosses between Milking Shorthorns and red-and-white Holsteins. Red-and-white animals of registered Holstein-Friesian parentage also were accepted in the Appendix Registry. Red and White, or Red, White, or Roan animals of dairy type and with registered ancestry could be registered in the Red & White Herd Book, provided the owner became a member of the Associa- tion. If either parent of the animal was registered in another associa- tion, the name and registration number therein was required. If unregistered, breeding and bloodlines; (including name and regis- tration number of registered ancestors) were required, along with satisfactory proof and identification of each animal in the pedigree, to establish that such sire or dam was entirely of registered breed- ing. Descendants of fully registered Holstein breeding were known as Certified F100s. Symbols indicated breeding and parentage of crossbred founda- tion cattle as follows: F100 (100 percent Holstein of red-and-white color), F50MS (50 percent Holstein and 50 percent Milking Short- horn), F50G (50 percent Holstein and 50 percent Guernsey), F50RD (50 percent Holstein and 50 percent Red Dane), F50A (50 percent Holstein and 50 percent Ayrshire). Second-generation descendants were designated similarly as F75A (75 percent Hol- stein and 25 percent Ayrshire), and so forth. The registration fee was $3 per animal. Article V, Section 10 of the Bylaws stated that: The Board of Directors may establish such conditions or re- strictions on the recording of bulls with respect to sale of semen for artificial insemination purposes as it may deem nec- essary. Such conditions or restrictions may include, but are not limited to requiring membership in the corporation as a condi- tion to recording of bulls; providing for cancellation of record- ing if bulls used for such purposes have not been sold or leased 430 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS or who is a member of a regularly constituted Calf Club, is entitled to record pedigrees and transfers, as is a Junior Member. REGIsTRATION Foundation animals based on crossbreeding were recognized in the Appendix Registry of the American Milking Shorthorn Society as crosses between Milking Shorthorns and red-and-white Holsteins. Red-and-white animals of registered Holstein-Friesian parentage also were accepted in the Appendix Registry. Red and White, or Red, White, or Roan animals of dairy type and with registered ancestry could be registered in the Red & White Herd Book, provided the owner became a member of the Associa- tion. If either parent of the animal was registered in another associa- tion, the name and registration number therein was required. If unregistered, breeding and bloodlines; (including name and regis- tration number of registered ancestors) were required, along with satisfactory proof and identification of each animal in the pedigree, to establish that such sire or dam was entirely of registered breed- ing. Descendants of fully registered Holstein breeding were known as Certified F100s. Symbols indicated breeding and parentage of crossbred founda- tion cattle as follows: F100 (100 percent Holstein of red-and-white color), F50MS (50 percent Holstein and 50 percent Milking Short- horn), F50G (50 percent Holstein and 50 percent Guernsey), F50RD (50 percent Holstein and 50 percent Red Dane), F50A (50 percent Holstein and 50 percent Ayrshire). Second-generation descendants were designated similarly as F75A (75 percent Hol- stein and 25 percent Ayrshire), and so forth. The registration fee was $3 per animal. Article V, Section 10 of the Bylaws stated that: The Board of Directors may establish such conditions or re- strictions on the recording of bulls with respect to sale of semen for artificial insemination purpose.s as it may deem nec- essary. Such conditions or restrictions may include, but are not limited to requiring membership in the corporation as a condi- tion to recording of bulls; providing for cancellation of record- ing if bulls used for such purposes have not been sold or leased  Red-and-White Dairy 431 to the Association; and refusing to record artificially sired off- spring where any such conditions or restrictions have been vio- lated. A transfer fee of $5 applied within four months of sale, or $10 thereafter. A MODEL Cow Larry Moore Betsy, daughter of the foundation bull Larry Moore King, was regarded as the model cow of the breed. She had two lactations with unofficial records of over 20,000 pounds of milk in Red-and-White Dairy 431 to the Association; and refusing to record artificially sired off- spring where any such conditions or restrictions have been vio- lated. A transfer fee of $5 applied within four months of sale, or $10 thereafter. A MODEL COw Larry Moore Betsy, daughter of the foundation bull Larry Moore King, was regarded as the model cow of the breed. She had two lactations with unofficial records of over 20,000 pounds of milk in Red-and-White Dairy 431 to the Association; and refusing to record artificially sired off- spring where any such conditions or restrictions have been vio- lated. A transfer fee of $5 applied within four months of sale, or $10 thereafter. A MODEL COw Larry Moore Betsy, daughter of the foundation bull Larry Moore King, was regarded as the model cow of the breed. She had two lactations with unofficial records of over 20,000 pounds of milk in FIG. 20.. Larry Moore Betsy, sired by the foundation bull Larry Moore King, is accepted as the model Red & White cow. 305 days, and a lifetime production of over 115,000 pounds of milk. Gene Hoy painted her picture (Fig. 20.1), used on the Red & White Briefs as the model cow. The breed paper The Red Bloodlines began in 1966. SHOw DISPLAY No classification existed in shows in the United States and Canada in 1966 for Red & White cattle. The American Royal Dairy Show at Kansas City in that year offered $350 toward transportation ex- penses for exhibited herds of Red & Whites. Thirty-seven animals FIG. 20.1. Larry Moore Betsy, sired by the foundation bull Larry Moore King, is accepted as the model Red & White cow. 305 days, and a lifetime production of over 115,000 pounds of milk. Gene Hoy painted her picture (Fig. 20.1), used on the Red & White Briefs as the model cow. The breed paper The Red Bloodlines began in 1966. SHOw DISPLAY No classification existed in shows in the United States and Canada in 1966 for Red & White cattle. The American Royal Dairy Show at Kansas City in that year offered $350 toward transportation ex- penses for exhibited herds of Red & Whites. Thirty-seven animals FIG. 20.1. Larry Moore Betsy, sired by the foundation bull Larry Moore King, is accepted as the model Red & White cow. 305 days, and a lifetime production of over 115,000 pounds of milk. Gene Hoy painted her picture (Fig. 20.1), used on the Red & White Briefs as the model cow. The breed paper The Red Bloodlines began in 1966. SHOw DISPLAY No classification existed in shows in the United States and Canada in 1966 for Red & White cattle. The American Royal Dairy Show at Kansas City in that year offered $350 toward transportation ex- penses for exhibited herds of Red & Whites. Thirty-seven animals  432 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS were displayed voluntarily, one cow having a DHIA record of over 21,000 pounds of milk, 4.8 percent and 1022 pounds of butterfat in 307 days. The National Red & White Show at Waterloo, Iowa, in 1970 had 25 exhibitors from nine states and Ontario, Canada. TYPE CLASSIFICATION Through agreement with the Holstein-Friesian Association of Amer- ica in 1967, official classification was conducted by Association clas- sifiers during regularly scheduled classifications. Applications were submitted to the Red & White secretary 6 weeks in advance, with a $4.50 fee per animal. Jack Fairfield classified 41 animals in Larrs Moore's herd at the fourth annual meeting and field day, July 1. 1967. He followed the descriptive classification for the Holstein breed and assigned a total score for each animal. PRODUCTION RECORDs Members were urged to submit production records on forms pro- vided by the Association office and signed by the representative supervisor or officer. The records were published in Red & White News Briefs. The USDA was asked to recognize Red & Whites as a dairy breed. Such recognition would enable a system of official pro- duction records. It also would affect import duties on animals from Canada, where several prominent bulls transmitted the red gene to some progeny. It would also affect export regulations to Latin Amer- ican countries where a demand exists. Registered Red & White cattle have been exported to Brazil by a Canadian member. Other prospective buyers have inquired for available cattle of the breed. AssOCIATION OFFICERS C. L. Wasmer of Albuquerque, New Mexico, was elected president in 1970. Mrs. Susan J. Fortner is Executive Secretary and Treasurer, at P.O. Box 771, Elgin, Illinois 60120. 432 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS were displayed voluntarily, one cow having a DHIA record of over 21,000 pounds of milk, 4.8 percent and 1022 pounds of butterfat in 307 days. The National Red & White Show at Waterloo, Iowa, in 1970 had 25 exhibitors from nine states and Ontario, Canada. TYPE CLASSIFICATION Through agreement with the Holstein-Friesian Association of Amer- ica in 1967, official classification was conducted by Association clas- sifiers during regularly scheduled classifications. Applications were submitted to the Red & White secretary 6 weeks in advance, with a $4.50 fee per animal. Jack Fairfield classified 41 animals in Larry Moore's herd at the fourth annual meeting and field day, July 1. 1967. He followed the descriptive classification for the Holstein breed and assigned a total score for each animal. PRODUCTION RECORDS Members were urged to submit production records on forms pro- vided by the Association office and signed by the representative supervisor or officer. The records were published in Red & White News Briefs. The USDA was asked to recognize Red & Whites as a dairy breed. Such recognition would enable a system of official pro- duction records. It also would affect import duties on animals from Canada, where several prominent bulls transmitted the red gene to some progeny. It would also affect export regulations to Latin Amer- ican countries where a demand exists. Registered Red & White cattle have been exported to Brazil by a Canadian member. Other prospective buyers have inquired for available cattle of the breed. ASSOCIATION OFFICERs C. L. Wasmer of Albuquerque, New Mexico, was elected president in 1970. Mrs. Susan J. Fortner is Executive Secretary and Treasurer, at P.O. Box 771, Elgin, Illinois 60120. 432 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS were displayed voluntarily, one cow having a DHIA record of over 21,000 pounds of milk, 4.8 percent and 1022 pounds of butterfat in 307 days. The National Red & White Show at Waterloo, Iowa, in 1970 had 25 exhibitors from nine states and Ontario, Canada. TYPE CLASSIFICATION Through agreement with the Holstein-Friesian Association of Amer- ica in 1967, official classification was conducted by Association clas- sifiers during regularly scheduled classifications. Applications were submitted to the Red & White secretary 6 weeks in advance, with a $4.50 fee per animal. Jack Fairfield classified 41 animals in Larry Moore's herd at the fourth annual meeting and field day, July 1. 1967. He followed the descriptive classification for the Holstein breed and assigned a total score for each animal. PRODUCTION RECORDS Members were urged to submit production records on forms pro- vided by the Association office and signed by the representative supervisor or officer. The records were published in Red & White News Briefs. The USDA was asked to recognize Red & Whites as a dairy breed. Such recognition would enable a system of official pro- duction records. It also would affect import duties on animals from Canada, where several prominent bulls transmitted the red gene to some progeny. It would also affect export regulations to Latin Amer- ican countries where a demand exists. Registered Red & White cattle have been exported to Brazil by a Canadian member. Other prospective buyers have inquired for available cattle of the breed. AsSOCIATION OFFICERS C. L. Wasmer of Albuquerque, New Mexico, was elected president in 1970. Mrs. Susan J. Fortner is Executive Secretary and Treasurer, at P.O. Box 771, Elgin, Illinois 60120.  Red-and-White Dairy 433 REFERENCES Adertiasaseat. 1966. A great seaw daisy hresd. Hoard's Dairyan 111:111. * 1966. Hlslteiss-Friesias World 63:1453. Asasnymsaus. 1964. Red as4 White Cattle Socety formed. Heard's Dairymana 109:426. * 1964. Decer Barsd meetsiag. Hoelsteins-Friesian Worlad 61:2851, 2868-69. Cole L.J.,and S. V. H.Jes. 92. The occusreeaofsredalv-es iablach bseeds at eattle. Wiscossis Ags. Eapt. Sta. Ball. 313. Seholi, M. 1969. The esmesree at Red as4 White Hlasteis. Heard's Dairy- stan 113:743, 761. Rsd & White Cattle Assciations pubhications: 1966. lRed & Whits Catles Association bsochuse. 1966. By-Iaws at Bed & Wihite Daisy Cattle Assoeiation. 1967. Red &r White New's Briefs. Vol. 1. The Red Bloodlises. Vol. 5. 1979. Natisnal Red & White Show. Red-and-White Dairy 433 REFERENCES Adertiaemenst. 1966. A great ass daisy hreed. Heard's Dairyman 111:111. .1966. Holsein-F'riesias World 63:1453. Asonysmous. 1964. Red ansd White Cattlr Socety terted. Heard's Dairymn 109:426. ___1964. Deesbes Boasd mseetng. Holsteis-Friesian Wenld 61:2651, 2868-69. Cole, L.J., andS. V. .Joes. 192. The ocrenseeefredecalvesainhlach heeds at cattle. Wiscossis Agr. Caps. Sts. Rail. 313. Scholl, M4. 1966. Ths emsergence of Red ansd Whits Hoslsteies. Heard's Dairy- man 113:743, 761. Red & White Cattle AssciatioR puhlicatios: 1966. Red h White Cattle Asscisaso bhrep. 1966. By-Ia's of Bed h White Daisy Cattle Associataon. 1967. Red & White Nsews Brief. Vol. 1. The Bed Rloodlines. Vol. 5. 1970. National Red 8, White Shea'. Red-and-White Dairy 433 REFERENCES Adersem'ent. 1966. A great sea' dahry heed. Heard's Dairyan 111:111. .1966. Holseina-Friesian World 63:1453. Anonymos. 1964. Red asd White Cattle Society forma'd. Heard's Dairyman 109,426. .1964. Deemsbes Bard m'eetn. RHltein-Fesidan World 61:2951, 2669. Cole L.J., andS. V.H.lJonesl920. The ocrentee edyalesainhlacka hreeds at cattle. Wiscosin Age. Capt. ISta. Busll. 313. Scholl, M4. 1969. The eergence at Bed and White Hsteis, Heard's Dairy- sas 113,743, 761. Red h White Cattle Association, puhlicaions: 1966. Red & White Catle Association brochuse. 1966. By-laws at lRed h While Daisy Cattle Attociiona. 1967. Bed & White New's Briefs. Vol. 1. The Rled Bloodlis. Vo. 5. 1979. National Red 8& White Shoa'.  CHAPTER 21 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BETTER DAIRYING CATTLE (Boo) were not native to the western hemisphere. Early colonists appealed for cows to be brought from Europe, to be pro- tected and increased in numbers. Columbus carried cattle on his second voyage from Spain to the West Indies in 1493; from this source they reached Florida, New Mexico, and California. Cattle from Portugal and France were taken to Sable Island and the St. Lawrence valley about 1518 and in 1541. English colonists brought animals to Virginia in 1611 and to Massachusetts colony in the 1620s. Captain John Mason imported large cattle from Denmark in 1622 and 1623 for colonists in New Hampshire. Large Dutch cattle reached New York from the Netherlands in 1626. Those from Sweden were introduced into Delaware in 1640. Intercolonial trade contributed to later distribution. Some colonies prohibited slaughter of milking cows, to assure a supply of milk needed by the colonists. Cattle were herded, as on 434 CHAPTER 21 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BETTER DAIRYING CATTLE (Bos) were not native to the western hemisphere. Early colonists appealed for cows to be brought from Europe, to be pro tected and increased in numbers. Columbus carried cattle on his second voyage from Spain to the West Indies in 1493; from this source they reached Florida, New Mexico, and California. Cattle from Portugal and France were taken to Sable Island and the St. Lawrence valley about 1518 and in 1541. English colonists brought animals to Virginia in 1611 and to Massachusetts colony in the 1620s. Captain John Mason imported large cattle from Denmark in 1622 and 1623 for colonists in New Hampshire. Large Dutch cattle reached New York from the Netherlands in 1626. Those from Sweden were introduced into Delaware in 1640. Intercolonial trade contributed to later distribution. Some colonies prohibited slaughter of milking cows, to assure a supply of milk needed by the colonists. Cattle were herded, as on 434 CHAPTER 21 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BETTER DAIRYING CATTLE (Bos) were not native to the western hemisphere. Early colonists appealed for cows to be brought from Europe, to be pro- tected and increased in numbers. Columbus carried cattle on his second voyage from Spain to the West Indies in 1493; from this source they reached Florida, New Mexico, and California. Cattle from Portugal and France were taken to Sable Island and the St. Lawrence valley about 1518 and in 1541. English colonists brought animals to Virginia in 1611 and to Massachusetts colony in the 1620s. Captain John Mason imported large cattle from Denmark in 1622 and 1623 for colonists in New Hampshire. Large Dutch cattle reached New York from the Netherlands in 1626. Those from Sweden were introduced into Delaware in 1640. Intercolonial trade contributed to later distribution. Some colonies prohibited slaughter of milking cows, to assure a supply of milk needed by the colonists. Cattle were herded, as on 434  Contributions to Better Dairying 435 Boston Commons, or ran at large. Rail fences were built to protect fields and farmsteads. Improved breeds had not been developed in Europe, but as farming in America was extended over larger areas and cattle were fenced into pastures, American owners controlled the breeding in their herds. Agricultural societies took interest in improving farming practices and livestock. The Massachusetts Society for Promotion of Agricul- ture and the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture became prominent. Several presidents of the United States were members of the latter society. The Massachusetts Society imported animals of several improved breeds after 1800 and placed them with mem- bers to maintain purity and increase the numbers. Perhaps the first livestock show in the country was held in 1793 at Waltham, Massachusetts, by an agricultural society. Elkanah Wat- son, a weaver of woolen goods, established an early agricultural fair. The movement spread, and Watson was in demand as a speaker in several states. These fairs were for display of livestock and farm products, not public sales. Many agricultural societies today sponsor local and state fairs and shows for livestock and farm products, with concessions to display improved machinery and supplies. Most fairs maintain household departments, and many educational contests and exhibits are features of the better fairs. At the request of leading stockmen, the State Department circu- larized the Consular Services in Europe for information on im- proved cattle and management. The reports were published by the House of Representatives in two volumes entitled Cattle and Dairy Farming in 1887. GOvERNMENTAL SPONSORSHIP OF ACRICULTURE Some improvements in agriculture were promoted by a small Agri- cultural department in the U.S. Patent Office from 1836 until the Department of Agriculture was organized on July 1, 1862, under President Abraham Lincoln. The movement had been sponsored by the United States Agricultural Society and previously had been called to the attention of Presidents Harrison, Tyler, and Fillmore. The first Commissioner, Isaac Newton, continued the activities of the Agriculture office in obtaining statistics relating to agriculture; Contributions to Better Dairying 435 Boston Commons, or ran at large. Rail fences were built to protect fields and farmsteads. Improved breeds had not been developed in Europe, but as farming in America was extended over larger areas and cattle were fenced into pastures, American owners controlled the breeding in their herds. Agricultural societies took interest in improving farming practices and livestock. The Massachusetts Society for Promotion of Agricul- ture and the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture became prominent. Several presidents of the United States were members of the latter society. The Massachusetts Society imported animals of several improved breeds after 1800 and placed them with mem- bers to maintain purity and increase the numbers. Perhaps the first livestock show in the country was held in 1793 at Waltham, Massachusetts, by an agricultural society. Elkanah Wat- son, a weaver of woolen goods, established an early agricultural fair. The movement spread, and Watson was in demand as a speaker in several states. These fairs were for display of livestock and farm products, not public sales. Many agricultural societies today sponsor local and state fairs and shows for livestock and farm products, with concessions to display improved machinery and supplies. Most fairs maintain household departments, and many educational contests and exhibits are features of the better fairs. At the request of leading stockmen, the State Department circu- larized the Consular Services in Europe for information on im- proved cattle and management. The reports were published by the House of Representatives in two volumes entitled Cattle and Dairy Farming in 1887. GOvERNMENTAL SPoNSORSHIP OF AGRICULTURE Some improvements in agriculture were promoted by a small Agri- cultural department in the U.S. Patent Office from 1836 until the Department of Agriculture was organized on July 1, 1862, under President Abraham Lincoln. The movement had been sponsored by the United States Agricultural Society and previously had been called to the attention of Presidents Harrison, Tyler, and Fillmore. The first Commissioner, Isaac Newton, continued the activities of the Agriculture office in obtaining statistics relating to agriculture; Contributions to Better Dairying 435 Boston Commons, or ran at large. Rail fences were built to protect fields and farmsteads. Improved breeds had not been developed in Europe, but as farming in America was extended over larger areas and cattle were fenced into pastures, American owners controlled the breeding in their herds. Agricultural societies took interest in improving farming practices and livestock. The Massachusetts Society for Promotion of Agricul- ture and the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture became prominent. Several presidents of the United States were members of the latter society. The Massachusetts Society imported animals of several improved breeds after 1800 and placed them with mem- bers to maintain purity and increase the numbers. Perhaps the first livestock show in the country was held in 1793 at Waltham, Massachusetts, by an agricultural society. Elkanah Wat- son, a weaver of woolen goods, established an early agricultural fair. The movement spread, and Watson was in demand as a speaker in several states. These fairs were for display of livestock and farm products, not public sales. Many agricultural societies today sponsor local and state fairs and shows for livestock and farm products, with concessions to display improved machinery and supplies. Most fairs maintain household departments, and many educational contests and exhibits are features of the better fairs. At the request of leading stockmen, the State Department circu- larized the Consular Services in Europe for information on im- proved cattle and management. The reports were published by the House of Representatives in two volumes entitled Cattle and Dairy Farming in 1887. GOvERNMENTAL SPONSORSHIP OF AGRICULTURE Some improvements in agriculture were promoted by a small Agri- cultural department in the U.S. Patent Office from 1836 until the Department of Agriculture was organized on July 1, 1862, under President Abraham Lincoln. The movement had been sponsored by the United States Agricultural Society and previously had been called to the attention of Presidents Harrison, Tyler, and Fillmore. The first Commissioner, Isaac Newton, continued the activities of the Agriculture office in obtaining statistics relating to agriculture;  436 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS collecting and distributing seeds and plants for trial; experimenta- tion; and preparation of publications dealing with farm subjects. A few states established schools for agricultural instruction. Land grant colleges and universities were established under provisions of the Morrill Act, passed by Congress in 1862. Beginning in 1840 several older state agricultural institutions had experimental farms. Federal support for agricultural research had been sought by farm leaders since 1871. The Hatch Act, which became a law under President Grover Cleveland on March 2, 1887, granted $15,000 yearly to each state to investigate largely "practical" problems. The Adams Act was passed and signed by President Theodore Roose- velt on March 16, 1906. Secretary James Wilson directed the Adams Act funds of $15,000 annually to be used wholly for fundamental research. The Purnell Act in 1925 provided for investigations in agricul- tural economics and home economics. Purnell funds also were ap- plied toward problems of long-time duration, including value of feeds and livestock requirements for mineral nutrients. Some in- vestigations increased knowledge of vitamins and protein quality. These discoveries also applied to human nutrition. The Research and Marketing Act in 1943 pointed toward regional projects between states and with the Department of Agriculture. Improved varieties of vegetables, regional pasture in- vestigations, animal diseases, swine breeding, and problems in re- production were among those investigated. The several federal acts were consolidated as the Hatch Act in 1955. A large proportion of research in soils, feed crops, feeding value of crops and products, breeding, dairy products, disease con- trol, management, nutrition, and marketing had a direct or indirect effect on the dairy industry. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION Farmers' Institutes, short courses, and other provisions carried re- sults of experience and research to the adult fanning population. The state Agricultural Extension Services were expanded in 1914 with funds under the Smith-Lever Extension Act matched with state funds for spread of agricultural knowledge. The United States 436 DAIR RY CATTLE BREEDS collecting and distributing seeds and plants for trial; experimenta- tion; and preparation of publications dealing with farm subjects. A few states established schools for agricultural instruction. Land grant colleges and universities were established under provisions of the Morrill Act, passed by Congress in 1862. Beginning in 1840 several older state agricultural institutions had experimental farms. Federal support for agricultural research had been sought by farm leaders since 1871, The Hatch Act, which became a law under President Grover Cleveland on March 2, 1887, granted $15,000 yearly to each state to investigate largely "practical" problems. The Adams Act was passed and signed by President Theodore Roose- velt on March 16, 1906. Secretary James Wilson directed the Adams Act funds of $15,000 annually to be used wholly for fundamental research. The Purnell Act in 1925 provided for investigations in agricul- tural economics and home economics. Purnell funds also were ap- plied toward problems of long-time duration, including value of feeds and livestock requirements for mineral nutrients. Some in- vestigations increased knowledge of vitamins and protein quality. These discoveries also applied to human nutrition. The Research and Marketing Act in 1943 pointed toward regional projects between states and with the Department of Agriculture. Improved varieties of vegetables, regional pasture in- vestigations, animal diseases, swine breeding, and problems in re- production were among those investigated. The several federal acts were consolidated as the Hatch Act in 1955. A large proportion of research in soils, feed crops, feeding value of crops and products, breeding, dairy products, disease con- trol, management, nutrition, and marketing had a direct or indirect effect on the dairy industry. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION Farmers' Institutes, short courses, and other provisions carried re- sults of experience and research to the adult farming population. The state Agricultural Extension Services were expanded in 1914 with funds under the Smith-Lever Extension Act matched with state funds for spread of agricultural knowledge. The United States 436 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS collecting and distributing seeds and plants for trial; experimenta- tion; and preparation of publications dealing with farm subjects. A few states established schools for agricultural instruction. Land grant colleges and universities were established under provisions of the Morrill Act, passed by Congress in 1862. Beginning in 1840 several older state agricultural institutions had experimental farms. Federal support for agricultural research had been sought by farm leaders since 1871. The Hatch Act, which became a law under President Grover Cleveland on March 2, 1887, granted $15,000 yearly to each state to investigate largely "practical" problems. The Adams Act was passed and signed by President Theodore Roose- velt on March 16, 1906. Secretary James Wilson directed the Adams Act funds of $15,000 annually to be used wholly for fundamental research. The Purnell Act in 1925 provided for investigations in agricul- tural economics and home economics. Pumell funds also were ap- plied toward problems of long-time duration, including value of feeds and livestock requirements for mineral nutrients. Some in- vestigations increased knowledge of vitamins and protein quality. These discoveries also applied to human nutrition. The Research and Marketing Act in 1943 pointed toward regional projects between states and with the Department of Agriculture. Improved varieties of vegetables, regional pasture in- vestigations, animal diseases, swine breeding, and problems in re- production were among those investigated. The several federal acts were consolidated as the Hatch Act in 1955. A large proportion of research in soils, feed crops, feeding value of crops and products, breeding, dairy products, disease con- trol, management, nutrition, and marketing had a direct or indirect effect on the dairy industry. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION Farmers' Institutes, short courses, and other provisions carried re- sults of experience and research to the adult fanning population. The state Agricultural Extension Services were expanded in 1914 with funds under the Smith-Lever Extension Act matched with state funds for spread of agricultural knowledge. The United States  Contributions to Better Dairying 437 Contributions to Better Dairying 437 Contributions to Better Dainjing 437 Department of Agriculture had pioneered in this field with agents under Seaman Knapp, in counties in South Carolina and Texas. The County Agent service expanded gradually on local county levels with a man in agriculture and a woman to work with homemakers. Agricultural instruction in public schools gained greater impetus through assistance under the Smith-Hughes Act in 1916. Each of these acts by Congress supplemented state appropriations for agri- cultural teaching, research, and/or extension services. Improved methods were developed for handling dairy products, and their nu- tritional qualities were evaluated. The combined results influenced the dairy industry in many ways. PRODUCTION RECORDs Solomon Hoxie envisioned permanent records of production and conformation of purebred dairy animals as part of the herdbooks on which to base "a science of cattle culture." Dairy cattle were regis- tered on purity of pedigree. They were advanced to the Main or Advanced Register later upon milk production, supplemented when possible with a score for conformation and a description of type. Public churn butter tests were supervised at fairs and shows sponsored by agricultural societies. Dr. S. M. Babcock devised a rapid practical test for butterfat in milk in 1890 at the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station, published in Bulletin 24. See Fig- ure 13.5. Dr. Nicholas Gerber devised the Gerber butterfat test in Switzer- land in 1888 (published in 1891). Other methods for butterfat anal- ysis were the Houberg test used in France and Roumania, and the Lindstrom method in Norway, Sweden, and Finland. Butterfat tests were used in evaluating quality of milk, computing butterfat yields, and investigating nutrient requirements for economical feeding in proportion to production. Butterfat content of milk has been an important hereditary character in selecting breeding animals. At- tention now points toward the percentages of protein, lactose, and solids-not-fat in addition to butterfat content of milk. A rapid Milko-Tester method for fat analysis in fresh milk was developed in Denmark. Three models of the complex tester are manufactured by the Foss Electric Company. Milk samples are Department of Agriculture had pioneered in this field with agents under Seaman Knapp, in counties in South Carolina and Texas. The County Agent service expanded gradually on local county levels with a man in agriculture and a woman to work with homemakers. Agricultural instruction in public schools gained greater impetus through assistance under the Smith-Hughes Act in 1916. Each of these acts by Congress supplemented state appropriations for agri- cultural teaching, research, and/or extension services. Improved methods were developed for handling dairy products, and their nu- tritional qualities were evaluated. The combined results influenced the dairy industry in many ways. PRODUCTION RECORDS Solomon Hoxie envisioned permanent records of production and conformation of purebred dairy animals as part of the herdbooks on which to base "a science of cattle culture." Dairy cattle were regis- tered on purity of pedigree. They were advanced to the Main or Advanced Register later upon milk production, supplemented when possible with a score for conformation and a description of type. Public churn butter tests were supervised at fairs and shows sponsored by agricultural societies. Dr. S. M. Babcock devised a rapid practical test for butterfat in milk in 1890 at the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station, published in Bulletin 24. See Fig- ure 13.5. Dr. Nicholas Gerber devised the Gerber butterfat test in Switzer- land in 1888 (published in 1891). Other methods for butterfat anal- ysis were the Houberg test used in France and Roumania, and the Lindstrom method in Norway, Sweden, and Finland. Butterfat tests were used in evaluating quality of milk, computing butterfat yields, and investigating nutrient requirements for economical feeding in proportion to production. Butterfat content of milk has been an important hereditary character in selecting breeding animals. At- tention now points toward the percentages of protein, lactose, and solids-not-fat in addition to butterfat content of milk. A rapid Milko-Tester method for fat analysis in fresh milk was developed in Denmark. Three models of the complex tester are manufactured by the Foss Electric Company. Milk samples are Department of Agriculture had pioneered in this field with agents under Seaman Knapp, in counties in South Carolina and Texas. The County Agent service expanded gradually on local county levels with a man in agriculture and a woman to work with homemakers. Agricultural instruction in public schools gained greater impetus through assistance under the Smith-Hughes Act in 1916. Each of these acts by Congress supplemented state appropriations for agri- cultural teaching, research, and/or extension services. Improved methods were developed for handling dairy products, and their nu- tritional qualities were evaluated. The combined results influenced the dairy industry in many ways. PRODUCrION RECORDS Solomon Hoxie envisioned permanent records of production and conformation of purebred dairy animals as part of the herdbooks on which to base "a science of cattle culture." Dairy cattle were regis- tered on purity of pedigree. They were advanced to the Main or Advanced Register later upon milk production, supplemented when possible with a score for conformation and a description of type. Public churn butter tests were supervised at fairs and shows sponsored by agricultural societies. Dr. S. M. Babcock devised a rapid practical test for butterfat in milk in 1890 at the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station, published in Bulletin 24. See Fig- ure 13.5. Dr. Nicholas Gerber devised the Gerber butterfat test in Switzer- land in 1888 (published in 1891). Other methods for butterfat anal- ysis were the Houberg test used in France and Roumania, and the Lindstrom method in Norway, Sweden, and Finland. Butterfat tests were used in evaluating quality of milk, computing butterfat yields, and investigating nutrient requirements for economical feeding in proportion to production. Butterfat content of milk has been an important hereditary character in selecting breeding animals. At- tention now points toward the percentages of protein, lactose, and solids-not-fat in addition to butterfat content of milk. A rapid Milko-Tester method for fat analysis in fresh milk was developed in Denmark. Three models of the complex tester are manufactured by the Foss Electric Company. Milk samples are  438 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS placed on a conveyor which moves them into position at 20-second intervals. It mixes each sample. A 2-ml. sample is pipetted and heated to 60 C.; a Versene diluter is flushed in to dissolve the pro- tein. The mixed sample is homogenized under pressure and is passed into a micro curvette where a photocell measures the opti- cal interference, based on light interceptance by the emulsified fat globules. The light interference is converted into an adjusted fat percentage reading. The results can be printed on appropriate typed or punchcard forms within a minute. Even though the cost of the machine is high, it is economical for large numbers of analyses in central laboratories. COOPERATIVE PRODUCrION TESTS Helmer Rabild organized a cow testing association in 1905 at Fre- mont, Michigan, patterned after milk control societies begun in Denmark in 1895. He was called to the Dairy Division of the USDA to establish similar organizations through cooperation with Exten- sion Dairymen in many states. These organizations now are called Dairy Herd Improvement Associations. Supervisors obtained rec- ords of milk and butterfat yields, feed consumption, feed costs. and reproduction with grade and registered cows. Owners used the records to guide the feeding and management of their dairy herds. Percentages of solids-not-fat and/or protein in milk were added of- ficially in 1962. Selective testing was begun with the Dutch-Friesian cattle in 1879, then with Holstein-Friesians on consolidation of the associa- tion in 1885, and later with all dairy breeds. The Ayrshire Breeders' Association began to record production of every cow in the herd under the official Herd Test plan. Other dairy breeds adopted the practice. The state superintendents of official testing, who super- vise the production testing programs, are staff members of the Col- lege of Agriculture or Extension Service in their respective states. Two lower-cost plans of obtaining records are the owner-sampler and weigh-a-day-a-month plans. Owners weigh and sample the milk from each cow for the DHIA supervisor or central laboratory to test for butterfat under the owner-sampler plan. The second plan, begun in September 1956, involves milk weights and a feed statement by 438 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS placed on a conveyor which moves them into position at 20-second intervals. It mixes each sample. A 2-ml. sample is pipetted and heated to 60o C.; a Versene diluter is flushed in to dissolve the pro- tein. The mixed sample is homogenized under pressure and is passed into a micro curvette where a photocell measures the opti- cal interference, based on light interceptance by the emulsified fat globules. The light interference is converted into an adjusted fat percentage reading. The results can be printed on appropriate typed or punchcard forms within a minute. Even though the cost of the machine is high, it is economical for large numbers of analyses in central laboratories. COOPERATIVE PRODUCrION TESTS Helmer Rabild organized a cow testing association in 1905 at Fre- mont, Michigan, patterned after milk control societies begun in Denmark in 1895. He was called to the Dairy Division of the USDA to establish similar organizations through cooperation with Exten- sion Dairymen in many states. These organizations now are called Dairy Herd Improvement Associations. Supervisors obtained rec- ords of milk and butterfat yields, feed consumption, feed costs. and reproduction with grade and registered cows. Owners used the records to guide the feeding and management of their dairv herds. Percentages of solids-not-fat and/or protein in milk were added of- ficially in 1962. Selective testing was begun with the Dutch-Friesian cattle in 1879, then with Holstein-Friesians on consolidation of the associa- tion in 1885, and later with all dairy breeds. The Ayrshire Breeders' Association began to record production of every cow in the herd under the official Herd Test plan. Other dairy breeds adopted the practice. The state superintendents of official testing, who super- vise the production testing programs, are staff members of the Col- lege of Agriculture or Extension Service in their respective states. Two lower-cost plans of obtaining records are the owner-sampler and weigh-a-day-a-month plans. Owners weigh and sample the milk from each cow for the DHIA supervisor or central laboratory to test for butterfat under the owner-sampler plan. The second plan, begun in September 1956, involves milk weights and a feed statement by 438 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS placed on a conveyor which moves them into position at 20-second intervals. It mixes each sample. A 2-ml. sample is pipetted and heated to 60 C.; a Versene diluter is flushed in to dissolve the pro- tein. The mixed sample is homogenized under pressure and is passed into a micro corvette where a photocell measures the opti- cal interference, based on light intereptance by the emulsified fat globules. The light interference is converted into an adjusted fat percentage reading. The results can be printed on appropriate typed or punchcard forms within a minute. Even though the cost of the machine is high, it is economical for large numbers of analses in central laboratories. COOPERATIvE PRODUCTION TESTS Helmer Rabild organized a cow testing association in 1905 at Fre- mont, Michigan, patterned after milk control societies begun in Denmark in 1895. He was called to the Dairy Division of the USDA to establish similar organizations through cooperation with Exten- sion Dairymen in many states. These organizations now are called Dairy Herd Improvement Associations. Supervisors obtained rec- ords of milk and butterfat yields, feed consumption, feed costs. and reproduction with grade and registered cows. Owners used the records to guide the feeding and management of their dairv herds. Percentages of solids-not-fat and/or protein in milk were added of- ficially in 1962. Selective testing was begun with the Dutch-Friesian cattle in 1879, then with Holstein-Friesians on consolidation of the associa- tion in 1885, and later with all dairy breeds. The Ayrshire Breeders' Association began to record production of every cow in the herd under the official Herd Test plan. Other dairy breeds adopted the practice. The state superintendents of official testing, who super- vise the production testing programs, are staff members of the Col- lege of Agriculture or Extension Service in their respective states. Two lower-cost plans of obtaining records are the owner-sampler and weigh-a-day-a-month plans. Owners weigh and sample the milk from each cow for the DHIA supervisor or central laboratory to test for butterfat under the owner-sampler plan. The second plan, begun in September 1956, involves milk weights and a feed statement by  Contributions to Better Dairying 439 Contributions to Better Dairying 439 Contributions to Better Dairying 439 the herd owner on the middle day of each month. Milk yields and costs computed from either form of record keeping are not authen- ticated since milk weights and samples were not taken by an im- partial supervisor. Extension Dairymen of the states train the DHIA supervisors and direct the three forms of production testing. The average production of cows under DHIA test has increased TABLE 21.1 AVERAGE PRODUCTION OF COWS ON DHIA TEST IN THE UNITED STATES' 1906 1926 1946 1956 1966 1970 239 327,653 16.8 627,878 27.0 1,406,306 34.4 2,058,592 52.9 2,122,011 61.9 5,300 7,331 8,635 9,713 12,127 12,750 4.06 3.96 4.04 3.94 3.81 3.79 215 290 349 383 462 483 a. Taken from Dairy-Herd-Improvement Letter, 47 (4), April 1971. because of (a) improved feeding and management, (b) removal of lower-producing cows, and (c) wider use of good transmitting animals. The average production per cow has been reported through cooperation of the state dairy extension services and the USDA, as given in Table 21.0. Including owner-sampler and weigh-a-day-a-month plans, 3,235,- 552 cows were reported on production test in 63,084 herds in Jan- uary 1970. This was 25.5 percent of the dairy cow population. Herds on standard DHIA test averaged 61.9 cows per herd. Committees of the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association and the American Dairy Science Association modified the methods of su- pervising DHIA records so that dairy breed associations now accept them under the name of Dairy Herd Improvement Registry (DHIR) records when DHIA herds enroll in both. Revised rules, accepted in 1967 and earlier, recognize only DHIA and DHIR re- ords for breed programs. DHIAs in Wisconsin were encouraged to combine into county or district units in 1940 to utilize facilities and services efficiently. Ex- tension Dairyman Lyman Rich of Utah began central machine com- putation of DHIA records in 1950. States cooperated later in estab- the herd owner on the middle day of each month. Milk yields and costs computed from either form of record keeping are not authen- ticated since milk weights and samples were not taken by an im- partial supervisor. Extension Dairymen of the states train the DHIA supervisors and direct the three forms of production testing. The average production of cows under DHIA test has increased TABLE 21.1 AVERAGE PRODUCTION OF COWS ON DHIA TEST IN THE UNITED STATES' AsmernfcmsAoragwts~Amsorsasac Year oN e ofT cows A e gher Milk (lbs.) Test (%) Butterfat (lbs.) 1906 239 5,300 4.06 215 1926 327,653 16.8 7,331 3.96 290 1946 627,878 27.0 8,635 4.04 349 1956 1,406,306 34.4 9,713 3.94 383 1966 2,058,592 52.9 12,127 3.81 462 1970 2,122,011 61.9 12,750 3.79 483 a. Taken from Dairy-Herd-Improvement Letter, 47 (4), April 1971. because of (a) improved feeding and management, (b) removal of lower-producing cows, and (c) wider use of good transmitting animals. The average production per cow has been reported through cooperation of the state dairy extension services and the USDA, as given in Table 21.. Including owner-sampler and weigh-a-day-a-month plans, 3,235,- 552 cows were reported on production test in 63,084 herds in Jan- uary 1970. This was 25.5 percent of the dairy cow population. Herds on standard DHIA test averaged 61.9 cows per herd. Committees of the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association and the American Dairy Science Association modified the methods of su- pervising DHIA records so that dairy breed associations now accept them under the name of Dairy Herd Improvement Registry (DHIR) records when DHIA herds enroll in both. Revised rules, accepted in 1967 and earlier, recognize only DHIA and DHIR rec- ords for breed programs. DHIAs in Wisconsin were encouraged to combine into county or district units in 1940 to utilize facilities and services efficiently. Ex- tension Dairyman Lyman Rich of Utah began central machine com- putation of DHIA records in 1950. States cooperated later in estab- Year NumA ofcoe 1906 239 1926 327,653 1946 627,878 1956 1,406,306 1966 2,058,592 1970 2,122,011 Avmrghe cw 16.8 27.0 34.4 52.9 61.9 the herd owner on the middle day of each month. Milk yields and costs computed from either form of record keeping are not authen- ticated since milk weights and samples were not taken by an im- partial supervisor. Extension Dairymen of the states train the DHIA supervisors and direct the three forms of production testing. The average production of cows under DHIA test has increased TABLE 21.1 AVERAGE PROnUcTION OF COWS ON DHIA TEST IN THE UNITED STATES Milk (Obs.) Test (%) Butterfat 0bs.) 5,300 4.06 215 7,331 3.96 290 8,635 4.04 349 9,713 3.94 383 12,127 3.81 462 12,750 3.79 483 a. Taken from Dairy-Herd-Improvement Letter, 47 (4), April 1971. because of (a) improved feeding and management, (b) removal of lower-producing cows, and (c) wider use of good transmitting animals. The average production per cow has been reported through cooperation of the state dairy extension services and the USDA, as given in Table 25.1. Including owner-sampler and weigh-a-day-a-month plans, 3,235,- 552 cows were reported on production test in 63,084 herds in Jan- uary 1970. This was 25.5 percent of the dairy cow population. Herds on standard DHIA test averaged 61.9 cows per herd. Committees of the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association and the American Dairy Science Association modified the methods of su- pervising DHIA records so that dairy breed associations now accept them under the name of Dairy Herd Improvement Registry (DHIR) records when DHIA herds enroll in both. Revised rules, accepted in 1967 and earlier, recognize only DHIA and DHIR ree- ords for breed programs. DHIAs in Wisconsin were encouraged to combine into county or district units in 1940 to utilize facilities and services efficiently. Ex- tension Dairyman Lyman Rich of Utah began central machine com- putation of DHIA records in 1950. States cooperated later in estab-  440 DAIR Y CATTLE BREEDS lishing regional computing laboratories, of which 13 centers were operating in 1968. The centers provided a printed report with in- dividual cow and herd records to each owner promptly. This serv- ice afforded current attention of owners to breeding and herd man- agement. Farmer members obtained a voice at national policy levels by organizing the National Dairy Herd Improvement Association. It- along with the Extension Section of the American Dairy Science Association, National Association of Animal Breeders, Purebred Dairy Cattle Association, and USDA Livestock Research Division- are represented on the National DHIA Coordinating Committee that makes rules for DHIA operation. The National DHIA group was formed during the National Dairy Cattle Congress at Water- loo, Iowa, in October 1965 under a Wisconsin charter. The purpose was for herd-owner representation in joint planning and administra- tion of rules and related programs. Twenty-two states were repre- sented in 1970, and the movement is expanding. Revised rules, ac- cepted in 1967, recognize only DHIA and DHIR records for breed programs. MILKABILrTY The cow's udder normally consists of four functional quarters. E. Lewis Sturtevant, of the New York (Geneva) Agricultural Experi- ment Station, perhaps was the first person before 1885 to measure their separate milk yields. At the Missouri Station, C. W. Turner used a four-quarter milking machine designed by H. C. Beckman of the DeLaval Separator Company, during 74 lactations by Ayr- shire, Guernsey, Holstein, and Jersey cows. Each front quarter yielded slightly more than 20 percent of the dairy milk production and each rear quarter slightly less than 30 percent of the daily milk production. Similar milking machines are used in Denmark, the Netherlands, and Switzerland to determine average rate of letdown, milking time, and strippings with groups of daughters by separate sires or cow families. Reaction to machine milking also is observed. Copeland analyzed bulls with daughters at different levels of production. Young bulls selected by A.I. studs averaged nearly as well as bulls "proved" when acquired. Daughter averages, 440 DAIR Y CATTLE BREEDS lishing regional computing laboratories, of which 13 centers were operating in 1968. The centers provided a printed report with in- dividual cow and herd records to each owner promptly. This serv- ice afforded current attention of owners to breeding and herd man- agement. Farmer members obtained a voice at national policy levels by organizing the National Dairy Herd Improvement Association. It- along with the Extension Section of the American Dairy Science Association, National Association of Animal Breeders, Purebred Dairy Cattle Association, and USDA Livestock Research Division- are represented on the National DHIA Coordinating Committee that makes rules for DHIA operation. The National DHIA group was formed during the National Dairy Cattle Congress at Water- loo, Iowa, in October 1965 under a Wisconsin charter. The purpose was for herd-owner representation in joint planning and administra- tion of rules and related programs. Twenty-two states were repre- sented in 1970, and the movement is expanding. Revised rules, ac- cepted in 1967, recognize only DHIA and DHIR records for breed programs. MI.KABILIrY The cow's udder normally consists of four functional quarters. E. Lewis Sturtevant, of the New York (Geneva) Agricultural Experi- ment Station, perhaps was the first person before 1885 to measure their separate milk yields. At the Missouri Station, C. W. Turner used a four-quarter milking machine designed by H. C. Beckman of the DeLaval Separator Company, during 74 lactations by Ayr- shire, Guernsey, Holstein, and Jersey cows. Each front quarter yielded slightly more than 20 percent of the dairy milk production and each rear quarter slightly less than 30 percent of the daily milk production. Similar milking machines are used in Denmark, the Netherlands, and Switzerland to determine average rate of letdown, milking time, and strippings with groups of daughters by separate sires or cow families. Reaction to machine milking also is observed. Copeland analyzed bulls with daughters at different levels of production. Young bulls selected by A.I. studs averaged nearly as well as bulls "proved" when acquired. Daughter averages, 440 DAIR Y CATTLE BREEDS fishing regional computing laboratories, of which 13 centers were operating in 1968. The centers provided a printed report with in- dividual cow and herd records to each owner promptly. This serv- ice afforded current attention of owners to breeding and herd man- agement. Farmer members obtained a voice at national policy levels by organizing the National Dairy Herd Improvement Association. It- along with the Extension Section of the American Dairy Science Association, National Association of Animal Breeders, Purebred Dairy Cattle Association, and USDA Livestock Research Division- are represented on the National DHIA Coordinating Committee that makes rules for DHIA operation. The National DHIA group was formed during the National Dairy Cattle Congress at Water- loo, Iowa, in October 1965 under a Wisconsin charter. The purpose was for herd-owner representation in joint planning and administra- tion of rules and related programs. Twenty-two states were repre- sented in 1970, and the movement is expanding. Revised rules, ac- cepted in 1967, recognize only DHIA and DHIR records for breed programs. MILKABILITY The cow's udder normally consists of four functional quarters. E. Lewis Sturtevant, of the New York (Geneva) Agricultural Experi- ment Station, perhaps was the first person before 1885 to measure their separate milk yields. At the Missouri Station, C. W. Turner used a four-quarter milking machine designed by H. C. Beckman of the DeLaval Separator Company, during 74 lactations by Ayr- shire, Guernsey, Holstein, and Jersey cows. Each front quarter yielded slightly more than 20 percent of the dairy milk production and each rear quarter slightly less than 30 percent of the daily milk production. Similar milking machines are used in Denmark, the Netherlands, and Switzerland to determine average rate of letdown, milking time, and strippings with groups of daughters by separate sires or cow families. Reaction to machine milking also is observed. Copeland analyzed bulls with daughters at different levels of production. Young bulls selected by A.I. studs averaged nearly as well as bulls "proved" when acquired. Daughter averages.  Contributions to Better Dairying 441 Contributions to Better Dairying 441 Contributions to Better Dairying 441 daughter-dam, and herdmate comparisons gave progressively more dependable information. Copeland considered type classification averages important in breeding cattle for a long useful lifespan. How Goon Cows DIFFER Trials conducted in Iowa with four "native" and three grade calves on uniform feed showed practically equal ability to digest various feed nutrients. C. H. Eckles and O. E. Reed found at the Missouri TABLE 21.2 THE RESULTS OF GRADINC-UP WTH PUREBRED DAIRY BULLS ON "NATIVE" COWS AT THE IOwA STATION Generation Lactations Milk (lbs.) Test (%) Butterfat (lbs.) Native parents 36 4,110 4.67 192 First cross 42 5,815 4.59 267 Second cross 53 8,056 4.51 363 Third cross (Holsteins) 9 12,735 3.29 419 station that the maintenance requirements and ability of cows to digest feeds were quite similar. The good cow, however, utilized more nutrients above her maintenance to make milk than did the poorer cow. IMPROVING DAIRY CATrLE THROUGH BREEDING The Massachusetts Society for the Promotion of Agriculture re- ported in 1848 on the consistent production and transmitting ability of pure Ayrshire cattle as compared with famous "native" cows that left no progeny equal to themselves in producing ability. Colonel Zadock Pratt stated in 1861 that cows could be improved by a single cross to a pure breed. The Iowa station began to grade up a dairy herd in 1907 with 14 cows and heifers purchased in a region where no purebred bulls had been used. Those common cows were bred to Guernsey, Hol- stein, and Jersey bulls, grading up within each breed in succeeding generations. Results of the grading-up investigation, directed by H. H. Kildee, are given in Table 21.2. The Oklahoma, South Dakota, and other stations obtained similar results with different foundation females. Use of purebred bulls to grade up dairy cows soon was practiced by dairy farmers, and in- fluenced the entire dairy industry. daughter-dam, and herdmate comparisons gave progressively more dependable information. Copeland considered type classification averages important in breeding cattle for a long useful lifespan. How Goon Cows DIFFER Trials conducted in Iowa with four "native" and three grade calves on uniform feed showed practically equal ability to digest various feed nutrients. C. H. Eckles and O. E. Reed found at the Missouri TABLE 21.2 THE RESULTS OF GRADING-UP wrrH PUREBRED DAIRY BULLS ON "NATIVE" COwS AT THE tOWA STATION daughter-dam, and herdmate comparisons gave progressively more dependable information. Copeland considered type classification averages important in breeding cattle for a long useful lifespan. How Goon Cows DIFFER Trials conducted in Iowa with four "native" and three grade calves on uniform feed showed practically equal ability to digest various feed nutrients. C. H. Eckles and O. E. Reed found at the Missouri TABLE 21.2 THE RESULTS OF GRADING-UP weTH PUREBRED DAIRY BULLS ON "NATIVE" COwS AT THE IOwA STATION Generation Native parents First cross Second cross Third cross (Holsteins) Lactations Milk (lb..) Test (%) Butterfat (Obs.) 36 4,110 4.67 192 42 5,815 4.59 267 53 8,056 4.51 363 9 12,735 3.29 419 Generation Native parents First cross Second cross Third cross (Holsteins) Lactations Milk (lb..) Test (%) Butterat (lb..) 36 4,110 4.67 192 42 5,815 4.59 267 53 8,056 4.51 363 9 12,735 3.29 419 station that the maintenance requirements and ability of cows to digest feeds were quite similar. The good cow, however, utilized more nutrients above her maintenance to make milk than did the poorer cow. IMPROvING DAIRY CATrLE THROUGH BREEDING The Massachusetts Society for the Promotion of Agriculture re- ported in 1848 on the consistent production and transmitting ability of pure Ayrshire cattle as compared with famous "native" cows that left no progeny equal to themselves in producing ability. Colonel Zadock Pratt stated in 1861 that cows could be improved by a single cross to a pure breed. The Iowa station began to grade up a dairy herd in 1907 with 14 cows and heifers purchased in a region where no purebred bulls had been used. Those common cows were bred to Guernsey, Hol- stein, and Jersey bulls, grading up within each breed in succeeding generations. Results of the grading-up investigation, directed by H. H. Kildee, are given in Table 21.2. The Oklahoma, South Dakota, and other stations obtained similar results with different foundation females. Use of purebred bulls to grade up dairy cows soon was practiced by dairy farmers, and in- fluenced the entire dairy industry. station that the maintenance requirements and ability of cows to digest feeds were quite similar. The good cow, however, utilized more nutrients above her maintenance to make milk than did the poorer cow. IMPROvING DAIRY CATTLE THROUGH BREEDING The Massachusetts Society for the Promotion of Agriculture re- ported in 1848 on the consistent production and transmitting ability of pure Ayrshire cattle as compared with famous "native" cows that left no progeny equal to themselves in producing ability. Colonel Zadock Pratt stated in 1861 that cows could be improved by a single cross to a pure breed. The Iowa station began to grade up a dairy herd in 1907 with 14 cows and heifers purchased in a region where no purebred bulls had been used. Those common cows were bred to Guernsey, Hol- stein, and Jersey bulls, grading up within each breed in succeeding generations. Results of the grading-up investigation, directed by H. H. Kildee, are given in Table 21.2. The Oklahoma, South Dakota, and other stations obtained similar results with different foundation females. Use of purebred bulls to grade up dairy cows soon was practiced by dairy farmers, and in- fluenced the entire dairy industry.  442 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS PROVED BULLS AND Cow FAMILIES In 1935 the Bureau of Dairy Industry began to "prove" (analyze) dairy bulls having five or more daughters with DHIA and/or HIR records. Individual records were computed to a 305-day 2x mature equivalent basis before averaging them for all of the daughters. Persons interested in such bulls were advised to visit the herds to study feeding and management, as well as conformation of the ani- mals. Many valuable bulls were located for further natural or artifi- cial use. Since December 1962 the average production of herdmates calving within 2 months of a daughter were included in herdmate comparisons. A method for genetic appraisal of bulls was based on number of herds represented by natural or A.I. daughters to determine the predicted average of his progeny. This was changed to a predicted difference between expected production of his daughters as com- pared with herdmates. The formula for calculating predicted dif- ference between production of daughters and herdmates was changed in May 1965 to: Number of daughters (Adjusted Dreed 1 Predicted difference = X (daughter - No. of daughters+ 12 average average Daughters of natural service sires were evaluated on their own per- formance versus herdmates. On A.I. progeny, performance of daughters versus herdmates and of paternal half-sisters were in- cluded in calculating the index. As the number of daughters in- creases, variations in production due to environment become smaller. Hence the predicted differences represent the expected deviations of bulls' A.I. progeny from herdmates in herds producing at levels near the breed average. Installation of a new electronic system (IBM 360-40) in June 1967 enabled incorporating improvements to change summarizing sires to presumably more representative estimates of genetic merit of dairy bulls. Age correction factors vary with season of calving and regional environmental conditions with resulting milk and fat yields. Six 2-month seasons appeared to reduce bias due to season of calving with relation to production. Variations in milk varied with those for butterfat. 442 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS PROvED BULLS AND Cow FAMIUEs In 1935 the Bureau of Dairy Industry began to "prove" (analyze) dairy bulls having five or more daughters with DHIA and/or HIR records. Individual records were computed to a 305-day 2 x mature equivalent basis before averaging them for all of the daughters. Persons interested in such bulls were advised to visit the herds to study feeding and management, as well as conformation of the ani- mals. Many valuable bulls were located for further natural or artifi- cial use. Since December 1962 the average production of herdmates calving within 2 months of a daughter were included in herdmate comparisons. A method for genetic appraisal of bulls was based on number of herds represented by natural or A.I. daughters to determine the predicted average of his progeny. This was changed to a predicted difference between expected production of his daughters as com- pared with herdmates. The formula for calculating predicted dif- ference between production of daughters and herdmates was changed in May 1965 to: Number of daughters Adjusted Breed Predicted difference = X daughter - No. of daughters+12 average average Daughters of natural service sires were evaluated on their own per- formance versus herdmates. On A.I. progeny, performance of daughters versus herdmates and of paternal half-sisters were in- cluded in calculating the index. As the number of daughters in- creases, variations in production due to environment become smaller. Hence the predicted differences represent the expected deviations of bulls' A.I. progeny from herdmates in herds producing at levels near the breed average. Installation of a new electronic system (IBM 360-40) in June 1967 enabled incorporating improvements to change summarizing sires to presumably more representative estimates of genetic merit of dairy bulls. Age correction factors vary with season of calving and regional environmental conditions with resulting milk and fat yields. Six 2-month seasons appeared to reduce bias due to season of calving with relation to production. Variations in milk varied with those for butterfat. 442 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS PROvED BULLS AND Cow FAMILIsN In 1935 the Bureau of Dairy Industry began to "prove" (analyze) dairy bulls having five or more daughters with DHIA and/or HIR records. Individual records were computed to a 305-day 2 x mature equivalent basis before averaging them for all of the daughters. Persons interested in such bulls were advised to visit the herds to study feeding and management, as well as conformation of the ani- mals. Many valuable bulls were located for further natural or artifi- cial use. Since December 1962 the average production of herdmates calving within 2 months of a daughter were included in herdmate comparisons. A method for genetic appraisal of bulls was based on number of herds represented by natural or A.I. daughters to determine the predicted average of his progeny. This was changed to a predicted difference between expected production of his daughters as com- pared with herdmates. The formula for calculating predicted dif- ference between production of daughters and herdmates was changed in May 1965 to: Number of daughters (Adjusted Breed 1 Predicted difference = X daughter - No. of daughters+12 average average Daughters of natural service sires were evaluated on their own per- formance versus herdmates. On A.I. progeny, performance of daughters versus herdmates and of paternal half-sisters were in- cluded in calculating the index. As the number of daughters in- creases, variations in production due to environment become smaller. Hence the predicted differences represent the expected deviations of bulls' A.I. progeny from herdmates in herds producing at levels near the breed average. Installation of a new electronic system (IBM 360-40) in June 1967 enabled incorporating improvements to change summarizing sires to presumably more representative estimates of genetic merit of dairy bulls. Age correction factors vary with season of calving and regional environmental conditions with resulting milk and fat yields. Six 2-month seasons appeared to reduce bias due to season of calving with relation to production. Variations in milk varied with those for butterfat.  Contributions to Better Dairying 443 Contributions to Better Dairying 443 Contributions to Better Dairying 443 Because of varying environmental influences, predicted differ- ence was adjusted with relation to the number of daughters and their records, the herdmates, and the number of herds involved. Appropriate weighting factors take into account the number of daughters, records per daughter, and the number of herds involved. A repeatability factor will indicate the relative confidence attrib- utable. However, few bulls produce viable semen long enough for it to be available for long-term computations to be made (stores of frozen semen would be exceptions). Continuous production records enabled owners to recognize and build transmitting cow families within herds. J. C. McDowell found from DHIA records that the better producing cows were from the higher producing dams on the average. DHIA records were searched for the possibility of locating the leading cows for possible breeding value, assuming that they would be among the top 2 percent of daughters of a bull. Criteria for se- lection were: (a) registered animals; (b) daughters sired by bulls summarized in July or November 1963 (and later) with five or more A.I. daughters; (c) cows with one or more lactations with herdmate data; and (d) cows with index values for milk yield ex- ceeding arbitrary requirements assumed for breeds. An index was computed for the cow's production and that of A.I. paternal half- sisters and was weighted according to number of lactations. The method of computation was thought to account for genetic influ- ence on milk yield, or the cow's true breeding value. Weightings used for computing an index were: Because of varying environmental influences, predicted differ- ence was adjusted with relation to the number of daughters and their records, the herdmates, and the number of herds involved. Appropriate weighting factors take into account the number of daughters, records per daughter, and the number of herds involved. A repeatability factor will indicate the relative confidence attrib- utable. However, few bulls produce viable semen long enough for it to be available for long-term computations to be made (stores of frozen semen would be exceptions). Continuous production records enabled owners to recognize and build transmitting cow families within herds. J. C. McDowell found from DHIA records that the better producing cows were from the higher producing dams on the average. DHIA records were searched for the possibility of locating the leading cows for possible breeding value, assuming that they would be among the top 2 percent of daughters of a bull. Criteria for se- lection were: (a) registered animals; (b) daughters sired by bulls summarized in July or November 1963 (and later) with five or more A.I. daughters; (c) cows with one or more lactations with herdmate data; and (d) cows with index values for milk yield ex- ceeding arbitrary requirements assumed for breeds. An index was computed for the cow's production and that of A.I. paternal half- sisters and was weighted according to number of lactations. The method of computation was thought to account for genetic influ- ence on milk yield, or the cow's true breeding value. Weightings used for computing an index were: Because of varying environmental influences, predicted differ- ence was adjusted with relation to the number of daughters and their records, the herdmates, and the number of herds involved. Appropriate weighting factors take into account the number of daughters, records per daughter, and the number of herds involved. A repeatability factor will indicate the relative confidence attrib- utable. However, few bulls produce viable semen long enough for it to be available for long-term computations to be made (stores of frozen semen would be exceptions). Continuous production records enabled owners to recognize and build transmitting cow families within herds. J. C. McDowell found from DHIA records that the better producing cows were from the higher producing dams on the average. DHIA records were searched for the possibility of locating the leading cows for possible breeding value, assuming that they would be among the top 2 percent of daughters of a bull. Criteria for se- lection were: (a) registered animals; (b) daughters sired by bulls summarized in July or November 1963 (and later) with five or more A.I. daughters; (c) cows with one or more lactations with herdmate data; and (d) cows with index values for milk yield ex- ceeding arbitrary requirements assumed for breeds. An index was computed for the cow's production and that of A.I. paternal half- sisters and was weighted according to number of lactations. The method of computation was thought to account for genetic influ- ence on milk yield, or the cow's true breeding value. Weightings used for computing an index were: Cows' Paternal records sisters 1 5 1 1 2 2 2 4 4 4 25 200 5 25 200 5 25 200 Cow 0.24 0.22 0.20 0.33 0.31 0.29 0.41 0.38 0.36 Weights Paternal sisters 0.19 0.49 0.74 0.17 0.43 0.66 0.15 0.38 0.59 Relative emphasis 0.8 2.2 3.7 0.5 1.4 2.3 0.4 1.0 1.6 Cows' Paternal records sisters 1 5 1 1 2 2 2 4 4 4 25 200 5 25 200 5 25 200 Cow 0.24 0.22 0.20 0.33 0.31 0.29 0.41 0.38 0.36 Weights Paternal sisters 0.19 0.49 0.74 0.17 0.43 0.66 0.15 0.38 0.59 Relative emphasis 0.8 2.2 3.7 0.5 1.4 2.3 0.4 1.0 1.6 Cows' records 1 1 1 2 2 2 4 4 4 Paternal sisters 5 25 200 5 25 200 5 25 200 Cow 0.24 0.22 0.20 0.33 0.31 0.29 0.41 0.38 0.36 Weights Paternal sisters 0.19 0.49 0.74 0.17 0.43 0.66 0.15 0.38 0.59 Relative emphasis 0.8 2.2 3.7 0.5 1.4 2.3 0.4 1.0 1.6  444 DAI RY CATTLE BREDS As an example, assume the cow's one lactation was 12,641 pounds of milk, and the adjusted average production of five paternal half- sisters amounted to 11,137 pounds of milk. If the average deviation of the five half-sisters from their herdmates was 361 pounds of milk. the computation would be: Index = 0.24(12,641-11,137) +0.9(361) = 492 The index of 492 would indicate that probably this cow was above the average but was not outstanding. The first search of DHIA records was for the leading 2 percent of cows for possible true breeding value. Those from daughters of bulls summarized in July or November 1963, as above, included 72 Ayr- shire cows with milk index levels of 1,995 pounds; 127 Brown Swiss with 1,586 pounds; 408 Guernsey cows, 1,312 pounds; 2,392 Hol- steins, 1,711 pounds; 386 Jerseys, 1,189 pounds; and two Milking Shorthorns with milk index levels of 1,350 pounds. Indexes of these cows ranked in the highest 2 percent for computed genetic levels for milk production. Such evaluations are published three times yearly. COOPERATIVE BULL AssoCIATIONS Owners of small herds in Denmark in 1874, and owners around Zurich, Switzerland, in 1887 organized associations or breeding svn- dicates for cooperative ownership and use of dairy bulls. Registered bulls in the bailiwick of Guernsey were required to stand for public service under certain conditions. The Michigan Agricultural Col- lege assisted fanners to form a cooperative bull association in 1908. Through the state extension services and Joel E. Winkjer of the Dairy Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, USDA, 36 such organi- zations were active in 14 states in 1917 with 1,158 members owning 189 registered dairy bulls. Members formed three or more blocks located conveniently, each block using one bull for 2 years. Bulls were rotated between blocks. Purchases of bulls and association ex- penses were assessed on a per-cow basis. A peak of 306 bull associa- tions operated with 63,564 cows in 1943. Less than one-fourth of dairy bulls in the United States were registered purebreds in 1908. Few of them were retained until 444 D AI RY CATTLE BREEDS As an example, assume the cow's one lactation was 12,641 pounds of milk, and the adjusted average production of five paternal half- sisters amounted to 11,137 pounds of milk. If the average deviation of the five half-sisters from their herdmates was 361 pounds of milk. the computation would be: Index = 0.24(12,641-11,137) +0.9(361) = 492 The index of 492 would indicate that probably this cow was above the average but was not outstanding. The first search of DHIA records was for the leading 2 percent of cows for possible true breeding value. Those from daughters of bulls summarized in July or November 1963, as above, included 72 Ayr- shire cows with milk index levels of 1,995 pounds; 127 Brown Swiss with 1,586 pounds; 408 Guernsey cows, 1,312 pounds; 2,392 Hol- steins, 1,711 pounds; 386 Jerseys, 1,189 pounds; and two Milking Shorthorns with milk index levels of 1,350 pounds. Indexes of these cows ranked in the highest 2 percent for computed genetic levels for milk production. Such evaluations are published three times yearly. COOPERATIvE BULL ASSOCIATIONS Owners of small herds in Denmark in 1874, and owners around Zurich, Switzerland, in 1887 organized associations or breeding syn- dicates for cooperative ownership and use of dairy bulls. Registered bulls in the bailiwick of Guernsey were required to stand for public service under certain conditions. The Michigan Agricultural Col- lege assisted farmers to form a cooperative bull association in 1908. Through the state extension services and Joel E. Winkjer of the Dairy Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, USDA, 36 such organi- zations were active in 14 states in 1917 with 1,158 members owning 189 registered dairy bulls. Members formed three or more blocks located conveniently, each block using one bull for 2 years. Bulls were rotated between blocks. Purchases of bulls and association ex- penses were assessed on a per-cow basis. A peak of 306 bull associa- tions operated with 63,564 cows in 1943. Less than one-fourth of dairy bulls in the United States were registered purebreds in 1908. Few of them were retained until 444 D AI RY CATTLE BREEDS As an example, assume the cow's one lactation was 12,641 pounds of milk, and the adjusted average production of five paternal half- sisters amounted to 11,137 pounds of milk. If the average deviation of the five half-sisters from their herdmates was 361 pounds of milk, the computation would be: Index = 0.24(12,641-11,137) +0.9(361) = 492 The index of 492 would indicate that probably this cow was above the average but was not outstanding. The first search of DHIA records was for the leading 2 percent of cows for possible true breeding value. Those from daughters of bulls summarized in July or November 1963, as above, included 72 Ayr- shire cows with milk index levels of 1,995 pounds; 127 Brown Swiss with 1,586 pounds; 408 Guernsey cows, 1,312 pounds; 2,392 Hol- steins, 1,711 pounds; 386 Jerseys, 1,189 pounds; and two Milking Shorthorns with milk index levels of 1,350 pounds. Indexes of these cows ranked in the highest 2 percent for computed genetic levels for milk production. Such evaluations are published three times yearly. COOPERATIvE BULL ASSOCIATIONs Owners of small herds in Denmark in 1874, and owners around Zurich, Switzerland, in 1887 organized associations or breeding syn- dicates for cooperative ownership and use of dairy bulls. Registered bulls in the bailiwick of Guernsey were required to stand for public service under certain conditions. The Michigan Agricultural Col- lege assisted farmers to form a cooperative bull association in 1908. Through the state extension services and Joel E. Winkjer of the Dairy Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, USDA, 36 such organi- zations were active in 14 states in 1917 with 1,158 members owning 189 registered dairy bulls. Members formed three or more blocks located conveniently, each block using one bull for 2 years. Bulls were rotated between blocks. Purchases of bulls and association ex- penses were assessed on a per-cow basis. A peak of 306 bull associa- tions operated with 63,564 cows in 1943. Less than one-fourth of dairy bulls in the United States were registered purebreds in 1908. Few of them were retained until  Contributions to Better Dairying 445 Contributions to Better Dairying 445 Contributions to Better Dairying 445 their daughters freshened. Cooperative bull association members were encouraged to keep production records in DHIA or otherwise. BREEDING DAmY CATrEL During the feudal period Walter of Henley advocated against cross- ing cows with bulls of a type larger "than the land would support." Improvement of cattle became important soon after enclosure of land enabled individual owners to control matings of their animals, and to store feeds for use in seasons of scarcity. There was a prejudice against mating closely related animals. Bakewell gained prominence by breeding "the best to the best" irrespective of relationship in order to propagate and improve type. Breeding was an art. Through observation and research it is chang- ing gradually to a science. Prior to about 1920 all breeding of dairy cattle in the United States was by natural service. Most owners of cows also kept a bull, or had access to one in the neighborhood. Transmitting ability of this animal was important to improvement, since half the heredi- tary characters were contributed by him. Since bulls often became dangerous, special provision often was made for his care at time of service. A gentle bull never should be trusted; a temperamental bull will not be. The practice became common in large herds to house the bull separately. A breeding chute, with a gate that swung into the pen, allowed the bull access to the cow; by swinging the gate inward, the cow could be removed without entering the bull's pen. Too often an unproved young bull was used for two years, then slaughtered before his daughters gave indication of his transmitting ability. The breeding committee of the American Dairy Science Associa- tion established differences in average gestation periods existing be- tween the dairy breeds, as follows: Breed Number of gestations Average period (days) Ayrshire 1,039 278.7 Brown Swiss 1,548 290.8 Guernsey 576 284.0 Holstein-Friesian 5,548 278.9 Jersey 3,118 279.3 H. W. Norton, Jr. summarized 11 studies (10,476 gestations) with their daughters freshened. Cooperative bull association members were encouraged to keep production records in DHIA or otherwise. BREEDING DAmY CArrLE During the feudal period Walter of Henley advocated against cross- ing cows with bulls of a type larger "than the land would support." Improvement of cattle became important soon after enclosure of land enabled individual owners to control matings of their animals, and to store feeds for use in seasons of scarcity. There was a prejudice against mating closely related animals. Bakewell gained prominence by breeding "the best to the best" irrespective of relationship in order to propagate and improve type. Breeding was an art. Through observation and research it is chang- ing gradually to a science. Prior to about 1920 all breeding of dairy cattle in the United States was by natural service. Most owners of cows also kept a bull, or had access to one in the neighborhood. Transmitting ability of this animal was important to improvement, since half the heredi- tary characters were contributed by him. Since bulls often became dangerous, special provision often was made for his care at time of service. A gentle bull never should be trusted; a temperamental bull will not be. The practice became common in large herds to house the bull separately. A breeding chute, with a gate that swung into the pen, allowed the bull access to the cow; by swinging the gate inward, the cow could be removed without entering the bull's pen. Too often an unproved young bull was used for two years, then slaughtered before his daughters gave indication of his transmitting ability. The breeding committee of the American Dairy Science Associa- tion established differences in average gestation periods existing be- tween the dairy breeds, as follows: Breed Number of gestations Average period (days) Ayrshire 1,039 278.7 Brown Swiss 1,548 290.8 Guernsey 576 284.0 Holstein-Friesian 5,548 278.9 Jersey 3,118 279.3 H. W. Norton, Jr. summarized 11 studies (10,476 gestations) with their daughters freshened. Cooperative bull association members were encouraged to keep production records in DHIA or otherwise. BREEDING DAmY CArrLE During the feudal period Walter of Henley advocated against cross- ing cows with bulls of a type larger "than the land would support." Improvement of cattle became important soon after enclosure of land enabled individual owners to control matings of their animals, and to store feeds for use in seasons of scarcity. There was a prejudice against mating closely related animals. Bakewell gained prominence by breeding "the best to the best" irrespective of relationship in order to propagate and improve type. Breeding was an art. Through observation and research it is chang- ing gradually to a science. Prior to about 1920 all breeding of dairy cattle in the United States was by natural service. Most owners of cows also kept a bull, or had access to one in the neighborhood. Transmitting ability of this animal was important to improvement, since half the heredi- tary characters were contributed by him. Since bulls often became dangerous, special provision often was made for his care at time of service. A gentle bull never should be trusted; a temperamental bull will not be. The practice became common in large herds to house the bull separately. A breeding chute, with a gate that swung into the pen, allowed the bull access to the cow; by swinging the gate inward, the cow could be removed without entering the bull's pen. Too often an unproved young bull was used for two years, then slaughtered before his daughters gave indication of his transmitting ability. The breeding committee of the American Dairy Science Associa- tion established differences in average gestation periods existing be- tween the dairy breeds, as follows: Breed Number of gestations Average period (days) Ayrshire 1,039 278.7 Brown Swiss 1,548 290.8 Guernsey 576 284.0 Holstein-Friesian 5,548 278.9 Jersey 3,118 279.3 H. W. Norton, Jr. summarized 11 studies (10,476 gestations) with  446 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Holstein-Friesians in which average periods were reported between 276.7 and 281 days, some differences being due to inclusion of terminal dates. The 1,106 heifer calves in Norton's random sample were carried 280.4 days; 959 male calves for 281.6 days; and 26 sets of twins for 275.6 days. Cows were slaughtered at the Illinois station at intervals after calving. The uterus returned to normal size and shape in 30 days, but the mucous lining required 20 to 30 more days for complete re- covery. Heifers attain the age of puberty at 6 months or younger in Guernseys and Jerseys, and at older ages in the large breeds that take more time to mature. A low plane of nutrition, or a deficiency in essential nutrients, delays the onset or disrupts regularity of the reproductive functions. Failure to conceive to first service often was an erroneous reason for discarding many bulls. Breeding records of 6,751 reproductive periods with Holsteins at Carnation Farms were analyzed by R. E. Erb and R. A. Morrison. Estrus or "superheat" occurred in 5.6 per- cent of the cases, the proportion averaging as high as 7.5 percent in the second and third reproductive periods. Superheats were ob- served in 3.4 percent of cases in an English study. Breeding records were tabulated of 16,555 conceptions from nat- ural service in 12 station herds. Some 64.3 percent of the animals conceived at first service; 19.9 percent to the second, and 8.5 per- cent to the third service. A few conceptions occurred at the ninth to fourteenth service. An average of 1.78 natural services were re- quired in eight of the herds. Health of the animals is not known. The Nebraska station found over more than a 30-year period that 24 percent more services were required for heifers under 2 years old than, for cows. Health of the reproductive organs and the inter- val since calving to first service also affect conception. Hereditary defects occur in the acrosomal cap and in coiled, folded, or broken tails of spermatozoa from several breeds of cattle. These defects may cause low fertility or sterility in certain bulls. Since 1960 the Royal Guernsey Agricultural Society has required that unproved bulls 12 months or older be examined by a veterinarv surgeon before being sold. 446 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Holstein-Friesians in which average periods were reported between 276.7 and 281 days, some differences being due to inclusion of terminal dates. The 1,106 heifer calves in Norton's random sample were carried 280.4 days; 959 male calves for 281.6 days; and 26 sets of twins for 275.6 days. Cows were slaughtered at the Illinois station at intervals after calving. The uterus returned to normal size and shape in 30 days, but the mucous lining required 20 to 3O more days for complete re- covery. Heifers attain the age of puberty at 6 months or younger in Guernseys and Jerseys, and at older ages in the large breeds that take more time to mature. A low plane of nutrition, or a deficiency in essential nutrients, delays the onset or disrupts regularity of the reproductive functions. Failure to conceive to first service often was an erroneous reason for discarding many bulls. Breeding records of 6,751 reproductive periods with Holsteins at Carnation Farms were analyzed by R. E. Erb and R. A. Morrison. Estrus or "superheat" occurred in 5.6 per- cent of the cases, the proportion averaging as high as 7.5 percent in the second and third reproductive periods. Superheats were ob- served in 3.4 percent of cases in an English study. Breeding records were tabulated of 16,555 conceptions from nat- ural service in 12 station herds. Some 64.3 percent of the animals conceived at first service; 19.9 percent to the second, and 8.5 per- cent to the third service. A few conceptions occurred at the ninth to fourteenth service. An average of 1.78 natural services were re- quired in eight of the herds. Health of the animals is not known. The Nebraska station found over more than a 30-year period that 24 percent more services were required for heifers under 2 years old than. for cows. Health of the reproductive organs and the inter- val since calving to first service also affect conception. Hereditary defects occur in the acrosomal cap and in coiled, folded, or broken tails of spermatozoa from several breeds of cattle. These defects may cause low fertility or sterility in certain bulls. Since 1960 the Royal Guernsey Agricultural Society has required that unproved bulls 12 months or older be examined by a veterinary surgeon before being sold. 446 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Holstein-Friesians in which average periods were reported between 276.7 and 281 days, some differences being due to inclusion of terminal dates. The 1,106 heifer calves in Norton's random sample were carried 280.4 days; 959 male calves for 281.6 days; and 26 sets of twins for 275.6 days. Cows were slaughtered at the Illinois station at intervals after calving. The uterus returned to normal size and shape in 30 days, but the mucous lining required 20 to 30 more days for complete re- covery. Heifers attain the age of puberty at 6 months or younger in Guernseys and Jerseys, and at older ages in the large breeds that take more time to mature. A low plane of nutrition, or a deficiency in essential nutrients, delays the onset or disrupts regularity of the reproductive functions. Failure to conceive to first service often was an erroneous reason for discarding many bulls. Breeding records of 6,751 reproductive periods with Holsteins at Carnation Farms were analyzed by R. E. Erb and R. A. Morrison. Estrus or "superheat" occurred in 5.6 per- cent of the cases, the proportion averaging as high as 7.5 percent in the second and third reproductive periods. Superheats were ob- served in 3.4 percent of cases in an English study. Breeding records were tabulated of 16,555 conceptions from nat- ural service in 12 station herds. Some 64.3 percent of the animals conceived at first service; 19.9 percent to the second, and 8.5 per- cent to the third service. A few conceptions occurred at the ninth to fourteenth service. An average of 1.78 natural services were re- quired in eight of the herds. Health of the animals is not known. The Nebraska station found over more than a 30-year period that 24 percent more services were required for heifers under 2 years old than, for cows. Health of the reproductive organs and the inter- val since calving to first service also affect conception. Hereditary defects occur in the acrosomal cap and in coiled, folded, or broken tails of spermatozoa from several breeds of cattle. These defects may cause low fertility or sterility in certain bulls. Since 1960 the Royal Guernsey Agricultural Society has required that unproved bulls 12 months or older be examined by a veterinary surgeon before being sold.  Contributions to Better Dairying 447 Contributions to Better Dairying 447 Contributions to Better Dairying 447 BREEDING INTERvAL Cows bred within 50 days after calving had a 31 percent concep- tion rate; 51 to 60 days, 67 percent; 60 to 90 days, 70 percent; and a 76 percent conception rate was observed among cows bred after 90 days from calving. This work at Cornell University and observa- tions at other stations led to recommending delay of first service until 60 days after calving. In another investigation, 50 cows were bred within 60 days after calving and required 2.09 services per con- ception, 48 percent of them conceiving at the first to fourth services. The second group of cows, bred at 61 to 90 days, required an aver- age of 1.55 services, with 70 percent of conceptions at first service. Cows not bred until 90 days after calving required 1.54 services, and 76 percent conceived at first service. There is a trend, however, toward breeding at the first estrus after 45 days postpartum for more frequent reproduction and higher average daily milk yield during the cow's productive lifetime. Study with Jerseys at the Florida station showed: Calving interval Lacations Average daily milk yield during lifetime (days) (pounds) 385 or fewer 148 21.5 386-445 136 20.0 446-525 81 18.6 More than 525 51 16.1 Breeding efficiency may be reduced slightly because of incomplete involution of the uterus in some cows. The ultimate result was in- creased milk production past 2 years of age to the close of produc- tive life. Others have obtained similar results recently. MULTIPLE BImTHS AND SUPERFETATIONs Multiple births occur more frequently in dairy cattle than among beef breeds. Gilmore computed a frequency of one set of twin dairy calves in 85 total births. Arnold assembled reports of four dairy breeds in nine station herds, which indicated 3.04 percent of twins in dairy cattle. Hancock commented that the average twinning frequency of 0.6 to 1.0 percent among dairy cattle in New Zealand was very low. Frequency of monozygotic twins was independent of twinning rate. He believed the tendency for a fertilized ovum to divide and form two individuals was conditioned by heredity, since BREEDING INTERvAL Cows bred within 50 days after calving had a 31 percent concep- tion rate; 51 to 60 days, 67 percent; 60 to 90 days, 70 percent; and a 76 percent conception rate was observed among cows bred after 90 days from calving. This work at Cornell University and observa- tions at other stations led to recommending delay of first service until 60 days after calving. In another investigation, 50 cows were bred within 60 days after calving and required 2.09 services per con- ception, 48 percent of them conceiving at the first to fourth services. The second group of cows, bred at 61 to 90 days, required an aver- age of 1.55 services, with 70 percent of conceptions at first service. Cows not bred until 90 days after calving required 1.54 services, and 76 percent conceived at first service. There is a trend, however, toward breeding at the first estrus after 45 days postpartum for more frequent reproduction and higher average daily milk yield during the cow's productive lifetime. Study with Jerseys at the Florida station showed: Calving interval Lacations Average daily milk yield during lifetime (days) (pounds) 385 or fewer 148 21.5 386-445 136 20.0 446-525 81 18.6 More than 525 51 16.1 Breeding efficiency may be reduced slightly because of incomplete involution of the uterus in some cows. The ultimate result was in- creased milk production past 2 years of age to the close of produc- tive life. Others have obtained similar results recently. MULTIPLE BmRTHS AND SUPERFETATIONs Multiple births occur more frequently in dairy cattle than among beef breeds. Gilmore computed a frequency of one set of twin dairy calves in 85 total births. Arnold assembled reports of four dairy breeds in nine station herds, which indicated 3.04 percent of twins in dairy cattle. Hancock commented that the average twinning frequency of 0.6 to 1.0 percent among dairy cattle in New Zealand was very low. Frequency of monozygotic twins was independent of twinning rate. He believed the tendency for a fertilized ovum to divide and form two individuals was conditioned by heredity, since BREEDING INTERvAL Cows bred within 50 days after calving had a 31 percent concep- tion rate; 51 to 60 days, 67 percent; 60 to 90 days, 70 percent; and a 76 percent conception rate was observed among cows bred after 90 days from calving. This work at Cornell University and observa- tions at other stations led to recommending delay of first service until 60 days after calving. In another investigation, 50 cows were bred within 60 days after calving and required 2.09 services per con- ception, 48 percent of them conceiving at the first to fourth services. The second group of cows, bred at 61 to 90 days, required an aver- age of 1.55 services, with 70 percent of conceptions at first service. Cows not bred until 90 days after calving required 1.54 services, and 76 percent conceived at first service. There is a trend, however, toward breeding at the first estrus after 45 days postpartum for more frequent reproduction and higher average daily milk yield during the cow's productive lifetime. Study with Jerseys at the Florida station showed: Calving interval Lacations Average daily milk yield during lifetime (days) (pounds) 385 or fewer 148 21.5 386-445 136 20.0 446-525 81 18.6 More than 525 51 16.1 Breeding efficiency may be reduced slightly because of incomplete involution of the uterus in some cows. The ultimate result was in- creased milk production past 2 years of age to the close of produc- tive life. Others have obtained similar results recently. MULTIPLE BmTHS AND SUPERFETATIONS Multiple births occur more frequently in dairy cattle than among beef breeds. Gilmore computed a frequency of one set of twin dairy calves in 85 total births. Arnold assembled reports of four dairy breeds in nine station herds, which indicated 3.04 percent of twins in dairy cattle. Hancock commented that the average twinning frequency of 0.6 to 1.0 percent among dairy cattle in New Zealand was very low. Frequency of monozygotic twins was independent of twinning rate. He believed the tendency for a fertilized ovum to divide and form two individuals was conditioned by heredity, since  448 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS two bulls each had sired two sets of identical twins at intervals of 1 year or more. A recent study of 7,387 calving records at Carnation Farms over a 30-year period showed 4.2 percent of multiple births. Both the sire and the dam contributed significantly to the twinning tendency, according to R. E. Erb and associates. Instances of superfetation with living calves are few. A grade Jersey cow in the Florida State Hospital dairy herd was bred at successive heat periods to a Jersey and a Holstein bull, and dropped living calves at an interval to the respective services. A 2-year old Jersey at the Tennessee A & I State University dairy farm was in- seminated at three successive estrus periods. She dropped a heifer calf on July 18, 1959, and a male calf on September 28, 1959. ARTIFICIAL BREEDINc An Arab reportedly inseminated a mare successfully in 1322 with semen from a stallion. The Italian physiologist Spallanzani impreg- nated a bitch in 1780 with semen collected from a dog, and others confirmed the practice later. E. I. Ivanoff, a Russian veterinarian. practiced artificial breeding in 1899 at the Royal stud. He trained many inseminators to breed cattle and sheep before World War I. King of the Ormsbys 178078 was purchased jointly by Tranquility Farm in New Jersey and Winterthur Farm in Delaware and was stabled alternately at these farms. Before 1920 Superintendent Ar- thur Danks of Tranquility Farm aspirated semen from a natural service and carried it to the other farm for special matings. This was the first insemination of dairy cattle in America known to O. E. Reed, Chief of the USDA Bureau of Dairy Industry. As early as 1920 the veterinarian at Carnation Farm in Washing- ton followed a similar practice with semen from the full brothers Matador Segis Walker 148839 and Segis Walker Matador 166136. In 1934 C. L. Cole collected semen from an albino Holstein bull by rectal massage of the ampulae. He used the semen to inseminate an albino heifer which gave birth to an albino calf. He similarly col- lected semen from one bull in 1937-38 and obtained 98 pregnan- cies among cows in seven herds near the North Central School of Agriculture at Grand Rapids, Minnesota. While Enos J. Perry studied in Denmark during 1937, Konsulent 448 DAIRY CA TTLE BREEDS two bulls each had sired two sets of identical twins at intervals of 1 year or more. A recent study of 7,387 calving records at Carnation Farms over a 30-year period showed 4.2 percent of multiple births. Both the sire and the dam contributed significantly to the twinning tendency, according to R. E. Erb and associates. Instances of superfetation with living calves are few. A grade Jersey cow in the Florida State Hospital dairy herd was bred at successive heat periods to a Jersey and a Holstein bull, and dropped living calves at an interval to the respective services. A 2-year old Jersey at the Tennessee A & I State University dairy farm was in- seminated at three successive estrus periods. She dropped a heifer calf on July 18, 1959, and a male calf on September 28, 1959. ARTIFICIAL BREEcN An Arab reportedly inseminated a mare successfully in 1322 with semen from a stallion. The Italian physiologist Spallanzani impreg- nated a bitch in 1780 with semen collected from a dog, and others confirmed the practice later. E. I. Ivanoff, a Russian veterinarian. practiced artificial breeding in 1899 at the Royal stud. He trained many inseminators to breed cattle and sheep before World War I. King of the Ormsbys 178078 was purchased jointly by Tranquility Farm in New Jersey and Winterthur Farm in Delaware and was stabled alternately at these farms. Before 1920 Superintendent Ar- thur Danks of Tranquility Farm aspirated semen from a natural service and carried it to the other farm for special matings. This was the first insemination of dairy cattle in America known to O. E. Reed, Chief of the USDA Bureau of Dairy Industry. As early as 1920 the veterinarian at Carnation Farm in Washing- ton followed a similar practice with semen from the full brothers Matador Segis Walker 148839 and Segis Walker Matador 166136. In 1934 C. L. Cole collected semen from an albino Holstein bull by rectal massage of the ampulae. He used the semen to inseminate an albino heifer which gave birth to an albino calf. He similarly col- lected semen from one bull in 1937-38 and obtained 98 pregnan- cies among cows in seven herds near the North Central School of Agriculture at Grand Rapids, Minnesota. While Enos J. Perry studied in Denmark during 1937, Konsulent 448 D AIRY CATTLE BR EEDS two bulls each had sired two sets of identical twins at intervals of 1 year or more. A recent study of 7,387 calving records at Carnation Farms over a 30-year period showed 4.2 percent of multiple births. Both the sire and the dam contributed significantly to the twinning tendency, according to R. E. Erb and associates. Instances of superfetation with living calves are few. A grade Jersey cow in the Florida State Hospital dairy herd was bred at successive heat periods to a Jersey and a Holstein bull, and dropped living calves at an interval to the respective services. A 2-year old Jersey at the Tennessee A & I State University dairy farm was in- seminated at three successive estrus periods. She dropped a heifer calf on July 18, 1959, and a male calf on September 28, 1959. ARTIFICIAL BREEDING An Arab reportedly inseminated a mare successfully in 1322 with semen from a stallion. The Italian physiologist Spallanzani impreg- nated a bitch in 1780 with semen collected from a dog, and others confirmed the practice later. E. I. Ivanoff, a Russian veterinarian. practiced artificial breeding in 1899 at the Royal stud. He trained many inseminators to breed cattle and sheep before World War I. King of the Ormsbys 178078 was purchased jointly by Tranquility Farm in New Jersey and Winterthur Farm in Delaware and was stabled alternately at these farms. Before 1920 Superintendent Ar- thur Danks of Tranquility Farm aspirated semen from a natural service and carried it to the other farm for special matings. This was the first insemination of dairy cattle in America known to O. E. Reed, Chief of the USDA Bureau of Dairy Industry. As early as 1920 the veterinarian at Carnation Farm in Washing- ton followed a similar practice with semen from the full brothers Matador Segis Walker 148839 and Segis Walker Matador 166136. In 1934 C. L. Cole collected semen from an albino Holstein bull by rectal massage of the ampulae. He used the semen to inseminate an albino heifer which gave birth to an albino calf. He similarly col- lected semen from one bull in 1937-38 and obtained 98 pregnan- cies among cows in seven herds near the North Central School of Agriculture at Grand Rapids, Minnesota. While Enos J. Perry studied in Denmark during 1937, Konsulent  Contributions to Better Dairying 449 Contributions to Better Dairying 449 Contributions to Better Dairying 449 K. M. Andersen took him to visit the first farmers' cooperative arti- ficial breeding association, established on the island of Samsoe in 1936. A year later, Perry patterned a New Jersey cooperative after the Samsoe one. Dr. K. A. F. Larsen, first artificial technician at Samsoe, advised for 2 months in 1938 with the Cooperative Arti- ficial Breeding Association No. 1 in New Jersey, the first farmers' cooperative artificial breeding organization in America. A similar cooperative began operating in Missouri during the same year. SEMEN COLLECTION AND PRESERvATION The first collections of bull semen in the Soviet Union were crude- with a sponge or swab. Development of artificial vaginas in Italy and the Soviet Union were an advance in collecting pure semen. Rubber vaginas were made later in Denmark, where one was ob- tained by the New Jersey Cooperative. The vaginas have since been improved in design and materials. Extenders were developed in the Soviet Union and America. An egg yolk-phosphate extender was formulated at the Wisconsin sta- tion in 1940, followed by an egg yolk-citrate extender at Cornell in 1941. Heated homogenized milk or heated skim milk was added later to equally good formulations. J. Q. Almquist used discoveries with glycerol to develop an efficient heated milk-glycerol extender, preparation of which is quite detailed. Superior motility of bull spermatozoa over several days was obtained by Connecticut investi- gators, adding egg yolk to a heated skim milk-glycerol extender. G. W. Salisbury, and later E. L. Willett, found that the most practical extension of bull semen was about 1:100, if it provided 12,000,000 spermatozoa per milliliter or per single service ampule. Paul Phillips found that additions of harmless coal-tar dyes were convenient for distinguishing semen of different breeds for field use. Trials at the Connecticut, New York, and Pennsylvania stations es- tablished that adding 500 and 1,000 units of penicillin and strepto- mycin per milliliter increased the fertility levels of bovine semen. F. I. Elliott et al., found in 1961 that also adding polymycin B sul- fate increased the protection against vibriosis possibly present in the fresh semen when collected. Nonreturn rates of 30, 60, and 90 days in cows inseminated have K. M. Andersen took him to visit the first farmers' cooperative arti- ficial breeding association, established on the island of Samsoe in 1936. A year later, Perry patterned a New Jersey cooperative after the Samsoe one. Dr. K. A. F. Larsen, first artificial technician at Samsoe, advised for 2 months in 1938 with the Cooperative Arti- ficial Breeding Association No. 1 in New Jersey, the first farmers' cooperative artificial breeding organization in America. A similar cooperative began operating in Missouri during the same year. SEMEN COLLECrION AND PRESERvATION The first collections of bull semen in the Soviet Union were crude- with a sponge or swab. Development of artificial vaginas in Italy and the Soviet Union were an advance in collecting pure semen. Rubber vaginas were made later in Denmark, where one was ob- tained by the New Jersey Cooperative. The vaginas have since been improved in design and materials. Extenders were developed in the Soviet Union and America. An egg yolk-phosphate extender was formulated at the Wisconsin sta- tion in 1940, followed by an egg yolk-citrate extender at Cornell in 1941. Heated homogenized milk or heated skim milk was added later to equally good formulations. J. Q. Almquist used discoveries with glycerol to develop an efficient heated milk-glycerol extender, preparation of which is quite detailed. Superior motility of bull spermatozoa over several days was obtained by Connecticut investi- gators, adding egg yolk to a heated skim milk-glycerol extender. G. W. Salisbury, and later E. L. Willett, found that the most practical extension of bull semen was about 1:100, if it provided 12,000,000 spermatozoa per milliliter or per single service ampule. Paul Phillips found that additions of harmless coal-tar dyes were convenient for distinguishing semen of different breeds for field use. Trials at the Connecticut, New York, and Pennsylvania stations es- tablished that adding 500 and 1,000 units of penicillin and strepto- mycin per milliliter increased the fertility levels of bovine semen. F. I. Elliott et al., found in 1961 that also adding polymycin B sul- fate increased the protection against vibriosis possibly present in the fresh semen when collected. Nonreturn rates of 30, 60, and 90 days in cows inseminated have K. M. Andersen took him to visit the first farmers' cooperative arti- ficial breeding association, established on the island of Samsoe in 1936. A year later, Perry patterned a New Jersey cooperative after the Samsoe one. Dr. K. A. F. Larsen, first artificial technician at Samsoe, advised for 2 months in 1938 with the Cooperative Arti- ficial Breeding Association No. 1 in New Jersey, the first farmers' cooperative artificial breeding organization in America. A similar cooperative began operating in Missouri during the same year. SEMEN COLLECTION AND PRESERvATION The first collections of bull semen in the Soviet Union were crude- with a sponge or swab. Development of artificial vaginas in Italy and the Soviet Union were an advance in collecting pure semen. Rubber vaginas were made later in Denmark, where one was ob- tained by the New Jersey Cooperative. The vaginas have since been improved in design and materials. Extenders were developed in the Soviet Union and America. An egg yolk-phosphate extender was formulated at the Wisconsin sta- tion in 1940, followed by an egg yolk-citrate extender at Cornell in 1941. Heated homogenized milk or heated skim milk was added later to equally good formulations. J. Q. Almquist used discoveries with glycerol to develop an efficient heated milk-glycerol extender, preparation of which is quite detailed. Superior motility of bull spermatozoa over several days was obtained by Connecticut investi- gators, adding egg yolk to a heated skim milk-glycerol extender. G. W. Salisbury, and later E. L. Willett, found that the most practical extension of bull semen was about 1:100, if it provided 12,000,000 spermatozoa per milliliter or per single service ampule. Paul Phillips found that additions of harmless coal-tar dyes were convenient for distinguishing semen of different breeds for field use. Trials at the Connecticut, New York, and Pennsylvania stations es- tablished that adding 500 and 1,000 units of penicillin and strepto- mycin per milliliter increased the fertility levels of bovine semen. F. I. Elliott et al., found in 1961 that also adding polymycin B sul- fate increased the protection against vibriosis possibly present in the fresh semen when collected. Nonreturn rates of 30, 60, and 90 days in cows inseminated have  450 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS been accepted as practical measures of relative effectiveness of semen from different bulls in artificial service. These rates tend to approximate the proportion of females settled by semen from vari- ous collections. EVALUATING QUALITY OF SEMEN Several methods were developed to evaluate quality of bovine semen. The only reliable measure of semen quality is breeding ef- ficiency or conception rate. Volume of ejaculate and numbers of spermatozoa estimated by photoelectric colorimeter are partial measures of a bull's capacity for semen production. Estimates of semen quality are based on color, fluidity, and microscopic exami- nations for motility and abnormal or dead spermatozoa. The first ejaculate often is discarded due to contamination from urine which injures the spermatozoa. Bulls with low breeding efficiency sometimes have produced semen with an undesirable bacterial count. Studies in Denmark and elsewhere have found that vibriosis and some other diseases can be transmitted with semen from infected bulls. Additions of the anti- biotics previously mentioned tend to nullify these factors and have increased conception rates of some bulls significantly. Frozen semen was stored in three forms: in ampules, straws, or pellets. The methods have been modified, based on field trials. R. Cassou used 1 ml. straws of frozen semen at the Artificial In- semination Center at L'Aigle, Orne, France, in 1967. Two extenders were used in England and Wales. One extender consisted of egg yolk 20 percent, glycerol 7 percent, 73 percent of a 2.9 percent so- dium citrate solution, plus the antibiotics penicillin and streptomy- cin. The second extender consisted of skim milk heated one hour (to 97' C. or 207' F.) 79 percent, egg yolk 10 percent, glycerol 11 percent. Fructose was added at 1.25 gm./100 ml., with the two anti- biotics mentioned. The extended semen was allowed to equili- brate at least five hours before being frozen in ampules or straws for storage above liquid nitrogen in tanks. Medium-sized straws (0.5 ml.) were used in France since 1966, to deliver about 14,000,000 live sperms at insemination. For freezing pellets, the fresh semen was extended 1:4 with a 450 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDs been accepted as practical measures of relative effectiveness of semen from different bulls in artificial service. These rates tend to approximate the proportion of females settled by semen from vari- ous collections. EVALUATING QUALITY OF SEMEN Several methods were developed to evaluate quality of bovine semen. The only reliable measure of semen quality is breeding ef- ficiency or conception rate. Volume of ejaculate and numbers of spermatozoa estimated by photoelectric colorimeter are partial measures of a bull's capacity for semen production. Estimates of semen quality are based on color, fluidity, and microscopic exami- nations for motility and abnormal or dead spermatozoa. The first ejaculate often is discarded due to contamination from urine which injures the spermatozoa. Bulls with low breeding efficiency sometimes have produced semen with an undesirable bacterial count. Studies in Denmark and elsewhere have found that vibriosis and some other diseases can be transmitted with semen from infected bulls. Additions of the anti- biotics previously mentioned tend to nullify these factors and have increased conception rates of some bulls significantly. Frozen semen was stored in three forms: in ampules, straws, or pellets. The methods have been modified, based on field trials. R. Cassou used 1 ml. straws of frozen semen at the Artificial In- semination Center at L'Aigle, Orne, France, in 1967. Two extenders were used in England and Wales. One extender consisted of egg yolk 20 percent, glycerol 7 percent, 73 percent of a 2.9 percent so- dium citrate solution, plus the antibiotics penicillin and streptomy- cin. The second extender consisted of skim milk heated one hour (to 97' C. or 207' F.) 79 percent, egg yolk 10 percent, glycerol 11 percent. Fructose was added at 1.25 gm./100 ml., with the two anti- biotics mentioned. The extended semen was allowed to equili- brate at least five hours before being frozen in ampules or straws for storage above liquid nitrogen in tanks. Medium-sized straws (0.5 ml.) were used in France since 1966, to deliver about 14,000,000 live sperms at insemination. For freezing pellets, the fresh semen was extended 1:4 with a 450 DAIR Y CATTLE BREEDS been accepted as practical measures of relative effectiveness of semen from different bulls in artificial service. These rates tend to approximate the proportion of females settled by semen from vari- ous collections. EVALUATING QUALITY OF SEMEN Several methods were developed to evaluate quality of bovine semen. The only reliable measure of semen quality is breeding ef- ficiency or conception rate. Volume of ejaculate and numbers of spermatozoa estimated by photoelectric colorimeter are partial measures of a bull's capacity for semen production. Estimates of semen quality are based on color, fluidity, and microscopic exami- nations for motility and abnormal or dead spermatozoa. The first ejaculate often is discarded due to contamination from urine which injures the spermatozoa. Bulls with low breeding efficiency sometimes have produced semen with an undesirable bacterial count. Studies in Denmark and elsewhere have found that vibriosis and some other diseases can be transmitted with semen from infected bulls. Additions of the anti- biotics previously mentioned tend to nullify these factors and have increased conception rates of some bulls significantly. Frozen semen was stored in three forms: in ampules, straws. or pellets. The methods have been modified, based on field trials. R. Cassou used 1 ml. straws of frozen semen at the Artificial In- semination Center at L'Aigle, Orne, France, in 1967. Two extenders were used in England and Wales. One extender consisted of egg yolk 20 percent, glycerol 7 percent, 73 percent of a 2.9 percent so- dium citrate solution, plus the antibiotics penicillin and streptomy- cin. The second extender consisted of skim milk heated one hour (to 97' C. or 207' F.) 79 percent, egg yolk 10 percent, glycerol 11 percent. Fructose was added at 1.25 gm./100 ml., with the two anti- biotics mentioned. The extended semen was allowed to equili- brate at least five hours before being frozen in ampules or straws for storage above liquid nitrogen in tanks. Medium-sized straws (0.5 ml.) were used in France since 1966, to deliver about 14,000,000 live sperms at insemination. For freezing pellets, the fresh semen was extended 1:4 with a  Contributions to Better Dairying 451 Contributions to Better Dairying 451 Contributions to Better Dairying 451 diluent of egg yolk 20 ml., glycerol 4.7 ml., 75.3 ml. of an 11 percent solution of lactose W/M, and 500 units each of penicillin and strep- tomycin per milliliter. Tubes containing diluted semen were placed in a 250 ml. beaker of water at 30° C. (86 F.) for five hours to equilibrate. The diluted semen then was frozen by dropping 0.07 ml. from a calibrated Pasteur pipette into depressions 2 mm. in di- ameter by 1 mm. deep on solid block carbon dioxide (dry ice). In two minutes these frozen pellets were transferred with cooled for- ceps into split aluminum tubes submerged in a liquid nitrogen storage tank. Before insemination the frozen pellet is reconstituted in 3.2 percent sodium citrate solution for immediate use. The bull's identity was imprinted on each ampule in the method described above. PHYSICAL ExAMINATION OF BULLS Major attention has been given to selecting bulls for artificial serv- ice. The manager, a bull committee, bull analyst, and technicians continually seek desirable bulls. Several organizations budget one cent per first service to obtain detailed health and reproductive ex- aminations of prospective bulls. Many bulls were selected as "proved" sires at first. The supply of desirable bulls was limited. As- sociations sampled selected young bulls for early proving. Some 1,002 bulls entered the studs under 3 years old in the 10-year period 1942-51. Of these, 317 were eliminated at an average age of 5%F years while still fertile. There were 230 bulls removed before 5 years old for natural causes, such as low conception rate. Some 45.5 per- cent survived for selection of those worthy of continued service. This is a higher proportion of good bulls than occurs in natural serv- ice, based on the proportion of bulls proved desirable in herds under DHIA supervision. TIMING 1NSEMINATIONS Stages of estrus were observed by rectal palpation with four breeds of cows in the Nebraska station dairy herd. Inseminations were timed with relation to estrus cycle. Conception rates were: at start of estrus, 44 percent; middle of estrus, 82.5 percent; end of estrus, 75; 6 hours after estrus, 62.5; 12 hours after estrus, 32; 18 hours after diluent of egg yolk 20 ml., glycerol 4.7 ml., 75.3 ml. of an 11 percent solution of lactose W/M, and 500 units each of penicillin and strep- tomycin per milliliter. Tubes containing diluted semen were placed in a 250 ml. beaker of water at 30* C. (86* F.) for five hours to equilibrate. The diluted semen then was frozen by dropping 0.07 ml. from a calibrated Pasteur pipette into depressions 2 mm. in di- ameter by 1 mm. deep on solid block carbon dioxide (dry ice). In two minutes these frozen pellets were transferred with cooled for- ceps into split aluminum tubes submerged in a liquid nitrogen storage tank. Before insemination the frozen pellet is reconstituted in 3.2 percent sodium citrate solution for immediate use. The bull's identity was imprinted on each ampule in the method described above. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF BULLS Major attention has been given to selecting bulls for artificial serv- ice. The manager, a bull committee, bull analyst, and technicians continually seek desirable bulls. Several organizations budget one cent per first service to obtain detailed health and reproductive ex- aminations of prospective bulls. Many bulls were selected as "proved" sires at first. The supply of desirable bulls was limited. As- sociations sampled selected young bulls for early proving. Some 1,002 bulls entered the studs under 3 years old in the 10-year period 1942-51. Of these, 317 were eliminated at an average age of 5%/ years while still fertile. There were 230 bulls removed before 5 years old for natural causes, such as low conception rate. Some 45.5 per- cent survived for selection of those worthy of continued service. This is a higher proportion of good bulls than occurs in natural serv- ice, based on the proportion of bulls proved desirable in herds under DHIA supervision. TIMING INsEMINATIONS Stages of estrus were observed by rectal palpation with four breeds of cows in the Nebraska station dairy herd. Inseminations were timed with relation to estrus cycle. Conception rates were: at start of estrus, 44 percent; middle of estrus, 82.5 percent; end of estrus, 75; 6 hours after estrus, 62.5; 12 hours after estrus, 32; 18 hours after diluent of egg yolk 20 ml., glycerol 4.7 ml., 75.3 ml. of an 11 percent solution of lactose W/M, and 500 units each of penicillin and strep- tomycin per milliliter. Tubes containing diluted semen were placed in a 250 ml. beaker of water at 30' C. (86 F.) for five hours to equilibrate. The diluted semen then was frozen by dropping 0.07 ml. from a calibrated Pasteur pipette into depressions 2 mm. in di- ameter by 1 mm. deep on solid block carbon dioxide (dry ice). In two minutes these frozen pellets were transferred with cooled for- ceps into split aluminum tubes submerged in a liquid nitrogen storage tank. Before insemination the frozen pellet is reconstituted in 3.2 percent sodium citrate solution for immediate use. The bull's identity was imprinted on each ampule in the method described above. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF BULLS Major attention has been given to selecting bulls for artificial serv- ice. The manager, a bull committee, bull analyst, and technicians continually seek desirable bulls. Several organizations budget one cent per first service to obtain detailed health and reproductive ex- aminations of prospective bulls. Many bulls were selected as "proved" sires at first. The supply of desirable bulls was limited. As- sociations sampled selected young bulls for early proving. Some 1,002 bulls entered the studs under 3 years old in the 10-year period 1942-51. Of these, 317 were eliminated at an average age of 5% years while still fertile. There were 230 bulls removed before 5 years old for natural causes, such as low conception rate. Some 45.5 per- cent survived for selection of those worthy of continued service. This is a higher proportion of good bulls than occurs in natural serv- ice, based on the proportion of bulls proved desirable in herds under DHIA supervision. TIMING 1NsEMINATIONS Stages of estrus were observed by rectal palpation with four breeds of cows in the Nebraska station dairy herd. Inseminations were timed with relation to estrus cycle. Conception rates were: at start of estrus, 44 percent; middle of estrus, 82.5 percent; end of estrus, 75; 6 hours after estrus, 62.5; 12 hours after estrus, 32; 18 hours after  452 DA IRtY CATTLE BREEDS estrus, 28 percent. The highest conception rates resulted from in- seminations between 6 hours after the start and 6 hours after the end of estrus or "standing heat." These were from 12 to 20 hours after the beginning of estrus. These optimum times were confirmed by the Kentucky, New York, Wisconsin, and other stations. Three sets of twins were produced during the Nebraska investigations: a set of identical females from a single ovum, and 2 sets of mixed twins when 2 ova were released at a time. Greater lifetime production was found from 10,679 lactations in England when cows freshened every 14 to 15 months, as shown in Table 21.3. TABLE 28.3 RELATION OF CALVING INTERVAL To LIFETIME PRODUCTION INDEX OF COWS IN ENGLAND Calving interval, (days) Number of records Yield index (%r) 300-359 3,322 92.8 360-379 2,382 100.0 380-419 2,931 103.6 420-459 1,112 104.6 460-499 488 104.0 More than 500 444 102.8 Pregnancy diagnoses following over 14,000 artificial inseminations in Wisconsin usually were made at 30 to 49 days after service, be- tween August 13, 1945, and September 30, 1947. The respective and overall conception rates are listed in Table 21.4. TABLE 21.4 CONCEPTION RATES AT SUCCESSIVE INSEMINATIONS IN ARTIFICIAL BREEDINC IN WISCONSIN, 1945-47 452 DAIR Y CATTLE BREEDS estrus, 28 percent. The highest conception rates resulted from in- seminations between 6 hours after the start and 6 hours after the end of estrus or "standing heat." These were from 12 to 20 hours after the beginning of estrus. These optimum times were confirmed by the Kentucky, New York, Wisconsin, and other stations. Three sets of twins were produced during the Nebraska investigations: a set of identical females from a single ovum, and 2 sets of mixed twins when 2 ova were released at a time. Greater lifetime production was found from 10,679 lactations in England when cows freshened every 14 to 15 months, as shown in Table 21.3. TABLE 21.3 RELATION OF CALVINo INTERvAL TO LIFETIME PRODUcrsO INDEX OF COWS N ENCLAND 452 DA IRY CATTLE BREEDS estrus, 28 percent. The highest conception rates resulted from in- seminations between 6 hours after the start and 6 hours after the end of estrus or "standing heat." These were from 12 to 20 hours after the beginning of estrus. These optimum times were confirmed by the Kentucky, New York, Wisconsin, and other stations. Three sets of twins were produced during the Nebraska investigations: a set of identical females from a single ovum, and 2 sets of mixed twins when 2 ova were released at a time. Greater lifetime production was found from 10,679 lactations in England when cows freshened every 14 to 15 months, as shown in Table 21.3. TABLE 21.3 RELATION OF CALVING INTERVAL TO LIFETIME PRODUCTION INDEX OF COWS IN ENGLAND Calving intervals (days) 300-359 360-379 380-419 420-459 460-499 More than 500 Number of records 3,322 2,382 2,931 1,112 488 444 Yield index (%) 92.8 100.0 103.6 104.6 104.0 102.8 Calving intervals (days) 300-359 360-379 380-419 420-459 460-499 More than 500 Number of records 3,322 2,382 2,931 1,112 488 444 Yield index (%) 92.8 100.0 103.6 104.6 104.0 102.8 Order of isnation First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth and later Services Pregnancy diagnoses following over 14,000 artificial inseminations in Wisconsin usually were made at 30 to 49 days after service, be- tween August 13, 1945, and September 30, 1947. The respective and overall conception rates are listed in Table 21.4. TABLE 21.4 CONCEPTION RATES AT SUCCESSIVE INSEMINATIONS IN ARTIFICIAL BREEDINC IN WISCONSIN, 1945-47 Order of Coniceptions nation Serviceas Claed as fertile Conception (0) overall (%) First 8,621 4,690 54.4 Second 3,463 1,756 50.7 Third 1,443 671 46.5 82.6 Fourth 631 241 38.2 Fifth 308 113 36.7 Sixth 152 46 30.3 Seventh 75 21 28.0 Eighth and later 78 13 16.7 Services 14,771 7,551 86.4 Pregnancy diagnoses following over 14,000 artificial inseminations in Wisconsin usually were made at 30 to 49 days after service, be- tween August 13, 1945, and September 30, 1947. The respective and overall conception rates are listed in Table 21.4. TABLE 21.4 CONCEPTION RATES AT SUCCESSIVE INSEMINATIONS IN ARTIFICIAL BREEDING IN WISCONSIN, 1945-47 Services classed as fertile Conceptions (%e) 8,621 4,690 54.4 3,463 1,756 50.7 1,443 671 46.5 Order of insemnation First Second Third Services Classed as fertile Conceptions (%) 8,621 4,690 54.4 3,463 1,756 50.7 1,443 671 46.5 Conceptions overall (%) 631 308 152 75 78 14,771 241 113 46 21 13 7,551 38.2 36.7 30.3 28.0 16.7 82.6 86.4 Fourth 631 241 38.2 Fifth 308 113 36.7 Sixth 152 46 30.3 Seventh 75 21 28.0 Eighth and later 78 13 16.7 Services 14,771 7,551 86.4  Contributions to Better Dairying 453 Contributions to Better Dairying 453 Contributions to Better Dairying 453 From the Wisconsin observations, a breeder may be justified in having an animal examined for abnormalities when she failed to conceive from the first three services. If treatment were not indi- cated, the animal could be culled as soon as feasible unless she was especially valuable in a breeding program. More effort might be justified in the latter case. PLACEMENT OF SEMEN Louisiana and South Carolina workers tested the placement of semen in 2,014 first services in the field and with 103 controlled heifers. No significant differences were observed in nonreturn and conception rates between placement of semen in the os uterus, body of the uterus, or the uterine horns. Superheats sometimes occur, however. Ten cows previously diagnosed pregnant in Illinois, and then inseminated through the cervix into the uterus, were found on slaughter at 64 to 185 days to be carrying dead fetuses that were disintegrating. L. E. Casida and N. L. VanDemark concluded from separate investigations that the second and later inseminations should not be placed farther than the midcervical region. Pregnancy examinations were made in Wisconsin at 34 to 50 days after insemination over a 5.5 year investigation. Some 690 pregnan- cies were diagnosed as positive by palpation of the amniotic vesi- cle. Return of estrus or observed abortion was evidence of embry- onic and fetal mortality. Abortions from disease were excluded from the study. Some 44 pregnancies (6.38 percent) terminated before 239 days in gestation. It was estimated from other work that about 40 percent of all potential young in dairy cattle are lost by 60 to 90 days after breeding, nearly half being embryonic deaths. Kentucky workers found 23 mummified fetuses among 1,509 pregnancies of 504 cows. Statistical analyses concerning the affected cow- and bull-families indicated that the condition might be due to a sex-linked recessive lethal gene. PRESERvING FROZEN SEMEN The short life of fresh semen and waste in maintaining field sup- plies entailed much loss to breeding organizations. Fresh semen could not be held long. Selective matings were difficult in breeders' herds because of discontinuous semen supplies. From the Wisconsin observations, a breeder may be justified in having an animal examined for abnormalities when she failed to conceive from the first three services. If treatment were not indi- cated, the animal could be culled as soon as feasible unless she was especially valuable in a breeding program. More effort might be justified in the latter case. PLACEMENT OF SEMEN Louisiana and South Carolina workers tested the placement of semen in 2,014 first services in the field and with 103 controlled heifers. No significant differences were observed in nonreturn and conception rates between placement of semen in the os uterus, body of the uterus, or the uterine horns. Superheats sometimes occur, however. Ten cows previously diagnosed pregnant in Illinois, and then inseminated through the cervix into the uterus, were found on slaughter at 64 to 185 days to be carrying dead fetuses that were disintegrating. L. E. Casida and N. L. VanDemark concluded from separate investigations that the second and later inseminations should not be placed farther than the midcervical region. Pregnancy examinations were made in Wisconsin at 34 to 50 days after insemination over a 5.5 year investigation. Some 690 pregnan- cies were diagnosed as positive by palpation of the amniotic vesi- cle. Return of estrus or observed abortion was evidence of embry- onic and fetal mortality. Abortions from disease were excluded from the study. Some 44 pregnancies (6.38 percent) terminated before 239 days in gestation. It was estimated from other work that about 40 percent of all potential young in dairy cattle are lost by 60 to 90 days after breeding, nearly half being embryonic deaths. Kentucky workers found 23 mummified fetuses among 1,509 pregnancies of 504 cows. Statistical analyses concerning the affected cow- and bull-families indicated that the condition might be due to a sex-linked recessive lethal gene. PRESERvINC FROZEN SEMEN The short life of fresh semen and waste in maintaining field sup- plies entailed much loss to breeding organizations. Fresh semen could not be held long. Selective matings were difficult in breeders' herds because of discontinuous semen supplies. From the Wisconsin observations, a breeder may be justified in having an animal examined for abnormalities when she failed to conceive from the first three services. If treatment were not indi- cated, the animal could be culled as soon as feasible unless she was especially valuable in a breeding program. More effort might be justified in the latter case. PLACEMENT OF SEMEN Louisiana and South Carolina workers tested the placement of semen in 2,014 first services in the field and with 103 controlled heifers. No significant differences were observed in nonreturn and conception rates between placement of semen in the os uterus, body of the uterus, or the uterine horns. Superheats sometimes occur, however. Ten cows previously diagnosed pregnant in Illinois, and then inseminated through the cervix into the uterus, were found on slaughter at 64 to 185 days to be carrying dead fetuses that were disintegrating. L. E. Casida and N. L. VanDemark concluded from separate investigations that the second and later inseminations should not be placed farther than the midcervical region. Pregnancy examinations were made in Wisconsin at 34 to 50 days after insemination over a 5.5 year investigation. Some 690 pregnan- cies were diagnosed as positive by palpation of the amniotic vesi- ecle. Return of estrus or observed abortion was evidence of embry- onic and fetal mortality. Abortions from disease were excluded from the study. Some 44 pregnancies (6.38 percent) terminated before 239 days in gestation. It was estimated from other work that about 40 percent of all potential young in dairy cattle are lost by 60 to 90 days after breeding, nearly half being embryonic deaths. Kentucky workers found 23 mummified fetuses among 1,509 pregnancies of 504 cows. Statistical analyses concerning the affected cow- and bull-families indicated that the condition might be due to a sex-linked recessive lethal gene. PRESERvING FROZEN SEMEN The short life of fresh semen and waste in maintaining field sup- plies entailed much loss to breeding organizations. Fresh semen could not be held long. Selective matings were difficult in breeders' herds because of discontinuous semen supplies.  454 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS Dr. Prevost froze frog spermatozoa (in testes) at -8 to -10* C., at Geneva, Switzerland, in 1839. The spermatozoa returned to mo- tility when thawed gradually. P. Manteguzza of Italy froze human spermatozoa successfully to -17 C. in 1866. Spermatozoa in frog semen were killed when frozen in pond water but survived the temperature of liquid air ( -147 C.) in sugar solution. C. Polge and L. E. A. Rowson diluted bull semen with an equal volume of egg-yolk-citrate buffer at 28 C. and cooled it to 4° C. for four hours. An equal volume of citrate buffer containing 20 per- cent glycerol was added at 5° C. and held overnight, then cooled slowly for 45 minutes to -79 C. and stored in dry ice and alcohol. After the semen was thawed, 38 cows were inseminated promptly. Thirty were diagnosed pregnant in 6 weeks. These trials in 1951-52 were conducted jointly by the National Institute for Medical Re- search and the Cambridge and District Cattle Breeders' Society in England. Three heifer calves were born in June and July 1970 from Dairy Shorthorn semen that had been frozen for 16 years by the Cambridge A.I. Center. The American Breeders' Service developed a technique of freezing bull semen to -320° F. (liquid nitrogen). They cooperated with the Linde organization to perfect insulated equipment to store and distribute frozen semen at this temperature. Spermatozoa that tolerate freezing deteriorate slowly when held at constant temperature. However, not all semen withstands pres- ent freezing techniques for some unknown reasons. Hereditary de- fects of spermatozoa include defective acrosome or cap on the sperm head. The tails may be broken, twisted, or recurved. Proper freezing allowed semen to be accumulated and main- tained in storage and reduced losses of semen in the field greatly. Fewer bulls were needed to supply the industry, and interstud ex- changes of semen gave wide use of desirable sires. The greatest im- pact was the ability to make selected matings under contract be- tween desirable bulls and transmitting cows of seedstock quality. Artificial breeding of dairy cattle increased greatly in the United States after 1938. Small organizations were established in several states. Some failed because per-cow costs were too high. Many problems were solved by experience and research. Small organiza- tions consolidated with operating economies. The demand for qual- 454 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDs Dr. Prevost froze frog spermatozoa (in testes) at -8 to -10 C., at Geneva, Switzerland, in 1839. The spermatozoa returned to mo- tility when thawed gradually. P. Manteguzza of Italy froze human spermatozoa successfully to -17 C. in 1866. Spermatozoa in frog semen were killed when frozen in pond water but survived the temperature of liquid air ( -147 C.) in sugar solution. C. Polge and L. E. A. Rowson diluted bull semen with an equal volume of egg-yolk-citrate buffer at 28 C. and cooled it to 4° C. for four hours. An equal volume of citrate buffer containing 20 per- cent glycerol was added at 50 C. and held overnight, then cooled slowly for 45 minutes to -79° C. and stored in dry ice and alcohol. After the semen was thawed, 38 cows were inseminated promptly. Thirty were diagnosed pregnant in 6 weeks. These trials in 1951-52 were conducted jointly by the National Institute for Medical Re- search and the Cambridge and District Cattle Breeders' Society in England. Three heifer calves were born in June and July 1970 from Dairy Shorthorn semen that had been frozen for 16 years by the Cambridge A.I. Center. The American Breeders' Service developed a technique of freezing bull semen to -320° F. (liquid nitrogen). They cooperated with the Linde organization to perfect insulated equipment to store and distribute frozen semen at this temperature. Spermatozoa that tolerate freezing deteriorate slowly when held at constant temperature. However, not all semen withstands pres- ent freezing techniques for some unknown reasons. Hereditary de- fects of spermatozoa include defective acrosome or cap on the sperm head. The tails may be broken, twisted, or recurved. Proper freezing allowed semen to be accumulated and main- tained in storage and reduced losses of semen in the field greatly. Fewer bulls were needed to supply the industry, and interstud ex- changes of semen gave wide use of desirable sires. The greatest im- pact was the ability to make selected matings under contract be- tween desirable bulls and transmitting cows of seedstock quality. Artificial breeding of dairy cattle increased greatly in the United States after 1938. Small organizations were established in several states. Some failed because per-cow costs were too high. Many problems were solved by experience and research. Small organiza- tions consolidated with operating economies. The demand for qual- 454 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Dr. Prevost froze frog spermatozoa (in testes) at -8 to -10 C., at Geneva, Switzerland, in 1839. The spermatozoa returned to mo- tility when thawed gradually. P. Manteguzza of Italy froze human spermatozoa successfully to -17 C. in 1866. Spermatozoa in frog semen were killed when frozen in pond water but survived the temperature of liquid air ( -147 C.) in sugar solution. C. Polge and L. E. A. Rowson diluted bull semen with an equal volume of egg-yolk-citrate buffer at 28 C. and cooled it to 4° C. for four hours. An equal volume of citrate buffer containing 20 per- cent glycerol was added at 5° C. and held overnight, then cooled slowly for 45 minutes to -79* C. and stored in dry ice and alcohol. After the semen was thawed, 38 cows were inseminated promptly. Thirty were diagnosed pregnant in 6 weeks. These trials in 1951-52 were conducted jointly by the National Institute for Medical Re- search and the Cambridge and District Cattle Breeders' Society in England. Three heifer calves were born in June and July 1970 from Dairy Shorthorn semen that had been frozen for 16 years by the Cambridge A.I. Center. The American Breeders' Service developed a technique of freezing bull semen to -320° F. (liquid nitrogen). They cooperated with the Linde organization to perfect insulated equipment to store and distribute frozen semen at this temperature. Spermatozoa that tolerate freezing deteriorate slowly when held at constant temperature. However, not all semen withstands pres- ent freezing techniques for some unknown reasons. Hereditary de- fects of spermatozoa include defective acrosome or cap on the sperm head. The tails may be broken, twisted, or recurved. Proper freezing allowed semen to be accumulated and main- tained in storage and reduced losses of semen in the field greatly. Fewer bulls were needed to supply the industry, and interstud ex- changes of semen gave wide use of desirable sires. The greatest im- pact was the ability to make selected matings under contract be- tween desirable bulls and transmitting cows of seedstock quality. Artificial breeding of dairy cattle increased greatly in the United States after 1938. Small organizations were established in several states. Some failed because per-cow costs were too high. Many problems were solved by experience and research. Small organiza- tions consolidated with operating economies. The demand for qual-  Cntriuon to Bete Daiying 45 Coibutios toBette Dairying 5 Crb utions toBette Dairyin S5 ity bulls increased interest in more production records by breeders and commercial dairymen. Cooperative study of DHIA records by extension dairymen and the USDA Bureau of Dairy Industry lo- cated many bulls with desirable daughters. Physical examinations were established for bulls prior to acquisition. Some bulls "proved" in individual herds were unsatisfactory in A.I. service later. Too few desirable mature bulls were obtainable. Sire analysts traveled widely to find desirable mature bulls in natural use, select young TABLE 21.5 EXPANSION OF. ARTIFICIAL BREEDING IN THE UNITED STATES Year Stud. Bulls Bulls per stud Dairy cows bred Average per bull 1939 7 33 4.7 7,399" 228 1945 67 729 10.9 360,732' 495 1950 97 2,109 21.7 2,619,555 1,245 1955 79 2,450 31.0 5,413,874 2,210 1960 62 2,544 41.0 7,144,679 2,808 1965 46 2,316 50.3 7,879,982 3,402 1969 31 2,275 73.4 8,209,444 ' 3,608 a. From Dairy-Herd-Improvement Letter 46(4), July 1970. b. Cows enrolled. c. Of these numbers, 384 beef bulls inseminated 694,916 dairy and beef cows. Not included were 3,230 swine and 235 goats. About 40 percent of the dairy bulls were under restricted progeny test. Some 52.5 percent of dairy cows and heifers were bred artificially during 1969. sires from good families for sampling, mate under contract, and evaluate transmission of bulls in current A.L use. Evaluation of semen, methods of extending it, use of antibiotics in extenders, techniques of handling, storage and distribution, and use of semen by trained technicians contributed toward economies in every phase of artificial breeding. Observation of cows and re- porting to technicians as to the hour cows were first seen in heat im- proved timing of inseminations, raised the nonreturn rates of bulls, and gave higher breeding efficiencies. The increase in artificial breeding among dairy cows in the United States is shown in Table 21.5. The average useful tenure of desirable dairy bulls in the studs increased 1.72 years in 1939-47. Some 1,577 dairy bulls removed during 196(0-4 had entered A.I. service at an average age of 4.43 years (range from 1 to 15 years). They lasted an average of 4.19 ity bulls increased interest in more production records by breeders and commercial dairymen. Cooperative study of DHIA records by extension dairymen and the USDA Bureau of Dairy Industry lo- cated many bulls with desirable daughters. Physical examinations were established for bulls prior to acquisition. Some bulls "proved" in individual herds were unsatisfactory in A.I. service later. Too few desirable mature bulls were obtainable. Sire analysts traveled widely to find desirable mature bulls in natural use, select young TABLE 21.5 EXPANSION OF ARTIFICIAL BREEDING IN THE UNITED STATES" Year Studs Bull Bulls per std Dairy cows bred Average per bull 1939 7 33 4.7 7,399 228 1945 67 729 10.9 360,732' 495 1950 97 2,109 21.7 2,619,555 1,245 1955 79 2,450 31.0 5,413,874 2,210 1960 62 2,544 41.0 7,144,679 2,808 1965 46 2,316 50.3 7,879,982 3,402 1969 31 2,275 73.4 8,209,444 3,608 a. From Dairy-Herd-Improvement Letter 46(4), July 1970. b. Cows enrolled. c. Of these numbers, 384 beef bulls inseminated 694,916 dairy and beef cows, Not included were 3,230 swine and 235 goats. About 40 percent of the dairy bulls were under restricted progeny test. Some 52.5 percent of dairy cows and heifers were bred artificially during 1969. sires from good families for sampling, mate under contract, and evaluate transmission of bulls in current A.I. use. Evaluation of semen, methods of extending it, use of antibiotics in extenders, techniques of handling, storage and distribution, and use of semen by trained technicians contributed toward economies in every phase of artificial breeding. Observation of cows and re- porting to technicians as to the hour cows were first seen in heat im- proved timing of inseminations, raised the nonreturn rates of bulls, and gave higher breeding efficiencies. The increase in artificial breeding among dairy cows in the United States is shown in Table 25.5. The average useful tenure of desirable dairy bulls in the studs increased 1.72 years in 1939-47. Some 1,577 dairy bulls removed during 1960-64 had entered A.t service at an average age of 4.43 years (range from 1 to 15 years). They lasted an average of 4.19 ity bulls increased interest in more production records by breeders and commercial dairymen. Cooperative study of DHIA records by extension dairymen and the USDA Bureau of Dairy Industry lo- cated many bulls with desirable daughters. Physical examinations were established for bulls prior to acquisition. Some bulls "proved" in individual herds were unsatisfactory in A.I. service later. Too few desirable mature bulls were obtainable. Sire analysts traveled widely to find desirable mature bulls in natural use, select young TABLE 21.5 EXPANSION OF ARTIFICIAL BREEDING IN THE UoNITED STATES Year Stud. Bulls Bull, per stud Dairy cows bred Average per bull 1939 7 33 4.7 7,399 228 1945 67 729 10.9 360,732' 495 1950 97 2,109 21.7 2,619,555 1,245 1955 79 2,450 31.0 5,413,874 2,210 1960 62 2,544 41.0 7,144,679 2,808 1965 46 2,316 50.3 7,879,982 3,402 1969 31 2,275 73.4 8,209,444 - 3,608 a. From Dairy-Herd-Improvement Letter 46(4), July 1970. b. Cows enrolled. c. Of these numbers, 384 beef bulls inseminated 694,916 dairy and beef cows. Not included were 3,230 swine and 235 goats. About 40 percent of the dairy bulls were under restricted progeny test. Some 52.5 percent of dairy cows and heifers were bred artificially during 1969. sires from good families for sampling, mate under contract, and evaluate transmission of bulls in current A.L use. Evaluation of semen, methods of extending it, use of antibiotics in extenders, techniques of handling, storage and distribution, and use of semen by trained technicians contributed toward economies in every phase of artificial breeding. Observation of cows and re- porting to technicians as to the hour cows were first seen in heat im- proved timing of inseminations, raised the nonreturn rates of bulls, and gave higher breeding efficiencies. The increase in artificial breeding among dairy cows in the United States is shown in Table 21.5. The average useful tenure of desirable dairy bulls in the studs increased 1.72 years in 1939-47. Some 1,577 dairy bulls removed during 196064 had entered A.L service at an average age of 4.43 years (range from 1 to 15 years). They lasted an average of 4.19  456 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS years in the studs of the United States and Canada. Twenty eight percent were active at 10 years or older, and a few were past 16 years old at last semen collection. IDENTIFYING PARENTAGE Records of parentage of each artificially conceived animal regis- tered depend on integrity of the owner of the cow at time of in- semination, as well as on identity of the bull producing the semen and reliability of the inseminator. Investigations at the Ohio, Wis- consin, and other stations found that the red blood corpuscles bore specific antigens identifiable by laboratory tests whereby questions between probable parents could be decided. These factors now are " ... interpreted on a genetic system by arranging factors into phenogroups within eight definite distinct systems." Each registered bull producing frozen semen for artificial service on a within-herd, between-herds, or in a semen-producing business (A.I. stud) under contract with the Purebred Dairy Cattle Associa- tion is required to have his blood type recorded with the respective breed association. Over 250 phenotypes have been identified in the "B" system of the eight systems recognized in bovine blood. Routine service identifications of parentage were begun at Ohio State Uni- versity in 1948. The Serology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Med- icine at the University of California at Davis, working under con- tract with the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association since 1955, handled a limited number of blood-typing samples on a definite schedule. Arrangements for blood-typing service were made in ad- vance at a fee through the breed association, following instructions of the respective association. In case of doubtful parentage, blood samples of the dam and progeny in question were taken in treated sample tubes under witness, packed, and transported by specific routines. This method was used to identify which of two blood- typed bulls was the sire of the animal. The method has been recog- nized legally by a Canadian court. DIsEASE COrTROL The dairy cattle industry has benefitted from prevention, reduction, or eradication of certain communicable diseases. 456 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS years in the studs of the United States and Canada. Twenty eight percent were active at 10 years or older, and a few were past 16 years old at last semen collection. IDENTIFYING PARENTAGE Records of parentage of each artificially conceived animal regis- tered depend on integrity of the owner of the cow at time of in- semination, as well as on identity of the bull producing the semen and reliability of the inseminator. Investigations at the Ohio, Wis- consin, and other stations found that the red blood corpuscles bore specific antigens identifiable by laboratory tests whereby questions between probable parents could be decided. These factors now are " ... interpreted on a genetic system by arranging factors into phenogroups within eight definite distinct systems." Each registered bull producing frozen semen for artificial service on a within-herd, between-herds, or in a semen-producing business (A.L stud) under contract with the Purebred Dairy Cattle Associa- tion is required to have his blood type recorded with the respective breed association. Over 250 phenotypes have been identified in the "B" system of the eight systems recognized in bovine blood. Routine service identifications of parentage were begun at Ohio State Uni- versity in 1948. The Serology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Med- icine at the University of California at Davis, working under con- tract with the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association since 1955, handled a limited number of blood-typing samples on a definite schedule. Arrangements for blood-typing service were made in ad- vance at a fee through the breed association, following instructions of the respective association. In case of doubtful parentage, blood samples of the dam and progeny in question were taken in treated sample tubes under witness, packed, and transported by specific routines. This method was used to identify which of two blood- typed bulls was the sire of the animal. The method has been recog- nized legally by a Canadian court. DIsEASE COrROL The dairy cattle industry has benefitted from prevention, reduction, or eradication of certain communicable diseases. 456 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDs years in the studs of the United States and Canada. Twenty eight percent were active at 10 years or older, and a few were past 16 years old at last semen collection. IDENTIFYING PARENTAGE Records of parentage of each artificially conceived animal regis- tered depend on integrity of the owner of the cow at time of in- semination, as well as on identity of the bull producing the semen and reliability of the inseminator. Investigations at the Ohio, Wis- consin, and other stations found that the red blood corpuscles bore specific antigens identifiable by laboratory tests whereby questions between probable parents could be decided. These factors now are " ... interpreted on a genetic system by arranging factors into phenogroups within eight definite distinct systems." Each registered bull producing frozen semen for artificial service on a within-herd, between-herds, or in a semen-producing business (A.L stud) under contract with the Purebred Dairy Cattle Associa- tion is required to have his blood type recorded with the respective breed association. Over 250 phenotypes have been identified in the "B" system of the eight systems recognized in bovine blood. Routine service identifications of parentage were begun at Ohio State Uni- versity in 1948. The Serology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Med- icine at the University of California at Davis, working under con- tract with the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association since 1955, handled a limited number of blood-typing samples on a definite schedule. Arrangements for blood-typing service were made in ad- vance at a fee through the breed association, following instructions of the respective association. In case of doubtful parentage, blood samples of the dam and progeny in question were taken in treated sample tubes under witness, packed, and transported by specific routines. This method was used to identify which of two blood- typed bulls was the sire of the animal. The method has been recog- nized legally by a Canadian court. DISEASE CONrROL The dairy cattle industry has benefitted from prevention, reduction, or eradication of certain communicable diseases.  Contributions to Better Dairying 457 Contributions to Better Dairying 457 Contributions to Better Dairying 457 Contagious pleuropneumonia of cattle was eradicated from the United States by combined state and federal action following out- breaks from Europe in 1843, 1847, and later. The first Friesian cattle in Massachusetts were destroyed by the Commonwealth in stamp- ing out the outbreak in 1859. Final eradication in this country took place in 1892; in Great Britain in 1898, and earlier in Holland. Foot and mouth disease (aftosa) attacks all cloven-hoofed ani- mals. The disease was eradicated by slaughter of animals, quaran- tine, and disinfection of premises following outbreaks in 1870, 1880, 1884, 1902, 1908, 1924, and 1925. The disease broke out at the Na- tional Dairy Show in 1914. Under a federal court injunction, show cattle were quarantined at a nearby fair grounds until all danger passed. Some cattle died, but many prominent animals survived. A joint Mexican-United States commission eradicated an out- break on Mexican soil during the 1950's by a combination of vacci- nation, quarantine, and slaughter. Annual preventive vaccination is being practiced in some countries. Aftosa still occurs in parts of South America and Europe. Sanitary regulations, quarantine, and inspection have protected against reinfection by cattle, forages, hides, packing materials, and ship's garbage from countries with known outbreaks. Opening the St. Lawrence seaway in 1959 ex- tended United States and Canadian shorelines necessary to be guarded against entrance of diseases. Robert Koch of Germany discovered the bacillus causing tubercu- losis in 1882. Three tests to diagnose its presence-interdermal, opthalmic, and thermal-were used to detect and eradicate the dis- ease from individual herds. A campaign of area eradication began in May 1917. The last counties in the United States were declared modified accredited areas (less than 0.5 percent of reactors elimi- nated on last test) by November 1940. Slaughter of cattle under federal inspection revealed less than 0.02 percent of reactors in 1940. The goal is total eradication of the disease as a public health meas- ure. Programs of disease control and eradication have been conducted as economic and public health measures. Purebred dairy cattle im- ported from Europe and animals for stocking zoological gardens undergo quarantine before release. The ports are closed to animals Contagious pleuropneumonia of cattle was eradicated from the United States by combined state and federal action following out- breaks from Europe in 1843, 1847, and later. The first Friesian cattle in Massachusetts were destroyed by the Commonwealth in stamp- ing out the outbreak in 1859. Final eradication in this country took place in 1892; in Great Britain in 1898, and earlier in Holland. Foot and mouth disease (aftosa) attacks all cloven-hoofed ani- mals. The disease was eradicated by slaughter of animals, quaran- tine, and disinfection of premises following outbreaks in 1870, 1880, 1884, 1902, 1908, 1924, and 1925. The disease broke out at the Na- tional Dairy Show in 1914. Under a federal court injunction, show cattle were quarantined at a nearby fair grounds until all danger passed. Some cattle died, but many prominent animals survived. A joint Mexican-United States commission eradicated an out- break on Mexican soil during the 1950's by a combination of vacci- nation, quarantine, and slaughter. Annual preventive vaccination is being practiced in some countries. Aftosa still occurs in parts of South America and Europe. Sanitary regulations, quarantine, and inspection have protected against reinfection by cattle, forages, hides, packing materials, and ship's garbage from countries with known outbreaks. Opening the St. Lawrence seaway in 1959 ex- tended United States and Canadian shorelines necessary to be guarded against entrance of diseases. Robert Koch of Germany discovered the bacillus causing tubercu- losis in 1882. Three tests to diagnose its presence-interdermal, opthalmic, and thermal-were used to detect and eradicate the dis- ease from individual herds. A campaign of area eradication began in May 1917. The last counties in the United States were declared modified accredited areas (less than 0.5 percent of reactors elimi- nated on last test) by November 1940. Slaughter of cattle under federal inspection revealed less than 0.02 percent of reactors in 1940. The goal is total eradication of the disease as a public health meas- ure. Programs of disease control and eradication have been conducted as economic and public health measures. Purebred dairy cattle im- ported from Europe and animals for stocking zoological gardens undergo quarantine before release. The ports are closed to animals Contagious pleuropneumonia of cattle was eradicated from the United States by combined state and federal action following out- breaks from Europe in 1843, 1847, and later. The first Friesian cattle in Massachusetts were destroyed by the Commonwealth in stamp- ing out the outbreak in 1859. Final eradication in this country took place in 1892; in Great Britain in 1898, and earlier in Holland. Foot and mouth disease (aftosa) attacks all cloven-hoofed ani- mals. The disease was eradicated by slaughter of animals, quaran- tine, and disinfection of premises following outbreaks in 1870, 1880, 1884, 1902, 1908, 1924, and 1925. The disease broke out at the Na- tional Dairy Show in 1914. Under a federal court injunction, show cattle were quarantined at a nearby fair grounds until all danger passed. Some cattle died, but many prominent animals survived. A joint Mexican-United States commission eradicated an out- break on Mexican soil during the 1950's by a combination of vacci- nation, quarantine, and slaughter. Annual preventive vaccination is being practiced in some countries. Aftosa still occurs in parts of South America and Europe. Sanitary regulations, quarantine, and inspection have protected against reinfection by cattle, forages, hides, packing materials, and ship's garbage from countries with known outbreaks. Opening the St. Lawrence seaway in 1959 ex- tended United States and Canadian shorelines necessary to be guarded against entrance of diseases. Robert Koch of Germany discovered the bacillus causing tubercu- losis in 1882. Three tests to diagnose its presence-interdermal, opthalmic, and thermal-were used to detect and eradicate the dis- ease from individual herds. A campaign of area eradication began in May 1917. The last counties in the United States were declared modified accredited areas (less than 0.5 percent of reactors elimi- nated on last test) by November 1940. Slaughter of cattle under federal inspection revealed less than 0.02 percent of reactors in 1940. The goal is total eradication of the disease as a public health meas- ure. Programs of disease control and eradication have been conducted as economic and public health measures. Purebred dairy cattle im- ported from Europe and animals for stocking zoological gardens undergo quarantine before release. The ports are closed to animals  458 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS having such diseases as aftosa, tuberculosis, or others. The livestock industry has benefitted by elimination of these diseases through re- duced losses and extension of useful lifespan of breeding animals. Anthrax outbreaks have been eradicated by slaughter, burning carcasses, and quarantine of premises. The anthrax bacillus is a spore-former that has remained virulent in soil over 40 years under favorable environment and moisture. Bloat (hoven) is not a disease. It is mainly an excessive accumu- lation of frothy foam in the rumen fluid from feeding on succulent young legumes. In emergencies, it formerly was necessary to re- lease the gases by a trochar-and-canula puncture into the rumen, leaving the canula for several hours for gases to escape. Medication often was of little avail in the past. Allowing cattle some dry hay prior to grazing lush legume pastures made them less susceptible to bloat. In 1965 workers at the Kansas station found that giving cattle 5 to 10 gm. of poloxalene (bloat guard) twice daily reduced surface tension of rumen fluids and allowed less stable foam to accumulate in the rumen fluids. Bloat thus can be prevented for up to 12 hours, except with a few large cattle. Brucellosis. Professor B. L. Frederick Bang of Denmark discov- ered the Brucella abortus bacillus in 1896, which is one cause of contagious abortions. Three strains include also B. abortus suis of swine and B. abortus melitensis of goats. These are communicable to man, causing undulent and Malta fevers. An eradication cam- paign began in July 1934 on an individual certified-herd plan. State and federal agencies look to eradication of the disease by an area testing plan. Cattle tick fever is caused by a protozoan, the alternate hosts of which are two species of ticks and cattle. Deer, horses, and mules sometimes carry and spread these ticks to other pastures. These ticks were eradicated in zones covering over 729,852 square miles in 16 states by dipping cattle systematically, beginning in 1906. Countries to the south yet are infested. Hydrophobia. Several mammals develop lethal hydrophobia (rabies) from a bite by a rabid animal. The French investigator Louis Pasteur's most notable contribution was inoculation against the virus communicated in the saliva of a rabid animal. He attenu- 458 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS having such diseases as aftosa, tuberculosis, or others. The livestock industry has benefitted by elimination of these diseases through re- duced losses and extension of useful lifespan of breeding animals. Anthrax outbreaks have been eradicated by slaughter, burning carcasses, and quarantine of premises. The anthrax bacillus is a spore-former that has remained virulent in soil over 40 years under favorable environment and moisture. Bloat (hoven) is not a disease. It is mainly an excessive accumu- lation of frothy foam in the rumen fluid from feeding on succulent young legumes. In emergencies, it formerly was necessary to re- lease the gases by a trochar-and-canula puncture into the rumen, leaving the canula for several hours for gases to escape. Medication often was of little avail in the past. Allowing cattle some dry hay prior to grazing lush legume pastures made them less susceptible to bloat. In 1965 workers at the Kansas station found that giving cattle 5 to 10 gm. of poloxalene (bloat guard) twice daily reduced surface tension of rumen fluids and allowed less stable foam to accumulate in the rumen fluids. Bloat thus can be prevented for up to 12 hours, except with a few large cattle. Brucellosis. Professor B. L. Frederick Bang of Denmark discov- ered the Brucella abortus bacillus in 1896, which is one cause of contagious abortions. Three strains include also B. abortus suis of swine and B. abortus melitensis of goats. These are communicable to man, causing undulent and Malta fevers. An eradication cam- paign began in July 1934 on an individual certified-herd plan. State and federal agencies look to eradication of the disease by an area testing plan. Cattle tick fever is caused by a protozoan, the alternate hosts of which are two species of ticks and cattle. Deer, horses, and mules sometimes carry and spread these ticks to other pastures. These ticks were eradicated in zones covering over 729,852 square miles in 16 states by dipping cattle systematically, beginning in 1906. Countries to the south yet are infested. Hydrophobia. Several mammals develop lethal hydrophobia (rabies) from a bite by a rabid animal. The French investigator Louis Pasteur's most notable contribution was inoculation against the virus communicated in the saliva of a rabid animal. He attenu- 458 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS having such diseases as aftosa, tuberculosis, or others. The livestock industry has benefitted by elimination of these diseases through re- duced losses and extension of useful lifespan of breeding animals. Anthrax outbreaks have been eradicated by slaughter, burning carcasses, and quarantine of premises. The anthrax bacillus is a spore-former that has remained virulent in soil over 40 years under favorable environment and moisture. Bloat (hoven) is not a disease. It is mainly an excessive accumu- lation of frothy foam in the rumen fluid from feeding on succulent young legumes. In emergencies, it formerly was necessary to re- lease the gases by a trochar-and-canula puncture into the rumen, leaving the canula for several hours for gases to escape. Medication often was of little avail in the past. Allowing cattle some dry hay prior to grazing lush legume pastures made them less susceptible to bloat. In 1965 workers at the Kansas station found that giving cattle 5 to 10 gm. of poloxalene (bloat guard) twice daily reduced surface tension of rumen fluids and allowed less stable foam to accumulate in the rumen fluids. Bloat thus can be prevented for up to 12 hours, except with a few large cattle. Brucellosis. Professor B. L. Frederick Bang of Denmark discov- ered the Brucella abortus bacillus in 1896, which is one cause of contagious abortions. Three strains include also B. abortus suis of swine and B. abortus melitensis of goats. These are communicable to man, causing undulent and Malta fevers. An eradication cam- paign began in July 1934 on an individual certified-herd plan. State and federal agencies look to eradication of the disease by an area testing plan. Cattle tick fever is caused by a protozoan, the alternate hosts of which are two species of ticks and cattle. Deer, horses, and mules sometimes carry and spread these ticks to other pastures. These ticks were eradicated in zones covering over 729,852 square miles in 16 states by dipping cattle systematically, beginning in 1906. Countries to the south yet are infested. Hydrophobia. Several mammals develop lethal hydrophobia (rabies) from a bite by a rabid animal. The French investigator Louis Pasteur's most notable contribution was inoculation against the virus communicated in the saliva of a rabid animal. He attenu-  Contributions to Better Dairying 459 Contributions to Better Dairying 459 Contributions to Better Dairying 459 ated the virus contained in the medulla oblongata that connects the brain with the spinal cord by drying it in sterile air. A succession of progressively more virile injections caused the body to build up resistance against lethal action of the virus. Immunization of 9-year old Joseph Meister, bitten by a rabid dog, was completed July 16, 1888. Pasteur thus demonstrated immunization against that fatal infection was possible if done before advanced stages of the disease. Johne's disease (paratuberculosis), recognized since 1895, in- volves the mucous membranes and intestinal lymph glands of cattle. A Johnin test similar to the tuberculin test is applied to detect in- fected animals. Some states are cooperating with the USDA in test- ing programs and in elimination of infected animals. Rinderpest, a critical virus disease of cattle, has been kept out of the United States by embargo, but it still occurs in many tropical regions and parts of the Orient. The infection can be carried in hides, improperly sterilized animal by-products, and materials in- fected by contact. Smallpox. On May 14, 1796, the English physician Edward Jen- ner successfully immunized his son against smallpox by treating him with the attenuated virus from a cowpox lesion on the hand of the milkmaid Sarah Newlme. Jenner initiated the practice still used in immunization against several common diseases of man and livestock, such as blackleg, leptospirosis, and several other infec- tions. JUNIOR DAIRY AcrIvraIs Junior extension activities began with corn clubs, to which pig and calf clubs were added. Calves were purchased by business men or others, and placed for 1 year with selected calf club boys or girls to feed, manage, and keep records. The calves were exhibited and sold at auction at the end of the year. Original cost of the calf was remitted to the owner, while any difference went to the club member. A committee of the American Dairy Science Association recommended in 1922 that henceforth the club member own the calf, and keep records at least through the first lactation. Calf clubs then became 4-H Dairy Clubs. Some prominent breeders began to build their herds as 4-H Dairy Club members. Some vocational ag- ated the virus contained in the medulla oblongata that connects the brain with the spinal cord by drying it in sterile air. A succession of progressively more virile injections caused the body to build up resistance against lethal action of the virus. Immunization of 9-year old Joseph Meister, bitten by a rabid dog, was completed July 16, 1888. Pasteur thus demonstrated immunization against that fatal infection was possible if done before advanced stages of the disease. Johne's disease (paratuberculosis), recognized since 1895, in- volves the mucous membranes and intestinal lymph glands of cattle. A Johnin test similar to the tuberculin test is applied to detect in- fected animals. Some states are cooperating with the USDA in test- ing programs and in elimination of infected animals. Rinderpest, a critical virus disease of cattle, has been kept out of the United States by embargo, but it still occurs in many tropical regions and parts of the Orient. The infection can be carried in hides, improperly sterilized animal by-products, and materials in- fected by contact. Smallpox. On May 14, 1796, the English physician Edward Jen- ner successfully immunized his son against smallpox by treating him with the attenuated virus from a cowpox lesion on the hand of the milkmaid Sarah Newlme. Jenner initiated the practice still used in immunization against several common diseases of man and livestock, such as blackleg, leptospirosis, and several other infec- tions. JUNIOR DAIRY AcivrrEs Junior extension activities began with corn clubs, to which pig and calf clubs were added. Calves were purchased by business men or others, and placed for 1 year with selected calf club boys or girls to feed, manage, and keep records. The calves were exhibited and sold at auction at the end of the year. Original cost of the calf was remitted to the owner, while any difference went to the club member. A committee of the American Dairy Science Association recommended in 1922 that henceforth the club member own the calf, and keep records at least through the first lactation. Calf clubs then became 4-H Dairy Clubs. Some prominent breeders began to build their herds as 4-H Dairy Club members. Some vocational ag- ated the virus contained in the medulla oblongata that connects the brain with the spinal cord by drying it in sterile air. A succession of progressively more virile injections caused the body to build up resistance against lethal action of the virus. Immunization of 9-year old Joseph Meister, bitten by a rabid dog, was completed July 16, 1888. Pasteur thus demonstrated immunization against that fatal infection was possible if done before advanced stages of the disease. Johne's disease (paratuberculosis), recognized since 1895, in- volves the mucous membranes and intestinal lymph glands of cattle. A Johnin test similar to the tuberculin test is applied to detect in- fected animals. Some states are cooperating with the USDA in test- ing programs and in elimination of infected animals. Rinderpest, a critical virus disease of cattle, has been kept out of the United States by embargo, but it still occurs in many tropical regions and parts of the Orient. The infection can be carried in hides, improperly sterilized animal by-products, and materials in- fected by contact. Smallpox. On May 14, 1796, the English physician Edward Jen- ner successfully immunized his son against smallpox by treating him with the attenuated virus from a cowpox lesion on the hand of the milkmaid Sarah Newlme. Jenner initiated the practice still used in immunization against several common diseases of man and livestock, such as blackleg, leptospirosis, and several other infec- tions. JUNIOR DAIRY AcrtvrrsS Junior extension activities began with corn clubs, to which pig and calf clubs were added. Calves were purchased by business men or others, and placed for 1 year with selected calf club boys or girls to feed, manage, and keep records. The calves were exhibited and sold at auction at the end of the year. Original cost of the calf was remitted to the owner, while any difference went to the club member. A committee of the American Dairy Science Association recommended in 1922 that henceforth the club member own the calf, and keep records at least through the first lactation. Calf clubs then became 4-H Dairy Clubs. Some prominent breeders began to build their herds as 4-H Dairy Club members. Some vocational ag-  460 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS ricultural schools foster a junior dairy project along the same plan. Judging at the junior dairy shows first followed the traditional system of a first, second, and third prize to the three top animals irrespective of quality, condition, and showing. Under such a plan many animals were out of the money in large groups. This method of judging was changed to the Danish system whereby animals were divided according to quality or score into blue, red, and white ribbon groups. Every animal in these groups was recognized. Fitting and showmanship contests and the project record books have been educational features of the junior dairy project. Com- petition begins with local clubs, and the better entries advance to district, state, and national junior dairy shows. A 1-day district Black-and-White Show was initiated at Rich- mond, Utah, by the Holstein western fieldman and Utah extension service in 1915. Jersey breeders followed with parish shows in the midwest in 1928. Brown Swiss canton shows began in 1938. FEEDING AND MANAGEMENT Classroom instruction on care and feeding of dairy cattle formerly was based on successful farm experience. European feeding stan- dards were interpreted by W. A. Henry, and later standards were assembled by his successor F. B. Morrison in the textbook Feeds and Feeding. They assembled analyses and nutritive values of Ameri- can forages and grains. Controlled feeding trials by T. L. Haecker determined the di- gestible crude protein, fat, and carbohydrates needed to maintain a dairy cow in the stable. He found that the nutrients above main- tenance requirement needs for milk production varied according to the butterfat content and composition of milk. J. L. Hills and as- sociates confirmed Haecker's findings for maintenance and milk pro- duction, and added an allowance during advancing gestation. H. P. Armsby determined the energy value of protein, nitrogen-free extract, crude fiber, and fat-with separate animals in a large- animal calorimeter. From these values he attempted to compute the energy value of other feeds from their chemical analyses. J. T. Reid et al. found the maintenance requirements of grazing cows to be about 40 percent above those in the stall (11.3 instead of 7.9 460 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS ricultural schools foster a junior dairy project along the same plan. Judging at the junior dairy shows first followed the traditional system of a first, second, and third prize to the three top animals irrespective of quality, condition, and showing. Under such a plan many animals were out of the money in large groups. This method of judging was changed to the Danish system whereby animals were divided according to quality or score into blue, red, and white ribbon groups. Every animal in these groups was recognized. Fitting and showmanship contests and the project record books have been educational features of the junior dairy project. Com- petition begins with local clubs, and the better entries advance to district, state, and national junior dairy shows. A 1-day district Black-and-White Show was initiated at Rich- mond, Utah, by the Holstein western fieldman and Utah extension service in 1915. Jersey breeders followed with parish shows in the midwest in 1928. Brown Swiss canton shows began in 1938. FEEDING AND MANAGEMENT Classroom instruction on care and feeding of dairy cattle formerly was based on successful farm experience. European feeding stan- dards were interpreted by W. A. Henry, and later standards were assembled by his successor F. B. Morrison in the textbook Feeds and Feeding. They assembled analyses and nutritive values of Ameri- can forages and grains. Controlled feeding trials by T. L. Haecker determined the di- gestible crude protein, fat, and carbohydrates needed to maintain a dairy cow in the stable. He found that the nutrients above main- tenance requirement needs for milk production varied according to the butterfat content and composition of milk. J. L. Hills and as- sociates confirmed Haecker's findings for maintenance and milk pro- duction, and added an allowance during advancing gestation. H. P. Armsby determined the energy value of protein, nitrogen-free extract, crude fiber, and fat-with separate animals in a large- animal calorimeter. From these values he attempted to compute the energy value of other feeds from their chemical analyses. J. T. Reid et al. found the maintenance requirements of grazing cows to be about 40 percent above those in the stall (11.3 instead of 7.9 40 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS ricultural schools foster a junior dairy project along the same plan. Judging at the junior dairy shows first followed the traditional system of a first, second, and third prize to the three top animals irrespective of quality, condition, and showing. Under such a plan many animals were out of the money in large groups. This method of judging was changed to the Danish system whereby animals were divided according to quality or score into blue, red, and white ribbon groups. Every animal in these groups was recognized. Fitting and showmanship contests and the project record books have been educational features of the junior dairy project. Com- petition begins with local clubs, and the better entries advance to district, state, and national junior dairy shows. A 1-day district Black-and-White Show was initiated at Rich- mond, Utah, by the Holstein western fieldman and Utah extension service in 1915. Jersey breeders followed with parish shows in the midwest in 1928. Brown Swiss canton shows began in 1938. FEEDING AND MANAGEMENT Classroom instruction on care and feeding of dairy cattle formery was based on successful farm experience. European feeding stan- dards were interpreted by W. A. Henry, and later standards were assembled by his successor F. B. Morrison in the textbook Feeds and Feeding. They assembled analyses and nutritive values of Ameri- can forages and grains. Controlled feeding trials by T. L. Haecker determined the di- gestible crude protein, fat, and carbohydrates needed to maintain a dairy cow in the stable. He found that the nutrients above main- tenance requirement needs for milk production varied according to the butterfat content and composition of milk. J. L. Hills and as- sociates confirmed Haecker's findings for maintenance and milk pro- duction, and added an allowance during advancing gestation. H. P. Armsby determined the energy value of protein, nitrogen-free extract, crude fiber, and fat-with separate animals in a large- animal calorimeter. From these values he attempted to compute the energy value of other feeds from their chemical analyses. J. T. Reid et al. found the maintenance requirements of grazing cows to be about 40 percent above those in the stall (11.3 instead of 7.9  Contributions to Better Dairying 461 Contributions to Better Dairying 461 Contributions to Better Dairying 461 pounds of total digestible nutrients for a 1,000-pound cow). This allowed for the work of grazing. C. H. Eckles found that a good cow and a mediocre cow digested feeds equally well. The requirements for nutrients to maintain the body were in proportion to live weight. The better cow utilized surplus nutrients for greater milk production in proportion to her ability. He found that the amounts of protein and energy used to develop the bovine fetus were too small to measure by the usual feeding trials. Work begun in Missouri on the feed requirements of growing heifers was completed by A. C. Ragsdale. Eckles investi- gated requirements for maintenance and growth of dairy calves and the needs of dairy cows for phosphorus. Long-time calcium and phosphorus balance trials at the Michi- gan, Pennsylvania, and Vermont stations and at Beltsville found that milk cows stored these minerals during the dry period. Cows drew on these reserves when the daily intakes were inadequate for high milk production. Iodine in trace amounts was found to prevent goiter in young animals by the Montana, Washington, and Wiscon- sin stations. Needs of cattle for the trace mineral elements-iron, copper, and cobalt-to overcome and prevent nutritional anemia and for respiratory and other functions were investigated at the Florida station. Other stations confirmed results in these fields and adapted them to local feeding conditions. Eckles directed early investigations on the vitamin requirements of cattle. This led S. L Bechdel and associates to discover that bac- teria synthesize the water-soluble vitamins in the rumen. Also L. M. Thurston found that the diet of calves need not supply vitamin C. However, vitamin A had to be supplied by the feeds, according to I. R. Jones. This field was reviewed by the Subcommittee on Dairy Cattle Nutrition of the National Research Council. Hormonal relationships to udder development and milk produc- tion have been reviewed by the Committee on Animal Nutrition and have been presented in textbooks on animal physiology and milk secretion. Successive subcommittees of the National Research Councils Committee on Animal Nutrition summarized investigations on the recommended nutrients and the nutrient requirements of dairy pounds of total digestible nutrients for a 1,000-pound cow). This allowed for the work of grazing. C. H. Eckles found that a good cow and a mediocre cow digested feeds equally well. The requirements for nutrients to maintain the body were in proportion to live weight. The better cow utilized surplus nutrients for greater milk production in proportion to her ability. He found that the amounts of protein and energy used to develop the bovine fetus were too small to measure by the usual feeding trials. Work begun in Missouri on the feed requirements of growing heifers was completed by A. C. Ragsdale. Eckles investi- gated requirements for maintenance and growth of dairy calves and the needs of dairy cows for phosphorus. Long-time calcium and phosphorus balance trials at the Michi- gan, Pennsylvania, and Vermont stations and at Beltsville found that milk cows stored these minerals during the dry period. Cows drew on these reserves when the daily intakes were inadequate for high milk production. Iodine in trace amounts was found to prevent goiter in young animals by the Montana, Washington, and Wiscon- sin stations. Needs of cattle for the trace mineral elements-iron, copper, and cobalt-to overcome and prevent nutritional anemia and for respiratory and other functions were investigated at the Florida station. Other stations confirmed results in these fields and adapted them to local feeding conditions. Eckles directed early investigations on the vitamin requirements of cattle. This led S. I. Bechdel and associates to discover that bac- teria synthesize the water-soluble vitamins in the rumen. Also L. M. Thurston found that the diet of calves need not supply vitamin C. However, vitamin A had to be supplied by the feeds, according to I. R. Jones. This field was reviewed by the Subcommittee on Dairy Cattle Nutrition of the National Research Council. Hormonal relationships to udder development and milk produc- tion have been reviewed by the Committee on Animal Nutrition and have been presented in textbooks on animal physiology and milk secretion. Successive subcommittees of the National Research Councils Committee on Animal Nutrition summarized investigations on the recommended nutrients and the nutrient requirements of dairy pounds of total digestible nutrients for a 1,000-pound cow). This allowed for the work of grazing. C. H. Eckles found that a good cow and a mediocre cow digested feeds equally well. The requirements for nutrients to maintain the body were in proportion to live weight. The better cow utilized surplus nutrients for greater milk production in proportion to her ability. He found that the amounts of protein and energy used to develop the bovine fetus were too small to measure by the usual feeding trials. Work begun in Missouri on the feed requirements of growing heifers was completed by A. C. Ragsdale. Eckles investi- gated requirements for maintenance and growth of dairy calves and the needs of dairy cows for phosphorus. Long-time calcium and phosphorus balance trials at the Michi- gan, Pennsylvania, and Vermont stations and at Beltsville found that milk cows stored these minerals during the dry period. Cows drew on these reserves when the daily intakes were inadequate for high milk production. Iodine in trace amounts was found to prevent goiter in young animals by the Montana, Washington, and Wiscon- sin stations. Needs of cattle for the trace mineral elements-iron, copper, and cobalt-to overcome and prevent nutritional anemia and for respiratory and other functions were investigated at the Florida station. Other stations confirmed results in these fields and adapted them to local feeding conditions. Eckles directed early investigations on the vitamin requirements of cattle. This led S. . Bechdel and associates to discover that bac- teria synthesize the water-soluble vitamins in the rumen. Also L. M. Thurston found that the diet of calves need not supply vitamin C. However, vitamin A had to be supplied by the feeds, according to I. R. Jones. This field was reviewed by the Subcommittee on Dairy Cattle Nutrition of the National Research Council. Hormonal relationships to udder development and milk produc- tion have been reviewed by the Committee on Animal Nutrition and have been presented in textbooks on animal physiology and milk secretion. Successive subcommittees of the National Research Councils Committee on Animal Nutrition summarized investigations on the recommended nutrients and the nutrient requirements of dairy  462 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS cattle. The early reports applied to practical feeding practices. The third report, in 1956, dealt with minimum requirements based on controlled investigations in confinement with analyzed feeds of good quality. It allowed no margin for average variations in compo- sition of forages and concentrates, or for work by grazing animals under farm conditions. Margins of 10 to 15 percent above the min- imum amounts of digestible crude protein and total digestible nu- trients (the equivalent basis for digestible fats, carbohydrates, and protein) were recommended by T. L. Haecker, J. L. Hills, C. H. Eckles, and other workers in their recommended feeding standards. Their recommendations allowed for differences observed between selected analyzed feeds and average feeds, particularly forages, under general farm conditions. J. T. Reid's recommendations on maintenance needs of cows grazing on pastures, cited previously, was based on the Morrison standard at the "recommended" or higher level, which included the margins by the above investigators. A nationwide survey in 1941-44 found that butter (80 percent fat) contained an average of 15,000 I. U. of vitamin A per pound. A quart of milk (4 percent fat) averaged 1,540 I. U., or 716 per pound of milk. Vitamin A contents varied seasonally with intakes of quality forages. Workers at Purdue University determined that Guernsey cows maintained their bodies and produced butterfat of maximum vitamin A potency on intakes of 200 ml. of carotene daily. Requirements for reproduction were found at the Oklahoma station to increase at the sixth month of gestation, and were practi- cally double the needs at other times. The report of the Subcom- mittee on Dairy Cattle Nutrition in 1966 adjusted allowances for vitamin A on a practical basis to provide for an average vitamin A potency in milk. The fourth revised edition (1971) of Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle was presented in terms of energy and in metric units. Requirements were listed separately for growth of small and large breeds of heifers, of young bulls, for veal calves, and for mature bulls and cows. Allowances during the last two months of gestation provided for gain in body condition before calving. Requirements for milk production varied with butterfat percentages. For high milk production, the carotene allowances were suboptimal, and 462 DAI RY CATTLE BR EEDS cattle. The early reports applied to practical feeding practices. The third report, in 1956, dealt with minimum requirements based on controlled investigations in confinement with analyzed feeds of good quality. It allowed no margin for average variations in compo- sition of forages and concentrates, or for work by grazing animals under farm conditions. Margins of 10 to 15 percent above the min- imum amounts of digestible crude protein and total digestible nu- trients (the equivalent basis for digestible fats, carbohydrates, and protein) were recommended by T. L. Haecker, J. L. Hills, C. H. Eckles, and other workers in their recommended feeding standards. Their recommendations allowed for differences observed between selected analyzed feeds and average feeds, particularly forages, under general farm conditions. J. T. Reid's recommendations on maintenance needs of cows grazing on pastures, cited previously, was based on the Morrison standard at the "recommended" or higher level, which included the margins by the above investigators. A nationwide survey in 1941-44 found that butter (80 percent fat) contained an average of 15,000 I. U. of vitamin A per pound. A quart of milk (4 percent fat) averaged 1,540 I. U., or 716 per pound of milk. Vitamin A contents varied seasonally with intakes of quality forages. Workers at Purdue University determined that Guernsey cows maintained their bodies and produced butterfat of maximum vitamin A potency on intakes of 200 ml. of carotene daily. Requirements for reproduction were found at the Oklahoma station to increase at the sixth month of gestation, and were practi- cally double the needs at other times. The report of the Subcom- mittee on Dairy Cattle Nutrition in 1966 adjusted allowances for vitamin A on a practical basis to provide for an average vitamin A potency in milk. The fourth revised edition (1971) of Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle was presented in terms of energy and in metric units. Requirements were listed separately for growth of small and large breeds of heifers, of young bulls, for veal calves, and for mature bulls and cows. Allowances during the last two months of gestation provided for gain in body condition before calving. Requirements for milk production varied with butterfat percentages. For high milk production, the carotene allowances were suboptimal, and 462 DAI IRY CATTLE BREEDS cattle. The early reports applied to practical feeding practices. The third report, in 1956, dealt with minimum requirements based on controlled investigations in confinement with analyzed feeds of good quality. It allowed no margin for average variations in compo- sition of forages and concentrates, or for work by grazing animals under farm conditions. Margins of 10 to 15 percent above the min- imum amounts of digestible crude protein and total digestible nu- trients (the equivalent basis for digestible fats, carbohydrates, and protein) were recommended by T. L. Haecker, J. L. Hills, C. H. Eckles, and other workers in their recommended feeding standards. Their recommendations allowed for differences observed between selected analyzed feeds and average feeds, particularly forages, under general farm conditions. J. T. Reid's recommendations on maintenance needs of cows grazing on pastures, cited previously, was based on the Morrison standard at the "recommended" or higher level, which included the margins by the above investigators. A nationwide survey in 1941-44 found that butter (80 percent fat) contained an average of 15,000 I. U. of vitamin A per pound. A quart of milk (4 percent fat) averaged 1,540 I. U., or 716 per pound of milk. Vitamin A contents varied seasonally with intakes of quality forages. Workers at Purdue University determined that Guernsey cows maintained their bodies and produced butterfat of maximum vitamin A potency on intakes of 200 ml. of carotene daily. Requirements for reproduction were found at the Oklahoma station to increase at the sixth month of gestation, and were practi- cally double the needs at other times. The report of the Subcom- mittee on Dairy Cattle Nutrition in 1966 adjusted allowances for vitamin A on a practical basis to provide for an average vitamin A potency in milk. The fourth revised edition (1971) of Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle was presented in terms of energy and in metric units. Requirements were listed separately for growth of small and large breeds of heifers, of young bulls, for veal calves, and for mature bulls and cows. Allowances during the last two months of gestation provided for gain in body condition before calving. Requirements for milk production varied with butterfat percentages. For high milk production, the carotene allowances were suboptimal, and  Contributions to Better Dairying 463 Contributions to Better Dairying 463 Contributions to Better Dairying 463 could retard reproduction. Allowances were estimated for sixteen major and minor mineral nutrients, vitamins A, D, and E. The B- complex vitamins were listed for calves before rumen synthesis begins to supplement their intake in feeds. Mnc SECRETION Fundamentals of udder anatomy, function, and milk secretion are separate studies, dealt with in a technical textbook, Physiology of Lactation, 5th edition, by V. R. Smith, expanding earlier assemblage by D. Espe. An important function of colostrum-the first milk produced after parturition-is to provide the newborn calf with antibodies against many common bacteria. This function long has been recognized. More recently, B. Campbell and W. E. Petersen determined that the udder could acquire other bacteria from the nursing calf and soon form antibodies against them. This discovery may bear on production of special milks for therapeutic use in the future. Investi- gations are continuing on this function of the mammary gland. Cows dependent mainly on pastures during drouths in New York and Wisconsin gave milk low in protein contents. Eckles and Palmer found that cows underfed on total digestible nutrients yielded milk low in casein content. E. B. Powell reported that fineness of the leafy forages, as well as restricted intakes of them, decreased the percentage of fat in cow's milk. Field observations and feeding trials in Florida confirmed the need for long leafy forages in quan- tity for fat synthesis in the udder. Underfeeding energy at 85 or 75 percent lowered protein contents of milk, independently of heredity and management of the cows. The cow is a ruminant, adapted to utilize high-quality leafy for- ages efficiently. H. A. Herman determined that growth stage of Les- pedeza sericea affected digestibility inversely to its lignin content. During 14 years of rumen fistula studies, O. T. Stalleup of Arkansas confirmed that lignin incrusting other nutrients impeded the rate of passage and digestibility of stalks as contrasted with the leafy portions of corn silage. Florida workers found that mainly small feed particles passed from the rumen into the omasum. Rhythmic contractions crushed could retard reproduction. Allowances were estimated for sixteen major and minor mineral nutrients, vitamins A, D, and E. The B- complex vitamins were listed for calves before rumen synthesis begins to supplement their intake in feeds. MnK SECRETION Fundamentals of udder anatomy, function, and milk secretion are separate studies, dealt with in a technical textbook, Physiology of Lactation, 5th edition, by V. R. Smith, expanding earlier assemblage by D. Espe. An important function of colostrum-the first milk produced after parturition-is to provide the newborn calf with antibodies against many common bacteria. This function long has been recognized. More recently, B. Campbell and W. E. Petersen determined that the udder could acquire other bacteria from the nursing calf and soon form antibodies against them. This discovery may bear on production of special milks for therapeutic use in the future. Investi- gations are continuing on this function of the mammary gland. Cows dependent mainly on pastures during drouths in New York and Wisconsin gave milk low in protein contents. Eckles and Palmer found that cows underfed on total digestible nutrients yielded milk low in casein content. E. B. Powell reported that fineness of the leafy forages, as well as restricted intakes of them, decreased the percentage of fat in cow's milk. Field observations and feeding trials in Florida confirmed the need for long leafy forages in quan- tity for fat synthesis in the udder. Underfeeding energy at 85 or 75 percent lowered protein contents of milk, independently of heredity and management of the cows. The cow is a ruminant, adapted to utilize high-quality leafy for- ages efficiently. H. A. Herman determined that growth stage of Les- pedeza sericea affected digestibility inversely to its lignin content. During 14 years of rumen fistula studies, O. T. Stallcup of Arkansas confirmed that lignin incrusting other nutrients impeded the rate of passage and digestibility of stalks as contrasted with the leafy portions of corn silage. Florida workers found that mainly small feed particles passed from the rumen into the omasum. Rhythmic contractions crushed could retard reproduction. Allowances were estimated for sixteen major and minor mineral nutrients, vitamins A, D, and E. The B- complex vitamins were listed for calves before rumen synthesis begins to supplement their intake in feeds. Manc SECRETION Fundamentals of udder anatomy, function, and milk secretion are separate studies, dealt with in a technical textbook, Physiology of Lactation, 5th edition, by V. R. Smith, expanding earlier assemblage by D. Espe. An important function of colostrum-the first milk produced after parturition-is to provide the newborn calf with antibodies against many common bacteria. This function long has been recognized. More recently, B. Campbell and W. E. Petersen determined that the udder could acquire other bacteria from the nursing calf and soon form antibodies against them. This discovery may bear on production of special milks for therapeutic use in the future. Investi- gations are continuing on this function of the mammary gland. Cows dependent mainly on pastures during drouths in New York and Wisconsin gave milk low in protein contents. Eckles and Palmer found that cows underfed on total digestible nutrients yielded milk low in casein content. E. B. Powell reported that fineness of the leafy forages, as well as restricted intakes of them, decreased the percentage of fat in cow's milk. Field observations and feeding trials in Florida confirmed the need for long leafy forages in quan- tity for fat synthesis in the udder. Underfeeding energy at 85 or 75 percent lowered protein contents of milk, independently of heredity and management of the cows. The cow is a ruminant, adapted to utilize high-quality leafy for- ages efficiently. H. A. Herman determined that growth stage of Les- pedeza sericea affected digestibility inversely to its lignin content. During 14 years of rumen fistula studies, O. T. Stalleup of Arkansas confirmed that lignin incrusting other nutrients impeded the rate of passage and digestibility of stalks as contrasted with the leafy portions of corn silage. Florida workers found that mainly small feed particles passed from the rumen into the omasum. Rhythmic contractions crushed  464 DAtIRY CATTLE BRED softened portiscles still fines hs-tsseen the latninal papillae. \loch of the finest material satin disappeaeed hy solution and digestion in the abnssasnns. HEREDsnARY CAACTY LrmITEDn no Eucono Nrpuac Early attenmpts to infitsencu heredity in cattle sswee metoned iii Genesis 30:25-43. The heedssnan Jacob tried In increase bis lpay in spntted animals fenm Laban's flneks and heeds. Rahbert Bak act II FtG. 21.1. loian, Cee, It,-..i Ceran-bass Austtian moakd used she indlependent ua tna cat ar damnaat .and receacu e cc -s ctass-pllinaaig peuaso in th at- ian oasterys garden at Bsunn. A- Ina ( oa o C oios ka demonnstrated nor of inhbreeding to concentrate somte desirahle char- acters in his Longhorn catthe and Leicester sheep. Thes Austriat, monkhJohanncregor Mendel discovered the pinciplesaofiheri- tone through insdependent assortment of genus wchdlenwrkino with hand-pollinated strains of peas in the monaotery nardun at Bian. Austria (now Brno, Czeehoslovaknia). Bee Figure 2t. Colonel Zadock Pratt observed a century ago that productions af cowsoconldhbeimproaedlbyrsaen aosinglscentss toone of thesim- pruned breeds. Grading op enperiments at the lana Statian (Table 21.2) and others substantiated this fart. John Gosling, Kansas City meal rotter, demonstrated at Farmters' 464 DAIRY CAnTLs assES softensed particles still fines hetwueen thse lasminsal papillae. Munds of1 the finest material soon disappeared hi solustian ansd diocuttaon ins the abomnasum. HntrnDTary CoPACrTY Liursor no EWIOs-tsaosu Early attemspts to inflseue hecredits in cattleswere oetonetcd in Genesis 30s25-43, The herdsmoan Jaob tried to in crease tais pas in spotted animals froms Lahan's finchs and herds. Rbhert Oaks null 464 notR st TTL Baoa REEDS softened particles still finer hetsseen the laminal papillae. \lush of the finest material sours disappeared hi solution and digestion an the abatmasums. HEmEDTARsYCAeACIrYnLIMTs-ED\-stv IONM\Tcn Early attempts to influc-nce heredity in cattle ours tauttisoned in Genesis 30s25-43. The hrdssoan Jacoh tried to increase htis pat in spotted animals from Lahan's fuochs and heeds. ERhbert iahuscell FIGC. 21.1. 1J1hans Great 01I Gensnan-bars Autrian mosnk. Os, coal the isdseundcnt a,,, noes dottantad - i~ e t:ilntn esic th Aus rn ase gardeu-nttBrnn, tria (non Onto, Ca-olas1o, ha FIG. 21t1. bion, Gucus at-sdl Gerut-ban Austrian monk. sis-_ ectO t ideendbat a-nnt a, dootnuat and teeacu enes b -us-plintn pa tI, Ai sos-ti ian utosas, arden at Brunn A.5- oan Onto, Cee-lauloakis demonstrated uss of inbhreeding to concentrate sotme desirahle char- actessinhis Longhornucattlt-and Licesterusheep.The- Autriaa monkh Johann Gregor Menadel discovered the principles of inhera- tone through independent assortment of genus w-hilu n-arkino nwith hand-pollinated strains of peas in the mossastero gardest at Brcssntt. Austria (now Bro, Czechoslovakia). hue Figure 20.1. Colonel Zadoch Pratt ohserved a censtury ago thtat productin of rows could beimprovedhby even asinrgle cross to one of the imt- proved hreeds. Grading op experiments at the tuna Station Table 21.2) and others substantiatrd this fart. John Gosling, Kansas City mat ratter, demonstrated at Farmers' demonstrated use of inhreeding to concentrate some desirablecshae- asters in his Longhon cattle and Leicester sheep. Theu Austrian monk Johanns Gregor Mendel discosered the principles of inher- lane through independent assortment of genes obile norhinz nitb hand-pollinated strains of peas in the monastery garden at Brins Austria (now Bro, Czechosluoaia). See Figure 21.1. Colonel Zadock Pratt ohserved a century ago that productatutaof cowsscouldhbeimprovedhbyrevenasinglerss toone of thebin- proved hreeds. Grading up enperiments at the Ion-a Starion Tahle 21.2) and othrs substantiated this fart. John Gosling, Kansas City tat rotter. demnstrated at Faunters'  Contributions to Better Dairying 465 Contributions to Better Dairying 465 Contributions to Better Daiying 465 Week programs in 1915 that muscling and spareness of fleshing (dairy temperament in part) were inherited breed characters. See Figure 15.5. The effect of feeding, good care, and management has been dem- onstrated many times. Transfers of cows between herds under dif- ferent management have been reflected in milk and butterfat yields. E. L. Anthony stated that transfers of outstanding animals did not include the environment that enabled good cows to produce up to their hereditary capacities. The combined effect of improved hereditary capacity, better feeding, and management are evidenced by the increasing average production of cows-from 215 to 483 pounds of butterfat in DHIA between 1906 and 1970 (Table 21.1). The impact of breeding arti- ficially to good sires contributed toward this improvement. In 1969 some 1,911 selected bulls in artificial breeding studs were used to inseminate an average of 3,608 cows per bull (Table 21.5). Dairy cows will become even more efficient. PUREBRED DAIRY CATTLE ASSOCIATION Good representative cows of five dairy breeds were displayed on the Borden Company's rotolactor at the New York World's Fair in 1939. In 1940 Henry Jeffers, inventor of the rotolactor, suggested to seven representatives of the breed associations that a joint inter- breed organization might cooperate on mutual problems in addition to the public relations exhibit. The group organized temporarily until the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association was formed at Peter- borough, New Hampshire, five months later. Membership com- prised three representatives from each of five dairy breed organiza- tions-usually the president, secretary, and a breeder. The breeds shared operating obligations in proportion to the number of regis- tered animals in the previous three years. Merits of purebred dairy cattle were promoted with a Court of Dairy Queens (six daughters of a sire of each breed that transmitted production) at the National Dairy Show in 1940 and 1941. An essay contest on the purebred sire drew 2,816 contestants. The PDCA drew on specialists in different dairy fields to serve on committees and cooperate with other organizations. Projects in- Week programs in 1915 that muscling and spareness of fleshing (dairy temperament in part) weere inherited breed characters. See Figure 15.5. The effect of feeding, good care, and management has been dem- onstrated many times. Transfers of cows between herds under dif- ferent management have been reflected in milk and butterfat yields. E. L. Anthony stated that transfers of outstanding animals did not include the environment that enabled good cows to produce up to their hereditary capacities. The combined effect of improved hereditary capacity, better feeding, and management are evidenced by the increasing average production of cows-from 215 to 483 pounds of butterfat in DHIA between 1906 and 1970 (Table 21.1). The impact of breeding arti- ficially to good sires contributed toward this improvement. In 1969 some 1,911 selected bulls in artificial breeding studs were used to inseminate an average of 3,608 cows per bull (Table 21.5). Dairy cows will become even more efficient. PUREBRED DAIRY CATTLE ASSOCIATION Good representative cows of five dairy breeds were displayed on the Borden Company's rotolactor at the New York World's Fair in 1939. In 1940 Henry Jeffers, inventor of the rotolactor, suggested to seven representatives of the breed associations that a joint inter- breed organization might cooperate on mutual problems in addition to the public relations exhibit. The group organized temporarily until the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association was formed at Peter- borough, New Hampshire, five months later. Membership com- prised three representatives from each of five dairy breed organiza- tions-usually the president, secretary, and a breeder. The breeds shared operating obligations in proportion to the number of regis- tered animals in the previous three years. Merits of purebred dairy cattle were promoted with a Court of Dairy Queens (six daughters of a sire of each breed that transmitted production) at the National Dairy Show in 1940 and 1941. An essay contest on the purebred sire drew 2,816 contestants. The PDCA drew on specialists in different dairy fields to serve on committees and cooperate with other organizations. Projects in- Week programs in 1915 that muscling and spareness of fleshing (dairy temperament in part) were inherited breed characters. See Figure 15.5. The effect of feeding, good care, and management has been dem- onstrated many times. Transfers of cows between herds under dif- ferent management have been reflected in milk and butterfat yields. E. L. Anthony stated that transfers of outstanding animals did not include the environment that enabled good cows to produce up to their hereditary capacities. The combined effect of improved hereditary capacity, better feeding, and management are evidenced by the increasing average production of cows-from 215 to 483 pounds of butterfat in DHIA between 1906 and 1970 (Table 21.1). The impact of breeding arti- ficially to good sires contributed toward this improvement. In 1969 some 1,911 selected bulls in artificial breeding studs were used to inseminate an average of 3,608 cows per bull (Table 21.5). Dairy cows will become even more efficient. PUREBRED DAIRY CATTLE ASSOCIATION Good representative cows of five dairy breeds were displayed on the Borden Company's rotolactor at the New York World's Fair in 1939. In 1940 Henry Jeffers, inventor of the rotolactor, suggested to seven representatives of the breed associations that a joint inter- breed organization might cooperate on mutual problems in addition to the public relations exhibit. The group organized temporarily until the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association was formed at Peter- borough, New Hampshire, five months later. Membership com- prised three representatives from each of five dairy breed organiza- tions-usually the president, secretary, and a breeder. The breeds shared operating obligations in proportion to the number of regis- tered animals in the previous three years. Merits of purebred dairy cattle were promoted with a Court of Dairy Queens (six daughters of a sire of each breed that transmitted production) at the National Dairy Show in 1940 and 1941. An essay contest on the purebred sire drew 2,816 contestants. The PDCA drew on specialists in different dairy fields to serve on committees and cooperate with other organizations. Projects in-  466 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS eluded the Unified Score Cards for dairy cattle, uniform classes for dairy cattle at county and state fairs, facilities for photography at fairs, and unified rules for production testing, artificial breeding, and use of frozen semen. Some uniformity was attained in type classifi- cation of dairy cattle. Diseases were studied with relation to regu- lations for interstate movement of animals. Recommended sales practices at public auctions and private treaty were incorporated into a recommended code of sales ethics. Interests were interwoven with committees of the American Dairy Science Association on breed relations, supervision of production testing, animal breeding. health, and others. The PDCA now provides the Roll of Honor cer- tificates for meritorious production in DHIA, sponsored earlier by the National Dairy Association. State livestock associations existed early in several areas, and PDCA groups since have organized in many states. A Research Council was founded with cooperation of the Ameri- can Dairy Science Association, with subcommittees in production. reproduction, disease control, and dairy type. This resulted to some extent in unified methods of analyzing sires and dams, subject to revisions. Blood typing of dairy cattle was fostered at the Universi- ties of Ohio, Wisconsin, and California, with service in verification of parentage now under a separate contract, based on blood antigen determinations. All bulls in artificial service under contract with the PDCA now are required to have blood types recorded with the re- spective breed associations. A uniform scorecard for judging Junior Showmanship Contests was developed. THE EcKLEs CLUB Eleven former graduates who had studied under Dr. C. H. Eckles. lunched together while attending the National Dairy Show at Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1916. They decided to wire "The Chief" who had inspired them toward their careers. Thus the Eckles Club began and expanded. Later "The Chief" gave or wrote a short message to these former students. (Like: "Offering cheese in convenient-size pieces might increase acceptance." It has.) Doctor Eckles was straightforward and humble about his contributions to 466 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS eluded the Unified Score Cards for dairy cattle, uniform classes for dairy cattle at county and state fairs, facilities for photography at fairs, and unified rules for production testing, artificial breeding, and use of frozen semen. Some uniformity was attained in type classifi- cation of dairy cattle. Diseases were studied with relation to regu- lations for interstate movement of animals. Recommended sales practices at public auctions and private treaty were incorporated into a recommended code of sales ethics. Interests were interwoven with committees of the American Dairy Science Association on breed relations, supervision of production testing, animal breeding, health, and others. The PDCA now provides the Roll of Honor cer- tificates for meritorious production in DHIA, sponsored earlier by the National Dairy Association. State livestock associations existed early in several areas, and PDCA groups since have organized in many states. A Research Council was founded with cooperation of the Ameri- can Dairy Science Association, with subcommittees in production, reproduction, disease control, and dairy type. This resulted to some extent in unified methods of analyzing sires and dams, subject to revisions. Blood typing of dairy cattle was fostered at the Universi- ties of Ohio, Wisconsin, and California, with service in verification of parentage now under a separate contract, based on blood antigen determinations. All bulls in artificial service under contract with the PDCA now are required to have blood types recorded with the re- spective breed associations. A uniform scorecard for judging Junior Showmanship Contests was developed. THE EcKLEs CLUB Eleven former graduates who had studied under Dr. C. H. Eckles, lunched together while attending the National Dairy Show at Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1916. They decided to wire "The Chief" who had inspired them toward their careers. Thus the Eckles Club began and expanded. Later "The Chief" gave or wrote a short message to these former students. (Like: "Offering cheese in convenient-size pieces might increase acceptance." It has.) Doctor Eckles was straightforward and humble about his contributions to 466 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS eluded the Unified Score Cards for dairy cattle, uniform classes for dairy cattle at county and state fairs, facilities for photography at fairs, and unified rules for production testing, artificial breeding, and use of frozen semen. Some uniformity was attained in type classifi- cation of dairy cattle. Diseases were studied with relation to regu- lations for interstate movement of animals. Recommended sales practices at public auctions and private treaty were incorporated into a recommended code of sales ethics. Interests were interwoven with committees of the American Dairy Science Association on breed relations, supervision of production testing, animal breeding. health, and others. The PDCA now provides the Roll of Honor cer- tificates for meritorious production in DHIA, sponsored earlier by the National Dairy Association. State livestock associations existed early in several areas, and PDCA groups since have organized in many states. A Research Council was founded with cooperation of the Ameri- can Dairy Science Association, with subcommittees in production. reproduction, disease control, and dairy type. This resulted to some extent in unified methods of analyzing sires and dams, subject to revisions. Blood typing of dairy cattle was fostered at the Universi- ties of Ohio, Wisconsin, and California, with service in verification of parentage now under a separate contract, based on blood antigen determinations. All bulls in artificial service under contract with the PDCA now are required to have blood types recorded with the re- spective breed associations. A uniform scorecard for judging Junior Showmanship Contests was developed. THE ECKLES CLUB Eleven former graduates who had studied under Dr. C. H. Eckles, lunched together while attending the National Dairy Show at Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1916. They decided to wire "The Chief" who had inspired them toward their careers. Thus the Eckles Club began and expanded. Later "The Chief' gave or wrote a short message to these former students. (Like: "Offering cheese in convenient-size pieces might increase acceptance." It has.) Doctor Eckles was straightforward and humble about his contributions to  Contributions to Better Dairying 467 Contributions to Better Dairying 467 Contributions to Better Dairying 467 the dairy industry. The members of the Eckles Club had each con- tributed in some way to the dairy industry. Members of the Eckles Club included 17 Chairmen and 36 staff members of Dairy Departments, 16 Extension dairy specialists, four Deans or Directors at Colleges of Agriculture, 11 leaders in the USDA Bureau of Dairy Industry, two Presidents and four Secre- taries of dairy breed associations, and many leaders in their respec- tive fields in the dairy industry. Dr. Eckles helped to found the American Dairy Science Associa- tion and served four years as its President. Former students served a total of 16 years as president. Dr. Eckles helped to establish the Journal of Dairy Science and was an associate editor thereafter. Eckles Hall was dedicated in his honor at the University of Missouri on November 3, 1939, and a street on the St. Paul campus of the University of Minnesota was named in recognition of his service there. The pledge given by Eckles Club members at each annual meet- ing was: "I believe that dairying is a branch of agriculture which promotes the best interest of this, my country, and I pledge myself to its proper development through research and practice. All this I promise that I may prove worthy of the example of my teacher, counselor and friend: Clarence Henry Eckles." After Mrs. Eckles passed away, the Eckles Club voted to disband. It is with humble appreciation that this book is dedicated to "The Chief' as one of the greatest leaders who contributed most signifi- cantly toward a better dairy industry. DAIRY SHRINE CLOB Honor to living persons and recognition of former leaders who made outstanding contributions to any part of the dairy industry were goals for founding the Dairy Shrine Club. Conception of the organi- zation originated with a few men in 1947 and was completed in Minneapolis in June 1949. It crystallized around the creation of a graduate student scholarship in honor of Dean H. H. Kildee on his retirement from administrative duties at Iowa State College on June 30, 1949. The scholarship was to be awarded to the high man or al- ternate in judging all dairy cattle breeds at the National Intercol- the dairy industry. The members of the Eckles Club had each con- tributed in some way to the dairy industry. Members of the Eckles Club included 17 Chairmen and 36 staff members of Dairy Departments, 16 Extension dairy specialists, four Deans or Directors at Colleges of Agriculture, 11 leaders in the USDA Bureau of Dairy Industry, two Presidents and four Secre- taries of dairy breed associations, and many leaders in their respec- tive fields in the dairy industry. Dr. Eckles helped to found the American Dairy Science Associa- tion and served four years as its President. Former students served a total of 16 years as president. Dr. Eckles helped to establish the Journal of Dairy Science and was an associate editor thereafter. Eckles Hall was dedicated in his honor at the University of Missouri on November 3, 1939, and a street on the St. Paul campus of the University of Minnesota was named in recognition of his service there. The pledge given by Eckles Club members at each annual meet- ing was: "I believe that dairying is a branch of agriculture which promotes the best interest of this, my country, and I pledge myself to its proper development through research and practice. All this I promise that I may prove worthy of the example of my teacher, counselor and friend: Clarence Henry Eckles." After Mrs. Eckles passed away, the Eckles Club voted to disband. It is with humble appreciation that this book is dedicated to "The Chief" as one of the greatest leaders who contributed most signifi- cantly toward a better dairy industry. DAmRY SHRINE CLUB Honor to living persons and recognition of former leaders who made outstanding contributions to any part of the dairy industry were goals for founding the Dairy Shrine Club. Conception of the organi- zation originated with a few men in 1947 and was completed in Minneapolis in June 1949. It crystallized around the creation of a graduate student scholarship in honor of Dean H. H. Kildee on his retirement from administrative duties at Iowa State College on June 30, 1949. The scholarship was to be awarded to the high man or al- ternate in judging all dairy cattle breeds at the National Intercol- the dairy industry. The members of the Eckles Club had each con- tributed in some way to the dairy industry. Members of the Eckles Club included 17 Chairmen and 36 staff members of Dairy Departments, 16 Extension dairy specialists, four Deans or Directors at Colleges of Agriculture, 11 leaders in the USDA Bureau of Dairy Industry, two Presidents and four Secre- taries of dairy breed associations, and many leaders in their respec- tive fields in the dairy industry. Dr. Eckles helped to found the American Dairy Science Associa- tion and served four years as its President. Former students served a total of 16 years as president. Dr. Eckles helped to establish the Journal of Dairy Science and was an associate editor thereafter. Eckles Hall was dedicated in his honor at the University of Missouri on November 3, 1939, and a street on the St. Paul campus of the University of Minnesota was named in recognition of his service there. The pledge given by Eckles Club members at each annual meet- ing was: "I believe that dairying is a branch of agriculture which promotes the best interest of this, my country, and I pledge myself to its proper development through research and practice. All this I promise that I may prove worthy of the example of my teacher, counselor and friend: Clarence Henry Eckles." After Mrs. Eckles passed away, the Eckles Club voted to disband. It is with humble appreciation that this book is dedicated to "The Chief" as one of the greatest leaders who contributed most signifi- cantly toward a better dairy industry. DAIRY SHRINE CtUB Honor to living persons and recognition of former leaders who made outstanding contributions to any part of the dairy industry were goals for founding the Dairy Shrine Club. Conception of the organi- zation originated with a few men in 1947 and was completed in Minneapolis in June 1949. It crystallized around the creation of a graduate student scholarship in honor of Dean H. H. Kildee on his retirement from administrative duties at Iowa State College on June 30, 1949. The scholarship was to be awarded to the high man or al- ternate in judging all dairy cattle breeds at the National Intercol-  468 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS legiate Dairy Cattle Judging Contest at the National Dairy Cattle Congress. Portraits of living Guests of Honor unveiled during the years in- cluded: 468 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS legiate Dairy Cattle Judging Contest at the National Dairy Cattle Congress. Portraits of living Guests of Honor unveiled during the years in- cluded: Dean H. H. Kildee, Iowa State College William Henry Jeffers, Walker Gordon Company Charles L. Hill, Guernsey breeder, importer, and President of the National Dairy Association Fred Pabst, Holstein breeder Dr. E. V. McCollum, food value of milk E. S. Estel, Manager, National Dairy Cattle Congress Joe P. Eves, Judge of dairy cattle Karl B. Musser, American Guernsey Cattle Club H. W. Norton, Jr., Holstein-Friesian Association of America John S. Ames, Langwater Farm Guernseys Alfred W. Ghormley, Carnation Company Fred S. Idtse, Brown Swiss Cattle Breeders Association Harold J. Shaw, Holstein breeder Harry A Strohmeyer, Jr., livestock photographer Janes Cash Penney, Guernsey breeder Dr. W. E. Petersen, teacher and investigator Dr. C. F. Huffman, teacher and investigator Elbert H. Brigham, Jersey breeder Roger R. Jessup, dairy leader Otto H. Liebers, Guernsey breeder M. S. Prescott, Holstein-Friesian World editor William D. Hoard, Jr., Hoard's Dairyman business manager Harold E. Searles, Dairy Extension leader Warren Kinney, Brown Swiss breeder W. D. Knox, Hoard's Dairyman editor Glen Lake, dairy farmer and milk marketing Dr. J. L. Lush, teacher and investigator Dr. Earl Weaver, teacher and investigator, judge Lawrence O. Colebank 1949 1950 1951 1951 1952 19.53 1954 1955 1965 1956 195 1958 1959 1959 1960 1960 1961 1962 1962 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 Dean H. H. Kildee, Iowa State College William Henry Jeffers, Walker Gordon Compan Charles L. Hill, Guernsey breeder, importer, and President of the National Dairy Association Fred Pabst, Holstein breeder Dr. E. V. McCollum, food value of milk E. S. Estel, Manager, National Dairy Cattle Congress Joe P. Eves, Judge of dairy cattle Karl B. Musser, American Guernsey Cattle Club H. W. Norton, Jr., Holstein-Friesian Association of America John S. Ames, Langwater Farm Guernseys Alfred W. Ghormley, Carnation Company Fred S. Idtse, Brown Swiss Cattle Breeders Association Harold J. Shaw, Holstein breeder Harry A Strohmeyer, Jr., livestock photographer James Cash Penney, Guernsey breeder Dr. W. E. Petersen, teacher and investigator Dr. C. F. Huffman, teacher and investigator Elbert H. Brigham, Jersey breeder Roger R. Jessup, dairy leader Otto H. Lichens, Guernsey breeder M. S. Prescott, Holstein-Friesian World editor William D. Hoard, Jr., Hoard's Dairyman business manager Harold E. Searles, Dairy Extension leader Warren Kinney, Brown Swiss breeder W. H. Knox, Hoard's Dairyman editor Glen Lake, dairy farmer and milk marketing Dr. J. L. Lush, teacher and investigator Dr. Earl Weaver, teacher and investigator, judge Lawrence O. Colebank 1949 1950 1951 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1955 1956 1957 1908 1959 1959 1960 1960 1961 1962 1962 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 19711 468 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS legiate Dairy Cattle Judging Contest at the National Dairv Cattle Congress. Portraits of living Guests of Honor unveiled during the years in- cluded: Dean H. H. Kildee, Iowa State College 1949 William Henry Jeffers, Walker Gordon Company 1950 Charles L. Hill, Guernsey breeder, importer, and President of the National Dairy Association 1951 Fred Pabst, Holstein breeder 1951 Dr. E. V. McCollum, food value of milk 1952 E. S. Estel, Manager, National Dairy Cattle Congress 1953 Joe P. Eves, Judge of dairy cattle 1954 Karl B. Musser, American Guernsey Cattle Club 1955 H. W. Norton, Jr., Holstein-Friesian Association of America 1955 John S. Ames, Langwater Farm Guernseys 1956 Alfred W. Ghormley, Carnation Company 1957 Fred S. Idtse, Brown Swiss Cattle Breeders Association 1958 Harold J. Shaw, Holstein breeder 1959 Harry A Strohmeyer, Jr., livestock photographer 1959 James Cash Penney, Guernsey breeder 1960 Dr. W. E. Petersen, teacher and investigator 1960 Dr. C. F. Huffman, teacher and investigator 1961 Elbert H. Brigham, Jersey breeder 1962 Roger R. Jessup, dairy leader 1962 Otto H. Liebers, Guernsey breeder 1962 M. S. Prescott, Holstein-Friesian World editor 1963 William D. Hoard, Jr., Hoard's Dairyman business manager 1964 Harold E. Searles, Dairy Extension leader 1965 Warren Kinney, Brown Swiss breeder 1966 W. D. Knox, Hoard's Dairyman editor 1967 Glen Lake, dairy farmer and milk marketing 1968 Dr. J. L. Lush, teacher and investigator 1969 Dr. Earl Weaver, teacher and investigator, judge 1970 Lawrence O. Colebank 1971 Portraits of prominent dairy pioneers are hung in the Pioneer Room, and volumes contain sketches of their contributions. These men won acclaim as administrators, auctioneers, authors, bacteriol- ogists, breeders, dairy editors, educators, importers, industrialists. inventors, herd managers, judges, organizers, research workers. manufacturers of dairy equipment and dairy products, publishers. breed association officers, dairy extension specialists, teachers, and others in closely allied dairy fields. Each person made some perma- nent contribution leading to advancement of the dairy industry. Persons recognized from other countries were Bernard Bang, Gustav Portraits of prominent dairy pioneers are hung in the Pioneer Room, and volumes contain sketches of their contributions. These men won acclaim as administrators, auctioneers, authors, bacteriol- ogists, breeders, dairy editors, educators, importers, industrialists. inventors, herd managers, judges, organizers, research workers. manufacturers of dairy equipment and dairy products, publishers. breed association officers, dairy extension specialists, teachers, and others in closely allied dairy fields. Each person made some perma- nent contribution leading to advancement of the dairy industry. Persons recognized from other countries were Bernard Bang, Gustav Portraits of prominent dairy pioneers are hung in the Pioneer Room, and volumes contain sketches of their contributions. These men won acclaim as administrators, auctioneers, authors, bacteriol- ogists, breeders, dairy editors, educators, importers, industrialists. inventors, herd managers, judges, organizers, research workers. manufacturers of dairy equipment and dairy products, publishers. breed association officers, dairy extension specialists, teachers, and others in closely allied dairy fields. Each person made some perma- nent contribution leading to advancement of the dairy industry. Persons recognized from other countries were Bernard Bang, Gustav  aotrbuios ao Bettr Dairyig m6 aoniuos. toBetr Daiyng a6 Cotuios. toettr Dyng 46 Dr Local, Robedt Koch, Johann Cregor Mendel, and Louis Pasteur. Due of the founders worote: Probably the Dairy Shrine Cluh swould never have been founded had it not been foe the lading impressions and in- spiration these traders of the past left swith those swith wchom they shared some phase of hife. It may have been as a teacher, a breeder, a coach, an advisor or just the esample set hy men of profound purpose and devoted application. For "example sworhs stronger and qoicher in the minds of men than prece- dent." The Dairy Shrine Chub podtrit gallery, hivestoch pictures, and shetches ofcotibstions in albums serve as an historical record of cattle, people, and accomphishments in the dairy industry. Secretary-Treasorer Arthur W., Nesbitt, 901 Janesville Avenue, Ft. Athinson, Wisconsin 53538, swill reply concerning the current loca- tion of the diaplayx. ReccRcNCrS Adocen, L. 1000. Stadien nbhrox (brlachyceros) europcacs, die nulde StaactormrdeoBah.eroRnassenacdseoaischen-Hansindes. Z. Land- wirtsch. 46:269.-320. Agr. Res. Ado,. a943. Federal legislati on, rutings, and reoulatns affectng the state agsicltural experimnt stations. Off. Fact, to. USDA Mtbc. Fubl. 51a. Almuist, f. 0. 1040. The cffret of eoaltar dyes used tar semen identtfcation an the licability and feotility at boll spermatoza. J. Dairy tel. 29:015-20. . 1951. A comparisn at enicillin, streptouycin and sulfanihumide tar impcroving the fertility at bults of Inn fertility. J. Dairy Stl. 34:tt19-22. *1959. An eficut ton cast artefical breedina progam using liquid semen. Guersey Breeders' J. 104:24-20, 42. - 1000. EFficient lou-cast rsutsa using mith-glycesol diluen A. 1. Digest 7(8):t-t4 17. Aruahv, cH. P. t9l7. The nutrition of farm animaus. Macaillan, New York. Arolod, P. T. Dix, and R. B. necker. 1030. tInfluene at the preceding day eriod and at mnral supplenation on lactation. J. Dairy Sd. 10:257-60. .1953. Dairy cates: Ther deeocpment ad surcieal. Flooids Agv. Cart. Sta. Bull. 529. tt194. Building a daisy head. Florida Agr. Fact. Sta. Full. 270. .1959. Daisy catle and their care. Flbrida Agr. Fact. Sta. null. 5ot. tabcoch, 0. M. 1090. A un msethod too the estimsation at tat in smilk. Wiseon- ala Agr. Fact. Sta. Full. 24. lO18t. The relatcon hetwcren msitk solids and ried of cheese. Wiscnsain Age. Fes. Sta. 18th Ass. Rept., cc. 100-19. Banrto, C. R., C. A. Llned, and R. A. Carpenter. 1t48. Oder number at in- oemnins and cetion sate. 1. Dairy Scd. 31:083. Dr Loal, Robedt Koch, Johann Cregor Mendel, and Louis Pasteur. Due at the founders wrote: Probably the Dairy Shrine Club mould never have been founded had it ot been foe the lasting impressions and in- spiration these leaders of the past left swith those swith swhom they shared some phase of it. It may have been as a teacher a breeder, a coach, an advisor or just the example set by men of profound purpose and devoted apphicatio. For "example worhs stronger and quicher in the minds of men than prece- dent." The Dairy Shrine Club podtrait galtery, hivestoch pictures, mod shetches of contributions in albums serve as an historical record of cattle, people, and accomplishments in the dairy industry. Secretary-Treasurer Arthur W. Nesbitt, 9t1 Janesville Avenue, Ft. Athinason, Wisconsin 53538, will reply concernitug thecrrert loca- tion of the displays. REFEucCES Adamsetz, L. 1000. tsdirn cr nox (brachyceros) rorocarna, die nilde Stamfoerm 4cr Brachvyceros Rasse des enropa.iscen Hausrindes. Z. Lurd- wirtsch. 40:200-320. Agr. Res. Adm0. 1043. Federal legislation, ruling, and regulations affethng the satle agricultural expebrimet stations. Of. Eact. ta. UDA Miar. Fub. 515. Almuist, J. D. 1t46. The cffccI of eoaltar dyes used far acorn identfiatin on the lieahility and fertitity of hall seratoas. J. Dolt0 tel. 29:815-20. 1051. A compcrdson at resicillin, stretomycin and sulaildimide tar improviag the fertdity at halts of Iow fertility. J. Dolt0 Sti. 34:019-22. 1959.Ancecnt low-cost asrtialhbreedingroagranmusingklinid Ceen uernseo Boeeders' J. 104:24-20, 42. ____ 1050. fficent lan-coat rsult assing mith-glycerol diluen. A. I. Digest 7(8):11-14, 27. Aonshy, H. F. 1017. The nurition of farm animas. Macmrillaa, New Yook. Arnold, P. T. Dix, and R. B. Beeher. 1030. Influeace at the cprecedina dre cediod and of mnral supplementation on lactaon. J, Dab0y Scd. 19:257-06. ___ 1953. Dairy calve Their developsmeat and survival. Flooids Age. Fort. Sta. Fat. 520. .1004. Buildin a daisy hrd. Florida Agr. Fact. tta. nag. t76. .__ 1000. Daisy rotlr sand ther carr. Florida Age. Fact. Sts. Fall. 509. Fabeock, 9. M. 1000. A un merthod too the estimation atlast in milk. Wison- ala Agr. Fact. Sta. Bull. 24. .1090. The relatin hetweern milk solids and yirld of cheear. Wisconsin Age. Fort. Sta. 18th Ann. Rept., cc. 100-19. Barrent, C. R., C. A. Lloyd, and R0. A. Carcentr. 1940. Drder nuhber of an- smiatioas aad coareption sate. 1. Dairy Scd. 31:tt3. Dr Laval, Robert Koch, Johann Cregor Mendel, and Louis Pasteur. One of the founders swrote: Probably the Dairy Shrine Club mould never have been founded had it not been for the lasting impressions and in- spiration these leaders of the padt left svth those swith nhom they shared some phase oflfe. It may have ben as ateaher, a breeder, a roach, an advisor or just the example set by men of profound purpose and devoted application. For "example works stronger and quicehr inthermind~snofmenthan prec- deal." The Dairy Shrine Cluab portrait gallery, hivestock pictures, and sketches of contributions in albums serve as an histotrical record of rattle, people, and accomplishments in the dairy industry. Secretary-Treasurer Arthur W. Nesbitt, 902 Janesville Avenue, Ft. Atkinson, Wisconsin 5353, sill reply concerning the current loca- tion of the displays. REERNCES AdamreU, L. 1000. Studien ohber not (brachycers) rurocaras, dir nilde Stamofrmrdr raohyernanRassenudes euopnaiceno Hauides. Z. Lad- uddosch. 40:260-320. Agr. Recr. Adms. 1043. Federal legislation, outiag, and reguaons affecog the stale agricultural reprimnt stations. DOf. Fact, tat. USDA Misc. Publ. 220. Almuist, J. D. 1000. The effect nof eoaltar dyes used tar acorn identification n the livahihity and fertility of hull spcratoso. J. Dab0y Sri. 20.015-20. . 1001. A cormparion of enicidhi, sturptomyin and sulfalimide to' improving the fertilitr' of hulls at Inn fertlhty. 1. Dairy tel. 34.019-22. 1959. An rfficent Ian cart artifiial breeding program using liquid Ceen uernseo Frerders' J. 104:24-26, 42. .1050. ffcent are-east resolts using milk-glyceool diluen. A. 1. Digest 7(8):1-14, 27. Aomdry, 0. P. 1917. The notrition of farm animal. Mascrsllan, New Yush. Arnold, P. T. Dix, and F. B. Becker. 1930. Inflauce of the cprecedina dry pediod and of mnral suplemeation 00 lactation. 2. Dairy Scd. 10.257-6. . 1953. Dairy cales:rThrodevlopment and surviva. loridadAgr xt. Sta. Bul. 20. .1004. Buildiug a daisy herd. Florida Agr. Fact. Sta. Full. 570. .1950. Daisy rotle and their care. Florida Ant. Fact to. Fall. 599. Fabcoch, S. M. 1990. A un metohod far the estimatoc of tat is milk. Wiscan- ala Age. Fort. Sta. Bull. 24. .1000. The seaoon hetwn milk aolids and yield of cheese. Wiscosin Age. Fort. Sta. 18th Ann. Rest., cp. 100-19. tunret, C. R., C. A. Lloyd, and R0. A. Carpenot. 1940. Drder numher of in- seminations and conception sate. 1. Daib0 Si. 31:683.  470 DAIRDY CATTLE BREEDS Bech1el, S. I., C. H. EckleT, and L. S. PalmrI. 1926. The vitEminD B require ment El the calf. 7. HDi 5et. 9:409-39. Bchdel. S. 1., et a4. 1928. Synthis of vitTmiD B iD the DTDmen of thec J. Biol. Ceml. 80:231-38. Decer, D. B. 1953. AmerIican contribtDions tI beter diIE cattle. Hoard'. HEiDymED 98:736-39. Bck1er, D. B., End P. T. Dix ArnDEd. 1958. TIC dest91 of "sampler" buIIs. J DEiry Sci. 41:736. eckerT, R. B~, End L. WI. Caddum. 1937. The cmaio CofETE Il imiteII 1111111 End ineffcive in correcting "bush sickness" iD cEttIC. . Hairy Sci. 29:737- BckeCT, R. D., and P. C. Mcilliard. 1919. A suggested simpitEion of te preseIIt sytem o ofEcil tetDiwit bredsCofir4y cattIl.1.DirySi. 12:3.37-50. DeceT, R. B., and C. J. Wilcox. 1969. Hereditr dfetsT of TspetzoE. AE illutrteId reiDew. A. 1. Digest 17(12):8-10. BcCkeT, D. B., S. P. Marshall, End P. T. HiT ArnEld. 1963. ADEatm. develop- ment,. and function El tIC boTine omETsum. J. Hair1 9ci 46:83539. BeIIce, R. B., W. M. Nel, and A. L. Shealy. 1931. Slt ick TIts caus andI11 prIeetion. £l11141 A41. Expt. StE. Bull. 231. .1933. Effect of calciumD deicient roughages upon milk production and welfareI of dirEIy cowTs. FloiaI Agr. 0112. StE. Tech. BSu. 262. BeckCr, R. D., C. J. WilcoT, and W. E. Pribtad. 1969. CrEampI-Progresi1 poTtCrioT paTalyTiT in mtueTC catle. Floida Ag1. EDIt. Sta. Bull. 639. DeceT, R. B., SW. C. Kirk, Ceorge K. DaviE, Tnd D. W. Ki44er. 1953. M~inIeas for dair1 a14 beef cattle. Floida A41. EDpt. Sta. Bull. 513. 911ke1, D. B., C. F. Sim~pTon, L. 0. CilmoeT, and N. S. FechheiDer. 1964. CGeneiEaspetsTofatinomTis n ctnbilssin cattlIIIIiTD e. Flida IAgr, EEEt. Sta. TchI. Dull. 670; hio Ag1. EDIt. StE. Re1. Bull. 938. BecCker, R. B., C. J. WilcED, W. A. Krienke, L. E. MIII, andI E. L. £11ts. 1963. SubnormalE milk-CEuse and coDretion. Florida Agr. Expt. StE. Bull. 92. Bowin~g, C. A. 1941. The intIoduction If catl into coloTiEI NoIrth ADerica, 1. DarSeto . 15:119-54. BrewsterT, J. E., R. Ma~y, and C. L. Cole. 1940. The Dti If ovulionE and rate Ef spIIemtozoa tEEvel in1cat1e. AmTr. SEc. Animal4Pro. Proc,., pp. 304-11. Bur. HEiry lnd. 1937. LiEt If TiTeT pToved in DEiry Herd Im~pToemenIt As- TociEt9Ens 1933-37, arranged by breeds. HiT. DEiry Herd ImpTrovement I- CCstigtionsI. USDA Misc. Publ1. 277. .1945. VitEamiE A. iD 1121er. USDA Misc. Publ. 571. BurgeTs, T. H. 1953. TIe' rIeatisip IbetwTeen 30-, 60-, 90- and 120-dal non- reItrn to service in the artiicial insemination of diry cattIe in Ontario. CEndianE J. Agr. Sci. 33:261-64. CEampbell, B., M. SErwEr, and WI. E. PeterTID. 1957. DiEtheliC immizatEEion- amtITerna-offsprDn rCeinship invoIIing Dill antibodieT. Science 125:932- 33. CETsiEa, L. E., and W. C. Venske. ObervaItions of reproductive processes in dEiry cEttIe and their rIeaEtisip tE beedig efficiency. Amer1. SIc. AnimalI Prod. PrlE. 29:221-23. CIII, C. L. 1939. Arifia inseitioTn of dairy cattle.1. Hairy SCt. 211:131-32. Cole, L. J., and S. V. H. Jones. 1920. The occurrence of red cElves in black, breeds If catle. WiEcosin A41. Expt. StE. Bull. 313. CopIead, LynE. 1965. Type and sTfl lifetme production. GueEIDse BreedeTI' J. 115(S):637-38. .1965. A stdy o CerTnTey EDllT. Guerns1911111ders'. 116(8):.541. 470 DATRYTCATTL.E BREEDS Bechdel, S. I., C. H. EckleT, and L. S. PalDer. 1916. The itEDin B 1equi11 DIIt o611 tecalf. J. Hir9 911. 9:409-38. 11111411. S. I., It El. 1919. SythTeis of vitEDin B iD te IDDen of tll cDw J. Biol1. Chem. 80:131-39. Becker, R1. D. 1953. ADeia ITconrbuDn toTIIED TIe1191 dily cEtDle. Hard'. HEiryman 98:736-39. 1111115 R1. B., and P. T. HD Arnold. 1959. The deTiTy of TEDmpler bulls. J Hairy Set. 41,736. Becker, R. B., and L. WI. CadduD. 1937. Te coDpaiTon of limoDite 1611ct11 and ineffective in cDrrectingI11 "bushI IDknss in cattl. J. HEiry Set. 20:737- 39. Becker1, R. B., End P. C. MIciliErd. 1919. A su11111114 simpliicaton of te present Eysem of oficial 111610g wth breeds of dairy cEttle. 1. Hairy Sri 11:537-O. Becker, R. B1., 114 C. J. Wilcox. 1999. HereitEry de1111s of TperDEtoIIa. Al 111k115 R. 11., S. P. MErshall, 114 P. T. HD Arnold. 1993. AnEtomy, devlop-I Dent, and 0f1nction Tol the1 boieTsD. J. Hairy Sci. 46,835-39. 1111115 R. B1., W. M. Neal, and A. L. Shealy. 1931. Salt si11: Its cEuse and prevention. £111141 441. Ext. StE. DIII. 231. .1933. Effect1 If 11111ium deficien roughaes upon Dill production and we11ar1111 dily cows1. £111141 Agr. Expt. StE. Tech. Bll. 262. Becker, R. B., C. J. Wilcox, End W. E. Pitchard. 1966. CIrsspy-rgressivI potiorI paralysis in mEture 112111. £11641a A41. EDIt. StE. Bul. 939. 9ec111, 11. B., WI. C. Kill, Ceorge K. Hais, 114 R1. W. Kidder. 1903. Minerals for 41111 and beef cattle. £111141 441. EDIt. Sta. 0ull. 513. 1111115 11. 11., C. F. Simpson, L. H. CGiDr, and N. S1. FecIIIIDII. 1964. CGeneic aspects If acinomycois and aciDobaillosis in cattle. £1or1da 4Ag1 Expt. StE. Tecl. Bull1. 670; hio 441. Ept. StE. 1111. 1111. 1139. 1111115 R1. 11., C. J. Wi111x5 DI. A. KrSilk, L. E. Mull, and E. L. £119s. 1965. SubnorDEl DiIk-Cause 114 correction. £lorida Ag. Expt. StE. Bull1. 692. BowDing, C. A. 1941. The introducton If cEtDle into coloniEI Noth Amer1ca1 J. Hairy Set. 15:119-54. B1112ster, J. E., R1. May, and C. L. Cole. 1940. The ime of ovulaton 114 ra21 of TpIermtooatrveE i cattle191.4Amer. SIc. AnimalPro. Proc., pp. 304-11. Bur1. Hily Ind. 1937. List of sires proved in Hairy Herd Improvemet AC- sociions 1933-37, arr11g1d by breeds. Hiv. HDi Herd IDprovmenDIn1- vetigEtions. USHA 51111. £111. 277. .__ 1945. Vitain A. in but1er. USHA 94is1. £191. 571. Burgess, T. H. 1953. Te relEtonship betw111 30-, 90-, 90- an4 120-day non- CandEian J. Agr Sci. 33:261-64. Campbell, 9., M. S112111, and WI. E. 11112211. 1957. HiEtheII iDDuizatEESDB D1maternl-1osprn relatonship involving miIk antibodies. 921enc1 125:932- Casida, L.E.,andDW.. Vensk.1ObseaionsloDreprduciveIprocesseinI 41iry 112221 1n4 21111 relatonship to 11114111 efficiency. Amer1. Soc. AnimalI 11o4. P1o1. 29,121-23. CoII, C. L. 1939. ArIficiinentonf dairy1E1 cattle21.5. Hiry Se21:131-51. Cole, L,. J., and S. V. H. Jones. 1920. The occurrence of red calves in black 11114s of 112111. WiscoinI 441. EDIT. StE. Bull. 313. CopIead, Lynn. 1995. Type 1n4 useful lifet2m1 productio. GuerIsey 1111d4111 J. 115(9):637-3. ____ 1995. A study If Cernsey EDITs. Guersely Bree1er21 J. 116(8):541. 470 DATITY CATTLE BREEDS 1111144, S. 1., C. H. Eckles, Dnd L. S. Palm11. 1916. The viEamin B 1equ111 ment 1611 th1cal. 5. HaT9y Set. 9:409-39. 11111411. S. I., e2 El. 1929. Synthesis of vitamin B in 291 rumen Dof the eEo J. Bill. COeD. 90:131-39. BelIe5, 9. B. 1953. American contributions to 112111 41111 112111. Hoard4' Hairyman 98:736-39. 1111115 9. B., 114 P. T. Hix Arnold. 1959. TIe 411911y of "sampl1r" bulls. 0 Hiry 911. 41:739. Becker,, 0. B., and L. WI. CadduD. 1937. TIe comDaDison o611211151e1effecti- lnd ieffective in coeting 1111h sickness in 112111. J. Dairy Sc2. 20:737- Becker, 11. B1., 114 P. C. MIC~iEliEd. 1919. A 11gge1414 simplfcatIon ofth1 12:337-50. Becker1, R. B1., and C. J. Wilco. 1969. HIeditary 411115s of spermatozoa. Ar illustrated 1111121. A. 0L Higest 27( 12)8-10. 911115, 0. B1., 9. P. 141111111, 114 P. T. Hix Arnold. 1993. An12tom, develo- ment, lnd fun1t9on102111ebo11n2111121. J. Halry Sei. 496113539. prevention. £11r141 A41. Exp. StE. Bull. 231. .1933. 911111 of calcium 41fi11111 roughages upon Dill product0on 114 2111111110 dily 11211. £111141 441. E11. Sta. 7111. Bull. 292. Becker1, 9. B., C. J. WilIcox, 114 W. E. 12211114. 1999. Cram1py-rgress1Iv posterior paralysis in 211tu11 112111. £111141 A41. 1112. StE. Bl. 939. Becker1, 0. B1., WI. C. Kir1, Ceorge K. Hais, and B. WI. K14411. 1953. Minera1s for 4airy lnd 1110 112111. £111141 Ag. 9112. St1. Bul. 513. 1111115 11. 11., C. F. Sim~pson, L. H. CGimor, Dnd N. S. £2111112111 1964. Genetic aspects of ainomEycosis 1n4 actnobacillosi in cattle. £11941a Agr1 Exit. StE. Tch. Dull. 679, hio 441. Expt. Sta. Re. Bull1.939. Be11115 0. B., C. J. Wilcox, DI. A. Krienk, L. E. Mull, and E. L. £119s. 1965. Subnormal milk-Cause 114 correction. £121141 491. 9111. Sta. Bull. 92. 11121111, C. A. 1941. TIe intrduction1 If clle into colonial North Ame11c11 5. Hairy 911. 15,119-54. Brewster, J. E., R1. May, 1n4 C. L. Cole. 1940. TIe 62m1 If ovulat9on and rate of spermatozoa t1ave1 in cattl. Amer. SIc. Animal £114. Proc., pp. 3014-11. Bur. Dairy I14. 1937. Lilt of s111 proved in Hairy Held Im1proveenCt AT- 1ociat9ons 1933-37, arranged by 111142. Hiv. Haily Held Improvement1 ID- vestigatons. USHA 91111. £ul1. 277. .1945. Vitain A. in1112111. USHA Mi111. Pahl. 571. 1111411s, T. H. 1913. The rlaltionship b1etw111 30-, 90-, 90- 114 120-day non- returns to s121ic1 in the art9ficia insemination1 of dair' catt1e in OntariD. Canadian J. 4g. Sci. 33:191-64. CampbellI, B., M. 9Sarw11, lnd WI. E. £1112111. 1957. HDtIIIc immunit11o1- amternl1-offspring relationship involving Dill antibodies. 9111nc1 125:932- 33. Caida, L. E., and WI. G. Venske. HObsrvtions of reproductve processes in dairy cat1le and thei1 retisip to breeding EeciTency. Amer'. SI. Animal £114. £151. 29:221-23. Cole, C. L. 1939. ArIficEi insmition91 of dily 11tt11.1J. HirS1. 11131-2. Cole, L. J., and S. V. H. Jones. 1910. TIe occurrence of red 1al111 in black 11114s of 11tt61. WisEcoEsin 441. EDIt. DIE. Bull. 313. Copeland, Lynn. 1995. Type and useful lifie producton. 01uer2se9 111114111 5. 115(9):637-3. 1999. A sudy of Gerney EDITs. Guernsey9Breede12' . 119(9):541.  Ctributin toBeter Darin 471 Conibution toBte Daiyig 471 Ctution. toBte Dain 47 Dentn, 0. W., Duoward Olds, and D. W. Syathy. 1959. A study tofsm pos- siblt genetic caueso mummified fetuses it dairy cattle. J. Dairy St. 42: 312-14. Dtowni, A. W. Jyottyot cowpox itoculatiot. Brit. Mhed. J. 2:251-56. Eckles, C. H. 1910. Nutot treqoireotto I detelop thy hoviney febt. Mis- souri Agr. Etpt. Stt. Boo. Bul. 26. Eckles, C. HT., atd T. W. Culicksoo. Ntrit reoqiremtst for tortal growoth of dairy ctotle. J. Agr. Ret. 42:69.3-16. Eckhet, C. HT.. and L. S. Falmer. 1916. InfOuence of pltne tof ntoition of thy coouonoothe omosoitind roertisofo ilkadbtteroft.Miouri0 Ago. Expt. Stt. Ret. Boll. 25. Eckles, C. 01., atd 0. E. Reed. 1910. A stutdy of the caustto twidy variation iot mtilk produton by dairy coos. Misouroi Agr. Expt. Slta. Res. Bul. 2. Eckles, C. H.. R. B. Becher, ta L. S. Plmey. 1926. A omityral defiieny it the yatiot tof cattle. Minntoott Agr. Eoyt. Sta. Bull. 229. Echles, C. HT., T. H. Collichton, ttd L. S. Palmeyy. 2932. Phttphorutt dyficiyoey jit the yttitots of cattle. Mintnesota Ago. Etpt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 91. Ellenbrgyy, H. L., J. A. Newlandert and C. H. Jonest. 1932. Cliumo ttd phottyhous yyqtoireyttytt tof datry toot. Vyrmontt Ago. Etpt. Sta. Btull. 342. Ellitt, F. I., et al. 1961. The toy tof polytyin B ttlfaote with dihydtotoptt- myooit ta peniilin ort thy ontrol tof "vibro fetts" in a frotzen semeno poc-t es.A. I. Digest 10(2):10-13. Eob, 6. E., to4 E. M. Holly. 1959. Fatoty associted ttith estmted fyrtiliza- tiot and tyorvicy efficiency tof cos. Dotty Sci. 41:1541-52. Erb, R. E~, and R. A. Moton. Effect tof mutmtmifiyd fyttuset ot tht prolificacv Af Hltis. 9. Dtiry Sri. 40:1030-35. Etruso atert cyoycptiton ho t hyod tof oltin-Frietian cattle. J. Daiy Set. 41:267-74. tof twittiog intt hyod tof Holtyin-Friesian cattle. J. 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Noot Zealandt Dipt. Ato. Antimaol Ott. Div. FPthl. 63. Hansel, Willitot. 2959. Eboy mottlity prohlyet it dtiy cottly. Jertey J. 6(22):38-39. Hauge,S. M.,otl.1944. VitttntArqiremetnts f dirytoto the o- ductiton tof hbuttrftt tf high titamtin A vatlue. J. Datiry Sci. 27:63-66. Deaton,O. WDurwarodOlds,tadD. W. Sth.1959.Aotdy ofomettpo- sihly genetic ctousys of mummyified fetutset it dtirytcttl. J. Dtioy Sci. 42: Dtowntiy, A. W, Jyttyot ctowot inocttlttion. Byit. Ml. . 2:251-56. Fyhlyt, C. H. 1916. Ntrieyot roquitymetytho dyvelop tht hbovity Oytot. Mis- outri Ag. Eopt. St. Ott. But. 26. Echlyt, C. HT., ttd T. WV. Gtllichttt. Ntriytt reyoiiottott ftor ttoottl growth tof dtiry cttly. J. Agt. Ott. 42:603-16. Echlyt, C. H.. tnd L. S. Pahoyr. 1916. Influyncy tof pltte tof tttiton tof the- ttowtpo theompositondpopertesofotilhandhbtteroft. Mittoti Ago. Etyt. Sta. Ott. ButO. 25. Ecklys,C.HItondOD.E.Oyyed. 1910. Aostudytoftheyttustlofidetiatioin ttilk producthtt by daity toot. Mitttouoi Ago. Etyt. Stt. Ott. BulO. 2. Echlyt, C. H.. R. B. Btchyo, ttd L. S. Fthmyo. 1926. A otitertl deficieny it thttrtitt tof ttttlo. Mitteotto Agr. Etpt. Sta. Bolt. 229. Ecklyt, C. 11., T. H. Coullickttt, tond L. 9. Ftltte. 1932. Fhotphottt dyefiieny it tht rattionstof tOattly. Mitnotal Agy. Etpt. Ott. Tech. Boll. 92. Elleonbtrget, H. L., J. A. Nyewlanodyt, and C. H. Jottet. 0932. Ctlcitum ttd phttphoruttyqireytoyoft dtioy tcowo. Vttymttt Agr. Expt. Sta. Boll. 342. Ellitt, F. I., et to. 1962. Tht s oft tpoylymyxin B ttlfty with dihydmtttpto- es.A. 0. Digtot 10(2):10-13. Erh, R. E., to4 0. M. Htlto. 1959. Fttort ttttiteyd wth~o etimtetd fytiliza- tt ttd tytrvice efiitny tof cotts. J. Dtioy Syi. 41:1541-52. Eth, R. E., tod R. A. Mtotritton, Effet tof mummtoifiyd fetsestt ythe prolhflttacy tof Htlteyito. J. Dtioy Sci. 40:1030-35. Estoo te ottceoptiono it t httd tof Holsteit-Foiesiot cattly. J. Dtioy Sci. 41:267-74. Fob, R. E., L. B. Atdytttt, F. M. Hinty, antd F. M. Cildowo. 1960. Itherdttoce tof twining inta hyod tof Holtetin-Friytitt ttttly. J. Dtiy Sti. 43:393-400. Foote, B. H., ano4 R. W. Brttton. 1950. Tht Oetlity tof bttiney semeto inex 544-47, 842-46. Forbes,E. B.,yta. 1935. The ineral requioemets tof milhytrodutot.FPenn- sylvttit Ago. Eopt. Stt. Tetb. Boll. 319. Fttgt, 0. T., ttd G. 0. Stmith. Foontat totttity it tht hbooot hetoweet poegtttty diagntotist t34-50 davt ytot-instymititt ttd patrtfiont. J. Dtiry Sci. 37:1071-73. Gertoimtota, A. A. 0940. Durtont of heat anod tme tof ovulationto tO he cow. Pohlemv Zhivttoodsttt. Animatl Br. Abtr. 8:32. Coty, V. 1966. Tht tity tonlyt-t dydicted mano. Guertsty Boeedyo' 1. 118: 12-11, 32. Greenhamo, L. W-. 1959. Metoof tOcotrol antd tot reao orOt Gret Britin's ptosisteoty in the tittobter polity. Ayothitt Ctttlt Soty'sto J. 31(2):99- 100, 212, 121. Htothyo, T. L. 1907 ttd 1914. Itnvettigtions it omilh produtont. Minntota Agy, Expl. Stt. Bullt. 79 to4 140. Httcotk, Jtht. 1954. Sttdiyt io mootzygotic ttwiot. Netw Zealtod Detpt. Agr. Anitttl Ott. Dlit. Pubtl. 63. Htantyl, William. 2959. PEmbtyo motality pobletm it datiry ctly. Otrtty 1. 6( 22):381-39. Haug,S. M.t .1944. VitaminoAtt qiremett ofdiyows o r thepo- dutiono tof hbutttrfat tof high titttoio A vtlty. J. Dairy St. 27:63-66. Hytyt 0. 2-., Durwattd ldt, ttd D. 2-. Seth. 1959. A tudy tof ttome pot- sihlt gentict ttauset ofmummtified Otutoy it daiycttly. J. Dtiry Sti. 42: 3 12-14. Dowtiy, A. W. ftoytos towotxo ittocultiton. Brit. Metd. J. 2:251-56. Echlys, C. H. 1916. Notoieot reqtiemtst to deveolop tht hotity fyht. Mis-. tsotri Ag. Etpt. St. Ott. OttO. 26. Ecklyt, C. HT., antd T. W-. Gyllickoo. Ntriett ryquiremtoor Otnoytmtl goth~ tof datiry ctte. J. Ago. Ott. 42:603-1. Ecklyt, C. HT., tnd L. S. Pthtyr, 1916. lutytt tof planet tof nutiitt tof the ctow tptt the comopotititon and popertits of molk aool butter Ott. Misourtt Ago. Etyt. Stt. Ott. Boll. 2. Fyhios, C. I1., to4 0. E. Ott4. 1910. A tudy tof the cauttye ot ide vatoion it mtilk yrodutont hy datity cowst. Misouri Ago. Etyt. Slt. Ott. BoB. 2. Ethiot, C. H., R. B. Bythyt, and L. S. Pthoyt. 1926. 4 mtityoal dyefitoeny it thy tttitt tof cttlt. Minnotat Aao. Etpt. Sta. OtlO. 229. Echlyt, C. HT., T. H. Gullichttt, ttd L. S. Palooeo. 1932. Fhophoruso dyfititoty int tht ttitots tof ctttly. Mitneota Atr. Extt. Sta. lTec. Btll. 92. Ellethergot, H. L., J. A. Newlattde, antd C. H. Jtttt. 1932. Cthcitto and phospohoutrqoiremtt oft daity towst. Verototnt Ago. Etxpt. Slta. Boll. 342. Ellitt, F. I., tt to. 2962. Tht otte tof polytmyoit B ttlfte with dihydotttpto- mtycit tnd penicillit fott tht tontrol tof "ihrot fetus it t ftrote tsemtt pttt- ot. A. I. Dittst 10(2):10-13. Erh, R. F., and E. M. Holto. 1959. Ftctots ttociteyd with etimted fethitt- tt ttd tservicy efiitty tof cottt. J. Dairy Sci. 41:1541-52. Erh, R. F., to4 0. A. Morront. ffecto omummifiyd fetusotoon the pohfitcatv tof Holotyito. J. Dairy Soi. 40:1030-35. PoEstus afterotottoption it t heod of Htolteoin-Friytian cattlt. J. Daity Sci. 41:267-74. Erh, R. F., L. B. Atdeosot, F. A. Hioty, ott4 E. M. Gildotw. 1900. Ithytattcy of titnnitg tota hetrd of Holteino-Ftiesitn tattly. J. Daioy Sci. 43:393-400. Foot, B. HT., ttd R. 2-. Btotton, 1950. Thy fetlity tof hovtinoe steten it x ttendrstotatiningotulfatilimid, peiilinttd plymycit.. Diry Si.3.3: 544-47, 842-46. Forbhes, 0. B., t al. 1935. The moinertl requtitemts of moilk produtot. Feot- sylvaiat Ago. Exyt. Ott. Tetch. Boll. 329. Fosgtt, D. T., aool C. 0. Stoith. Ptttatal motaitty it tht hooioy hetweent yotgnatty diagnttoist <34-50 abo tpot-intseminaotiot and ptrtion. J. Dotry Sci. 37:1071-73. Gtyrasimova, A. A. 0940. Durationof heat and tomt of ovulation of the owt. Proohlemy Zhivtovodtva. Animoal By. Ahoty. 8:32. Coty, V. 0966. Thy tiot atalyot-at dydicted mano. Gutotsoy Botedeyt J. 118: 10-11, 32. Greynhamo, L,. W. 1959. Mtthtdsocttol ttd thy tytton or Gtteatg Britin's persistency it thy tlautghter polity. Ayoohiot Cattle Society's 0. 31(2):99- 100, 112, 121. Hotocho, T. L. 1907 atd 1914. Invtstigatitots it omilh prodoction. Minnetotao Ago. Fopt. Stt. Both. 79 to4 240. Hantottk, Jtht. 1954. Stodies it oozoygotictw2its. Nttw Zeolttd Dept. Ag. Antimal Ott. Dit. Pohl. 63. Hantyl, Willitam. 1959. Embohy otoalit probhlym it daity tattly. Jteotto . 6(22):38-3. HaogtO. M.,tl. 1944. VitaminoA qiremtysof diyowsforth po- duthon of hotterfat of high titaomin A taloe. J. Dairy Sot. 27:63-66.  472 BAIRBY CATTLE BREEDS Helmers, L. C., E. E. Barley, asd R. M. Mt'yer. 1965. Bloat i Bcattle. J. Dair'y Sci. 48:575-79. HeB~ra, H. A. 1971. Registered bull smarket is't dssd. Hbsasd's Dait'ymasn 116:640. HoxiC, Jssne. 1923. Solomons Hoxie, abisgrapby by his daughlter. Litle &: Ines Co., N.Y. Husffsmss, C. F., C. W. Dsscas, C. 9. RbinMson, and L. W. Latsb. 1933. Phos- phors requiremnt's of dairy catSIe when alflfai furnishes lbs principal sorc of roein5. Michigsan Agr. ExpI. Sta. Tesh. Bul. 134. Hust, V. 1913. Siteso seme depositon as relsated Is fsrtly is di- hesifes. J. Dairy Sci. 36:577. Hstss, C. R. 1915. A. I. itS long pants. Guersey Breeders' 1. 116:14-15, 25. Ivanof,E. T.192. Onhe sesofarfiil iseinatoforzootecnial purs- pss in Russsia. 1. Agr. Sit. 12:244-56. Jenner, Edwasrd. 1799. bnquir'y intoth cabse an55 d effects sf casiosbss cia Jones, IB.,C. H. Ekles, andL.. Paler.1926. The roleof itaminA in lbs nutiionE of dsiry cav. J5. DairySc. 9:119-39. Kalkuss, J. W. 1920. Goiter snd ssociated scnditions. Wshbingbon Agr. Espt. Sta. Bull. 156. Kidder, H. E., et al. 1954. FetiliionC rates ssd ebryonic death rsate in cosbred ts bulls of different levelSsO of ertlity. J. Dsir'y Sci. 37:691-97. Kildee, H. H., ssd A. C. McCandlisb. 1919. InfueceC of evironet and breeding is incr5eEin dairy productlss. I. Ioswa Agr. Espt. Sta. Bsun. 165. Ksight, C. W., et al. The selatiss sof site of semTen deposit Is bresdisg effliisnc sof dsiry catle. 2. Dsiry Sfi. 34:199-292. KnoblRuch, H. C., E. W. Law, and W. P. Mesyer. 1992. State Agricultural Ex- perimentI ISaton. A bistory of researcb and polcy proce'dures. USDA Miss. Publ. 994. Kuhbmss, A. H., and W. D. CGalup. 1942. Caroltne r9eiremet'5s of dsisy cat1le for conceptbon. J. Dairy, Sa. 25:688-89. Loosli, J. KC., E. E. Barley, W. P. FlaB, N. L. Jacobsn, C. H. Noller, ssd Mt. Running, with tIIe cooperation of P. W. Moe. 1971. Nutrient requirements sof dairy cstSte. 4tb rt's, ed. as!. Res. Council Publ. Loosli, J. K., B. B. Becker, C. F. Huffmans, N. L. Jacobson, and J. C. Shaw. A report sf lbs 9Sbcommittee ss Dairs CstIls NutritCo. 1966. 3rd rev. ed. as!. Res. Council Psbl. 1349. Luyet, B. J., and E. L. Hsdspp. 1939. Revival sof frog' spermatozoa vitie in liquid sir. Proc. Sss. Expt. Bisl. MedO. 39:433,34. McCandlisb, A. C., L. S. Gillts, ssd H. H. K~ildee. 1919. InfIuence ofenirn msetEad breeding9inincreasingsmik prducto. II. IowassAgr'.Expt. SIa. Bsll. 199. MsDsowelI, J. C. 1925. Cssw tsting stssiatisss, and 9stoisS lt'e records Iell. USDA Fsarsers' Bsll. 1449. MsDsowsll, J. C., ssd J. B. Parbsr. 1929. Better cows frsts beBt sires. USDA Dept. Citrs. 303. Msrs, C. D., ssd C. L. Cole. 1999. Protectve shilit5 sf bovise silb ssd bovine serm atisi is mi1ce. 1. Dsiry Sci. 49:18-19. Meigs, E. B., and T. E. Woodwasrd. 191. The influence of calciums and phs- phsrst is lbe feed on tbe subk yield sof dsiry sss.1. Dsairy Sc.4:51-217. Mendel, Gregor. 1999. Vesusse uber Pflsssssbybidss. Verhand:. Natsrfoschs. Vere'ines iS BrunSS. 4:3-47. 472 BAtIBY CATTLE BREEDS Helsmet, L. C., F. E. Bartlsy, asd B. M. Meyer'. 1995. Bloat iE caISIe. J. Dsiryt 94i. 48:575-79. Hsssss, H. A. 1971. RegiSstre bsll marst itsn't dssd. Hsardfs Dairymass 116:40. Hoxis, Jsss. 1923. Ssosomsn Hssis, s bisgrspby by bis tdsugbhte. LiItles:& Ivs-s Cs., N.Y. Hsfftmss, C. F., C. W. Dsscas, C. S. Rsbisons, and L. W. Lsssb. 1933. Pbss- phostsssqirsemssts sf dairy ssffle wens slfalfa furnilses pinipal1 sorc 9o prteis. Mishigas Ags. Expt. Sts. Tssh. Bsl. 134. Hust, V. 1953. Sits sof tsemen depstion ss rslstsd Is festlitly is dairs hsifess. J. Dairy Sci. 36:577. Hstoss, C. B. 1995. A. I. is lssg pssts. Gssssssy Brssdsers' J. 119414-15, 25. Ivanoff, E. T. 1922. Os lbe se of5 satfisisl insemitionfor ootchssnicl pur- psss is Russis. J. Ag. Sft. 12:244-56. Jsssss, BEwad. 1799. Inqiryint the lb s e and effssts o/ csariolsccine Jssss, I. B., C. H. Esklss, and L. S. Falssr. 1929. Ths rosls sof vitssis A is lhs nutrtioss o1 dsiry sslvs. J. Dsisy Sci, 9:119-39. Kalkus, J. W. 1929. Gsitss asd ssociated sssditsss. Wshington Agr. Erpt. Sts. Bsll. 119. Kiddss, H. E., st sl. 1954. Fsertilo rats and sembrysnis dsst rte Cn cosbrsd ts bulls sof diffssest Ievsls sof fetlity. J. Dsi'y Sci. 37:691-97. Kildss, H. H., asd A. C. MsCssdlisb. 1919. Inflsssss sof envirsosmsnt assd breeding is issssssisg dairy prosducsss. 1. Iowas Agr. Ext. Sts. Bsl. 292. Ksight, C. W., st al. Ths sseliss sof sits sof seses deposit Is bsssdisg efficisssy sof daisy ssttls. J. Dairy Sft. 34:199-292. Kssblsush, H. C., E. W. Lsw, ssd W. P. Msysr. 1992. Ststs Agricsltursl Es- perimesst Stasisss. A hitossy sof rsesscs asd pslbsy pssscedus. USDA Miss. Pull. 904. Kshlmss, A. H., and W. D. Gallsp. 1942. Csasotens requiremesB sof dir csftls fsr conseption. J. Daisy 94i. 25:68-89. Lssli, J. K., E. E. Bstlesy, W. F. Fisst, N. L. Jassbsss, C. H. Nolser, asd Mt. Rsssisg, wilb thes cooperatsn sof P. W. Mos. 1971. Nutrin ssqsirsesssts of dairy csffle. 4tb rsv. sd. as!. Bs. Cosnsil Psbl. Losldi, J. K1., R. B. Becker, C. F. Huffmans, N. L, Jacobson, and J. C. Shaw. A sspsrt s9 lbs Subcsommittss ss Dsirv Catsls Nstr0tss. 1999. 3rd rsv. ed. As!. Ress. Cssssit Pshl. 1349. Luyst, B. J., ssd E. L. Hsdspp. 1939. Bssissl sf fosg't spsssstosss sitriiesd is liqsid sit. Pt'ss. Sss. Espt. Bis!. Me. 39:43334. MsCssdltsh, A. C., L. S. Gillts, snd H. H. KCildss. 1919. Inflsssnce sof esvtso.- mentland breeding iincresigikprducto. II. Iowa5Ag.Exp. Sta. Bus. 299. MsDssesl, J. C. 1925. Cssw testing sssssciatons, ssd stsris the5 records tel. USDA Fsastsst' Bs!!. 144. McDsowsll, 5. C., ssd J. B. Psrbsr. 1929. Bsttsr scows fris bsetser srs. USDA Dspt. Cit's. 393. Msrs, C. D., and C. L. Csle. 1999. Protesslse sbility sf bssiss smilk ssd bovins st'rum antitoxin is msics. J. Dairy Sci. 49:719-19. Mesigs, E. B., and T. E. Woodwarsd. 191, The influence ofscalcium and phos- phorus is lbs fesd ss lbs milk yield sof dsiry sstws. J. Dirsy Sci. 4:185-217. Mssdsl, Grsgsr. 1999. Vesuchse usbst' Pflsssssybsidss. Verhand. Natusforssh. Vereines is Bt'sss. 4:3-47. 472 DAIRBY CATTLE BRHEEDS Hslsss, L. C., E. E. Bsstley, ssd R. M. Meyst'. 1995. Blsst is catl. 1. Dsir'y Sst. 493575-79. Hsrsss, H. A. 1971. Reteret'sd bsll mart'h itsn't desd. Hoards's Dsirymans 116:640. Hssis, Jsss. 1923. Soslomon osie, a biograpsy by hit dasghste. Litise 8_ Ivs-s Cs., N.Y. HuffmanR, C. F., C. W. Dsssss, C. S. Rsbisss, ansd L. W. Lsamb. 1933. Phs- phsorssqirementCs sof dsisy sattls sbss sIfsIfs furishes tbs pissipsal sssssessf prstsis. Michigan Ag. Expt. Sts. Tssh. Bsl. 134. Hsst, V. 1953. Sits o semen5 depstiosn ss rslstsd Is fetilty is dsiss hsifsrs. J. Dair'y 54. 36:577. Hstosn, C. B. 1995. A. I. is lssg pans. Cssrsssy Bt'ssdsers' 1. 119:14-15, 25. Ivasoff, E. T. 1922. Osnb ts use9o atifiil isemitions fos ssstsshicl pur- psets is Rssis. . Ag, Sfi. 12:244-56. Jenner, dwarsd. 1798. Inqiryto9 the1ca5e5and4ffec55ts cai5s vaccin. Jones, I.R., C. H. Eckles,andL. S.FPlr.1926. Thesrolesf itaminA in lbs sutrsisn sof dsisy calves.1. Dsiry 94i. 9:119-39. Kalkus, 5. W. 1929. oitsr and sassscisted sssditsss. Wshinton Ag. EspI. Sts. Bsl. 129. KCiddsr, H. E., st sl. 1954. Fertilssatss rtes and sesbryssis dssth rate is cosbred Is bsls sof differestlevelt's sof fsetiiy. 2. Dsiry Sfi. 37:691-97. Kildse, H. H., ssd A. C. MsCssdlish. 1919. Isfissssce sof snvionssts ssd bsssding is inssessisg dairy prsdsstios. I. Iowas Agr. Expt. Sts. Bsn. 199. Ksigbt, C. W., st si. The relatonss s its of semten deposit ts brssdisg sfdcissy of dairy cattle. J. Dairy Se4. 34:199-192. Knssblsssb, H. C., E. W. Lsas, asd W. P. Mesysr. 1992. Stsat' Agricultursl Es- perimt Stations. A histssy sof rsesscs snd pslisy procsdsurss. USDA Mis. Psbl. 904. Klmass, A. H., snd W. D. GsIlsp. 1942. Cssstsns rsquirestsss sof dairy stle fss conception. J. Diry'ti. 25:688-89. Losli, J. K., B. B. Bssley, W. P. FlsIS, N. L. Jsssbsss, C. H. Noller, asd MO. BRunsing, with ts ssspsratiss sof P. W. bos. 1971. Nsutsien requiements sof daisy ssffls. 4th rsv. sd as!. Rss. Csssdil Psb. Losli, J. IC, B. B. Becke, C. F. Huffmans, N. L. Jacobson, and J. C. Shaw. A rspsrt sof lbs Subssommitss ss Dsiss CstSls Nusio. 1999. 3rd rsv. ed. as!. Rss. Cssnsi! Psll. 1349. Lsyst, B. 9., ssd E. L. Hsdspp. 1939. Rssissl sof fsstpsrsatosoa vitifisd is liquid si'. Prss. Sss. Espt. Bis. Med. 39:433-34. McCandhsb, A. C., L. S. Gilslet'e, std H. H. Kildeet. 1919. Isflsssse o9 essiron- metssasd brssdisg insicrss intgsmlkprdsos II. IowasAg.spt. Sta. Bsl. 199. MsDswesl, 5. C. 1925. Csow tstisg atssiatlos, ssd stsriss lbs serssstels. USDA Fsastsrs' 9sf!. 1449. MsDsowsll, 5. C., ssd J. B. Fsrksr. 1929. Betssr cows from1 bsetser tsrs. USDA Dep. Ciss. 393. Msr,G. D, ssd C. L.Cl. 1966. Prosecshvssbiitysofbovisemilksnd bovins Ssrum antltoxi is siss. . Dsisy Se4. 49:19-19. Mesigs, E. B., and T. E. Woodwarsd. 1921. Thss influence sof calcium and phos- phosss is lbs fst'd os lbs mlk yit'Id sof dsiry ssows. J. Dairy Sfi. 4:18-217. :Mssdsl, Gssgss. 1999. Vestssb sbss Pflsssssbybsidss. Ve'rad4. Natusforssh. Vstreises is Brsss. 4:3-47.  Contibuaon to -ete Daiyin 473 Cobtos to3Btte Daiyig 7 Cntribtos toBete Dairin 47 816-17. .1918. A cow index. Jerseyy J. 15(9):17-21. veenuky. [Artifi6al insmnto inyM, far animalsA.] Moscow, Selkkozgiz. 'Morr9son, F. B0. 1956. FeeAs and, FeedAing. 22nd4 ed. Ithaca, N.Y. incws2. Animayl SiA. 1:189-98. Neal, W. M., and C. F. Ahan 1937. The essetility Af cobalt in bovie nu trition. J. Dairy, Se. 20:741-53. Neal, W. M., R. B. Becker, and A. L. Shealy. 1932. Naua coyper defAciny in cattle rations. Siencey 74:418. Nelson, J. B. 1961. Normal, immunity reacytions of the cow ad the calf with referencey to antbody traission in clost6um. Missour Agr. Expt. Sta. Bys. Bull. 532. Nelson, B. E. 1961. Utilation of blood typing. Jersey J. 12(17):40. Notn H. W., Jr. Getto period for Holstei-Friesia cw. J. Dairy Si. 39:1617-21. Olds, Durw~a. 1959. Insemyinationtiming and cnception,. Cuernsey Breeders' J. 104:22-23, 42. Perry, E. J. 1939. Among the D3~ais fa,.me,,. Interstate, Danville, Ill. 1969. Thy artifical insemination, of 9,am aimals. 4th yd. Butgers Univ. Press, New Brunwic, N.J. Phillipt, P. H1. 1945. A practical metod of colorng semen, Aor identification pupss 1. D.ay SiA. 28:843-44. Pickett, R. M.5, W. . C en A. F. Fowler, an . C. Cossley. 1960. A cm Pirtle, T. B. 1926. History of the airy industry. Myoy.,5,y, Bros., Chicago. Plowman,,,, B. D., ,a B. T. McDgail. 1967. Changes5 inHIA Sire Sumr Polge, C., and L. K. A. Bowson. 1952. Fetilizing capaty of bult spraoo after freezing at -79' C. Nature 169:626-27. Powel~l, E. 0. 1939. One causey of fat vaiatBon in, milk. Proc. Amer.~ Sc. Animayl Prod. Pp. 40-47. hyhbyya5,yy, deAscace (Academy of ScAence). 11:907-8. BRaot, Rene, Vallery. 1929. Thy ifeyof Pastytur. Doubleay, Gade City, N.Y. Ragsale, A. C. 1934. Groth stanards for dairy hAifer. Missour Agr. Epst. Sta. Bull. 336. BeiA, J. T. 1956. Nutrition and feeding of airy cattle. 1.,Dairy6Sci. 39:735-63. RomaJ., C. J.Wilcox, .B.Bke,,andM. Kger.1969. Tenure ad reasons, for disposal Af ,6arfiia inseminat6on airy sirys. J. Dary Si. 5221063-69. Ronning, M., E. R. Berousek, A. 1H. Kuhlman,, andA W. D. Callu. 1913. The caotn requirements for rerduto in Gueny,3 cattl. J. D3ar Si. 36: 52-56. Russell, Wy. A. 1966. Practical thou.ghts o handAing airy bults. Brown, Siss5 Bull. 45(1):11-13, 40, 45, 72-73. Salisburyy, C. W. 1946. Fertility Af bull seme diutA 1:109. J. Dairy Si. 29:695-97. ISibury, C. W., and, N. L. VanDemark. 1961. Physiology of rproduction, and, Milky, B. H. 1962. A new, meythod ofcopaing sire. HoardA's Darymant lO7: 816-17. .1968. A cow index,. .Jersep J. 15(9):17-11. Milovano, V. 0. 1936. Iskssuenye Cesememis Selcke-Kosia, venny J1- veenu.ky. [Artiical, insemintion, in, fam ,aimals.] Motsow, Selkozgi. MorrAson, P. B. 1956. Feeds and, Feeding. 22nd ed. thaca, N.Y. in cos 1. Animal Si. 1:199-96. Neal, W. M., ~a C. P. Ahan 1937. Thy esseniality of cobalt inboie, u trillio. J. Dairy SiA. 20:741-53. in cattle ration. Sience, 74:418. referntontibdy transmission, in colost,,um. Missour,9 Agr. Expt. Sta,. Res. Bull1. 582. Nelson, R. E. 1962. Utiaton, Af bloA typing. Jersey J. 12(17):4. Norton, 14. W., Jr. Gestat6on period Aor HteinA,-Friesian cows J.) aiyci 39:1617-21. 2. 204:22-23, 42. Perry, E. J. 1939. Amon.,g thy Danis5h faymer. Intertt, Danvitlle, Ill. ____1966. The artifiial 5inmintion, at farm~ ,aimals. 4th ed. BRutgers Univ. Press, New. Brunswickh, N.J. Phillips, P. H0. 1945. A practical method of colorig see for idifiation, purposes,. 2. Dary SIA. 28:843-44. paiso of moti.lity of bulsme extended in egg-yolk-yitrate-glycerol and skiik-gg-yok-glycero. A. 1. Digest 8(2):19. Plwan,,,,, R. D., and, R. T. McDaniel. 1967. Changys in DHIA Sire Summar,,y Polge, C., and, L. K. A. Rowson.. 1912. Fertil1Aing capaty of hult spmtzoa after freezing at -79' C. Naure 169:626-27. Powell, E. B. 1939. One caute of fat vaitin in milk. Proc,. Am. S,,c. An.imal ProA. Pp. 40-47. Prevost, Dr. 1946. Recherches tsur let anima,lute tpermat6que. Compty ren. ~hbromadaires des scance (Acaemy of Science). 11:907-8. Raot, BReny Vallery. 1926. The life of Pasteu. Doubleay, CGaden City, N.Y. Ragsal, A. C. 1934. Cyrowth stadad for dairy bAifer. Missour,4 Agr. Expt. 91t,. Bul. 380. BAAd, J. T. 1956. Nutrition and feeding of airy cattle. J. Dairy Si. 39:735-63. Roman,, J., C. J. Witlco, 0. B. Becker., tand M. Koger. 1969. Tenure, and asn 6for iposal of .atca ineinto airy sirys. J. Dairy Si. 52:163-69. Btnning, M., E. 0. Beosk A. H4. Kuhlman,, and, W. D. CGallup. 1953. The caotnerquirements for reproduction in Guernsey catl. J. Dairy Si. 36: 52-56. Russell, W. A. 1986. Practical thoughts on, hadlig dairy buAls. Brown., Siss. Bul. 45(1(:11-13, 40, 45, 72-73. Saisbur.y, C. W. 1946. Fertlity of hull semediute 1:100. 1. Dairy SiA. 29:695-97. 816-17. .1965, A cow Ainde. Jersey J. 15(9(:17-21. Miovano, V. R. 1936. I,,A,,,tuey,,y Cesemem,,is Selcke-Khosia, venny 51- veenuky. [ArtifiAial inseminationi farm., anima.] Moscow,, Selkkozgi. :Morrison, P. B. 1956. Feeds, and, Feeding. 22ndA ed. Ithaca,, N.Y. in cos J. Animal Si. 1:199-96. Neal, Wy. M., and C. F. Ahan 1937. The essetility oA cobalt in bovie nu trition,. J. Dairy SIA. 20:741-53. Neal, W. M., R. B. Becker, andA A. L. Shealy. 1931. Naual opyper defiieAy in ca.ttle ratyon. Sience 74:416. referencey to anbody transmissio in colostrum. Missoui Agr. Expt. Sta. Res. Bull. 532. Nelso, R. E. 1961. Utizatio of6 blood typing. Jersey J. 12(17):40. Noryton, H. W., Jr. Cestat,,on period A.r Holstin-Fryesian cows. J. Diry, SiA. 39:1617-21. Olds, Durw,,a. 1959. Insemination timig ,a conception. Guernsey Breeders J. 104:22-23, 42. Perry, E.)J. 1939. Amon',g thy Danish/ farmersy,. Interstat, Danill, Ill. .1966. Thy ar.tifical insemiation, of fay,, animals,. 4th ed. Rutgers Univ. Press, New. Brunswic, N.J. purposes. 1. Dairy Si. 28:84344. Pickt, R,W. A. Cow,yA. F. Fowlr,, and . C. Cosle.1960. Aco- parison of motllity of bull semen, extended in egg-yolk-citrte-glycerol and PSily, T. B. 1926. History of thy dairy, industry. My(.,,,iyy Bros,., Chicag. Plwan~,,, R. D., and, R. T. McDanieyl. 1967. Changyt 5, DHIA Spye Sumr proceydureys. Jyysyy 1. 14(18):20-21. Polge, C., and, L. K. A. Rows.. 1952. Fertlizing capaty of buill spermatozoa,, after frezn at -79' C. Natuyy 169:626-27. Powell, E. B. 1939. Oney yause of fat v.aitn in milk. Pryc. Am.. Sy. Animal Pro. Pp. 40-47. hyh,,.yAdiryy Ayesyyecayys (Academy of Bcyence). 11:907-8. 0,adot, Reney Vallery. 1929. The life o f Pastyeu. Doubleay, Ctayden City, N.Y. Ragsal, A. C. 1934. Cyrowtb sanddst foy airy heifers. MissourA Ag. Expt. Sta. Boll. 336. ReAA,J. T. 1956. Nutiion and feeding ofA diycattly. . Dairy Si. 39:735-63. for disposal of artifical insyeminaton dairy sire. J. Dairy Syi. 52:1063-69. R,,nning, M., E. R. Beroustyk, A. H. Kuhl1man,, and W. D. CGal6up. 1953. The caotn requirements fo. reproduction in CGuernsey cattle. . Dairy SIA. 36: 52-56. Russyll, W. A. 1996. PyrayicalI thyoughts on, hadlig air, bulls. Bryown Swiss Bull. 45(1):11-13, 40, 45, 72-73. Saisbur.y, C. W. 1946. Fertility of buI syemyn diluted 1:10. . Dairy Si. 29:695-97. artificial insem~ination, of cattle. Reinhold, New' SYk.  474 DATIBY CATTLE BREEDS Schalk, A. F., Cnd R. S. AmdonIC. 1928. Physilgy of lbs ruminaDt stomachEI (boinle). StudieT of the dynamicT fctors. NorTh Dakota Agr. EnT. Sta. BuTO. 216. Smith, V. R. 1959. Physiology of lactatiCn. 5th ed. Iowa Stst Univ'. PresT, SoeseD, Edward. 1938. KustIig Sasdsvssfosing haIT MS sTIttedyene. Royal Ags. Cnd Vet. ColIege, Copenhagen. StlIcup, 0. T. 1965. SoCTe EsonT Thy high qTalitE forage iT impttICT. GuDesey BeedCeT' 9. 1T5:794-95. 9TStmon, Clyde. 1966. What blood typing tellT TT. HoadR's DirymanT T11 T15l, 1162. SulivanD, J. J., F. S. ElliCot, D. E. BatIett, D. M. Murpshy, and C. D. Euds. 1966. Futhrsude onjE Ith ubse TSf polyTmyST B sTlfatR Tith dihydEosltspto- m~ycin and eniciIliC for cEntol TI vibrIC fetus iT fIzeS TseDe. J. DiryI SEi. 49:1569-7T. STIsoCn, E. W., and H. A. Hesrman. 1944. The digstibilit' of lespedeza bay and groundIKoeansIEpedIezaseedby5diyeifers.J. DirSi. 27:%263-68. Syhes, J. F., F. H. Andrews, F. W. Hill, F. W. LToTes, J. W. ThomsTI, Tnd C. F. WTinchester. 1953. HoDmCnR relaInsisTI and appliETctn iT ftse prDduc- SiTS of STeCt, Tilk Tnd eggs. NTl. Ds. Cuncil ESuTI. 266. ThutonIC, L. M., C. H. Ecklss, and L. S. Palmers. 1926. The rTIR of the ant6- scorbtc vitamin in the ntitionC Cf calvET. J. Dairy Sci. 9:37-49. TrimegerE, G. W. 1949. Breeding Rffiiency is dirsy EtIe fITS artificial iT- seSTinatiCn It vaiousT interaIs bCefore and atles ovulaIonC. Nebrska/ Ags. Expt. Sts. Rss. Dull. 123. . 1954. CocSeption rates is dairy caItle ITTm TericET It vaious iCterEalh atles pauiioCn. J. Daisy Sci. 37:1042-49. TSot,CG. M. 1856. Fifly yearTsI ofbs ASTrEcn Dirsy SciRce AssociaionD. I. Dairy Set. 39:625-50. Tsss, A. C. 1929. The hitory of agricltIa extesion TCErk. USDA Mlisc. Publ. 25. .1929. The hitoCry Cf agrcuIturaI educaCon is lbs Usited SHItes, 1785- 1925. USDA Mic. PubI. 36. .1937. Ths histCry of lbs agicuIltCra expeiTentti and researcb is lbs United StateRT, 1107-1925. USDA Misc. EPubl. 251. TurDer, C. W. 1934. Ths funt556nal indliviualit5' sf lbs mammarE gladsIo the uder sf lbs dairy cIT. Missur Agr. Ext StM. Aes. Bull. 211. USDA. 1942. Keeoisg livstckhelthy5. USDA Yearboosk Cf Agriculure. CEO, WaiTtonIC, D.C. .1956. AniTCI disess. Tbs Yearbosk Cf AgrEiclture. CED. Washing- Itsn, D.C. VaDemrC, N. L. 1952, Time andTI sit of~iTT issmnto iSttle. Conseli Vet. 42:215-22. VaDemarkI, N. L., and C. W. Salisbusy. 1959. Ths rel1t6on of pot-I.ECtIC hreeding intrSTI Is rerodtive8 sffisiessy iT lbs daisy cow. 5. AnimalI Sci. 9:307-13. VanDemdk, N. L., C. W. Salisbusy, and L. E. Bslsy. 1952. EPrgnancy itr- ruptonT and bseedisg tecbnique is lbs artifici inseiation of EDo's. J. Diry Ssi. 35:219-23. Van Slybs, L. L. 1696. EffssI of drTtb upoTS Till protSionI. Nes orsk (Censva) Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 102. ViTaneRn, Artturi. 1866. Milk prodtion6 sf coTs on psstein-bsee fesd. ScienceE 155(3744):1603-14. 474 DATIBY CATTLE BREEDS Schblkb, A. F., asd R. S. ATTICS. 1928. Physiology sf lbs ruminant stmacb (bovine). Stuis sf lbs dynaSTic fCactr. osb Dakota Ags. EspI. Sta. Bugl. 216. Smitb, V. 8. 1959. Ehysiology Cf lcttiCn. 5th sd. IowaT Sstst Ini. Frss, SoeenR, Edwarsd. 1936. Kustig STEIosssfosding bos Huspated~yrETe. RoyaI As. and Vst. College, Coenhbage. Stllcup, 0. T. 1965. SCTe rEaIsn Thy high qulity forage is important. Guersey Breeders' J. 115:794-95. SICrmtET, Clyds. 1966. WhIt blCCd ts'pisg tes TT. HCard's DairymanS ST: 1151, 1182. Sullivan, J. J., F. I. ClliotD, D. E. BastletD, D. M. Murphy, and C. D. Kurdas. 1966. FusthssstIuliso Cth ubse TIE spolymyxin B sulfCIe witlb Iihv'IED60spls- Tyin and psnisillin fos cntrol of vibrC fetus iS isonseeE. J. Dairy Sci. 49:1569-71. STaDson, E. W., and H. A. HerSTCn. 1944. Ths digsihilty of lesedezaC bay and ground Koralspeez sEEReTed by dirsy heifrT. . Dairy Set. 27:263-68. Sykes, J. F., F. H. AndreTs, F. W. Hilt, F. W. LoensE, J. W. ThomsTE, adI C. F. WiDceRtr. 1953. HormCne rtionsbips 1nd aiEatEonsT in lbs prTdTE- tiCn of mtR, Tubk and sggs. Nod1. Aes. Council Pub. 266. TbCrstCn, L. M., C. H. Ecls, 1nd L. S. ElTes. 1926. Ths ssls sf lbs ant6- scorbt6c vitamin iC tbs nutIiton Cf clves. J. Day Ssi. 9:3749. Trimberge, C. W. 1948. Bsssdisg sfllisseny is diry stls bITm artiiil Cn- seminaiCn It vaious intervals befCTe and CItes CvulICEon. Nsbrskab Ag. Expt. Sta. Ass. Bull. 153. . 1954. ConeptioCn rates in diy ca1915 frmscsT TatE varCiCus intessals after pauitTionC. I. Diry Ssi. 37:1042-49. TroCtC. M. 1956. Fifty yearso sths ASTerican Daisy ScieneE Associathon. J. Dasiry Ssi. 39:625-50. Tres, A. C. 1928. The histosy of CgricultCral extesion TErh. USDA Mlisc. Pshl. 25. .__ 1929. Ths histsry of agicultural eduTcatCon is lbs UTited SHItes, 1785- 1822. USDA Miss. ESubl. 36. ____ 1937. Tbs history sf lbs agricltural exeiettioCn and researcb is lbs Usited SHIteT, 1607-1925. USDA Misc. P.b. 221. Turer, C. W. 1834. Ths functlonal ind~iiulity sf lbs DITTIar' glands of lbs TuddeD sf lbs dsiry cIT. MisTITri Agr. Expt. Sta. Aes. Bug1. 211. USDA. 1942. KCeeping livsockshebsltby. USDA easbook of Agriculture. CEO, WasbingtCn, D.C. .__ 1956. Anhia iseases. Tbs YeIarbook Cf AgrEiutue. CEO, Wshbing- Hsn, D.C. VssDemarkh, N. L. 1952. Tims and steR sf insem~intion is castls. Cornell Vet. 42:215-22. VanDeDma, N. L., snd C. W. Salisbsry. 1950. Ths rlSo of poTT-EaTHDT breeing intrsal t reproducive efficiency in lhe diry cow. J. Anima~l Si. 9:307-13. VaDemask, N. L., C. W. Salisbury, and L. E. Bslsy. 1952. Pegnancy istsr- ruptonS and breeding technique is lbs atEIici inemit1ionT of cowsT. J. Dsiry Ssi. 35:219-23. Van Slybs, L. L. 1096. EffssI of IdDub SETS Dill production. Neu; ork (Genevsa) Agr. ExEt. Sta. BuIl 10. VisHanen, ArtItui. 1966. Hubk production sf cTws on pEDteTin-e fsed. Sciences 155(3744):1603-14. 474 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Schblk, A. F., ssd R. 8. AmadosT. 1928. Phylsilgy of lbs rusinasMToTTIch (bov~ine). Stuis sf lbs dynaSmic factr. Norsh Dakota Ags. EptE. Sta. Au. 216. Smitb, V. R. 1959. Physiology sf lascaion. 5th s. Iowa Ststs Univ. Prss, ATmCT. Soensen, Edwas. 1938. Kusig SaedCverforing hasC HspattedymneT. Rsysl Ags. and Vst. College, Copenbage. StallcuE, 0. T. 1965. SITe seaTsn why high qsslity forage iT importan. Csuessssy Bsssders' J. 115:794-95. Stsssos, Clyds. 1966. Whst blood typisg te11s us. Hoard's Daisysman 111: 1151, 1182. Suliva, J. J., F. I. EllistI, D. E. Bsrtlstf, D. H. Murphy, an1 C. D. Kurd1s. 1966. Fsslhsstudlis IT lbese IE polymyxin B sulfte wsilb Iibylsslspto Dycin ad pssisillin fos contol of vibsio fetu s is froesemSeTn. J. Dairy Sci. 49:1569-71. STansCn, E. W~, asd H. A. Hermans. 1944. Ths igetibilty If lespedezC bly and ground KoeanT lespedeza sed by dirybhifrs. 1. Dairy ScT. 27:263-6. Sykes, J. F., F. H. AdewTs, F. W. Hill, F. W. Lorens, J. W. ThEmas, and C. F. Wincheste. 1853. HormoneretishiT ps and aIE tionEs iT lbs produc- tiss of mea, milk and eggs. Nat. Aes. Council EPubI. 266. Tbston~s, L. M., C. H. EckIRs, asd L. S. Flmer. 1926. Ths ssls of lbs antO- TscrbutE viltin is ths nstsihtio Cf cles. . Daisy Sci. 9:37-49. Tdimberge, C. W. 1949. Breeding sffisisscy is dsisy sstls bETm Cartiii in- seminaion at vliCIT iteryCls befCTe and 1fter ovulatio. Nebrskab Ags. ExpI. Sta. Ass. Bull. 153. .1954. ConetionD rsI l is aiy catle1ro IsvcsITSEIE It vais intervals after patuIitonI. J. Day Sci. 37:1042-49. TroutC . M. 1956. Fifts yersE of ths AmersicCn Daisy Science Association. J. Dsisy Sit. 39:625-O. Tsss, A. C. 1928. Ths histsry Cf Cgricutaisl exsion sws-ss. USDA Mlisc. Puhl. 25. .1929. Tbs historsy of agricultural educaons is lbs Usitsd SHats, 178.5- 1925. USDA Miss. Publ. 36. .1937. Tbs hilsoy sI lbs agricturalC expeettEionC ssd rsearcsh is lbs United Stales, 1607-1925. USDA Hiss. EsubI. 221. Turnes, C. W. 1934. Ths funssossl inividlCity of lbs Dmammary glnds Cf lbs TdleS of lbs Isisry sos. MissCui Ags. Expt. SMa. Aes. Bu. 211. USDA. 1942. Ksspisg Iivstossb hssltby. USDA Ysarboosk Cf AgrsIclur. CEO, WashingIt, D.C. .1956. AniTCl diseases. Ths YearboCCk sf Agricultur. CEO, Wshbisg- ItSn, D.C. VanODmar, N. L. 1952. Times and s sf iseminaions is catDle. Csssssl Vet. 42:215-22. Van~semark, N. L., snd C. W. Salisbury. 1950. Ths TelatiCn sf pos-FasHED breeing interval Is reproducftve efficiency in lhs diry cow. J. AimalS Si. 9: 307-13. Vas~ssIrk, N. L., C. W. Slibury, and L. E. Bsley'. 1952. Pesgnanscy inss- ruptonT asd bsssdisg technique is lbs asrtici inseminatiCn sf cEs.E J. Dsiry Ssi. 35:219-23. Van Slybs, L. L. 1896. EffesI sf drosth upED Till psodsctiss. Neu; YorkT (CGsness) Ags. Ext SMa. Bull. 105. Vistanes, Asttusi. 1966. Milh ErdtionST If cEs Cn EtIein-ree fssd. Sciencs 155( 3744):,1603-14.  Conotributionso to Better Doioyinog 475 Weaver, Earl, C. A. Matthewso, and H. H. Kildee. 1929. Iofloence of enviono- ment and breeding in increasing mtilk production. Pool 3. Iowa Agr. Expt. Sto. Boll. 251. Werner, C. M., L. P. Casida, ood I. W. Ropel. 19.39, Bet tioo for ionsomioa- tioo of cows. Wisonstio Ago. Ept. Sto. Boll. 440, p. 15. Wiloxo, C. J., K. 0. Pfoo, R. P. Mather, ond J. W. Bortlett. 1959. Cenetic and enioonmotlifouncsponolid-t-ftootot ofow's ilk. J. Dairy Sri. 42:1132-46. Willt, P. L.. 1950. Fertility aod lvobility of boll sooon dilotod at various levelt to 1:100. J. Dooioy Soi. 33:43-49. .1956. Developmenots in tho physiology of oepooductiot of daioy cattlo and in artlfiia insoeminton. 1. Doairy Sci. 39:695-711. Winkjer, fool L. 1917. Cooperotivo boll asociiono. USDA Yoorbookt of Agri- culture 1910, pp. 311-19. Covoromeot Acts 1862. An Act donoting pobio lands to tho Several Stoteo antd Terrtotiot wohicbmay provideoforthbenefitsofogicltureoad toeo chaic at. 1998. A Bill. To consolidote tho Hatoch AMof 01887 aod tho lowt supplemen- bory teoto relatdve to tbo oppropria~ton of Federal foods for tloo tupport of ogricultoral experlmentttions 10 tho Statot, Alaska, Howoii and Pueoto Rico. HfoardsDairymano 1968. Englisb doiry herds hord hit by foot-otnd-outb ditoato. 113:79. 1969. Young tire progroamt povide boll powor. 114:71, 105. Jersey J. 1960. Youog Jersoy matont doet doublo duty. 7(4):66. 1965. Editooial. A. I. Istoo. 12( 17):27. 1965. Summaory of blood typiog ooqoioomeots. 12(17):58. Otber Poblbcatioos 1964-70. Metbods of frooziog toemon. Milk Modkotiog Boaod. Bopot of thoo Brooding ood Proodoctioo Organoion 15:1024, 1964-65; 18:123-33, 1967-69; 26:32-34, 1969-70. 1965. DHIA Cow Pooformanceo Iodex Litt. Rogioterod progfeny of DHIA sires, Aogost ood Septoembor, 1964. Doiry-Herod-Imtprooement Lettoo. AB9-44-154. 1965. Contoocf oppoaisol of sioes. Gentooc appraitol of cowos. Dairy-Herod- Imoprovemoont Lettoo. ABS 44-181. Vol. 41(4). 1966.BRequirementstgoverningoartficialinseminionoof purebreddiy cttl, Pffectlvo Joly 1, 1966. Purebrod Doiry Cattle Assooiiaton. 1967. Utified rulot for DHIA (in additono to stotdard DHIA tolet). Browno Swoiss Boll. 42(2):75-79. 1968. Aotomaoted onit tests tmilk olectonically. iry Hood anagemtto 5(7):8-9. Contoibtionso to Bottor Dairyintg 475 Woavoo, Podl, C. A. Mattboets, ood H. Ht. Kildeo. 1929. Ilfeoce of onvion- menot and breeding it increasing moilk producton. Poot 3. Iowao Ag. Bopt. Sto. Boll. 251. Worter, C. MI., L. E. Cosida, and I. W. Bupol. 1939. Besttim or0 itoemino- tion of cowos. Wisonsoin Ago. Pxpt. Sto. Boll. 446, p. 15. Wiloxo, C. f., K. 0. Pfau, B. P. Mathe, ond J. W. Baotlett. 1959. Contlc and onvironmenotl ifoencespo obdt-noo-ftonotentofowo'somil. J. Diry Sci. 42:1132-46. Willett, P. L. 1950. Fettility and livabilit. of boll soemoo dilutod at vaoious lovolt to 1:100. 1. Doioy Sol. 33:43-49. .1956. Dovolopmenott i0 tbo pbytiology of ropooductioo of doiry cattlo and io aotificial inseminaio. J. Doiry Sci. 39:695-711. Wiokjer, Jool L. 1917. Cooporatlve boOl associations. USDA Yearook of Agri- coltoro 1916, pp. 311-19. Covooromont Actt 1962. Ao Acl dototing public londs to tbe Sevooal Stotos aod Teroitooiot which may provideoforthbeneitsofogicltureoad temechaict. 1955. A Bill. To conosolidote tfoo Hotcb Aol of 1897 ood the lawt topplotmot- tory tbototo rolotioo to tbo appropriatioo of Federol foods fot toe suppoot of ogrioultutl ooportmont stotioos in the Statet, Alasko, Haoaoi ond 1968. Eoglisb dairy beodt bood bit by foot-ond-outb ditoote. 113:79. 1969. Youog tito progroamt povido boll poweo. 114:71, 105. Jersey J. 1960. Young Jootey maoton doot dooble duty. 7(4):66. 1965. Editordol. A. I. Istuo. 12( 17):27. 1965. Soummory of blood typiog requiremtst. 12(17):58. Otbot Publicotions 1964-70. Metloods of froeoiog tsomen. Milk Motketing Boood. Bopot of toe Brooding otd Poodoctioo Oogoozion 15:102-4, 1964-65; 18,123-35, 1967-69, 26:32-34, 1969-70. 1965. DHIA Coo Perotoanoto Indoo Litt. Bogitorod poogoty of DHIA tirot, Augutt aod Septombeo, 1964. Dairy-Herod-Impovemenott Ltte. ARS 44-154. 1965. Contbo oppooitol of sireo. Genooio oppooisol of cowt. Dairy-Herd- Iomprovoement Letto. ABS 44-161. Vol. 41(4). 1966.Requirementsogoverninggartficil insemoinationof purbrd diycttl, Effectlvo Joly 1, 1966. Porobrod Doiry Cottlo Assoocio. 1967. Uoifiod rudot too DHIA (ino addiioo to tandard DHIA tolot). Bown~ Sosst Boll. 42(2),75-79. 1969. Aotomted oo8t teto ooilk oloctronicolly. Dairy Herd Maonagement9 5(7):8-9. Cootiboionos to Bottoo Doiryinog 475 Woavoo, Pool, C. A. Mattbowt, and H. H. Kildeo. 1928. Iofluence of onviroo- menot and breeding in itcreasing milk productio. Part 3. owa Ago. Expt. Sto, Boll. 251. Weooo, C. ML.E. Casido,oandI. W.Rp.1939.Best tmeor oinsempina- tion of owos. Wisonsoit Ago. Expt. Sta. BoB. 440, p. 15. Wiloxt, C. J., K. 0. Pfo, B. P. Motbe, ood J. W. Bootlot. 1959. Contlc ood environmeontliofluonces 0p00 solids-not-fotlcontont of ow'somilk. 1. Daoiry Sri. 42,1132-46. Willeft, P. L. 1950. Feotility aod lvobility of boll soemon dilutod ot various leool to 1,100. J. Daoiry Sci. 33:43-49. .1956. Dovolopoments in tbo phytiology of ropooductioo of doiry oattle aod io artifiia inseminion~. 1. Daiory Soi. 39:695-711. Wiobfo, fool L. 1917. Cooporotive boll aocitionso. USDA Tearbooko of Agoi- coltuoo 1916, pp. 311-19. Govooooment Aott 1962. An Acl donotitg pubio loodt to toe Sovooal Stotot aod Tortitotiet whoich mayoprovid fotebeneofitsofoagricultureoand themechaicat. 1955. A Bill. To consolidote toe Htchlo Acl of 1897 and toe loot suppolotmoo- tary tbototo relaotov to toe appropriation of Federol foots fot toe tupport of agrioultooal experimentstatioos io tho Statot, Aloska, Hawaoi ond Puerto Rico. Hfoard's Dairyman 1969. Poglitb dairy beods hood hit by foot-ood-outb ditoote. 113:79. 1969. Yooog tilt progroams povido boBl pooer. 114:71, 105. Jooooy . 1960.Young Jerseyomotonodos doobleodoty.7(4):6. 1965. Editoril. A. I. Istu. 12)(17):27. 1965. Soummooy of blood typing toqoiooemoots. 12(17):58. Otoer Publiootbont 1964-70. Methodsof freeziog ooemon. Milk Markbobog Board. Boport of te Booodiog ood Poodootioo Orgoniotiono 15:102-4, 1984-65 18:123-35, 1967-68; 26:32-34, 1969-70. 1965. DHIIA Cow Perforoooooe Iodex Litt. Bogiotored pogfety of DHIA titot, Aogost ood Soptoemboo, 1964. Dairy-Heod-Imovemenooot Lette. ABS-44-154. 1965. Cootio oppooisol of dirt. Contio oppooisol of owst. Dairy-Herod- Imovemooont Lettoo. ABS 44-161. Vol. 41(4). 1966.BRequirements governigtgofiil insemintonoof purebreddirycal, Pffectlvo July 1, 1969. Pooobred Doily Cottlo Associo. 1967. Uified odots tot DHIA (ino addiiono to staodood DHIA rlot). Brown Swoiss Boll. 42(2):75-79. 1969. Aotomteld ont toots ooilo electooicolly. Diryj Hood Monogoot 5(7):8-9.  CHAPTER 22 SUMMARY THs PART of Dairy Cattle Beeds is an analysis divided into 21 units based on the preceding breed chapters. These sections out- line and amplify the practices and principles used in good dairy herds. They are adapted for use with herds of registered dairy cattle maintaining permanent herd records. Certain units apply for dairy- men raising replacement heifers. They were assembled particularly for 4-H and FFA members. The units were based on the practical experience of many persons, including Dr. C. H. Eckles, Dr. H. H. Kildee, Professor C. S. Plumb, Lynn Copeland, J. B. Fitch, C. R. Gearhart, Guy E. Harmon (my former "boss"), Arthur B. Klussen- dorf, James W. Linn, and P. C. McGilliard. These men were among many who contributed to the art and science of improving dairy cattle. Instructors may arrange the sequence of units to accommodate local events, such as shows, official type classifications, field trips to breeders' herds, or to purebred sales. Since some individuals have 476 CHAPTER 22 SUMMARY Tais PART of Dairy Cattle Bfeeds is an analysis divided into 21 units based on the preceding breed chapters. These sections out- line and amplify the practices and principles used in good dairy herds. They are adapted for use with herds of registered dairy cattle maintaining permanent herd records. Certain units apply for dairy- men raising replacement heifers. They were assembled particularly for 4-H and FFA members. The units were based on the practical experience of many persons, including Dr. C. H. Eckles, Dr. H. H. Kildee, Professor C. S. Plumb, Lynn Copeland, J. B. Fitch, C. R. Gearhart, Guy E. Harmon (my former "boss"), Arthur B. Klussen- dorf, James W. Linn, and P. C. McGilliard. These men were among many who contributed to the art and science of improving dairy cattle. Instructors may arrange the sequence of units to accommodate local events, such as shows, official type classifications, field trips to breeders' herds, or to purebred sales. Since some individuals have 476 CHAPTER 22 SUMMARY Tais PART of Dairy Cattle Beeds is an analysis divided into 21 units based on the preceding breed chapters. These sections out- line and amplify the practices and principles used in good dairy herds. They are adapted for use with herds of registered dairy cattle maintaining permanent herd records. Certain units apply for dairy- men raising replacement heifers. They were assembled particularly for 4-H and FFA members. The units were based on the practical experience of many persons, including Dr. C. H. Eckles, Dr. H. H. Kildee, Professor C. S. Plumb, Lynn Copeland, J. B. Fitch, C. R. Gearhart, Guy E. Harmon (my former "boss"), Arthur B. Klussen- dorf, James W. Linn, and P. C. McGilliard. These men were among many who contributed to the art and science of improving dairs cattle. Instructors may arrange the sequence of units to accommodate local events, such as shows, official type classifications, field trips to breeders' herds, or to purebred sales. Since some individuals have 476  Sumar 477 Suspr 47 umay7 "eyes that see not and ears that hear not," ingenuity of the leader in presenting such events will give them the values of actual experi- ence to breeders or students. Preparation should be made before a field trip. Discussion of observations will give them educational ad- vantages. Dr. H. H. Kildee selected certain photographs for illustration, re- viewed the entire manuscript critically, and suggested that "The Score Card" be developed as a standard for the improvement of dairy cattle. Selection has contributed toward improvement of cattle, since herdsman Laban attempted to influence breeding characteristics of animals in Jacob's herd and flocks. Robert Bakewell improved his Longhorn cattle and Leicester sheep by four means. He selected animals that approached his ideal; mated the best animals together irrespective of relationship; and leased out or sampled males and then used those that proved successful. Finally, animals that failed to approach his ideal were culled closely. His methods apply today. There is much satisfaction in working with good animals, trying to improve and increase their numbers. People in business and pub- lic life have developed some leading herds of dairy cattle. Their herds were a source of satisfaction or a hobby, when under efficient management of skilled caretakers. Because generations of dairy cattle are of short duration, students should keep up to date with their selected breed journals. They should be conversant with selected articles in the breed journals and in assigned technical publications. A detailed report of a pre- ferred breed may conclude classroom instruction. There are three classes of dairy cattle. Few registered dairy ani- mals are of seedstock quality, capable of improvement at the top level. More registered dairy cattle multiply the desirable kind. These two classes provide the breeding stock that maintain the in- herited qualities of good commercial dairy cattle through natural service or artificial breeding. The third class includes the good com- mercial producers. Animals of all three classes should be expected in every leading herd. Continued study and culling are essential to good management. These are among the units condensed in the Summary, with supporting references. "eyes that see not and ears that hear not," ingenuity of the leader in presenting such events will give them the values of actual experi- ence to breeders or students. Preparation should be made before a field trip. Discussion of observations will give them educational ad- vantages. Dr. H. H. Kildee selected certain photographs for illustration, re- viewed the entire manuscript critically, and suggested that "The Score Card" be developed as a standard for the improvement of dairy cattle. Selection has contributed toward improvement of cattle, since herdsman Laban attempted to influence breeding characteristics of animals in Jacob's herd and flocks. Robert Bakewell improved his Longhorn cattle and Leicester sheep by four means. He selected animals that approached his ideal; mated the best animals together irrespective of relationship; and leased out or sampled males and then used those that proved successful. Finally, animals that failed to approach his ideal were culled closely. His methods apply today. There is much satisfaction in working with good animals, trying to improve and increase their numbers. People in business and pub- lic life have developed some leading herds of dairy cattle. Their herds were a source of satisfaction or a hobby, when under efficient management of skilled caretakers. Because generations of dairy cattle are of short duration, students should keep up to date with their selected breed journals. They should be conversant with selected articles in the breed journals and in assigned technical publications. A detailed report of a pre- ferred breed may conclude classroom instruction. There are three classes of dairy cattle. Few registered dairy ani- mals are of seedstock quality, capable of improvement at the top level. More registered dairy cattle multiply the desirable kind. These two classes provide the breeding stock that maintain the in- herited qualities of good commercial dairy cattle through natural service or artificial breeding. The third class includes the good com- mercial producers. Animals of all three classes should be expected in every leading herd. Continued study and culling are essential to good management. These are among the units condensed in the Summary, with supporting references. "eyes that see not and ears that hear not," ingenuity of the leader in presenting such events will give them the values of actual experi- ence to breeders or students. Preparation should be made before a field trip. Discussion of observations will give them educational ad- vantages. Dr. H. H. Kildee selected certain photographs for illustration, re- viewed the entire manuscript critically, and suggested that "The Score Card" be developed as a standard for the improvement of dairy cattle. Selection has contributed toward improvement of cattle, since herdsman Laban attempted to influence breeding characteristics of animals in Jacob's herd and flocks. Robert Bakewell improved his Longhorn cattle and Leicester sheep by four means. He selected animals that approached his ideal; mated the best animals together irrespective of relationship; and leased out or sampled males and then used those that proved successful. Finally, animals that failed to approach his ideal were culled closely. His methods apply today. There is much satisfaction in working with good animals, trying to improve and increase their numbers. People in business and pub- lic life have developed some leading herds of dairy cattle. Their herds were a source of satisfaction or a hobby, when under efficient management of skilled caretakers. Because generations of dairy cattle are of short duration, students should keep up to date with their selected breed journals. They should be conversant with selected articles in the breed journals and in assigned technical publications. A detailed report of a pre- ferred breed may conclude classroom instruction. There are three classes of dairy cattle. Few registered dairy ani- mals are of seedstock quality, capable of improvement at the top level. More registered dairy cattle multiply the desirable kind. These two classes provide the breeding stock that maintain the in- herited qualities of good commercial dairy cattle through natural service or artificial breeding. The third class includes the good com- mercial producers. Animals of all three classes should be expected in every leading herd. Continued study and culling are essential to good management. These are among the units condensed in the Summary, with supporting references.  47S DA IRY CATTLE BREEDS WHAT TS A PUREBRED? Cattle originally were brought to the western hemisphere from Europe before breeds were developed and recognized as such. Some animals undoubtedly were good, and others less so. Attempts were not made to keep different kinds separated. Cattle of a com- munity ran at large or were herded, as on the Boston Commons. Little opportunity was afforded for improvement by individual owners. When enterprising persons and Agricultural Societies recognized the greater productive value of kinds of livestock developed in small communities in Europe, they began to import and breed them as pure lines. Breeders organized into societies to publish herd- books that would be reliable records of parentage or pedigree. Ani- mals meeting all provisions acceptable for entry became known as purebreds. Such breed organizations had avowed objectives. That of the Brown Swiss Cattle Breeders Association is typical. The pre- amble to the Constitution stated: We, the breeders of Brown Swiss Cattle, recognizing the im- portance of a trustworthy Herd Book, that shall be accepted as a final authority in all questions of Pedigree, and desiring to secure the influence and co-operation of those who feel genuine interest in jealously guarding the purity of this stock, do unite in forming an Association for the publication of such a Herd Book and for such other purposes as may conduce to the suc- cessful breeding of these cattle, and do therefore adopt the following Constitution ... A purebred animal then is one whose purity of breeding has met the standards established for entry in the herdbook of the respective organization. Proper records must have been kept of sire and dam, breeder, owner, transfer of ownership, breeding records, color mark- ings, tattoo, or other standards established by the herdbook organi- zation. The animal must have been properly identified and bear the recognized characteristics of the breed. A registration certificate bearing the pedigree facts shall have been granted such animal in the name of the breeder and owner by the breed organization. Any transfer of title shall have been inscribed by the breed secre- tary for each change of ownership. If a female is bred to a sire under 478 DA IRY CATTLE BREEDS WHAT S A PUREBRED? Cattle originally were brought to the western hemisphere from Europe before breeds were developed and recognized as such. Some animals undoubtedly were good, and others less so. Attempts were not made to keep different kinds separated. Cattle of a com- munity ran at large or were herded, as on the Boston Commons. Little opportunity was afforded for improvement by individual owners. When enterprising persons and Agricultural Societies recognized the greater productive value of kinds of livestock developed in small communities in Europe, they began to import and breed them as pure lines. Breeders organized into societies to publish herd- books that would be reliable records of parentage or pedigree. Ani- mals meeting all provisions acceptable for entry became known as purebreds. Such breed organizations had avowed objectives. That of the Brown Swiss Cattle Breeders Association is typical. The pre- amble to the Constitution stated: We, the breeders of Brown Swiss Cattle, recognizing the im- portance of a trustworthy Herd Book, that shall be accepted as a final authority in all questions of Pedigree, and desiring to secure the influence and co-operation of those who feel genuine interest in jealously guarding the purity of this stock, do unite in forming an Association for the publication of such a Herd Book and for such other purposes as may conduce to the suc- cessful breeding of these cattle, and do therefore adopt the following Constitution ... A purebred animal then is one whose purity of breeding has met the standards established for entry in the herdbook of the respective organization. Proper records must have been kept of sire and dam. breeder, owner, transfer of ownership, breeding records, color mark- ings, tattoo, or other standards established by the herdbook organi- zation. The animal must have been properly identified and bear the recognized characteristics of the breed. A registration certificate bearing the pedigree facts shall have been granted such animal in the name of the breeder and owner by the breed organization. Any transfer of title shall have been inscribed by the breed secre- tary for each change of ownership. If a female is bred to a sire under 478 DA IRY CATTLE BREEDS WHAT IS A PUREBRED? Cattle originally were brought to the western hemisphere from Europe before breeds were developed and recognized as such. Some animals undoubtedly were good, and others less so. Attempts were not made to keep different kinds separated. Cattle of a com- munity ran at large or were herded, as on the Boston Commons. Little opportunity was afforded for improvement by individual owners. When enterprising persons and Agricultural Societies recognized the greater productive value of kinds of livestock developed in small communities in Europe, they began to import and breed them as pure lines. Breeders organized into societies to publish herd- books that would be reliable records of parentage or pedigree. Ani- mals meeting all provisions acceptable for entry became known as purebreds. Such breed organizations had avowed objectives. That of the Brown Swiss Cattle Breeders Association is typical. The pre- amble to the Constitution stated: We, the breeders of Brown Swiss Cattle, recognizing the im- portance of a trustworthy Herd Book, that shall be accepted as a final authority in all questions of Pedigree, and desiring to secure the influence and co-operation of those who feel genuine interest in jealously guarding the purity of this stock, do unite in forming an Association for the publication of such a Herd Book and for such other purposes as may conduce to the suc- cessful breeding of these cattle, and do therefore adopt the following Constitution ... A purebred animal then is one whose purity of breeding has met the standards established for entry in the herdbook of the respective organization. Proper records must have been kept of sire and dam. breeder, owner, transfer of ownership, breeding records, color mark- ings, tattoo, or other standards established by the herdbook organi- zation. The animal must have been properly identified and bear the recognized characteristics of the breed. A registration certificate bearing the pedigree facts shall have been granted such animal in the name of the breeder and owner by the breed organization. Any transfer of title shall have been inscribed by the breed secre- tary for each change of ownership. If a female is bred to a sire under  Sumar 49 Summar a7 Sumar 47 different ownership, the service record shall have been accounted for on forms prepared by the breed organization and bear the rec- ognized legal signature of the sire's owner or authorized agent. The registration certificate is a legal paper, the same as title to an automobile or a deed to land. Any changes on the certificate must be made only by the respective breed association office over signature by the breed secretary. When dairy cattle possess the desirable characteristics of seed- stock animals in their native countries, they may be recorded (now only females) as Foundation Stock in the respective herdbooks. Colonel Zadock Pratt observed in 1861 that a cow by a purebred sire attained milking ability above that of common cows. Dr. H. H. Kildee continued such a demonstration at Iowa State College in 1909-milk production was increased through three generations. The Kansas, Oklahoma, and South Dakota stations conducted less extended demonstrations. The American Milking Shorthorn Society's official grading-up plan involves type inspection and acceptable production through four generations, whereby acceptable fifth generation cows may be registered. The Dairy Herd Improvement Section of the USDA pointed out the unavailability of many DHIA records for sire analy- ses because of failure to identify the sire. An industry committee recommended steps to use DHIA records for Identity Enrollment of cows approved for conformation. The first Brown Swiss cow and two desirable heifers were approved for Identity Enrollment during the Dairy Production Conference at the University of Florida in 1969. If their female progeny meet production and type standards in turn, they may become fully registered and recognized as pure- breds along with the progeny of registered parents. Understanding of the Constitution and By-Laws of a preferred breed may be acquired as a laboratory exercise. APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP IN A DARY CATTLE REGISTRY AsSOCIATION Provisions are made in the Constitution and By-laws or regulations concerning membership and the duties of officers of a herdbook or- ganization. Rules outline the methods of conducting business, the different ownership, the service record shall have been accounted for on forms prepared by the breed organization and bear the rec- ognized legal signature of the sire's owner or authorized agent. The registration certificate is a legal paper, the same as title to an automobile or a deed to land. Any changes on the certificate must be made only by the respective breed association office over signature by the breed secretary. When dairy cattle possess the desirable characteristics of seed- stock animals in their native countries, they may be recorded (now only females) as Foundation Stock in the respective herdbooks. Colonel Zadock Pratt observed in 1861 that a cow by a purebred sire attained milking ability above that of common cows. Dr. H. H. Kildee continued such a demonstration at Iowa State College in 1909-milk production was increased through three generations. The Kansas, Oklahoma, and South Dakota stations conducted less extended demonstrations. The American Milking Shorthorn Society's official grading-up plan involves type inspection and acceptable production through four generations, whereby acceptable fifth generation cows may be registered. The Dairy Herd Improvement Section of the USDA pointed out the unavailability of many DHIA records for sire analy- ses because of failure to identify the sire. An industry committee recommended steps to use DHIA records for Identity Enrollment of cows approved for conformation. The first Brown Swiss cow and two desirable heifers were approved for Identity Enrollment during the Dairy Production Conference at the University of Florida in 1969. If their female progeny meet production and type standards in turn, they may become fully registered and recognized as pure- breds along with the progeny of registered parents. Understanding of the Constitution and By-Laws of a preferred breed may be acquired as a laboratory exercise. APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP IN A DAIRY CATTLE REGISTRY ASSOCIATION Provisions are made in the Constitution and By-laws or regulations concerning membership and the duties of officers of a herdbook or- ganization. Rules outline the methods of conducting business, the different ownership, the service record shall have been accounted for on forms prepared by the breed organization and bear the rec- ognized legal signature of the sire's owner or authorized agent. The registration certificate is a legal paper, the same as title to an automobile or a deed to land. Any changes on the certificate must be made only by the respective breed association office over signature by the breed secretary. When dairy cattle possess the desirable characteristics of seed- stock animals in their native countries, they may be recorded (now only females) as Foundation Stock in the respective herdbooks. Colonel Zadock Pratt observed in 1861 that a cow by a purebred sire attained milking ability above that of common cows. Dr. H. H. Kildee continued such a demonstration at Iowa State College in 1909-milk production was increased through three generations. The Kansas, Oklahoma, and South Dakota stations conducted less extended demonstrations. The American Milking Shorthorn Society's official grading-up plan involves type inspection and acceptable production through four generations, whereby acceptable fifth generation cows may be registered. The Dairy Herd Improvement Section of the USDA pointed out the unavailability of many DHIA records for sire analy- ses because of failure to identify the sire. An industry committee recommended steps to use DHIA records for Identity Enrollment of cows approved for conformation. The first Brown Swiss cow and two desirable heifers were approved for Identity Enrollment during the Dairy Production Conference at the University of Florida in 1969. If their female progeny meet production and type standards in turn, they may become fully registered and recognized as pure- breds along with the progeny of registered parents. Understanding of the Constitution and By-Laws of a preferred breed may be acquired as a laboratory exercise. APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP IN A DAIRY CATrLE REGISTRY ASSOCIATION Provisions are made in the Constitution and By-laws or regulations concerning membership and the duties of officers of a herdbook or- ganization. Rules outline the methods of conducting business, the  480 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS major interest of which is eligibility and registration of approved animals of the breed. Membership in a purebred dairy cattle association is a privilege and not a right. An application for membership must have been en- dorsed by one to five members, depending on the particular breed organization, and a fee submitted therewith. Integrity of the appli- cant is investigated before the Board of Directors considers the ap- plication. Membership is attained when the applicant meets all re- quirements and is accepted or approved by the Board of Directors. Three forms of membership are recognized, depending upon the organization: (a) annual in one organization at a small fee; (b) term membership for individuals, partnerships, corporations, or in- stitutions; and (c) life membership for individuals. A member be- comes inactive upon failing to transact business with the associa- tion within a definite time. Membership is not transferable. Tenure of membership depends upon integrity and business re- lationships of the member. Continuance of membership is a privi- lege granted by the association and can be cancelled by the Board for cause after giving the member notice and opportunity for a hearing on infringement of rules or bylaws or for conduct unbecom- ing a member. If membership is cancelled, a definite time is given for disposal and transfer of all registered cattle. Registration cer- tificates can be voided upon abuse or misrepresentation by the member or by failure to abide by rules of the organization. Each member files his legal signature, or that of an authorized agent to represent him, which is recognized in all transactions deal- ing with cattle records or business of the organization. Only this signature(s) is recognized in transactions conducted by him or his agent with this breed. BREEDING RECORDS Breed registry associations require complete records to be kept of breedings, calvings, and identity of each animal in herds of regis- tered dairy cattle. The same records are useful in commercial dairv herds. They are simple and kept easily. Dairy breed journals and supply houses sell several types of useful record forms. A simple form for commercial herds may be written as a daily diary in a note- 480 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS major interest of which is eligibility and registration of approved animals of the breed. Membership in a purebred dairy cattle association is a privilege and not a right. An application for membership must have been en- dorsed by one to five members, depending on the particular breed organization, and a fee submitted therewith. Integrity of the appli- cant is investigated before the Board of Directors considers the ap- plication. Membership is attained when the applicant meets all re- quirements and is accepted or approved by the Board of Directors. Three forms of membership are recognized, depending upon the organization: (a) annual in one organization at a small fee; (b) term membership for individuals, partnerships, corporations, or in- stitutions; and (c) life membership for individuals. A member be- comes inactive upon failing to transact business with the associa- tion within a definite time. Membership is not transferable. Tenure of membership depends upon integrity and business re- lationships of the member. Continuance of membership is a privi- lege granted by the association and can be cancelled by the Board for cause after giving the member notice and opportunity for a hearing on infringement of rules or bylaws or for conduct unbecom- ing a member. If membership is cancelled, a definite time is given for disposal and transfer of all registered cattle. Registration cer- tificates can be voided upon abuse or misrepresentation by the member or by failure to abide by rules of the organization. Each member files his legal signature, or that of an authorized agent to represent him, which is recognized in all transactions deal- ing with cattle records or business of the organization. Only this signature(s) is recognized in transactions conducted by him or his agent with this breed. BREEDING RECORDs Breed registry associations require complete records to be kept of breedings, calvings, and identity of each animal in herds of regis- tered dairy cattle. The same records are useful in commercial dairy herds. They are simple and kept easily. Dairy breed journals and supply houses sell several types of useful record forms. A simple form for commercial herds may be written as a daily diary in a note- 480 D AIRY CATTLE B REEDS major interest of which is eligibility and registration of approved animals of the breed. Membership in a purebred dairy cattle association is a privilege and not a right. An application for membership must have been en- dorsed by one to five members, depending on the particular breed organization, and a fee submitted therewith. Integrity of the appli- cant is investigated before the Board of Directors considers the ap- plication. Membership is attained when the applicant meets all re- quirements and is accepted or approved by the Board of Directors. Three forms of membership are recognized, depending upon the organization: (a) annual in one organization at a small fee; (b) term membership for individuals, partnerships, corporations, or in- stitutions; and (c) life membership for individuals. A member be- comes inactive upon failing to transact business with the associa- tion within a definite time. Membership is not transferable. Tenure of membership depends upon integrity and business re- lationships of the member. Continuance of membership is a privi- lege granted by the association and can be cancelled by the Board for cause after giving the member notice and opportunity for a hearing on infringement of rules or bylaws or for conduct unbecom- ing a member. If membership is cancelled, a definite time is given for disposal and transfer of all registered cattle. Registration cer- tificates can be voided upon abuse or misrepresentation by the member or by failure to abide by rules of the organization. Each member files his legal signature, or that of an authorized agent to represent him, which is recognized in all transactions deal- ing with cattle records or business of the organization. Only this signature(s) is recognized in transactions conducted by him or his agent with this breed. BREEDING RECORDs Breed registry associations require complete records to be kept of breedings, calvings, and identity of each animal in herds of regis- tered dairy cattle. The same records are useful in commercial dairy herds. They are simple and kept easily. Dairy breed journals and supply houses sell several types of useful record forms. A simple form for commercial herds may be written as a daily diary in a note-  Summary 481 Summan 481 Summany 481 book, as in Table 22.1. A barn breeding record on heavy cardboard may be posted with pertinent dates concerning each cow on sepa- rate lines. Some forms have spaces for recording estrus periods before the cow has been fresh long enough to be bred, allowing a person to an- ticipate future heat periods and note any irregularity. The notebook TABLE 22.1 A SUCCESTED PERMANENT BREEDING DIARY book, as in Table 22.1. A barn breeding record on heavy cardboard may be posted with pertinent dates concerning each cow on sepa- rate lines. Some forms have spaces for recording estrus periods before the cow has been fresh long enough to be bred, allowing a person to an- ticipate future heat periods and note any irregularity. The notebook TABLE 22.1 A SUGGESTED PERMANENT BREEDINc DIARY book, as in Table 22.1. A barn breeding record on heavy cardboard may be posted with pertinent dates concerning each cow on sepa- rate lines. Some forms have spaces for recording estrus periods before the cow has been fresh long enough to be bred, allowing a person to an- ticipate future heat periods and note any irregularity. The notebook TABLE 22.1 A SUGGESTED PERMANENT BREEDING DIARY herd numer No. 3 No. 4 No. 1 No. 3 No. 5 No. 1 No. 2 Date of 1-3-70 1-7-70 1-10-70 1-24-70 1-25-70 1-31-70 4-11-70 Barnnae of bull e Stan Stan Oxford Stan Oxford Oxford Stan Calving Sex of date calf rebred 10-18-70 M rebred 11-1-70 F 11-3-70 F 11-4-70 M Herd number, ar tattoo, oek chain killed UF-21 UF-22 killed Cow's nam or herd n. 3 No. 3 No. 4 No. 1 No. 3 No. 5 No. 1 No. 2 Date of serice 1-3-70 1-7-70 1-10-70 1-24-70 1-25-70 1-31-70 4-11-70 Barn nae of bull e Stan Stan Oxford Stan Oxford Oxford Stan Calving Sex of date calf rebred 10-18-70 M rebred 11-1-70 F 11-3-70 F 11-4-70 M Herd nuber, ear tattoo, ornek chain killed UF-21 UF-22 killed Cow'snm r herd nuberr No. 3 No. 4 No. 1 No. 3 No. 5 No. 1 No. 2 Date of 1-3-70 1-7-70 1-10-70 1-24-70 1-25-70 1-31-70 4-11-70 Barn nae of bull Stan Stan Oxford Stan Oxford Oxford Stan date rebred 10-18-70 rebred 11-1-70 11-3-70 11-4-70 Sex of calf M F F M Herd number. ear tattoo, ornek chain killed UF-21 UF-22 killed Last calving date Condition at calving In heat, before bred First date Second date Third date Fourth date Dates bred First service Bull Second service Bull Third service Bull Fourth service Bull Due to calve To turn dry Date calved Sex of calf Tattoo of calf BARN BREEDING RECORD List of cos No. I No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 11-2-69 2-1-70 9-25-69 8-31-69 9-28-69 clean clean clean retained clean 11-29-69 2-28-70 11-23-69 11-8-69 11-30-69 12-18-69 3-19-70 12-14-69 11-2949 12-18-69 12-19-69 1-6-70 1-10-70 4-11-70 1-3-70 1-7-70 Oxford Stan Stan Stan 1-31-70 1-24-70 Oxford Stan 1-25-70 Oxford No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 Last calving date 11-2-69 2-1-70 9-25-69 8-31-69 9-28-69 Condition at calving clean clean clean retained clean In heat, before bred First date 11-2949 2-28-70 11-23-69 11-8--69 11-30-69 Second date 12-18-69 3-19-70 12-149 11-29-69 12-18-69 Third date 12-19-69 1-6-70 Fourth date Dates bred First service 1-10-70 4-11-70 1-3-70 1-7-70 1-25-70 Bull Oxford Stan Stan Stan Oxford Second service 1-31-70 1-24-70 Bull Oxford Stan Third service Bull Fourth service Bull Due to calve 11-12-70 1-21-70 11-2-70 10-16-70 11-6-70 To turn dry 9-30-70 12-8-70 9-23-70 8-31-70 9-25-70 Date calved 11-4-70 11-1-70 10-18-70 11-3-70 Sex of calf M F M F Tattoo of calf killed UF-21 killed UF-22 Last calving date Condition at calving In heat, before bred First date Second date Third date Fourth date Dates bred First service Bull Second service Bull Third service Bull Fourth service Bull Due to calve To turn dry Date calved Sex of calf Tattoo of calf BARN BREEDING RECORD List of cow No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 11-2-69 2-1-70 9-25-69 8-31-69 9-28-69 clean clean clean retained clean 11-29-69 2-28-70 11-23-69 11-8-69 11-30-69 12-18-69 3-19-70 12-14-69 11-29-69 12-18-69 12-19-69 1-6-70 1-10-70 4-11-70 1-3-70 1-7-70 Oxford Stan Stan Stan 1-31-70 1-24-70 Oxford Stan 1-25-70 Oxford 11-12-70 1-21-70 11-5-70 10-16-70 11-6-70 9-30-70 12-8-70 9-23-70 8-31-70 9-25-70 11-4-70 11-1-70 10-18-70 11-3-70 M F M F killed UF-21 killed UF-22 11-12-70 9-30-70 11-4-70 M killed 1-21-70 11-5-70 10-16-70 11-6-70 12-8-70 9-23-70 8-31-70 9-25-70 11-1-70 10-18-70 11-3-70 F M F UF-21 killed UF-22  482 DA IRY CATTLE BREEDS should have a key to the name and registration number of herd sires and of registered females. Because such a diary is consecutive, the herdsman can see at a glance the cow that may calve next, so as to allow her a 4- to 8-week dry period before calving time. It aids in anticipating approximate calving time, so that the animals may be separated and watched oc- casionally if assistance or veterinary care is needed. Each calf needs to be identified permanently with an ear tattoo. color sketch, photograph, or other appropriate method shortly after birth. A record form on which all information on each animal is en- tered on a single page during its lifetime aids greatly in herd man- agement. Permanent breeding records are useful on many occasions -in registration of progeny, in production testing, health examina- tions, when selling animals, and in direct management of each animal. Each student should become fully acquainted with the use of herd records. A more complete and useful barn breeding record, by Extension Dairyman C. W. Reaves at the University of Florida, allows for entry of ten facts concerning a cow and her reproductive histo.. This record form provides for the following entries: cow's name and number; date of last calving; condition after calving; heat periods prior to breeding (three spaces); dates when bred (spaces for five services, and bull used); date due to calve; date to turn drv; date calved; sex of calf; and ear tag or tattoo of calf. BREEDING EFFICIENCY Regular reproduction is important in economical milk production. as suggested by the axiom-"No calf, no milk." Many factors affect breeding efficiency. These include breed or heredity, state of nutri- tion, health of animal, involution of the uterus after calving, time from previous calving to first service, and interval between calvings. Several factors have been investigated relating to calving efficiency. Some investigators measured breeding efficiency in percentages. basing 100 percent as a calf every 365 days, or number of calves produced per 12-month period after the animal reached 2 years old. There is a difference between a 60- to 90-day nonreturn rate and a conception rate based on positive diagnosis of pregnancy by rectal 482 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS should have a key to the name and registration number of herd sires and of registered females. Because such a diary is consecutive, the herdsman can see at a glance the cow that may calve next, so as to allow her a 4- to 8-week dry period before calving time. It aids in anticipating approximate calving time, so that the animals may be separated and watched oc- casionally if assistance or veterinary care is needed. Each calf needs to be identified permanently with an ear tattoo. color sketch, photograph, or other appropriate method shortly after birth. A record form on which all information on each animal is en- tered on a single page during its lifetime aids greatly in herd man- agement. Permanent breeding records are useful on many occasions -in registration of progeny, in production testing, health examina- tions, when selling animals, and in direct management of each animal. Each student should become fully acquainted with the use of herd records. A more complete and useful barn breeding record, by Extension Dairyman C. W. Reaves at the University of Florida, allows for entry of ten facts concerning a cow and her reproductive history. This record form provides for the following entries: cow's name and number; date of last calving; condition after calving; heat periods prior to breeding (three spaces); dates when bred (spaces for five services, and bull used); date due to calve; date to turn dry; date calved; sex of calf; and ear tag or tattoo of calf. BREEDING EFFICIENCY Regular reproduction is important in economical milk production. as suggested by the axiom-"No calf, no milk." Many factors affect breeding efficiency. These include breed or heredity, state of nutri- tion, health of animal, involution of the uterus after calving, time from previous calving to first service, and interval between calvings. Several factors have been investigated relating to calving efficiency. Some investigators measured breeding efficiency in percentages. basing 100 percent as a calf every 365 days, or number of calves produced per 12-month period after the animal reached 2 years old. There is a difference between a 60- to 90-day nonreturn rate and a conception rate based on positive diagnosis of pregnancy by rectal 482 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS should have a key to the name and registration number of herd sires and of registered females. Because such a diary is consecutive, the herdsman can see at a glance the cow that may calve next, so as to allow her a 4- to 8-week dry period before calving time. It aids in anticipating approximate calving time, so that the animals may be separated and watched oc- casionally if assistance or veterinary care is needed. Each calf needs to be identified permanently with an ear tattoo. color sketch, photograph, or other appropriate method shortly after birth. A record form on which all information on each animal is en- tered on a single page during its lifetime aids greatly in herd man- agement. Permanent breeding records are useful on many occasions -in registration of progeny, in production testing, health examina- tions, when selling animals, and in direct management of each animal. Each student should become fully acquainted with the use of herd records. A more complete and useful barn breeding record, by Extension Dairyman C. W. Reaves at the University of Florida, allows for entry of ten facts concerning a cow and her reproductive history. This record form provides for the following entries: cow's name and number; date of last calving; condition after calving; heat periods prior to breeding (three spaces); dates when bred (spaces for five services, and bull used); date due to calve; date to turn dry; date calved; sex of calf; and ear tag or tattoo of calf. BREEDING EFFICIENCY Regular reproduction is important in economical milk production. as suggested by the axiom-"No calf, no milk." Many factors affect breeding efficiency. These include breed or heredity, state of nutri- tion, health of animal, involution of the uterus after calving, time from previous calving to first service, and interval between calvings. Several factors have been investigated relating to calving efficiency. Some investigators measured breeding efficiency in percentages. basing 100 percent as a calf every 365 days, or number of calves produced per 12-month period after the animal reached 2 years old. There is a difference between a 60- to 90-day nonreturn rate and a conception rate based on positive diagnosis of pregnancy by rectal  Sumar 483 Sumar 483 -umr 483 palpation. Superheats are not uncommon. Repeated natural breed- ings under such circumstances have resulted at rare intervals in a cow delivering a second calf about 3 weeks after birth of the first calf, or in abortion of an 8-month fetus at time of natural calving. An instance has been recorded of a cow bred to a Holstein bull and to a Jersey bull at the same estrus period that delivered maternal twins by the separate sires. The instructor may wish to divide the students into groups to analyze the permanent records of the college dairy herd over certain years for separate factors.* Problems may include the following: age of male and female with relation to conception rate, interval from calving to date of first service with relation to number of serv- ices per conception in natural breeding, inseminations per concep- tion in artificial breeding, relation of calving interval to average daily milk yield between calvings, and other problems. Students may be assigned selected references and then report their findings to the class. APPLICATIONS FOR RECISTRATION AND TRANSFER OF OwNERSHIP OF PUREBRED DAIRY ANIMALS Applications are made for registration of one solid-colored pure- bred animal (Brown Swiss or Jersey) and of one broken-colored animal (Ayrshire, Guernsey, or Holstein-Friesian). Note is made of the sex, color sketch or tattoo, sire and dam (with registration numbers), single or twin birth, naturally horned or polled, date of service and date of birth, whether the result of artificial insemina- tion with fresh or frozen semen, and pasture breeding or natural service. Owner of sire and owner of dam at time of service and at birth of the calf are entered only with an authorized legal signature. The fee is determined for a member or nonmember with relation to time from date of birth. Payment must accompany an application for registration or for transfer of ownership. The name and registration number of the animal are entered *P. T. Dix Arnold and R. B. Becker. 1953. Dairy calves. Their develop- ment and survival. Florida Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 529. P. T. Dix Arnold and R. . Becker. 1956. Building a dairy herd. Florida Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 576. palpation. Superheats are not uncommon. Repeated natural breed- ings under such circumstances have resulted at rare intervals in a cow delivering a second calf about 3 weeks after birth of the first calf, or in abortion of an 8-month fetus at time of natural calving. An instance has been recorded of a cow bred to a Holstein bull and to a Jersey bull at the same estrus period that delivered maternal twins by the separate sires. The instructor may wish to divide the students into groups to analyze the permanent records of the college dairy herd over certain years for separate factors.* Problems may include the following: age of male and female with relation to conception rate, interval from calving to date of first service with relation to number of serv- ices per conception in natural breeding, inseminations per concep- tion in artificial breeding, relation of calving interval to average daily milk yield between calvings, and other problems. Students may be assigned selected references and then report their findings to the class. APPLICATIONS FOR REGISTRATION AND TRANSFER OF OwNERSHIP OF PUREBRED DAIRY ANIMALS Applications are made for registration of one solid-colored pure- bred animal (Brown Swiss or Jersey) and of one broken-colored animal (Ayrshire, Guernsey, or Holstein-Friesian). Note is made of the sex, color sketch or tattoo, sire and dam (with registration numbers), single or twin birth, naturally horned or polled, date of service and date of birth, whether the result of artificial insemina- tion with fresh or frozen semen, and pasture breeding or natural service. Owner of sire and owner of dam at time of service and at birth of the calf are entered only with an authorized legal signature. The fee is determined for a member or nonmember with relation to time from date of birth. Payment must accompany an application for registration or for transfer of ownership. The name and registration number of the animal are entered *P. T. Dix Arnold and I. B. Becker. 1953. Dairy calves. Their develop- ment and survival. Florida Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 529. P. T. Dix Arnold and R.. Becker. 1956. Building a dairy herd. Florida Agr. Ep. Sta. Bull. 576. palpation. Superheats are not uncommon. Repeated natural breed- ings under such circumstances have resulted at rare intervals in a cow delivering a second calf about 3 weeks after birth of the first calf, or in abortion of an 8-month fetus at time of natural calving. An instance has been recorded of a cow bred to a Holstein bull and to a Jersey bull at the same estrus period that delivered maternal twins by the separate sires. The instructor may wish to divide the students into groups to analyze the permanent records of the college dairy herd over certain years for separate factors.* Problems may include the following: age of male and female with relation to conception rate, interval from calving to date of first service with relation to number of serv- ices per conception in natural breeding, inseminations per concep- tion in artificial breeding, relation of calving interval to average daily milk yield between calvings, and other problems. Students may be assigned selected references and then report their findings to the class. APPLICATIONS FOR RECISTRATION AND TRANSFER OF OWNERSHIP OF PUREBRED DAIRY ANIMALS Applications are made for registration of one solid-colored pure- bred animal (Brown Swiss or Jersey) and of one broken-colored animal (Ayrshire, Guernsey, or Holstein-Friesian). Note is made of the sex, color sketch or tattoo, sire and dam (with registration numbers), single or twin birth, naturally horned or polled, date of service and date of birth, whether the result of artificial insemina- tion with fresh or frozen semen, and pasture breeding or natural service. Owner of sire and owner of dam at time of service and at birth of the calf are entered only with an authorized legal signature. The fee is determined for a member or nonmember with relation to time from date of birth. Payment must accompany an application for registration or for transfer of ownership. The name and registration number of the animal are entered *P. T. Dix Arnold and R. B. Becker. 1953. Dairy calves. Their develop- ment and survival. Florida Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 529. P. T. Dix Amold and R. B. Becker. 1956. Building a dairy herd. Florida Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 576.  484 DAI IRY CATTLE BREEDS with the authorized name and correct mailing address of the buyer. The seller's name, address, and legal signature are required on the application for transfer form. If the animal is a nonpregnant female represented as being sold open, the words "Not served" are inscribed across the face of the service statement. If bred, date of service, name, and registration number of the service sire are entered over the recognized signa- ture of the bull's owner or authorized agent. If pasture-bred, in- scribed are the dates between which the female was on pasture with the bull, his full name, and his registration number. When artificially inseminated, the official artificial breeding re- ceipt shall be attached. It shall bear the name and registration num- ber of the bull, name, registration number, and full tattoo identifi- cation of the female (letters and numerals), whether or not the female was identified from the registration certificate, and signa- ture of the authorized technician. All writing shall be in ink or indelible pencil and signature shall be written. The artificial in- semination receipt shall bear the date. If the female was bred previously, the number of times and the last previous date and sire are recorded on the receipt. If frozen semen was used, the words "frozen semen" shall be indi- cated on the artificial breeding receipt. ERRORS IN APPLICATIONS FOR REGISTRATION Receipt of incomplete or inaccurate applications from breeders is a problem of breed registry associations. Correction of these inac- curacies involves correspondence, extra labor, and delays in issuing correct certificates. Charles H. Bold made a survey of inaccuracies in applications for registration received by the American Jersey Cattle Club. Bohl reported: "We found that 14 percent of all the applications for registration received [in June 1956] were returned. The breakdown of the results is listed [in Table 22.2]." Some 12.68 percent of applications received during 2 weeks by the Holstein-Friesian Association required completion or correc- tions. Other associations could have made similar tabulations. Most of these errors and delays would have been avoided if the appli- cants had rechecked all entries on each application before forward- ing it to the breed registry office. 484 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS with the authorized name and correct mailing address of the buyer. The seller's name, address, and legal signature are required on the application for transfer form. If the animal is a nonpregnant female represented as being sold open, the words "Not served" are inscribed across the face of the service statement. If bred, date of service, name, and registration number of the service sire are entered over the recognized signa- ture of the bull's owner or authorized agent. If pasture-bred, in- scribed are the dates between which the female was on pasture with the bull, his full name, and his registration number. When artificially inseminated, the official artificial breeding re- ceipt shall be attached. It shall bear the name and registration num- ber of the bull, name, registration number, and full tattoo identifi- cation of the female (letters and numerals), whether or not the female was identified from the registration certificate, and signa- ture of the authorized technician. All writing shall be in ink or indelible pencil and signature shall be written. The artificial in- semination receipt shall bear the date. If the female was bred previously, the number of times and the last previous date and sire are recorded on the receipt. If frozen semen was used, the words "frozen semen" shall be indi- cated on the artificial breeding receipt. ERRORS IN APPLICATIONS FOR REGISTRATION Receipt of incomplete or inaccurate applications from breeders is a problem of breed registry associations. Correction of these inac- curacies involves correspondence, extra labor, and delays in issuing correct certificates. Charles H. Bohl made a survey of inaccuracies in applications for registration received by the American Jersey Cattle Club. Bohl reported: "We found that 14 percent of all the applications for registration received [in June 1956] were returned. The breakdown of the results is listed [in Table 22.2]." Some 12.68 percent of applications received during 2 weeks by the Holstein-Friesian Association required completion or correc- tions. Other associations could have made similar tabulations. Most of these errors and delays would have been avoided if the appli- cants had rechecked all entries on each application before forward- ing it to the breed registry office. 484 DAIR DY CATTLE BREEDS with the authorized name and correct mailing address of the buyer. The seller's name, address, and legal signature are required on the application for transfer form. If the animal is a nonpregnant female represented as being sold open, the words "Not served" are inscribed across the face of the service statement. If bred, date of service, name, and registration number of the service sire are entered over the recognized signa- ture of the bull's owner or authorized agent. If pasture-bred, in- scribed are the dates between which the female was on pasture with the bull, his full name, and his registration number. When artificially inseminated, the official artificial breeding re- ceipt shall be attached. It shall bear the name and registration num- ber of the bull, name, registration number, and full tattoo identifi- cation of the female (letters and numerals), whether or not the female was identified from the registration certificate, and signa- ture of the authorized technician. All writing shall be in ink or indelible pencil and signature shall be written. The artificial in- semination receipt shall bear the date. If the female was bred previously, the number of times and the last previous date and sire are recorded on the receipt. If frozen semen was used, the words "frozen semen" shall be indi- cated on the artificial breeding receipt. ERRORS IN APPLICATIONS FOR REGISTRATION Receipt of incomplete or inaccurate applications from breeders is a problem of breed registry associations. Correction of these inac- curacies involves correspondence, extra labor, and delays in issuing correct certificates. Charles H. Bohl made a survey of inaccuracies in applications for registration received by the American Jersey Cattle Club. Bohl reported: "We found that 14 percent of all the applications for registration received [in June 1956] were returned. The breakdown of the results is listed [in Table 22.2]." Some 12.68 percent of applications received during 2 weeks by the Holstein-Friesian Association required completion or correc- tions. Other associations could have made similar tabulations. Most of these errors and delays would have been avoided if the appli- cants had rechecked all entries on each application before forward- ing it to the breed registry office.  TABLE 22.2 TBE2. ERRORSN IN APIINS F BIN,,, REGITRTINS TABLE 22.2 ERRORS IN APPLICATIONS FOA BREED REGISTRATIONS Number Percent of returned Number returned all registrations Signatures Omitted 4, NotcntersNNigned 4, NN legal authoit~y IN sign 2.rned ON, it sfiin oe Tngue NolNr 3i Swith color 3 Body cNlorIN' Other 1: Birth dat 1 SexI No. AIL ript4N Not identified2 No tattooN1 Completed in peni Wrng A.I. receipt NN AlI signaturN cardo Ta~ttoo 2 Birtb datN Description Cnfict NB cNalving Wrng tattoN AbnNrNal gestatin OthNrs, inluding appicatBNNs depending breeding, HIS IN ROM cNnfliBtnB, and animal already on rNNNrd, etc. 2BB 3.7 BB7 2.0 212 2.0 202 1.0 47 0.0 47 B.B 45 B.B 24 B.4 24 B.2 85 1.2 809 24.0 Signatures OmNitted 4, NNIcntersNigned 41 NN legal authority IN ign 2. Pinted 1' TngueNcNlNr :3, SNwi cNINr 31 Body coINN 1'. Other 1: Birth datN 1: SNN NN. A. rNceipt 4No dnife ' NN tattoo 1: Completed in pncil Wrng A.I. reNeipt No bull nameN and Inmber NN AI signature card In iNe fIN tNchiin Birth date 1 Omitted 1' Wrong tattoN Com~pleted in pencNil breeding, 1H1R or BOM cIonfling, and4 animal alreadyn record, Ntc. Tota 216 3.7 117 2.0 212 2.0 202 1.8 47 5.1 47 0.1 45 0.5 14 0.2 85 1.5 00 24.0 SignaturNs WroNnperson ' Omitted 4, Not contrsiNgned 4, NI legal authority to sign 2rned1 TonguN color 3i SwOic cNIor 31 Body coloN 1! OtheNr 1: Birth dale 1:. INN Nri.ia Ainemipto 4:cip No.I. eept idnified 2 NI tattoo 1: Completed in pncil Wrng A.I. receip1 NI bll namN and nuNbNr NI AlI signaturN card on ile fIN tNchnician Birth. datN 1: Description ConflictNof aling Wrng tattoo AbnorNaI gettion ComNpleted in pncil 0Otert, including applicatBons depeNnding In other appicaioins, immatureN hrNeding, HIR IN BOM cnIflicting, and aIInial lredy onIrecord, Ntc. Total 216 3.7 117 2.0 212 2.0 102 1.5 47 0.0 45 0.0 24 0.4 14 0.2 85 1.5 8O9 24.0  486 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS MILK AND BurrERFAT RECORDs Walter of Henley mentioned cows kept for the dairy in England over three centuries ago. Later writers cited the amount of milk. butter, or cheese a good cow ought to yield in a season. The first public milking trial was sponsored for a 5-day period by the Duke of Atholl at Ayr in 1860. He purchased the winner, whose milk was measured daily after the next calving. She yielded over 15,000 pounds of milk in that lactation. Colonel Zadock Pratt of Duchess County, New York, reported the average production of about 50 native cows between 4,355 and 5,209 pounds of milk yearly during 1857 to 1861. He mentioned that even one cross to an improved breed would increase the milk from the first-cross cows. Solomon Hoxie of the Dutch Friesian Cattle Breeders Association divided that organization's herdbook into two parts: the Pedigree Register and the Main or Advanced Register. Cows were entered in the Pedigree Register if the sire and dam traced solely to Friesian cattle in Friesland or North Holland. Registered animals were pro- moted to the Main or Advanced Register when they qualified in milk production and/or by scoring and body measurements. Dr. S. M. Babcock developed a simple rapid method of analyzing milk for percent of butterfat in 1890 at the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station. It was used publicly first in milking trials dur- ing the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893. Dr. Nicholas Gerber developed a rapid practical test in Switzerland in 1888, which was published in 1891. The Babcock and Gerber tests are used to de- termine butterfat percentage of milk on farms and in commercial dairy plants and to determine butterfat yields of dairy cows. A new (alkali) TeSa test was used first in 1958. The light-interception Milko-Tester method, developed in Denmark, is being used on milk samples assembled in some district laboratories. Six plans have been employed to record production of dairy cows in commercial herds: private records, owner-sampler, weigh-a-day- a-month, DHIA records with grade and registered dairy cows, offi- cial testing (Advanced Registry, Register of Merit, Record of Merit. 486 RAI RY CATTLE BREEDS MILK AND BUTTERFAT RECORDS Walter of Henley mentioned cows kept for the dairy in England over three centuries ago. Later writers cited the amount of milk. butter, or cheese a good cow ought to yield in a season. The first public milking trial was sponsored for a 5-day period by the Duke of Atholl at Ayr in 1860. He purchased the winner, whose milk was measured daily after the next calving. She yielded over 15,000 pounds of milk in that lactation. Colonel Zadock Pratt of Duchess County, New York, reported the average production of about 50 native cows between 4.355 and 5,209 pounds of milk yearly during 1857 to 1861. He mentioned that even one cross to an improved breed would increase the milk from the first-cross cows. Solomon Hoxie of the Dutch Friesian Cattle Breeders Association divided that organization's herdbook into two parts: the Pedigree Register and the Main or Advanced Register. Cows were entered in the Pedigree Register if the sire and dam traced solely to Friesian cattle in Friesland or North Holland. Registered animals were pro- moted to the Main or Advanced Register when they qualified in milk production and/or by scoring and body measurements. Dr. S. M. Babcock developed a simple rapid method of analyzing milk for percent of butterfat in 1890 at the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station. It was used publicly first in milking trials dur- ing the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893. Dr. Nicholas Gerber developed a rapid practical test in Switzerland in 1888, which was published in 1891. The Babcock and Gerber tests are used to de- termine butterfat percentage of milk on farms and in commercial dairy plants and to determine butterfat yields of dairy cows. A new (alkali) TeSa test was used first in 1958. The light-interception Milko-Tester method, developed in Denmark, is being used on milk samples assembled in some district laboratories. Six plans have been employed to record production of dairy cows in commercial herds: private records, owner-sampler, weigh-a-day- a-month, DHIA records with grade and registered dairy cows, offi- cial testing (Advanced Registry, Register of Merit, Record of Merit. 486 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS MILK AND BUTTERFAT RECORDS Walter of Henley mentioned cows kept for the dairy in England over three centuries ago. Later writers cited the amount of milk. butter, or cheese a good cow ought to yield in a season. The first public milking trial was sponsored for a 5-day period by the Duke of Atholl at Ayr in 1860. He purchased the winner, whose milk was measured daily after the next calving. She yielded over 15,000 pounds of milk in that lactation. Colonel Zadock Pratt of Duchess County, New York, reported the average production of about 50 native cows between 4.355 and 5,209 pounds of milk yearly during 1857 to 1861. He mentioned that even one cross to an improved breed would increase the milk from the first-cross cows. Solomon Hoxie of the Dutch Friesian Cattle Breeders Association divided that organization's herdbook into two parts: the Pedigree Register and the Main or Advanced Register. Cows were entered in the Pedigree Register if the sire and dam traced solely to Friesian cattle in Friesland or North Holland. Registered animals were pro- moted to the Main or Advanced Register when they qualified in milk production and/or by scoring and body measurements. Dr. S. M. Babcock developed a simple rapid method of analyzing milk for percent of butterfat in 1890 at the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station. It was used publicly first in milking trials dur- ing the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893. Dr. Nicholas Gerber developed a rapid practical test in Switzerland in 1888, which was published in 1891. The Babcock and Gerber tests are used to de- termine butterfat percentage of milk on farms and in commercial dairy plants and to determine butterfat yields of dairy cows. A new (alkali) TeSa test was used first in 1958. The light-interception Milko-Tester method, developed in Denmark, is being used on milk samples assembled in some district laboratories. Six plans have been employed to record production of dairy cows in commercial herds: private records, owner-sampler, weigh-a-day- a-month, DHIA records with grade and registered dairy cows, offi- cial testing (Advanced Registry, Register of Merit, Record of Merit.  Sumar 48 Sumar 48 -umr 48 Register of Production), and now the Dairy Herd Improvement Registry with registered dairy cows. Private records are kept by the owner or his employees. They may be simple or elaborate, as desired by the owner. There is no way to assure the public of their authenticity. Two unofficial methods now are in use. For the owner-sampler method, owners keep the milk weights of cows and send milk samples to the local supervisor for butterfat tests. The second method is the weigh-a-day-a-month plan, in which the owner keeps individual milk weights on the middle day of each month, and total feed weights for the herd. Each month he sends the weights to the County Agent's office, where for a small fee, an employee computes the records and returns them to the owner for herd management. Records obtained by these methods are not considered official by breed organizations. Cow testing association (milk control) records began in Denmark in 1895. Helmer Rabild helped to organize the Cow Testing Asso- ciation in Michigan in 1905. The name was changed later to Dairy Herd Improvement Association. Under this plan, several farmers organize and employ a supervisor trained by the Extension Dairy- man to keep individual records of production and feed consump- tion. These records are computed from one day's milk yield and butterfat test each month during the year. The supervisor reports concentrate consumption per cow and forage on a herd basis. The records enable feeding each cow according to production; allow analyses of herd sires by daughter-dam or herdmate comparisons; aid in culling a herd (selecting heifers from the better cows for herd replacements); and contribute to other herd management practices. Machine calculation of milk and butterfat yields was begun by Lyman H. Rich in Utah. Other states added feeding and additional records, with improved electronic computations. Several states joined in establishing regional processing centers to service DHIA records. Information was expanded to include (a) birthdate, sire, and dam, (b) calving, breeding, and dry dates, (c) taped esti- mate of body weight after calving, (d) milk, butterfat, and pos- sibly protein or solids-not-fat (protein-lactose-mineral) yields, (e) Register of Production), and now the Dairy Herd Improvement Registry with registered dairy cows. Private records are kept by the owner or his employees. They may be simple or elaborate, as desired by the owner. There is no way to assure the public of their authenticity. Two unofficial methods now are in use. For the owner-sampler method, owners keep the milk weights of cows and send milk samples to the local supervisor for butterfat tests. The second method is the weigh-a-day-a-month plan, in which the owner keeps individual milk weights on the middle day of each month, and total feed weights for the herd. Each month he sends the weights to the County Agent's office, where for a small fee, an employee computes the records and returns them to the owner for herd management. Records obtained by these methods are not considered official by breed organizations. Cow testing association (milk control) records began in Denmark in 1895. Helmer Rabild helped to organize the Cow Testing Asso- ciation in Michigan in 1905. The name was changed later to Dairy Herd Improvement Association. Under this plan, several farmers organize and employ a supervisor trained by the Extension Dairy- man to keep individual records of production and feed consump- tion. These records are computed from one day's milk yield and butterfat test each month during the year. The supervisor reports concentrate consumption per cow and forage on a herd basis. The records enable feeding each cow according to production; allow analyses of herd sires by daughter-dam or herdmate comparisons; aid in culling a herd (selecting heifers from the better cows for herd replacements); and contribute to other herd management practices. Machine calculation of milk and butterfat yields was begun by Lyman H. Rich in Utah. Other states added feeding and additional records, with improved electronic computations. Several states joined in establishing regional processing centers to service DHIA records. Information was expanded to include (a) birthdate, sire, and dam, (b) calving, breeding, and dry dates, (c) taped esti- mate of body weight after calving, (d) milk, butterfat, and pos- sibly protein or solids-not-fat (protein-lactose-mineral) yields, (e) Register of Production), and now the Dairy Herd Improvement Registry with registered dairy cows. Private records are kept by the owner or his employees. They may be simple or elaborate, as desired by the owner. There is no way to assure the public of their authenticity. Two unofficial methods now are in use. For the owner-sampler method, owners keep the milk weights of cows and send milk samples to the local supervisor for butterfat tests. The second method is the weigh-a-day-a-month plan, in which the owner keeps individual milk weights on the middle day of each month, and total feed weights for the herd. Each month he sends the weights to the County Agent's office, where for a small fee, an employee computes the records and returns them to the owner for herd management. Records obtained by these methods are not considered official by breed organizations. Cow testing association (milk control) records began in Denmark in 1895. Helmer Rabild helped to organize the Cow Testing Asso- ciation in Michigan in 1905. The name was changed later to Dairy Herd Improvement Association. Under this plan, several farmers organize and employ a supervisor trained by the Extension Dairy- man to keep individual records of production and feed consump- tion. These records are computed from one day's milk yield and butterfat test each month during the year. The supervisor reports concentrate consumption per cow and forage on a herd basis. The records enable feeding each cow according to production; allow analyses of herd sires by daughter-dam or herdmate comparisons; aid in culling a herd (selecting heifers from the better cows for herd replacements); and contribute to other herd management practices. Machine calculation of milk and butterfat yields was begun by Lyman H. Rich in Utah. Other states added feeding and additional records, with improved electronic computations. Several states joined in establishing regional processing centers to service DHIA records. Information was expanded to include (a) birthdate, sire, and dam, (b) calving, breeding, and dry dates, (c) taped esti- mate of body weight after calving, (d) milk, butterfat, and pos- sibly protein or solids-not-fat (protein-lactose-mineral) yields, (e)  488 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS days in milk, dry, and in gestation during the lactation, and (f) value of product, and income over feed cost. Concentrate consumption is on an individual basis. Pasture, corn silage, grass silage, other succulents, and dry forages are reported on a herd basis and allotted in proportion to estimated body weights to the individual cows. Feed intakes and needs are computed on an estimated energy basis in therms. As of 1966 practically all DHIA records are computed electronically at state or regional centers. The records cover business management of the dairy herd in more detail than formerly. Labor is recorded on a herd basis, and milk production per worker-day is computed. If a laboratory is desired on DHIA methods and results, a 19-cow record report for the year perhaps could be analyzed on a class basis. Methods of supervision would be obtainable from the super- visor's Manual. Questions might be asked concerning breeding prob- lems, time for first insemination, dates to turn cows dry, if any cows should be culled and their order, source of replacement heifers. and similar management problems. Students might be asked to su- pervise a monthly test with five cows and make the report. None but a complete report should be accepted. SUPERvISION OF DHIR RECORDS Official production records of registered dairy cows on a 305- or 365-day basis are under joint supervision of three parties: the owner of the cow, the State Superintendent of Official Testing, and the breed registry organizations. An electronic computing laboratory jointly serves the State Superintendent and the breed registry or- ganization. Recording methods have been modified; for example. selective testing has been replaced with electronic computation of testing of all individual cows in a herd. Each party has certain responsibilities for the record of each cow. The owner is responsible for normal care and management of the cows. He applies to the breed registry organization for permission to test his milking herd for a year, listing the cows and paying the fees. He joins the local DHIA and notifies the State Superintendent of Official Testing. He pays for the monthly test supervision in the prescribed manner. The DHIR is a DHIA test with additional 488 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS days in milk, dry, and in gestation during the lactation, and (f) value of product, and income over feed cost. Concentrate consumption is on an individual basis. Pasture, corn silage, grass silage, other succulents, and dry forages are reported on a herd basis and allotted in proportion to estimated body weights to the individual cows. Feed intakes and needs are computed on an estimated energy basis in therms. As of 1966 practically all DHIA records are computed electronically at state or regional centers. The records cover business management of the dairy herd in more detail than formerly. Labor is recorded on a herd basis, and milk production per worker-day is computed. If a laboratory is desired on DHIA methods and results, a 19-cow record report for the year perhaps could be analyzed on a class basis. Methods of supervision would be obtainable from the super- visor's Manual. Questions might be asked concerning breeding prob- lems, time for first insemination, dates to turn cows dry, if any cows should be culled and their order, source of replacement heifers. and similar management problems. Students might be asked to su- pervise a monthly test with five cows and make the report. None but a complete report should be accepted. SUPERvISION OF DHIR RECORDS Official production records of registered dairv cows on a 305- or 365-day basis are under joint supervision of three parties: the owner of the cow, the State Superintendent of Official Testing, and the breed registry organizations. An electronic computing laboratory jointly serves the State Superintendent and the breed registry or- ganization. Recording methods have been modified; for example. selective testing has been replaced with electronic computation of testing of all individual cows in a herd. Each party has certain responsibilities for the record of each cow. The owner is responsible for normal care and management of the cows. He applies to the breed registry organization for permission to test his milking herd for a year, listing the cows and paying the fees. He joins the local DHIA and notifies the State Superintendent of Official Testing. He pays for the monthly test supervision in the prescribed manner. The DHIR is a DHIA test with additional 488 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS days in milk, dry, and in gestation during the lactation, and (f) value of product, and income over feed cost. Concentrate consumption is on an individual basis. Pasture, corn silage, grass silage, other succulents, and dry forages are reported on a herd basis and allotted in proportion to estimated body weights to the individual cows. Feed intakes and needs are computed on an estimated energy basis in therms. As of 1966 practically all DHIA records are computed electronically at state or regional centers. The records cover business management of the dairy herd in more detail than formerly. Labor is recorded on a herd basis, and milk production per worker-day is computed. If a laboratory is desired on DHIA methods and results, a 19-cow record report for the year perhaps could be analyzed on a class basis. Methods of supervision would be obtainable from the super- visor's Manual. Questions might be asked concerning breeding prob- lems, time for first insemination, dates to turn cows dry, if any cows should be culled and their order, source of replacement heifers. and similar management problems. Students might be asked to su- pervise a monthly test with five cows and make the report. None but a complete report should be accepted. SUPERvISION OF DHIR RECORDS Official production records of registered dairy cows on a 30i- or 365-day basis are under joint supervision of three parties: the owner of the cow, the State Superintendent of Official Testing, and the breed registry organizations. An electronic computing laboratory jointly serves the State Superintendent and the breed registry or- ganization. Recording methods have been modified; for example. selective testing has been replaced with electronic computation of testing of all individual cows in a herd. Each party has certain responsibilities for the record of each cow. The owner is responsible for normal care and management of the cows. He applies to the breed registry organization for permission to test his milking herd for a year, listing the cows and paying the fees. He joins the local DHIA and notifies the State Superintendent of Official Testing. He pays for the monthly test supervision in the prescribed manner. The DHIR is a DHIA test with additional  Sumar a8 Sumar a8 Sumar a8 breed organization requirements. He receives a form from the breed organization with the list of cows on test for the first month and a form from the Computing Center for the supervisor's use in subse- quent months. He provides registration certificates (or photostatic copies of them) for the supervisor to identify each cow by color markings, ear tattoo, ear tag, or other permanent identification in- dicated on the certificate. He supplies dates of calving. breeding, turning dry, or leaving the herd. He is responsible for board, lodging, and transportation of the supervisor under conditions set out by the local DHIA, and provides a place for the supervisor to work. (There are central testing laboratories in some areas.) The breed organization grants the owner permission to test the registered cows in the herd if the owner is in good standing and registration records correct. The breed organization receives a 305- day and a complete lactation record card from the Computing Cen- ter at completion of the records. The breed organization issues final certificates and publishes the records in breed publications. The rec- ords may be used in determining Approved Sires, Dams, and other breed promotion programs. The State Superintendent of Official Testing is responsible for the training and reliability of the men and women who supervise a 1-day test each month. He also supervises one or more surprise tests yearly, following the latest Unified Rules for Official Testing ap- proved by the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association and the American Dairy Science Association. These uniform rules help to maintain public confidence in the records in the country. Each supervisor is supplied with the Uniform Rules for Offcial Testing, accurate milk scales, sample bottles, Babcock or TeSa glassware and tested ther- mometer, and dividers for reading the butterfat tests. If Milko- meters are used for milk weights, the supervisor checks their accu- racy by one of the approved methods. An approved supervisor visits the herd each month. He identifies each cow from the registration certificate or photostatic copy by color markings, ear tattoo, ear tag, or other permanent identifica- tion. He sees each cow milked, weighs the milk in pounds and tenths of pounds (or reads the meter), and enters the weight on the owner's and his records. He samples the milk and determines breed organization requirements. He receives a form from the breed organization with the list of cows on test for the first month and a form from the Computing Center for the supervisor's use in subse- quent months. He provides registration certificates (or photostatic copies of them) for the supervisor to identify each cow by color markings, ear tattoo, ear tag, or other permanent identification in- dicated on the certificate. He supplies dates of calving, breeding, turning dry, or leaving the herd. He is responsible for board, lodging, and transportation of the supervisor under conditions set out by the local DHIA, and provides a place for the supervisor to work. (There are central testing laboratories in some areas.) The breed organization grants the owner permission to test the registered cows in the herd if the owner is in good standing and registration records correct. The breed organization receives a 305- day and a complete lactation record card from the Computing Cen- ter at completion of the records. The breed organization issues final certificates and publishes the records in breed publications. The rec- ords may be used in determining Approved Sires, Dams, and other breed promotion programs. The State Superintendent of Official Testing is responsible for the training and reliability of the men and women who supervise a 1-day test each month. He also supervises one or more surprise tests yearly, following the latest Unified Rules for Official Testing ap- proved by the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association and the American Dairy Science Association. These uniform rules help to maintain public confidence in the records in the country. Each supervisor is supplied with the Uniform Rules for Official Testing, accurate milk scales, sample bottles, Babcock or TeSa glassware and tested ther- mometer, and dividers for reading the butterfat tests. If Milko- meters are used for milk weights, the supervisor checks their accu- racy by one of the approved methods. An approved supervisor visits the herd each month. He identifies each cow from the registration certificate or photostatic copy by color markings, ear tattoo, ear tag, or other permanent identifica- tion. He sees each cow milked, weighs the milk in pounds and tenths of pounds (or reads the meter), and enters the weight on the owner's and his records. He samples the milk and determines breed organization requirements. He receives a form from the breed organization with the list of cows on test for the first month and a form from the Computing Center for the supervisor's use in subse- quent months. He provides registration certificates (or photostatic copies of them) for the supervisor to identify each cow by color markings, ear tattoo, ear tag, or other permanent identification in- dicated on the certificate. He supplies dates of calving, breeding, turning dry, or leaving the herd. He is responsible for board, lodging, and transportation of the supervisor under conditions set out by the local DHIA, and provides a place for the supervisor to work. ( There are central testing laboratories in some areas.) The breed organization grants the owner permission to test the registered cows in the herd if the owner is in good standing and registration records correct. The breed organization receives a 305- day and a complete lactation record card from the Computing Cen- ter at completion of the records. The breed organization issues final certificates and publishes the records in breed publications. The rec- ords may be used in determining Approved Sires, Dams, and other breed promotion programs. The State Superintendent of Official Testing is responsible for the training and reliability of the men and women who supervise a 1-day test each month. He also supervises one or more surprise tests yearly, following the latest Unified Rules for Official Testing ap- proved by the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association and the American Dairy Science Association. These uniform rules help to maintain public confidence in the records in the country. Each supervisor is supplied with the Uniform Rules for Official Testing, accurate milk scales, sample bottles, Babcock or TeSa glassware and tested ther- mometer, and dividers for reading the butterfat tests. If Milko- meters are used for milk weights, the supervisor checks their accu- racy by one of the approved methods. An approved supervisor visits the herd each month. He identifies each cow from the registration certificate or photostatic copy by color markings, car tattoo, ear tag, or other permanent identifica- tion. He sees each cow milked, weighs the milk in pounds and tenths of pounds (or reads the meter), and enters the weight on the owner's and his records. He samples the milk and determines  490 DAIRDY CATTLE BREEDS LIFETIME HISTORY OF INDIVIDUAL COW 490 DAIRYCATTLE BREEDS LIFETIME HISTORY OF INDIVIDUAL COW 490 DAIRDY CATTLE BREEDS LIFETIME HISTORY OF INDIVIDUAL COW - - - - ___ ___ ___ ___ -H- T - - - - - ~ F T- .1 TV~ - ' ------- ---- ---- ----------- ---- -------- -- - --- -------- ---- ------------- ---------- -------- ---- ------ ----;-- --- -------- ---- i ' ------- ---- ---- ---- ------------- ------------- ---- ---- ------------- ---- ---- ------- ---- --  Summary 491 Summary 491 Summary 491 rI  492 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS the butterfat percentage of each milking during the 24 hours. Pro- tein or solids-not-fat (protein-lactose-mineral) may be determined if the local DHIA has made such a provision and if the owner de- sires it. The supervisor enters these records on the monthly report form and signs and forwards it promptly to the regional center for electronic computation. The Computing Center reports all cows ex- ceeding surprise test requirements to the State Superintendent, who orders surprise tests when required (see below). Surprise Test Production Requirements A B 492 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS the butterfat percentage of each milking during the 24 hours. Pro- tein or solids-not-fat (protein-lactose-mineral) may be determined if the local DHIA has made such a provision and if the owner de- sires it. The supervisor enters these records on the monthly report form and signs and forwards it promptly to the regional center for electronic computation. The Computing Center reports all cows ex- ceeding surprise test requirements to the State Superintendent, who orders surprise tests when required (see below). Surprise Test Production Requirements A B 492 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS the butterfat percentage of each milking during the 24 hours. Pro- tein or solids-not-fat (protein-lactose-mineral) may be determined if the local DHIA has made such a provision and if the owner de- sires it. The supervisor enters these records on the monthly report form and signs and forwards it promptly to the regional center for electronic computation. The Computing Center reports all cows ex- ceeding surprise test requirements to the State Superintendent, who orders surprise tests when required (see below). Surprise Test Production Requirements A B Breed Ayrshire Brown Swiss Guernsey Holstein Jersey Milk Fat (pounds) 22,500 800 22,500 850 19,000 800 25,000 900 17.000 800 Milk Fat (pounds) 25,000 875 25,000 875 21,000 900 27,500 1,000 19,000 900 Breed Ayrshire Brown Swiss Guernsey Holstein Jersey Milk Fat (pounds) 22,500 800 22,500 850 19,000 800 25,000 900 17,000 800 Milk Fat (pounds) 25,000 875 25,000 875 21,000 900 27,500 1,000 19,000 900 Breed Ayrshire Brown Swiss Guernsey Holstein Jersey Milk Fat (pounds) 22,500 800 22,500 850 19,000 800 25,000 900 17,000 800 Milk Fat (pounds) 25,000 875 25,000 875 21,000 900 27,500 1,000 19000 900 If after 90 days in lactation a cow under DHIA supervision pro- duces equal to or exceeds the projected 305-day mature equivalent production in Column A, a surprise check test with a prelminars dry milking will be ordered by the State Superintendent of official Testing, usually by a different supervisor. If the projected produc- tion exceeds that in Column B, a second such surprise test shall be made before the 305th day of lactation. Surprise tests may be in lieu of or in addition to the regular monthly test. The breed organi- zation pays only for surprise tests beyond those indicated; the owner pays for all others. Emphasis on evaluation of milk is changing gradually to include protein and other milk constituents. Certain protein-binding dyes- amido black and orange G-or a formol titration method are used to estimate protein contents of milk. Such methods are confirmed periodically by Kjeldahl nitrogen determinations in some European countries. Specific gravity is determined by a lactometer under controlled temperature in foam-free milk. With the specific gravity and but- terfat test, the solids-not-fat content is computed from a standard table. N. S. Golding devised a series of plastic beads with varied If after 90 days in lactation a cow under DHIA supervision pro- duces equal to or exceeds the projected 305-day mature equivalent production in Column A, a surprise check test with a preliminarv dry milking will be ordered by the State Superintendent of official Testing, usually by a different supervisor. If the projected produc- tion exceeds that in Column B, a second such surprise test shall be made before the 305th day of lactation. Surprise tests may be in lieu of or in addition to the regular monthly test. The breed organi- zation pays only for surprise tests beyond those indicated; the owner pays for all others. Emphasis on evaluation of milk is changing gradually to include protein and other milk constituents. Certain protein-binding dyes- amido black and orange G-or a formol titration method are used to estimate protein contents of milk. Such methods are confirmed periodically by Kjeldahl nitrogen determinations in some European countries. Specific gravity is determined by a lactometer under controlled temperature in foam-free milk. With the specific gravity and but- terfat test, the solids-not-fat content is computed from a standard table. N. S. Golding devised a series of plastic beads with varied If after 90 days in lactation a cow under DHIA supervision pro- duces equal to or exceeds the projected 305-day mature equivalent production in Column A, a surprise check test with a preliminary dry milking will be ordered by the State Superintendent of official Testing, usually by a different supervisor. If the projected produc- tion exceeds that in Column B, a second such surprise test shall be made before the 305th day of lactation. Surprise tests may be in lieu of or in addition to the regular monthly test. The breed organi- zation pays only for surprise tests beyond those indicated; the owner pays for all others. Emphasis on evaluation of milk is changing gradually to include protein and other milk constituents. Certain protein-binding dyes- amido black and orange G-or a formol titration method are used to estimate protein contents of milk. Such methods are confirmed periodically by Kjeldahl nitrogen determinations in some European countries. Specific gravity is determined by a lactometer under controlled temperature in foam-free milk. With the specific gravity and but- terfat test, the solids-not-fat content is computed from a standard table. N. S. Golding devised a series of plastic beads with varied  Sumar 49 Sumar 49 Sumar S9 densities for rapid field determinations of solids-not-fat in milk samples. These methods are used in different states. The Herd Improvement Registry or Herd Test was handled by the same three parties before modification of the rules and report forms. If desired, each student may acquaint himself with the latest Unified Rules and the supervisor's Manual. It may include super- vision and report of five or more cows on DHIR (DHIA) test. Only a complete report should be accepted by the instructor. Burke, J. D. 1959. The accuracy and usefulness of central processing DHIA feed records. J. Dairy Sci. 42:942. Corwin, A. R., F. R. Allavie, Jr., and S. N. Gaunt. 1960. Comparison of methods for determining solids-not-fat and protein content of milk. J. Dairy Sci. 43:1888. Golding, N. S. 1959. A solids-not-fat test for milk using density plastic beads as hydrometers. J. Dairy Sci. 42:899. See also 41:227 (1958). Krienke, W. A. 1959. Tests for evaluating the milk plasma phase of whole milk. J. Dairy Sci. 42:899-900. Washburn, R. C. 1959. A progress report on the TeSa reagent test for but- terfat. J. Dairy Sci. 42:942. ANALYZING OR PROvING Sums The influence of a sire upon production of his daughters may be analyzed by several methods. The influence of feed and care (en- vironment) upon production of milk, butterfat, and solids-not-fat often overshadows heredity to a considerable extent. It is desirable when a breeder evaluates the transmitting ability of a sire that the environmental factors be similar throughout the lactation periods of daughters and their dams, or their probable influence considered. A cow's production is affected by age and size at calving, previous feed and care, condition of the animal, kind and quality of feed, number of milkings daily, days carrying a calf during the lactation, and skill of the caretaker. Maximum production is limited by hered- ity. Lynn Copeland analyzed many Jersey records and concluded that at least ten unselected daughters should be tested when meas- uring the transmitting ability of the sire. Other workers confirmed this conclusion. With bulls in artificial use and their daughters under differing environments, a comparison of at least 30 daughter-dam pairs has been recommended. densities for rapid field determinations of solids-not-fat in milk samples. These methods are used in different states. The Herd Improvement Registry or Herd Test was handled by the same three parties before modification of the rules and report forms. If desired, each student may acquaint himself with the latest Unified Rules and the supervisor's Manual. It may include super- vision and report of five or more cows on DHIR (DHIA) test. Only a complete report should be accepted by the instructor. Burke, J. D. 1959. The accuracy and usefulness of central processing DHIA feed records. J. Dairy Sci. 42:942. Corwin, A. R., F. R. Allavie, Jr., and S. N. Gaunt. 1960. Comparison of methods for determining solids-not-fat and protein content of milk. J. Dairy Sci. 43:1888. Golding, N. S. 1959. A solids-not-fat test for milk using density plastic beads as hydrometers. J. Dairy Sci. 42:899. See also 41:227 (1958). Krienke, W. A. 1959. Tests for evaluating the milk plasma phase of whole milk. J. Dairy Sci. 42:899-900. Washburn, R. G. 1959. A progress report on the TeSa reagent test for but- terfat. J. Dairy Sci. 42:942. ANALYZING OR PROVING SIREs The influence of a sire upon production of his daughters may be analyzed by several methods. The influence of feed and care (en- vironment) upon production of milk, butterfat, and solids-not-fat often overshadows heredity to a considerable extent. It is desirable when a breeder evaluates the transmitting ability of a sire that the environmental factors be similar throughout the lactation periods of daughters and their dams, or their probable influence considered. A cow's production is affected by age and size at calving, previous feed and care, condition of the animal, kind and quality of feed, number of milkings daily, days carrying a calf during the lactation, and skill of the caretaker. Maximum production is limited by hered- ity. Lynn Copeland analyzed many Jersey records and concluded that at least ten unselected daughters should be tested when meas- uring the transmitting ability of the sire. Other workers confirmed this conclusion. With bulls in artificial use and their daughters under differing environments, a comparison of at least 30 daughter-dam pairs has been recommended. densities for rapid field determinations of solids-not-fat in milk samples. These methods are used in different states. The Herd Improvement Registry or Herd Test was handled by the same three parties before modification of the rules and report forms. If desired, each student may acquaint himself with the latest Unified Rules and the supervisor's Manual. It may include super- vision and report of five or more cows on DHIR (DHIA) test. Only a complete report should be accepted by the instructor. Burke, J. D. 1959. The accuracy and usefulness of central processing DHIA feed records. J. Dairy Sci. 42:942. Corwin, A. R., F. R. Allavie, Jr., and S. N. Caunt. 1960. Comparison of methods for determining solids-not-fat and protein content of milk. J. Dairy Sci. 43:1888. Golding, N. S. 1959. A solids-not-fat test for milk using density plastic beads as hydrometers. 1. Dairy Sci. 42:899. See also 41:227 (1958). Krienke, W. A. 1959. Tests for evaluating the milk plasma phase of whole milk. J. Dairy Sci. 42:899-900. Washburn, R. C. 1959. A progress report on the TeSa reagent test for but- terfat. J. Dairy Sci. 42:942. ANALYZING OR PROVING SIRES The influence of a sire upon production of his daughters may be analyzed by several methods. The influence of feed and care (en- vironment) upon production of milk, butterfat, and solids-not-fat often overshadows heredity to a considerable extent. It is desirable when a breeder evaluates the transmitting ability of a sire that the environmental factors be similar throughout the lactation periods of daughters and their dams, or their probable influence considered. A cow's production is affected by age and size at calving, previous feed and care, condition of the animal, kind and quality of feed, number of milkings daily, days carrying a calf during the lactation, and skill of the caretaker. Maximum production is limited by hered- ity. Lynn Copeland analyzed many Jersey records and concluded that at least ten unselected daughters should be tested when meas- uring the transmitting ability of the sire. Other workers confirmed this conclusion. With bulls in artificial use and their daughters under differing environments, a comparison of at least 30 daughter-dam pairs has been recommended.  494 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS The instructor will decide whether to use (a) actual production records at corresponding lactations, or (b) records computed to a uniform age basis. Each system has advantages and disadvantages. Many cows attain their maximum milk and butterfat production in the third to fifth lactation, other lactations having lower yields. Records computed to a uniform 305-day 2x mature equivalent basis are inflated and hence may mislead students concerning actual yields to be expected. Such records do not consider environmental factors other than age, nor do they allow for idiosyncracies of cows in single lactations. Actual records of daughters and dams in cor- responding lactations can be standardized to 305-day length. They are not inflated but involve small errors due to age differences, con- dition of the animal, mature size, season of calving, precocity, and other factors. Age correction factors have been computed for the different breeds of cows with DHIA records, and by the breed associations with official records. They may be used for machine calculation when facilities penit. The Holstein-Friesian Association of Amer- ica research department stated in general that "the mature equiv- alent record is intended to indicate what a young cow would have produced under the same feeding, management and environment had she been a mature cow [six to eight years] when the record was made." Actual records will be used for simplicity in the ex- amples below. Several methods have been applied to compare milk and butter- fat production of a bull's daughters with that of their dams. Among them are (a) arithmetical averages of the records of daughters and dams; (b) equal parent index; (c) regression index with modifica- tions; (d) arrow chart; (e) spot graph; and (f) a comparison of production of a bull's daughters with that of stablemates in the same season, year, and age. Each method has its proponents. Most bulls in artificial service have daughters in many herds. Ma- chine computations have been developed to compare production by herdmates based on breed-year-season averages, and on daughter-herdmate differences (subtracting the breed average pro- duction in the recent 2-year period). (Dairy-herd-improvement letter, Volume 41, Number 8. 1965.) 494 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS The instructor will decide whether to use (a) actual production records at corresponding lactations, or (b) records computed to a uniform age basis. Each system has advantages and disadvantages. Many cows attain their maximum milk and butterfat production in the third to fifth lactation, other lactations having lower yields. Records computed to a uniform 305-day 2x mature equivalent basis are inflated and hence may mislead students concerning actual yields to be expected. Such records do not consider environmental factors other than age, nor do they allow for idiosyncracies of cows in single lactations. Actual records of daughters and dams in cor- responding lactations can be standardized to 305-day length. They are not inflated but involve small errors due to age differences, con- dition of the animal, mature size, season of calving, precocity, and other factors. Age correction factors have been computed for the different breeds of cows with DHIA records, and by the breed associations with oficial records. They may be used for machine calculation when facilities pennit. The Holstein-Friesian Association of Amer- ica research department stated in general that "the mature equiv- alent record is intended to indicate what a young cow would have produced under the same feeding, management and environment had she been a mature cow [six to eight years] when the record was made." Actual records will be used for simplicity in the ex- amples below. Several methods have been applied to compare milk and butter- fat production of a bull's daughters with that of their dams. Among them are (a) arithmetical averages of the records of daughters and dams; (b) equal parent index; (c) regression index with modifica- tions; (d) arrow chart; (e) spot graph; and (f) a comparison of production of a bull's daughters with that of stablemates in the same season, year, and age. Each method has its proponents. Most bulls in artificial service have daughters in many herds. Ma- chine computations have been developed to compare production by herdmates based on breed-year-season averages, and on daughter-herdmate differences (subtracting the breed average pro- duction in the recent 2-year period). (Dairy-herd-improvement letter, Volume 41, Number 8. 1965.) 494 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS The instructor will decide whether to use (a) actual production records at corresponding lactations, or (b) records computed to a uniform age basis. Each system has advantages and disadvantages. Many cows attain their maximum milk and butterfat production in the third to fifth lactation, other lactations having lower yields. Records computed to a uniform 305-day 2X mature equivalent basis are inflated and hence may mislead students concerning actual yields to be expected. Such records do not consider environmental factors other than age, nor do they allow for idiosyncracies of cows in single lactations. Actual records of daughters and dams in cor- responding lactations can be standardized to 305-day length. They are not inflated but involve small errors due to age differences, con- dition of the animal, mature size, season of calving, precocity, and other factors. Age correction factors have been computed for the different breeds of cows with DHIA records, and by the breed associations with oficial records. They may be used for machine calculation when facilities pennit. The Holstein-Friesian Association of Amer- ica research department stated in general that "the mature equiv- alent record is intended to indicate what a young cow would have produced under the same feeding, management and environment had she been a mature cow [six to eight years] when the record was made." Actual records will be used for simplicity in the ex- amples below. Several methods have been applied to compare milk and butter- fat production of a bull's daughters with that of their dams. Among them are (a) arithmetical averages of the records of daughters and dams; (b) equal parent index; (c) regression index with modifica- tions; (d) arrow chart; (e) spot graph; and (f) a comparison of production of a bull's daughters with that of stablemates in the same season, year, and age. Each method has its proponents. Most bulls in artificial service have daughters in many herds. Ma- chine computations have been developed to compare production by herdmates based on breed-year-season averages, and on daughter-herdmate differences (subtracting the breed average pro- duction in the recent 2-year period). (Dairy-herd-improvement letter, Volume 41, Number 8. 1965.)  Sumar 49 Sumar 49 Sumr 49 An example of a sire analysis is shown in Table 22.3 using actual 305-day records of ten cows and of their respective dams milked twice daily in their first lactations. These records were not corrected for age. Since the formulas for regression index involve the inclusion of average production of the entire herd and breed average, and for- mulas differ, the instructor may choose one applicable to the breed involved. The method in current use may be obtained from the breed association. An arrow chart comparing the production of daughters with their respective dams provided a convenient way of visualizing these re- TABLE 22.3 EvALUATION oF SIRES ON PRODUCTION OF DAUGHTERS A. Comparing corresponding lactations of daughters and dams Daughters Dams Age Milk Test Fat Age Milk Test Fat Animals (yr, mo.) (lbs.) (%) (bs.) (yr., mo.) (lbs.) (%) (lb..) 1 2,2 11,240 3.4 382 2,5 13,470 3.3 445 2 2,7 9,725 3.6 350 2,6 10,120 3.4 344 3 2,5 8,705 3.5 305 2,7 9,890 3.4 336 4 2, 4 13,320 3.6 479 2,5 12,050 3.3 398 5 2,3 12,610 3.5 441 2,5 11,725 3.4 399 6 2,2 10,465 3.4 356 2, 4 8,690 3.5 304 7 2,6 9,745 3.5 341 2,5 11,170 3.6 402 8 2,5 11,430 3.6 412 2, 1 10,725 3.5 375 9 2,4 14,120 3.5 495 2,5 13,470 3.3 445 10 2,1 13,285 3.4 452 2,9 11,415 3.4 388 Aver. 2 age 2, 4 11,465 3.5 401 2, 5 11,273 3.4 384 An example of a sire analysis is shown in Table 22.3 using actual 305-day records of ten cows and of their respective dams milked twice daily in their first lactations. These records were not corrected for age. Since the formulas for regression index involve the inclusion of average production of the entire herd and breed average, and for- mulas differ, the instructor may choose one applicable to the breed involved. The method in current use may be obtained from the breed association. An arrow chart comparing the production of daughters with their respective dams provided a convenient way of visualizing these re- TABLE 22.3 EvALUATION OF SIRES ON PRODUCTION OF DAUCHTERs A. Comparing corresponding lactations of daughters and dams Daughters Dame Age Milk Test Fat Age Milk Test Fat Animals (yr.. mo.) (lb..) ( )) )As) (yr.. me.) (lbs.) (% (lb..) 1 2,2 11,240 3.4 382 2,5 13,470 3.3 445 2 2,7 9,725 3.6 350 2,6 10,120 3.4 344 3 2,5 8,705 3.5 305 2,7 9,890 3.4 336 4 2,4 13,320 3.6 479 2,5 12,050 3.3 398 5 2,3 12,610 3.5 441 2,5 11,725 3.4 399 6 2,2 10,465 3.4 356 2,4 8,690 3.5 304 7 2,6 9,745 3.5 341 2,5 11,170 3.6 402 8 2,5 11,430 3.6 412 2,1 10,725 3.5 375 9 2,4 14,120 3.5 495 2,5 13,470 3.3 445 10 2,1 13,285 3.4 452 2,9 11,415 3.4 388 Aver- age 2,4 11,465 3.5 401 2,5 11,273 3.4 384 Number of daughters ecelling dame Milk Test Fat Milk Test Fat Laetations (lbs.) (%) (lbs.) (bs.) (%) (]be.) An example of a sire analysis is shown in Table 22.3 using actual 305-day records of ten cows and of their respective dams milked twice daily in their first lactations. These records were not corrected for age. Since the formulas for regression index involve the inclusion of average production of the entire herd and breed average, and for- mulas differ, the instructor may choose one applicable to the breed involved. The method in current use may be obtained from the breed association. An arrow chart comparing the production of daughters with their respective dams provided a convenient way of visualizing these re- TABLE 22.3 EvALUATION OF SIRES ON PRODUCTION OF DAUCHTERS A. Comparing corresponding lactations of daughters and dams Daughters Dams Age Milk Test Fat Age Milk Test Fat Animals (yr., mo.) (lb..) (%) (lbs.) (yr., mo.) (lbs) (%) (lbs.) 1 2,2 11,240 3.4 382 2,5 13,470 3.3 445 2 2,7 9,725 3.6 350 2,6 10,120 3.4 344 3 2,5 8,705 3.5 305 2,7 9,890 3.4 336 4 2,4 13,320 3.6 479 2,5 12,050 3.3 398 5 2,3 12,610 3.5 441 2,5 11,725 3.4 399 6 2,2 10,465 3.4 356 2,4 8,690 3.5 304 7 2,6 9,745 3.5 341 2,5 11,170 3.6 402 8 2,5 11,430 3.6 412 2,1 10,725 3.5 375 9 2,4 14,120 3.5 495 2,5 13,470 3.3 445 10 2,1 13,285 3.4 452 2,9 11,415 3.4 388 Aver- age 2,4 11,465 3.5 401 2,5 11,273 3.4 384 Number of daughters excelling dams Milk Test Fat Milk Test Fat Lactati ons (lbs.) (%) (lbs.) (Ibs.) (%) (lb..) Milk Test Fat La 0tion (lbs.) (%) (lbs.) Sire A Daughters 10 11,465 3.5 401 Dams 10 11,273 3.4 384 Difference +192 +0.1 +17 6 7 7 B. Equal parent index Milk Test Fat (lb..) (%) (lb..) Sire A Daughters 10 11,465 3.5 401 Dams 10 11,273 3.4 384 Difference +192 +0.1 +17 B. Equal parent index Average production of daughters Increase or decrease Sire A's equal parent index 6 7 7 Sire A Daughters 10 11,465 3.5 401 Dams 10 11,273 3.4 384 Difference +192 +0.1 +17 B. Equal parent index Average production of daughters Increase or decrease Sire A's equal parent index 6 7 7 Average production of daughters Increase or decrease Sire A's equal parent index 11,465 3.5 401 +192 0.1 +17 11,657 3.6 418 Milk Test Fat (bsJ. (%) ((bS.) 11,465 3.5 401 +192 -0.1 +17 11,657 3.6 418 Milk Test Fat (lbs.) (%) (lbs.) 11,465 3.5 401 +192 -0.1 -17 11,657 3.6 418  496 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS lationships. Records of Sire A's daughters are compared with those of their dams in the arrow chart shown in Figure 12.3. Production of the dam is gauged on the base line above the abscissa, while those of the daughters are measured on the ordinate at the left of the chart. At the point of the dam's production, the length of the arrow shaft indicates the amount and direction upward or down- ward whereby the daughter's production differs from that of her dam. Some artificial breeding associations have used this method. A spot graph has been used by the Netherlands Herd Book to de- pict the production of daughters of Friesian bulls with their re- spective dams. It is illustrated in Figure 12.4. Production of the dam is gauged on the base line and that of the daughter on the ordinate at the left of the chart. A dot indicates the point at which a line parallel to the base from any daughter's production level on the ordinate will intersect a vertical line above the dam's production on the base. If the general field of dots points upward and to the right, the sire has made some improvement of his daughters over their dams. However, if the general field should point upward and to the left, the trend has been toward a decrease. Progressive improvements in methods of analyses were presented in the USDA Dairy-Herd-Improvement-Letter 38(4), April 1962. and 41(8), November-December 1965. They were based on com- parisons of milk, test, and butterfat production of a sire's daughters with those of parentally unrelated herdmates at the same period. In May 1965 "Predicted Difference" from the breed average re- placed "Predicted Average" for A.L sires, computed by the formula: No. of daughters adjusted breed Predicted difference= X daughter- a No. of daughters+20 average average This was nearer to a representative method of estimating breeding value of A.L dairy bulls. In 1968, five dairy breed associations and the American Milking Shorthorn Society adopted the USDA Sire Summaries for bulls in artificial service. The sire summaries gave the average production of daughters on a 305-day 2X mature equivalent basis in compari- son with an adjusted average production of herdmates calving in the same year and season. This was presented as a "predicted differ- 496 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS lationships. Records of Sire A's daughters are compared with those of their dams in the arrow chart shown in Figure 12.3. Production of the dam is gauged on the base line above the abscissa, while those of the daughters are measured on the ordinate at the left of the chart. At the point of the dam's production, the length of the arrow shaft indicates the amount and direction upward or down- ward whereby the daughter's production differs from that of her dam. Some artificial breeding associations have used this method. A spot graph has been used by the Netherlands Herd Book to de- pict the production of daughters of Friesian bulls with their re- spective dams. It is illustrated in Figure 12.4. Production of the dam is gauged on the base line and that of the daughter on the ordinate at the left of the chart. A dot indicates the point at which a line parallel to the base from any daughter's production level on the ordinate will intersect a vertical line above the dam's production on the base. If the general field of dots points upward and to the right, the sire has made some improvement of his daughters over their dams. However, if the general field should point upward and to the left, the trend has been toward a decrease. Progressive improvements in methods of analyses were presented in the USDA Dairy-Herd-Improvement-Letter 38(4), April 1962. and 41(8), November-December 1965. They were based on com- parisons of milk, test, and butterfat production of a sire's daughters with those of parentally unrelated herdmates at the same period. In May 1965 "Predicted Difference" from the breed average re- placed "Predicted Average" for A.L sires, computed by the formula: No. of daughters ((adjusted breed Predicted difference= X daughter- aserage} No. of daughters+20 average This was nearer to a representative method of estimating breeding value of A.L dairy bulls. In 1968, five dairy breed associations and the American Milking Shorthorn Society adopted the USDA Sire Summaries for bulls in artificial service. The sire summaries gave the average production of daughters on a 305-day 2x mature equivalent basis in compari- son with an adjusted average production of herdmates calving in the same year and season. This was presented as a "predicted differ- 496 DA IRY CATTLE BREEDS lationships. Records of Sire A's daughters are compared with those of their dams in the arrow chart shown in Figure 12.3. Production of the dam is gauged on the base line above the abscissa, while those of the daughters are measured on the ordinate at the left of the chart. At the point of the dam's production, the length of the arrow shaft indicates the amount and direction upward or down- ward whereby the daughter's production differs from that of her dam. Some artificial breeding associations have used this method. A spot graph has been used by the Netherlands Herd Book to de- pict the production of daughters of Friesian bulls with their re- spective dams. It is illustrated in Figure 12.4. Production of the dam is gauged on the base line and that of the daughter on the ordinate at the left of the chart. A dot indicates the point at which a line parallel to the base from any daughter's production level on the ordinate will intersect a vertical line above the dam's production on the base. If the general field of dots points upward and to the right, the sire has made some improvement of his daughters over their dams. However, if the general field should point upward and to the left, the trend has been toward a decrease. Progressive improvements in methods of analyses were presented in the USDA Dairy-Herd-Improvement-Letter 38(4), April 1962. and 41(8), November-December 1965. They were based on com- parisons of milk, test, and butterfat production of a sire's daughters with those of parentally unrelated herdmates at the same period. In May 1965 "Predicted Difference" from the breed average re- placed "Predicted Average" for A.L sires, computed by the formula: No. of daughters adjusted beed Predicted difference= X1 daughter- eaaeed No. of daughters+20 average a This was nearer to a representative method of estimating breeding value of A.L dairy bulls. In 1968, five dairy breed associations and the American Milking Shorthorn Society adopted the USDA Sire Summaries for bulls in artificial service. The sire summaries gave the average production of daughters on a 305-day 2X mature equivalent basis in compari- son with an adjusted average production of herdmates calving in the same year and season. This was presented as a "predicted differ-  Sumar 497 Sumar 497 Sumr 497 ence" in pounds of milk. An estimated repeatability percentage in- creased as daughters produced under the environment of a larger number of herds. The sire summaries were recomputed each Janu- ary, May, and September as additional daughters' records became available from registered and known-grade daughters of a regis- tered bull. This method of analysis is available to study and understand, but is beyond average laboratory facilities to carry through the mechan- ics of calculation. Anonymous. 1962. New DHIA Sire Record. USDA Dairy-Herd-Imp.- Letter 38(4). Anonymous. 1965. Improvements in Methods of Sire Evaluation. USDA Dairy-Herd-Imp.-Letter 41(8). Kendrick, J . F. October 1953. Standardizing Dairy-Herd-Improvement- Association Records in Proving Sires. USDA BDI Inf. 162. Plowman, R, D., and B. T. McDaniel. 1967. Changes in USDA Sire Summary Procedures. Jersey J. 14(18):20-21. Schooley, Ray R. 1968. The new Jersey Sire Award program. Jersey J. 15(8):26-27, 31, 97. Cow FAMILIrs A cow produces few calves during her lifetime; the average is three to four in many herds. Bull calves are not contributions, unless they are raised for breeding. The true value of a cow in a breeding or commercial herd cannot be determined fully in one generation. Good herds are built upon cow families. The class may work as a group on the cow family laboratory. Complete herd records are desired for this project. Each student is assigned to study two cows that were acquired or dropped their first calves at least 10 years earlier. Records of each cow and her progeny should be tabulated through three generations, including each calf dropped, its disposal, number of lactations, and average production of each female descendant. Data for each animal should be assembled on a chart. The chart should indicate the total number of male and female calves dropped in each cow family in the three generations, number of lactations, average production per lactation and overall average daily produc- tion since first calving, and number of females alive in the herd. Reasons for loss or removal of each female in the cow family should ence" in pounds of milk. An estimated repeatability percentage in- creased as daughters produced under the environment of a larger number of herds. The sire summaries were recomputed each Janu- ary, May, and September as additional daughters' records became available from registered and known-grade daughters of a regis- tered bull. This method of analysis is available to study and understand, but is beyond average laboratory facilities to carry through the mechan- ics of calculation. Anonymous. 1962. New DHIA Sire Record. USDA Dairy-Herd-Imp.- Letter 38(4). Anonymous. 1965. Improvements in Methods of Sire Evaluation. USDA Dairy-Herd-Imp.-Letter 41(8). Kendrick, J . F. October 1953. Standardizing Dairy-Herd-Improvement- Association Records in Proving Sires. USDA BDI Inf. 162. Plowman, R. D., and B. T. McDaniel. 1967. Changes in USDA Sire Summary Procedures. Jersey J. 14(18):20-21. Schooley, Ray R. 1968. The new Jersey Sire Award program. Jersey J. 15(8):26-27, 31, 97. Cow FAMILIns A cow produces few calves during her lifetime; the average is three to four in many herds. Bull calves are not contributions, unless they are raised for breeding. The true value of a cow in a breeding or commercial herd cannot be determined fully in one generation. Good herds are built upon cow families. The class may work as a group on the cow family laboratory. Complete herd records are desired for this project. Each student is assigned to study two cows that were acquired or dropped their first calves at least 10 years earlier. Records of each cow and her progeny should be tabulated through three generations, including each calf dropped, its disposal, number of lactations, and average production of each female descendant. Data for each animal should be assembled on a chart. The chart should indicate the total number of male and female calves dropped in each cow family in the three generations, number of lactations, average production per lactation and overall average daily produc- tion since first calving, and number of females alive in the herd. Reasons for loss or removal of each female in the cow family should ence" in pounds of milk. An estimated repeatability percentage in- creased as daughters produced under the environment of a larger number of herds. The sire summaries were recomputed each Janu- ary, May, and September as additional daughters' records became available from registered and known-grade daughters of a regis- tered bull. This method of analysis is available to study and understand, but is beyond average laboratory facilities to carry through the mechan- ics of calculation. Anonymous. 1962. New DHIA Sire Record. USDA Dairy-Herd-Imp.- Letter 38(4). Anonymous. 1965. Improvements in Methods of Sire Evaluation. USDA Dairy-Herd-Imp.-Letter 41(8). Kendrick, J . F. October 1953. Standardizing Dairy-Herd-Improvement- Association Records in Proving Sires. USDA BDI Inf. 162. Plowman, R. D., and B. T. McDaniel. 1967. Changes in USDA Sire Summary Procedures. Jersey J. 14(18):20-21. Schooley, Ray R. 1968. The new Jersey Sire Award program. Jersey J. 15(8):26-27, 31, 97. Cow FAMILIEs A cow produces few calves during her lifetime; the average is three to four in many herds. Bull calves are not contributions, unless they are raised for breeding. The true value of a cow in a breeding or commercial herd cannot be determined fully in one generation. Good herds are built upon cow families. The class may work as a group on the cow family laboratory. Complete herd records are desired for this project. Each student is assigned to study two cows that were acquired or dropped their first calves at least 10 years earlier. Records of each cow and her progeny should be tabulated through three generations, including each calf dropped, its disposal, number of lactations, and average production of each female descendant. Data for each animal should be assembled on a chart. The chart should indicate the total number of male and female calves dropped in each cow family in the three generations, number of lactations, average production per lactation and overall average daily produc- tion since first calving, and number of females alive in the herd. Reasons for loss or removal of each female in the cow family should  498 D AIRYS CATTLE BREEEDS5 be stated. Herdmate compasisons may be computed feom the as- sembled reeeoeds. The insteuctoe may desiee to discuss eate of turnosee, cassses of lasses of cows, mainteoance of hserd oumbees, and impeosement. (See Flarieda Age. Exp. Sta. Ball. 576). What eate of incease oe de- crease in the total numbee of coo's has occurred? Could the heed be culled to advantage? Ace thee desieable soeplus animals that could be sold as beedees? Woold additional females need to be purchased to maintain heed numbers? Such facts should be gained froms this peoject. COW INnEXES Search has been made of DHIAerecords forcregistered cosssired by bulls summarized in July 8963 and latee. Daughtecs of non-A. TABLE 22.4 PRPORenTOOFBULSPREnDN 1902 TnATcMAAINEDsOmR INcCREAmE Pmu Pm e cn Daosms Duht 498 DAIRYS CATTLE BREEDS be stated. Hlerdmate coasparisons may be computed feom the as- sembled cecords. The instructor may desie to discuss eate of turnoce, causes of lasses of coo's, mainctenance of hserd numbecs, and impeovement. (See Flarida Age. Eop. Sta. Bull. 576). What eate of incease oe de- cease ins the total numbee of cows has occurred? Could the heed be culled to advantage? Ae theee desieable surplus animals that could be sold as beedees? Would additional females need to be puechased to maintain heed numbecs? Such facts should be gained feaos this peoject. COW IuNEXS Scech has been made of DHIA recoeds foe eegisteeed cots sieed by bulls summaeized in July 1963 nd latee. Daughtees of nan-A. TABLE 22.4 PnOePeORINO BUnLLS PROVEn so 1961 THAT MAIoeTcAmNED ORINCEASED emnDUCTON OFc THmcn Daccsssomr 498 nAtIRY CATTLE BREEDS be stated. Hierdmate comparisons may be computed team the as- sembled recoeds. Theinsatrucoc may desie todiscusseratef tuoe, causesaof lasses of casvs, maisntenance of hcerd numbees, and impeosement. (See Floidla Age. Eop. Sta. Bull. 576). What cate of incease oe de- cease ins the total numbee of cows has occurred? Could the heed be culled to advantage? Ae there desirable surplus animals that could be sold as beedees? Would additional females need to be puechased to maintain heed nambees? Such facts should be gained feam this project. COW INEXES Search has been made of DHIA recoeds foe registeeed cows sieed by bulls summaeized in July 1963 and latee. Daughtees of can-A.I TABLE 22.4 PROPORTION aF BULLS PROVED so 1961 THcT MAINTcINuD aR INCREASED PRODUCTION OFc THEIR DAUGHTERS of dm. cres prnpeton detin oB .) (%) 1 ,sc.) (lb..) 5() lb. Over 600 13 1 7.7 19,429 4.1 764 14,965 4.1 625-649 15 2 13.3 11,100 4.1 632 14,063 4.0 8006824 58 11 22.8 11,799 3.9 69 14,436 3.9 575-596 91 550-574 294 525-549 432 500-524 737 475198 1,122 40-474 1,541 425149 400-424 375-399 350-374 325-349 300-324 275-299 lUnder 271 Toals 1,673 1,406 1,143 799 42 131 10,095 52 116 273 458 726 5646 303 150 161 5,043 25.0 25.5 26.9 37.0 408 47.8 26.5 63.3 67.0 68.6 77.1 87.8 49.9 15,419 14,939 14,222 13,037 13,047 12,393 01,666 00,876 10,063 9,473 8,462 9,096 7,373 6,646 11,532 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 4.8 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.8 50 536 486 482 437 33 314 289 436 14,447 14,015 13,353 13,050 12,638 12, 147 11,511 10,646 10,124 9,756 8,881 8,557 8,015 7,961 11,377 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.9 4.0 3.9 3.8 574 568 531 507 495 479 460 381 361 3-37 319 437 Osec 650 625-649 00624 575-599 550-574 525-549 500-524 475-499 4501474 425-449 375-399 350-374 325-349 300-324 275-299 Undec 275 Toas 13 1 7.7 10,470 4.1 764 15 2 13.3 15,569 4.1 632 50 11 22.0 15,789 3.9 600 01 21 25.9 15,410 3.0 586 204 52 25.5 14,030 3.0 566 432 119 26.9 14,222 3.8 530 737 273 37.0 13,637 3.7 511 1,122 459 40.9 13,647 3.7 406 1,545 720 47.0 12,393 3.7 402 14,065 14,083 14,430 14,447 14,915 13,353 13,050 12,638 12, 147 11,511 00,946 10,124 9,756 8,881 8,557 9,015 7,981 11,377 3.1 3.0 3.9 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 4.0 3.9 566 559 479 31 507 3195 311 437 Osec 050 625-649 00624 575-599 550-574 525-549 500-524 475-499 450-474 42140 400-424 375-399 350-374 325-349 300-324 275-299 Undec 275 Toas 13 15 0 204 432 737 1,122 1,545 1,673 1,406 1,143 799 442 228 131 74 10,095 21 52 721 059 73 646 56 303 150 101 65 5,043 7.7 13.3 25.9 25.5 20.9 37.0 40.0 47.0 51.3 53.0 56.5 03.3 07.9 686 77.1 87.8 49.9 19,470 15,569 15,789 15,419 14,039 14,222 13,037 13,047 12,393 11,666 10,070 10,003 9,473 8,462 8,096 7,373 6,646 11,535 4.1 764 14,065 4.1 032 14,063 3.0 00 14,430 3.8 580 14,447 3.0 566 14,915 3.0 536 13,313 3.7 511 13,050 3.7 490 11,638 3.7 402 12,147 3.7 437 11,511 3.9 413 10,846 3.9 388 10,124 3.9 363 9,756 4.0 338 9,881 3.9 314 9,557 3.9 000 9,015 3.8 255 7,991 3.0 430 11,377 3.0 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.9 4.1 3.9 4.0 3.9 3.8 568 551 507 495 479 392 381 361 337 319 311 4.37 1,673 1,406 1,143 799 442 228 131 74 10,095 859 753 56 303 150 101 5,043 51.3 56.5 03.3 07.9 68.6 77.1 87.8 49.9 11,666 10,876 10,063 9,473 8,462 8,096 7,373 6,646 11,535 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.8 4.0 3.9 3.9 437 43 363 338 314 289 436 a. Computed from Dairy-Herd-Improvement Letter 37(9):3, October 1961. Computd Occ DaieyHced-mpecccesS Lttec 3(0)1,Octahe 1961 Cccputed from Dairy-Herd-Improvement Letsee 37(9):3, Octoher 1961. CcpsdtacDig~e-meccetLse 791 cae 91 a. Computed from Dairy-Herd-Improvement Letter 37(9):3, October 1961.  Summary 499 Summary 499 Summary 499 bulls were evaluated solely on differences in milk production from herdmate comparisons. For A.I. progeny, performance of their pa- ternal half-sisters also was included in computing an index of pro- duction. About 2 percent of cows in each breed that exceeded herd- mates' production by an arbitrary high standard were selected. Such cows were assumed to include those of good breeding value. OFFICIAL TYPE CLASSIFICATION Type classification by scoring was one of the requirements which qualified Dutch-Friesian cattle for advancement from the Pedi- gree Register to the Main or Advanced Register of the Dutch- Friesian Herd Book. It was carried into the Holstein-Friesian As- sociation in 1885. The program was not developed fully, and Solomon Hoxie recommended that it be discontinued during a depression. The Ayrshire Advanced Registry and Jersey Register of Merit had a provision for bulls to be scored along with the milk and butterfat qualifications of their daughters. Both organizations later discontinued scoring. The Holstein-Friesian Association developed "true type" models of a bull and cow. Could the educational benefits of the show ring be extended to record permanently the type of individual animals in entire herds? Official type classification was developed to fit this need, beginning in 1929. Standards were established so that cows of milking age and bulls past 3 years old could be classified by an as- sociation classifier as Excellent, Very Good, Good Plus (added later), Good, Fair, or Poor. Other breed associations developed sim- ilar programs. The Brown Swiss Cattle Breeders' Association developed "break- down" ratings in 1943 for the anatomical subdivisions of the animal, similar to divisions of the Unified Dairy Score Card for dairy bulls and cows. Other associations adopted this system with slight dif- ferences in details. Permanent records of the type ratings are pub- lished for use in breed programs for herd improvement. The Holstein-Friesian Association engaged G. W. Trimberger to analyze their method of type classification. F. W. Atkeson's plan, based on the Unified Dairy Score Card, was expanded in 1967 to bulls were evaluated solely on differences in milk production from herdmate comparisons. For A.I. progeny, performance of their pa- ternal half-sisters also was included in computing an index of pro- duction. About 2 percent of cows in each breed that exceeded herd- mates' production by an arbitrary high standard weere selected. Such cows were assumed to include those of good breeding value. OFFICIAL TYPE CLASSIFICATION Type classification by scoring was one of the requirements which qualified Dutch-Friesian cattle for advancement from the Pedi- gree Register to the Main or Advanced Register of the Dutch- Friesian Herd Book. It was carried into the Holstein-Friesian As- sociation in 1885. The program was not developed fully, and Solomon Hoxie recommended that it be discontinued during a depression. The Ayrshire Advanced Registry and Jersey Register of Merit had a provision for bulls to be scored along with the milk and butterfat qualifications of their daughters. Both organizations later discontinued scoring. The Holstein-Friesian Association developed "true type" models of a bull and cow. Could the educational benefits of the show ring be extended to record permanently the type of individual animals in entire herds? Official type classification was developed to fit this need, beginning in 1929. Standards weere established so that cows of milking age and bulls past 3 years old could be classified by an as- sociation classifier as Excellent, Very Good, Good Plus (added later), Good, Fair, or Poor. Other breed associations developed sim- ilar programs. The Brown Swiss Cattle Breeders' Association developed "break- down" ratings in 1943 for the anatomical subdivisions of the animal, similar to divisions of the Unified Dairy Score Card for dairy bulls and cows. Other associations adopted this system with slight dif- ferences in details. Permanent records of the type ratings are pub- lished for use in breed programs for herd improvement. The Holstein-Friesian Association engaged G. W. Trimberger to analyze their method of type classification. F. W. Atkeson's plan, based on the Unified Dairy Score Card, was expanded in 1967 to bulls were evaluated solely on differences in milk production from herdmate comparisons. For A.I. progeny, performance of their pa- ternal half-sisters also was included in computing an index of pro- duction. About 2 percent of cows in each breed that exceeded herd- mates' production by an arbitrary high standard were selected. Such cows were assumed to include those of good breeding value. OFFICIAL TYPE CLASsIFICATION Type classification by scoring was one of the requirements which qualified Dutch-Friesian cattle for advancement from the Pedi- gree Register to the Main or Advanced Register of the Dutch- Friesian Herd Book. It was carried into the Holstein-Friesian As- sociation in 1885. The program was not developed fully, and Solomon Hoxie recommended that it be discontinued during a depression. The Ayrshire Advanced Registry and Jersey Register of Merit had a provision for bulls to be scored along with the milk and butterfat qualifications of their daughters. Both organizations later discontinued scoring. The Holstein-Friesian Association developed "true type" models of a bull and cow. Could the educational benefits of the show ring be extended to record permanently the type of individual animals in entire herds? Official type classification was developed to fit this need, beginning in 1929. Standards were established so that cows of milking age and bulls past 3 years old could be classified by an as- sociation classifier as Excellent, Very Good, Good Plus (added later), Good, Fair, or Poor. Other breed associations developed sim- ilar programs. The Brown Swiss Cattle Breeders' Association developed "break- down" ratings in 1943 for the anatomical subdivisions of the animal, similar to divisions of the Unified Dairy Score Card for dairy bulls and cows. Other associations adopted this system with slight dif- ferences in details. Permanent records of the type ratings are pub- lished for use in breed programs for herd improvement. The Holstein-Friesian Association engaged G. W. Trimberger to analyze their method of type classification. F. W. Atkeson's plan, based on the Unified Dairy Score Card, was expanded in 1967 to  500 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS include ratings on stature, head, front end, back, rump, hind legs. feet, fore udder, rear udder, udder support and floor, udder quality. and teats. This classification plan was integrated with the USDA sire summaries of production in 1968 into a sire guide-Registered Hol- stein Sire Performance Summaries-available three times yearly for active bulls with ten or more daughters. Students should become acquainted with this advancement. One laboratory assignment should be attendance at an ofcial type classification of a registered dairy herd. If the owner permits. the class may benefit by analyzing the effects of at least two sires on the breakdown scores of their daughters. What characteristics did each bull transmit best? Where could a breeder obtain a sire to overcome specific weaknesses in the next generation of cows? When an oficial classification cannot be observed, a substitute lab- oratory may deal with all daughters of two bulls in the college herd. Daughter-dam pairs should be included in their reports, if possible. Do any of the cows show hereditary defects? An alternate labora- tory may be an analysis of type transmission by two Brown Swiss. Holstein-Friesian, or other bulls from records published by the breed association in the latest Sire Performance Summaries. SHOwS AND THEm FUNcrIONs The earliest fairs were said to have been held in China. Fairs or markets were granted charters during the feudal period in Europe, setting times and places for livestock, goods, or merchandise to be displayed for barter or sale. Itinerant merchants exhibited their wares and farmers brought specified products to trade. Assembly on market day had educational values to inspire improvement. Competitive shows for livestock were an outgrowth of fairs and markets of the feudal period. The first competitive shows were sponsored by agricultural societies interested in improvement of animals. Much improvement in the conformation of dairy cattle has been attributed to the influence of shows. How does this come about? How are shows operated, and what are the benefits? Shows serve several functions. They establish standards of excel- lence for animals; bring good stock before the public; create desire 500 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDs include ratings on stature, head, front end, back, rump, hind legs. feet, fore udder, rear udder, udder support and floor, udder quality. and teats. This classification plan was integrated with the USDA sire summaries of production in 1968 into a sire guide-Registered Hol- stein Sire Performance Summaries-available three times yearly for active bulls with ten or more daughters. Students should become acquainted with this advancement. One laboratory assignment should be attendance at an official type classification of a registered dairy herd. If the owner permits. the class may benefit by analyzing the effects of at least two sires on the breakdown scores of their daughters. What characteristics did each bull transmit best? Where could a breeder obtain a sire to overcome specific weaknesses in the next generation of cows? When an oficial classification cannot be observed, a substitute lab- oratory may deal with all daughters of two bulls in the college herd. Daughter-dam pairs should be included in their reports, if possible. Do any of the cows show hereditary defects? An alternate labora- tory may be an analysis of type transmission by two Brown Swiss. Holstein-Friesian, or other bulls from records published by the breed association in the latest Sire Performance Summaries. SHOwS AND THEm FUNCTIONS The earliest fairs were said to have been held in China. Fairs or markets were granted charters during the feudal period in Europe, setting times and places for livestock, goods, or merchandise to be displayed for barter or sale. Itinerant merchants exhibited their wares and farmers brought specified products to trade. Assembly on market day had educational values to inspire improvement. Competitive shows for livestock were an outgrowth of fairs and markets of the feudal period. The first competitive shows were sponsored by agricultural societies interested in improvement of animals. Much improvement in the conformation of dairy cattle has been attributed to the influence of shows. How does this come about? How are shows operated, and what are the benefits? Shows serve several functions. They establish standards of excel- lence for animals; bring good stock before the public; create desire 500 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS include ratings on stature, head, front end, back, rump, hind legs. feet, fore udder, rear udder, udder support and floor, udder quality. and teats. This classification plan was integrated with the USDA sire summaries of production in 1968 into a sire guide-Registered Hol- stein Sire Performance Summaries-available three times yearly for active bulls with ten or more daughters. Students should become acquainted with this advancement. One laboratory assignment should be attendance at an official type classification of a registered dairy herd. If the owner permits. the class may benefit by analyzing the effects of at least two sires on the breakdown scores of their daughters. What characteristics did each bull transmit best? Where could a breeder obtain a sire to overcome specific weaknesses in the next generation of cows? When an oficial classification cannot be observed, a substitute lab- oratory may deal with all daughters of two bulls in the college herd. Daughter-dam pairs should be included in their reports, if possible. Do any of the cows show hereditary defects? An alternate labora- tory may be an analysis of type transmission by two Brown Swiss. Holstein-Friesian, or other bulls from records published by the breed association in the latest Sire Performance Summaries. SHOwS AND THEm FUNCTIONS The earliest fairs were said to have been held in China. Fairs or markets were granted charters during the feudal period in Europe, setting times and places for livestock, goods, or merchandise to be displayed for barter or sale. Itinerant merchants exhibited their wares and farmers brought specified products to trade. Assembly on market day had educational values to inspire improvement. Competitive shows for livestock were an outgrowth of fairs and markets of the feudal period. The first competitive shows were sponsored by agricultural societies interested in improvement of animals. Much improvement in the conformation of dairy cattle has been attributed to the influence of shows. How does this come about? How are shows operated, and what are the benefits? Shows serve several functions. They establish standards of excel- lence for animals; bring good stock before the public; create desire  Summary 501 Summary 501 Summary 501 for good animals; and inform people where they may be obtained. Ideals are established. Breeders compare the conformation of their animals with those of other breeders, and they recognize good and poor qualities by comparison. This gives incentive for further im- provement through selection of breeding stock. This laboratory deals with operation of shows for dairy cattle. They are sponsored by agencies or organizations in an area inter- ested in improving agriculture, in display of goods and products. and incidentally in expanding the benefit through sales. Breeders desiring to enter animals at shows must comply with rules concern- ing registration of animals, health, entry fees, care of animals on the fair grounds, their display in the show, and their return home when released from the show. Large fair associations prepare a printed catalog and calendar of events for the public. Many inter- ested persons attend the show, visit with exhibitors, and witness the judging. Magazines and newspapers report results of the show. Animals are grouped by breed into classes of similar ages and sex to be judged. In 4-H and FFA shows the animals are rated into blue ribbon, red ribbon, and white ribbon groups according to relative merits against a standard, and every meritorious animal receives an award. At other shows, animals are judged according to compara- tive merits as first prize, second prize, third prize animal, and so on, among those exhibited. The judge is privileged to withhold a prize if in his judgment animals present in the show ring are un- worthy of a higher award. Associations sometimes withhold first premium moneys when only one exhibitor shows animals in a class. SHOw CLASSIFICATIONs The show classifications group animals on exhibition by age and sex into separate classes to be judged. Shows held during the sum- mer and autumn of 1970 weere divided into male and female classes according to age, as follows: Calf, born after June 30, 1969, and over 4 months old Junior Yearling, born between January 1, 1969, and June 30, 1969 for good animals; and inform people where they may be obtained. Ideals are established. Breeders compare the conformation of their animals with those of other breeders, and they recognize good and poor qualities by comparison. This gives incentive for further im- provement through selection of breeding stock. This laboratory deals with operation of shows for dairy rattle. They are sponsored by agencies or organizations in an area inter- ested in improving agriculture, in display of goods and products. and incidentally in expanding the benefit through sales. Breeders desiring to enter animals at shows must comply with rules concern- ing registration of animals, health, entry fees, care of animals on the fair grounds, their display in the show, and their return home when released from the show. Large fair associations prepare a printed catalog and calendar of events for the public. Many inter- ested persons attend the show, visit with exhibitors, and witness the judging. Magazines and newspapers report results of the show. Animals are grouped by breed into classes of similar ages and sex to be judged. In 4-H and FFA shows the animals are rated into blue ribbon, red ribbon, and white ribbon groups according to relative merits against a standard, and every meritorious animal receives an award. At other shows, animals are judged according to compara- tive merits as first prize, second prize, third prize animal, and so on, among those exhibited. The judge is privileged to withhold a prize if in his judgment animals present in the show ring are un- worthy of a higher award. Associations sometimes withhold first premium moneys when only one exhibitor shows animals in a class. SHOw CLASSIFICATIONS The show classifications group animals on exhibition by age and sex into separate classes to be judged. Shows held during the sum- mer and autumn of 1970 were divided into male and female classes according to age, as follows: Calf, born after June 30, 1969, and over 4 months old Junior Yearling, born between January 1, 1969, and June 30, 1969 for good animals; and inform people where they may be obtained. Ideals are established. Breeders compare the conformation of their animals with those of other breeders, and they recognize good and poor qualities by comparison. This gives incentive for further im- provement through selection of breeding stock. This laboratory deals with operation of shows for dairy cattle. They are sponsored by agencies or organizations in an area inter- ested in improving agriculture, in display of goods and products. and incidentally in expanding the benefit through sales. Breeders desiring to enter animals at shows must comply with rules concern- ing registration of animals, health, entry fees, care of animals on the fair grounds, their display in the show, and their return home when released from the show. Large fair associations prepare a printed catalog and calendar of events for the public. Many inter- ested persons attend the show, visit with exhibitors, and witness the judging. Magazines and newspapers report results of the show. Animals are grouped by breed into classes of similar ages and sex to be judged. In 4-H and FFA shows the animals are rated into blue ribbon, red ribbon, and white ribbon groups according to relative merits against a standard, and every meritorious animal receives an award. At other shows, animals are judged according to compara- tive merits as first prize, second prize, third prize animal, and so on, among those exhibited. The judge is privileged to withhold a prize if in his judgment animals present in the show ring are un- worthy of a higher award. Associations sometimes withhold first premium moneys when only one exhibitor shows animals in a class. SHOw CLASSIFICATIONS The show classifications group animals on exhibition by age and sex into separate classes to be judged. Shows held during the sum- mer and autumn of 1970 were divided into male and female classes according to age, as follows: Calf, born after June 30, 1969, and over 4 months old Junior Yearling, born between January 1, 1969, and June 30, 1969  502 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS Senior Yearling, born between July 1, 1968, and December 31. 1968 2-year-old, born July 1, 1967 to June 30, 1968 3-year-old, born July 1, 1966, to June 30, 1967 4-year-old, born July 1, 1965, to June 30, 1966 Bulls past 3 years old had no separate classification. They were con- sidered old enough to be evaluated upon the winnings of their progeny, or to be shown as 3-years-old-or over. A special class for best uddered cow was judged while the ani- mals wore blankets over their entire bodies except the flanks and udders. Some shows provided for a best udder rating in each class of cows. First-prize animals in the Calf and Yearling classes competed for the Junior Champion Bull and Junior Champion Female rib- bons. First-prize animals in the bull and cow classes 2 years and older competed for the Senior Champion Bull and Senior Cham- pion Female, respectively. Grand Champion Female and Grand Champion Bull were judged among the Junior and Senior Cham- pions. The group prizes are more coveted than an individual champion- ship, since they are often more representative of a breeder's achieve- ment than a possible prize winner that may have been purchased. Group prizes in 1970 were for the following: Get of Sire-Four animals of either sex, not more than two being bulls. The sire must be named. Some shows had a Junior Get of Sire class consisting of yearlings or younger, and a Senior Get of Sire among animals 2 years and older. Produce of Dam-Two animals of either sex over 4 months old. the progeny of one cow. The dam must be named. Dairy Herd-Four cows in milk, owned by the exhibitor. Premier Exhibitor-A banner was awarded to the exhibitor that won the most money in open single classes on animals owned and exhibited by himself. Premium Breeders-A banner was awarded to the breeder of ani- mals that won the most money in open single classes. This included animals bred by him even though exhibited by other owners. 502 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDs Senior Yearling, born between July 1, 1968, and December 31. 1968 2-year-old, born July 1, 1967 to June 30, 1968 3-year-old, born July 1, 1966, to June 30, 1967 4-year-old, born July 1, 1965, to June 30, 1966 Bulls past 3 years old had no separate classification. They were con- sidered old enough to be evaluated upon the winnings of their progeny, or to be shown as 3-years-old or over. A special class for best uddered cow was judged while the ani- mals wore blankets over their entire bodies except the flanks and udders. Some shows provided for a best udder rating in each class of cows. First-prize animals in the Calf and Yearling classes competed for the Junior Champion Bull and Junior Champion Female rib- bons. First-prize animals in the bull and cow classes 2 years and older competed for the Senior Champion Bull and Senior Cham- pion Female, respectively. Grand Champion Female and Grand Champion Bull were judged among the Junior and Senior Cham- pions. The group prizes are more coveted than an individual champion- ship, since they are often more representative of a breeder's achieve- ment than a possible prize winner that may have been purchased. Group prizes in 1970 were for the following: Get of Sire-Four animals of either sex, not more than two being bulls. The sire must be named. Some shows had a Junior Get of Sire class consisting of yearlings or younger, and a Senior Get of Sire among animals 2 years and older. Produce of Dam-Two animals of either sex over 4 months old. the progeny of one cow. The dam must be named. Dairy Herd-Four cows in milk, owned by the exhibitor. Premier Exhibitor-A banner was awarded to the exhibitor that won the most money in open single classes on animals owned and exhibited by himself. Premium Breeders-A banner was awarded to the breeder of ani- mals that won the most money in open single classes. This included animals bred by him even though exhibited by other owners. 502 DAIRY C ATTLE BREEDS Senior Yearling, born between July 1, 1968, and December 31. 1968 2-year-old, born July 1, 1967 to June 30, 1968 3-year-old, born July 1, 1966, to June 30, 1967 4-year-old, born July 1, 1965, to June 30, 1966 Bulls past 3 years old had no separate classification. They were con- sidered old enough to be evaluated upon the winnings of their progeny, or to be shown as 3-years-old-or over. A special class for best uddered cow was judged while the ani- mals wore blankets over their entire bodies except the flanks and udders. Some shows provided for a best udder rating in each class of cows. First-prize animals in the Calf and Yearling classes competed for the Junior Champion Bull and Junior Champion Female rib- bons. First-prize animals in the bull and cow classes 2 years and older competed for the Senior Champion Bull and Senior Cham- pion Female, respectively. Grand Champion Female and Grand Champion Bull were judged among the Junior and Senior Cham- pions. The group prizes are more coveted than an individual champion- ship, since they are often more representative of a breeder's achieve- ment than a possible prize winner that may have been purchased. Group prizes in 1970 were for the following: Get of Sire-Four animals of either sex, not more than two being bulls. The sire must be named. Some shows had a Junior Get of Sire class consisting of yearlings or younger, and a Senior Get of Sire among animals 2 years and older. Produce of Dam-Two animals of either sex over 4 months old. the progeny of one cow. The dam must be named. Dairy Herd-Four cows in milk, owned by the exhibitor. Premier Exhibitor-A banner was awarded to the exhibitor that won the most money in open single classes on animals owned and exhibited by himself. Premium Breeders-A banner was awarded to the breeder of ani- mals that won the most money in open single classes. This included animals bred by him even though exhibited by other owners.  Sumar 50 Sumar 50 Summar 50 Additional ribbons and trophies often were awarded by breed associations or donors, under special rules. Shows and exhibitions uphold high ethical standards. For the 1970 shows a rule provided that premiums would be withheld if regulations had not been complied with, or if deception or fraud had been practiced or attempted. Some rules differed slightly among fairs. These applied to tuber- culin and brucellosis tests, calfhood vaccination and certificates therefor, date for entry of animals before the show, entry fees, milking out time prior to show day, uniforms for attendants and showmen, and responsibilities of exhibitors. Many larger shows held a Herdsmens' Contest. Judges inspected the herds and observed conduct of the herdsmen with regard to care and display of their animals and attractiveness of the exhibit during the show. Suitable personal trophies were awarded the win- ner,. THE KLUSSENDORF MEMORIAL TROPHY More than passing mention should be made of the Klussendorf Memorial Trophy. The National Dairy Cattle Congress premium list described the trophy thus: This trophy commemorates the character and friendliness of the master dairy showman Arthur E. ("Art") Klussendorf. It is awarded to the cattleman in any of the dairy breeds who excells in Endeavor, Ability and Sportsmanship. The award is based on the record throughout the show season and, while announcement is made at the National Dairy Cattle Congress, the recipient need not necessarily be showing there. A representative appointed by each of the five dairy breed associa- tions determined by observing throughout the season the man best qualified in each breed. These representatives and the breed judges at the National determine the man best qualified. The trophy was awarded first in 1937. An incident will illustrate why many people respected Art Klus- sendorf. He showed a good heifer, well fitted and trained, at a state fair early in the show season. A young breeder brought an outstand- ing heifer among other animals for his first show. The heifer was "in Additional ribbons and trophies often were awarded by breed associations or donors, under special rules. Shows and exhibitions uphold high ethical standards. For the 1970 shows a rule provided that premiums would be withheld if regulations had not been complied with, or if deception or fraud had been practiced or attempted. Some rules differed slightly among fairs. These applied to tuber- culin and brucellosis tests, calfhood vaccination and certificates therefor, date for entry of animals before the show, entry fees, milking out time prior to show day, uniforms for attendants and showmen, and responsibilities of exhibitors. Many larger shows held a Herdsmens' Contest. Judges inspected the herds and observed conduct of the herdsmen with regard to care and display of their animals and attractiveness of the exhibit during the show. Suitable personal trophies were awarded the win- ner. THE KLUSSENDORF MEMORIAL TROPHY More than passing mention should be made of the Klussendorf Memorial Trophy. The National Dairy Cattle Congress premium list described the trophy thus: This trophy commemorates the character and friendliness of the master dairy showman Arthur E. ("Art") Klussendorf. It is awarded to the cattleman in any of the dairy breeds who excells in Endeavor, Ability and Sportsmanship. The award is based on the record throughout the show season and, while announcement is made at the National Dairy Cattle Congress, the recipient need not necessarily be showing there. A representative appointed by each of the five dairy breed associa- tions determined by observing throughout the season the man best qualified in each breed. These representatives and the breed judges at the National determine the man best qualified. The trophy was awarded first in 1937. An incident will illustrate why many people respected Art Klus- sendorf. He showed a good heifer, well fitted and trained, at a state fair early in the show season. A young breeder brought an outstand. ing heifer among other animals for his first show. The heifer was "in Additional ribbons and trophies often were awarded by breed associations or donors, under special rules. Shows and exhibitions uphold high ethical standards. For the 1970 shows a rule provided that premiums would be withheld if regulations had not been complied with, or if deception or fraud had been practiced or attempted. Some rules differed slightly among fairs. These applied to tuber- culin and brucellosis tests, calfhood vaccination and certificates therefor, date for entry of animals before the show, entry fees, milking out time prior to show day, uniforms for attendants and showmen, and responsibilities of exhibitors. Many larger shows held a Herdsmens' Contest. Judges inspected the herds and observed conduct of the herdsmen with regard to care and display of their animals and attractiveness of the exhibit during the show. Suitable personal trophies were awarded the win- ner. THE KLUSSENDORF MEMORIAL TROPHY More than passing mention should be made of the Klussendorf Memorial Trophy. The National Dairy Cattle Congress premium list described the trophy thus: This trophy commemorates the character and friendliness of the master dairy showman Arthur E. ("Art") Klussendorf. It is awarded to the cattleman in any of the dairy breeds who excells in Endeavor, Ability and Sportsmanship. The award is based on the record throughout the show season and, while announcement is made at the National Dairy Cattle Congress, the recipient need not necessarily be showing there. A representative appointed by each of the five dairy breed associa- tions determined by observing throughout the season the man best qualified in each breed. These representatives and the breed judges at the National determine the man best qualified. The trophy was awarded first in 1937. An incident will illustrate why many people respected Art Klus- sendorf. He showed a good heifer, well fitted and trained, at a state fair early in the show season. A young breeder brought an outstand- ing heifer among other animals for his first show. The heifer was "in  504 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS the rough," led by an old stable halter. Art recognized a good heifer and his feelings were hurt when the judge placed Art's better pre- pared animal over this pearl-in-the-rough. Art learned that the be- ginner planned to take his animal to the next state fair. He asked the man to help show the groups, and in return helped him to clip the head, ears, and tail, polish the horns, and clean the hoofs. Art showed him how to lead and display the animal, and loaned him a russet show halter to use. The sequel? Art had the satisfaction of seeing the outstanding heifer receive the blue ribbon that was merited. Art's good heifer stood in second place. This spirit of fair play, love of good animals, and good sportsman- ship was an ingrained part of Art Klussendorf's life. After his death. many friends joined Harry Strohmeyer, Guy E. Harmon, dairy edi- tors, judges, former associates, and friends to contribute funds for the Klussendorf Cup as a rotating trophy. A smaller replica becomes permanent property of the winner each year. Fine people work with good cattle. THE SCORE CARD At the close of the first elective course on Dairy Cattle Breeds, Dr. H. H. Kildee arranged a tour of four prominent dairy herds. Typi- cal of his teaching ability and diplomacy, he announced that a class of four animals would be judged at each herd, and someone would be asked to explain his placings. In giving the reasons on placing No. 1 first, say: "I placed No. 1 over No. 2 because she excelled in breed character of head, strength and straightness of topline, body capacity, and rear udder attach- ment. However, No. 2 surpassed her in udder capacity. When it comes to the bottom pair, give your reasons for placing No. 3 over No. 4. Do not say that you placed No. 4 last for lack of certain char- acteristics. The owner recognizes those points, but that animal may be better than most of you will ever own." That was a lesson in dairy type, and in diplomacy. After Dr. Kildee reviewed the Dairy Cattle Breeds manuscript. he suggested that The Score Card be developed. He had served on the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association's committee that drafted the unified dairy cattle scorecards, which apply to each dairy breed. 504 DA IRY CATTLE BREEDS the rough," led by an old stable halter. Art recognized a good heifer and his feelings were hurt when the judge placed Art's better pre- pared animal over this pearl-in-the-rough. Art learned that the be- ginner planned to take his animal to the next state fair. He asked the man to help show the groups, and in return helped him to clip the head, ears, and tail, polish the horns, and clean the hoofs. Art showed him how to lead and display the animal, and loaned him a russet show halter to use. The sequel? Art had the satisfaction of seeing the outstanding heifer receive the blue ribbon that was merited. Art's good heifer stood in second place. This spirit of fair play, love of good animals, and good sportsman- ship was an ingrained part of Art Klussendorf's life. After his death. many friends joined Harry Strohmeyer, Guy E. Harmon, dairy edi- tors, judges, former associates, and friends to contribute funds for the Klussendorf Cup as a rotating trophy. A smaller replica becomes permanent property of the winner each year. Fine people work with good cattle. THE SCORE CARD At the close of the first elective course on Dairy Cattle Breeds, Dr. H. H. Kildee arranged a tour of four prominent dairy herds. Typi- cal of his teaching ability and diplomacy, he announced that a class of four animals would be judged at each herd, and someone would be asked to explain his placings. In giving the reasons on placing No. first, say: "I placed No. I over No. 2 because she excelled in breed character of head, strength and straightness of topline, body capacity, and rear udder attach- ment. However, No. 2 surpassed her in udder capacity. When it comes to the bottom pair, give your reasons for placing No. 3 over No. 4. Do not say that you placed No. 4 last for lack of certain char- acteristics. The owner recognizes those points, but that animal may be better than most of you will ever own." That was a lesson in dairy type, and in diplomacy. After Dr. Kildee reviewed the Dairy Cattle Breeds manuscript, he suggested that The Score Card be developed. He had served on the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association's committee that drafted the unified dairy cattle scorecards, which apply to each dairy breed. 504 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS the rough," led by an old stable halter. Art recognized a good heifer and his feelings were hurt when the judge placed Art's better pre- pared animal over this pearl-in-the-rough. Art learned that the be- ginner planned to take his animal to the next state fair. He asked the man to help show the groups, and in return helped him to clip the head, ears, and tail, polish the horns, and clean the hoofs. Art showed him how to lead and display the animal, and loaned him a russet show halter to use. The sequel? Art had the satisfaction of seeing the outstanding heifer receive the blue ribbon that was merited. Art's good heifer stood in second place. This spirit of fair play, love of good animals, and good sportsman- ship was an ingrained part of Art Klussendorf's life. After his death. many friends joined Harry Strohmeyer, Guy E. Harmon, dairv edi- tors, judges, former associates, and friends to contribute funds for the Klussendorf Cup as a rotating trophy. A smaller replica becomes permanent property of the winner each year. Fine people work with good cattle. THE SCORE CARD At the close of the first elective course on Dairy Cattle Breeds, Dr. H. H. Kildee arranged a tour of four prominent dairy herds. Typi- cal of his teaching ability and diplomacy, he announced that a class of four animals would be judged at each herd, and someone would be asked to explain his placings. In giving the reasons on placing No. 1 first, say: "I placed No. 1 over No. 2 because she excelled in breed character of head, strength and straightness of topline, body capacity, and rear udder attach- ment. However, No. 2 surpassed her in udder capacity. When it comes to the bottom pair, give your reasons for placing No. 3 over No. 4. Do not say that you placed No. 4 last for lack of certain char- acteristics. The owner recognizes those points, but that animal may be better than most of you will ever own.' That was a lesson in dairy type, and in diplomacy. After Dr. Kildee reviewed the Dairy Cattle Breeds manuscript, he suggested that The Score Card be developed. He had served on the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association's committee that drafted the unified dairy cattle scorecards, which apply to each dairy breed.  Summanj 505 Summanj 505 Summarj 505 Standards of ideal conformation for dairy bulls and cows were needed when competitive shows were established by agricultural societies in Scotland, the Channel Islands, and elsewhere. Ideals in the minds of some leaders were accepted by the public in the be- ginning. William Aiton, the historian, made drawings and described the ideal Ayrshire bull and ideal Ayrshire cow in Scotland. These sketches, approved by the Kilmarnock Farmers' Club, were pub- lished eventually in 181L. George Garrard, under patronage of the Board of Agriculture, sketched the pictures of typical bulls and cows of several breeds in England. His drawings and descriptions were assembled in a portfolio in 1800 to 1803. A committee of seven persons drafted a scale of points in 1817 that was used by the first Agricultural Society on the Island of Guernsey to evaluate the best bulls for public service. Bulls were selected each year and judged according to this standard. Cows and heifers competed in the early Island shows. In 1833 the (Royal) Jersey Agricultural and Horticultural Society appointed five cattle dealers as a committee to draw up scorecards for the bull and cow of that breed. They selected the best bull and cow on the Island for head, forequarters, and barrel, and the best for rear quarters and mammary development. The committee, serving under officers of the Society, drafted scales of points based on the characteristics of these animals. These standards were accepted for judging animals at the Island shows. The State Agricultural Society in New York desired firxed stan- dards to evaluate excellence in improved breeds of cattle. Their committee-Lewis F. Allen, C. N. Bement, E. P. Prentice, Francis Botch, and George Vail-met October 17, 1843, during the sixteenth annual fair. The objectives were to determine: " ... those forms. qualities and properties which most conduce to intrinsic values; and also that the distinctive characteristics of each separate breed may be as closely defined as possible." Committees were appointed to draft points of excellence for Ayrshires, Devon, Durham, Hereford, and native stock. George Randall of New Bedford drew up a scale of points and a description for Ayrshires, which were accepted by the Society on January 3, 1844. This was the first Ayrshire scale of points in America. Cattle Standards of ideal conformation for dairy bulls and cows were needed when competitive shows were established by agricultural societies in Scotland, the Channel Islands, and elsewhere. Ideals in the minds of some leaders were accepted by the public in the be- ginning. William Aiton, the historian, made drawings and described the ideal Ayrshire bull and ideal Ayrshire cow in Scotland. These sketches, approved by the Kilmarnock Farmers' Club, were pub- lished eventually in 1811. George Garrard, under patronage of the Board of Agriculture, sketched the pictures of typical bulls and cows of several breeds in England. His drawings and descriptions were assembled in a portfolio in 1800 to 1803. A committee of seven persons drafted a scale of points in 1817 that was used by the first Agricultural Society on the Island of Guernsey to evaluate the best bulls for public service. Bulls were selected each year and judged according to this standard. Cows and heifers competed in the early Island shows. In 1833 the (Royal) Jersey Agricultural and Horticultural Society appointed five cattle dealers as a committee to draw up scorecards for the bull and cow of that breed. They selected the best bull and cow on the Island for head, forequarters, and barrel, and the best for rear quarters and mammary development. The committee, serving under officers of the Society, drafted scales of points based on the characteristics of these animals. These standards were accepted for judging animals at the Island shows. The State Agricultural Society in New York desired fixed stan- dards to evaluate excellence in improved breeds of cattle. Their committee-Lewis F. Allen, C. N. Bement, E. P. Prentice, Francis Botch, and George Vail-met October 17, 1843, during the sixteenth annual fair. The objectives were to determine: " ... those forms, qualities and properties which most conduce to intrinsic values; and also that the distinctive characteristics of each separate breed may be as closely defined as possible." Committees were appointed to draft points of excellence for Ayrshires, Devon, Durham, Hereford, and native stock. George Randall of New Bedford drew up a scale of points and a description for Ayrshires, which were accepted by the Society on January 3, 1844. This was the first Ayrshire scale of points in America. Cattle Standards of ideal conformation for dairy bulls and cows were needed when competitive shows were established by agricultural societies in Scotland, the Channel Islands, and elsewhere. Ideals in the minds of some leaders were accepted by the public in the be- ginning. William Aiton, the historian, made drawings and described the ideal Ayrshire bull and ideal Ayrshire cow in Scotland. These sketches, approved by the Kilmarnock Farmers' Club, were pub- lished eventually in 1811. George Garrard, under patronage of the Board of Agriculture, sketched the pictures of typical bulls and cows of several breeds in England. His drawings and descriptions weere assembled in a portfolio in 1800 to 1803. A committee of seven persons drafted a scale of points in 1817 that was used by the first Agricultural Society on the Island of Guernsey to evaluate the best bulls for public service. Bulls were selected each year and judged according to this standard. Cows and heifers competed in the early Island shows. In 1833 the (Royal) Jersey Agricultural and Horticultural Society appointed five cattle dealers as a committee to draw up scorecards for the bull and cow of that breed. They selected the best bull and cow on the Island for head, forequarters, and barrel, and the best for rear quarters and mammary development. The committee, serving under officers of the Society, drafted scales of points based on the characteristics of these animals. These standards were accepted for judging animals at the Island shows. The State Agricultural Society in New York desired fixed stan- dards to evaluate excellence in improved breeds of cattle. Their committee-Lewis F. Allen, C. N. Bement, E. P. Prentice, Francis Notch, and George Vail-met October 17, 1843, during the sixteenth annual fair. The objectives were to determine: " ... those forms, qualities and properties which most conduce to intrinsic values; and also that the distinctive characteristics of each separate breed may be as closely defined as possible." Committees were appointed to draft points of excellence for Ayrshires, Devon, Durham, Hereford, and native stock. George Randall of New Bedford drew up a scale of points and a description for Ayrshires, which were accepted by the Society on January 3, 1844. This was the first Ayrshire scale of points in America. Cattle  506 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS had been shown in a single group, but soon the entries were sepa- rated and judged according to breed. After herdbook societies were organized for registrations, each society accepted scorecards drafted overseas or appointed a com- mittee to establish scorecards for the breed. These scorecards were revised, based on experience and improvements among the better animals. Sometimes the points for a particular part were increased to emphasize need for improvement or to recognize estimated rela- tive importance. Size of animal, udder conformation, feet and legs. and skin secretion have been emphasized by different associations. UNIFIED SCORE CARDs The Purebred Dairy Cattle Association appointed 12 breed repre- sentatives, assisted by three leading judges and instructors in the United States and five men from Canada to draft unified score- cards for the dairy bull and cow. John S. Clark served as chairman. Coaches and teachers of dairy cattle judging were surveyed for criticisms and suggestions. Forty score cards were assembled. Com- ments and score cards were a background for study. A model dairy cow was prepared, based on a Holstein-Friesian cow's picture, adding Brown Swiss horns, a Guernsey udder, Jersey color, and Ayrshire style. Anatomical parts were labeled with stan- dard names. A similar dairy bull was prepared. There was no thought of modifying breeds to the same standard. Some character- istics are alike in all dairy breeds. Characteristics of each breed were listed separately as to general description, color, horns, and size. The model bull and cow of each breed were reproduced in colors. A list of defects included suggested discriminations. It stated that "breed characteristics should be considered in the application of this score card." Order of observation of the score card's subdivi- sions aids in observing animals systematically. The copyrighted unified scorecards are presented by permission of the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association. A resolution adopted by the American Dairy Science Association in 1963 stated: Whereas the Type Committee recognized the value of type to the purebred dairy cattle breeder and the commercial dairy- 50 DA IRY CATTLE BREEDS had been shown in a single group, but soon the entries were sepa- rated and judged according to breed. After herdbook societies were organized for registrations, each society accepted scorecards drafted overseas or appointed a com- mittee to establish scorecards for the breed. These scorecards were revised, based on experience and improvements among the better animals. Sometimes the points for a particular part were increased to emphasize need for improvement or to recognize estimated rela- tive importance. Size of animal, udder conformation, feet and legs. and skin secretion have been emphasized by different associations. UNIFIED SCORE CARDS The Purebred Dairy Cattle Association appointed 12 breed repre- sentatives, assisted by three leading judges and instructors in the United States and five men from Canada to draft unified score- cards for the dairy bull and cow. John S. Clark served as chairman. Coaches and teachers of dairy cattle judging were surveyed for criticisms and suggestions. Forty score cards were assembled. Com- ments and score cards were a background for study. A model dairy cow was prepared, based on a Holstein-Friesian cow's picture, adding Brown Swiss horns, a Guernsey udder, Jersey color, and Ayrshire style. Anatomical parts were labeled with stan- dard names. A similar dairy bull was prepared. There was no thought of modifying breeds to the same standard. Some character- istics are alike in all dairy breeds. Characteristics of each breed were listed separately as to general description, color, horns, and size. The model bull and cow of each breed were reproduced in colors. A list of defects included suggested discriminations. It stated that "breed characteristics should be considered in the application of this score card." Order of observation of the score card's subdivi- sions aids in observing animals systematically. The copyrighted unified scorecards are presented by permission of the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association. A resolution adopted by the American Dairy Science Association in 1963 stated: Whereas the Type Committee recognized the value of type to the purebred dairy cattle breeder and the commercial dairy- 506 0 A IRY CATTLE B REE DS had been shown in a single group, but soon the entries were sepa- rated and judged according to breed. After herdbook societies were organized for registrations, each society accepted scorecards drafted overseas or appointed a com- mittee to establish scorecards for the breed. These scorecards were revised, based on experience and improvements among the better animals. Sometimes the points for a particular part were increased to emphasize need for improvement or to recognize estimated rela- tive importance. Size of animal, udder conformation, feet and legs. and skin secretion have been emphasized by different associations. UNIFIED SCORE CARDS The Purebred Dairy Cattle Association appointed 12 breed repre- sentatives, assisted by three leading judges and instructors in the United States and five men from Canada to draft unified score- cards for the dairy bull and cow. John S. Clark served as chairman. Coaches and teachers of dairy cattle judging were surveyed for criticisms and suggestions. Forty score cards were assembled. Com- ments and score cards were a background for study. A model dairy cow was prepared, based on a Holstein-Friesian cow's picture, adding Brown Swiss horns, a Guernsey udder, Jersey color, and Ayrshire style. Anatomical parts were labeled with stan- dard names. A similar dairy bull was prepared. There was no thought of modifying breeds to the same standard. Some character- istics are alike in all dairy breeds. Characteristics of each breed were listed separately as to general description, color, horns, and size. The model bull and cow of each breed were reproduced in colors. A list of defects included suggested discriminations. It stated that "breed characteristics should be considered in the application of this score card." Order of observation of the score card's subdivi- sions aids in observing animals systematically. The copyrighted unified scorecards are presented by permission of the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association. A resolution adopted by the American Dairy Science Association in 1963 stated: Whereas the Type Committee recognized the value of type to the purebred dairy cattle breeder and the commercial dairy-  Sumr 50 Sumar 50 Summar 50 man and the improvements being made in production-type re- lationships in classification and the showring, the Type Com- mittee wished to re-emphasize the importance of: A. Udder conformation, attachments, and quality B. Dairy character C. Size, scale and substance D. Feet and legs. A recent survey of their members suggested that the points be reallocated by increasing the points on the mammary system, feet, and legs, and removing the mammary veins as a subcategory. FITTING AND TRAINING DAIRY CATTLE FOR SHOw OR SALE The instructor may wish to divide this subject into more than one laboratory, terminating in a show based on improvement of the ani- mal and on showmanship. Good management in preparation of a show herd is a year-round business. Cows need to be bred for their calves to be dropped as early as possible within the respective show age groups-after July 1 or after January 1. Thus the calf may show to advantage with regard to size in the group. A cow to be shown should have calved shortly before the show, yet with sufficient time for any congestion to be out of the udder and for the barrel to show "fill." Dairy cattle should be thrifty, not thin. On the other hand, ex- cessive fat causes thick necks, coarse shoulders, and a patchy tail- head. The "happy medium" stage should be observed. Judges dis- criminate against excessive fatness in dairy animals. They also ob- ject to seeing an animal stunted from inadequate nourishment. CLIPPING THE ANIMAL If the hair is long and coarse, the animal may be clipped all over, but this should be done in warm weather and at least 8 or 10 weeks before the first show. This allows the hair to grow sufficiently for the customary trimming a few days before the show. Photographs of show cattle in breed journals illustrate the "customary trim" for the breed. A light blanket sometimes is used to hasten shedding of loose hair, mellow the skin, and keep the hair clean. The head and ears usually are trimmed to the "halter line." The tail is trimmed above the switch and blended smoothly at the tail- man and the improvements being made in production-type re- lationships in classification and the showring, the Type Com- mittee wished to re-emphasize the importance of: A. Udder conformation, attachments, and quality B. Dairy character C. Size, scale and substance D. Feet and legs. A recent survey of their members suggested that the points be reallocated by increasing the points on the mammary system, feet, and legs, and removing the mammary veins as a subcategory. FIrTING AND TRAINING DAIRY CATTLE FOR SHOw OR SALE The instructor may wish to divide this subject into more than one laboratory, terminating in a show based on improvement of the ani- mal and on showmanship. Good management in preparation of a show herd is a year-round business. Cows need to be bred for their calves to be dropped as early as possible within the respective show age groups-after July 1 or after January 1. Thus the calf may show to advantage with regard to size in the group. A cow to be shown should have calved shortly before the show, yet with sufficient time for any congestion to be out of the udder and for the barrel to show "fill." Dairy cattle should be thrifty, not thin. On the other hand, ex- cessive fat causes thick necks, coarse shoulders, and a patchy tail- head. The "happy medium" stage should be observed. Judges dis- criminate against excessive fatness in dairy animals. They also ob- ject to seeing an animal stunted from inadequate nourishment. CLIPPING THE ANIMAL If the hair is long and coarse, the animal may be clipped all over, but this should be done in warm weather and at least 8 or 10 weeks before the first show. This allows the hair to grow sufficiently for the customary trimming a few days before the show. Photographs of show cattle in breed journals illustrate the "customary trim" for the breed. A light blanket sometimes is used to hasten shedding of loose hair, mellow the skin, and keep the hair clean. The head and ears usually are trimmed to the "halter line." The tail is trimmed above the switch and blended smoothly at the tail- man and the improvements being made in production-type re- lationships in classification and the showring, the Type Com- mittee wished to re-emphasize the importance of: A. Udder conformation, attachments, and quality B. Dairy character C. Size, scale and substance D. Feet and legs. A recent survey of their members suggested that the points be reallocated by increasing the points on the mammary system, feet, and legs, and removing the mammary veins as a subcategory. FITTING AND TRAINING DAIRY CATTLE FOR SHOw OR SALE The instructor may wish to divide this subject into more than one laboratory, terminating in a show based on improvement of the ani- mal and on showmanship. Good management in preparation of a show herd is a year-round business. Cows need to be bred for their calves to be dropped as early as possible within the respective show age groups-after July 1 or after January 1. Thus the calf may show to advantage with regard to size in the group. A cow to be shown should have calved shortly before the show, yet with sufficient time for any congestion to be out of the udder and for the barrel to show "fill." Dairy cattle should be thrifty, not thin. On the other hand, ex- cessive fat causes thick necks, coarse shoulders, and a patchy tail- head. The "happy medium" stage should be observed. Judges dis- criminate against excessive fatness in dairy animals. They also ob- ject to seeing an animal stunted from inadequate nourishment. CLIPPING THE ANIMAL If the hair is long and coarse, the animal may be clipped all over, but this should be done in warm weather and at least 8 or 10 weeks before the first show. This allows the hair to grow sufficiently for the customary trimming a few days before the show. Photographs of show cattle in breed journals illustrate the "customary trim" for the breed. A light blanket sometimes is used to hasten shedding of loose hair, mellow the skin, and keep the hair clean. The head and ears usually are trimmed to the "halter line." The tail is trimmed above the switch and blended smoothly at the tail-  50 DARYC TTLE BREEDS DAIRY BULL UNIFIED SCDRE CARD Otfist sI hactstis shdD b osdrdi h pliaino hssoec 1. Ceneral AfppearanCe (Alttraives iniv~idulity~l witk mascliit, vigs, sretc, antd scsle, harmnisfi len hsding of sit parts, sand imprssie .tyle atd csaige. Alltpatssofasll should becsliderdinsevaluting aSbul's genlD apearnce BREED CHRIACTERISTICS-(see pasge 510) 15 READ-cle cut, propotionate Is body; brsad mulltith large, ses sstils; strong jas; largeC bright Cys, forehead, broad asd modrately dished; brfidgeCo se sCtright; ar msediums size and alertly ctarid SRDULDER BLADES-st smsoothly ssd tightis sgsinst the 15 body BACK-staight and strong loin, broaddsdTallve RUMP-long, wide, and ntarly itee from HODE BOESto IN BONtES; tscleact asnd free from patchinss~; CHRES, high ssd wtide apIrt; TAIRHERD, set leve sith backliDe ssd fre frCE corseneTI, isder LECS AND FEET-bes fist sod strong, pasterns short and 15 strong, hocs cleasly mousided. FEE, shsrt, csmpat1, std wetli 508 DABIBY CATTLE BREEDS DAIRY BULL UNIFIED SCDRE CARD Drdr of sbtstrvstiss 1. Ceeral Appearce (Attractive indI~iviaity with mscuiliit, vigort, strtch, and scal, harmEonious blending sf sit part, tnd iesie tyle atni carriage Allpasf a buhllhoudbescoideed in evalting ahsll's geneCral CaperneC) BREED CHRACTERISTICS-(sSe pagei 510) 1 READ-citanscst, protionaisste Is bsdy; btssd mDzzIC Ewith large, open otils; stongijaws; largeC bright eyes; foehead, brssd ssd mosdertly dithtd; bsidge sf nose straight; er mstdiumsizetnd aletlylcarid SRDULDER BLADES-st smssthly ssd tightis agaisst the 15 body BACK-stttaightandstrong;loin,Ibroadsandsnealylevel BUMP-issg, EidC, ssd ntarly leviels~ BEEmOO BOESt I BONS; clean cst and ftte ftsts patchies; CBDRLS, high ssd widC apartl; TEIL REED, set level witS bschlitC ssd fstt frEE coseneIss;ILs, tlender LEGS ANDEFEET bone flatand strong,ps~tetns dsotasd 15 strong, hocs celty moulded. BEEs, shso, cEmpact, std tCeli DAIR BULLY UNIFIED SCEDRECR Dtdtt ~rr sIshrtstt 1.r CEESBE ApESEE AttyieidisiljCt isyistI iis tCrs~ 55515, ~ ~ - hslIit htsds 5)stpts s IICKS tl t Bre hsdrssshosldishtdcInsidgtslsnsthea.o ftih;sltor Ordtfosvti ontit~~lili~ (Atractig t inivdlt ith mscuiiy vigs r, st r~si etch n scUe-arissg, si ssedn ofti alitsi and~ imresi stle and Barriage Als partsd buet sosl baebcider;eds high ssduain BiE E t CHARACTRIEDTICSt-(sb pagehD sod) 1 5IC LECSd and FoeThte fisted sodtttgo nos strihs;asd1 SHOULER tBLADS- soiedt smootln tiht, olpo aant the1  leng.th. straight an L- .~pat, gun plaotd 2. nr~cs Ita ra fto.t heelto p ,lt-,fo nt th i detI 3.Diro Chartci 30 NECK log, t-rt meia nres an Wen ing:g2 ottoth t ndl, vtooh ad dopt so-1 bI~,Itg too rr =alIp epedi- o oorhod t pastrnGe thk id. - .mI ~ ~ ~ l d II wh irn tedirtrt Dary 4hoac' an p a r .tot ckc." icdn Ftr car.- ") ended -t deph- n Ictl -ol pont -c cd. mi onth staihIt anI d ato gaet lcd arN cs :30 2. lDaio Charcte frontI. ror.ser. shI t un sat, ''bon . i. fiatN a.dlo depadh ied ooHt adrre pr .509 ( 9 4t v~ vaa u m e w w s is s er l s r G e rs s t amF ir'F ea mr sr 3.Both} (aprith I1,1h~lEL-tI .nt~l :pp.,te3Ig .. dep lrob. I Ito l andd 12 lit lOT G,1011 lat. an 2eep -h tl sprm_ for tb, t3 ltdit g ito th hudr;fl rp;fila lot;ti, ches fl0 Jnbs. e r, H e r-d in b -d tyre elx r ctloI Rcloi-bjlark in 7 yt ioltto si, of anon, oimapl BARhIh. tuonl so ti hong aI deeop. ribshg] ttd I .rng et n .2odt) o brr t2.dnl to tooa III11 GIRTH-1 in~ ond dep truh cl spato, fo rih bledig nt d . s noler; ullcrps fil att1- ttdo het 2lo 12 13 (Rw. el 012 k C toi .. 1t o, cfnIieln m i ttt it s! t7 to o r101 of) o 001HRE1L-t-ogl sup10 tI long an1 dep ris higan 1 opt-, reta ot, d 1001 Total 1(00 Total 100l  510 DAIRBY CATTLE BREEDS BREED CHARACTERISTICS Stsrong assd srsbust, sksssisng costitultion antd sigort, ttmttttt, stle ansd batlanss COLOR-Light to deep chessy rsd, smahotgasy, hsows, sr a combinastionE anysoflhsescklors with whiht, or white alone, ditstnctve redandswt- sssrklinssg preferred, blacsk or bsissdle sbjetionatble. Rsd sssarkings suasslly deeper shatde sn ttss bsll thanso the tow. SIZE-A saturs busll in bseedisg sconditioE shousld weight at lsst 1850 lbs HORNS-Issisnisng spward, mesdiumtst ize, medissm lessgth stsd tapsssd tsssts tips. ED discrsimistisonss for asesse of1 horss. GUERNSEY Sizes, stsssngthsasdsigors, wsithsquslitysndscharsctss desired. COLOR-A sade sf fawssn silk swhits ssarkisgs clearsly defined. Skins stssls tsow goldes yellsow pigmttion. WhseD othss poits ae equasl, ace (buff) musszl will belsfavored over smky orhblakmusstl. SIZE-A mtsuress butll is breeding consditison shosld wesigh aboutt 1700 lbs. HORNS-Es ditssiminastisn for asetsce of horns. JERSEY Strontg and vigoroust.Sizessandsruggednssitih qua~lity dsired. COLOR-A shads of fawnst, wths ors witkssut white martkisngs. SIZE-A matusre busll in bsssdisng cosnditionsthousld wesigk abot 1500 lbs. HORES-Incursisg, srefind, msedisum legth lnd tpsrinsg tswasd sips. Ni ditsciminttsions for absssec of hssns. DROWN SWISS Sstrongsand vigst, butsnstscoarse.Sizessandssuggednss wsthslqualit dsirsd. Extssese refinemttsl usdssissble. COLOR-Solid hssows preferred, varsying fsssm light to sry dassk. Wlsite or off-colorspos are shjsctisssbls. Mals silk ansy skits ss so-colss msaskisgs orwth whites core insitchs dsssot metss color sstsndsrds of the Browns Switss bsssd, asd shall ks ss dsigstesd shss ssgitesssd. Pisk nses ansd light tresaks utp thestids sf lbs facs obblsctissnable. SIZE-The mtinimum wesight fsr mtsstss hslls sbhosld hs abhsst 2000 lbs. HORNS-Tssding ts incline slightly forswartd, of smsdiumt length, sstscoarse, stpering towarsd tips. Polled animasls not barred froms rsgislt. Ns discimints- tionsfor bsencesofhors. HOLSTEIN Strong msscutline qualitis is as alesrl bull pssets ssssiosi sists ansd igos. COLOR-Blssk ansd wshits msarkings clearly dsfinsd. Cslors sssskisgs thatI bars regitry ares solid hlask, sslid skits, hlack is switch, blask belly, blacken circling leg touching hoofl head, hblack fssm hoof ts knee or hock, blacsk atsd wshitesisnssrsissd Is gives cslss sthss thas distisct blask asd site. SIZE-A smatsse hsll is hreeding cssditiss shosld wssigh at lest 22D0 lbs. HORNS-Ns discrimsintion for asencs of hssrns. 510 DAIRDY CATTLE BEEDS BREED CHARACTERISTICS AYRSHIRE Strongand rsshowsingysostitutssnandsigs, symetrys-,tstylessnd blas COLOR-Light Is deesp chessy ssd, ssahogansy, hbsowD, sr at combhintion stny sf stse cslss with skits, sr wkits alsoss, distincive ssd an~d whit. sssrkisgs prsfsrsed, blsck os bsisdls sbjetionsable. Rsd msarkisgs suatslly despss shads ss lbs bsll skias ss thecsw SIZE-A mturss kbull is brsedisng cosditios shosld wesigh at lsst 150 lbs HORNS-Iliinsg spwsard, sssdisus size, msedisss lssgth ansd tapsssd ttst tips. Es discrismisatison fss asetsse sf hornss. Size, strssgthsasdsigort,ith qulityssdarterssdsird. COLOR-A shsds sf fssws with wkits msaskisgs clsasly dsfissd. Skis shssls shsow goldeD ysllos pigmentastiont. Whsn sthsr psists ars equla cea (buff)smuzzletwill befavordoverssmky orhlakmtzl. SIZE-A ssaturss butll is bsssdisg cssditiss skhosld wesigh abot 1700 lbs. HORES-Ns discrssisatisn fst abssscs sf khorss. JERSEY Strongsandtvigsoross.Sizesandsruggednssthquatlity dsird. COLOR-A shads of fawsn, wilk oI wthoust whits msarkisgs. SIZE-A mastuss hbull is breeding cssditiss shsssld wssighbokss 1500 lbs. HRSIncuring, srfind, msdium lssgth and stpering twarsd Oipt. Nc discrissisatiss fst asenssse of hssss. DROWN SWISS Strsongssndvigssoss,bsuststtas.Sizesasdsggdnesssthqualitydsired Extsemessrfiemtss untdsirabhl. COLOR-Sotlid bssows pssfssrsd, varsying fsssm light Is vssy darsk. Whits ors sff-sslsr sptsar osssjtisnsl. Mslss wilk asy wte sr sff-colss smsarkisgs. ors silk skits csss is swtch ds nost messt coslsorstsndssdts ofs th rsows Swiss kbed, ssd shsll be so dssignatesd whess regitesrsd. Fisk nses ansd light stssaks tsp Ihs sids sf lbs fscs objsctissnabl. SIZE-The misnimum ssight fss mtusrs bulls tssold hs abhsut 2000 lbs. HORNS-Tending ts iscliss slightly fsssssd, of mediums lssgth, sstcore Itpssisg tssssd lips. Psllsd ssissals tssrrd fssss rsgitrs. Ns dissismisa- tiosfo sencess oflhors. HOLSTEIN Strong mascline qsstlitis is anE alert bsll pssessisg olstsinslists ansd vior COLOR-Blsik ssd skits smaskisgs sclsssly dsfissd. Cslors smarkins thstt bss registry ats solid blaik, sslid skits, blsck is ssitck, blask bslly, bkisik ciinkgleg touching hoof ead,blackfromkhooftoknee orhok,lack ad skits istsrmited ts giys cslsr sthss thss distinit black and shote. SIZE-A smatsss bsll is bsssdisg condition shssld ssigh att lest 2200 lbs. HIORNS-No discsimisatiss for asences sf hosss. 510 DAIRBY CATTLE BREEDS BREED CHARACTERISTICS Stsgsasdssobst,.skssisgtsssostittsadtigss,tsymtssss,sstlsd blat< tkroughost. COLOR-Light to dssp chssry red, smahokgansy, hsross, sr it cominations any sf thses cslors sitk skits, or skits stlonss, distiises red ssd skis. smarkisgs pssfssrsd, black ors bsisdls skjstissnahls. Rsd maskisgs suasllt dsspss tsds ss ths bsll thans ss the ow SIZE-A matsss kbull is breedisg sosditios shosld wesigh t lest 1850 lbs HORNS-Isskisig spsssd, msdiss siss, msdissm lssgth and tapsssd tyr tips. Es disciiiis fss asensse sf hssss. GUERNSEY Siss, sttengksadtvigrwithqualitytsndschrts ersdsird. COLOR-A shads of fsss wtith skits saskins cleasly dshssed. Skis shssol skss goldeD ysllos pigssstatio. Whss stkss psistts arsqual, ait ea (bsuff) muztle will be favoresd svsr a smoky or blacsk muzztle. SIZE-A mtrse bsll is brseding consditisn tssuld ssigh aboutt 1700 lbs. HORNS-Es discrmitsiss fss atbssscs ofl ksrss. JERSEY StrssgssndtigssousssSizesasdruggsdnssssih qaty desired. COLOR-A shads of fawss, sith os sithsst skits ssskisgs. SIZE-A Datures bull is brssdisg contditions skhosld ssigh boust 1500 lbs. HORNS-Incurssisg, ssefisd, msdiums lsngth ansd Itpsring towastd lips. Ni discii tiont fst asences of khosns. Stsongstandsvigorouts, btsotscoarse. Sissadsruggsdssswisthulty dsird, Extrsms srfsssmet indsisral. COLOR-Slid kbrosn prsfssrsd, varsyisg frsom light Is vssy darsk. Whiteso off-cotlorstpts ares obthjionsabls. Mitles sitb any skits ors of-colors smarkisgs, orI silk skits core ist ssitck do nt msst colors stansdards solk th ssBsow Ssiss bsssd, atsd shatll be iso designasted sksn ssgistsssd. Fisk nses ansd light stsssks tsp thestids of lbs Iscs objectiosstbl. SIZE-The sisimsm seight fors sstsss bullt shousld bs sthout 2D0R lbs. HORNS-Tsnding Is inclsE slightly forssard, of mesdiumt lssgth, notcore tapering toward tips. Polled ansimals nost barrsed lfstm regist. Ns disssistsm- tions for asencss of horns. Strong msiline quaslities is ans alesE bsll pssessing Hstelinslists ansd vior COLOR-lask ansd skits msaskisgs clealy defined. Cslors mssarkins that bars registry ass sotlid black, solid skits, blsck is ssitc, black bslly, bkisen circling lgtuchig hofhead,kblacklfrom hooftokssohok, lakad skits intssrmixsd Is give solos othss skits distist black an~d shit. SIZE-A mturetI bull is bsssdinsg consditnshousld ssigk att lest 2200 lbs. HORNS-Nt disciintiont for asencsse of horsss.  EVALUATION OF DEFECTS 511 EVALUATION OF DEFECTS 511 EVALUATION OF DEFECTS 511 In athowst trng, disquaiflcation meanss thast the antimtal is tnot eligible to winht prit. Any disquaslified anitmttl is ttot etligible ttt bet shownt in thy grouy classes. In sligbt toserio~s discrhtmintionhs, thet detgreet of yserosessshall by deter- minesd by thy judgy. EYES 1. Total blindness: Ditqualifiyatiyy. 2. Rlindnsts yson eye Slight ditcriytinationt. 3, Crsst-yes: Slight discriiminiation. WRY FACE Slight toterious discriintiont. CROPED EARS Slight ditycrimtinatioy. PARROT JAW Slight to tserious ditycriinatiyon. SHOULDERS Winsged: Slight to serios discrimtination. TAIL SETTING Wry tail or otthert abnormattl tail sttins:t Slight to tttitts discrttminationt. LEGS AND FEET .Lamenettss-apparenyttlyyperant anytd iterfertigith normatllyfuntion: Disqualification. -apparenstly temporarsy andntt affetigstormal funtion: Slighldis- 2. Buyhyd hns: Slight t serous discriintion. 3. Ev'idesnye tI atthritis, ysramyy hind leg: Syerious discimtinattions. 4. Rtoggy hocyh: Slight t teritus ditscritminatiton. LACE OF SIZE Slight to syriouts discrimyination. TESTICLES Rull with one testicle or with abnormasl testicls: Disqualifictions. OVERCONDITIONED Slighty tytseiyous discryiination. TEMFORARY OR MINOR INJURIES Blemttishs orinjurieoftempyoray harte r nttaffetig aiml'ssefl- nss: Slight ditsimtinastiont. EVIOENCE OF SHARE PRACTICE Antiaslshowigsignssofhaintg been oprtetd upon rtamperesd ith for thy ypuryose tf conceayling faults in conformattstion, tt twith hstesnt to deceivet rylativy to thy tyims s'ttundyyss: Disquatification. Ina tsthowt ritsg, disqtualificastion ttsyats that the anitttal it tsot eligiblet to wiS yprtz. Any dsiuatified anihmal it nott eligibly ty by shownt ins thet grtup classest. In slight to syrytus disyrittitnttiyt, thy degree yf yseostshsll by dety- mineyd by the judge. 1. Ttal blindnets: Oisqtalifictis. 2. Rlindnsst it one eye: Slight disiination. 3. Cross-eyes:tt Slight disychriination. WRY FACE Slhght toserisit discriminastion. CROPFEO EARS Slight diyschimhsation. FARROT JAW Slight to tyriout discrmitionlt. SHOULDERS Witged: Slight to syeios discriminattion. TAIL SETTING Wry tasil tr ther ahbnormatl tail tettinstg: Slight Io syrioys discriinatio. LEGS AND FEET 1. Lamenesss-tpparentlyyperant antd iterfeigith normalth fuction:t Disqulificatio. 2. Btyhed knesyy: Slight to tsios ditysciinatio. 3. Etvidestye tf arthritit, cramtpsy' h~idleg: Setitts ditiintio. 4. Btoggy hockhy Slight to seriouts disycriminatio. LACE OF SIZE Slight to tsiott discrimition~t. TESTICLES Butl twith oney tetle tr with ahbttorytl testicles: Disqulification. OVERCONDITIONED Slight to serioust discr~imntion. TEMPORARY OR MINOR INJURIES Blemishstorinjurisoftepoyrycyharacyternttaffectintg aimasl'stsefl- ns:Slight discrimsintt~io. EVIOENCE OF SHARE FRACTICE Animasshohwtigsignstoflhavintghbeenoprtettdtupontrtamperestd thfor theytpurposyof concsalig fauls in conformastions,torsith itnt todecive retieto the tnimaslttoundnyts: Disquatilifcto. In a sthoty ing, diyshaliition metants thsst thy ssnsital is nott yligible to swin s prtz. Atsy disquathlftd antittal it tnot eligible to be shown in the grtouy yclasse. 1st slight Ito serytss disyrimtinationt, thy detgree of syriotsnst shatll by dety- minesd by thy judlge. EYES 1. Ttal hlitdnets: Disqutalificatitn. 2. Blindnetss n on ye: Slight discrtimiationt. 3. Crss-eyes: Slight ditsiinatiot. Slhght ttseiott ditysitsnationy. CROPED EARS Slight disycrtitsnstion. PARROT JAW Slight to seriott ditsiintiony. S HOULDOhERS Winsged: Slight to seriots diyscriintiont. Wry tail orsolhert ahbnormal tail stinssgt Slight to serout disriintsio. LEGS AND FEET L.Lamenettst-apyy rettlytptrmanenst ansditerferyinsgtwithtnormltfuntiont -apyparently temporarystd tttaffecbtgtntrmltfuntion: Slightis- 2. Btyhyd hknes: Slight to seriots discrimiattion. 3. Evideyye As arthritis, cratmpty hitd leg: Seriots disycritinatiot. 4. RBoggy hocksh: Slight to tseritout discriiationt. LACK OF SIZE Slight to seritous discrimtintsion. TESTICLES Btll wyith otne tetictle ty with ahbnormal testicles: Disqulificatio. OVERCONDITIONED Slight to serioust discrimiination. TEMFORARY OR MINOR INJURIES Rlemshhestortinjuristoftttemporay haratertttffechstitaia'stsefl-t nst: Slight ditssiinations. EVIDENCE OF SHARE PRACTICE Animatlsshowintg sigstofhainsghbeenopetetdtuonrtampereysd with for the ytrsett of conscealing fauts it ycynformttions, or with itenst to detssive relattive to thy tstimasl's sounttdnss: Disquatlifictions.  5512 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS DAIRY COW UNIFIED SCORE CARD 1. Ceneral AppeIaBane (ABtrRa/tie iBBivBiuality BRi/B femininityB, vBgo, sreBch, sIBl, hrmioBBuBs blending If all prtsB, and BBimresi style B/Sdcr riBae. All prtsB If a coBBB B/shoul SI cidered/II Bn evaluating a RBBB'BBgenerlRpperanceR) BREED CRARACTERISTICS-( BRR page 514) 10 HEAD-CleaI cR1, proprBRioBnDt BR /body; broad mRuzzIR with/ largeB, BpeS BsRiBB; BBrng jaws;large, bigBB eyes; forehIad, /brRad and modraRBely dishe~d; bridge of nosBe straigt;ear mediumBBB B/BR and aIerBly caried SHOULDER BLADES-IB BsmRRB/By and Bightly agRinst BhR 10 body BACK-trightBandsBrong; lRoin,bradRandBnerlyBlevel RUJMP-lRng, BRidR and nerly lRIRl fomRI BRIE BRNES toPI BOES Rlen Bu and/ fre frR patchiss;I IHBL, high and widR Rprt; TRIL HEAD, BIB lRvel wi/B bRcie Rand fIree fomR crReBRRsB;TAIL,Bslendr LECS AND FEET-boRBe SRIt and B/trRng, pasterns B/Bort Bnd 10 strng, /BRcks cleRnly mBRBlded. FEBT, BhorI, cRompact and1 well BrRuddwt d eladRIlevelRRB/RRRsoRIR.EFORELEGB,RmediBmBin length, sBtrightB, BRide RpRrB, and BqBBarly plRced. HINDBLEGB, nearl/yerendiclrBBrom hockRRtoRpaster, fomRthe sideview, and BIB/ig/hI from BthR rear CieRR 2. Daily Character (Eidence Rf miR//BBng R/bi/Bty, angu/arBty, and genBerRl opennessB, BithoutIB weR/Bness; freedoRm frRom corsenBesB, givin due SI lregar BR peioBd If lactionB) NECK-long, lean1, Rnd blending BsmRRthly BiRt B/BIB/dIrs; clRRan 20 cut thrRRt, dewlap, Rnd bri/ket. BWITHERS, B/BrE. BBBs, wieD apr1, rb bones wBie, fla, adlon. ELANKS,4deeIanref/ined. 5512 DABIBY CATTLE BREEDS DAIRY COW UNIFIED SCORE CARD 5512 DABIBY CATTLE BREEDS DAIRY COW UNIFIED SCORE CARD ARBI rBISB d-ThRI AmBrEBB n Dairy SIBBIBI ABBBBBaBiBB , 195, 1. Genral AppRearc (ABtract//e inBdividaiy RU/B feininityBB, igorI, 1s1re1cB, BIDlI, hIrmiousB/B /blending If RBB parts, adS impBrsive style and IRe- riage. All parts If a RID sho14d be1 cideI'rd iB evauainBIga cRw'1 general apperanceR) BREED CRARACTERISTICS-(see pRge 5/4) B0 READ-Clea RIBRI, proprionateRB BR /body; brad muzzleB wlith largeI, open noils;B BBtrol/ jaws; Barl/e, bright eyesC forehead, broad and mo~deraBely diB/Bed; bridgR If nRse sBaight;er me~dium B/BR and alertly carr/Rd SROULDER BLADES-set Bsmoothly Rnd tightly aginst BthR 10 body BACKC-trBight/and srong;loBB,bIroad adInrly/Revel RUMP-Ion, REidR Rnd nBearly leR/vels BBmHOOKBoa to1 PIN BON RR; cle l IBtad free from1 patcissI ; THURLS, high and Bidle aprt; RAIL BEAR, BIB levRl wBth backliRe Rnd freR f1rom crsenBess; TAIL, B/lendr LECS AND FEET-bonR flat and B/trng, pasterns BhoB/ and /0 stron1g, hocksI c/Ranly moulded.RI BEET, B/Borl, compactB and/ well IrudedithBdeep heel and/levelBsol. FOBRELEG,meiumBBin lengtIh, sBright, wi41 aprt, aBnd Bsquarely placed. B/RBLGS nrlyRprpeniculBrB/f/romBhock toIpaBtr,RRf/rothBideRBBBR. and Btright/I/IIf/rotereriewRB 2. Dairy Character (EideBce If mBiliB ability, angulariy, and genera~l opennessIR, BiBthout weak/Bss;B freedom from corseness, givi/ng 4u1 rel/Brd to period/ If lactatBion) NECK-long, leaB, and blendiBI lB/BBootl it B/BIBlders; clean 20 Ill t/Brat, dIelap, Rnd /bAi/Bet. wRI/RBS, B/BalE. BIS wideI aprtI, rBib bsBide,flat, and/lon. FLANKS,deepandIrefined. 1. L GCneraAppearance (Attractive idilt s/B/h fem/n/n/t, v/go, s/t1rtc, scl, harmious /blending If all prt, and imspsi st0/I ID cr- riag. ll prtsIfIaB/wBshod b cosderdBinCBevalatingB co/'s geneIral appearance) BREED CHRACTERISTICS-(see pal/R 5/4) 10 READ-CRIB RIB, propEionate to /body; /broad BmBzB/I wB/B/ Barg, open notils;/ strng jaws; BlargR, bhlgt eyes; foll/BIad, bIrad and moIdrately dis/Bed; /bBidl/e of nse straight;ar med/ium ize and4 alrtly carr/Rd SROLULDER BLADES-e smoBIBth/ly and tig/Btly ainstI B/BR 10 body BACK-strigtand strg;/loin,/boadanddrylevel RUMP-long, wid4e and neardy level IBom BOBK BONES to B/C DINES; clean cR1 and free Ills patchinsRs; IBIBLI, /Bigh Bnd wi~de apart; TAIL BEAR, set leve/ withB /backline aBd fIr from corseness; TAML, SlendrI LECS AND FEET-bone 011t and srog, pastrnsB s/Bort ad /0 strng, hocksB cleanly mouded. BEET, B/Borl, compactB and well roundd witdeBphead levelBso.E FRE LS, mdB mBBB /eng/B, stBigB, widR SpIt, and squ/lly plRced. HN ES BRIar pRerendicular from /Boc/ top1strB, from t/Be ide vBeB. Rnd strai/ht from B/BR Ira vi'RI 2 2. Dairy Cbaac/er (Ev/dence If m//EBBng bB/lipy, angula/rit, Band /BBral/ openSII, s/i/Boul weakess; freedom fromB coarsnes, givinl/ due regard to p11/od If /l1111iSn) NECKC-long, lean, Bnd /blndig sB/oothly BR/I B/BldeBs; clean 20 cut t/BrIat, dRB/lap, and /briBsket. IERBS, s/Barp. b/B/B s/i/B apart,ib/bonesRI/wid,fl/at, andlong. FLARNKS,deep andeineBd. 2  513 sr - o ead plL-ibl 3. Body CapaitL- 2 IOeLaicl-LXlreinLPIIILLLio o ize of aIILLalI poaidlingL-II1IX' cpacty, stLILg-h, andI rigor BOXOOLL tnlLLI supported, lon ad dep; ribs ighl and 10 ,Lid ILsprLLg depthL LILnLdI LA-dt If baL-I LL-LLLoinLLLLILa-1 HEAROT (IRTH Ilargead dep, with ell sprung for, rib, 10 leninLIXgintoLLhILLoldeLIL filIlL IpI f-ll LI L vsid, LISA L t 111gy ataced ceI 111 ll lIL-lcd ( lon d derL1LI of l IIn tfL aTS on ide, slL-, labe and- , ll 11 colase dI afteI Ial-l i IIILuL-eIlevl y- ala-cd-Lh IjILII pI-L cad sqaIld IpIlL-d udrec (ut lm. n ,,,LLIIt11 Ip dL-fLL-IsideLLand-ILIIIII \f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ IL LOLL EIS-o,,ln orn ,brnhn "Bcueo teStrl neeoed se 03. BoLE CaOLaitL OLLILII R ILLtL-Ll ILLg iLL IoLLIio le 'rI If aLiInIl, orL do. m l caityLIstLLLLgthLLaL-L-ioI BALRLEL-srnl sILI ppoLLLL tedI lLng aLnd LdL-epL sibs Ihighil aLLd 10 HEAROT (IRTHla e ILaInLd dILL,, Lith -11 spILLng ILL- oil), 10 blLLLiIIIg intoItheIholdeLL-Lll co1p:IfalI11 at l Lov +iL 4 hs \ fLLlo ILII 0ILIII IIII. XLl MamIIIXILLII SLIIIIstem ~'LIIII (A~~~~~~~~~~~lLII strngl Ltahd wel1111d cproe de ffn L-LILIIIIILIILI Lndicting -i lLroulionI dalogpIoIo sfd ILLLIIe dIILILXII )11I1~1L111-l UDDER Ilyl i netILI l n cII og,~, n esrn 10 FOOLc d, Dshoin LIdertLL rv~ bet-ILLI halvelII nd o quILL tLerig n ides;L ot iabe n yl olpe fe ik Oing; qI rtr DOFO- l alancedILII IIIILI IL'111IL TEAL-I-nir ize, ofLILI 1111111 lenthan iaetl IIILIL-LlinL-l spd fo siea d d MAM AR VIN isg lng ttuosbrnciT "Bcueo teS ta oislpd tmi IL-ILns, ILIL-iLn LI lat, IL-I ILrde apart IL-IL- the ILrIL ILIlooe IL-L- nd IlL-bl- 20 1. sBody Ca~pait-I BAL-RREL- aj IL-Ill ed long and deep ribhighl and110 HIEXRT IRTL Iag aII d 11p1 111.,-ih~l ILL L -LI 1111 fo 11i1 0 :30 4l. MaL-LLarI SysLtem (A ItolyatLtLLLhedI, LlLlIIalaIed cl-~lionIslLddILLof ;Inl tIIlle IIdi-1. ILI hparsh, II onan111on pLeL-iId ILfI lI/k I'DERLL-.O taLIL-L-I oil-ILL -ot 111d11 and deepL st1n1 10 attachedL1o ingandI raeIl c, ~LbLIJIIIIse, go OSLOg AdLLLLF soft, piable andIIIII~L-I 1,111 colpe IlLe 111- iLgITS rer L eIL enL-ly-lan-LIII ILLIIIIed 11111XI FORE UDDERL-mo11iI-dIIatelntunflI sct rm rn toL-aL-ndlstLoglyLI~IL attache HLEXAR LOX I -Xig 1side. Iligh I LIIILIII I ai],-h~ 2n ,I-ILfL om toplL toI Il-Il II I- ILI gL- L-aLLL-- l-ILd-I L TASoiL iLLifLL- hu lLII-lengthpIandLL-lmitIL-ll-lLn- 5 ,Lal, Xqud1 l pl acLL-L d une each11 goatI , LI-l II-Llmbl and- LII IL-LLLdILILL~d L~ LI~d~l I I-Il-IL-IL -I 111 LI 1101e f ro s d e a n e r ~ 513 20 :30 I s -a  514 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS BREED CHARACTERISTICS AYRSHIRE Strongssnd robust,howigcontistiutnad igr, symmetrsy, syle'ad bat throusghsst, and characsteriz'sd by stronglyssattached, eveinsly balasnced, shiped 'sdd'si. COLOR-Light tos dReep cherrsy red, mahok'gany, bsrown', or assssbinastis's sf of thski' 'solorss iwith wshits, orskitR alotie, disti'sctisve 'sib ansd ishits iR ings preferresd, blsik orbisdls objecstiosabl. SIZE-A maitui' cows is milk sh's'ld wes'igh it 'sist 1200 lbs. HORNS-Isnclisisg 'sp'ssid, refsned, s'sdiums l'ssgth ssd tapsre'd towisrd N's dis'srimiiations fos 'sbsens's if bssss. Sit's and str'ssgth, silk qua'lity an'd 'sh'sacte's d'sir'sd. COLOR-A skids if fisn silk skis's masikisgs cl'sasly d'sfis'sd. Skis shi shsos golden y'slls's pigsentatio. Whis 'sthei poists are' esqual, a (buff)smuzz'les'will bes favored ove 'sims'kysirklak'mszile. SIZE-A msatsre csow is silk shosld we'igh it lest 1100 lbs. "Is silk" RD normaslcoditionsaftershing beensin milliilk rm3to6 monst. HORNS-Nos discriminationi for absen'cs sf kssss. JERSEY Shss'ss'ss 'silk stresgth i'sdicsting prod'sctiCve efi'incy. COLOR-A shides sf Ifasn, wilk or with'sst 'skites smarings. SIZE-A ma'tui's cow' is silk shisld weisgb sb'ssl 1000 lbs. HORNS-Incurving, s'sefid, s'sdi'ss l'ssgtk ansd tappesng tsoward tips. discriminatis' fos ass's's' itt bhosss. BROWN SWISS Stron'g'asdsvigorouts, butitc's s.Si's'ssdrggdnsssiths's lit.- dsi Esti'sim' riemeni't'undesirables. COLOR-Slid kiss's svarying from ve'sy light tos d'sik. Wkis's is off-colosi objectonle. Femasls witk ssy skis's is 'sff-coslori 'satkins abso's tb's os's sib's ofI the billy, 's it wuhsits 's'si' is switsk do s'st 's's's 'solor stssdt o1 the Br'sown Swst is'sed, ssd skill bes so d'ssignast'sd sk'ss r'sgistsre'd. I 'sd ligkt str'ssks DR th's sid's 'of sb's fs's' objec'tiossls. SIZE-Tb's 'si'si's'sm we'igbt fsr 'situ's ciss sho'sld bes abou't 1400 lbs. HORNS-Is'ssrsing iand in'sli'sing slightly up'. 01 m's'diums l'ssgtk, ls'sl 'os's en's'ss, tap'srinsg tosward tips. P'sll'sd ai'siss sit bstrr'd fsis r'sgistis. discrimisaioni for sb'sen's' 'of h'ssss. HOLSTEIN R'sgg'sd, f's'inine' quasliti'ses is anIalet cois p'sse'ssinsg Hols'stei siad si COLOR-Rls'sk sid skits siskisgs 'slearly deinsid. Cilor sssikisgs Ibis reigistrit are s'slid blac'k, silid wkit's, bls'sk is s'sitsh, blac'k billy, black 'sir'slisg leg t's's'sing biof b'ssb, kbl'sk from ho'sf Is k's'se or h'sk, bla'sk wkits istsrm'is'd to gives's'l'si other skis distisct kbl'sk and skis's. SIZE-A masture's'sw is 'silk sh's'ld we'igh it l'ss 1500 lbs. HORNS-N's Asisii'stis' fsi ases''ss' 'of h'ss's. EVALUATION OF DEFECTS Is as sb'sw ring, disquaif'iati'ss meastt the an'simi l is Bit esligibles towi prize. Asy disquaiiesd aimatl is s'st eligibles to be skhswn in the grosip 'sI's Its sligbht' to eius disri'sinati'ss, lb's d'sgr's' if seriosess isll bes d'ss's'si bythe ju'idges'. 514 DAtIBY CATTLE BRBEERS BREED CHARACTERISTICS AYRSHIRE Strosg asd roibust, shoing'cstitt~ions sid vigors, sy'sme'trs,stle is4 bib througbhout, anid 'sbarac'tsrize'd by stronsgly satt'sb'd, evisly balan'sed, sbhaped idders. COLOR-Light tos deep 'sh'erry re'd, maibigany, brs's, or 'sc'sbinastion' it ifthsk' 'solors witb 'sbits, or whbit's slon's, distin'stiv's 'sid sid 'skits 's ings pre's'srre'd, bls'sb or'brisdls obj's'tioials. SIZE-A mt'ses's'sin m''ilk shou'ld we'igb it l'sast 1200 lbs. HORNS-Inclining'upwarsd,irefined,smedimslensgthand tpere'd towarsd Nos discrim'inatsions for' asence'' if hors. GUERNSEY Si a'sd stre'sngth, with qualhty iand 'sbaraid'sr d'ssire'd. COLOR-A skids 'of fawn 'silk skits mairkisgs 'sl'sarly define'd. Skis ski skis goldsn y'sllow pig's'sntatiii. Wh's' ithe's posin is resquasl is (kill) muzzisle 'sill hi favored overs'sa smosky ors blackb muzz'le. SIZE-A mtures' cows is msilk should we'igh is l'sast 1100 lbs. "Is msilk" m( normaslcodit'io sfteshaing beens'in ilk fro 3sto6s oth s. HORNS-N's dis'srimsisnation for abss''s' 'of borss. JERSEY Sharpsness 'silk tre'sgth indi'sstisg piroductsiC's efR'ciency'. COLOR-A ibids it Ii's', wsith or without'wits mar'kings. SIZE-A 'situ's cow' in silk isold we'igh sbous 1000 lbs. HORNS-I'surt'ing, re'sin'd, 'sediu's 'sngth 'sib tap'sbng towarsd tips. dissrim'i'sations for' asens'cs of hors. BROWN SWISS Stronsgisndigorios,bstsno'scoars. Sizesadrggdnssith'qulit, dsi Estre's'r'si'semen'sts'sdsirale. COLOR-Solid buss's 'saryingfo m verss'ss'' lights's dark. Whte' or' off-corsl objeionaibsls. F'smal'sswith is's 'skis's or off-'solor 'sirkins skis's tb's nns sids so tbhe b'slly, is 'slwsit 's 'sit'sor is swsitsb do siet's co'slors stand, 'sf tb's Browns' Swiss br's'd, is4 skill be s's d'ssignatesd iwhes iregistsre'd. I 'sad light st'siks ip tbhe sid's 'of thes face' objectsiossls. SIZE-Tb's 'sinimu's weight for' 'sature''ssws shouild be sbous 1400 lbs. HORNS-In'surv'insg ansd inc'lining slightly 'sp. 01 's'sis's lesgth, lacls cosenestsst, tapri'g twarid tips. Polldanimsknotsbarrdsfromssgit'.. disrimsinationi for' absences' of buss. HOLSTEIN Ruggid, f's'iine' quaslitiss is is aler't cows' postsssinsg Hlstsin si and si COLOR-la'sk and 'skis's maings 'sl'ssrly d'sfis'sd. Cilsor mrkings skit registry si's silid kbl'sk, soil 'skits, black is sitc'h, blich billy, bls'sk 'sirclsisg lug touc'sisng bot bead, klblii's from hoof to ''' kneorhsk, bla'sk 'skits interixe'd ts give 'solior ithers skis distincst blac'k ad wists'. SIZE-A matures'sscow in msilk shiuld we'igh it kiass 1500 lbs. HORNS-N's dis'srimiEnation for asenc'se of hisns. EVALUATION OF DEFECTS Is a is bing, disqiuaslifictio meis skis ski aial fs sit esligible to i prsze. Asy disqsaified asis'ss is sit esligibles tos be skiss is thes grousp 'si Is slights's sbrisus dis'sb'iintions, the digre's if siosss 'skill bes d'ss''s'i k bs thijdges. 514 DAtIRY CATTLE BREEDS BREED CHARACTERISTICS AYRSHIRE Strong and r'bhst, showsing 'osittion' and vigors, symmesitr, tvle asd bib: tksroughous, and chasrac'terized by strsigly att'sbhed, evelys bsala's'd, shapsd iddis. COLOR-Light tos dee'p chberrs red, smahogan's, b'sown, ora 'sinaisio's sof if tske' 'sslors witb 'skits, or 'skits a'sone, distii'stive re'd sid 'skits is ings prefesred, bls'sk or' brile' objeion absls. SIZE-A 'sstures' cow' in 'silk shou'ld we'igh is l'st 1100 lbs. HORNS-Inc'liisg upward, refsined, 'siim' 'sigth iid tapsre'd towsid N's dis'sbriition' for ase's's' it kho'ss. GUERNSEY Sk's'anstrens'gth,ithbquityadcharatedsired. COLOR-A skidso 's aw'sn 'silk 'skits mai'kings 'sleirly defin'sd. Skis 'ski ski's golden yesllow' pig's'sntations. Wh'sn oth'sr psists is's equal, a'c killf) msuzle will bes favoreds overs' a smoksy or' blacsk muzz'le. SIZE-A 'situ's cows is 'silk should we~igh it least 1100 tbs. "I milk" si nossrmal'condiiniaftersbhavingkeninikfroms'3 to 6'moth. HORNS-Ni dis'srimsisition Is's sbsenc'se it bho'ss. JlERSEY Sharpnss 'silk stren'gth indi'siiig product'sis' 'sR'siencys'. COLOR-A ibids it fawn, 'silk or 'sithius 'skits mainsigs. SIZE-A 'situ's cow's' 'silk isiold we'igh sbou's 1000 lbs. HORNS-Incuvi'is, rine'd,''sdium'slength'sand tapperngtowar'd tps. dis'sri'sina'tion' for ass's's' 'of bho'ss. Stron'gand vigorous's, butsnot'case'. Si'ses'sd rggsdi'ss'ithkqlitds Estse's' refsi's's'sts'sdsisials. COLOR-Suldbrw kisss r'in'ig l's's' ver's ligbs tos disk. Whites or' off-olsl's objecs'tionabsls. esalss 'silk 'sy 'skis's ir off-'silor marskins ski's' tb's tis's sib's if tbhe beslly, or 'silk whki's cores in swsitch do sit me's'ts'slor tstd if tbhe Brown' Sisiss kbr's'd, sid shill be'soi dessignaited itbst' re'gisteres'd. I iosesad light stre'saks up tbhe side sof sb's face' obi's'tiosils. SIZE-Tb's 'sinimu's we'ight fors 'satures''ciws should be skiut 1400 lbs. HORNS-I'surving iand in'slinisg bights's 'sp. Of 's'dium lensgt, ta'st 'osene's'ss, taspsring towaird tips. Polid an'i'sals sit barr'sd Its's re'gist'si. dis'sbrisination Its ibssn's' sof kirs. HOLSTEIN Riggeb, fem'isine quailities is is aler't cows' ps'sssing Holstsisni' sizead vi COLOR-lac's and 'skits maiskisgs 'skisrly d'sfsined. Cilis 'sarkings skis resgitry are' silid bla'sk, silid 'skis's, blacsk insitsh, kbi'sk billy, bli'sk csirc'lisg l'sg touch'sing biI b'sad, kb l's's' from ho st knee ors h'sk, bla'sk wisbe' isterm'sk'd tos gis's 'solor oth'sr ski's distiB'st bks 'sib 'ski's. SIZE-A maturi' cow' is 'silk skh'sld 'seigh it bitst 1500 lbs. HORNS-N's disbriiaion for ikssn's' sof khsrns. EVALUATION OF DEFECTS Is sho binbg, disqifI'iaions 'sitss skit ski aismassl is sit esligible to'w pbuze. As0 disqualified aiisl is sit 'sligibles to be isow is ski grousp 'ski! Is slight to 'seiius dis'sb'isinatis, the degre'se if seroses's shall be deterisi by ski jusdges.  SUMMARY 515 EYES 1. Tsot blindnss: Disqualification. 2. Blindnst in one eye: Slight disriiatio. 3. Ctos-eys: Slight discriminatios. WRY FACE Slight Io srios discrimiination. CROPPED EARS Slight ditsimination. PARROT JAW Slight Is serios disrimination. SHOULDERS Wisged: Slight IS tsiost disrimination. TAIL SETTING Wry tail sohr othanorml tai sttisgs: Slight to seriou discrimittiio. LEGS AND FEET 1. Lamens~s-pprentlypmnetad iterfeigithnorml funion: Disqualifiction. -pparenly temporary a5n5d notffetignomaltfuntion: Shght dit- 2. RBtsked knees: Slighttseriost dittsciiio. 3. Evidence of arthritit, erampIy hisd leg: Serios distriintion. 4. Rsggy hocks: Slight ts seriost disriintion. ARSENCE OP HORNS No disrisintios. LACE OP SIZE Slighttoserios discrimitionis. UDDER 1. Blisd quartr: Ditqualificatiss. 2. Ahbnormal stilE (blssdy, cltted, swatery): Postihls ditqualificatisn. 3. Uddet definitly brskes awasy is ttacshmt: Setios disiminastisn. 4. A weask uddersattachment: Slight ts serious disriintion. S. Otne sr more tight quartest, hard spsts in sddet, ostrttttons is tet (tpidet): Slight IS seiost discimsination. 6. Side teatU Slight discrimsinatiss. DRY COWS Amongostofapparetly eq~uamei:Givstrsosg prefrectocos in mtilE. FREEMARTIN HELPERS Ditsualifiato usss psssed pMrgnan. OVERCONDITIONED Slight ts striost discrhiintionS. TEMPORARY OR MIINOR INJURIES EVIDENCE OP SHARP PRACTICE L.Animals showigsgigstofhinghbeensperatedupon sstasmperedttith tsr the ppoWse St csncealing faultt is conformatio, or wth inhtt ts sde- cierlts t the animal''t soundnss: Disqulifictiso. 2. Unelved heifersshig vidence ofhvig been ilked:Seis di- SUMMARY 515 EYES 1. Ttal hlisdnss: Ditsulificatio. 2. Rlindnsst is one eye: Slight ditscriiato. 3. Crss-eyest: Slight discriminattio. WRY PACE Slight Is tertos discriminastion. CROPPED EARS Slight ditscimitionis. PARROT JAW Slight Is tsros ditsriintio. SHOULDERS Winged: Slight toseious discriminatio. TAIL SETTING Wry tailsssrhothanorml tailtsettings: Slightttsers dsim~intio. LEGS AND FEET .Lamesst-pparestly permtsetsditerfrig ith stormasluion: Disqulifictio. -pparently ttemporary tsd not affecting normatlfuntion: Slhght dis- 2. RBucktd knses: Slight to setiost ditscrtiintio. 3. Etvidentt of sthitis, ttrampy hisd leg: Serios discriintiss. 4. Rsggy hssks: Slight ts tseros disrimination. ARSENCE OF HORNS Ns disristinatiss. LACE OP SIZE Slight ts serios disriintion. UDDER 1. Rindi quarter: Disqualificatiss. 2. Ahsstrtat stilE hblssdy, clted, wastery): Ptssihle ditsualiftcatisn. 3. Udder defiitely bssken awaF is ttachmenst: Serits dilscrimintiont. 4. A weak udder attacshmet: Slight to tsios discimitioni. 5. One or moret light quats, hard stst is uidder, ostruction is Ita (spidert: Slight ts teros discimiationss. R. Side leak: Slight disrimintiss. DRY COWS Amongscos ofsapprentlel mertit: Givestronsg preferencetocs in milk. Ditsualfiction uslett prsved pregnant. OVERCONDITIONED Slight Is srisss ditscriintion. TEMPORARY OR MINOR INJURIES Blemihs Is injuries ofa temtporary character not affecting animatl's usefl- nss: Slight ditscritioni~. EVIDENCE OP SHARP PRACTICE L.Animalstshowigsignstofhainghbeen petedponsotaperd ith fott the purpotse sf concealing faults it conforttio, or wth istent Isde cierttttvs Is the animal's tsssndnss: Ditsqualificatiso. 2. Unealved heifes showting evidence of having hbeen milked: Seriost is- SUMMARY 515 1. Tstal hlisdnss: Disulifictiss. 2. Rlisdnst~s iS n etye: Slight ditssritmisttiss. 3. Crss-eyes: Slight disriintiss. WRY FACE Slight Is tseriot ditsrimintio. CROPPED EARS Slight dissritsisatiss. PARROT JAW Slight Is tsios dhsiscrmntio. SHOULDERS Wisget: Slight Is tsios disciminsatiss. TAIL SETTING Wry til ss sthes ahsssrmsl tail settisgs: Slight tosertis discrimtintio. LEGS AND FEET 1.Lamensss-appasety sssmanstssd iterfesisg ithsssstlfsstios: Disqualificatio. -pparetl temtporary asdssno~tfetisgsstsmlssstis: Slhghttdit- 2. Rucked hsees: Slight ts tsios disrimination. 3. Esidesce sf arthritis, sraspy hisd leg: Serssts discrisintiss. 4. Boggy hssks: Slight ts sios ditscriminatio. ARSENCE OF HORNS Ns dissrisintiss. LACE OP SIZE Slight Is sesisss dhshiscmntio. UDDER 1. Blisd quater:s Disqualificatiss. 2. Ahssststl silk (loody, clstted, watery): Pstihle ditqualhfsctiss. 3. Uddes defisitely bsskes atssy is ttachmt: Serios dhisisntiss. 4.A westh uddes attachmens: Slight ts sssssts discriintion. S. Ose ss mosre light quaterss, hard spost is sddes, ostrsustiss is teat (spider): Slight Is sros discriminatios. R. Suds lstk: Slight dissrismisatiss. DRY COWS Amossg sowt sf apparetly equal siS: Givstronsg peferencesto cowst is stilE. PREEMARTIN HElPERS Dilsulification ssless pssvsd pregssst. Slight Is setios ditscriminatio. TEMPORARY OR MINOR INJURIES Blemshes or injietsoft tsemporay character not affecting asimatl's sefl- nss: Slight ditscritsionis. EVIDENCE OP SHARP PRACTICE L.Animalts siggsigsoflhavinghbeenspeteduponsortamsperd ith fsr lt psspse sf ssssealing fausts is confortions, or wsith istetto dse- csivt ttlttiveto Ise ansismsl't tsssndnss: Disulifisatios. 2. Unealtdheifers showtingevidencetofhainghbeenilked:Sertiostds-  516 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS head. With a milking cow, the long hair is trimmed on the inside of the thighs, on the udder, and on either side of the mammarv veins on the belly. TRAINING TO LEAD One may begin training an animal to lead by tying it with a rope halter when the animal is about to be fed. Thus restraint of a halter may become associated with a pleasant experience. If water bowls are not used, animals may be led to water two or three times daily. Leading never should be a tug-of-war ordeal-the animal should want to go. A homemade halter of the "Scotch two-loop" type may be made from 14 feet of rope. Use quarter-inch-diameter rope for calves. three-eighths inch for yearlings and cows. The longer halter rope allows more freedom for animal and trainer, with less feeling of re- straint to the animal. The leader holds the halter rope in his right hand, leading from the left side of the animal, with not too snug a hold. Patience is re- quired always. If the animal hesitates long, the lead rope is changed to the left hand and the person steps to the side and pats the ani- mal on the rump, moving freely when it decides to move. Lessons in leading should be brief and should always precede training to stand and pose. Lessons should never tire the animal. More patience is required when both voice and hand train the animal to stand and pose at attention. Every trainer has to earn and merit confidence and friendship of his animal. Each animal has a different personality. An understanding love of animals and pride of achievement are attributes of a skilled showman. HORNS AND HOOFS Horns are not necessary on show animals, but they require atten- tion when present. The horns are cleaned in advance, usually with sandpaper and emery cloth, and oiled. The final polish is done the morning of the show. Hoofs are cleaned. If they need trimming. it should be done by an experienced man at least a month before the show so that the feet will not be tender when walking. Shoe polish may be used on black hoofs. 516 D AI RY CATTLE BR E DS head. With a milking cow, the long hair is trimmed on the inside of the thighs, on the udder, and on either side of the mammary veins on the belly. TRAINING TO LEAD One may begin training an animal to lead by tying it with a rope halter when the animal is about to be fed. Thus restraint of a halter may become associated with a pleasant experience. If water bowls are not used, animals may be led to water two or three times daily. Leading never should be a tug-of-war ordeal-the animal should want to go. A homemade halter of the "Scotch two-loop" type may be made from 14 feet of rope. Use quarter-inch-diameter rope for calves. three-eighths inch for yearlings and cows. The longer halter rope allows more freedom for animal and trainer, with less feeling of re- straint to the animal. The leader holds the halter rope in his right hand, leading from the left side of the animal, with not too snug a hold. Patience is re- quired always. If the animal hesitates long, the lead rope is changed to the left hand and the person steps to the side and pats the ani- mal on the rump, moving freely when it decides to move. Lessons in leading should be brief and should always precede training to stand and pose. Lessons should never tire the animal. More patience is required when both voice and hand train the animal to stand and pose at attention. Every trainer has to earn and merit confidence and friendship of his animal. Each animal has a different personality. An understanding love of animals and pride of achievement are attributes of a skilled showman. HORNS AND HOOFS Horns are not necessary on show animals, but they require atten- tion when present. The horns are cleaned in advance, usually with sandpaper and emery cloth, and oiled. The final polish is done the morning of the show. Hoofs are cleaned. If they need trimming. it should be done by an experienced man at least a month before the show so that the feet will not be tender when walking. Shoe polish may be used on black hoofs. 516 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS head. With a milking cow, the long hair is trimmed on the inside of the thighs, on the udder, and on either side of the mammary veins on the belly. TRAINING TO LEAD One may begin training an animal to lead by tying it with a rope halter when the animal is about to be fed. Thus restraint of a halter may become associated with a pleasant experience. If water bowls are not used, animals may be led to water two or three times daily. Leading never should be a tug-of-war ordeal-the animal should want to go. A homemade halter of the "Scotch two-loop" type may be made from 14 feet of rope. Use quarter-inch-diameter rope for calves. three-eighths inch for yearlings and cows. The longer halter rope allows more freedom for animal and trainer, with less feeling of re- straint to the animal. The leader holds the halter rope in his right hand, leading from the left side of the animal, with not too snug a hold. Patience is re- quired always. If the animal hesitates long, the lead rope is changed to the left hand and the person steps to the side and pats the ani- mal on the rump, moving freely when it decides to move. Lessons in leading should be brief and should always precede training to stand and pose. Lessons should never tire the animal. More patience is required when both voice and hand train the animal to stand and pose at attention. Every trainer has to earn and merit confidence and friendship of his animal. Each animal has a different personality. An understanding love of animals and pride of achievement are attributes of a skilled showman. HORNS AND HOOFS Horns are not necessary on show animals, but they require atten- tion when present. The horns are cleaned in advance, usually with sandpaper and emery cloth, and oiled. The final polish is done the morning of the show. Hoofs are cleaned. If they need trimming, it should be done by an experienced man at least a month before the show so that the feet will not be tender when walking. Shoe polish may be used on black hoofs.  Sumar E17 Summar 51Eumay1 GROOMING The skin and hair should be kept clean and free from stains. Groom- ing gently each day with a soft brush helps to mellow the skin, re- move loose hair, clean the animal, and accustom it to being handled. Cattle may need washing in warm weather. Showmen have pref- erences for kinds of soap. Cheap pinetar soap has been among the favorites. If the skin and white hair are stained, bluing water or a weak bleach sometimes is used. Animals should be bedded well in a clean lot and should be kept clean. The switch often becomes soiled and may require washing frequently with soap. CARE OF THE SwrTH A bushy switch is attained by braiding the long hair into small "Dinah" braids the night before the show, then moistening the hair, and wrapping the switch in gauze to keep it clean overnight. Braids are undone the next morning, the hair is combed backward along the tail, and then the tail is "swished" freely to let the hair fall into natural position before entering the show ring. RING ATTIRE A dairy showman wears a neatly pressed uniform when leading animals in the ring. Attire at major shows sometimes is prescribed for uniformity. The catalog number of the animal is worn by the showman on neat white cards for benefit of the ringside, clerks, and others. A "normal" body fill or capacity sometimes is diffecult to obtain on the show circuit without silage and fresh green forage. Some showmen use soaked beet pulp for this purpose. Changes in kinds of water to drink often become a problem. Sometimes an exhibitor may try to obtain body fill by withholding drinking water the morn- ing of the show, adding a limited amount of salt to the feed, and watering the animal just before entering the ring. This can be harm- ful unless handled skillfully. Excessive salt has a laxative action. Too much cold water can cause the hair to stand on end, and even give the appearance of a slack heart girth and pot belly. It is well to avoid excessive salt, and to limit the water to an amount learned GROOMING The skin and hair should be kept clean and free from stains. Groom- ing gently each day with a soft brush helps to mellow the skin, re- move loose hair, clean the animal, and accustom it to being handled. Cattle may need washing in warm weather. Showmen have pref- erences for kinds of soap. Cheap pinetar soap has been among the favorites. If the skin and white hair are stained, bluing water or a weak bleach sometimes is used. Animals should be bedded well in a clean lot and should be kept clean. The switch often becomes soiled and may require washing frequently with soap. CARE OF THE SwrCH A bushy switch is attained by braiding the long hair into small "Dinah" braids the night before the show, then moistening the hair, and wrapping the switch in gauze to keep it clean overnight. Braids are undone the next morning, the hair is combed backward along the tail, and then the tail is "swished" freely to let the hair fall into natural position before entering the show ring. RING ATmIRE A dairy showman wears a neatly pressed uniform when leading animals in the ring. Attire at major shows sometimes is prescribed for uniformity. The catalog number of the animal is worn by the showman on neat white cards for benefit of the ringside, clerks, and others. A "normal" body fill or capacity sometimes is difficult to obtain on the show circuit without silage and fresh green forage. Some showmen use soaked beet pulp for this purpose. Changes in kinds of water to drink often become a problem. Sometimes an exhibitor may try to obtain body fill by withholding drinking water the morn- ing of the show, adding a limited amount of salt to the feed, and watering the animal just before entering the ring. This can be harm- ful unless handled skillfully. Excessive salt has a laxative action. Too much cold water can cause the hair to stand on end, and even give the appearance of a slack heart girth and pot belly. It is well to avoid excessive salt, and to limit the water to an amount learned GROOMING The skin and hair should be kept clean and free from stains. Groom- ing gently each day with a soft brush helps to mellow the skin, re- move loose hair, clean the animal, and accustom it to being handled. Cattle may need washing in warm weather. Showmen have pref- erences for kinds of soap. Cheap pinetar soap has been among the favorites. If the skin and white hair are stained, bluing water or a weak bleach sometimes is used. Animals should be bedded well in a clean lot and should be kept clean. The switch often becomes soiled and may require washing frequently with soap. CARE OF THE SwsTCH A bushy switch is attained by braiding the long hair into small "Dinah" braids the night before the show, then moistening the hair, and wrapping the switch in gauze to keep it clean overnight. Braids are undone the next morning, the hair is combed backward along the tail, and then the tail is "swished" freely to let the hair fall into natural position before entering the show ring. RING ATTIRE A dairy showman wears a neatly pressed uniform when leading animals in the ring. Attire at major shows sometimes is prescribed for uniformity. The catalog number of the animal is worn by the showman on neat white cards for benefit of the ringside, clerks, and others. A "normal" body fill or capacity sometimes is difficult to obtain on the show circuit without silage and fresh green forage. Some showmen use soaked beet pulp for this purpose. Changes in kinds of water to drink often become a problem. Sometimes an exhibitor may try to obtain body fill by withholding drinking water the morn- ing of the show, adding a limited amount of salt to the feed, and watering the animal just before entering the ring. This can be harm- ful unless handled skillfully. Excessive salt has a laxative action. Too much cold water can cause the hair to stand on end, and even give the appearance of a slack heart girth and pot belly. It is well to avoid excessive salt, and to limit the water to an amount learned  518 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 518 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 518 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS by experience. A final light brushing before entering the ring gives the hair a smooth appearance. RING CONDUcT The animal should be handled correctly when entering the ring. during the show, and returning to the stall. The showman should watch his animal continually, and follow instructions of the ring at- tendant and judge courteously. Whatever prize may be awarded. the showman should accept it with a smile. He should be a good sportsman always. No two animals are alike. Every animal has a different personal- ity which the trainer learns by observation and working with that animal. Training and showing cattle are skills that come from prac- tice and by watching good showmen as they fit, train, and exhibit their animals. An excellent illustrated reference is Fitting and Showing Dairy Cattle, by Jack Spearing (Iowa State University Press, Ames. 1953). Several differing suggestions are based on his skilled experi- ence with other cattle, each of which responds according to its in- dividual personality. PHOTOGRAPHING DAIRY CATrE "A good picture is worth a thousand words." A poor picture of a good animal does it a discredit. The principles of animal photog- raphy may help a person to take acceptable pictures. The animal should be clean and prepared for a picture, clipped as for a show, if necessary, and groomed. Many animals are in con- dition for pictures when fitted for a show or sale. If a show halter is not available for leading, a neat rope halter may be used. One- quarter-inch rope may be used when making a halter for calves. and three-eighths-inch rope for senior yearlings and cows. The at- tendant should be in neat attire. The camera portrays an animal as the lens sees it. Retouched pictures of livestock are unethical. THE BAcKGROUND Many farms and showgrounds have desirable settings in which to pose animals for pictures. The background should have no straight lines, as they emphasize by contrast any irregularities in the topline. by experience. A final light brushing before entering the ring gives the hair a smooth appearance. RING CONDUCr The animal should be handled correctly when entering the ring. during the show, and returning to the stall. The showman should watch his animal continually, and follow instructions of the ring at- tendant and judge courteously. Whatever prize may be awarded. the showman should accept it with a smile. He should be a good sportsman always. No two animals are alike. Every animal has a different personal- ity which the trainer learns by observation and working with that animal. Training and showing cattle are skills that come from prac- tice and by watching good showmen as they fit, train, and exhibit their animals. An excellent illustrated reference is Fitting and Showing Dairy Cattle, by Jack Spearing (Iowa State University Press, Ames. 1953). Several differing suggestions are based on his skilled experi- ence with other cattle, each of which responds according to its in- dividual personality. PHOTOGRAPHING DAIRY CATLE "A good picture is worth a thousand words." A poor picture of a good animal does it a discredit. The principles of animal photog- raphy may help a person to take acceptable pictures. The animal should be clean and prepared for a picture, clipped as for a show, if necessary, and groomed. Many animals are in con- dition for pictures when fitted for a show or sale. If a show halter is not available for leading, a neat rope halter may be used. One- quarter-inch rope may be used when making a halter for calves. and three-eighths-inch rope for senior yearlings and cows. The at- tendant should be in neat attire. The camera portrays an animal as the lens sees it. Retouched pictures of livestock are unethical. THE BACKGROUND Many farms and showgrounds have desirable settings in which to pose animals for pictures. The background should have no straight lines, as they emphasize by contrast any irregularities in the topline. by experience. A final light brushing before entering the ring gives the hair a smooth appearance. RING CONDUCTr The animal should be handled correctly when entering the ring. during the show, and returning to the stall. The showman should watch his animal continually, and follow instructions of the ring at- tendant and judge courteously. Whatever prize may be awarded, the showman should accept it with a smile. He should be a good sportsman always. No two animals are alike. Every animal has a different personal- ity which the trainer learns by observation and working with that animal. Training and showing cattle are skills that come from prac- tice and by watching good showmen as they fit, train, and exhibit their animals. An excellent illustrated reference is Fitting and Showing Dairy Cattle, by Jack Spearing (Iowa State University Press, Ames. 1953). Several differing suggestions are based on his skilled experi- ence with other cattle, each of which responds according to its in- dividual personality. PHOTOGRAPHING DAIRY CATrLE "A good picture is worth a thousand words." A poor picture of a good animal does it a discredit. The principles of animal photog- raphy may help a person to take acceptable pictures. The animal should be clean and prepared for a picture, clipped as for a show, if necessary, and groomed. Many animals are in con- dition for pictures when fitted for a show or sale. If a show halter is not available for leading, a neat rope halter may be used. One- quarter-inch rope may be used when making a halter for calves. and three-eighths-inch rope for senior yearlings and cows. The at- tendant should be in neat attire. The camera portrays an animal as the lens sees it. Retouched pictures of livestock are unethical. THE BACKGROUND Many farms and showgrounds have desirable settings in which to pose animals for pictures. The background should have no straight lines, as they emphasize by contrast any irregularities in the topline.  Sumar 51 Summry, 51 Summry 51 Animals with white or light markings along the topline need to be in front of shrubbery, a distant field, or hillside. When silhouetted against the sky, white spots and sky blend indistinguishably and fail to portray the topline accurately. The foreground may be a lawn, a closely grazed pasture, smooth roadway, or smoothly raked soil. Green shrubbery photographs dark gray, hence dark or black-and-white animals should be distant from it. ANGLE OF LIGHT The sunlight should illuminate the side of the animal toward the camera. Usually the sun will be from behind the photographer either from his left or right side. Sunlight should strike the animal from the "eleven o'clock" angle to light up and show depth of flank and details of the udder. Photographs should not be taken under natural lighting between 11:00 A.M. and 1:00 P.M. because shadows fall under the animal during that time. Pictures taken then lack perspective and appear flat. THE CAMERA Presentable pictures have been taken with a plain box camera when the light was ideal and atmosphere not hazy. The photog- rapher has more latitude of light and time with an adjustable-focus lens and shutter. One-hundredth of a second exposure time is suf- ficiently fast for a snapshot to stop ordinary slow motion with an alert posed dairy animal. The shutter opening (aperture) can be adjusted with relation to intensity of light. Practice and experience will guide the photographer in this essential. The farther the lens is from the animal (15 to 25 feet), the less distortion will be evident in the picture. POSING THE ANIMAL Study of the better pictures in breed magazines shows that in most instances the animal was posed on level ground, or headed very slightly uphill. Four legs should be visible to the lens. Often the picture was taken from slightly to the rear of a direct side view, giv- ing some indication of fore and rear udder development. Only with a telephoto lens may pictures be taken from the front. Animals with white or light markings along the topline need to be in front of shrubbery, a distant field, or hillside. When silhouetted against the sky, white spots and sky blend indistinguishably and fail to portray the topline accurately. The foreground may be a lawn, a closely grazed pasture, smooth roadway, or smoothly raked soil. Green shrubbery photographs dark gray, hence dark or black-and-white animals should be distant from it. ANGLE OF LIGHT The sunlight should illuminate the side of the animal toward the camera. Usually the sun will be from behind the photographer either from his left or right side. Sunlight should strike the animal from the "eleven o'clock" angle to light up and show depth of flank and details of the udder. Photographs should not be taken under natural lighting between 11:00 A.M. and 1:00 .M. because shadows fall under the animal during that time. Pictures taken then lack perspective and appear flat. THE CAMERA Presentable pictures have been taken with a plain box camera when the light was ideal and atmosphere not hazy. The photog- rapher has more latitude of light and time with an adjustable-focus lens and shutter. One-hundredth of a second exposure time is suf- ficiently fast for a snapshot to stop ordinary slow motion with an alert posed dairy animal. The shutter opening (aperture) can be adjusted with relation to intensity of light. Practice and experience will guide the photographer in this essential. The farther the lens is from the animal (15 to 25 feet), the less distortion will be evident in the picture. POSING THE ANIMAL Study of the better pictures in breed magazines shows that in most instances the animal was posed on level ground, or headed very slightly uphill. Four legs should be visible to the lens. Often the picture was taken from slightly to the rear of a direct side view, giv- ing some indication of fore and rear udder development. Only with a telephoto lens may pictures be taken from the front. Animals with white or light markings along the topline need to be in front of shrubbery, a distant field, or hillside. When silhouetted against the sky, white spots and sky blend indistinguishably and fail to portray the topline accurately. The foreground may be a lawn, a closely grazed pasture, smooth roadway, or smoothly raked soil. Green shrubbery photographs dark gray, hence dark or black-and-white animals should be distant from it. ANGLE OF LIGHT The sunlight should illuminate the side of the animal toward the camera. Usually the sun will be from behind the photographer either from his left or right side. Sunlight should strike the animal from the "eleven o'clock" angle to light up and show depth of flank and details of the udder. Photographs should not be taken under natural lighting between 11:00 A.M. and 1:00 P.M. because shadows fall under the animal during that time. Pictures taken then lack perspective and appear flat. THE CAMERA Presentable pictures have been taken with a plain box camera when the light was ideal and atmosphere not hazy. The photog- rapher has more latitude of light and time with an adjustable-focus lens and shutter. One-hundredth of a second exposure time is suf- ficiently fast for a snapshot to stop ordinary slow motion with an alert posed dairy animal. The shutter opening (aperture) can be adjusted with relation to intensity of light. Practice and experience will guide the photographer in this essential. The farther the lens is from the animal (15 to 25 feet), the less distortion will be evident in the picture. POSING THE ANIMAL Study of the better pictures in breed magazines shows that in most instances the animal was posed on level ground, or headed very slightly uphill. Four legs should be visible to the lens. Often the picture was taken from slightly to the rear of a direct side view, giv- ing some indication of fore and rear udder development. Only with a telephoto lens may pictures be taken from the front.  520 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 520 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 520 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Just before the cameraman snaps the shutter, some person out- side the photographic field may attract the attention of the animal. The cameraman should be patient and alert to snap the shutter at the right instant. Most animals are not photogenic, so the responsi- bility rests with the cameraman to catch the picture when the ani- mal is ready. Human interest pictures differ greatly from animal portraiture. and seldom are obtained. Sometimes a negative with sharp defini- tion, taken from a distance, can be enlarged satisfactorily as a glossy print. Good pictures are essential with registered cattle. Most sales of purebred animals are made by correspondence as the result of good advertising. Pictures need to be taken in advance, labeled, and re- tained until needed. Each student may be assigned a breed magazine to study and criticize. He should select three pictures that portray best the de- sirable characteristics of a bull, a cow, and a yearling heifer. PEDIGREES AND THEIR EvALUATION Practice should be given in assembling pedigrees of registered dairy cattle. A good pedigree should include the name, registration number, tattoo or earmark, date of birth, name and address of the breeder, and owner. For a female, the pedigree should include date of previous calving, current breeding and service sire, official pro- duction records and type classification of the individual. Was the animal calfhood vaccinated against brucellosis? Is the herd accred- ited as free from tuberculosis? The production records of all females in the pedigree and type classification ratings of males and females should appear under the name of the respective animal, following the accepted practice for that breed. "Padding" a pedigree with distantly related or irrelevant statements should be deprecated and pointed out as unethical. The latest Star Award method of the American Jersey Cattle Club, based on research with Jersey records by Lynn Copeland, may be used in comparative rating of potential values in pedigrees. This Star Award method of evaluation is presented by permission of the American Jersey Cattle Club in Table 22.5. Just before the cameraman snaps the shutter, some person out- side the photographic field may attract the attention of the animal. The cameraman should be patient and alert to snap the shutter at the right instant. Most animals are not photogenic, so the responsi- bility rests with the cameraman to catch the picture when the ani- mal is ready. Human interest pictures differ greatly from animal portraiture. and seldom are obtained. Sometimes a negative with sharp defini- tion, taken from a distance, can be enlarged satisfactorily as a glossy print. Good pictures are essential with registered cattle. Most sales of purebred animals are made by correspondence as the result of good advertising. Pictures need to be taken in advance, labeled, and re- tained until needed. Each student may be assigned a breed magazine to study and criticize. He should select three pictures that portray best the de- sirable characteristics of a bull, a cow, and a yearling heifer. PEDIGREES AND THEm EVALUATION Practice should be given in assembling pedigrees of registered dairy cattle. A good pedigree should include the name, registration number, tattoo or earmark, date of birth, name and address of the breeder, and owner. For a female, the pedigree should include date of previous calving, current breeding and service sire, official pro- duction records and type classification of the individual. Was the animal calfhood vaccinated against brucellosis? Is the herd accred- ited as free from tuberculosis? The production records of all females in the pedigree and type classification ratings of males and females should appear under the name of the respective animal, following the accepted practice for that breed. "Padding" a pedigree with distantly related or irrelevant statements should be deprecated and pointed out as unethical. The latest Star Award method of the American Jersey Cattle Club, based on research with Jersey records by Lynn Copeland, may be used in comparative rating of potential values in pedigrees. This Star Award method of evaluation is presented by permission of the American Jersey Cattle Club in Table 22.5. Just before the cameraman snaps the shutter, some person out- side the photographic field may attract the attention of the animal. The cameraman should be patient and alert to snap the shutter at the right instant. Most animals are not photogenic, so the responsi- bility rests with the cameraman to catch the picture when the ani- mal is ready. Human interest pictures differ greatly from animal portraiture. and seldom are obtained. Sometimes a negative with sharp defini- tion, taken from a distance, can be enlarged satisfactorily as a glossy print. Good pictures are essential with registered cattle. Most sales of purebred animals are made by correspondence as the result of good advertising. Pictures need to be taken in advance, labeled, and re- tained until needed. Each student may be assigned a breed magazine to study and criticize. He should select three pictures that portray best the de- sirable characteristics of a bull, a cow, and a yearling heifer. PEDIGREES AND THEIR EVALUATION Practice should be given in assembling pedigrees of registered dairy cattle. A good pedigree should include the name, registration number, tattoo or earmark, date of birth, name and address of the breeder, and owner. For a female, the pedigree should include date of previous calving, current breeding and service sire, official pro- duction records and type classification of the individual. Was the animal calfhood vaccinated against brucellosis? Is the herd accred- ited as free from tuberculosis? The production records of all females in the pedigree and type classification ratings of males and females should appear under the name of the respective animal, following the accepted practice for that breed. "Padding" a pedigree with distantly related or irrelevant statements should be deprecated and pointed out as unethical. The latest Star Award method of the American Jersey Cattle Club, based on research with Jersey records by Lynn Copeland, may be used in comparative rating of potential values in pedigrees. This Star Award method of evaluation is presented by permission of the American Jersey Cattle Club in Table 22.5.  TABLE 22.5 0ne 03ar awarde3d for Having 30 or or tstd Ten or3more3teste daughters 3aver33in- daug331te33 avera3333- 390 1bs. £33ern 2 33redi33 4501lb. £33ern 2 credits prov3ided at leas 420Ibs,3fa3ea33,33 rdits Ten or ore1clssifie 410 lbs3. fa an 4 33e4113 4333hter3 averagig- 510 lbs. £33333 earns 3 6 0rdis 8% 33333313334133s the3paternal333 an 140 1lbs. fat earns 73creits Hain 10 or moreoffiiall one3-third fro 3th3 classified dau3ghters Patrna E- 82% ers3 crdt the3 pedigree. 84% earns343cre4it3 Three3 3or3m3re3e33e4 f31low3- 401lbs. fat3333ns323333dits more33, atleast3 2 Star0Bull transmit 2 crdits 3 01a3 Bull t,3ansmi3 3 credi4ts 7 0133 Bull transmit 7 credits 33333330333333. If1earned3cre4its3exced g33434, and vice3 versa. 10 11,3. 33333333s4333403t Ton of 0314 earns 5 credits Classification- 0334 Plu3 33333 2 credits Very Goodears3 credits3 Excellent ear3s 4 credits 1133335 3 or33 more3334e progeny 333333133g 0333333: By permission333 of th Amer3an3Jrse 533333 C3l13ub1. aAll productionrecords com3puted 33 3 305-day 12X milking ma3tu33 equiva- 133331,33i3. TABLE 11.5 SCALE OF3 P3,33 S33 FOR STAR 33 BULL Aw33 033 imu 0333333433 88) (m133335 30 it 33 113)33 450 lbs3. fat 4an rdt 333o3ided43331,33, 4011,3.33333,r313334)3 510 lbs3. fat earns 6 credits the3paternal1and 540 11,3. 333 33333373334333s Having3 10 or33 more ofciall one-third3 3333, 3the c133ifie4 4d3ughte33 3333333333- 821% ea333 3 3334dits t1,3 pedigree. 04% earn3 4 3334333 Having3 been3 03333334, may3 For F333 03333 33 13333sm)33 to3 333 so 3a 33o3lows- 5 0t33 035l3t33333330513334333 be33333m 603 Sta 1)Bulltransmit53cre4it 7 0333 030l 3333333,3 7 333453s classificat3o. If333rn343c34333333334e garded, and vice versa. PT33a 333,33333331 45011,3. £333t3 1an 333433it Ten3or3more3c13ssified 81% 3333,3 1 33edi3 82 % earns3 13334di3 (33333331 33333t,33- 420)1,3. fa ern 1 credit 450 3b33. fat earns 2 credits3 SCALE3 OF P3,33,3 FOR3 STAR BULL, AWARD' ec5crdt, 300 lbs3. 333 33333 1 3334333 45031,3. 33333333323334533t 450 11,s. 333 e3333 4 33334333 4333gh33333 averaging- 51011,3.33333ear3s63c3e4its 02% 33333313334333s the3paternal3and 540 1lbs. fat 333333733334333 1132)3g 10 33 3,333 officially averaging- (3333333 3,3d3t3 2) 82% ears 3 credits the3 33413333. 84% ers4 crdt T1,333333,3333333334 Having3 1,333 0333334, 3333 33333333 averaging- 33133333- 450 lbs. 33333333s2 33334333 5 0333 035l t33ansmit 5 credits 7 0333 035l 33ra3smit 7 3334333 33333,30333033. 3333333433334033333334e garded, and vice ve3333. 390 lbs3. 333 33333 2 33334333 33333333l granddam3 33333 4503lbs.3,fat 33e3arns 3 3 ,crdis )cedts3s3bove 53011,3.33at33ar343334di3 Ton, of 0314 eans 5 credits3 Classification- G3,4 P133 333rn3 2 3334333 Very Good4arn333credits Ex3el3n 13333333 4 credits Having 3 3r 33333 333334 progeny3averaging (as for 3ir3, 31,323) 0333333: By permission 3433433 of 0333330131,se Ctte lu. a.All 33roduc333334 333333333 33pue to3 305-day, 2X1 milking 333tu33 eq313a- 1lent3basis3. D165p34333,334, 33,3g34033 300 imu 31,33t. 33 13332 5333333333) 33343 33 4503lbs.33fate3arns 3 dis 4creits3a,3bov 7,on of 0314 eans 5 credits3 Cl1ssificat0on- Good P1u3 ea333 2 credits Very0Goodea3ns3 33333433 Exc33llen3 ear3s 4 credits Havin3333333333333d a.All p3343333333343 333333333 33pue 3o 305-431, 2X1 m13k13 333tu33 equiva- 13331,3333.  If library facilities permit, the instructor may select registered dairy animals for each student to assemble two- or three-generation pedigrees. This should include as much of the information listed above as may be obtainable. As a substitute, it may be desirable to study pedigrees in sale catalogs of two or more breeds. ADVERTISING DAIRY CATrLE Many sales of registered dairy cattle are transacted through cor- respondence, largely from advertising. A beginner in breeding registered dairy cattle usually has no ani- mals of seedstock quality to sell from the herd. Animals that are not an asset in the herd should go only for direct slaughter. The character of the herd and reputation of the breeder have to be es- tablished from an initial unknown status. Hence the outlet for un- needed animals bears serious consideration. A breeder establishes his own reputation for integrity, based on business transactions as well as on the quality of his animals. After acquiring the foundation animals, the second step in build- ing a herd is to set up a permanent system of herd records for pro- duction and reproduction. Type classification is desirable at regular intervals. The production records need to be under a breed pro- gram. A desirable goal is to strive consistently toward qualifying for the Progressive Breeders' Register or its equivalent. If surplus animals are too good for beef yet not average within the herd, some of them may go into some commercial dairy herd through small classified advertisements in a local paper. offering them on their merits. The best advertising comes from farm news in the reading columns of a paper. Production records and type classification are useful farm news, and may justify a small spot in a state or breed magazine. Active membership in the local or state breed organization helps to acquaint the new breeder, as well as to spread news of his herd. The first sale of a meritorious animal often may be by consignment to an organized sale. The animal should not be below the average of the herd, but seldom should a breeder sacrifice the best animal If library facilities permit, the instructor may select registered dairy animals for each student to assemble two- or three-generation pedigrees. This should include as much of the information listed above as may be obtainable. As a substitute, it may be desirable to study pedigrees in sale catalogs of two or more breeds. ADvERTISING DAIRY CATTLE Many sales of registered dairy cattle are transacted through cor- respondence, largely from advertising. A beginner in breeding registered dairy cattle usually has no ani- mals of seedstock quality to sell from the herd. Animals that are not an asset in the herd should go only for direct slaughter. The character of the herd and reputation of the breeder have to be es- tablished from an initial unknown status. Hence the outlet for un- needed animals bears serious consideration. A breeder establishes his own reputation for integrity, based on business transactions as well as on the quality of his animals. After acquiring the foundation animals, the second step in build- ing a herd is to set up a permanent system of herd records for pro- duction and reproduction. Type classification is desirable at regular intervals. The production records need to be under a breed pro- gram. A desirable goal is to strive consistently toward qualifying for the Progressive Breeders' Register or its equivalent. If surplus animals are too good for beef yet not average within the herd, some of them may go into some commercial dairy herd through small classified advertisements in a local paper. offering them on their merits. The best advertising comes from farm news in the reading columns of a paper. Production records and type classification are useful farm news, and may justify a small spot in a state or breed magazine. Active membership in the local or state breed organization helps to acquaint the new breeder, as well as to spread news of his herd. The first sale of a meritorious animal often may be by consignment to an organized sale. The animal should not be below the average of the herd, but seldom should a breeder sacrifice the best animal If library facilities permit, the instructor may select registered dairy animals for each student to assemble two- or three-generation pedigrees. This should include as much of the information listed above as may be obtainable. As a substitute, it may be desirable to study pedigrees in sale catalogs of two or more breeds. ADvERTISIN DAIRY CATmLE Many sales of registered dairy cattle are transacted through cor- respondence, largely from advertising. A beginner in breeding registered dairy cattle usually has no ani- mals of seedstock quality to sell from the herd. Animals that are not an asset in the herd should go only for direct slaughter. The character of the herd and reputation of the breeder have to be es- tablished from an initial unknown status. Hence the outlet for un- needed animals bears serious consideration. A breeder establishes his own reputation for integrity, based on business transactions as well as on the quality of his animals. After acquiring the foundation animals, the second step in build- ing a herd is to set up a permanent system of herd records for pro- duction and reproduction. Type classification is desirable at regular intervals. The production records need to be under a breed pro- gram. A desirable goal is to strive consistently toward qualifying for the Progressive Breeders' Register or its equivalent. If surplus animals are too good for beef yet not average within the herd, some of them may go into some commercial dairy herd through small classified advertisements in a local paper. offering them on their merits. The best advertising comes from farm news in the reading columns of a paper. Production records and type classification are useful farm news, and may justify a small spot in a state or breed magazine. Active membership in the local or state breed organization helps to acquaint the new breeder, as well as to spread news of his herd. The first sale of a meritorious animal often may be by consignment to an organized sale. The animal should not be below the average of the herd, but seldom should a breeder sacrifice the best animal  Summar 52 Summar 52 Sumr 52 from his herd. It is desirable that at least a small advertisement de- scribe such a consignment to the sale. How much money may be afforded for advertising? This may be estimated as a percentage of the expected sale price, after de- ducting probable expenses. This advertisement may well be placed in the major magazine used by the sponsoring organization to an- nounce the sale. Advertising is a regular sales channel for registered dairy cattle. A campaign needs to be planned in advance, based on a percentage of yearly sales, the proportion increasing with quality of the ani- mals. A spot advertisement may offer a single animal. For a herd, there may be periodic, alternate issue, or continuous advertise- ments, depending upon the volume of business. Some good advertisements attract attention through command- ing position, a distinctive style (farm name, uniform art border in successive issues, etc.), appropriate use of white space with the legend in a few selected words that stand out, a good picture, or other features. There is value in repetition. When a breeder carry- ing a periodic advertisement has no animal to sell, the space is used for educational values such as an item about the herd sire, a cow family, keeping the herd before the public, farm news, and good will. Reading columns of the local, state, or breed magazine may carry farm news-production records, sire proofs, cow families, type class- ification, show winnings, participation in activities, a Progressive Breeders' Award, any recognition, and announcements of sales of good animals and names of the buyers. An attractive homestead and neat farm sign help to distinguish a farm home and herd. Every inquiry concerning an animal should be answered promptly on neat letterhead correspondence paper. A pedigree and a recent picture often are enclosed to a prospective buyer. The above background may suggest a laboratory study on ad- vertising dairy cattle. Each student may be assigned an issue of a breed journal to examine and present an analysis of advertisements before the class, in the form of Table 22.6. The number and size of advertisements and the nature of information contained in them may be assembled. from his herd. It is desirable that at least a small advertisement de- scribe such a consignment to the sale. How much money may be afforded for advertising? This may be estimated as a percentage of the expected sale price, after de- ducting probable expenses. This advertisement may well be placed in the major magazine used by the sponsoring organization to an- nounce the sale. Advertising is a regular sales channel for registered dairy cattle. A campaign needs to be planned in advance, based on a percentage of yearly sales, the proportion increasing with quality of the ani- mals. A spot advertisement may offer a single animal. For a herd, there may be periodic, alternate issue, or continuous advertise- ments, depending upon the volume of business. Some good advertisements attract attention through command- ing position, a distinctive style (farm name, uniform art border in successive issues, etc.), appropriate use of white space with the legend in a few selected words that stand out, a good picture, or other features. There is value in repetition. When a breeder carry- ing a periodic advertisement has no animal to sell, the space is used for educational values such as an item about the herd sire, a cow family, keeping the herd before the public, farm news, and good will. Reading columns of the local, state, or breed magazine may carry farm news-production records, sire proofs, cow families, type class- ification, show winnings, participation in activities, a Progressive Breeders' Award, any recognition, and announcements of sales of good animals and names of the buyers. An attractive homestead and neat farm sign help to distinguish a farm home and herd. Every inquiry concerning an animal should be answered promptly on neat letterhead correspondence paper. A pedigree and a recent picture often are enclosed to a prospective buyer. The above background may suggest a laboratory study on ad- vertising dairy cattle. Each student may be assigned an issue of a breed journal to examine and present an analysis of advertisements before the class, in the form of Table 22.6. The number and size of advertisements and the nature of information contained in them may be assembled. from his herd. It is desirable that at least a small advertisement de- scribe such a consignment to the sale. How much money may be afforded for advertising? This may be estimated as a percentage of the expected sale price, after de- ducting probable expenses. This advertisement may well be placed in the major magazine used by the sponsoring organization to an- nounce the sale. Advertising is a regular sales channel for registered dairy cattle. A campaign needs to be planned in advance, based on a percentage of yearly sales, the proportion increasing with quality of the ani- mals. A spot advertisement may offer a single animal. For a herd, there may be periodic, alternate issue, or continuous advertise- ments, depending upon the volume of business. Some good advertisements attract attention through command- ing position, a distinctive style (farm name, uniform art border in successive issues, etc.), appropriate use of white space with the legend in a few selected words that stand out, a good picture, or other features. There is value in repetition. When a breeder carry- ing a periodic advertisement has no animal to sell, the space is used for educational values such as an item about the herd sire, a cow family, keeping the herd before the public, farm news, and good will. Reading columns of the local, state, or breed magazine may carry farm news-production records, sire proofs, cow families, type class- ification, show winnings, participation in activities, a Progressive Breeders' Award, any recognition, and announcements of sales of good animals and names of the buyers. An attractive homestead and neat farm sign help to distinguish a farm home and herd. Every inquiry concerning an animal should be answered promptly on neat letterhead correspondence paper. A pedigree and a recent picture often are enclosed to a prospective buyer. The above background may suggest a laboratory study on ad- vertising dairy cattle. Each student may be assigned an issue of a breed journal to examine and present an analysis of advertisements before the class, in the form of Table 22.6. The number and size of advertisements and the nature of information contained in them may be assembled.  524 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS What do advertisements cost in this journal? How many sub- scribers does the journal reach? Select the best large advertisement and the best small advertise- ment. Explain why each excells. The instructor may provide each student with information about a particular animal, and ask the students to prepare two types of TABLE 22.6 ANALYZIN CONTENTS OF ADvERTISEMENTS OF DAmY AnaMALs (SAMPLE) Size of advertisement, pages Siz, in iches contents 1 % % % %. 4 2 1 524 DA IRY CATTLE BREEDs What do advertisements cost in this journal? How many sub- scribers does the journal reach? Select the best large advertisement and the best small advertise- ment. Explain why each excells. The instructor may provide each student with information about a particular animal, and ask the students to prepare two types of TABLE 22.6 ANALYZING CONTENTS OF ADVERTISEMENTS OF DAIRY ANNsALs (SAtPLE) Sie o advertisement. g Siz, in nches Contents 1 % % % %/ 4 2 1 524 DA IRY CATTLE BREEDS What do advertisements cost in this journal? How many sub- scribers does the journal reach? Select the best large advertisement and the best small advertise- ment. Explain why each excells. The instructor may provide each student with information about a particular animal, and ask the students to prepare two types of TABLE 22.6 ANALYZING CONTENTS of ADvERTISEMENTS OF DAnY ANIsALs (SAnPLE) Photograph of animal - Production records - Transmitting ability - Daughter-dam comparison - Herdmate comparison - Predicted difference - Repeatability, percent - Type classification - Show winnings - Pedigree - Farm news - Good will - Other information - Distinctive design - Farm name, address - - - Photograph of animal - - - Production records - - - Transmitting ability - - - Daughter-dam comparison - - - Herdmate comparison - - - Predicted difference - - - Repeatability, percent - - - Type classification - - - Show winnings - - - Pedigree - - - Farm news - - - Cmdswill - - - Other information - - - Distinctive design - - - Farm name, address - Size of advertisement, pages Contents 1 % Photograph of animal . - Production records - Transmitting ability - Daughter-dam comparison - - - - - Herdmate comparison - - - - - Predicted difference - - - - - Repeatability, percent - - - - - Type classification - - - - - Show winnings - - - - - Pedigree - - - - - Farm news - - Good will --- - - Other information -- -- - Distinctive design - - - - - Farm name, address - - - - - Size, in ihes 4 2 1 advertisements concerning it. He also may ask the student to write a letter answering an inquiry about this animal. A recent reference is Selling Purebreds for Profit, by J. W. Bart- lett, Theodore Prescott, and Allen N. Crissey (Holstein-Friesian World, Lacona, New York, 1958). PUBLIC SALES OF DAIRY CATrLE Dairy cattle are sold in three kinds of public sales: consignment, reduction, and dispersal sales. Public demand is gauged by sales. They help to publicize new bloodlines, measure relative price levels, and sell to the highest bidder. Several expenses are incurred in well-conducted auction sales: fitting and preparing animals; training to lead and pose; preparing pedigrees and sometimes obtaining pictures; health tests and err- advertisements concerning it. He also may ask the student to write a letter answering an inquiry about this animal. A recent reference is Selling Purebreds for Profit, by J. W. Bart- lett, Theodore Prescott, and Allen N. Crissey (Holstein-Friesian World, Lacona, New York, 1958). PUBLIC SALES OF DAIRY CATTLE Dairy cattle are sold in three kinds of public sales: consignment, reduction, and dispersal sales. Public demand is gauged by sales. They help to publicize new bloodlines, measure relative price levels, and sell to the highest bidder. Several expenses are incurred in well-conducted auction sales: fitting and preparing animals; training to lead and pose; preparing pedigrees and sometimes obtaining pictures; health tests and cer- advertisements concerning it. He also may ask the student to write a letter answering an inquiry about this animal. A recent reference is Selling Purebreds for Profit, by J. W. Bart- lett, Theodore Prescott, and Allen N. Crissey (Holstein-Friesian World, Lacona, New York, 1958). PUBLIC SALES OF DAIRY CATTLE Dairy cattle are sold in three kinds of public sales: consignment, reduction, and dispersal sales. Public demand is gauged by sales. They help to publicize new bloodlines, measure relative price levels, and sell to the highest bidder. Several expenses are incurred in well-conducted auction sales: fitting and preparing animals; training to lead and pose; preparing pedigrees and sometimes obtaining pictures; health tests and cer-  Summary 525 Summany 525 Summary 525 tificates; preparing catalogs and advertising; construction or rental of sales and loading facilities; feed, bedding, and labor at the sale; transporting animals; engaging a sale manager, auctioneer, and clerk; arranging meals for the public; transfer of registration certifi- cates to the buyers; return of rented facilities; and final cleaning of the sale area. Other expenses may include meeting prospective buyers at trains, busses, or airports. Some attention is given to com- fort, convenience, and welfare of prospective buyers. Owners, con- signors of cattle, or an organization sponsoring a sale may employ a sale manager who undertakes preparation of pedigrees and sale catalogs, distributes them to a selected mailing list, assists with the sale order of animals, and "reads" pedigrees or makes announce- ments at the sale. A sale committee often sends letters to breeders for consignments. They visit the farms and inspect animals offered. They may accept or reject animals, or suggest that others be consigned. Considera- tion is given to the proportion of cows, heifers, and bulls consigned, depending upon probable demand and objective of the sale. The instructor may wish the class to visit one sale, preferably a consignment sale, as a field laboratory. Students should study cata- logs in advance, become conversant with terminology, and make relative evaluation of the pedigrees. It is desirable to examine the animals and their pedigrees before the sale begins. Observations on the sale grounds include: 1. Facilities to receive and accommodate animals. 2. Care and preparation of cattle by consignors. 3. Inspection of the cattle, noting their display to interested persons. 4. Preparation of the order of sale. 5. Accommodations for consignors and the public. 6. Arrangements for lunch on the grounds, or elsewhere. 7. Convenience of the auction stand, sale ring, clerks' facilities, and seating arrangements for the public. 8. Convenience for bringing animals into the sale ring; their display before the public; return to the stalls when sold; arrangement and care of the sale ring. tificates; preparing catalogs and advertising; construction or rental of sales and loading facilities; feed, bedding, and labor at the sale; transporting animals; engaging a sale manager, auctioneer, and clerk; arranging meals for the public; transfer of registration certifi- cates to the buyers; return of rented facilities; and final cleaning of the sale area. Other expenses may include meeting prospective buyers at trains, busses, or airports. Some attention is given to com- fort, convenience, and welfare of prospective buyers. Owners, con- signors of cattle, or an organization sponsoring a sale may employ a sale manager who undertakes preparation of pedigrees and sale catalogs, distributes them to a selected mailing list, assists with the sale order of animals, and "reads" pedigrees or makes announce- ments at the sale. A sale committee often sends letters to breeders for consignments. They visit the farms and inspect animals offered. They may accept or reject animals, or suggest that others be consigned. Considera- tion is given to the proportion of cows, heifers, and bulls consigned, depending upon probable demand and objective of the sale. The instructor may wish the class to visit one sale, preferably a consignment sale, as a field laboratory. Students should study cata- logs in advance, become conversant with terminology, and make relative evaluation of the pedigrees. It is desirable to examine the animals and their pedigrees before the sale begins. Observations on the sale grounds include: 1. Facilities to receive and accommodate animals. 2. Care and preparation of cattle by consignors. 3. Inspection of the cattle, noting their display to interested persons. 4. Preparation of the order of sale. 5. Accommodations for consignors and the public. 6. Arrangements for lunch on the grounds, or elsewhere. 7. Convenience of the auction stand, sale ring, clerks' facilities, and seating arrangements for the public. 8. Convenience for bringing animals into the sale ring; their display before the public; return to the stalls when sold; arrangement and care of the sale ring. tificates; preparing catalogs and advertising; construction or rental of sales and loading facilities; feed, bedding, and labor at the sale; transporting animals; engaging a sale manager, auctioneer, and clerk; arranging meals for the public; transfer of registration certifi- cates to the buyers; return of rented facilities; and final cleaning of the sale area. Other expenses may include meeting prospective buyers at trains, busses, or airports. Some attention is given to com- fort, convenience, and welfare of prospective buyers. Owners, con- signors of cattle, or an organization sponsoring a sale may employ a sale manager who undertakes preparation of pedigrees and sale catalogs, distributes them to a selected mailing list, assists with the sale order of animals, and "reads" pedigrees or makes announce- ments at the sale. A sale committee often sends letters to breeders for consignments. They visit the farms and inspect animals offered. They may accept or reject animals, or suggest that others be consigned. Considera- tion is given to the proportion of cows, heifers, and bulls consigned, depending upon probable demand and objective of the sale. The instructor may wish the class to visit one sale, preferably a consignment sale, as a field laboratory. Students should study cata- logs in advance, become conversant with terminology, and make relative evaluation of the pedigrees. It is desirable to examine the animals and their pedigrees before the sale begins. Observations on the sale grounds include: 1. Facilities to receive and accommodate animals. 2. Care and preparation of cattle by consignors. 3. Inspection of the cattle, noting their display to interested persons. 4. Preparation of the order of sale. 5. Accommodations for consignors and the public. 6. Arrangements for lunch on the grounds, or elsewhere. 7. Convenience of the auction stand, sale ring, clerks' facilities, and seating arrangements for the public. 8. Convenience for bringing animals into the sale ring; their display before the public; return to the stalls when sold; arrangement and care of the sale ring.  526 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 526 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 526 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS 9. Conduct of the sale manager; any corrections of the printed cata- log, announcements from the stand, or by the consignors; conduct of the auctioneer and ring attendants, and of the sale clerk during the auction and when settling accounts. 10. Delivery of animals to the buyers, and assistance in loading ani- mals after the sale. A proper health certificate to enable interstate shipment should accompany each animal. Sale of a registered dairy animal includes delivery of the registration and transfer certificate by the seller or sale management through the breed association to the buyer. Students may submit a written report of their observations as a laboratory exercise. TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF PUBLIC SALES OF REGISTERED DAIRY CATTLE Sales serve a useful function in sounding out the market price levels of commercial and registered dairy cattle. The Purebred Dairy Cat- tle Association adopted a set of suggested sales practices and pro- cedures in 1954, approved by the major dairy breed associations. The three types of sales recognized are the same as for other public sales: 1. Dispersal sales in which an entire herd is sold without reserva- tion. If some member of the firm or an employee plans to bid on or buy any animal, this fact should be announced publicly before and/or from the auction stand. 2. Reduction sales, with an explanation. 3. Consignment sales in which names of the breeder and consignor are listed in a mimeographed or printed sale catalog. The Purebred Dairy Cattle Association has adopted a Sales Code virtually as presented on pages 535-538. This code may be revised later as experience may require. CULLING A DAIRY HERD The average annual turnover of dairy cows has been estimated at 20 to 25 percent in herds maintained largely with home-raised re- placements. The annual turnover is greater where no heifers are 9. Conduct of the sale manager; any corrections of the printed cata- log, announcements from the stand, or by the consignors; conduct of the auctioneer and ring attendants, and of the sale clerk during the auction and when settling accounts. 10. Delivery of animals to the buyers, and assistance in loading ani- mals after the sale. A proper health certificate to enable interstate shipment should accompany each animal. Sale of a registered dairy animal includes delivery of the registration and transfer certificate by the seller or sale management through the breed association to the buyer. Students may submit a written report of their observations as a laboratory exercise. TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF PUBLIC SALES OF REGISTERED DAIRY CATTLE Sales serve a useful function in sounding out the market price levels of commercial and registered dairy cattle. The Purebred Dairv Cat- tle Association adopted a set of suggested sales practices and pro- cedures in 1954, approved by the major dairy breed associations. The three types of sales recognized are the same as for other public sales: 1. Dispersal sales in which an entire herd is sold without reserva- tion. If some member of the firm or an employee plans to bid on or buy any animal, this fact should be announced publicly before and/or from the auction stand. 2. Reduction sales, with an explanation. 3. Consignment sales in which names of the breeder and consignor are listed in a mimeographed or printed sale catalog. The Purebred Dairy Cattle Association has adopted a Sales Code virtually as presented on pages 535-538. This code may be revised later as experience may require. CULLING A DAIRY HERD The average annual turnover of dairy cows has been estimated at 20 to 25 percent in herds maintained largely with home-raised re- placements. The annual turnover is greater where no heifers are 9. Conduct of the sale manager; any corrections of the printed cata- log, announcements from the stand, or by the consignors; conduct of the auctioneer and ring attendants, and of the sale clerk during the auction and when settling accounts. 10. Delivery of animals to the buyers, and assistance in loading ani- mals after the sale. A proper health certificate to enable interstate shipment should accompany each animal. Sale of a registered dairy animal includes delivery of the registration and transfer certificate by the seller or sale management through the breed association to the buyer. Students may submit a written report of their observations as a laboratory exercise. TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF PUBLIC SALES OF REGISTERED DAIRY CATTLE Sales serve a useful function in sounding out the market price levels of commercial and registered dairy cattle. The Purebred Dairy Cat- tle Association adopted a set of suggested sales practices and pro- cedures in 1954, approved by the major dairy breed associations. The three types of sales recognized are the same as for other public sales: 1. Dispersal sales in which an entire herd is sold without reserva- tion. If some member of the firm or an employee plans to bid on or buy any animal, this fact should be announced publicly before and/or from the auction stand. 2. Reduction sales, with an explanation. 3. Consignment sales in which names of the breeder and consignor are listed in a mimeographed or printed sale catalog. The Purebred Dairy Cattle Association has adopted a Sales Code virtually as presented on pages 535-538. This code may be revised later as experience may require. CULLING A DAIRY HERD The average annual turnover of dairy cows has been estimated at 20 to 25 percent in herds maintained largely with home-raised re- placements. The annual turnover is greater where no heifers are  Summary 527 Summary 527 Summary 527 raised and all replacements are bought. S. A. Asdell assembled rec- ords from Extension Dairymen in 17 states, which had been tabu- lated from 2,792,188 cows on DHIA test at various times between 1932 and 1949. He also assembled the records of turnover among 276,937 cows on DHIA test in the state of New York. The percent- ages of turnover attributed to various causes are listed in Table 22.7. TABLE 22.7 REASONS ATTRIBUTED FOR CULLINc DAmY COWS FROM HERDS UNDER DHIA TEST IN 17 STATES BETWEEN 1932 AND 1949' raised and all replacements are bought. S. A. Asdell assembled rec- ords from Extension Dairymen in 17 states, which had been tabu- lated from 2,792,188 cows on DHIA test at various times between 1932 and 1949. He also assembled the records of turnover among 276,937 cows on DHIA test in the state of New York. The percent- ages of turnover attributed to various causes are listed in Table 22.7. TABLE 22.7 REASONS ATTRIBUTED FOR CULLING DAIRY COWS FROM HERDS UNDER DHIA TEST IN 17 STATES BETWEEN 1932 AND 1949a Sold for dairy purposes Low production Udder troubles Abortions Sterility Died Age Other reasons Average yearly turnover New York (%) United States(%) 5.5 5.1 7.2 7.3 4.3 2.5 2.2 1.5 1.9 1.8 1.1 1.1 0.9 0.6 2.7 1.7 25.8 21.6 Reasons for remval Sold for dairy purposes Low production Udder troubles Abortions Sterility Died Age Other reasons Average yearly turnover New York (%) United States(%) 5.5 5.1 7.2 7.3 4.3 2.5 2.2 1.5 1.9 1.8 1.1 1.1 0.9 0.6 2.7 1.7 25.8 21.6 raised and all replacements are bought. S. A. Asdell assembled rec- ords from Extension Dairymen in 17 states, which had been tabu- lated from 2,792,188 cows on DHIA test at various times between 1932 and 1949. He also assembled the records of turnover among 276,937 cows on DHIA test in the state of New York. The percent- ages of turnover attributed to various causes are listed in Table 22.7. TABLE 22.7 REASONs ATTRIBUTED FOR CULLING DAIRY COWs FROM HERDS UNDER DHIA TEST IN 17 STATES BETWEEN 1932 AND 1949* Reasons for remva New York (%) United States(%) Sold for dairy purposes 5.5 5.1 Low production 7.2 7.3 Udder troubles 4.3 2.5 Abortions 2.2 1.5 Sterility 1.9 1.8 Died 1.1 1.1 Age 0.9 0.6 Other reasons 2.7 1.7 Average yearly turnover 25.8 21.6 a. Asdell, S. A. 1951. Variations in amount of culling from D.H.I.A. herds. J. Dairy Sci. 34:529-35. Losses from abortion decreased from 3.8 percent in 1935 to 0.7 percent in 1949 due partly to the campaign against brucellosis. There is little systematic control of vibriosis and other causes of abortion. Mastitis occurs more frequently from inefficient handling of milking machines than from careful hand milking, which now is almost out of practice. The incidence of mastitis can be reduced by attaching the teat-cups when letdown of milk has begun, and re- moving them as soon as the last milk is out. This method reduces damage to tender mucous linings of the teats and milk cisterns. Tips of the teats may be dipped in a mild disinfectant solution after re- moving the teat-cups. Some low breeding efficiency and some diseases can be reduced by timely attention by a veterinarian. Skill and careful management are important with dairy animals. Every cow reaches a time when she needs to be replaced. Gus a. Asdell, S. A. 1951. Variations in amount of culling from D.H.I.A. herds. J. Dairy Sci. 34:529-35. Losses from abortion decreased from 3.8 percent in 1935 to 0.7 percent in 1949 due partly to the campaign against brucellosis. There is little systematic control of vibriosis and other causes of abortion. Mastitis occurs more frequently from inefficient handling of milking machines than from careful hand milking, which now is almost out of practice. The incidence of mastitis can be reduced by attaching the teat-cups when letdown of milk has begun, and re- moving them as soon as the last milk is out. This method reduces damage to tender mucous linings of the teats and milk cisterns. Tips of the teats may be dipped in a mild disinfectant solution after re- moving the teat-cups. Some low breeding efficiency and some diseases can be reduced by timely attention by a veterinarian. Skill and careful management are important with dairy animals. Every cow reaches a time when she needs to be replaced. Gus a. Asdell, S. A. 1951. Variations in amount of culling from D.H.I.A. herds. J. Dairy Sci. 34:529-35. Losses from abortion decreased from 3.8 percent in 1935 to 0.7 percent in 1949 due partly to the campaign against brucellosis. There is little systematic control of vibriosis and other causes of abortion. Mastitis occurs more frequently from inefficient handling of milking machines than from careful hand milking, which now is almost out of practice. The incidence of mastitis can be reduced by attaching the teat-cups when letdown of milk has begun, and re- moving them as soon as the last milk is out. This method reduces damage to tender mucous linings of the teats and milk cisterns. Tips of the teats may be dipped in a mild disinfectant solution after re- moving the teat-cups. Some low breeding efficiency and some diseases can be reduced by timely attention by a veterinarian. Skill and careful management are important with dairy animals. Every cow reaches a time when she needs to be replaced. Gus  528 D A IRY CATTLE BREEDS Heebink, Extension Dairyman in West Virginia, listed factors to be considered in culling, as follows: Is she a first-calf heifer, producing 30 percent below the average of the herd? Has she produced under 130 pounds of butterfat in the first four months of lactation? Is her 305-day lactation record on a mature equivalent basis below average of herdmates freshening the same year and season? Will she be dry 6 months or longer? Has she had mastitis? Is she positive to brucellosis? What about her health? Has she a record of breeding trouble? Will it pay to replace her with a higher producer? Will it pay to remove, and not replace her? Is a replacement cow available? How old is this cow? Is she still a regular breeder? Did she have complications at last calving? Has she had milk fever or ketosis? Is space needed for fresh heifers? Is the price of beef average to good? Is she a slow milker? Is she beloss average in type and udder attachment? Is she going to freshen at an off-season for the milk market? The instructor may wish to-list about 20 cows from the herd, with birth dates, previous and current production, last caking date. breeding dates, reproductive history, health, barn capacity (supply of homegrown feed), and the market for beef animals. Perhaps some of the cows listed may include heifers in first lactation as well as good cows advancing in years. The number of replacements avail- able may be mentioned. Each student should list in order five ani- mals that he would remove, giving the reasons and time of removal. After written reports are submitted, there should be a roundtable discussion in which each student participates. ARTIFICIAL BREEDING Artificial breeding is taught as a full-semester course or intensive short course usually. One or a series of laboratories can give a gen- eral understanding to breeders or students of dairy cattle by ex- cluding techniques and skills. References for detailed information include: H. H. Dukes. 1962. The physiology of domestic animals, 7th ed. Com- stock Publishing Co., Ithaca, New York. 528 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDS Heebink, Extension Dairyman in West Virginia, listed factors to be considered in culling, as follows: Is she a first-calf heifer, producing 30 percent below the average of the herd? Has she produced under 130 pounds of butterfat in the first four months of lactation? Is her 305-day lactation record on a mature equivalent basis below average of herdmates freshening the same year and season? Will she be dry 6 months or longer? Has she had mastitis? Is she positive to brucellosis? What about her health? Has she a record of breeding trouble? Will it pay to replace her with a higher producer? Will it pay to remove, and not replace her? Is a replacement cow available? How old is this cow? Is she still a regular breeder? Did she have complications at last calving? Has she had milk fever or ketosis? Is space needed for fresh heifers? Is the price of beef average to good? Is she a slow milker? Is she below average in type and udder attachment? Is she going to freshen at an off-season for the milk market? The instructor may wish to list about 20 cows from the herd, with birth dates, previous and current production, last caing date. breeding dates, reproductive history, health, barn capacity (supply of homegrown feed), and the market for beef animals. Perhaps some of the cows listed may include heifers in first lactation as well as good cows advancing in years. The number of replacements avail- able may be mentioned. Each student should list in order five ani- mals that he would remove, giving the reasons and time of removal. After written reports are submitted, there should be a roundtable discussion in which each student participates. ARTIFICIAL BREEDING Artificial breeding is taught as a full-semester course or intensive short course usually. One or a series of laboratories can give a gen- eral understanding to breeders or students of dairy cattle by ex- cluding techniques and skills. References for detailed information include: H. H. Dukes. 1962. The physiology of domestic animals, 7th ed. Com- stock Publishing Co., Ithaca, New York. 528 DA IRY CATTLE BREEDS Heebink, Extension Dairyman in West Virginia, listed factors to be considered in culling, as follows: Is she a first-calf heifer, producing 30 percent below the average of the herd? Has she produced under 130 pounds of butterfat in the first four months of lactation? Is her 305-day lactation record on a mature equivalent basis below average of herdmates freshening the same year and season? Will she be dry 6 months or longer? Has she had mastitis? Is she positive to brucellosis? What about her health? Has she a record of breeding trouble? Will it pay to replace her with a higher producer? Will it pay to remove, and not replace her? Is a replacement cow available? How old is this cow? Is she still a regular breeder? Did she have complications at last calving? Has she had milk fever or ketosis? Is space needed for fresh heifers? Is the price of beef average to good? Is she a slow milker? Is she below average in type and udder attachment? Is she going to freshen at an off-season for the milk market? The instructor may wish to list about 20 cows from the herd, with birth dates, previous and current production, last calving date. breeding dates, reproductive history, health, barn capacity (supply of homegrown feed), and the market for beef animals. Perhaps some of the cows listed may include heifers in first lactation as well as good cows advancing in years. The number of replacements avail- able may be mentioned. Each student should list in order five ani- mals that he would remove, giving the reasons and time of removal. After written reports are submitted, there should be a roundtable discussion in which each student participates. ARTIFICIAL BREEDING Artificial breeding is taught as a full-semester course or intensive short course usually. One or a series of laboratories can give a gen- eral understanding to breeders or students of dairy cattle by ex- cluding techniques and skills. References for detailed information include: H. H. Dukes. 1962. The physiology of domestic animals, 7th ed. Com- stock Publishing Co., Ithaca, New York.  Summary 529 Summary 529 Summary 529 H. A. Herman and F. W. Madden. 1963. The artifcial breeding of dairy cattle. A handbook and laboratory manual. Lucas Brothers, Columbia, Mo. J. P. Maule. 1962. The semen of animals and artificial insemination. Tech. Comm. No. 15. Commonwealth Bureau of Animal Breeding and Genetics. Farnham Royal, Bucks, England. J. A. McClean. 1957. The progress of artificial insemination-Its techniques and probable future. A.I. News 5(11):21-24. A. V. Nalbandov. 1958. Reproductive physiology. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco. E. J. Perry. 1968. The artificial insemination of farm animals. 4th ed. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, N.J. G. W. Salisbury and N. L. VanDemark. 1961. Physiology of reproduction and artificial insemination of cattle. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco. Reproductive organs may be studied by several methods. Photo- graphs, diagrams, or a series of photographic slides may be used. Plastic models may be purchased from biological supply houses. Fresh organs may be secured through cooperation with a local abattoir or by dissection from slaughtered animals. MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS The male reproductive organs include the scrotum which surrounds and contains the testes. Spermatozoa produced in the testes are stored and matured in the convoluted epididymis. They pass down- ward through the vas deferens at ejaculation. The seminal vesicles, prostate, and Cowper's glands contribute fluids which dilute and transport the spermatozoa onward to the penis. The penis is con- trolled in part by the retractor muscle, and contained partly within the sheath. The semen is transmitted through the penis at ejacula- tion. METHOD OF COLLECTING SEMEN Semen is collected twice a week, weekly, or biweekly, according to productivity of the bull. A barren cow, steer, another bull, or a dummy may be used as a mount. Semen is collected in a special artificial vagina at proper temperature at the time of thrust. When a bull persistently refuses or is unable to mount, an electro- ejaculator may be used rectally to cause ejaculation. The bull should be on dry ground or on a dry floor, and the electric current should not be greater than that recommended by the manufacturer. A bull has been electrocuted through oversight of these precautions. H. A. Herman and F. W. Madden. 1963. The artifcial breeding of dairy cattle. A handbook and laboratory manual. Lucas Brothers, Columbia, Mo. J. P. Maule. 1962. The semen of animals and artificial insemination. Tech. Comm. No. 15. Commonwealth Bureau of Animal Breeding and Genetics. Farnham Royal, Bucks, England. J. A. McClean. 1957. The progress of artificial insemination-Its techniques and probable future. A.I News 5(11):21-24. A. V. Nalbandov. 1958. Reproductice physiology. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco. E. J. Perry. 1968. The artificial insemination of farm animals. 4th ed. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, N.J. G. W. Salisbury and N. L. VanDemark. 1961. Physiology of reproduction and artifcial insemination of cattle. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco. Reproductive organs may be studied by several methods. Photo- graphs, diagrams, or a series of photographic slides may be used. Plastic models may be purchased from biological supply houses. Fresh organs may be secured through cooperation with a local abattoir or by dissection from slaughtered animals. MALE REPRODUCrIvE ORANs The male reproductive organs include the scrotum which surrounds and contains the testes. Spermatozoa produced in the testes are stored and matured in the convoluted epididymis. They pass down- ward through the vas deferens at ejaculation. The seminal vesicles. prostate, and Cowper's glands contribute fluids which dilute and transport the spermatozoa onward to the penis. The penis is con- trolled in part by the retractor muscle, and contained partly within the sheath. The semen is transmitted through the penis at ejacula- tion. METHOD OF COLLECTING SEMEN Semen is collected twice a week, weekly, or biweekly, according to productivity of the bull. A barren cow, steer, another bull, or a dummy may be used as a mount. Semen is collected in a special artificial vagina at proper temperature at the time of thrust. When a bull persistently refuses or is unable to mount, an electro- ejaculator may be used rectally to cause ejaculation. The bull should be on dry ground or on a dry floor, and the electric current should not be greater than that recommended by the manufacturer. A bull has been electrocuted through oversight of these precautions. H. A. Herman and F. W. Madden. 1963. The artifcial breeding of dairy cattle. A handbook and laboratory manual. Lucas Brothers, Columbia, Mo. J. P. Maule. 1962. The semen of animals and artificial insemination. Tech. Comm. No. 15. Commonwealth Bureau of Animal Breeding and Genetics. Farnham Royal, Bucks, England. J. A. McClean. 1957. The progress of artificial insemination-Its techniques and probable future. A.I. News 5(11):21-24. A. V. Nalbandov. 1958. Reproductice physiology. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco. E. J. Perry. 1968. The artificial insemination of farm animals. 4th ed. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, N.J. G. W. Salisbury and N. L. VanDemark. 1961. Physiology of reproduction and artificial insemination of cattle. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco. Reproductive organs may be studied by several methods. Photo- graphs, diagrams, or a series of photographic slides may be used. Plastic models may be purchased from biological supply houses. Fresh organs may be secured through cooperation with a local abattoir or by dissection from slaughtered animals. MALE REPRODUCrvE ORGANS The male reproductive organs include the scrotum which surrounds and contains the testes. Spermatozoa produced in the testes are stored and matured in the convoluted epididymis. They pass down- ward through the vas deferens at ejaculation. The seminal vesicles. prostate, and Cowper's glands contribute fluids which dilute and transport the spermatozoa onward to the penis. The penis is con- trolled in part by the retractor muscle, and contained partly within the sheath. The semen is transmitted through the penis at ejacula- tion. METHOD OF COLLECTING SEMEN Semen is collected twice a week, weekly, or biweekly, according to productivity of the bull. A barren cow, steer, another bull, or a dummy may be used as a mount. Semen is collected in a special artificial vagina at proper temperature at the time of thrust. When a bull persistently refuses or is unable to mount, an electro- ejaculator may be used rectally to cause ejaculation. The bull should be on dry ground or on a dry floor, and the electric current should not be greater than that recommended by the manufacturer. A bull has been electrocuted through oversight of these precautions.  530 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Rectal massage of the ampulae also was a technique for semen collection developed by Dr. F. W. Miller and E. I. Evans, Bureau of Dairy Industry, Beltsville, Maryland (Journal of Agricultural Re- search 48: 941-47. 1934.) SEMEN EvALUATION A better method of semen evaluation is needed. The present meth- ods of evaluating semen quality from a bull include observation of yield, color, consistency, pH reading, spenn count, and morphology and motility of spermatozoa. The structure of the heads and tails is observed with specially stained samples under a high-power micro- scope. Longevity of the sperm in hours and proportion of live sperm are highly important in relation to extension and usability of the semen. Three types of extenders are in use to dilute the semen. Others are under experimental trial. The egg-yolk citrate buffer has been in general use. The second one includes heated homogenized milk or centrifugal skim milk as a constituent. A third extender contains glycerol added by careful technique to semen extended in egg-yolk or heated milk base. Approved dyes sometimes are added to dis- tinguish semen from each of the breeds in the field. Addition of 1,000 units of penicillin and of streptomycin per 1 ml. of extender has aided in combating bacteria that are present unavoidably in semen produced under careful manipulation with sterilized equip- ment. Glycerol was used in an extender at Cambridge University in 1952 in preparing frozen semen. Several experiment stations investi- gated its use to prolong livability of fresh semen. A technique was developed in Pennsylvania whereby extended fresh semen, col- lected twice weekly from selected bulls, could be available in the field daily. All extenders require precise manipulation, especially those containing glycerol and/or heated milk. Elliott and associates developed an extender and process for control of vibrio fetus in frozen semen. Research is needed to find out why semen from some bulls fails to survive freezing. 530 DAI RY CATTLE BREEDs Rectal massage of the ampulae also was a technique for semen collection developed by Dr. F. W. Miller and E. I. Evans, Bureau of Dairy Industry, Beltsville, Maryland (Journal of Agricultural Re- search 48: 941-47. 1934.) SEMEN EvALUATION A better method of semen evaluation is needed. The present meth- ods of evaluating semen quality from a bull include observation of yield, color, consistency, pH reading, spenn count, and morphology and motility of spennatozoa. The structure of the heads and tails is observed with specially stained samples under a high-power micro- scope. Longevity of the sperm in hours and proportion of live sperm are highly important in relation to extension and usability of the semen. Three types of extenders are in use to dilute the semen. Others are under experimental trial. The egg-yolk citrate buffer has been in general use. The second one includes heated homogenized milk or centrifugal skim milk as a constituent. A third extender contains glycerol added by careful technique to semen extended in egg-yolk or heated milk base. Approved dyes sometimes are added to dis- tinguish semen from each of the breeds in the field. Addition of 1,000 units of penicillin and of streptomycin per 1 ml. of extender has aided in combating bacteria that are present unavoidably in semen produced under careful manipulation with sterilized equip- ment. Glycerol was used in an extender at Cambridge University in 1952 in preparing frozen semen. Several experiment stations investi- gated its use to prolong livability of fresh semen. A technique was developed in Pennsylvania whereby extended fresh semen, col- lected twice weekly from selected bulls, could be available in the field daily. All extenders require precise manipulation, especially those containing glycerol and/or heated milk. Elliott and associates developed an extender and process for control of vibrio fetus in frozen semen. Research is needed to find out why semen from some bulls fails to survive freezing. 530 DA IRY CATTLE BREEDS Rectal massage of the ampulae also was a technique for semen collection developed by Dr. F. W. Miller and E. I. Evans, Bureau of Dairy Industry, Beltsville, Maryland (Journal of Agricultural Re- search 48: 941-47. 1934.) SEMEN EvALUATION A better method of semen evaluation is needed. The present meth- ods of evaluating semen quality from a bull include observation of yield, color, consistency, pH reading, spenn count, and morphology and motility of spermatozoa. The structure of the heads and tails is observed with specially stained samples under a high-power micro- scope. Longevity of the sperm in hours and proportion of live sperm are highly important in relation to extension and usability of the semen. Three types of extenders are in use to dilute the semen. Others are under experimental trial. The egg-yolk citrate buffer has been in general use. The second one includes heated homogenized milk or centrifugal skim milk as a constituent. A third extender contains glycerol added by careful technique to semen extended in egg-yolk or heated milk base. Approved dyes sometimes are added to dis- tinguish semen from each of the breeds in the field. Addition of 1,000 units of penicillin and of streptomycin per 1 ml. of extender has aided in combating bacteria that are present unavoidably in semen produced under careful manipulation with sterilized equip- ment. Glycerol was used in an extender at Cambridge University in 1952 in preparing frozen semen. Several experiment stations investi- gated its use to prolong livability of fresh semen. A technique was developed in Pennsylvania whereby extended fresh semen, col- lected twice weekly from selected bulls, could be available in the field daily. All extenders require precise manipulation, especially those containing glycerol and/or heated milk. Elliott and associates developed an extender and process for control of vibrio fetus in frozen semen. Research is needed to find out why semen from some bulls fails to survive freezing.  Summry 531 Summar 531 Slumr 531 FEMALE REPRODUCTIvE ORGANS The female reproductive organs, from the exterior inward, are the vulva, vagina, cervix or os uterus, uterus, right and left uterine horns, fallopian tubes, fimbriated funnels, and right and left ova- ries. The broad ligament suspends the uterus and its associated parts loosely in the posterior part of the abdominal cavity. The first estrus occurs at varying intervals after calving, depend- ing on health of the reproductive organs, nutrition, and other con- ditions. An ovum is produced within an ovarian follicle and is released after termination of estrus. The ovum is gathered into a fimbriated funnel, and descends through a fallopian tube into a uterine horn. The estrus interval varies in healthy animals from about 16 to 24 days. At the approach of estrus, the cow smells and attempts to ride other cows. The vulva appears slightly swollen, red, and moist. In true heat, the cow appears nervous and excited, bawls, rides other cows, and stands to be ridden. Milk yield may or may not be af- fected. True heat usually continues over 16 to 18 hours. After heat the cow smells other cows but refuses to stand to be ridden. A clear mucous discharge comes from the vagina. The optimum time for breeding or insemination is from the middle of estrus to 6 or 8 hours after its termination. So-called "silent heat" in which there is no noticeable manifestation occurs sometimes. H. O. Dunn tabulated artificial services in New York and found conceptions as follows: FEMALE REPRODUCrIvE ORGANS The female reproductive organs, from the exterior inward, are the vulva, vagina, cervix or os uterus, uterus, right and left uterine horns, fallopian tubes, fimbriated funnels, and right and left ova- ries. The broad ligament suspends the uterus and its associated parts loosely in the posterior part of the abdominal cavity. The first estrus occurs at varying intervals after calving, depend- ing on health of the reproductive organs, nutrition, and other con- ditions. An ovum is produced within an ovarian follicle and is released after termination of estrus. The ovum is gathered into a fimbriated funnel, and descends through a fallopian tube into a uterine horn. The estrus interval varies in healthy animals from about 16 to 24 days. At the approach of estrus, the cow smells and attempts to ride other cows. The vulva appears slightly swollen, red, and moist. In true heat, the cow appears nervous and excited, bawls, rides other cows, and stands to be ridden. Milk yield may or may not be af- fected. True heat usually continues over 16 to 18 hours. After heat the cow smells other cows but refuses to stand to be ridden. A clear mucous discharge comes from the vagina. The optimum time for breeding or insemination is from the middle of estrus to 6 or 8 hours after its termination. So-called 'silent heat" in which there is no noticeable manifestation occurs sometimes. H. O. Dunn tabulated artificial services in New York and found conceptions as follows: FEMALE REPRODUCvE ORGANS The female reproductive organs, from the exterior inward, are the vulva, vagina, cervix or os uterus, uterus, right and left uterine horns, fallopian tubes, fimbriated funnels, and right and left ova- ries. The broad ligament suspends the uterus and its associated parts loosely in the posterior part of the abdominal cavity. The first estrus occurs at varying intervals after calving, depend- ing on health of the reproductive organs, nutrition, and other con- ditions. An ovum is produced within an ovarian follicle and is released after termination of estrus. The ovum is gathered into a fimbriated funnel, and descends through a fallopian tube into a uterine horn. The estrus interval varies in healthy animals from about 16 to 24 days. At the approach of estrus, the cow smells and attempts to ride other cows. The vulva appears slightly swollen, red, and moist. In true heat, the cow appears nervous and excited, bawls, rides other cows, and stands to be ridden. Milk yield may or may not be af- fected. True heat usually continues over 16 to 18 hours. After beat the cow smells other cows but refuses to stand to be ridden. A clear mucous discharge comes from the vagina. The optimum time for breeding or insemination is from the middle of estrus to 6 or 8 hours after its termination. So-called "silent heat" in which there is no noticeable manifestation occurs sometimes. H. O. Dunn tabulated artificial services in New York and found conceptions as follows: First service after calving (days) Within 50 51-60 61-90 More than 90 Conceived at first service (percent) 31 67 70 76 Calving to conception (average days) 100 75 94 130 First service after calving (days) Within 50 51-60 61-90 More than 90 Conceived at first service (percent) 31 67 70 76 Calving to conception (average days) 100 75 94 130 First service after calving (days) Within 50 51-60 61-90 More than 90 Conceived at first service (percent) 31 67 70 76 Calving to conception (average days) 100 75 94 130 A herdsman needs to observe each cow daily and record the dates of estrus. Inseminations are more effective following an interval of at least 60 days after calving, although the tendency is to shorten this interval slightly. The time of insemination with relation to estrus cycle and placement of semen have been studied intensively. A herdsman needs to observe each cow daily and record the dates of estrus. Inseminations are more effective following an interval of at least 60 days after calving, although the tendency is to shorten this interval slightly. The time of insemination with relation to estrus cycle and placement of semen have been studied intensively. A herdsman needs to observe each cow daily and record the dates of estrus. Inseminations are more effective following an interval of at least 60 days after calving, although the tendency is to shorten this interval slightly. The time of insemination with relation to estrus cycle and placement of semen have been studied intensively.  532 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Duration of estrus varies with individual cows; hence records of successive estrus periods facilitate timing inseminations or services. FORMS OF SEMEN Extended fresh semen sealed in 1 ml. ampules was cooled grad- ually to about 40F for prompt delivery to technicians. It was usable for over 48 hours when kept cold, but it deteriorated soon there- after. J. O. Almquist of Pennsylvania developed a method to use heated milk-glycerol extender that could be held in refrigeration over four days. Investigators at Cambridge, England, discovered that semen could be safely frozen and stored. They used an egg yolk-citrate buffer, with a final concentration of 10 percent of glycerol. The ex- tended semen in 1 ml. ampules was cooled slowly to 5F. then cooled further and stored at -110F. Many studs in Canada and the United States used this method. The procedures and facilities at the stud and in the field cost slightly more than with fresh semen. However, use of frozen semen reduced waste, permitted stock- piling from individual bulls, and facilitated selective matings. More cows were inseminated per bull in a year than with extended fresh semen. Much research enabled the American Breeders Service to utilize liquid nitrogen as a refrigerant at -320°F. Special containers are used in the field. The limitations of stockpiling and storage of semen yet are unknown. Some frozen semen has been used successfully after 16 years in frozen storage. Semen frozen with liquid nitrogen now is used almost universally. ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION The cow should be quiet, with no fear of the technician. He must be gentle and considerate. By rectal palpation, the technician grasps the uterine cervix through the intestinal wall; directs the plastic in- seminating pipette along the vagina and into the cervix (os uterus), discharging 1 ml. of extended semen into the uterus. If a repeat breeding is necessary at a following estrus, the semen usually is placed intercervically, because of a possible superheat in an al- ready pregnant animal. The spermatozoa pass quickly along the 532 DAIR Y CATTLE BREEDS Duration of estrus varies with individual cows; hence records of successive estrus periods facilitate timing inseminations or services. FORMS OF SEMEN Extended fresh semen sealed in 1 ml. ampules was cooled grad- ually to about 40°F for prompt delivery to technicians. It was usable for over 48 hours when kept cold, but it deteriorated soon there- after. J. O. Almquist of Pennsylvania developed a method to use heated milk-glycerol extender that could be held in refrigeration over four days. Investigators at Cambridge, England, discovered that semen could be safely frozen and stored. They used an egg yolk-citrate buffer, with a final concentration of 10 percent of glycerol The ex- tended semen in 1 ml. ampules was cooled slowly to 5 F. then cooled further and stored at -110F. Many studs in Canada and the United States used this method. The procedures and facilities at the stud and in the field cost slightly more than with fresh semen. However, use of frozen semen reduced waste, permitted stock- piling from individual bulls, and facilitated selective matings. More cows were inseminated per bull in a year than with extended fresh semen. Much research enabled the American Breeders Service to utilize liquid nitrogen as a refrigerant at -320*F. Special containers are used in the field. The limitations of stockpiling and storage of semen yet are unknown. Some frozen semen has been used successfully after 16 years in frozen storage. Semen frozen with liquid nitrogen now is used almost universally. ARTIFICIAL INsEMINATION The cow should be quiet, with no fear of the technician. He must be gentle and considerate. By rectal palpation, the technician grasps the uterine cervix through the intestinal wall; directs the plastic in- seminating pipette along the vagina and into the cervix (os uterus), discharging 1 ml. of extended semen into the uterus. If a repeat breeding is necessary at a following estrus, the semen usually is placed intercervically, because of a possible superheat in an al- ready pregnant animal. The spermatozoa pass quickly along the 532 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Duration of estrus varies with individual cows; hence records of successive estrus periods facilitate timing inseminations or services. FORMS OF SEMEN Extended fresh semen sealed in 1 ml. ampules was cooled grad- ually to about 40°F for prompt delivery to technicians. It was usable for over 48 hours when kept cold, but it deteriorated soon there- after. J. O. Almquist of Pennsylvania developed a method to use heated milk-glycerol extender that could be held in refrigeration over four days. Investigators at Cambridge, England, discovered that semen could be safely frozen and stored. They used an egg yolk-citrate buffer, with a final concentration of 10 percent of glycerol. The ex- tended semen in 1 ml. ampules was cooled slowly to 5 F, then cooled further and stored at -110WF. Many studs in Canada and the United States used this method. The procedures and facilities at the stud and in the field cost slightly more than with fresh semen. However, use of frozen semen reduced waste, permitted stock- piling from individual bulls, and facilitated selective matings. More cows were inseminated per bull in a year than with extended fresh semen. Much research enabled the American Breeders Service to utilize liquid nitrogen as a refrigerant at -320°F. Special containers are used in the field. The limitations of stockpiling and storage of semen yet are unknown. Some frozen semen has been used successfully after 16 years in frozen storage. Semen frozen with liquid nitrogen now is used almost universally. ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION The cow should be quiet, with no fear of the technician. He must be gentle and considerate. By rectal palpation, the technician grasps the uterine cervix through the intestinal wall; directs the plastic in- seminating pipette along the vagina and into the cervix (os uterus), discharging 1 ml. of extended semen into the uterus. If a repeat breeding is necessary at a following estrus, the semen usually is placed intercervically, because of a possible superheat in an al- ready pregnant animal. The spermatozoa pass quickly along the  Snummr 53 Summay 53 Snummr 53 uterus to the horns and fallopian tubes. A period of maturation oc- curs in the uterine fluids before conception. One spermatozoa may penetrate the ovum and result in conception. Superheats occur in 3.5 to 7.5 percent of cows, and hence precaution is needed in in- seminations. The empty ovarian follicle fills with a special tissue-the corpus luteum or yellow body. The latter persists if conception has oc- curred, and serves as an important endocrine gland influencing con- tinuing attachment of fetal membranes to the uterine wall (at the cotyledons) during gestation. The ovaries and fetal membranes also produce hormones of value to the female physiology. If conception did not occur, the corpus luteum normally degenerates soon and is resorbed, permitting the ovary to function again. MEASURING BREEDING EFFICIENCY A conception rate of 60 to 70 percent nonreturns is expected on first service in healthy cows. The majority of fertile females con- ceive at one of the first three services. A 60- to 90-day nonreturn rate has been accepted to estimate breeding efficiency of bulls in artificial service. There is a trend to inseminate at the first estrus after the forty-fifth day from calving, for greater lifetime produc- tion. LABORATORY SUGGESTION A field trip to an artificial breeding stud may be justified if students have made sufficient advance preparation to understand the basis of operations and practices. An appointment should be made well in advance of the trip for convenience with the routines of stud operations. Students must know that bulls are temperamental, and must conduct themselves quietly as guests of the organization. Also no smoking in the barns and laboratories. There is an enormous in- vestment involved, and fire hazards are great in the stables and laboratories. HEREDITARY CHARACTERS IN DAIRY CATTLE Heereditary characters of two general classes occur in dairy cattle: simple and complex. Many herds afford material to observe a simple character. Dominant simple characters include polled or naturally uterus to the horns and fallopian tubes. A period of maturation oc- curs in the uterine fluids before conception. One spermatozoa may penetrate the ovum and result in conception. Superheats occur in 3.5 to 7.5 percent of cows, and hence precaution is needed in in- seminations. The empty ovarian follicle fills with a special tissue-the corpus luteum or yellow body. The latter persists if conception has oc- curred, and serves as an important endocrine gland influencing con- tinuing attachment of fetal membranes to the uterine wall (at the cotyledons) during gestation. The ovaries and fetal membranes also produce hormones of value to the female physiology. If conception did not occur, the corpus luteum normally degenerates soon and is resorbed, permitting the ovary to function again. MEASURING BREEDING EFFICIENCY A conception rate of 60 to 70 percent nonreturns is expected on first service in healthy cows. The majority of fertile females con- ceive at one of the first three services. A 60- to 90-day noneturn rate has been accepted to estimate breeding efficiency of bulls in artificial service. There is a trend to inseminate at the first estrus after the forty-fifth day from calving, for greater lifetime produc- tion. LABORATORY SUGGEsTION A field trip to an artificial breeding stud may be justified if students have made sufficient advance preparation to understand the basis of operations and practices. An appointment should be made well in advance of the trip for convenience with the routines of stud operations. Students must know that bulls are temperamental, and must conduct themselves quietly as guests of the organization. Also no smoking in the barns and laboratories. There is an enormous in- vestment involved, and fire hazards are great in the stables and laboratories. HEREDITARY CHARACTERS IN DAIRY CATrLE Hereditary characters of two general classes occur in dairy cattle: simple and complex. Many herds afford material to observe a simple character. Dominant simple characters include polled or naturally uterus to the horns and fallopian tubes. A period of maturation oc- curs in the uterine fluids before conception. One spermatozoa may penetrate the ovum and result in conception. Superheats occur in 3.5 to 7.5 percent of cows, and hence precaution is needed in in- seminations. The empty ovarian follicle fills with a special tissue-the corpus luteum or yellow body. The latter persists if conception has oc- curred, and serves as an important endocrine gland influencing con- tinuing attachment of fetal membranes to the uterine wall (at the cotyledons) during gestation. The ovaries and fetal membranes also produce hormones of value to the female physiology. If conception did not occur, the corpus luteum normally degenerates soon and is resorbed, permitting the ovary to function again. MEASURING BREEDING EFFICIENCY A conception rate of 60 to 70 percent nonreturns is expected on first service in healthy cows. The majority of fertile females con- ceive at one of the first three services. A 60- to 90-day nonreturn rate has been accepted to estimate breeding efficiency of bulls in artificial service. There is a trend to inseminate at the first estrus after the forty-fifth day from calving, for greater lifetime produc- tion. LABORATORY SUGGESTION A field trip to an artificial breeding stud may be justified if students have made sufficient advance preparation to understand the basis of operations and practices. An appointment should be made well in advance of the trip for convenience with the routines of stud operations. Students must know that bulls are temperamental, and must conduct themselves quietly as guests of the organization. Also no smoking in the barns and laboratories. There is an enormous in- vestment involved, and fire hazards are great in the stables and laboratories. HEREDITARY CHARACTERS IN DAIRY CATLE Hereditary characters of two general classes occur in dairy cattle: simple and complex. Many herds afford material to observe a simple character. Dominant simple characters include polled or naturally  -3 DAIRY CATTLE BE EDS harnless, and black haircoat. Other characters cnnditinned by a single pair af genes in bamoaygous farm are flesed pastern, eeampx (nesroamuscudar spasticity, pragressive pasteriar parnlysis, 0 stretches) in mature cattle, imperfect shin, pasteriar paralysis ic newebora calves, and athers. A brief review of hereditary processes concerms maturatian oi germ cells tn farm an avusa (in female) ar faue spermatozoa (ir male), Menders principles af dominant and recessive characters independent assartment af genes from heterarygnus parcelts. amd as f the Fennel sqnare to illusteate chance reaombination at genes. Mnting a black breed carrying tbe recessive red calar gear ressults as follows: 2 ab-blnck, bat cannying red b a b 1 bb-pure fornedcaat ciar Evidence that the dominant gene "covers ep" the recessive one may be demonstrated in many heeds where dairy cases weith see tails often have danghters appearing nneal, and vice versa. Sack esamples illustrate inheritance of simple recessive characters. Selected refeees forereviewon inheitancef hereditary char- acters may inclue: Atkesan, F. W., F. Eldridge, and H. t. Ibsen. 1944. Pnesaleece of ss- tail' is cattle. J. Her'edity 35,11-14. necher, R. B. t9ss. Becessive coloration is Dutch Belted cattle. J. Hrcdaty 24:283-86. arches, R6. B., and F. T. Dis Arnaold. 1949. "Buldog head" in catnle. JI Hecredity 40:282-86. necher, B. B., and C. J. Wvilcon. 1989. Heneditars defects at sprmataeoa. As illustrated neciew. A.. Digest 17(12):8-. necker, a. n., C. J. Wilcax, and W. R. Fritchard. t961. Cranpy ar ero- anessive postrlor paralysis an mataure cattle. Florida Agr. csp. Sta. Salt Becker, R. B., C. J. Wdlcox, and C. F. Simson, and L. 0. Glodre nd N. S Fechheimoer. 1964. Ceoetacaspctrs of actinaavcosis andactinobacillosis ir cattle. Cooperative publication-Florida Agr. Esp. Sta. Tech. Ball. 67( and Olhio Agr. Eay. Sta. Boll. 938. Coe, L.J., andS. V. H.lJne. 1935. Theraccusrrncrored calves inhlack breeds of cattle. Wisconsin Agr. Crp. Sta. Ball. 313. -3 DAIRY CATTLE mmuEmm hormless, and black haircoat. Other characters conditioned by a single pair of genes in hamazygaus farm ore Hleard pastern, crnmp (nereomescelar spasticity, pragressive pasterior paralysis, at stretches) in matere cattle, imperfect skin, pasterior paralysis ir newborn calves, and others. A brief review af hereditary peace sses canerms matration at germ cells to farm an ovums (in female) ar face spermatozoa (in male), Menders prinriples of dominant and recessive characters. independent assortment of genes from heterozygoas parents. and one of the Fennel square to illustrate chance receombinationaol gears. Mating a black breed corrying the recessive red color genE resurlts s follows: B E B Oh 1 BB-pume Ior hilack coat colon b ~1 hh-psse ton red coatlo Evidence that the dominant gene "covers ep" the recessive onE may be demonstrated in many herds where dairy cows wsith %- tails often have daeghters appearing noroat, and vice versa. Sorb esamples illestrate inheritance of simple recessive characters. Selected references foe review on inheritance of hereditary char- acters may include: Atheson, F. W., F. Eldridge, and H. I. three. 1944. Prevalence of "wry tail an cattle. J. Heredity 35:11-14. Becker, B. B. 1933. Beceive colosatioo is Dutch Belted cattle. 1. Heredity 24:283-86. Becker, R. B., and F, T. Dix Arnold. 1949. "Bulldog head" in cattle. 1 Heredity 40:282-8v. Becker, B. B., and C. J. Wvilcox. 1989. Hereditary detects of rormsoatonoa. Ao illustrated revinew. A.. Diaeot 17(112):8-10. Becher, B. B., C. J. Wilcoa, and W. B. Fritchard. 1961. Cranryps c ro- gressive yosteriar yaralysir in omature cattle. Florida Agr. Enp. Sra. Boll 639. Becher, B. B., C. J. Wilcox, and C. F. Simpsmn, and L. 0. Gileme and N. S Fechheir. 1964. Genetic aspectsofactnomvcossand actibacillois ir cotle. Cooperative puklication-Foida Agr. Exy. Sta. Tech. aull. 671 and Ohi,, Agr. Esp. Sta. Boll. 9.38. Cole, L.Jasd S. V.OH.lone. 1935. The occurrneofrotsdcahvesiohlack kreeds ort cattle. Wisconsin Agr. Bay. Str. Boll. 313. 53 mAImY CATTL. mm...u hormless, and black haircoat. Other characters conditioned by a single poir of genes in homozygoes form ore flesed pastern, cramp (neuromuscular sposticity, progressive posterior paralysis, or stretches) in motere catle, imperfect skin, porterior paralysis ic newborn calves, and others. A brief review of hereditary processer concerns maturation oi germ cells to form an ovumr (in female) or face rpermatoaoa (ie male), Mendcers principles of dominant and recessive charactees independent assortment of genes from heterozygous parents, and ose of the Fennel sqoare to illustrate chance recombinatbon at gears. Moting a black breed carrying the recessive red color gens resuslts as follows: 2 Bb-lach, bur carrying red b bb 1 bb-yare tar red coal colon Evidence that the dominant gene "covers up" the recessive one may he demonstrated in many heeds where dairy eases weith see tails often have daughters appearing normal, and vice versa. Sock examples illustrate inheritance of simple recessive characters. Selected referencesi for review on inheritance of hereditary char- acters moy include: Atheron, F. Wv., F. Fldrdg, ond H. I. Ibsen. 1944. Frevalence of "any tail' in cattle. . Heredity 35:11-14. Becher, B. B. 1933. Becessive coloration is Dutch Belted cattle. 1. Heredio 24:283-8. Becker, 0. B., and F. T. Dir Arnold. 1949. "Bulldog head" an cattle. I. Heredity 40:282-86. Becker, B. B., and C. J. Wvlcox. 1969. Hereditary defects at sermatoaoa. As iltrated review. A.I. D~igeot 17(12):8-00. Becker, B. B., C. J. Wilcos, and W. 0. Frethand. 1961. Cranmp s or po gressive yosteior yaralysis an omature, cattle. Floodda Agr. Esp. Sta. Boll 639. Becker, B. B., C. J. Wilcox, and C. F. Simtpmon, and L. 0. ileme and N. S Fechheimer. 1904. Gceeic aspecrsofoertinamycaasrand actoacillsis i cattl. Cooperative pokication-Floida Ag. Ery. St. Tech. Brull. 671 and Ohio Agr. Eoy. Sta. Boll. 939. Coe, L.J.,adS. V. H.oe. 1935. Theroccurrenceeofred calves inhlack breeds at cattle. Wisconsin Ann. Esy. Sta. BoB. 313.  Sumar 53 Sumar 53 Sumr 53 Gilmore, L. O. 1950. Inherited non-lethal anatomical characters in cattle. A Review. J. Dairy Sci. 33:147-65. Gregory, P. W., S. W. Mead and W. M. Regan. 1944. Hereditary con- genital lethal spasms in Jersey cattle. J. Heredity 35:195-200. Some hereditary characteristics may be combinations of one or more characters. The more complex characteristics include body capacity and size, breed character, dairy character (light natural fleshing), strength and straightness of legs and feet, milk composi- tion (percentages of butterfat, casein, chlorides, lactalbumin, color- carotene hydrolysis), peak daily milk yield, persistency of lactation, shoulder attachments, teat placement, shape and size, udder at- tachments and texture, type of spermatozoa, multiple births, and other characteristics that are less evident. Oklahoma workers sum- marized a report on heritability and repeatability estimates deal- ing with some of these characteristics. A practical laboratory may deal with some complex characteris- tics. Cows in the herd may be assembled in groups according to their sires, or into cow families. Resemblances can be distinguished within separate groups attributable to the parent. Major changes within a breed or herd generally require more than one generation of selective matings to prepotent sires. Herds seldom retain enough individuals alive to demonstrate such slow changes. Some may be demonstrated for analysis from records of successive type classifica- tions under the breakdown system. Feeding and management allow animals to develop within the limits of potential hereditary capac- ity. Some of the slow changes within the breeds were indicated in a popular article: "American Contributions to Better Dairy Cattle," Hoards Dairyman 98(17):736-39 (Sept. 10, 1953). A well-planned laboratory on inheritance in a dairy herd can in- spire students and breeders with the possibilities of planned breed- ing for livestock improvement. SALES CODE The Sales Code approved June 24, 1966, by The American Jersey Cattle Club is substantially that adopted by the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association on January 21, 1966, with exception of breed as- sociation names. It applies to sales of registered dairy cattle by pri- vate treaty and public auction. Gilmore, L. O. 1950. Inherited non-lethal anatomical characters in cattle. A Review. J. Dairy Sci. 33:147-65. Gregory, P. W., S. W. Mead and W. M. Regan. 1944. Hereditary con- genital lethal spasms in Jersey cattle. J. Heredity 35:195-200. Some hereditary characteristics may be combinations of one or more characters. The more complex characteristics include body capacity and size, breed character, dairy character (light natural fleshing), strength and straightness of legs and feet, milk composi- tion (percentages of butterfat, casein, chlorides, lactalbumin, color- carotene hydrolysis), peak daily milk yield, persistency of lactation, shoulder attachments, teat placement, shape and size, udder at- tachments and texture, type of spermatozoa, multiple births, and other characteristics that are less evident. Oklahoma workers sum- marized a report on heritability and repeatability estimates deal- ing with some of these characteristics. A practical laboratory may deal with some complex characteris- tics. Cows in the herd may be assembled in groups according to their sires, or into cow families. Resemblances can be distinguished within separate groups attributable to the parent. Major changes within a breed or herd generally require more than one generation of selective matings to prepotent sires. Herds seldom retain enough individuals alive to demonstrate such slow changes. Some may be demonstrated for analysis from records of successive type classifica- tions under the breakdown system. Feeding and management allow animals to develop within the limits of potential hereditary capac- ity. Some of the slow changes within the breeds were indicated in a popular article: "American Contributions to Better Dairy Cattle," Hoard's Dairyman 98(17):736-39 (Sept. 10, 1953). A well-planned laboratory on inheritance in a dairy herd can in- spire students and breeders with the possibilities of planned breed- ing for livestock improvement. SALES CODE The Sales Code approved June 24, 1966, by The American Jersey Cattle Club is substantially that adopted by the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association on January 21, 1966, with exception of breed as- sociation names. It applies to sales of registered dairy cattle by pri- vate treaty and public auction. Gilmore, L. O. 1950. Inherited non-lethal anatomical characters in cattle. A Review. J. Dairy Sci. 33:147-65. Gregory, P. W., S. W. Mead and W. M. Regan. 1944. Hereditary con- genital lethal spasms in Jersey cattle J. Heredity 35:195-200. Some hereditary characteristics may be combinations of one or more characters. The more complex characteristics include body capacity and size, breed character, dairy character (light natural fleshing), strength and straightness of legs and feet, milk composi- tion (percentages of butterfat, casein, chlorides, lactalbumin, color- carotene hydrolysis), peak daily milk yield, persistency of lactation, shoulder attachments, teat placement, shape and size, udder at- tachments and texture, type of spermatozoa, multiple births, and other characteristics that are less evident. Oklahoma workers sum- marized a report on heritability and repeatability estimates deal- ing with some of these characteristics. A practical laboratory may deal with some complex characteris- tics. Cows in the herd may be assembled in groups according to their sires, or into cow families. Resemblances can be distinguished within separate groups attributable to the parent. Major changes within a breed or herd generally require more than one generation of selective matings to prepotent sires. Herds seldom retain enough individuals alive to demonstrate such slow changes. Some may be demonstrated for analysis from records of successive type classifica- tions under the breakdown system. Feeding and management allow animals to develop within the limits of potential hereditary capac- ity. Some of the slow changes within the breeds were indicated in a popular article: "American Contributions to Better Dairy Cattle," Hoard's Dairyman 98(17):736-39 (Sept. 10, 1953). A well-planned laboratory on inheritance in a dairy herd can in- spire students and breeders with the possibilities of planned breed- ing for livestock improvement. SALES CODE The Sales Code approved June 24, 1966, by The American Jersey Cattle Club is substantially that adopted by the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association on January 21, 1966, with exception of breed as- sociation names. It applies to sales of registered dairy cattle by pri- vate treaty and public auction.  536 DA IRY CATTLE BREEDS SALE PosrIvE The highest bidder shall be the buyer. In event of dispute, the auc- tioneer will recognize the person from whom he accepted the last bid, and open the bidding to those involved. Every animal is pledged to absolute sale, unless withdrawn for just cause, and by- bidding is prohibited. Every animal must be transferred to the new owner and may not be transferred back to the seller within a period of one year, except at the discretion of the breed association. ERRORS A sincere effort shall be made to correct any errors noted in the cat- alog; such announcement from the auction stand will take prece- dence over printed matter in the catalog. All data in the catalog is correct to the best knowledge, but the sponsors or sales manager do not assume any personal responsibility for errors. WARRANTIES The seller warrants clear title to the animal and right to sell same. Unless otherwise noted in the sales catalog, or announced from the auction stand, each animal is sold as sound. Prospective bidders are cautioned to pay attention to all announcements from the auction stand. REGISTRATION CERTIFICATES Every animal is recorded (or in the event of baby calves, will be recorded) promptly in the herd registry of the breed association. A certificate of registry with recorded transfer will be furnished by the seller to the purchaser free of charge. BREEDING GUARANTEE Bulls. Any bull is sold to be able to serve and settle, after reaching 14 months of age, and having semen that will have 20 percent of its sperm cells progressively motile after 24 hours of storage at 25 to 50°F. Should any bull not meet these requirements the buyer shall within 4 months from date of sale or within 4 months after such bull has reached the age of 14 months, report that fact in writ- ing to the seller and arrange to return the bull to him, who shall 536 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS SALE PosrrIVE The highest bidder shall be the buyer. In event of dispute, the auc- tioneer will recognize the person from whom he accepted the last bid, and open the bidding to those involved. Every animal is pledged to absolute sale, unless withdrawn for just cause, and by- bidding is prohibited. Every animal must be transferred to the new owner and may not be transferred back to the seller within a period of one year, except at the discretion of the breed association. ERRORS A sincere effort shall be made to correct any errors noted in the cat- alog; such announcement from the auction stand will take prece- dence over printed matter in the catalog. All data in the catalog is correct to the best knowledge, but the sponsors or sales manager do not assume any personal responsibility for errors. WARRANTIEs . The seller warrants clear title to the animal and right to sell same. Unless otherwise noted in the sales catalog, or announced from the auction stand, each animal is sold as sound. Prospective bidders are cautioned to pay attention to all announcements from the auction stand. REGISTRATION CERTIFICATES Every animal is recorded (or in the event of baby calves, will be recorded) promptly in the herd registry of the breed association. A certificate of registry with recorded transfer will be furnished by the seller to the purchaser free of charge. BREEDING GUARANTEE Bulls. Any bull is sold to be able to serve and settle, after reaching 14 months of age, and having semen that will have 20 percent of its sperm cells progressively motile after 24 hours of storage at 25= to 50*F. Should any bull not meet these requirements the buyer shall within 4 months from date of sale or within 4 months after such bull has reached the age of 14 months, report that fact in writ- ing to the seller and arrange to return the bull to him, who shall 536 DA IRY CATTLE BREEDS SALE PosrrIvE The highest bidder shall be the buyer. In event of dispute, the auc- tioneer will recognize the person from whom he accepted the last bid, and open the bidding to those involved. Every animal is pledged to absolute sale, unless withdrawn for just cause, and by- bidding is prohibited. Every animal must be transferred to the new owner and may not be transferred back to the seller within a period of one year, except at the discretion of the breed association. ERRORS A sincere effort shall be made to correct any errors noted in the cat- alog; such announcement from the auction stand will take prece- dence over printed matter in the catalog. All data in the catalog is correct to the best knowledge, but the sponsors or sales manager do not assume any personal responsibility for errors. WARRANTIES The seller warrants clear title to the animal and right to sell same. Unless otherwise noted in the sales catalog, or announced from the auction stand, each animal is sold as sound. Prospective bidders are cautioned to pay attention to all announcements from the auction stand. REGISTRATION CERTIFICATES Every animal is recorded (or in the event of baby calves, will be recorded) promptly in the herd registry of the breed association. A certificate of registry with recorded transfer will be furnished by the seller to the purchaser free of charge. BREEDING GUARANTEE Bulls. Any bull is sold to be able to serve and settle, after reaching 14 months of age, and having semen that will have 20 percent of its sperm cells progressively motile after 24 hours of storage at 25= to 501F. Should any bull not meet these requirements the buyer shall within 4 months from date of sale or within 4 months after such bull has reached the age of 14 months, report that fact in writ- ing to the seller and arrange to return the bull to him, who shall  Summar 53 -umr 53 Sumar 53 have 4 months from date of receiving the bull in which to prove him as meeting these requirements before refunding the purchase price. In the case of proven bulls, additional information relative to terms of sale and guarantee may be appropriate. Females. Should any female not pregnant when sold fail to be- come pregnant after being bred to a bull known to be a breeder and after having been treated by a licensed veterinarian, the buyer shall within 4 months from date of sale or within 4 months after such female shall have reached the age of 16 months, report that fact in writing to the seller and arrange to return such female to him, who shall have 4 months from date of receiving this animal in which to prove her as pregnant before refunding the purchase price. Any cow having freshened normally within 90 days previous to date of sale will thereby be considered a breeder. Females bred when sold are not thereby guaranteed to be pregnant; moreover, pregnant fe- males are not guaranteed to deliver normal calves or carry calves full time. Above warranties cease when animal is disposed of by the origi- nal purchaser. Transportation charges on all animals subject to ad- justment shall be paid by the shipper. RESPONSIBILITY The seller is the responsible party for all recommendations and warranties. The sales manager, auctioneers, and the sponsors are acting as agents only and not responsible in any way, but they will endeavor to protect the interest of both buyer and seller. The seller, or anyone associated in the sale, shall not be responsi- ble in case of accident resulting in injury to anyone attending the sale. HEALTH OF ANIMALS All animals shall be from herds that are T.B. Accredited and Bang's Certified; or from Accredited and Certified free herds, with nega- tive herd tests within 12 months; or animals accepted from herds with a negative test within 3 months. In addition, all animals shall have a negative (tube test for have 4 months from date of receiving the bull in which to prove him as meeting these requirements before refunding the purchase price. In the case of proven bulls, additional information relative to terms of sale and guarantee may be appropriate. Females. Should any female not pregnant when sold fail to be- come pregnant after being bred to a bull known to be a breeder and after having been treated by a licensed veterinarian, the buyer shall within 4 months from date of sale or within 4 months after such female shall have reached the age of 16 months, report that fact in writing to the seller and arrange to return such female to him, who shall have 4 months from date of receiving this animal in which to prove her as pregnant before refunding the purchase price. Any cow having freshened normally within 90 days previous to date of sale will thereby be considered a breeder. Females bred when sold are not thereby guaranteed to be pregnant; moreover, pregnant fe- males are not guaranteed to deliver normal calves or carry calves full time. Above warranties cease when animal is disposed of by the origi- nal purchaser. Transportation charges on all animals subject to ad- justment shall be paid by the shipper. RESPONSIBILrrY The seller is the responsible party for all recommendations and warranties. The sales manager, auctioneers, and the sponsors are acting as agents only and not responsible in any way, but they will endeavor to protect the interest of both buyer and seller. The seller, or anyone associated in the sale, shall not be responsi- ble in case of accident resulting in injury to anyone attending the sale. HEALTH OF ANIMALS All animals shall be from herds that are T.B. Accredited and Bang's Certified; or from Accredited and Certified free herds, with nega- tive herd tests within 12 months; or animals accepted from herds with a negative test within 3 months. In addition, all animals shall have a negative (tube test for have 4 months from date of receiving the bull in which to prove him as meeting these requirements before refunding the purchase price. In the case of proven bulls, additional information relative to terms of sale and guarantee may be appropriate. Females. Should any female not pregnant when sold fail to be- come pregnant after being bred to a bull known to be a breeder and after having been treated by a licensed veterinarian, the buyer shall within 4 months from date of sale or within 4 months after such female shall have reached the age of 16 months, report that fact in writing to the seller and arrange to return such female to him, who shall have 4 months from date of receiving this animal in which to prove her as pregnant before refunding the purchase price. Any cow having freshened normally within 90 days previous to date of sale will thereby be considered a breeder. Females bred when sold are not thereby guaranteed to be pregnant; moreover, pregnant fe- males are not guaranteed to deliver normal calves or carry calves full time. Above warranties cease when animal is disposed of by the origi- nal purchaser. Transportation charges on all animals subject to ad- justment shall be paid by the shipper. RESPONSIBILITY The seller is the responsible party for all recommendations and warranties. The sales manager, auctioneers, and the sponsors are acting as agents only and not responsible in any way, but they will endeavor to protect the interest of both buyer and seller. The seller, or anyone associated in the sale, shall not be responsi- ble in case of accident resulting in injury to anyone attending the sale. HEAIrTH OF ANIMALS All animals shall be from herds that are T.B. Accredited and Bang's Certified; or from Accredited and Certified free herds, with nega- tive herd tests within 12 months; or animals accepted from herds with a negative test within 3 months. In addition, all animals shall have a negative (tube test for  538 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Bang's) within 30 days, except calfhood vaccinated under 18 months of age, for both brucellosis and tuberculosis. Each animal enters the sale with an official health certificate ap- proved by the state veterinarian of the state from which the animal originated, showing status of the herd and date of last negative herd test for both brucellosis and tuberculosis. Calfhood vaccination shall be recorded on the health certificate. showing date and age of vaccination, or individual calfhood vaccina- tion certificate furnished. Unvaccinated animals should be so identi- fied throughout the sale catalog. ABSENT BIDDERS While it is preferable that prospective bidders attend the sale in person, for the convenience of those not present, any of the follow- ing men are well qualified to act and will gladly represent you. and should be addressed _ . Any persons handling bids for absentee buyers act only as agents of the buyer and should be under no personal liability. Bids mayr be handled by PENALTIES Violations of this Code shall be considered as an unethical sales practice and shall subject the violator to such penalties as may be imposed by (The American Jersey Cattle Club). TERMS OF SALE Cash: Unless other arrangements are made with the owner or sponsor in advance of the sale. Parties unknown to the seller who desire to pay by check should furnish bank statement or certified check. No animal to be removed until terms of sale are complied with. 538 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDs Bang's) within 30 days, except calfhood vaccinated under 18 months of age, for both brucellosis and tuberculosis. Each animal enters the sale with an official health certificate ap- proved by the state veterinarian of the state from which the animal originated, showing status of the herd and date of last negative herd test for both brucellosis and tuberculosis. Calfhood vaccination shall be recorded on the health certificate. showing date and age of vaccination, or individual calfhood vaccina- tion certificate furnished. Unvaccinated animals should be so identi- fied throughout the sale catalog. ABSENT BIDDERs While it is preferable that prospective bidders attend the sale in person, for the convenience of those not present, any of the follow- ing men are well qualified to act and will gladly represent you, and should be addressed - Any persons handling bids for absentee buyers act only as agents of the buyer and should be under no personal liability. Bids may be handled by PENALTIEs Violations of this Code shall be considered as an unethical sales practice and shall subject the violator to such penalties as may be imposed by (The American Jersey Cattle Club). TERMS OF SALE Cash: Unless other arrangements are made with the owner or sponsor in advance of the sale. Parties unknown to the seller who desire to pay by check should furnish bank statement or certified check. No animal to be removed until terms of sale are complied with. 538 DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS Bang's) within 30 days, except calfhood vaccinated under 18 months of age, for both brucellosis and tuberculosis. Each animal enters the sale with an official health certificate ap- proved by the state veterinarian of the state from which the animal originated, showing status of the herd and date of last negative herd test for both brucellosis and tuberculosis. Calfhood vaccination shall be recorded on the health certificate. showing date and age of vaccination, or individual calfhood vaccina- tion certificate furnished. Unvaccinated animals should be so identi- fied throughout the sale catalog. ABSENT BIDDERS While it is preferable that prospective bidders attend the sale in person, for the convenience of those not present, any of the follow- ing men are well qualified to act and will gladly represent you, and should be addressed -. Any persons handling bids for absentee buyers act only as agents of the buyer and should be under no personal liability. Bids may be handled by PENALTIES Violations of this Code shall be considered as an unethical sales practice and shall subject the violator to such penalties as may be imposed by (The American Jersey Cattle Club). TERMS OF SALE Cash: Unless other arrangements are made with the owner or sponsor in advance of the sale. Parties unknown to the seller who desire to pay by check should furnish bank statement or certified check. No animal to be removed until terms of sale are complied with.  INDEX OF NAMES INDEX OF NAMES INDEX OF NAMES Abt, Heinrik, 140, 149, 152 Adam., B., 252 Admetz, L., 19, 33, 419 Aeppli, M., 36 Ab....., C. F., 472 Ailton, William, 73, 76, 79, 80-84, 95, 103, 176, 184, 505 Aldridge,, F., 173 Alexan.der, Earl ofEglinton, 61, 75 AIIlavi., F. R., Jr., 493 Allen., Lewis. F., 340, 364, 366, 367, 384, 505 A1lmquis, J. 0., 449, 469, 532 Alvur.d, H. E., 173, 370 Ama.don, R. S., 474 Ames., F. Lathrop, 205, 219, 215 Ames., J.o.n S., 468 Andersen., H., 416 A4.4.,. K. M.. v,..4. 415. 449 Anderson, H. W., 472 Anderson., James., 60, 70 Anderson, L. 0., 471 Andrews., F. H., 474 Ank.r, M., 131 Austa.d, H. T., 207 Anhon.y, E. L., v~ , 225, 392, 395. 415, 419, 419, 426, 465 Appel, A., 391, 415 Aenander, E. H., 19, 46 Arms.by, H. F., 469, 469 Armstron.g, T. V., 125, 284 Arnold, P. T. Dix, 339, 446, 447, 463, 469, 470, 463, 534 Asdell, S. A., 527 Ashton., E. H., 364, 415 Atk....., F. W0., 161, 173, 264, 499, Au14, Reveren.d Rober, 104 Abt, Hei.4ick, 140, 149, 152 Ada.., B., 152 Adametz, L., 19, 33, 469 A..ppli, M., 36 4Ahma.., C. F., 472 Ailton, William., 73, 76, 79, 80-84, 95, 103, 176. 184, 505 Aldridge., F., 173 Aexander, Ear of Eglinton, 61, 75 AIllavi,, F. R., Jr., 493 Allen., Lew.is F., 346, 364, 366, 367, 304, 505 Almquist, J. 0.. 449, 469, 532 Alvord, 11. E., 273, 320 A...d.., R. S., 474 A..es, F. Lothrop, 205, 219, 225 Ames., Johbn 0., 468 Andersen, H., 416 An.drse, K. M., v, vi 415. 449 Anderson, H. W4., 472 An.derson, James., 60, 70 Anderson., L. R., 471 A.d.ew, F. H., 474 Anker,. 61., 132 A..st.d, H. T., 202 Anthony, E, L., v, 4, 225, 392, 395 425, 419, 419, 426, 465 Appel1, A., 391, 415 A......d., E. H., 19, 46 A.rm., Flrenc, 339 A,,.b., H. F., 460, 469 Amstrong, T. V., 125, 284 Arnold, F. T. Dix, 330, 446, 447, 463, 469, 470, 483, 534 Asd.1, S. A., 527 Ashton, E. D., 364, 415 Atkeson., F. W5., 161, 173, 264, 499, Auld, Reveren..d R.obert, 104 41bt, He.i..ik, 140, 149, 152 Ada.., B., 152 Ad......l, L., 19, 33, 409 Ae.ppli, M., 36 Ahmann.., C. F., 472 Aiton., William., 73, 76, 79, 80-84, 95, 103, 176, 184, 505 Aldridge., F., 173 Alexan..de, Earl of Eglinton., 61, 75 A11avie, F. R., Jr., 493 Allen., Lewis. F., 340, 364, 366, 367, 384, 505 AI,,quis, J. 0., 449, 469, 532 Alv.rd, H. E., 173, 320 A...d,., R. S., 474 Ames1, F. Lathrop, 205, 219, 225 Ames., John S., 468 Andersen., H., 416 An.dersen- K. M.. v_ vi 415. 448 An.derson,, H. WV., 472 Anderson., James., 60, 70 Andrews., F. H., 474 Anke, M1., 131 Austad, H. T., 202 Anthon.y, E. L., ., 225, 392, 395, 413, 418, 419, 426, 465 Appel!, A., 391, 415 Arenan..der., E. D., 19, 46 Arms., Florence., 339 Arms.by, H. P., 460, 469 Armstron.g, T. V., 125, 284 A..ld, F. T. Dix, 330, 446, 447, 463, 409, 470, 483, 534 Asdell, S. A., 517 Ashton, E. D., 364, 415 Atkeson., F. W., 161, 173, 264, 490, 534 Auld,0.Reveren.dober, 104  540 INDE 65 Babcock, S. M., vi, 213, 259, 269, 271, 316, 437, 469, 486, 489 Babkington,, Charle C., 19 Baile4, John1, 347, 349, 351, 355, 364 Bakewell, Ro1bert, 61, 65, 71, 346, 319, 349, 464, 477 Bakhoven~, G. A. L., 250, 251 Ba1kker, D. 6., 226, 239, 231, 259 Baltzer1, A. C., 429 Ban1g,Bernard L. Frederck, 458,468 Barret, George 0., 294, 469 Bart1ett, D. E., 449, 471, 474 0artle1t, J. W., 475, 524 011r1le4, E. E., 472 Bates, Cadwal1la4er John, 344. 364 Bates1, Thomas1, 347, 350-52, 355, 367, 369 Baumgartne, R., 153 Beuhap E. P., 283 Bchd, S. I., 462, 469 Becker, George F., vi, 4, 21, 36, 72, 74, 134, 175, 196, 227, 245, 249, 296, 342, 343, 393, 499 Becker, R. 6., 173, 194, 214, 339, 446, 447, 461, 463, 469-73, 493, 534, 535 Beckman1, H. C., 449 OWlt, R., 15, 19 Bement1, C. N., 505 Benth Paul, 161 Berr4, 0Rev. 1Henry1, 349, 364 64err4, William,, 190, 252 Bet1s, Silas, 225 Bi144e, Craig, 225 Black, A., 471 Black, W. C., 472 Blink6, N. H., 250 01lom., E., 415 6,161, Charles H., 494 Boley, L. E., 474 Bon, Hu1gh, vi Boston1, Eric, 309 Bowl4ing, G. A., vi1, 129, 132, 470 Bradley, Richard, 76, 364 Bradley4, William,, 57, 71 Braman11, W. W., 471 Branton1,, C., 472 Bredhafft1, Pierre, 192, 202 Brewer,, M1. 6., 417 Brewster, J. E., 479 0Br6gham, E1bert H., 468 Briquet, P., Jr., 294 Broc4k, D. de Lisle, 192, 262 Brown11, Cam,,pbell, 310, 339 Brown.1, Robert, 70, 351, 364 Bull, Fred J., 364 Burke, J. D1., 493 Bur1kitt, M9. C., 32, 41, 51 Burns,, Gilbert, 67 Buros Geoge T., 364, 384 Buxton1, Gerard, J., 364 Byers, S. H. M9., 149, 153 Caesar, 15, 49 213, 224, 225 Camspb&l, Rev A. B., 104 Campkell, 6., 463, 479 Care1y, Editk, 191, 262 Carpente, R. A., 469 Casida1, L. E., 453, 470, 472, 471 Catly, 5 Cavanau,4.gh, J. F., 339 Ckhadburn,, D. E., vi Ckhenely, Winthrop, 252, 259, 259. 284 Childe, V. Gordon, 32, 35, 36, 41. 51 546 INDE 115 Babck41, S. M., vi4, 213, 259, 269, 271, 316, 437, 469, 466, 49 Babkigton1, Ckarles C., 19 6111e4, John1, 347, 340, 351, 355, 364 Bakewell1, Rob6rt, 61, 65, 71, 346, 319, 349, 464, 477 Bakhoven41, C. A. L., 250, 251 Bakker, D. L., 226, 230, 231, 250 Baltzer4, A. C., 420 Bang1, Be1rn11rd L. Frederick, 456, 460 Ba1,n,4, W., 312, 340 Bar11ett, George9 0., 264, 469 Bartlemore4, William, 85, 90, 95, 104 Bartlett1, D3. E., 449, 471, 474 Bartlett, 0. W., 475, 524 Bartley, E. E., 472 Bates1, Cadwallader Jo1hn, 344. 364 011141, Thomas,, 347, 350-52, 355, 367, 369 Bau11mater .L, 153, Beauckhamp, E. R., 153 Becker1, Geor4ge F., vi, 4, 21, 36, 72, 74, 134, 175, 166, 227, 245, 246, 296, 342, 343, 393, 409 Becker1, Harriet6 J., v.11 Becker, R. B., 173, 104, 224, 339, 446, 447, 461, 463, 469-73, 403, 634, 535 Beckman111, H. C., 446 041111, R., 15, 19 Beme,11t, C. N., 505 Bennetc4h, Paul,, 161 Berousek.11, E. R., 225. 473 Berry, Rev. Henry, 349, 364 Berr1y, Wiliam11, 190, 202 04et11, Si1las, 225 Biddle, Cra1ig, 225 Blac4k, A., 471 Black1, W. G., 472 Blin1k, N. H., 250 61lom1, E., 415 6,161, Ckhar1es H., 404 611144, L. E., 474 Bone1, Hu1gh, vi1 61111,11, E114, 308 Bowling,1, C. A., vi1, 120, 132, 470 01114144, 6146111, 70, 364 Bradle14, Will,1am, 57, 71 B1,1idw1,11d, R. 3., 23, 41 Branan1,, W.XV., 471 611,111,11, C., 472 011111111, R. WV., 471 Bredkaff, Pierr4, 192, 202 6,44, 0,111al1, 306 Brennan11, LI., 33 6B4e44r, M1.,417 614111141,6. 0., 470 0righa,6lb411 H., 466 61151141, P., J1., 294 64116,1ne, R4,. Thomas,1, 104 Br11ck, D. 44 Lisle4, 192, 202 Brooks6, 34611, 339 Brown1,, Campkell, 320, 339 6,4ow1, 6,16411, 70, 351, 364 6144-, William,,, 415 6112, Fred J., 364 51119es1, T. D1., 470 6Burke, J. D., 493 Burkitt, M9. C., 32, 41, 51 Burlingham,1, C. L., 173 Burns,, Gilbert, 67 Burrows11, Geor1ge T., 364, 364 Buxt, Gerarld J. 364 64411, S. H. 19., 149, 153 Cabre, J11,11, 11, 19 Caesar1, 15, 49 Caldwell1, Wiliam1 H., 197, 202, 204, 213, 124, 225 Cammac,1k, 016411, iv1 Campbell, 044. A. B., 104 Campllk1, B., 463, 479 Care4y, Ed11k, 191, 201 Car1penter1, 0. A., 469 Caida,, L. 0., 453, 470, 472, 475 Casson11, 6., 450 Cato, 164 Censor11, 54 Cautle1y, 5 Cavanau,1,gh, J. F., 339 Ckhadburn1, D. E., 4i Charlemagne11, 15 Ckhener4, Winthrop, 252, 159, 259, 284 Childe, V. Gordon1,, 32, 35, 36, 41. 51 546 INDEX11 1 6,164114, 9. M9., vi, 213, 259, 269, 271, 316, 437, 469, 466, 469 Babington1,, Charl1es C., 19 6111144,11ohn, 347, 349, 351, 355, 364 Bakewell1, 046411, 61, 65, 71, 346, 310, 349, 464, 477 611661,111, C. A. 6., 250, 251 Bakker1, D. L., 229, 230, 231, 250 51111114, A. C., 420 Ba, Bernard111L. Freder4ck, 456, 469 6,111,4, WV., 312, 340 61111411, 0411119 R., 264, 469 Bartlemore1,1, W~illiam,, 85, 90, 95, 104 Bartlett1, D. E., 449, 471, 474 Bartlett1,, 3. W., 475, 524 611rt144, E. E., 472 5,114s, Cadwalla1der41 31161, 344. 3614 6,114,, Thomas,1, 347, 350-52, 355, 367, 6Baum19,111141, 0., 153 Baxt,1 Mr11. Lau116 vi1 6B11aucham11p, E. P., 263 Beauchamp,1, E. 0., 163 Bechd441, S. I., 461, 4693 Becker4, 0411119 F., vi, 4, 21, 36, 72, 74, 134, 175, 166, 227, 245, 246, 286, 342, 343, 393, 406 6446411, Harriet1 J., 11.6 64,646, R. 6., 173, 164, 224, 339, 446, 447, 461, 463, 469-73, 403, 534, 535 644611111, H. C., 446 6411,1, 0., 15, 19 6411,411, C. N., 505 041111414, Paul1, 161 Berousek4, E. R., 225, 473 641111, Rev1. Henry, 349, 364 Berry,, WiliIam,1, 190, 202 Bet11s, Si1las, 225 Biddl, Cra1ig, 225 B1lack, A., 471 6Bla4k, W. C., 472 Blink6, N. H., 250 6111,1, E., 415 61161, Charl1es H., 494 B6ian,1Lu6d4wig H., 8, 19 611144, 6. E., 474 Bone1, Hu1gh, 4i Bonh61u, 011111, 68 9411111, E114, 309 511w4in1, G. A., vi1, 120, 132, 470 01,1414y, Richard1, 70, 364 Bradl1ey, WiliamS, 57, 71 Braidwood,1, L., 41 Braidwood,1, 0. 3., 23, 41 61,11,11, W. WV., 471 01,111141, C., 472 51,111,11, R. W4., 471 Bredhafft, Pi4,14, 192, 202 0144, 01111,11, 308 6Br41nnan,, Lt., 33 Brewer, 19. S., 417 0Brews1er,3J. E., 470 511i91111m, 6164111 H., 466 Briquet1, P., J1., 204 Brisbane1, Rev. Th,,,o,, 104 Brock1, D. 4de6Lis14, 192, 202 611,1116, 34611, 339 Brown1,, Cam1pbell, 320, 339 6,4111, Robe4rt, 70, 351, 364 6,,,,- William, 415 Bul2, Fre4 3., 364 6111911s, T. D3., 470 6Bu1k,J. D., 493 Burki01, M9. C., 32, 41, 51 Burli111g,1am, C. 6., 173 Burns11, Gi164r1, 67 Burrows,1, Geor1ge T., 364,304 61111111, Gerard4J, 364 64411, S. H. 19., 149, 153 Cabre1, 31111, 11, 19 Caesar1, 15, 46 Caldwell1, William1 H., 197, 202, 204, 213, 224, 225 Campbell, 0114. A. B., 104 Campbekll, B., 463, 479 Care1y, 041t6, 191, 262 Carpenter1, R. A., 469 Caida,, 6.0., 453, 470, 475, 475 Casson11, 0., 450 Cato1 164 Censor11, 54 Cautle1y, 5 Cavanau,11gh, J. F., 339 Chadburn1,, D. E., 4i Charlemagne11, 15 Chen145, Winthrop, 252, 250,259. Childe, V. Gordon, 32, 35, 36, 41.  INDEX OF NAMES 541 IINDEX OF N AM 4 NDSsNAMES 541 I EONAE 4 INDEX OF NAMES 541 Clampitt, Harry, 384 Clark, Henry W., 155 Clark, Joho 0., 225, 506 Clemost, C. M., 250 Cloveland, GrovFr, 430 ClFeeger, C. L., 385 Coatos, Geoge, 352, 355 CochraneF, Jobs, 113 CodmEn, JOmes M., 225 Colbuso, F. B., 357 Cole, C. L., 277, 204, 448, 470, 472 Col, L. J., 433, 470, 534 Colsbank, Lawree OH., 212, 225, Colooan, John, 202, 304 Callas, Haold A., 202 Colliog Brotbors, 00, 347-55, 357 Colosmolsa, 54 Conlinf, C. T., 120, 131, 132 Cook, Roy A., 370, 384, 385 Copelsod, Lyoo, vi, 225, 320, 331, 3.32, 330, 339, 340, 440, 441, 470, 470, 493, 520 Coley, E. BL., 279 Corwio, A. R., 493 Coswso, W. A., 473 Crain, B. M., 174 Craneso, Lstesr J., Sr., 424, 420 Crews, Goy M., 334, 340 Cribbett, AlbertF.,oii Csisy, Allsn M., 524 Colley, Gorgo, 00, 04, 70, 70, 104, 190, 202, 288, 307, 348, 349, 304 Cummfngs, C. M., 225 Cortiss, C. H., 20 CoOwEo, F. Cecl, 41, 307, 415 Cusbing, George, 132 Cushiog, Johno F., 100, 117 Cotbill, Aloxsnder, 104 Dasrofo, Chals, 70, 330 Davofs, George K., 470 Davis, H. F., 173 Daswdy, Mox L., 210, 214, 225 Dawissb, William Boyd, 20, 41, 364 Deas, H. W', 104 Denon, 0. W., 471 Do Does, H., 250 Doecking, J., 153, 104 DeFoe, DaneI l, 73, 104, 345, 304 He Garit, J, 191 Degebol, M., 20, 51 Do Guorio, Bsil C., 202 de. lo Maore, J. 0., 300 DeLsoal, Gustaso, 489 DF Loosw, F., 250 deoMorgan, M., 33 Dookenbsing, Doay, 158 dFeoOPerhs, M. Boucher,8 de Sautuoola, Marsqos, 11 Dooblor, E. C., 120 Diosy, Tbooas, 190, 202 Dickey, Hosoard C., 221, 223 Diobio, Rebs. Matsthos, 104 Diocksos, Adao, 51, 54, 70 Diockson, Jaoes, 104 Diockson, R. W., 104 Dijkostra, J. M., of, 250 Dixon, W. B., vi, 384 Dobiosson, Michael, 01, 70, 347, 350 Dodd, A., 307 Dodge, James B., 310 Donald, H. F., 104 Donaldson, Rso. Williso, 104 Downoio, A. W., 471 Duestl, J. Ulrioh, of, 5, 20, 22, 29, 30, 41, 137, 130, 153 Douke of Atholf, oil, 07, 09, 95, 400 Dokos, H. H., 534 Dunbar, CarlH.,41 Dunosn, C. W4., 342 Duooan, Joostbso, 190, 202, 307 Doss, H. 0., 531 Doss, L. C., 290 Dunso, John J., 415 Bokls, C. H., v, of, ou, 225, 420, 441, 401, 402, 403, 488, 407, 409, 470, 471, 472, 474, 470 Edswsrds, Josoph, 302, 304 Eldridgo, F. BE, 204, 534 Bllssberge, H. B., 471 Bllisst, F. I., 449, 471, 474 Flis, Willisas, 347, 384 Engele, W, vi, 137, 153 Fob, R. BE, 440, 440, 471 Esbodal, W. Wontoof, 401, 411 EsBO, HD, 403 Este], B. 5S, 408 Eogstor, Haot, 144 Evons, E. I., 530 Bosos, JohsE, 304 FEe, J. B., 408 Ewort, J. Coossa, 4, 20, 46, 51 Clsampit, Harry, 384 Clarb, Hentry W., 155 Clork, JohD S., 225, 500 Clemos, C. M., 250 Cleveland, Grovoeo, 430 Clooengor, C. L., 385 Costes, Gorge, 352, 355 Cochraoe, Jso, 113 Codoso, Jaoos M., 225 Colboos, F. B., 337 Cots, C. L., 177, 204, 448, 470, 472 Cole, L. J., 433, 470, 534 Colobsnb, Lawronoo H., 212, 225, 468 Coloosn, Jobs, 202, 304 Collo, Hsrold A., 202 Colfiog Drotbos, 80, 347-55, 357 Coloolls, 54 Conklb, C. 7., 120, 131, 132 Coob, DoE A., 370, 304, 385 Copsisod, Lynn, of, 225, 318, 331, 332, 330, 339, 340, 440, 441, 470, 470, 493, 520 Coloy, E. L., 279 Cossoin, A. R., 493 Cososn, W. A., 473 Csoino, B. M., 174 Csoanfs, Lester J., So., 424, 420 Csrsws, Coy M., 334, 340 Cribbelt, Albers F., off Coissey, Alson M., 524 CollJoy, Gosgo, 00, 04, 70, 70, 104, 190, 201, 290, 307, 340, 349, 384 Cumooings, C. M., 225 Curtiss, G. H., 20 Coswon, E. Cocil, 41, 307, 415 Cusbing, Gorsgs, 132 Cuobing, Jobs F., 100, 117 Cutbill, Aloosndos, 104 Dorwin, Cbssls, 70, 338 Dsvis, Geoogs K., 470 Dsois, H. F., 173 Dsody, Mss L., 220, 224, 225 Dawbins, Williao Boyd, 20, 41, 304 Doss, H. W., 101 Deato, H. W., 471 Do Doss, H., 250 Dscbfsg, J., 153, 104 DsFos, Dsafiof, 73, 104, 345, 304 Do Gsss, J., 191 Dsgeol, M., 20, 51 De Goodsn, Basil C., 201 do Is Maoeoso, J. R., 309 DeLaval, Gutaso, 409 Ho Leoouw, F., 250 deoMorgan,M., 33 Dokbring, Boy, 158 dePerthes, M. Bsocher,8 de Saotools, Mtarqois, 11 Deubler, E. C., 120 Dfooy, Tbooss, 190, 202 Dicboy, Hoosod C., 221, 225 Diobis, Roo. Mthoso, 104 Didksos, Adsom, 51, 54, 70 Dicfksos, Jooes, 104 Diokson, R. W., 104 Dijkslss, J. M., of, 250 Hfixon, W. B., of, 384 Dohfoson, Mfohsol, 01, 70, 347, 350 Dodd, A., 307 Dodg, Jomes B., 310 Donald, H. P., 104 Donsldso, Boo. Wfliams, 194 Downoio, A. W., 471 Dueost, J. Ulrioh, i, 5, 20, 22, 29, 30, 41, 137, 130, 153 Dukeo of Asholl, ofif, 07, 00, 95, 490 Duksos, H. H., 534 Dunbar, Cao., 41 Donosn, C. W., 342 Donco, Joostho, 190, 202, 307 Doo, H. H., 531 Doss, L. C., 290 Dusn, Jobs J., 415 Bolos, C. H., o, of of, 225, 420, 441, 401, 402, 403, 408, 407, 409, 470, 471, 472, 474, 470 Edwsrds, Josoph, 302, 304 Eldrfdg, F. B., 294, 534 Ellosberges, H. B., 471 Bliotl, F. I., 449, 471, 474 Ellis, Wlfsss, 547,3584 Bngolo, W, of, 137, 153 Bob, R. BE, 440, 440, 471 Esbodsl, W. Wootool, 401, 415 Bspso, HD, 403 Ettol, B. S., 400 Bugste, Hoans, 144 Boons, B. I., 530 Bosos, JobE, 304 Boos, J. 5B, 48 Bwost, J.Cossa, 4, 20, 46, 51 Claopitt, Hasry, 384 Clarb, Hoory W., 155 Closk, Joho S., 225, 500 Cleooss, C. M., 250 Cloooland, Govoes, 430 Cleoosg, C. L., 395 Cots, Gorg, 352, 355 Coobraso, Jobs, 113 Codoan, Jooos M., 215 Colboso, F. B., 337 Cob, C. L., 277, 204, 448, 470, 472 Cole, L. J,~ 433, 470, 534 Colobonb, Lawsonco H., 212, 225, 468 Colooan, Jobo, 202, 304 Colls, Harold A., 202 Collfng Bsotboss, 00, 347-55, 357 Coluoll, 54 Conklbs, C. 7., 120, 131, 131 Coob, Doy A., 370, 394, 395 Copolsnd, Lyno, of, 215, 310, 331, 332, 330, 339, 340, 440, 441, 470, 470, 493, 520 Corley, E. L., 279 Coroin, A. B., 403 Cowsn, W. A., 473 Crfino, B. M., 174 Crssok, Lostor J., So., 424, 420 Creos, Coy M., 334, 340 Cribbott, Albort F., off Crissoy, Alloo M., 524 Coltoy, Gosgo, 00, 01, 70, 70, 104, 190, 202, 209, 307, 349, 349, 304 Commins, C. M., 225 Curtos, C. H., 20 Cusoon, B. Good, 41, 387, 415 Cotbiog, Gorgo, 132 Cushing, Jobn FP, 100, 117 Cosbill, Alexande, 104 Darwin, Cborlos, 70, 330 Hoofs, Gorgo K., 470 Hoofs, H. F., 173 Doody, Moo L., 220, 224, 225 Dowbios, Willioo Doyd, 20, 41, 304 Doss, D. NW, 104 Doaton, H. W, 471 Do Doss, H1, 290 Doobiog, J., 153, 104 DeFoe, Hoofiof, 73, 104, 345, 304 Do Gsris, J., 191 Dogobol, M., 20, 51 Do Guei, Bail C., 202 do Is Mtososo, J. R., 309 DeLaol, Gustao, 489 Do Loeso, P., 250 deMorgan, M.,33 Denkbobing, Boy, 158 dePerthes, M.Douher,8 do Soutuola,Marquis, 11 Dooblo, B. C., 120 Dicey, Tbomaos, 190, 202 Dicboy, Howard C., 221, 225 Dickf, Boo. Matthew, 104 Dickso, Adoo, 51, 54, 70 Diokson, Jamos, 104 Dicko, R. W., 154 Dijkostr, J. M1., of, 250 Dixon, W. B., of, 384 Dobioson, Michaol, 01, 70, 347, 350 Dodd, A., 307 Dodgo, Jamos B., 310 Donald, H. F., 104 Donaldson, Boo. Wilias, 104 Dowoi, A. W., 471 Dueos, J. Ulrch, of, 5, 20, 22, 29, 39, 41, 137, 139, 153 Doe of AthollI, off, 07, 09, 95, 490 Dobos, H. H., 534 Dunbar,CarlH0.,41 Donoao, C. W., 342 Doocoo, Jonotbo, 190, 202, 307 Doos, H1. H., 531 Doss, L. C., 294 Dunno, Jobo J., 415 Els, C. H., , of, off, 225, 420, 441, 401, 402, 403, 488, 407, 489, 470, 471, 472, 474, 470 Edwads, Josepb, 302, 304 Ebdridg, F. B., 204, 534 Ellenbsg, H. B., 471 Eliot, F. I., 449, 471, 474 Ellis, William, 347, 384 Egle, W, of, 137, 153 Bob, . BE, 440, 440, 471 Esbodl, W. Wssod, 401, 415 Bspo, H., 403 Estol, B. 9S, 409 Bogstos, Hoot, 144 Boos, B. I., 530 Boos, JobE, 384 Boos, J. 5B, 408 Boort, . Coss, 4, 20, 46, 51  INDEX OF NAMES 542 INDEX OF NAMES52INDXONAE 542 INDEX OF NAMES Faber, H., 416 Fairlie, Willisam, 61 Falsoner, Hughs, 5, 20 Folls, Bov. Phillip, 287, 307 Farrall, Thomsos, 92, 104 Fechboimers, N. S., 132, 224. 470, 534 Figuslta, H. H., 29, 41 Fisker, J., 416 Fitsb, J. B., 310, 476 Fitopatrisb, W. W., 225 Fjod, N. J., 400 Fists, W. P., 472 Flemiing, Jobs, 14 Flida Csernsey Cattle Glob, is Florida Holtein-Friesian Astosiation, Inc., iv' Fborids Jersey Cattle Clob, is' Fools, Robot H., 410, 471 Forbos, E. B., 471 Forsyth, Ho, 76, 104 Fortner, MIs. Sosn J., 432 Fosgate, 0. 'F., 471 Foss--lectric Comopsoy, 437 Foot, H. L., 100, 173 Foouts, E. L., 470 Fowlet, A. B., 104 Fooler, A. F., 473 Frear, D. H. H., 471 Frederichs, 26 Froderiktoeq Lsss, 412, 416 Fredtjo, Abs, 10, 44 Freosh, J. H. W., 107 Freosh, T. C., 202 Frobenius-Fox, vi, 34 Folarsoqt Jobs, 104 Foulosrtos, Colossi Williamo, 77, 70, 05, 104 Folios, Valonsy H., 340 Fossosos, Artbor, vi Caddums, L. W., 470 Gslup, W. H., 472, 473 Cssdnor, Mslsolmt H., 272, 264 Cordoos, M. M., 310, 330 Garner, FrankH., 304 Cssssrd, Ceorge, 70, 104, 103, 307, 505 Csrrett, 0. F., t74 Ctunt, Food, 101 Caust, S. N., 401 Cotrbsrt, Chssles R., 470 Coot, J. W., 50, 70 Corsimtova, A. A., 471 Gerber, Ho. Nioholss, 151, 1.30, .350. 401, 437, 400 Cbooomloy, Alfood W., 468 Cibton, Dssid, Jo., vi, 125, 131, 131 Gildoso, B. M., 471 Cililtoe, L. S., 472 Cilore, Booboos, 73 Ciloret, L. 0., 132, 224, 447, 470, Clashl, H., 112 Colding, N. S., 402, 403 Coldssbsoidt, Hersld, 416 Goode, H. H., 100, 173 Gosiing, John, vi, 336, 337, 464, 400 Gotsoe, D. C., 473 Cotw, H. M., 304, 307, 310, 334, 340 Cowan, Johs W., 310, 340 Gsrbhat, Joho, vi Coay, C. F., 10 Coos', V,, 471 CGoeebtam, L. W0., 471 Cregoty, P. WK, 534 Cridiey, S. B., 312, 340 CoRiftS, Colooel J., 364 Criggt, Carlos, 17. Is Tabie 1.2 Crosse, Hoost, 12 Coliskson, T. W., 471 Cylling-Hobo, Jens, 400 Hasbets, Ms., 4 Haesbor, TF. L., 400, 402, 471 Hots, Tbomass, 57, 00, 70, 70, 190, 201, 340, 305 Hasiltson, Andrew', 104 Hamonod, Do. Sio Jobs,v Hancocb, Joho, 447, 471 Haod,.T. i., 310, 312 Hansli, Willisot, 471 Hants, Mrs. Annine, 400 Hasen, J., 415 Haseno, K., vi Hooso, Ebmor, 161 Hardner, Holeo, 44 Hsrdy, W. J. 307, 374,381, 364 Hatloy, Willisas, 95, 104 Harmsn, Coy H., 470, 104 Harris, CeorsgeM., 173 Harvey, W. R., 225, 230, 340 Hasbios, S. F., 307 Haoge, S. M., 471 Fober, H., 400 Faislis, Willisam, 01 Faicosor, Hogh, 0, 20 Folio, Ros. Fbillip, 207, 307 Farrsll, Tbhomas, 02, 104 Feshhoimert, N. S., 132, 224, 470, Figuloa, H. H., 29, 41 Fisber, J., 410 FitsS, J. B., 310, 470 Fitoptdsb, W. W., 225 Flood, N. J., 400 Fists, W. F., 472 Fiemdng, iobs, 14 Flida Gueosey Cattle Glob, is Florido Holtesin-Friosian Attosiatio, Inc., iv Fiorida ieseo Cotls Glob, is Footo, Robot H., 410, 471 Forbes, B. B., 471 Forsyth, Be, 70, 104 Fotnero, Mrt. Suls J., 432 Fosgato, 0. TF., 471 Foss-Electric Cotmpssy, 437 Fouot, D. L., 100, 173 Fools, F. L., 470 Fowleor, A. B., 104 Fotwlor, A. F., 473 Froso, D. E. H., 471 Frederichs, 26 Frsdedikseq Loss, 412, 410 Frodsio, Abs, 20, 44 French, J. D. W., 107 Froncb, T. C., 202 Frobenius-Fox, Si, 34 Fulsaton, Jobs, 004 Fulatoq, Colossi Willisam, 77, 70, 95, 104 Follos, Vaieosy H., 340 Foumeaox, Artbur, vi Caddsus, L. W., 470 Csllupo, W. H., 472, 473 Cardoer, Maicobm H., 272, 164 Cardoer, M. H., 320, 330 Garner, FrankH.,364 Carrard, Ceorgo, 70, 104, 103, 307, 505 Carrett, 0. F., 174 Csunt, Food, 101 Casnt, S. N., 400 Gearhbst, Cbsdoes B., 470 Coot, J. W0., 56, 70 Gorsiovs, A. A., 471 Cerbor, Ho. Nicholas, 151, 230, 330.. 401, 437, 400 Cbormdey, Aifrod W5., 400 Cibson, David, Jo., vi, 125, 130, 132 Cdldos, H. M., 471 Gilleto, L. S., 472 Ciltoro, Booboos, 73 Gilores, L. H., 132, 224, 447, 470, Clastl, H., 152 Goldiog, N. ,402, 403 Goldsbooidt, Hossld, 410 Goods, H. H., 100, 173 Coslong, iJo, vi, 330, 337, 404, 400 Cosdooe, H. C., 473 CowS, H. M3., 304, 307, 310, 334, 340 Cowano, Jobs W., 310, 340 Grahsam, John, si Coay, C. H., 00 Gray, V., 471 Corsensam, L. WV., 471 Cregoty, F. W., 534 Gridley, S. B., 312, 340 CoiRfit, Colossi J., 364 Grdggs, Cardos, 17. Is Table 1.2 Grosso, Host, 12 Culicsson, T. WV., 471 Cylling-Holmt, Jons, 400 HacsetR, Mo., 4 Haeskor, T. L., 400, 402, 471 Hots, Tboms, 57, 00, 70, 70, 190, 202, 340, 303 Hamltson, Andtoew, 104 Hammon~d, Do. Sit Jsbn,v Hansosk, Jobs, 447, 471 Hasd, T. i., 310, 312 Hasol, Willisam, 471 Haoson, Mrs. Asnino, 400 Haseno, J., 415 Haseno, K., si Hasons, Ebmor, 101 Hsrdnor, Heles, 44 Hardy, W. J,~ 307, 374, 300, 304 Hardey, Willisam, 95, 100 Hannosn, Coy H., 470,0504 Hodrs, Ceogo M., 173 Harvoy, 30.0R., 225, 230, 340 Hasins, S. H., 307 Haugo, S. M., 471 Faber, H., 410 Firio, Willioso, 01 Faslcose, HogS, 5, 20 Folo, Boo. Fbillip, 207, 307 Fsrrall, Tbhomas, 02, 104 Foshbeime, N. S., 132, 224. 470, 534 Flguols, H. H., 29, 41 Fisker, J., 410 FitsS, J. B., 310, 470 Fitopatrdok, W. W., 225 Fsord, N. J., 400 Fists, W. F., 472 Flooing, iJo, 14 Florids Cuernsey Cottl Glob, is Fiosida Holstoin-Fris Assosistio, lIns., is Fiosida Jesey Cotls Glob, is Fools, Hobot H., 410, 471 Forbos, H. B., 471 Forsth, Ho, 70, 104 Fotnoor, Mrs. Susas J., 432 Folgato, 0. TF., 471 Foss-Electris Compsny, 437 Foot, H. L., 100, 073 Fools, H. L., 470 Fowlot, A. B., 104 Fowoler, A. F., 473 Fossr, H. E. H., 471 Frederikse, Laos, 412, 410 Fredsjo, Abe, 20, 44 Freosh, J. H. W., 107 Foensh, T. C., 202 Frobenius-Fox, Si, 34 Foulslaros, Jobs, 104 Fullalson, Colossi Willisam, 77, 79, 95, 104 Folios, Vaisosy E., 340 Fumeaux, Artbur, vit Caddums, L. W., 470 Gallup, 30. D., 472, 473 Gsrdner, Malsolms H., 272, 204 Gordner, M. M.320, 330 Carraod, Corge, 70, 004, 203, 307, Corrett, C. F., 174 Gaunt, Food, 101 Gaost, S. N., 401 Cearbsrt, Chardl B., 470 Coot, J. Wt., 50, 70 Cersioo, A. A., 471 Gerbo, D. Nishoiss, 151, 2.30, 350. 401, 437, 400 Gbormloy, Aifood 30., 400 Cibson, Hasid, Js., Ci, 125, 131, 032 Giddoo, H. M3., 471 Cilltt, L. S., 472 Gilots, Booboos, 73 Cilmoroe, L. H., 132, 224, 447, 470, 534 Clatsl, H., 152 Colding, N. S., 402, 403 Goldssbhmid, Herald, 410 Goods, H. H., 100, 173 Gooling, ioho, vi, 330, 3.37, 404, 400 Cooose, H. C., 473 Cows, H. 53., 304, 307, 310, 334, 340 Gotsan, Jobs W., 310, 340 Grsaoam, iohn, vi Coay, C. F., 10 Gray, V., 471 CGroebsam, L. WV., 471 Gregotr', F. W0., 534 Crdlesy, S. B., 312, 340 Criffih, Colossi J., 304 Criggs, Cardos, 17. Is Tabie 1.2 Crostse, Host, 11 Culiokson, T. WV., 471 Gylling-Holm, Joss, 400 HssketR, Mo., 4 Haesker, T. L., 400, 402, 471 Hal, Tbomas, 57, 00, 70, 70, 190, 201, 340, 305 Hamibton, Andrews, 104 Hammosnd, Ho. Sit Jobs,v Hassocb, Jobs, 447, 471 Hand, T. i., 310, 312 Hosol, Witloot, 471 Hanse,Ms. Annine,400 Hanseo, J., 405 Hanson, K., C Haoson, Elmer, 101 Haodnor, Holeo, 44 Hardy, 30. 0., 307, 374, 301, 384 Hstley, Williams, 95, 104 Hanoon, Coy E., 476,1504 Harris, Gorgo M., 173 Hsrvey, 30. B., 225, 230, 340 Haskins, S. H., 307 Hsuge, S. M., 471  INDEX OF NAMES 543 NDE OF AMS53IN DEX OF NAMES 543INDSO NAE53 INDEX OF NAMES 543 Hauser, E. 0., 250 Hazasd, Willis P., 202, 525, 307, 340 Heldspp, E. L., 471 Heebink, Gs, 528 HeISE, V., SM4 Hesisne, Robert F., 113 fiHlms, L. 0., 472 Hensdrie, Jsmes H., 184 Hengerveld, G.5J., 177, 220, 231, 237, 250, 253, 284 HereS aS Rhyn, 153 HeSSy, W. A., 165, 173, 460 HepburnE, William, K., 225 Hesbersis, Sigmunssd, 18, 20 HeOSa, H. A., 222, 463, 472, 474, S29, 531 Heres, A., 412 Herrik, AnnsM., i Hsrrick, Rerts A., vi HsyliS, Dr., 188, 202 Hildebsand, Robers F., Si, 113 Hill, Charles L., 202, 209, 213, 225, 258, 48 Hill, F. W., 474 Hill, JameFs J., 307 Hills, J. L., 460, 462 Hilton, J. H., 161, 471 Hilzheimss, Maxs, 41 Him~ilco, 46, 344 Hinks, C. J. M., 416 Hisze, F. M., 471 Hise, Ms. ansd Mrs. Jamess E., is Hoasd, Williamo D., Js., 468 Hobbs, R. W., vi, 327, 350, 361 Hsbles, A. W., 217, 275 Hob~son, A., 153 Hodapp, E. L., 472 HodgsoD, H. J., 426 HioekstsS, P., 250 Hsffman, K., 231, 250 Hogg, Thsssss, Jr., 104 Holers, AdsisD, 178 Holt, Frank L., 173 Hsltz,,E. W., 471 Hoesyswell, H. E., 470 Houghtons, F. L., 176, 184, 251, 262, 270, 203, 204, 416 Hosmsn, William, 365 Howard, San~ford, 032 HoxiE, Jsans L., 284, 472 Hoxie, Sslsomos, vi, is, 232, 235, 230, 253-55, 263, 268, 263, 437, 406, 499 Hoy, CEDE, 431 HOIbermn, LeS, 70 Huffmans,, C. F., 460, 472 Hughes, T. McKennsy, 20, 30, 48, 51, 104, 344, 365 Hull, Verno, 161 Home,H. H., Hss, V., 472 HEston, C.D., 472 Hyatt, George, Js., 125, 133, 225 Ibsen, H. I., 173, 534 Idss, Frsd S., vi, 116, 150, 166, 163, 173, 460 Inglis, Henry D., 202,9968,307 Inmss, Isa, 173 Isaac, Esic, 40 "Islander," 304, 308 Ivanoff, E. I., 446, 472 Jacksons, Ed, 333 Jaosb, Johns, 193, 203, 308 Jaobson, N. L., 472 Jamess, E. 0., 11, 20, 41 JaesE, Jasmes, 196, 203 Janse, L. C., 251 Jansson, S., 20 Jeffess, Henrsy, 401, 460 Jenne, Edwarsd, 459, 472 Jerem~ie, Job., 203 Jssup, Roger D., 468 Johannson, Isas, 416 John sof DitonS, 107 JohsonD, K. R., 160, 073 Jshnsson, V. C., is Joness, C. H, 471 Jsnes, I. 0., vi, 461, 472 Joness, S. V. H., 433, 470, 534 Jones, W. A., 203 Kahlenberg, C. J,. 470 Kolks,, J. W., 472 Kaltennegger, 5., 153 Kawamurai, Gsss, 261 KEary, C. F., 24, 29, 41 Kearsy, Hall W., 356, 365 eiss, R. J., 174 Keistss, 0. C., 160 Keisb, 11 Kelles, Csonssd, 20, 137, 153 ellss, Ferdinan~d, 36, 41, 153 Keller, K., 13 Hauser, F. 0., 250 Haossd, Willis F., 202, 235, 307, 340 Hsdspp, E. L., 471 Heebink, Gs, 526 Hehs, V., 154 Heinzes, obert F., 113 Hslmers, L. G., 472 Hendsie, Jame~s H., 104 Hsengssssld, C. J., 177, 229, 231, 237, 250, 253, 254 HennSe am Rhyn, 053 Hensy, W. A., 165, 173, 466 Hepburn, William K., 225 HEsbesssis, Sigssussd, 10,26 HermSS, H. A., 202, 463, 472, 474, 529, 531 Herms, A., 415 Herricki,AsosM., i Hsssick, Robssl A., vi HcyliS, Os., 180, 262 Hildsbsand, Rosbess F., vi, 113 Hill, Chsasles L., 202, 209, 213, 225, 259, 468 Hill, F. W., 474 Hill, Jameos J., 367 Hills, 5. L., 460, 462 Hilons, J. H., 161, 471 Hilshlimos, Mas, 40 Himilcs, 40, 344 Hinks, C. 5. M., 416 Hinzes, P. M., 471 Hiss, Ms. and Mss. Jssses E., is Hoasd, Williso D., Js., 408 Hsbbs, R. W., vi, 357, 350, 361 Hobler, A. W., 217, 275 Hsbsss, A., 153 Hodapp, E. L., 472 Hoidgsosn, H. J, 426 Hsskstsis, F., 250 Hsoffmas, K., 231, 250 Hsgg, Thsosas, Js., 004 Hslbess, Adsisa, 178 Hslt, Fsank L., 173 HsltO, E. W., 471 Honeywell, H. FE, 470 Houghon, F. L., 176, 184, 251, 261, 270, 283, 254, 416 Hosman, William, 365 Hiowasd, Snord, 132 Hssie, Jane L., 284, 472 Hssis, Sloos, vi, is, 232, 235, 230, 253-55, 263, 260, 263, 437, 486, 499 Hoy, CeDe, 431 Husbermans, Lses, 70 Hufsmas, C. F., 468, 472 Husghes, T. McKenny, 20, 39, 48, 51, 104, 344, 365 Huoll, Vernon, 160 HueES, H. H.,v Hust, V., 472 Huosn, C.D., 472 Hystf, Gessge, Js., 125, 133, 221 Ibsses, H. 1., 173, 534 Idtss, Fsed S., vi, 150, 158, 10, 163, 173, 460 Inoglis, Hsosy D., 202,0288, 307 Isnmsss, Isa, 173 Isasc, Eric, 41 "slandes," 304, 300 Ivassof, E. I., 448, 472 Jaons, Ed, 333 Jacisb, Jso, 193, 203, 308 Jaobiso, N. L., 472 James, F. 0., 10, 20, 41 James, loms 190, 103 Jase, L. C., 251 Jasnsos, S., 20 Jsffsss, Hssry, 465, 408 JenerE, Edwarod, 459, 472 Jsessmis, John, 203 Jssu~p, oges D., 408 Johason, Ivos, 416 Jsosn sof Ditson, 197 Johnson, K. R., 108, 173 Johnson, V. C., is Joses, C. H., 471 Joness, I. R., si, 401, 472 Joes, S. V. H., 433, 470, 534 Joses, W. A., 203 Kshlsnbesg C. J., 471 Kslkuss, J. W., 472 Kaltennesgges, J., 153 Kawamurao, Csss, 201 Eosy, C. F., 24, 29, 41 easy, Hall W., 350, 365 Keiss, R. J., 174 eistss, R. C, 10 eith, 11 Kelles, Csonrod, 20, 037, 153 ellss, Ferdinaond, 30, 41, 153 ellss, K., 153 Haser, E. 0., 250 Hossssd, Willis P., 202, 225, 307, 340 Hsdopp, E. L., 471 Hssbinok, Gus, 528 Hobos, V., 114 Heisss, Roberss F., 113 Hsloses, L. C., 472 Hsodsis, Jamess H., 184 HengESSeISI, C. 5., 177, 229, 231, 237, 250, 253, 284 Henes amS Rhsy, 153 Hssnsy, W. A., 165, 173, 468 Hepbuss, Williams K., 225 Hssbssis, Sigmusnsd, 18,28 Hermsas, H. A., 202, 463, 472, 474, 528, 531 Hsssmss, A., 415 Herrick, AsssM., i Hsssick, obess A., si Hsylis, Ds., 080, 262 Hildebsasd, oberss F., Si, 113 Hilt, Chosles L., 202, 209, 213, 225, 259, 408 Hill, F. W., 474 Hitl JamSes J., 367 Hills, J. L., 460, 462 EHiltson, J. H., 161, 471 Hilzhsissss, Mos, 41 HimilsS, 46, 344 Hinks, C. J. M., 416 Hinzes, P. M., 471 Hits, Ms. and Mss. Jsamss 0., is Hoasd, William 0., Js., 408 Hsbbs, R. W., vi, 357, 358, 361 Hsbles, A. W., 217, 275 Hsbsos, A., 153 Hodopp, E. L., 472 Hsdgsos, H. J, 426 HoEkstra, F., 250 Hsoffma, K., 231, 250 Hsgg, Ths~omas, Js., 004 Hslbsss, Adria, 078 Hslt, Fsank CL, 173 Holtz, E. W., 471 HoneyellI, H. E., 470 Houghtso, F. L., 176, 184, 251, 261, 270, 283, 204, 416 Hosman, Willisam, 365 Hsosarsd, Saorsd, 132 HoxiE, Jaess L., 284, 472 Hoxls, Slsmsn, vi, is, 232, 235, 238, 253-55, 203, 268, 283, 437, 486, Hoy, CeDe, 431 Hubsssso, Lso, 70 Huffmanos, C. F., 460, 472 Husghes, T. McKenny, 20, 39, 08, 51, 104, 344, 365 Hull, VernoD, 100 Hume, H. H., Hss, V., 472 Husto, C. ., 472 Hyat, CGeoe, Js., 125, 133, 225 Ibsens, H. 5., 173, 534 Idlse, Fred S., vi, 156, 158, 20, 263, 173, 468 Inglis, Hsosy D., 202, 288, 367 InmanS, Isa, 173 Isoa, Esics, 41 'Islsndes," 304, 300 ISvESOf, E. 5., 448, 472 JacksoE, Ed, 333 Jacosb, Joohn, 193, 203, 300 JacobsonS, N. L., 472 lJsmes, E. 0., 11, 20, 41 Jamess, Jooss, 190, 203 Jas, L. C., 251 JasoS, 20 Jeffess, Henry, 465, 460 JenerE, Edword, 459, 472 Jesrs i, John, 203 Jssup, Rogss D., 408 JohasonS, Ivos, 410 Johnof Ditons, 107 Johnso, K. R., 160, 173 Jobhnson, V. C., is Jones, C. H., 471 Jones, I. R., v.i, 401, 472 Joness, S. V. H., 433, 470, 534 Jones, W. A., 203 Kahlenberg, C. J., 471 Kalks, J. W., 472 Kaltensegges, J,. 153 Kawasmurs, Csss, 200 eaosy, C. F, 24, 29, 41 Keary, Hall W., 356, 365 Keirs, 0. J., 174 KEiste, 0. C, 160 Keith, 11 elles, ConradI, 20, 137, 153 elles, Fesdisond, 30, 41, 153 Ksllss, K., 123  544 INDEX OF NMESI 544 INDE3 OF NAMES 544 I33E3 OF NMES Kellgg, Richar, 158 Kendfick, J. F., 407 Kick, W., 155, 175, 184 Kidder, H. E., 472 Kidder, R. W., 470 Kildee, H. H., v', v.i, viii, 281, 518, 441, 467, 468, 472, 475-77, 470, 504 Kinney, Warn 468 Kirk, W. C., 470 Kitts, Charle, 187, 188, 163 Klatt, B., 40, 41 Klindt-Jsen, 0le,20, 416 Klippadt, John, 176, 185, 237, 251 Klussedorf, Arthur B., 476, 503, 504 Knapp, 0Sa A., 437 Knight, C. W., 472 Knoblauc, H. C., 472 Knwls Ralph, 208 KnoxW. D.,468 Knuds, A. F., 416 Knutsen, M. K., 470 Kocb, Rodert, 457, 460 Konad A., 250 Koge, M., 473 Konradi, Emil, 401 Krmr H., 153 Krienke, W. A., 470, 403 Krse, Mai L., 156,1559 Kubista, 8. A., 449, 471 Kuhlman, A. H., 472, 473 Kuiter, K., 185 Kurdas, C. 0D, 474 Kusnaht, 137 Lae Clen, 400 Lamb, L. W., 471 Lmod, Elizabeh, 70 Lardne, 0D, 153 Lasn K. A. F., 406, 440 Larsen, L. Hansen, 306, 300, 404, 412, 413, 416 Latham, R. C., 202 Law, E. M4, 472 Lawrenc, John, 56, 57, 70, 104, 340, 365 Leaham, Isa, 365 Le Coa Col. C. F., 203, 206,300 Le Couteur, Col. 5J, 85, 203, 200, 294-06, 300 Legate, J. K., 225 Leith, R. H., 73 Lenheri, Huo, 140, 153, 175, 185 Leouzon, Louis, 70 Leae H. C., A Le Patoure, J. H., 308 Leyte, Thoms, 206, 300 L9,6i, Heni, 33, 41 Liebes, Oto H., 46 Lincdln, Abraham, 435 A Linolnbshire Orazder, 70, 104 Linn,, Jams~t W., 120, 374, 305, 476 Linsley, Dr. Jo~hn S., 207, 306, 340 Lloyd, C. A., 460 Loosldi, J. K., 461, 462, 472 Lorens, F. W., 474 Lounsbury, L. 8., 222 Lsow, David, 63, 70, 104, 263, 300, 340, 365 Lowden, Frank 0., 257, 201 Lubbock, 0ir John, 37, 30,41,3251 Lush, J. L., 204, 336, 340, 468 Lu.yet, R. J., 472 Lttkkt, Richard, 6, 7, 15, 18, 20, 41, 365 Lyos, Thomast, 106 Maarss, Sv. As., 416 MtCssd~sh, A. C., v, 61, 06, 104, 472 McCarry, Miles, 106 McClean, J. A., 529 McClure, F. J., 471 McCollum, E. V., 468 MacOIulloch, Robet, 203 McDaniel, 8. W., 473, 407 MtDowedl, J. C, 125, 443,472 M~c~illiard, F. C., 470, 476 Mackay, Emstl, 26, 41 Mackie, J. Milton, 320 .McKinley, Rev. Jameso, 104 ,McKiudyik, J. W., 319, 340 McLod, W. M., 204 MacMonnirs, Wdllac, 334 MacNeilage, Archikdld, 104 Madden, F. 24, 529 Magnssenot, Normans E, 158 Masowanss, 24. A. L., 63,41 Malone, Thsos A., 320, 330 Mateguzz, FP, 454 Markkham, Cotosis,,, 55, 70,346, 365 Mash, W. W., 200,214 Mashakll, David, 106, 104 Kdllgg, Richard, 158 Kendrick, J. F., 487 Kick, W., 155, 175, 104 Kidder, H. E., 472 Kidder, R. W., 470 Kildee, H. H., v, vi, viii, 281, 316, 441, 467, 4068, 472, 475-77, 478, 504 Kinney, Warreno, 468 Kirk, W. C., 470 Kitts, Charles, 507, 190,3203 Klatt, B., 46, 41 Klindt-5oensen, 0le,20, 416 Klipat,o, 176, 105, 237, 251 Klssenddr, Arthur B., 476, 503, 564 Knapp, Saman A., 437 Knight, C. W., 472 Kstoklsstk, H. C., 472 Knowles, Rlph, 200 Kno,sW.D., 468 Knsdse, A. F., 416 Knustsen, M. K., 470 Kock, R~soet, 457, 460 Koenrsad, A., 250 Kosger, M., 473 Konradi, Emil, 401 Kramert, H., 153 Krieske, W. A., 470, 403 Kruse, Marvin L., 150, 159 Kubista, R. A., 440, 471 Kshlman, A. H., 472, 473 Kuiter, K., 185 Kurds, C. 0D, 474 Kussnacht, 137 Lake, Clenn, 460 Lambk, L. W., 471 Lamonsd, Elizaketk, 70 Lardner, 0D, 153 Larsen, K. A. F., 406, 440 Lasent, L. Haseno, 396, 300, 404, 412, 413, 416 Latam, R. C., 202 Laws, E. 24, 472 Lawrence, Johkn, 56, 57, 70, 104, 349, 365 Lason, J., 103 Ltssm, lIsta, 365 Le Comas, Col. C. F., 203, 206,308 Le Couteur, Col. 2J, 85, 293, 280, 294-06, 309 Legates, J. K., 225 Leitch, R. H., 73 Lenhet, Hug, 140, 153, 175, 15 Louon, Louis, 70 Le~age, H. C., vi Le Patsorl, J. H., 308 Leyte, Thomsas, 299, 308 Lhti, Henr4, 33, 41 Liebers, 019o H., 4068 Lincol, Abrakhas, 435 A Lincsire raier, 7, 104 Linn, Jamest W., 120, 374, 385, 476 Lisley, Dr. John~t S., 287, 308, 348 Lloyd, C. A., 469 Loosli, J. K., 461, 462, 472 Lsoes, F. W., 474 Losbursy, L. 8., 222 Lows, David, 63, 70, 104, 283, 308, 340, 365 Lowdens, Frank 0., 257,3061 Lu~bbock, Sir Johks, 37, 39, 41, 251 Lush, J. L., 204, 336, 340, 400 LuyetO, 8. J., 472 Lv~ddkke, Rickard, 6, 7, 15, 18, 20, 42, 365 Lyos, Thomas, 158 Maarssoe, St. Aa., 416 McCandls, A. C., v, 61, 96, 104, 472 McCarry, Mile, 106 McClean, J. A., 529 MClurso, F. J., 471 McCdollu, F. V., 400 MssCdbsoh, Rokert, 203 Mctaniel, B. W., 473, 407 MtDowedl, J. C, 125, 443, 472 Mtcilliard, F. C., 470, 476 Mackay, Ersst, 26, 41 Mackie, J. Milts,, 328 McKinley, Rev. Jamest, 104 Mc4it384ck, J. W., 319, 346 McLod, W. M., 284 MacMonis, Walkac, 334 MacNeig, Arckikdld, 104 Maddens, F. 24, 529 Msgnssss, Norman E, 158 Mad9owan, 24. A. L., 22,41 Malone, Thomsas A., 328, 339 Mantsgssss, P., 454 Marlkhams, Cottsist, 55, 78,346, 365 Mash, W. W., 205, 214 Mashaldl, Daid 106, 104 Kellgg, Richard, 158 Kendritk, J. F., 497 Kick, W., 155, 175, 184 Kidder, H. E., 472 Kidder, R. W., 470 Kildee, H. H., v,, vi, viii, 288, 318, 441, 467, 4068, 472, 475-77, 479, 504 Kinney, Warre, 468 Kirk, W. C., 470 Kitts, Charles, 587, 108,3203 1(att, B., 48, 41 Kin do-Jenos, 0le,520,416 Klippsst, Jokn, 176, 185, 237, 221 Klustsdorf, Artkus, .476, 503, 504 Knpp Seama A., 437 Knight, C. W., 472 Knobkhstk, H. C., 472 Knowle.s, Ralpk, 208 Knoxss, W. D., 468 Knusdse, A. F., 416 Kntsons, 24, K., 470 Kock, Rsoer, 455, 460 Konrad, A., 250 Kotge, M., 473 Konrsdi, Emil, 401 Kramers, H., 153 Ksienk, W. A., 470, 493 Krse, Marvin L., 158, 159 Kukista,, R. A., 448, 471 Kuhlma, A. H, 472, 473 Kuteot, K, 185 Kurdas, C. 0D, 474 Kssachl, 137 Lake, Clensn, 468 Lambk, L. W., 471 Lamontd, Elizaketk, 78 Lardners, 0D, 153 Larossn, K. A. F., 408, 448 Lasenss, L. Hasent, 396, 399, 404, 412, 413, 418 Latkham, R. C., 282 Laws, E. M4, 472 Lawrence, John, 56, 57, 70, 104, 349, 365 Lasns, J., 103 Lekats, Isaac, 365 Lo Comms, Col. C. F., 203,206,38 Le outur Col. J, 85, 203, 289, 294-86, 308 Legates, J. K., 225 Leitch, R. H., 73 Lenhet, Hug, 140, 153, 175, 185 Louons, Louis, 70 Le~sag, H. C., v Le Patore, J. H., 308 Leyt, Tkhsmas, 288, 308 Lksot, Henri, 33, 41 Likhen, 019o H., 400 Lino, Aksdaham, 435 A Linolshkire raie, 7, 104 Liss, Jamest W., 120, 374, 385, 470 Linsley, Dr. Joks S., 297, 308, 348 Lloyd, C. A., 469 Loosdi, J. K., 461, 465, 472 Ltoens, F. W., 474 Lounsbuty, L. R., 225 Lows, David, 63, 78, 104, 203, 308, 340, 365 Lowtden, Fradk 0., 257, 261 Lubbkock, Sir Job., 37, 39, 41, 21 Lush, J. L., 204, 336, 346, 400 Luyet, R. J., 472 Lydkkers, Rickard, 6, 7, 15, 18, 20, 41, 365 Lyons, Tkhomas, 158 Maasso, Sv. As., 416 MtCssdlsk, A. C., v, 61, 96, 104 472 Mcsarry, Miles, 106 McClea, J. A., 529 McClute, F. 5J, 471 McCdou, E. V., 400 Macoullok, Rsoeo, 203 McDsaniel, B. W, 473, 487 Mctowel, J. C, 125, 443, 472 MtCitliard, F. C., 470, 476 Mackay, Ernest, 26, 41 Macki, J. Milko,, 358 McKinley, Rev. Jamess, 104 Mc4it3r0ck, J. W., 319, 348 Mc4otd, W. 24., 284 MacMonnies, Wllac, 334 MacNeilage, Arckikdld, 104 Madden,, F. 24., 529 Msgotsos, Normant F., 108 Msll-ant, 24. A. L., 63, 41 Malo, Tkhomas A., 320, 339 Mateguzz, FP, 404 Markkham, Cotsvsise, 55, 78,346, 365 Mash, W. W, 200,214 Mashaldl, 0avi4, 106, 104  INDEX OF NAMES 545 INDEX OF NAMES 545 X5FNMS55IDXSEAE 4 INDEX OF NAMES 545 Marshall, OS Johns, 26, 29, 41 Msrshsll, S. F., 470 Marshall, W., 365 Marths, W. C. L., 104 Marx, C. D3., 472 Mascasl, Leossod, 54, 70 Maos, F. H., 153 Mson, I. L., 410 Massinghams, H. J., 365 Mather,, R. E., 475 Matthewss, C. A., 475 Matthewss, Erssest, 301 MatsiosS, 52 Masds, J. R., 529 Maxwll, Rslbesl, 67 May, L. D3., 369, 370, 370, 361 Msy, 0., 470 Mead, S. W., 535 Mssdosss, C. E., 558 Msgarge, Edwin, 205 Meigs, E. B., 472 Mdli, H., 153 Mendel, Johann Cregor, is, 464, 469, 472, 534 Meyer, A. D., 320, 340 Meyer, Eugeno, 158 Meyer, R. M., 471 Meyer, W. P., 472 Miller, F. W., 530 Miller, R. H., 472 Mills, Jshsn, 60,70 Miiovao, V. R., 472 Minsas, Jusdssos, iv Misser, Edward H., 500 Mitchell, Elizabeth J., v4 M'Kissisy, Rev. Jamss, 004 Mobherg, C. A., 20 Moe, F. W., 472 Mosson, Bernad, 158 Mosse, Larry, 428 Moorhoss, Sydsssy, 365 Morkeberg, P. A., 302, 451, 402, 410, 416 Morley, L. M., vi Morrssons, F. B., 40, 472 Morrson, R0. A., 446, 471 Morsisoss, R. D., 225 Moses, E.W., 18, 20 Morthmer, Joshss, 56, 70, 346, 260 Mosssip, W. S., 251,0260,204, 410 Mosle, Henrsy B., 129 Mourssnt, Ph. L. S., 301. 308 Macke, J. 1R., 22, 41 Msshbssd, Finsdlay, 153 Mdll, L. E., 470 Musller, F., 153 Msssss, W. A., 225 Mooso, oberss, 51 Murpby, D3. M., 449, 474 Msursoy, Ciihert, 105 Msssgsssve, S. D., 225 Msssr, Kal 6., vi, 222, 282, 336, 400 Mssos, Henry, 44 Myer, J. L., 41 Nalhsandov, A., 472, 529 Nssl, W. M., 401, 470, 472, 473 Nsdly, Waysne C., 70 Nshsissg A., 18 Ndlsoss, J. B., 472 Nlsons, R. F., 472 Nshitt, Asthur W., 466 Newladserd, J. A., 471 Nidlsen, Eissr, vi, 416 Nislsesn, loss, 415, 406 Nielsesn, K., 406 Nilsens, M., 410 Nilssos, Prof. Sen, 9, 1, 20, 39 Nollss, C. H., 472 Northsrn Ohio Brseders Assisions, Incs, iv Norton, 14. J, Jr., vi, 270, 264, 446, 460, 473 Nouse, Timothy, 55 Oaklsy, Jsses B., vi Oberoaier, H., 41 Olds, Duroad, 470, 473 Overossn, 0. E., 074 Ossenss, Richssd, 04, 27, 20,509 Pabst, Fssd, 261, 465 Fslladiuss, 54 Psloss, L. 0S, 403, 469-72, 474 Fsslkes, J. B., 472 Pseus, Louis, 455, 456, 459, 469 Pstricks, T. E., 471 Psatterson, Jaoss A., 96 Pason, H. Cecil, 70 Psyns, Phillipot, 267, 309 Psdssson, Asntos, 416 Pssnsey, Jaoes C., 468 Fsrry, Ess J., 279, 416, 416, 446, 473. 529 Marshsll, OS Jsshss, 26, 29, 41 Mashbll, S. F., 470 Msrshsll, W., 365 Mssshs, W. C. L., 104 Moss, C. D3., 472 Msssll, Lonarsd, 54, 70 Masos, F. H., 153 Msos, I. L., 416 Msssissghso, H. J., 365 Matlher, R. E., 475 Matshes, C. A., 475 Mstthews, Essnest, 301 Mstsish, 52 Mouds, J. R., 525 Maxwosl, Robors, 67 Masy, El.1., 369, 370, 376, 365 Msy, R., 470 Mead, S. W., 535 Mssdowss, C. E, 256 Megssgeo, Edois, 261 Meigs, E. 0B, 472 Mci, H., 253 Mssndel, Johoon Gregss, is, 404, 465, 472, 534 Msyer, A. D, 320, 340 Msyes, Eusgsens, 158 Msyer, 0. M., 472 Msyer, W. F., 472 Miller, F. W., 530 Milksr, R. H., 472 Mills, Johsn, 60, 70 Miloosnov, V. R., 472 Missas, Jusdson, is Misssr, Edward H., 200 Mitchsll, Elssabeth 9., vi M'ileiy, Resv. Jaoss, 104 Msberg, C. A., 20 Moe, P. W., 472 Moson, Bernasd, 150 Moo, Lsrry, 426 Mosrhoss, Sydsney, 365 Morkbess, F. A., 392, 411, 412, 411, 416 Morley, L. M., si Morsison, F. B., 469, 472 Msoison, R. A., 446, 471 Mosissss, R. D., 225 Morss, E.W., 16, 26 Morsioer, Joshn, 56, 70, 346, 365 Msssip, W. S., 251, 261, 204, 415 Mosls, Hsnry B., 129 Msourssnt, Fh. L. S., 301, 396 Mssshe, J. R., 22, 41 Muishssd, Fisndlsy, 153 MulsS, L. E., 470 Msullss, F., 153 Mssnn, W. A., 225 Mono, Robhsrt, 51 Murphsly, D. M., 449, 474 Murrsy, Cilbers, 105 Mussgrsvs, S. 13., 225 Mssss, Kol B., si, 222, 262, 336, 409 Mssos, Henrsy,44 Myer, J. L., 41 Nalhssndov, A., 472, 529 Nssl, W. M., 461, 470, 472, 473 Nely, Wasyno C., 76 Nsehsissg, A., 10 Nelsson, J. B., 471 Nelson, R. E., 472 Nshitt, Arthurs W., 469 Nssldsds, J. A., 471 Nislssss, Eissss, si, 416 Nislssss, Joss, 415, 416 Nielssss, K., 410 Nislssss, M., 416 Nilssoss, Psof. lSse, 9, 16, 20, 39 Nollsr, C. H., 472 Northsr Ohio Breeders Assoistson, Isss., iv Norons, H. J., Js., vi, 279, 264, 446, 468, 473 Nssssss, Timossthy, 55 Oaklsy, Jsss B., si Obssoaiss, H., 41 Olds, Dussoard, 471, 473 Ossorssn, 0. E., 074 Ossesss, Richasd, 14, 17, 20, 39 Pabst, Fssd, 261, 465 Psllasdisss, 54 Psloss, L. 0S, 403, 409-72, 474 Pssksr, J. B., 472 Pstsss, Lossis, 455, 456, 459, 469 Pstrish, T. E., 471 Psatsessss, Jamess A., 56 Pasonss, H. Coil, 70 Psys, Phillipst, 297, 309 Psdssson, Asstons, 416 esosy, Jsoss C., 466 Pesry, Essss J., 279, 416, 418, 446, 473, 520 Marshal, Sir Johss, 26, 29, 41 Mashbsll, S. F., 470 Msrshall, W., 365 Moths, W. C. L., 104 Mass, C. 13., 472 Mscsall, Lssssssd, 54, 70 Msons, F. H., 153 Msson, I. L., 416 Massinghaso, H. J., 365 Mather, R. E, 475 Matthsews, C. A., 475 Mstthsews, Erness, 301 MattiosS, 52 Mausls, J. R, 526 Msswsll, Rosbess, 67 Masy, L. 13, 309, 370 , 376, 365 Msy, R., 470 Mssd, S. W., 535 Msadowss, C. E., 158 Msgssgss, Edois, 261 Msigs, E. B., 472 Msli, H., 223 Msendsl, Jloann Grsgss, ix, 404, 469, 472, 534 Msysr, A. D., 320, 340 Msyss, Essgssss, 159 Msyss, R. M., 472 Meyo, W. F., 472 Millss, F. W., 530 Millsr, R. H., 472 Mills, Jshns, 60, 70 Milsoaso, V. R., 472 Misnsar, Jssdson, is Missss, Edward H4., 200 Mitshsll, Eliohslhb 9., si M'islsy, Reo. Jamoss, 104 Mobherg, C. A., 20 Mss, P. W., 472 Mssnson, Besnard, 159 Moss, Losrs, 426 Mosrhsose, Sydnesy, 365 Msrksbssg F. A., 392, 411, 412, 415, 416 Morlsy, L. M., vi Moisos, F. 6., 460, 472 Morsisons,R. A., 446,471 Morrsisons, R. D., 225 Moses, E.W, 19, 26 Morstioss, Joshn, 56, 70, 346,365 Mscssip, W. S., 251, 261, 204, 415 Mslds, Hsessy B., 129 Mossant, Fh. L. S., 301,3608 Mssshs, J. R., 22,41 Mssislsssd, Fisndlsy, 153 Mul, L. E., 470 Msullss, F., 153 Moo, W. A., 225 Mono, Robhsrl, 51 Murphsy, D. M., 449, 474 Msssssy, Gilbsst, 155 Msssgsssvs, S. 13., 225 Musss, Kasl B., vi, 222, 262, 336, 469 Muss, Henry, 44 Myss, J. L., 41 Nslhsssdos, A., 472, 529 Nodl, W. M., 491, 470, 472, 473 Nssly, Waynss C., 76 Nshisg, A., 19 Nslsssn, J. B, 472 Nslsss, R. E., 472 Nshitt, Asthor W., 469 Nssslosdss, 9. A., 471 Nislssn, Eissss, vi, 416 Nislssn, Jsens, 415, 416 Nilsss, K., 416 Nislsesn, M., 411 Nilssons, Prof. OSven, 0, 16, 20, 39 Nosllss, C. H., 472 Norsshsrn Ohis Brssdes Assoiaio, Isss., is Norto, H. J., Jsr, Si, 279, 284, 446, 409, 473 Nssssss, Tiothy, 55 Oahlsy, Jsss B., si Ohseomier, H., 41 Olds, Dussoard, 471, 473 Overmon, 13. E, 074 Owssss, Richarsd, 24, 27, 20, 39 Pass, Fssd, 261, 405 Psllasdius, 54 Psloss, L. S., 403, 469-72, 474 Fsshss, J. B., 472 Psstsss, Lsssis, 455, 456, 459, 469 Pstsish, T. E., 471 FPatsssso, Jsoss A., 96 Pawsson, H. Ceil, 70 Payns, Phillipotl, 297, 309 Psdesss, Asnton, 406 Psesssy, Jsoss C., 466 Fsssy, Enoss 9., 279, 416, 410, 448, 473, 520  INDEX OF NAMES 546 INDEX OF NAMES 56IDXO AE 546 INDEX OF NAMES Poory, ToN C. sod Julia 0., is Pstersen, W. E., 463, 468, 470 Pettigoew, Bobst, 105 Pfau, K. 0., 475 Phillips, P. H., 448, 473 Pickeroll, J. B., 368 Pickett, B. W., 473 Piggott, 8Suat, 20 Puss, Albert, 41 Pilgrio, 4 Piqust, Leon A., 275 Pirtle, T. B., 178, 185, 473 Pills, J. D., 203 Plats, Donald D., is Pioss, W., 258, 308 Plssy, 15 Plosoan, R. D., 473, 487 Plum,, Mogens, 418 Plutmb, C. S., v, 173, 178, 185, 365, 385, 478 Polgs, C., 454, 473 Polishe, R. D., 240, 251, 274, 281, 48 Polo, Morco, 50, 51 Post, Timothby, 73, 285 Polls, D. P., 225 Powell, E. B., 483, 473 Pollt, Col. Zadock, 107, 132, 441, 484, 488 Prentice, E. P., 505 Psrentice, P. Poosiste, 283, 225, 38 Prssots, M. S., si, 271, 283, 284, 468 Prsotl, Thodore, 324 Prscso, Williso A., 284 Pssooot, Dr., 454, 473 Prdce, E. T., 284 Psithord, W. R., 273, 224, 478, 334 Prosh, 381, 416 Protbero, E. P. (Lord Pole), 59, 71, 345, 385 Prowst, Mrs. Horry, 426 Psyds, Ceoogs S., 185 Pu~lliam, A. L., 418 Pumpslly, B., 22, 42 Qotayle, Thomos, 188, 283, 288, 283, 38 Rsbild, Helmor, 418, 418, 418, 438, 487 Bsdeos, M., 251 Raodot, Boss Vallesy, 473 Ragsdale, A. C., 461, 473 BRakes, J. H., 225 Balston, N. R., 424, 428 Bossy, Alexander, 87, 185, 365 Rasay, Altos, 87 Randall, Gsosge, 111, 505 Rosousoe, Psedssi, 418 Boooas, C. E., 284 Beoses, C. W., iv, vii, 482 Resd, Charsiss A., 22, 23, 42, 51 Rsod, George, 248, 251 Bsed, 0. E., 105, 422, 426, 441, 448 471 Regan, W. M., 535 Boid, Johbs, 185 Odid, I.T., 480, 482, 473 Besouf,, Thooo, 308 Boyoslds, Hoswssd C., 226 R~hodes, C. 8., 182 Hics, V. A., 132, 223 Bish, Lyoan, 438, 487 Risghols, P. 0., 13 R~obstson, 105 obessos, Absn 411 Bobetsos, Joames 8., 225 Bobessson, K. J., 105 Robioson, C. 8., 472 Rolofs, E. T., 251 Boosts, lorge, 473 Bonnsiog, M., 472, 473 Boosssslt, Tbeodore, 438 Roe, J. G., 41 Rotsh, Praosis M., 232, 155, 173. 310, 340, 55 ottstensso, Knsud, 418 Bowsliss, Joshusa, 365 Rowson, L. E. A., 424, 473 Bodd, Baolmeows, 365 Boolos, Bobssl H., 251, 257, 282 Ruspel, I. W., 475 Bossell, Jaoss E., 224, 225 Bussell, W. A., 473 Bsutmyer, L., 8, 20, 37, 38, 157 Ryder, Hssssy B., 384, 388, 417 Salisbusy, C. W., 448, 473, 474, 529 Sooders, A. H., 385 Sanders, Franks B., 176 Sanmoann, P. P., 173 Sargeant, Jobss, is Sarwao, M., 470 Sasry, M.V.A., ,5, 6 Peroy,TomsC. and Juliao0., is Ptetsen, W. E., 463, 468, 478 Pttigsrew, Rloer, 105 Plot, K. 0., 475 Phillips, P. H., 448, 473 Piskseril, J. B., 368 Piskeso, B. W., 473 Piggott, Stuool, 20 Puss, Albet, 41 Pilgsimo, 4 Piossot, Lot A., 275 Pitit, T. B., 178, 185, 473 Pills, J. D., 203 Plats, Donold D., is Pitss, W., 288, 38 Plssy, 15 Plowmson, B. D., 473, 487 Pluo, Mogsos, 428 Plusmb, C. S., v, 273, 176, 185, 365, 385, 476 Poigs, C., 454, 473 Politick, R. D., 240, 251, 274, 281, 458 Pois, Mosso, 50, 51 Pool, Timoothy, 73, 105 Potts, D. P., 225 Poweoll, E. B., 463, 473 Posts, Cotl. Zsdock, 207, 132, 441, 464, 488 Psttiso, E. P., 505 Prtotist, P. Pososlso, 283, 225, 308 Prssot, M. S., si, 271, 283, 284, 468 Prssotl, Tbsodorso, 524 Prssott, Wiliiam A., 284 Psevost, Ds., 454, 473 Pdsce, E. T., 284 Psitshard, W. B., 173, 224, 470, 534 Psossho, 381, 416 Psotboso, E. E. (Lord Ersli, 58, 71, 345, 365 Prowseo, Mrs. Horrp, 426 Prode, Georsgs S., 105 Pulliiso, A. L., 416 Possptly, BR, 22, 42 Quspie, Thtomas, 188, 203, 268, 283, 308 Bsbild, Hsloor, 418, 418, 428, 438, 487 Bsdsos, M., 251 Raodot, Bsss Vallesy, 473 Rasgsdslo, A. C., 461, 473 Rake~s, J. H., 225 Ralton, N. R., 424, 426 Baosay, Alssaodos, 67, 185, 365 Ramsap, All,,, 67 Ransdall, Corsgs, 111, 505 Rsmossen, Prederdk, 418 Bssoso, C. P., 284 Boosts, C. W., is, vii, 482 Rood, Chaoies A., 22, 23, 42, 51 Ressd, Cseorgs, 248, 251 Reed, 0. P., 105, 422, 426, 441, 448 471 Rsgan, W5. M., 535 Odid, Jobsn, 105 Rsid, J. T., 460, 462, 473 Rsnoof, Thoos, 38 Bsyolds, Howassd C., 256 Bbodss, C. S., 161 lRiss, V. A., 232, 225 Bich, Lyoman, 438, 487 Rioghols, P. 0., 153 obhtsons, 105 Robersson, Alsan, 416 Bobertson, Jsames B., 223 Bobertson, K. J., 105 R~obinson, C. S., 472 Roelofs, E. T., 251 Booan, Jorge, 473 Bossinog, M., 472, 473 Boosesstl, Theodose, 438 Ros,J.CG.,41 Rstsh, Francis~ M., 232, 155, 173. 310, 340, 505 Rlotstnsten, Knod, 416 Rowin, Joshuas, 365 Bowsos, L. E. A., 424, 473 BRudd, Barlemsews, 365 Booles, Bobtrt H., 251, 257, 282 Rspel, I. W., 475 Busseil, Jaoes E., 224, 225 Bssetll, W5. A., 473 Rsfloeyet, L., 6, 20, 37, 38, 157 Ryde, Hsoty B., 384, 386, 417 Salisbussy, C. W., 448, 473, 474, 528 Soandsrs, A. H., 385 Sanders,Frank B, 176 Saososon, P. P., 173 Sssgeaot, lobs, is Ssrwao, M., 470 Sstry, M. V. A., si, 5, 6 Perrp, Toot C. and Julia G., is Poetesens, W. B., 463, 468, 470 Petigsrew, Bobost, 205 Pfss, K. 0., 475 Phillips, P. H., 449, 473 Pisksssll, J. B., 368 Piskett, B. W., 473 Piggott, StusrI, 20 Putt, Aibsrt, 42 Pilgsio, 4 Piqust, Lot A., 275 Pisls, T. B., 178, 185, 473 Pills, J. 0., 203 Pilt, Dooold H., is Piess, W., 288, 308 Plioy, 25 Plowmoao, B. D., 473, 487 Pioo, Mogeos, 428 Plssob, C. S., v, 273, 176, 185, 365, 385, 476 Poige, C., 454, 473 Politick, R. D., 240, 252, 274, 281, 408 Polo, Mssso, 50, 51 Pool, Timothy, 73, 205 Posts, H. P., 225 Powell, E. B., 483, 473 Posts, Col. Zsdock, 207, 132, 441, 484, 486 Prentiso, E. P., 505 Pretliso, E. Pososlet, 203, 225, 308 Prescotl, M. S., vi, 571, 283, 284, 468 Prsoof, Thesodore, 524 Possotl, Wilioo A., 284 Psosost, Dr,., 454, 473 Pdice, E. T., 284 Psitschsod, W. B., 273, 224, 470, 534 Psosscht, 381, 416 Psotboso, E. E. (Lord Esnie), 50, 71, 345, 365 Poss, Mrs. Horop, 426 Prydo, Gsosgo 0S, 185 Psllioo, A. L., 416 Pumopelly, B., 22, 42 Quayis, Thooss, 180, 203, 288, 283, 308 Rsbild, Holmo, 418, 418, 428, 438, 487 Bodoos, M., 251 Rodot, Bsne Vallery, 473 lRagsdsls, A. C., 461, 473 Bskss, J. H., 225 Basttoo, N. ,424, 426 Rasay, Alexansde, 67, 105, 365 Bosso, Alson, 67 Bssdll, Corgo, 111, 505 Rasosson, Pssdsdbk, 418 Bsosoa, C. E., 284 Bessos, C. W., is, vii, 482 Reetd, Chasrlss A., 22, 23, 42, 51 Reed, Gsssgo, 248, 251 Beed, 0. E., 105, 422, 426, 441, 448 Regso, W.' M., 535 Bsid, Jobs, 105 Bsid, I.T., 4860, 462, 473 Retsouf, Thomas, 308 Besoolds, Howard C., 256 Bhodss, C. S., 162 Biss, V. A., 232, 225 Bish, Lymoot, 438, 487 Bioghols, P. 0., 153 Bobersso, 105 Robsstsoo, Also, 416 Boboersson, James B., 225 Robertson, K. J., 205 Rosbioso, C. S., 472 Roolofs, E. T., 251 Booss, Josgt, 473 Boonisg, M., 472, 473 Boossselt, Theodor, 430 Ros, J. C., 41 Retsh, Ptansis M., 232, 155, 173. 310, 340, M05 Rostestse, Kood, 416 Rowio, Jotbus, 365 Baon, L. E. A., 454, 473 Budd, Bstboltomew, 365 Boolor, Bobost H., 251, 257, 282 Bupel, I. W., 475 Boosl, Jooes B., 224, 225 Bsseoll, W. A., 473 Rutsmeye, L., 8, 20, 37, 38, 257 Ryde, Henty B., 384, 396, 417 Salisbssy, C. W., 448, 473, 474, 528 Sandsers, A. H., 385 Sanders, Frank B., 176 Saostann, P. P., 173 Ssrgsaot, Jobts, is Sososos, M., 470 Sasty, M.V.A, v, 5, 6  INDBOX 0F NAMES 547 INDEBX OF NAMESl 547 Sayoe, A. H., 24, 42 Sohalk, A. F., 474 Schmid4, Walter, itv Schmidt, C. F., 570 Schoill, M., 285, 433 Sohooley, Bay, 384, 407 Schroeoder, Bobeot, 158 Schuppli, 153 Searleso, Har~old B., 468 Sooth, D. M., 471 Sebdlght, Sit Johon S., 71 Seroaiuso, 137 Shoow, Har~old J., 468 Shoaw, J. C., 472 Shealy, A. L., 470, 473 Shhbeare, John, 288, 308 Shopard, H. C., vi, 280, 208, 300, 301, 306, 308 Shuoltz, Borl N., 211, 225 Siegftied, 15 Simpono, C. F., 224, 470, 534 Sipson, W. Arthuro, 360, 372, 385 Sincylair, Jameso, 345, 346, 347, 356, 365 SinclirO, Sir John, 76, 105 Sisono, Corge W., Jr.,314, 321 Shovgaard, K., 416 Smit2h, A. D. Buchoanon, 105 Smoith, Hoamilton, 18 Smoith, G. B., 471 Smith, V. B., 463, 474 Smit0h, W. H., 584 Sneoinger, Balph, v Solechi, Rlphol S., 42 Sorensono, Edoward, 474 Sowertby, Mertont 0., 212 Spollanzani, 446 Sparkman,, Johno, 385 Spoeariog, Jack, 516 Speir, Johon, 84-86, 95, 105, 231 Stair, Marshall, 75 Stallcup, 0. T., 255, 463, 474 Stanford, J. K., 251 StaleIto, H. E., 306 Steenstrup, Frofl., 14 Stewarot, Bobeort H., 211, 221, 225 Stoehr, H. H., 284 Storer, Boov. John, 348, 365 Storon~t, Clydo, 474 Strbo, 48 Strickland, F. N., 272, 284 Strohmeoyer, Harry oand Harry, Jr., vi, 132, 468, 504 Stroog, Dav.id, 504 Stuart, J. K., i, Stumobo, B. W., v Stuock,., Arcohibald, 105 Sturtevan,,t, E. Lewis, 107, 133, 440 Sullivan,, J. J., 474 Svenodson, A., 388, 301, 416 Sowain, Jameso, 225 Swon, E. W., 474 Soohota, W. J., 426 Swoift, B. W., 471 Syhes, J. F., 474 SyvretO, Corogo 0., 203, 288, 368 Tacituso, A., 15, 229, 251 Toonner, C. C., 140, 153 Taylor, lost.ac, 39, 40, 51 Tem~pest, SH. V., 355 Thoolo, H. W., 275, 264 Thomaso, J. W., 474 Thomaso, William~ 8.. 417 Thompon, N. B., 424 Thortont, Johno, 308, 355, 365 Thurton, L. M., 461, 474 Touc,,hberry, B. W., 416 Trebaneo, Bichard, 358 Trimoberger, C. W., 267, 474, 488 Tout, G. Malcolom, 474 Trowell, 60 Tooue, A. C., 474 Trueo, Bodoney H., 71 Tryon, A. H., 113 Tubbs, L. Cordono, 308 Tufts, Leoard, 120, 133 Takeo, J., Jr., 365 Toll, Jethro, 346 Tupper, F. 8., 203 Turooor, C, W., 446, 474 Twaddell, Dro. L. H., 205, 281, 308 Toooodio, H., 88, 92, 105 Tyler, W. J., 525, 133 Ulberg, J. N., 472 Coo, Boev. David, 71, 85, 105 Vail, Corge, 505 Volpv, Rov., 288, 304, 308 Van~oemark, N. L., 453, 473, 474, Vano den Bosch, L. .5., 251 Sayoo, A. H., 24, 42 Schalk, A. F., 474 Schmooid, Walte, iv. Schmoidt, C. F., 570 Scholl, M., 285, 433 Sohooley, Boy, 384, 407 Schoeoder, BRobert, 558 Sc.huppli, 553 Searles, Harold B., 468 Sooth, D. M.,, 471 Sebright, Sir John, S., 71 Servt~oius, 537 Ohaw, Haroold J., 468 Ohaw, J. C., 472 Shealy, A. L., 470, 473 Shhbbeare, Johnt, 280, 300 Shopard, H. C., vi, 288, 288, 300, 301, 306, 308 Shultz, Borl N., 211, 225 Siegfried, 15 Siompsono, C. F., 224, 470, 534 Simpon, W. Arthur, 360, 371, 305 Sincolair, Jameso, 345, 346, 347, 356, 365 Sioolair, Sir Johno, 76, 105 Sisono, Cortgo W., Jr., 314, 325 Shovgaard, K., 416 Smitoh, A. H. Bucohanano, 105 Smoith, Hamilton, 18 Smitsh, C. B., 471 Sm~ith, V. B., 463, 474 Sm~ith, W. H., 284 Sneeringer, Balph, vi Solechi, Baloh S., 42 Sorenson, Edward, 474 Soweroby, Morton S., 212 Spallanzaoi, 448 Sparkoman, John, 385 Spearinog, Joach, 518 Speir, John, 84-86, 95, 105, 231 Stair, Marshaoll, 75 Stallcop, 0. T., 225, 463, 474 Statford, 8. K., 251 Staoplton, H. E., 308 Steenstrup, Frof., 14 Stewarot, Bohert H., 211, 221, 225 Stooeho, H. H., 284 Storer, Boo. J0o, 349, 365 Stomonot, Clyde, 474 Straho, 48 Striclanood, F. N., 272, 284 Stohmeoyer, Harry and Harry, Jo., vi, 132, 468, 504 Strong, Davd, 104 Stuart, J. K., it. Otoobo, B. W., v Storrock, Archibald, 105 Sturotevant, E. Lewis, 107, 133, 440 Sullivano, J. J., 474 Svendsen, A., 389, 391, 416 Swadn, Jome, 225 Swaono, E. WV., 474 Swetoao, W. J., 426 Swif, B. WV., 471 Sykes, J. F., 474 Syvret, Ceoogo S., 203, 288, 368 Tacito, A., 15, 229, 251 Tannero, C. C.. 140, 153 Toylot, Isaa, 39, 40, 51 Tompest, Sir H. V., 355 Thoole, H. XV., 275, 284 Thomoos, J. W., 474 Thomaso, Williamo J., 417 Thom~poo, N. B., 424 Thoornton, Johon, 308, 355, 365 Thurstono, L. M4., 481, 474 Toochboroy, B. W., 410 Toobano, Bicthaod, 356 Toimboogoo, C. W., 267, 474, 499 Tout, C. Malolmo, 474 Trowell, 0 Tooo, A. C., 474 Troue, Bodney H., 71 Tryon, A. H., 513 Tubb, L. Godo, 308 Toufts, Lonardo, 120, 133 Toko, if., Jo., 365 Toll, Jeothoo, 346 Tuppor, F. 0., 203 Toooooo, C. W., 440, 474 Twoaoddo5l, Ho, L. H., 205, 281, 308 Toeodio, H., 8, 92, 105 Tyler, W. J., 125, 133 Clhoog, J. N., 472 Coo, Bot.. David, 78, 85, 105 Vail, Ceorge, 505 Valpy, Bev., 288, 304, 300 VanDoemark, N. L., 403, 473, 474, 529 Vot doenoBosch, I. G. J., 251 Sayoe, A. H., 24, 42 Schalk, A. F., 474 Schmoid, Walte, itv Sc.hmid, C. F., 176 Scholl, M4., 285, 433 Schooley, Ray~t, 304, 497 Schoeder, Bobert, 158 Schoppli, 153 Soodots, Harold B., 468 SoNI,, H. M4., 471 Sohoight, Sir Johno S., 71 Seoovatiuso, 137 Shaw, Haold J., 400 Shaw, J. C., 472 Shoealy, A. L., 470, 473 Shhbbear, Johno, 298, 308 Sheparod, H. C., vi, 289, 288, 300, 301, 300, 300 Shultz, Borl N., 211, 225 Siegfoied, 15 Simopson, C. F., 224, 470, 534 Simopson, W. Arohur, 368, 372, 385 Sincolair, James, 345, 346, 347, 356, 305 Sinclair, Sir John, 76, 105 Sisono, Ceorgo WV., Jr., 314, 321 Skoogaarod, K., 416 Smitoh, A. D. Buchanant, 105 SmitOh, Hamilton, 10 Smith, C. B., 471 Smith, V. B., 463, 474 Soith, W. H., 284 Sonetoonger, Balph, v4 Soloecki, Balph S., 42 Sooooson, Edtward, 474 Sowootby, Meon S., 212 Spafllanzani, 448 Spaokmano, Johno, 385 Spearinog, Jackh, 518 Spoir, John, 04-86, 95, 105, 231 Stair, Maroshall, 75 Stallcupo, 0. T., 225, 463, 474 Stanfood, Jf. K., 251 Staplotono, H. E., 308 Stoontruttp, Frofl., 14 Sotwart, Bohort D., 211, 221, 225 Stoohr, H. H., 284 Storer, Boev. Joho, 340, 365 Sbtoonot, Clydo, 474 Stoobo, 48 Strickland, F, N., 272, 284 N AMOS 547 Strohmeoyor, Hoory oand Horoy, Jr., vi. 132, 460, 504 Stong, Dovid, 104 Stuaroo, J. K., it. Stoobo, B. W., v Stuocok, Archibald, 105 Sturotevoot, E. Lewiso, 107, 133, 440 Suollivano, J. J., 474 Svenodseno, A., 388, 391, 416 Swaoin, Jamoes, 225 Swonoto, E. W., 474 Swoeetmano, W. J., 426 Swift0, B. W., 471 Syhot, J. F., 474 Syvret, Gorge S., 203, 288, 368 Toat, A., 15, 229, 251 Toooe, C. C., 140, 153 Toyloro, Iooac, 30, 40, 51 Temtpest, Sir H. V., 355 Thoele, H. WV., 275, 284 Thoomao, J. W., 474 Thomoaso, William J., 417 Thomopon, N. B., 424 Thooto, Joho, 308, 355, 365 Thurston, L. 34., 461, 474 Touchhoroy, B. W., 410 Toohono, Bichood, 358 Toibehoge, G. W., 107, 474, 408 Toutt, G. Molcohm, 474 Tooeol, 0 Toruo, A. C., 474 Tooo, Bodney H., 71 Tryoo, A. H., 113 Toobbs, L. Gordoot, 308 Toofts, Lonord, 120, 133 Take~, J., Jo., 305 Tool, Joelooo, 346 Tooppot, F. B., 203 Turonoo, C. W., 440, 474 Twaoddoll, Do. L. H., 205, 281, 308 Tootodlo, D., 89, 92, 105 Tylor, W. J., 125, 133 Ulboog, J. N., 472 Coo, Boo. Dovid, 78, 85, 105 Voil, Coogo, 505 Volpy, Boo., 288, 304, 308 VaoDoooook, N. L., 453, 473, 474, 519 Van denoBos,.h, I. C. 1., 251  INDEX OF NAMES 548 INDEX OF NAMES 548 INDEX OF NAMES VaE den Hssk, Spahs, 231, 251 Vano Slykes, L. L., 474 Van Weldesren, E., 251 Varro, 54 Venzke, W. C., 470 Vernon, C. R., 92 Vesth, B., 416 Virtanes, A0tur, 474 Vosgeli, Hsowasd, 159 Voelker, Dossld E., 158 Vogeler, F., 417 vnMsyes, F., 38 Vooshies, Edwsis C., 416 Voris, L., 471 Walace, Robert, 105, 111, 203, 308, Walter of Henley, 52, 445, 486 Ward, Carosll L.,Jr, iv Waring, Corge E., Js., 292, 308, 312, 320 WarOer, Foed B., 284 Warsen, J. P., 203 Washbuos, B. C., 493 Wssons, Elkansh, 69, 435 Watson, J. A. Sottl, 105, 365 Watssn, J. C., 131, 133 Westhesby, Jams, 355 Weaver, Esrl, 468, 475 Webstos, Williams J., 320, 339 Wecksheslin, Asgust, 154, 175, 185 Welkener, Ms. sod Mos. Walter, is Wentwooslh, E. N., 128, 133 Wesrnss, C. M., 472 Wernes, Hu~go, 20, 154, 417 Wssy, M. C., 140, 154 Westfall, R1. J., 471 Wstlon, Sis Rischssd, 55, 60 Whatley, J. A., 225 Wheeles, is Mostimers, 42 Whitehead, C. Kssnnsth, 16, 18, 20 Whiting, Thomsoo E., 233, 253 Wilbos, J. W., 471 Wilckens, Mortis, 154 Wilcox, C. J., 172, 224, 470, 4 423, 534 Wilhelsm, Custov, 139, 134 Wiliett, E. L., 449, 475 Willoughby, C. H., v Wilson, A. L., 104 Wilson, Chardes C., 173 Wdlsoo, Jamess (Isslanod), 20, 39, 187, 203, 308, 336, 344, 365 Wilsosn, Jams (Unitsd lSate), 436 Wilsson, Jshs W., 232 Wiltbank, 5. N., 472 Wisncbeotes, C. F., 474 Wiodels, F., si, 12, 13, 20 Windi, Bertsam C. ,46, 49. 21 Wing, H. H., 284 Wiokjer, Josl C., 426, 444, 475 Winslows, C. M., 90, 117 Wood, Cliff, 385 Woodwarsd, F. C., 226 Woodwarsd, T. E., 472 Wooilsey, C. Leooasd, 27, 28, 42 Worsaas, 8.5J. A., 14, 20, 2289.417 Wsight, Johs, 365 Wrfght, K. E., 173 Wrsnsiowski, August, 19, 20 Wyatt, J., 9 Yosk, E. T., vii Yout, Williams, 105, 352 Yssng, Asrbsus, 84, 69, 71, 76, 346 Yul, Cs!. Hossy, 50 Zenses, F. E., 14. 21. 42 Voss den Hssk, Spshs, 231, 251 Van Slyks, L. L., 474 Vso Wsldsssss, E.,251 Vasso, 54 Vosske, W. C., 476 Veron, C. 1., 92 Vsslh, B., 416 Visossos, Afissi, 474 Voogeli, Hsowasd, 158 Vsslkes, Donald E., 158 Vogeler, F., 427 von Msyss, F., 36 Vooshiss, Edwin C., 416 Vssis, L., 471 Woalsac, Robest, 105, 111, 203, 368, Waltes of Hle~y, 52, 445, 486 Ward,Carroll L,5Jr,iv Ward,Carroll L, S,iv Wasing, Coroge E., Js., 292, 308, 312, 320 Warnes, Fred B., 284 Wassss, J. F., 203 Washbuos, R. C., 493 Watoson, Elkanals, 69, 433 Wason, J. A. Sos, 105, 365 Wasons, J. C., 132, 133 Wsslhssby, Jams, 355 Weaves, Essl, 468, 475 Webotes, Willism J., 320, 338 Wssikherlis, Asgust, 154, 175, 185 Welkoses, Ms. ansd Mss. Waltss, is Weotworth, E6. N., 128, 133 Werner, C. M., 475 Wssssss, Huo, 20, 124, 417 Wssy, M. C., 140, 154 Westfall, R. J., 472 Westson, Sis Richarsd, 55, 60 Whstley, J. A., 225 Wheslss, Sir Msrtimss, 42 Whitehssd, C. Kensstb, 18, 18, 20 Whiiog, Thsomos E., 233, 253 Wilbss, J. W., 471 Wilcksns, Marsin, 154 Wilcs, C. J., 173, 224, 476, 4 475, 534 Wilhelo, Cstav, 139, 154 Willett, E. L., 449, 475 Willssghby, C. H., vi Wilsos, A. L., 104 Wilsson, Chasiss C., 172 Wdlsss, Jsmss (Isslsnd), 20, 39, 187, 263, 366, 338, 344, 365 Wilson, Jasmes (CUsitod States), 4.36 Wilsss, Johs W., 232 Wilobsok, 5. N., 472 Wioshstess, C. F., 474 Wisdls, F., si, 12, 13, 26 Windls, Berosso C. A., 46, 49, 51 Wing, H. H., 284 Wiskiss, Joel C., 428, 444, 475 Winsdow, C. M., 90, 117 Wssd, Cliff, 395 Wssdowssd, F. C., 226 Wsodssasd, T. F., 472 Woslley, C. Lonad, 27, 28, 42 Wosos, 1...,14, 2,228 417 Wsigbt, Jobs, 365 Wights, K. E., 173 Wrsnsisowski, Aogost, 19, 20 Wystt, J., 9 York, E. T., vii Youaft, Willioam, 105, 392 Young, Arshss, 64, 65,71, 78, 346 Yul, Cs!. Henry, 50 Zenner, F. E., 14. 21. 42 Vas den Hook, Spahro, 231, 251 Vas Slyks, L. L., 474 Vas Woldere, E., 251 Vasso, 54 Vosoke, W. C., 470 Vernon, C. R1., 92 Vroll, B., 418 Virtane, Assori, 474 Voegoli, Hooaod, 158 Voelkos, Dosnald E., 158 Vogeles, F., 417 von Meyo, F., 38 Voohie, Edwio C., 416 Voris, L., 471 Wollace, Robss, 105, 111, 263, 306, 385 Wlter of Henley, 52, 445, 486 Ward, Carroll L., Jr., iv Ward, Carroll L., So., iv Wosing, Csorgs E., Jo., 292, 308, 312, 320 Warne, Food B., 264 Waosen, J. F., 203 Wosboos, B.CG., 493 Wotson, Elkanahs, 69, 435 Wason, J. A. Sot, 105, 365 Watso, 5. C., 131, 133 Woathesby, Joos, 355 Weassr, Fool, 48, 475 Webster, William 5., 328, 338 Weokberli, August, 154, 179, 185 Welkene, Ms. aod Moo. Wolts, is Wentworths, E. N., 128, 133 Werne, C. M., 475 Weoser, Huo, 20, 154, 417 Wery, M. C., 140, 154 Westfoll, 16. 5., 471 Weson, Sir Richsord, 55, 68 Wholey, 5. A., 225 Whele, Sir Mortime, 42 Whitebead, C. enneth, 18, 18, 26 Whiing, Thomsos F., 233, 253 Wilbu, J. W., 471 Wilcksns, Mostis, 134 Wiloxo, C. J., 173, 224, 47, 4 475, 534 Wilhelm, Cootos, 138, 134 Wilet, E. L., 449, 475 Willoughby, C. H., vi Wiloson, A. L., 184 Wilson, Charlss C., 172 Wdlson, Jams (Irlandl), 20, 38, 187, 203, 308, 338, 344, 365 Wiloson, Jams (United States),436 Wiloson, Johs W., 232 Wiltbank, 5. N., 472 Wiocsobses, C. F., 474 Wiodls, F., vi,12, 13, 28 Wiodl, Borboos C. A., 46, 49, 51 Wing, H. H., 284 Winkleo, Joel C., 426, 444, 475 Windlow, C. M., 90, 117 Wood, Cliff, 385 Woodward, E. C., 226 Woodward, T. E., 472 Woolley, C. Lonasd, 27, 28, 42 Woosoao, 5.5J. A., 14, 20, 228. 417 Wright, Jobs, 365 Wrigh, K. E6., 173 Wozsosi, Augoo, 19, 20 WyaoS, 5., 9 York, F, T., sf1 Youass, Williso, 105, 352 Yoong, Arthor, 64, 65,71, 76, 346 Yuoe, Cs!. Hoory, 5I Zenneo, F. E., 14. 21. 42  SUBJECT INDEX SUBJECT INDEX SUBJECT INDEX Acs(aw)289, 291, 292, 401, 404, 469, 475; Adms 436; Hatc-h, 436, 475; Morril, 436; 475; Purnel, 436; Reeac and Marketing, 436; Extensio, 436 Advertisin dairy catle, 522-24 Agonerion facor, 341 Agricutura edctin 436, 437, 474 Agricultura reerh 474 Agriltura socitie, 67-70, 87, 105, 182, 163, 293, 294, 352, 396, 361, 404, 405,45,441 48-58, 342-43; inSitelad 134-37; onGersy 185; inth Nethland, 228, 246; o esy 287, 361, 305, 38; inDemak 386, 404 Aiossres 71, 79, 83 Aldrny cattl, 78, 264, 588, 588, 309, 328, 349 All-Jersy mil1k, 341 Amria Dairy Scienc Assocato, 262, 270, 378, 438, 448, 441, 458, 466-67, 474 Amria Jersy Cattle Ckub, 312 ganizd, 421 Analyzing (proving) sire, 87, 218, 493-97 Ant6biot6c, 469, 471, 473 Appovd, Ayrshir milk (Scotty- Milk), 138 Approved breedig bullk, 242 Appovd das 97, 98, 122 Approved sies 87, 120 Artificia breeding, 188, 101, 128, 138, 146, 168, 172, 188, 268, 249, 286, 277, 278, 294, 386, 335, 361, 362, 383, 385, 486, 416, 422, 448, 448- 56, 478, 474, 471 2cs(aw) 88, 291, 292, 481, 484, 468, 471; Adms 436; Hatch, 436, 475; Morril, 436; 475; Purnel, 436; Reeac and Markeing, 436; Smith-Hughes, 437; Smith-Lever Exesin 436 Advertisig dairy cattle, 522-24 Agricultural edctn 436, 437, 474 Agrcultural exesin 474 Agricultura soieties, 67-78, 67, 105, 192, 183, 283, 284, 352, 386, 381, 404, 485, 431, 441 Agiulue:i Ayr, 72; in England, 48-50, 342-43; in Switzerlad, 134-37; onGersy 183; inth Netherlads, 228, 248; o esy 287, 361, 355, 308; inDemak 386, 484 Aiossres 71, 79, 83 Aldere cattle, 78, 264, 288, 588, 308, 328, 349 All-Jersy mi1k, 341 262, 278, 378, 438, 448, 445, 458, 466-67, 474 Amerca Gurne Cattle Cluk, 205 Amria Jersy Cattle Cluk, 32 America 1Re4 Danish Asoitn or--4 ganizd, 421 Analyzing (proving) sire, 87, 218, 493-97 Antibiotic, 469, 471, 473 Approvd, Ayrshire milk (8401ty- Milk), 136 Approved breeing buills, 142 Approved das 87, 98, 122 Aproe sies 97, 120 Artificia breeding, 169, 101, 529, 136, 146, 168, 172, 188, 260, 249, 216, 277, 278, 284, 306, 335, 361, 362, 383, 385, 406, 456, 425, 440, 448- 56, 470, 474, 475 2cs(las) 88, 291, 282, 481, 404, 468, 475; Adms 436; Hatch, 436, 475; Morril, 436; 475; Purnel, 436; Reserk and Marketing, 436; Smith-Hughes, 437; Smith-Lever Extension, 436 Advertisig diry cattle, 522-24 Ag onerion facor, 341 Agricultura educat8on, 436, 437, 474 Agilturah~l extension, 474 Agricultura researk, 474 Agriculturl societie, 67-70, 87, 105, 182, 183, 583, 294, 352, 390, 391, 404, 405, 435, 441 Agriculture in Ayr, 72; in England, 48-50, 342-43; in Swieland, 134-37; onGersy 195; in the Netherlands, 229, 248; on Jersey, 287, 301, 355, 308; inDemak 386, 404 Aio' sres 71, 78, 83 Alerny cattle, 78, 204, 288, 289, 308, 320, 348 AlI-54r06y milk, 341 America Dairy Science Associatio,, 565, 578, 378, 439, 440, 445, 459, 466-67, 474 American Guensy Cattle Cluk, 205 Amria Jersey Cattle Cluk, 32 Amria 0e4 Daish Associaion or ganizd, 421 Analyzing (proving) sires, 87, 210, 493-97 Antikiotic, 469, 471, 473 Milk), 136 Approved kreeAing buills, 542 Approved dams, 97, 98, 122 Approved ires, 97, 120 Artficial breeing, 169, 101, 229, 136, 046, 169, 172, 189, 260, 249, 56, 277, 276, 284, 306, 335, 361, 362, 383, 385, 406, 416, 425, 440, 446- 56, 470, 474, 475 549 549 549  550 SUBECINDE 5530 SUBJWECT IN3EX 550 SUBJECT INDEX Ayr, surve.y by Aiton., 79-84; surve..y by Full1erton, 77-79 Ayrshire breed, in 1793, 78 Ayrshire Cattle Her..d Book.1 Society, 92 Ayrshire herdbooks, 197, 108 Ayrshire pedigree, certificates, 109 351 Bel1 Ringer pgram, 299 Belted cattle in Tyrol Monais 175 Birth rpor.9ing, 422 Black-and-White Danish cattle, 403 Blood. typin.g, 94, 192, 279, 339, 459, Board ofRecods, 101 9Bas longifrons Owen., 139 Bos. prim.igenius, Bojaus, 8, 19, 19 Bredavege g, 25, 266 Breed mgazines, 103, 112, 292, 293, 335, 364, 394, 429, 431 Breed names.', 56-58, 99, 76-78, 92, 95, 139, 177, 294, 227, 253, 254, 259, 299, 399, 349, 354, 368, 395, 429 Breed secrearie, 193, 931, 952, 259, 994, 224, 299, 282, 397, 339, 394, 432 Breeding efficiency, 447, 449, 459, 499, 492, 493, 533.9. See. 9lso.Seme Breeding reors 499-81 Bredin1 scieie or1.. synicates, 243, 295, 259, 404 Breedsrecognzed, 1,277 Bronze. tools, 43 199 Brown. Sws c.haracteristic, 142 BrownSwissdeclarddaiy breedin 2997, 159 Bul1 blocks organize.d, 429 9.41 fam.ly show'., 149 9.41 9,.rdbooks9, 393, 412, 414 9u41 markets.,, 144 Bull mo.thers, 150 Bu41 pen. safet1y, 445 Bul9 sam.pling, 495, 479, 473 Bull9tenures, 491, 470, 473 Bull 1testng stations., 499, 419-19 Bulls, physical examinations1., 451, 455 Bul1s anlye ("poved"), 442, 471 9ul2s' predicted differencesy, 443 Butter, ea.fly, 28, 32 Butterfat, tests, 491, 437; Ba.bcock. test. 437, 499; Ger.ber. test, 491; Milk..- Tester., 437, 499; Te9a, 499 Cattle, describe, 82 Cattle., domesticate,1d, 21, 23, 25, 39 Cattle. drives, 392 Cat9le thrifty, on9,. beter.and, 59 CatuIle to Amer,9ca, 434 Central. Mil9 Con.trol4 Senior.. 2389 Cheese., 28, 32, 239 Clification,,. program..., 267, 299 Club policies, 313, 314 Clubs, 100,900 po..u.d, 192, 122 Coa.tes's Herd4 Book, 354, 355, 357, 399, 397 CoIor. mar..kin.gs, 225, 179, 177, 207, 231, 259, 291, 292, 293, 311, 346. 352, 414, 425, 427, 429, 433, 479 Color.,secrtio, 294, 299, 221-13. 229, 223, 231, 232 339, 331 Cons...la.. Reports5, 251, 399,419,4235 Cow.. fam.iies,, 497-99 Cow~ Herd4 Book 11e4 Danish9), 493 Cow. hboo9..ks, 412 Cow.. index., 443, 444, 475, 499 Cullin.g dairy ca.ttIe, 129-29 Dair.y ca999le nutr4tion su.bommit..; Dairy cl1u9s, junior, 459 Dair.y Herd. Iprovement,.. Registr-, 273. 324, 439, 397 Dairy products19 in Bible.; 9uttr, 29. 32; c.heese., 29, 32; milk9, 31, 32 Dairy Shor.thorn., foun.ding, 349, 350 Dairy 99rine Club, 467-9 Dan.ish pro.g..ams ado.pte.d, 419, 499 Shor9..orns, 359, 369 Ayr, surve..y by Aiton., 79-84; sur...ey by Fullert.n, 77-79 Ayrsh9ire. bree,in 1793, 78 Ayrshire, Cat91le 14e.d Book. Society, 92 Ayrshire. Cattle Sociy9 Joua,.l 193 Ayrshire. herdbooks9, 197, 109 Beef and dairy type distinguished, 351 9e91 Ri..ger. program1, 299 9B9elte1d9 catl i Tro Mountains9., 171 Birth reportin.g, 422 Black-an-White Danish cat9l19,493 B1lood typing, 94, 192, 279, 339, 459, 473 Bas l...gift,.., Owen9, 139 Bus... primi.gniu Bojanu2s,28,18 1 Breed magaines,, 103, 112, 192, 293, 335, 394, 394, 429, 431 Bree4 na.9..., 56-58, 99, 76-78, 92, 95, 139, 277, 294, 227, 233, 254, 259, 299, 399, 349, 354, 399, 395, 428 991e4 secretaries,, 193, 131, 152, 159, 194, 224, 219, 292, 397, 339, 394, Breed.in.g eficienc,.y, 447, 449, 459, 495, 492, 493, 533.9. See . also.Seme Breedin.g interval,, 447, 474 Breeding records..4, 490-81 Breed4ing soc1iis o syndicates,, 143, 295, 299, 404 9Bree4s recogniz14, 61,77 Bronze ..Age. an.dearlybhistory, 43 Brown. 9Swiss Association.. of America, 199 1997, 159 9u11 b1locks or.gan.ized, 419 Bu11 fmily show., 149 9u11 her.dbooks,, 393, 412, 414 Bull markts, 199 9.41 pen. safe.ty, 445 Bul2 sam..plin.g, 455, 479, 473 Bull tenures., 451, 470, 473 Bul1s, physical examinations..., 451, 455 Bulls anal.yzed4 ("proved",4), 442. 471 Bulls.' pre.dicted dif,.erences, 443 Butter, ear.ly, 29, 32 Butterfat tests, 491, 437; Babcock test.. 437, 499; Gerber. test, 491; Milkoy Tester, 437, 499; Te9.a, 499 Cattle, descr.4bed, 92 Cattle, domes.,ticated, 29, 23, 25, 39 Cattle 4rivs, 392 Cattle thr.ifty, on, better. lands, 58 Caut..t Amer,9ca, 434 Central. Milk Con.tro.l Servicey, 238. 246 Cereal grin cult.4vated, 39 Cheese, 29, 32, 239 Clification1,. pro.gram.., 297, 299 Club policies, 313, 314 Clubs, 199,999 pound., 192, 122 Coatesp's Herd 9,oo9, 354, 355, 357, 399, 397 Color. mar.kings., 125, 179, 177, 207, 231, 259, 291, 292, 293, 311, 349, 352, 414, 425, 427, 429, 433, 479 Color s11c19tion, 294, 299, 211-13. 229, 223, 231, 232 Constructive. Breeders Award, 130. 339, 331 Consular. Re.port, 251, 399,419,4235 Coo.perative. bul associations, 415, 444 Cow. families.., 497-99 Cow. fami.ly sh..ws, 149 Cow. Herd4 Book (Red Danish) , 403 Cow. herdbooks9, 411 C.... in4e9, 443, 444, 475, 499 Cullin.g dairy cat91le, 526-29 Da.iry clubs, jun.ior., 49 Dairy Herd. Iprovement.., 91egi99r, 273, 324, 439, 397 Dairy products 1in Bi91,; but99e9, 29. 32; c9,,,,, 29, 32; ..ilk, 31, 32 Dair4y Shor9horn, foun.din.g, 349, 350 Dairy 99hr... CIlub, 467-9 Danish9 programs a.dopted, 419, 460 Shorthorns., 359, 369 Ayr., surve.y by Aliton, 79-84; surve'.y by Ful1la,,on, 77-79 Ayrshire. breed, in, 1793, 79 Ayrs9ire. Cattle 14,rd Book9 Society, 92 Ayrshire Cattle Soc.ietly Journal, 103 Ayrshire.. pedig.ee cert9ificates, 19 9119 a..d dair.y type distin.guishe, 351 9941 Ring9er. prog9am, 199 Be1914 cat911e in Tyrol Moun.tains., 179 Bir9h report.ing, 422 Black9-an-White. Danish cat991e, 493 B1lood typin.g, 94, 192, 279, 339, 459, Box. lon.gifrons, 0..e., 139 Bos. prim.igeius. Boja...s, 9, 19, 19 Breed 9 avrae 1g, 265, 299 9,114 ma.gazines.., 193, 112, 192, 293, 335, 394, 394, 429,431 99114 names.1, 56-58, 99, 76-78, 81, 92, 139, 177, 294, 227, 233, 254, 259, 299, 399, 349, 354, 399, 395, 428 Breed 91191tari19, 193, 131, 152, 159, 194, 224, 299, 292, 307, 339, 394, 432 Bree.ding efficiency, 447, 449, 459, 495, 492, 493, 933.9. See. 91111.9me Breedin1.g interval'., 447, 474 Bree..ding records4, 480-81 Breeding societies or. syndicates1, 143, 252, 219, 494 Bronze tools, 43 91111. Swi94s Association. of Americ, 159 BrownSwiss cha.acteristics, 141 Brown, Swiss, declared dairy breed4 in 1997, 159 9Bu9l 19 blcsognzd 429 Bu11 fam.ily show., 149 Bu11 herdbooks, 393, 412, 414 Bu11 markets, 144 Bull mothers., 199 9.41 p... safety, 449 Bull sam.plin.g, 459, 479, 473 Bull tenures1, 451, 470, 473 Bull test9ng stations., 406, 410-16 Bul1s, physical examinati1on, 451, 455 Bulls ana.lyzed ("proved,"), 4425.471 9,919' predicted differences, 443 Bue,99early, 28, 32 437, 499; Ge991.. 9191, 491; 54119,- Tester,, 437, 499; Te9, 499 Cattle., 41,1r914, 82 Cttl, domesticate, 21, 23, 25, 39 Ca.ttle 4r..,,, 392 Catule thr.ifty, on. 9be9.er Ilands, 59 Cattle 9, America,, 434 Central Milk CotroI 911.-.., 238. Cereal g..,in. cu19,ate, 39 Ch,,,,, 29, 32, 239 Classif1ico program1, 297, 299 Club policies, 313, 314 CIubs, 199,999 pound4, 192, 122 Coates's Herd Book9, 354, 395, 357, 399, 397 CoIlor markings, 125, 179, 177, 207, 231, 259, 291, 292, 293, 311, 49, 352, 414, 425, 427, 429, 433, 479 Co.lor99secretion, 294, 299, 211-13. 229, 223, 231, 232 339, 331 Consular Repor9, 251, 399,419,4235 Coopertive, bull associat,.on, 415, 444 Cow. fam.ilies, 497-99 Cow. Herd4 Book (Red Danish), 403 Cow. her.dbooks, 411 Cow. index, 443, 444, 475, 499 Colley rec1gnized4breeds, 99 Culling dairy' 1,911,,529-29 Dir.y c1ubs, junior, 49 Dairy Herd4 Iprovement., Registry, 273. 324, 439, 397 Dairy products in 9191,; 9,9919, 29. 32; cheese~, 29, 32; m.ilk, 31, 32 Dairy Shor9hor, founding, 349, 350 Diry 999... C1ub, 467-9 Dan.ish pro.g..ams. a.dopted, 419, 499 Decline an.d r9se of Dairy. (Milking) 99,99,..,, 359, 39  SUBJECT IN.X a5 SUBJECT INDEX 551 SUBJECTINDEX 551 Deep Frez Unit, 362, 369 Denmar, 386 229, 230, 251 Dieas cotro, 385, 456-59, 470 Distinguished Service Award, 131 Domstaton~ of cattl, 21-36, 51 Druid woshp 46, 48 Dunlp ches develped, 73, 76 Dutch elted Cattl Assocatio, 175 Dutch Beltd model co, 183,1284 Dutch Bel1d1 ame in~ Holland, 177 Dutch cattle sped in Enlad 346- 48 Dutch cow formik, 18 Eary agiulue 14, 21, 22, 287, 388, 414 Early cattk, 25, 51, 73, 136, 228, 228, 287, 288, 344, 388 Early hisory, 187, 188, 288 Early setlemen, 387 Eckles Club, 466, 467 Enlsr Acts, 84, 73, 188, 287, 345, Exports of catle 127, 181, 181, 384 Exeso evc,131, 178, 223, 283, 334 Fairie roain 61, 75 Fair and market chartered, 65, 71, 86 Fairs and shows, 86 Famr Assemblie, Daishb, 395 Fed4ral1Acts. 8ee Acts Feedingstandards, 460, 462 Feudalism and Bill of Rights, 53, 188, 0Fou1d1ng Diry Sbortborn breed, 346, Friesch Rundoee Stamb6ek, 233, 238, 248 Ful1a65on's suvy 77-75 Gain Reg1stry, 382 Golokgica ages,2, 4 Gerber06 tet 16rfa, 382, 401 0estation period6, 166, 174, 445, 446 0644 Cu6ps depict catle, 44 Golden Guensy milk products, 287, 216, 217, 218, 223 old Medal dams. See Med dam old 5tar Guesy Breder Award, 118 old Star1Herd (Jerse6y), 325 Govermen grant,241, 397, 401 Grading Up Register, 368, 376, 371, 385, 441, 475 Guernsey Al1-American,, 268 Guernsy bailiwick, 185 Guerseydreedrs' ournl, 207 Guernsy odd Star reed,4 si,6 dam1, 217, 216 Healt6h service8 foratl, 248 Herdboo6k, 82, 184, 108, 143, 157, 178, 183, 186, 187, 203, 253, 256, 288-361, 311, 312, 367, 388, 412, 413, 451 Herd4 ImprovementRegistry, 218, 272, 273, 323 Herd64egister, 282, 226 Hedtet 156, 151, 188, 264, 438, 438 Herditarycharacter, 278, 277, 281, 282, 318, 336-38, 415, 425, 446, 464, 465, 533, 535; 466ects, 128, 128, 162, 168, 173, 174, 228, 225, 236, 276, 277, 264, 318, 348, 415, 446, 476, 534 Heredity limited4 by envirnmen, 464 Highland blood introduced,8 Holstein6Fact Finder, 267 Hlstein66-Fresian Associatio of Amer6- ica6, 255 Home,, dairy test, 117, 213 Horn, brands: breeding family, 148; fer1ility star, 148; lact16ti66, 146 Hubback, 348, 358 64ent6fy1n96parentag, 456 I4entit8 enrollment, 110, 133, 118 Im6poradion 58 cattle, 188, 155, 178, 205, 252, 253, 389-11, 386, 418, 421, 434, 478 66661inat1on timing, 451, 452 96er6ey breed, confeence 386 Jersey Cream16ne milk, 333 Jersey, Herd Book, 283, 287-381, 311 Jersey Island, 288 Deep Fres Unit, 362, 368 Denmar6k, 386 228, 236, 251 Disas conto1, 385, 486-58, 478 Domestication, of castkl, 21-38, 51 Druid woship, 46, 48 Dunkop cbeese developed, 73, 76 Dutch Belted Cattle Association, 178 Dutchb Belt4ed45 modeco, 183, 184 Dutch 858t64 name inHollan, 177 Dutcb cattle sprea4 in England, 346- 48 Dutch cows' for mil1k, 58 Early agricu1ture, 14, 21, 22, 287, 388, 414 Eary cattle, 25, 51, 73, 136, 228, 228, 287, 588, 344, 388 Ealy history, 187, 188, 288 Early monasteycal,138 Early settlemen, 387 Eckl Club, 466, 467 Encl1sure Acts, 54, 73, 188, 287, 345, 388 Exports of catIl, 127, 181, 181, 384 Extension ser'ice, 131, 178, 223, 283, Fa6ii rotation,61,175 Firs an markbets chartered, 85, 71, 86 Fair ad shws,86 Farmer Assembles, Danishb, 385 Federal Acts. See Acts Feeding stanar, 46, 482 Feudalism and Bill of8 R1ibhts, 53, 188, 345 Founding Diry Sbortborn breed, 346, 358 Friescb Rundoees Stamboek1, 233, 238, 248 Fulato' surve66y, 77-79 Gain Registry, 382 Geological ages,2, 4 Gerber test6 forfa, 382, 481 Gestation periods, 168, 174, 445, 448 odd Cups depict catle, 44 0olden Gue6se mi1k products, 287, 216, 217, 218, 223 Gold Medal dams. See Me6dal dams and4sires odd Star Guersey Bree4er Awar6d, 518 0old4Star Herd (Jersey), 325 Govenmet grants,241, 397, 401 Grading Up Register, 388, 378, 371, 385, 441, 475 Guernsey Al1-American6, 288 Guernsey bailiwick, 185 Gurne pBrers Journal6, 207 Guernsey0Gol Star Breede, sire, dam, 217, 218 Healtb sevc for cattle, 248 Herdbook, 82, 184, 188, 143, 157, 178, 193, 186, 187, 283, 253, 256, 288-381, 311, 312, 367, 388, 412, 413, 421 Herd Improvmen Registry, 215, 272, 273, 323 Herd register, 282, 228 Herd test, 158, 151, 188, 284, 438, 438 Hereitaryb chaacer, 278, 277, 281, 282, 318, 336-38, 415, 425, 448, 484, 465, 533, 535; 468ects, 128, 128, 182, 188, 173, 174, 220, 225, 236, 276, 277, 284, 318, 348, 415, 448, 476, 534 Heredity limited by environmen, 464 Higbland blood introduced,685 Holstein Fact Finder, 287 Holstein-Fiesia Association of Amer-, ica, 255 Horne dairy te60, 117, 213 Hom, brands: breeding family, 148; fertility star, 148; 1actatio, 146 Hubbacb, 348, 358 Identifying parentag, 456 14entity6nr2llmen, 110, 133, 158 Importaion of cattle, 166, 155, 178, 285, 252, 253, 389-11, 388, 418, 421, 434, 478 Improved4 strains1name4, 57 Insemination timing, 451, 452 Jersy breed 6onf1rence, 306 Jersy Cream16ne6mlk, 333 Jerse6, Herd Boob, 283, 267-381, 311 Jersey Island, 286 Deep Fr66ze Unit, 362, 366 Denmark, 386 Disasters6 from, diseases, floods, wa1rs, 228, 230, 251 Disease contol, 385, 456-58, 478 Distinguished 8ervic Awrd 131 Domestication of catl, 21-36, 51 Druid worsbip, 48, 48 Dunlop cheese developed, 73, 78 Dutchb Belted4Cat6k Association, 178 Dutcb 8elt1d4model6cow, 183, 184 Dutcb 86564d naesi Hol5and, 177 Dutch cattle spread in England, 346- 48 Duth bw for6 66ilk1, 56 Early agriculture, 14, 21, 22, 267, 388, 414 Ear6, cattl, 25, 51, 73, 136, 228, 228, 287, 588, 344, 388 Ealy bistoy, 187, 188, 288 Early monastery, catt1e, 138 Ealy se1tlemen, 387 660166 Club, 488, 487 Encl1sur Acts, 54, 73, 189, 287, 345, 388 Exports ofcattl, 127, 161, 181, 384 Extension~ ser6ice, 131, 178, 223, 283, 334 Fairli rota6ti6,61, 75 Fair and6markets cbartered, 65, 71, 86 Fais ad show, 86 Farmers1 Asseblie, Danish, 385 Federal Acts. 8ee Acts Feeding stanar, 46, 461 Feu4alism an4 Bill of Rigbhts, 53, 188, 345 Founding Dairy Sbhorbhorn breed, 346, 358 Friescb 666466 866666oe6, 233, 238, 248 Ful~laro's survy, 77-78 0166 Registry, 382 Golokgica ages,2, 4 Gerber test6 foft, 382, 481 Gestation periods, 168, 174, 445, 446 odd 06696 depict catle, 44 0olden Guensy mil1k products6, 287, 216, 217, 219, 213 old Medal 4dam6. 5ee Me64a1 dams od 66ar 0G6er666, Bree4er Award, Gold14Star8Herd (Jerse6,), 325 0Go6er6men6 grant, 241, 387, 481 Grading Up Registe, 368, 378, 371, 385, 441, 478 0Guernsey All-Americanl, 288 Guernsey, bailiwicb, 185 Gu16s yR Breders' 2ourna, 207 Guernsy 0584Sta Breeder6, s,6, dam1, 217, 218 Health service8or cat8l, 248 Herdboob, 92, 184, 188, 143, 157, 178, 153, 188, 187, 283, 213, 256, 288-381, 311, 311, 367, 368, 412, 413, 421 Herd lImpoemn Reg64ist~ry, 218, 272, 273, 323 11664 registe, 282, 226 Herd4 test, 15, 151, 188, 284, 438, Herditaryb chaacer, 275, 277, 281, 282, 318, 336-38, 415, 425, 446, 464, 465, 533, 535; 468ec66, 128, 128, 162, 168, 173, 174, 226, 225, 238, 276, 177, 284, 318, 348, 415, 448, 476, 534 Heredity limited by environment, 464 Higbland blood introduced,85 Holstein Fact Finder, 167 Holstei-Friesian Association of Amer- ica, 255 Home,, diry test, 117, 213 Hom6 brands: breeding family, 148; fertility star, 148; lactat1o, 146 Hubbacb, 348, 358 Identifying9 parenta1ge, 456 Identity enrollment, 118, 133, 18 Im6poration 66 cattl, 16, 155, 178, 205, 252, 253, 386-11, 366, 418, 421, 434, 478 Im6proved s66ains1166ed, 57 1Insemination 6i5869, 451, 452 Jerseybreed conferenc, 306 JerseyO6Creamk66e6milk,333 Jersey Herd4Book, 283, 287-381, 311 Jersey 1s1and, 286  SUBJECTINDEX 090CTIDX52IBJCTIDX552 SUBJECT INDEX 552 SUBJECTINDEX Jersey mgazine, 307, 335 Jersey Peormc ,ReooBgistry, 332, 341 Jornal o aiycinc, 467 Jounior daioy activities, 459, 460 KluseofMmoria~l Topohy, 50314 Kosln' dutlies, 405 Loko dweollings, 15, 30, 30, 73, 136 Land encosur by toow, 54, 73, 79, 189, 345, 390 Lando grantolleges.SeeActs Lot-down. See Milkokility Liconing bullh, 100, 30 "Lifting dayt," 01, 300 Ligooin, 403 London, Dairy Sbow, 01, 103, 353, 354, 364 Moot prooduotion, 410 Modol doams and sires, 204-60, 276, 324, 325, 30 Moembooohip, 150, 207, 424, 420, 470, 40 Mooit butl, 101 Migrations troood, 35 Milb, early menotiono, 20, 31, 30 Milkability, 101, 217, 242, 303, 400, 440, 474 Milk compottioo, 00, 125, 168, 100, 210, 217, 240, 251, 274, 275, 201, 207, 303, 333, 400, 403, 470, 473 Milk conotol, 144, 150, 100, 233, 230, 273, 302, 320-24, 350, 370, 300, 402, 422, 438-40, 400 Milkling Shorthorn organitonoo, 300 Milking tiolt, 00, 170, 237, 250, 200, 371, 370 Milk Moobotinog Boarod, 350 Milko-Toter replaociog Gerbertelot, Milk potein teott, 403 Milk reor~ds, 00, 95, 96, 117-23, 141, 150, 165, 170, 101, 100, 212-16, 237-30, 209-75, 205, 302, 320-24, 350, 377-81, 400-401, 423, 430, 486-88 Milk toorotiono, 403 Milk solids-noot-fat, 00, 00, 402 Mineral requiremenots, 461 Modol ku an~d c0ow, 114, 100, 101, 183, 184, 200, 201, 316, 374, 431 Mooenjo Dooo destooyed, 30 Multiple biolks anod soperfetto, 447. 448 Nationool Dair bHood boopromo000 Attoitiono, 440 Notional Dairy Show, 112, 150. 181. 200, 250, 317, 373 Noeooderthol skeltono, 11 Nootookoslt Roundroo Stotoboek. 233, 244 Noekooroaods, 170, 227, 220, 237, 240 New crops introduced, 54, 75, 347 "Noeo" Show, 01 Now Statistcal Acc~,ont, 85 NeT 010on0 Ago, Doenmook, 12, 14 Nortk Holland Hood Book, 235, 236 Old Stoooo Ago, 7, 11 Ooutprodocod nativeooows, 107 Poriok sooo, 200, 317, 374 Podigooe ooluatoion, 520-22 Podigooo Rogitooioo Coolificato, 93 Peoroooeooogiotoo, 222 Peofoormanooosommaoie, 121, 100, 20 Pkotogoapking daiot caotol, 510-20 Pkooioot exomination of koolks, 451 Potloed catlo, 103, 120, 127, 202, 3.30, 353, 385 Potllod Dookoooo, 368 Poodiotod diffooonce and oopoatabkit, 200, 320, 442, 443, 400 Poofoooot kolks, 242, 243 Prefereot cooo, 244, 245 Poognoooy diogoois, 452, 453 Poodootioo, 70, 00, 98, 144, 104, 105. 170, 102, 204, 212-15, 237, 230, 244, 200-73, 205, 301, 303, 300, 320-24, 357, 377-80, 302, 401, 404. 421, 422, 424, 432, 437-S9; koomo daity tost, 117; kood tost, 117, 110. 100, 215; Doaor. Hood Iopovomooo Registeo, 215, 324; Mato of Ad- oooood Rogiotoy, 269, 437; Bogislter of Mooit, 320, 325, 327, 359; Roo- ordt of Mooit, 378; Doioy Hood bIo. povomoot Asocoiatioo, 430, 443. 465; Pokic oikiog triok. Sop Milk- tog toils Poodoofioo qualified, 267 Jorsoy ooagotioos, 307, 335 Jeooty Porforomooo Rogitoy, 332, 341 Journal ofDairy Sience, 467 Junoioo doioy actoiitoe, 450, 40 KlussendorflMeoroial Trophy, 503-4 Koooolno's dotios, 405 Loko doooliogs, 15, 36, 39, 73, 130 Lond oenclosoro by too, 54, 73, 70, 100, 345, 30 Land grat ollege. SeeActs Lot-doooo. Seo Milkbilty Liceooiog buols, 100, 30 'Liftiog doyt," 01, 300 Ligoio, 403 Londoo Dairy Show, 01, 103, 353, 354, 304 Moot prodootioo, 410 Modol doams ood sioot, 204-00, 270, 324, 325, 30 Moembooship, 150, 207, 424, 420, 470, 40 Mooit bolls, 101 Migooatoostooood, 35 Milk, oorly ooootioo, 20, 31, 30 Milkobitity, 101, 217, 242, 363, 400, 440, 474 Milk comoposition, 00, 125, 100, 100, 210, 217, 240, 251, 274, 275, 201, 207, 303, 333, 400, 403, 470, 473 Milk ootool, 144, 150, 100, 233, 230, 273, 302, 320-24, 350, 370, 300, 402, 422, 438-40, 480 Milkiog Shorthorn oogoontootiooo, 300 Milkiog toiolt, 89, 170, 237, 259, 200, 371, 370 Milk Moobotioog Boaod, 350 Milko-Totoo ooplootog Gookoo loot, 358 Milk pootoitestso, 403 Milk 0000r4s, 00, 95, 00, 117-23, 141, 150, 105, 170, 101, 100, 212-16, 237-39, 269-75, 205, 302, 320-24, 350, 377-81, 400-401, 423, 430, 486-88 Milk socoetioo, 403 Milk solids-ntot-fot, 00, 00, 402 Mineral requiromets, 401 Modol boll and cow., 114, 100, 101, 183, 104, 200, 201, 316, 374, 431 Mokoojo Dooo dostoyod, 20 Moltiplo birtho aod osuporfotaon, 447. Naonoo Doioo Hood Ioopoooooeo Asocoiotiot, 440 Notionool Doioy Showo, 112, 150, 181. 200, 250, 317, 373 Noeaodoothol skoloton, 11 Noederlandsth Ruotdoeo Stamoboek, 233, 244 Nothootooodo, 170, 227, 220, 237, 240 Newopsitrooduced, 54, 75,347 "Noo" Show, 01 Noo Statisticol Acouoots, 83 Newo Stone Ago. Denmaook, 12, 14 Nootk Hollood Hood Book, 2.35. 230 Old Stooo Ago, 7, 11 Outproduced ootiooooooo, 107 Pariok soost, 200, 317, 374 Podigooo ooolootioo, 520-22 Podigooo Rogiototiono Cortifioto, 93 Peoroooooo oegisteo, 222 Pooformaonootsummaoooo, 121, 100, Photogoophiog dairy cottlo, 510-20 Physicol oeooointiono of boulo, 451 Pollo4 cattlo, 103, 120, 127, 202, 3.30, 353, 385 Pollod Durokoos, 300 Poodictod 410000000e ond oopoatokility, 200, 320, 442, 443, 400 Poofoooot kollo, 242, 243 Poofooooot ows, 244, 245 Poogoaooy diagosio, 452, 453 Poodootioo, 70, 00, 98, 144, 104, 165. 170, 102, 204, 212-15, 237. -230, 244, 200-73, 205, 301, 303, 300, 320-24, 357, 377-00, 302, 401, 404, 421, 422, 424, 432, 437-39; hoome dairy tost, 117; bood tost, 117, 110, 100, 215; Dotty Hood Imoprovoeooot Rogiotoo, 215, 324; Maino of Ad- 000004 Rogitroy, 200, 437; Reogiter of Mooit, 320, 325, 327, 359; Roo- ood of Morit, 378; Doioy Hood too- pooooooot Asocoiatioo, 430, 443 465; Pookio ooilking toiolo. Soe Milk- tog toiolo Poodootoo qouolified, 207 Jooooy maogooioos, 307, 335 200000 Peoforooooo Rogistoy, 332, 341 Journaltof DairyScience, 467 fuoro doioy oahtvooe, 450, 40 KloossendoflMeoriatl Trophy,503-4 Kootoleoo'o dotiot, 405 Lako dooolliogo, 15, 30, 39, 73, 130 Lond oooclosooo by loo, 54, 73, 70, 100, 345, 30 Land grantollge.OSeeAts Lot-dowo, Sto Milkokility Liconoiog both, 100, 30 "Liftong doyo," 01, 300 Ligoto, 403 Loodoo Doioy Shooo, 01, 103, 353, 354, 364 Moot poodootoo, 410 Modol doomo ood 0i000, 264-66, 270, 324, 325, 30 Mooobooohip, 150, 207, 424, 420, 470, 40 Mortt boollo, 101 Migootionsotroood, 35 Milk, oarly ooontioo, 20, 31, 30 Milkobility, 101, 227, 242, 363, 400, 440, 474 Milk oopooitioo, 00, 125, 100, 100, 210, 217, 240, 251, 274, 275, 201, 207, 303, 333, 400, 403, 470, 473 Milk ontool, 144, 150, 100, 233, 230, 273, 302, 320-24, 350,370, 300, 402, 422, 438-40, 486 Milkiog Sboorto ooganiotonso, 300 Milkiog toiolo, 00, 170, 237, 259, 200, 371, 370 Milk Mookoetoog Board, 350 Milko-Tostoo ooplooiog Gookortelot, 358 Milk pootio bobt, 403 Milk oocoodo, 89, 95, 00, 117-23, 141, 150, 205, 170, 101, 100, 212-16, 237-3, 269-75, 205, 302, 320-24, 350, 377-81, 400-401, 423, 430, 486-88 Milk secre0io, 403 Milk tolids-noot-fot, 00, 00, 402 Mineroal requoirement, 401 Modol boll and cowo, 114, 100, 101, 183, 104, 20, 201, 316, 374, 431 Mokoojo Daoodostooyod, 26 Moltiplo biotho ood osuperfetton, 447 Natioool 0400y Hood Iopooooook Asooiotioo, 440 Notonool Doioy Shoow, 112, 150, 101. 200, 250, 317, 373 Noaetodol skolotono, 11 Nodoolandocb Roundreo Stmboek, 233, 244 Noetooroands, 170, 227, 220, 237, 240 New crops intoduced, 54, 75, 347 "Now" Shooo, 01 Neow Stoatistool Acouooto, 85 NOT Stoneo Ago, Dooooook, 12, 14 Nooth Hollaod Hood Book, 235, 236 Old Stooo Ago, 7, 11 Ootpoodoood 0000000000, 107 Porish sows, 200, 317, 374 Podigooo oovolotioo, 520-22 Podigooo Bogittiono Coolifict, 93 Peormoonooo oogiotoo, 222 Performance 000000000e0, 121, 100, 20 Pkotogoaphitg dotty cattle, 518-20 Physiool oexamiotiono of boulk, 451 Pollod cottlo, 103, 120, 127, 202, 3.30, 353, 385 Potloed Duokooms, 300 Poodiotod difforotco aod oopootobiit, 200, 320, 442, 443, 406 Poofoooot kollo, 242, 243 Poofooooot ooo, 244, 245 Pooooooooy diagoois, 452, 453 Poodoottoo, 70, 00, 00, 144, 104, 105, 170, 102, 204, 212-15, 237. 238, 244, 269-73, 205, 301, 303. 300, 320-24, 357, 377-80, 302, 401, 404, 421, 422, 424, 432, 437-39; homeo daioy tost, l17; bood toO, 117, 110, 198, 2l5; Dotty Hood Imopoooooot Rogiotoo, 215, 324; Mio of Ad- oooood Rogiotoy, 200, 437; Bogiteor of Morit, 320, 325, 327, 359; Roo- ord of Morit, 378; Daity Hood boo- p0000em0n1 Asooiotioo, 430, 443. 465; Pooklio ooilking toiols. Soo Mil1k- tog triok Poodootoon quaolifoed, 267  SUBJECT INDEX 553 SU ETIDX53SUBJECT INDEX 553SUJET BE53 SUBJECT INDEX 553 PoNgenytesting, 98, 362 Progeny weanig recognition, 382 ProgesiveBedes' Award, 381 Progressive Breeders Registy, 280, 201 Promotion, 170, 283 ProiionalI registration, 157-59 Publicity, 170, 524, 334 Public sale, 524-26 Purere, defined, 478-79 Purebred Diry Cattle Association, 131, 200, 215, 270, 270, 334, 303, 430, 450, 405, 400, 400 Red-and-Wite Diry Cattle Associ- at5on, 428, 429 Red-and-white Friesian, 427 Red-II4d-White HIIstinI, 201, 202, 205 RdII Danish Milk Bleed devlo~ped, 301, 392, 395, 402, 403, 415, 410 RdII Danish milkfat increasi, 414 Bed frequency surveyedI, 428 Begistr of Production, 174 Registration ln CISIIINI Herd 0Book, 307, 372 Begistration ruIes, Bed DIe, 423 BetaionsE 1114 tansfers, 430, 483- Repeatabhility, 280, 320, 487 ResearchT projects, 172, 279 Bock and1 TalE paintngs: Frane, 12; Libyan DeertI, 11; Sahara5 DeertI, 11, 33; Spain, 11, 32 Bock engravings: MaitimIIe Alps, 44; SedeD, 44 BRomIn occupancy, 48, 49, 220, 344 Rotation grazing, 60 911es Tode, 535-38 Sampling bulls, 451 SaxoDs farmed England, 49 8cales of points, 111, 114, 140, 141, 147, 080, 191, 193, 200, 212, 259, 202, 294, 294, 295, 315, 370, 397 S1ore c1141, 225, 234, 235, 200, 376- 70, 401, 504-6 Scion, 54, 291, 477 Selec11tiv registration, 109, 209, 330, SemeD: defetIs, 440; fIozeD, 450, 451, 413, 454, 473, 475; evaluation, 450, 530; placemet5, 453, 532, 533; ex- tension, 455, 473, 475, 530 Shalidar CITe, 22 Shols, 88, 90, 110, 112, 140, 144, 159, 190, 191, 192, 195, 190, 200, 232-34, 258-00, 294-301, 310, 315, 317, 352-54, 357, 372-74, 395, 399, 405, 419, 431, 435, 400, 500-503 SiTe aDalyis, 99-90, 493-97 SirT and TIE recogniions, 100, 203, SirT evalDaionI, 279 Sire performancT summiesI, 121, 219, 220, 329, 340, 305, 473 Siwalik Hills, 4, 7 Soan artfacs, 8 Solids-no-fat, 98, 275, 204, 474 Songs DoPriseI (Avesta)24 Star bills, 329, 330, 341, 391 State premlium bulls, 147 StatIiticl accounts (ld), 70, 77, 104, 105 Stomach, boine, 403, 404, 470, 473 Stmach funStions, 403, 404 SuerTior b111s, 140 Superior sires, 327, 329 Supervising milk records, 488-93. See asoT Milk recording Swllss cattle charaeisics, 141 Swiss BRTeor (herdbook), 117, 159 Switzerland, 134-37 TESS alka~iDe tstU, 400 Testd dams, 326 Tested ies, 322, 320, 320 Tesin~g etireT herds, 430, 439 TeStering cattle, 190, 191, 290 ITSn ofi TEdos, 304, 325 Total DutitT testing, 274 Trasitin~g ability, bulls, 151, 325, 320, 302 TrasmIittDng daDs, 275 True type, 113, 100, 103, 205, 280, 201, 203, 310, 431 Type classifiation, and udders, 94, 114-17, 141, 147, 101-64, 205, 210, 226, 240, 203, 204, 207, 28, 200, 204, 205, 310, 319, 331, 330, 341, 374, 375, 370, 305, 432, 499-100 Progeny tsting, 00, 302 ProgIDeny eainecogtionI, 382 Progsive4T Breeders' Allard, 301 Progrssive Breeders Registry, 200, PromotioD, 170, 203 Proviinal registration, 157-59 Publicity, 170, 224, 334 Publlc salTs, 524-26 PuebrIIed, dinedTI, 478-79 PIureIred Dily Cattle Assoitlion, 131, 209, 215, 270, 279, 334, 303, 439, 450, 405, 488, 409 Becessive defets. See Hereditary BeII-and-White Diry Cale Associ- aIIS, 420, 429 Red-and-Ehite FrNiesn, 427 BRdand-White Holstins, 201, 202, 205 Bed 5Dish Milk Bleed developed, 391, 392, 395, 402, 403, 415, 410 RdI DaishI m~ilkfat incresTing, 414 Be4 frequTency surTeyed, 428 Regiter of ProdEtion, 174 Registation in Coatels's Herd1 Book, 367, 372 Registration Iules, Bed DIe, 423 RegistationsI andI transfers, 430, 403- Repetability, 290, 329, 497 Researck projetEs, 172, 279 Bock and TIE pitingE: FraneT, 12; Libyan DeserS, 11; S11111 Desert, 11, 33; SpaiE, 11, 32 Bolk egraviEgs: Maritime Alps, 44; Sweden,44 BRomIE occupancy, 40, 49, 220, 344 RotationE grazing, 60 SalTs Tode, 535-30 Sam~pling bulls, 491 SaxoDs farmed Egland, 40 ScalTs If points, 111, 114, 140, 141, 147, 100, 101, 193, 208, 212, 259, 262, 284, 294, 295, 315, 370, 397 STolT c1141, 225, 234, 235, 298, 376- 78, 466, 504-6 Selection, 54, 201, 477 SelectieTregiIsraio, 109, 260, 330, SIeD;n defec11, 448; lISTeD, 450, 451, 453, 454, 473, 475; evalEation, 450, 130; placemSeE, 453, 532, 533; ex- tension, 455, 473, 475, 530 811114da1 Cave, 22 Skhlls, 00, 90, 110, 112, 140, 144, 159, 100, 101, 192, 195, 196, 208, 235-34, 250-60, 294-301, 318, 315, 317, 352-44, 357, 372-74, 395, 399, 405, 419, 431, 435, 460, 505-503 SliTe analys, 00-90, 493-97 Sire 1114 cow reogniionEs, 168, 263, 264 SilT evaluation, 279 SiTe performanceTIsummaie, 121, 219, 220, 329, 340, 305, 473 Siwalik Hills, 4, 7 Soln 11t00118, 0 Solids-no-fatI, 90, 275, 204, 474 Songs of8Praise(Avesta), 24 S1ar kulls, 329, 330, 341, 391 State51premium blls, 247 St1t1stica accouts 1(o141, 76, 77, 104, 105 Stomach0, bovine, 463, 464, 470, 473 Stomach funtions, 463, 464 Superior blls, 148 Superior siTes, 327, 320 Supervisig il2k 111co141, 488-93. 511 Ilso Milk recording Swiss cattle characteristc, 141 Swiss1 ReTIrd (herdbook), 157, 159 SwiUteland, 134-37 TISa alkaline t155, 486 Tested dams, 328 Tested sills, 322, 328, 328 Testing lenlIre 11141, 430, 439 Tthering cttlSe, 180, 191, 298 TIE of1oT1 TIEs, 304, 325 Total Dutriet 11111ng, 274 Transiting Silily, bulls, 151, 325, 326, 382 Trasm1ittng damDs, 275 TruT Sye, 113, 160, 103, 205, 260, 281, 263, 310, 431 Type clasification, an4 Edders, 84, 114-17, 141, 147, 161-44, 209,210, 226, 248, 263, 264, 267, 268, 200, 284, 285, 318, 319, 331, 338, 341, 374, 375, 376, 385,432,409-588 P11611y tsting, 96, 362 ProgenyeanEingrecogndio, 382 Progrssive DBreeders' AEard, 381 Progesive BreedTrs Registry, 280, 281 PromotioD, 170, 283 Priional1 registration, 157-59 Publicilty, 170, 224, 334 Public salTS, 524-26 PuebredTI, dinDed, 478-79 Purebred Diry Cattle Association, 131, 209, 215, 278, 278, 334, 383, 439, 458, 485, 466, 488 Recessive 4111111. 511 Hered~itIry Red-ansd-Wite Diry Cattle Assoi- aiolE, 428, 429 Bed-and-white Friesians, 427 Red-and-White HIoIsteins, 201, 282, 285 Bed DaDish Milk Bleed devlo~ped, 391, 392, 395, 402, 403, 415, 418 RdII Danish mlkfat incr11ean, 414 1Re4 frequency 11ur1eye4, 428 Register If ProcionSIs, 174 Registation iD GIate1' He114 Book, 367, 372 Registration Sules, Re14 DIe, 413 RegiIstaions and transfers, 43D, 483- 84 RepetabIility, 200, 329, 487 Researchk projets, 172, 279 Bock and 11av1 painings: 011111, 12; Libyan DIseTl, 11; 911111 DIset~l 11, 33; Spain, 11, 32 Bolk engravigs: Mariime Alps, 44; Sweden,44 BRolIE occupaEcy, 48, 49, 229, 344 Rotat0on grazing, 60 SlTs co41, 535-38 Samppling bulls, 451 911111 0111114 Egland, 40 STalTs If points, 111, 114, 140, 141, 147, 180, 181, 103, 208, 212, 250, 262, 284, 294, 295, 315, 376, 397 STorT 11141, 221, 234, 235, 288, 376- 78, 466, 504-6 SelectioE, 54, 201, 477 Seletive registratioE, 109, 268, 330, Seen, d111ct1, 446; froleD, 430, 451, 453, 454, 373, 475; evalEatioE, 450, 530; placemIet, 453, 532, 533; 1ex tesioE, 455, 473, 475, 530 81111411 Cave, 22 Shows1, 88, 90, 110, 112, 140, 144, 159, 180, 181, 192, 195, 196, 208, 232-34, 258-60, 294-301, 310, 315, 317, 352-54, 357, 372-74, 385, 389, 405, 418, 431, 435,460,505-503 Sill analysis, 88-90, 493-97 Sire lnd TIE recogEniions, 168, 263, 8111 evaluationE, 278 SiTe performanIeEsummaies, 121, 219, 220, 329, 340, 385, 473 Siwalik Hills, 4, 7 9111 artifas1, 8 Sol1is-otfa, 98, 275, 284, 474 9o1g1 If 01131e (Avesta), 24 S111 bulls, 329, 338, 341, 381 81151 premi11m bulls, 247 Statistical accounts (old), 76, 77, 104, 105 91tom111, boile, 463, 464, 470, 473 Stomach1 funEtSions, 463, 464 Superior bul1s, 140 Superior sires, 327, 320 Supervising milkre1or4s, 488-93. See also Milk recoding SSs cttlSe charaer~Sitcs, 141 Swiss R1c114 (herdbook), 157, 159 SEitzerland, 134-37 TeSa alkalie test, 406 Tested 41ams, 326 Tested siTes, 322, 328, 328 Testing etire 11141, 438, 439 Tethering 11t111, 180, 191, 290 TIE of Gold TIEs, 304, 325 Total Duiet testiEg, 274 TraEsmitting abil1ty, bulls, 151, 325, 326, 382 Trasm1iIng 41115, 275 Trle type, 113, 160 183, 209, 260, 281, 283, 316, 431 TTIp cIassifiin, 114 Edders, 94, 114-17, 141, 147, 161-64, 205, 210, 226, 248, 263, 264, 267, 268, 280, 284, 285, 318, 319, 331, 339, 341, 374, 375, 376, 385,432,499-500  554 SUBJE T N E Type qualified, 267 War impact, 100, 230, 248, 304, 305, 350, 401 Unhified sore cad, 150, 200, 317, Weights and measures, 79 400, 400, 500, 508-15 White Park catle, 18, 305 United States Depatment of Agroicu1- Wild cattl hunted, 2, 9-12, 15, 44, ture, 430, 455 380 Ur of bhe Choldees, 27, 20, 31 Yellowo oor of btte, 70 Vitaosis, 217, 430, 401, 402, 470, Yellow skin srtons (caotebne), 200. 470, 472-74 See Csolosceiono Vraic (saweed), 100, 090, 287, 28 554 SUBJEBCTIbNDEX Typo qualified, 207 War isopocb, 100, 230, 248, 304, 305, 350, 401 Unified sor card, 150, 202, 317, Weighsb and4 msuress, 70 400, 490, 500, 508-15 Wits Park cattle, 10, 305 Ussited Staobs Doposbooeob of Agrscul- Wild cabtle hunbted, 2, 9-12, 15, 44, buos, 435, 455 300 Ur of bhe Gbaldees, 27, 28, 30 Yellows solor of butoer, 78 Vitamsb, 217, 430, 401, 402, 470, Yellow skis sretbo (saotebso), 200. 471, 472-74 See Colosecreion Vraic (seaweed), 100, 190, 207, 288 554 SUB JECT INDEX Typo qualified, 207 War isopoct, 100, 230, 240, 304, 305, 358, 401 Unified socad, 150, 202, 317, Weights and mesusres, 79 400, 490, 500, 508-15 Wils Paok catle, 10, 300 United Staobs Dopoarsoeot of Agdssdl- Wild cobble hunte, 2, 9-12, 15 44, boo, 435, 455 389 Us of the Cboldees, 27, 28, 31 Yellows solos of bobses, 70 Vitosoios, 217, 430, 401, 402, 470, Yellows skin screions (saooss), 26. 471, 472-74 See Colrsecobion Vrois (sooaoeed), 189, 190, 287, 288