SKETCHES, HISTORICAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL, y OF SKETCHES, HISTORICAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL, OF SKETCHES, HISTORICAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL, OF  FARRIS BRYANT , , i3 Governor A of the State of Florida 1961- 1965 Carl Sandburg has said: "Books say Yes to life. Or they say No." The twelve volumes commemorating the Quadri- centennial of Florida say Yes. They unfold a story so ad- venturous and thrilling, so colorful and dramatic, that it would pass for fiction were the events not solidly rooted in historical fact. Five varying cultures have shaped the character of Florida and endowed her with the pride and wisdom that come from full knowledge and abiding under- standing. Let us enjoy with deepening gratitude Florida's magnetic natural endowments of sun and surf and sky. Let us also recognize in her unique cultural heritage the pat- tern of energy and dedication that will spur us to face the challenges of today and tomorrow with confidence. I am grateful for the privilege of sharing these volumes with you. FARRIS BRYANT - $ Governor of the State of Florida 1961-1965 Carl Sandburg has said: "Books say Yes to life. Or they say No." The twelve volumes commemorating the Quadri- centennial of Florida say Yes. They unfold a story so ad- venturous and thrilling, so colorful and dramatic, that it would pass for fiction were the events not solidly rooted in historical fact. Five varying cultures have shaped the character of Florida and endowed her with the pride and wisdom that come from full knowledge and abiding under- standing. Let us enjoy with deepening gratitude Florida's magnetic natural endowments of sun and surf and sky. Let us also recognize in her unique cultural heritage the pat- tern of energy and dedication that will spur us to face the challenges of today and tomorrow with confidence. I am grateful for the privilege of sharing these volumes with you. FARRIS BRYANT to Governor of the State of Florida 1961- 1965 Carl Sandburg has said: "Books say Yes to life. Or they say No." The twelve volumes commemorating the Quadri- centennial of Florida say Yes. They unfold a story so ad- venturous and thrilling, so colorful and dramatic, that it would pass for fiction were the events not solidly rooted in historical fact. Five varying cultures have shaped the character of Florida and endowed her with the pride and wisdom that come from full knowledge and abiding under- standing. Let us enjoy with deepening gratitude Florida's magnetic natural endowments of sun and surf and sky. Let us also recognize in her unique cultural heritage the pat- tern of energy and dedication that will spur us to face the challenges of today and tomorrow with confidence. I am grateful for the privilege of sharing these volumes with you.  SKETCHES, HISTORICAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL, OF MO0RE PARTICULARLY Or EAST FLORIDA. BY JAMES GRANT FORBES. A FACSIMILE REPRODUCTION of the 1821 EDITION with INTRODUCTION by JAMES W. COVINGTON QUADRICENTENNIAL EDITION of the FLORIDIANA FACSIMILE & REPRINT SERIES University of Florida Press GAINESVILLE, 1964 SKETCHES, HISTORICAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL, OF WORE PARTICULARLY Or EAST FLORIDA. BY JAMES GRANT FORBES. A FACSIMILE REPRODUCTION of the 1821 EDITION with INTRODUCTION by JAMES W. COVINGTON QUADRICENTENNIAL EDITION of the FLORIDIANA FACSIMILE o- REPRINT SERIES University of Florida Press GAINESVILLE, 1964 SKETCHES, HISTORICAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL, OF MORE PARTICULARLY Or EAST FLORIDA. BY JAMES GRANT FORBES. A FACSIMILE REPRODUCTION of the 1821 EDITION with INTRODUCTION by JAMES W. COVINGTON QUADRICENTENNIAL EDITION of the FLORIDIANA FACSIMILE Fr REPRINT SERIES University of Florida Press GAINESVILLE, 1964  QUADRICENTENNIAL EDITION Of the FLORIDIANA FACSIMILE 6- REPRINT SERIES of the 1821 EDITION WITH PREFATORY MATERIAL, INTRODUCTION NEW' MATRIAL COPYRIGHT © 1964 Library of Cogr Catlg Card4No. 64-19158 QUADRICENTENNIAL EDITION of the FLORIDIANA FACSIMILE 6- REPRINT SERIES of1the 1821 EDITION WITH PREFATORY MATERIAL, INTRODUCTION - INDEX ADDED NEW1 MATERL~ COPYIGH © 1964 Libar4,y ofCnges Catalg Car No41021. 64-19158 QUADRICENTENNIAL EDITION of 1h1 FLORIDIANA FACSIMILE 6- REPRINT SERIES FACSIMILE REPRDDUCTION of1the 1421 EDITION WITH PREFATORY MATERIAL, INTRODUCTION NEW1 MATERIAL COPYRIGHT1 © 1964 LiSbraryj of4Congress Ctalog0CardN. 64-191581  THE CABINET FARRIS BRYANT Goero THE CABINET FARRIS BRYANT Governo~r THE CABINET FARRIS BRYANT Govro TOM ADAMS JAMES W. KYNDS Secretary of State Attorney General TOM ADAMS Secretary of State RAY E. GROON State Comptroller JAMES W. KYNES Attorn~ey General J. EDWIN LARSON State Treasuarer TOM ADAMS Secretary of State RAY E. GREEN State Comptroller JAMES W. KYNES Attorney General J. EDWIN LARSON State Treasuarer RAY E. GREEN State Comptrholler J. EDWIN LARSON State Treasurer DOYLE E. CONNER THOMAS LD. BAILEY Commiosioner of Agricuture Superintendlent Df Puablic Instruction THE BOARD OF CONTROL BAYA M. HARRISON, JR. GRT H. W. SCHMIDT Chairman Vice Chairman St. Petersburg Jacksonville DOYLE E. CONNER THOMAS D. BAILEY Commissiooner of Agriculture Snperintendent of Public Instructionl THE BOARD OF CONTROL DOYLE E. CONNER THOMAS D. BAILDY Comnmissioner of Agricuture Superintendent of Public Instruction THE BOARD OF CONTROL CHARLES R. FORMAN, D.V.M. Ft. Lauderdale WAYNE C. MCCALL, D.D.S. Ocata JAMES LAWRENCE RIND Miami JOHN C. PACE Pensacola CHESTER E. WHITTLE Orlando JB. CULPEPPER Execuative Director, Tallahaossee BAYA M. HARRISON, JR, Chairman St. Petersburg CHARLES R. FORMAN, D.V.M. Ft. Laudaerdale WAYNE C. MCCALL, D.D.S. 0Ocala JAMES LAWRENCE KING Miami GEnT H-. W. SCHMIDT Vice Chairman Jacksonville JOHN C. PACE Pensacola CHESTER E. WHITTLE Orlando J. B. CULPEPERn Eoecutice Director, Tallahassee BAYA M. HARRISON, JR. Chairman St. Petershurg CHARLES R. FORMAN, D.V.M. Ft. Laudlerdale WAYNE C. MCCALL, D.DS. csa JAMES LAWRENCE KING Miami GORY H. W. SCHMIDT Vice Chairman Jachsonville JOHN C. PACE Pensacola CHESTER E. WITTLE Orlando J. B. CULrErrER Eoecntioe Director, Tallahassee  THE Q UADRICENTENNIAL EDITION of th CARPETRAG RULE IN FLORIDA by John Wallac. 1811. Edited by THE CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTIDN IN FLDRIDA by Williaml Waton Davi. 1913. Edbie by Fletche M. Gren THE EXILES OF FLDRIDA by Johu R. Giddings. 1858. Edited by Arthur W. Thmsn FLDRIDA FDR TDURISTS, INVALIDS, AND SETTLERS by Gorge M. Babor 1812. Edited by Emet R. Peter, Jr. HISTDRICAL MEMDIR DF THE WAR IN WEST FLORIDA AND LOUISIANA IN I81IA1 by A. L. Latour. 1816. Edited by JaneI Lucas1 HISTORV OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA, AND VICINITV, 1513 toI 192A by T. Frederik Davis. 1925. Fdited by Richard A. Martin. NOTICES OF FLORIDA AND THE CAMPAIGNS by Mi. SI. Coben. 1836. Edbid by 0. Z. Tyler Jr. THE ORIGIN, PROGRESS, AND CONCLUSION OF THE FLORIDA WAR by John T. Sprague. 18418. Edbitd by John K. Mahon. PEDRO MENENDEZ de AVILES by Gonzalo Solis de Meras. 1567. (The Florida State Historic Society ediion edie and translated by Jeannette Thberbl Connor.) Edited by Lyle N. McAlister. THE PURCHASE OF FLORIDA by Hubert Bruce1 Fuller. 1906. Edited by Weym1outb T. Jordan. SKETCHES, HISTORICAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL, OF THE FLORIDAS by James 011n1 Forbes. 1821. Edited by Jae W. Covington- THE WHOLE &- TRUE DISCOUERVE OF TERRA FLORIDA by Jean Ribaut. 1563. (Tbe Flrida Stare HGitorica Sociy edition, including abiolgraphy of Ribaut by Jeannette Thurlber Connor.) Edited by TOP QUADRICENTENNIAL FDITION FLORIDIANA FACSIMILE 6> REPRINT SERIES CARPETBAG RULE IN FLORIDA by J86hn Wallace. 1881. Edited by THE CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION IN FLORIDA by William Watls Dais. ISIS. Edited by Fletcber M. 01118. THE EXILES OF FLORIDA by 9816u1 R. Gidding. 1851. Edited by Arthur W. Thompson. FLORIDA FOR TOURISTS, INVALIDS, AND SETUTLERS by George M. Brlbour. 1112. Edited by EmmettlI B. Peter, J. HISTORICAL MEMOIR OF THE WAR IN WEST FLORIDA AND LOUISIANA IN 1114-I5 by A. L. Latour. 1816. Edited by Jane Lucas de1Grummond. HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA, AND VICINITV, ISI3 to 192A by T. FredericE 01avi1. 1925. Edited by Ricbha A. Martin. NOTICES OF FLORIDA AND THE CAMPAIGNS by M, M. Cohen. 1836. Edited by 0. Z. Tyler, ft. THE ORIGIN, PROGRESS, AND CONCLUSION OF THE FLORIDA WAR by John T. Spragu. 1141. Edited by Jobn K. Mabon. PEDRO MENENDEZ Ae AVILES by 0onza1o Solis Ae Mers. 1567. (The Floia State Historical Soiet~y edition, edited and translIae by Jeannettel Thurber Connor.) Edited by Lyle N. McAlister. THE PURCHASE OF FLORIDA by Hubert Bruce Fuller. 1906. Edbie by Weymouth T. Jordan. SKETCHES, HISTORICAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL, OF THE FLORIDAS by J1am11 011n1 Forbes. 1121. Editld by 91am11 W. Cov~ingto. THE WHOLE o- TRUE DISCOUERVE OF TERRA FLORIDA by 9111, RibautI. 1563. (Tbe Floria S1111 HistoriclI Society editio, inludling 1 bioglaphy of Ribaut by Jeannette Tburber Connor.) Edited by David L. Dowd4. THE QUADRICENTENNIAL EDITION of the FLORIDIANA FACSIMILE 6 -REPRINT SERIES CARPETBAG RULE IN FLORIDA by 98ohn Wallace. 1811. Edited by THE CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION IN FLORIDA by William8 Watson, 01vi1. 1913. Edited by Fletcber N. 0111. THE EXILES OF FLORIDA by 981hu1 R. Gidding. 1858. Edited by Artbur W. Thomps. FLORIDA FOR TOURISTS, INVALIDS, AND SETTLERS by George N. Brlbou. 1112. Edited by Emmett B. Peter, 9. HISTORICAL MEMOIR OF THE WAR IN WEST FLORIDA AND LOUISIANA IN 1814-15 by A. L. Latour,. 1816. Edited by 9181 Lucas de011,81,8,d. HISTORV OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA, AND VICINITV, 1513 to 1924 by T, Frederick0Davi. 1923. Edited by Ricbard A. Martin. NOTICES OF FLORIDA AND THE CAMPAIGNS by M. M. Coben. 1836. Edited by 0. Z. Tyler, 91. THE ORIGIN, PROGRESS, AND CONCLUSION OF THE FLORII)A WAR by Jobn T. Spraguel. 1848. Edited by 9o6n K. Mabhon. PEDRO MENENDEZ Al AVILES by Gonzalo Solis Al Meas. 1567. (The Floria State Histoical Soiet~y e4ition, edited and tranlated by 911nn1111 Thberb1 Conno.) Edited by Lyle N. McAliste. THE PURCHASE OF FLORIDA by Hubert Bruce1 Fulle. 1966. Edited by Weymoutb T. Jorda. SKETCHES, HISTORICAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL, OF THE FLORIDAS by 91am1s 011n1 Forbes. 1821. Edited by James W. Covington. THE WHOLE o- TRUE DISCOUERYE OF TERRA FLORIDA by 9118 Ribaut. 1563. (Tbe Florida St111 Historical Soiety edition, inldingl abiograpby of Ribaut by Jeann1111 Tburber Connor.) Edited by 01vi4 L. DowdA.  The Quadricentennial Coat-of-Arms Surmounted by the Crest symbolizing our National Emblem and underlined by the Scroll, the Shield-with the Tower of Spain in the Heraldic quarter of honor, followed by the Fleur- de-lis of France, the Lion Rampant of Britain, and the Mullets and Saltier of the Confederacy -depicts the four-hundred- year cultural heritage of our Florida of today. The Florida Quadricentennial Commission acknowledges its deepest gratitude to Chase D. Sheddan, distinguished scholar, and A. Vernon Coale, noted Heraldic Artist, for their conception and portrayal of the official Florida Quadricentennial Coat-. of-Arms. The Quadricentennial Coat-of-Arms Surmounted by the Crest symbolizing our National Emblem and underlined by the Scroll, the Shield - with the Tower of Spain in the Heraldic quarter of honor, followed by the Fleur- de-lis of France, the Lion Rampant of Britain, and the Mullets and Saltier of the Confederacy - depicts the four-hundred- year cultural heritage of our Florida of today. The Florida Quadricentennial Commission acknowledges its deepest gratitude to Chase D. Sheddan, distinguished scholar, and A. Vernon Coale, noted Heraldic Artist, for their conception and portrayal of the official Florida Quadricentennial Coat- of-Arms. The Quadricentennial Coat-of-Arms Surmounted by the Crest symbolizing our National Emblem and underlined by the Scroll, the Shield -with the Tower of Spain in the Heraldic quarter of honor, followed by the Fleur- de-lis of France, the Lion Rampant of Britain, and the Mullets and Saltier of the Confederacy - depicts the four-hundred- year cultural heritage of our Florida of today. The Florida Quadricentennial Commission acknowledges its deepest gratitude to Chase D. Sheddn, distinguished scholar, and A. Vernon Coale, noted Heraldic Artist, for their conception and portrayal of the official Florida Quadricentennial Coat- of-Arms.  ° - k . !'. 7 , s _ ... , : . ,:. _ . ,. , r ._ ... . a . , _ .,-:. :_, , . r s - , , ' o - , , d . " _ ,; I 1 , r _. _ _ _ _ _ / _ - R 4 r fi _ R i ,_'.. _ , O1 D J ._ .: , e  FLORIDA'S QUADRICENTENNIAL LORIDA enjoys a unique position among the fifty states of the Union. Her city of St. Augustine antedates Jamestown, the second oldest European settlement within the present boundaries of the United States, by forty-two years. But it was not until 1950 that Florida entered the select circle of the ten most populous states of the nation. Since 1950 she has passed Massachusetts in population and is challenging New Jersey for eighth place. Within the South only Texas with more than four and one- half times the area of Florida has a larger population. Neither number nor age is necessarily a distinction, but most Americans are impressed by the former and revere the latter. Floridians view the recent and rapid increase in their state's population as an indication of youthful vigor. In 1860 eleven states of the Union had a million or more inhabitants, a status symbol not attained by Florida until the mid-1920's. At the turn of the century Florida runked thirty-third in a nation of forty-six commonwealths; today she is ninth in population among the fifty states. In con- trast to the national increase of less than 20 per cent from 1950 to 1960, Florida's population increased by more than 78 per cent. The number of people living in the state in 1964 is more than twice that of 1950. While boasting of their state's recent surge, Floridians are also proud of their four-hundred-year-old origin. In 1957 the Florida Quadricentennial Commission was estab- lished. With the approval of its members local organizations have celebrated the quadricentennials of several historic events. The attempt of Tristdn de Luna to found a colony FLORIDA'S QUADRICENTENNIAL LORIDA enjoys a unique position among the fifty states of the Union. Her city of St. Augustine antedates Jamestown, the second oldest European settlement within the present boundaries of the United States, by forty-two years. But it was not until 1950 that Florida entered the select circle of the ten most populous states of the nation. Since 1950 she has passed Massachusetts in population and is challenging New Jersey for eighth place. Within the South only Texas with more than four and one- half times the area of Florida has a larger population. Neither number nor age is necessarily a distinction, but most Americans are impressed by the former and revere the latter. Floridians view the recent and rapid increase in their state's population as an indication of youthful vigor. In 1860 eleven states of the Union had a million or more inhabitants, a status symbol not attained by Florida until the mid-1920's. At the turn of the century Florida ranked thirty-third in a nation of forty-six commonwealths; today she is ninth in population among the fifty states. In con- trast to the national increase of less than 20 per cent from 1950 to 1960, Florida's population increased by more than 78 per cent. The number of people living in the state in 1964 is more than twice that of 1950. While boasting of their state's recent surge, Floridians are also proud of their four-hundred-year-old origin. In 1957 the Florida Quadricentennial Commission was estab- lished. With the approval of its members local organizations have celebrated the quadricentennials of several historic events. The attempt of Tristan de Luna to found a colony FLORIDA'S QUADRICENTENNIAL LORIDA enjoys a unique position among the fifty states of the Union. Her city of St. Augustine antedates Jamestown, the second oldest European settlement within the present boundaries of the United States, by forty-two years. But it was not until 1950 that Florida entered the select circle of the ten most populous states of the nation. Since 1950 she has passed Massachusetts in population and is challenging New Jersey for eighth place. Within the South only Texas with more than four and one- half times the area of Florida has a larger population. Neither number nor age is necessarily a distinction, but most Americans are impressed by the former and revere the latter. Floridians view the recent and rapid increase in their state's population as an indication of youthful vigor. In 1860 eleven states of the Union had a million or more inhabitants, a status symbol not attained by Florida until the mid-1920's. At the turn of the century Florida runked thirty-third in a nation of forty-six commonwealths; today she is ninth in population among the fifty states. In con- trast to the national increase of less than 20 per cent from 1950 to 1960, Florida's population increased by more than 78 per cent. The number of people living in the state in 1964 is more than twice that of 1950. While boasting of their state's recent surge, Floridians are also proud of their four-hundred-year-old origin. In 1957 the Florida Quadricentennial Commission was estab- lished. With the approval of its members local organizations have celebrated the quadricentennials of several historic events. The attempt of Tristn de Luna to found a colony  viii Florida's Quadricentennial on the western tip of Santa Rosa Island in 1559 was ob- served in Pensacola by reconstructing the Spanish village settlement. In 1962 Jacksonville noted the Quadricentennial of Jean Ribault's explorations with a colorful drama. Even before this tribute to the French explorer, a museum was built near the spot where in 1564 another Frenchman, Rens de Laudonniere, brought the first Protestant colonists to an area within the present-day United States. These and other quadricentennial celebrations will culminate in 1965 with state, national, and international observance of the founding of St. Augustine. There are many ways to celebrate quadricentennials - parades, speeches, pageants, the re-creation of villages and forts, and the restoration of buildings. Some of these are spectacular but fleeting; others, including the restoration of buildings; will remain for our descendants to see and feel. More enduring than any of these are ideas. For this reason the Governor, the Cabinet, and the Florida Quadricentennial Commission gave priority to the reprinting of rare and valuable books relating to Florida. These reproductions will endure. They will enable many Americans to share in the state's past, and will provide source material for the historian. Until recently few authors or publishers were interested in Florida. Englishmen brought the first printing press to Florida in 1783 and from it came a newspaper and two books. But for a century and a half the books on Florida were rare and the number of copies printed was small. In cooperation with the University of Florida Press the Quadri- centennial Commission is reprinting twelve rare or semi- rare books. The subject matter in these volumes covers a period of more than three hundred years of Florida's his- viii Florida's Quadricentennial on the western tip of Santa Rosa Island in 1559 was ob- served in Pensacola by reconstructing the Spanish village settlement. In 1962 Jacksonville noted the Quadricentennial of Jean Ribault's explorations with a colorful drama. Even before this tribute to the French explorer, a museum was built near the spot where in 1564 another Frenchman, Renes de Laudonniere, brought the first Protestant colonists to an area within the present-day United States. These and other quadricentennial celebrations will culminate in 1965 with state, national, and international observance of the founding of St. Augustine. There are many ways to celebrate quadricentennials - parades, speeches, pageants, the re-creation of villages and forts, and the restoration of buildings. Some of these are spectacular but fleeting; others, including the restoration of buildings; will remain for our descendants to see and feel. More enduring than any of these are ideas. For this reason the Governor, the Cabinet, and the Florida Quadricentennial Commission gave priority to the reprinting of rare and valuable books relating to Florida. These reproductions will endure. They will enable many Americans to share in the state's past, and will provide source material for the historian. Until recently few authors or publishers were interested in Florida. Englishmen brought the first printing press to Florida in 1783 and from it came a newspaper and two books. But for a century and a half the books on Florida were rare and the number of copies printed was small. In cooperation with the University of Florida Press the Quadri- centennial Commission is reprinting twelve rare or semi- rare books. The subject matter in these volumes covers a period of more than three hundred years of Florida's his- viii Florida's Quadricentennial on the western tip of Santa Rosa Island in 1559 was ob- served in Pensacola by reconstructing the Spanish village settlement. In 1962 Jacksonville noted the Quadricentennial of Jean Ribault's explorations with a colorful drama. Even before this tribute to the French explorer, a museum was built near the spot where in 1564 another Frenchman, Rens de Laudonniere, brought the first Protestant colonists to an area within the present-day United States. These and other quadricentennial celebrations will culminate in 1965 with state, national, and international observance of the founding of St. Augustine. There are many ways to celebrate quadricentennials - parades, speeches, pageants, the re-creation of villages and forts, and the restoration of buildings. Some of these are spectacular but fleeting; others, including the restoration of buildings; will remain for our descendants to see and feel. More enduring than any of these are ideas. For this reason the Governor, the Cabinet, and the Florida Quadricentennial Commission gave priority to the reprinting of rare and valuable books relating to Florida. These reproductions will endure. They will enable many Americans to share in the state's past, and will provide source material for the historian. Until recently few authors or publishers were interested in Florida. Englishmen brought the first printing press to Florida in 1783 and from it came a newspaper and two books. But for a century and a half the books on Florida were rare and the number of copies printed was small. In cooperation with the University of Florida Press the Quadri- centennial Commission is reprinting twelve rare or semi- rare books. The subject matter in these volumes covers a period of more than three hundred years of Florida's his-  Florida's Quadricentennial ix Florida's Quadricentennial ix Florida's Quadricentennial ix tory-the French and Spanish settlements, the War of 1812, the purchase by the United States, the Seminole War, the Civil War and Reconstruction, and the modern period. In addition to textual reproductions, these facsimile editions contain introductions by businessmen, journalists, and pro- fessors. The Quadricentennial Commission hopes these twelve books will stimulate the production of other reprints and encourage students to write original manuscripts which describe and interpret Florida's past. The Florida Quadricentennial Commission THE COMMISSION FRED H. KENT, Chairman-Jacksonville DOYLE E. CARLTON, SR.-Tampa WILSON CARRAWAY-Tallahassee JEAN ANN CONE-Tampa CLARENCE M. GAY-Orlando HAROLD W. GOFORTH-Ocala HERBERT GRAY-Tampa JOHN MARSHALL GREEN-Ocala KATHRYN ABBEY HANNA--Winter Park MALLORY HORNE-Tallahassee CHARLES H. OVERMAN-Pensacola JOHN D. PENNEKAMP-Miami JOHN FITE ROBERTSON-Sarasota GERT H. W. ScHMIDT-Jacksonville H. E. WOLFE-St. Augustine tory-the French and Spanish settlements, the War of 1812, the purchase by the United States, the Seminole War, the Civil War and Reconstruction, and the modern period. In addition to textual reproductions, these facsimile editions contain introductions by businessmen, journalists, and pro- fessors. The Quadricentennial Commission hopes these twelve books will stimulate the production of other reprints and encourage students to write original manuscripts which describe and interpret Florida's past. The Florida Quadricentennial Commission THE COMMISSION FRED H. KENT, Cbairman-Jacksonville DOYLE E. CARLTON, SR.-Tampa WILsON CARRAWAY-Tallahassee JEAN ANN CONE-Tampa CLARENCE M. GAY-Orlando HAROLD W. GOFORTH-Ocala HERBERT GRAY-Tampa JOHN MARSHALL GREEN-Ocala KATHRYN ABBEY HANNA-Winter Park MALLORY HORNE-Tallahassee CHARLES H. OVERMAN-Pensacola JOHN D. PENNEKAMP-Miami JOHN FITE ROBERTSON-Sarasota GERT H. W. SCHMIDT-Jacksonville H. E. WOLFE-St. Augustine tory-the French and Spanish settlements, the War of 1812, the purchase by the United States, the Seminole War, the Civil War and Reconstruction, and the modern period. In addition to textual reproductions, these facsimile editions contain introductions by businessmen, journalists, and pro- fessors. The Quadricentennial Commission hopes these twelve books will stimulate the production of other reprints and encourage students to write original manuscripts which describe and interpret Florida's past. The Florida Quadricentennial Commission THE COMMISSION FRED H. KENT, Chairman-Jacksonville DOYLE E. CARLTON, SR.-Tampa WILSON CARRAWAY-Tallahassee JEAN ANN CONE-Tampa CLARENCE M. GAY-Orlando HAROLD W. GOFORTH-Ocala HERBERT GRAY-Tampa JOHN MARSHALL GREEN-Ocala KATHRYN ABBEY HANNA-Winter Park MALLORY HORNE--Tallahassee CHARLES H. OVERMAN-Pensacola JOHN D. PENNEKAMP-Miami JOHN FITE ROBERTSON-Sarasota GERT H. W. SCHMIDT-Jacksonville H. E. WOLFE-St. Augustine   EDITORIAL PREFACE. THE acquisition of Florida by the United States was the culmination of decades of negotiation. In 1803 the ministers sent to France by President Thomas Jefferson with authority to purchase West Florida and the Island of Orleans were sur- prised by Napoleon's offer to sell Louisiana. But not satisfied with their purchase, they vainly attempted to secure West Florida from Spain by direct and devious methods. After failing, they claimed the desired territory as a part of the Louisiana Purchase and Jefferson supported their conten- tion. In 1810 and again in 1813 military forces of the United States occupied West Florida, and in the latter year only the refusal of the Senate to sanction conquest prevented East Florida from becoming the nation's property. Although un- willing to sell the Floridas, Spain could not maintain order in East Florida and made no strenuous objection to military forays by generals Duncan L. Clinch and Andrew Jackson to chastise the Negroes and Indians of the colony. Florida was ceded to the United States by a provision of the Adams- Onis Treaty of 1819, but the Spanish Cortes refused to ratify the agreement until 1821. Elated by the second large addition to their territorial holdings, astute American citizens yearned for information on Florida. Fortunately for them, the versatile James Grant Forbes had a book ready for publication. A native Floridian, EDITORIAL PREFACE. THE acquisition of Florida by the United States was the culmination of decades of negotiation. In 1803 the ministers sent to France by President Thomas Jefferson with authority to purchase West Florida and the Island of Orleans were sur- prised by Napoleon's offer to sell Louisiana. But not satisfied with their purchase, they vainly attempted to secure West Florida from Spain by direct and devious methods. After failing, they claimed the desired territory as a part of the Louisiana Purchase and Jefferson supported their conten- tion. In 1810 and again in 1813 military forces of the United States occupied West Florida, and in the latter year only the refusal of the Senate to sanction conquest prevented East Florida from becoming the nation's property. Although un- willing to sell the Floridas, Spain could not maintain order in East Florida and made no strenuous objection to military forays by generals Duncan L. Clinch and Andrew Jackson to chastise the Negroes and Indians of the colony. Florida was ceded to the United States by a provision of the Adams- Onis Treaty of 1819, but the Spanish Cortes refused to ratify the agreement until 1821. Elated by the second large addition to their territorial holdings, astute American citizens yearned for information on Florida. Fortunately for them, the versatile James Grant Forbes had a book ready for publication. A native Floridian, EDITORIAL PREFACE. THE acquisition of Florida by the United States was the culmination of decades of negotiation. In 1803 the ministers sent to France by President Thomas Jefferson with authority to purchase West Florida and the Island of Orleans were sur- prised by Napoleon's offer to sell Louisiana. But not satisfied with their purchase, they vainly attempted to secure West Florida from Spain by direct and devious methods. After failing, they claimed the desired territory as a part of the Louisiana Purchase and Jefferson supported their conten- tion. In 1810 and again in 1813 military forces of the United States occupied West Florida, and in the latter year only the refusal of the Senate to sanction conquest prevented East Florida from becoming the nation's property. Although un- willing to sell the Floridas, Spain could not maintain order in East Florida and made no strenuous objection to military forays by generals Duncan L. Clinch and Andrew Jackson to chastise the Negroes and Indians of the colony. Florida was ceded to the United States by a provision of the Adams- Onis Treaty of 1819, but the Spanish Cortes refused to ratify the agreement until 1821. Elated by the second large addition to their territorial holdings, astute American citizens yearned for information on Florida. Fortunately for them, the versatile James Grant Forbes had a book ready for publication. A native Floridian,  xn2 EDITORIAL PREFACE. Forbes was born in St. Augustine in 1769 and spent his boy- hood in the province which was possessed by Great Britain until 1783. After Spain re-acquired Florida, Forbes was edu- cated in England but migrated to the United States and fought for his adopted country in the War of 1812. Presi- dent James Monroe sent him to Cuba in 1821 to speed the transfer of Florida from Spain to the United States. Later that year the President appointed Forbes marshal of East and West Florida. Thus his positions gave him access to docu- ments which he used in writing his history and some of which he printed in the appendix of his book. James W. Covington, professor of history and dean of the Evening Division at the University of Tampa, evaluates the work of Forbes with the insight of one who has written arti- cles and books on Florida. As he points out, Forbes' survey of Spanish Florida contains many errors, but his account of British Florida is a valuable source for the study of that era. His greatest contribution, however, is a description of the climate and topography of the territory. In addition, he de- picts the economic conditions of the area-agriculture, indus- try, and commerce-lists indigenous trees and plants, and gives a good account of the Seminole Indians. One may for- give the optimistic Forbes for believing Florida suitable for the commercial production of olives, cocoa, and coffee. Most American writers of the period were optimists who sought to lure settlers to frontier regions. The copy of his rare and valuable Sketches, Historical and Topographical, of the Floridas; More Particularly of East Florida was loaned by Director of the University of Florida Libraries, Stanley L. West, for use in making this reproduc- tion. Xn2 EDITORIAL PREFACE. Forbes was born in St. Augustine in 1769 and spent his boy- hood in the province which was possessed by Great Britain until 1783. After Spain re-acquired Florida, Forbes was edu- cated in England but migrated to the United States and fought for his adopted country in the War of 1812. Presi- dent James Monroe sent him to Cuba in 1821 to speed the transfer of Florida from Spain to the United States. Later that year the President appointed Forbes marshal of East and West Florida. Thus his positions gave him access to docu- ments which he used in writing his history and some of which he printed in the appendix of his book. James W. Covington, professor of history and dean of the Evening Division at the University of Tampa, evaluates the work of Forbes with the insight of one who has written arti- cles and books on Florida. As he points out, Forbes' survey of Spanish Florida contains many errors, but his account of British Florida is a valuable source for the study of that era. His greatest contribution, however, is a description of the climate and topography of the territory. In addition, he de- picts the economic conditions of the area-agriculture, indus- try, and commerce-lists indigenous trees and plants, and gives a good account of the Seminole Indians. One may for- give the optimistic Forbes for believing Florida suitable for the commercial production of olives, cocoa, and coffee. Most American writers of the period weere optimists who sought to lure settlers to frontier regions. The copy of his rare and valuable Sketches, Historical and Topographical, of the Floridas; More Particularly of East Florida was loaned by Director of the University of Florida Libraries, Stanley L. West, for use in making this reproduc- tion. xii EDITORIAL PREFACE. Forbes was born in St. Augustine in 1769 and spent his boy- hood in the province which was possessed by Great Britain until 1783. After Spain re-acquired Florida, Forbes was edu- cated in England but migrated to the United States and fought for his adopted country in the War of 1812. Presi- dent James Monroe sent him to Cuba in 1821 to speed the transfer of Florida from Spain to the United States. Later that year the President appointed Forbes marshal of East and West Florida. Thus his positions gave him access to docu- ments which he used in writing his history and some of which he printed in the appendix of his book. James W. Covington, professor of history and dean of the Evening Division at the University of Tampa, evaluates the work of Forbes with the insight of one who has written arti- cles and books on Florida. As he points out, Forbes' survey of Spanish Florida contains many errors, but his account of British Florida is a valuable source for the study of that era. His greatest contribution, however, is a description of the climate and topography of the territory. In addition, he de- picts the economic conditions of the area-agriculture, indus- try, and commerce-lists indigenous trees and plants, and gives a good account of the Seminole Indians. One may for- give the optimistic Forbes for believing Florida suitable for the commercial production of olives, cocoa, and coffee. Most American writers of the period were optimists who sought to lure settlers to frontier regions. The copy of his rare and valuable Sketches, Historical and Topographical, of the Floridas; More Particularly of East Florida was loaned by Director of the University of Florida Libraries, Stanley L. West, for use in making this reproduc- tion. University of Florida May, 1964 REIBERT W. PATRICK General Editor of the FLORIDIANA SERIES University of Florida May, 1964 REMtBERT W. PATRICK General Editor of the FLORIDIANA SERIES University of Florida May, 1964 REMBERT W. PATRICK General Editor of the FLORIDIANA SERIES  INTRODUCTION. ONE feature of the North American frontier was the con- siderable number of books written by visitors. These books were mostly compilations of information which may have been intended to lure settlers and investors into the region, and to preserve for posterity some record of the proceedings. During the sixteenth century the astrologer John Dee did much to interest Queen Elizabeth I in the New World by preparing a manuscript entitled Great and Rich Discoveries, which told about a possible colonization of the Western Hemisphere by King Arthur. Elizabeth demonstrated her appreciation by presenting Dee with money and appointing him to the post of warden at Manchester College.' More than anyone else in Elizabethan England, Richard Hakluyt saw the potential of America. He collected the writ- ings of early explorers sent by the western nations and pub- lished many of their accounts in The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffics and Discoveries of the English Nation which appeared in 1589. Five years earlier in a document entitled Discourse of Western Planting Hakluyt had ex- pressed his views concerning the need for England to plant colonies in America. This treatise had a great effect upon the Queen and did much to help create a proper climate for the expansion of England into the New World. One place where the various European colonial empires INTRODUCTION. ONE feature of the North American frontier was the con- siderable number of books written by visitors. These books were mostly compilations of information which may have been intended to lure settlers and investors into the region, and to preserve for posterity some record of the proceedings. During the sixteenth century the astrologer John Dee did much to interest Queen Elizabeth I in the New World by preparing a manuscript entitled Great and Rich Discoveries, which told about a possible colonization of the Western Hemisphere by King Arthur. Elizabeth demonstrated her appreciation by presenting Dee with money and appointing him to the post of warden at Manchester College.' More than anyone else in Elizabethan England, Richard Hakluyt saw the potential of America. He collected the writ- ings of early explorers sent by the western nations and pub- lished many of their accounts in The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffics and Discoveries of the English Nation which appeared in 1589. Five years earlier in a document entitled Discourse of Western Planting Hakluyt had ex- pressed his views concerning the need for England to plant colonies in America. This treatise had a great effect upon the Queen and did much to help create a proper climate for the expansion of England into the New World. One place where the various European colonial empires INTRODUCTION. ONE feature of the North American frontier was the con- siderable number of books written by visitors. These books were mostly compilations of information which may have been intended to lure settlers and investors into the region, and to preserve for posterity some record of the proceedings. During the sixteenth century the astrologer John Dee did much to interest Queen Elizabeth I in the New World by preparing a manuscript entitled Great and Rich Discoveries, which told about a possible colonization of the Western Hemisphere by King Arthur. Elizabeth demonstrated her appreciation by presenting Dee with money and appointing him to the post of warden at Manchester College.' More than anyone else in Elizabethan England, Richard Hakluyt saw the potential of America. He collected the writ- ings of early explorers sent by the western nations and pub- lished many of their accounts in The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffics and Discoveries of the English Nation which appeared in 1589. Five years earlier in a document entitled Discourse of Western Planting Hakluyt had ex- pressed his views concerning the need for England to plant colonies in America. This treatise had a great effect upon the Queen and did much to help create a proper climate for the expansion of England into the New World. One place where the various European colonial empires  xiv INTRODUCTION. faced each other "eyeball to eyeball" was the marvelous fish- ing banks off the coast of Newfoundland. By 1578 there were 100 Spanish vessels, 50 Portuguese, and 150 French taking advantage of this bounty of nature, but gradually the Eng- lish applied pressure and by 1615 there were 250 English vessels engaged in trade, virtual exclusion of the Spanish and Portuguese, and restriction of the French. In connection with the fishing industry, a semi-permanent post complete with fort, mills, and settlers was established on Newfoundland by Bristol merchants. It is surprising how many books dealing with this early history of Newfoundland were written by pioneers in the colony. Such accomplish- ments may be due to extraordinary talents, or "perhaps it reflects the unabashed expressiveness of Elizabethan colo- nizers."2 As early as 1583 Sir Humphrey Gilbert had visited the Newfoundland fisheries, and an account of the voyage written by one of his captains has been preserved in a volume by Sir George Peckham, True Report of the Late Discov- eries.t By 1620 four of these early Newfoundland fron- tiersmen had written books about that bleak coast and their adventures on it. Perhaps the volumes were responsible in some way for the large number of fisherman found in the area, but of course good fishing was the principal reason for the heavy traffic. During the early history of other colonies in the New World, there appeared a comparable number of books tell- ing about the charms and beauties of the various provinces. Such works were needed to satisfy the curiosity of the people living in the motherland and to promote settlement. Captain John Smith of Jamestown fame wrote several books telling of his 1614 voyage along the coast of Maine and Massachu- setts. In his zeal "this journalist-promoter" was able to change the name of the region front Northern Virginia to New England, and he devoted more than twenty years of his life to stimulating its colonization. Smith's writings in- Xiv INTRODUCTION. Xiv INTRODUCTION. faced each other "eyeball to eyeball" was the marvelous fish- ing banks off the coast of Newfoundland. By 1578 there were 100 Spanish vessels, 50 Portuguese, and 150 French taking advantage of this bounty of nature, but gradually the Eng- lish applied pressure and by 1615 there were 250 English vessels engaged in trade, virtual exclusion of the Spanish and Portuguese, and restriction of the French. In connection with the fishing industry, a semi-permanent post complete with fort, mills, and settlers was established on Newfoundland by Bristol merchants. It is surprising how many books dealing with this early history of Newfoundland were written by pioneers in the colony. Such accomplish- ments may be due to extraordinary talents, or "perhaps it reflects the unabashed expressiveness of Elizabethan colo- nizers."t As early as 1583 Sir Humphrey Gilbert had visited the Newfoundland fisheries, and an account of the voyage written by one of his captains has been preserved in a volume by Sir George Peckham, True Report of the Late Discov- eries.3 By 1620 four of these early Newfoundland fron- tiersmen had written books about that bleak coast and their adventures on it. Perhaps the volumes were responsible in some way for the large number of fisherman found in the area, but of course good fishing was the principal reason for the heavy traffic. During the early history of other colonies in the New World, there appeared a comparable number of books tell- ing about the charms and beauties of the various provinces. Such works were needed to satisfy the curiosity of the people living in the motherland and to promote settlement. Captain John Smith of Jamestown fame wrote several books telling of his 1614 voyage along the coast of Maine and Massachu- setts. In his zeal "this journalist-promoter" was able to change the name of the region from Northern Virginia to New England, and he devoted more than twenty years of his life to stimulating its colonization. Smith's writings in- faced each other "eyeball to eyeball" was the marvelous fish- ing banks off the coast of Newfoundland. By 1578 there were 100 Spanish vessels, 50 Portuguese, and 150 French taking advantage of this bounty of nature, but gradually the Eng- lish applied pressure and by 1615 there were 250 English vessels engaged in trade, virtual exclusion of the Spanish and Portuguese, and restriction of the French. In connection with the fishing industry, a semi-permanent post complete with fort, mills, and settlers was established on Newfoundland by Bristol merchants. It is surprising how many books dealing with this early history of Newfoundland were written by pioneers in the colony. Such accomplish- ments may be due to extraordinary talents, or "perhaps it reflects the unabashed expressiveness of Elizabethan colo- nizers."2 As early as 1583 Sir Humphrey Gilbert had visited the Newfoundland fisheries, and an account of the voyage written by one of his captains has been preserved in a volume by Sir George Peckham, True Report of the Late Discov- eries.' By 1620 four of these early Newfoundland fron- tiersmen had written books about that bleak coast and their adventures on it. Perhaps the volumes were responsible in some way for the large number of fisherman found in the area, but of course good fishing was the principal reason for the heavy traffic. During the early history of other colonies in the New World, there appeared a comparable number of books tell- ing about the charms and beauties of the various provinces. Such works were needed to satisfy the curiosity of the people living in the motherland and to promote settlement. Captain John Smith of Jamestown fame wrote several books telling of his 1614 voyage along the coast of Maine and Massachu- setts. In his zeal "this journalist-promoter" was able to change the name of the region from Northern Virginia to New England, and he devoted more than twenty years of his life to stimulating its colonization. Smith's writings in-  INTRODUCTION. xv clude: Description of New England (1616), New England's Trials (1620), General History of Virginia, New England and the Summer Isles (1624), and Advertisements for the Unex- perienced Planters of New England, or Anywhere (1631). It is difficult to measure the effect of Smith's books and of those written by other colonizers upon the migration to New Eng- land, but they are good primary materials for historians. When Florida was acquired by the English in 1763, very little was known about the province. Accordingly, a consid- erable amount of literature concerning the peninsula was published in the following ten years. Early accounts in- cluded: William Robert, Account of the First Discovery and Natural History of Florida (1763), William Stork, Account of East-Florida (1766), Bernard Romans, Concise Natural History of East and West Florida (1775), and William Bar- tram, Travels Through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida (1791). An anonymous article, "An Exhortation to Gentlemen of Small Fortunes to Settle in East Florida," appeared in the Gentleman's Magazine (Janu- ary, 1767). Despite all these efforts, English interest in and migration to the province remained at a minimum, and set- tIers were apt to locate in more productive areas elsewhere. When the United States acquired Florida from Spain in 1821, it seemed that books in the familiar pattern would be published concerning the peninsula, for there was much in- terest in the new acquisition. The excursions by Andrew Jackson into the area during the War of 1812 and the First Seminole War made northern Florida known to many Ameri- cans. Our countrymen held a selfish interest in Florida and the Caribbean islands, since one phase of the early Manifest Destiny philosophy stipulated that the United States defini- tely should acquire Florida and perhaps should move into the Caribbean. Consequently, books concerning the early history, population, and natural resources of Florida should have a ready market. INTRODUCTION. xv clude: Description of New England (1616), New England's Trials (1620), General History of Virginia, New England and the Summer Isles (1624), and Advertisements for the Unex- perienced Planters of New England, or Anywhere (1631). It is difficult to measure the effect of Smith's books and of those written by other colonizers upon the migration to New Eng- land, but they are good primary materials for historians. When Florida was acquired by the English in 1763, very little was known about the province. Accordingly, a consid- erable amount of literature concerning the peninsula was published in the following ten years. Early accounts in- cluded: William Robert, Account of the First Discovery and Natural History of Florida (1763), William Stork, Account of East-Florida (1766), Bernard Romans, Concise Natural History of East and West Florida (1775), and William Bar- tram, Travels Through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida (1791). An anonymous article, "An Exhortation to Gentlemen of Small Fortunes to Settle in East Florida," appeared in the Gentleman's Magazine (Janu- ary, 1767). Despite all these efforts, English interest in and migration to the province remained at a minimum, and set- tlers were apt to locate in more productive areas elsewhere. When the United States acquired Florida from Spain in 1821, it seemed that books in the familiar pattern would be published concerning the peninsula, for there was much in- terest in the new acquisition. The excursions by Andrew Jackson into the area during the War of 1812 and the First Seminole War made northern Florida known to many Ameri- cans. Our countrymen held a selfish interest in Florida and the Caribbean islands, since one phase of the early Manifest Destiny philosophy stipulated that the United States defini- tely should acquire Florida and perhaps should move into the Caribbean. Consequently, books concerning the early history, population, and natural resources of Florida should have a ready market. INTRODUCTION. clude: Description of New England (1616), New England's Trials (1620), General History of Virginia, New England and the Summer Isles (1624), and Advertisements for the Unex- perienced Planters of New England, or Anywhere (1631). It is difficult to measure the effect of Smith's books and of those written by other colonizers upon the migration to New Eng- land, but they are good primary materials for historians. When Florida was acquired by the English in 1763, very little was known about the province. Accordingly, a consid- erable amount of literature concerning the peninsula was published in the following ten years. Early accounts in- cluded: William Robert, Account of the First Discovery and Natural History of Florida (1763), William Stork, Account of East-Florida (1766), Bernard Romans, Concise Natural History of East and West Florida (1775), and William Bar- tram, Travels Through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida (1791). An anonymous article, "An Exhortation to Gentlemen of Small Fortunes to Settle in East Florida," appeared in the Gentleman's Magazine (Janu- ary, 1767). Despite all these efforts, English interest in and migration to the province remained at a minimum, and set- tlers were apt to locate in more productive areas elsewhere. When the United States acquired Florida from Spain in 1821, it seemed that books in the familiar pattern would be published concerning the peninsula, for there was much in- terest in the new acquisition. The excursions by Andrew Jackson into the area during the War of 1812 and the First Seminole War made northern Florida known to many Ameri- cans. Our countrymen held a selfish interest in Florida and the Caribbean islands, since one phase of the early Manifest Destiny philosophy stipulated that the United States defini- tely should acquire Florida and perhaps should move into the Caribbean. Consequently, books concerning the early history, population, and natural resources of Florida should have a ready market. xv  xvi INTRODUCTION. xUvi INTRODUCTION. xvi INTRODUCTION. In 1821 the volume entitled Sketches, Historical and Topographical, of the Floridas; More Particularly of East Florida was published in New York City by C. S. Van Winkle. It was written by James Grant Forbes, a native of Florida who believed that the people of the United States should be able to secure a book which contained facts con- cerning the newly acquired territory's history, settlers, soil, plants, and natural resources. A bit of competition appeared when two years later Charles Vignoles published Observa- tions upon the Floridas, dealing with the same subject, but the Forbes book was deemed the better by most observers of the Florida scene.4 The author was well qualified to write such an account. He was the eldest son of the Reverend John Forbes (Master of Arts, Aberdeen, 1763), a pioneer clergyman of the Church of England in East Florida from 1764 to 1783. Very soon after his ordination John Forbes was appointed to the St. Augustine parish by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. Within a few years the clergyman acquired a large grant of land, served on the governor's council (1764-83), and acted as chief justice during the periods when William Dray- ton was suspended. Since he was one of the few well-educated persons in East Florida, the Reverend Mr. Forbes was able to render these important services to the colony.' In 1769 the good vicar took a trip and acquired a bride. On February 2, 1769, John Forbes and Dorothy, or Dolly, Murray were married at Brush Hill in Milton, Massachu- setts, home of the bride's uncle by marriage.6 During the same year, James Grant Forbes was born at St. Augustine. It was believed that the son received his Christian name in honor of James Grant, first English governor of East Florida. Two other sons were born of the union: John Murray Forbes (1771-1831) and Ralph Bennett Forbes (1773-1824). When Mrs. Forbes' father was able to visit Florida in 1773, he found his daughter suffering so much from rheumatic gout In 1821 the volume entitled Sketches, Historical and Topographical, of the Floridas; More Particularly of East Florida was published in New York City by C. S. Van Winkle. It was written by James Grant Forbes, a native of Florida who believed that the people of the United States should be able to secure a book which contained facts con- cerning the newly acquired territory's history, settlers, soil, plants, and natural resources. A bit of competition appeared when two years later Charles Vignoles published Obseroa- tions upon the Floridas, dealing with the same subject, but the Forbes book was deemed the better by most observers of the Florida scene.' The author was well qualified to write such an account. He was the eldest son of the Reverend John Forbes (Master of Arts, Aberdeen, 1763), a pioneer clergyman of the Church of England in East Florida from 1764 to 1783. Very soon after his ordination John Forbes was appointed to the St. Augustine parish by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. Within a few years the clergyman acquired a large grant of land, served on the governor's council (1764-83), and acted as chief justice during the periods when William Dray- ton was suspended. Since he was one of the few well-educated persons in East Florida, the Reverend Mr. Forbes was able to render these important services to the colony.' In 1769 the good vicar took a trip and acquired a bride. On February 2, 1769, John Forbes and Dorothy, or Dolly, Murray were married at Brush Hill in Milton, Massachu- setts, home of the bride's uncle by marriage.' During the same year, James Grant Forbes was born at St. Augustine. It was believed that the son received his Christian name in honor of James Grant, first English governor of East Florida. Two other sons were born of the union: John Murray Forbes (1771-1831) and Ralph Bennett Forbes (1773-1824). When Mrs. Forbes' father was able to visit Florida in 1773, he found his daughter suffering so much from rheumatic gout In 1821 the volume entitled Sketches, Historical and Topographical, of the Floridas; More Particularly of East Florida was published in New York City by C. S. Van Winkle. It was written by James Grant Forbes, a native of Florida who believed that the people of the United States should be able to secure a book which contained facts con- cerning the newly acquired territory's history, settlers, soil, plants, and natural resources. A bit of competition appeared when two years later Charles Vignoles published Observa- tions upon the Floridas, dealing with the same subject, but the Forbes book was deemed the better by most observers of the Florida scene.' The author was well qualified to write such an account. He was the eldest son of the Reverend John Forbes (Master of Arts, Aberdeen, 1763), a pioneer clergyman of the Church of England in East Florida from 1764 to 1783. Very soon after his ordination John Forbes was appointed to the St. Augustine parish by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. Within a few years the clergyman acquired a large grant of land, served on the governor's council (1764-83), and acted as chief justice during the periods when William Dray- ton was suspended. Since he was one of the few well-educated persons in East Florida, the Reverend Mr. Forbes was able to render these important services to the colony.' In 1769 the good vicar took a trip and acquired a bride. On February 2, 1769, John Forbes and Dorothy, or Dolly, Murray were married at Brush Hill in Milton, Massachu- setts, home of the bride's uncle by marriage.t During the same year, James Grant Forbes was born at St. Augustine. It was believed that the son received his Christian name in honor of James Grant, first English governor of East Florida. Two other sons were born of the union: John Murray Forbes (1771-1831) and Ralph Bennett Forbes (1773-1824). When Mrs. Forbes' father was able to visit Florida in 1773, he found his daughter suffering so much from rheumatic gout  INTRODUCTION. xvii INTRODUCTION. xvii INTRODUCTION. Xv)ii that he suggested she return with him to New England. She did, and consequently the third son was born at Brush Hill. The closing of the Boston port and the blockade of Boston forced the mother and two younger sons to remain in Massa- chusetts, while the father, with the eldest son, stayed in Flor- ida during the American Revolution. During the conflict, Mrs. Forbes and her sister lived at Brush Hill and with luck and much determination were able to retain ownership of the property during a period when so many estates of Loyalists were confiscated. Being then in ill health, the Reverend Mr. Forbes was forced in 1783 to relinquish his posts in Florida and return with James to England, where he hoped the family might be reunited. However, he died within two months after his arrival. Mrs. Forbes visited Spanish Florida in an unsuccess- ful attempt to claim some of the family possessions. She had done her best, but very few English people were able to retain possession of Florida property when the Spanish re- turned after their twenty-year exile. She returned to Brush Hill where she died in 1811. Young James Forbes was educated in England and went into business at Santo Domingo. Perhaps on this island he was able to refresh the knowledge of Spanish which he had acquired from the Minorcans at St. Augustine. When he went to New York, Forbes married Frances Blackwell, daugh- ter of Joseph Blackwell of Blackwell's Island. During the War of 1812 Forbes entered the United States Army and attained the rank of lieutenant colonel. By 1821 he possessed a large family.t On March 10, 1821, James G. Forbes was appointed by President James Monroe to visit Cuba and to receive from the governor of that island an order authorizing relinquish- ment of East and West Florida to the American authorities.' It is probable that he was selected for the mission because he had lived under Spanish rule for some time, knew Spanish that he suggested she return with him to New England. She did, and consequently the third sort was born at Brush Hill. The closing of the Boston port and the blockade of Boston forced the mother and two younger sons to remain in Massa- chusetts, while the father, with the eldest son, stayed in Flor- ida during the American Revolution. During the conflict, Mrs. Forbes and her sister lived at Brush Hill and with luck and much determination were able to retain ownership of the property during a period when so many estates of Loyalists weere confiscated. Being then in ill health, the Reverend Mr. Forbes was forced in 1783 to relinquish his posts in Florida and return with James to England, where he hoped the family might be reunited. However, he died within two months after his arrival. Mrs. Forbes visited Spanish Florida in an unsuccess- ful attempt to claim some of the family possessions. She had done her best, but very few English people were able to retain possession of Florida property when the Spanish re- turned after their twenty-year exile. She returned to Brush Hill where she died in 1811. Young James Forbes was educated in England and went into business at Santo Domingo. Perhaps on this island he was able to refresh the knowledge of Spanish which he had acquired from the Minorcans at St. Augustine. When he went to New York, Forbes married Frances Blackwell, daugh- ter of Joseph Blackwell of Blackwell's Island. During the War of 1812 Forbes entered the United States Army and attained the rank of lieutenant colonel. By 1821 he possessed a large family.t On March 10, 1821, James G. Forbes was appointed by President James Monroe to visit Cuba and to receive from the governor of that island an order authorizing relinquish- ment of East and West Florida to the American authorities.' It is probable that he was selected for the mission because he had lived under Spanish rule for some time, knew Spanish that he suggested she return with him to New England. She did, and consequently the third son was born at Brush Hill. The closing of the Boston port and the blockade of Boston forced the mother and two younger sons to remain in Massa- chusetts, while the father, with the eldest son, stayed in Flor- ida during the American Revolution. During the conflict, Mrs. Forbes and her sister lived at Brush Hill and with luck and much determination were able to retain ownership of the property during a period when so many estates of Loyalists were confiscated. Being then in ill health, the Reverend Mr. Forbes was forced in 1783 to relinquish his posts in Florida and return with James to England, where he hoped the family might be reunited. However, he died within two months after his arrival. Mrs. Forbes visited Spanish Florida in an unsuccess- ful attempt to claim some of the family possessions. She had done her best, but very few English people were able to retain possession of Florida property when the Spanish re- turned after their twenty-year exile. She returned to Brush Hill where she died in 1811. Young James Forbes was educated in England and went into business at Santo Domingo. Perhaps on this island he was able to refresh the knowledge of Spanish which he had acquired from the Minorcans at St. Augustine. When he went to New York, Forbes married Frances Blackwell, daugh- ter of Joseph Blackwell of Blackwell's Island. During the War of 1812 Forbes entered the United States Army and attained the rank of lieutenant colonel. By 1821 he possessed a large family.t On March 10, 1821, James G. Forbes was appointed by President James Monroe to visit Cuba and to receive from the governor of that island an order authorizing relinquish- ment of East and West Florida to the American authorities.t It is probable that he was selected for the mission because he had lived under Spanish rule for some time, knew Spanish  Xvm t INTRODUCTION. Xvlii INTRODUCTION. X7viii INTRODUCTION. Creole customs, and spoke the language fluently. Accord- ingly, Forbes sailed for Havana from New York aboard the United States sloop of war "Hornet." It was relatively simple to obtain the necessary authorization from Captain General Nicholas Mahy, for the American envoy carried with him a directive from the king of Spain to the administrator stating that such an order had been issued. It was more difficult, however, to obtain the documents and archives accumulated during the Second Spanish Occupation of Florida. After six long weeks spent at Havana, Forbes could not obtain the seven hundred bundles of records pertaining to East and West Florida and Louisiana which had been taken to Cuba in 1819 from the North American mainland.' Forbes, accompanied by Don Pedro de Alva, postmaster of Pensacola, who carried the necessary legal papers, sailed for Pensacola on May 30, 1821, aboard the "Hornet."'t The stay in Havana was not unduly long, but Andrew Jackson, wait- ing at Montpelier, Alabama, feared for a short time that Forbes might be in league with certain Cuban merchants who had dispatched large stores of merchandise to Pensacola before the change of flags in order to evade the American tariff. Such a charge was unfounded," but Forbes did man- age to anger Jackson further when he arrived at Pensacola on June 9, carrying the order from the captain general of Cuba which designated Forbes as the one to whom Governor Jose Callava was to deliver West Florida. With great dispatch this misunderstanding was corrected by Jackson. Despite the initial difficulties, Jackson developed a fond- ness for Forbes and was instrumental in his securing an appointment to a high position in the newly acquired terri- tory. When Forbes was interviewed by Andrew Jackson at Pensacola, the man from Tennessee showed him a list of appointments with Forbes' name being among the ones re- ceiving positions. Nothing was said about salary, but Jackson told Forbes with characteristic vigor that unless there was a Creole customs, and spoke the language fluently. Accord- ingly, Forbes sailed for Havana from New York aboard the United States sloop of war "Hornet." It was relatively simple to obtain the necessary authorization from Captain General Nicholas Mahy, for the American envoy carried with him a directive from the king of Spain to the administrator stating that such an order had been issued. It was more difficult, however, to obtain the documents and archives accumulated during the Second Spanish Occupation of Florida. After six long weeks spent at Havana, Forbes could not obtain the seven hundred bundles of records pertaining to East and West Florida and Louisiana which had been taken to Cuba in 1819 from the North American mainland.' Forbes, accompanied by Don Pedro de Alva, postmaster of Pensacola, who carried the necessary legal papers, sailed for Pensacola on May 30, 1821, aboard the "Hornet."10 The stay in Havana was not unduly long, but Andrew Jackson, wait- ing at Montpelier, Alabama, feared for a short time that Forbes might be in league with certain Cuban merchants who had dispatched large stores of merchandise to Pensacola before the change of flags in order to evade the American tariff. Such a charge was unfounded," but Forbes did man- age to anger Jackson further when he arrived at Pensacola on June 9, carrying the order from the captain general of Cuba which designated Forbes as the one to whom Governor Jose Callava was to deliver West Florida. With great dispatch this misunderstanding was corrected by Jackson. Despite the initial difficulties, Jackson developed a fond- ness for Forbes and was instrumental in his securing an appointment to a high position in the newly acquired terri- tory. When Forbes was interviewed by Andrew Jackson at Pensacola, the man from Tennessee showed him a list of appointments with Forbes' name being among the ones re- ceiving positions. Nothing was said about salary, but Jackson told Forbes with characteristic vigor that unless there was a Creole customs, and spoke the language fluently. Accord- ingly, Forbes sailed for Havana from New York aboard the United States sloop of war "Hornet." It was relatively simple to obtain the necessary authorization from Captain General Nicholas Mahy, for the American envoy carried with him a directive from the king of Spain to the administrator stating that such an order had been issued. It was more difficult, however, to obtain the documents and archives accumulated during the Second Spanish Occupation of Florida. After six long weeks spent at Havana, Forbes could not obtain the seven hundred bundles of records pertaining to East and West Florida and Louisiana which had been taken to Cuba in 1819 from the North American mainlanda Forbes, accompanied by Don Pedro de Alva, postmaster of Pensacola, who carried the necessary legal papers, sailed for Pensacola on May 30, 1821, aboard the "Hornet."" The stay in Havana was not unduly long, but Andrew Jackson, wait- ing at Montpelier, Alabama, feared for a short time that Forbes might be in league with certain Cuban merchants who had dispatched large stores of merchandise to Pensacola before the change of flags in order to evade the American tariff. Such a charge was unfounded," but Forbes did man- age to anger Jackson further when he arrived at Pensacola on June 9, carrying the order from the captain general of Cuba which designated Forbes as the one to whom Governor Jose Callava was to deliver West Florida. With great dispatch this misunderstanding was corrected by Jackson. Despite the initial difficulties, Jackson developed a fond- ness for Forbes and was instrumental in his securing an appointment to a high position in the newly acquired terri- tory. When Forbes was interviewed by Andrew Jackson at Pensacola, the man from Tennessee showed him a list of appointments with Forbes' name being among the ones re- ceiving positions. Nothing was said about salary, but Jackson told Forbes with characteristic vigor that unless there was a  INTRODUCTION. Xtx salary, the appointment would not give him salt for his her- rings.1a Forbes was indeed fortunate to receive Jackson's sup- port, for there were many persons desiring jobs in Florida Territory. Since some frustrated office seekers were making ill- humored remarks about the selection of judges and other officials, Forbes decided that his departure to St. Augustine at that time would be suitable. After arrival in his native St. Augustine, he learned that many Creole citizens there were unhappy with the Anglo-Saxon way of doing things. Spanish Governor Don Jose Coppinger had returned every visit made to his office, but no return calls were made by the newly ap- pointed United States sub-commissionerSt Evidence of pos- sible friction over differences in interpretation of the Spanish and American laws came when a runaway Negro was claimed by a Georgia citizen and it was argued that the Alcalde's Court in St. Augustine had no jurisdiction in the case. On May 18, 1821, President James Monroe, following Jackson's recommendation, appointed James G. Forbes to the position of United States marshal for Easr and West Florida. The commission was transmitted to him on June 27, 1821, and accepted on September 4, 1821, at St. Augus- tine. Forbes was given authority to appoint a deputy either for Pensacola or St. Augustine, and he would reside at the other place. Of course, he chose St. Augustine for his base. For the most part, Forbes remained at St. Augustine while performing his duties as marshal, but upon one occasion he took a trip to Pablo, near the mouth of the St. Johns River, where a group of men were cutting live oak and cedar on public lands." In the investigation it was discovered that Aaron Smith, an American from New York, held a contract to supply the British government with cedar, and he and the contractors for the United States Navy were cutting the tim- ber on the public land.5 Finally gunboat 168 was sent to Amelia Island with orders to patrol the entrance to the St. INTRODUCTION. Xix INTRODUCTION. Xax salary, the appointment would not give him salt for his her- rings." Forbes was indeed fortunate to receive Jackson's sup- port, for there were many persons desiring jobs in Florida Territory. Since some frustrated office seekers were making ill- humored remarks about the selection of judges and other officials, Forbes decided that his departure to St. Augustine at that time would be suitable. After arrival in his native St. Augustine, he learned that many Creole citizens there were unhappy with the Anglo-Saxon way of doing things. Spanish Governor Don Jos6 Coppinger had returned every visit made to his office, but no return calls were made by the newly ap- pointed United States sub-commissioner." Evidence of pos- sible friction over differences in interpretation of the Spanish and American laws came when a runaway Negro was claimed by a Georgia citizen and it was argued that the Alcalde's Court in St. Augustine had no jurisdiction in the case. On May 18, 1821, President James Monroe, following Jackson's recommendation, appointed James G. Forbes to the position of United States marshal for East and West Florida. The commission was transmitted to him on June 27, 1821, and accepted on September 4, 1821, at St. Augus- tine. Forbes was given authority to appoint a deputy either for Pensacola or St. Augustine, and he would reside at the other place. Of course, he chose St. Augustine for his base. For the most part, Forbes remained at St. Augustine while performing his duties as marshal, but upon one occasion he took a trip to Pablo, near the mouth of the St. Johns River, where a group of men were cutting live oak and cedar on public lands." In the investigation it was discovered that Aaron Smith, an American from New York, held a contract to supply the British government with cedar, and he and the contractors for the United States Navy were cutting the tim- ber on the public land." Finally gunboat 168 was sent to Amelia Island with orders to patrol the entrance to the St. salary, the appointment would not give him salt for his her- rings . Forbes was indeed fortunate to receive Jackson's sup- port, for there were many persons desiring jobs in Florida Territory. Since some frustrated office seekers were making ill- humored remarks about the selection of judges and other officials, Forbes decided that his departure to St. Augustine at that time would be suitable. After arrival in his native St. Augustine, he learned that many Creole citizens there were unhappy with the Anglo-Saxon way of doing things. Spanish Governor Don Jose Coppinger had returned every visit made to his office, but no return calls were made by the newly ap- pointed United States sub-commissioner." Evidence of pos- sible friction over differences in interpretation of the Spanish and American laws came when a runaway Negro was claimed by a Georgia citizen and it was argued that the Alcalde's Court in St. Augustine had no jurisdiction in the case. On May 18, 1821, President James Monroe, following Jackson's recommendation, appointed James G. Forbes to the position of United States marshal for East and West Florida. The commission was transmitted to him on June 27, 1821, and accepted on September 4, 1821, at St. Augus- tine. Forbes was given authority to appoint a deputy either for Pensacola or St. Augustine, and he would reside at the other place. Of course, he chose St. Augustine for his base. For the most part, Forbes remained at St. Augustine while performing his duties as marshal, but upon one occasion he took a trip to Pablo, near the mouth of the St. Johns River, where a group of men were cutting live oak and cedar on public lands." In the investigation it was discovered that Aaron Smith, an American from New York, held a contract to supply the British government with cedar, and he and the contractors for the United States Navy were cutting the tim- ber on the public land.t' Finally gunboat 168 was sent to Amelia Island with orders to patrol the entrance to the St.  XX INTRODUCTION. xx INTRODUCTION. XX INTRODUCTION. Johns River and inspect all cargoes. This action stopped the illegal woodcutting, at least for a short time. On May 9, 1822, Mr. Forbes terminated his service as United States marshal. Another position which Mr. Forbes held in Florida was that of mayor of St. Augustine. He held that post from August 21, 1821, to October 25, 1822. The position had been offered by Acting Governor of East Florida W. G. D. Worth- ington to the person in charge of the city during the Spanish occupation, but since he would not take the oath to support the Constitution of the United States, the Creole was forced to decline the post.?t It was said at this time that Forbes was the head of a large and young family, and was probably glad to be given the post. Incidentally, one of Forbes' duties as mayor was the administration of the oath of naturalization to persons who renounced their allegiance to European powers.tt A problem arose for Mayor Forbes when the Fourth Artil- lery, commanded by Captain Bell, took possession of the public buildings and would not allow the city council to occupy the schoolhouse which was used as council chambers. Finally Forbes and Worthington appealed to President Mon- roe for help. The matter was settled when Abraham Eustis, commander of the troops, and Governor Worthington worked out a solution. Forbes had learned to play his political cards right. Acting Governor of West Florida George Walton com- mented on this fact in a letter to Andrew Jackson: "I fear that fellow Forbes has too much influence with Mr. Worth- ington."1 Another problem arose for Forbes when it was discovered that no jail existed in Florida for the confinement of law- breakers and debtors. The Castillo de San Marcos had been used as a prison by the Spanish, but now it was occupied by the United States Army. Forbes requested civilian use of the place. Johns River and inspect all cargoes. This action stopped the illegal woodcutting, at least for a short time. On May 9, 1822, Mr. Forbes terminated his service as United States marshal. Another position which Mr. Forbes held in Florida was that of mayor of St. Augustine. He held that post from August 21, 1821, to October 25, 1822. The position had been offered by Acting Governor of East Florida W. G. D. Worth- ington to the person in charge of the city during the Spanish occupation, but since he would not take the oath to support the Constitution of the United States, the Creole was forced to decline the post.0 It was said at this time that Forbes was the head of a large and young family, and was probably glad to be given the post. Incidentally, one of Forbes' duties as mayor was the administration of the oath of naturalization to persons who renounced their allegiance to European powers." A problem arose for Mayor Forbes when the Fourth Artil- lery, commanded by Captain Bell, took possession of the public buildings and would not allow the city council to occupy the schoolhouse which was used as council chambers. Finally Forbes and Worthington appealed to President Mon- roe for help. The matter was settled when Abraham Eustis, commander of the troops, and Governor Worthington worked out a solution. Forbes had learned to play his political cards right. Acting Governor of West Florida George Walton com- mented on this fact in a letter to Andrew Jackson: "I fear that fellow Forbes has too much influence with Mr. Worth- ington."18 Another problem arose for Forbes when it was discovered that no jail existed in Florida for the confinement of law- breakers and debtors. The Castillo de San Marcos had been used as a prison by the Spanish, but now it was occupied by the United States Army. Forbes requested civilian use of the place. Johns River and inspect all cargoes. This action stopped the illegal woodcutting, at least for a short time. On May 9, 1822, Mr. Forbes terminated his service as United States marshal. Another position which Mr. Forbes held in Florida was that of mayor of St. Augustine. He held that post from August 21, 1821, to October 25, 1822. The position had been offered by Acting Governor of East Florida W. G. D. Worth- ington to the person in charge of the city during the Spanish occupation, but since he would not take the oath to support the Constitution of the United States, the Creole was forced to decline the post.1 It was said at this time that Forbes was the head of a large and young family, and was probably glad to be given the post. Incidentally, one of Forbes' duties as mayor was the administration of the oath of naturalization to persons who renounced their allegiance to European powers." A problem arose for Mayor Forbes when the Fourth Artil- lery, commanded by Captain Bell, took possession of the public buildings and would not allow the city council to occupy the schoolhouse which was used as council chambers. Finally Forbes and Worthington appealed to President Mon- roe for help. The matter was settled when Abraham Eustis, commander of the troops, and Governor Worthington worked out a solution. Forbes had learned to play his political cards right. Acting Governor of West Florida George Walton com- mented on this fact in a letter to Andrew Jackson: "I fear that fellow Forbes has too much influence with Mr. Worth- ington."" Another problem arose for Forbes when it was discovered that no jail existed in Florida for the confinement of law- breakers and debtors. The Castillo de San Marcos had been used as a prison by the Spanish, but now it was occupied by the United States Army. Forbes requested civilian use of the place.  INTRODUCTION. xxi INTRODUCTION. XX2 INTRODUCTION. XXI After serving as mayor of St. Augustine for fourteen months, Forbes resigned his post on October 25, 1822, and returned to New York City. In his words it was "a period of arduous and unpleasant duty, as most of the public function- aries had deemed it prudent to leave the city during the prevalence of an epidemic bearing exclusively hard upon the most valuable part of the population (the Citizens of the U. S.)."" Serious health problems, possibly indicative of a fatal illness, began to plague Forbes at this time, and he was unable to meet John Q. Adams at Washington where he was to deliver some required documents. In 1826, at the age of fifty-seven, James Grant Forbes died. In 1964 his book re- mains the principal memorial to one who was such an out- standing citizen of the United States. Sketches of the Floridas received a mixed reception from the contemporary critics. Author Forbes was most fortunate to receive a favorable review of his book in a leading periodi- cal, almost as soon as it was published: "The length to which this article is already protracted will not admit of our trac- ing the history of the Floridas under the British administra- tion, nor after its retrocession to Spain. A review of this portion of their history is the less necessary, as the work of Mr. Forbes furnishes nearly all that could be desired in rela- tion to the most interesting portion of this period. His work relates principally to the history and condition of Florida, and more particularly of East Florida while it was a British province, and furnishes either from his personal observa- tions, or from unpublished documents, much valuable in- formation. We regret that we have not room to speak of the work more particularly. In that part which relates to the early history of the country, and which is very compendious, there are some errors."tt Some harsher words were written by another person in the same periodical seven years later: "Shortly after the acquisi- tion of Florida, several publications made their appearance, After serving as mayor of St. Augustine for fourteen months, Forbes resigned his post on October 25, 1822, and returned to New York City. In his words it was "a period of arduous and unpleasant duty, as most of the public function- aries had deemed it prudent to leave the city during the prevalence of an epidemic bearing exclusively hard upon the most valuable part of the population (the Citizens of the U. S.)."19 Serious health problems, possibly indicative of a fatal illness, began to plague Forbes at this time, and he was unable to meet John Q. Adams at Washington where he was to deliver some required documents. In 1826, at the age of fifty-seven, James Grant Forbes died. In 1964 his book re- mains the principal memorial to one who was such an out- standing citizen of the United States. Sketches of the Floridas received a mixed reception from the contemporary critics. Author Forbes was most fortunate to receive a favorable review of his book in a leading periodi- cal, almost as soon as it was published: "The length to which this article is already protracted will not admit of our trac- ing the history of the Floridas under the British administra- tion, nor after its retrocession to Spain. A review of this portion of their history is the less necessary, as the work of Mr. Forbes furnishes nearly all that could be desired in rela- tion to the most interesting portion of this period. His work relates principally to the history and condition of Florida, and more particularly of East Florida while it was a British province, and furnishes either from his personal observa- tions, or from unpublished documents, much valuable in- formation. We regret that we have not room to speak of the work more particularly. In that part which relates to the early history of the country, and which is very compendious, there are some errors." 1 Some harsher words were written by another person in the same periodical seven years later: "Shortly after the acquisi- tion of Florida, several publications made their appearance, After serving as mayor of St. Augustine for fourteen months, Forbes resigned his post on October 25, 1822, and returned to New York City. In his words it was "a period of arduous and unpleasant duty, as most of the public function- aries had deemed it prudent to leave the city during the prevalence of an epidemic bearing exclusively hard upon the most valuable part of the population (the Citizens of the U. S.)."19 Serious health problems, possibly indicative of a fatal illness, began to plague Forbes at this time, and he was unable to meet John Q. Adams at Washington where he was to deliver some required documents. In 1826, at the age of fifty-seven, James Grant Forbes died. In 1964 his book re- mains the principal memorial to one who was such an out- standing citizen of the United States. Sketches of the Floridas received a mixed reception from the contemporary critics. Author Forbes was most fortunate to receive a favorable review of his book in a leading periodi- cal, almost as soon as it was published: "The length to which this article is already protracted will not admit of our trac- ing the history of the Floridas under the British administra- tion, nor after its retrocession to Spain. A review of this portion of their history is the less necessary, as the work of Mr. Forbes furnishes nearly all that could be desired in rela- tion to the most interesting portion of this period. His work relates principally to the history and condition of Florida, and more particularly of East Florida while it was a British province, and furnishes either from his personal observa- tions, or from unpublished documents, much valuable in- formation. We regret that we have not room to speak of the work more particularly. In that part which relates to the early history of the country, and which is very compendious, there are some errors."t Some harsher words were written by another person in the same periodical seven years later: "Shortly after the acquisi- tion of Florida, several publications made their appearance,  xxii INTRODUCTION. but containing very meagre accounts. The book of Mr. Forbes is a wretched compilation from old works, which represent the country as resembling the West Indies in its productions, such as cocoa, coffee, cassava; whereas this de- scription is only applicable to the extreme southern part of the peninsula, or to the neighboring Keys."1 A few years later a third and more detailed critique was written by Daniel G. Brinton in Notes on the Floridian Peninsula (1859). Brinton had the following words to say concerning the book: "A much superior work is that of James Grant Forbes. This gentleman was a resident of the territory and had ample opportunity for acquiring a pretty thorough knowledge of its later history both through per- sonal experience and from unpublished documents. He is consequently good authority for facts occurring during the British and later Spanish administrators. Although at the time of publication, the subject of considerable praise, his work has since been denounced though with great injustice as a wretched compilation from old works."22 How have more recent writers viewed Mr. Forbes' work? Many researchers have not used the book because it was not available to them. At present it is classified as a rare book and is available only at the larger libraries and more fortu- nate institutions. One comment appeared in 1942, giving what was probably the best appraisal of the work: "Of the earlier writers, James G. Forbes . . . publishes as part of his narrative several official letters, proclamations, and other documents relating to the British period as well as material from contemporary publications which have since acquired the status of rare books. Forbes' section on British Florida is by far the most detailed account published prior to the appearance of Siebert's book in 1929, and virtually all nine- teenth century historians apparently regarded the work as the authority in the field, drawing heavily from it. Forbes, however, lacked the historian's approach and, in addition, XXii INTRODUCTION. but containing very meagre accounts. The book of Mr. Forbes is a wretched compilation from old works, which represent the country as resembling the West Indies in its productions, such as cocoa, coffee, cassava; whereas this de- scription is only applicable to the extreme southern part of the peninsula, or to the neighboring Keys."1 A few years later a third and more detailed critique was written by Daniel G. Brinton in Notes on the Floridian Peninsula (1859). Brinton had the following words to say concerning the book: "A much superior work is that of James Grant Forbes. This gentleman was a resident of the territory and had ample opportunity for acquiring a pretty thorough knowledge of its later history both through per- sonal experience and from unpublished documents. He is consequently good authority for facts occurring during the British and later Spanish administrators. Although at the time of publication, the subject of considerable praise, his work has since been denounced though with great injustice as a wretched compilation from old works."22 How have more recent writers viewed Mr. Forbes' work? Many researchers have not used the book because it was not available to them. At present it is classified as a rare book and is available only at the larger libraries and more fortu- nate institutions. One comment appeared in 1942, giving what was probably the best appraisal of the work: "Of the earlier writers, James G. Forbes . . . publishes as part of his narrative several official letters, proclamations, and other documents relating to the British period as well as material from contemporary publications which have since acquired the status of rare books. Forbes' section on British Florida is by far the most detailed account published prior to the appearance of Siebert's book in 1929, and virtually all nine- teenth century historians apparently regarded the work as the authority in the field, drawing heavily from it. Forbes, however, lacked the historian's approach and, in addition, XXii INTRODUCTION. but containing very meagre accounts. The book of Mr. Forbes is a wretched compilation from old works, which represent the country as resembling the West Indies in its productions, such as cocoa, coffee, cassava; whereas this de- scription is only applicable to the extreme southern part of the peninsula, or to the neighboring Keys."2 A few years later a third and more detailed critique was written by Daniel G. Brinton in Notes on the Floridian Peninsula (1859). Brinton had the following words to say concerning the book: "A much superior work is that of James Grant Forbes. This gentleman was a resident of the territory and had ample opportunity for acquiring a pretty thorough knowledge of its later history both through per- sonal experience and from unpublished documents. He is consequently good authority for facts occurring during the British and later Spanish administrators. Although at the time of publication, the subject of considerable praise, his work has since been denounced though with great injustice as a wretched compilation from old works."2t How have more recent writers viewed Mr. Forbes' work? Many researchers have not used the book because it was not available to them. At present it is classified as a rare book and is available only at the larger libraries and more fortu- nate institutions. One comment appeared in 1942, giving what was probably the best appraisal of the work: "Of the earlier writers, James G. Forbes . . . publishes as part of his narrative several official letters, proclamations, and other documents relating to the British period as well as material from contemporary publications which have since acquired the status of rare books. Forbes' section on British Florida is by far the most detailed account published prior to the appearance of Siebert's book in 1929, and virtually all nine- teenth century historians apparently regarded the work as the authority in the field, drawing heavily from it. Forbes, however, lacked the historian's approach and, in addition,  INTRODUCTION. xxiii INTRODUCTION. XXul INTRODUCTION. XXiii the Spanish material he presented is extremely sketchy and flagrantly inaccurate." 12 The critics are correct when they point out that Forbes was inadequate in his treatment of the First Spanish Period. There are many misstatements which are evident even to the general reader. Forbes opens the narrative with a serious fault when he states that Columbus discovered the New World on Easter Day and named it Florida in honor of the feast day. Florida was discovered by Ponce de Le6n in 1513- not 1512. Jean Ribault did not leave Laudonniere behind at Port Royal in 1562, but joined Laudonniere at Fort Caroline in 1565 after the latter had established the fort on the St. Johns. Pedro Menendez de Aviles did not bring ten thousand men to Florida to dislodge the French, but one-tenth that number. The Guale revolt took place in 1597, not in 1611, and Father (Marroz) Marr6n was not killed by the Indians. There are numerous other errors, but it is not worth while to list them, since the value of Forbes' work lies in the cover- age of other elements in Florida history. Decided improvement is seen in the narration of events which took place in the English period (1763-83). For in- formation concerning this period Forbes was able to consult official papers not used by other researchers for many years, and as a result he made a decided contribution to the store of available facts. When reading the account, it should be noted that on the part of his father and others, Forbes claims sympathy for the American Revolutionists which probably did not exist. Events which took place in East Florida during the American Revolution include the restrictive custody of patriotic prisoners in St. Augustine, border clashes, the de- clining Loyalist position, the capture of Nassau, and the re- turn of Florida to Spanish control. Of course, Forbes' account of the American Revolution- ary period does not compare at all with the definitive work written by Wilbur Henry Siebert, Loyalists in East Florida, the Spanish material he presented is extremely sketchy and flagrantly inaccurate."23 The critics are correct when they point out that Forbes was inadequate in his treatment of the First Spanish Period. There are many misstatements which are evident even to the general reader. Forbes opens the narrative with a serious fault when he states that Columbus discovered the New World on Easter Day and named it Florida in honor of the feast day. Florida was discovered by Ponce de Le6n in 1513- not 1512. Jean Ribault did not leave Laudonniere behind at Port Royal in 1562, but joined Laudonniere at Fort Caroline in 1565 after the latter had established the fort on the St. Johns. Pedro Menendez de Aviles did not bring ten thousand men to Florida to dislodge the French, but one-tenth that number. The Guale revolt took place in 1597, not in 1611, and Father (Marroz) Marr6n was not killed by the Indians. There are numerous other errors, but it is not worth while to list them, since the value of Forbes' work lies in the cover- age of other elements in Florida history. Decided improvement is seen in the narration of events which took place in the English period (1763-83). For in- formation concerning this period Forbes was able to consult official papers not used by other researchers for many years, and as a result he made a decided contribution to the store of available facts. When reading the account, it should be noted that on the part of his father and others, Forbes claims sympathy for the American Revolutionists which probably did not exist. Events which took place in East Florida during the American Revolution include the restrictive custody of patriotic prisoners in St. Augustine, border clashes, the de- clining Loyalist position, the capture of Nassau, and the re- turn of Florida to Spanish control. Of course, Forbes' account of the American Revolution. ary period does not compare at all with the definitive work written by Wilbur Henry Siebert, Loyalists in East Florida, the Spanish material he presented is extremely sketchy and flagrantly inaccurate.""3 The critics are correct when they point out that Forbes was inadequate in his treatment of the First Spanish Period. There are many misstatements which are evident even to the general reader. Forbes opens the narrative with a serious fault when he states that Columbus discovered the New World on Easter Day and named it Florida in honor of the feast day. Florida was discovered by Ponce de Le6n in 1513- not 1512. Jean Ribault did not leave Laudonniere behind at Port Royal in 1562, but joined Laudonniere at Fort Caroline in 1565 after the latter had established the fort on the St. Johns. Pedro Menendez de Avilis did not bring ten thousand men to Florida to dislodge the French, but one-tenth that number. The Guale revolt took place in 1597, not in 1611, and Father (Marroz) Marr6n was not killed by the Indians. There are numerous other errors, but it is not worth while to list them, since the value of Forbes' work lies in the cover- age of other elements in Florida history. Decided improvement is seen in the narration of events which took place in the English period (1763-83). For in- formation concerning this period Forbes was able to consult official papers not used by other researchers for many years, and as a result he made a decided contribution to the store of available facts. When reading the account, it should be noted that on the part of his father and others, Forbes claims sympathy for the American Revolutionists which probably did not exist. Events which took place in East Florida during the American Revolution include the restrictive custody of patriotic prisoners in St. Augustine, border clashes, the de- clining Loyalist position, the capture of Nassau, and the re- turn of Florida to Spanish control. Of course, Forbes' account of the American Revolution- ary period does not compare at all with the definitive work written by Wilbur Henry Siebert, Loyalists in East Florida,  xxiv/ INTRODUCTON. 1774-1785, and published in 1929. Nor does it approach the best work devoted to the British occupation of Florida, East Florida as a British Province, 1763-1783, by Charles Loch Mowat. The value of the Forbes work rests in the fact that for over one hundred years it was available to readers as the best book on the subject. As indicated by numerous misspelled words and incorrect dates, it needed a thorough proofreading job, but it was far better than other works con- cerning the same period. In the English section mentioned above, several interest- ing letters from Governor of East Florida Patrick Tonyn to Secretary of State Lord Germain are reproduced and are of great aid in understanding English rule. One letter tells of the rape of a Minorcan wife who was taken into the guard- house by an officer in the British army; but when the officer was arrested, the soldiers tore down the home of the husband. With such activities by the British soldiers, we can well understand why our forefathers fought so hard to obtain freedom. A greater contribution of Sketches of the Floridas is found within the remainder of the book, which is devoted to sec- tions dealing with the climate, towns, rivers, lakes, soils, population, commerce and manufacturing, agriculture, ani- mals and insects, and West Florida. The work concludes with an appendix containing partial or full texts of various treaties and documents pertinent to the history of Florida. These documents include the preliminary treaty signed be- tween England and France in 1762, Governor Grant's proc- lamation of October 7, 1763, one of Governor Tonyn's proclamations, the treaty between England and Spain in 1783, a letter from Colonel Clinch concerning the Negro Fort dated August, 1816, a proclamation of Governor En- rique White dated October 12, 1803, and the treaty between Spain and the United States signed in 1819. In the chapter entitled "Situation and Climate" many in- xxiv INTRODUCTION. xxiv INTRODUCTION. 1774-1785, and published in 1929. Nor does it approach the best work devoted to the British occupation of Florida, East Florida as a British Province, 1763-1783, by Charles Loch Mowat. The value of the Forbes work rests in the fact that for over one hundred years it was available to readers as the best book on the subject. As indicated by numerous misspelled words and incorrect dates, it needed a thorough proofreading job, but it was far better than other works con- cerning the same period. In the English section mentioned above, several interest- ing letters from Governor of East Florida Patrick Tonyn to Secretary of State Lord Germain are reproduced and are of great aid in understanding English rule. One letter tells of the rape of a Minorcan wife who was taken into the guard- house by an officer in the British army; but when the officer was arrested, the soldiers tore down the home of the husband. With such activities by the British soldiers, we can well understand why our forefathers fought so hard to obtain freedom. A greater contribution of Sketches of the Floridas is found within the remainder of the book, which is devoted to sec- tions dealing with the climate, towns, rivers, lakes, soils, population, commerce and manufacturing, agriculture, ani- mals and insects, and West Florida. The work concludes with an appendix containing partial or full texts of various treaties and documents pertinent to the history of Florida. These documents include the preliminary treaty signed be- tween England and France in 1762, Governor Grant's proc- lamation of October 7, 1763, one of Governor Tonyn's proclamations, the treaty between England and Spain in 1783, a letter from Colonel Clinch concerning the Negro Fort dated August, 1816, a proclamation of Governor En- rique White dated October 12, 1803, and the treaty between Spain and the United States signed in 1819. In the chapter entitled "Situation and Climate" many in- 1774-1785, and published in 1929. Nor does it approach the best work devoted to the British occupation of Florida, East Florida as a British Province, 1763-1783, by Charles Loch Mowat. The value of the Forbes work rests in the fact that for over one hundred years it was available to readers as the best book on the subject. As indicated by numerous misspelled words and incorrect dates, it needed a thorough proofreading job, but it was far better than other works con- cerning the same period. In the English section mentioned above, several interest- ing letters from Governor of East Florida Patrick Tonyn to Secretary of State Lord Germain are reproduced and are of great aid in understanding English rule. One letter tells of the rape of a Minorcan wife who was taken into the guard- house by an officer in the British army; but when the officer was arrested, the soldiers tore down the home of the husband. With such activities by the British soldiers, we can well understand why our forefathers fought so hard to obtain freedom. A greater contribution of Sketches of the Floridas is found within the remainder of the book, which is devoted to sec- tions dealing with the climate, towns, rivers, lakes, soils, population, commerce and manufacturing, agriculture, ani- mals and insects, and West Florida. The work concludes with an appendix containing partial or full texts of various treaties and documents pertinent to the history of Florida. These documents include the preliminary treaty signed be- tween England and France in 1762, Governor Grant's proc- lamation of October 7, 1763, one of Governor Tonyn's proclamations, the treaty between England and Spain in 1783, a letter from Colonel Clinch concerning the Negro Fort dated August, 1816, a proclamation of Governor En- rique White dated October 12, 1803, and the treaty between Spain and the United States signed in 1819. In the chapter entitled "Situation and Climate" many in-  INTRODUCTION. XSV teresting facts concerning Florida are disclosed. It is noted that the Ninth British Regiment stationed at St. Augustine for eighteen months did not lose a single man by natural death. In order to emphasize his point more forcefully, Forbes has listed the physicians available in Florida together with the other professions they acquired, which resulted in "their income being derived from more profitable sources." The chapter entitled "Towns, Rivers, Lakes, Soil and Pro- duction" is probably the most valuable one in the book. It describes in good fashion each of the major rivers in north- ern Florida and the settlements along each stream. At this early date we see the suggestion of a cross-state canal con- struction which would connect the St. Johns River and per- haps the Suwannee. The descriptions of St. Augustine and Fernandina are most useful. Probably no other author has told us that a settlement of Germans was located near St. Augustine, or that a group of Highlanders settled in north Florida. The account of how New Smyrna appeared after it was deserted by the Minorcans is good. It is interesting to read that cedar logs cut in Cuba for the king of Spain often drifted to the Cape Canaveral section of Florida. Names of landmarks along the rivers and the east coast of Florida are useful to the historian and geographer. When Forbes de- pends upon inadequate information, such as that given by passing Indians, much is lost in translation and what is pre- sented is indeed inadequate or misleading. For example, the account of Lake Mayaco, known today as Lake Okeechobee, is not good at all. Some information furnishes valuable leads for investiga- tors to do more research into several obscure phases of Flor- ida history. It is stated (page 117) that Captain Braddock from Virginia surveyed Tampa Bay in 1774 and 1775. If these surveys could be found in the Public Record Office in London, we would have an account of what may have been the first survey of Tampa Bay. Forbes utilizes George F. INTRODUCTION. XXv INTRODUCTION. XXV teresting facts concerning Florida are disclosed. It is noted that the Ninth British Regiment stationed at St. Augustine for eighteen months did not lose a single man by natural death. In order to emphasize his point more forcefully, Forbes has listed the physicians available in Florida together with the other professions they acquired, which resulted in "their income being derived from more profitable sources." The chapter entitled "Towns, Rivers, Lakes, Soil and Pro- duction" is probably the most valuable one in the book. It describes in good fashion each of the major rivers in north- ern Florida and the settlements along each stream. At this early date we see the suggestion of a cross-state canal con- struction which would connect the St. Johns River and per- haps the Suwannee. The descriptions of St. Augustine and Fernandina are most useful. Probably no other author has told us that a settlement of Germans was located near St. Augustine, or that a group of Highlanders settled in north Florida. The account of how New Smyrna appeared after it was deserted by the Minorcans is good. It is interesting to read that cedar logs cut in Cuba for the king of Spain often drifted to the Cape Canaveral section of Florida. Names of landmarks along the rivers and the east coast of Florida are useful to the historian and geographer. When Forbes de- pends upon inadequate information, such as that given by passing Indians, much is lost in translation and what is pre- sented is indeed inadequate or misleading. For example, the account of Lake Mayaco, known today as Lake Okeechobee, is not good at all. Some information furnishes valuable leads for investiga- tors to do more research into several obscure phases of Flor- ida history. It is stated (page 117) that Captain Braddock from Virginia surveyed Tampa Bay in 1774 and 1775. If these surveys could be found in the Public Record Office in London, we would have an account of what may have been the first survey of Tampa Bay. Forbes utilizes George F. teresting facts concerning Florida are disclosed. It is noted that the Ninth British Regiment stationed at St. Augustine for eighteen months did not lose a single man by natural death. In order to emphasize his point more forcefully, Forbes has listed the physicians available in Florida together with the other professions they acquired, which resulted in "their income being derived from more profitable sources." The chapter entitled "Towns, Rivers, Lakes, Soil and Pro- duction" is probably the most valuable one in the book. It describes in good fashion each of the major rivers in north- ern Florida and the settlements along each stream. At this early date we see the suggestion of a cross-state canal con- struction which would connect the St. Johns River and per- haps the Suwannee. The descriptions of St. Augustine and Fernandina are most useful. Probably no other author has told us that a settlement of Germans was located near St. Augustine, or that a group of Highlanders settled in north Florida. The account of how New Smyrna appeared after it was deserted by the Minorcans is good. It is interesting to read that cedar logs cut in Cuba for the king of Spain often drifted to the Cape Canaveral section of Florida. Names of landmarks along the rivers and the east coast of Florida are useful to the historian and geographer. When Forbes de- pends upon inadequate information, such as that given by passing Indians, much is lost in translation and what is pre- sented is indeed inadequate or misleading. For example, the account of Lake Mayaco, known today as Lake Okeechobee, is not good at all. Some information furnishes valuable leads for investiga- tors to do more research into several obscure phases of Flor- ida history. It is stated (page 117) that Captain Braddock from Virginia surveyed Tampa Bay in 1774 and 1775. If these surveys could be found in the Public Record Office in London, we would have an account of what may have been the first survey of Tampa Bay. Forbes utilizes George F.  xxvi INTRODUCTION. XXvi INTRODUCTION. XXvi INTRODUCTION. Clarke's excellent reports to a great extent throughout this and in other chapters, and he quotes in detail a deposition given by an Indian trader to describe the Alachua Indian settlement which is most interesting. The information con- cerning Cowkeeper and the Alachua Indians is not available elsewhere, and is useful to the student of Indian life. In judging this chapter, it must be noted that Forbes is at his best when describing the geography of northern Florida, which includes St. Marys River, St. Johns River, and other lesser streams. As he moves southward, his sources of in- formation become less reliable, and perhaps the only value of the text would be an acknowledgment of the fact that no one at that time really knew very much about the Ten Thou- sand Islands, Charlotte Harbor, Lake Okeechobee, Tampa Bay, and the various rivers and valleys along the west coast of Florida. The chapter on "Commerce and Manufactures" presents an excellent insight into the economic life of the colony and gives figures concerning imports and exports which are not readily available in other documents. Exports during the British period were principally indigo and turpentine, and the majority of the ships carrying imports of food and liquor came from Charleston, South Carolina. One interesting com- parison is made between the average amount of money ex- pended by Great Britain on East Florida and West Florida- nearly four times as much money was spent on West as on East Florida. Persons interested in the development of the Florida citrus industry should read page 136. It describes the ways in which oranges, orange flowers, and orange peel may be utilized. Of course a hundred years had to pass before this industry would surpass the economic value of the forest industry. Another most useful chapter is the one devoted to agricul- ture. Forbes lists the various trees, shrubs, and plants that are grown in Florida, their uses and value, and possibilities for Clarke's excellent reports to a great extent throughout this and in other chapters, and he quotes in detail a deposition given by an Indian trader to describe the Alachua Indian settlement which is most interesting. The information con- cerning Cowkeeper and the Alachua Indians is not available elsewhere, and is useful to the student of Indian life. In judging this chapter, it must be noted that Forbes is at his best when describing the geography of northern Florida, which includes St. Marys River, St. Johns River, and other lesser streams. As he moves southward, his sources of in- formation become less reliable, and perhaps the only value of the text would be an acknowledgment of the fact that no one at that time really knew very much about the Ten Thou- sand Islands, Charlotte Harbor, Lake Okeechobee, Tampa Bay, and the various rivers and valleys along the west coast of Florida. The chapter on "Commerce and Manufactures" presents an excellent insight into the economic life of the colony and gives figures concerning imports and exports which are not readily available in other documents. Exports during the British period were principally indigo and turpentine, and the majority of the ships carrying imports of food and liquor came from Charleston, South Carolina. One interesting com- parison is made between the average amount of money ex- pended by Great Britain on East Florida and West Florida- nearly four times as much money was spent on West as on East Florida. Persons interested in the development of the Florida citrus industry should read page 136. It describes the ways in which oranges, orange flowers, and orange peel may be utilized. Of course a hundred years had to pass before this industry would surpass the economic value of the forest industry. Another most useful chapter is the one devoted to agricul- ture. Forbes lists the various trees, shrubs, and plants that are grown in Florida, their uses and value, and possibilities for Clarke's excellent reports to a great extent throughout this and in other chapters, and he quotes in detail a deposition given by an Indian trader to describe the Alachua Indian settlement which is most interesting. The information con- cerning Cowkeeper and the Alachua Indians is not available elsewhere, and is useful to the student of Indian life. In judging this chapter, it must be noted that Forbes is at his best when describing the geography of northern Florida, which includes St. Marys River, St. Johns River, and other lesser streams. As he moves southward, his sources of in- formation become less reliable, and perhaps the only value of the text would be an acknowledgment of the fact that no one at that time really knew very much about the Ten Thou- sand Islands, Charlotte Harbor, Lake Okeechobee, Tampa Bay, and the various rivers and valleys along the west coast of Florida. The chapter on "Commerce and Manufactures" presents an excellent insight into the economic life of the colony and gives figures concerning imports and exports which are not readily available in other documents. Exports during the British period were principally indigo and turpentine, and the majority of the ships carrying imports of food and liquor came from Charleston, South Carolina. One interesting com- parison is made between the average amount of money ex- pended by Great Britain on East Florida and West Florida- nearly four times as much money was spent on West as on East Florida. Persons interested in the development of the Florida citrus industry should read page 136. It describes the ways in which oranges, orange flowers, and orange peel may be utilized. Of course a hundred years had to pass before this industry would surpass the economic value of the forest industry. Another most useful chapter is the one devoted to agricul- ture. Forbes lists the various trees, shrubs, and plants that are grown in Florida, their uses and value, and possibilities for  INTRODUCTION. Xzvii utilization of other crops. The chapter is concluded with an alphabetical listing of the popular and scientific names of trees found in Florida. Perhaps he is unduly optimistic when he suggests the commercial cultivation of olives, cocoa, coffee, or pomegranates, but several of his recommended crops, in- cluding sugar cane, mango, and arrowroot, have done very well in Florida. Scattered throughout the entire book are useful items of information concerning the Indians of Florida. It is recorded that the Seminoles, as did the Caloosas and Tequestas, fre- quently scouted the shoreline in order to obtain European articles washed ashore from wrecks along the coast. When the Caloosas went to Cuba with the Spanish in 1763 all trace of them was lost, but Forbes asserts that they returned to Cayo Vaca from Havana. The Spaniards hoped that the Seminoles would raid the remaining English-owned plantations along the St. Johns River and force the owners to leave Florida. If those valuable landmarks in Florida's history written by Romans, Ellicott, and Bartram had not been available to Forbes, he probably could not have written his book; but these works, plus official British records, Clarke's reports, and random bits of information, made a foundation for a good survey of Florida. Like the other books of the American frontier, it was written in an optimistic vein and was de- signed to stimulate interest, investment, and migration. Tak- ing all things in consideration, Forbes did a good job. INTRODUCTION. xxvil utilization of other crops. The chapter is concluded with an alphabetical listing of the popular and scientific names of trees found in Florida. Perhaps he is unduly optimistic when he suggests the commercial cultivation of olives, cocoa, coffee, or pomegranates, but several of his recommended crops, in- cluding sugar cane, mango, and arrowroot, have done very well in Florida. Scattered throughout the entire book are useful items of information concerning the Indians of Florida. It is recorded that the Seminoles, as did the Caloosas and Tequestas, fre- quently scouted the shoreline in order to obtain European articles washed ashore from wrecks along the coast. When the Caloosas went to Cuba with the Spanish in 1763 all trace of them was lost, but Forbes asserts that they returned to Cayo Vaca from Havana. The Spaniards hoped that the Seminoles would raid the remaining English-owned plantations along the St. Johns River and force the owners to leave Florida. If those valuable landmarks in Florida's history written by Romans, Ellicott, and Bartram had not been available to Forbes, he probably could not have written his book; but these works, plus official British records, Clarke's reports, and random bits of information, made a foundation for a good survey of Florida. Like the other books of the American frontier, it was written in an optimistic vein and was de- signed to stimulate interest, investment, and migration. Tak- ing all things in consideration, Forbes did a good job. INTRODUCTION. XXU/2 utilization of other crops. The chapter is concluded with at alphabetical listing of the popular and scientific names of trees found in Florida. Perhaps he is unduly optimistic when he suggests the commercial cultivation of olives, cocoa, coffee, or pomegranates, but several of his recommended crops, in- cluding sugar cane, mango, and arrowroot, have done very well in Florida. Scattered throughout the entire book are useful items of information concerning the Indians of Florida. It is recorded that the Seminoles, as did the Caloosas and Tequestas, fre- quently scouted the shoreline in order to obtain European articles washed ashore from wrecks along the coast. When the Caloosas went to Cuba with the Spanish in 1763 all trace of them was lost, but Forbes asserts that they returned to Cayo Vaca from Havana. The Spaniards hoped that the Seminoles would raid the remaining English-owned plantations along the St. Johns River and force the owners to leave Florida. If those valuable landmarks in Florida's history written by Romans, Ellicott, and Bartram had not been available to Forbes, he probably could not have written his book; but these works, plus official British records, Clarke's reports, and random bits of information, made a foundation for a good survey of Florida. Like the other books of the American frontier, it was written in an optimistic vein and was de- signed to stimulate interest, investment, and migration. Tak- ing all things in consideration, Forbes did a good job. University of Tampa JAMEs W. COvINGTON Universily of Tampa JAMES W. COvINGTON University of Tampa JAMES W. COVINGTON NOTES. I. A. L. Rowse, The Elizabethans and America (New York, 1959), 21. 2. Ibid., 168. 3. Ibid., 163. 4. Charles Blacker Vignoles, a native of England, arrived in Florida NOTES. 1. A. L. Rowse, The Elizabethans and America (New York, 1959), 21. 2. Ibid., 168. 3. Ibid., 163. 4. Charles Blacker Vignoles, a native of England, arrived in Florida NOTES. 1. A. L. Rowse, The Elizabethans and America (New York, 1959), 21. 2. Ibid., 168. 3. Ibid., 163. 4. Charles Blacker Vignoles, a native of England, arrived in Florida  xxviii NOTES. during 1821 and began operations a5 s asurveyor. Busineoss ws not good in that field and he prepareod a book andsmpoor publication; 0Oserva- tions upon the Floridas waos published in Noew Yook in 1823 by E. Bliss and F. White. 5. Edgar L. Pennington, "Jobsn Forbes," Florida Hisoricals Quar" terly, VIII (Jans., 193f), 164-68. 6. Miss Murrasy woas the daughter of Jameos ansd Barbara Bennetts Murraoy of Boson. Moi. Murrasy was a pospeous Sotwh rema~Oined loyalto KingGor~ge and wasforcedo leave heolon. Chals L. Mowaot, 'ASt. Augustine undes' the British Flog, 1763-1775," FHQ, XX (0ct., 1841), 142-44. 7. Gorge Clare to John Q. Adamss, May 1, 1823, in "A Letter for G. I. F. Clarke Relatinsg to Port St. Josephs, Fast Florida," FHQ, V' (Jsuly, 1926), 51. 8. Jobhn Q. Adosos to Jasmes Forbes, March-i 18, 1821, isn Clarence E. Carter (ed.), Territosiol Pops of the United Stats, Vol. XXII: The Terosify of Flosisdo, 11; boreofter cited as TF. 9. Agood aountoo of the attemspts so secureo the Spanish Florida poopers was givesn by A. J. Hoasno in "Diplomaic Mlissions of the Uitesd States so Cobs so Secore tbo Spaoisb Archbivs of Flori do," io Hsspsnic- Aosesicaon Essays io Meoriol t0 J. A. Robsessons, ed. A. C. Wilgos (Cbapel Hill, N, C, 1842). 10. Nis-bolos Msahy so Forbes, Maly 16, 1821, T, 86-97. 11. Herbost J. Dobsoty, Jr., "Andorso Jacksosn s's. sbo Spansisb Gos-s-. or," FHIQ, XXXIV (Ost., 1955), 145. 12. Joacksosn soW, G. D. Wos'tbington, July 26, 1821, TE, 133-35. 13. Foobes so Jobn Q. Adssss, Joly 14, 1821. TF. 117-18. 14, Ibid., 118. 15. Wortbingson so Fosbes, Moooch 1, 1822, TF. 375-76. 18. Secreosory of Nosy so Cops. Jobn H. Elsoss, Mosrch9, 1822. TF, 377-78. 17. Wootbingtoss so Jackson, Asg. 28, 1821, T, 193-96. The foay acountos of Forbes' service in Florida are givens in foll 00 p. 598 of TV. He receiveod $476 as msayor, $268 as mshall, sod S50 los-his trip so theo St. Jobns Riveo. 18, Wolton so Jacksosn, Doc. 10, 1821, T, 298-99. 19, Fosbes so Fontaineo H. Mauroy, Josn. 8, 1823, TF. 395. 20. Nosrth Aossrs-an Reoview, XIII (July, 1821), 98. 21, Ibid., XXVI (April, 5828). 482. 22. Pbiladelpbia, 1859, 64-65. 23. Alberst C. Manuc0y sod Alberta Johnoson,. "Cossle Ss. Maroks assd tbe Patsiots of tbe Asmeoicao Beolutios," FHQ, XXI (Joly, 1942, 24. during 1821 and began operaiosssuseyo. Bsssiness wasssot good in shot fieldoandbheprparedabookads mp fo p ublictio; Obsersva' tionsoupon the Floridas wsoo publisbed iss New York iss 1823 by F. Bliss sod F, Wbite. 5. Edgar L. Penssisngtos, "Jobn Forbes," Floroida HisloricalI Qua- tosly, VIII (Jass., 1930), 164-68. 6. Mliss Murray swas the daughterof Jameos anod Booboos Bennetts Murray of Boston. Mo. Murra-y was a prospouos Sot so roemaineod loyalto Kinsg Gogeandsforcedl to leseotheolonys. ChsrlesL. Mowats, "Ss. Augstine usnder lbs Boitisb Flag, 1763-1775," FHQ, XX (Oct., 1941). 142.44, 7. Goroge Claoke so Jobss Q. Adams, Mfay 1, 1823, iss "A Lessoo for G. I. F. Claoke Relating so Port St. Joseph, Foss Florida," FHQ, V' (July, 1926), 31, 8. Jobn Q. Adasss so Jasses Fosbos, March- 10, 1821, in Clasrsnce F. Caoteo (ed.), Toooitooial Papeos of the0 United S5a1es, Vol. XXII: The Territory ofFloid, 11; beroafterocitedas TF. 9.A good acoouns ofbhesattsmptssstso scur tbeSpansishsFloida papoos soas -givon by A. J. Haossa isn "Diplomsaic Mlissioss of theo Unsited States so Cobs so Seouoe thse Spasnish Aorcbisos of Flooida," in, Hspanis- Asmooican Essoys io Meorial so. A. Rosborson, od. A C. W3ilgus (Cbapel Hill, N. C., 1842). 18. Xis-bolos Mlob2 so Forbes, May 16, 1821, TF, 96-97. 11. Herbeot J. Dobooty, Jo., "Andorso Jackson vs. sbo Spaishs Goveo- or," FHQ, XXXIV (Oct., 1955). 145. 12, Jackson tsoW. C. D. Wootbington, July 26, 1821, T, 133-35. 13. Fosbes so Jobsn Q. Ads Joly 14, 1821, TF. 117-18. 14. Ibid. 118. 15. Wotbigos so Forbss Maros-i 1, 1822, TF, 375-76. 16. Secoosaoy of Novy so Cops. Jobn H. Eltosn, Marocb 9 1822. TF. 37 7-7 8. 17. Wortbington so Jacksons, Aug. 28. 1821, TF. 193-96. Tho pay aountsss of Forbes' service in Florida areogiveon in full ons p. 596 of T. Ho ooooived $470 assooyoo, $20f as msohsbl, sod S50 forobis toip so theo St. Jobns Riveo. 18. Wltons so Jackson, Doo. 18, 1821, TF', 298-99. 19. Forbs tso Footineo H. Maury, foss. 8, 1824, TV, 395. 2. Nooth Aooerocan Reoviow, XIII (July, 1821). 98. 21. Ibid. XXVI (Apil, 1828), 482. 22. Phsiladelpbi, 1859, 64.63, 23. Albers C. Manssoy ossd Alberota Johnson, "Ca.stle Ss. Mtooks asd tbo Potoiots of tbo Asseoioan Revolotion," FHdQ, XXI (July, 1307, 2-1. xxviii NOTES. durinsg1821 and bgansoperaioss asuorveyor. Bsinssws notsggood inotbatfieldoandbheprpardbabookdsomaospobfouliio; Obseorva tions upono tho Flor-idas swos publisbed isn Nosw Yook iso 1823 by F. Bliss sod F. Wbit. 5. Edgor L. Pesssissgtos, "Johss Foobos," Flooido Hlisorical Quass- terly, VIII (Jass., 1930), 164-68. 6. Mliss Murrsay swas tho daughteor of Jameos ansd Barbara Bennetts Murray ofBostoss. Mr. Muooy ssopospos Sotowooemind loyal so Kiog Geoogo ood ooos foocod so loovo sbo colon'. Cbooles L. Mowat,. "S. Augstine undeo the Britisb Flog, 1763-177," FH4Q, XX (0c., 1941), 142-44 7. Gorogo Clarko so Jobo Q. Adaoms, SMay 1, 1823 isn "A Lossoo fsor G. I. F. Clarke Relaisg so Poot Ss. Josephs, Foss Flooida," FHQ, V (Joly, 1926), 51. 8. Jobhn Q. Adasos so Jasoes Foobes, Marocb 10 1821, isn Clarenceo F. Caotos fod.), Torritooial Papers of the Uiteld Statsl, Vol. XXII: The Toooitooy of Flooida, 11; bereaftercitedsas T. 9. Agood acounts of tboesaotefps to secure theopaish Fforida papoos wssgivoo by A. J. Hassna iss "Diplosai- Missiosns of tho Uboited States so Cobs so Soecooo the Spanishs Ars-bives of Florida," iss Hispai- Americano Eosys 10 Mefooial to J. A. Robosons, od..A. C. W~ilgus (Cbapl Hill N. C., 1942). 10. Nicbolas Masty so Foobes, May 16 1821, T, 96-37. 11. Heobeot ,J. Doboosy, Jor. "Andrso Jacson s-s. tbo Spansishs Goooo- ssor," FHQ, XXXIV fOl., 1955), 143. 12. Jackson to W. 0.0. Wotbigtso, Joly 26, 1821. TV, 133-35. 13. Foobos so Johno Q. Adaoms, July 14 1821, TF, 117-18. 14. Ibid., 118. IS. Wotbiogsoo so Foobes, Maroch 1, 1822, TV. 375-76. 16. Secretary of Nosy so Cops. Johno H. Eltos, Marchs 9. 1822 TF. 3 77-78. 17. Wortbiogtoo so Jackson, Aog. 28. 1821. TV, 193-9. 'Iho pay accounts of Foobes' service 10 Flooida are glven in, foll on p. 396 of T. Ho oocoivod $470 s soayoo, $200 as msohsbl sod S50fo hoois sosp to theo Ss. Jobns Rive. 19. Waltos so Jackson,. Dos-. 16, 1821, TF. 298-99. 19. Foobes so Footaino H. Mauroy, Jan. 8, 1823, T, 395. 20. Norlh Amseoicon Roeviow, XIII (Joly, 1821), 98. 21. Ibid., XXVI (Apoil, 1828), 482. 22. Phliladelpbia, 1859. 64-63. 23. Albert C. Maooucy assd Alborta Johnoso, "Casslo St. Masoks asnd tbo Patosots of sbo Aoeoicans Revolusios." FHQ, XXI (Joly. 1912) 24.  The town of Colinton is laid of at a place called Prospect Bluff, or Fort Gadsden, on the Apalachicola River, and eighteen miles from the Bay of the same name, on a flne level plain of pine land, 15 feet above the river at low water, and within the purchase made by J. Forbes S Co.from the Indians. The town lots are 60 feet wide and 120 feet deep. The water lots are 75 feet wide, and from 160 to 300 feet deep. The swamp land under the bluff is from 70 to 90 feet wide, and is sufficiently firm for excellent foundations for wharves at a small expense. The lots A, B, C, D, E, F, G, each t20 feet by 300 feet, are reserved for public uses. The streets are at right angles, and of the width laid down in the Plan. The Apalachicola and Chattahoutchie Rivers are navigable at all times for large Steam Boats 220 miles in a direct line to the Falls above Fort Mitchel, and run through a fine fertile country, the produce of which must de- scend these Rivers by Colinton to the Ocean. The town of Colinton is laid off at a place called Prospect Bluff, or Fort Gadsden, on the Apalachicola River, and eighteen miles from the Bay of the same name, on a fine level plain of pine land, 15 feet above the river at low water, and within the purchase made by J. Forbes d, Co. from the Indians. The town lots are 60 feet wide and 120 feet deep. The water lots are 75 feet wide, and from 160 to 300 feet deep. The swamp land under the bluff is from 70 to 90 feet wide, and is sufficiently frm for excellent foundations for wharves at a small expense. The lots A, B, C, D, E, F, G, each 120 feet by 300 feet, are reserved for public uses. The streets are at right angles, and of the width laid down in the Plan. The Ahpalachicola and Chattahoutchie Rivers are navigable at all times for large Steam Boats 220 miles in a direct line to the Falls above Fort Mitchel, and run through a fine fertile country, the produce of which must de- scend these Rivers by Colinton to the Ocean. The town of Colinton is laid off at a place called Prospect Bluff, or Fort Gadsden, on the Apalachicola River, and eighteen miles from the Bay of the same name, on a flne level plain of pine land, 15 feet above the river at low water, and within the purchase made by J. Forbes S& Co. from the Indians. The town lots are 60 feet wide and 120 feet deep. The water lots are 75 feet wide, and from 160 to 300 feet deep. The swamp land under the bluff is from 70 to 90 feet wide, and is sufficiently frm for excellent foundations for wharves at a small expense. The lots A, B, C, D, E, F, G, each 120 feet by 300 feet, are reserved for public uses. The streets are at right angles, and of the width laid down in the Plan. The Apalachicola and Chattahoutchie Rivers are navigable at all times for large Steam Boats 220 miles in a direct line to the Falls above Fort Mitchel, and run through a fine fertile county, the produce of which must de- scend these Rivers by Colinton to the Ocean.   SKETCHES, SKETCHES, SKETCHES, HISTORICAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL, HISTORICAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL, HISTORICAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL, OF OF OF 12mIMUMA MORE PARTICULARLY OF MORE PARTICULARLY OF EAST FLORIDA. EAST FLORIDA. EAST FLORIDA. BY JAMES GRANT FORBES. PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY C. S. VAN WINKLE, No. 101 Groesnsich-stree. 18~21. MY JAMES GRANT FORBES. PRINTED AND PUBLISHED flY C. S. VAN WINKLE. No. 101 Greewicste.. 1821. BY JAMES GRANT FORBES. PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BYU C. S. VAN WINKLE, 1821.  Seutoim Ditict fNo-Yot*, in BE IT REMEMBERED, tht ntht fiftenth day of May,j, th o t-R yea.rOt. IthetIndepeneothe UitdSttsofAeic,C. S. VoW to ., of the P c~t, haSh da,5sited inthis toiethe St ilfbotbhrghttheeofhetlais a "Skthe,Hitrl d T pio~el,of thFlorda. ;moratiual SoftEto In ofortto the t offtheCongress othE Uitd State, eilttd, "An ttfott uregemnt oftttSeanig, by atcntOthE copis of maps, charts, en bokt, t. al to at, tiotled, "A. at, .spplttmtStty Ss an ac, etted, ant t for the G. L. THOMPSON, Cler of the StotoeDitit of New-Yok. SHoutn itrit ofNam-'York, is BE IT REMEMBERED, thtton the iftoth daty tof asti tPo y otht-yte of thotIndepetdenof theUitedSttesf Ameic,C. S Vo, Wmtot,,A ofeidfdi- tric, bath detystited inthbistfc thes ttl ofSI.aboO,th..ight wbriof heScltm..t popritor, it tht wordt ftIolowiE, towt FPoida]. By Jtamtt Greto Forbet.' Incofority tthett f thEtCgress thUned tero,,,StltdAtftSt utrttmt or learin, bytosurgthEt opiets otmp, har,t sodtok, to St as oaac, ,ttd, " Ant ttpplemtartty to5 anat, ntited, to at Sor the ugeetof ltotS.g, bytstti'nthtcoittt omp, chOtst, tn ot . Sto the Sebnf hro othetarof deigingB,ttgrain, ttdtchn htorical tttd G. L. THOMPSON, Cler tof tht SoterDistrict of New-York. othert Dititotf Ntn-Yor, Bn. BE IT REMEMBERED, thtot tht fifteth da of Moo, i the toty.BOOy oftheoltdtpendencetofthtUitdOStttts fAteoit, C. S Vtt Wri t., oftb tiid - "Sktcht., Hittorical and Tpotphtica, of tot Flotides mote paticularlty ofEBut Fridati. By Jamettrt F~tobt.' Ittttcofritytto thetttfthCongresstofthetdttet,ttitld, "A tttfortht asoto ant t, titd, "7Athtot tSnpplemtootty Sto anoat, unfilled, to tot fot St tttttttgotttt oflteaming, bytttttt' thtttpitts tmp, chart,ad botkt, to St ttorttttd pp pitSottofsh opint, duringthe imt hreioomtfitntd,od etend- ito t bt ota thtrtof to thetr tof deignit, ngraing; ttdtcing hstorcalttd G. L. THOMPSON. Cleof touthertt itit ofNew-Yok.  P R E F A C E. P R E F A C E. P R E F A C E. SINcE Florida has become an integral part of the Union, and our republic has been strengthened by this important acquisition, curiosity has been considerably excited on the subject of its situation, its soil, climate, and history. A desire to emigrate, and numerous other motives, combine to heighten this excitement ; and what hitherto has been but little known and regarded, while a neglected Province of Spain, bids fair to rise to eminence and fame, as a component part of the Ameri- can family. The imperfect and contradictory accounts of the Floridas, made it the duty of those possessing any in- formation on the subject, to afford their fellow citizens the most correct and authenticated information. Un- der this impression, I have ventured to publish the fol- lowing sketches, which have grown out of personal observation,and been strengthened by such facts as the nature of my situation, and considerable research, have placed within my reach. I offer them to the consideration of my fellow citi- zens with all possible deference, and as my motives are purely patriotic, I indulge the hope, that my imperfec- SINcE Florida has become an integral part of the Union, and our republic has been strengthened by this important acquisition, curiosity has been considerably excited on the subject of its situation, its soil, climate, and history. A desire to emigrate, and numerous other motives, combine to heighten this excitement ; and what hitherto has been but little known and regarded, while a neglected Province of Spain, bids fair to rise to eminence and fame, as a component part of the Ameri- can family. The imperfect and contradictory accounts of the Floridas, made it the duty of those possessing any in- formation on the subject, to afford their fellow citizens the most correct and authenticated information. Un- der this impression, I have ventured to publish the fol- lowing sketches, which have grown out of personal observationand been strengthened by such facts as the nature of my situation, and considerable research, have placed within my reach. I offer them to the consideration of my fellow citi- zens with all possible deference, and as my motives are purely patriotic, I indulge the hope, that my imperfec- SINcE Florida has become an integral part of the Union, and our republic has been strengthened by this important acquisition, curiosity has been considerably excited on the subject of its situation, its soil, climate, and history. A desire to emigrate, and numerous other motives, combine to heighten this excitement ; and what hitherto has been but little known and regarded, while a neglected Province of Spain, bids fair to rise to eminence and fame, as a component part of the Ameri- can family. The imperfect and contradictory accounts of the Floridas, made it the duty of those possessing any in- formation on the subject, to afford their fellow citizens the most correct and authenticated information. Un- der this impression, I have ventured to publish the fol- lowing sketches, which have grown out of personal observation,and been strengthened by such facts as the nature of my situation, and considerable research, have placed within my reach. I offer them to the consideration of my fellow citi- zens with all possible deference, and as my motives are purely patriotic, I indulge the hope, that my imperfec-  Vi PREFACE. Vi PREFACE. Vi PREFACE. tions, as a writer, may be balanced by the utility of the work. In my researches connected with the natural and political history of the Provinces and their inhabitants, I have adopted many interesting facts of other writers. Bartram, Romans, and Pursh, have been of great service to me; yet if their publications were not almost ob- solete, and their subject less analogous to the present times, my labours might have been dispensed with. The following description of the tract of land called Forbes' Purchase," of which a Map is presented to our readers, is from a source entitled to the fullest cre- dit, and is added in consequence of the emigration which is daily taking place. " That tract of land known by the name of Forbes' Purchase, contains about twelve hundred thousand acres, and was purchased many years since by John Forbes & Co. from the Aborigines, with the approba- tion of the Spanish government, permission having been first obtained from the government to treat for the same ; and every step toward the accomplishment and ratification of the treaty, was taken in the presence of a regularly appointed Spanish agent, as well as an in- terpreter in the pay of the government. This purchase is on record in the proper office of Florida, as well as in that of the surveyor general, Don Victor Pintado; and that no doubt of, or objection to, its title should ever be made, should the land at any time be ceded either to the American or British govern- ment, several sales of small tracts were early made and recorded in the proper public offices. tions, as a writer, may be balanced by the utility of the work. In my researches connected with the natural and political history of the Provinces and their inhabitants, I have adopted many interesting facts of other writers. Bartram, Romans, and Pursh, have been of great service to me; yet if their publications were not almost ob- solete, and their subject less analogous to the present times, my labours might have been dispensed with. The following description of the tract of land called " Forbes' Purchase," of which a Map is presented to our readers, is from a source entitled to the fullest cre- dit, and is added in consequence of the emigration which is daily taking place. " That tract of land known by the name of Forbes' Purchase, contains about twelve hundred thousand acres, and was purchased many years since by John Forbes & Co. from the Aborigines, with the approba- tion of the Spanish government, permission having been first obtained from the government to treat for the same; and every step toward the accomplishment and ratification of the treaty, was taken in the presence of a regularly appointed Spanish agent, as well as an in- terpreter in the pay of the government. This purchase is on record in the proper office of Florida, as well as in that of the surveyor general, Don Victor Pintado; and that no doubt of, or objection to, its title should ever be made, should the land at any time be ceded either to the American or British govern- ment, several sales of small tracts were early made and recorded in the proper public offices. tions, as a writer, may be balanced by the utility of the work. In my researches connected with the natural and political history of the Provinces and their inhabitants, I have adopted many interesting facts of other writers. Bartram, Romans, and Pursh, have been of great service to me; yet if their publications were not almost ob- solete, and their subject less analogous to the present times, my labours might have been dispensed with. The following description of the tract of land called " Forbes' Purchase," of which a Map is presented to our readers, is from a source entitled to the fullest cre- dit, and is added in consequence of the emigration which is daily taking place. " That tract of land known by the name of Forbes' Purchase, contains about twelve hundred thousand acres, and was purchased many years since by John Forbes & Co. from the Aborigines, with the approba- tion of the Spanish government, permission having been first obtained from the government to treat for the same ; and every step toward the accomplishment and ratification of the treaty, was taken in the presence of a regularly appointed Spanish agent, as well as an in- terpreter in the pay of the government. This purchase is on record in the proper office of Florida, as well as in that of the surveyor general, Don Victor Pintado; and that no doubt of, or objection to, its title should ever be made, should the land at any time be ceded either to the American or British govern- ment, several sales of small tracts were early made and recorded in the proper public offices.  PREFACE. vii PREFACE. vii PREFAcE. vii " This tract is said to possess much good land ; and those who had occasion to examine it, when it was sur- veyed, report it as a body of land much superior to any thing south of New-York, situated so near the sea board. In a tract embracing upwards of a million of acres, there must necessarily be a good deal of pine barren ; but it is thought that no tract in the southern states, of equal extent, can be found possessing so many advan- tages in point of soil, water, and situation. It contains the richest cane bottoms, and upland cane hammocks, within fifteen miles of the sea, proper for the cultiva- tion of sugar, the greatest profusion of oak timber of every description, and saw-mill seats, surrounded with forests that have never been touched. Streams of pure water run through the tract in every direction. It con- tains, also, beds of lime stone, and abundance of game ; and upon the coast may be procured the greatest abun- dance of oysters, and fish of every kind. " Sugar can be produced here of the very best qua- lity ; and little doubt is entertained, that coffee can also be raised in large quantities. On the coast are some of the finest sea islands for the cultivation of cotton. " The Apalachicola river, which is the western boun- dary of this tract, is navigable for sloops of considerable burthen to its junction with Flint River, a distance of about 200 miles, and for boats of considerable size for 450 miles from its mouth ;' thus supplying any settle- ments which may be made upon it, with a rich and valuable back country to an immense extent. " Should a communication hereafter be made by a ca- nal between St. Johns River and Apalachie Bay, which " This tract is said to possess much good land ; and those who had occasion to examine it, when it was sur- veyed, report it as a body of land much superior to any thing south of New-York, situated so near the sea board. In a tract embracing upwards of a million of acres, there must necessarily be a good deal of pine barren; but it is thought that no tract in the southern states, of equal extent, can be found possessing so many advan- tages in point of soil, water, and situation. It contains the richest cane bottoms, and upland cane hammocks, within fifteen miles of the sea, proper for the cultiva- tion of sugar, the greatest profusion of oak timber of every description, and saw-mill seats, surrounded with forests that have never been touched. Streams of pure water run through the tract in every direction. It con- tains, also, beds of lime stone, and abundance of game ; and upon the coast may be procured the greatest abun- dance of oysters, and fish of every kind. " Sugar can be produced here of the very best qua- lity ; and little doubt is entertained, that coffee can also be raised in large quantities. On the coast are some of the finest sea islands for the cultivation of cotton. " The Apalachicola river, which is the western boun- dary of this tract, is navigable for sloops of considerable burthen to its junction with Flint River, a distance of about 200 miles, and for boats of considerable size for 450 miles from its mouth ;' thus supplying any settle- ments which may be made upon it, with a rich and valuable back country to an immense extent. " Should a communication hereafter be made by a ca- nal between St. Johns River and Apalachie Bay, which " This tract is said to possess much good land ; and those who had occasion to examine it, when it was sur- veyed, report it as a body of land much superior to any thing south of New-York, situated so near the sea board. In a tract embracing upwards of a million of acres, there must necessarily be a good deal of pine barren ; but it is thought that no tract in the southern states, of equal extent, can be found possessing so many advan- tages in point of soil, water, and situation. It contains the richest cane bottoms, and upland cane hammocks, within fifteen miles of the sea, proper for the cultiva- tion of sugar, the greatest profusion of oak timber of every description, and saw-mill seats, surrounded with forests that have never been touched. Streams of pure water run through the tract in every direction. It con- tains, also, beds of lime stone, and abundance of game ; and upon the coast may be procured the greatest abun- dance of oysters, and fish of every kind. " Sugar can be produced here of the very best qua- lity ; and little doubt is entertained, that coffee can also be raised in large quantities. On the coast are some of the finest sea islands for the cultivation of cotton. "t The Apalachicola river, which is the western boun- dary of this tract, is navigable for sloops of considerable burthen to its junction with Flint River, a distance of about 200 miles, and for boats of considerable size for 450 miles from its mouth ;- thus supplying any settle- ments which may be made upon it, with a rich and valuable back country to an immense extent. " Should a communication hereafter be made by a ca- nal between St. Johns River and Apalachie Bay, which  viii PREFACE. viii PREFACE. viii PREFACE. is thought very practicable ; this country must be vast- ly important, and the dangerous navigation round Flo- rida Cape not only be avoided, but the country border- ing on the Gulf of Mexico, be reduced to a compara- tively trifling distance from the northern states. " The proprietors of this tract are sparing no pains nor expense to bring it into a proper state for the resi- dence and accommodation of settlers ; and a regular surveyor is constantly employed in surveying the lands and preparing them for sale. " Sales to a considerable extent have been made, and many families have already gone, and many more are preparing to go there from the southern states. ' The scite of the town of Colinton, is at Prospect Bluff, on the Apalachicola, and embraces Fort Gads- den. Letters from a respectable source, dated in Feb- ruary, 1821, say, ' We were there last summer for seven weeks, and were delighted with the soil, climate, and situation, and intend to take up our residence there.' At this place will reside, also, an agent, perhaps one of the proprietors, for the purpose of disposing of the pro- perty to settlers, and to give such information as may be required." is thought very practicable ; this country must be vast- ly important, and the dangerous navigation round Flo- rida Cape not only be avoided, but the country border- ing on the Gulf of Mexico, be reduced to a compara- tively trifling distance from the northern states. " The proprietors of this tract are sparing no pains nor expense to bring it into a proper state for the resi- dence and accommodation of settlers ; and a regular surveyor is constantly employed in surveying the lands and preparing them for sale. " Sales to a considerable extent have been made, and many families have already gone, and many more are preparing to go there from the southern states. " The scite of the town of Colinton, is at Prospect Bluff, on the Apalachicola, and embraces Fort Gads- den. Letters from a respectable source, dated in Feb- ruary, 1821, say, ' We were there last summer for seven weeks, and were delighted with the soil, climate, and situation, and intend to take up our residence there.' At this place will reside, also, an agent, perhaps one of the proprietors, for the purpose of disposing of the pro- perty to settlers, and to give such information as may be required." is thought very practicable ; this country must be vast- ly important, and the dangerous navigation round Flo- rida Cape not only be avoided, but the country border- ing on the Gulf of Mexico, be reduced to a compara- tively trifling distance from the northern states. " The proprietors of this tract are sparing no pains nor expense to bring it into a proper state for the resi- dence and accommodation of settlers ; and a regular surveyor is constantly employed in surveying the lands and preparing them for sale. " Sales to a considerable extent have been made, and many families have already gone, and many more are preparing to go there from the southern states. " The scite of the town of Colinton, is at Prospect Bluff, on the Apalachicola, and embraces Fort Gads- den. Letters from a respectable source, dated in Feb- ruary, 1821, say, ' We were there last summer for seven weeks, and were delighted with the soil, climate, and situation, and intend to take up our residence there.' At this place will reside, also, an agent, perhaps one of the proprietors, for the purpose of disposing of the pro- perty to settlers, and to give such information as may be required."  SKETCHES SKETCHES SKETCHES THE first difficulty that presents itself, in the early stage of these Sketches, is to fix upon a proper period at which to commence the history of these provinces. I shall, therefore, carry this Narrative as far back as 1492, the year in which the new world was discovered by the enterprising Columbus. This event occurred on Easter day, whence the country was called Pasqua Florida. The landing of Columbus on the American continent may be clearly traced, on his third voyage, to Florida, as may also that of his speedy successor, Americus Vespucius, in 1497 and 1498. To these adventurers must be added Sebastian Cabot, the son of Giovanni Gabota, or John Cabot, a native of Venice, who was commissioned by Henry the Seventh of England, one year previous to the discovery by Columbus; though he did not sail till some time after. There is consi- derable difference of opinion respecting the date when John Cabot, or his son Sebastian, performed the voyage ; although it is confidently stated that Sebastian sailed from Bristol in THE first difficulty that presents itself, in the early stage of these Sketches, is to fix upon a proper period at which to commence the history of these provinces. I shall, therefore, carry this Narrative as far back as 1492, the year in which the new world was discovered by the enterprising Columbus. This event occurred on Easter day, whence the country was called Pasqua Florida. The landing of Columbus on the American continent may be clearly traced, on his third voyage, to Florida, as may also that of his speedy successor, Americus Vespucius, in 1497 and 1498. To these adventurers must be added Sebastian Cabot, the son of Giovanni Gabota, or John Cabot, a native of Venice, who was commissioned by Henry the Seventh of England, one year previous to the discovery by Columbus; though he did not sail till some time after. There is consi- derable difference of opinion respecting the date when John Cabot, or his son Sebastian, performed the voyage ; although it is confidently stated that Sebastian sailed from Bristol in THE first difficulty that presents itself, in the early stage of these Sketches, is to fix upon a proper period at which to commence the history of these provinces. I shall, therefore, carry this Narrative as far back as 1492, the year in which the new world was discovered by the enterprising Columbus. This event occurred on Easter day, whence the country was called Pasqua Florida. The landing of Columbus on the American continent may be clearly traced, on his third voyage, to Florida, as may also that of his speedy successor, Americus Vespucius, in 1497 and 1498. To these adventurers must be added Sebastian Cabot, the son of Giovanni Gabota, or John Cabot, a native of Venice, who was commissioned by Henry the Seventh of England, one year previous to the discovery by Columbus; though he did not sail till some time after. There is consi- derable difference of opinion respecting the date when John Cabot, or his son Sebastian, performed the voyage ; although it is confidently stated that Sebastian sailed from Bristol in  10 HISTORY. i l HISTORY. 10 HISTORY. May, 1498, with an object similar to that of Columbus, the discovery of a north-west passage to the East Indies ; but it appears that none of them did more than make a landing of observation on the coast. After having proceeded as far north as the river Santa Martheo, since called St. Johns, Cabot returned to England, for want of provisions. The first land discovered in these seas was by Columbus, in 1492, when he made St. Salvador, or Cat Island, one of the Bahamas. Of this circumstance these islanders are not a little proud; they have, accordingly, retained the name given to it by Columbus, as the place of his salvation, after a long voyage. From this place his people, on his return from Europe, ventured with him to Florida, being impressed, as were the aborigines of the island, with a belief, that the continent possessed waters calculated to invigorate youth, and to prolong old age. Policy required that this idea should be inculcated ; for the sterility of the Bahamas was naturally calculated to dampen enterprise ; and something was necessa- ry to incite to farther explorements. Peter Martyr, highly distinguished for his commentaries on the Bible, and other writings, was a cotemporary of Ca- bot's, but not more successful. Ponce de Leon, a Spanish officer, inspired with similar no- tions, went from St. Domingo, in April, 1512, to Florida, and, like his predecessors, discovered the error into which his in- fatuation had led him. He took possession of it in the name of the king of Spain. The flattering reports of these European travellers excited May, 1498, with an object similar to that of Columbus, the discovery of a north-west passage to the East Indies; but it appears that none of them did more than make a landing of observation on the coast. After having proceeded as far north as the river Santa Martheo, since called St. Johns, Cabot returned to England, for want of provisions. The first land discovered in these seas was by Columbus, in 1492, when he made St. Salvador, or Cat Island, one of the Bahamas. Of this circumstance these islanders are not a little proud ; they have, accordingly, retained the name given to it by Columbus, as the place of his salvation, after a long voyage. From this place his people, on his return from Europe, ventured with him to Florida, being impressed, as were the aborigines of the island, with a belief, that the continent possessed waters calculated to invigorate youth, and to prolong old age. Policy required that this idea should be inculcated ; for the sterility of the Bahamas was naturally calculated to dampen enterprise ; and something was necessa- ry to incite to farther explorements. Peter Martyr, highly distinguished for his commentaries on the Bible, and other writings, was a cotemporary of Ca- bot's, but not more successful. Ponce de Leon, a Spanish officer, inspired with similar no- tions, went from St. Domingo, in April, 1512, to Florida, and, like his predecessors, discovered the error into which his in- fatuation had led him. He took possession of it in the name of the king of Spain. The flattering reports of these European travellers excited May, 1498, with an object similar to that of Columbus, the discovery of a north-west passage to the East Indies; but it appears that none of them did more than make a landing of observation on the coast. After having proceeded as far north as the river Santa Martheo, since called St. Johns, Cabot returned to England, for want of provisions. The first land discovered in these seas was by Columbus, in 1492, when he made St. Salvador, or Cat Island, one of the Bahamas. Of this circumstance these islanders are not a little proud ; they have, accordingly, retained the name given to it by Columbus, as the place of his salvation, after a long voyage. From this place his people, on his return from Europe, ventured with him to Florida, being impressed, as were the aborigines of the island, with a belief, that the continent possessed waters calculated to invigorate youth, and to prolong old age. Policy required that this idea should be inculcated ; for the sterility of the Bahamas was naturally calculated to dampen enterprise ; and something was necessa- ry to incite to farther explorements. Peter Martyr, highly distinguished for his commentaries on the Bible, and other writings, was a cotemporary of Ca- bot's, but not more successful. Ponce de Leon, a Spanish officer, inspired with similar no- tions, went from St. Domingo, in April, 1512, to Florida, and, like his predecessors, discovered the error into which his in- fatuation had led him. He took possession of it in the name of the king of Spain. The flattering reports of these European travellers excited  HISTORY. II HISTORY. II HISTORY. II a disposition in their sovereigns for transatlantic conquests. Thence arose claims, first to discovery, and afterwards to right of possession, until these points were finally settled, by treaty among themselves, to the entire exclusion of the abo- rigines, whose voice was stifled in the conflicts between the European powers. Their rights have been understood and respected only by the government of the United States, al- ways distinguished for its principles of liberal and enlightened policy toward this unfortunate race. In 1520, Luke Vasques sailed from St. Domingo for the Florida coast; but his voyages afford nothing remarkable. De Verrazini, a Florentine, was sent, in 1523, by Francis the First of France ; and in 1524, De Geray and De Allegon went from Spain ; neither of whom, however, made any pro- gress in discovery or settlement, having only coasted. Paamphile de Narvaes obtained a grant from Charles the Fifth of all the lands from Cape Florida to the river Palmos, in the Gulf of Mexico. He set sail in April, 1528, with a considerable force, (said to be 900 men,) and arrived at Apa- lache ; but did not meet with more success than those that preceded him, being destructively opposed by the Indians. He died on the coast, near the river Palmos, by shipwreck; only ten men returned to Spain to relate the sad catastrophe. In 1539, Ferdinand de Soto, governor of Cuba, explored the Floridas with from 8 to 900 men, in search of gold ; and became so celebrated for his adventures, and the discovery of the river Mississippi, in 1541, as to obtain from the king the title of Marquis of Florida. But such were the barbari- ties committed under this royal chief, that not only his life a disposition in their sovereigns for transatlantic conquests. Thence arose claims, first to discovery, and afterwards to right of possession, until these points were finally settled, by treaty among themselves, to the entire exclusion of the abo- rigines, whose voice was stifled in the conflicts between the European powers. Their rights have been understood and respected only by the government of the United States, al- ways distinguished for its principles of liberal and enlightened policy toward this unfortunate race. In 1520, Luke Vasques sailed from St. Domingo for the Florida coast ; but his voyages afford nothing remarkable. De Verrazini, a Florentine, was sent, in 1523, by Francis the First of France ; and in 1524, De Geray and De Allegon went from Spain ; neither of whom, however, made any pro- gress in discovery or settlement, having only coasted. Paamphile de Narvaes obtained a grant from Charles the Fifth of all the lands from Cape Florida to the river Palmos, in the Gulf of Mexico. He set sail in April, 1528, with a considerable force, (said to be 900 men,) and arrived at Apa- lache ; but did not meet with more success than those that preceded him, being destructively opposed by the Indians. He died on the coast, near the river Palmos, by shipwreck; only ten men returned to Spain to relate the sad catastrophe. In 1539, Ferdinand de Soto, governor of Cuba, explored the Floridas with from 8 to 900 men, in search of gold ; and became so celebrated for his adventures, and the discovery of the river Mississippi, in 1541, as to obtain from the king the title of Marquis of Florida. But such were the barbari- ties committed under this royal chief, that not only his life a disposition in their sovereigns for transatlantic conquests. Thence arose claims, first to discovery, and afterwards to right of possession, until these points were finally settled, by treaty among themselves, to the entire exclusion of the abo- rigines, whose voice was stifled in the conflicts between the European powers. Their rights have been understood and respected only by the government of the United States, al- ways distinguished for its principles of liberal and enlightened policy toward this unfortunate race. In 1520, Luke Vasques sailed from St. Domingo for the Florida coast ; but his voyages afford nothing remarkable. De Verrazini, a Florentine, was sent, in 1523, by Francis the First of France; and in 1524, De Geray and De Allegon went from Spain ; neither of whom, however, made any pro- gress in discovery or settlement, having only coasted. Paamphile de Narvaes obtained a gatnt from Charles the Fifth of all the lands from Cape Florida to the river Palmos, in the Gulf of Mexico. He set sail in April, 1528, with a considerable force, (said to be 900 men,) and arrived at Apa- lache ; but did not meet with more success than those that preceded him, being destructively opposed by the Indians. He died on the coast, near the river Palmos, by shipwreck; only ten men returned to Spain to relate the sad catastrophe. In 1539, Ferdinand de Soto, governor of Cuba, explored the Floridas with from 8 to 900 men, in search of gold ; and became so celebrated for his adventures, and the discovery of the river Mississippi, in 1541, as to obtain from the king the title of Marquis of Florida. But such were the barbari- ties committed under this royal chief, that not only his life  12 HISTORY. 12 HISTORY. 12 HISTORY. fell a sacrifice to his temerity, but his countrymen were held in such abhorrence as not to be allowed a resting place in the country. He was put to death, in 1542 or 1543, by the Ar- kansa Indians, after traversing from Tampa Bay, through Apalache, Pensacola, and the Chickasaw country, to the Mis- sissippi. Prior to this event, (in the year 1534,) the Protestants of France sought an asylum in the Floridas, to escape the perse- cutions which grew out of the contests between the Catholics and Reformers: and in 1562, James Ribaud was also sent there by Admiral de Coligny. But the hand of persecution followed them, and he returned, leaving Captain Laudonier, with a small garrison, at Fort St. Matheo. In 1564, Don Pedro Menendez, was ordered by Philip the Second, with a considerable force, consisting of ten ships of the line and 10,000 men, to dislodge them. In doing which, the greatest barbarities were committed upon the French and Indians: hanging them without discrimination, and posting on the trees from which these unfortunates were suspended, this inscription, " Not as Frenchmen,.tst as heretics." For this act of heroism, he was remunerated by a grant of all Florida. But these outrages were soon after met in a re- taliatory manner by the French, headed by Dominique de Gourgue, who, joined by the Indians, stormed Fort St. Ma. theo, and had his opponents hung, not " a la anteroe," but, more conveniently, on the same trees that had sustained the dead bodies of his countrymen, bearing a like sanguinary placard, " Not as Spaniards, bot as murderers." Charles the Ninth received the petition of 900 widows on this me- lancholy occasion. fell a sacrifice to his temerity, but his countrymen were held in such abhorrence as not to be allowed a resting place in the country. He was put to death, in 1542 or 1543, by the Ar- kansa Indians, after traversing from Tampa Bay, through Apalache, Pensacola, and the Chickasaw country, to the Mis- sissippi. Prior to this event, (in the year 1534,) the Protestants of France sought an asylum in the Floridas, to escape the perse- cutions which grew out of the contests between the Catholics and Reformers: and in 1562, James Ribaud was also sent there by Admiral de Coligny. But the hand of persecution followed them, and he returned, leaving Captain Laudonier, with a small garrison, at Fort St. Matheo. In 1564, Don Pedro Menendez, was ordered by Philip the Second, with a considerable force, consisting of ten ships of the line and 10,000 men, to dislodge them. In doing which, the greatest barbarities were committed upon the French and Indians: hanging them without discrimination, and posting on the trees from which these unfortunates were suspended, this inscription, " Not as Frenchmen,.Int as heretics." For this act of heroism, he was remunerated by a grant of all Florida. But these outrages were soon after met in a re- taliatory manner by the French, headed by Dominique de Gourgue, who, joined by the Indians, stormed Fort St. Ma- theo, and had his opponents hung, not " a la lanterne," but, more conveniently, on the same trees that had sustained the dead bodies of his countrymen, bearing a like sanguinary placard, " Not as Spaniards, bot as murderers." Charles the Ninth received the petition of 900 widows on this me- lancholy occasion. fell a sacrifice to his temerity, but his countrymen were held in such abhorrence as not to be allowed a resting place in the country. He was put to death, in 1542 or 1543, by the Ar- kansa Indians, after traversing from Tampa Bay, through Apalache, Pensacola, and the Chickasaw country, to the Mis- sissippi. Prior to this event, (in the year 1534,) the Protestants of France sought an asylum in the Floridas, to escape the perse- cutions which grew out of the contests between the Catholics and Reformers: and in 1562, James Ribaud was also sent there by Admiral de Coligny. But the hand of persecution followed them, and he returned, leaving Captain Laudonier, with a small garrison, at Fort St. Matheo. In 1564, Don Pedro Menendez, was ordered by Philip the Second, with a considerable force, consisting of ten ships of the line and 10,000 men, to dislodge them. In doing which, the greatest barbarities were committed upon the French and Indians: hanging them without discrimination, and posting on the trees from which these unfortunates were suspended, this inscription, " Not as Frenchmen,.Int as heretics." For this act of heroism, he was remunerated by a grant of all Florida. But these outrages were soon after met in a re- taliatory manner by the French, headed by Dominique de Gourgue, who, joined by the Indians, stormed Fort St. Ma- theo, and had his opponents hung, not " a la lanterne," but, more conveniently, on the same trees that had sustained the dead bodies of his countrymen, bearing a like sanguinary placard, " Not as Spaniards, bat as murderers." Charles the Ninth received the petition of 900 widows on this me- lancholy occasion.  HISTOR. 13 HISTORY. 1S H0STORY. I3 In 1565, the Spaniards, having resolved upon the occupa- tiqn of the Floridas, persevered, became quiet possessors, and established the town and fort of St. Augustine, which they held until 1586, when Sir Francis Drake, in defiance of King Philip's invincible fleet, and his order prohibiting foreigners from entering, on pain of death, the Gulf of Mexico, laid siege to the fort, which he pillaged, and returned to Europe to save his own country, menaced by that same fleet, which had pro- ceeded as far as the Thames, and was said to consist of 425 sail. Captains Barlaw and Armada, however, in 1584, under an authority from Sir Walter Raleigh, took possession, in right of the Queen of England, of the rivers and lands adjacent to the northern coast of Florida. In 1611, the prelate St. Francisco Marroz Custodio, from the Convent of St. Francisco of the Havanna, together with those at St. Helena, Fr. Miguel de Annon, and Fr. Pedro de Chocas, fell martyrs by the hands of the savages. In 1663, the British, flushed with the intrepidity and cou- rage of Sir Francis, laid claim to Florida, considering it not only as part of the Carolinas, but as a right acquired by Henry the Seventh from the discovery of the country by Sebastian Cabot, which is more fully illustrated in a memorial from Dr. Daniel Cox to King William the Third. In 1665, Captain Davis, in the same spirit of buccaneering, plundered the town of St. Augustine. West Florida, or Louisiana, is said to have been discovered in 1663 by the French ; but as in that year France declared war against Spain, it is more than probable that the discovery of it was not made until 1679, when the King of Spain mar- In 1565, the Spaniards, having resolved upon the occupa. tion of the Floridas, persevered, became quiet possessors, and established the town and fort of St. Augustine, which they held until 1586, when Sir Francis Drake, in defiance of King Philip's invincible fleet, and his order prohibiting foreigners from entering, on pain of death, the Gulf of Mexico, laid siege to the fort, which he pillaged, and returned to Europe to save his own country, menaced by that same fleet, which had pro- ceeded as far as the Thames, and was said to consist of 425 sail. Captains Barlaw and Armada, however, in 1584, under an authority from Sir Walter Raleigh, took possession, in right of the Queen of England, of the rivers and lands adjacent to the northern coast of Florida. In 1611, the prelate St. Francisco Marroz Custodio, from the Convent of St. Francisco of the Havanna, together with those at St. Helena, Fr. Miguel de Annon, and Fr. Pedro de Chocas, fell martyrs by the hands of the savages. In 1663, the British, flushed with the intrepidity and cou- rag of Sir Francis, laid claim to Florida, considering it not only as part of the Carolinas, but as a right acquired by Henry the Seventh from the discovery of the country by Sebastian Cabot, which is more fully illustrated in a memorial from Dr. Daniel Cox to King William the Third. In 1665, Captain Davis, in the same spirit of buccaneering, plundered the town of St. Augustine. West Florida, or Louisiana, is said to have been discovered in 1663 by the French ; but as in that year France declared war against Spain, it is more than probable that the discovery of it was not made until 1679, when the King of Spain mar- In 1565, the Spaniards, having resolved upon the occupa. tiqn of the Floridas, persevered, became quiet possessors, and established the town and fort of St. Augustine, which they held until 1586, when Sir Francis Drake, in defiance of King Philip's invincible fleet, and his order prohibiting foreigners from entering, on pain of death, the Gulf of Mexico, laid siege to the fort, which he pillaged, and returned to Europe to save his own country, menaced by that same fleet, which had pro- ceeded as far as the Thames, and was said to consist of 425 sail. Captains Barlaw and Armada, however, in 1584, under an authority from Sir Walter Raleigh, took possession, in right of the Queen of England, of the rivers and lands adjacent to the northern coast of Florida. In 1611, the prelate St. Francisco Marroz Custodio, from the Convent of St. Francisco of the Havanna, together with those at St. Helena, Fr. Miguel de Annon, and Fr. Pedro de Chocas, fell martyrs by the hands of the savages. In 1663, the British, flushed with the intrepidity and cou- raga of Sir Francis, laid claim to Florida, considering it not only as part of the Carolinas, but as a right acquired by Henry the Seventh from the discovery of the country by Sebastian Cabot, which is more fully illustrated in a memorial from Dr. Daniel Co to King William the Third. In 1665, Captain Davis, in the same spirit of buccaneering, plundered the town of St. Augustine. West Florida, or Louisiana, is said to have been discovered in 1663 by the French ; but as in that year France declared war against Spain, it is more than probable that the discovery of it was not made until 1679, when the King of Spain mar-  14 HISTORY. 14 HISTORY. 14 HISTORY. ried the daughter of King Philip of France, a more auspicious period for the encouragement of similar voyages. M. De to Salle, in 1682, took formal possession of West Florida, and went as far as Illinois. He was murdered. in 1687, by his own people, after encountering the most unpa- ralleled hardships for several years. The French, more conciliatory toward the aborigines. made considerable progress in the western parts of the Floridas. and settled in Pensacola in 1696, without any other obstacle than the warfare incidental to incursions. They were, how- ever, frequently discouraged ; and would have abandoned their pursuits, had it not been, as Raynal states, for the sas- safras tree, the fragrance and medicinal virtues of which sti- mulated them to more persevering exertions. Monsieur d'Iberville, a distinguished French explorator. was sent to the Mississippi in 1702, and died off the Havanna. In the same year, the governor of Carolina, Colonel More, with a force consisting of 500 regular troops, and 700 Indians, made an unsuccessful attack on St. Augustine, leaving, after a campaign of three months, his shipping and stores to the besieged. The Carolinians, in 1704, possessed themselves of Fort St. Marks, 240 miles from the capital of East Florida ; and in the year following, Apalachy fort was destroyed by the Indians. In 1712, M. de Crozart obtained from the French govern. ment the exclusive commercial privileges of Louisiana and West Florida ; at this time, there were only about thirty European families in the whole of that country. John Law, a Scotchman, in 1717, took an active part in ried the daughter of King Philip of France, a more auspicious period for the encouragement of similar voyages. M. De Ia Salle, in 1682, took formal possession of West Florida, and went as far as Illinois. He was murdered. in 1687, by his own people, after encountering the most unpa- ralleled hardships for several years. The French, more conciliatory toward the aborigines. made considerable progress in the western parts of the Floridas. and settled in Pensacola in 1696, without any other obstacle than the warfare incidental to incursions. They were, how- ever, frequently discouraged; and would have abandoned their pursuits, had it not been, as Raynal states, for the sas- safras tree, the fragrance and medicinal virtues of which sti- mulated them to more persevering exertions. Monsieur d'Iberville, a distinguished French explorator. was sent to the Mississippi in 1702, and died off the Havanna. In the same year, the governor of Carolina, Colonel More, with a force consisting of 500 regular troops, and 700 Indians, made an unsuccessful attack on St. Augustine, leaving, after a campaign of three months, his shipping and stores to the besieged. The Carolinians, in 1704, possessed themselves of Fort St. Marks, 240 miles from the capital of East Florida; and in the year following, Apalachy fort was destroyed by the Indians. In 1712, M. de Crozart obtained from the French govern. ment the exclusive commercial privileges of Louisiana and West Florida ; at this time, there were only about thirty European families in the whole of that country. John Law, a Scotchman, in 1717, took an active part in ried the daughter of King Philip of France, a more auspicious period for the encouragement of similar voyages. M. De la Salle, in 1682, took formal possession of West Florida, and went as far as Illinois. He was murdered, in 1687, by his own people, after encountering the most unpa- ralleled hardships for several years. The French, more conciliatory toward the aborigines,. made considerable progress in the western parts of the Floridas. and settled in Pensacola in 1696, without any other obstacle than the warfare incidental to incursions. They were. how- ever, frequently discouraged ; and would have abandoned their pursuits, had it not been, as Raynal states, for the sas- safras tree, the fragrance and medicinal virtues of which sti- mulated them to more persevering exertions. Monsieur d'Iberville, a distinguished French explorator. was sent to the Mississippi in 1702, and died off the Havanna. In the same year, the governor of Carolina, Colonel More, with a force consisting of 500 regular troops, and 700 Indians, made an unsuccessful attack on St. Augustine, leaving, after a campaign of three months, his shipping and stores to the besieged. The Carolinians, in 1704, possessed themselves of Fort St. Marks, 240 miles from the capital of East Florida ; and in the year following, Apalachy fort was destroyed by the Indians. In 1712, M. de Crozart obtained from the French govern- ment the exclusive commercial privileges of Louisiana and West Florida ; at this time, there were only about thirty European families in the whole of that country. John Law, a Scotchman, in 1717, took an active part in  HISTORY. 15 HISTORY. 15 HISTORY. 15 creating an English interest in West Florida, and gained the ascendancy, which would have been more complete, if his speculations had not been formed on a paper system, too common to English financiers. In January, 1732, the rage for speculation in the Mississippi was prevalent in France. General Oglethorpe arrived in Georgia in 1719, (an epoch worthy the remembrance of every American, for the birth of the illustrious Washington,) and settled in Savannah, the most favourable high land he met with; notwithstanding which, the ravages of the climate reduced his forces very considera- bly. This circumstance, together with an eye to conquest, induced him to proceed, in 1740, against Florida. The jea- lousy of the Spaniards prepared a vigorous resistance for him, which he met at the gates of St. Augustine, from whence he was compelled to retire. The General had only 400 regulars of his own regiment, and 300 Indians, accompanied by 200 seamen, under Captain Warren, of the Squirrel, of 50 guns. Two reasons are assigned for the failure of this expedition one, that the Spaniards were too strong, having 1,000 men ; and the other, that the Carolina volunteers, who had come to assist, marched off without either asking or receiving leave. Others attributed his want of success to the weather, and to his having established his battery on Anastasia Island, at too great a distance to give elfect to his artillery. The question of boundary had previously been the subject of negociation. General Oglethorpe wished to restrain the limits of the Spaniards to the St. Johns, in a northerly direc- tion; while the Governor of Florida, with an occult policy creating an English interest in West Florida, and gained the ascendancy, which would have been more complete, if his speculations had not been formed on a paper system, too common to English fmanciers. In January, 1732, the rage for speculation in the Mississippi was prevalent in France. General Oglethorpe arrived in Georgia in 1719, (an epoch worthy the remembrance of every American, for the birth of the illustrious Washington,) and settled in Savannah, the most favourable high land he met with; notwithstanding which, the ravages of the climate reduced his forces very considera- bly. This circumstance, together with an eye to conquest, induced him to proceed, in 1740, against Florida. The jea- lousy of the Spaniards prepared a vigorous resistance for him, which he met at the gates of St. Augustine, from whence he was compelled to retire. The General had only 400 regulars of his own regiment, and 300 Indians, accompanied by 200 seamen, under Captain Warren, of the Squirrel, of 50 guns. Two reasons are assigned for the failure of this expedition one, that the Spaniards were too strong, having 1,000 men ; and the other, that the Carolina volunteers, who had come to assist, marched off without either asking or receiving leave. Others attributed his want of success to the weather, and to his having established his battery on Anastasia Island, at too great a distance to give effect to his artillery. The question of boundary had previously been the subject of negociation. General Oglethorpe wished to restrain the limits of the Spaniards to the St. Johns, in a northerly direc- tion; while the Governor of Florida, with an occult policy creating an English interest in West Florida, and gained the ascendancy, which would have been more complete, if his speculations had not been formed on a paper system, too common to English financiers. In January, 1732, the rage for speculation in the Mississippi was prevalent in France. General Oglethorpe arrived in Georgia in 1719, (an epoch worthy the remembrance of every American, for the birth of the illustrious Washington,) and settled in Savannah, the most favourable high land he met with; notwithstanding which, the ravages of the climate reduced his forces very considera- bly. This circumstance, together with an eye to conquest, induced him to proceed, in 1740, against Florida. The jea- lousy of the Spaniards prepared a vigorous resistance for him, which he met at the gates of St. Augustine, from whence he was compelled to retire. The General had only 400 regulars of his own regiment, and 300 Indians, accompanied by 200 seamen, under Captain Warren, of the Squirrel, of 50 guns. Two reasons are assigned for the failure of this expedition one, that the Spaniards were too strong, having 1,000 men ; and the other, that the Carolina volunteers, who had come to assist, marched off without either asking or receiving leave. Others attributed his want of success to the weather, and to his having established his battery on Anastasia Island, at too great a distance to give effect to his artillery. The question of boundary had previously been the subject of negociation. General Oglethorpe wished to restrain the limits of the Spaniards to the St. Johns, in a northerly direc- tion; while the Governor of Florida, with an occult policy  16 HISTORY. 16 HISTORY. 16 HISTORY. peculiar to his government, was not only endeavouring to stir up the Indians in his favour, but had sent emissaries to Caro- lina, with the diabolical project of creating an insurrection among the blacks, whose number had increased to upwards of 40,000, and who killed twenty-three white people at his instigation. He likewise offered inducements to the white malecontents to join his standard, with the promise of the same pay as that of the Spanish troops. No doubt can he entertained, that this system of policy originated in Europe, where the Courts of England and Spain were alike preparing to contend for the Floridas. The latter government remonstrated most earnestly, through their ambassador, Don Thomas Geraldino, in 1737, against the proceedings of General Oglethorpe, whose military ta- lents were feared; and availing itself of the discontents among the Georgians, on account of the extraordinary privileges granted to the Trustees, of the non-importation of negroes, excited them by all means to revolt ; but the British government, more alert, declared war against Spain, in Octo- ber, 1739. General Oglethorpe,who was the Washington of Georgia, al- though the commissioner of George the Second,had taken steps to secure not only the affections of the people, but the friend- ship of the Indians, with whom he made a treaty, in August, 1739, by which it was declared, that all the lands between Sa- vannah and St. Johns Rivers, with the adjacent islands, and from the latter river to Apalache Bay, should belng to the Creek Nation, to be held by it as tenants in common. The activity and talents of General Oglethorpe were not to peculiar to his government, was not only endeavouring to stir up the Indians in his favour, but had sent emissaries to Caro- lina, with the diabolical project of creating an insurrection among the blacks, whose number had increased to upwards of 40,000, and who killed twenty-three white people at his instigation. He likewise offered inducements to the white malecontents to join his standard, with the promise of the same pay as that of the Spanish troops. No doubt can be entertained, that this system of policy originated in Europe, where the Courts of England and Spain were alike preparing to contend for the Floridas. The latter government remonstrated most earnestly, through their ambassador, Don Thomas Geraldino, in 1737, against the proceedings of General Oglethorpe, whose military ta- lents were feared; and availing itself of the discontents among the Georgians, on account of the extraordinary privileges granted to the Trustees, of the non-importation of negroes, excited them by all means to revolt ; but the British government, more alert, declared war against Spain, in Octo- ber, 1739. General Oglethorpe, who was the Washington of Georgia, al- though the comnissionerofGeorge the Second, had taken steps to secure not only the affections of the people, but the friend- ship of the Indians, with whom he made a treaty, in August, 1739, by which it was declared, that all the lands between Sa- vannah and St. Johns Rivers, with the adjacent islands, and from the latter river to Apalache Bay, should bekng to the Creek Nation, to be held by it as tenants in common. The activity and talents of General Oglethorpe were not to peculiar to his government, was not only endeavouring to stir up the Indians in his favour, but had sent emissaries to Caro- lina, with the diabolical project of creating an insurrection among the blacks, whose number had increased to upwards of 40,000, and who killed twenty-three white people at his instigation. He likewise offered inducements to the white malecontents to join his standard, with the promise of the same pay as that of the Spanish troops. No doubt can be entertained, that this system of policy originated in Europe, where the Courts of England and Spain were alike preparing to contend for the Floridas. The latter government remonstrated most earnestly, through their ambassador, Don Thomas Geraldino, in 1737, against the proceedings of General Oglethorpe, whose military ta- lents were feared; and availing itself of the discontents among the Georgians, on account of the extraordinary privileges granted to the Trustees, of the non-importation of negroes, excited them by all means to revolt ; but the British government, more alert, declared war against Spain, in Octo- ber, 1739. General Oglethorpe,who was the Washington of Georgia, al- though the commissioner of George the Second,had taken steps to secure not only the affections of the people, but the friend- ship of the Indians, with whom he made a treaty, in August, 1739, by which it was declared, that all the lands between Sa- vannah and St. Johns Rivers, with the adjacent islands, and from the latter river to Apalache Bay, should being to the Creek Nation, to be held by it as tenants in common. The activity and talents of General Oglethorpe were nt tn  HISTORY. 17 HISTORY. 17 ber surpssed, and were naturally calculated to srike trsor in his enemsy, wito contemaplated an offensive war. To meet this, he constructed a chainsof fortsofrom Frederica tosSt. Johns inclusively. Those on GCsmherland, and Fort George at the meoth of St. Johns, are cosidered effective at this day. Strong reinsforcements arrived at St. Augustine from the Htavana, in 1742, under DY Rodoodo aod Montcano, for the purpose of invading Georgia ;. this they did with a focit of 36 saii and 5,000 men, includiog 400 Florida Iodians, most of wbosm tanded atAmelia. In proceedinsg to Frederica, they were opposed hy the undaunted Oglethorpe, who, with shoot 450 regulars sod tOO Indian, sod militia, resotved tomsaeoavigo- rass defence. He disputed cory inch of ground, sod ohliged them, not so much hy hard fighting, as hy the ruses de guerre hr played spun them, to retreat to the Hacusa. Previous to this, the grand divisions of North America were knowns as Florida and Caada, Romeo intiended hy the English and French to designate thseir respective possessions on the whole Continent. Few events or incidents occurred in the Flridas, necessa- ry tu he given in these sketchrs, provisous to the year t763, wehen the contentions for the sovrrignty of North America, between England, Spain, and Francs, were in some degree aettled hy tihe teaty of peace concluded hy these powers, dated the 3d of Novemher, 1762, and ratified the toth of Fe- bruary, 1763. By this treatythe provinces of East and West Florida wereedod to Great Brsitain by Spain, in exchnge b~e soopased, and snore naturally calculated to strihe teeror itn Isis enemy, whso conteemplated an offensive war. Toameet thsis, ha con~structedoa chainof forts from Froderc te St. Johns inclusively. Those as Cumhorland, aned Fort George at the mouth of St. Johns, see consideed effective at this daoy. Strong reinforcements areived at St. Augustine from thse Havana, in 1742, under Dr Rodondo sod Motolano, foe thse purpose of inrading Georgia ;this they did with a fleet of 36 sail and 5,000 men, inscluding 400 Floeida Indians, most of whom landed atAmetia. In proceeding to Frederica, they were oppossd hy the undaunted Oglethorpe, who, with ahout 420 reguslars and 200 Indians and militia, resolved to mahe a vigu- rous defence. lHe disputed every leech of ground, and ohliged them, not so much hy hard fighting, ashby Ohs ruseu de guerre he played upont them, to retreat to the Havana. Pevioun to this, the grand divisionssof North America were known as Florida and Canada, names itended hy thse English and French to designate therir respective postessions on the whole Contisnent. Few eventsor icidents occurred in the Floridas, necssa- ry.to he gives in these sketches, previous to the yrar t763, when the contentions for the sovereignty of North America, hetween England, Spaisn, and France, wre in some degree settled hy Ike treaty of peace concluded by these powers, dated the 3d of Noemher, 1762, and ratified the 10th of Fr- hraary, 1703. By this treaty, the provinces of East and West Florida-worn ceded to Great Britain by Spain, in exchange HISTORY. Ii b~e surpa~sed, and wre naturally calcalated Io strikse terroe in Isis essemy, whso contemaplated an offesive war. To moot this, ha costracted a chsainsoffaorsfrom Frederica ta St. Johnssisclusively. Those on Cumherlansd, assdFort Gearge at the meouth of St. Jahns, are cosidred effective at thsis duy. Strong reisnforcements aerived at St. Augustine from thse Hlavana, in 1742, under Dr Rodoodo and Mossteasno, for the purpose of invading Goregia ; thi, they did milk a fleet ef 36 sail sand 0,000 men, isncluding. 400 Florida Indians, wool of whom landed atAmelia. In peoceeding to Frederica, they were opposed hy the undaunted Oglethorpe, who, with ahout 420 reguslars and 206 Indians and militia, resolvedtowmakenaoigo- rus defence, lie disputed every insch of ground, nd ohliged them, not sa much by hard fighting, as hy the ruses de guerre he played apon them, to retreat to the Havana. Previus to this, the grand divisions of North America were known as Florida and Gonads, names isntended hy the English and French to designate their respective possessions on the whale Contisnent. Few evens or incidents occurred in the Floridas, necessa- ry to he gives in these sketches, previous to the year 1763, when the contentions far the soverignty of North America, hetween England, Spain, and France, were in name degree aettled by tie treaty of peace concluded by these powers, dated the 3d of Novemher, 1702, sand ratified the t0th of Fe- bruary, 1763. By thistreaty,lthe provinces of East and Wrest Florids-were ceded to Great Britain by Spain, is exchange  18 HISTORY. 18 HISTORY. 18 HISTORY. for Cuba. The contracted policy, and the cruelty of the lat- ter government, prevented any useful or permanent settle- ment being effected under their auspices. (See Appendix.) The first notice I shall take of this change in the political situation of these provinces, is the temporary command of Major Ogilvie, who, by his impolitic conduct, drove all the Spanish inhabitants to the Havana. In consequence of this, Governor Grant issued a proclamation, inviting settlers, da- ted at St. Augustine, the 7th of October, 1763. (See Appen- dix.) In this proclamation, he mentions the salubrity of the climate, as well as the resources expected to be derived from the province in those days. What these resources were, will be found in the subsequent part of this work. Governor Grant was high in command at the capture of the Havana by the British in 1762; and was no doubt promoted to this government, as a mark of approbation for his services on that occasion, and for those in the war with the Indians. His administration, in a country hitherto the seat of war between the aborigines and the several European powers re- spectively, was not entered upon without didiculties, which required system, firmness, and dignified policy, to surmount. His experience and deliberate courage as a soldier, had been remarked in several engagements with the Indians, when he was left in command of the Carolinas, in 1759, by Col. Montgomery, (Lord Eglintoun.) He was, like many of his cotemporaries, mistaken in his predictions as to the issue of the American contest, and was much ridiculed for joining in the assertion made in parliament, that 5,000 British troops could march unmolested from one end of the Continent to the for Cuba. The contracted policy, and the cruelty of the lat- ter government, prevented any useful or permanent settle- ment being effected under their auspices. (See Appendix.) The first notice I shall take of this change in the political situation of these provinces, is the temporary command of Major Ogilvie, who, by his impolitic conduct, drove all the Spanish inhabitants to the Havana. In consequence of this, Governor Grant issued a proclamation, inviting settlers, da- ted at St. Augustine, the 7th of October, 1763. (See Appen- dix.) In this proclamation, he mentions the salubrity of the climate, as well as the resources expected to be derived from the province in those days. What these resources were, will be found in the subsequent part of this work. Governor Grant was high in command at the capture of the Havana by the British in 1762; and was no doubt promoted to this government, as a mark of approbation for his services on that occasion, and for those in the war with the Indians. His administration, in a country hitherto the seat of war between the aborigines and the several European powers re- spectively, was not entered upon without difficulties, which required system, firmness, and dignified policy, to surmount. His experience and deliberate courage as a soldier, had been remarked in several engagements with the Indians, when he was left in command of the Carolinas, in 1759, by Col. Montgomery, (Lord Eglintoun.) He was, like many of his cotemporaries, mistaken in his predictions as to the issue of the American contest, and was much ridiculed for joining in the assertion made in parliament, that 5,000 British troops could march unmolested from one end of the Continent to the for Cuba. The contracted policy, and the cruelty of the lat- ter government, prevented any useful or permanent settle. ment being effected under their auspices. (See Appendix.) The first notice I shall take of this change in the political situation of these provinces, is the temporary command of Major Ogilvie, who, by his impolitic conduct, drove all the Spanish inhabitants to the Havana. In consequence of this, Governor Grant issued a proclamation, inviting settlers, da- ted at St. Augustine, the 7th of October, 1763. (See Appen- dix.) In this proclamation, he mentions the salubrity of the climate, as well as the resources expected to be derived from the province in those days. What these resources were, will be found in the subsequent part of this work. Governor Grant was high in command at the capture of the Havana by the British in 1762; and was no doubt promoted to this government, as a mark of approbation for his services on that occasion, and for those in the war with the Indians. His administration, in a country hitherto the seat of war between the aborigines and the several European powers re- spectively, was not entered upon without didiculties, which required system, firmness, and dignified policy, to surmount. His experience and deliberate courage as a soldier, had been remarked in several engagements with the Indians, when he was left in command of the Carolinas, in 1759, by Col. Montgomery, (Lord Eglintoun.) He was, like many of his cotemporaries, mistaken in his predictions as to the issue of the American contest, and was much ridiculed for joining in the assertion made in parliament, that 5,000 British troops could march unmolested from one end of the Continent to the  HISTORY. 19 HISTORY. 19 HISTORY. 19 other. It may be said of him, that during his command, which he held ten years, he was faithful to his sovereign, and just and conciliatory to the people ; and possessed the saroir vivre to such a degree, that upon hearing of any coolness or dissension between those about him, they were brought toge- ther at his table, (always well provided,) and reconciled be- fore they were allowed to leave it. He was to Florida what Oglethorpe had been to Georgia- indefatigable in his exertions to promote the welfare of the province. Like other men, he had his foibles : among these has been mentioned his love of money ; with this, however, he was less chargeable than most other colonizing Governors. The proclamation of Governor Grant, together with the policy of the British government at home, brought some re- spectable planters from Carolina, among whom was Major Moultrie, afterwards Lieutenant Governor of the province, and William Drayton, Esq. the Chief Justice. At the same time, several noblemen in England, among whom were Lords Hawke, Egmont, Grenville, and Hillsborough, became the grantees of large tracts of land; and being desirous of impro- ving them, sent out agents with suitable means. None of these effected so much toward the population and settlement of the country as Sir William Duncan, Doctor Turnbull, Den- nys Rolle, and Richard Oswald, Esqrs. The two former, in company, having, at the vast expense of 166,000 dollars, and much trouble, brought from Smyrna, under indentures, 1,500 Greeks, Italians, and Minorcans, who formed a settlement sixty miles south of St. Augustine, and called it New Smyr- na, where the cultivation of indigo, and other products, in- other. It may be said of him, that during his command, which he held ten years, he was faithful to his sovereign, and just and conciliatory to the people ; and possessed the savoir vivre to such a degree, that upon hearing of any coolness or dissension between those about him, they were brought toge- ther at his table, (always well provided,) and reconciled be- fore they were allowed to leave it. He was to Florida what Oglethorpe had been to Georgia- indefatigable in his exertions to promote the welfiere of the province. Like other men, he had his foibles : among these has been mentioned his love of money ; with this, however, he was less chargeable than most other colonizing Governors. The proclamation of Governor Grant, together with the policy of the British government at home, brought some re- spectable planters from Carolina, among whom was Major Moultrie, afterwards Lieutenant Governor of the province, and William Drayton, Esq. the Chief Justice. At the same time, several noblemen in England, among whom were Lords Hawke, Egmont, Grenville, and Hillsborough, became the grantees of large tracts of land; and being desirous of impro- ving them, sent out agents with suitable means. None of these effected so much toward the population and settlement of the country as Sir William Duncan, Doctor Turnbull, Den- nys Rolle, and Richard Oswald, Esqrs. The two former, in company, having, at the vast expense of 166,000 dollars, and much trouble, brought from Smyrna, under indentures, 1,500 Greeks, Italians, and Minorcans, who formed a settlement sixty miles south of St. Augustine, and called it New Smyr- na, where the cultivation of indigo, and other products, in- other. It may be said of him, that during his command, which he held ten years, he was faithful to his sovereign, and just and conciliatory to the people ; and possessed the savoir vivre to such a degree, that upon hearing of any coolness or dissension between those about him, they were brought toge- ther at his table, (always well provided,) and reconciled be- fore they were allowed to leave it. He was to Florida what Oglethorpe had been to Georgia- indefatigable in his exertions to promote the welfare of the province. Like other msen, he had his foibles : among these has been mentioned his love of money ; with this, however, he was less chargeable than most other colonizing Governors. The proclamation of Governor Grant, together with the policy of the British government at home, brought some re- spectable planters from Carolina, among whom was Major Moultrie, afterwards Lieutenant Governor of the province, and William Drayton, Esq. the Chief Justice. At the same time, several noblemen in England, among whom were Lords Hawke, Egmont, Grenville, and Hillsborough, became the grantees of large tracts of land; and being desirous of impro- ving them, sent out agents with suitable means. None of these effected so much toward the population and settlement of the country as Sir William Duncan, Doctor Turnbull, Den- nys Rolle, and Richard Oswald, Esqrs. The two former, in company, having, at the vast expense of 166,000 dollars, and much trouble, brought from Smyrna, under indentures, 1,500 Greeks, Italians, and Minorcans, who formed a settlement sixty miles south of St. Augustine, and called it New Smyr- na, where the cultivation of indigo, and other products, in-  20 arsTOnY. eluding the sugar cane;was carried on with success ; particu- larly the former. This site, which is truly admirable, is surrounded by some of the most valuable lands in the province, and is at present the property of Judge Hull, who had resided upon it for se- veral years, with much satisfaction, until driven away by the effects of the revolution of 1812, when his attachment to the great American family rendered him an object of suspicion on the part of the royalists, who accordingly imprisoned him for a short time. For several years previous to the convulsions in the nor- thern part of the Continent, the provinces had been improv- ing in agriculture, in population, and in commerce ; but this event made it necessary for the British government to in- crease the military force, for the protection of her West- India trade, and as an impenetrable barrier between the Spanish and French possessions in the Gulf of Mexico, and the American States on the Atlantic, which were ripe for revolt. As this part of my Narrative is intended as a review of political events, the reader is referred to a distinct head for the commercial and agricultural progress just mentioned. During Governor Grant's administration, which lasted till 1771, peace and prosperity seemed to pervade the province. On his departure, some differences arose between his suc- cessor, Major Moultrie, and several members of the council, which tended to create dissatisfaction, and to cast a gloom over the community. Presentments made by the grand jury were disregarded ; applications were made for moneys, grant- 20 arsTORY. 20 HsTOnY. cluding the sugar cane;was carried on with success ; particu- larly the former. This site, which is truly admirable, is surrounded by some of the most valuable lands in the province, and is at present the property of Judge Hull, who had resided upon it for se- veral years, with much satisfaction, until driven away by the effects of the revolution of 1812, when his attachment to the great American family rendered him an object of suspicion on the part of the royalists, who accordingly imprisoned him for a short time. For several years previous to the convulsions in the nor- thern part of the Continent, the provinces had been improv- ing in agriculture, in population, and in commerce ; but this event made it necessary for the British government to in- crease the military force, for the protection of her West- India trade, and as an impenetrable barrier between the Spanish and French possessions in the Gulf of Mexico, and the American States on the Atlantic, which were ripe for revolt. As this part of my Narrative is intended as a review of political events, the reader is referred to a distinct head for the commercial and agricultural progress just mentioned. During Governor Grant's administration, which lasted till 1771, peace and prosperity seemed to pervade the-province. On his departure, some differences arose between his suc- cessor, Major Moultrie, and several members of the council, which tended to create dissatisfaction, and to cast a gloom over the community. Presentments made by the grand jury were disregarded ; applications were made for moneys, grant- cluding the sugar cane;was carried on with success ; particu- larly the former. This site, which is truly admirable, is surrounded by some of the most valuable lands in the province, and is at present the property of Judge Hull, who had resided upon it for se- veral years, with much satisfaction, until driven away by the effects of the revolution of 1812, when his attachment to the great American family rendered him an object of suspicion on the part of the royalists, who accordingly imprisoned him for a short time. For several years previous to the convulsions in the nor- thern part of the Continent, the provinces had been improv- ing in agriculture, in population, and in commerce ; but this event made it necessary for the British government to in- crease the military force, for the protection of her West- India trade, and as an impenetrable barrier between the Spanish and French possessions in the Gulf of Mexico, and the American States on the Atlantic, which were ripe for revolt. As this part of my Narrative is intended as a review of political events, the reader is referred to a distinct head for the commercial and agricultural progress just mentioned. During Governor Grant's administration, which lasted till 1771, peace and prosperity seemed to pervade the province. On his departure, some differences arose between his suc- cessor, Major Moultrie, and several members of the council, which tended to create dissatisfaction, and to cast a gloom over the community. Presentments made by the grand jury were disregarded ; applications were made for moneys, grant-  seITin LT. 2i ed for the use of the province, and said to have been misap- plied; thus creating dissensions among the heads of families, so repugnant to the harmony and the true interests of small cemmunities. At this period, when it was expected by some that Dr. Turnbull, on account of his great services to the colony, would have had the command of it, an attempt was made to form a representative government; but such were the dis- cords in the provinces, that it failed, from the wish to have annual, instead of triennial elections, as prescribed by the executive. The freeholders were inflexible in their resolution for establishing the former, and continued without representa. tion, rather than submit. These bickerings, originating be- tween two gentlemen of high standing, and carried on in the true spirit of high-minded Carolinians, had the effect of cre- ating two parties, which the recommendation of Dr. Franklin, at theconvention in Albany, in June, 1754, no doubt produced. Itwas cherished by open declarations in the north; where the proposition was relished of forming a colonial compact, under which men were to be raised throughout the continent, for protection and defence. From this originated the project of forming the congress of the United States ; and it was this that gave its inhabitants a conviction of that strength which enabled them eventually to shake off the authority of the mo- ther country. It will readily be inferred, that one of these parties was favourable to the American cause, and the other to that of the King. Major Moultrie, who was an officer of merit in the Chero- kee wa under General Montgomery, possessed great urbanity 01MSrQetf. 24 msTegtY. 23 ed for the use of the province, and said to havb been misap- plied; thus creating dissensions among the heads of families, so repugnant to the harmony and the true interests of small cemmiunities. At this period, when it was expected by some that Dr. Turnbull, on account of his great services to the colony, would have had the command of it, an attempt was made to form a representative government ; but such were the dis- cords in the provinces, that it failed, from the wish to have annual, instead of triennial elections, as prescribed by the executive. The freeholders were inflexible in their resolution for establishing the former, and continued without representa- tion, rather than submit. These bickerings, originating be- tween two gentlemen of high standing, and carried on in the true spirit of high-minded Carolinians, had the effect of cre- ating two parties, which the recommendation of Dr. Franklin, at the convention in Albany, in June, 1754,no doubt produced. Itwas cherished by open declarations in the north; where the proposition was relished of forming a colonial compact, under which men were to be raised throughout the continent, for protection and defence. From this originated the project of forming the congress of the United States ; and it was this that gave its inhabitants a conviction of that strength which enabled them eventually to shake off the authority of the mo- ther country. It will readily be inferred, that one of these parties was favourable to the American cause, and the other to that of the King. Major Moultrie, who was an officer of merit in the Chero- kee war under General Montgomery, possessed great urbanity ed for the use of the province, and said to have been misap- plied; thus creating dissensions among the heads of families, so repugnant to the harmony and the true interests of small communities. At this period, when it was expected by some that Dr. Turnbull, on account of his great services to the colony, would have had the command of it, an attempt was made to form a representative government ; but such were the dis- cords in the provinces, that it failed, from the wish to have annual, instead of triennial elections, as prescribed by the executive. The freeholders were inflexible in their resolution for establishing the former, and continued without representa- tion, rather than submit. These bickerings, originating be- tween two gentlemen of high standing, and carried on in the true spirit of high-minded Carolinians, had the effect of cre- ating two parties, which the recommendation of Dr. Franklin, at the convention in Albany, in June, 1754,no doubt produced. It-was cherished by open declarations in the north; where the proposition was relished of forming a colonial compact, under which men were to be raised throughout the continent, for protection and defence. From this originated the project of forming the congress of the United States ; and it was this that gave its inhabitants a conviction of that strength which enabled them eventually to shake off the authority of the mo- ther country. It will readily be inferred, that one of these parties was favourable to the American cause, and the other to that of the King. Major Moultrie, who was an officer of merit in the Chero- kee war under General Montgomery, possessed great urbanity  22 22 HISTORY. HISTORY. 22 HISTORY. of manners, and strength of mind, and was devoted to the interests of the provinces. Although brother to the General so renowned in the history of the American war, he differed with him in politics, and was firm in support of the royal cause; yet, as Lieutenant Governor, his command was considered temporary, and not calculated to insure that co-operation which the affairs of the country required, and which his prede- cessor had more successfully obtained. The Chief Justice, William Drayton, a gentleman of ta- lents, and of great professional knowledge, of refined man- ners, and strong pretensions to power and influence, was un- willing to yield implicitly to the Lieutenant Governor, and took means to thwart his gubernatorial measures ; in conse- quence of which he was suspended. It is unnecessary to enlarge, at this distant period, upon the consequences of this act, which was considered very arbitra- ry, farther than stating, that as Mr. Drayton was suspected to be friendly to the cause of liberty, his appeal to the British ministry was unsuccessful; and he retired, first to England, and thence to South Carolina, where his talents and services were rendered conspicuously useful in effecting American in- dependence. The Rev. John Forbes, one of the Assistant Judges, and of the Council, was called to fill the vacancy on the bench, occasioned by the suspension of Mr. Drayton ; but his politics being alike tinctured with republicanism, and an attachment to the great American cause, his appointment was not con- firmed, and a Chief Justice was sent out direct from England, of whose principles, in favour of the royal cause, no doubt could be entertained. of manners, and strength of mind, and was devoted to the interests of the provinces. Although brother to the General so renowned in the history of the American war, he differed with him in politics, and was firm in support of the royal cause; yet, as Lieutenant Governor, his command was considered temporary, and not calculated to insure that co-operation which the affairs of the country required, and which his prede- cessor had more successfully obtained. The Chief Justice, William Drayton, a gentleman of ta- lents, and of great professional knowledge, of refined man- ners, and strong pretensions to power and influence, was un- willing to yield implicitly to the Lieutenant Governor, and took means to thwart his gubernatorial measures; in conse- quence of which he was suspended. It is unnecessary to enlarge, at this distant period, upon the consequences of this act, which was considered very arbitra- ry, farther than stating, that as Mr. Drayton was suspected to be friendly to the cause of liberty, his appeal to the British ministry was unsuccessful; and he retired, first to England, and thence to South Carolina, where his talents and services were rendered conspicuously useful in effecting American in- dependence. The Rev. John Forbes, one of the Assistant Judges, and of the Council, was called to fill the vacancy on the bench, occasioned by the suspension of Mr. Drayton ; but his politics being alike tinctured with republicanism, and an attachment to the great American cause, his appointment was not con- firmed, and a Chief Justice was sent out direct from England, of whose principles, in favour of the royal cause, no doubt could be entertained. of manners, and strength of mind, and was devoted to the interests of the provinces. Although brother to the General so renowned in the history of the American war, he differed with him in politics, and was firm in support of the royal cause; yet, as Lieutenant Governor, his command was considered temporary, and not calculated to insure that co-operation which the affairs of the country required, and whichhis prede- cessor had more successfully obtained. The Chief Justice, William Drayton, a gentleman of ta- lents, and of great professional knowledge, of refined man- ners, and strong pretensions to power and influence, was un- willing to yield implicitly to the Lieutenant Governor, and took means to thwart his gubernatorial measures; in conse- quence of which he was suspended. It is unnecessary to enlarge, at this distant period, upon the consequences of this act, which was considered very arbitra- ry, farther than stating, that as Mr. Drayton was suspected to be friendly to the cause of liberty, his appeal to the British ministry was unsuccessful; and he retired, first to England, and thence to South Carolina, where his talents and services were rendered conspicuously useful in effecting American in- dependence. The Rev. John Forbes, one of the Assistant Judges, and of the Council, was called to fill the vacancy on the bench, occasioned by the suspension of Mr. Drayton ; but his politics being alike tinctured with republicanism, and an attachment to the great American cause, his appointment was not con- firmed, and a Chief Justice was sent out direct from England, of whose principles, in favour of the royal cause, no doubt could be entertained.  HISTORY. 23 HISTORY. 23 HISTORY. 23 A strong party in Georgia had exhibited some symptoms of dissatisfaction, at the conduct of the British government at home ; but it was kept so much in check by the King's party, and the policy of those in his pay, that the Whigs did not, at first, join in the American confederacy. To this temporising conduct on their part may be attributed, in some degree, the slender efforts made by the Floridians to join the Independents, whose cause was always depicted to them as hopeless in ex- pectation, and atrocious in principle. In March, 1774, Colonel Tonyn (a protege of Lord March- mont and George Rose) arrived as Governor, with full know- ledge of the discontents in the north, the commotions arising from them, the remonstrances ineffectually made to the British government, and, it is presumed, with correspondent instruc- tions, since he issued proclamations inviting, under the most specious promises, the Americans attached to the royal cause, who wished to quit the provinces in revolt, to resort to Florida, and enjoy every advantage which he could possibly afford them. He also had a talk with the Indians on the 26th of Novem- ber, 1775, at Picolata, whither he went with the members of the Council, for the purpose of securing their alliance ; and, likewise, issued commissions for privateers: thus preparing for a war of cruelty on land, and of vexation on the sea. Remote from the theatre of war, which blazed forth in the north, the news of the declaration was accompanied by the burning of the effigies of John Hancock and Samuel Adams on the public parade. This shameful conduct, intended to vilify those characters in the eyes of a mixed population, was not A strong party in Georgia had exhibited some symptoms of dissatisfaction, at the conduct of the British government at home ; but it was kept so much in check by the King's party, and the policy of those in his pay, that the Whigs did not, at first, join in the American confederacy. To this temporising conduct on their part may be attributed, in some degree, the slender efforts made by the Floridians to join the Independents, whose cause was always depicted to them as hopeless in ex- pectation, and atrocious in principle. In March, 1774, Colonel Tonyn (a protege of Lord March- mont and George Rose) arrived as Governor, with full know- ledge of the discontents in the north, the commotions arising from them, the remonstrances ineffectually made to the British government, and, it is presumed, with correspondent instruc- tions, since he issued proclamations inviting, under the most specious promises, the Americans attached to the royal cause, who wished to quit the provinces in revolt, to resort to Florida, and enjoy every advantage which he could possibly afford them. He also had a talk with the Indians on the 26th of Novem- ber, 1775, at Picolata, whither he went with the members of the Council, for the purpose of securing their alliance ; and, likewise, issued commissions for privateers: thus preparing for a war of cruelty on land, and of vexation on the sea. Remote from the theatre of war, which blazed forth in the north, the news of the declaration was accompanied by the burning of the effigies of John Hancock and Samued Adams on the public parade. This shameful conduct, intended to vilify those characters in the eyes of a mixed population, was not A strong party in Georgia had exhibited some symptoms of dissatisfaction, at the conduct of the British government at home ; but it was kept so much in check by the King's party, and the policy of those in his pay, that the Whigs did not, at first, join in the American confederacy. To this temporising conduct on their part may be attributed, in some degree, the slender efforts made by the Floridians to join the Independents, whose cause was always depicted to them as hopeless in ex- pectation, and atrocious in principle. In March, 1774, Colonel Tonyn (a protege of Lord March- mont and George Rose) arrived as Governor, with full know- ledge of the discontents in the north, the commotions arising from them, the remonstrances ineffectually made to the British government, and, it is presumed, with correspondent instruc- tions, since be issued proclamations inviting, under the most specious promises, the Americans attached to the royal cause, who wished to quit the provinces in revolt, to resort to Florida, and enjoy every advantage which he could possibly afford them. He also had a talk with the Indians on the 26th of Novem- ber, 1775, at Picolata, whither he went with the members of the Council, for the purpose of securing their alliance ; and, likewise, issued commissions for privateers: thus preparing for a war of cruelty on land, and of vexation on the sea. Remote from the theatre of war, which blazed forth in the north, the news of the declaration was accompanied by the burning of the effigies of John Hancock and Samue Adams on the public parade. This shameful conduct, intended to vilify those characters in the eyes of a mixed population, was not  24 HITORY. 2=1 HITORY. 24 HISTOYt. without its effect, particularly upon the Minoreans, an illi- terate but hardy set of men, seasoned to the climate, whose services were required in the field on this as well as on more powerful accounts. It is worthy of remark; that the place where the effigies of these distinguished men were burned by the British, is the identical spot selected by the Spaniards, thirty-six years after this event, to erect a monument in honour of the Corteo. It is fervently hoped, that the exertions of this assembly may soon enable the Spanish people to reap the advantages resulting from constitutional liberty, and secure a long and uninterrupt- ed enjoyment of it to themselves and their posterity. Many of these Minorcans released themselves from their indentures, enlisted in the King's rangers, and became after- wards actively engaged under Col. Brown in carrying the war into Georgia ; where, by a predatory system, in alliance with the Indians, the Americans were much annoyed, and pre- vented from making the attacks on East Florida which were frequently threatened, and seriously concerted. Strong ef- forts were at the same time made, and promising inducements held out by the Governor, to bring over the people of Georgia to the royal party; in consequence of this, many came into the province, looking to it as an asylum or refuge from the troubles incident to a state of civil war, which became active and violent in the Carolinas as well as in Georgia. Privateers were fitted out to annoy the southern people inimical to the king ; and a fort was built at St. Mary's, by Jermyn Wright, brother to the governor of Georgia, to pro- without its effect, particularly upon the Minoreans, an illi- terate but hardy set of men, seasoned to the climate, whose services were required in the field on this as well as on more powerful accounts. It is worthy of remark; that the place where the effigies of these distinguished men were burned by the British, is the identical spot selected by the Spaniards, thirty-six years after this event, to erect a monument in honour of the Cortea. It is fervently hoped, that the exertions of this assembly may soon enable the Spanish people to reap the advantages resulting from constitutional liberty, and secure a long and uninterrupt- ed enjoyment of it to themselves and their posterity. Many of these Minorecans released themselves from their indentures, enlisted in the King's rangers, and became after- wards actively engaged under Col. Brown in carrying the war into Georgia ; where, by a predatory system, in alliance with the Indians, the Americans were much annoyed, and pre- vented from making the attacks on East Florida which were frequently threatened, and seriously concerted. Strong ef- forts were at the same time made, and promising inducements held out by the Governor, to bring over the people of Georgia to the royal party; in consequence- of this, many came into the province, looking to it as an asylum or refuge from the troubles incident to a state of civil war, which became active and violent in the Carolinas as well as in Georgia. Privateers were fitted out to annoy the southern people inimical to the king ; and a fort was built at St. Mary's, by Jermyn Wright, brother to the governor of Georgia, to pro- without its effect, particularly upon the Minoreaus, an illi- terate but hardy set of men, seasoned to the climate, whose services were required in the Seld on this as well as on more powerful accounts. It is worthy of remark; that the place where the effigies of these distinguished men were burned by the British, is the identical spot selected by the Spaniards, thirty-six years after this event, to erect a monument in honour of the Corte. It is fervently hoped, that the exertions of this assembly may soon enable the Spanish people to reap the advantages resulting from constitutional liberty, and secure a long and uninterrupt- ed enjoyment of it to themselves and their posterity. Many of these Minorcans released themselves from their indentures, enlisted in the King's rangers, and became after- wards actively engaged under Col. Brown in carrying the war into Georgia ; where, by a predatory system, in alliance with the Indians, the Americans were much annoyed, and pre- vented from making the attacks on East Florida which were frequently threatened, and seriously concerted. Strong ef- forts were at the same time made, and promising inducements held out by the Governor, to bring over tha people of Georgia to the royal party ; in consequence of this, many came into the province, looking to it as an asylum or refuge from the troubles incident to a state of civil war, which became active and violent in the Carolinas as well as in Georgia. Privateers were fitted out to annoy the southern people inimical to the king ; and a fort was built at St. Mary's, by Jermyn Wright, brother to the governor of Georgia, to pro-  HISTORY. 25 HISTORY. 26 HISTORY. 25 tet them with their prizes. These were indications of hos- tility, which served to inflame the Georgians who had join- ed the confederacy; they accordingly took measures for act- ing offensively against the loyalists who had withdrawn to East Florida. While Generals Lee, Moultrie, and Howe, were contem- plating the invasion of East Florida, with the republican forces from Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia, Colonels Fuser, Brown, and M'Girth, on the British side, were mustering all the forces within their reach, of regulars, rangers, loyalist militia, and Indians, for an attack upon Georgia, having the King's brig Hinchinbrook, Captain Ellis, the St. Johns schooner, Captain Grant, and some galleys, under Captains Mowbray and Dames, to co-operate with them. The capture, in August, 1795, of the snow Betsey, Captain Lofthouse, from London, with 111 barrels of gunpowder, gave early proofs of American heroism, and excited both surprise and alarm in the Governor of Florida. This was effected off the bar of St. Augustine by some privateersmen from Caro- lina, who from a sloop that was taken for a negro trader, boarded the Betsey in disguise, and discharged her in sight of the garrison and men of war in the harbour, giving a bill signed Clement Lampriere, and drawn on Miles Brewton, Charleston, for 10001. sterling. Immediately after this, the Governor sent the rangers and Indians under Colonel Brown into Georgia, where they carried on a predatory warfare. They reached Fort M'Intosh, on the river St. Ills, which they attempted to surprise, but without success. 4 tet them with their prizes. These were indications of hos- tility, which served to inflame the Georgians who had join- ed the confederacy ; they accordingly took measures for act- ing offensively against the loyalists who had withdrawn to East Florida. While Generals Lee, Moultrie, and Howe, were contem- plating the invasion of East Florida, with the republican forces from Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia, Colonels Fuser, Brown, and M'Girth, on the British side, were mustering all the forces within their reach, of regulars, rangers, loyalist militia, and Indians, for an attack upon Georgia, having the King's brig Hinchinbrook, Captain Ellis, the St. Johns schooner, Captain Grant, and some galleys, under Captains Mowbray and Dames, to co-operate with them. The capture, in August, 1795, of the snow Betsey, Captain Lofthouse, from London, with 111 barrels of gunpowder, gave early proofs of American heroism, and excited both surprise and alarm in the Governor of Florida. This was effected off the bar of St. Augustine by some privateersmen from Caro- lina, who from a sloop that was taken for a negro trader, boarded the Betsey in disguise, and discharged her in sight of the garrison and men of war in the harbour, giving a bill signed Clement Lampriere, and drawn on Miles Brewton, Charleston, for 10001, sterling. Immediately after this, the Governor sent the rangers and Indians under Colonel Brown into Georgia, where they carried on a predatory warfare. They reached Fort M'Intosh, on the river St. lIla, which they attempts d to surprise, but without success. 4 tet them with their prizes. These were indications of hos- tility, which served to inflame the Georgians who had join- ed the confederacy; they accordingly took measures for act- ing offensively against the loyalists who had withdrawn to East Florida. While Generals Lee, Moultrie, and Howe, were contem- plating the invasion of East Florida, with the republican forces from Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia, Colonels Fuser, Brown, and M'Girth, on the British side, were mustering all the forces within their reach, of regulars, rangers, loyalist militia, and Indians, for an attack upon Georgia, having the King's brig Hinchinbrook, Captain Ellis, the St. Johns schooner, Captain Grant, and some galleys, under Captains Mowbray and Dames, to co-operate with them. The capture, in August, 1795, of the snow Betsey, Captain Lofthouse, from London, with 111 barrels of gunpowder, gave early proofs of American heroism, and excited both surprise and alarm in the Governor of Florida. This was effected off the bar of St. Augustine by some privateersmen from Caro- lina, who from a sloop that was taken for a negro trader, boarded the Betsey in disguise, and discharged her in sight of the garrison and men of war in the harbour, giving a bill signed Clement Lampriere, and drawn on Miles Brewton, Charleston, for 10001. sterling. Immediately after this, the Governor sent the rangers and Indians under Colonel Brown into Georgia, where they carried on a predatory warfare. They reached Fort M'Intosh, on the river St. Illa, which they attempted to surprise, but without success. 4  26 HISTORY. 26 HISTORY. 26 HISTORY. Here the reader should be informed, that Colonel Brown, havinghbeen tarred andfeathered in Georgia by the tibrty boys, forsome intemaperateeconduct, did not feet much affec- tioa for them er theie case. To this enmity may be ascrib- ed, is paet, that iasveteeacy, zeat, and activity, whichbhe at- ways exhibited in every expeditien direeted against tbs Americasa-He weas takes from the polka ef private tife, andhbecame an enterprising andhitrepid officer. Inureestto the hardships fatigaes, and peivastions, to which tkis epeeiea of wsefaee expesed him,hews aavoueite withbthe coleoial governmet,and theiesadherets; yeton tht accontand feomthe great ifluensce he hadwith the Indians, he wasviewed with jealousy by the oicers of the regutar aemy. Goveranor Tanya iasued a proctamatioa an August, 1776, inviting, ins tronsg teems, the inhabitants of the tows of St. Johns and of the Musqaetoes, to assemble asnd co-operate with the king's troops, in resisting the "peridious isienua- tiona" of the aeighboueing coloniss; in opposing and repelling theirfature icusions into the proviace,sandto preventsany moeinfatuated mea feom joining theie "traoitorousoneigh- boors." Thiswassmethby aconte-proclamatiossin te esely pact of 1777, by Presidenst Batton Gwinnet of Georgia, offer- ing protection to the persons and peoperty of those wha would join lbs American standard, in opposition to tyeanny. IHe remarked, that sine ths God of armies dud appeared en remus-hotly inofavor tf libsrty, the period coold noe be far distant, rhen the eanmies of America would he clothed with everlasting shame and dishonoar. Beside thse rangers, who were considered as a colnial Here the readee should be infoemed, that Colonel Beown, having been tarredoond featheeed in Gergia by the liberty hoysfoe some intemperate conduct, did not feet much affec- tion for tbem or theie cause. To this enmity moy be ascrib- ed, in paet,that inveteracyzeal, and acticity,n-wtich be al- ways exhibited in every expedition directed against the Americans- He was taken from the paths of private life, and became anaenterprising and intepid offcer. Inueed to the hardships fatigues, and privations, to whirls this species of warfare exposedthim, he wastafvourite with the colonial gnvernmen, ad teir adheretstyeton that account, and fronm the great influence he hadwith the Indians, hews viewed with jealousy by thle nficeers of the regular army. Governor Tossyn ittued a proclamastion is August, 1771, inviting, ill strong termns, the inhabitants of the towna sf1t. Johsand of the Musquetoes, to ssemble and co-operate with the king's troops, an resisting the 'perfidious isina- lions" of the neighbouring colonists t in opposing and repelling their future incursions intn the proince, and to peevestsany more infatuated men from joining their " traitorcussneigh- loos." This was met by a counter-proclamaiona in the early part of 1777, by President Button Gwinnet of Georgia, offer- tog protection to the persuns and property of those who woultd join the Americas standard, is oppositin to tyranny. He remaeked, that tine the God ef urmiee dad uppsared sn emarkaobly in favor of liberty, the period could not he far distant, when the enemies of America wuld he clnthed with everlasting esuame tand dishonour. Beside the rangers, whn were considered an a coloniul Here the reader shnuld be informed, that Colonel Brown, having bren tarred sod featheed in Georgia by the liberty boys, foretome intemperate conduc, did not feel much affec- lion for thsem or their cause. To this enmity may be asceib- ed, is poet, that inveteeacy, real, and actitvity, which he al- ways exhibited in every expediin directed against the Americans. He was taken from the paths of privsts life, and became un enterprising and intrepid officer. Inured to the hardships fatigues, and privationt, to which this tpecies of warfare exposedlhim,the was afavourite with thecotoil government, sod thseir udherents ; yet on that account, and from the great influence he hadwith the Indians, he was viewed with jealoasy by thse officersoef the regular army. Governor Tosnyn issused a proclamation is August, 1776, inviting, its stronag tenrnt, the inhabhitants of the towns of St. Johns and of the Mutquetoes, to assemble and co-operate with the king's troops, in resisting the "pserfdious insinua- tions" of the neighbouring colonists ;in opposing and repeling their future incursions into thesprovince, and toprevent any more infauated men from joining their "~ traitorostteigh- boorst." Thit wsmethby aonter-prclamation in the rarly port nfl 1777, by President Button Gwionet of Georgia, offer- ing protection to the persons and proprty of those who would join the American stundard, in opposition to tyranny. He remarked, that sine the Gcd of armis had appeaedeso emarkably iu favor oftiberty, the priod could notsbe far distant, when the enemies of America would he clothed with everlasting shsame and dishonur. Betide tar rangers, who were considered as a colonial  HISTORY. 27 HISTORY. 27 HISTORY. 27 corps, there was a body of volunteers of about 200 men, with officers of their own choosing, well trained, clothed and armed at their own expense, whose services were ac- cepted, to perform garrison duty, during the contemplated expedition of the regular troops, under Colonel Fuser, in Georgia. Two incidents occurred at this period that were highly favourable to the cause of liberty ; and which, with a more dense population, understanding its rights, would have proved ofserious consequence, and perhaps fatal, to the king's go- vernment in the province. One of these was, an attempt to place the militia under the orders of the regulars, which was permitted by the latter, though not without violent re- monstrances. The other was the case of Walter Stewart, a Scotchman by birth, one of the volunteer militia, and at the same time a knight of the comb, who being called upon to exercise his professional talents upon Captain Sawyer, of the King's brig Porcupine, at anchor in the harbour, went on board, and either by accident, or otherwise, brought on shore a comb belonging to the Captain. An offence of this atro- cious kind, was to be punished ; and the power was most am- ply exercised by Captain Sawyer, who ordered the militia- man to be lashed to a gun, severely flogged, and detained on board. It was intended, no doubt, that he should remain there until his wounds were healed ; but this unfortunate Scot thought otherwise, and availing himself of an opportunity, jumped overboard, and swam to the shore, to show his lacera- ted back to his comrades. This event was calculated toarouse the angry feelings and corps, there was a body of volunteers of about 200 men, with officers of their own choosing, well trained, clothed and armed at their own expense, whose services were ac- cepted, to perform garrison duty, during the contemplated expedition of the regular troops, under Colonel Fuser, in Georgia. Two incidents occurred at this period that were highly favourable to the cause of liberty ; and which, with a more dense population, understanding its rights, would have proved of serious consequence, and perhaps fatal, to the king's go- vernment in the province. One of these was, an attempt to place the militia under the orders of the regulars, which was permitted by the latter, though not without violent re- monstrances. The other was the case of Walter Stewart, a Scotchman by birth, one of the volunteer militia, and at the same time a knight of the comb, who being called upon to exercise his professional talents upon Captain Sawyer, of the King's brig Porcupine, at anchor in the harbour, went on board, and either by accident, or otherwise, brought on shore a comb belonging to the Captain. An offence of this atro- cious kind, was to be punished ; and the power was most am- ply exercised by Captain Sawyer, who ordered the militia- man to be lashed to a gun, severely flogged, and detained on board. It was intended, no doubt, that he should remain there until his wounds were healed ; but this unfortunate Scot thought otherwise, and availing himself of an opportunity, jumped overboard, and swam to the shore, to show his lacera- ted back to his comrades. This event was calculated toarouse the angry feelings and corps, there was a body of volunteers of about 200 men, with officers of their own choosing, well trained, clothed and armed at their own expense, whose services were ac- cepted, to perform garrison duty, during the contemplated expedition of the regular troops, under Colonel Fuser, in Georgia. Two incidents occurred at this period that were highly favourable to the cause of liberty ; and which, with a more dense population, understanding its rights, would have proved ofserious consequence, and perhaps fatal, to the king's go- vernment in the province. One of these was, an attempt to place the militia under the orders of the regulars, which was permitted by the latter, though not without violent re- monstrances. The other was the case of Walter Stewart, a Scotchman by birth, one of the volunteer militia, and at the same time a knight of the comb, who being called upon to exercise his professional talents upon Captain Sawyer, of the King's brig Porcupine, at anchor in the harbour, went on board, and either by accident, or otherwise, brought on shore a comb belonging to the Captain. An offence of this atro- cious kind, was to be punished ; and the power was most am- ply exercised by Captain Sawyer, who ordered the militia- man to be lashed to a gun, severely fogged, and detained on board. It was intended, no doubt, that he should remain there until his wounds were healed ; but this unfortunate Scot thought otherwise, and availing himself of an opportunity, jumped overboard, and swam to the shore, to show his lacera- ted back to his comrades. This event was calculated to-arouse the angry feelings and  28 HISTORY. 28 HISTORY. 28 HISTORY. excite the indignation of the whole community; but tended particularly to incense the militia, who, as they became more numerous by the arrival of the loyalists from the Caro- linas and Georgia, were more tenacious of those rights of which Englishmen boast with so much pride. The affair was hushed, and the sufferings of the injured Scot were assuaged by a donation in money, better calculated to alleviate his circumstances, than to palliate the enormity of the offence. This was a period at which the arm of government required all the strength it could collect ; for an invasion was threat- ened by Colonel White from Georgia, who was said to be advancing on the Altamaha, which the Americans had forti- fied, so as to secure that frontier by a chain of forts. At the same time a proclamation was sent forth, inviting all the citizens of the United States to assemble at a camp formed in Burke county, and from thence to march into Florida, under the command of the governor of the state-provisions and ammunition to be supplied gratis, and all captures free plunder. These circumstances, together with the news of the treaty of alliance entered into between the United States and France, and a wavering disposition, manifested on the part of the Indian tribes, were alarming. The warriors, also, became restless, and were desirous of returning from the frontiers to their families; while Colonel Stuart, the superintendent of the southern department, who was actively engaged in negotia- tions among them, had much difficulty in restraining the Cussitahs, Oakfuskies, Big Talassies, Apalachicolas and Watskays, all favourable to the Americans, from taking an active part against the royalists, who w :re joined by th,. excite the indignation of the whole community; but tended particularly to incense the militia, who, as they became more numerous by the arrival of the loyalists from the Caro- linas and Georgia, were more tenacious of those rights of which Englishmen boast with so much pride. The affair was hushed, and the sufferings of the injured Scot were assuaged by a donation in money, better calculated to alleviate his circumstances, than to palliate the enormity of the offence. This was a period at which the arm of government required all the strength it could collect ; for an invasion was threat- ened by Colonel White from Georgia, who was said to be advancing on the Altamaha, which the Americans had forti- fied, so as to secure that frontier by a chain of forts. At the same time a proclamation was sent forth, inviting all the citizens of the United States to assemble at a camp formed in Burke county, and from thence to march into Florida, under the command of the governor of the state--provisions ands ammunition to be supplied gratis, and all captures free plunder. These circumstances, together with the news of the treaty of alliance entered into between the United States and France, and a wavering disposition, manifested on the part of the Indian tribes, were alarming. The warriors, also, became restless, and were desirous of returning from the frontiers to their families; while Colonel Stuart, the superintendent of the southern department, who was actively engaged in negotia- tions among them, had much difficulty in restraining the Cussitahs, Oakfuskies, Big Talassies, Apalachicolas and Watskays, all favourable to the Americans, from taking an active part against the royalists, who w are joined by the excite the indignation of the whole community ; but tended particularly to incense the militia, who, as they became more numerous by the arrival of the loyalists from the Caro- linas and Georgia, were more tenacious of those rights of which Englishmen boast with so much pride. The affair was hushed, and the sufferings of the injured Scot were assuaged by a donation in money, better calculated to alleviate his circumstances, than to palliate the enormity of the offence. This was a period at which the arm of government required all the strength it could collect ; for an invasion was threat- ened by Colonel White from Georgia, who was said to be advancing on the Altamaha, which the Americans had forti- fied, so as to secure that frontier by a chain of forts. At the same time a proclamation was sent forth, inviting all the citizens of the United States to assemble at a camp formed in Burke county, and from thence to march into Florida, under the command of the governor of the state-provisions and ammunition to be supplied gratis, and all captures free plunder. These circumstances, together with the news of the treaty of alliance entered into between the United States and France, and a wavering disposition, manifested on the part of the Indian tribes, were alarming. The warriors, also, became restless, and were desirous of returning from the frontiers to their families; while Colonel Stuart, the superintendent of the southern department, who was actively engaged in negotia- tions among them, had much difficulty in restraining the Cussitahs, Oakfuskies, Big Talassies, Apalachicolas and Watskays, all favourable to the Americans, from taking an active part against the royalists, who w are joined by th,'  HISTORY. 29 HISTORY. 29 HISTORY. 29 Chehaws and other lower Creeks. The arrival of Captain Elphinstone (Lord Keith) and of Captain Moncrief, two distinguished officers, high in the prominent departments of the navy and engineers, promising strong reinforcements, encouraged offensive operations. Upon which Colonel Fuser, of the 60th regiment, proceeded with about 500 men and a train of artillery against Sunbury, with a view of supporting the king's party in Georgia. However, his want of success, and his loss of men and officers, (among whom was Captain Muller of the 60th,) obliged him to fall back, for the purpose of awaiting the promised reinforcements. The daring inroads made by the Americans, whose hardi- hood brought them, on the 24th of June, 1778, to Amelia narrows, where they were cutting a passage through with a force said to amount to 100 men, required the united forces of Captain Mowbray of the navy, who was preparing an ex- pedition from St. Augustine, for the purpose of co-operating with Major Graham with 140 men of the 16th regiment, and Major Prevost, with a detachment of the 60th, who marched from the Cowford, to prevent their farther progress. But such was the jealousy which existed in the various depart- ments of the service, that notwithstanding every effort was made, a sufficient number of men could not be found willing to man two galleys carrying twenty-four pounders. Colonel Brown could only muster seventy half-starved men ; and the Crackers refused to join : thus rendering it necessary to fortify St. John's Bluff. For which purpose, and to allay the apprehensions of danger, Colonel Fuser, as commander of the troops, issued a proclamation on the 27th June, requiring Chehaws and other lower Creeks. The arrival of Captain Elphinstone (Lord Keith) and of Captain Moncrief, two distinguished officers, high in the prominent departments of the navy and engineers, promising strong reinforcements, encouraged offensive operations. Upon which Colonel Fuser, of the 60th regiment, proceeded with about 500 men and a train of artillery against Sunbury, with a view of supporting the king's party in Georgia. However, his want of success, and his loss of men and officers, (among whom was Captain Muller of the 60th,) obliged him to fall back, for the purpose of awaiting the promised reinforcements. The daring inroads made by the Americans, whose hardi- hood brought them, on the 24th of June, 1778, to Amelia narrows, where they were cutting a passage through with a force said to amount to 100 men, required the united forces of Captain Mowbray of the navy, who was preparing an ex- pedition from St. Augustine, for the purpose of co-operating with Major Graham with 140 men of the 16th regiment, and Major Prevost, with a detachment of the 60th, who marched from the Cowford, to prevent their farther progress. But such was the jealousy which existed in the various depart- ments of the service, that notwithstanding every effort was made, a sufficient number of men could not be found willing to man two galleys carrying twenty-four pounders. Colonel Brown could only muster seventy half-starved men ; and the Crackers refused to join : thus rendering it necessary to fortify St. John's Bluff. For which purpose, and to allay the apprehensions of danger, Colonel Fuser, as commander of the troops, issued a proclamation on the 27th June, requiring Chehaws and other lower Creeks. The arrival of Captain Elphinstone (Lord Keith) and of Captain Moncrief, two distinguished officers, high in the prominent departments of the navy and engineers, promising strong reinforcements, encouraged offensive operations. Upon which Colonel Fuser, of the 60th regiment, proceeded with about 500 men and a train of artillery against Sunbury, with a view of supporting the king's party in Georgia. However, his want of success, and his loss of men and officers, (among whom was Captain Muller of the 60th,) obliged him to fall back, for the purpose of awaiting the promised reinforcements. The daring inroads made by the Americans, whose hardi- hood brought them, on the 24th of June, 1778, to Amelia narrows, where they were cutting a passage through with a force said to amount to 1000 men, required the united forces of Captain Mowbray of the navy, who was preparing an ex- pedition from St. Augustine, for the purpose of co-operating with Major Graham with 140 men of the 16th regiment, and Major Prevost, with a detachment of the 60th, who marched from the Cowford, to prevent their farther progress. But such was the jealousy which existed in the various depart- ments of the service, that notwithstanding every effort was made, a sufficient number of men could not be found willing to man two galleys carrying twenty-four pounders. Colonel Brown could only muster seventy half-starved men ; and the Crackers refused to join : thus rendering it necessary to fortify St. John's Bluff. For which purpose, and to allay the apprehensions of danger, Colonel Fuser, as commander of the troops, issued a proclamation on the 27th June, requiring  so HISTORY. 30 HISTORY. 30 HISTORY. all those who had not entered the militia, to join him, " as the rebels might be expected every instant at the bar, or thereabouts." To the alarm which this state of things naturally created, was added a catastrophe, in the death of Captain Skinner, deputy superintendent of Indian affairs, an active and faithful officer, while on service on the frontiers of Georgia. The cause and manner of his death were variously and not satis- factorily accounted for. The event created doubts as to the farther attachment of those important allies at such a critical juncture. Thus far, the war in the south had been carried on experi- mentally, by both parties, in threatening proclamations; and, when those were found to be of no effect, by rangers, scouts, and riflemen, for want of regular troops, or of materials to form them in a thinly-peopled country. In the north, resist- ance to the king's armies became more systematic and violent; and the American forces, nowjoined by the French and Spa- niards, were more successful. Policy, or necessity, prescribed a change of measures to the British ;-Georgia and the Carolinas became the theatre of war. General Prevost left Florida to be guarded by the militia, and marched into Georgia, with a considerable force of regulars and others, who endured many hardships, having been obliged to depend on oysters for food. On the 6th of January, 1779, he took possession of Sunbury, and subsequent- ly of Savannah and Augusta ; thus securing East Florida from any encroachments. Colonel Brown had succeeded in bring- ing over the Indians from the Cassetas, Big Talassies, and all those who had not entered the militia, to join him, " as the rebels might be expected every instant at the bar, or thereabouts." To the alarm which this state of things naturally created, was added a catastrophe, in the death of Captain Skinner, deputy superintendent of Indian affairs, an active and faithful officer, while on service on the frontiers of Georgia. The cause and manner of his death were variously and not satis- factorily accounted for. The event created doubts as to the farther attachment of those important allies at such a critical juncture. Thus far, the war in the south had been carried on experi- mentally, by both parties, in threatening proclamations; and, when those were found to be of no effect, by rangers, scouts, and riflemen, for want of regular troops, or of materials to form them in a thinly-peopled country. In the north, resist- ance to the king's armies became more systematic and violent; and the American forces, now joined by the French and Spa- niards, were more successful. Policy, or necessity, prescribed a change of measures to the British -Georgia and the Carolinas became the theatre of war. General Prevost left Florida to be guarded by the militia, and marched into Georgia, with a considerable force of regulars and others, who endured many hardships, having been obliged to depend on oysters for food. On the 6th of January, 1779, he toos possession of Sunbury, and subsequent- ly of Savannah and Augusta ; thus securing East Florida from any encroachments. Colonel Brown had succeeded in bring- ing over the Indians from the Cassetas. Big Talassies, and all those who had not entered the militia, to join him, " as the rebels might be expected every instant at the bar, or thereabouts." To the alarm which this state of things naturally created, was added a catastrophe, in the death of Captain Skinner, deputy superintendent of Indian affairs, an active and faithful officer, while on service on the frontiers of Georgia. The cause and manner of his death were variously and not satis- factorily accounted for. The event created doubts as to the farther attachment of those important allies at such a critical juncture. Thus far, the war in the south had been carried on experi- mentally, by both parties, in threatening proclamations; and, when those were found to be of no effect, by rangers, scouts, and riflemen, for want of regular troops, or of materials to form them in a thinly-peopled country. In the north, resist- ance to the king's armies became more systematic and violent; and the American forces, now joined by the French and Spa- niards, were more successful. Policy, or necessity, prescribed a change of measures to the British ;--Georgia and the Carolinas became the theatre of war. General Prevost left Florida to be guarded by the militia, and marched into Georgia, with a considerable force of regulars and others, who endured many hardships, having been obliged to depend on oysters for food. On the 6th of January, 1779, he took possession ofSunbury, and subsequent- ly of Savannah and Augusta ; thus securing East Florida from any encroachments. Colonel Brown had succeeded in bring- ing over the Indians from the Cassetas, Big Talassies, and  HISTORY. 31 HISTORY. 31 HISTORY. 31 Oakfuskies, (towns in favour of the Americans,) and prevailed upon them, by what was termed a pardonable artittce, to annoy the settlers on the Georgia frontiers. From 2000 to 3000 of them marched to the aid of General Campbell, whom the Cherokees also had promised to join, as soon as required; notwithstanding the exertions used, and great encouragement offered, to dissuade them, by Don B. de Galvez, a young enterprising General in the Spanish service, and Governor of Louisiana, who besieged Pensacola, and became master of West Florida on the 21st of September, 1779. The loss sustained by the British in the west, was not counterbalanced by the temporary conquests they made in Georgia ; where they were most formidably assailed, in Oc- tober of the same year, (1780,) by the combined forces of the United States and France, under Count D'Estaing who allowed General Prevost, by a ruse de guerre, time to fortify Savannah, and to receive such reinforcements as to oblige the Count to retire, to the astonishment of the besieged, and the no small mortification and detriment of the allied forces. This state of things carried the war out of East Florida; so that the province had, from various quarters, an increase of population, seeking repose, and looking to it as an asylum to repair their misfortunes : but they demanded a representative form of government, which was soon admitted in the manner prescribed by royal authority in 1763. About this time, the British government was vascillating between the extremes of adopting a lenient policy, or a rigor- ous course, in prosecuting a war which had become formida- ble from the accession of powerful allies to the American Oakfuskies, (towns in favour of the Americans,) and prevailed upon them, by what was termed a pardonable artiice, to annoy the settlers on the Georgia frontiers. From 2000 to 3000 of them marched to the aid of General Campbell, whom the Cherokees also had promised to join, as soon as required; notwithstanding the exertions used, and great encouragement offered, to dissuade them, by Don B. de Galvez, a young enterprising General in the Spanish service, and Governor of Louisiana, who besieged Pensacola, and became master of West Florida on the 21st of September, 1779. The loss sustained by the British in the west, was not counterbalanced by the temporary conquests they made in Georgia ; where they were most formidably assailed, in Oc- tober of the same year, (1780,) by the combined forces of the United States and France, under Count D'Estaing; who allowed General Prevost, by a ruse de guerre, time to fortify Savannah, and to receive such reinforcements as to oblige the Count to retire, to the astonishment of the besieged, and the no small mortification and detriment of the allied forces. This state of things carried the war out of East Florida; so that the province had, from various quarters, an increase of population, seeking repose, and looking to it as an asylum to repair their misfortunes : but they demanded a representative form of government, which was soon admitted in the manner prescribed by royal authority in 1763. About this time, the British government was vascillating between the extremes of adopting a lenient policy, or a rigor. ous course, in prosecuting a war which had become formida- ble from the accession of powerful allies to the American Oakfuskies, (towns in favour of the Americans,) and prevailed upon them, by what was termed a pardonable artifie, to annoy the settlers on the Georgia frontiers. From 2000 to 3000 of them marched to the aid of General Campbell, whom the Cherokees also had promised to join, as soon as required; notwithstanding the exertions used, and great encouragement offered, to dissuade them, by Don B. de Galvez, a young enterprising General in the Spanish service, and Governor of Louisiana, who besieged Pensacola, and became master of West Florida on the 21st of September, 1779. The loss sustained by the British in the west, was not counterbalanced by the temporary conquests they made in Georgia ; where they were most formidably assailed, in Oc- tober of the same year, (1780,) by the combined forces of the United States and France, under Count D'Estaing; who allowed General Prevost, by a ruse de guerre, time to fortify Savannah, and to receive such reinforcements as to oblige the Count to retire, to the astonishment of the besieged, and the no small mortification and detriment of the allied forces. This state of things carried the war out of East Florida; so that the province had, from various quarters, an increase of population, seeking repose, and looking to it as an asylum to repair their misfortunes : but they demanded a representative form of government, which was soon admitted in the manner prescribed by royal authority in 1763. About this time, the British government was vascillating between the extremes of adopting a lenient policy, or a rigor. ous course, in prosecuting a war which had become formida- ble from the accession of powerful allies to the American  32 HISTORY. cause. While its armies were compelled to submit to the former policy, the commanders in the south resorted to an opposite and less conciliatory course, by laying violent hands upon some of the most respectable and most illustrious citizens in the Carolinas, as will be seen by the following list of their names, arranged in alphabetical order: John Budd, Edward Blake, Joseph Bee, Richard Beresford, John Ber- wick, D. Bordeaux, Robert Cochrane, Benjamin Cudworth, H. V. Crouch, J. S. Cripps, Edward Darrell, Daniel Des- saussure, John Edwards, George Flagg, Thomas Ferguson, General Gadsden, William Hazil Gibbes, Thomas Grimball, William Hall, Thomas Hall, George A. Hall, Isaac Holmes, Thomas Heyward, jun. Richard Hutson, Noble William Jones, William Johnstone, John Loveday, William Living- stone, William See, Richard Lushington, William Logan, Rev. I. Lewis, William Massey, Alexander Moultrie, Arthur Middleton, Edward M'Bready, John Mowatt, Edward North, John Neufville, Joseph Parker, Christopher Peters, Benjamin Postell, Samuel Prideaux, John Ornes Poyas, Edward Rut- ledge, Dr. David Ramsay, General Jacob Reed, Hugh Rut- ledge, John Samsam, Thomas Sarage, Josiah Smith, Thomas Singleton, Philip Smith, James Hambden Thomson, John Todd, Peter Timothy, Anthony Toomer, Edward Weyman, Benjamin Walter, Morton Wilkinson, and James Wakefield. Of these sixty-one gentlemen of high standing and character, forty were most ungraciously transported from Charleston, in August, 1780, to St. Augustine and in a few months after, the remainder were compelled to submit, in spite of every remonstrance, to similar atrocities, and dragged from their 32 HISTORY. cause. While its armies were compelled to submit to the former policy, the commanders in the south resorted to an opposite and less conciliatory course, by laying violent hands upon some of the most respectable and most illustrious citizens in the Carolinas, as will be seen by the following list of their names, arranged in alphabetical order: John Budd, Edward Blake, Joseph Bee, Richard Beresford, John Ber- wick, D. Bordeaux, Robert Cochrane, Benjamin Cudworth, H. V. Crouch, J. S. Cripps, Edward Darrell, Daniel Des- saussure, John Edwards, George Flagg, Thomas Ferguson, General Gadsden, William Hazil Gibbes, Thomas Grimball, William Hall, Thomas Hall, George A. Hall, Isaac Holmes, Thomas Heyward, jun. Richard Hutson, Noble William Jones, William Johnstone, John Loveday, William Living- stone, William See, Richard Lushington, William Logan, Rev. I. Lewis, William Massey, Alexander Moultrie, Arthur Middleton, Edward M'Bready, John Mowatt, Edward North, John Neufville, Joseph Parker, Christopher Peters, Benjamin Postell, Samuel Prideaux, John Ornes Poyas, Edward Rut- ledge, Dr. David Ramsay, General Jacob Reed, Hugh Rut- ledge, John Samsam, Thomas Sarage, Josiah Smith, Thomas Singleton, Philip Smith, James Hambden Thomson, John Todd, Peter Timothy, Anthony Toomer, Edward Weyman, Benjamin Walter, Morton Wilkinson, and James Wakefield. Of these sixty-one gentlemen of high standing and character, forty were most ungraciously transported from Charleston, in August, 1780, to St. Augustine and in a few months after, the remainder were compelled to submit, in spite of every remonstrance, to similar atrocities, and dragged from their 32 HISTORY. cause. While its armies were compelled to submit to the former policy, the commanders in the south resorted to an opposite and less conciliatory course, by laying violent hands upon some of the most respectable and most illustrious citizens in the Carolinas, as will be seen by the following list of their names, arranged in alphabetical order: John Budd, Edward Blake, Joseph Bee, Richard Beresford, John Ber- wick, D. Bordeaux, Robert Cochrane, Benjamin Cudworth, H. V. Crouch, J. S. Cripps, Edward Darrell, Daniel Des- saussure, John Edwards, George Flagg, Thomas Ferguson, General Gadsden, William Hazil Gibbes, Thomas Grimball, William Hall, Thomas Hall, George A. Hall, Isaac Holmes, Thomas Heyward, jun. Richard Hutson, Noble William Jones, William Johnstone, John Loveday, William Living- stone, William See, Richard Lushington, William Logan, Rev. I. Lewis, William Massey, Alexander Moultrie, Arthur Middleton, Edward M'Bready, John Mowatt, Edward North, John Neufville, Joseph Parker, Christopher Peters, Benjamin Postell, Samuel Prideaux, John Ornes Poyas, Edward Rut- ledge, Dr. David Ramsay, General Jacob Reed, Hugh Rut- ledge, John Samsam, Thomas Sarage, Josiah Smith, Thomas Singleton, Philip Smith, James Hambden Thomson, John Todd, Peter Timothy, Anthony Toomer, Edward Weyman, Benjamin Walter, Morton Wilkinson, and James Wakefield. Of these sixty-one gentlemen of high standing and character, forty were most ungraciously transported from Charleston, in August, 1780, to St. Augustine and in a few months after, the remainder were compelled to submit, in spite of every remonstrance, to similar atrocities, and dragged from their  HISTORY. 33 HISTORY. 33 HISTORY. 33 homes and families, to the comfortless quarters of a garrison town, in which they were all paroled, excepting the vene- rable General Gadsden, who inflexibly disdained the prof- fered indulgence, and was committed to the fort, in which he remained many months a close prisoner. This harsh measure, which, without farther explanation, was called one of imperious policy by the officer enforcing it, little corresponded with the overtures for a pacification con- templated experimentally by the government at home. It tended, however, to improve the culture of liberty in the Parson's orange groves, in which these gentlemen were per- mitted to vegetate, and to increase the number of disaffected, rather than to excite the inhabitants to acts of aggression against the party on account of their principles, as was hoped on the part of the leading royalists. General Ruthefford and Colonel Isaacs, of North Carolina, were exiled to Florida at the same time. This assemblage of republican luminaries, transferred from their natural sphere of action to the capital of East Florida, fortuitously took place at a period when the Governor could no longer defer the meeting of an assembly of royalists, au- thorized by act of parliament seventeen years before, and now strongly urged by the people. The immediate conjuncture of circumstances so highly im- portant to the province, about to change its political state, and involving the liberties of its inhabitants, were objects of lively interest to the community, and perplexing to the poli- tician ; of this the reader may judge, by referring to the cor- respondence, and other official documents, that follow. 5 homes and families, to the comfortless quarters of a garrison town, in which they were all paroled, excepting the vene- rable General Gadsden, who inflexibly disdained the prof- fered indulgence, and was committed to the fort, in which he remained many months a close prisoner. This harsh measure, which, without farther explanation, was called one of imperious policy by the officer enforcing it, little corresponded with the overtures for a pacification con- templated experimentally by the government at home. It tended, however, to improve the culture of liberty in the Parson's orange groves, in which these gentlemen were per- mitted to vegetate, and to increase the number of disaffected, rather than to excite the inhabitants to acts of aggression against the party on account of their principles, as was hoped on the part of the leading royalists. General Ruthefford and Colonel Isaacs, of North Carolina, were exiled to Florida at the same time. This assemblage of republican luminaries, transferred from their natural sphere of action to the capital of East Florida, fortuitously took place at a period when the Governor could no longer defer the meeting of an assembly of royalists, au- thorized by act of parliament seventeen years before, and now strongly urged by the people. The immediate conjuncture of circumstances so highly im- portant to the province, about to change its political state, and involving the liberties of its inhabitants, were objects of lively interest to the community, and perplexing to the poli- tician ; of this the reader may judge, by referring to the cor- respondence, and other official documents, that follow.- homes and families, to the comfortless quarters of a garrison town, in which they were all paroled, excepting the vene- rable General Gadsden, who inflexibly disdained the prof- fered indulgence, and was committed to the fort, in which he remained many months a close prisoner. This harsh measure, which, without farther explanation, was called one of imperious policy by the officer enforcing it, little corresponded with the overtures for a pacification con- templated experimentally by the government at home. It tended, however, to improve the culture of liberty in the Parson's orange groves, in which these gentlemen were per- mitted to vegetate, and to increase the number of disaffected, rather than to excite the inhabitants to acts of aggression against the party on account of their principles, as was hoped on the part of the leading royalists. General Ruthefford and Colonel Isaacs, of North Carolina, were exiled to Florida at the same time. This assemblage of republican luminaries, transferred from their natural sphere of action to the capital of East Florida, fortuitously took place at a period when the Governor could no longer defer the meeting of an assembly of royalists, au- thorized by act of parliament seventeen years before, and now strongly urged by the people. The immediate conjuncture of circumstances so highly im- portant to the province, about to change its political state, and involving the liberties of its inhabitants, were objects of lively interest to the community, and perplexing to the poli- tician ; of this the reader may judge, by referring to the cor- respondence, and other official documents, that follow. 5  s4 HISTORY. 34 HISTORY. HISTORY. Extract of a letter fromt Governor Tonyn to Lord George Ger- maine, Secretary of State. It is with peculiar satisfaction that I assure your Lordship, that since the departure of Monsieur d'Estaing, we have, without danger, or the apprehension of it, and unmolested, carried on the internal business of the province, in advancing agriculture, and furnishing naval stores and lumber for the West India market. The season has been remarkably rainy, and the planters have raised sufficient provisions for their own consumption, and for the supply of this town, and increased their stock of negroes, by which means the price of grain has fallen from ten shillings to six shillings a bushel; and was the garrison properly supplied, grain, beef, and every kind of pro- visions, would be greatly reduced, and we should stand in no need of assistance, as formerly, from the neighbouring colo- nies. The number of negroes continue to increase. The province is exceedingly healthy, which has not been the case in Carolina and Georgia ; yet a desire of novelty, more ex- tensive prospect of trade, and the circulation of money with the army, has led some merchants, and others, to return to their former settlements. As an inducement to detain the most useful and industrious part of the community, I have given assurances that his Ma- jesty, through your Lordship's recommendation, is to build a fort immediately at the mouth of the St. Marys, for the pro- tection of trade to the northward ; and that a house of assem- bly shall be called in the course of the winter, to regulate our internal police, and to make a few local laws. Extract of a letter from Governor Tonyn to Lord George Ger- maine, Secretary of State. It is with peculiar satisfaction that I assure your Lordship, that since the departure of Monsieur d'Estaing, we have, without danger, or the apprehension of it, and unmolested, carried on the internal business of the province, in advancing agriculture, and furnishing naval stores and lumber for the West India market. The season has been remarkably rainy, and the planters have raised suficient provisions for theirown consumption, and for the supply of this town, and increased their stock of negroes, by which means the price of grain has fallen from ten shillings to six shillings a bushel ; and was the garrison properly supplied, grain, beef, and every kind of pro- visions, would be greatly reduced, and we should stand in no need of assistance, as formerly, from the neighbouring colo. nies. The number of negroes continue to increase. The province is exceedingly healthy, which has not been the case in Carolina and Georgia; yet a desire of novelty, more ex. tensive prospect of trade, and the circulation of money with the army, has led some merchants, and others, to return to their former settlements. As an inducement to detain the most useful and industrious part of the community, I have given assurances that his Ma- jesty, through your Lordship's recommendation, is to build a fort immediately at the mouth of the St. Marys, for the pro- tection of trade to the northward ; and that a house of assem- bly shall be called in the course of the winter, to regulate our internal police, and to make a few local laws. Extract of a letter from Governor Tonyn to Lord George Ger- maine, Secretary of State. It is with peculiar satisfaction that I assure your Lordship, that since the departure of Monsieur d'Estaing, we have, without danger, or the apprehension of it, and unmolested, carried on the internal business of the province, in advancing agriculture, and furnishing naval stores and lumber for the West India market. The season has been remarkably rainy, and the planters have raised suflicient provisions for their own consumption, and for the supply of this town, and increased their stock of negroes, by which means the price of grain has fallen from ten shillings to six shillings a bushel; and was the garrison properly supplied, grain, beef, and every kind of pro- visions, would be greatly reduced, and we should stand in no need of assistance, as formerly, from the neighbouring colo. nies. The number of negroes continue to increase. The province is exceedingly healthy, which has not been the case in Carolina and Georgia ; yet a desire of novelty, more ex- tensive prospect of trade, and the circulation of money with the army, has led some merchants, and others, to return to their former settlements. As an inducement to detain the most useful and industrious part of the community, I have given assurances that his Ma. jesty, through your Lordship's recommendation, is to build a fort immediately at the mouth of the St. Marys, for the pro- tection of trade to the northward ; and that a house of assem- bly shall be called in the course of the winter, to regulate our internal police, and to make a few local laws.  HISTORY. 35 HISTORY. 35 HISTORY. 35 The speedy settlement of the northern part of this province, will induce many valuable families and loyal subjects to re- main in this country ; whereas, if this is to remain unprotect- ed, we shall be infested by thieves and robbers from that quarter, and the merchant and planter must continue to suf- fer for want of a good port, as at present the channel of com- merce is through Charleston, by which a double freight and insurance is laid upon all exports and imports. There are above 20,000 barrels of turpentine, and a variety of other stores, now on the planters hands, at St. John's river, for want of a market. I have, my Lord, maturely weighed the expediency, neces- sity, advantages and disadvantages, benefit and danger, of con- voking a house of representatives ; and nothing but the neces- sity of it, (to remove deep-rooted prejudices,) for the benefit of this province, could have induced me to request instruc- tions from your Lordship, relative thereto, how to pro- ceed farther on this point; but these great objects must actuate my conduct, and determine me to take this arduous and dangerous step. I perceive the cry for a provincial legislature, to remedy local inconveniences, is as loud as ever ; and suggestions are thrown out, that without it, people's property is not secure, and that they must live in a country where they can enjoy, in their utmost extent, the advantages of the British constitu- tion, and laws formed with their consent. But mention the expediency, propriety, reasonableness, justice and gratitude of imposing taxes for the expenses of government, they are all silent, or so exceedingly poor as not to be able to pay the east farthing. The speedy settlement of the northern part of this province, will induce many valuable families and loyal subjects to re- main in this country ; whereas, if this is to remain unprotect- ed, we shall be infested by thieves and robbers from that quarter, and the merchant and planter must continue to suf- fer for want of a good port, as at present the channel of com- merce is through Charleston, by which a double freight and insurance is laid upon all exports and imports. There are above 20,000 barrels of turpentine, and a variety of other stores, now on the planters hands, at St. John's river, for want of a market. I have, my Lord, maturely weighed the expediency, neces- sity, advantages and disadvantages, benefit and danger, of con- voking a house of representatives; and nothing but the neces- sity of it, (to remove deep-rooted prejudices,) for the benefit of this province, could have induced me to request instruc- tions from your Lordship, relative thereto, how to pro- ceed farther on this point; but these great objects must actuate my conduct, and determine me to take this arduous and dangerous step. I perceive the cry for a provincial legislature, to remedy local inconveniences, is as loud as ever ; and suggestions are thrown out, that without it, people's property is not secure, and that they must live in a country where they can enjoy, in their utmost extent, the advantages of the British constitu- tion, and laws formed with their consent. But mention the expediency, propriety, reasonableness, justice and gratitude of imposing taxes for the expenses of government, they are all silent, or so exceedingly poor as not to be able to pay the east farthing. The speedy settlement of the northern part of this province, will induce many valuable families and loyal subjects to re- main in this country ; whereas, if this is to remain unprotect- ed, we shall be infested by thieves and robbers from that quarter, and the merchant and planter must continue to suf- fer for want of a good port, as at present the channel of com- merce is through Charleston, by which a double freight and insurance is laid upon all exports and imports. There are above 20,000 barrels of turpentine, and a variety of other stores, now on the planters hands, at St. John's river, for want of a market. I have, my Lord, maturely weighed the expediency, neces- sity, advantages and disadvantages, benefit and danger, of con- voking a house of representatives ; and nothing but the neces- sity of it, (to remove deep-rooted prejudices,) for the benefit of this province, could have induced me to request instruc- tions from your Lordship, relative thereto, how to pro- ceed farther on this point ; but these great objects must actuate my conduct, and determine me to take this arduous and dangerous step. I perceive the cry for a provincial legislature, to remedy local inconveniences, is as loud as ever; and suggestions are thrown out, that without it, people's property is not secure, and that they must live in a country where they can enjoy, in their utmost extent, the advantages of the British constitu- tion, and laws formed with their consent. But mention the expediency, propriety, reasonableness, justice and gratitude of imposing taxes for the expenses of government, they are all silent, or so exceedingly poor as not to be able to pay the east farthing.  36 HSISTOR. 36 ISTORY. 36 HISTORY. Notwithstanding, my Lord, that this is in general the temper of the people, I purpose to issue writs for a general election of representatives, to meet the beginning of the year, I foresee other inconveniences, arising from several of the principal rebel prisoners being sent here from Charles- ton, who may poison the minds of the people; although to prevent this, and for their former conduct, they are treated with great contempt, and to have any friendly intercourse with them, is considered as a mark of disrespect to his Majesty, and displeasing to me. It is my most earnest wish, and chief endeavour, strictly to comply with every instruction I have the honour of receiving from his majesty, communicated to me by your Lordship; but the late date of your Lordship's letters, and other circum- stances, often puts it out of my power ; and it is with an exultation of joy and gratitude that I render your Lordship my sincere thanks for the favorable light in which your Lordship has viewed my endeavors in his Majesty's service, and re- commended to the treasury the payment of my reasonable and necessary expenditures. Your Lordship's letter, in which you inform me that no allowance is made for Indian presents, I only received lately; before which, considerable expenses had been incurred, and usually discharged from that fund, which I am confident your Lordship will discharge. With respect to my future conduct, I beg leave to inform your Lordship, that the Indians have ever been well received here; that they have been of great service, in protecting the province against the repeated incursions of the rebels ; that a body of them is settled within a few miles of the set- Notwithstanding, my Lord, that this is in general the temper of the people, I purpose to issue writs for a general election of representatives, to meet the beginning of the year, I foresee other inconveniences, arising from several of the principal rebel prisoners being sent here from Charles- ton, who may poison the minds of the people; although to prevent this, and for their former conduct, they are treated with great contempt, and to have any friendly intercourse with them, is considered as a mark of disrespect to his Majesty, and displeasing to me. It is my most earnest wish, and chief endeavour, strictly to comply with every instruction I have the honour of receiving from his majesty, communicated to me by your Lordship; but the late date of your Lordship's letters, and other circum- stances, often puts it out of my power ; and it is with an exultation of joy and gratitude that I render your Lordship my sincere thanks for the favorable light in which your Lordship has viewed my endeavors in his Majesty's service, and re- commended to the treasury the payment of my reasonable and necessary expenditures. Your Lordship's letter, in which you inform me that no allowance is made for Indian presents, I only received lately; before which, considerable expenses had been incurred, and usually discharged from that fund, which I am confident your Lordship will discharge. With respect to my future conduct, I beg leave to inform your Lordship, that the Indians have ever been well received here; that they have been of great service, in protecting the province against the repeated incursions of the rebels ; that a body of them is settled within a few miles of the set- Notwithstanding, my Lord that this is in general the temper of the people, I purpose to issue writs for a general election of representatives, to meet the beginning of the year. I foresee other inconveniences, arising from several of the principal rebel prisoners being sent heere from Charles- ton, who may poison the minds of the people; although to prevent this, and for their former conduct, they are treated with great contempt, and to have any friendly intercourse with them, is considered as a mark of disrespect to his Majesty, and displeasing to me. It is my most earnest wish, and chief endeavour, strictly to comply with every instruction I have the honour of receiving from his majesty, communicated to me by your Lordship; but the late date of your Lordship's letters, and other circum- stances, often puts it out of my power ; and it is with an exultation of joy and gratitude that I render your Lordship my sincere thanks for the favorable light in which your Lordship has viewed my endeavors in his Majesty's service, and re- commended to the treasury the payment of my reasonable and necessary expenditures. Your Lordship's letter, in which you inform me that no allowance is made for Indian presents, I only received lately; before which, considerable expenses had been incurred, and usually discharged from that fund, which I am confident your Lordship will discharge. With respect to my future conduct, I beg leave to inform your Lordship, that the Indians have ever been well received here; that they have been of great service, in protecting the province against the repeated incursions of the rebels ; that a body of them is settled within a few miles of the set-  HISTORY. 37 tlements on St. John's river ; and that by withdrawing their usual supplies, which they will impute to our dissatisfaction with them, or to our poverty, they will readily side with the rebels or Spaniards. The murder of one man by them, would soon break up our settlements, and unpeople the province, which is not yet established. Moreover, the Indian fund answered many other necessary purposes, such as ferry boat expenses. So that, I hope your Lordship will order payment of the necessary expenditures for this year, and recommend to parliament some reasonable provision for the succeeding ; especially, as the civil depart- ment will be considered, in times of peace, I humbly pre- sume, the most proper for regulating the Indian department. Extract of a letter from Governor Tonyn to Lord George Germaine, Secretary of State. St. Augustine, 1780. Apprehending, my Lord, upon grounds already communi- cated by me to your Lordship, that the court of Spain intend- ed to invade this province, I have used my utmost efforts to strengthen the fortifications, by repairing both lines of the town, which are now formidable, and adding several new works, the main burden and expense of which, my Lord, has fallen upon the inhabitants, who have for several months had a considerable part of their negroes employed at the King's works. I have repeatedly represented the defenceless state of the province to his Majesty's commander in chief of the army HISTORY. 37 tlements on St. John's river ; and that by withdrawing their usual supplies, which they will impute to our dissatisfaction with them, or to our poverty, they will readily side with the rebels or Spaniards. The murder of one man by them, would soon break up our settlements, and unpeople the province, which is not yet established. Moreover, the Indian fund answered many other necessary purposes, such as ferry boat expenses. So that, I hope your Lordship will order payment of the necessary expenditures for this year, and recommend to parliament some reasonable provision for the succeeding ; especially, as the civil depart- ment will be considered, in times of peace, I humbly pre- sume, the most proper for regulating the Indian department. Extract of a letter from Governor Tonyn to Lord George Germaine, Secretary of State. St. Augustine, 1780. Apprehending, my Lord, upon grounds already communi- cated by me to your Lordship, that the court of Spain intend- ed to invade this province, I have used my utmost efforts to strengthen the fortifications, by repairing both lines of the town, which are now formidable, and adding several new works, the main burden and expense of which, my Lord, has fallen upon the inhabitants, who have for several months had a considerable part of their negroes employed at the King's works. I have repeatedly represented the defenceless state of the province to his Majesty's commander in chief of the army HISTORY. 37 tlements on St. John's river ; and that by withdrawing their usual supplies, which they will impute to our dissatisfaction with them, or to our poverty, they will readily side with the rebels or Spaniards. The murder of one man by them, would soon break up our settlements, and unpeople the province, which is not yet established. Moreover, the Indian fund answered many other necessary purposes, such as ferry boat expenses. So that, I hope your Lordship will order payment of the necessary expenditures for this year, and recommend to parliament some reasonable provision for the succeeding ; especially, as the civil depart- ment will be considered, in times of peace, I humbly pre- sume, the most proper for regulating the Indian department. Extract of a letter from Governor Tonyn to Lord George Germaine, Secretary of State. St. Augustine, 1780. Apprehending, my Lord, upon grounds already communi- cated by me to your Lordship, that the court of Spain intend- ed to invade this province, I have used my utmost efforts to strengthen the fortifications, by repairing both lines of the town, which are now formidable, and adding several new works, the main burden and expense of which, my Lord, has fallen upon the inhabitants, who have for several months had a considerable part of their negroes employed at the King's works. I have repeatedly represented the defenceless state of the province to his Majesty's commander in chief of the army  38 HISTORY. and navy, and the commnanding officers of the district ; hut, moy Lord, to little effect. And, svithut particulor instrctiosss from your Lordship, restroined oslI amb htis Majesty's gene- ral instructions, my representations will he wcithout effect. Lost Jone, Lieut. Colonel Clarke* and ColonelDurford of ste engineers,uarrived here,oand returnedto Savaunahin a fesv weeks, carrying switht them the small reinforcemntof troops they brought, and tthe King's artiftcers :howevrI hove the satisfaction to inform year Lordship, that thec works are alsmost compteted, under thre direction of Cuptain Bue- rard,t of the 60th regiment, whose judgment antd close esten- tion deserve commendation. Sevraut galleys, mounoting use and two twenty-four pounders, have heenhbuilt for she de- fencerofthenhar: theysare notmanned, thoghlIhave putn embhargo on all vessels fee sin weelks past, greatly prejudicial to the commercial interests, to facilitate the mntter. I pro- posed to Lieut. ColoneltSkinneretocommission officers,swho would enlistmen fortthat service, tohbein readiness in cs ofan invasion, and notto receive pay until on actualtsrvice. By this means, my Lord, many of them migt follow, in the meran time, ether occupations, and would he secure against being impressed on hoard the King's ships. It is with deep concern that I take this opportunity of sig- nifying to yourr lordship my apprehensions of danger in case of an attackby ha formidahle force. The stale of the garrion, although esceeding healthy, is very inconsiderahle. The militia does ot consist, for com- 6 HISTORY. and navy, and the commanding officers of the disleict; hut, my Lord, to litle effect. Ansd, without particular restractions from your Lordship, retrained us1 e m hy htis Maerst's gene- ral instructiotts, my representations will he withtout effec. Last June, Lieut. Colontel Clarhe* and Culonl Dutesfurd of the engieers, arrivedhr,and retured to Svannahin anfew weeks, carryinsgswiths them the small reinforcemntof troops they hrossght, ansd thse Kinsg's artificers : howrsver, 1 have the satisfuction to inform your Lordship, shut thse storks are almost completed, undes stse direction of Capsule Bus- rard,t of the 60th regiment, whose judgtment ansd close atten- tion deservecommendation. Several gallrys, mounting one and two twenty-four pounders, hace hera built foe she de- fenceeofthehbar :they are not manned, thoughlIhave putan embargo en all vessels fur sin weeku past, greatly prejudicial to the commercial interests, tn facilitate the matter. I pro- posed to Lieut. Colonel Skinner to commission ollierso. whlo would enlist men for that serice, tohbein reedines, in cs of antinvasion,anad nottorceie payntilon actual rsetvic. By this means, my Lord, many of them mighst follow, in the mean timr, ether occupations, and would he secure against heing impressed on hoard the King's ships. It is with deep concern that I tahe this opportunity of sig- nifying to yousr lordship my apprehensions of danger in cs of an attack hy a formidahle force. The slate of the garrison, although exceeding healthy, is very inconsiderahle. The militia does not consist, foe come- 38 HISTORY. and navy, and the commanding officers of the district ; hat, my Lord, to little effect. And, without particular instructions from your Lordship, restrained as I sin hy hi, Mtajesty's gesse- ral instructionss,my representations willhbeithoutsffec. Last June, Lieut. Colonel Clare* and Colonel Drford of the engineers, arrived her, and returned toSaanuahin a few weks, carryinsgswithsthem the smelt reinfurceentof troops they hrousght, ansd thse King's artificers :however, I have the satisfection to infurm your Lordship, that ste works ore almost completed, onder the dirrection of Captein Bus- rard,t of the 6th regiment, whose judgmrent eand close aten- lion deserve commendation. Sevesul galleys, mountisgon and two twenty-four pounders, have hes hbuilt for the de- free of the har: they ore not mansard, though I hove pat an emhargoaonll vessels for sixweeks past, grealy prjdicial toathe commercial inerests, to facilitate the mutter. I pro- posed to Lieut. Colonel Shinner to commission officers.wh would enlist men for that service, to he in readiness in case of aninvasion,nand notltoreceiverpay until on actoalservice. By this means, my Lord, many of them might follow, in the mran lime, ether occupations, and would he secure against being impressed on hoard the King's ships. Illis with deep concern that I tahe this opportunity of sig- nifying to your lordship my apprehensions of dangrr in cs ef an attack hy a formidahle force. The state of the garrison, although exceeding healthy, is very inconsiderahle. The militia does net consist, for com- " ir Alansd. 1 n~Si-r. 0 i lureasd. tSir Harry. t ir Atassd. i Sir Harry.  HISTORY. 39 HISTORY. 39 HISTORY. 39 mon service, of above : several are Minorcans, and I have my doubts of their loyalty, being of Spanish and French extraction, and of the Roman Catholic religion. The Seminole Indians, 800 gunmen, have been employed in scouting parties along the coast, since the surrender of West Florida. They are well affected, and I can confide in the head men. But the body of the nation are far from be- ing satisfied with the economy that prevails in that depart- ment : and Spanish emissaries are not wanting to foster dis- content. As the aid of Indians will be of the utmost importance to us in our weak state, I proposed to conciliate and secure their affections by engaging to meet them in congress at St. John's river in October. However, I could procure neither provisions nor presents for that purpose, the Indian presents your Lordship was pleased to direct to be sent to me not be- ing arrived, and it is with difficulty I can supply straggling parties with a few strouds and a little rice. But, my Lord, how can I render the Indians serviceable, when I can have neither presents nor provisions but by an application through the commanding officer of the troops to a deputy commissary of the superintendant of Indian affairs ? And were I disposed to lead them to action, I should be at a loss, so circumstanced, by whom they were to be conducted, and by whom officered and fed. The General Assembly, my Lord, have enacted strict rules for regulating the militia, and obliging all the male inhabi- tants to enroll and serve. I have applied to your Lord- ship and to , to have 3,000 stand of arms laid in for mon service, of above : several are Minorcan, and I have my doubts of their loyalty, being of Spanish and French extraction, and of the Roman Catholic religion. The Seminole Indians, 800 gunmen, have been employed in scouting parties along the coast, since the surrender of West Florida. They are well affected, and t can confide in the head men. But the body of the nation are far from be- ing satisfied with the economy that prevails in that depart- ment : and Spanish emissaries are not wanting to foster dis- content. As the aid of Indians will be of the utmost importance to us in our weak state, I proposed to conciliate and secure their affections by engaging to meet them in congress at St John's river in October. However, I could procure neither provisions nor presents for that purpose, the Indian presents your Lordship was pleased to direct to be sent to me not be- ing arrived, and it is with difficulty I can supply straggling parties with a few strouds and a little rice. But, my Lord, how can I render the Indians serviceable, when I can have neither presents nor provisions but by an application through the commanding officer of the troops to a deputy commissary of the superintendant of Indian affairs ? And were I disposed to lead them to action, I should be at a loss, so circumstanced, by whom they were to be conducted, and by whom officered and fed. The General Assembly, my Lord, have enacted strict rules for regulating the militia, and obliging all the male inhabi- tants to enroll and serve. I have applied to your Lord- ship and to , to have 3,000 stand of arms laid in for mon service, of above-- : several are Minorcans, and I have my doubts of their loyalty, being of Spanish and French extraction, and of the Roman Catholic religion. The Seminole Indians., 800 gunmen, have been employed in scouting parties along the coast, since the surrender of West Florida. They are well affected, and I can confide in the head men. But the body of the nation are far from be- ing satisfied with the economy that prevails in that depart- ment : and Spanish emissaries are not wanting to foster dis- content. As the aid of Indians will be of the utmost importance to us in our weak state, I proposed to conciliate and secure their affections by engaging to meet them in congress at St. John's river in October. However, I could procure neither provisions nor presents for that purpose, the Indian presents your Lordship was pleased to direct to be sent to me not be- ing arrived, and it is with difficulty I can supply straggling parties with a few strouds and a little rice. But, my Lord, how can I render the Indians serviceable, when I can have neither presents nor provisions but by an application through the commanding officer of the troops to a deputy commissary of the superintendant of Indian affairs ? And were I disposed to lead them to action, I should be at a loss, so circumstanced, by whom they were to be conducted, and by whom officered and fed. The General Assembly, my Lord, have enacted strict rules for regulating the militia, and obliging all the male inhabi- tants to enroll and serve. I have applied to your Lord- ship and to , to have 3,000 stand of arms laid in for  40 40 40 HISTORY. HISTORY. HISTORY. their use in lieu of those given to . Fifteen hundred stand of arms have arrived, with other military stores, and are lodged in the fort. But my applications to the command- ing officer have been ineffectual: arms have been abso- lutely refused ; and neither arms nor military stores, of any kind, are to be issued by the store-keeper without the or- der of the commandant. The officers of the militia send provisions to the guard house for the poorer sort of the inhabitants, who have been for some time doing town duty ; my application to Colonel Glazier for a day's rations having been refused. And there is a scarcity and dearth of pro- visions among the planters, from the dryness of the last sum- mer, and their principal hands having been employed in making naval stores. The enclosed list of exports for last year will not be unacceptable to your Lordship, by which it appears that 40,000 barrels of naval stores have been shipped in the course of last year ; and I flatter myself next year will give a considerable additional increase, as I look for several re- fugee families from the neighboring colonies, who shall receive every encouragement and protection in my power. The second general assembly sits in the beginning of the year; and I hope both houses will be well disposed, and pre- serve harmony in the public business. For your Lordship's inspection, is enclosed a state of the late dispute between the upper and commons houses of assembly. The cartel vessels have arrived from the Havana: the last informed me that great sickness prevailed there among the troops. their use in lieu of those given to . Fifteen hundred stand of arms have arrived, with other military stores, and are lodged in the fort. But my applications to the command- ing officer have been ineffectual: arms have been abso. lutely refused ; and neither arms nor military stores, of any kind, are to be issued by the store-keeper without the or- der of the commandant. The officers of the militia send provisions to the guard house for the poorer sort of the inhabitants, who have been for some time doing town duty; my application to Colonel Glazier for a day's rations having been refused. And there is a scarcity and dearth of pro- visions among the planters, from the dryness of the last sum- mer, and their principal hands having been employed in making naval stores. The enclosed list of exports for last year will not be unacceptable to your Lordship, by which it appears that 40,000 barrels of naval stores have been shipped in the course of last year ; and I flatter myself next year will give a considerable additional increase, as I look for several re- fugee families from the neighboring colonies, who shall receive every encouragement and protection in my power. The second general assembly sits in the beginning of the year; and I hope both houses will be well disposed, and pre- serve harmony in the public business. For your Lordship's inspection, is enclosed a state of the late dispute between the upper and commons houses of assembly. The cartel vessels have arrived from the Havana: the last informed me that great sickness prevailed there among the troops. their use in lieu of those given to . Fifteen hundred stand of arms have arrived, with other military stores, and are lodged in the fort. But my applications to the command- ing officer have been ineffectual: arms have been abso- lutely refused ; and neither arms nor military stores, of any kind, are to be issued by the store-keeper without the or- der of the commandant. The officers of the militia send provisions to the guard house for the poorer sort of the inhabitants, who have been for some time doing town duty; my application to Colonel Glazier for a day's rations having been refused. And there is a scarcity and dearth of pro- visions among the planters, from the dryness of the last sum- mer, and their principal hands having been employed in making naval stores. The enclosed list of exports for last year will not be unacceptable to your Lordship, by which it appears that 40,000 barrels of naval stores have been shipped in the course of last year ; and I flatter myself next year will give a considerable additional increase, as I look for several re- fugee families from the neighboring colonies, who shall receive every encouragement and protection in my power. The second general assembly sits in the beginning of the year; and I hope both houses will be well disposed, and pre- serve harmony in the public business. For your Lordship's inspection, is enclosed a state of the late dispute between the upper and commons houses of assembly. The cartel vessels have arrived from the Havana: the last informed me that great sickness prevailed there among the troops.  HISTORY. 41 HISTORY. 41 HISTORY. 41 Althoughyour Lordship was pleased to order the civil offi- cers of govenment who are absent to return to the province, none have as yet appeared, my Lord, and the public business is inaccurately done; no encouragement is given to persons fit for executing the different trusts; and the influence of the civil officers is wanted to strengthen government. Extract of a letter from Governor Tonyn to Lord George Ger- maine, Secretary of State. St. Augustine, January, 1781. By my last letter of - , I had the honour of informing your Lordship, that the first general assembly of this province met on - the - of-, and that the freeholders were judicious, in their election of the most substantial, sensible, and best affected persons in the province, to be their repre- sentatives, which continues to be manifested by the modera- tion, harmony, and zeal, with which they continue to expe- dite the public business. I had the honour of transmitting your Lordship the addresses and speech upon that occasion, and copies of two acts of assembly, one of which was essen- tially necessary for establishing a militia, on a footing that will, I hope, greatly contribute to the defence of his Majesty's province, whilst it is expressive of the firmest attachment to his Majesty's person and government. I have the honour of informing your Lordship, that an act has since passed, which enables me to call upon the planters for a proportion of all the negroes within the province, to work at the fortifications until they are finished. This aid 6 Although your Lordship was pleased to order the civil offi- cers of government who are absent to return to the province, none have as yet appeared, my Lord, and the public business is inaccurately done; no encouragement is given to persons fit for executing the different trusts; and the inluence of the civil officers is wanted to strengthen government. Extract of a letter from Governor Tonyn to Lord George Ger. maine, Secretary of State. St. Augustine, January, 1781. By my last letter of -, I had the honour of informing your Lordship, that the first general assembly of this province met on - the -- of-, and that the freeholders were judicious, in their election of the most substantial, sensible, and best affected persons in the province, to be their repre- sentatives, which continues to be manifested by the modera- tion, harmony, and zeal, with which they continue to expe- dite the public business. I had the honour of transmitting your Lordship the addresses and speech upon that occasion, and copies of two acts of assembly, one of which was essen- tially necessary for establishing a militia, on a footing that will, I hope, greatly contribute to the defence of his Majesty's province, whilst it is expressive of the firmest attachment to his Majesty's person and government. I have the honour of informing your Lordship, that an act has since passed, which enables me to call upon the planters for a proportion of all the negroes within the province, to work at the fortifications until they are finished. This aid Although your Lordship was pleased to order the civil offi- ners of government who are absent to return to the province, none have as yet appeared, my Lord, and the public business is inaccurately done; no encouragement is given to persons fit for executing the different trusts ; and the influence of the civil officers is wanted to strengthen government. Extract of a letter from Governor Tonyn to Lord George Ger- maine, Secretary of State. St. Augustine, January, 1781. By my last letter of -, I had the honour of informing your Lordship, that the first general assembly of this province met on- the --- of, and that the freeholders were judicious, in their election of the most substantial, sensible, and best affected persons in the province, to be their repre- sentatives, which continues to be manifested by the modera- tion, harmony, and zeal, with which they continue to expe- dite the public business. I had the honour of transmitting your Lordship the addresses and speech upon that occasion, and copies of two acts of assembly, one of which was essen- tially necessary for establishing a militia, on a footing that will, I hope, greatly contribute to the defence of his Majesty's province, whilst it is expressive of the firmest attachment to his Majesty's person and government. I have the honour of informing your Lordship, that an act has since passed, which enables me to call upon the planters for a proportion of all the negroes within the province, to work at the fortifications until they are finished. This aid 6  42 HISTORY. 42 HISTORY. 42 HISTORY. from the people, my Lord, I shall exercise with the utmost delicacy and moderation, as it is a very heavy burden at present on the planters. Copies of the journals of both houses, and of all the acts of assembly, are preparing to be transmitted to your Lordship by the first favourable opportu- nity. I am sure, from the present temper of both houses, that their deliberations will meet with his Majesty's approba- tion, and be auspicious to the future prosperity of the pro- vince. And I am confident, that the spirit of trust in govern- ment, and a determined resolution to maintain to the utmost their rights against any assailants, will not only be pleasing to their sovereign, but more cheerfully draw from his Majesty's servants on this side of the Atlantic such succour as they can afford. An Opinion on the State of the Province in thi fall of 1780, submitted to the British Government, with the reasons sug- gested for calling a House of Representatives, and forming a Provincial Legislature as soon as conveniently may be. It is known that, for several years, it has been the general sense of the inhabitants of this province, that a few regula- tions and laws are much wanted ; that to form them, a pro- vincial legislature would be highly expedient and useful; and that a cessation of calling a house would not be construed into an encroachment upon the constitution and liberty of the subject. That the want of such legislative body has been presented repeatedly as a great grievance; and that, although sometimes this was done from the influence of ambitious from the people, my Lord, I shall exercise with the utmost delicacy and moderation, as it is a very heavy burden at present on the planters. Copies of the journals of both houses, and of all the acts of assembly, are preparing to be transmitted to your Lordship by the first favourable opportu- nity. I am sure, from the present temper of both houses, that their deliberations will meet with his Majesty's approba- tion, and be auspicious to the future prosperity of the pro- vince. And I am confident, that the spirit of trust in govern- ment, and a determined resolution to maintain to the utmost their rights against any assailants, will not only be pleasing to their sovereign, but more cheerfully draw from his Majesty's servants on this side of the Atlantic such succour as they can afford. An Opinion on the State of the Province in thi fall of 1780, submitted to the British Government, with the reasons sg- gested for calling a House of Representatives, and forming a Provincial Legislature as soon as conveniently may be. It is known that, for several years, it has been the general sense of the inhabitants of this province, that a few regula- tions and laws are much wanted ; that to form them, a pro- vincial legislature would he highly expedient and useful; and that a cessation of calling a house would not be construed into an encroachment upon the constitution and liberty of the subject. That the want of such legislative body has been presented repeatedly as a great grievance ; and that, although sometimes this was done from the influence of ambitious from the people, my Lord, I shall exercise with the utmost delicacy and moderation, as it is a very heavy burden at present on the planters. Copies of the journals of both houses, and of all the acts of assembly, are preparing to be transmitted to your Lordship by the first favourable opportu- nity. I am sure, from the present temper of both houses, that their deliberations will meet with his Majesty's approba- tion, and be auspicious to the future prosperity of the pro- vince. And I am confident, that the spirit of trust in govern- ment, and a determined resolution to maintain to the utmost their rights against any assailants, will not only be pleasing to their sovereign, but more cheerfully draw from his Majesty's servants on this side of the Atlantic such succour as they can afford. An Opinion on the State of the Province in th fall of 1780, submitted to the British Government, with the reasons sug- gested for calling a House of Representatives, and forming a Provincial Legislature as soon as conveniently may be. It is known that, for several years, it has been the general sense of the inhabitants of this province, that a few regula- tions and laws are much wanted ; that to form them, a pro- vincial legislature would be highly expedient and useful; and that a cessation of calling a house would not be construed into an encroachment upon the constitution and liberty of the subject. That the want of such legislative body has been presented repeatedly as a great grievance ; and that, although sometimes this was done from the influence of ambitious  HISTORY. 48 HISTORY. 43 HISTORY. 43 men, desirous of having some weight in the administration of government, it proceeded often from the real sentiments of the people. A prejudice prevails universally, that when a provincial legislature does not exist, the people must be governed by military law. This prejudice, nothing but the forming a provincial legislature can remove. And to remove it is necessary for the content of the inhabitants now in the pro- vince, and to induce others to come from the neighbouring colonies. English subjects will never believe, without some such representation, that they enjoy the privileges and ad- vantages of the British constitution and a free government. When people are governed by laws, to which they have, or think they have, given their consent, they submit readily to any inconveniences they may suffer ; and burdens of their own imposition are easily borne. In fact, there are many local inconveniences which exist at present-such as establishing a property in negroes, regu- lating them and their punishment, and contributing to public works, and recovering of small debts, and debts due by per- sons who, though not in the province, have property in it, which cannot be attached for want of an authorizing law. These would be remedied by a legislature ; and it will be readily allowed, that whatever ordinances of council have been promulgated, have been generally ill received ; and for want of a sanction which a law would impose, have had little effect. It is generally believed, that instructions have been re- ceived from the ministry to convoke a house of assembly. men, desirous of having some weight in the administration of government, it proceeded often from the real sentiments of the people. A prejudice prevails universally, that when a provincial legislature does not exist, the people must be governed by military law. This prejudice, nothing but the forming a provincial legislature can remove. And to remove it is necessary for the content of the inhabitants now in the pro- vince, and to induce others to come from the neighbouring colonies. English subjects will never believe, without some such representation, that they enjoy the privileges and ad- vantages of the British constitution and a free government. When people are governed by laws, to which they have, or think they have, given their consent, they submit readily to any inconveniences they may suffer ; and burdens of their own imposition are easily borne. In fact, there are many local inconveniences which exist at present-such as establishing a property in negroes, regu- lating them and their punishment, and contributing to public works, and recovering of small debts, and debts due by per- sons who, though not in the province, have property in it, which cannot be attached for want of an authorizing law. These would be remedied by a legislature ; and it will be readily allowed, that whatever ordinances of council have been promulgated, have been generally ill received ; and for want of a sanction which a law would impose, have had little effect. It is generally believed, that instructions have been re- ceived from the ministry to convoke a house of assembly. men, desirous of having some weight in the administration of government, it proceeded often from the real sentiments of the people. A prejudice prevails universally, that when a provincial legislature does not exist, the people must be governed by military law. This prejudice, nothing but the forming a provincial legislature can remove. And to remove it is necessary for the content of the inhabitants now in the pro- vince, and to induce others to come from the neighbouring colonies. English subjects will never believe, without some such representation, that they enjoy the privileges and ad- vantages of the British constitution and a free government. When people are governed by laws, to which they have, or think they have, given their consent, they submit readily to any inconveniences they may suffer ; and burdens of their own imposition are easily borne. In fact, there are many local inconveniences which exist at present-such as establishing a property in negroes, regu- lating them and their punishment, and contributing to public works, and recovering of small debts, and debts due by per- sons who, though not in the province, have property in it, which cannot be attached for want of an authorizing law. These would be remedied by a legislature ; and it will be readily allowed, that whatever ordinances of council have been promulgated, have been generally ill received ; and for want of a sanction which a law would impose, have had little effect. It is generally believed, that instructions have been re- ceived from the ministry to convoke a house of assembly.  44 HISTORY. 44 HISTORY. 44 HISTORY. It is presumed that it would be justice, and pleasing to the people to know, that these instructions originated from a representation of the propriety and expediency of such a measure ; and that to form a house of representatives is per- fectly agreeable to the executive. As people in most countries know, or pretend to know, many things they have little or nothing to do with, these late suggestions respecting a provincial legislature, are by many construed into a sense not favourable to popular ap- plause, as if it was a measure forced upon the executive, or at least as if it had not sufficient confidence to put in those over whom it presides -especially, silence by the council upon this subject may give grounds for such unfavourable insinuations. Until some intimation of an intention to form a house of assembly, the sentiments of the people will not be known ; that then, they must be stifled, and methods found to dis- cover and make known their sentiments to the executive; and that although a code of laws may be framed in idea, or upon paper, they will not be exactly copied, not even from those of Georgia, where a similarity of circumstances may be sufficient reasons for adopting them. The members of the legislature will think themselves free, and will act as such. As to taxes, the province is able to bear none. Some nominal ones, however, may be adopted ; and it is reasona- ble, and would be a mark of our gratitude and good sense, to make such; and by this, lay a foundation for a revenue for defraying the expense of supporting the government of It is presumed that it would be justice, and pleasing to the people to know, that these instructions originated from a representation of the propriety and expediency of such a measure ; and that to form a house of representatives is per- fectly agreeable to the executive. As people in most countries know, or pretend to know, many things they have little or nothing to do with, these late suggestions respecting a provincial legislature, are by many construed into a sense not favourable to popular ap- plause, as if it was a measure forced upon the executive, or at least as if it had not sufficient confidence to put in those over whom it presides;-especially, silence by the council upon this subject may give grounds for such unfavourable insinuations. Until some intimation of an intention to form a house of assembly, the sentiments of the people will not be known ; that then, they must be stifled, and methods found to dis- cover and make known their sentiments to the executive; and that although a code of laws may be framed in idea, or upon paper, they will not be exactly copied, not even from those of Georgia, where a similarity of circumstances may be sufficient reasons for adopting them. The members of the legislature will think themselves free, and will act as such. As to taxes, the province is able to bear none. Some nominal ones, however, may be adopted ; and it is reasona. ble, and would be a mark of our gratitude and good sense, to make such; and by this, lay a foundation for a revenue for defraying the expense of supporting the government of It is presumed that it would be justice, and pleasing to the people to know, that these instructions originated from a representation of the propriety and expediency of such a measure ; and that to form a house of representatives is per- fectly agreeable to the executive. As people in most countries know, or pretend to know, many things they have little or nothing to do with, these late suggestions respecting a provincial legislature, are by many construed into a sense not favourable to popular ap- plause, as if it was a measure forced upon the executive, or at least as if it had not sufficient confidence to put in those over whom it presides -especially, silence by the council upon this subject may give grounds for such unfavourable insinuations. Until some intimation of an intention to form a house of assembly, the sentiments of the people will not be known ; that then, they must be stifled, and methods found to dis- cover and make known their sentiments to the executive; and that although a code of laws may be framed in idea, or upon paper, they will not be exactly copied, not even from those of Georgia, where a similarity of circumstances may be sufficient reasons for adopting them. The members of the legislature will think themselves free, and will act as such. As to taxes, the province is able to bear none. Some nominal ones, however, may be adopted ; and it is reasona- ble, and would be a mark of our gratitude and good sense, to make such; and by this, lay a foundation for a revenue for defraying the expense of supporting the government of  HISTORY. 45 HISTORY. 45 HISTORY. 45 the whole empire, and also of our own provincial exigencies, and an acknowledgment of dependence upon the supreme legislature of the whole empire. Suppose a tax for either of the above purposes upon every negro imported for sale, upon every pipe of wine or hogs- head of rum. In such cases as this, the law has a great show; the treasury and its officers alone may be supposed to know how inconsiderable the sum received is; and it would be reckoned no fraud to impose taxes that would have, in effect, no existence for some years. Establish taxes upon uncultivated lands, or take away, after a certain term of years, the private property in them. If the province will be loyal, and show gratitude, the English nition will support it in raising produce, beneficial to the mother country, and the King will continue his bounty for the support of government. The civil government in Georgia was supported for years after they had a provincial legislature, and why may not this? The mind of man is alive, and formed for novelty and schemes; and people are always pleased with the appear- ance of consequence, and works they can call their own. Upon this principle, it is apprehended, a house of assembly would be useful, and increase our numbers. Dissensions would arise, but they are a less evil. As to the expediency of imposing taxes for the purposes required, nothing is more reasonable ; and it is to be regretted we have it not in our power to take the lead, and set a laudable example to the other colonies. Georgia has, it is presumed, already made provision for the expenses of the government of the empire, the whole empire, and also of our own provincial exigencies, and an acknowledgment of dependence upon the supreme legislature of the whole empire. Suppose a tax for either of the above purposes upon every negro imported for sale, upon every pipe of wine or hogs- head of rum. In such cases as this, the law has a great show; the treasury and its officers alone may be supposed to know how inconsiderable the sum received is; and it would be reckoned no fraud to impose taxes that would have, in effect, no existence for some years. Establish taxes upon uncultivated lands, or take away, after a certain term of years, the private property in them. If the province will be loyal, and show gratitude, the English nation will support it in raising produce, beneficial to the mother country, and the King will continue his bounty for the support of government. The civil government in Georgia was supported for years after they had a provincial legislature, and why may not this ? The mind of man is alive, and formed for novelty and schemes; and people are always pleased with the appear- ance of consequence, and works they can call their own. Upon this principle, it is apprehended, a house of assembly would be useful, and increase our numbers. Dissensions would arise, but they are a less evil. As to the expediency of imposing taxes for the purposes required, nothing is more reasonable ; and it is to be regretted we have it not in our power to take the lead, and set a laudable example to the other colonies. Georgia has, it is presumed, already made provision for the expenses of the government of the empire, the whole empire, and also of our own provincial exigencies, and an acknowledgment of dependence upon the supreme legislature of the whole empire. Suppose a tax for either of the above purposes upon every negro imported for sale, upon every pipe of wine or hogs- head of rum. In such cases as this, the law has a great show; the treasury and its officers alone may be supposed to know how inconsiderable the sum received is; and it would be reckoned no fraud to impose taxes that would have, in effect, no existence for some years. Establish taxes upon uncultivated lands, or take away, after a certain term of years, the private property in them. If the province will be loyal, and show gratitude, the English nation will support it in raising produce, beneficial to the mother country, and the King will continue his bounty for the support of government. The civil government in Georgia was supported for years after they had a provincial legislature, and why may not this ? The mind of man is alive, and formed for novelty and schemes; and people are always pleased with the appear- ance of consequence, and works they can call their own. Upon this principle, it is apprehended, a house of assembly would be useful, and increase our numbers. Dissensions would arise, but they are a less evil. As to the expediency of imposing taxes for the purposes required, nothing is more reasonable ; and it is to be regretted we have it not in our power to take the lead, and set a laudable example to the other colonies. Georgia has, it is presumed, already made provision for the expenses of the government of the empire,  46 HISTORY. 46 HISTORY. 46 HISTORY. and for the provincial exigencies. Upon the same principle, it would be beneficial to suggest, that a fort is immediately to be built at the mouth of St. Mary's river ; that lots will be granted immediately in Hillsborough town ; that an officer of the customs and pilot shall be appointed, and trade encou- raged. That to add to this show, the surveyor should resurvey Hillsborough town; petitions for town lots be received and surveys ordered, and that a party of men should he sent there for the protection of the inhabitants ; and whether any such plan of a fort is to be made use of or not, will depend entirely upon the executive. In the mean time, it may for- ward the settling of the country ; and if the king's troops are not in danger of being cut off, they will be there stationed beneficially for the protection of the province. Such was the project submitted for the farther establish- ment of a representative government and settlement in the province of East Florida. Preparations having been accordingly made, Governor Tonyn met the upper and lower houses of assembly, and de- livered to them a speech, in March, 1781, of which the fol. lowing are extracts, showing the objects of government, the progress in legislation, fortification, and at length of taxation; which last was always looked to as a consequence inseparable from the privilege of the representative government, which it had been declared by the executive most for the interest of the inhabitants to defer on that account. No quit-rents or taxes had hitherto been called for, and the and for the provincial exigencies. Upon the same principle, it would be beneficial to suggest, that a fort is immediately to be built at the mouth of St. Mary's river; that lots will be granted immediately in Hillsborough town; that an officer of the customs and pilot shall be appointed, and trade encou- raged. That to add to this show, the surveyor should resurvey Hillsborough town; petitions for town lots be received and surveys ordered, and that a party of men should be sent there for the protection of the inhabitants ; and whether any such plan of a fort is to be made use of or not, will depend entirely upon the executive. In the mean time, it may for- ward the settling of the country ; and if the king's troops are not in danger of being cut off, they will be there stationed beneficially for the protection of the province. Such was the project submitted for the farther establish- ment of a representative government and settlement in the province of East Florida. Preparations having been accordingly made, Governor Tonyn met the upper and lower houses of assembly, and de- livered to them a speech, in March, 1781, of which the fol. lowing are extracts, showing the objects of government, the progress in legislation, fortification, and at length of taxation; which last was always looked to as a consequence inseparable from the privilege of the representative government, which it had been declared by the executive most for the interest of the inhabitants to defer on that account. No quit-rents or taxes had hitherto been called for, and the and for the provincial exigencies. Upon the same principle, it would be beneficial to suggest, that a fort is immediately to be built at the mouth of St. Mary's river ; that lots will be granted immediately in Hillsborough town ; that an officer of the customs and pilot shall be appointed, and trade encou- raged. That to add to this show, the surveyor should resurvey Hillsborough town; petitions for town lots be received and surveys ordered, and that a party of men should be sent there for the protection of the inhabitants ; and whether any such plan of a fort is to be made use of or not, will depend entirely upon the executive. In the mean time, it may for- ward the settling of the country ; and if the king's troops are not in danger of being cut off, they will be there stationed beneficially for the protection of the province. Such was the project submitted for the farther establish- ment of a representative government and settlement in the province of East Florida. Preparations having been accordingly made, Governor Tonyn met the upper and lower houses of assembly, and de- livered to them a speech, in March, 1781, of which the fol. lowing are extracts, showing the objects of government, the progress in legislation, fortification, and at length of taxation; which last was always looked to as a consequence inseparable from the privilege of the representative government, which it had been declared by the executive most for the interest of the inhabitants to defer on that account. No quit-rents or taxes had hitherto been called for, and the  HISTORY. 47 HISTORY. 47 HISTORY. 47 burden of contributing towards the expense of the govern- ment was unknown to the new legislators, who were much at a loss for expedients to raise the necessary revenues from the slender resources which presented themselves in the in- fant state of the colony. Governor Tonyn's Speech on convening for the frst time the Legislature. I am happy that, during my administration of the govern- ment of this province, it hath arrived at such a state of af- fluence and importance, as to enable me with propriety to fulfil his Majesty's most gracious engagements, in his royal proclamation of the 7th of October, 1763, by establishing a provincial legislature, for the purpose of making constitutions, ordaining laws, statutes and ordinances, as near as may be agreeable to the laws of England, under such regulations and restrictions as are used in other colonies, for the public wel- fare and good government of this province and its inhabitants. Of late, gentlemen, the increase of property, from your success in commerce and planting, has been considerable; and the industry and judgment of a few may evince to Great Britain, that ample returns in produce may be made, for money laid out in raising a produce equally beneficial to the planter and the mother country, in one of the most healthy and fertile climates upon earth. As the King and parliament have, with an astonishing and unprecedented condescension, relinquished their just right of taxation, provided the provincial legislature will make due burden of contributing towards the expense of the govern- ment was unknown to the new legislators, who were much at a loss for expedients to raise the necessary revenues from the slender resources which presented themselves in the in- fant state of the colony. Governor Tonyn's Speech on convening for the first time the Legislature. I am happy that, during my administration of the govern- ment of this province, it hath arrived at such a state of af- fluence and importance, as to enable me with propriety to fulfil his Majesty's most gracious engagements, in his royal proclamation of the 7th of October, 1763, by establishing a provincial legislature, for the purpose of making constitutions, ordaining laws, statutes and ordinances, as near as may be agreeable to the laws of England, under such regulations and restrictions as are used in other colonies, for the public wel- fare and good government of this province and its inhabitants. Of late, gentlemen, the increase of property, from your success in commerce and planting, has been considerable; and the industry and judgment of a few may evince to Great Britain, that ample returns in produce may be made, for money laid out in raising a produce equally beneficial to the planter and the mother country, in one of the most healthy and fertile climates upon earth. As the King and parliament have, with an astonishing and unprecedented condescension, relinquished their just right of taxation, provided the provincial legislature will make due burden of contributing towards the expense of the govern- ment was unknown to the new legislators, who were much at a loss for expedients to raise the necessary revenues from the slender resources which presented themselves in the in- fant state of the colony. Governor Tonyn's Speech on convening for the first time the Legislature. I am happy that, during my administration of the govern- ment of this province, it hath arrived at such a state of af- fluence and importance, as to enable me with propriety to fulfil his Majesty's most gracious engagements, in his royal proclamation of the 7th of October, 1763, by establishing a provincial legislature, for the purpose of making constitutions, ordaining laws, statutes and ordinances, as near as may be agreeable to the laws of England, under such regulations and restrictions as are used in other colonies, for the public wel- fare and good government of this province and its inhabitants. Of late, gentlemen, the increase of property, from your success in commerce and planting, has been considerable; and the industry and judgment of a few may evince to Great Britain, that ample returns in produce may be made, for money laid out in raising a produce equally beneficial to the planter and the mother country, in one of the most healthy and fertile climates upon earth. As the King and parliament have, with an astonishing and unprecedented condescension, relinquished their just right of taxation, provided the provincial legislature will make due  48 HISTORY. 48 HISTORY. 48 HISTORY. provision for defraying a reasonable part of the expenses of the government of the empire at large, and for the internal government of the colony, I trust that you, gentlemen, in the first moment of your existence, will make a provision appropriated to these important purposes ; more as a mark of your regard to justice, affection and gratitude, for the go- vernment under which we have been protected and generous- ly fostered and maintained, than for any immediate real ser- vice our supply can afford it. The quota you in your present circumstances can make, I am sensible, will not be adequate to the expenses of the pro- vincial government, &c. &c. Several bills were passed ; the principal one of which, Magna Charta, met with much discussion and violent opposi- tion, on the following grounds, viz.-That it was not clear, full, accessible, and not adapted to the understanding and capacities of those for whose conduct it was to be a rule.- That several essential articles intended to strengthen the hands of government, and insuring a revenue, as well as others declaratory of the rights of the colonists, were rejected. That instead of containing provisions calculated to extricate the inhabitants from difficulties which the laws of England could not reach, because none existed applicable to the then state of the colony, it left manyimportantquestions,whichwere the undoubted province of the legislature to regulate and to settle, to be determined by judges appointed bythe crown; thus unnecessarily subjecting the inhabitants to a voluminous and multifarious code of laws,written, many of them,in aforeign lan- provision for defraying a reasonable part of the expenses of the government of the empire at large, and for the internal government of the colony, I trust that you, gentlemen, in the first moment of your existence, will make a provision appropriated to these important purposes ; more as a mark of your regard to justice, affection and gratitude, for the go- vernment under which we have been protected and generous- ly fostered and maintained, than for any immediate real ser- vice our supply can afford it. The quota you in your present circumstances can make, I am sensible, will not be adequate to the expenses of the pro- vincial government, &c. &c. Several bills were passed ; the principal one of which, Magna Charta, met with much discussion and violent opposi- tion, on the following grounds, viz.-That it was not clear, full, accessible, and not adapted to the understanding and capacities of those for whose conduct it was to be a rule.- That several essential articles intended to strengthen the hands of government, and insuring a revenue, as well as others declaratory of the rights of the colonists, were rejected. That instead of containing provisions calculated to extricate the inhabitants from difficulties which the laws of England could not reach, because none existed applicable to the then state of the colony, it left manyimportantquestions,which were the undoubted province of the legislature to regulate and to settle,to be determined by judges appointed bythe crown; thus unnecessarily subjecting the inhabitants to a voluminous and multifarious code of laws,written, many of them,in aforeign lan- provision for defraying a reasonable part of the expenses of the government of the empire at large, and for the internal government of the colony, I trust that you, gentlemen, in the first moment of your existence, will make a provision appropriated to these important purposes ; more as a mark of your regard to justice, affection and gratitude, for the go- vernment under which we have been protected and generous- ly fostered and maintained, than for any immediate real ser- vice our supply can afford it. The quota you in your present circumstances can make, I am sensible, will not be adequate to the expenses of the pro- vincial government, &c. &c. Several bills were passed ; the principal one of which, Magna Charta, met with much discussion and violent opposi- tion, on the following grounds, viz.-That it was not clear, full, accessible, and not adapted to the understanding and capacities of those for whose conduct it was to be a rule.- That several essential articles intended to strengthen the hands of government, and insuring a revenue, as well as others declaratory of the rights of the colonists, were rejected. That instead of containing provisions calculated to extricate the inhabitants from difficulties which the laws of England could not reach, because none existed applicable to the then state of the colony, it left manyimportantquestions,whichwere the undoubted province of the legislature to regulate and to settle, to be determined by judges appointed by the crown; thus unnecessarily subjecting the inhabitants to a voluminous and multifarious code of laws.written,many ofthem,in aforeign lan-  HISTORY. 49 HISTORY. 49 HISTORY. 49 guage, and Saxon character; some obsolete, others use- less. and only a few suitable to an infant colony.-That it did not require a declaration from the King and Parliament as a fundamental condition, that they would not impose any duty, tax, or assessment whatever, except only such as might be expedient for the regulation of commerce, and applicable to the use of the colony. That in tolerating different religions, and offering liberty to persons of different nations who should become inhabitants of the province, it excepted infidel negroes, which was an exception repugnant to the ancient bulwark of English liberty. That the governor and council are,by a clause in the act, vested with too extensive an authority-that of withdrawing licenses for the exercise of public worship, thereby establishing them judges of the doctrines of religion, and vesting them with an authority that must greatly restrain and circumscribe that spirit of toleration which this act is meant to establish, and which may prove prejudicial to the protestant religion. Among the other bills which were passed, was one autho- rizing taxes, toa certain extent; but which, on their collection, did not go farther than a very inconsiderable sum, obtained for licenses to sell spirituous liquors ; it did not amount, to the salary of the Treasurer of the province. It was in agitation to oblige the grantees of lands either to improve them, or to relinquish their grants, which on a public sale were to produce a more efficient revenue ; but this was in- terrupted by a political circumstance of no small magnitude, being nothing less than an express order from Sir Guy Carle- 7 guage, and Saxon character; some obsolete, others use- less. and only a few suitable to an infant colony.-That it did not require a declaration from the King and Parliament as a fundamental condition, that they would not impose any duty, tax, or assessment whatever, except only such as might be expedient for the regulation of commerce, and applicable to the use of the colony. That in tolerating different religions, and offering liberty to persons of different nations who should become inhabitants of the province, it excepted infidel negroes, whichwas an exception repugnant to the ancient bulwark of English liberty. That the governor and council are,by a clause in the act, vested with too extensive an authority-that of withdrawing licenses for the exercise of public worship, thereby establishing them judges of the doctrines of religion, and vesting them with an authority that must greatly restrain and circumscribe that spirit of toleration which this act is meant to establish, and which may prove prejudicial to the protestant religion. Among the other bills which were passed, was one autho- rizing taxes, toa certain extent; but which, on their collection, did not go farther than a very inconsiderable sum, obtained for licenses to sell spirituous liquors ; it did not amount, to the salary of the Treasurer of the province. It was in agitation to oblige the grantees of lands either to improve them, or to relinquish their grants, which on a public sale were to produce a more efficient revenue ; but this was in- terrupted by a political circumstance of no small magnitude, being nothing less than an express order from Sir Guy Carle- 7 guage, and Saxon character; some obsolete, others use- less, and only a few suitable to an infant colony.-That it did not require a declaration from the King and Parliament as a fundamental condition, that they would not impose any duty, tax, or assessment whatever, except only such as might be expedient for the regulation of commerce, and applicable to the use of the colony. That in tolerating different religions, and offering liberty to persons of different nations who should become inhabitants of the province,it excepted infidel negroes, which was an exception repugnant to the ancient bulwark of English liberty. That the governor and council areby a clause in the act, vested with too extensive an authority-that of withdrawing licenses for the exercise of public worship, thereby establishing them judges of the doctrines of religion, and vesting them with an authority that must greatly restrain and circumscribe that spirit of toleration which this act is meant to establish, and which may prove prejudicial to the protestant religion. Among the other bills which were passed, was one autho- rizing taxes, to a certain extent; but which, on their collection, did not go farther than a very inconsiderable sum, obtained for licenses to sell spirituous liquors ; it did not amount to the salary of the Treasurer of the province. It was in agitation to oblige the grantees of lands either to improve them, or to relinquish their grants, which on a public sale were to produce a more efficient revenue ; but this was in- terrupted by a political circumstance of no small magnitude, being nothing less than an express order from Sir Guy Carle- 7  50 HISTORY. 50 HISTORY. 50 HISTORY. General Leslie in Carolina, to evacuate the province, with the troops and such loyalists as were desirous of accompany- ing them. Thus the flattering hopes of the colonists were frus- trated, when they were about to derive the hard earned fruits oftheir attachment to the royal cause. This order, as harsh and inconsiderate on the part of its authors as it was mortifying and excruciating to the inhabitants, necessarily became the subject of a strong remonstrance, first to the Governor, and then to the King, depicting their disappointment, and the inevitable ruin that would ensue, if it was carried into execution. They were couched in the following terms : That this province had been held out as an asylum for the well affected in the other colonies to resort to, where they might expect every protection and assistance; which assurances were sanctioned with the royal authority.-That the loyal inhabitants who may be enabled to embark must depart this province devested of their property, and, in a state of the greatest indigence, be obliged, with their families, to look out for new habitations, or become burthensome to the government. Those who are obliged to remain must be in the most deplorable and distressed situation, without governmgnt, laws, or arms, surrounded on all hands by enemies and savages, and exposed to the depredations of every lawless banditti or hostile invader. And at all events, we must hum- bly request your excellency to apply to the commanding officer here, for such provisions and military stores as may enable us to make a defence, until we can receive further General Leslie in Carolina, to evacuate the province, with the troops and such loyalists as were desirous of accompany- ing them. Thus the flattering hopes of the colonists were frus- trated, when they were about to derive the hard earned fruits oftheir attachment to the royal cause. This order, as harsh and inconsiderate on the part of its authors as it was mortifying and excruciating to the inhabitants, necessarily became the subject of a strong remonstrance, first to the Governor, and then to the King, depicting their disappointment, and the inevitable ruin that would ensue, if it was carried into execution. They were couched in the following terms : That this province had been held out as an asylum for the well affected in the other colonies to resort to, where they might expect every protection and assistance ; which assurances were sanctioned with the royal authority.-That the loyal inhabitants who may be enabled to embark must depart this province devested of their property, and, in a state of the greatest indigence, be obliged, with their families, to look out for new habitations, or become burthensome to the government. Those who are obliged to remain must be in the most deplorable and distressed situation, without government, laws, or arms, surrounded on all hands by enemies and savages, and exposed to the depredations of every lawless banditti or hostile invader. And at all events, we must hum. bly request your excellency to apply to the commanding officer here, for such provisions and military stores as may enable us to make a defence, until we can receive further General Leslie in Carolina, to evacuate the province, with the troops and such loyalists as were desirous of accompany- ing them. Thus the flattering hopes of the colonists weere frus- trated, when they were about to derive the hard.earned fruits of their attachment to the royal cause. This order, as harsh and inconsiderate on the part of its authors as it was mortifying and excruciating to the inhahitants, necessarily became the subject of a strong remonstrance, first to the Governor,. and then to the King, depicting their disappointment, and the inevitable ruin that would ensue, if it was carried into execution. They were couched in the following terms : That this province had been held out as an asylum for the well affected in the other colonies to resort to, where they might expect every protection and assistance ; which assurances were sanctioned with the royal authority.-That the loyal inhabitants who may be enabled to embark must depart this province devested of their property, and, in a state of the greatest indigence, be obliged, with their families, to look out for new habitations, or become burthensome to the government. Those who are obliged to remain must be in the most deplorable and distressed situation, without governmgnt, laws, or arms, surrounded on all hands by enemies and savages, and exposed to the depredations of every lawless banditti or hostile invader. And at all events, we must hum- bly request your excellency to apply to the commanding officer here, for such provisions and military stores as may enable us to make a defence, until we can receive further  HISTORY. 51 HISTORY. 51 HISTORY. 51 ton, H. B. M. Commander in Chief in America, addressed to succour, and that your excellency will be pleased to lose no time in making the like application to the commander of the southern district. During the height of festivity among the military in cele- brating the King's birth day, in 1780, Mr. Manning, an en- sign in the army, when commanding officer on guard at the fort, committed a most flagrant breach of the peace, and disgraceful to the service, by ordering the soldiers for- eibly to bring a married woman of the Minorcans into the guard room, and committing a rape upon her body. Al- though the man was admitted to bail, the licentious soldiery were so dissatisfied with the proceedings of the law officers against him, that they collected in a body of about 200, paraded through the streets, went to the husband's house, pulled it down, and immediately dispersed. The Gover- nor, and the commanding officer of the troops, offered a reward for the discovery of the perpetrators of this audacious act, and proposed toColonelGlazier to single out some suspect- ed persons from the troops when paraded. But theColonel, and the Captain of the corps, suggesting apprehensions of a mutiny in that event, and the injured person and the community in general, after the first heat of resentment, being appeased, further attempts at detection were deemed inexpedient; the officers promising their utmost endeavours to discover the ring- leaders. This, however, was never done ; for the ensign put an end to his existence, as soon as he heard that the grand jury had found a bill against him. About the time this disgraceful act was perpetrated. ton, H. B. M. Commander in Chief in America, addressed to succour, and that your excellency will be pleased to lose no time in making the like application to the commander of the southern district. During the height of festivity among the military in cele- brating the King's birth day, in 1780, Mr. Manning, an en- sign in the army, when commanding officer on guard at the fort, committed a most flagrant breach of the peace, and disgraceful to the service, by ordering the soldiers for- eibly to bring a married woman of the Minorcans into the guard room, and committing a rape upon her body. Al- though the man was admitted to bail, the licentious soldiery were so dissatisfied with the proceedings of the law officers against him, that they collected in a body of about 200, paraded through the streets, went to the husband's house, pulled it down, and immediately dispersed. The Gover- nor, and the commanding officer of the troops, offered a reward for the discovery of the perpetrators of this audacious act, and proposed toColonelGlazier tosingle out some suspect- ed persons from the troops when paraded. But theColonel,and the Captain of the corps, suggesting apprehensions of a mutiny in that event, and the injured person and the community in general, after the first heat of resentment, being appeased, further attempts at detection were deemed inexpedient; the officers promising their utmost endeavours to discover the ring- leaders. This, however, was never done ; for the ensign put an end to his existence, as soon as he heard that the grand jury had found a bill against him. About the time this disgraceful act was perpetrated, ton, H. B. M. Commander in Chief in America, addressed to succour, and that your excellency will be pleased to lose no time in making the like application to the commander of the southern district. During the height of festivity among the military in cele- brating the King's birth day, in 1780, Mr. Manning, an en- sign in the army, when commanding officer on guard at the fort, committed a most flagrant breach of the peace, and disgraceful to the service, by ordering the soldiers for- eibly to bring a married woman of the Minorcans into the guard room, and committing a rape upon her body. Al- though the man was admitted to bail, the licentious soldiery were so dissatisfied with the proceedings of the law officers against him, that they collected in a body of about 200, paraded through the streets, went to the husband's house, pulled it down, and immediately dispersed. The Gover- nor, and the commanding officer of the troops, offered a reward for the discovery of the perpetrators of this audacious act, and proposed to ColonelGlazier tosingle out some suspect- ed persons from the troops when paraded. But theColonel, and the Captain of the corps, suggesting apprehensions of a mutiny in that event, and the injured person and the community in general, after the first heat of resentment, being appeased, further attempts at detection were deemed inexpedient; the officers promising their utmost endeavours to discover the ring- leaders. This, however, was never done ; for the ensign put an end to his existence, as soon as he heard that the grand jury had found a bill against him. About the time this disgraceful act was perpetrated,  52 HISTORY. an Indian, in a state of intoxication, was killed in the street by a soldier, which caused much discontent among the inha- bitants, as well as alarm to the executive. This was a period when small events, similar to those just cited, were calculated to rise into an importance, which the contagious spirit of the north might have raised to a pitch that would have over- thrown the tottering power of the British, but for the paucity of means within the reach of the people. At this period the government was manifestly in the hands of a mili- tary commandant, although nominally vested in an officer of high grade in the army. As soon as the Spaniards were known to take an active part in the war, they became, from their wealth and other circumstances, more agreeable enemies than the Americans ; and the spirit of enterprize was immediately directed against them, although the British government and its subjects were too much disposed to treat them as a weaker enemy than they proved to be. In the spring of 1783, Colonel Devereux, who had accom- panied the provincial corps from the Carolinas, a high spirit- ed young man, celebrated for his gallantry on many occa- sions, and who will long be remembered for the urbanity and suavity of his manners, made a successful attack on New Providence. He sailed on this desperate attempt in two private armed brigs of 12 guns each, with the rangers, &c. commanded by Captains Dowd and Fennell, from St. Augustine, and about fifty raggamuffins as volunteers ; and, after picking up a few recruits, principally negroes, at Eleuthera and the adjacent 52 HISTORY. an Indian, in a state of intoxication, was killed in the street by a soldier, which caused much discontent among the inha- bitants, as well as alarm to the executive. This was a period when small events, similar to those just cited, were calculated to rise into an importance, which the contagious spirit of the north might have raised to a pitch that would have over- thrown the tottering power of the British, but for the paucity of means within the reach of the people. At thin period the government was manifestly in the hands of a mili- tary commandant, although nominally vested in an officer of high grade in the army. As soon as the Spaniards were known to take an active part in the war, they became, from their wealth and other circumstances, more agreeable enemies than the Americans ; and the spirit of enterprize was immediately directed against them, although the British government and its subjects were too much disposed to treat them as a weaker enemy than they proved to be. In the spring of 1783, Colonel Devereux, who had accom- panied the provincial corps from the Carolinas, a high spirit- ed young man, celebrated for his gallantry on many occa- sions, and who will long be remembered for the urbanity and suavity of his manners, made a successful attack on New Providence. He sailed on this desperate attempt in two private armed brigs of 12 guns each, with the rangers, &c. commanded by Captains Dowd and Fennell, from St. Augustine, and about fifty raggamuffins as volunteers ; and, after picking up a few recruits, principally negroes, at Eleuthera and the adjacent 52 HISTORY. an Indian, in a state of intoxication, was killed in the street by a soldier, which caused much discontent among the inha- bitants, as well as alarm to the executive. This was a period when small events, similar to those just cited, were calculated to rise into an importance, which the contagious spirit of the north might have raised to a pitch that would have over- thrown the tottering power of the British, but for the paucity of means within the reach of the people. At this period the government was manifestly in the hands of a mili- tary commandant, although nominally vested in an oficer of high grade in the army. As soon as the Spaniards were known to take an active part in the war, they became, from their wealth and other circumstances, more agreeable enemies than the Americans ; and the spirit of enterprize was immediately directed against them, although the British government and its subjects were too much disposed to treat them as a weaker enemy than they proved to be. In the spring of 1783, Colonel Devereux, who had accom- panied the provincial corps from the Carolinas, a high spirit- ed young man, celebrated for his gallantry on many occa- sions, and who will long be remembered for the urbanity and suavity of his manners, made a successful attack on New Providence. He sailed on this desperate attempt in two private armed brigs of 12 guns each, with the rangers, &c. commanded by Captains Dowd and Fennell, from St. Augustine, and about fifty raggamuffins as volunteers ; and, after picking up a few recruits, principally negroes, at Eleuthera and the adjacent  HISTORY. 53 HISTORY. 53 HISTORY. 53 island, appeared off the key which forms the harbour of Nassau, on the east of the town, towards night. The con- quest of a fortified island by so disproportionate a body of men, could only be effected by consummate ingenuity and address. The men were landed without opposition to the east of fort Montagu, which guards the entrance of the har- bour in that quarter; and so great was the supineness of the garrison, that when the invaders had reached the ramparts, the sentinel only was awake to defend them. He appeared with a lighted match in his hand, ready to blow up the for- tress in case of extremity. But Colonel Devereux, who headed the attack, before the sentinel could recover from his surprise, sprang upon him, and frustrating his intention, made him a prisoner, with the sleeping garrison. Having thus easily pos- sessed himself of Fort Montagu, Colonel Devereux imme- diately proceeded to the top of the ridge, and took a position in front of the Governor's house in the upper part of the town. Every artifice was used to deceive the Spaniards, both as to the number and description of the enemy they had to contend with. A show of boats was made continually rowing from the vessels, filled with men, who apparently landed, but in fact concealed themselves by lying down, as they returned to the vessels, and afterwards made their ap- pearance as a fresh supply of troops proceeding to disembark. Men of straw, it is said, were dressed out to increase the apparent number on the heights ; and some of the troops, to intimidate the Spaniards, were painted and disguised like the Indians. One or two galleys in the harbour had been cap- tured : trusting to these circumstances in his favour, island, appeared off the key which forms the harbour of Nassau, on the east of the town, towards night. The con- quest of a fortified island by so disproportionate a body of men, could only be effected by consummate ingenuity and address. The men were landed without opposition to the east of fort Montagu, which guards the entrance of the har- bour in that quarter ; and so great was the supineness of the garrison, that when the invaders had reached the ramparts, the sentinel only was awake to defend them. He appeared with a lighted match in his hand, ready to blow up the for- tress in case of extremity. But Colonel Devereux, who headed the attack, before the sentinel could recover from his surprise, sprang upon him, and frustrating his intention, made him a prisoner, with the sleeping garrison. Having thus easily pos- sessed himself of Fort Montagu, Colonel Devereux imme- diately proceeded to the top of the ridge, and took a position in front of the Governor's house in the upper part of the town. Every artifice was used to deceive the Spaniards, both as to the number and description of the enemy they had to contend with. A show of boats was made continually rowing from the vessels, filled with men, who apparently landed, but in fact concealed themselves by lying down, as they returned to the vessels, and afterwards made their ap- pearance as a fresh supply of troops proceeding to disembark. Men of straw, it is said, were dressed out to increase the apparent number on the heights ; and some of the troops, to intimidate the Spaniards, were painted and disguised like the Indians. One or two galleys in the harbour had been cap- tured : trusting to these circumstances in his favour, island, appeared off the key which forms the harbour of Nassau, on the east of the town, towards night. The con- quest of a fortified island by so disproportionate a body of men, could only be effected by consummate ingenuity and address. The men were landed without opposition to the east of fort Montagu, which guards the entrance of the har- bour in that quarter; and so great was the supineness of the garrison, that when the invaders had reached the ramparts, the sentinel only was awake to defend them. He appeared with a lighted match in his hand, ready to blow up the for- tress in case of extremity. But Colonel [evereux, who headed the attack, before the sentinel could recover from his surprise, sprang upon him, and frustrating his intention, made him a prisoner, with the sleeping garrison. Having thus easily pos- sessed himself of Fort Montagu, Colonel Devereux imme- diately proceeded to the top of the ridge, and took a position in front of the Governor's house in the upper part of the town. Every artifice was used to deceive the Spaniards, both as to the number and description of the enemy they had to contend with. A show of boats was made continually rowing from the vessels, filled with men, who apparently landed, but in fact concealed themselves by lying down, as they returned to the vessels, and afterwards made their ap- pearance as a fresh supply of troops proceeding to disembark. Men of straw, it is said, were dressed out to increase the apparent number on the heights ; and some of the troops, to intimidate the Spaniards, were painted and disguised like the Indians. One or two galleys in the harbour had been cap- tured : trusting to these circumstances in his favour,  5h HISTORY. Colonel Devereux, with a pompous description of his for. midable force, summoned the Governor to surrender. Some hesitation being at first discovered, the Colonel seconded his overtures with a well directed shot at the Governor's house from a field piece, which produced an immediate capitulation. The Spanish troops, in laying down their arms, it is said, could not refrain from expressing the utmost mortification and confusion, as they surveyed their conque- rors, not only so inferior in point of numbers, but ludicrous in their dress and military appearance. In June, 1784, Governor Zespedez, with a few troops, took possession of St. Augustine, in the name of his most Catholic Majesty, when the British inhabitants, after an exchange of civilities with the Spanish officers, took shipping at Amelia and St. John's-some for England, and others for various quarters of the British dominions, in search of an asylum. Those who were allowed to prefer the West India islands to the barren rocks of the Bahamas, or the inhospitable re- gions of Nova Scotia, carried their negroes to Jamaica, when the severe treatment on one hand, and the apprehension of the colonists on the other, that the American system would be injurious to their slaves, created a disgust among the go- vernors and governed to such degree, that debt, disappoint- ment and despair were the only remuneration which the ill- fated Floridians received for their credulity in government which had thus deceived them by false promises. Strong remonstrances were made to the King and parliament, in which Lord Hawke, with his characteristic goodness, took a most lively part. The cries of want and distress loudly 51 HISTORY. Colonel Devereux, with a pompous description of his for- midable force, summoned the Governor to surrender. Some hesitation being at first discovered, the Colonel seconded his overtures with a well directed shot at the Governor's house from a field piece, which produced an immediate capitulation. The Spanish troops, in laying down their arms, it is said, could not refrain from expressing the utmost mortification and confusion, as they surveyed their conque. rors, not only so inferior in point of numbers, but ludicrous in their dress and military appearance. In June, 1784, Governor Zespedez, with a few troops, took possession of St. Augustine, in the name of his most Catholic Majesty, when the British inhabitants, after an exchange of civilities with the Spanish officers, took shipping at Amelia and St. John's-some for England, and others for various quarters of the British dominions, in search of an asylum. Those who were allowed to prefer the West India islands to the barren rocks of the Bahamas, or the inhospitable re- gions of Nova Scotia, carried their negroes to Jamaica, when the severe treatment on one hand, and the apprehension of the colonists on the other, that the American system would be injurious to their slaves, created a disgust among the go- vernors and governed to such degree, that debt, disappoint- ment and despair were the only remuneration which the ill- fated Floridians received for their credulity in government which had thus deceived them by false promises. Strong remonstrances were made to the King and parliament, in which Lord Hawke, with his characteristic goodness, took a most lively part. The cries of want and distress loudly 51 HISTORY. Colonel Devereux, with a pompous description of his for- midable force, summoned the Governor to surrender. Some hesitation being at first discovered, the Colonel seconded his overtures with a well directed shot at the Governor's house from a field piece, which produced an immediate capitulation. The Spanish troops, in laying down their arms, it is said, could not refrain from expressing the utmost mortification and confusion, as they surveyed their conque- rors, not only so inferior in point of numbers, but ludicrous in their dress and military appearance. In June, 1784, Governor Zespedez, with a few troops, took possession of St. Augustine, in the name of his most Catholic Majesty, when the British inhabitants, after an exchange of civilities with the Spanish officers, took shipping at Amelia and St. John's-some for England, and others for various quarters of the British dominions, in search of an asylum. Those who were allowed to prefer the West India islands to the barren rocks of the Bahamas, or the inhospitable re- gions of Nova Scotia, carried their negroes to Jamaica, when the severe treatment on one hand, and the apprehension of the colonists on the other, that the American system would be injurious to their slaves, created a disgust among the go- vernors and governed to such degree, that debt, disappoint- ment and despair were the only remuneration which the ill- fated Floridians received for their credulity in government which had thus deceived them by false promises. Strong remonstrances were made to the King and parliament, in which Lord Hawke, with his characteristic goodness, took a most lively part. The cries of want and distress loudly  HISTORY. 55 HISTORY. 55 HISTORY. 55 called for relief; and the people of England, recognized the appeal by a vote of supply, and the execration in which they viewed the conduct of their ministers ; but before their humane efforts could be brought into ac- tion, death had in seven years opened his jaws to decrease the applicants, and to relieve thereby most of the languishing and desponding pilgrims, the survivors of whom were allowed to perceive the baneful effects of court favour lavished upon some by pensions, salaries, and liberal appropriations, while others were allowed to starve, or were turned over to the liberality of those very American people who were most glaringly depicted and vilified a few years before as a banditti ! Many of those who were placed in this last predicamenthave had reason to thank the great Dis- poser of all things, since they have enjoyed the best effects of their well-placed confidence. The Spaniards, thus left, confined themselves to the limits of the town, apprehending that the Indians would annoy the few who were disposed, or had means to continue cultivating the plantations. Some excesses were at first committed, but discontinued by reason of the trade to which the house of Panton, Leslie & Forbes were licensed. Peace was main- tained at the price of these supplies, and the provinces con- tinued in a declining state, until the year 1792, when the French revolution, in its all grasping wisdom, brought them again into political notice, by the alleged project on the part of Mr. Genet, the French minister, to render them subser- vient to the views of his government. called for relief; and the people of England, recognized the appeal by a vote of supply, and the execration in which they viewed the conduct of their ministers ; but before their humane efforts could be brought into ac- tion, death had in seven years opened his jaws to decrease the applicants, and to relieve thereby most of the languishing and desponding pilgrims, the survivors of whom were allowed to perceive the baneful effects of court favour lavished upon some by pensions, salaries, and liberal appropriations, while others were allowed to starve, or were turned over to the liberality of those very American people who were most glaringly depicted and vilified a few years before as a banditti ! Many of those who were placed in this last predicament, have had reason to thank the great Dis- poser of all things, since they have enjoyed the best effects of their well-placed confidence. The Spaniards, thus left, confined themselves to the limits of the town, apprehending that the Indians would annoy the few who were disposed, or had means to continue cultivating the plantations. Some excesses were at first committed, but discontinued by reason of the trade to which the house of Panton, Leslie & Forbes were licensed. Peace was main- tained at the price of these supplies, and the provinces con- tinued in a declining state, until the year 1792, when the French revolution, in its all grasping wisdom, brought them again into political notice, by the alleged project on the part of Mr. Genet, the French minister, to render them subser- vient to the views of his government. called for relief; and the people of England, recognized the appeal by a vote of supply, and the execration in which they viewed the conduct of their ministers ; but before their humane efforts could be brought into ac- tion, death had in seven years opened his jaws to decrease the applicants, and to relieve thereby most of the languishing and desponding pilgrims, the survivors of whom were allowed to perceive the baneful effects of court favour lavished upon some by pensions, salarier, and liberal appropriations, while others were allowed to starve, or were turned over to the liberality of those very American people who were most glaringly depicted and vilified a few years before as a banditti ! Many of those who were placed in this last predicament,have had reason to thank the great Dis- poser of all things, since they have enjoyed the best effects of their well-placed confidence. The Spaniards, thus left, confined themselves to the limits of the town, apprehending that the Indians would annoy the few who were disposed, or had means to continue cultivating the plantations. Some excesses were at first committed, but discontinued by reason of the trade to which the house of Panton, Leslie & Forbes were licensed. Peace was main- tained at the price of these supplies, and the provinces con- tinued in a declining state, until the year 1792, when the French revolution, in its all grasping wisdom, brought them again into political notice, by the alleged project on the part of Mr. Genet, the French minister, to render them subser- vient to the views of his government.  56 HISTORY. 56 HISTORY. 56 HISTORY. The scheme was thwarted by the provident hand of Presi- dent Washington, and the country rescued by his interven- tion from the horrors incident to a state of warfare. Although the emigrants from St. Domingo might have re- sorted, with the remnants of their property, to Florida, and found it an asylum promising peace and plenty, yet, distracted and distressed as those truly unfortunate people were, it did not meet the views of men flying from fire and sword, to take up arms to conquer provinces for a government to which their evils were ascribed. Nor did the political situa- tion of Spain cherish the acquisition of that species of popu- lation for her colonies. Governor White had succeeded to the command of East Florida, and, as usual, issued a proclamation, offering, as far as he could, encouragement to settlers. (See Appendix.) But the conditions were relished only by such inhabitants of the United States as looked more to convenience than to the munificence of Spanish authority, which was supposed to afford but a precarious protection or security, although de- void of equivalent taxation. The extraordinary price to which the peculiar properties of Sea Island Cotton raised that valuable plant, stimulated several southern planters to extend their production of it to the islands on the coast of Florida. The Americans, viewed as invidious neighbours, had great difficulty in persuading Go- vernor White that the zeal manifested towards settling the province under his government, was favourable to the Spa- nish crown. The scheme was thwarted by the provident hand of Presi- dent Washington, and the country rescued by his interven- tion from the horrors incident to a state of warfare. Although the emigrants from St. Domingo might have re- sorted, with the remnants of their property, to Florida, and found it an asylum promising peace and plenty, yet, distracted and distressed as those truly unfortunate people were, it did not meet the views of men flying from fire and sword, to take up arms to conquer provinces for a government to which their evils were ascribed. Nor did the political situa- tion of Spain cherish the acquisition of that species of popu- lation for her colonies. Governor White had succeeded to the command of East Florida, and, as usual, issued a proclamation, offering, as far as he could, encouragement to settlers. (See Appendix.) But the conditions were relished only by such inhabitants of the United States as looked more to convenience than to the munificence of Spanish authority, which was supposed to afford but a precarious protection or security, although de- void of equivalent taxation. The extraordinary price to which the peculiar properties of Sea Island Cotton raised that valuable plant, stimulated several southern planters to extend their production of it to the islands on the coast of Florida. The Americans, viewed as invidious neighbours, had great difficulty in persuading Go- vernor White that the zeal manifested towards settling the province under his government, was favourable to the Spa- nish crown. The scheme was thwarted by the provident hand of Presi- dent Washington, and the country rescued by his interven- tion from the horrors incident to a state of warfare. Although the emigrants from St. Domingo might have re- sorted, with the remnants of their property, to Florida, and found it an asylum promising peace and plenty, yet, distracted and distressed as those truly unfortunate people were, it did not meet the views of men flying from fire and sword, to take up arms to conquer provinces for a government to which their evils were ascribed. Nor did the political situa- tion of Spain cherish the acquisition of that species of popu- lation for her colonies. Governor White had succeeded to the command of East Florida, and, as usual, issued a proclamation, offering, as far as he could, encouragement to settlers. (See Appendix.) But the conditions were relished only by such inhabitants of the United States as looked more to convenience than to the munificence of Spanish authority, which was supposed to afford but a precarious protection or security, although de- void of equivalent taxation. The extraordinary price to which the peculiar properties of Sea Island Cotton raised that valuable plant, stimulated several southern planters to extend their production of it to the islands on the coast of Florida. The Americans, viewed as invidious neighbours, had great difficulty in persuading Go- vernor White that the zeal manifested towards settling the province under his government, was favourable to the Spa- nish crown.  HISTORY. 57 HISTORY. 67 HISTORY. 67 This gentleman, of Irish descent, had all the roughness peculiar to that nation, without the suavity so predominant among the higher classes. His instructions, or the prejudices of his government, rendered him inimical to American settlers; yet the inhabitants from the Bahamas were more fortunate, in being permitted to form agricultural establishments, near the Musquito. This gentleman, of Irish descent, had all the roughness peculiar to that nation, without the suavity so predominant among the higher classes. His instructions, or the prejudices of his government, rendered him inimical to American settlers; yet the inhabitants from the Bahamas were more fortunate, in being permitted to form agricultural establishments, near the Mosquito. This gentleman, of Irish descent, had all the roughness peculiar to that nation, without the suavity so predominant among the higher classes. His instructions, or the prejudices of his government, rendered him inimical to American settlers; yet the inhabitants from the Bahamas were more fortunate, in being permitted to form agricultural establishments, near the Musquito.  .58 SITUATION AND CLIMATE. M8 SITUATION AND CLIMATE.. II8 SITUATION AND CLIMATE.. SITUATION AND CLIMATE. EAT FL~ORtDAt lies hetween lat. 24 54, ad 30 N. has- ing St. Mary's river foe its noternc bounaoy, and Ciape Florida foe the southtern. It is 350 toiles in length, not including the Keys; tand variet int breadth at the centre ef the peninsula, owin~g to ils tapering form, from 200to 240 miles. Itcont- tainas about tirty-twso maillions of acres, and is vetatted alternatety by te Atatic oed Mesican Seas, to swhich cir- cumtstance its gret solobrity is ascribed. The tctange of saosis hoedly felt, except in thte northera pasts of the pea- vintce, where vegetation reesies a chteck. and is stme in- statces, as entire stagnation, foe a shsort tiet. Sntow is raeely seen, evenainthote parts; yet te coldanoth adoth-west wtinds aeenot withtouttheirtinfluencet. The swinds aee less changeabtle is the peninsula that far- tberanorltt,being betweena the eastand sooth-east duringgthe apring, summer, asnd beginning of autumnt, wet he raitns commaetce, andt foll hteavily far a short tisae eacht day. These is feeqaenstly, pesceptible itt the snosthern pasts of She Province, itt the mtonths of July and Aagutst, a thich tttd heavy air, wichs proctedsafromthteswestand soth-west SITUATION AND CLIMATE. EAST FLORsaA ties belts-ea tat. 24 54, antd 30 N. hav- intg SI. Maey's sives foe its aoethertn boaray. tand Cape Florida for the southaeta. It is 350 mites ia leagth,anot ancluding betfeyt; attd caries itt breadth at the centrse of the peninsula, owsiag to is taperiag form, fromsa0Otoa240sailes. Itecoa- tains abot thtirty-two miltions of tces, anrd is veatiltted alterately by the Atantic tand Meictan Seae, So swhich tie- cusatace its great salubrity is atcribed. The chtane of saosis haedly fell, except ia the aorthera pasts af Slat pea- svttee, sheeegtatioa receives a cech, tand instomein sances, as entie stagatioa, foe a slasS aims. Snows is steely seen, evenainthose partt; yet theoldnorhadnorh-wesst winds ass nttwithout theireitdtttatt. The wsinds ate less chsageable is lbs peninsua tana far- thersnorth, beig betw'een te easttnd soath-eastduring the spriag, summer, tand beginning of autumn, whethe lbasins commente. atnd fall hteavily fat a shart tiate etch day. These is freqenstly, peseeptible intt he soteren pars of lbs Psovince, itn thte montsa ofJuly tand August, a thick an~d heavy ties whicha peoceeds from the west tand south-west SITUATION AND CLIMATE. EAST FLORIDA lis betwseen Itt. 24 54, asad 30 N. baa- intg St. Mary's sites foe its northertn botatdary, atad Slaps Florida foe tat southaern. It is 350 mites is lengtt,not includiag tae Keys; tand vories itn beadth at Iha centre tf the pensinsula, owiag to its tapering form, frm 2Oto 240Omiles. Itecon- taias about thitly-two millioas of acres, atad issetilated ateenatly by ste Atlantic and Mexictan Stat, to swhich tie. cumsttance its gret salabrity is ascribed. The chase of saosit hosdty felt, eacept is the northern parst of tat pea- vinsce, whete veetation receives a etteck, tand ina saine it- estatces, as entire stagnation, foe a shaort Sims. Satew it raeely sen,seveninthose parts; yetthe coldnorth ad not-st swindstarenotithouattheirinluence. The wtinds are test chansgeable is Ite peniasula lthtn fat- thesnortht,beisngbetwteen the east and south-east darittgthe spriag, smmer, atnd beginnsing of tautaumn, wentShe rains commente. andt fall heavily for a sort tint each day. These is freqauently, percetible itt the norsthern pars of She Province, ina thtemoaths of Jal)y tand August, a thick ansd hetvy air, whicha peocetds from te wst tand south-wcOt  SITUATION AND CLIMATE. 59 SITUATION AND CLIMATE. 59 SITUATION AND CLIMATE. 59 winds, occasioning sultry weather at those periods, when the less of strangers expose themselves the better, until they obtain relief from the eastern and north and south-eastern winds, which afford a coolness and an elasticity, by which the system is agreeably invigorated. In those months, at the pe- riod of the day most oppressive, between eight and ten in the morning, before the sea breeze sets in, the thermometer has rarely exceeded 94. In St. Augustine, and south of it, the winter is scarcely perceptible at mid-day, at which time the ice previously formed melts. On the 3d of January, 1766, frost destroyed all the tropical productions in the country, except oranges. But this does not happen more than twice, perhaps, in half a epntury. The climate in East Florida is more uniform than in any part of the continent, without either extreme ; being too re- mote from the north to admit the dominion of the cold winds to prevail long enough for any sensible effect, while its proximity to the south affords the mild and refreshing cool- ness of the trade winds. Accounts from all quarters correspond in representing the capital (St. Augustine) as the Montpelier of North America, to which the healthy repair for refreshment, and invalids for health. This does not depend on bare round assertion, but can be substantiated directly by facts. One of these facts, to be relied upon, was the extraordinary healthiness of the 9th British regiment, which quarteered and performed garrison duty there, for eighteen months, and never lost a man by natural death. A detachment of artillery, which arrivod from the West winds, occasioning sultry weather at those periods, when the less of strangers expose themselves the better, until they obtain relief from the eastern and north and south-eastern winds, which afford a coolness and an elasticity, by which the system is agreeably invigorated. In those months, at the pe- riod of the day most oppressive, between eight and ten in the morning, before the sea breeze sets in, the thermometer has rarely exceeded 94. In St. Augustine, and south of it, the winter is scarcely perceptible at mid-day, at which time the ice previously formed melts. On the 3d of January, 1766, frost destroyed all the tropical productions in the country, except oranges. But this does not happen more than twice, perhaps, in half a cpntury. The climate in East Florida is more uniform than in any part of the continent, without either extreme ; being too re- mote from the north to admit the dominion of the cold winds to prevail long enough for any sensible effect, while its proximity to the south affords the mild and refreshing cool- ness of the trade winds. Accounts from all quarters correspond in representing the capital (St. Augustine) as the Montpelier of North America, to which the healthy repair for refreshment, and invalids for health. This does not depend on bare round assertion, but can be substantiated directly by facts. One of these facts, to be relied upon, was the extraordinary healthiness of the 9th British regiment, which quartered and performed garrison duty there, for eighteen months, and never lost a man by natural death. A detachment of artillery, which arrived from the West. winds, occasioning sultry weather at those periods, when the less of strangers expose themselves the better, until they obtain relief from the eastern and north and south-eastern winds, which afford a coolness and an elasticity, by which the system is agreeably invigorated. In those months, at the pe- riod of the day most oppressive, between eight and ten in the morning, before the sea breeze sets in, the thermometer has rarely exceeded 94. In St. Augustine, and south of it, the winter is scarcely perceptible at mid-day, at which time the ice previously formed melts. On the 3d of January, 1766, frost destroyed all the tropical productions in the country, except oranges. But this does not happen more than twice, perhaps, in half a epntury. The climate in East Florida is more uniform than in any part of the continent, without either extreme ; being too re- mote from the north to admit the dominion of the cold winds to prevail long enough for any sensible effect, while its proximity to the south affords the mild and refreshing cool- ness of the trade winds. Accounts from all quarters correspond in representing the capital (St. Augustine) as the Montpeleer of North America, to which the healthy repair for refreshment, and invalids for health. This does not depend on bare round assertion, but can be substantiated directly by facts. One of these facts, to be relied upon, was the extraordinary healthiness of the 9th British regiment, which quartered and performed garrison duty there, for eighteen months, and never lost a man by natural death. A detachment of artillery, which arrived from the West  60 SITUATION AND CLIMATE. Indies in a sickly state, soon recruited, and left no traces of the contagion. The great age attained by the Spaniards and others who have resided in the province, are undeniable proofs of the general salubrity of this country. Among these were Mr. Jesse Fish, of New York, already mentioned ; Mr. Fatio, a gentleman of much respectability and information from Switzerland; Clementi, an honest fisherman; and Don Solano, a worthy farmer, now living: these last are Spaniards. In 1765 there was a white frost on the 19th of December, and in 1765, a fall of snow in the northern part of the pro- vince, which was of short duration, and of no material detri- ment to the agricultural interests. Cardena, in his history, says, that the soldiers who arrived in Spain from Florida, in 1569, were healthy and strong, at- tributing it to the use of the sassafras tree. Such was the connfidence in its virtues, confirmed by Doctor Nicholas Mo- navedas, who wrote upon the medicinal properties of plants in the West Indies, that each soldier carried a piece of sassa- fras in his pocket, which he would exhibit and say, This is the tree which we have brought to cure us if we should be taken ill, as was done in Florida;-each recounting it as a pro- digy. By reference to Bartram's Journal, while on St. John's ri- ver, the following observations are found. In 1765, the thermometer was, on the- 21st December 74 at P. M. Wind S 22d . . . 70 S IV 23d . . . . . 43 N W 60 SITUATION AND CLIMATE. Indies in a sickly state, soon recruited, and left no traces of the contagion. The great age attained by the Spaniards and others who have resided in the province, are undeniable proofs of the general salubrity of this country. Among these were Mr. Jesse Fish, of New York, already mentioned ; Mr.' Fatio, a gentleman of much respectability and information from Switzerland; Clementi, an honest fiherman; and Don Solano, a worthy farmer, nowliving: these last are Spaniards. In 1765 there was a white frost on the 19th of December, and in 1765, a fall of snow in the northern part of the pro- vince, which was of short duration, and of no material detri- ment to the agricultural interests. Cardena, in his history, says, that the soldiers who arrived in Spain from Florida, in 1569, were healthy and strong, at- tributing it to the use of the sassafras tree. Such was the confidence in its virtues, confirmed by Doctor Nicholas Mo- navedas, who wrote upon the medicinal properties of plants in the West Indies, that each soldier carried a piece of sassa- fras in his pocket, which he would exhibit and say, This is the tree which we have brought to cure us if we should be taken ill, as was done in Florida;-each recounting it as a pro- digy. By reference to Bartram's Journal, while on St. John's ri- ver, the following observations are found. In 1765, the thermometer was, on the- 21st December . 74 at P. M. Wind S 22d . . . . . 70 S IV 23d . . . . . 43 N W 60 SITUATION AND CLIMATE. Indies in a sickly state, soon recruited, and left no traces of the contagion. The great age attained by the Spaniards and others who have resided in the province, are undeniable proofs of the general salubrity of this country. Among these were Mr. Jesse Fish, of New York, already mentioned ; Mr; Fatio, a gentleman of much respectability and information from Switzerland; Clementi, an honest fisherman; and Don Solano, a worthy farmer, now living : these last are Spaniards. In 1765 there was a white frost on the 19th of December, and in 1765, a fall of snow in the northern part of the pro- vince, which was of short duration, and of no material detri- ment to the agricultural interests. Cardena, in his history, says, that the soldiers who arrived in Spain from Florida, in 1569, were healthy and strong, at- tributing it to the use of the sassafras tree. Such was the confidence in its virtues, confirmed by Doctor Nicholas Mo- navedas, who wrote upon the medicinal properties of plants in the West Indies, that each soldier carried a piece of sassa- fras in his pocket, which he would exhibit and say, This is the tree which we have brought to cure us if we should be taken ill, as was done in Florida;-each recounting it as a pro- digy. By reference to Bartram's Journal, while on St. John's ri- ver, the following observations are found. In 1765, the thermometer was, on the- 21st December . 74 at P. 1. Wind S 22d . . . . . 70 S IV 23d . . . . . 43 N W  SITUATION AND CLIMATE. 24th December . 74 at P. M. 27th . . . . . 50 31st . . . . . 56 1766 2d January . . 35 3d . . . . . 26 4th . . . . . 50 6th . . . . . 38 7th . . . . . 36 61 S S N W NW S S N W SITUATION AND CLIMATE. 24th December . 74 at P. M. 27th . . . . . 50 31st . . . . . 56 1766 2d January . . 35 3d . . . . . 26 4th . . . . . 50 6th . . . . . 38 7th . . . . . 36 10th 61 S S N W NW S S NW SITUATION AND CLIMATE. 24th December . 74 at P. M. 27th . . . . . 50 31st . . . . . 56 1766 2d January . . 35 3d . . . . . 26 4th . . . . . 50 6th . . . . . 38 7th . . . . . 36 10th 61 S S NW NW S S NW 10th 11th N W From other data until the 10th of May, 1772, the weather was dry and cold. The winters of 1772-73, had little frost ; having been mostly open, and favourable to the sugar cane. Dry weather in July and August, having scarcely had a shower of rain from the middle of March to July.- The whole country was so much parched, that the corn grew up in long small stalks, with little heads, without moisture to fill them. In the winter of 1773-4, there was a snow storm in Florida, which was not injurious, being succeeded by moderate warm showers throughout the season; and in 1775 the seasons were very favourable, having had frequent rains from the beginning of May. During the whole period this country was occupied by the British, it does not appear that there were more than ten medical men there :-namely, Dr. Turnbull, who followed the planting line very extensively; Dr. Yeates, the Secretary; Dr. Catherwood, a judge; Doctors West, Hill, Wright, Kemp. Scott,and Henderson,attached tothe army; and,lastly,Doctors 11th N W From other data until the 10th of May, 1772, the weather was dry and cold. The winters of 1772-73, had little frost ; having been mostly open, and favourable to the sugar cane. Dry weather in July and August, having scarcely had a shower of rain from the middle of March to July.- The whole country was so much parched, that the corn grew up in long small stalks, with little heads, without moisture to fill them. In the winter of 1773-4, there was a snow storm in Florida, which was not injurious, being succeeded by moderate warm showers throughout the season ; and in 1775 the seasons were very favourable, having had frequent rains from the beginning of May. During the whole period this country was occupied by the British, it does not appear that there were more than ten medical men there :-namely, Dr. Turnbull, who followed the planting line very extensively; Dr. Yeates, the Secretary; Dr. Catherwood, a judge ; Doctors West, Hill, Wright, Kemp. Scott,and Henderson,attached tothe army; and,lastlyDoctors 11th N W From other data until the 10th of May, 1772, the weather was dry and cold. The winters of 1772-73, had little frost ; having been mostly open, and favourable to the sugar cane. Dry weather in July and August, having scarcely had a shower of rain from the middle of March to July.- The whole country was so much parched, that the corn grew up in long small stalks, with little heads, without moisture to fill them. In the winter of 1773-4, there was a snow storm in Florida, which was not injurious, being succeeded by moderate warm showers throughout the season ; and in 1775 the seasons were very favourable, having had frequent rains from the beginning of May. During the whole period this country was occupied by the British, it does not appear that there were more than ten medical men there :-namely, Dr. Turnbull, who followed the planting line very extensively; Dr. Yeates, the Secretary; Dr. Catherwood, a judge ; Doctors West, Hill, Wright, Kemp, Scott,andtHenderson,attachedtothearmy; and,lastlyDoctors  62 SITUATION AND CLIMATE. Barron and Clithera, feom Sauth Caralina, whose professional talents snere seldoms required or execsled, their income being derived front snore profitable soures. And, nder the present government, thre is only one physician wbs practices ; and he derives his emnolusments from the crown, which permsitsnmedicines and drugs to be sold at cost and charges to the inhabitants. While experience affords undeniable proofo of thoegeneral salubrity of the pesninsula, it mast soot be presumed that its in- habitants ore solitary examplesof coastant eempion fom sach epidesaics as Providence, ino its swisdom, dispenoes to the moost favourerdcontries ; and, therefore, itowillonot be a mat- tee of surprise to the reader to learn thsal St. Augustinc should have been visited by one of obese in 1t04. So, alo. the regalar tea borezs are liable so interruption by oc- cassonal squalls, wbich are short ansdviolent, bar immoediate- ly after the atmosphere becomss quite clear. At the equi. nones, particularly thsat of autumns, thcerains fall very heav-ilyo hetween I A. it. and 4 P. M. after swhich a serense sky. which hecomaes crimsonsed with variegatedt ff0000s in the west, hids adios for the day to thse glowing tioto of a tropical san. Tinebheat ofavetical suno, everyowheregreaton thse cantinent, is here mitigated daring ste sammer by the sea hreezses, as Ihas hero already statedt, which effectually refreosanod enliven thse system. The continuatiaos of saummer heat, which is lest perceptible than in the soathern ansdmiddle states, lasts one foarth of the year, and leases three fo,,ets of conotinued~ spring, viz. from Octoher so June 62 SITUATION AND CLIMATE. Barron and Clithera, from Soath Carolina, whote professitnal talents were seldom required or exrcised, their income being derived from more proftable sources. And, ondee the present govrnment, there is only one phsysician wo practies ; and he derives his emaolaments from slhe creon, whichpermitssmedicines and drags to be sold at coost and ecsarges to the inhbitants. While exprietnce affsrds undeniable proofs of sloe general saluhrity of thepessinsula, it mast not beressmedsthat its in. hsabitantssaesolitaryeamples of ostasntexemption from sach epidesaics as Providesnce, ino its wisdom, dispeoses so the smast favouredcoasntries ; asnd,therefore, itowillotsbe a mat- ter oftaurprise to sloe reader so loarn tool St. Augustine should bave heeon visited by oar of therso in 18f4. So. also, the reguar sea breezes see liale to interrnption by cc- casionaltsqaalls, whichoare shortasodviolent, hat immediate. ly after the astmosphoere bsecoaes quite clear. At the eqoi- ssnoe,particlarlythsat of sutumsn, thsoroins fall sorye heavily between I A. M. and 4 P. M. after whsich a serene shy. whichs heconmes crimsoned withs varsiegated figares in tloe west, bide adiea foe the day ta te glowing tints of a tropical san. The heatlof aetical sun, every where groat on the continent, is hsere mitigated during thoe summer by the sea breezes, as hsas beens already otated, which effectually refreshs asnd enliven sloe system. The continusation of sammer heat, which is loss perceptible than in the eoathern and middle states, lasts one fourthof the year, ond leaves three fosseito of contisnuesd spring, siz, from October so Joe 62 SITUATION AND CLIMATE. Barron tand Clithera, from Sonth Carolina, whose professianal talents were seldom required or exercised, their iacome heing derived fom more profitable soarce,. And, unoder lthe present governmen, tihere is only one phoysician so practices;and he doers his emnolamensfrom the crown, whsich permits medicines and drugs to he sold at cost and chasges to the inhsabitants. While experience affords undeniable proofs of thse general saluhrity of the peninsl, is mst not ho presoumed that its in-. habit ants ar solit ary 000amples of csonstant exempsiosofrom sach epidemoics as Provideoce, io is wisdom, dispeoses so the msntfavoosredcoauntriest ;and, therefore, itwill nothbe a mat- ter of sarprise to sloe reader to learn thsat St. Augustine shoald hsave heeos visited by one of these io 1t04. So, alo, the regnlar sea breezes are liable to inoterrupion by oc- casionnl sqalls, which are shsort asod violent, hot immedliate- ly after the atmosphsere beceomes quaite clear. At the equi- snanes, particalaelyltaf atumo,tioe raissfalltvery hevily hetween I A. M5. and 4 P. M. after swhicho a seresne shy, whichs hecomses ceimsoned with variegated figares an the west, bids adiea for thr day so sloe glowing tinss of a tropical san. Thteheatlofa erticalsuno, eveey whereogreat oa ths continent, is hee mitigated daring sloe suommer by the sea hreezes, s hoas boost already stated, which effrctally refoeshs anod rnliven sloe system. 'rho contination of sammer heat, which is less perceptible than ia the southern and middle states, lasts onoefourth of the year, and leavrs three fousrilo of c otinutsp ~ring, vie, from October to Juess  SITUATION AND CLIMATE. 63 SITUATION AND CLIMATE. 63 SITUATION AND CLIMATE. 63 inclusively; during swhich she sweuthee is incomupsrably de- lightful. It maybe justly iferred, fesm whut bus stresdy bees weit- less spun Ibis climute, that it is sst subject to thre vicissitudes ofsbhemorenorthernupartsof tbe cotinent, wbeetbeest aod noetb-eastwiodsuaeess tcdioussinstbespisg,nd peset scsontiouatisusofcldundmisure. It canotbe deied, tbut thse effects of climate upeeute very powceefully spun the chusactee and conditison of men, sod tbut a temrpeeute eegissn is peeferuble to one ioflictiog such security us the wintees of theoreth doupsonhehumanuframe. A close obserer of the seasoos is Florida, in oeder tu peove she pueity uf the atmosphere, bus emphasically stated, thut these werse not, in 1774, soy oestelys wnds during the summer seaso; sod if these do not peevaid, there need he no uppreheosion sf epidemics :the northesly swiods hove a sautuey effect. So, in New-Yuek, if aftr eveey heavy full of nrio sn he summee months, the rind should veer Is the noth,lthesloccuses ofyeluow fevee would cease to exist, aod with them the peepetual contruveesy us to she origin of malignant fevers. Thundee storms, accompanied by vivid lightning, which rise geneallyinothe suth andesoushmwest, are violentuand transient, hut pueify the aie is the summee months; sod althugh they mobs greal haoc umong the pine trees, do less mischief is this qurtee to in or beast thun is usher psets of the cuntinsent. Ose of the few foit occureneces cited, is thus of Me. Jesse Fish, Jun. whu was fouod deud is inclusively; during which the weathee is incompaeabty de- lightful. It mayhbejstly ifered, feom what bus alesdy bees weit- teo upon this climate, thus it is not subject to the vicissitudes of the moe oesheen poets uf the continent, whee the curt andoreth-est winds see soutedious in the spring, sod prsent ascontinuationof coldsand moisture. Itcanotbe denied, thus slhe effects of climate opeeate very poweefully spun she churacter sod conditinsofmen,sand thatatemperatesregion is preferabte Is use inflicting such security us the winless of the north do spun the humus frame. A sluse observer of lbesreasoos in Floridu, in srder Is prove the purity of lbs atmosphere, bus emphaticalty stared, thot these wee not, in 1774, any osterly wnds during the smmesesons;oand if thesecdonot prevail,lthere needhbe o apprechensisn of epidemics~ :rhesnothely winds buys salutasy effect. So, is New-Yush, if after evesy yheavy full uf roin is she summer months, she wind should veer tu the north,sthelsoclcnsss of yellow feverswould cease to enist, and wih them the peretualsontroversyuasltohe originsof malignant fevers. Thunder storms, accompanied by vivid lightning, which risesgeneally in thesouthand souhwes, areeviolentoand transient, hot psrify she sic in the rummer months; sod slthugh they makhe greest havoc among the pine trees, do less mischief is this qusrter to man os beast thus in usher posts of lbs continent. 0nc of the few fatal occurrences cited, is thus of thr. Jesse Fish, Jun. svho wass found dead is inclusively; duriog which lbs weather is incomparably de- lightful. Ir mayhbe justly inferred, from what bus aleady been writ- ten upon this climare, shut it is not subject Is the vicissitudes of the moenorthern parts of thecontinent, where lbs rust sod north-east winds see so tedious in lbs spring, sod present aocontinuationof cldond mistur. Itlcanotberdenied, shut she effects of climate opesate very powerfully spun she character sod condition of men, and shutsa temperute region is pefcrable lousne inflictiog such severity us lbs wioters of the north do upon lbs human frame. A close observer of the scasons is Florida, in order Is prove stre purity of the atmosphere, bus emphatically stated, thur these were not, is 1774, soy oweserly minds dusing the summersseason;oand if thesedonot prevail,thereed be no appeension of epidemics~ lbsh noetherly wiods buys sautarsy effect. So, is New-Tush, if after eerybreavy full of coin is lbs summee months, lbs wind should vees to the orth, the lsol cuses of yellow fever would neass to enist, and with them theperpetualcontrovrsy asrtoutheoiginsf maligonn fevers. Thunder storms, accompanied by vivid ligbtning, which risecgenerally inthe soth mod southbwest,are violent sod transient, but purify the sic is lbs summer moots; sod although they mobs great baoc among lbs pine trees, ds less mischief is this qusrer Is man or best lba uno ther poets of the continent. One of the few fatl occurences cited, is shut of thr. Jesse Fish, Jun. who woe found dcad is  64 SITUATION AND CLIMATE. the fields, with his horse, after a violent storm, which le had endeavoured to avert by an umbrella with brass mounting, which it is confidently believed caused his death. The fogs and heavy dews known to exist periodically from south and south west winds on the rivers and their immediate banks, create fears in the minds of many; yet it is as- certained beyond doubt, that wherever the sea breeze has free access, these are not prejudicial. Taking into view that St. Au:tstine and its maritime frontier has for the south the same character for salubrity which is allowed to Rhode Island in the north, the temperate man, whose chance is best in all climates, has a choice in the peninsula. Nor does it prove any tlung against the healthiness of the former, that epide- mics have prevailed; for the hand of Providence has some- times permitted them in the latter. Several authorities conspire to prove, what has been con- firmed by the personal observation of the author, that in addition to the common effects of air, in producing mould and rust, loaf sugar has been noticed to become damp in the stores of St. Augustine; but this has never detracted, to his know- ledge, from the recognised salubrity of the place. The cultivation of the country, which is looked to as an early consequence of its cession to the United States, will have the effect of clearing it from the stagnated air in the woods, and from the exhalations arising from the ponds and fresh water marshes, which are most propitious to the culture of rice and indigo; but are said to be injurious to the health of those engaged in them. This, of course, merits the considera- 64 SITUATION AND CLIMATE. the fields, with his horse, after a violent storm, which ie had endeavoured to avert by an umbrella with brass mounting, which it is confidently believed caused his death. The fogs and heavy dews known to exist periodically from south and south west winds on the rivers and their immediate banks, create fears in the minds of many; yet it is as- certained beyond doubt, that wherever the sea breeze has free access, these are not prejudicial. Taking into view that St. Augustine and its maritime frontier has for the south the same character for salubrity which is allowed to Rhode Island in the north, the temperate man, whose chance is best in all climates, has a choice in the peninsula. Nor does it prove any thmg against the healthiness of the former, that epide- mics have prevailed; for the hand of Providence has some- times permitted them in the latter. Several authorities conspire to prove, what has been con- firmed by the personal observation of the author, that in addition to the common effects of air, in producing mould and rust, loaf sugar has been noticed to become damp in the stores of St. Augustine ; but this has never detracted, to his know- ledge, from the recognised salubrity of the place. The cultivation of the country, which is looked to as an early consequence of its cession to the United States, will have the effect of clearing it from the stagnated air in the woods, and from the exhalations arising from the ponds and fresh water marshes, which are most propitious to the culture of rice and indigo; but are said to be injurious to the health of those engaged in them. This, of course, merits the considera- 64 SITUATION AND CLIMATE. the fields, with his horse, after a violent storm, which ie had endeavoured to avert by an umbrella with brass mounting, which it is confidently believed caused his death. The fogs and heavy dews known to exist periodically from south and south west winds on the rivers and their immediate banks, create fears in the minds of many; yet it is as- certained beyond doubt, that wherever the sea breeze has free access. these are not prejudicial. Taking into view that St. Augustine and its maritime frontier has for the south the same character for salubrity which is allowed to Rhode Island in the north, the temperate man, whose chance is best in all climates, has a choice in the peninsula. Nor does it prove any thing against the healthiness of the former, that epide- mices have prevailed; for the hand of Providence has some- times permitted them in the latter. Several authorities conspire to prove, what has been con- firmed by the personal observation of the author, that in addition to the common effects of air, in producing mould and rust, loaf sugar has been noticed to become damp in the stores of St. Augustine; but this has never detracted, to his know- ledge, from the recognised salubrity of the place. The cultivation of the country, which is looked to as an early consequence of its cession to the United States, will have the effect of clearing it from the stagnated air in the woods, and from the exhalations arising from the ponds and fresh water marshes, which are most propitious to the culture of rice and indigo; but are said to be injurious to the health of those engaged in them. This, of course, merits the considera-  SITUATION AND CLIMATE. 65 SITUATION AND CLIMATE. 65 SITUATION AND CLIMATE. 65 tion of those who prefer health to wealth. Among other cir- cumstances corroborative of the purity of the atmosphere, may be traced the common way of drying beef and fish in the sun, without salt, and the constant attendance of the in- numerable turkey buzzards, who stand ready to remove any carrion or other obnoxious matter; and, in some instances, an- ticipate the grasp of death to the dying animal, by giving the coup de grace to its eyes. Nothing can contribute more to salubrity than pure and wholesome water, and this is to be found more in the springs than in the wells of St. Augustine, where the water is in some places brackish, and requires fitering. Although these provinces afford allurements, in point of soil and climate,tothecarefulandtemperateresident,yettheauthor, whose fortunate resistance for many years to the effects of warm climates may perhaps entitle him to an opinion found- ed on personal experience, would recommendan occasional tour to the northern states, and thus guard against dysenteries, asthmas, and pleurisies, which sometimes attack those who expose their constitutions too freely to the alternate heats of noon day and dews of midnight. Mr. Volney, justly celebrated for his writings and travels, as well as for his assiduous researches into the character of the climate of this vast American continent, makes the fol- lowing remarks:-"Were I obliged," says he, " to select the most favourable spot in America as the place of my abode, my choice would fall upon the southern point of Rhode Island, or the south-west chain in Virginia, between the Roanoke and the Rappahannock. In the western country, I should prefer 9 tiro of those who prefer health to wealth. Among other cir- cumstances corroborative of the purity of the atmosphere, may be traced the common way of drying beef and fish in the sun, without salt, and the constant attendance of the in- numerable turkey buzzards, who stand ready to remove any carrion or other obnoxious matter; and, in some instances, an- ticipate the grasp of death to the dying animal, by giving the coup de grace to its eyes. Nothing can contribute more to salubrity than pure and wholesome water, and this is to be found more in the springs than in the wells of St. Augustine, where the water is in some places brackish, and requires filtering. Although these provinces afford allurements, in point of soil and climate, to the carefuland temperate resident,yetthe author, whose fortunate resistance for many years to the effects of warm climates may perhaps entitle him to an opinion found- ed on personalexperience, would recommend an occasional tour to the northern states, and thus guard against dysenteries, asthmas, and pleurisies, which sometimes attack those who expose their constitutions too freely to the alternate heats of noon day and dews of midnight. Mr. Volney, justly celebrated for his writings and travels, as well as for his assiduous researches into the character of the climate of this vast American continent, makes the fol- lowing remarks:-"Were I obliged," says he, " to select the most favourable spot in America as the place ofmy abode, my choice would fall upon the southern point of Rhode Island, or the south-west chain in Virginia, between the Roanoke and the Rappahannock. In the western country, I should prefer tien of those who prefer health to wealth. Among other cir- cumstances corroborative of the purity of the atmosphere, may be traced the common way of drying beef and fish in the sun, without salt, and the constant attendance of the in- numerable turkey buzzards, who stand ready to remove any carrion or other obnoxious matter; and, in some instances, an- ticipate the grasp of death to the dying animal, by giving the coup de grace to its eyes. Nothing can contribute more to salubrity than pure and wholesome water, and this is to be found more in the springs than in the wells of St. Augustine, where the water is in some places brackish, and requires filtering. Although these provinces afford allurements, in point of soil and climate,tothe carefulandtemperateresident,yettheauthor, whose fortunate resistance for many years to the effects of warm climates may perhaps entitle him to an opinion found- ed on personalexperience,would recommend an occasional tour to the northern states, and thus guard against dysenteries, asthmas, and pleurisies, which sometimes attack those who expose their constitutions too freely to the alternate heats of noon day and dews of midnight. Mr. Volney, justly celebrated for his writings and travels, as well as for his assiduous researches into the character of the climate of this vast American continent, makes the fol- lowing remarks:-"Were I obliged," says he, " to select the most favourable spot in America as the place of my abode, my choice would fall upon the southern point of Rhode Island, or the south-west chain in Virginia, between the Roanoke and the Rappahannock. In the western country, I should prefer 9  66 SITUATION AND CLIMATE. to live, a hundred years hence, on the margin of Lake Erie, for then it will not, as now, be infested with fevers. At pre- sent, if my choice were guided by the reports of travellers, it would fix upon those highlands of Florida and Georgia which are to windward of the nearest marsh. Intermittents are en- demial in all low situations. Thus we see, in all the pro- vinces to the southward, particular places remarkable for a continuance of disorder in them. A remedy is recommended composed of the bark of the root of the magnolia major, which the French on the Mississippi substitute in lieu of Jesuit's bark, with Virginia heart, snake root, rue sal absynth, and pink root, in good wine, avoiding a too great exposure to the frequent sudden changes of air. They ought to use the cold bath often, wear camphor and garlic in their pockets, not ex- pose themselves to rain, and-above all keep warm and dry feet, and if got wet by rain, not to change their clothes too sudden. ly; never go out of a morning fasting, but before you go to work, business, &c. eat a piece of bread, and drink a glass of the bitter infusion; avoid the night air in the rooms, espe- cially in the bed rooms, which ought never to be on a lower floor, and should be in the eastern parts of the building, ex- posed to the morning sun. By observing these rules, the constitution of the human body will be less disposed to receive the impressions of a bad air." The following is an extract of a letter from the late Denys Rolle, Esq. father to the present Lord Rolle, the founder of Rolle's town on the St. Johns, dated Tuderly, 1st September, 1756. "The enjoyment of the trade wind passing over the pe- ninsula, is not felt elsewhere. 66 SITUATION AND CLIMATE. to live, a hundred years hence, on the margin of Lake Erie, for then it will not, as now, be infested with fevers. At pre- sent, if my choice were guided by the reports of travellers, it would fix upon those highlands of Florida and Georgia which are to windward of the nearest marsh. Intermittents are en- demial in all low situations. Thus we see, in all the pro- vinces to the southward, particular places remarkable for a continuance of disorder in them. A remedy is recommended composed of the bark of the root of the magnolia major, which the French on the Mississippi substitute in lieu of Jesuit's bark, with Virginia heart, snake root, rue sal absynth, and pink root, in good wine, avoiding a too great exposure to the frequent sudden changes of air. They ought to use the cold bath often, wear camphor and garlic in their pockets, not ex- pose themselves to rain, and-above all keep warm and dry feet, and if got wet by rain, not to change their clothes too sudden- ly ; never go out of a morning fasting, but before you go to work, business, &c. eat a piece of bread, and drink a glass of the bitter infusion; avoid the night air in the rooms, espe- cially in the bed rooms, which ought never to be on a lower floor, and should be in the eastern parts of the building, ex- posed to the morning sun. By observing these rules, the constitution of the human body will be less disposed to receive the impressions of a bad air." The following is an extract of a letter from the late Denys Rolle, Esq. father to the present Lord Rolle, the founder of Rolle's town on the St. Johns, dated Tuderly, 1st September, 1756. " The enjoyment of the trade wind passing over the pe- ninsula, is not felt elsewhere. 66 SITUATION AND CLIMATE. to live, a hundred years hence, on the margin of Lake Erie, for then it will not, as now, be infested with fevers. At pre- sent, if my choice were guided by the reports of travellers, it would fix upon those highlands of Florida and Georgia which are to windward of the nearest marsh. Intermittents are en- demial in all low situations. Thus we see, in all the pro- vinces to the southward, particular places remarkable for a continuance of disorder in them. A remedy is recommended composed of the bark of the root of the magnolia major, which the French on the Mississippi substitute in lieu of Jesuit's bark, with Virginia heart, snake root, rue sal absynth, and pink root, in good wine, avoiding a too great exposure to the frequent sudden changes of air. They ought to use the cold bath often, wear camphor and garlic in their pockets, not ex- pose themselves to rain, and above all keep warm and dry feet, and if got wet by rain, not to change their clothes too sudden- ly; never go out of a morning fasting, but before you go to work, business, &c. eat a piece of bread, and drink a glass of the bitter infusion; avoid the night air in the rooms, espe- cially in the bed rooms, which ought never to be on a lower floor, and should be in the eastern parts of the building, ex- posed to the morning sun. By observing these rules, the constitution of the human body will be less disposed to receive the impressions of a bad air." The following is an extract of a letter from the late Denys Rolle, Esq. father to the present Lord Rolle, the founder of Rolle's town on the St. Johns, dated Tuderly, 1st September, 1756. " The enjoyment of the trade wind passing over the pe- ninsula, is not felt elsewhere.  SITUATION AND CLIMATE. 67 SITUATION AND CLIMATE. 67 SITUATION AND CLIMATE. 67 " This wind I was extremely sensible of in my journey to St. Marks, on the Bay of Mexico, in May, where I came to the high land of the Latchway, first Indian town from any set- tlement, w. N. w. when this wind was rather disagreeably cold in that otherwise warm month. This being the highest land between the two seas, it received less obstruction from the woods: when these are more cleared, every part will enjoy it. Every thing in nature seems to correspond towards the cultivation of the productions of the whole world in some part or other of this happy province, the most precious jewel of his Majesty's American dominions." The following Thermometrical Observations are extracted from Ellicot's Journal, made at Point Peter, on the St. Mary's. [The second column shows the state of the Thermometer at sunrise, the last its range throughout the day.] 1799. Dec. 15 Cloudy. 16 51 67 Cloudy at P. M. and so all night. 17 57 70 Heavy rain all night. 18 56 64 Cloudy, with rain all P. M. and night. 19 55 69 Heavy fog A. M. flying clouds all day, and rain at night. 20 60 58 Cloudy all doe Ear rain A. M and " This wind I was extremely sensible of in my journey to St. Marks, on the Bay of Mexico, in May, where I came to the high land of the Latchway, first Indian town from any set- tlement, w. N. w. when this wind was rather disagreeably cold in that otherwise warm month. This being the highest land between the two seas, it received less obstruction from the woods: when these are more cleared, every part will enjoy it. Every thing in nature seems to correspond towards the cultivation of the productions of the whole world in some part or other of this happy province, the most precious jewel of his Majesty's American dominions." The following Thermometrical Observations are extracted from Ellicot's Journal, made at Point Peter, on the St. Mary's. [The second column shows the state of the Thermometer at sunrise, the last its range throughout the day.] 1799. Dec. 15 Cloudy. 16 51 67 Cloudy at P. M. and so all night. 17 57 70 Heavy rain all night. 18 56 64 Cloudy, with rain all P. M. and night. 19 55 69 Heavy fog A. M. flying clouds all day, and rain at night. 20 60 58 Cloudy all dae fine rain A. M sod " This wind I was extremely sensible of in my journey to St. Marks, on the Bay of Mexico, in May, where I came to the high land of the Latchway, first Indian town from any set- tlement, w. N. w. when this wind was rather disagreeably cold in that otherwise warm month. This being the highest land between the two seas, it received less obstruction from the woods: when these are more cleared, every part will enjoy it. Every thing in nature seems to correspond towards the cultivation of the productions of the whole world in some part or other of this happy province, the most precious jewel of his Majesty's American dominions." The following Thermometrical Observations are extracted from Ellicot's Journal, made at Point Peter, on the St. Mary's. [The second column shows the state of the Thermometer at sunrise, the last its range throughout the day.] 1799. Dec. 15 Cloudy. 16 51 67 Cloudy at P. M. and so all night. 17 57 70 Heavy rain all night. 18 56 64 Cloudy, with rain all P. M. and night. 19 55 69 Heavy fog A. M. flying clouds all day, and rain at night. 20 y0 58 Cloudy all do. fine rain A. M. and a 21 22 23 59 54 54 54 55 56 heavy rain at night. P. M. cloudy, with heavy rain most of the day, wind N. W. at night. Cloudy A. M. and in the evening. Cloudy all last night, and this day, with fine rain. 21 22 23 59 54 54 54 55 56 heavy rain at night. P. M. cloudy, with heavy rain most of the day, wind N. W. at night. Cloudy A. M. and in the evening. Cloudy all last night, and this day, with fine rain. 21 22 23 59 54 54 54 55 56 heavy rain at night. P. M. cloudy, with heavy rain most of the day, wind N. W. at night. Cloudy A. M. and in the evening. Cloudy all last night, and this day, with fine rain.  68 SITUATION AND CLIMATE. Dec. 24 34 54 25 30 51 26 41 49 Cloudy all day and night. 27 50 64 28 80 80 Cloudy A. M. 29 67 63 Heavy rain great part of the day, S. W. wind violent. 1800. Jan'y 1 28 54 Scattering clouds. 2 54 54 Heavy rain, wind N. E. 3 39 53 4 36 54 5 36 36 Cloudy all day. 6 34 61 7 38 38 Ditto. 8 40 48 9 38 42 Rain part day, and rain with hail evening. 10 37 40 Snow and hail the whole day. 11 28 40 Snow 5 inches deep. 12 34 67 Cloudy great part of the day. 13 46 57 Cloudy all day. 14 40 62 Do. 15 42 61 Cloudy in the evening. 16 45 67 17 64 42 Cloudy morning, shower at I1 A. M. 18 38 58 19 37 54 The following are Ellicot's observations at Apalachicola. 1799. Aug. 23 91 P. M. 68 SITUATION AND CLIMATE. Dec. 24 34 54 25 30 51 26 41 49 Cloudy all day and night. 27 50 64 28 80 80 Cloudy A. M. 29 67 63 Heavy rain great part of the day, S. W. wind violent. 1800. Jan'y 1 28 54 Scattering clouds. 2 54 54 Heavy rain, wind N. E. 3 39 53 4 36 54 5 36 36 Cloudy all day. 6 34 61 7 38 38 Ditto. 8 40 48 9 38 42 Rain part day, and rain with hail evening. 10 37 40 Snow and hail the whole day. 11 28 40 Snow 5 inches deep. 12 34 67 Cloudy great part of the day. 13 46 57 Cloudy all day. 14 40 62 Do. 15 42 61 Cloudy in the evening. 16 45 67 17 64 42 Cloudy morning, shower at 11 A. M. 18 38 58 19 37 54 The following are Ellicot's observations at Apalachicola. 1799. Aug. 23 91 P. M. 68 SITUATION AND CLIMATE. Dec. 24 34 54 25 30 51 26 41 49 27 50 64 28 80 80 29 67 63 Cloudy all day and night. Cloudy A. M. Heavy rain great part of the day, S. W. wind violent. 1800. Jan'y 1 28 54 Scattering clouds. 2 54 54 Heavy rain, wind N. E. 3 39 53 4 36 54 5 36 36 Cloudy all day. 6 34 61 7 38 38 Ditto. 8 40 48 9 38 42 Rain part day, and rain with hail evening. 10 37 40 Snow and hail the whole day. 11 28 40 Snow 5 inches deep. 12 34 67 Cloudy great part of the day. 13 46 57 Cloudy all day. 14 40 62 Do. 15 42 61 Cloudy in the evening. 16 45 67 17 64 42 Cloudy morning, shower at 11 A. N. 18 38 58 19 37 54 The following are Ellicot's observations at Apalachicola. 1799. Aug. 23 91 P. M.  SITUATION AND CLIMATE. 69 SITUATION AND CLIMATE. 69 Aug. 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 75 91 74 88 76 85 Shower of rain at noon, heavy rain P. M. winds from all quarters. 74 96 74 96 The evening distressing, atmosphere, 80 93 hazy and suffocating, until 8 o'clock, 74 95 when light breeze from E. which cor- rected the atmosphere. Aug. 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 75 91 74 88 76 85 Shower of rain at noon, heavy rain P. M. winds from all quarters. 74 96 74 96 The evening distressing, atmosphere, 80 93 hazy and suffocating, until 8 o'clock, 74 95 when light breeze from E. which cor- rected the atmosphere. Aug. 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Sept. 1 2 3 4 5 75 74 76 74 74 80 74 SITUATION AND CLIMATE. 91 88 69 31 76 93 Sept. 1 74 94 2 75 90 Cloudy part of the afternoon. 3 73 91 Cloudy great part of the day and night. 4 76 89 Cloudy all the afternoon and night. 5 74 87 Several showers of rain in the course of the day, thundergust P. M. 6 73 89 Sky remarkably blue, fine clear morning. 7 73 86 Shower at day break, cloudy great part of the day, little rain. 8 73 87 Shower at day break and P. M. 9 74 90 Thick fog till 8 A. M. 10 71 82 Foggy. 11 74 91 Cloudy all the afternoon, with a little rain. 12 74 89 Thundergust at noon. 13 76 91 14 74 91 Cloudy part of the afternoon. 15 72 92 16 76 96 Ditto. From the above thermometrical observations, the reader is led to the following conclusions : that the thermometer was 31 76 93 Sept. 1 74 94 2 75 90 Cloudy part of the afternoon. 3 73 91 Cloudy great part of the day and night. 4 76 89 Cloudy all the afternoon and night. 5 74 87 Several showers of rain in the course of the day, thundergust P. M. 6 73 89 Sky remarkably blue, fine clear morning. 7 73 86 Shower at day break, cloudy great part of the day, little rain. 8 73 87 Shower at day break and P. M. 9 74 90 Thick fog till 8 A. M. 10 71 82 Foggy. 11 74 91 Cloudy all the afternoon, with a little rain. 12 74 89 Thundergust at noon. 13 76 91 14 74 91 Cloudy part of the afternoon. 15 72 92 16 76 96 Ditto. From the above thermometrical observations, the reader is led to the following conclusions : that the thermometer was 76 74 75 73 76 74 85 Shower of rain at noon, heavy rain P. M. winds from all quarters. 96 96 The evening distressing, atmosphere, 93 hazy and suffocating, until 8 o'clock, 95 when light breeze from E. which cor- rected the atmosphere. 93 94 90 Cloudy part of the afternoon. 91 Cloudy great part of the day and night. 89 Cloudy all the afternoon and night. 87 Several showers of rain in the course of the day, thundergust P. M. 89 Sky remarkably blue, fine clear morning. 86 Shower at day break, cloudy great part of the day, little rain. 87 Shower at day break and P. M. 90 Thick fog till 8 A. Ml. 82 Foggy. 91 Cloudy all the afternoon, with a little rain. 89 Thundergust at noon. 6 73 7 73 8 73 9 74 10 71 1I 74 12 74 13 76 91 14 74 91 Cloudy part of the afternoon. 15 72 92 16 76 96 Ditto. From the above thermometrical observations, the reader is led to the following conclusions : that the thermometer was  70 SITUATION AND CLIMATE. at Point Petre on St. Mary's, from December 14th, 1799, to January 19th, 1800, from 25 44 the lowest, to 67 highest, and on one day, the 28th, at 80. That from the 23d of August to the 16th of September, 1799, it was at Apalachicola, of parallel latitude with Point Petre, at sunrise, from 71 lowest average, to 82, and from 70 at sunrise to 93 highest. Some have calculated that the mercury ranges between 84 and 88 degrees in the shade, where a free ventilation exists, and that it never sinks below 30, and that water does not freeze south of 27 and 30 north lat.whereas Mr.Ellicot states, that on his return from his western survey, in West Florida, he observed on the 30th November, 1799, ice formed on the decks of his vessel when in the Florida Keys. From the information obtained by Mr. Darby on the sub- ject of climate in this country, ie says that the thermometer ranges from 78 to 92 in summer, and from 40 to 70 in winter. In farther illustration of the mildness and uniformity of temperature in the peninsula, it may be satisfactory to look to the observations of professional men of former times, as well as to those of the present day, alike respectable ; of these latter, are the reports from the surgeons of the Uni- ted States' army, ordered to take constant and regular ob- servations, which Dr. Lovell, the surgeon general, has very judiciously caused to be published, for public benefit, and of which the following is an extract from those taken at Amelia Island, in lat. 30 45, long. 81 57 west, where the thermometer stood in the three first months of 1820: 70 SITUATION AND CLIMATE. at Point Petre on St. Mary's, from December 14th, 1799, to January 19th, 1800, from 25 44 the lowest, to 67 highest, and on one day, the 28th, at 80. That from the 23d of August to the 16th of September, 1799, it was at Apalachicola, of parallel latitude with Point Petre, at sunrise, from 71 lowest average, to 82, and from 80 at sunrise to 93 highest. Some have calculated that the mercury ranges between 84 and 88 degrees in the shade, where a free ventilation exists, and that it never sinks below 30, and that water does not freeze south of 27 and 30 north lat.whereas Mr. Ellicot states, that on his return from his western survey, in West Florida, he observed on the 30th November, 1799, ice formed on the decks of his vessel when in the Florida Keys. From the information obtained by Mr. Darby on the sub- ject of climate in this country, he says that the thermometer ranges from 78 to 92 in summer, and from 40 to 70 in winter. In farther illustration of the mildness and uniformity of temperature in the peninsula, it may be satisfactory to look to the observations of professional men of former times, as well as to those of the present day, alike respectable ; of these latter, are the reports from the surgeons of the Uni- ted States' army, ordered to take constant and regular ob- servations, which Dr. Lovell, the surgeon general, has very judiciously caused to be published, for public benefit, and of which the following is an extract from those taken at Amelia Island, in lat. 30 45, long. 81 57 west, where the thermometer stood in the three first months of 18920: 70 SITUATION AND CLIMATE. at Point Petre on St. Mary's, from December 14th, 1799, to January 19th, 1800, from 25 44 the lowest, to 67 highest, and on one day, the 28th, at 80. That from the 23d of August to the 16th of September, 1799, it was at Apalachicola, of parallel latitude with Point Petre, at sunrise, from 71 lowest average, to 82, and from 80 at sunrise to 93 highest. Some have calculated that the mercury ranges between 94 and 88 degrees in the shade, where a free ventilation exists, and that it never sinks below 30, and that water does not freeze south of 27 and 30 north lat.whereas Mr. Ellicot states, that on his return from his western survey, in West Florida, he observed on the 30th November, 1799, ice formed on the decks of his vessel when in the Florida Keys. From the information obtained by Mr. Darby on the sub- ject of climate in this country, he says that the thermometer ranges from 78 to 92 in summer, and from 40 to 70 in winter. In farther illustration of the mildness and uniformity of temperature in the peninsula, it may be satisfactory to look to the observations of professional men of former times, as well as to those of the present day, alike respectable; of these latter, are the reports from the surgeons of the Uni- ted States' army, ordered to take constant and regular ob- servations, which Dr. Lovell, the surgeon general, has very judiciously caused to be published, for public benefit, and of which the following is an extract from those taken at Amelia Island, in lat. 30 45, long. 81 57 west, where the thermometer stood in the three first months of 1820:  SITUATION AND CLIMATE. 71 SITUATION AND CLIMATE. 71 SITUATION AND CLIMATE. 71 1820. Hlighest degr.. Lowst degree. Mean tepertur. Tn January, 62 79959 39144 39 51 13596818394,161 ho February, 166 78170 1590159999 (60 51169 62164 201 Tn March, 68.78 70 590162955 60 1971 77 60 70 Hattr.t day.. Culdo.t day.. InFbuT ,Tusay 1 Tedy In January, (Munday, I19I Wednesday,1I2I Ia March, Tuesday, I71 Friday, 110 Winds. Weathe. Daysain Z z Ga t=7~E J 6 a January, 31112 2 5I2N ) 1101 7I 6-r, February, 1 11 3I 2191 61 3 4J8E 1 261I-1 31-e, March, 6 861 21 71 141 316E 123131 t 118. H~ighest degree. Luest degee. Mean anr,,sstooe. T 2 5 54 9 5E18I4.n February 66 72870 1201952 60 91 69 62 64 20 Too March, Y166.78 70 15061 160 19 71 77 60 70 Hlottsts daes. Coldest days. T n January, Munduy,221 I Wrdhra 1ft I2 14 1 E180 ihetdgI2 oet ere Ma epeaue Ta February, Thursday, 121 ITuesday,nJnay ody 1IWdedy I121 Too March, Tuesday, I71 Friday, 1101 Winds. Weatheor. I I I I -1I 5 . Ii~.o dg.. . Lo dg. Sla ny o s In January, 62 79959 39144 39 91 139601 83954.16 Too Fehroary, 66 7270 50859929 6095169 6264 20 Tn March, t 68,78 0 o1629 55 60 19171 7716070 110000,0 d~ay.. Coldest day. Tn January, IMonday, 19 Wdeda,1 Ta Fehruary, Thursd~ay, 2 Tuesda, 1 Ia March, (Tuesday, 17 Friday, 11o Winds. WathOO5. Dayu in Z 1 j 20 W 0 01 = January, 3 2I19I 21 2 5 2INE 1 81 716-. Fehruary, 111312 5I 61 3 5! 4ISE I 261- 31-re March, I 11 8121 711 4I31NE1 23131~ 51-1r i  72 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, SOIL, AND PRODUCTIONS. The river St. Mary's, which forms at present the northern boundary of East Florida, is navigable for sixty miles by vessels of one hundred and sixty tons. This fine river, well known by the citizens of the United States, takes its rise in a large swamp, or lake, called Qua- kaphanake, lying between the Flint and Ochemulgee rivers, and enters by a channel, giving twenty feet at high water, be- tween Cumberland Island, recognised by the handsome seat belonging to the heirs of General Greene, and Amelia Island. It is about a mile in breadth at its mouth; whence it takes a di- rect course to Point Petre ; here it is intersected by Joly and Belle rivers, and assumes, soon after, a southerly bend, ex- tending to within a mile of a well laid-out town of the same name. Afterwards, it takes a serpentine course for several miles, giving rise to a small branch, called Little St. Mary's. It has a current of fine clear water, much admired for its puri- ty and wholesomeness. The land on each side of this river is of good quality. It is not equal, however, to the tracts farther south for the rais- ing of cotton, rice, and provisions. The pasturage is fine; 72 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, SOIL, AND PRODUCTIONS. The river St. Mary's, which forms at present the northern boundary of East Florida, is navigable for sixty miles by vessels of one hundred and sixty tons. This fine river, well known by the citizens of the United States, takes its rise in a large swamp, or lake, called Qua- kaphanake, lying between the Flint and Ochemulgee rivers, and enters by a channel, giving twenty feet at high water, be. tween Cumberland Island, recognised by the handsome seat belonging to the heirs of General Greene, and Amelia Island. It is about a mile in breadth at its mouth; whence ittakes a di- rect course to Point Petre ; here it is intersected by Joly and Belle rivers, and assumes, soon after, a southerly bend, ex- tending to within a mile of a well laid-out town of the same name. Afterwards, it takes a serpentine course for several miles, giving rise to a small branch, called Little St. Mary's. It has a current of fine clear water, much admired for its puri- ty and wholesomeness. The land on each side of this river is of good quality. It is not equal, however, to the tracts farther south for the rais- ing of cotton, rice, and provisions. The pasturage is fine; 72 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, SOIL, AND PRODUCTIONS. The river St. Mary's, which forms at present the northern boundary of East Florida, is navigable for sixty miles by vessels of one hundred and sixty tons. This fine river, well known by the citizens of the United States, takes its rise in a large swamp, or lake, called Qua. kaphanake, lying between the Flint and Ochemulgee rivers, and enters by a channel, giving twenty feet at high water, be- tween Cumberland Island, recognised by the handsome seat belonging to the heirs of General Greene, and Amelia Island. It is about a mile in breadth at its mouth; whence it takes a di- rect course to Point Petre ; here it is intersected by Joly and Belle rivers, and assumes, soon after, a southerly bend, ex- tending to within a mile of a well laid-out town of the same name. Afterwards, it takes a serpentine course for several miles, giving rise to a small branch, called Little St. Mary's. It has a current of fine clear water, much admired for its puri- ty and wholesomeness. The land on each side of this river is of good quality. It is not equal, however, to the tracts farther south for the rais- ing of cotton, rice, and provisions. The pasturage is fue;  TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 73 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 75 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 73 and there are some excellent mill seats, which are improved to much advantage by Major Clark and others. Some good crops of black seed cotton have been raised thirty miles up, on fine land, which can be rendered very productive. Forty miles up is the military post of Traders' Hill, or Fort Alert, remarkable for its salubrious situation, and for its having been the barrier to Indian incursions, as well as a check upon the smugglers trading between the American and Spanish territo- ries. This fort was established in 1812, and has been much improved. The abundance of cane swamp, live oak, and cedar, gives a character to the soil, worthy of attention. A few miles from Trader's Hill, passes the great road from Fort Barrington to St. Augustine, made in 1765, by the sub- scription of several public-spirited gentlemen; among whom were Governors Grant and Moultrie, Messrs. Forbes, Fish, Izard, Pinckney, Gerard, Walton, Manigault, Oswald, Huger, Henry, Laurens, Elliot, Murray, and others, names well known throughout America. South from St. Mary's, is the island of Amelia, more known of late years than any other part of Florida, as well to com- mercial men as to politicians:-To the former, from the access had to it, during the embargo by the United States, in 1808, and the war of 1812, during which there were generally in port upwards of 150 sail of shipping of all nations and flags, carrying on an immense transit trade, more favourable to those concerned in it than honorable to the governments un- der whose auspices it was fostered :-And to the latter, from its 10 and there are some excellent mill seats, which are improved to much advantage by Majer Clark and others. Some good crops of black seed cotton have been raised thirty miles up, on fine land, which can be rendered very productive. Forty miles up is the military post of Traders' Hill, or Fort Alert, remarkable for its salubrious situation, and for its having been the barrier to Indian incursions, as well as a check upon the smugglers trading between the American and Spanish territo- ries. This fort was established in 1812, and has been much improved. The abundance of cane swamp, live oak, and cedar, gives a character to the soil, worthy of attention. A few miles from Trader's Hill, passes the great road from Fort Barrington to St. Augustine, made in 1765, by the sub- scription of several public-spirited gentlemen; among whom were Governors Grant and Moultrie, Messrs. Forbes, Fish, Izard, Pinckney, Gerard, Walton, Manigault, Oswald, Huger, Henry, Laurens, Elliot, Murray, and others, names well known throughout America. South from St. Mary's, is the island of Amelia, more known of late years than any other part of Florida, ts well to com- mercial men as to politicians:-To the former, from the access had to it, during the embargo by the United States, in 1808, and the war of 1812, during which there were generally in port upwards of 150 sail of shipping of all nations and flags, carrying on an immense transit trade, more favourable to those concerned in it than honorable to the governments un- der whose auspices it was fostered :-And to the latter, from its 10 and there are some excellent mill seats, which are improved to much advantage by Major Clark and others. Some good crops of black seed cotton have been raised thirty miles up, on fme land, which can be rendered very productive. Forty miles up is the military post of Traders' Hill, or Fort Alert, remarkable for its salubrious situation, and forits having been the barrier to Indian incursions, as well as a check upon the smugglers trading between the American and Spanish territo- ries. This fort was established in 1812, and has been much improved. The abundance of cane swamp, live oak, and cedar, gives a character to the soil, worthy of attention. A few miles from Trader's Hill, passes the great road from Fort Barrington to St. Augustine, made in 1765, by the sub- scription of several public-spirited gentlemen ; among whom were Governors Grant and Moultrie, Messrs. Forbes, Fish, Izard, Pinckney, Gerard, Walton, Manigault, Oswald, Huger, Henry, Laurens, Elliot, Murray, and others, names well known throughout America. South from St. Mary's, is the island of Amelia, more known of late years than any other part of Florida, as well to com- mercial men as to politicians: -To the former, from the access had to it, during the embargo by the United States, in 1808, and the war of 1812, during which there were generally in port upwards of 150 sail of shipping of all nations and flags, carrying on an immense transit trade, more favourable to those concerned in it than honorable to the governments un- der whose auspices it was fostered :-And to the latter, from its 10  74 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. contiguity to the United States, and serving as a resort for ad- venturers of every kind, and for every purpose. From these circumstances arose the town of Fernandina. Previous to this it had but a few huts erected about a mile south from the point on the west side. Formerly it was re- markable only for some wells dug by the English, for the pur- pose of supplying their cruizers with water; which, however, they preferred taking from St. Mary's River, when con- venient. The harbour is spacious, and secure against the eastern gales, and may be rendered effectually so against an enemy in time of war. For this purpose, and that of commerce, as well as from its contiguity to the Bahama passages, it is en- titled to much consideration. The town consists of about forty houses, built of wood, in six streets, regularly intersecting each other at right angles, having rows of trees (Pride of India) and a square, with a small fort of eight guns, fronting the water. Several of these houses are two stories high, with galleries, and form a hand- some appearance. In the rear, at a distance between the town and sea, is a thick wood of large oak ; and s. E. from it is a handsome scite, known as M'Clure's Hill, which, com- mands the town, and is nearly peninsulated by a marsh. It was in this harbour that the British men of war and large transports rendezvoused for the purpose of evacuating East Florida, in March 1784. The island is fifteen miles in length, and nearly three in its greatest breadth. It has much good land, well adapted to the culture of cotton. 74 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. contiguity to the United Stdtes, and serving as a resort for ad- venturers of every kind, and for every purpose. From these circumstances arose the town of Fernandina. Previous to this it had but a few huts erected about a mile south from the point on the west side. Formerly it was re- markable only for some wells dug by the English, for the pur- pose of supplying their cruizers with water; which, however, they preferred taking from St. Mary's River, when con- venient. The harbour is spacious, and secure against the eastern gales, and may be rendered effectually so against an enemy in time of war. For this purpose, and that of commerce, as well as from its contiguity to the Bahama passages, it is en- titled to much consideration. The town consists of about forty houses, built of wood, in six streets, regularly intersecting each other at right angles, having rows of trees (Pride of India) and a square, with a small fort of eight guns, fronting the water. Several of these houses are two stories high, with galleries, and form a hand- some appearance. In the rear, at a distance between the town and sea, is a thick wood of large oak ; and s. E. from it is a handsome scite, known as M'Clure's Hill, which, com- mands the town, and is nearly peninsulated by a marsh. It was in this barbour that the British men of war and large transports rendezvoused for the purpose of evacuating East Florida, in March 1784. The island is fifteen miles in length, and nearly three in its greatest breadth. It has much good land, well adapted to the culture of cotton. 74 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. contiguity to the United States, and serving as a resort for ad- venturers of every kind, and for every purpose. From these circumstances arose the town of Fernandina. Previous to this it had but a few huts erected about a mile south from the point on the west side. Formerly it was re- markable only for some wells dug by the English, for the pur- pose of supplying their cruizers with water ; which, however, they preferred taking from St. Mary's River, when con- venient. The harbour is spacious, and secure against the eastern gales, and may be rendered effectually so against an enemy in time of war. For this purpose, and that of commerce, as well as from its contiguity to the Bahama passages, it is en- titled to much consideration. The town consists of about forty houses, built of wood, in six streets, regularly intersecting each other at right angles, having rows of trees (Pride of India) and a square, with a small fort of eight guns, fronting the water. Several of these houses are two stories high, with galleries, and form a hand- some appearance. In the rear, at a distance between the town and sea, is a thick wood of large oak ; and s. E. from it is a handsome scite, known as M'Clure's Hill, which, com- mands the town, and is nearly peninsulated by a marsh. It was in this harbour that the British men of war and large transports rendezvoused for the purpose of evacuating East Florida, in March 1784. The island is fifteen miles in length, and nearly three in its greatest breadth. It has much good land, well adapted to the culture of cotton.  TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 75 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 75 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c. 75 The planters reside principally on the western skirt of the island, and are doing well, while the inhabitants of the town of Fernandina (about 150 in number) are in a depressed state ; many of them depending upon the bounty of the go- vernment of the United States for the means of subsistence, and all looking to the cession of the province with hopes of an ameliorated condition. On the score of health it would be soon improved by draining the ponds in the neighbour- hood ; or by making them accessible to the salt water, and influenced by the tides. The navigation through the Narrows, for vessels drawing more than four feet, is intricate towards Nassau River, which lies eighteen miles south of St. Mary's. From the conluence of several small rivers it forms itself into one of considerable depth for twenty-five miles westward, promising at some dis- tance from it mouth, much advantage in excellent lands, with an abundance of pine and water, for lumber cutters and rice planters. Some of these, however, are subject to inundations in wet seasons. It is the only river in the province that runs, like St. Mary's, transversely. The bar at Nassau Inlet has eight feet water at low tide, and separates Amelia from Great and Little Talbot Islands, both small, but fertile. Next to these comes the Island of Fort George, named so from a fort being built on it by General Oglethorpe in his attack on Florida. This fine island was once in the possession of John M'Queen, Esq. of Georgia, and afterwards much improved by John Houston M'Intosh, Esq.; and is now in the posses- sion of - Kingsley, Esq. whose property is much increased in value. The planters reside principally on the western skirt of the island, and are doing well, while the inhabitants of the town of Fernandina (about 150 in number) are in a depressed state ; many of them depending upon the bounty of the go- vernment of the United States for the means of subsistence, and all looking to the cession of the province with hopes of an ameliorated condition. On the score of health it would be soon improved by draining the ponds in the neighbour- hood ; or by making them accessible to the salt water, and influenced by the tides. The navigation through the Narrows, for vessels drawing more than four feet, is intricate towards Nassau River, which lies eighteen miles south of St. Mary's. From the confluence of several small rivers it forms itself into one of considerable depth for twenty-five miles westward, promising at some dis- tance from it mouth, much advantage in excellent lands, with an abundance of pine and water, for lumber cutters and rice planters. Some of these, however, are subject to inundations in wet seasons. lt is the only river in the province that runs, like St. Mary's, transversely. The bar at Nassau Inlet has eight feet water at low tide, and separates Amelia from Great and Little Talbot Islands, both small, but fertile. Next to these comes the Island of Fort George, named so from a fort being built on it by General Oglethorpe in his attack on Florida. This fine island was once in the possession of John M'Queen, Esq. of Georgia, and afterwards much improved by John Houston M'Intosh, Esq. ; and is now in the posses- sion of -Kingsley, Esq. whose property is much increased in value. The planters reside principally on the western skirt of the island, and are doing well, while the inhabitants of the town of Fernandina (about 150 in number) are in a depressed state ; many of them depending upon the bounty of the go- vernment of the United States for the means of subsistence, and all looking to the cession of the province with hopes of an ameliorated condition. On the score of health it would be soon improved by draining the ponds in the neighbour- hood ; or by making them accessible to the salt water, and influenced by the tides. The navigation through the Narrows, for vessels drawing more than four feet, is intricate towards Nassau River, which lies eighteen miles south of St. Mary's. From the conluence of several small rivers it forms itself into one of considerable depth for twenty-five miles westward, promising at some dis- tance from it mouth, much advantage in excellent lands, with an abundance of pine and water, for lumber cutters and rice planters. Some of these, however, are subject to inundations in wet seasons. It is the only river in the province that runs, like St. Mary's, transversely. The bar at Nassau Inlet has eight feet water at low tide, and separates Amelia from Great and Little Talbot Islands, both small, but fertile. Next to these comes the island of Fort George, named so from a fort being built on it by General Oglethorpe in his attack on Florida. This fine island was once in the possession of John M'Queen, Esq. of Georgia, and afterwards much improved by John Houston M'Intosh, Esq. ; and is now in the posses- sion of - Kingsley. Esq. whose property is much increased in value.  76 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. Near this is an eligible spot for a fortification to command the entrance into the St. Johns. This is worthy the atten- tion of government, when it considers the resources the na- tion will, before long, derive from the settlement of the country to which that river leads. The St. John's is thirty-six miles south of St. Mary's, and is the principal river in East Florida. In point of commer- cial and agricultural importance, as well as grandeur of scenery, it is likely to become second to none in North America, except the Mississippi. Its source is not exactly ascertained ; but no doubt soon will be, by actual survey. The Indians report, that canoes passed from the Atlantic, by this river, to the Gulf of Mexico, through lakes Dun, George, and Mayaco : should this be incorrect, it would re- quire, at all events, but a small distance of canal to connect that Gulf with the Atlantic. The anchorage on the outside of St. John's bar is good; but the bar is an obstacle to enter- ing the river, which, however, will no doubt be removed, in time, by the ingenuity and industry of its new masters. It lies in lat. 30 17, and is known by the high sand hill on the south cape, called General's Mount. It admits vessels drawing ten feet, and at high water those drawing thirteen feet, and carries them up 150 miles, as far as Lake George. Captain Mulcaster, of the British engineers, says, he sounded the bar himself, and found nine feet at low water. The whole length of the river is computed to be upwards of 300 miles, and it has a great number of tributary streams, many of which may be navigated'by small craft. 76 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. Near this is an eligible spot for a fortification to command the entrance into the St. Johns. This is worthy the atten- tion of government, when it considers the resources the na- tion will, before long, derive from the settlement of the country to which that river leads. The St. John's is thirty-six miles south of St. Mary's, and is the principal river in East Florida. In point of commer- cial and agricultural importance, as well as grandeur of scenery, it is likely to become second to none in North America, except the Mississippi. Its source is not exactly ascertained ; but no doubt soon will be, by actual survey. The Indians report, that canoes passed from the Atlantic, by this river, to the Gulf of Mexico, through lakes Dun, George, and Mayaco : should this be incorrect, it would re- quire, at all events, but a small distance of canal to connect that Gulf with the Atlantic. The anchorage on the outside of St. John's bar is good ; but the bar is an obstacle to enter- ing the river, which, however, will no doubt be removed, in time, by the ingenuity and industry of its new masters. It lies in lat. 30 17, and is known by the high sand hill on the south cape, called General's Mount. It admits vessels drawing ten feet, and at high water those drawing thirteen feet, and carries them up 150 miles, as far as Lake George. Captain Mulcaster, of the British engineers, says, he sounded the har himself, and found nine feet at low water. The whole length of the river is computed to be upwards of 300 miles, and it has a great number of tributary streams, many of which may be navigated'by small craft. 76 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. Near this is an eligible spot for a fortification to command the entranee into the St. Johns. This is worthy the atten- tion of government, when it considers the resources the na- tion will, before long, derive from the settlement of the country to which that river leads. The St. John's is thirty-six miles south of St. Mary's, and is the principal river in East Florida. In point of commer- cial and agricultural importance, as well as grandeur of scenery, it is likely to become second to none in North America, except the Mississippi. Its source is not exactly ascertained; but no doubt soon will be, by actual survey. The Indians report, that canoes passed from the Atlantic, by this river, to the Gulf of Mexico, through lakes Dun, George, and Mayaco : should this be incorrect, it would re- quire, at all events, but a small distance of canal to connect that Gulf with the Atlantic. The anchorage on the outside of St. John's bar is good ; but the bar is an obstacle to enter- ing the river, which, however, will no doubt be removed, in time, by the ingenuity and industry of its new masters. It lies in lat. 30 17, and is known by the high sand hill on the south cape, called General's Mount. It admits vessels drawing ten feet, and at high water those drawing thirteen feet, and carries them up 150 miles, as far as Lake George. Captain Mulcaster, of the British engineers, says, he sounded the bar himself, and found nine feet at low water. The whole length of the river is computed to be upwards of 300 miles, and it has a great number of tributary streams, many of which may be navigated'hy small craft.  TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c. 77 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c. 77 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c. 77 From the sea this splendid river takes a course westward, alternately presenting along its whole length a variety of bluffs and levels worthy of notice by the traveller as he ascends it. On the north side branches out a creek called The Sisters, from two hammocks, or small islands, resembling each other, and so near as to leave a passage only for small vessels. On the south, at a small distance from its mouth, runs the river Pablo, by some called Pablo Creek, which takes a southern course, parallel with the sea for several miles, when it is intersected by Diego Plains. Its communication with St. Marks, or the North River, might be effected by a ditch, or canal, of five or six miles, thus con- tinuing the conveyance by water from Charlestown to St. Au- gustine. Oak timber, with which this country abounds, has been furnished in considerable quantities from this quarter for the construction of ships for the navy of the United States. The land in the neighbourhood of Pablo is held in such high estimation, that many productive settlements have been made, and are now making. The plantation of Mr. John Forbes, on which Messrs. Fatio and Fleming now work their hands, and those of Don Bartolo, Messrs. Fitch & Chairs, and Mrs. Baker, are the most conspicuous. No part of the country comes more generally into no- tice than this, from its presenting some of the largest set- tlements on the present route from the United States to the capital of the province. Diego Plains afford the most luxuriant pasture for cattle, From the sea this splendid river takes a course westward, alternately presenting along its whole length a variety of bluffs and levels worthy of notice by the traveller as he ascends it. On the north side branches out a creek called The Sisters, from two hammocks, or small islands, resembling each other, and so near as to leave a passage only for small vessels. On the south, at a small distance from its mouth, runs the river Pablo, by some called Pablo Creek, which takes a southern course, parallel with the sea for several miles, when it is intersected by Diego Plains. Its communication with St. Marks, or the North River, might be effected by a ditch, or canal, of five or six miles, thus con- tinuing the conveyance by water from Charlestown to St. Au- gustine. Oak timber, with which this country abounds, has been furnished in considerable quantities from this quarter for the construction of ships for the navy of the United States. The land in the neighbourhood of Pablo is held in such high estimation, that many productive settlements have been made, and are now making. The plantation of Mr. John Forbes, on which Messrs. Fatio and Fleming now work their hands, and those of Don Bartolo, Messrs. Fitch & Chairs, and Mrs. Baker, are the most conspicuous. No part of the country comes more generally into no. tice than this, from its presenting some of the largest set- tlements on the present route from the United States to the capital of the province. Diego Plains afford the most luxuriant pasture for cattle, From the sea this splendid river takes a course westward, alternately presenting along its whole length a variety of bluffs and levels worthy of notice by the traveller as he ascends it. On the north side branches out a creek called The Sisters, from two hammocks, or small islands, resembling each other, and so near as to leave a passage only for small vessels. On the south, at a small distance from its mouth, runs the river Pablo, by some called Pablo Creek, which takes a southern course, parallel with the sea for several miles, when it is intersected by Diego Plains. Its communication with St. Marks, or the North River, might be effected by a ditch, or canal, of five or six miles, thus con- tinuing the conveyance by water from Charlestown to St. Au- gustine. Oak timber, with which this country abounds, has been furnished in considerable quantities from this quarter for the construction of ships for the navy of the United States. The land in the neighbourhood of Pablo is held in such high estimation, that many productive settlements have been made, and are now making. The plantation of Mr. John Forbes, on which Messrs. Fatio and Fleming now work their hands, and those of Don Bartolo, Messrs. Fitch & Chairs, and Mrs. Baker, are the most conspicuous. No part of the country comes more generally into no- tice than this, from its presenting some of the largest set- tlements on the present route from the United States to the capital of the province. Diego Plains afford the most luxuriant pasture for cattle,  78 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. which thrive there wonderfully; the mast for hogs is very abundant, and the wild cabbage is found in immense quan- tities in the adjoining swamp. The extensive -view of meadow, afforded by the open plains, exhibits a vast expanse of perpetual verdure, inter- spersed with clusters of small copped trees, surrounding cabbage swamps; the sea in front to the east, and an in- termediate line of sand hills in the rear, to the west, treat the eye to the most picturesque prospect imaginable. On the south side of the St. Johns, a few miles from the sea, is a bluff called by some Oglethorpe's, or Hubert's, on which a small town was settled by the British, in 1779, who were doing considerable busi- ness there until the evacuation, when it fell into ruins, from which it has never recovered. On the im- portant subject of settling a town on this river, to be- come, perhaps, the most commercial, if not the metropo- lis of the territory, the conflicting interests of specu- lators and land proprietors will clash so much with the va- rious claimants, that no correct opinion can be formed. The single hand of government could be applied with more successful effect and general utility in promoting such a desirable object by timely direction, or early arrangement, than the projects of a hundred monopolizing lairds multi- plied in a ten-fold degree. The Cowford, so called from the number of cattle which crossed that part of the river, where it is more than a mile wide, comes next into notice. The water is here brackish in dry seasons; but in wet seasons it is drinkable. It is 78 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c. which thrive there wonderfully; the mast for hogs is very abundant, and the wild cabbage is found in immense quan- tities in the adjoining swamp. The extensive -view of meadow, afforded by the open plains, exhibits a vast expanse of perpetual verdure, inter- spersed with clusters of small copped trees, surrounding cabbage swamps; the sea in front to the east, and an in- termediate line of sand hills in the rear, to the west, treat the eye to the most picturesque prospect imaginable. On the south side of the St. Johns, a few miles from the sea, is a bluff called by some Oglethorpe's, or Hubert's, on which a small town was settled by the British, in 1779, who were doing considerable busi- ness there until the evacuation, when it fell into ruins, from which it has never recovered. On the im- portant subject of settling a town on this river, to be- come, perhaps, the most commercial, if not the metropo, lis of the territory, the conflicting interests of specu- lators and land proprietors will clash so much with the va- rious claimants, that no correct opinion can be formed. The single hand of government could be applied with more successful effect and general utility in promoting such a desirable object by timely direction, or early arrangement, than the projects of a hundred monopolizing lairds multi- plied in a ten-fold degree. The Cowford, so called from the number of cattle which crossed that part of the river, where it is more than a mile wide, comes next into notice. The water is here brackish in dry seasons; but in wet seasons it is drinkable. It is 78 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. which thrive there wonderfully; the mast for hogs is very abundant, and the wild cabbage is found in immense quan- tities in the adjoining swamp. The extensive -view of meadow, afforded by the open plains, exhibits a vast expanse of perpetual verdure, inter- spersed with clusters of small copped trees, surrounding cabbage swamps; the sea in front to the east, and an in- termediate line of sand bills in the rear, to the west, treat the eye to the most picturesque prospect imaginable. On the south side of the St. Johns, a few miles from the sea, is a bluff called by some Oglethorpe's, or Hubert's, on which a small town was settled by the British, in 1779, who were doing considerable busi- ness there until the evacuation, when it fell into ruins, from which it has never recovered. On the im- portant subject of settling a town on this river, to be- come, perhaps, the most commercial, if not the metropo- lis of the territory, the conflicting interests of specu- lators and land proprietors will clash so much with the va- rious claimants, that no correct opinion can be formed. The single hand of government could be applied with more successful effect and general utility in promoting such a desirable object by timely direction, or early arrangement, than the projects of a hundred monopolizing lairds multi- plied in a ten-fold degree. The Cosford, so called from the number of cattle which crossed that part of the river, where it is more than a mile wide, comes next into notice. The water is here brackish in dry seasons; but in wet seasons it is drinkable. It is  TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 79 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 79 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 79 twenty-eight miles from the bar, and serves to this day as a ferry for the main, called the King's road, from fort Bar- rington to St. Augustine, which, with little regulation and enterprize, can be made serviceable to the public. As to soil, although sandy, it is here very good. The shores are level and shoal, extending in some places, where it is three miles wide, one or two miles into the river. In other parts of the river, there are bluffs, from twelve to fifteen feet perpendicular height from the surface. While contemplating the beautiful scenery which the shores of this river present, from the stately appearance of themagnolias,the cypress, the oak, and the pine.trees, the appetite may be gra- tified by the greatest variety of choice fish, with which its waters abound; such as the sheep's-head, mullet, trout, bass, drum, sturgeon, garr, stingrays and cat; fresh water trout are frequently caught near the sea, while higher up the river, by an inadvertent change of position, travellers are regaled with those of the sea. Oysters and shrimps are also in great abun- danco, near the mouth of the river, and of the most delicious kind ; to these should be added the store crab, surpassing the lobster in flavour, deliccy, and substance. The Cattle Ford, says Bartram, has below it a marsh on both sides, with high oak banks. At William's Point, out of which issue several little springs, the water is pretty deep. Near these is Forbes' Bluf, where a sort of rush grows, to bottom chairs, or to make mats; it is better than the com- mon three square or bull-rush. This bluff has been very productive, being covered with oyster shells, on which the Florida Indians, near the sea coast, chiefly subsisted. He twenty-eight miles from the bar, and serves to this day as a ferry for the main, called the King's road, from fort Bar- rington to St. Augustine, which, with little regulation and enterprize, can be made serviceable to the public. As to soil, although sandy, it is here very good. The shores are level and shoal, extending in some places, where it is three miles wide, one or two miles into the river. In other parts of the river, there are bluffs, from twelve to fifteen feet perpendicular height from the surface. While contemplating the beautiful scenery which the shores of this river present,from the stately appearance of themagnolias,the cypress, the oak, and the pine.trees, the appetite may be gra- tified by the greatest variety of choice fish, with which its waters abound ; such as the sheep's-head, mullet, trout, bass, drum, sturgeon, garr, stingrays and cat; fresh water trout are frequently caught near the sea, while higher up the river, by an inadvertent change of position, travellers are regaled with those of the sea. Oysters and shrimps are also in great abun- dance, near the mouth of the river, and of the most delicious kind ; to these should be added the store crab, surpassing the lobster in flavour, deliccy, and substance. The Cattle Ford, says Bartram, has below it a marsh on both sides, with high oak banks. At William's Point, out of which issue several little springs, the water is pretty deep. Near these is Forbes' Bluf, where a sort of rush grows, to bottom chairs, or to make mats; it is better than the com- mon three square or bull-rush. This bluff has been very productive, being covered with oyster shells, on which the Florida Indians, near the sea coast, chiefly subsisted. He twenty-eight miles from the bar, and serves to this day as a ferry for the main, called the King's road, from fort Bar- rington to St. Augustine, which, with little regulation and enterprize, can be made serviceable to the public. As to soil, although sandy, it is here very good. The shores are level and shoal, extending in some places, where it is three miles wide, one or two miles into the river. In other parts of the river, there are bluffs, from twelve to fifteen feet perpendicular height from the surface. While contemplating the beautiful scenery which the shores of this river present, from the stately appearance of the magnolias,the cypress, the oak, and the pine.trees, the appetite may be gra- tified by the greatest variety of choice fish, with which its waters abound; such as the sheep's-head, mullet, trout, bass, drum, sturgeon, garr, stingrays and cat; fresh water trout are frequently caught near the sea, while higher up the river, by an inadvertent change of position, travellers are regaled with those of the sea. Oysters and shrimps are also in great abun- danco, near the mouth of the river, and of the most delicious kind ; to these should be added the store crab, surpassing the lobster in flavour, deliccy, and substance. The Cattle Ford, says Bartram, has below it a marsh on both sides, with high oak banks. At William's Point, out of which issue several little springs, the water is pretty deep. Near these is Forbes' Bltf, where a sort of rush grows, to bottom chairs, or to make mats; it is better than the com- mon three square or bull-rush. This bluff has been very productive, being covered with oyster shells, on which the Florida Indians, near the sea coast, chiefly subsisted. He  80 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. farther states, that St. Johns is, indeed, a curiosity among ri- vers. It rises at a small distance from the lagoon, called In- dian River, somewhere in, or near, the latitude of 27 ; per- haps out of Lake Mayaco, which, I have reason to believe, really exists, and is the head of the river St. Lucia, as I was told by a credible Spanish hunter, who had been carried there by the way of this last river. From its source, it runs through wide extended plains and marshes till near the latitude of 28, where it approaches the lagoon. It then continues its course, with a considerable current, northward, and glides through fine great lakes, all of which are very pleasant. Endless orange groves are found here ; and, indeed, in all parts of the country. Below these the river grows wider, loses its current, and has in some places none; in others, a retrograde one ; and lower down, it runs again in its true direction. The banks are very poor land, and exhibit in a number of places sad monuments of the folly and extravagant ideas of the first European adventurers and schemers, and the villany of their managers. The tide does not affect the river very far up. In many places, some extraordinary springs are found, which, at a small distance from it, on both sides, rush or boil out of the earth, at once becoming navigable for small boats, and from twenty-five to forty yards wide. Their course is seldom half a mile, before they meet the river. Their waters are so clear, as to enable one to see a small piece of money at the depth of ten feet or more. They smell strong of sulphur ; and whatever is thrown into them soon becomes encrusted with a white fungous matter, the taste of which is bituminous, and very disagreeable ; 80 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. farther states, that St. Johns is, indeed, a curiosity among ri- vers. It rises at a small distance from the lagoon, called In- dian River, somewhere in, or near, the latitude of 27 ; per- haps out of Lake Mayaco, which, I have reason to believe, really exists, and is the head of the river St. Lucia, as I was told by a credible Spanish hunter, who had been carried there by the way of this last river. From its source, it runs through wide extended plains and marshes till near the latitude of 28, where it approaches the lagoon. It then continues its course, with a considerable current, northward, and glides through five great lakes, all of which are very pleasant. Endless orange groves are found here ; and, indeed, in all parts of the country. Below these the river grows wider, loses its current, and has in some places none; in others, a retrograde one ; and lower down, it runs again in its true direction. The banks are very poor land, and exhibit in a number of places sad monuments of the folly and extravagant ideas of the first European adventurers and schemers, and the villany of their managers. The tide does not affect the river very far up. In many places, some extraordinary springs are found, which, at a small distance from it, on both sides, rush or boil out of the earth, at once becoming navigable for small boats, and from twenty-five to forty yards wide. Their course is seldom half a mile, before they meet the river. Their waters are so clear, as to enable one to see a small piece of money at the depth of ten feet or more. They smell strong of sulphur ; and whatever is thrown into them soon becomes encrusted with a white fungous matter, the taste of which is bituminous, and very disagreeable ; 80 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. farther states, that St. Johns is, indeed, a curiosity among ri- vers. It rises at a small distance from the lagoon, called In- dian River, somewhere in, or near, the latitude of 27 ; per- haps out of Lake Mayaco, which, I have reason to believe, really exists, and is the head of the river St. Lucia, as I was told by a credible Spanish hunter, who had been carried there by the way of this last river. From its source, it runs through wide extended plains and marshes till near the latitude of 28, where it approaches the lagoon. It then continues its course, with a considerable current, northward, and glides through five great lakes, all of which are very pleasant. Endless orange groves are found here ; and, indeed, in all parts of the country. Below these the river grows wider, loses its current, and has in some places none; in others, a retrograde one ; and lower down, it runs again in its true direction. The banks are very poor land, and exhibit in a number of places sad monuments of the folly and extravagant ideas of the first European adventurers and schemers, and the villany of their managers. The tide does not affect the river very far up. In many places, some extraordinary springs are found, which, at a small distance from it, on both sides, rush or boil out of the earth, at once becoming navigable for small boats, and from twenty-five to forty yards wide. Their course is seldom half a mile, before they meet the river. Their waters are so clear, as to enable one to see a small piece of money at the depth of ten feet or more. They smell strong of sulphur ; and whatever is thrown into them soon becomes encrusted with a white fungous matter, the taste of which is bituminous, and very disagreeable ;  TOWNS, 1tIVERS, LAKES, &C. 81 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c. E1 TOWNS, "RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 81 they, in my opinion, cause the great cloudings we see on the surface of the water, and make it putrid and unwholesome. It will be perceptible to the traveller, that the eastern shores of this river exhibit traces of former cultivation, on account of its proximity to civilization on the Atlantic, while the western side exhibits more uniform views of the country in its pristine state of beauty, yet offering proportionate, if not greater, advantages to settlers. Picolati, on the east side of the river, twenty miles from St. Augustine, is remarkable for its ancient fort, built by the Spaniards, with a square tower thirty feet high, and a deep ditch around it, which is now partly filled up. The stone was brought from St. Anastatia Island. There is also, in continuation of the same route, on the opposite side, Fort Poppa, with a shallow intrenchment twenty yards square, and as many from the river. At a small distance back is another turret of the same size, and some groves of orange trees, and oaks of large size. Farther south is Charlotia or Rollestown, a village settled by Dennys Rolle, Esq., father to the present Lord Rolle, who, having obtained from the British government a grant of 40,000 acres of the best land he could find in the Flo- ridas, embarked from England, in 1765, with a hundred families, intending to proceed with them to West Florida; but making St. Johns, selected this spot, and Dunn's Lake. His settlement at the former place, after incurring a vast expense, was abandoned, owing to the bad manage. ment of his agents. 11 they, in my opinion, cause the great cloudings we see on the surface of the water, and make it putrid and unwholesome. It will be perceptible to the traveller, that the eastern shores of this river exhibit traces of former cultivation, on account of its proximity to civilization on the Atlantic, while the western side exhibits more uniform views of the country in its pristine state of beauty, yet offering proportionate, if not greater, advantages to settlers. Picolati, on the east side of the river, twenty miles from St. Augustine, is remarkable for its ancient fort, built by the Spaniards, with a square tower thirty feet high, and a deep ditch around it, which is now partly filled up. The stone was brought from St. Anastatia Island. There is also, in continuation of the same route, on the opposite side, Fort Poppa, with a shallow intrenchment twenty yards square, and as many from the river. At a small distance back is another turret of the same size, and some groves of orange trees, and oaks of large size. Farther south is Charlotia or Rollestown, a village settled by Dennys Rolle, Esq., father to the present Lord Rolle, who, having obtained from the British government a grant of 40,000 acres of the best land he could find in the Flo- ridas, embarked from England, in 1765, with a hundred families, intending to proceed with them to West Florida; but making St. Johns, selected this spot, and Dunn's Lake. His settlement at the former place, after incurring a vast expense, was abandoned, owing to the bad manage. ment of his agents, they, in my opinion, cause the great cloudings we see on the surface of the water, and make it putrid and unwholesome. It will be perceptible to the traveller, that the eastern shores of this river exhibit traces of former cultivation, on account of its proximity to civilization on the Atlantic, while the western side exhibits more uniform views of the country in its pristine state of beauty, yet offering proportionate, if not greater, advantages to settlers. Picolati, on the east side of the river, twenty miles from St. Augustine, is remarkable for its ancient fort, built by the Spaniards, with a square tower thirty feet high, and a deep ditch around it, which is now partly filled up. The stone was brought from St. Anastatia Island. There is also, in continuation of the same route, on the opposite side, Fort Poppa, with a shallow intrenchment twenty yards square, and as many from the river. At a small distance back is another turret of the same size, and some groves of orange trees, and oaks of large size. Farther south is Charlotia or Rollestown, a village settled by Dennys Rolle, Esq., father to the present Lord Rolle, who, having obtained from the British government a grant of 40,000 acres of the best land he could find in the Flo- ridas, embarked from England, in 1765, with a hundred families, intending to proceed with them to West Florida; but making St. Johns, selected this spot, and Dunn's Lake. His settlement at the former place, after incurring a vast expense, was abandoned, owing to the bad manage. ment of his agents. 11  82 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. Mount Hope, so called by Mr. John Bartram, is a high shelly bluff on the little lake, near a fine orange grove, afterwards settled as an indigo plantation. He farther says, that from Mount Royal, (formerly Kean's place,) there is an enchanting prospect of the great Lake George through a grand avenue, as a narrow reach of the river may be termed, widening gradually for about two miles towards its entrance into the lake. Near the landing stands a mag- nificent Indian mount, and a highway leads from it three fourths of a mile, through an orange and live-oak groves, terminating by one of palms and magnolia, on the verge of an oblong artificial lake. The highway is fifty yards wide. On approaching the capes you see Lake George, a large and beautiful body of water. It is oval in its form, twenty miles long and fifteen wide, and about twenty feet deep, except at the entrance, where the bar has only ten or twelve feet. Here are several small islands, mostly high land, well timbered and fertile : one of them is an en- tire orange grove, with grand magnolias and palms. On one of them there was, among many curious shrubs, the lantana, of most agreeable scent ; and the whole is ornamented with the most variegated scenery. Higher up the river on the east side, is Little Lake, which is bordered by extensive marshes to the east, and high forests and orange groves on the opposite side. The settlements, previous to the evacuation by the British, did not extend far up the St. Johns. The most conspicuous of these, not already mentioned, were Mr. Fatio's New Swit- zerland,, Mr. Levett's Julianton, Beresford's, Mr. Marshall's 82 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. Mount Hope, so called by Mr. John Bartram, is a high shelly bluff on the little lake, near a fine orange grove. afterwards settled as an indigo plantation. He farther says, that from Mount Royal, (formerly Kean's place,) there is an enchanting prospect of the great Lake George through a grand avenue, as a narrow reach of the river may be termed, widening gradually for about two miles towards its entrance into the lake. Near the landing stands a mag- nificent Indian mount, and a highway leads from it three fourths of a mile, through an orange and live-oak groves, terminating by one of palms and magnolia, on the verge of an oblong artificial lake. The highway is fifty yards wide. On approaching the capes you see Lake George, a large and beautiful body of water. It is oval in its form, twenty miles long and fifteen wide, and about twenty feet deep, except at the entrance, where the bar has only ten or twelve feet. Here are several small islands, mostly high land, well timbered and fertile : one of them is an en- tire orange grove, with grand magnolias and palms. On one of them there was, among many curious shrubs, the lantana, of most agreeable scent ; and the whole is ornamented with the most variegated scenery. Higher up the river on the east side, is Little Lake, which is bordered by extensive marshes to the east, and high forests and orange groves on the opposite side. The settlements, previous to the evacuation by the British, did not extend far up the St. Johns. The most conspicuous of these, not already mentioned, were Mr. Fatio's New Swit- zerland,,Mr. Levett's Julianton, Beresford's, Mr. Marshall's 82 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. Mount Hope, so called by Mr. John Bartram, is a high shelly bluff on the little lake, near a fine orange grove, afterwards settled as an indigo plantation. He farther says, that from Mount Royal, (formerly Kean's place,) there is an enchanting prospect of the great Lake George through a grand avenue, as a narrow reach of the river may be termed, widening gradually for about two miles towards its entrance into the lake. Near the landing stands a mag- nificent Indian mount, and a highway leads from it three fourths of a mile, through an orange and live-oak groves, terminating by one of palms and magnolia, on the verge of an oblong artificial lake. The highway is fifty yards wide. On approaching the capes you see Lake George, a large and beautiful body of water. It is oval in its form, twenty miles long and fifteen wide, and about twenty feet deep, except at the entrance, where the bar has only ten or twelve feet. Here are several small islands, mostly high land, well timbered and fertile : one of them is an en- tire orange grove, with grand magnolias and palms. On one of them there was, among many curious shrubs, the lantana, of most agreeable scent ; and the whole is ornamented with the most variegated scenery. Higher up the river on the east side, is Little Lake, which is bordered by extensive marshes to the east, and high forests and orange groves on the opposite side. The settlements, previous to the evacuation by the British, did not extend far up the St. Johns. The most conspicuous of these, not already mentioned, were Mr. Fatio's New Swit- zerland, Mr. Levett's Julianton, Beresford's, Mr. Marshall's  TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &OC. 83 TOWNS, ESTERS, LAKES, &Ce. 83 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &OC. 83 Satoniao, Ms. Pennsso' Jericho, Gov. Tooyn's, Coptain Bis- setS's, Messrs. Egon's, Spalding's, Forbes', Miller'o, Box's, Pot's, Groy, ond Yellowvley's. These ore all handsomeo es- tobtishosento. Stoviog, occording to thso best iofoemtooion is ooe pososeson, poroceeded os foe op the St. Johns ox these overe plantotions knownxdoeisg the toot ceotoey, it becomesoneeessgey to tohe thestoorof theoseocoost,oandeoarrythe roodor bach So she beaotifol view which Diego Plaioo offord, on to way froms St. Johns So St. Aogostioe ; in poesoing owhich, yes mceet with cabbageoswamps,oand much good landoasmalltdis- tonce feom these ptoios, ot she heod of the Noreth Rivee, where these wee some seittlements, Shot foemerty poodoced excetteot iodigo. This rivee is oavigoble foe sma~lS croft, and wootdhbemuch improved,oaseootinuoingthe inlaed comn- muonicotion by woter,ifoa canal orditch wos cotfroom it to Pablo Creeh, a distaoce of onty five miles. This is oo object of vast importance to teovelters, as well as to the residests of the coxotey ; both would noe doubt cheerfollyecooteibote, to- woed effoctiog it; oandsmost probobly,suponapoperrepsens- tion of she odvatages ino soatiooal poist of views, She gene- sot government wootd apply afuxdfor thepposeofeom- pleting the chois of isteroot commosieotion with the soothests feootiee, oxhich, is cose of wvor, woold become highly impor- Soot. The setttemeots aS preseot os the rood, oe those to be senfrom the rices, oee sot of mouch consequence, ood offer very little foe the ogeicototal tourist, ontil y00 meet wvith s lare Srct of low hammock,hknown as the Twoetve-riloeowop, ronning parallel with the coast shoot ten mites froom St. Sotonio, Me. Petsmao'o Jericho, Goy. Tonyn's, Coptain Bis- setS's, Messrs. Egos's, Spotdiog'o, Foebes', iitee's, Box's, Pot's, Gray, sod Ysttowtoy's. These see ott hondsome es- tabtishmeoto. Stoviog, accordiog to the host isformotions is our possesost proceeded s for op tho St. Sobns ox those were planstatios hnowo duriog the lto cenotury,itbecomsesoecess~oy to take thetoureofsthe seaocosts,and corry she roador boch to She beoutiful view which Diego Ploino affoed, on the woy from St. Jobos to St. Augostine ;in pusuing whsich, yos moeet with cabbage swamps, sod much food laod asmaloS dis- tanoeefrom these plsies, sO she head of the NorthbRiver, wheretheewere some settlementsthat fosmeety poodoced excellent indigo. This rices is oscigobte fos soall craft, and would be muchimproved,s cotioingsheiland com- munication by water,ifoa canalo sditch wascuotfrom it to Pabto Creek, a distance of only five mites. This is so object of vast importaoce to travellers, astwell s to tho residents of the cooxtry ;both woutd so doobt eheerfully contribute, to- wood effectiog it; and most probby,supoooapropersrepesen- tion of the odvaosages is a national poist of view, the gene- ral goveromeot would apply o funsdforthepurposeofecom- plting tthe choino of onternal commosieatios with the southern frooties, wvhich, is csse of woe, ouod become highty imopor- toot. The setttements ot preert on the eoad, os those So ho sees from the rices, areot of mocheconoequeoce, sod offer verytlittle for theoagricuturelttourst,osntilyo meetswithsa Ssreotract oftlow hammock,hknown as the Twselve-xitofloor,s running paralll with the cost abost toss mites feoso St. Satonis, Mrt. Penmas's Jericho, Goe. Tooyo'o, Captain Bis- rett's, Messrs. Egos's, Spalding's, Fosbes', Mitter's, Box's, Pot's, Geay, sod Yettowtoy's. These see all handsome es- tablishments. Itaving, accordiog to Stoe best ioformation in our possession, proceeded as foe op the St. Johns ox those were plantaotios howooduriog the toot century, itsbecomesonecessgry to take tho toureofthe seoeooast,sondoarry tho reador bach to She beautiful view wchich Diego Ptois affoed, on ttte woy from St. Johnsoo St5. Augustixe ; is purssiog wshich, yes toteS weithecabage swamps,and much gotodslndasmalldis- tasee from these plains, at she htead of the Noth River, where these were tome seittlemento, Shot formerty pooduced excellent indigo. This river is savigable foe small craft, sod would be moch improved, s contissing the intood om- munication by waterifoa canal orditch wvasocuttfrm it so Pablo Ceek, a distance of only five mileo. This is so object of vost importaoce So travellers, s welt s So she residents of the coxntey; both would so doobt cheerfutty contribote, to- coed effecting it; sod mostproobby,suponoapropersrepesen- ties of the advastages is a snatiootl point of view, the gene- sot governmentould apply aofusdforthe prpose ofecom- pleting the chain of interoal communieation with the southers feootier, which, is coose of wars, wcould become highly impor- soot. The settements at preseot son the road, or those to be seeo fromthesriere,aesot of muchrcoosequence,and offer verytlittle for thesagriculturaltourist,ountilyouomeettwithsa lare Srct of lowvhammoch, kowvs s the Twelvee-miledSmaoop, running paealtel with the cost shoot tes mites froso Se.  84 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. Johns, and at the distance of between three and four from the sea. This swamp is of considerable extent, and has been the subject of high estimation, which draining would render of incalculable advantage for planting cotton or the sugar cane, the soil being a vegetable mould in layers of va- rious depths, loosely strewn upon a foundation of clay and marl. It is common, when travelling near the sea, to hear a hol- low sound, proceeding from the footsteps of the horse, which tends to confirm an opinion, in which some indulge, that there are in Florida subterraneous rivers. A few miles from St. Johns are the remains of Fort Mossa, at which the advanced guard of General Oglethorpe's force, was surprised, by a sortie from the town, and tended much to the discomfiture of that Genera's projects upon the garrison,which is treated of in another part of these Sketches. From hence a handsome view of Fort St. Marks, the con- vent and church, may be had as you approach, either by land or water, the old town of St. Augustine, which comes next under our notice. St. Augustine, the capital of East Florida, is one of the most ancient towns on the continent of North America, and was discovered on the 28th of August, 1564, from whence its name is derived. Don Pedro deValdez and Juan de St. Vicente were four days on the coast after its discovery, look- ing out by day, and anchoring by night, uncertain by whom it was peopled. On landing, a grand Te Deum was sung, with great solemnity. It lies in lat. 29 45 N. and long. 81 30 W. 84 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. Johns, and at the distance of between three and four from the sea. This swamp is of considerable extent, and has been the subject of high estimation, which draining would render of incalculable advantage for planting cotton or the sugar cane, the soil being a vegetable mould in layers of va- rious depths, loosely strewn upon a foundation of clay and marl. It is common, when travelling near the sea, to hear a hol- low sound, proceeding from the footsteps of the horse, which tends to confirm an opinion, in which some indulge, that there are in Florida subterraneous rivers. A few miles from St. Johns are the remains of Fort Messa, at which the advanced guard of General Oglethorpe's force, was surprised, by a sortie from the town, and tended much to the discomfiture of that General's projects upon the garrison,which is treated of in another part of these Sketches. From hence a handsome view of Fort St. Marks, the con- vent and church, may he had as you approach, either by land or water, the old town of St. Augustine, which comes next under our notice. St. Augustine, the capital of East Florida, is one of the most ancient towns on the continent of North America, and was discovered on the 28th of August, 1564, from whence its name is derived. Don Pedro deValdez and Juan de St. Vicente were four days on the coast after its discovery, look- ing out by day, and anchoring by night, uncertain by whom it was peopled. On landing, a grand Te Deum was sung, with great solemnity. It lies in lat. 29 45 N. and long. 81 30 W. 84 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. Johns, and at the distance of between three and four from the sea. This swamp is of considerable extent, and has been the subject of high estimation, which draining would render of incalculable advantage for planting cotton or the sugar cane, the soil being a vegetable mould in layers of va- rious depths, loosely strewn upon a foundation of clay and marl. It is common, when travelling near the sea, to hear a hol- low sound, proceeding from the footsteps of the horse, which tends to confirm an opinion, in which some indulge, that there are in Florida subterraneous rivers. A few miles from St. Johns are the remains of Fort Mossa, at which the advanced guard of General Oglethorpe's force, was surprised, by a sortie from the town, and tended much to the discomfiture of that General's projects upon the garrison,which is treated of in another part of these Sketches. From hence a handsome view of Fort St. Marks, the con- vent and church, may be had as you approach, either by land or water, the old town of St. Augustine, which comes next under our notice. V St. Augustine, the capital of East Florida, is one of the most ancient towns on the continent of North America, and was discovered on the 28th of August, 1564, from whence its name is derived. Don Pedro deValdez and Juan de St. Vicente were four days on the coast after its discovery, look- ing out by day, and anchoring by night, uncertain by whom it was peopled. On landing, a grand To Deum was sung, with great solemnity. It lies in lat. 29 45 N. and long. 81 30 W.  TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 85 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 85 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 86 with its north-eastern extremity open to the sea, at the dis- tance of three miles from it. This town, built in the Spanish manner, forms an oblong square, or parallelogram ; the streets are regularly laid out ; but the buildings have not been put up to conform strictly to that rule. The streets are generally so narrow as to admit with difficulty carriages to pass each other. To make up for this inconvenience, they have a terrace foundation ; and be- ing shaded, renders the walking very agreeable. The houses are built generally of a free stone peculiar to the country, which, with the aid of an outer coat of plaister, has a hand- some and durable effect. They are only two stories high, of thick walls, with spacious entries, large doors, windows and balconies ; and a garden lot to each, most commonly stocked with orange and fig trees, interspersed with grape-vines and flowers. On entering this old town from the sea, the grandeur of the castle of Fort St. Mark's presents itself, and imposes a degree of respect from travellers, upon seeing a fort, forty feet high, in the modern taste of military architecture, com- manding the entrance. It is of a regular quadrangular form, with four bastions, a wide ditch, a covered way, a glacis, a ravelin to defend the gate, places of arms, casemated and bomb-proof, with a water battery next to the sea. The works are entirely of hewn stone, of a calcareous na- ture, and peculiar to the country, bronzed and squamated by age, and will, with some American ingenuity, be justly deem- ed one of the handsomest in the western hemisphere. It mounts sixty guns, of twenty-four pounds, of which sixteen with its north-eastern extremity open to the sea, at the dis- tance of three miles from it. This town, built in the Spanish manner, forms an oblong square, or parallelogram; the streets are regularly laid out ; but the buildings have not been put up to conform strictly to that rule. The streets are generally so narrow as to admit with difficulty carriages to pass each other. To make up for this inconvenience, they have a terrace foundation; and be- ing shaded, renders the walking very agreeable. The houses are built generally of a free stone peculiar to the country, which, with the aid of an outer coat of plaister, has a hand- some and durable effect. They are only two stories high, of thick walls, with spacious entries, large doors, windows and balconies ; and a garden lot to each, most commonly stocked with orange and fig trees, interspersed with grape-vines and flowers. On entering this old town from the sea, the grandeur of the castle of Fort St. Mark's presents itself, and imposes a degree of respect from travellers, upon seeing a fort, forty feet high, in the modern taste of military architecture, com- manding the entrance. It is of a regular quadrangular form, with four bastions, a wide ditch, a covered way, a glacis, a ravelin to defend the gate, places of arms, casemated and bomb-proof, with a water battery next to the sea. The works are entirely of hewn stone, of a calcareous na- ture, and peculiar to the country, bronzed and squamated by age, and will, with some American ingenuity, be justly deem- ed one of the handsomest in the western hemisphere. It mounts sixty guns, of twenty-four pounds, of which sixteen with its north-eastern extremity open to the sea, at the dis- tance of three miles from it. This town, built in the Spanish manner, forms an oblong square, or parallelogram ; the streets are regularly laid out ; but the buildings have not been put up to conform strictly to that rule. The streets are generally so narrow as to admit with difficulty carriages to pass each other. To make up for this inconvenience, they have a terrace foundation; and be- ing shaded, renders the walking very agreeable. The houses are built generally of a free stone peculiar to the country, which, with the aid of an outer coat of plaister, has a hand- some and durable effect. They are only two stories high, of thick walls, with spacious entries, large doors, windows and balconies; and a garden lot to each, most commonly stocked with orange and fig trees, interspersed with grape-vines and flowers. On entering this old town from the sea, the grandeur of the castle of Fort St. Mark's presents itself, and imposes a degree of respect from travellers, upon seeing a fort, forty feet high, in the modern taste of military architecture, com- manding the entrance. It is of a regular quadrangular form, with four bastions, a wide ditch, a covered way, a glacis, a ravelin to defend the gate, places of arms, casemated and bomb-proof, with a water battery next to the sea. The works are entirely of hewn stone, of a calcareous na- ture, and peculiar to the country, bronzed and squamated by age, and will, with some American ingenuity, be justly deem- ed one of the handsomest in the western hemisphere. It mounts sixty guns, of twenty-four pounds, of which sixteen  86 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. are brass, and is calculated to contain one thousand men for action; with which, and the courage such a fort-should in- spire, it is capable of a noble defence, having, in old times, resisted some formidable attacks. It is not liable to be shat- tered by balls ; nor does it expose its defenders to the fatal ef- fects of storm. From the Fort, southwardly, are the remains of a stone wall, touching its glacis, built to prevent the encroachment of the sea; along this is a very pleasant walk, as far as the market place, which is opposite to the old government house in the centre of the town, and separated by an oblong square, called the parade; on which there is a Roman Catholic church of modern construction, and quite ornamental. In front of this there formerly stood a handsome and spacious edifice, built in modern style, by Lieut. Governor Moultrie, for a State-house, which was not completed. For want of an ex- terior coat of plaister, it has crumbled to pieces, leaving not a single vestige of its former splendour. The old go- vernment house, now much decayed, is occupied as a bar- rack for the royal artillery. It leaves the marks of a heavy pile of buildings, in the Spanish style, having balconies in front, galleries and areas on both sides, with several irregu- lar additions, well contrived for the climate. Among these was a look-out, built by Governor Grant, on the western sum- mit of the main building, which commanded a full view of the sea coast, and the surrounding country. The garden attached to the government house is surround- ed by a stone wall ; it was formerly laid out with great taste, 86 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. are brass, and is calculated to contain one thousand men for action; with which, and the courage such a fort-should in- spire, it is capable of a noble defence, having, in old times, resisted some formidable attacks. It is not liable to be shat- tered by balls ; nor does it expose its defenders to the fatal ef- fects of storm. From the Fort, southwardly, are the remains of a stone wall, touching its glacis, built to prevent the encroachment of the sea; along this is a very pleasant walk, as far as the market place, which is opposite to the old government house in the centre of the town, and separated by an oblong square, called the parade; on which there is a Roman Catholic church of modern construction, and quite ornamental. In front of this there formerly stood a handsome and spacious edifice, built in modern style, by Lieut. Governor Moultrie, fr a State-house, which was not completed. For want of an ex- terior coat of plaister, it has crumbled to pieces, leaving not a single vestige of its former splendour. The old go- vernment house, now much decayed, is occupied as a bar- rack for the royal artillery. It leaves the marks of a heavy pile of buildings, in the Spanish style, having balconies in front, galleries and areas on both sides, with several irregu- lar additions, well contrived for the climate. Among these was a look-out, built by Governor Grant, on the western sum- mit of the main building, which commanded a full view of the sea coast, and the surrounding country. The garden attached to the government house is surround- ed by a stone wall iit was formerly laid out with great taste, 86 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. are brass, and is calculated to contain one thousand men for action; with which, and the courage such a fort-should in- spire, it is capable of a noble defence, having, in old times, resisted some formidable attacks. It is not liable to be shat- tered by balls ; nor does it expose its defenders to the fatal ef- fects of storm. From the Fort, southwardly, are the remains of a stone wall, touching its glacis, built to prevent the encroachment of the sea; along this is a very pleasant walk, as far as the market place, which is opposite to the old government house in the centre of the town, and separated by an oblong square, called the parade; on which there is a Roman Catholic church of modern construction, and quite ornamental. In front of this there formerly stood a handsome and spacious edifice, built in modern style, by Lieut. Governor Moultrie, for a State-house, which was not completed. For want of an ex- terior coat of plaister, it has crumbled to pieces, leaving not a single vestige of its former splendour. The old go- vernment house, now much decayed, is occupied as a bar- rack for the royal artillery. It leaves the marks of a heavy pile of buildings, in the Spanish style, having balconies in front, galleries and areas on both sides, with several irregu- lar additions, well contrived for the climate. Among these was a look-out, built by Governor Grant, on the western sum- mit of the main building, which commanded a full view of the sea coast, and the surrounding country. The garden attached to the government house is surround- ed by a stone wall ; it was formerly laid out with great taste,  TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 87 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 87 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 87 and stocked with most of the exotic and indigenous plants, common to the tropics and the middle states; such as the pomegranite, plantain, pine apple,Papua,olive and sugar cane; which is at once demonstrative of the fertility of the soil, and the mildness of the climate. From the parade, environed by orange trees, the streets extended southwardly to some large stone buildings, one of which formerly was a Franciscan convent, now converted into a jail ; but under the British government it was used as barracks. In addition, a very handsome range, four stories high, was constructed of wood, and of materials brought from New York, and intended for Pensacola but was detained by Governor Grant. These barracks, at the southern ex- tremity of the peninsula, in which the town is built, formed an elegant appendage to it, but were burnt, and now exhibit only the stacks of chimneys, of which the bricks appear as perfect as they did half a century past, notwithstanding their constant exposure to wind and weather. In a course westward from these vestiges of royalty, are streets leading to a bridge,formerly ofwood, but now ofstone, crossing a small creek, running parallel with the sea, on the east side, and St. Sebastians on the west: over this are seve- ral valuable and highly improved orange groves, and several redoubts, forming the south and western lines of fortification. Near this bridge, in the same street with the government house, is the burying ground of the protestants, where stood an episcopal church, with a handsome steeple, of which not a vestige remains. Before the entry of some of the houses, built by the Spa- and stocked with most of the exotic and indigenous plants, common to the tropics and the middle states; such as the pomegranite, plantain, pine apple,papua,olive and sugarcane; which is at once demonstrative of the fertility of the soil, and the mildness of the climate. From the parade, environed by orange trees, the streets extended southwardly to some large stone buildings, one of which formerly was a Franciscan convent, now converted into a jail ; but under the British government it was used as barracks. In addition, a very handsome range, four stories high, was constructed of wood, and of materials brought from New York, and intended for Pensacola ; but was detained by Governor Grant. These barracks, at the southern ex- tremity of the peninsula, in which the town is built, formed an elegant appendage to it, but were burnt, and now exhibit only the stacks of chimneys, of which the bricks appear as perfect as they did half a century past, notwithstanding their constant exposure to wind and weather. In a course westward from these vestiges of royalty, are streets leading to a bridge,formerly ofwood, but now ofstone, crossing a small creek, running parallel with the sea, on the east side, and St. Sebastians on the west: over this are seve- ral valuable and highly improved orange groves, and several redoubts, forming the south and western lines of fortification. Near this bridge, in the same street with the government house, is the burying ground of the protestants, where stood an episcopal church, with a handsome steeple, of which not a vestige remains. Before the entry of some of the houses, built by the Spa. and stocked with most of the exotic and indigenous plants, common to the tropics and the middle states; such as the pomegranite, plantain, pine applePapua,olive and sugar cane; which is at once demonstrative of the fertility of the soil, and the mildness of the climate. From the parade, environed by orange trees, the streets extended southwardly to some large stone buildings, one of which formerly was a Franciscan convent, now converted into a jail ; but under the British government it was used as barracks. In addition, a very handsome range, four stories high, was constructed of wood, and of materials brought from New York, and intended for Pensacola but was detained by Governor Grant. These barracks, at the southern ex- tremity of the peninsula, in which the town is built, formed an elegant appendage to it, but were burnt, and now exhibit only the stacks of chimneys, of which the bricks appear as perfect as they did half a century past, notwithstanding their constant exposure to wind and weather. In a course westward from these vestiges of royalty, are streets leading to a bridge,formerly ofwood, but now of stone, crossing a small creek, running parallel with the sea, on the east side, and St. Sebastians on the west: over this are seve- ral valuable and highly improved orange groves, and several redoubts, forming the south and western lines of fortification. Near this bridge, in the same street with the government house, is the burying ground of the protestants, where stood an episcopal church, with a handsome steeple, of which not a vestige remains. Before the entry of some of the houses, built by the Spa-  88 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. niards, rises a portico of stone arches ; the roofs of these are commonly flat. There are nearly one thousand houses of all descriptions in the town, which is about three quarters of a mile in length, and one quarter in breadth. As it is built upon a point of land, it is, in some degree, peninsulated by the conflux of Matanza River, and St. Sebastian's Creek, by which means the egress by land must be by the northern gates, and by a bridge and causeway in a western direction; the whole forms a very picturesque piece of scenery, being surround- ed by orange groves and kitchen gardens. Within the first line was a small settlement of Germans, with a church of their own, upon St. Marks River: within the same line, was an Indian town, with a church also : but it is much to be regretted that nothing of these remains, as they served, if not as temples, certainly as ornamental relics. The governor has given the lands belonging to this township as glebe lands to the parish church, which will no doubt be confirmed by the American government, in its liberal appro. priations for religious purposes. Although there is a great deal of sandy soil in the neigh- bourhood of St. Augustine, which may give it the appearance of being the worst in the province, yet, it is far from being unproductive ; for it bears two crops of Indian corn some years, and garden vegetables always in great perfection : among these is the artichoke. The orange and lemon trees grow here without cultivation, to a larger size, and produce better fruit, than in Spain and Portugal. The harbourof St. Augustine would be oneof thebest in Ame- rica, but for the bar; which, however, admits vessels drawing not 88 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. niards, rises a portico of stone arches ; the roofs of these are commonly flat. There are nearly one thousand houses of all descriptions in the town, which is about three quarters of a mile in length, and one quarter in breadth. As it is built upon a point of land, it is, in some degree, peninsulated by the conflux of Matanza River, and St. Sebastian's Creek, by which means the egress by land must be by the northern gates, and by a bridge and causeway in a western direction; the whole forms a very picturesque piece of scenery, being surround- ed by orange groves and kitchen gardens. Within the first line was a small settlement of Germans, with a church of their own, upon St. MarksRiver: within the same line, was an Indian town, with a church also : but it is much to be regretted that nothing of these remains, as they served, if not as temples, certainly as ornamental relics. The governor has given the lands belonging to this township as glebe lands to the parish church, which will no doubt be confirmed by the American government, in its liberal appro- priations for religious purposes. Although there is a great deal of sandy soil in the neigh- bourhood of St. Augustine, which may give it the appearance of being the worst in the province, yet, it is far from being unproductive ; for it bears two crops of Indian corn some years, and garden vegetables always in great perfection : among these is the artichoke. The orange and lemon trees grow here without cultivation, to a larger size, and produce better fruit, than in Spain and Portugal. The harbourof St. Augustine would be oneof the best in Ame- rica, but for the bar; which,however, admits vessels drawing not 88 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. niards, rises a portico of stone arches ; the roofs of these are commonly flat. There are nearly one thousand houses of all descriptions in the town, which is about three quarters of a mile in length, and one quarter in breadth. As it is built upon a point of land, it is, in some degree, peninsulated by the conflux of Matanza River, and St. Sebastian's Creek, by which means the egress by land must be by the northern gates, and by a bridge and causeway in a western direction; the whole forms a very picturesque piece of scenery, being surround- ed by orange groves and kitchen gardens. Within the first line was a small settlement of Germans, with a church of their own, upon St. Marks River: within the same line, was an Indian town, with a church also : but it is much to be regretted that nothing of these remains, as they served, if not as temples, certainly as ornamental relics. The governor has given the lands belonging to this township as glebe lands to the parish church, which will no doubt be confirmed by the American government, in its liberal appro- priations for religious purposes. Although there is a great deal of sandy soil in the neigh- bourhood of St. Augustine, which may give it the appearance of being the worst in the province, yet, it is far from being unproductive ; for it bears two crops of Indian corn some years, and garden vegetables always in great perfection : among these is the artichoke. The orange and lemon trees grow here without cultivation, to a larger size, and produce better fruit, than in Spain and Portugal. The harbour of St. Augustine would be one of the best in Ame- rica, but for the bar; which, however, admits vessels drawing not  TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 89 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 89 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 89 more than six feet with safety. In common with other bars on the eastern shore of Last Florida, it is regulated by the winds. A strong west wind will mae but six feet, and an east wind 12 feet of water at low tide. It is surrounded by breakers, which are not as dangerous as they appear to be, on account of the bar being short. As the spring tides aford more water, the port is approached with greater safety from March to November, than at other periods of the year, the stream between the Florida coast and the Bahama Isl- ands being very narrow. There is a roadstead on the north side of the bar, with good - anchorage for such ships as draw too much water to enter the harbour, which is formed by a neck of land, on the north, and a point of Anastatia Island on the south. The island of dnastatia, opposite St. Augustine, is twenty- two miles in length, and separated from the town by Matanza river, which had an outlet at the southern extremity of the island, near the old fort of that name ; but this, report says, is now closed by the sands. This island, known as Fish's Isl- and, from the hospitality of Mr. Jesse Fish, one of the oldest inhabitants of the province, is remarkable for the date and olive trees, the flavour of the oranges, the cultivation of his garden, and for the appearance of the light house, where signals are made, by a company stationed by government, for the information of the inhabitants of St. Augustine. The light house also serves as a land-mark for vessels at sea. In this island is an excellent quarry of free stone, useful for building the houses in town. The stone is a concretion of small shells petrified. It is soft under ground, where it may 12 more than six feet with safety. In common with other bars on the eastern shore of East Florida, it is regulated by the winds. A strong west wind will make but six feet, and an east wind 12 feet of water at low tide. It is surrounded by breakers, which are not as dangerous as they appear to be, on account of the bar being short. As the spring tides afford more water, the port is approached with greater safety from March to November, than at other periods of the year, the stream between the Florida coast and the Bahama Isl- ands being very narrow. There is a roadstead on the north side of the bar, with good anchorage for such ships as draw too much water to enter the harbour, which is formed by a neck of land, on the north, and a point of Anastatia Island on the south. The island of Anastatia, opposite St. Augustine, is twenty- two miles in length, and separated from the town by Matanza river, which had an outlet at the southern extremity of the island, near the old fort of that name ; but this, report says, is now closed by the sands. This island, known as Fish's Isl- and, from the hospitality of Mr. Jesse Fish, one of the oldest inhabitants of the province, is remarkable for the date and olive trees, the flavour of the oranges, the cultivation of his garden, and for the appearance of the light house, where signals are made, by a company stationed by government, for the information of the inhabitants of St. Augustine. The light house also serves as a land-mark for vessels at sea. In this island is an excellent quarry of free stone, useful for building the houses in town. The stone is a concretion of small shells petrified. It is soft under ground, where it may 12 more than six feet with safety. In common with other bars on the eastern shore of East Florida, it is regulated by the winds. A strong west wind will make but six feet, and an east wind 12 feet of water at low tide. It is surrounded by breakers, which are not as dangerous as they appear to be, on account of the bar being short. As the spring tides afford more water, the port is approached with greater safety from March to November, than at other periods of the year, the stream between the Florida coast and the Bahama Isl- ands being very narrow. There is a roadstead on the north side of the bar, with good - anchorage for such ships as draw too much water to enter the harbour, which is formed by a neck of land, on the north, and a point of Anastatia Island on the south. The island of dnastatia, opposite St. Augustine, is twenty- two miles in length, and separated from the town by Matanza river, which had an outlet at the southern extremity of the island, near the old fort of that name ; but this, report says, is now closed by the sands. This island, known as Fish's Isl- and, from the hospitality of Mr. Jesse Fish, one of the oldest inhabitants of the province, is remarkable for the date and olive trees, the flavour of the oranges, the cultivation of his garden, and for the appearance of the light house, where signals are made, by a company stationed by government, for the information of the inhabitants of St. Augustine. The light house also serves as a land-mark for vessels at sea. In this island is an excellent quarry of free stone, useful for building the houses in town. The stone is a concretion of small shells petrified. It is soft under ground, where it may 12  90 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. be cut to mould, but becomes very hard and durable by be- ing exposed to the air. This island forms the northern boundary of that remarkable kind of stone ; it runs in simi- lar veins southwardly, along the coast of East Florida, spreading not more than three miles in any part. About ten miles south from St. Augustine, after pass- ing Sebastians, you come to Wood Cutter's Creek ; on the road to which was the handsome stone house and country seat of Lieut. Governor Moultrie, called, from its beautiful scite, Bella Vista. The lands at this plan- tation were highly improved, and consisted of very good swamp and highlands. Next to Wood Cutter's Creek, about twenty miles distant from the town, is Matanza Inlet, always very shoal in its approach to the main land, but abounding in fish, particularly of sheep's bead and mullet. From Matanza, by means of rollers, a boat may be hawled over a small space of land into Halfax River, which runs, like it, parallel to the sea ; but its source, though certainly not far from St. Johns, is not well ascertained, although the land carriage to it is only four miles. Previous to coming to Musquito Inlet, ,Tomokee river falls into it : here Governor Moultrie also had a valuable rice plantation; and Messrs. Bisset,Taylor, Penman,and M'Lean, had lands planted with in- digo. Near them, Mr. Oswald, one of the peace makers between the United States and Great Britain, had another valuable establishment, called Mount Oswald; the sugar cane was tried there, and the soil found most luxuriant and highly productive under the able management of Mr. Anderson, now of Georgetown, South Carolina. This valuable property has 90 TOWNS, RIvERS, LAKES, &c. be cut to mould, but becomes very hard and durable by be- ing exposed to the air. This island forms the northern boundary of that remarkable kind of stone ; it runs in simi- lar veins southwardly, along the coast of East Florida, spreading not more than three miles in any part. About ten miles south from St. Augustine, after pass- ing Sebastians, you come to Wood Cutter's Creek ; on the road to which was the handsome stone house and country seat of Lieut. Governor Moultrie, called, from its beautiful scite, Bella Vista. The lands at this plan- tation were highly improved, and consisted of very good swamp and highlands. Next to Wood Cutter's Creek, about twenty miles distant from the town, is Matanza Inlet, always very shoal in its approach to the main land, but abounding in fish, particularly of sheep's head and mullet. From Matanza, by means of rollers, a boat may be hawled over a small space of land into Halifax River, which runs, like it, parallel to the sea ; but its source, though certainly not far from St. Johns, is not well ascertained, although the land carriage to it is only four miles. Previous to coming to Musquito Inlet, Tomokee river falls into it: here Governor Moultrie also had a valuable rice plantation; and Messrs. Bisset, Taylor, Penman, and M'Lean, had lands planted with in- digo. Near them,Mr.Oswald,one of the peace makersbetween the United States and Great Britain, had another valuable establishment, called Mount Oswald; the sugar cane was tried there, and the soil found most luxuriant and highly productive under the able management of Mr. Anderson, now of Georgetown, South Carolina. This valuable property has 90 TOWNS, RIvERS, LAKES, &C. be cut to mould, but becomes very hard and durable by be- ing exposed to the air. This island forms the northern boundary of that remarkable kind of stone ; it runs in simi- lar veins southwardly, along the coast of East Florida, spreading not more than three miles in any part. About ten miles south from St. Augustine, after pass- ing Sebastians, you come to Wood Cutter's Creek ; on the road to which was the handsome stone house and country seat of Lieut. Governor Moultrie, called, from its beautiful scite, Bella Vista. The lands at this plan- tation were highly improved, and consisted of very good swamp and highlands. Next to Wood Cutter's Creek, about twenty miles distant from the town, is Matanza Inlet, always very shoal in its approach to the main land, but abounding in fish, particularly of sheep's head and mullet. From Matanza, by means of rollers, a boat may be hawled over a small space of land into Halifax River, which runs, like it, parallel to the sea ; but its source, though certainly not far from St. Johns, is not well ascertained, although the land carriage to it is only four miles. Previous to coming to Musquito Inlet, Tomokee river falls into it: here Governor Moultrie also had a valuable rice plantation; and Messrs. Bisset, Taylor, Penman, and M'Lean, had lands planted with in- digo. Near them, Mr. Oswald,one of the peace makers between the United States and Great Britain, had another valuable establishment, called Mount Oswald; the sugar cane was tried there, and the soil found most luxuriant and highly productive under the able management of Mr. Anderson, now of Georgetown, South Carolina. This valuable property has  TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 91 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &Ct. 91 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &Ct. 91 snse became Ms. Pespal'e, one5 of the meal resapectabale in- habitants of St. Augastine. The rices, teem Mauat Oswald, sans to a direct line soutb to tse Pelican Islansal, is fram ass to two miles wide, ansd navigaleeforsmalteraftihaving from foureto fiefeet wales; ad fram thseaislandts to Mosqusito has alng thse Ilali- fax, for six miles, itshs frase eight to tea feel waler, lihe has haviogseeneafeet at law swater,aad the tidctiaowiag aibout six feel. THiltaoaoghs Rives, flowisg feam tse sassts, anti Halifax rices feam lisa narths, steel, andi are balls disecsarged ito tse sea. It is navigable foe ten miles sosth, and peesents at Smyrsaaecommodious andsafe harbaus, and is easy of as- cess ;the has has eight feet at lamiwater. Abcct Musquaito totes, the coontry is tlow, ad ceflty salt marsh; lisa highlands are covered with she cabbote cod papac trees, and various tropical plcots. Thee mileo dis- last from this to the Old Settlemeot by Dr. Turnbcll, miss, is 17t3, brought oat from the Mcditeeraoecs.i,5tS Mincn, and with muchtrouble and espese began to cltivate the ease cod the tndigc plants some dissatiofactian preveailed, andi these people retised to St. Augostise, misers, from habits of industry, tsey improeed the conds seas the lows, sod became oaoy is their circumstances, and many of them happy cod wealthy. At Nen Smyrna, already meotioned, the remais of the ore-. tlement are eidenthbythesotaeko of ehimseyo,oome boilers sod other traces afth susgar morks, and soame wells of moot roost- tenst waler. The old town woo most eligibly situatedl on a high site become Ms. Perpatl~s, atne of Use mast respetahie to- habitants of St. Augcstinec The riere,from Mount Oswald, runsinoa directilise sooth to ths Pelican Islanos, is from one to twa miles wide, andi navigahle for small craft, having feaot fear ha fiwe feet water;cand fromthese islands toMosquitonbaraong the tali- fax, forasix miles, itbhas from eight to ten feel waler, thea hoe havtsgsceenfeetlatlowwater,anddthetide flwing abot sin foci. Hltlsborough Rices, flawing teom tise sotht, aod Ilalifax rices from the snorths, oseet, nda are bolts disecsarged issto the sea. It ts nevigabte foe tes miles sasth, anti presests at Smyrsnaawmmodiousaand safe harbour, and is eaoy of ac- cess ; thebar has eight feet as low water. About Musquito Islet, lbs coantry to law, asd cisiefly solt marsb; the highlans are coared with lisa cabbage and papau tre, and eariocs tropical plants. Thee miles dis- last feam this is the Old Settlomeot by Dr. Tarsbull, whto, is 1763, brocght act from the Mediterraneas .1,500 Mioeos, and with much troubleand espesse began ta cultivate the ease ond the insdigo plants; some dissatisfaction prevailed, and these people retired to St. Augustine, where, from habits nf industry, they impraved the londs sear the tawo, cod became nosy is thneiercmstaces,adsmanyof themhappy and wealthy. As New Sosyrna, already mestionod, the remais of the set- tlement ae evident bythe stacka of ehimseyo,oome boilers sod other traces of the sagas worlss,oand somewellsoof mostsecl- Ient moter. Tho old towo woo most sligibly situated onta high store became Mr. Peepalfs, one of Use moot respectable to- habitants of St. Acgustine. Thereir,fraw MaountOswald, ecns insa directthin sooth to the Pelican Islands, is from one to two miles wide, and navigablelfor smalltcraft,avintg fromsfouretosfivefeet wales; and from thene islans ta Mosquto hoe along thse Ilalt- fax, forsixnmiles, ithas fromeight toatenfeetwaer, the bar having sees fest atltow water, andthe tide flowing about sin feet. Hillsborongh Ricer, flawing from tbs sath, and Italifaxa rinser from lisa naorts, meat, and ace beths dischsaeged isstoth saa. It is navigable for tea mils south, and presests at Smyrnaaecommodiosandnsfe harbanr, and is easy of an- cess ;the bar has eight feet at low water. About Musquito Inlt, lbs eontry to tow, and chiefly salt masb; the highlands ace covered wish the cabbage cod papac trees, and variouo tropical plants. Thee miles dis- toot fram this is the Old Settlement by Dr. Tursbalt, wiso, is 1763, brought act from the Mediteeraseco -taos Minorcass, and with mch troubleand espense hegan to coltivate the ease sod the indigo plant ;some disstisfaction prevailed, nd theae people retired to St. Augustine, whsee, from habits of indastry, they imptoved the lands sear the towo, cod became easy in their circnmstaneso,oand masy of them happy and wealthy. At em Ssmyrea, already mestiosed, ths remaios of ths set- tlement are evident by thesotacko ofechimoeyo,oome boilers asd othee traces of the togae wojcs, and acme motto of moat exsel- lectewater. The old tain was most oligibly situated on a high  92 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. shelly bluff, having three solid stone wharves, which a little re- pair would render of immediate service. There appears near this old settlement, a conflux of three rivers: on the north, Hali- fax ; on the south, Hillsborough ; and in the centre, running nearly west, Spruce Creek. The land in this quarter has always had the character of being rich, and adapted to the most advantageous culture. It is now owned, as has been stated, byJudgeHull. Messrs.Perpall,M'Hardy,Bethune,Stubbs and others, have plantations contiguous. There is in the rear of the town an extremely valuable hammock of level land, extending itself north and south about six miles in length, and about one half that in width, having an excellent assortment of timber. This part of East Florida will, in all probability, attract the southern planters, whose experiments in cotton have met with such unexampled success in. the neighbouring states; and whose resources will enable them to extend their agricultural pursuits to the more fertile tracts which will be found, for the purpose of raising sugar, improving the vine, and of at- tempting the cultivation of tea, coffee, and cocoa. If these latter can be produced in the North American Continent suc- cessfully, how happy must every American feel, in contem- plating the advantages of so important a link in the chain of independence, as those luxurious products must afford; and that, in any state of political commotion, they may be derived from their own soil. What is to prevent this, under our libe- ral and enlightened government, devoted to the happiness of its citizens of every class, without distinction ? To the indus- trious poorer classes, ease and competence can no where be 92 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. shelly bluff, having three solid stone wharves, which a little re- pair would render of immediate service. There appears near this old settlement, a conflux of three rivers: on the north, Hali- fax; on the south, Hillsborough; and in the centre, running nearly west, Spruce Creek. The land in this quarter has always had the character of being rich, and adapted to the most advantageous culture. It is now owned, as has been stated, byJudgeHIull. Messrs.Perpall, M'Hardy,Bethune, Stubbs and others, have plantations contiguous. There is in the rearof the town an extremely valuable hammock of level land, extending itself north and south about six miles in length, and about one half that in width, having an excellent assortment of timber. This part of East Florida will, in all probability, attract the southern planters, whose experiments in cotton have met with such unexampled success in. the neighbouring states; and whose resources will enable them to extend their agricultural pursuits to the more fertile tracts which will be found, for the purpose of raising sugar, improving the vine, and of at- tempting the cultivation of tea, coffee, and cocoa. If these latter can be produced in the North American Continent suc- cessfully, how happy must every American feel, in contem- plating the advantages of so important a link in the chain of independence, as those luxurious products must afford; and that, in any state of political commotion, they may be derived from their own soil. What is to prevent this, under our libe- ral and enlightened government, devoted to the happiness of its citizens of every class, without distinction ? To the indus- trious poorer classes, ease and competence can no where be 92 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. shelly bluff, having three solid stone wharves, which a little re- pair would render of immediate service. There appears near this old settlement, a conflux of three rivers: on the north, Hali- fax ; on the south, Hillsborough ; and in the centre, running nearly west, Spruce Creek. The land in this quarter has always had the character of being rich, and adapted to the most advantageous culture. It is now owned, as has been stated, byJudge-Hull. Messrs.Perpall,M'Hardy,Bethune, Stubbs and others, have plantations contiguous. There is in the rearof the town an extremely valuable hammock of level land, extending itself north and south about six miles in length, and about one half that in width, having an excellent assortment of timber. This part of East Florida will, in all probability, attract the southern planters, whose experiments in cotton have met with such unexampled success in. the neighbouring states; and whose resources will enable them to extend their agricultural pursuits to the more fertile tracts which will be found, for the purpose of raising sugar, improving the vine, and of at- tempting the cultivation of tea, coffee, and cocoa. If these latter can be produced in the North American Continent suc- cessfully, how happy must every American feel, in contem- plating the advantages of so important a link in the chain of independence, as those luxurious products must afford; and that, in any state of political commotion, they may be derived from their own soil. What is to prevent this, under our libe- ral and enlightened government, devoted to the happiness of its citizens of every class, without distinction ? To the indus- trious poorer classes, ease and competence can no where he  TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c. 93 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 93 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 93 more readily obtained. Corn, potatoes, and conti, (or arrow- root,) are easily raised; and as to oysters and fish, they are so abundant that, as some writers have termed the Barks of New- foundland the kingdom of the latter, this may be considered the republic of both. Fish, says Romans, may be taken with pointed sticks in the lagoon of Aise, or Indian River. This river has nothing very remarkable ; the tide falts a foot and a half at the bar. It runs parallel with St. Lucia, (atd in some parts, within two miles of it,) to latitude 27 £1, where there is a mouth, or outlet into the ocean. This moth can seldom be entered by any vessel that draws above six feet wa- ter. Before it, in the sea, are two bars: the inner one has about ten feet water in summer time, the outer one seven- teen. The latter is about four miles from land. The sand before this entrance, Romans says, is a fine white quicksand, of a peculiar nature. He states that he anchored several times within three or four leagues of this mouth, and not above once or twice without having his cable eaten through in the ring of the anchor; sometimes he has preserv- ed the anchor by a single strand only. He had, at various times, lost six or seven anchors, and some large grapples, at this place ; yet there is no where any foul ground, or, in other words, rocky bottom, in the vicinity. He supposes that this fine quicksand,having sharp angles, by continual motion,chafes and frets the cable through, which is generally done in less than twenty-four hours. I have been informed, by more re- cent accounts, that the bar at this entrance has six feet water in winter, and ten feet in summer. more readily obtained. Corn, potatoes, and conti, (or arrow- root,) are easily raised; and as to oysters and fish, they are so abundant that, as some writers have termed the Barks of New- foundland the kingdom of the latter, this may be considered the republic of both. Fish, says Romans, may be taken with pointed sticks in the lagoon of Aise, or Indian River. This river has nothing very remarkable ; the tide falls a foot and a half at the bar. It runs parallel with St. Lucia, (ard in some parts, within two miles of it,) to latitude 27 ,swhere there is a mouth, or outlet into the ocean. This mouth can seldom be entered by any vessel that draws above six feet wa- ter. Before it, in the sea, are two bars: the inner one has about ten feet water in summer time, the outer one seven- teen. The latter is about four miles from land. The sand before this entrance, Romans says, is a flee white quicksand, of a peculiar nature. He states that he anchored several times within three or four leagues of this mouth, and not above once or twice without having his cable eaten through in the ring of the anchor; sometimes he has preserv- ed the anchor by a single strand only. le had, at various times, lost six or seven anchors, and some large grapples, at this place ; yet there is no where any foul ground, or, in other words, rocky bottom, in the vicinity. He supposes that this fine quiksandhaving sharp angles, by continual motion,chafes and frets the cable through, which is generally done in less than twenty-four hours. I have been informed, by more re- cent accounts, that the bar at this entrance has six feet water in winter, and ten feet in summer. more readily obtained. Corn, potatoes, and conti, (or arrow- root,) are easily raised; and as to oysters and fish, they are so abundant that, as some writers have termed the Barks ofNew- foundland the kingdom of the latter, this may be considered the republic of both. Fish, says Romans, may be taken with pointed sticks in the lagoon of Aise, or Indian River. This river has nothing very remarkable ; the tide falls a foot and a half at the bar. It runs parallel with St. Lucia, (ard in some parts, within two miles of it,) to latitude 27 ia, where there is a mouth, or outlet into the ocean. This moth can seldom be entered by any vessel that draws above six feet wa- ter. Before it, in the sea, are two bars: the inner one has about ten feet water in summer time, the eter one seven- teen. The latter is about four miles from land. The sand before this entrance, Romars says, is a fise white quicksand, of a peculiar nature. He states that he anchored several times within three or four leagues of this mouth, and not above once or twice without having his cable eaten through in the ring of the anchor; sometimes he has preserv- ed the anchor by a single strand only. He had, at various times, lost six or seven anchors, and some large grapples, at this place ; yet there is no where any foul ground, or, in other words, rocky bottom, in the vicinity. He supposes that this fine quicksand,having sharp angles, by continual motion,chafes and frets the cable through, which is generally done in less than twenty-four hours. I have been informed, by more re- cent accounts, that the bar at this entrance has six feet water in winter, and ten feet in summer.  94 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. The lands in this quarter have been held in high estimation forcotton, bearing hammock and live oak ; particularly by the surveyors and officers under the British and Spanish govern- ments, who took up considerable quantities. The period of rendering these lands productive will short- ly arrive, when the policy of European governments can no longer prohibit the cultivation of the plants just referred to, on account of its interfering with their parent or insular pos- sessions-when the vine and the olive will also thrive. Ham- mock lands,of vast extent, and great fertility, are met with from Indian River to the Cape; particularly about Fresh River; and there is a tract of it thirty miles long on the banks of the Indian River. From this mouth of the lagoon an island stretches to about the latitude 26 55, where there is another mouth, or inlet, called Hobs, by the Spaniards ; and by the English, Jupiter, or Grenville. This island is thirty-nine statute miles long. Twen- ty-four miles from its north end, are several high cliffs, form- ed of blue stone; these are the first rocks that lie high out of the water along the American beach. They are placed at about high water mark ; and a small ridge, or reef, runs off, sloping from the northernmost one. About nine miles further, towards Hobe, and also at its entrance, there are a number of other ridges, of very solid, hard rock ; all of which, particular- ly those most to the north, are excellent land-marks for sea- men going south. On the beach are always to be found a great number of pieces of Spanish cedar, originally cut for the use of his Catholic Majesty's ship-yards on the windward rivers of Cuba, but are driven, by land floods, into the Baba- 94 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. The lands in this quarter have been held in high estimation forcotton, bearing hammock and live oak ; particularly by the surveyors and officers under the British and Spanish govern- ments, who took up considerable quantities. The period of rendering these lands productive will short- ly arrive, when the policy of European governments can no longer prohibit the cultivation of the plants just referred to, on account of its interfering with their parent or insular pos- sessions-when the vine and the olive will also thrive. Ham- mock lands, of vast extent, and great fertility, are met with from Indian River to the Cape; particularly about Fresh River; and there is a tract of it thirty miles long on the banks of the Indian River. From this mouth of the lagoon an island stretches to about the latitude 26 55, where there is another mouth, or inlet, called Hob, by the Spaniards ; and by the English, Jupiter, or Grenville. This island is thirty-nine statute miles long. Twen- ty-four miles from its north end, are several high cliffs, form- ed of blue stone; these are the first rocks that lie high out of the water along the American beach. They are placed at about high water mark ; and a small ridge, or reef, runs off, sloping from the northernmost one. About nine miles further, towards Hobe, and also at its entrance, there are a number of other ridges, of very solid, hard rock ; all of which, particular- ly those most to the north, are excellent land-marks for sea- men going south. On the beach are always to be found a great number of pieces of Spanish cedar, originally cut for the use of his Catholic Majesty's ship-yards on the windward rivers of Cuba, but are driven, by land floods, into the Baha- 94 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. The lands in this quarter have been held in high estimation forcotton, bearing hammock and live oak ; particularly by the surveyors and officers under the British and Spanish govern- ments, who took up considerable quantities. The period of rendering these lands productive will short- ly arrive, when the policy of European governments can no longer prohibit the cultivation of the plants just referred to, on account of its interfering with their parent or insular pos- sessions-when the vine and the olive will also thrive. Ham- mock lands,ofvast extent, and great fertility, are met with from Indian River to the Cape ; particularly about Fresh River; and there is a tract of it thirty miles long on the banks of the Indian River. From this mouth of the lagoon an island stretches to about the latitude 26 55, where there is another mouth, or inlet, called Hobe, by the Spaniards ; and by the English, Jupiter, or Grenville. This island is thirty-nine statute miles long. Twen- ty-four miles from its north end, are several high cliffs, form- ed of blue stone; these are the first rocks that lie high out of the water along the American beach. They are placed at about high water mark; and a small ridge, or reef, runs off, sloping from the northernmost one. About nine miles further, towards Hob , and also at its entrance, there are a number of other ridges, of very solid, hard rock; all of which, particular- ly those most to the north, are excellent land-marks for sea- men going south. On the beach are always to be found a great number of pieces of Spanish cedar, originally cut for the use of his Catholic Majesty's ship-yards on the windward rivers of Cuba, but are driven, by land floods, into the Baha-  TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 95 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c. 95 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 95 ma channel and Gulf Stream, whence the frequent east winds force them upon soundings, and so on this beach. Very few pieces are found either north or south of this. The island is indented onthe west side, almost regularly,into points and bays. Fresh water may be obtained by digging in almost any part of the beach. A few spots of hammock, orupland, are found on this island. During the season, the loggerhead turtles land here in vast multitudes, to lay their eggs ; which the bears, led by instinct, or otherwise, dig up. They are so expert at digging, that they sometimes make wells for their supply of water. They sometimes fell the wild pine, which, from its structure, generally contains a considerable quantity of rain water, preserved in a fresh sweet state. So vigilant are the bears, that the turtle seldom leaves her nest above a quar- ter of an hour before the eggs are eaten. If a traveller chooses any of this provision, he is obliged to watch the coming of the turtles. At times, when we had some of these eggs, I have seen the bears approach to within fi-e or six yards of our camp ;but this stretch of boldness generally cost them their lives. About six miles from the mouth of Hob on the edge of the sound, in a direction N. N. w. is a hill, called the Bleach Yard, from its appearing like white spots. This is a remarkable land- mark, and the first of any note on the coast from the hills of Neversink. From the mouth of the river south, the sound is cut into three branches, by means of two peninsulas of mangroves, divided by their lagoons, from the main island. The branch, which disembogues itself at Hob, is shallow, and full of oys- sa channel and Gulf Stream, whence the frequent east winds force them upon soundings, and so on this beach. Very few pieces are found either north or south of this. The island is indented onthe west side, almost regularly,into points and bays. Fresh water may be obtained by digging in almost any part of the beach. A few spots of hammock, orupland, are found on this island. During the season, the loggerhead turtles land here in vast multitudes, to lay their eggs ; which the bears, led by instinct, or otherwise, dig up. They are so expert at digging, that they sometimes make wells for their supply of water. They sometimes fell the wild pine, which, from its structure, generally contains a considerable quantity of rain water, preserved in a fresh sweet state. So vigilant are the bears, that the turtle seldom leaves her nest above a quar- ter of an hour before the eggs are eaten. If a traveller chooses any of this provision, he is obliged to watch the coming of the turtles. At times, when we had some of these eggs, I have seen the bears approach to within fie or six yards of our camp ; but this stretch of boldness generally cost them their lives. About six miles from the mouth of Hobs on the edge of the sound, in a direction N. N. w. is a hill, called the Bleach Yard, from its appearing like white spots. This is a remarkable land- mark, and the first of any note on the coast from the hills of Neversink. From the mouth of the river south, the sound is cut into three branches, by means of two peninsulas of mangroves, divided by their lagoons, from the main island. The branch, which disembogues itself at Hob, is shallow, and full of oys- na channel and Gulf Stream, whence the frequent east winds force them upon soundings, and so on this beach. Very few pieces are found either north or south of this. The island is indented onthe westside, almost regularly,into pointsand bays. Fresh water may be obtained by digging in almost any part of the beach. A few spots of hammock, orupland, are found on this island. During the season, the loggerhead turtles land here in vast multitudes, to lay their eggs ; which the bears, led by instinct, or otherwise, dig up. They are so expert at digging, that they sometimes make wells for their supply of water. They sometimes fell the wild pine, which, from its structure, generally contains a considerable quantity of rain water, preserved in a fresh sweet state. So vigilant are the bears, that the turtle seldom leaves her nest above a quar- ter of an hour before the eggs are eaten. If a traveller chooses any of this provision, he is obliged to watch the coming of the turtles. At times, when we had some of these eggs, I have seen the bears approach to within fike or six yards of our camp ; but this stretch of boldness generally cost them their lives. About six miles from the mouth of Hobs on the edge of the sound, in a direction N. N. w. is a hill, called the Bleach Yard, from its appearing like white spots. This is a remarkable land- mark, and the first of any note on the coast from the hills of Neversink. From the mouth of the river south, the sound is cut into three branches, by means of two peninsulas of mangroves, divided by their lagoons, from the main island. The branch, which disembogues itself at Hobo, is shallow, and full of oys-  96 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. ter banks ; it is about fourteen miles long, and admits vessels drawing five feet water. This inlet, like others on this coast, is subject to beclo-sed, but is easily opened by a little digging, and thus affords an im- mediate and serviceable channel; itwas shutfor some time pre- vious to 1769, and subsequetly open for many years. Fertile land is found in less proportion in the interior of the peninsula south than northerly. The coast from Hobd to lat. 25 44 is all double land, or nar- row necks between the sea, having rivers and lagoons, some of which are fresh, with large bodies of improveable marsh land. Between Bald Mount and the Bleach Yard a Spanish ad- miral was in 1775 cast away with fourteen valuable ships. Report says, that after violent storms, pistareens have been frequently found on the beach, which were supposed to be part of their cargo. As the traveller leaves the parts of the province which were formerly cultivated by the British, uncertainty in the accounts as to the exact state of the interior of the peninsula becomes greater, narrowing towards the southern points, which the Indians represent as impenetrable; and the sur- veyors, wreckers, and coasters, had not the means of explor- ing beyond the borders of the sea coast, and the mouths of rivers. Romans' account, therefore, appears to be stamped with more authenticity than is derived from any other source that has met the public eye. St. Lucia River lies, according to Romans, one mile seventy-four chains and seventy links s. w. by s. from the Great Rocks, is fifty-four chains eighty- 96 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. ter banks ; it is about fourteen miles long, and admits vessels drawing five feet water. This inlet, like others on this coast, is subject to beclosed, but is easily opened by a little digging, and thus affords an im- mediate and serviceable channel; itwas shutfor some time pre- vious to 1769, and subsequetly open for many years. Fertile land is found in less proportion in the interior of the peninsula south than northerly. The coast from Hob to lat. 25 44 is all double land, or nar- row necks between the sea, having rivers and lagoons, some of which are fresh, with large bodies of improveable marsh land. Between Bald Mount and the Bleach Yard a Spanish ad- miral was in 1775 cast away with fourteen valuable ships. Report says, that after violent storms, pistareens have been frequently found on the beach, which were supposed to be part of their cargo. As the traveller leaves the parts of the province which were formerly cultivated by the British, uncertainty in the accounts as to the exact state of the interior of the peninsula becomes greater, narrowing towards the southern points, which the Indians represent as impenetrable; and the sur- veyors, wreckers, and coasters, had not the means of explor- ing beyond the borders of the sea coast, and the mouths of rivers. Romans' account, therefore, appears to be stamped with more authenticity than is derived from any other source that has met the public eye. St. Lucia River lies, according to Romans, one mile seventy-four chains and seventy links s. w. by s. from the Great Rocks, is fifty-four chains eighty- 96 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. ter banks ; it is about fourteen miles long, and admits vessels drawing five feet water. This inlet, like others on this coast, is subject to becrlosed, but is easily opened by a little digging, and thus affords an im- mediate and serviceable channel; itwas shutfor some time pre- vious to 1769, and subsequetly open for many years. Fertile land is found in less proportion in the interior of the peninsula south than northerly. The coast from Hob to lat. 25 44 is all double land, or nar- row necks between the sea, having rivers and lagoons, some of which are fresh, with large bodies of improveable marsh land. Between Bald Mount and the Bleach Yard a Spanish ad- miral was in 1775 cast away with fourteen valuable ships. Report says, that after violent storms, pistareens have been frequently found on the beach, which were supposed to be part of their cargo. As the traveller leaves the parts of the province which were formerly cultivated by the British, uncertainty in the accounts as to the exact state of the interior of the peninsula becomes greater, narrowing towards the southern points, which the Indians represent as impenetrable; and the sur- veyors, wreckers, and coasters, had not the means of explor- ing beyond the borders of the sea coast, and the mouths of rivers. Romans' account, therefore, appears to be stamped with more authenticity than is derived from any other source that has met the public eye. St. Lucia River lies, according to Romans, one mile seventy-four chains and seventy links s. w. by s. from the Great Rocks, is fifty-four chains eighty-  TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 97 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 97 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 97 nine links wide, and six miles and a quarter N. N. w. from the Bleach Yard. The immense quantity of water coming down this river renders it very often quite fresh, although passing through a sound generally two miles wide. At the mouth of the river is a bay, into which runs a rivu- let from the south, called by Mr. De Brahm, Grenville River. He says, that a tract of land, laid out for Mr. Grenville, is of a singular white sand, which, from being covered with a large growth of all sorts of trees, indicating a fne soil, may be con- sidered a natural curiosity. Mangrove stumps are here seen in fresh water, a circumstance that cannot easily be ac- counted for. The importance of this river is described by Romans, in a manuscript in his own hand writing, which I here transcribe : On Sunday, 21st of May, 1769, at break of day, (being on board the schooner Betsey, on a survey for the General Southern Department,) found ourselves abreast of Fobd Rocks, to us known by the name of Hawlover, and saw the place to be much altered; it having an outlet, we suggested immediately the sea had broken in ; upon which I went on shore, taking my Spanish Indian with me. On my arrival on shore, I carefully examined every place, but as it seemed to break across the mouth, I thought it of no consequence ; therefore gave no orders for the vessel to stop, and took no instruments in the boat. But I found a clear place to go in at the rocks on the north side, when I went in the boat over five and six feet water : I called it the Swash. I made then a horizontal cross, by which I took the angles as near as 13 nine links wide, and six miles and a quarter N. N. w. from the Bleach Yard. The immense quantity of water coming down this river renders it very often quite fresh, although passing through a sound generally two miles wide. At the mouth of the river is a bay, into which runs a rivu- let from the south, called by Mr. De Brahm, Grenville River. He says, that a tract of land, laid out for Mr. Grenville, is of a singular white sand, which, from being covered with a large growth of all sorts of trees, indicating a fine soil, may be con- sidered a natural curiosity. Mangrove stumps are here seen in fresh water, a circumstance that cannot easily be ac- counted for. The importance of this river is described by Romans, in a manuscript in his own hand writing, which I here transcribe : On Sunday, 21st of May, 1769, at break of day, (being on board the schooner Betsey, on a survey for the General Southern Department,) found ourselves abreast of Fob Rocks, to us known by the name of Hawlover, and saw the place to be much altered; it having an outlet, we suggested immediately the sea had broken in ; upon which I went on shore, taking my Spanish Indian with me. On my arrival on shore, I carefully examined every place, but as it seemed to break across the mouth, I thought it of no consequence ; therefore gave no orders for the vessel to stop, and took no instruments in the boat. But I found a clear place to go in at the rocks on the north side, when I went in the boat over five and six feet water : I called it the Swash. I made then a horizontal cross, by which I took the angles as near as 13 nine links wide, and six miles and a quarter N. N. w. from the Bleach Yard. The immense quantity of water coming down this river renders it very often quite fresh, although passing through a sound generally two miles wide. At the mouth of the river is a bay, into which runs a rivu- let from the south, called by Mr. De Brahm, Grenville River. He says, that a tract of land, laid out for Mr. Grenville, is of a singular white sand, which, from being covered with a large growth of all sorts of trees, indicating a fine soil, may be con- sidered a natural curiosity. Mangrove stumps are here seen in fresh water, a circumstance that cannot easily be ac- counted for. The importance of this river is described by Romans, in a manuscript in his own hand writing, which I here transcribe : On Sunday, 21st of May, 1769, at break of day, (being on board the schooner Betsey, on a survey for the General Southern Department,) found ourselves abreast of Fobd Rocks, to us known by the name of Hawlover, and saw the place to be much altered; it having an outlet, we suggested immediately the sea had broken in; upon which I went on shore, taking my Spanish Indian with me. On my arrival on shore, I carefully examined every place, but as it seemed to break across the mouth, I thought it of no consequence; therefore gave no orders for the vessel to stop, and took no instruments in the boat. But I found a clear place to go in at the rocks on the north side, when I went in the boat over five and six feet water : I called it the Swash. I made then a horizontal cross, by which I took the angles as near as 13  98 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. possible, having the course of the south beach for six or eight miles in view, I made that my artificial meridian, knowing the angle is cut with the true one, so making it the fundamental basis of my work ; being acquainted with this way, having been necessitated to do so on other occasions, and remembering a hint of Mr. De Brahm's, of his taking the plot of a camp, by help of a folded paper, much in the same manner. I dare say, I guessed within a degree the true position of every angle. In coming out, I found the widest channel was toward the south, and that there was a middle ground. I sounded out this, and found seven and eight feet, and ten to twelve close in, which last depth I found to continue within a boat's length of the beach, which was steep, and so very smooth that any boat may at most times land on it, as I then did, several times, in our very small one, for the purpose of looking for turtle eggs. It was half tide, the day after the spring, and the wind at N. w. Being in the river, I found that the fresh had forced its way out, and not the sea in ; which last circumstance I am con- firmed in opinion of, as I saw the colour of the water near the very bank to be that of our fresh rivers in this cli- mate ; when, as it is well known, that the true colour of our sea water here is a fine Saxon or celandon green, and that of this very place it is so, and so clear we saw the sandy bottom in five fathoms; the whole position and face of the break appeared to me to be from within. Mr. Yonge told me he thought the place to be the identical spot where his camp was pitched in August last, 1768, which year was a most memorable one for rains and 98 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. possible, having the course of the south beach for six or eight miles in view, I made that my artificial meridian, knowing the angle is cut with the true one, so making it the fundamental basis of my work ; being acquainted with this way, having been necessitated to do so on other occasions, and remembering a hint of Mr. De Brahm's, of his taking the plot of a camp, by help of a folded paper, much in the same manner. I dare say, I guessed within a degree the true position of every angle. In coming out, I found the widest channel was toward the south, and that there was a middle ground. I sounded out this, and found seven and eight feet, and ten to twelve close in, which last depth I found to continue within a boat's length of the beach, which was steep, and so very smooth that any boat may at most times land on it, as I then did, several times, in our very small one, for the purpose of looking for turtle eggs. It was half tide, the day after the spring, and the wind at N. w. Being in the river, I found that the fresh had forced its way out, and not the sea in ; which last circumstance I am con- firmed in opinion of, as I saw the colour of the water near the very bank to be that of our fresh rivers in this cli. mate ; when, as it is well known, that the true colour of our sea water here is a fine Saxon or celandon green, and that of this very place it is so, and so clear we saw the sandy bottom in five fathoms; the whole position and face of the break appeared to me to be from within. Mr. Yonge told me he thought the place to be the identical spot where his camp was pitched in August last, 1768, which year was a most memorable one for rains and 98 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. possible, having the course of the south beach for six or eight miles in view, I made that my artificial meridian, knowing the angle is cut with the true one, so making it the fundamental basis of my work ; being acquainted with this way, having been necessitated to do so on other occasions, and remembering a hint of Mr. De Brahm's, of his taking the plot of a camp, by help of a folded paper, much in the same manner. I dare say, I guessed within a degree the true position of every angle. In coming out, I found the widest channel was toward the south, and that there was a middle ground. I sounded out this, and found seven and eight feet, and ten to twelve close in, which last depth I found to continue within a boat's length of the beach, which was steep, and so very smooth that any boat may at most times land on it, as I then did, several times, in our very small one, for the purpose of looking for turtle eggs. It was half tide, the day. after the spring, and the wind at N. w. Being in the river, I found that the fresh had forced its way out, and not the sea in ; which last circumstance I am con- firmed in opinion of, as I saw the colour of the water near the very bank to be that of our fresh rivers in this cli- mate ; when, as it is well known, that the true colour of our sea water here is a fine Saxon or celandon green, and that of this very place it is so, and so clear we saw the sandy bottom in five fathoms; the whole position and face of the break appeared to me to be from within. Me. Yonge told me he thought the place to be the identical spot where his camp was pitched in August last, 1768, which year was a most memorable one for rains and  TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 99 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 99 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 99 freshes, not only throughout all our western continent, but even in Europe, and perhaps every where else. This circumstance, together with the regular depth of the sea all along near it, cleanness of mouth, and steepness of the beach, makes me believe it will be no easy matter to close it again ; and this may be a good inlet for small vessels; the river of St. Luz going a great way w. N. w., as the Indians informed me, to the-Lake of Mayaco, the place is perhaps worth notice. This I certify, witness my hand, year and day above written. (Signed) R. B. ROMANS, D. S. I certify to have seen the Inlet above mentioned on the same day as in the above account is mentioned, I being on board of said vessel. freshes, not only throughout all our western continent, but even in Europe, and perhaps every where else. This circumstance, together with the regular depth of the sea all along near it, cleanness of mouth, and steepness of the beach, makes me believe it will be no easy matter to close it again ; and this may be a good inlet for small vessels ; the river of St. Luz going a great way w. N. w., as the Indians informed me, to theLake of Mayaco, the place is perhaps worth notice. This I certify, witness my hand, year and day above written. (Signed) R. B. ROMANS, D. s. I certify to have seen the Inlet above mentioned on the same day as in the above account is mentioned, I being on board of said vessel. freshes, not only throughout all our western continent, but even in Europe, and perhaps every where else. This circumstance, together with the regular depth of the sea all along near it, cleanness of mouth, and steepness of the beach, makes me believe it will be no easy matter to close it again ; and this may be a good inlet for small vessels ; the river of St. Luz going a great way w. N. w., as the Indians informed me, to the.Lake of Mayaco, the place is perhaps worth notice. This I certify, witness my hand, year and day above written. (Signed) R. B. RoMANs, D. S. I certify to have seen the Inlet above mentioned on the same day as in the above account is mentioned, I being on board of said vessel. (Signed) CHARLES YoNGE. (Signed) CHARLES YONoE. (Signed) CHARLEs YoNGE. About fifty miles north of the southern point of the main land, the coast changes its course from s. s. E. to directly south ; and at the head land, occasioned by this, is a large hard blue rock on the beach, out of which a large stream of fine fresh water issues, gushing directly into the ocean ; there are four little inlets between this rock and latitude 25 35; one of these is not always open ; the last is in the north end of the first island, whose south end De Brahm has thought proper to call Cape Florida, although it is by no means a cape, or head land. West from this is the river Rat- tones, being a fine stream, and pretty considerable, with a little good rich soil on its banks, where many tropical plants grow ; at its mouth are the remains of an Indian settlement. About fifty miles north of the southern point of the main land, the coast changes its course from s. s. E. to directly south ; and at the head land, occasioned by this, is a large hard blue rock on the beach, out of which a large stream of fine fresh water issues, gushing directly into the ocean ; there are four little inlets between this rock and latitude 25 35; one of these is not always open ; the last is in the north end of the first island, whose south end De Brahm has thought proper to call Cape Florida, although it is by no means a cape, or head land. West from this is the river Rat- tones, being a fine stream, and pretty considerable, with a little good rich soil on its banks, where many tropical plants grow ; at its mouth are the remains of an Indian settlement. About fifty miles north of the southern point of the main land, the coast changes its course from s. s. E. to directly south ; and at the head land, occasioned by this, is a large hard blue rock on the beach, out of which a large stream of fine fresh water issues, gushing directly into the ocean ; there are four little inlets between this rock and latitude 25 35; one of these is not always open ; the last is in the north end of the first island, whose south end De Brahm has thought proper to call Cape Florida, although it is by no means a cape, or head land. West from this is the river Rat- tones, being a fine stream, and pretty considerable, with a little good rich soil on its banks, where many tropical plants grow ; at its mouth are the remains of an Indian settlement.  100 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. To the southward of this river, is a large body of marsh, through which several rivulets of fie water empty themselves into the ground, back of the keys, which begin here. A man may at this place stand with one foot in fresh, and the other in salt water; nay, when the tide is out, fresh water boils up through the sand. From this river, and marsh, the remainder of the land is a heap of stones and rocks, very sharp, and little water is to be found; there being only a few ponds, and these are dry in a dry season. The only growth is shrubby pine. At Sandy Point, the southern extremity of the peninsula, are large old fields, being the lands formerly planted by Coloosa savages. In latitude 25 20, is a salt lake, and a remarkable isthmus, joining what was formerly Cayo Largo, or long key, to the main. Our researches for a passage west of the keys, have convinced us of its being joined to the mainland. From the tapering shape of the continent approaching to the meri- dional extremity, the ground becomes more strong, and is in. terspersed with ponds or lakes. In the river Manatee is a considerable fall of rocks fourteen miles from its mouth. Above these falls the banks are very steep ; which causes the water to rise about fifty feet above its ordinary surface. Lake Mayaco is said by some to be seventy-five miles in circumference ; and by others, forty miles long and twenty- five wide; it lies near the River St. Johns, in a direction south from Lake George. Roman says he was told, by a Spanish pilot and fisherman of good credit, who was taken prisoner by the savages, and carried in a canoe by way of the River St. Lucia to their settlements, that on the banks of the Lake, at the disemboguing of the river, there lies a small cedar 100 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. To the southward of this river, is a large body of marsh, through which several rivulets of fine water empty themselves into the ground, back of the keys, which begin here. A man may at this place stand with one foot in fresh, and the other in salt water ; nay, when the tide is out, fresh water boils up through the sand. From this river, and marsh, the remainder of the land is a heap of stones and rocks, very sharp, and little water is to be found; there being only a few ponds, and these are dry in a dry season. The only growth is shrubby pine. At Sandy Point, the southern extremity of the peninsula, are large old fields, being the lands formerly planted by Coloosa savages. In latitude 25 20, is a salt lake, and a remarkable isthmus, joining what was formerly Cayo Largo, or long key, to the main. Our researches for a passage west of the keys, have convinced us of its being joined to the main land. From the tapering shape of the continent approaching to the meri- dional extremity, the ground becomes more strong, and is in. terspersed with ponds or lakes. In the river Manatee is a considerable fall of rocks fourteen miles from its mouth. Above these falls the banks are very steep ; which causes the water to rise about fifty feet above its ordinary surface. Lake Mayaco is said by some to be seventy-five miles in circumference ; and by others, forty miles long and twenty. five wide; it lies nearthe River St. Johns, in a direction south from Lake George. Roman says he was told, by a Spanish pilot and fisherman of good credit, who was taken prisoner by the savages, and carried in a canoe by way of the River St. Lucia to their settlements, that on the banks of the Lake, at the disemboguing of the river, there lies a small cedar 100 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c. To the southward of this river, is a large body of marsh, through which several rivulets of fine water empty themselves into the ground, back of the keys, which begin here. A man may at this place stand with one foot in fresh, and the other in salt water ; nay, when the tide is out, fresh water boils up through the sand. From this river, and marsh, the remainder of the land is a heap of stones and rocks, very sharp, and little water is to be found; there being only a few ponds, and these are dry in a dry season. The only growth is shrubby pine. At Sandy Point, the southern extremity of the peninsula, are large old fields, being the lands formerly planted by Coloosa savages. In latitude 25 20, is a salt lake, and a remarkable isthmus, joining what was formerly Cayo Largo, or long key, to the main. Our researches for a passage west of the keys, have convinced us of its being joined to the mainland. From the tapering shape of the continent approaching to the meri- dional extremity, the ground becomes more strong, and is in. terspersed with ponds or lakes. In the river Manatee is a considerable fall of rocks fourteen miles from its mouth. Above these falls the banks are very steep ; which causes the water to rise about fifty feet above its ordinary surface. Lake Mayaco is said by some to be seventy-five miles in circumference ; and by others, forty miles long and twenty- five wide; it lies near the River St. Johns, in a direction south from Lake George. Roman says he was told, by a Spanish pilot and fisherman of good credit, who was taken prisoner by the savages, and carried in a canoe by way of the River St. Lucia to their settlements, that on the banks of the Lake, at the disemboguing of the river, there lies a small cedar  TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c. 101 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 101 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 101 island ; and that he saw the mouth of five or six rivers, but could not tell whether falling out of, or into the lake. These were probably some of the many rivers he crossed, in tra- versing the peninsula ; perhaps the St. Johns, and the river in Charlotte Harbour, originate there. The savages add, that in going far south, they go round a large water emptying it- self into the Gulf of Mexico. It is this Lake, of such vast extent, which has in the opi. nion of some occasioned the intersected and mangled condi- tion in which the old maps represent the peninsula. From the growth of the mahogany trees, which are of large size, one of which stands as a prominent beacon, on the west- ern border of this magnificent Lake, and the reddish soil by which it is environed, much importance may be derived, by those who can overcome the aguish and debilitating effects of an atmosphere caused by such a vast body of water, in such a latitude. The entry into this Lake from the eastward, by the River St. Lucia, and an egress from it, by the Delaware, and other streams westward, combine both agricultural and commercial advantages, which may be readily perceived by those disposed to settle in that quarter ; particularly if it is to form the grand central source of communication between the Atlantic and the Mexican Sea. It is stated with much confidence, that the waters of the St. Johns River are higher than those of the sea on either side ; and that this vast Lake commands the highest pitch of them, affording rapid currents to both. It is suggested, also, that this Lake derives its vast extent of water from springs, and island ; and that he saw the mouth of five or six rivers, but could not tell whether falling out of, or into the lake. These were probably some of the many rivers he crossed, in tra- versing the peninsula; perhaps the St. Johns, and the river in Charlotte Harbour, originate there. The savages add, that in going far south, they go round a large water emptying it- self into the Gulf of Mexico. It is this Lake, of such vast extent, which has in the opi- nion of some occasioned the intersected and mangled condi- tion in which the old maps represent the peninsula. From the growth of the mahogany trees, which are of large size, one of which stands as a prominent beacon, on the west- ern border of this magnificent Lake, and the reddish soil by which it is environed, much importance may be derived, by those who can overcome the aguish and debilitating effects of an atmosphere caused by such a vast body of water, in such a latitude. The entry into this Lake from the eastward, by the River St. Lucia, and an egress from it, by the Delaware, and other streams westward, combine both agricultural and commercial advantages, which may be readily perceived by those disposed to settle in that quarter; particularly if it is to form the grand central source of communication between the Atlantic and the Mexican Sea. It is stated with much confidence, that the waters of the St. Johns River are higher than those of the sea on either side ; and that this vast Lake commands the highest pitch of them, affording rapid currents to both. It is suggested, also, that this Lake derives its vast extent of water from springs, and island ; and that he saw the mouth of five or six rivers, but could not tell whether falling out of, or into the lake. These were probably some of the many rivers he crossed, in tra- versing the peninsula; perhaps the St. Johns, and the river in Charlotte Harbour, originate there. The savages add, that in going far south, they go round a large water emptying it- self into the Gulf of Mexico. It is this Lake, of such vast extent, which has in the opi- nion of some occasioned the intersected and mangled condi- tion in which the old maps represent the peninsula. From the growth of the mahogany trees, which are of large size, one of which stands as a prominent beacon, on the west- ern border of this magnificent Lake, and the reddish soil by which it is environed, much importance may be derived, by those who can overcome the aguish and debilitating effects of an atmosphere caused by such a vast body of water, in such a latitude. The entry into this Lake from the eastward, by the River St. Lucia, and an egress from it, by the Delaware, and other streams westward, combine both agricultural and commercial advantages, which may be readily perceived by those disposed to settle in that quarter ; particularly if it is to form the grand central source of communication between the Atlantic and the Mexican Sea. It is stated with much confidence, that the waters of the St. Johns River are higher than those of the sea on either side ; and that this vast Lake commands the highest pitch of them, affording rapid currents to both. It is suggested, also, that this Lake derives its vast extent of water from springs, and  102 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. a subterranean channel, originating in a fountain in the north; probably in the Alleghany Mountains. The importance of this part of the country, on a variety of accounts, claims every research which can be made : I shall therefore again recur to Romans, as preferable to more recent accounts; the latter being contradictory. This southern end is a mere point of marsh, with some broken pine land in it, not much above three quarters of a mile wide, and divides the fresh water of St. John's from the salt of Aisa Hatcha. Imagine then to yourself a country gradually rising into a ridge of highland, very barren, sandy and gravelly, a few places excepted, intersected with abun- dance of rivulets, and variegated with ponds and lakes, whose banks being in general lined with oak, magnolia, and other trees, exhibiting the most romantic scene imaginable, and you will have a just idea of this place. We frequently meet with spacious savannahs of the high kind. The coun- try is covered with roe deer and turkeys, and the lakes are stocked with fish. It continues in a due west line across the Mexican Gulf to latitude 28, which strikes said Gulf fifteen miles northward of the bay of Spiritu Santo. In the southern parts of the peninsula, there is some land, which covers a stiff marly kind of clay, laying in some places within half a foot, or a foot of the surface; in most of them it is found at the depth of three, four, or five feet, con- sequently not hard to come at. This kind of land is often very rocky ; but especially from latitude 25 50, southward to the point, where it is a solid rock, a kind of lime stone, and covered every where with innumerable small, loose, and sharp stones. 102 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. a subterranean channel, originating in a fountain in the north; probably in the Alleghany Mountains. The importance of this part of the country, on a variety of accounts, claims every research which can be made : I shall therefore again recur to Romans, as preferable to more recent accounts; the latter being contradictory. This southern end is a mere point of marsh, with some broken pine land in it, not much above three quarters of a mile wide, and divides the fresh water of St. John's from the salt of Aisa Hatcha. Imagine then to yourself a country gradually rising into a ridge of highland, very barren, sandy and gravelly, a few places excepted, intersected with abun- dance of rivulets, and variegated with ponds and lakes, whose banks being in general lined with oak, magnolia, and other trees, exhibiting the most romantic scene imaginable, and you will have a just idea of this place. We -frequently meet with spacious savannahs of the high kind. The coun- try is covered with roe deer and turkeys, and the lakes are stocked with fish. It continues in a due west line across the Mexican Gulf to latitude 28, which strikes said Gulf fifteen miles northward of the bay of Spiritu Santo. In the southern parts of the peninsula, there is some land, which covers a stiff marly kind of clay, laying in some places within half a foot, or a foot of the surface; in most of them it is found at the depth of three, four, or five feet, con- sequently not hard to come at. This kind of land is often very rocky ; but especially from latitude 25 50, southward to the point, where it is a solid rock, a kind of lime stone, and covered every where with innumerable small, loose, and sharp stones. 102 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. a subterranean channel, originating in a fountain in the north; probably in the Alleghany Mountains. The importance of this part of the country, on a variety of accounts, claims every research which can be made : I shall therefore again recur to Romans, as preferable to more recent accounts; the latter being contradictory. This southern end is a mere point of marsh, with some broken pine land in it, not much above three quarters of a mile wide, and divides the fresh water of St. John's from the salt of Aisa Hatcha. Imagine then to yourself a country gradually rising into a ridge of highland, very barren, sandy and gravelly, a few places excepted, intersected with abun- dance of rivulets, and variegated with ponds and lakes, whose banks being in general lined with oak, magnolia, and other trees, exhibiting the most romantic scene imaginable, and you will have a just idea of this place. We -frequently meet with spacious savannahs of the high kind. The coun. try is covered with roe deer and turkeys, and the lakes are stocked with fish. It continues in a due west line across the Mexican Gulf to latitude 28, which strikes said Gulf fifteen miles northward of the bay of Spiritu Santo. In the southern parts of the peninsula, there is some land, which covers a stiff marly kind of clay, laying in some places within half a foot, or a foot of the surface ; in most of them it is found at the depth of three, four, or five feet, con- sequently not hard to come at. This kind of land is often very rocky ; but especially from latitude 25 50, southward to the point, where it is a solid rock, a kind of lime stone, and covered every where with innumerable small, loose, and sharp stones.  TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 103 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 103 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, eC. 103 From the river St. John's, southerly, to the point of the peninsula, are to be seen high pyramidal mounts, with spacious and extensive avenues, leading from them, out of the town, to an artificial lake or pond of water ; these were ornaments, or monuments of magnificence, to perpetuate the power and grandeur of the nation, which could not have been an inconsiderable one, and must evidently have been designed for public edifices. Messrs. De Brahm and Romans, and Dr. Stork, have dis- agreed in many respects in relation to this country, particu- larly as to the southern extremity. Dr. Stork states, that the main on the west of Cape River, appears to be all high land, and is chiefly covered with cedar, oak, mulberry, and gum. Whereas Romans declares, that no such river as Cape River exists, which leads to a more probable con- clusion, that the country from Indian or Turtle River, to- wards Cape Florida, has not been much explored, and is sup- posed to be impassable, from marshes or swamps. It is con- fidently asserted that the Indians, in coming to the eastern coast to wreck, used to return by paths winding with the Cape. Without examining into the hypothesis of the Tegesta, it is a natural presumption, that owing to the agitation of the waters, which are driven against the southern extremity with continual violence, it is worn away, and divided into many islands, keys, and rocks, forming those reefs which are called under the general name of Martyrs and Pineriais ; but more particularly by the Spaniards under the names of Cayo Largo, From the river St. John's, southerly, to the point of the peninsula, are to be seen high pyramidal mounts, with spacious and extensive avenues, leading from them, out of the town, to an artificial lake or pond of water; these were ornaments, or monuments of magnificence, to perpetuate the power and grandeur of the nation, which could not have been an inconsiderable one, and must evidently have been designed for public edifices. Messrs. De Brahm and Romans, and Dr. Stork, have dis- agreed in many respects in relation to this country, particu- larly as to the southern extremity. Dr. Stork states, that the main on the west of Cape River, appears to be all high land, and is chiefly covered with cedar, oak, mulberry, and gum. Whereas Romans declares, that no such river as Cape River exists, which leads to a more probable con- clusion, that the country from Indian or Turtle River, to- wards Cape Florida, has not been much explored, and is sup- posed to be impassable, from marshes or swamps. It is con. fidently asserted that the Indians, in coming to the eastern coast to wreck, used to return by paths winding with the Cape. Without examining into the hypothesis of the Tegesta, it is a natural presumption, that owing to the agitation of the waters, which are driven against the southern extremity with continual violence, it is worn away, and divided into many islands, keys, and rocks, forming those reefs which are called under the general name of Martyrs and Pineriais; but more particularly by the Spaniards under the names of Cayo Largo, From the river St. John's, southerly, to the point of the peninsula, are to be seen high pyramidal mounts, with spacious and extensive avenues, leading from them, out of the town, to an artificial lake or pond of water ; these were ornaments, or monuments of magnificence, to perpetuate the power and grandeur of the nation, which could not have been an inconsiderable one, and must evidently have been designed for public edifices. Messrs. De Brahm and Romans, and Dr. Stork, have dis- agreed in many respects in relation to this country, particu- larly as to the southern extremity. Dr. Stork states, that the main on the west of Cape River, appears to be all high land, and is chiefly covered with cedar, oak, mulberry, and gum. Whereas Romans declares, that no such river as Cape River exists, which leads to a more probable con- clusion, that the country from Indian or Turtle River, to- wards Cape Florida, has not been much explored, and is sup- posed to be impassable, from marshes or swamps. It is con- fidently asserted that the Indians, in coming to the eastern coast to wreck, used to return by paths winding with the Cape. Without examining into the hypothesis of the Tegesta, it is a natural presumption, that owing to the agitation of the waters, which are driven against the southern extremity with continual violence, it is worn away, and divided into many islands, keys, and rocks, forming those reefs which are called under the general name of Martyrs and Pineriais ; but more particularly by the Spaniards under the names of Cayo Largo,  104 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. Matacumbe el viejo, Matacumbe el mozo, Bivoras, Sombrero, Looe or Loop, or Soldiers Keys, or La Parida, Samboes, Are- na, Marques, Boca Grande, Js. de Mangles, Huesos, Samba, Js. de Pinos, Bohia honda, Tortugas. Of these Cayo Hue- sos, or West Key, deserves particular notice. It is about se- ven miles long and two wide, and is sixty miles from the Hava- na; has a salt-pond, and some high ground calculated for for- tifications; is susceptible of productive cultivation, and co- vered with timber. It has a small settlement. There is good harbour and anchorage for vessels of every class which may approach the beach, and the most ample protec- tion from every wind except s. or s. s. w.; although Ro. mans, who mentions it as another good station for a small fri. gate, does not recommend it as so advantageous as some of the other islets. He adds, that the keys or markers are a heap of rocks, very few small spots on them being cultivated. Matacombe alone would be worth attention for a settlement; all their productions are tropical ; not an oak to be found on any one of them, and pine trees on one only. But this reef and keys may be rendered serviceable in time of war, to any nation well acquainted with them. The reef begins in lati- tude 25 34, and the channel between it and the islands will admit a vessel drawing sixteen feet water. At the south end of Key Biscayno, in 25 27, according to Ellicot, is a good place for careening craft drawing ten feet. There is an excel- lent harbor, and good water for use. Even if the regular sources should fail, the rivulets in the grand marsh will sup- ply any quantity for a ship of considerable force; and her tender might here find an excellent station to cruise from. it 104 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, SC. Matacumbe el viejo, Matacumbe el mozo, Bivoras, Sombrero, Looe or Loop, or Soldiers Keys, or La Parida, Samboes, Are- na, Marques, Boca Grande, Js. de Mangles, Huesos, Samba, Js. de Pinos, Bohia honda, Tortugas. Of these Cayo Hue- sos, or West Key, deserves particular notice. It is about se- ven miles long and two wide, and is sixty miles from the Hava- na; has a salt-pond, and some high ground calculated for for- tifications; is susceptible of productive cultivation, and co- vered with timber. It has a small settlement. There is good harbour and anchorage for vessels of every class which may approach the beach, and the most ample protec- tion from every wind except s. or s. s. w.; although Ro- mans, who mentions it as another good station for a small fri- gate, does not recommend it as so advantageous as some of the other islets. He adds, that the keys or markers are a heap of rocks, very few small spots on them being cultivated. Matacombe alone would be worth attention for a settlement; all their productions are tropical ; not an oak to be found on any one of them, and pine trees on one only. But this reef and keys may be rendered serviceable in time of war, to any nation well acquainted with them. The reef begins in lati- tude 25 34, and the channel between it and the islands will admit a vessel drawing sixteen feet water. At the south end of Key Biscayno, in 25 27, according to Ellicot, is a good place for careening craft drawing ten feet. There is an excel- lent harbor, and good water for use. Even if the regular sources should fail, the rivulets in the grand marsh will sup- ply any quantity for a ship of considerable force ; and her tender might here find an excellent station to cruise from. it 104 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. Matacumbe el viejo, Matacumbe el mozo, Bivoras, Sombrero, Looe or Loop, or Soldiers Keys, or La Parida, Samboes, Are- na, Marques, Boca Grande, Js. de Mangles, Huesos, Samba, Js. de Pinos, Bohia honda, Tortugas. Of these Cayo Hue- sos, or West Key, deserves particular notice. It is about se- ven miles long and two wide, and is sixty miles from the Hava- na ; has a salt-pond, and some high ground calculated for for- tifications; is susceptible of productive cultivation, and co- vered with timber. It has a small settlement. There is good harbour and anchorage for vessels of every class which may approach the beach, and the most ample protec- tion from every wind except s. or s. s. w.; although Ro- mans, who mentions it as another good station for a small fri. gate, does not recommend it as so advantageous as some of the other islets. He adds, that the keys or markers are a heap of rocks, very few small spots on them being cultivated. Matacombe alone would be worth attention for a settlement; all their productions are tropical ; not an oak to be found on any one of them, and pine trees on one only. But this reef and keys may be rendered serviceable in time of war, to any nation well acquainted with them. The reef begins in lati- tude 25 34, and the channel between it and the islands will admit a vessel drawing sixteen feet water. At the south end of Key Biscayno, in 25 27, according to Ellicot, is a good place for careening craft drawing ten feet. There is an excel- lent harbor, and good water for use. Even if the regular sources should fail, the rivulets in the grand marsh will sup- ply any quantity for a ship of considerable force; and her tender might here find an excellent station to cruise from, it  TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 105 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 105 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 105 being no more than fifteen leagues from the reef to the Bemi- nis, where there is likewise water; and on both shores plen- ty of fish and turtle. A vessel may lay on either side, in a harbour of ten feet water at least, in safety. It is worthy of notice, that a ship may lie with safety within the reef, on the Florida side: of what consequence this is in a place through which the Spaniards are obliged to send all their treasures, every one may judge. At Cayo Tabona, a large ship, even of sixty-four guns, may ride just within the reef, and her tender can always supply her with water, either from Matacombd or the marsh and key Biscayno. Few vessels can come through the gulf without seeing this place ; and it is generally the first land made by every sail after leaving the Cuba shore; Sound Point, or Cape Florida, being just north of it. At this key, which presents a mass of mangroves, there were lately about sixty Indians, and as many runaway negroes, in search of sub- sistence, and twenty-seven sail of Bahama wreckers. On the Loot, a frigate is said to have been cast away, from which it is supposed the name is derived ; some say its deri- vation is from Loup, which, in French, signifies wolf. From the peculiar situation of these keys, and from the consequence attached to them by the Spaniards in their grants of them, little doubt can be entertained that instead of being haunts for Picaroons of all countries, they will be changed into the residence of some industrious people, and become, at no distant period, the Archipelago of the Western World. Mr. Ellicot, surveyor, in the service of the United States, having been directed to demarcate the boundary line between the United States and the Spanish possessions, in the year 14 being no more than fifteen leagues from the reef to the Bemi- nis, where there is likewise water; and on both shores plen- ty of fish and turtle. A vessel may lay on either side, in a barbour of ten feet water at least, in safety. It is worthy of notice, that a ship may lie with safety within the reef, on the Florida-side: of what consequence this is in a place through which the Spaniards are obliged to send all their treasures, every one may judge. At Cayo Tabona, a large ship, even of sixty-four guns, may ride just within the reef, and her tender can always supply her with water, either from Matacomb or the marsh and key Biscayno. Few vessels can come through the gulf without seeing this place ; and it is generally the first land made by every sail after leaving the Cuba shore ; Sound Point, or Cape Florida, being just north of it. At this key, which presents a mass of mangroves, there were lately about sixty Indians, and as many runaway negroes, in search of sub- sistence, and twenty-seven sail of Bahama wreckers. On the Looe, a frigate is said to have been cast away, from which it is supposed the name is derived; some say its deri- vation is from Loup, which, in French, signifies wolf. From the peculiar situation of these keys, and from the consequence attached to them by the Spaniards in their grants of them, little doubt can be entertained that instead of being haunts for Picaroons of all countries, they will be changed into the residence of some industrious people, and become, at no distant period, the Archipelago of the Western World. Mr. Ellicot, surveyor, in the service of the United States, having been directed to demarcate the boundary line between the United States and the Spanish possessions, in the year 14 being no more than fifteen leagues from the reef to the Bemi- nis, where there is likewise water; and on both shores plen- ty of fish and turtle. A vessel may lay on either side, in a harbour of ten feet water at least, in safety. It is worthy of notice, that a ship may lie with safety within the reef, on the Florida.side: of what consequence this is in a place through which the Spaniards are obliged to send all their treasures, every one may judge. At Cayo Tabona, a large ship, even of sixty-four guns, may ride just within the reef, and her tender can always supply her with water, either from Matacombd or the marsh and key Biscayno. Few vessels can come through the gulf without seeing this place ; and it is generally the first land made by every sail after leaving the Cuba shore; Sound Point, or Cape Florida, being just north of it. At this key, which presents a mass of mangroves, there were lately about sixty Indians, and as many runaway negroes, in search of sub- sistence, and twenty-seven sail of Bahama wreckers. On the Looe, a frigate is said to have been cast away, from which it is supposed the name is derived ; some say its deri- vation is from Loup, which, in French, signifies wolf. From the peculiar situation of these keys, and from the consequence attached to them by the Spaniards in their grants of them, little doubt can be entertained that instead of being haunts for Picaroons of all countries, they will be changed into the residence of some industrious people, and become, at no distant period, the Archipelago of the Western World. Mr. Ellicot, surveyor, in the service of the United States, having been directed to demarcate the boundary line between the United States and the Spanish possessions, in the year 14  106 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c. 1800, was prevented from performing that duty from Apala- chicola by land, owing to the warlike attitude assumed by the Indians, and was therefore obliged to proceed to St. Mary'a by water. In doing this he visited the keys, and confirms the reports of the wreckers, and other passengers ; and his obser- vations are deserving of more credit; as some circumstances always occurred to prevent that faithful survey which the country merits. Under the British government, Mr. De Brahm, who was appointed to inspect the coast, having quar- relled with the governor, did not complete the serveys of the Eastern part; while Mr. Gauld acknowledged that he was kept in check by the American privateers, of which His Bri- tannic Majesty's light vessels were in constant dread in that quarter. Under these circumstances, Mr. Ellicot's notice of them should be fully appreciated. He says, " we have not at this time one chart of the coast of East Florida, except Mr. Gauld's survey of part of the keys and reef, which is entitled to any confidence. An accurate knowledge of the dangerous shoal off Cape Canaveral is of great consequence to the com- mercial interests of the United States. The navigation be- tween the Gulf and the Florida Keys has always been consi- dered very dangerous, until Mr. Gauld's survey of the Dry Tortugas, and other keys, to Key Largo, which may be look. ed upon as one of the most valuable works extant." These keys and reefs furnish a great number of harbours, calculated as well for merchant vessels as for cruisers, as has been stated particularly of Key Biscayno, situatedat the north- ern entrance of the reef, and capable of commanding the whole coasting trade which takes that passage. The mouth 106 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c. 1800, was prevented from performing that duty from Apala- chicola by land, owing to the warlike attitude assumed by the Indians, and was therefore obliged to proceed to St. Mary's by water. In doing this he visited the keys, and confirms the reports of the wreckers, and other passengers ; and his obser- vations are deserving of more credit ; as some circumstances always occurred to prevent that faithful survey which the country merits. Under the British government, Mr. De Brahm, who was appointed to inspect the coast, having quar- relled with the governor, did not complete the surveys of the Eastern part; while Mr. Gauld acknowledged that he was kept in check by the American privateers, of which His Bri- tannic Majesty's light vessels were in constant dread in that quarter. Under these circumstances, Mr. Ellicot's notice of them should be fully appreciated. He says, " we have not at this time one chart of the coast of East Florida, except Mr. Gauld's survey of part of the keys and reef, which is entitled to any confidence. An accurate knowledge of the dangerous shoal off Cape Canaveral is of great consequence to the com- mercial interests of the United States. The navigation be- tween the Gulf and the Florida Keys has always been consi- dered very dangerous, until Mr. Gauld's survey of the Dry Tortugas, and other keys, to Key Largo, which may be look- ed upon as one of the most valuable works extant." These keys and reefs furnish a great number of harbours, calculated as well for merchant vessels as for cruisers, as has been stated particularly of Key Biscayno, situated at the north- ern entrance of the reef, and capable of commanding the whole coasting trade which takes that passage. The mouth 106 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c. 1800, was prevented from performing that duty from Apala- chicola by land, owing to the warlike attitude assumed by the Indians, and was therefore obliged to proceed to St. Mary's by water. In doing this he visited the keys, and confirms the reports of the wreckers, and other passengers ; and his obser- vations are deserving of more credit ; as some circumstances always occurred to prevent that faithful survey which the country merits. Under the British government, Mr. De Brahm, who was appointed to inspect the coast, having quar- relled with the governor, did not complete the surveys of the Eastern part; while Mr. Gauld acknowledged that he was kept in check by the American privateers, of which His Bri- tannic Majesty's light vessels were in constant dread in that quarter. Under these circumstances, Mr. Ellicot's notice of them should be fully appreciated. He says, " we have not at this time one chart of the coast of East Florida, except Mr. Gauld's survey of part of the keys and reef, which is entitled to any confidence. An accurate knowledge of the dangerous shoal off Cape Canaveral is of great consequence to the com- mercial interests of the United States. The navigation be. tween the Gulf and the Florida Keys has always been consi. dered very dangerous, until Mr. Gauld's survey of the Dry Tortugas, and other keys, to Key Largo, which may be look- ed upon as one of the most valuable works extant." These keys and reefs furnish a great number of harbours, calculated as well for merchant vessels as for cruisers, as has been stated particularly of Key Biscayno, situatedat the north- ern entrance of the reef, and capable of commanding the whole coasting trade which takes that passage. The mouth  TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 107 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c. 107 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 107 of Black Cesar's, near Key Largo, or, as called by some, Black Sarah's Creek, which is only the entrance into an ex- tensive sound, between the keys and the main, furnishes most excellent water. The sides of the channel are almost per- pendicular, like those at old Matacombe, and composed of a soft mud. The writer, in a voyage made in 1803, in the ship Rufus King, drifted among these keys, which he cannot but consi- der the more dangerous, as the currents baffle all calculation. Along the Florida reef, and among the keys, a great abun- dance and variety of turtle and fish may be taken, such as hog-fish, grunts, yellow tails, black, red, and grey snappers, mullets, bone fish, amber fish, groopers, king fish, silver fish, porgys, turbots, stingrays, black drum, Jew fish, &c. Beside the general character of these keys, or islands, for the purposes of privateering and turtleing, to which they have been long subservient, they were'formerly well timbered with fustic, mahogany, lignum vito, and brazilletto. But they have been cut and carried off by the wreckers from the Bahamas ; who, since the wars have ceased to yield them their usual harvests, have depended for their support, in a great measure, upon this encroachment on the Spanish territory. In addi- tion to this, they receive their turtle from this quarter, having crawls which they occupy periodically, about November, when the turtle approach the Florida shores in immense groups, and become an easy prey to the darts of the turtlers. Key Biscayne, one of the first on the reef, is near Cape Florida, in latitude 27 37 N. ; it has a few settlers, who culti- vate plantains and Indian-corn on the north west side suflicient of Black Cosar's, near Key Largo, or, as called by some, Black Sarah's Creek, which is only the entrance into an ex- tensive sound, between the keys and the main, furnishes most excellent water. The sides of the channel are almost per- pendicular, like those at old Matacomb, and composed of a soft mud. The writer, in a voyage made in 1803, in the ship Rufus King, drifted among these keys, which he cannot but consi- der the more dangerous, as the currents baffle all calculation. Along the Florida reef, and among the keys, a great abun- dance and variety of turtle and fish may be taken, such as hog-fish, grunts, yellow tails, black, red, and grey snappers, mullets, bone fish, amber fish, groopers, king fish, silver fish, porgys, turbots, stingrays, black drum, Jew fish, &c. Beside the general character of these keys, or islands, for the purposes of privateering and turtleing, to which they have been long subservient, they were formerly well timbered with fustic, mahogany, lignum vito, and brazilletto. But they have been cut and carried off by the wreckers from the Bahamas ; who, since the wars have ceased to yield them their usual harvests, have depended for their support, in a great measure, upon this encroachment on the Spanish territory. In addi- tion to this, they receive their turtle from this quarter, having crawls which they occupy periodically, about November, when the turtle approach the Florida shores in immense groups, and become an easy prey to the darts of the turtlers. Key Biscayno, one of the first on the reef, is near Cape Florida, in latitude 27 37 N. ; it has a few settlers, who culti- vate plantains and Indian-corn on the north west side suflicient of Black Casar's, near Key Largo, or, as called by some, Black Sarah's Creek, which is only the entrance into an ex- tensive sound, between the keys and the main, furnishes most excellent water. The sides of the channel are almost per- pendicular, like those at old Matacomb, and composed of a soft mud. The writer, in a voyage made in 1803, in the ship Rufus King, drifted among these keys, which he cannot but consi- der the more dangerous, as the currents baffle all calculation. Along the Florida reef, and among the keys, a great abun- dance and variety of turtle and fish may be taken, such as hog-fish, grunts, yellow tails, black, red, and grey snappers, mullets, bone fish, amber fish, groopers, king fish, silver fish, porgys, turbots, stingrays, black drum, Jew fish, &-c. Beside the general character of these keys, or islands, for the purposes of privateering and turtleing, to which they have been long subservient, they wereformerly well timbered with fustic, mahogany, lignum vite, and brazilletto. But they have been cut and carried off by the wreckers from the Bahamas ; who, since the wars have ceased to yield them their usual harvests, have depended for their support, in a great measure, upon this encroachment on the Spanish territory. In addi- tion to this, they receive their turtle from this quarter, having crawls which they occupy periodically, about November, when the turtle approach the Florida shores in immense groups, and become an easy prey to the darts of the turtlers. Key Biscayno, one of the first on the reef, is near Cape Florida, in latitude 27 37 N. ; it has a few settlers, who culti- vate plantains and Indian-corn on the north west side suflicient  108 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. for their own consumption, and catch fish in abundance. Such is the rapid and continual growth of corn, that they plant it to meet their immediate wants : grain has been known to be put into the ground on the 16th of September, and grown two feet and a half high by the 7th of October following. At the south end there is an excellent harbour and good water; near it is Fresh River, which has six feet water for eight or ten miles. There is good hammock land in the neighbourhood. Old Matacombe is noted for affording a greater quantity of good water than any of the other keys; it is found in wells of about four feet deep. On the north-east side is a beautiful beach, composed of broken shells, which, at a short distance, has the appearance of white sand. These keys, or islands, under a variety of names, much dis- torted by geographers, translators and navigators, offer very little more for particular remark than what has been already mentioned; except that Matanza (slaughter) is remarkable for the massacre by the Coloosa Indians, the original inhabi. tants of East Florida, of about three hundred Frenchmen, who had taken refuge there after having been wrecked on the reef; and that many of these reefs are composed oflime stone, or calcareous rocks a few feet above the surface of the water, covered with a thin stratum of earth, bearing many palm trees, and prickly pears or opuntia, producing cochineal. Cayo Ani, or Sandy Key, having the appearance which its name bears, is little else than a heap of broken shells, with a few bushes scattered over it. The Tortugas, so called from the number of turtle caught there, are low sandy-islands. 108 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. for their own consumption, and catch fish in abundance. Such is the rapid and continual growth of corn, that they plant it to meet their immediate wants : grain has been known to be put into the ground on the 16th of September, and grown two feet and a half high by the 7th of October following. At the south end there is an excellent harbour and good water; near it is Fresh River, which has six feet water for eight or ten miles. There is good hammock land in the neighbourhood. Old Matacombe is noted for affording a greater quantity of good water than any of the other keys; it is found in wells of about four feet deep. On the north-east side is a beautiful beach, composed of broken shells, which, at a short distance, has the appearance of white sand. These keys, or islands, under a variety of names, much dis- torted by geographers, translators and navigators, offer very little more for particular remark than what has been already mentioned; except that Matanza (slaughter) is remarkable for the massacre by the Coloosa Indians, the original inhabi- tants of East Florida, of about three hundred Frenchmen, who had taken refuge there after having been wrecked on the reef; and that many of these reefs are composed of lime stone, or calcareous rocks a few feet above the surface of the water, covered with a thin stratum of earth, bearing many palm trees, and prickly pears or opuntia, producing cochineal. Cayo Ani, or Sandy Key, having the appearance which its name bears, is little else than a heap of broken shells, with a few bushes scattered over it. The Tortugas, so called from the number of turtle caught there, are low sandy islands. 108 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. for their own consumption, and catch fish in abundance. Such is the rapid and continual growth of corn, that they plant it to meet their immediate wants : grain has been known to be put into the ground on the 16th of September, and grown two feet and a half high by the 7th of October following. At the south end there is an excellent harbour and good water ; near it is Fresh River, which has six feet water for eight or ten miles. There is good hammock land in the neighbourhood. Old Matacombe is noted for affording a greater quantity of good water than any of the other keys ; it is found in wells of about four feet deep. On the north-east side is a beautiful beach, composed of broken shells, which, at a short distance, has the appearance of white sand. These keys, or islands, under a variety of names, much dis- torted by geographers, translators and navigators, offer very little more for particular remark than what has been already mentioned; except that Matanza (slaughter) is remarkable for the massacre by the Coloosa Indians, the original inhabi- tants of East Florida, of about three hundred Frenchmen, who had taken refuge there after having been wrecked on the reef; and that many of these reefs are composed of lime stone, or calcareous rocks a few feet above the surface of the water, covered with a thin stratum of earth, bearing many palm trees, and prickly pears or opuntia, producing cochineal. Cayo Ani, or Sandy Key, having the appearance which its name bears, is little else than a heap of broken shells, with a few bushes scattered over it. The Tortugas, so called from the number of turtle caught there, are low sandy islands.  TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 109 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES &c. 109 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c. 109 Payo Vaca, or Cow Key, is remarkable for having been in. habited by the Coloosa Indians from the Havana. Near Cape Sable, the southern extremity, is Shark River, called by the Spaniards Rio Carbones, said to be only five leagues from Lake Mayaco, where there is some good land extending to Chatham Bay, which is from Cape Sable to Cape Romans, more than twenty-fve leagues, and is renowned for the landing on it of Jean Ponce de Leon, whose name it bears to this day among the Spaniards. This bay receives the wa- ters of several important rivers, viz. Dry River, Young or North River, St. Marie. Delaware or Gallivans, which are said to have their sources in Lake Mayaco or St. Esprit. The tide in this bay, and farther north, rises considerably, and is very rapid. Near the Delaware Sound is an excellent spot for a settlement. Punta Larga, or Cape Romans, has as fie a harbour as can be, with eleven feet water at the bar, and capable of receiv- ing any number of shipping. The land is of the best quality, having a large proportion of hammock, coveered with the finest growth of live oak timber; and the remainder is a sandy loam, calculated for cotton and pasturage. From thence the coast borders with pine land, to the river Coloose Hache. Passing Boca Seca in the same direction, you meet with Charlotte Harbour, or Boca Grande, in lat. 26 43 north, long. 82 30 west, about 27 leagues south of Tampa Bay. It has good anchorage within the bar, which has fifteen feet water on it; and is the outlet of Charlotte River, which, in its north-eastern course for several miles diverges into creek Romana or Charlotte, continuing east towards Lake Payo Vaca, or Cow Key, is remarkable for having been in- habited by the Coloosa Indians from the Havana. Near Cape Sable, the southern extremity, is Shark River, called by the Spaniards Rio Carbones, said to be only five leagues from Lake Mayaco, where there is some good land extending to Chatham Bay, which is from Cape Sable to Cape Romans, more than twenty-five leagues, and is renowned for the landing on it of Jean Ponce de Leon, whose name it bears to this day among the Spaniards. This bay receives the wa- ters of several important rivers, viz. Dry River, Young or North River, St. Marie. Delaware or Gallivans, which are said to have their sources in Lake Mayaco or St. Esprit. The tide in this bay, and farther north, rises considerably, and is very rapid. Near the Delaware Sound is an excellent spot for a settlement. Punta Larga, or Cape Romans, has as floe a harbour as can be, with eleven feet water at the bar, and capable of receiv- ing any number of shipping. The land is of the best quality, having a large proportion of hammock, covered with the fisest growth of live oak timber; and the remainder is a sandy loam, calculated for cotton and pasturage. From thence the coast borders with pine land, to the river Coloose Hache. Passing Boca Seca in the same direction, you meet with Charlotte Harbour, or Boca Grande, in lat. 26 43 north, long. 82 30 west, about 27 leagues south of Tampa Bay. It has good anchorage within the bar, which has fifteen feet water on it ; and is the outlet of Charlotte River, which, in its north-eastern course for several miles diverges into creek Romana or Charlotte, continuing east towards Lake Payo Vaca, or Cow Key, is remarkable for having been in- habited by the Coloosa Indians from the Havana. Near Cape Sable, the southern extremity, is Shark River, called by the Spaniards Rio Carbones, said to be only five leagues from Lake Mayaco, where there is some good land extending to Chatham Bay, which is from Cape Sable to Cape Romans, more than twenty-five leagues, and is renowned for the landing on it of Jean Ponce de Leon, whose name it bears to this day among the Spaniards. This bay receives the wa- ters of several important rivers, viz. Dry River, Young or North River, St. Marie. Delaware or Gallivans, which are said to have their sources in Lake Mayaco or St. Esprit. The tide in this bay, and farther north, rises considerably, and is very rapid. Near the Delaware Sound is an excellent spot for a settlement. Punta Larga, or Cape Romans, has as fime aharbour as can be, with eleven feet water at the bar, and capable of receiv- ing any number of shipping. The land is of the best quality, having a large proportion of hammock, covered with the fisest growth of live oak timber; and the remainder is a sandy loam, calculated for cotton and pasturage. From thence the coast borders with pine land, to the river Coloose Hache. Passing Boca Seca in the same direction, you meet with Charlotte Harbour, or Boca Grande, in lat. 26 43 north, long. 82 30 west, about 27 leagues south of Tampa Bay. It has good anchorage within the bar, which has fifteen feet water on it; and is the outlet of Charlotte River, which, in its north-eastern course for several miles diverges into creek Romana or Charlotte, continuing east towards Lake  110 TOWNS, R1VERS, LAKES, &C. Mayaco and New Creek, which joins the St. Johns in a more northerly part, nearly intersecting it in a latitude parallel to Sebastian's River, thus presenting a chain for canal communi- cation between the Atlantic and the Mexican seas. On the coast to Tampa Bay are Rio Penas, or Rocky River, Chain Island, Saraxota Inlet, Palm Island, Sanival or Long Island, and Manatie River; of all of which the topographical writers appear to have been silent, and the most diligent re- searches of the author have tended to no other conclusion, than that this part of the country, having had a natural vegeta- tion unmolested for at least a century, partakes, no doubt, with the rest of the province, of all the varieties of timber and soil adapted to the same species of culture and improve- mentt which the enterprise of free Americans will rapidly apply to it. Mr. Darby, in his Guide to Emigrants, observes, that when he was at the mouth of the Sabine in December, 1812, he had full leisure and means of examining the coast of the Mexi- can Gulf. He states, that near the mouth of the Sabine and Calcasiu rivers, no timber is found but what is cast on shore by the tides ; and trunks of the largest trees are often found lying upon the strand. It would appear, he says, from an inspection of a map of the Gulf of Mexico and Carribean sea, that the current flows from the latter into the former, between Cape St. Antoine, and assuming a northern direction, reaches the shore of Florida, between the Apalachicola and Mobile rivers, and then divides, one part traversing the westera shore of East Florida, encounters and is carried away by the Gulf Stream, 110 TOWNS, R1VERS, LAKES, &C. Mayaco and New Creek, which joins the St. Johns in a more northerly part, nearly intersecting it in a latitude parallel to Sebastian's River, thus presenting a chain for canal communi- cation between the Atlantic and the Mexican seas. On the coast to Tampa Bay are Rio Penas, or Rocky River, Chain Island, Saraxola Inlet, Palm Island, Sanival or Long Island, and Manatie River ; of all of which the topographical writers appear to have been silent, and the most diligent re- searches of the author have tended to no other conclusion, than that this part of the country, having had a natural vegeta- tion unmolested for at least a century, partakes, no doubt, with the rest of the province, of all the varieties of timber and soil adapted to the same species of culture and improve- ment which the enterprise of free Americans will rapidly apply to it. Mr. Darby, in his Guide to Emigrants, observes, that when he was at the mouth of the Sabine in December, 1812, he had full leisure and means of examining the coast of the Mexi- can Gulf. He states, that near the mouth of the Sabine and Calcasiu rivers, no timber is found but what is cast on shore by the tides ; and trunks of the largest trees are often found lying upon the strand. It would appear, he says, from an inspection of a map of the Gulf of Mexico and Carribean sea, that the current flows from the latter into the former, between Cape St. Antoine, and assuming a northern direction, reaches the shore of Florida, between the Apalachicola and Mobile rivers, and then divides, one part traversing the western shore of East Florida, encounters and is carried away by the Gulf Stream, I10 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, ESC. Mayaco and New Creek, which joins the St. Johns in a more northerly part, nearly intersecting it in a latitude parallel to Sebastian's River, thus presenting a chain for canal communi- cation between the Atlantic and the Mexican seas. On the coast to Tampa Bay are Rio Penas, or Rocky River, Chain Island, Saraxola Inlet, Palm Island, Sanival or Long Island, and Manatie River; of all of which the topographical writers appear to have been silent, and the most diligent re- searches of the author have tended to no other conclusion, than that this part of the country, having had a natural vegeta- tion unmolested for at least a century, partakes, no doubt, with the rest of the province, of all the varieties of timber and soil adapted to the same species of culture and improve- ment which the enterprise of free Americans will rapidly apply to it. Mr. Darby, in his Guide to Emigrants, observes, that when he was at the mouth of the Sabine in December, 1812. he had full leisure and means of examining the coast of the Mexi- can Gulf. He states, that near the mouth of the Sabine and Calcasiu rivers, no timber is found but what is cast on shore by the tides ; and trunks of the largest trees are often found lying upon the strand. It would appear, he says, from an inspection of a map of the Gulf of Mexico and Carribean sea, that the current flows from the latter into the former, between Cape St. Antoine, and assuming a northern direction, reaches the shore of Florida, between the Apalachicola and Mobile rivers, and then divides, one part traversing the western shore of East Florida, encounters and is carried away by the Gulf Stream.  TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. Sii TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 111 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, SC. ill between Florida Point and the Island of Cuba ; but much the largest mass turns to the west, passes along West Florida, Alabama territory, the state of Mississippi, Louisiana, and the province of Texas, until reaching the bay of St. Joseph, it winds with the coast to the south, along the shores of the vice-royalty of Mexico, and finally, sweeping the bay of Cam- peachy, and the western and northern shores of Yucatan, meets the current from which it originated. The following observations on the Gulf Passage have been furnished by Henry Wood, Esq. of New Providence, and are relied upon as accurate. From the current frequently varying in course as well as rapidity, and the eddy currents likewise various and uncer- tain, the ablest navigators and pilots are frequently deceived, after passing the Havana, in going northward, and getting up as high as the Pan of Matanzas, from which a departure is generally taken. The incorrectness of the English charts operate very much to increase the accidents that annually happen in this passage. Romans is esteemed the best, and consequently most in use, but it is in some respects erroneous. The tide of flood sets on the Bahama Bank, and runs very rapidly. On approaching the Florida side, the eddy currents and tides setting through the different channels in the reefs and inlets are very variable, and frequently enter a greater dis- tance into the gulf than mariners are aware of; so much so, that the most expert of the Bahama pilots are often deceived in the night.-Generally a strong s. w. eddy prevails, and between Florida Point and the Island of Cuba ; but much the largest mass turns to the west, passes along West Florida, Alabama territory, the state of Mississippi, Louisiana, and the province of Texas, until reaching the bay of St. Joseph, it winds with the coast to the south, along the shores of the vice-royalty of Mexico, and finally, sweeping the bay of Cam- peachy, and the western and northern shores of Yucatan, meets the current from which it originated. The following observations on the Gulf Passage have been furnished by Henry Wood, Esq. of New Providence, and are relied upon as accurate. From the current frequently varying in course as well as rapidity, and the eddy currents likewise various and uncer- tain, the ablest navigators and pilots are frequently deceived, after passing the Havana, in going northward, and getting up as high as the Pan of Matanzas, from which a departure is generally taken. The incorrectness of the English charts operate very much to increase the accidents that annually happen in this passage. Romans is esteemed the best, and consequently most in use, but it is in some respects erroneous. The tide of flood sets on the Bahama Bank, and runs very rapidly. On approaching the Florida side, the eddy currents and tides setting through the different channels in the reefs and inlets are very variable, and frequently enter a greater dis- tance into the gulf than mariners are aware of; so much so, that the most expert of the Bahama pilots are often deceived in the night.-Generally a strong s. w. eddy prevails, and between Florida Point and the Island of Cuba ; but much the largest mass turns to the west, passes along West Florida, Alabama territory, the state of Mississippi, Louisiana, and the province of Texas, until reaching the bay of St. Joseph, it winds with the coast to the south, along the shores of the vice-royalty of Mexico, and fimally, sweeping the bay of Cam- peachy, and the western and northern shores of Yucatan, meets the current from which it originated. The following observations on the Gulf Passage have been furnished by Henry Wood, Esq. of New Providence, and are relied upon as accurate. From the current frequently varying in course as well as rapidity, and the eddy currents likewise various and uncer- tain, the ablest navigators and pilots are frequently deceived, after passing the Havana, in going northward, and getting up as high as the Pan of Matanzas, from which a departure is generally taken. The incorrectness of the English charts operate very much to increase the accidents that annually happen in this passage. Romans is esteemed the best, and consequently most in use, but it is in some respects erroneous. The tide of flood sets on the Bahama Bank, and runs very rapidly. On approaching the Florida side, the eddy currents and tides setting through the different channels in the reefs and inlets are very variable, and frequently enter a greater dis- tance into the gulf than mariners are aware of; so much so, that the most expert of the Bahama pilots are often deceived in the night.-Generally a strong s. w. eddy prevails, and  112 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. the transition from the stream to the eddy is sometimes very visible, by causing what those pilots call Rip Raps ; at other times it is not to be discovered. There have been only three vessels lost on the Bahama side, in violent weather; and there are on an average, not less than eight vessels lost on the Florida side annually ; most of them run ashore in the night in good weather when the captains have reckoned themselves on the Bahama side. Mr. Clarke observes, this situation is meliorated in winter by the proximity of a gulf on each side; and in summer, by a regular eddy of the tide winds, the average of heat is made less than in more northern climates, where the trade winds do not reach ; or in more southern climates, when the trade winds have the heats of a lower latitude to contend with. Nor is the average of the cold in winter so great as in the same latitudes, when remote from the influence of gulfs. I suppose that the influence consequent on the neighbourhood of those gulfs is equal, at the northern extremity of the pro- vince, to the difference of one degree of latitude more south ; and about three times this quantity at its southern extremity. I account for this singular eddy, or rather vacation of a part of the trade wind, to which this province is so much in- debted, in this way. We find that when a wind meets a river at right angles, it blows directly across ; but when it meets a river at an angle of inclination, it immediately, and in pro- portion to the acuteness of that angle, leads up or down as the case may be, always showing a disposition to follow the course of the water ; and the effect is increased according to the ve- 112 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. the transition from the stream to the eddy is sometimes very visible, by causing what those pilots call Rip Raps ; at other times it is not to be discovered. There have been only three vessels lost on the Bahama side, in violent weather; and there are on an average, not less than eight vessels lost on the Florida side annually ; most of them run ashore in the night in good weather when the captains have reckoned themselves on the Bahama side. Mr. Clarke observes, this situation is meliorated in winter by the proximity of a gulf on each side; and in summer, by a regular eddy of the tide winds, the average of heat is made less than in more northern climates, where the trade winds do not reach ; or in more southern climates, when the trade winds have the heats of a lower latitude to contend with. Nor is the average of the cold in winter so great as in the same latitudes, when remote from the influence of gulfs. I suppose that the influence consequent on the neighbourhood of those gulfs is equal, at the northern extremity of the pro- vince, to the difference of one degree of latitude more south ; and about three times this quantity at its southern extremity. I account for this singular eddy, or rather vacation of a part of the trade wind, to which this province is so much in- debted, in this way. We find that when a wind meets a river at right angles, it blows directly across ; but when it meets a river at an angle of inclination, it immediately, and in pro- portion to the acuteness of that angle, leads up or down as the case may be, always showing a disposition to follow the course of the water ; and the effect is increased according to the ve- 112 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. the transition from the stream to the eddy is sometimes very visible, by causing what those pilots call Rip Raps ; at other times it is not to be discovered. There have been only three vessels lost on the Bahama side, in violent weather; and there are on an average, not less than eight vessels lost on the Florida side annually ; most of them run ashore in the night in good weather when the captains have reckoned themselves on the Bahama side. Mr. Clarke observes, this situation is meliorated in winter by the proximity of a gulf on each side ; and in summer, by a regular eddy of the tide winds, the average of heat is made less than in more northern climates, where the trade winds do not reach ; or in more southern climates, when the trade winds have the heats of a lower latitude to contend with. Nor is the average of the cold in winter so great as in the same latitudes, when remote from the influence of gulfs. I suppose that the influence consequent on the neighbourhood of those gulfs is equal, at the northern extremity of the pro- vince, to the difference of one degree of latitude more south ; and about three times this quantity at its southern extremity. I account for this singular eddy, or rather vacation of a part of the trade wind, to which this province is so much in. debted, in this way. We find that when a wind meets a river at right angles, it blows directly across ; but when it meets a river at an angle of inclination, it immediately, and in pro- portion to the acuteness of that angle, leads up or down as the case may be, always showing a disposition to follow the course of the water ; and the effect is increased according to the ve-  TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 113 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, SC. 113 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 113 locity of the current of the water setting the same way, Thus the trade winds, in their course from east to west, be- tween Cuba and Florida, are in part met by the Keys and Cape of Florida at an angle of inclination of about sixty de- grees, and which separating that part from the main current, sets it towards the north ; its disposition to follow the northward sheet of water it has entered, being there aided by the Gulf Stream setting strongly the same way, forms a cur- rent north equal in strength to the first propulsion west, and a course northwest becomes established; which, passing on regularly as it does from the south east, regales Florida, and terminates or dies away from weakness at its northern ex- tremity. Mr. Ellicot reports, that " Various theories have been de- vised to account for the phenomenon of the Gulf Stream. By one, the Gulf of Mexico is considered as a great whirlpool, ocoasioned by the water being thrown into it between the western extremity of the island of Cuba, and Cape Catoch, by the trade winds, and tides, and thrown out by a rotatory mo- tion between East Florida and the island of Cuba, where it meets with the least resistance. By others it has been attri- buted to the water thrown into the Gulf of Mexico between the west end of Cuba and Cape Catoch, by the trade winds alone, and making its way out through the Gulf of Florida, where it is the least obstructed. " The latter theory scarcely merits a discussion, for it must be evident that though the winds are for the most part east- erly within the torrid zone, yet whenever calms happen in the 15 locity of the current of the water setting the same way, Thus the trade winds, in their course from east to west, be- tween Cuba and Florida, are in part met by the Keys and Cape of Florida at an angle of inclination of about sixty de- grees, and which separating that part from the main current, sets it towards the north ; its disposition to follow the northward sheet of water it has entered, being there aided by the Gulf Stream setting strongly the same way, forms a cur- rent north equal in strength to the first propulsion west, and a course northwest becomes established; which, passing on regularly as it does from the south east, regales Florida, and terminates or dies away from weakness at its northern ex- tremity. Mr. Ellicot reports, that " Various theories have been de- vised to account for the phenomenon of the Gulf Stream. By one, the Gulf of Mexico is considered as a great whirlpool, occasioned by the water being thrown into it between the western extremity of the island of Cuba, and Cape Catoch, by the trade winds, and tides, and thrown out by a rotatory mo- tion between East Florida and the island of Cuba, where it meets with the least resistance. By others it has been attri- buted to the water thrown into the Gulf of Mexico between the west end of Cuba and Cape Catoch, by the trade winds alone, and making its way out through the Gulf of Florida, where it is the least obstructed. " The latter theory scarcely merits a discussion, for it must be evident that though the winds are for the most part east- erly within the torrid zone, yet whenever calms happen in the 15 locity of the current of the water setting the same way. Thus the trade winds, in their course from east to west, be- tween Cuba and Florida, are in part met by the Keys and Cape of Florida at an angle of inclination of about sixty de- grees, and which separating that part from the main current, sets it towards the north ; its disposition to follow the northward sheet of water it has entered, being there aided by the Gulf Stream setting strongly the same way, forms a cur- rent north equal in strength to the first propulsion west, and a course northwest becomes established ; which, passing on regularly as it does from the south east, regales Florida, and terminates or dies away from weakness at its northern ex- tremity. Mr. Ellicot reports, that " Various theories have been de- vised to account for the phenomenon of the Gulf Stream. By one, the Gulf of Mexico is considered as a great whirlpool, occasioned by the water being thrown into it between the western extremity of the island of Cuba, and Cape Catoch, by the trade winds, and tides, and thrown out by a rotatory mo- tion between East Florida and the island of Cuba, where it meets with the least resistance. By others it has been attri- buted to the water thrown into the Gulf of Mexico between the west end of Cuba and Cape Catoch, by the trade winds alone, and making its way out through the Gulf of Florida, where it is the least obstructed. " The latter theory scarcely merits a discussion, for it must be evident that though the winds are for the most part east- erly within the torrid zone, yet whenever calms happen in the 15  114 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. West Indies, and south along the coast, which are not uncom- mon, the water must recede back to restore equilibrium, and not only cease to be pressed into the Gulf of Mexico, but rush out where it had before been pressed in, and an equilibrium take place between the Gulf and the Ocean, which is never the case. " The first theory appears to be correct in part, for it is im. possible upon any principle of hydrostatics, to account for the Gulf Stream without admitting a rotatory motion of the waters; but the centre of this rotatory motion is no more in the Gulf of Mexico, than the earth is in the centre of the solar system, and one is not more absurd than the other. I had an oportunity of examining the coast of the Gulf of Mexico from the outlet of Lake Ponchartrain, to Florida Point, and neither the currents, nor any other appearance, would justify the sup- position that the Gulf had anymore similitude to a whirlpool, than our lakes which are supplied with water at one place, discharge it at another. " It will be evident, upon a moment's reflection, that the vast body of water carried northerly and easterly by the Stream, must in some manner he returned southerly and west. erly : if this be taken for granted, it follows of course, that the Atlantic Ocean, or a part of it, must have a rotatory mo- tion about some centre within itself. " By admitting this circular motion in the water of the At- lantic, though this motion be but small, it will neverthe- less, in a great degree, be sufficient to account for the pheno- menon of the Gulf Stream. 114 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. West Indies, and south along the coast, which are not uncom- mon, the water must recede back to restore equilibrium, and not only cease to be pressed into the Gulf of Mexico, but rush out where it had before been pressed in, and an equilibrium take place between the Gulf and the Ocean, which is never the case. " The first theory appears to be correct in part, for it is im- possible upon any principle of hydrostatics, to account for the Gulf Stream without admitting a rotatory motion of the waters; but the centre of this rotatory motion is no more in the Gulf of Mexico, than the earth is in the centre of the solar system, and one is not more absurd than the other. I had an oportunity of examining the coast of the Gulf of Mexico from the outlet of Lake Ponchartrain, to Florida Point, and neither the currents, nor any other appearance, would justify the sup- position that the Gulf had any more similitude to a whirlpool, than our lakes which are supplied with water at one place, discharge it at another. " It will be evident, upon a moment's reflection, that the vast body of water carried northerly and easterly by the Stream, must in some manner he returned southerly and west- erly: if this be taken for granted, it follows of course, that the Atlantic Ocean, or a part of it, must have a rotatory mo- tion about some centre within itself. " By admitting this circular motion in the water of the At- lantic, though this motion be but small, it will neverthe- less, in a great degree, be sufficient to account for the pheno- menon of the Gulf Stream. 114 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. West Indies, and south along the coast, which are not uncom- mon, the water must recede back to restore equilibrium, and not only cease to be pressed into the Gulf of Mexico, but rush out where it had before been pressed in, and an equilibrium take place between the Gulf and the Ocean, which is never the case. " The first theory appears to be correct in part, for it is im- possible upon any principle of hydrostatics, to account for the Gulf Stream without admitting a rotatory motion of the waters; but the centre of this rotatory motion is no more in the Gulf of Mexico, than the earth is in the centre of the solar system, and one is not more absurd than the other. I had an oportunity of examining the coast of the Gulf of Mexico from the outlet of Lake Ponchartrain, to Florida Point, and neither the currents, nor any other appearance, would justify the sup- position that the Gulf had any more similitude to a whirlpool, than our lakes which are supplied with water at one place, discharge it at another. " It will be evident, upon a moment's reflection, that the vast body of water carried northerly and easterly by the Stream, must in some manner he returned southerly and west- erly : if this be taken for granted, it follows of course, that the Atlantic Ocean, or a part of it, must have a rotatory mo- tion about some centre within itself. " By admitting this circular-motion in the water of the At- lantic, though this motion be but small, it will neverthe- less, in a great degree, be sufficient to account for the pheno- menon of the Gulf Stream.  TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 115 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 115 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 115 " The water in its circular, or rotatory motion, is thrown upon the coast of America a little north of the equator, where, from its centrifugal or projectile force, it becomes a little ele- vated, and still being carried along the coast northerly and easterly, on which the water continues from the same cause to be thrown, and at length meets with another body somewhat elevated, and upon the same principles carried westerly along the southern coast of the island of Cuba, until at length this column of water so united, and thus set in motion, constantly contracted in width, and proportionably elevated above the true level of the sea, is brought, as it were, to a focus between the western extremity of Cuba and Cape Catoch, where it discharges itself into the Gulf of Mexico, which seers as a great reservoir, and contributes to the uniformity of the Gulf Stream. The water tbus thrown into the Gulf of Mexico, is- sues out between East Florida, and the eastern part of the island of Cuba and the Bahama Banks, where the water of the Ocean is less elevated. 4 The quantity of water thrown into the Gulf of Mexico, is no doubt considerably increased and diminished by the differ- ent courses of the winds and calms ; but never so much dimi- nished as to render the velocity of the Gulf Stream inconside- rable ; which would certainly be the consequence if the cause depended immediately on the winds. " Whether the general rotatory motion of the water in the Atlantic is effected wholly by the action of the trade winds, or combined with the tides, and other causes, is a subject which yet remains to be determined.5 " The water in its circular, or rotatory motion, is thrown upon the coast of America a little north of the equator, where, from its centrifugal or projectile force, it becomes a little ele- vated, and still being carried along the coast northerly and easterly, on which the water continues from the same cause to be thrown, and at length meets with another body somewhat elevated, and upon the same principles carried westerly along the southern coast of the island of Cuba, until at length this column of water so united, and thus set in motion, constantly contracted in width, and proportionably elevated above the true level of the sea, is brought, as it were, to a focus between the western extremity of Cuba and Cape Catoch, where it discharges itself into the Gulf of Mexico, which serves as a great reservoir, and contributes to the uniformity of the Gulf Stream. The water thus thrown into the Gulf of Mexico, is- sues out between East Florida, and the eastern part of the island of Cuba and the Bahama Banks, where the water of the Ocean is less elevated. " The quantity of water thrown into the Gulf of Mexico, is no doubt considerably increased and diminished by the differ- ent courses of the winds and calms; but never so much dimi- nished as to render the velocity of the Gulf Stream inconside- rable ; which would certainly be the consequence if the cause depended immediately on the winds. " Whether the general rotatory motion of the water in the Atlantic is effected wholly by the action of the trade winds, or combined with the tides, and other causes, is a subject which yet remains to be determined." " The water in its circular, or rotatory motion, is thrown upon the coast of America a little north of the equator, where, from its centrifugal or projectile force, it becomes a little ele- vated, and still being carried along the coast northerly and easterly, on which the water continues from the same cause to be thrown, and at length meets with another body somewhat elevated, and upon the same principles carried westerly along the southern coast of the island of Cuba, until at length this column of water so united, and thus set in motion, constantly contracted in width, and proportionably elevated above the true level of the sea, is brought, as it were, to a focus between the western extremity of Cuba and Cape Catoch, where it discharges itself into the Gulf of Mexico, which serves as a great reservoir, and contributes to the uniformity of the Gulf Stream. The water thus thrown into the Gulf of Mexico, is- sues out between East Florida, and the eastern part of the island of Cuba and the Bahama Banks, where the water of the Ocean is less elevated. " The quantity of water thrown into the Gulf of Mexico, is no doubt considerably increased and diminished by the differ- ent courses of the winds and calms ; but never so much dimi- nished as to render the velocity of the Gulf Stream inconside- rable ; which would certainly be the consequence if the cause depended immediately on the winds. " Whether the general rotatory motion of the water in the Atlantic is effected wholly by the action of the trade winds, or combined with the tides, and other causes, is a subject which yet remains to be determined."  116 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c. Espiritu Santo Tampa, or Hillsborough Bay, is the most spacious bay on the west coast of the peninsula, and is situ- ated in long. 83 west, and lat. 27 36 north, about sixty miles from Lake George. It is held in the highest estimation for its capacity as a naval depot, having twenty-four feet of water, and being easy of access, well calculated to shelter vessels of any size from all winds ; it may be justly consider- ed as the key to the navigation of the British and Spanish islands to leeward, while it must, in the event of possession and improvement by the United States, afford protection to her own trade, and be of vital importance to her naval gran- deur. These consequences are derived from the necessity under which the fleets of merchantmen in time of war are, of coming through the Gulf of Mexico, and making the Tortugas, thus rendering this depot the Gibralter of the West, and of incalculable advantage in the hands of an enterprising belli- gerent, which it is natural for the United States to look to without seeking either for territorial aggrandizement, or ex- torting from their Spanish neighbours an unwilling allegiance; still a formidable establishment at Espiritu Santo may in time have the effect of controlling the power of Spain under any form of government her colonies may adopt, or be subject to. By way of exemplification ; it is, for the fleets coming through the leeward passage, such a port of annoyance as is Cape Nichola-Mole for those going from Jamaica to windward, with this difference in favour of Spiritu Santo, that the heavy ships must pass it, while those capable of weathering the Mole may, by superior sailing, avail themselves of that pas- sage. 116 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. Espiritu Santo Tampa, or Hillsborough Bay, is the most spacious bay on the west coast of the peninsula, and is situ- ated in long. 83 west, and lat. 27 36 north, about sixty miles from Lake George. It is held in the highest estimation for its capacity as a naval depot, having twenty-four feet of water, and being easy of access, well calculated to shelter vessels of any size from all winds ; it may be justly consider. ed as the key to the navigation of the British and Spanish islands to leeward, while it must, in the event of possession and improvement by the United States, afford protection to her own trade, and be of vital importance to her naval gran- deur. These consequences are derived from the necessity under which the fleets of merchantmen in time of war are, of coming through the Gulf of Mexico, and making the Tortugas, thus rendering this depot the Gibralter of the West, and of incalculable advantage in the hands of an enterprising belli- gerent, which it is natural for the United States to look to without seeking either for territorial aggrandizement, or ex- torting from their Spanish neighbours an unwilling allegiance; still a formidable establishment at Espiritu Santo may in time have the effect of controlling the power of Spain under any form of government her colonies may adopt, or be subject to. By way of exemplification ; it is, for the fleets coming through the leeward passage, such a port of annoyance as is Cape Nichola-Mole for those going from Jamaica to windward, with this difference in favour of Spiritu Santo, that the heavy ships must pass it, while those capable of weathering the Mole may, by superior sailing, avail themselves of that pas- sage. 116 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c. Espiritu Santo Tampa, or Hillsborough Bay, is the most spacious bay on the west coast of the peninsula, and is situ- ated in long. 83 west, and lat. 27 36 north, about sixty miles from Lake George. It is held in the highest estimation for its capacity as a naval depot, having twenty-four feet of water, and being easy of access, well calculated to shelter vessels of any size from all winds ; it may be justly consider- ed as the key to the navigation of the British and Spanish islands to leeward, while it must, in the event of possession and improvement by the United States, afford protection to her own trade, and be of vital importance to her naval gran- deur. These consequences are derived from the necessity under which the fleets of merchantmen in time of war are, of coming through the Gulf of Mexico, and making the Tortugas, thus rendering this depot the Gibralter of the West, and of incalculable advantage in the hands of an enterprising belli- gerent, which it is natural for the United States to look to without seeking either for territorial aggrandizement, or ex- torting from their Spanish neighbours an unwilling allegiance; still a formidable establishment at Espiritu Santo may in time have the effect of controlling the power of Spain under any form of government her colonies may adopt, or be subject to. By way of exemplification ; it is, for the fleets coming through the leeward passage, such a port of annoyance as is Cape Nichola-Mole for those going from Jamaica to windward, with this difference in favour of Spiritu Santo, that the heavy ships must pass it, while those capable of weathering the Mole may, by superior sailing, avail themselves of that pas- sage.  TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 117 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 117 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &. 117 This bay was explored by Captain Braddock, from Virginia, whose surveys in 1744 and 1745 are yet considered, accord- ing to Mr. Ellicot, as good as any extant; who says, farther, that it is laid down in all the charts too far north, by at least fifteen minutes. The land about the coast of this invaluable bay is very bar- ren, sandy, and low ; and cannot be seen from a ship's deck, when in seven fathoms water. There are several low sandy islands and marshes, covered with mangrove bushes, lying be- fore the main land, which serve as a resort for the greatest number of sea-fowl and fish which it is possible to conceive. You may, at a particular season, load a ship with either, or with eggs, in a short time. Immense quantities of fish are caught with seines in the summer time by Spanish fishermen for the Havana. The head of the bay is well adapted for advantageous set- tlement; for although the land is chiefly pine, yet the re- sources of a fine river, which falls into the east branch of it, are well calculated to promote emigration to that quarter. The following extract of a letter is from one of the survey- ors of the coast, sent by the British goverment: Port Royal, Jamaica, 3d June, 1772. "I had only a few days respite at Pensacola, after near six months hard labour last year, on your East Florida coast, when I was obliged to come here, by an order from Sir George Rodney. After a tedious and disagreeable passage, we ar- This bay was explored by Captain Braddock, from Virginia, whose surveys in 1744 and 1745 are yet considered, accord- ing to Mr. Ellicot, as good as any extant; who says, farther, that it is laid down in all the charts too far north, by at least fifteen minutes. The land about the coast of this invaluable bay is very bar- ren, sandy, and low ; and cannot be seen from a ship's deck, when in seven fathoms water. There are several low sandy islands and marshes, covered with mangrove bushes, lying be- fore the main land, which serve as a resort for the greatest number of sea-fowl and fish which it is possible to conceive. You may, at a particular season, load a ship with either, or with eggs, in a short time. Immense quantities of fish are caught with seines in the summer time by Spanish fishermen for the Havana. The head of the bay is well adapted for advantageous set- tlement; for although the land is chiefly pine, yet the re- sources of a fine river, which falls into the east branch of it, are well calculated to promote emigration to that quarter. The following extract of a letter is from one of the survey- ors of the coast, sent by the British goverment: Port Royal, Jamaica, 3d June, 1772. "I had only a few days respite at Pensacola, after near six months hard labour last year, on your East Florida coast, when I was obliged to come here, by an order from Sir George Rodney. After a tedious and disagreeable passage, we ar- This bay was explored by Captain Braddock, from Virginia, whose surveys in 1744 and 1745 are yet considered, accord- ing to Mr. Ellicot, as good as any extant; who says, farther, that it is laid down in all the charts too far north, by at least fifteen minutes. The land about the coast of this invaluable bay is very bar- ren, sandy, and low ; and cannot be seen from a ship's deck, when in seven fathoms water. There are several low sandy islands and marshes, covered with mangrove bushes, lying be- fore the main land, which serve as a resort for the greatest number of sea-fowl and fish which it is possible to conceive. You may, at a particular season, load a ship with either, or with eggs, in a short time. Immense quantities of fish are caught with seines in the summer time by Spanish fishermen for the Havana. The head of the bay is well adapted for advantageous set- tlement ; for although the land is chiefly pine, yet the re- sources of a fine river, which falls into the east branch of it, are well calculated to promote emigration to that quarter. The following extract of a letter is from one of the survey- ors of the coast, sent by the British goverment: Port Royal, Jamaica, 3d June, 1772. "I had only a few days respite at Pensacola, after near six months hard labour last year, on your East Florida coast, when I was obliged to come here, by an order from Sir George Rodney. After a tedious and disagreeable passage, we ar-  118 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. rived at Jamaica about the middle of January last, and soon afterwards began to survey the harbours of Port Royal and Kingston, which have afforded work enough ever since, and will take up near two months more, so that I do not expect to see Florida this year. " I have had a great deal of very fatiguing work since I have been in Jamaica, but, thank God, I am still able to go through with it. I have kept my health in general very well. "I cannot say that I like Jamaica so well as Florida, bar- 'ren and sandy as it is called. Captain Cornwallis is just re- turned here from Pensacola, in the Gaudaloupe, who :ouched at Spiritu Santo in his way. This is the second frigate be- longing to his Britannic Majesty that has ever been there. I hope a settlement will be made there some time or other. It is a place that deserves to be taken notice of. Last summer we met with three or four Spanish schooners fishing on that coast, where they had large stages erected for curing the fish, which they caught in great plenty, and were to carry to the Havana against Lent. They told me that each schooner made about two thousand dollars a trip. There are six, in all, from the Havana employed on that business. This is an object worth the attention of British subjects.' If, as is stated, there is on this coast a large quantity of building stone, how propitious this circumstance for erecting fortifications, as necessary at all times for the protection of our western coast and trade, as it is politic, in the event of war. 118 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. rived at Jamaica about the middle of January last, and soon afterwards began to survey the harbours of Port Royal and Kingston, which have afforded work enough ever since, and will take up near two months more, so that I do not expect to see Florida this year. " 1 have had a great deal of very fatiguing work since I have been in Jamaica, but, thank God, I am still able to go through with it. I have kept my health in general very well. "I cannot say that I like Jamaica so well as Florida, bar- ren and sandy as it is called. Captain Cornwallis is just re- turned here from Pensacola, in the Gaudaloupe, who touched at Spiritu Santo in his way. This is the secnmd frigate be- longing to his Britannic Majesty that has ever been there. I hope a settlement will be made there some time or other. It is a place that deserves to be taken notice of. Last summer we met with three or four Spanish schooners fishing on that coast, where they had large stages erected for curing the fish, which they caught in great plenty, and were to carry to the Havana against Lent. They told me that each schooner made about two thousand dollars a trip. There are six, in all, from the Havana employed on that business. This is an object worth the attention of British subjects." If, as is stated, there is on this coast a large quantity of building stone, how propitious this circumstance for erecting fortifications, as necessary at all times for the protection of our western coast and trade, as it is politic, in the event of 118 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. rived at Jamaica about the middle of January last, and soon afterwards began to survey the harbours of Port Royal and Kingston, which have afforded work enough ever since, and will take up near two months more, so that I do not expect to see Florida this year. " I have had a great deal of very fatiguing work since I have been in Jamaica, but, thank God, I am still able to go through with it. I have kept my health in general very well. "Icannot say that I like Jamaica so well as Florida, bar- ren and sandy as it is called. Captain Cornwalliisi just re- turned here from Pensacola, in the Gaudaloupe, who touched at Spiritu Santo in his way. This is the secod frigate be- longing to his Britannic Majesty that has ever been there. I hope a settlement will be made there some time or other. It is a place that deserves to be taken notice of. Last summer we met with three or four Spanish schooners fishing on that coast, where they had large stages erected for curing the fish, which they caught in great plenty, and were to carry to the Havana against Lent. They told me that each schooner made about two thousand dollars a trip. There are six, in all, from the Havana employed on that business. This is an object worth the attention of British subjects." If, as is stated, there is on this coast a large quantity of building stone, how propitious this circumstance for erecting fortifications, as necessary at all times for the protection of our western coast and trade, as it is politic, in the event of  TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 119 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 119 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c. 119 Cedar and Anclote Keys, or three small islands, lie off Cle- ment's Point, admitting craft of ten feet draught. No beach is seen except the two first keys, which appear quite white, and are a short distance from St. Joseph's Bay, one hundred miles south of Apalache, into which bay the river Amajura runs, and nearly interlocks St. Johns. On the banks of this river, in common with others in this quarter, are found much good land according to general report. Romans states, that the Amajura, or some of its branches, is not far from the Manatie; and where he crossed it, there was an extensive piece of ex- cellent land. This river takes a northern course for some distance, and forks at St. Francisco, where one of its branches runs westwardly, while the other continues its course towards Oc- kefenoke, and nearly intersects St. Nicholas, a branch of the River St. Johns. From Suannee River, forming the south-eastern point of Apalachie Bay, the coast takes a course westward, and is lined with cabbage trees as far as the point of Pines, where St. Peter's river falls into the bay. The latter river runs northerly, and forks at the distance of about forty miles; ten from thence is a village of the same name. The coast from St. Peter's to Hatcha Hallowaggy is marshy. The land at the Mickesucki towns are in high estimation, pro ducing corn, and maintaining cattle as fine as any on the con- tinent. Such was the high opinion entertained of them by General Jackson, in the Seminole campaign, that he offered one hundred dollars to an Indian for one of the cows, deliver- able in Tennessee. Cedar and Anclotse Keys, or three small islands, lie off Cle- ment's Point, admitting craft of ten feet draught. No beach is seen except the two first keys, which appear quite white, and are a short distance from St. Joseph's Bay, one hundred miles south of Apalache, into which bay the river Amajura runs, and nearly interlocks St. Johns. On the banks of this river, in common with others in this quarter, are found much good land according to general report. Romans states, that the Amajura, or some of its branches, is not far from the Manatie ; and where he crossed it, there was an extensive piece of ex- cellent land. This river takes a northern course for some distance, and forks at St. Francisco, where one of its branches runs westwardly, while the other continues its course towards Oc- kefenoke, and nearly intersects St. Nicholas, a branch of the River St. Johns. From Suannee River, forming the south-eastern point of Apalachie Bay, the coast takes a course westward, and is lined with cabbage trees as far as the point of Pines, where St. Peter's river falls into the bay. The latter river runs northerly, and forks at the distance of about forty miles; ten from thence is a village of the same name. The coast from St. Peter's to Hatcha Hallowaggy is marshy. The land at the Mickesucki towns are in high estimation, pro- ducing corn, and maintaining cattle as fine as any on the con. tinent. Such was the high opinion entertained of them by General Jackson, in the Seminole campaign, that he offered one hundred dollars to an Indian for one of the cows, deliver- able in Tennessee. Cedar and Anclote Keys, or three small islands, lie off Cle- ment's Point, admitting craft often feet draught. No beach is seen except the two first keys, which appear quite white, and are a short distance from St. Joseph's Bay, one hundred miles south of Apalache, into which bay the river Amajura runs, and nearly interlocks St. Johns. On the banks of this river, in common with others in this quarter, are found much good land according to general report. Romans states, that the Amajura, or some of its branches, is not far from the Mantiie ; and where he crossed it, there was an extensive piece of ex- cellent land. This river takes a northern course for some distance, and forks at St. Francisco, where one of its branches runs westwardly, while the other continues its course towards Oc- kefenoke, and nearly intersects St. Nicholas, a branch of the River St. Johns. From Suannee River, forming the south-eastern point of Apalachie Bay, the coast takes a course westward, and is lined with cabbage trees as far as the point of Pines, where St. Peter's river falls into the bay. The latter river runs northerly, and forks at the distance of about forty miles; ten from thence is a village of the same name. The coast from St. Peter's to Hatcha Hallowaggy is marshy. The land at the Mickesucki towns are in high estimation, pro- ducing corn, and maintaining cattle as fine as any on the con- tinent. Such was the high opinion entertained of them by General Jackson, in the Seminole campaign, that he offered one hundred dollars to an Indian for one of the cows, deliver- able in Tennessee.  120 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. The river Little St. John, or Suannee, is entitled to espe- cial notice. It is by some termed the pelucid river. Romans states that he was informed by the Indians and traders that it had no branches, or collateral brooks or rivers, tributary to it, but is fed or augmented by great springs, which break out through the banks; and that there was not a creek or rivu- let to be seen running on the surface of the ground from the great Alachua Savanna to this river, a distance of above seventy miles ; yet, perhaps, no part of the earth affords a greater plenty of pure salubrious water. This singular trans- parency is the more unaccountable, as the waters in all the flat countries, except this isthmus, are in some degree turgid, and have a dark hue, owing to the annual firing of the forests and plains. Apalachicola River, in 29 42 north lat. and 68 west, forms the western division between the two Provinces of East and West Florida, and in its course northward, becomes that of Georgia and Alabama. It is said to proceed from other rivers, having their origin on the south of the great ridge of hills in the rear of the Carolinas, and is navigable for small vessels. Although a large stream, discharging itself into St. George's sound, near Cape St. Blas, connected with the Chatahouchy and Flint Rivers, it is susceptible of immense advantages to the settlement of the country ; which the sale of lands by Messrs. John Forbes & Co. to several enterprising gentlemen will promote in a very rapid degree ; the most ample means, and all possible encouragement, being offered by them to settlers. It was on this river that the trade with the Indians 120 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. The river Little St. John, or Suannee, is entitled to espe- cial notice. It is by some termed the pelucid river. Romans states that he was informed by the Indians and traders that it had no branches, or collateral brooks or rivers, tributary to it, but is fed or augmented by great springs, which break out through the banks; and that there was not a creek or rivu- let to be seen running on the surface of the ground from the great Alachua Savanna to this river, a distance of above seventy miles; yet, perhaps, no part of the earth affords a greater plenty of pure salubrious water. This singular trans- parency is the more unaccountable, as the waters in all the flat countries, except this isthmus, are in some degree turgid, and have a dark hue, owing to the annual firing of the forests and plains. Apalachicola River, in 29 42 north lat. and 68 west, forms the western division between the two Provinces of East and West Florida, and in its course northward, becomes that of Georgia and Alabama. It is said to proceed from other rivers, having their origin on the south of the great ridge of bills in the rear of the Carolinas, and is navigable for small vessels. Although a large stream, discharging itself into St. George's sound, near Cape St. Blas, connected with the Chatahouchy and Flint Rivers, it is susceptible of immense advantages to the settlement of the country ; which the sale of lands by Messrs. John Forbes & Co. to several enterprising gentlemen will promote in a very rapid degree ; the most ample means, and all possible encouragement, being offered by them to settlers. It was on this river that the trade with the Indians 120 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c. The river Little St. John, or Suannee, is entitled to espe- cial notice. It is by some termed the pelucid river. Romans states that he was informed by the Indians and traders that it had no branches, or collateral brooks or rivem, tributary to it, but is fed or augmented by great springs, which break out through the banks; and that there was not a creek or rivu- let to be seen running on the surface of the ground from the great Alachua Savanna to this river, a distance of above seventy miles ; yet, perhaps, no part of the earth affords a greater plenty of pure salubrious water. This singular trans- parency is the more unaccountable, as the waters in all the flat countries, except this isthmus, are in some degree turgid, and have a dark hue, owing to the annual firing of the forests and plains. Apalachicola River, in 29 42 north lat. and 68 west, forms the western division between the two Provinces of East and West Florida, and in its course northward, becomes that of Georgia and Alabama. It is said to proceed from other rivers, having their origin on the south of the great ridge of hills in the rear of the Carolinas, and is navigable for small vessels. Although a large stream, discharging itself into St. George's sound, near Cape St. Blas, connected with the Chatahouchy and Flint Rivers, it is susceptible of immense advantages to the settlement of the country ; which the sale of lands by Messrs. John Forbes & Co. to several enterprising gentlemen will promote in a very rapid degree ; the most ample means, and all possible encouragement, being offered by them to settlers. It was on this river that the trade with the Indians  TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c. 121 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 121 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 121 was to have been carried on, by agreement with the Upper and Lower Creeks ; and is more calculated for the prosecu- tion of that trade than any other part of the country. Al- though the bar of Apalachicola River is a plain one, yet the navigation up is difficult in the present unsettled state of the country, owing to the want of pilots, and to the great number of turns it has. Twenty miles from its mouth is Fort Gads- den, formerly the Negro fort, blown up by the gallantry of Colonel Clinch, of the army, and Lieutenants Loomis and Bassett, of the United States' Navy, while attacking it. This fort, which was considered in former times as the most eligi- eligible spot for concentrating the forces intended either for offensive or defensive measures against the Indians, or any other Floridians, was used offensively against the United States, during the war of 1812; the notorious Colo- nels Woodbine and Nichols, having collected large bodies of runaway negroes, and Seminole and Choctaw Indians, at this place, intending them for co-operation with the regular land and naval forces of the British during that war.- It was here that Mr. Loughborough, a midshipman, and three sailors, in the United States' service, were decoyed by some Indians, when in search of water, and scalped by them. By all accounts, three hundred of those misled creatures paid for their temerity by the forfeiture of their lives, which they lost on the explosion of the fort, leaving about twelve survi- vors to tell the story. (See Appendix.) The land in this neighbourhood is considered poor ; but was to have been carried on, by agreement with the Upper and Lower Creeks; and is more calculated for the prosecu- tion of that trade than any other part of the country. Al- though the bar of Apalachicola River is a plain one, yet the navigation up is difficult in the present unsettled state of the country, owing to the want of pilots, and to the great number of turns it has. Twenty miles from its mouth is Fort Gads- den, formerly the Negro fort, blown up by the gallantry of Colonel Clinch, of the army, and Lieutenants Loomis and Bassett, of the United States' Navy, while attacking it. This fort, which was considered in former times as the most eligi- eligible spot for concentrating the forces intended either for offensive or defensive measures against the Indians, or any other Floridians, was used offensively against the United States, during the war of 1812; the notorious Colo- nels Woodbine and Nichols, having collected large bodies of runaway negroes, and Seminole and Choctaw Indians, at this place, intending them for co-operation with the regular land and naval forces of the British during that war.- It was here that Mr. Loughborough, a midshipman, and three sailors, in the United States' service, were decoyed by some Indians, when in search of water, and scalped by them. By all accounts, three hundred of those misled creatures paid for their temerity by the forfeiture of their lives, which they lost on the explosion of the fort, leaving about twelve survi- vors to tell the story. (See Appendix.) The land in this neighbourhood is considered poor; but was to have been carried on, by agreement with the Upper and Lower Creeks ; and is more calculated for the prosecu- tion of that trade than any other part of the country. Al- though the bar of Apalachicola River is a plain one, yet the navigation up is difficult in the present unsettled state of the country, owing to the want of pilots, and to the great number of turns it has. Twenty miles from its mouth is Fort Gads- den, formerly the Negro fort, blown up by the gallantry of Colonel Clinch, of the army, and Lieutenants Loomis and Bassett, of the United States' Navy, while attacking it. This fort, which was considered in former times as the most eligi- eligible spot for concentrating the forces intended either for offensive or defensive measures against the Indians, or any other Floridians, was used offensively against the United States, during the war of 1812; the notorious Colo- nels Woodbine and Nichols, having collected large bodies of runaway negroes, and Seminole and Choctaw Indians, at this place, intending them for co-operation with the regular land and naval forces of the British during that war.- It was here that Mr. Loughborough, a midshipman, and three sailors, in the United States' service, were decoyed by some Indians, when in search of water, and scalped by them. By all accounts, three hundred of those misled creatures paid for their temerity by the forfeiture of their lives, which they lost on the explosion of the fort, leaving about twelve survi- vors to tell the story. (See Appendix.) The land in this neighbourhood is considered poor ; but  122 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c. from ten miles above to the end of the line is a continuation of most excellent land, running along the borders of the river. This is swamp of heavy growth, and not deeper than two miles. From the circumstance of Flint and Chatabouchy Rivers emptying themselves into the Apalachicola, which, of itself, is very extensive, and has a strong current running down, there is a great swell on the river during December and January, completely inundating the swamp lands ; but it sub- sides in February, and by the beginning of March is fit for cultivation. The distance from St. Augustine to St. Marks appears, by an official return to Governor Grant, to be 346 miles-viz. 122 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c. from ten miles above to the end of the line is a continuation of most excellent land, running along the borders of the river. This is swamp of heavy growth, and not deeper than two miles. From the circumstance of Flint and Chatahouchy Rivers emptying themselves into the Apalachicola, which, of itself, is very extensive, and has a strong current running down, there is a great swell on the river during December and January, completely inundating the swamp lands ; but it sub- sides in February, and by the beginning of March is fit for cultivation. The distance from St. Augustine to St. Marks appears, by an official return to Governor Grant, to be 346 miles-viz. 122 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c. from ten miles above to the end of the line is a continuation of most excellent land, running along the borders of the river. This is swamp of heavy growth, and not deeper than two miles. From the circumstance of Flint and Chatahouchy Rivers emptying themselves into the Apalachicola, which, of itself, is very extensive, and has a strong current running down, there is a great swell on the river during December and January, completely inundating the swamp lands ; but it sub- sides in February, and by the beginning of March is fit for cultivation. The distance from St. Augustine to St. Marks appears, by an official return to Governor Grant, to be 346 miles-viz. From St. Augustine to Picolata, From Picolata to Latchaway, From Latchaway to Little Suanee River, From Little Suanee River to Big Asila River, From Big to Little Asila River, From Little Asila to Cabbage River, From Cabbage River to St. Peter's River, From St. Peter's River to Sinking River, From Sinking River to Grassy River, From Grassy River to Palatchy old fields, From Palatchy old fields to St. Marks, 21 miles. 70 45 50 45 9 8 I8 15 25 40 346 From St. Augustine to Picolata, From Picolata to Latchaway, From Latchaway to Little Suanee River, From Little Suanee River to Big Asila River, From Big to Little Asila River, From Little Asila to Cabbage River, From Cabbage River to St. Peter's River, From St. Peter's River to Sinking River, From Sinking River to Grassy River, From Grassy River to Palatchy old fields, From Palatchy old fields to St. Marks, 21 miles. 70 45 50 45 9 8 18 15 25 40 346 From St. Augustine to Picolata, From Picolata to Latchaway, From Latchaway to Little Suanee River, From Little Suanee River to Big Asila River, From Big to Little Asila River, From Little Asila to Cabbage River, From Cabbage River to St. Peter's River, From St. Peter's River to Sinking River, From Sinking River to Grassy River, From Grassy River to Palatchy old fields, From Palatchy old fields to St. Marks, 21 miles. 70 45 50 45 9 18 15 25 40 346  TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. By another account and route From St. Augustine to Picolata, From Picolata to Poppa, From Poppa to Alachana Savanna, From Alachana Savanna to Talahasotche on the Little Suanee, Down the Suanee to St. Marks, 123 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 123 27 5 45 75 so 180 According to this last route and statement, the width of the Province of East Florida may be computed at 180 miles, while others have stated it at only 160. Mention is often made of the mountains and old fields of the Apalaches as deserving of notice ; but the character of the former is dubiously stated, unless considered as a continuation of the Blue Ridge, too far distant for present notice, while it is agreed on all hands, that traces of the latter are exhibited to this day, in corn hills, pieces of iron and brass castings, nails, &c. But the general and most fair presumption is, that large tracts have formerly been cleared away by the Spaniards, or Indians, and now go by the name of the old fields. Some of the best land that has been seen is in this neighbourhood, and to the north of Apalachy; also, about forty miles up the country, near the Indian villages called Miki Suki ; in passing to which, there are several tracts of very good land, covered with oak, hickory, maple, and such other timber as generally grow in a good soid. Alachua, or Latchaway, is that part of the province of East Florida, situated in a N. w. direction from St. Augustine. By another account and route From St. Augustine to Picolata, 27 From Picolata to Poppa, 5 From Poppa to Alachana Savanna, 45 From Alachana Savanna to Talahasotche on the Little Suanee, 75 Down the Suanee to St. Marks, 30 180 According to this last route and statement, the width of the Province of East Florida may be computed at 180 miles, while others have stated it at only 160. Mention is often made of the mountains and old fields of the Apalaches as deserving of notice ; but the character of the former is dubiously stated, unless considered as a continuation of the Blue Ridge, too far distant for present notice, while it is agreed on all hands, that traces of the tatter are exhibited to this day, in corn hills, pieces of iron and brass castings, nails, &c. But the general and most fair presumption is, that large tracts have formerly been cleared away by the Spaniards, or Indians, and now go by the name of the old fields. Some of the best land that has been seen is in this neighbourhood, and to the north of Apalachy ; also, about forty miles up the country, near the Indian villages called Miki Saki ; in passing to which, there are several tracts of very good land, covered with oak, hickory, maple, and such other timber as generally grow in a good soil. Alachua, or Latchaway, is that part of the province of East Florida, situated in a N. w. direction from St. Augustine. TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. By another account and route From St. Augustine to Picolata, From Picolata to Poppa, From Poppa to Alachana Savanna, From Alachana Savanna to Talahasotche on the Little Suanee, Down the Suanee to St. Marks, 27 5 45 75 30 80 123 According to this last route and statement, the width of the Province of East Florida may be computed at 180 miles, while others have stated it at only 160. Mention is often made of the mountains and old fields of the Apalaches as deserving of notice ; but the character of the former is dubiously stated, unless considered as a continuation of the Blue Ridge, too far distant for present notice, while it is agreed on all hands, that traces of the latter are exhibited to this day, in corn hills, pieces of iron and brass castings, nails, &c. But the general and most fair presumption is, that large tracts have formerly been cleared away by the Spaniards, or Indians, and now go by the name of the old fields. Some of the best land that has been seen is in this neighbourhood, and to the north of Apalachy ; also, about forty miles up the country, near the Indian villages called Miki Suki ; in passing to which, there are several tracts of very good land, covered with oak, hickory, maple, and such other timber as generally grow in a good soil. Alachua, or Latchaway, is that part of the province of East Florida, situated in a N. w. direction from St. Augustine.  12A TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c. distant about ninety miles, which has remained constantly in possession of the Indians. The old town, occupied by a powerful tribe of that name, was situated on the most ele- vated eminence on the savanna, to which the hills descend gradually. All accounts agreeing so perfectly in extolling the fertility of its soil, the salubrity of its air, the sublimity of its scenery, its abundant supply of cattle, and stock of all kinds, and its general and specific properties for becoming one of the most valuable sections of the territory, that I feel bound to state every information which has come to my knowledge, re- specting this terrestrial paradise, and to say, that it is perhaps better calculated than any other part of the country for the establishment of a white population desirous of agricultural pursuits. Bartram says, The extensive Alachua savanna is a level green plain, above fifteen miles in extent, and over fifty miles in circumference, and scarcely a tree or bush of any kind to be seen on it. It is encircled with high sloping hills, covered with waving forests and fragrant orange groves, rising from an exuberantly fertile soil. The towering magnolia grandi- flora, and transcendant palm, stand conspicuous amongst them. At the same time there were seen innumerable droves of cattle. We approached the savanna at the south end, by a narrow isthmus of level ground, open to the light of day, and clear of trees or bushes, and not greatly elevated above the common level; having on our right a spacious meadow embellished with a little lake, one verge of which was not very distant from us ; its shore is a moderately high. 124 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c. distant about ninety miles, which has remained constantly in possession of the Indians. The old town, occupied by a powerful tribe of that name, was situated on the most ele. vated eminence on the savanna, to which the hills descend gradually. All accounts agreeing so perfectly in extolling the fertility of its soil, the salubrity of its air, the sublimity of its scenery, its abundant supply of cattle, and stock of all kinds, and its general and specific properties for becoming one of the most valuable sections of the territory, that I feel bound to state every information which has come to my knowledge, re- specting this terrestrial paradise, and to say, that it is perhaps better calculated than any other part of the country for the establishment of a white population desirous of agricultural pursuits. Bartram says, The extensive Alachua savanna is a level green plain, above fifteen miles in extent, and over fifty miles in circumference, and scarcely a tree or bush of any kind to be seen on it. It is encircled with high sloping hills, covered with waving forests and fragrant orange groves, rising from an exuberantly fertile soil. The towering magnolia grandi. flora, and transcendant palm, stand conspicuous amongst them. At the same time there were seen innumerable droves of cattle. We approached the savanna at the south end, by a narrow isthmus of level ground, open to the light of day, and clear of trees or bushes, and not greatly elevated above the common level; having on our right a spacious meadow embellished with a little lake, one verge of which was not very distant from us ; its shore is a moderately high. 124 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, C. distant about ninety miles, which has remained constantly in possession of the Indians. The old town, occupied by a powerful tribe of that name, was situated on the most ele- sated eminence on the savanna, to which the hills descend gradually. All accounts agreeing so perfectly in extolling the fertility of its sail, the salubrity of its air, the sublimity of its scenery, its abundant supply of cattle, and stock of all kinds, and its general and specific properties for becoming one of the most valuable sections of the territory, that I feel bound to state every information which has come to my knowledge, re- specting this terrestrial paradise, and to say, that it is perhaps better calculated than any other part of the country for the establishment of a white population desirous of agricultural pursuits. Bartram says, The extensive Alachua savanna is a level green plain, above fifteen miles in extent, and over fifty miles in circumference, and scarcely a tree or bush of any kind to be seen on it. It is encircled with high sloping hills, covered with waving forests and fragrant orange groves, rising from an exuberantly fertile soil. The towering magnolia grandi. flora, and transcendant palm, stand conspicuous amongst them. At the same time there were seen innumerable droves of cattle. We approached the savanna at the south end, by a narrow isthmus of level ground, open to the light of day, and clear of trees or bushes, and not greatly elevated above the common level; having on our right a spacious meadow embellished with a little lake, one verge of which was not very distant from us ; its shore is a moderately high.  TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c. 125 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 125 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 125 circular bank, partly encircling a cove of the pond, in the form of a half moon ; the water is clear and deep. At the distance of some hundred yards was a large floating field, if I may so express myself, of the nymphia nilumbo, with its golden blossoms waving to and fro on their lofty stems. Be- yond these fields of nymphia, were spacious plains, encom- passed by dark groves, opening to extensive pine forests ; other plains still appearing beyond them. The town of Cuscoilla, which is the capital of the Ala- chua tribe, contains about thirty habitations, each of which contains two houses of nearly the same size, about thirty feet in length, twelve feet wide, and about the same in height. Such was the opinion entertained of the excellence of the lands in Latchaway, that the soi disant patriots from Tennes- see were tempted by their high estimation of them to proceed thither in considerable numbers in 1814, when General Harris' and his party, looking to a revolution in Florida, selected for themselves about 350,000 acres of the best savanna lands, for which regular surveys and grants were said to have been made ; but afterwards abandoned with much reluctance. The vast quantities of live oak and hickory lands in this district, the undulating grounds, the prairies, the rocks, the wells or springs, the ponds, many of them more properly small lakes, and the gradual slope of the hills of Alachua, are prognostics of its early settlement by an industrious and thriving people. The following account is from a gentleman* who has rd- * George I. F. Clarke, Esq. circular bank, partly encircling a cove of the pond, in the form of a half moon ; the water is clear and deep. At the distance of some hundred yards was a large floating field, if I may so express myself, of the nymphia nilumbo, with its golden blossoms waving to and fro on their lofty stems. Be. yond these fields of nymphia, were spacious plains, encom. passed by dark groves, opening to extensive pine forests ; other plains still appearing beyond them. The town of Cusconilla, which is the capital of the Ala- chua tribe, contains about thirty habitations, each of which contains two houses of nearly the same size, about thirty feet in length, twelve feet wide, and about the same in height. Such was the opinion entertained of the excellence of the lands in Latchaway, that the soi disant patriots from Tennes- see were tempted by their high estimation of them to proceed thither in considerable numbers in 1814, when General Harris- and his party, looking to a revolution in Florida, selected for themselves about 350,000 acres of the best savanna lands, for which regular surveys and grants were said to have been made ; but afterwards abandoned with much reluctance. The vast quantities of live oak and hickory lands in this district, the undulating grounds, the prairies, the rocks, the wells or springs, the ponds, many of them more properly small lakes, and the gradual slope of the hills of Alachua, are prognostics of its early settlement by an industrious and thriving people. The following account is from a gentleman* who has re- George I. F. Clarke, Esq. circular bank, partly encircling a cove of the pond, in the form of a half moon ; the water is clear and deep. At the distance of some hundred yards was a large floating field, if I may so express myself, of the nymphia nilumbo, with its golden blossoms waving to and fro on their lofty stems. Be- yond these fields of nymphia, were spacious plains, encom- passed by dark groves, opening to extensive pine forests ; other plains still appearing beyond them. The town of Cusconilla, which is the capital of the Ala- chua tribe, contains about thirty habitations, each of which contains two houses of nearly the same size, about thirty feet in length, twelve feet wide, and about the same in height. Such was the opinion entertained of the excellence of the lands in Latchaway, that the soi disant patriots from Tennes- see were tempted by their high estimation of them to proceed thither in considerable numbers in 1814, when General Harris' and his party, looking to a revolution in Florida, selected for themselves about 350,000 acres of the best savanna lands, for which regular surveys and grants were said to have been made ; but afterwards abandoned with much reluctance. The vast quantities of live oak and hickory lands in this district, the undulating grounds, the prairies, the rocks, the wells or springs, the ponds, many of them more properly small lakes, and the gradual slope of the hills of Alachua, are prognostics of its early settlement by an industrious and thriving people. The following account is from a gentleman* who has r- * George I F. Clarke, Esq.  126 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. sided from his infancy in Florida, and possesses more local information respecting it than perhaps any other person. " The undefined territory ofAlachua lies along the western broadside of the river St. Johns, I suppose about eighty miles wide from east to west, and one hundred and twenty miles long from north to south, and contains immense bodies of the most valuable high lands ; the finest pasturage generally ; and in all parts healthy. To enter into a particular description of this interesting part of the country, would too far exceed my present limits, and indeed might appear exaggerated. I will therefore only state, that hundreds of persons from Ten- nessee, Kentucky, and Georgia, who have visited that section of East Florida, agree that it is the most eligible back country they have ever seen." The relation of Spain with the Aborigines in all her American possessions, has ever been very different from that of Great Britain and of the United States. It has been the policy of the two latter to procure the rights of the natives by conquest or purchase. The Spaniards, on the contrary, obtained a grant from his holiness the Pope to that part of the western world they should dis- cover, for the purpose of extending the catholic religion ; they then made a lodgment on a spot suficient to build a fort in any province or kingdom on the continent, and uniformly entered into treaties of incorporation with the natives. But this system has not tended to put the Aborigines out of the way as rapidly as those of conquest or purchase, as will appear by reference to the history of New Spain, where a 126 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. sided from his infancy in Florida, and possesses more local information respecting it than perhaps any other person. " The undefined territory of Alachua lies along the western broadside of the river St. Johns, I suppose about eighty miles wide from east to west, and one hundred and twenty miles long from north to south, and contains immense bodies of the most valuable high lands ; the finest pasturage generally ; and in all parts healthy. To enter into a particular description of this interesting part of the country, would too far exceed my present limits, and indeed might appear exaggerated. I will therefore only state, that hundreds of persons from Ten- nessee, Kentucky, and Georgia, who have visited that section of East Florida, agree that it is the most eligible back country they have ever seen." The relation of Spain with the Aborigines in all her American possessions, has ever been very different from that of Great Britain and of the United States. It has been the policy of the two latter to procure the rights of the natives by conquest or purchase. The Spaniards, on the contrary, obtained a grant from his holiness the Pope to that part of the western world they should dis- cover, for the purpose of extending the catholic religion ; they then made a lodgment on a spot sudicient to build a fort in any province or kingdom on the continent, and uniformly entered into treaties of incorporation wish the natives. But this system has not tended to put the Aborigines out of the way as rapidly as those of conquest or purchase, as will appear by reference to the history of New Spain, where a 126 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. sided from his infancy in Florida, and possesses more local information respecting it than perhaps any other person. " The undefined territory of Alachua lies along the western broadside of the river St. Johns, I suppose about eighty miles wide from east to west, and one hundred and twenty miles long from north to south, and contains immense bodies of the most valuable high lands ; the finest pasturage generally ; and in all parts healthy. To enter into a particular description of this interesting part of the country, would too far exceed my present limits, and indeed might appear exaggerated. I will therefore only state, that hundreds of persons from Ten- nessee, Kentucky, and Georgia, who have visited that section of East Florida, agree that it is the most eligible back country they have ever seen." The relation of Spain with the Aborigines in all her American possessions, has ever been very different from that of Great Britain and of the United States. It has been the policy of the two latter to procure the rights of the natives by conquest or purchase. The Spaniards, on the contrary, obtained a grant from his holiness the Pope to that part of the western world they should dis- cover, for the purpose of extending the catholic religion ; they then made a lodgment on a spot sufficient to build a fort in any province or kingdom on the continent, and uniformly entered into treaties of incorporation wish the natives. But this system has not tended to put the Aborigines out of the way as rapidly as those of conquest or purchase, as will appear by reference to the history of New Spain, where a  TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 127 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. 127 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES SC. 127 great part of the apparent decrease will be found not to be extermination, but amalgamation. Cortez varied the mode of process, but not the principle; for in going direct to the capital of Mexico, and gaining a solid footing, he there car- ried on the system of incorporation; and there is found the greatest proportion of amalgamation. But where are the tribes that inhabited the immense continent known as the United States? From the numerous attempts to dispossess the Indians of that invaluable tract, the following deposition, to defeat that object, was taken by one of the judges at St. Augustine, on the 4th of October, 1775, and may throw some light on the various claims to it. Thomas Grey, formerly an Indian trader of the province of Georgia, declares, that last November or December, Mr. Jonathan Bryan sent for the deponent, and after some diffi- culty, engaged him to go with him to Latchaway as a linguist, as he, Bryan, was going there to treat with the Indians about land, assuring him, that he would make it worth his while ; that his uncle, St. Japhi, attended Mr. Bryan as far as his house ; and that after accompanying Mr. Bryan as far as Cap- tain Williams' house, he seemed rather dissatisfied with the intended bargaining about the lands with the Indians, and re- turned home. Mr. Bryan, Mr. Savory, surveyor, and John Chisolm, surveyor, the deponent, two Indians, and a young man commonly called Sawzan, continued their journey, and arrived at the west point of Latchaway, in about four or five days,where Mr. Bryan, wrote a good deal, and he and the sur- veyors wrote theirs and deponent's name on red oaks. When great part of the apparent decrease will be found not to be extermination, but amalgamation. Cortez varied the mode of process, but not the principle ; for in going direct to the capital of Mexico, and gaining a solid footing, he there car- ried on the system of incorporation; and there is found the greatest proportion of amalgamation. But where are the tribes that inhabited the immense continent known as the United States? From the numerous attempts to dispossess the Indians of that invaluable tract, the following deposition, to defeat that object, was taken by one of the judges at St. Augustine, on the 4th of October, 1775, and may throw some light on the various claims to it. Thomas Grey, formerly an Indian trader of the province of Georgia, declares, that last November or December, Mr. Jonathan Bryan sent for the deponent, and after some diffi- culty, engaged him to go with him to Latchaway as a linguist, as he, Bryan, was going there to treat with the Indians about land, assuring him, that he would make it worth his while ; that his uncle, St. Japhi, attended Mr. Bryan as far as his house; and that after accompanying Mr. Bryan as far as Cap- tain Williams' house, he seemed rather dissatisfied with the intended bargaining about the lands with the Indians, and re- turned home. Mr. Bryan, Mr. Savory, surveyor, and John Chisolm, surveyor, the deponent, two Indians, and a young man commonly called Sawzan, continued their journey, and arrived at the west point of Latchaway, in about four or five days,where Mr. Bryan, wrote a good deal, and he and the sur- veyors wrote theirs and deponent's name on red oaks. When great part of the apparent decrease will be found not to be extermination, but amalgamation. Cortez varied the mode of process, but not the principle ; for in going direct to the capital of Mexico, and gaining a solid footing, he there car- ried on the system of incorporation; and there is found the greatest proportion of amalgamation. But where are the tribes that inhabited the immense continent known as the United States ? From the numerous attempts to dispossess the Indians of that invaluable tract, the following deposition, to defeat that object, was taken by one of the judges at St. Augustine, on the 4th of October, 1775, and may throw some light on the various claims to it. Thomas Grey, formerly an Indian trader of the province of Georgia, declares, that last November or December, Mr. Jonathan Bryan sent for the deponent, and after some diffi- culty, engaged him to go with him to Latchaway as a linguist, as he, Bryan, was going there to treat with the Indians about land, assuring him, that he would make it worth his while ; that his uncle, St. Japhi, attended Mr. Bryan as far as his house; and that after accompanying Mr. Bryan as far as Cap- tain Williams' house, he seemed rather dissatisfied with the intended bargaining about the lands with the Indians, and re- turned home. Mr. Bryan, Mr. Savory, surveyor, and John Chisolm, surveyor, the deponent, two Indians, and a young man commonly called Sawzan, continued their journey, and arrived at the west point of Latchaway, in about four or five days,where Mr.Bryan, wrote a good deal, and he and the sur- veyors wrote theirs and deponent's name on red oaks. When  128 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. they reached the Cowkeeper's town, they could get no other intelligence from the women and children, than that the Cow- keeper and his men were gone to war ; whence they proceeded to Mr. Spalding's store ; from that to Joseph Grey's planta- tion, where they saw Okouthly, of whom Mr. Bryan asked, if he and the Latchaway Indians would give him land to erect a town, where large boats and vessels could come to : that he had obtained the consent of the head men of the nation, and that he only wanted theirs. To which Okouthly replied, that he was now grown old, and had not long to live, and that if the head men of the na- tion had given him the land, he must have it, and asked Mr. Bryan what land he wanted, and where he meant to settle : To which Mr. Bryan replied, at St. Marks, or Little Suanne, where there was good navigation, and that he meant to settle a town, which the Indians considered to be a large tract of land. That from thence Mr. Bryan and the others above mentioned proceeded to the Indians settled at Black Creek, where they found only Ohalgie, a young Indian, and women and children, (the rest of the Indians being at that time at St. Augustine,) whom he addressed in the same manner as he had done Okouthly, promising to return in two months with presents, and expecting by that time the Cowkeeper would be at home, and that the whole would be fiished; and made him a present of two shirts. He further declares, that he did not see the land surveyors make use of surveying instruments ; but they kept a journal, and that regularly they transferred their memorandums from the horn book to the pocket book ; that in last June, he saw Mr. Bryan, 128 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. they reached the Cowkeeper's town, they could get no other intelligence from the women and children, than that the Cow. keeper and his men were gone to war ; whence they proceeded to Mr. Spalding's store ; from that to Joseph Grey's planta- tion, where they saw Okouthly, of whom Mr. Bryan asked, if he and the Latchaway Indians would give him land to erect a town, where large boats and vessels could come to : that he had obtained the consent of the head men of the nation, and that he only wanted theirs. To which Okouthly replied, that he was now grown old, and had not long to live, and that if the head men of the na- tion had given him the land, he must have it, and asked Mr. Bryan what land he wanted, and where he meant to settle: To which Mr. Bryan replied, at St. Marks, or Little Suanne, where there was good navigation, and that he meant to settle a town, which the Indians considered to be a large tract of land. That from thence Mr. Bryan and the others above mentioned proceeded to the Indians settled at Black Creek, where they found only Ohalgie, a young Indian, and women and children, (the rest of the Indians being at that time at St. Augustine,) whom he addressed in the same manner as he had done Okouthly, promising to return in two months with presents, and expecting by that time the Cowkeeper would be at home, and that the whole would be finished; and made him a present of two shirts. He further declares, that he did not see the land surveyors make use of surveying instruments ; but they kept a journal, and that regularly they transferred their memorandums from the horn book to the pocket book ; that in last June, he saw Mr. Bryan. 128 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. they reached the Cowkeeper's town, they could get no other intelligence from the women and children, than that the Cow- keeper and his men were gone to war ; whence they proceeded to Mr. Spalding's store ; from that to Joseph Grey's planta- tion, where they saw Okouthly, of whom Mr. Bryan asked, if he and the Latchaway Indians would give him land to erect a town, where large boats and vessels could come to : that he had obtained the consent of the head men of the nation, and that he only wanted theirs. To which Okouthly replied, that he was now grown old, and had not long to live, and that if the head men of the na- tion had given him the land, he must have it, and asked Mr. Bryan what land he wanted, and where he meant to settle To which Mr. Bryan replied, at St. Marks, or Little Suanne, where there was good navigation, and that he meant to settle a town, which the Indians considered to be a large tract of land. That from thence Mr. Bryan and the others above mentioned proceeded to the Indians settled at Black Creek, where they found only Ohalgie, a young Indian, and women and children, (the rest of the Indians being at that time at St. Augustine,) whom he addressed in the same manner as he had done Okouthly, promising to return in two months with presents, and expecting by that time the Cowkeeper would be at home, and that the whole would be finished; and made him a present of two shirts. He further declares, that he did not see the land surveyors make use of surveying instruments ; but they kept a journal, and that regularly they transferred their memorandums from the horn book to the pocket book ; that in last June, he saw Mr. Bryan,  tOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C, 12M TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C, M2$ TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C, 1a2 who informed him that last February, he meant to have carried the presents he intended for the Indians, but that being on St. John's river, he, Bryan, was informed the governor of East Florida meant to apprehend him and distress him, and that he was obliged to return ; that Mr. Bryan gave him an order for fifteen pounds sterling for going with him to Latchaway, and requested him, as he intended to go there soon, that he would remember the me- morandum he had given him concerning the lands, and com- municate it to the Cowkeeper and Latchaway Indians, and try if they could be prevailed upon to give their consent to what the head men of the nation had agreed to, respecting the lands on which he wanted to make a settlement. That about a month ago St. Jago, and another Indian, came to his house, and that his uncle told him he was going to Latch- away to the Cowkeeper and head men with a message from Mr. Bryan, to signify to them that the said Bryan had got the head men of the nation to sign a paper, giving him lands for a settlement; and to sound the Latchaway Indians, if they would join in confirming the deed: which message or talk from Mr. Bryan St. Jago delivered to the Cowkeeper, who would not hear the talk, and said it was false ; that he would not believe that the nation would give him the land. He would soon know the truth, as some Indians were soon expected from the nation to visit the governor. Talahasochte, a small Indian town on the old road from St. Augustine to Apalachicola, is on an elevated spot near thirty feet high, having about thirty houses, like Cuscovilla. It bor- 17 who informed him that last February, he meant to have carried the presents he intended for the Indians, but that being on St. John's river, he, Bryan, was informed the governor of East Florida meant to apprehend him ind distress him, and that he was obliged to return ; that Mr. Bryan gave him an order for fifteen pounds sterling for going with him to Latchaway, and requested him, as he intended to go there soon, that he would remember the me- morandum he had given him concerning the lands, and com- municate it to the Cowkeeper and Latchaway Indians, and try if they could be prevailed upon to give their consent to what the head men of the nation had agreed to, respecting the lands on which he wanted to make a settlement. That about a month ago St. Jago, and another Indian, came to his house, and that his uncle told him he was going to Latch- away to the Cowkeeper and head men with a message from Mr. Bryan, to signify to them that the said Bryan had got the head men of the nation to sign a paper, giving him lands for a settlement; and to sound the Latchaway Indians, if they would join in confirming the deed: which message or talk from Mr. Bryan St. Jago delivered to the Cowkeeper, who would not hear the talk, and said it was false ; that he would not believe that the nation would give him the land. He would soon know the truth, as some Indians were soon expected from the nation to visit the governor. Talahasochte, a small Indian town on the old road from St. Augustine to Apalachicola, is on an elevated spot near thirty feet high, having about thirty houses, like Cuscovilla. It bor- 17 who informed him that last February, he meant to have carried the presents he intended for the Indians, but that being on St. John's river, he, Bryan, was informed the governor of East Florida meant to apprehend him and distress him, and that he was obliged to return ; that Mr. Bryan gave him an order for fifteen pounds sterling for going with him to Latchaway, and requested him, as he intended to go there soon, that he would remember the me- morandum he had given him concerning the lands, and com- municate it to the Cowkeeper and Latchaway Indians, and try if they could be prevailed upon to give their consent to what the head men of the nation had agreed to, respecting the lands on which he wanted to make a settlement. That about a month ago St. Jago, and another Indian, came to his house, and that his uncle told him he was going to Latch- away to the Cowkeeper and head men with a message from Mr. Bryan, to signify to them that the said Bryan had got the head men of the nation to sign a paper, giving him lands for a settlement; and to sound the Latchaway Indians, if they would join in confirming the deed: which message or talk from Mr. Bryan St. Jago delivered to the Cowkeeper, who would not hear the talk, and said it was false ; that he would not believe that the nation would give him the land. He would soon know the truth, as some Indians were soon expected from the nation to visit the governor. Talahasochte, a small Indian town on the old road from St. Augustine to Apalachicola, is on an elevated spot near thirty feet high, having about thirty houses, like Cuscovilla. It bor- 17  130 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKE5, &C. ders on the River Little Suanee, which is remarkable for the transparency of its waters. It is two hundred yards wide opposite the town, and from fifteen to twenty feet deep; and, like the River St. Mary's, derives its source from Lake Oke- fonoke. Owing to its meanders, it runs a course of nearly two hundred miles to the sea. 130 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. ders on the River Little Suanee, which is remarkable for the transparency of its waters. It is two hundred yards wide opposite the town, and from fifteen to twenty feet deep ; and, like the River St. Mary's, derives its source from Lake Oke- fonoke. Owing to its meanders, it runs a course of nearly two hundred miles to the sea. 130 TOWNS, RIVERS, LAKES, &C. ders on the River Little Suanee, which is remarkable for the transparency of its waters. It is two hundred yards wide opposite the town, and from fifteen to twenty feet deep ; and, like the River St. Mary's, derives its source from Lake Oke- fonoke. Owing to its meanders, it runs a course of nearly two hundred miles to the sea.  COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. 131 COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. The commerce of the Floridas, though at present compara- tively insignificant, is nevertheless entitled to particular no- tice, both on account of its former consequence, and the re- sources which the increase of an industrious people will de- velope by the cultivation of the soil, as well as by the disco. very of new objects of commercial enterprise. It is said that the want of water on the different bars is an almost insurmountable barrier to the advancement of com- merce; this, like the too common representation of the bar- renness of the soil, would leave nothing for expectation from those territories, but expense to the nation, and disappoint- ment to individuals. The futility of the assertions can be established, and nu. merous other vague reports can be easily controverted, by reference to the accountsofthe former productionsofthe coun. try, and by adverting to the bounteous provisions made by nature, in affording spacious harbours on the western side of the Peninsula ; while mechanism and art can, with very little exertion and expense, improve the navigation along the East. ern coast, which is every where accessible to craft drawing eight feet, at St. Mary's eighteen feet, and St. John's twelve feet. COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. 131 COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. The commerce of the Floridas, though at present compara- lively insignificant, is nevertheless entitled to particular no- tice, both on account of its former consequence, and the re- sources which the increase of an industrious people will de- velope by the cultivation of the soil, as well as by the disco- very of new objects of commercial enterprise. It is said that the want of water on the different bars is an almost insurmountable barrier to the advancement of com- merce; this, like the too common representation of the bar- renness of the soil, would leave nothing for expectation from those territories, but expense to the nation, and disappoint- ment to individuals. The futility of the assertions can be established, and nu- merous other vague reports can be easily controverted, by reference to the accounts of the former productionsofthe coun. try, and by adverting to the bounteous provisions made by nature, in affording spacious harbours on the western side of the Peninsula ; while mechanism and art can, with very little exertion and expense, improve the navigation along the East. ern coast, which is every where accessible to craft drawing eight feet, at St. Mary's eighteen feet, and St. John's twelve feet. COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. 131 COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. The commerce of the Floridas, though at present compara- tively insignificant, is nevertheless entitled to particular no- tice, both on account of its former consequence, and the re- sources which the increase of an industrious people will de- velope by the cultivation of the soil, as well as by the disco- very of new objects of commercial enterprise. It is said that the want of water on the different bars is an almost insurmountable barrier to the advancement of com- merce; this, like the too common representation of the bar- renness of the soil, would leave nothing for expectation from those territories, but expense to the nation, and disappoint- ment to individuals. The futility of the assertions can be established, and nu- merous other vague reports can be easily controverted, by reference to the accountsofthe formerproductionsofthe coun- try, and by adverting to the bounteous provisions made by nature, in affording spacious harbours on the western side of the Peninsula; while mechanism and art can, with very little exertion and expense, improve the navigation along the East- ern coast, which is every where accessible to craft drawing eight feet, at St. Mary's eighteen feet, and St. John's twelve feet.  132 COMMERCE AND MANUFACTORES. From the subjoined statements, it is evident, that com- merce was carried on with Florida, although to a very limited extent, before the American war; during which it increased, until the evacuation placed it in the hands of a government that may be denominated anti-commercial. When the trade was carried on by a few regular traders, the amount of imports and exports to and from Great Bri- tain were. Imports. Exports. In 1762 £ 9,916 none 1768 32,572 £ 14,078 1773 51,502 7,129 1778 64,165 48,236 1781 16,446 30,715 Exports, generally, from East Florida : In 1769 6,189 lbs of Indigo, worth 6s 6d to 7s 8d per pound. 1770 8,153 1771 20,063 lbs worth 7s to 1Is 8d. 1772 40,000 There was a bounty upon Indigo raised in the province. In 1770 there were tfty schooners and sloops entered at the custom house of St. Augustine, from the Northern Provinces and West Indies, besides several square rigged vessels in the trade to London and Liverpool. General imports in 1771 were, 54 pipes Maderia wine, 170 puncheons rum, 1660 barrelsof flour, 1000 barrels of beef and pork, 339 firkins of butter, and 11,011 pounds of loaf sugar, in twenty-nine vessels ; of which there were from London, 5 ; 132 COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. From the subjoined statements, it is evident, that com- merce was carried on with Florida, although to a very limited extent, before the American war; during which it increased, until the evacuation placed it in the hands of a government that may be denominated anti-commercial. When the trade was carried on by a few regular traders, the amount of imports and exports to and from Great Bri- tain were. Imports. Exprts. In 1762 £ 9,916 none 1768 32,572 £ 14,078 1773 51,502 7,129 1778 64,165 48,236 1721 16,446 30,715 Exports, generally, from East Florida : In 1769 6,189 lbs of Indigo, worth 6s 6d to 7s 8d per pound. 1770 8,153 1771 20,063 lbs worth 7s to Its 8d. 1772 40,000 There was a bounty upon Indigo raised in the province. In 1770 there were ifty schooners and sloops entered at the custom house of St. Augustine, from the Northern Provinces and West Indies, besides several square rigged vessels in the trade to London and Liverpool. General imports in 1771 were, 54 pipes Maderia wine, 170 puncheons rum, 1660 barrels of flour, 1000 barrels of beef and pork, 339 firkins of butter, and 11,011 pounds of loaf sugar, in twenty-nine vessels ; of which there were from London, 5:; 132 COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. From the subjoined statements, it is evident, that com- merce was carried on with Florida, although to a very limited extent, before the American war; during which it increased, until the evacuation placed it in the hands of a government that may be denominated anti-commercial. When the trade was carried on by a few regular traders, the amount of imports and exports to and from Great Bri- tain were, Imposts. Expar. In 1762 £ 9,916 none 1768 32,572 £ 14,078 1773 51,502 7,129 1778 64,165 48,236 1781 16,446 30,715 Exports, generally, from East Florida : In 1769 6,189 bs of Indigo, worth 6s 6d to 7s 8d per pound. 1770 8,153 1771 20,063 bs worth 7s to 11s 8d. 1772 40,000 There was a bounty upon Indigo raised in the province. In 1770 there were ifty schooners and sloops entered at the custom house of St. Augustine, from the Northern Provinces and West Indies, besides several square rigged vessels in the trade to London and Liverpool. General imports in 1771 were, 54 pipes Maderia wine, 170 puncheons rum, 1660 barrels of flour, 1000 barrels of beef and pork, 339 firkins of butter, and 11,011 pounds of loaf sugar, in twenty-nine vessels ; of which there were from London, 5;  COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. 133 COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. 133 COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. 133 New-York, 7 ; Charleston, 11 ; and other places, 6. There were, also, imported into the Province about one thousand negroes, of which one hundred and nineteen were from Africa. The Indigo received by the Beaufain, in March, 1772, from East Florida, was sold at Garraway's Coffee House ; one parcel averaged 7s ttid, and some belonging to H. Strachey, Esq. M. P. sold for 1I 9d. This circumstance is sufficient to remove all doubts, if any existed, of the superior quality of the Florida indigo : it is said to be equal to the Caraccas Flo- tant. The annual average of the expenses of East Florida to Great Britain, from 1st January, 1779, to 1st January, 1782, was 122,666t. 13s. 4d. sterling, while those of West Florida, for the same period was 404,7501. sterling, without including those of the navy or army. In 1782 there were 20,000 barrels of turpentine shipped from St. Johns by a contractor with the British government, which allowed a bounty of ten shillings sterling per barrel-an amount surpassing the value ordinarily at the place of manu- facture. Yet it is sold for exportation in St. Augustine, at thirty-six shillings sterling per barrel, so that every barrel cost at least forty-six shillings sterling at the place of em- barkation, besides mercantile profit. If British enterprize and policy were exerted in promoting the commerce of the Floridas, by offering bounties upon ex- ports and encouragement to settlers, those of Spain have had a contrary effect, as those provinces have remained iithout either, under the latter government. The articles of export will be found under the head of New-York, 7; Charleston, 11 ; and other places, 6. There were, also, imported into the Province about one thousand negroes, of which one hundred and nineteen were from Africa. The Indigo received by the Beaufain, in March, 1772, from East Florida, was sold at Garraway's Coffee House ; one parcel averaged 7s 119d, and some belonging to H. Strachey, Esq. M. P. sold for Its 9d. This circumstance is sufficient to remove all doubts, if any existed, of the superior quality of the Florida indigo : it is said to be equal to the Caraccas Flo- tant. The annual average of the expenses of East Florida to Great Britain, from 1st January, 1779, to 1st January, 1782, was 122,666. 13s. 4d. sterling, while those of West Florida, for the same period was 404,7501. sterling, without including those of the navy or army. In 1782 there were 20,000 barrels of turpentine shipped from St. Johns by a contractor with the British government, which allowed a bounty of ten shillings sterling per barrel-an amount surpassing the value ordinarily at the place of manu- facture. Yet it is sold for exportation in St. Augustine, at thirty-six shillings sterling per barrel, so that every barrel cost at least forty-six shillings sterling at the place of em- barkation, besides mercantile profit. If British enterprize and policy were exerted in promoting the commerce of the Floridas, by offering bounties upon ex- ports and encouragement to settlers, those of Spain have had a contrary effect, as those provinces have remained without either, under the latter government. The articles of export will be found under the head of New-York, 7; Charleston, 11 ; and other places, 6. There were, also, imported into the Province about one thousand negroes, of which one hundred and nineteen were from Africa. The Indigo received by the Beaufain, in March, 1772, from East Florida, was sold at Garraway's Coffee House ; one parcel averaged is tt1d, and some belonging to H. Strachey, Esq. M. P. sold for t1s 9d. This circumstance is sufficient to remove all doubts, if any existed, of the superior quality of the Florida indigo : it is said to be equal to the Caraccas Flo- tant. The annual average of the expenses of East Florida to Great Britain, from 1st January, 1779, to 1st January, 1782, was 122,6661. 13s. 4d. sterling, while those of West Florida, for the same period was 404,7501. sterling, without including those of the navy or army. In 1782 there were 20,000 barrels of turpentine shipped from St. Johns by a contractor with the British government, which allowed a bounty of ten shillings sterling per barrel--an amount surpassing the value ordinarily at the place of manu- facture. Yet it is sold for exportation in St. Augustine, at thirty-six shillings sterling per barrel, so that every barrel cost at least forty-six shillings sterling at the place of em- barkation, besides mercantile profit. If British enterprize and policy were exerted in promoting the commerce of the Floridas, by offering bounties upon ex- ports and encouragement to settlers, those of Spain have had a contrary effect, as those provinces have remained without either, under the latter government. The articles of export will be found under the head of  134 COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. productions. Those of imports may be counted similar to those for the states of Georgia, with the addition of such ar- ticles as may be necessary for the culture and manufacture of the tropical productions in a greater extent. To these may be added a very important branch of commerce of both im- port and export, the produce of the numerous wrecks on the peninsula, which at present affords employ for sixty vessels, and subsistence for at least 500 Bahama fishermen, besides a considerable revenue to that government, and other local ad- vantages to its inhabitants, which to many of them are their chief, if not their only support. Such is their dependence, that the whole population of those islands, said to be 4000 whites and 11,000 blacks, must revert to Florida, unless Cuba should fall into the possession of Great Britain, in which last case, the large slave holders promise themselves the advan- tages of settlements in that island ; an event to which they look with anticipated satisfaction, while sounder politicians consider the inhabitants of Cuba too much enlightened to change the Spanish yoke for that of any other European power; and such has been the calculation, that some of them have deferred availing themselves of the royal favour to transport their slaves to Demarara, or other newly acquired colony, under the British dominions, until the fate of Cuba shall be known. Whether the commercial restrictions imposed by the uni- form system of the Spanish government proceeded from errors or defects in the judgment of its leaders, is not material at the present day; but such has been its aversion to any open trade in the colonies, and such the consequent encour- 134 COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. productions. Those of imports may be counted similar to those for the states of Georgia, with the addition of such ar- ticles as may be necessary for the culture and manufacture of the tropical productions in a greater extent. To these may be added a very important branch of commerce of both im- port and export, the produce of the numerous wrecks on the peninsula, which at present affords employ for sixty vessels, and subsistence for at least 500 Bahama fishermen, besides a considerable revenue to that government, and other local ad- vantages to its inhabitants, which to many of them are their chief, if not their only support. Such is their dependence, that the whole population of those islands, said to be 4000 whites and 11,000 blacks, must revert to Florida, unless Cuba should fall into the possession of Great Britain, in which last case, the large slave holders promise themselves the advan- tages of settlements in that island ; an event to which they look with anticipated satisfaction, while sounder politicians consider the inhabitants of Cuba too much enlightened to change the Spanish yoke for that of any other European power; and such has been the calculation, that some of them have deferred availing themselves of the royal favour to transport their slaves to Demarara, or other newly acquired colony, under the British dominions, until the fate of Cuba shall be known. Whether the commercial restrictions imposed by the uni- form system of the Spanish government proceeded from errors or defects in the judgment of its leaders, is not material at the present day; but such has been its aversion to any open trade in the colonies, and such the consequent encour- 134 COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. productions. Those of imports may be counted similar to those for the states of Georgia, with the addition of such ar- ticles as may be necessary-for the culture and manufacture of the tropical productions in a greater extent. To these may be added a very important branch of commerce of both im- port and export, the produce of the numerous wrecks on the peninsula, which at present affords employ for sixty vessels, and subsistence for at least 500 Bahama fishermen, besides a considerable revenue to that government, and other local ad- vantages to its inhabitants, which to many of them are their chief, if not their only support. Such is their dependence, that the whole population of those islands, said to be 4000 whites and 11,000 blacks, must revert to Florida, unless Cuba should fall into the possession of Great Britain, in which last case, the large slave holders promise themselves the advan- tages of settlements in that island ; an event to which they look with anticipated satisfaction, while sounder politicians consider the inhabitants of Cuba too much enlightened to change the Spanish yoke for that of any other European power; and such has been the calculation, that some of them have deferred availing themselves of the royal favour to transport their slaves to Demarara, or other newly acquired colony, under the British dominions, until the fate of Cuba shall be known. Whether the commercial restrictions imposed by the uni- form system of the Spanish government proceeded from errors or defects in the judgment of its leaders, is not material at the present day; but such has been its aversion to any open trade in the colonies, and such the consequent encour-  COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. 135 agement to an illicit one, that, for fear of rendering Florida an avenue forforeigners to its ulterior possessions, or of im- mediate use to the United States, they have preferred cramp- ing the inhabitants by the enforcement of laws repulsive in fact, although ostensibly for the benefit of both merchant and agriculturalist. If reference was had to the exports from Florida, during the embargo, non-intercourse, and war of the United States, they would be found of immense value, and of extraordi- nary amount, by those who were unacquainted with the nature of the smuggling trade, in which the produce of the United States bore a very conspicuous part ; particularly the articles of cotton, rice, flour and tobacco, which were transported coastwise, and passed as the growth of Florida. It would be as fruitless as unimportant to seek for returns of the actual amount; yet it is upon record,* that the ex- ports from the United States to Florida, from the 1st October, 1814, to 1st September, 1815, amounted to $849,341, of which only $2,379 appear to have been foreign goods; the remainder consequently domestic produce. Those from Oc- tober, 1816, to October, 1817, were, domestic $130,789, foreign $25,699. It may be necessary to remark, that as no goods exported to Florida from the United States are entitled to drawback, some foreign goods may have been included in those con- sidered domestic. A commerce thus established, must be viewed in no other * Dr. Seybert. COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. 135 agement to an illicit one, that, for fear of rendering Florida an avenue for foreigners to its ulterior possessions, or of im- mediate use to the United States, they have preferred cramp- ing the inhabitants by the enforcement of laws repulsive in fact, although ostensibly for the benefit of both merchant and agriculturalist. If reference was had to the exports from Florida, during the embargo, non-intercourse, and war of the United States, they would be found of immense value, and of extraordi- nary amount, by those who were unacquainted with the nature of the smuggling trade, in which the produce of the United States bore a very conspicuous part ; particularly the articles of cotton, rice, flour and tobacco, which were transported coastwise, and passed as the growth of Florida. It would be as fruitless as unimportant to seek for returns of the actual amount; yet it is upon record,* that the ex- ports from the United States to Florida, from the 1st October, 1814, to 1st September, 1815, amounted to $849,341, of which only $2,379 appear to have been foreign goods; the remainder consequently domestic produce. Those from Oc- tober, 1816, to October, 1817, were, domestic $130,789, foreign $25,699. It may be necessary to remark, that as no goods exported to Florida from the United States are entitled to drawback, some foreign goods may have been included in those con. sidered domestic. A commerce thus established, must be viewed in no other * Dr. Seybert. COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. 135 agement to an illicit one, that, for fear of rendering Florida an avenue for foreigners to its ulterior possessions, or of im- mediate use to the United States, they have preferred cramp- ing the inhabitants by the enforcement of laws repulsive in fact, although ostensibly for the benefit of both merchant and agriculturalist. If reference was had to the exports from Florida, during the embargo, non-intercourse, and war of the United States, they would be found of immense value, and of extraordi- nary amount, by those who were unacquainted with the nature of the smuggling trade, in which the produce of the United States bore a very conspicuous part ; particularly the articles of cotton, rice, flour and tobacco, which were transported coastwise, and passed as the growth of Florida. It would be as fruitless as unimportant to seek for returns of the actual amount ; yet it is upon record,* that the ex- ports from the United States to Florida, from the 1st October, 1814, to 1st September, 1815, amounted to $849,341, of which only $2,379 appear to have been foreign goods; the remainder consequently domestic produce. Those from Oc- tober, 1816, to October, 1817, were, domestic $130,789, foreign $25,699. It may be necessary to remark, that as no goods exported to Florida from the United States are entitled to drawback, some foreign goods may have been included in those con- sidered domestic. A commerce thus established, must be viewed in no other * Dr. Seybert.  136 COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. light than that of a momentary source, dependent upon po- litical events not likely to recur ;-at the same time the reader, and those persons proposing to become settlers in the new country, may be assured of the resources of it, as well by a view of the past, as by a comparative estimate of the growing wealth and prosperity of the adjacent states, so assimilated in many respects. To the articles of manufacture and export, common, as staple commodities, to the neighbouring states, may be added stone, of which there are many quarries of a peculiar quality ; and lime, which can be made in this province frotm the oyster shells, more abundantly, with less expense, and of better quality than elsewhere ; and pot and pearl ashes in like manner. The oranges are of all kinds and qualities ; the sweet should be wilted and packed as apples for transporta- tion, the sour squeezed into juice, and the peel used as a marmelade, and for medicinal purposes when dried. The flowers can be distilled into an essence equal to otto of roses. Limes and citrons, either green or as preserves ; the loblolly bark, for the purposes of tanning, which is here in great quantities, more convenient than oak, possessing a more forcible astringent; palma christi, commonly called castor, and benni oil, known for their medicinal virtues and table properties respectively, may be made in the greatest quanti. ties, at a trifling expense.-The honey of the peninsula has been seen in a crystallized state, almost as white as snow, and of the most delicate flavour. Among the present articles of export, are the fish spe- cies; the turtle and sheepshead, and the. roes of the mullet, 136 COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. light than that of a momentary source, dependent upon po- litical events not likely to recur ;-at the same time the reader, and those persons proposing to become settlers in the new country, may be assured of the resources of it, as well by a view of the past, as by a comparative estimate of the growing wealth and prosperity of the adjacent states, so assimilated in many respects. To the articles of manufacture and export, common, as staple commodities, to the neighbouring states, may be added stone, of which there are many quarries of a peculiar quality ; and lime, which can be made in this province fron the oyster shells, more abundantly, with less expense, and of better quality than elsewhere ; and pot and pearl ashes in like manner. The oranges are of all kinds and qualities ; the sweet should be wilted and packed as apples for transporta- tion, the sour squeezed into juice, and the peel used as a marmelade, and for medicinal purposes when dried. The flowers can be distilled into an essence equal to otto of roses. Limes and citrons, either green or as preserves ; the loblolly bark, for the purposes of tanning, which is here in great quantities, more convenient than oak, possessing a more forcible astringent; palma christi, commonly called castor, and benni oil, known for their medicinal virtues and table properties respectively, may be made in the greatest quanti- ties, at a trifling expense.-The honey of the peninsula has been seen in a crystallized state, almost as white as snow, and of the most delicate flavour. Among the present articles of export, are the fish spe- cies ; the turtle and sheepshead, and the roes of the mullet, 136 COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. light than that of a momentary source, dependent upon po- litical events not likely to recur ;-at the same time the reader, and those persons proposing to become settlers in the new country, may be assured of the resources of it, as well by a view of the past, as by a comparative estimate of the growing wealth and prosperity of the adjacent states, so assimilated in many respects. To the articles of manufacture and export, common, as staple commodities, to the neighbouring states, may be added stone, of which there are many quarries of a peculiar quality; and lime, which can be made in this province frotm the oyster shells, more abundantly, with less expense, and of better quality than elsewhere ; and pot and pearl ashes in like manner. The oranges are of all kinds and qualities ; the sweet should be wilted and packed as apples for transporta- tion, the sour squeezed into juice, and the peel used as a marmelade, and for medicinal purposes when dried. The flowers can be distilled into an essence equal to otto of roses. Limes and citrons, either green or as preserves ; the loblolly bark, for the purposes of tanning, which is here in great quantities, more convenient than oak, possessing a more forcible astringent; palms christi, commonly called castor, and benni oil, known for their medicinal virtues and table properties respectively, may be made in the greatest quanti- ties, at a trifling expense.--The honey of the peninsula has been seen in a crystallized state, almost as white as snow, and of the most delicate fdavour. Among the present articles of export, are the fish spe- cies; the turtle and sheepshead, and the roes of the mullet,  COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. 137 which when cured is said to be equal to the caviar of Eu. rope : thus deriving from this piscatory region articles of research for the epicure, and ornamental tortoise shell for the beau monde. Add to these, the alligator skins, peculiarly adapted for boots and shoes. The trade in peltries was carried on with the Indians for- merly, in this province, upon an extensive scale, by Messrs. Panton and Leslie, Spaulding, Kelsull, M'Latchie, Swanson, and M'Gilvray, and Strother; and in West Florida by the former and Messrs. Mather & Morgan. They all with- drew from it at the peace of 1783, except Messrs. Panton, Leslie, and Forbes, who obtained from the Spanish govern- ment a special extension of privileges, of which they availed themselves until a late period, having to contend, on the one hand with the rapacity of British Gruizers, (although they were licensed by their king and his council,) and on the other, with difficulties incident to a state of depen- dence upon the favour of the Spanish government, which limited them to two vessels a year at the ports of Pensa- cola and Mobile, and to articles not of the production of the Spanish colonies, but exempted them from the droit d'aubaine, and the colonial duty of six per cent. Here the commercial and manufacturing interests will not clash, as in the eastern and populous states, but mutually support each other; as the latter must depend upon the fon- mer for their supplies, in exchange for the manufactures, which will be in general of a nature for export, and thus establish a reciprocity of interests, the surest foundation for permanent friendship and advantage. 18 COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. 137 COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. 137 which when cured is said to be equal to the caviar of Eu- rope : thus deriving from this piscatory region articles of research for the epicure, and ornamental tortoise shell for the beau monde. Add to these, the alligator skins, peculiarly adapted for boots and shoes. The trade in peltries was carried on with the Indians for- merly, in this province, upon an extensive scale, by Messrs. Paton and Leslie, Spaulding, Kelsull, M'Latchie, Swanson, and M'Gilvray, and Strother; and in West Florida by the former and Messrs. Mather & Morgan. They all with- drew from it at the peace of 1783, except Messrs. Panton, Leslie, and Forbes, who obtained from the Spanish govern- ment a special extension of privileges, of which they availed themselves until a late period, having to contend, on the one hand with the rapacity of British uruizers, (although they were licensed by their king and his council,) and on the other, with difficulties incident to a state of depen- dence upon the favour of the Spanish government, which limited them to two vessels a year at the ports of Pensa- cola and Mobile, and to articles not of the production of the Spanish colonies, but exempted them from the droit d'aubaine, and the colonial duty of six per cent. Here the commercial and manufacturing interests will not clash, as in the eastern and populous states, but mutually support each other; as the latter must depend upon the fon mer for their supplies, in exchange for the manufactures, which will be in general of a nature for export, and thus establish a reciprocity of interests, the surest foundation for permanent friendship and advantage. 18 which when cured is said to be equal to the caviar of Eu- rope : thus deriving from this piscatory region articles of research for the epicure, and ornamental tortoise shell for the beau monde. Add to these, the alligator skins, peculiarly adapted for boots and shoes. The trade in peltries was carried on with the Indians for- merly, in this province, upon an extensive scale, by Messrs. Panton and Leslie, Spaulding, Kelsull, M'Latchie, Swanson, and M'Gilvray, and Strother; and in West Florida by the former and Messrs. Mather & Morgan. They all with- drew from it at the peace of 1783, except Messrs. Panton, Leslie, and Forbes, who obtained from the Spanish govern- ment a special extension of privileges, of which they availed themselves until a late period, having to contend, on the one hand with the rapacity of British cruizers, (although they were licensed by their king and his council,) and on the other, with difficulties incident to a state of depen- dence upon the favour of the Spanish government, which limited them to two vessels a year at the ports of Pensa- cola and Mobile, and to articles not of the production of the Spanish colonies, but exempted them from the droit d'aubaine, and the colonial duty of six per cent. Here the commercial and manufacturing interests will not clash, as in the eastern and populous states, but mutually support each other; as the latter must depend upon the fon mer for their supplies, in exchange for the manufactures, which will be in general of a nature for export, and thus establish a reciprocity of interests, the surest foundation for permanent friendship and advantage. 18  138 COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. The jealousy and competition between foreigners and our ship owners, which exists in the trade of the southern states, derives no encouragement from the annexation of the pen- insula, in forming the arrondissement of the United States, and leaving no nucleus, or subsidiary, to foment those mer- cenaries who would barter the undivided moiety of the Union for a license to fish on the banks of Newfoundland, and then surrender (if they could) the remainder, for a par- ticipation of the India trade, or of that of the southern states; which last they might, by a more laudable policy, ensure exclusively to themselves. The trade on the eastern side must be carried on by coasters, fitted out and owned in the north, from the nature of the coast, and other circumstances too obvious to need an enumeration, which that on the west cannot soon in- terfere with for want of population and settlement, since some time will be required to develope its vast importance in every point of view, by affording to its inhabitants all the necessaries and comforts of life, and yielding to the United States and the commercial world its superfluous produce, hitherto unknown as articles of trade. Such was the languishing state of these Provinces (em- bracing a thousand miles of sea coast) in point of trade, as well as of agriculture, under the dominion of Spain, that nei- ther were calculated to afford resources to individuals, or re- venue to the crown ; but, on the contrary, rendered them un- productive to the former, as they have been burdensome to the latter. Since, appropriations from the more wealthy possessions were required to defray the exigencies of govern- 138 COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. The jealousy and competition between foreigners and our ship owners, which exists in the trade of the southern states, derives no encouragement from the annexation of the pen- insula, in forming the arrondissement of the United States, and leaving no nucleus, or subsidiary, to foment those mer- cenaries who would barter the undivided moiety of the Union for a license to fish on the banks of Newfoundland, and then surrender (if they could) the remainder, for a par. ticipation of the India trade, or of that of the southern states; which last they might, by a more laudable policy, ensure exclusively to themselves. The trade on the eastern side must be carried on by coasters, fitted out and owned in the north, from the nature of the coast, and other circumstances too obvious to need an enumeration, which that on the west cannot soon in- terfere with for want of population and settlement, since some time will be required to develope its vast importance in every point of view, by affording to its inhabitants all the necessaries and comforts of life, and yielding to the United States and the commercial world its superfauous produce, hitherto unknown as articles of trade. Such was the languishing state of these Provinces (em- bracing a thousand miles of sea coast) in point of trade, as well as of agriculture, under the dominion of Spain, that nei- ther were calculated to afford resources to individuals, or re- venue to the crown ; but, on the contrary, rendered them un- productive to the former, as they have been burdensome to the latter. Since, appropriations from the more wealthy possessions were required to defray the exigencies of govern- 138 COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. The jealousy and competition between foreigners and our ship owners, which exists in the trade of the southern states, derives no encouragement from the annexation of the pen- insula, in forming the arrondissement of the United States, and leaving no nucleus, or subsidiary, to foment those mer- cenaries who would barter the undivided moiety of the Union for a license to fish on the banks of Newfoundland, and then surrender (if they could) the remainder, for a par- ticipation of the India trade, or of that of the southern states; which last they might, by a more laudable policy, ensure exclusively to themselves. The trade on the eastern side must be carried on by coasters, fitted out and owned in the north, from the nature of the coast, and other circumstances too obvious to need an enumeration, which that on the west cannot soon in- terfere with for want of population and settlement, since some time will be required to develope its vast importance in every point of view, by affording to its inhabitants all the necessaries and comforts of life, and yielding to the United States and the commercial world its superfluous produce, hitherto unknown as articles of trade. Such was the languishing state of these Provinces (em- bracing a thousand miles of sea coast) in point of trade, as well as of agriculture, under the dominion of Spain, that nei- ther were calculated to afford resources to individuals, or re- venue to the crown ; but, on the contrary, rendered them un- productive to the former, as they have been burdensome to the latter. Since, appropriations from the more wealthy possessions were required to defray the exigencies of govern-  COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. 19 ment; which were formerly settled by bills, (liberansas) on the Havana, in default of dohars in that quarter, when they could be spared. The remittances required were about $150,000 per annum. It is proper here to remark that the most efficient revenue afforded to the crown was derived from duties collected at Amelia, during the embargo of 1808, and the war of 1812; which, upon a very reduced scale, yielded, it is said, $100,000. The articles of trade of which this country can boast may be condensed, with those of the southern states generally, viz. cotton, rice, Indian and Guinea corn, bees and myrtle wax, lumber of all descriptions, and of the best kind, parti- cularly live oak, pine and cypress, peltries and naval stores, cedar and cabbage posts, bark for tanning, alligator skins, stone, lime, oranges, lemons, limes and citrons, in kind, and in juice and preserves, fish and turtle, bear's oil, honey, per- fumes, pot and pearl ashes. In enumerating the articles of trade promising great ad- vantage, it is due to the traders to apprize them of the de- structive character of the worms to all vessels trading to the ports where the salt water is predominant; they should guard against them by means of copper or zinc. Vessels of easy draft of water should be employed until the bars are improved, or become perfectly familiar to the American mariner. COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. 139 ment ; which were formerly settled by bills, (liberansas) on the Havana, in default of dohars in that quarter, when they could he spared. The remittances required were about $150,000 per annum. It is proper here to remark that the most efficient revenue afforded to the crown was derived from duties collected at Amelia, during the embargo of 1808, and the war of 1812; which, upon a very reduced scale, yielded, it is said, $100,000. The articles of trade of which this country can boast may be condensed, with those of the southern states generally, viz, cotton, rice, Indian and Guinea corn, bees and myrtle wax, lumber of all descriptions, and of the best kind, parti- cularly live oak, pine and cypress, peltries and naval stores, cedar and cabbage posts, bark for tanning, alligator skins, stone, lime, oranges, lemons, limes and citrons, in kind, and in juice and preserves, fish and turtle, bear's oil, honey, per- fumes, pot and pearl ashes. In enumerating the articles of trade promising great ad- vantage, it is due to the traders to apprize them of the de- structive character of the worms to all vessels trading to the ports where the salt water is predominant; they should guard against them by means of copper or zinc. Vessels of easy draft of water should be employed until the bars are improved, or become perfectly familiar to the American mariner. COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. 139 ment ; which were formerly settled by bills, (liberansas) on the Havana, in default of dobars in that quarter, when they could be spared. The remittances required were about $150,000 per annum. It is proper here to remark that the most efficient revenue afforded to the crown was derived from duties collected at Amelia, during the embargo of 1808, and the war of 1812; which, upon a very reduced scale, yielded, it is said, $100,000. The articles of trade of which this country can boast may be condensed, with those of the southern states generally, viz. cotton, rice, Indian and Guinea corn, bees and myrtle wax, lumber of all descriptions, and of the best kind, parti- cularly live oak, pine and cypress, peltries and naval stores, cedar and cabbage posts, bark for tanning, alligator skins, stone, lime, oranges, lemons, limes and citrons, in kind, and in juice and preserves, fish and turtle, bear's oil, honey, per- fumes, pot and pearl ashes. In enumerating the articles of trade promising great ad. vantage, it is due to the traders to apprize them of the de- structive character of the worms to all vessels trading to the ports where the salt water is predominant; they should guard against them by means of copper or zinc. Vessels of easy draft of water should be employed until the bars are improved, or become perfectly familiar to the American mariner.  140 COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. 140 COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. I1$0 COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. POPULATION. POPULATION. POPULATION. Heterogenpous as the people of this country may be considered, their neighbours, under present circumtances, will naturally be anxious to know who they are, and what they formerly were. It may fairly be presumed, from the tumuli, and other ves- tiges, frequently discovered in the Peninsula, that there for- merly was an extensive population in this country, whose origin appears to be very uncertain. In 1763, at the evacuation by the Spaniards, there were, in St. Augustine, three thousand inhabitants. In 1768, it is stated there were, in East Florida, six thousand, not including Indians or troops ; and, in 1778, an increase, by emigration from the Carolinas and Georgia, of near seven thousand loy- alists, with their slaves. The Minorcans, brought into the Province by Dr. Turn- bull, have in general remained in it, and served, from their regular mode of life, and industrious habits, to increase the population. The families introduced by Mr. Rolle, about four hundred in number. became dissatisfied, and took refuge in the Carolinas ; so, also, did the Highlanders, who arrived in 1772, having been prevailed upon by the t'Intosh's to settle in Georgia. Heterogenpous as the people of this country may be considered, their neighbours, under present circumtances, will naturally be anxious to know who they are, and what they formerly were. It may fairly be presumed, from the tumuli, and other ves- tiges, frequently discovered in the Peninsula, that there for- merly was an extensive population in this country, whose origin appears to be very uncertain. In 1763, at the evacuation by the Spaniards, there were, in St. Augustine, three thousand inhabitants. In 1768, it is stated there were, in East Florida, six thousand, not including Indians or troops ; and, in 1778, an increase, by emigration from the Carolinas and Georgia, of near seven thousand loy- alists, with their slaves. The Minorcans, brought into the Province by Dr. Turn- bull, have in general remained in it, and served, from their regular mode of life, and industrious habits, to increase the population. The families introduced by Mr. Rolle, about four hundred in number. became dissatisfied, and took refuge in the Carolinas ; so, also, did the Highlanders, who arrived in 1772, having been prevailed upon by the M'Intosh's to settle in Georgia. Heterogenpous as the people of this country may be considered, their neighbours, under present circumtances, will naturally be anxious to know who they are, and what they formerly were. It may fairly be presumed, from the tumuli, and other ves- tiges, frequently discovered in the Peninsula, that there for- merly was an extensive population in this country, whose origin appears to be very uncertain. In 1763, at the evacuation by the Spaniards, there were, in St. Augustine, three thousand inhabitants. In 1768, it is stated there were, in East Florida, six thousand, not including Indians or troops ; and, in 1778, an increase, by emigration from the Carolinas and Georgia, of near seven thousand loy- alists, with their slaves. The Minorcans, brought into the Province by Dr. Turn- bull, have in general remained in it, and served, from their regular mode of life, and industrious habits, to increase the population. The families introduced by Mr. Rolle, about four hundred in number, became dissatisfied, and took refuge in the Carolinas ; so, also, did the Highlanders, who arrived in 1772, having been prevailed upon by the Md'Intosh's to settle in Georgia.  POPULATION. 141 POPULATION. 141 POPULATION. 141 Romans states the population of St. Augustine, in 1775, to have been only one thousand. The remainder of the Province was always thinly peopled. Among the population of this country, may be fairly rated the Indians, as the immediate descendants of its aborigines ; who have been much diminished by frequent wars. Yet it is very certain, that in the statements or estimates of the population of the country, they have not been fairly brought into calculation. After the evacuation by the British, in 1784, few of the old settlers remained in the province, most of them having emi- grated to the neighbouring states, and to the Bahamas and other British possessions in the West Indies; thus leavingthe Spaniards to occupy the towns, beyond which they did not venture, except to keep up a semblance of occupancy.- Very shortly after the departure of~ the English, the Indians came into the neighbourhood of St. Augustine, burnt Bella Vista, the country-seat of Governor Moultrie, and created so much alarm among the Spaniards, as to impede, if not annihi- late, the farther progress of cultivation. Attempts were made, by the governors of the Province, to encourage settlers, by offering lands, but these were fruitless, until some of the inhabitants of the Bahamas, having failed in their efforts to reap even a bare subsistence from those barren rocks which were assigned to them by the British, as an asylum in return for their loyalty, availed themselves of the opportunity of returning, as a dernier resort, to avoid total ruin and starvation, and settled near the Mosquito. But the want of protection from the Spanish government rendered Romans states the population of St. Augustine, in 1775, to have been only one thousand. The remainder of the Province was always thinly peopled. Among the population of this country, may be fairly rated the Indians, as the immediate descendants of its aborigines; who have been much diminished by frequent wars. Yet it is very certain, that in the statements or estimates of the population of the country, they have not been fairly brought into calculation. After the evacuation by the British, in 1784, few of the old settlers remained in the province, most of them having emi- grated to the neighbouring states, and to the Bahamas and other British possessions in the West Indies; thus leaving the Spaniards to occupy the towns, beyond which they did not venture, except to keep up a semblance of occupancy.- Very shortly after the departure of the English, the Indians came into the neighbourhood of St. Augustine, burnt Bella Vista, the country-seat of Governor Moultrie, and created so much alarm among the Spaniards, as to impede, if not annihi- late, the farther progress of cultivation. Attempts were made, by the governors of the Province, to encourage settlers, by offering lands, but these were fruitless, until some of the inhabitants of the Bahamas, having failed in their efforts to reap even a bare subsistence from those barren rocks which were assigned to them by the British, as an asylum in return for their loyalty, availed themselves of the opportunity of returning, as a dernier resort, to avoid total ruin and starvation, and settled near the Mosquito. But the want of protection from the Spanish government rendered Romans states the population of St. Augustine, in 1775, to have been only one thousand. The remainder of the Province was always thinly peopled. Among the population of this country, may be fairly rated the Indians, as the immediate descendants of its aborigines; who have been much diminished by frequent wars. Yet it is very certain, that in the statements or estimates of the population of the country, they have not been fairly brought into calculation. After the evacuation by the British, in 1784, few of the old settlers remained in the province, most of them having emi- grated to the neighbouring states, and to the Bahamas and other British possessions in the West Indies ; thus leaving the Spaniards to occupy the towns, beyond which they did not venture, except to keep up a semblance of occupancy.- Very shortly after the departure of the English, the Indians came into the neighbourhood of St. Augustine, burnt Bella Vista, the country-seat of Governor Moultrie, and created so much alarm among the Spaniards, as to impede, if not annihi- late, the farther progress of cultivation. Attempts were made, by the governors of the Province, to encourage settlers, by offering lands, but these were fruitless, until some of the inhabitants of the Bahamas, having failed in their efforts to reap even a bare subsistence from those barren rocks which were assigned to them by the British, as an asylum in return for their loyalty, availed themselves of the opportunity of returning, as a dernier resort, to avoid total ruin and starvation, and settled near the Mosquito. But the want of protection from the Spanish government rendered  142 POPULATION. 142 POPULATION. 142 POPULATION. their settlements alike temporary and unproductive; and those whose property was free from incumbrances removed to the United States, from which, in turn, some of embarrassed circumstances, as well as others, withdrew to Florida, and did much in improving the country, when the revolution in 1812 caused their removal. The militia in East Florida was about six hundred and fifty strong, in 1817. The whole population has been variously rated at from eight to ten thousand in the provinces, of which about three thousand are in St. Augustine. The number of Indians cannot be well ascertained, owing to their distracted and dispersed state. It has been estimated that they have 3,000 warriors, which will be thought incon- siderable by many ; but, as they are without leaders, even this calculation cannot be considered accurate. The present population of the Floridas cannot be rated at more than six thousand of all descriptions, in East Florida, and five thousand in West Florida, according to the best in- formation. No doubt remains in my mind, that when the population of this country shall have increased by the emigration of our Eastern neighbours, (which there is no doubt it will in a short time,) accompanied by their industry, talents, and economy, the country will be improved to such a degree as to be scarce- ly recognizable. The perfidious policy of the regal government of Spain has always been marked by its fixed determination to keep the Americans from its colonies, owing to their great dread their settlements alike temporary and unproductive; and those whose property was free from incumbrances removed to the United States, from which, in turn, some of embarrassed circumstances, as well as others, withdrew to Florida, and did much in improving the country, when the revolution in 1812 caused their removal. The militia in East Florida was about six hundred and fifty strong, in 1817. The whole population has been variously rated at from eight to ten thousand in the provinces, of which about three thousand are in St. Augustine. The number of Indians cannot be well ascertained, owing to their distracted and dispersed state. It has been estimated that they have 3,000 warriors, which will be thought incon- siderable by many ; but, as they are without leaders, even this calculation cannot be considered accurate. The present population of the Floridas cannot be rated at more than six thousand of all descriptions, in East Florida, and five thousand in West Florida, according to the best in- formation. No doubt remains in my mind, that when the population of this country shall have increased by the emigration of our Eastern neighbours, (which there is no doubt it will in a short time,) accompanied by their industry, talents, and economy, the country will be improved to such a degree as to be scarce- ly recognizable. The perfidious policy of the regal government of Spain has always been marked by its fixed determination to keep the Americans from its colonies, owing to their great dread their settlements alike temporary and unproductive; and those whose property was free from incumbrances removed to the United States, from which, in turn, some of embarrassed circumstances, as well as others, withdrew to Florida, and did much in improving the country, when the revolution in 1812 caused their removal. The militia in East Florida was about six hundred and fifty strong, in 1817. The whole population has been variously rated at from eight to ten thousand in the provinces, of which about three thousand are in St. Augustine. The number of Indians cannot be well ascertained, owing to their distracted and dispersed state. It has been estimated that they have 3,000 warriors, which will be thought incon- siderable by many ; but, as they are without leaders, even this calculation cannot be considered accurate. The present population of the Floridas cannot be rated at more than six thousand of all descriptions, in East Florida, and five thousand in West Florida, according to the best in- formation. No doubt remains in my mind, that when the population of this country shall have increased by the emigration of our Eastern neighbours, (which there is no doubt it will in a short time,) accompanied by their industry, talents, and economy, the country will be improved to such a degree as to be scarce- ly recognizable. The perfidious policy of the regal government of Spain has always been marked by its fixed determination to keep the Americans from its colonies, owing to their great dread  POPULATION. 14« POPULATION. 14S POPULATION. 143 of those principles of liberty so happily diffused throughout the continent of North America ; from this proceeded, not only the aversion to their residence among them, but an ab- solute order from the crown, prohibiting them from holding lands in Florida, while the British openly and constantly en- joyed that privilege. This fact is established by the grants made to several inhabitants from the Bahama Islands, as well as to others. The day has at length arrived when Spain, conscious of her inability to oppose the tide of liberty, must yield to justice, what she intended only as acts of indulgence for a population of European aristocrats whom she invited in vain to this quarter. The state of society in this territory, although assimilated, in some respects, to that of Louisiana on its fortunate acces- sion to the American confederacy, presents a novelty of character under still more variegated forms and peculiar cir- cumstances, requiring a wise and perhaps vigorous adminis- tration; one that will encourage an industrious, and keep is check a disorderly population. Some, no doubt, will resort thither, without a respect for either religion or the laws, and others, more from absolute want, than a laudable ambition. The philanthropic project of civilizing the Indians cannot be too highly commended ; and when it is considered that they are the aborigines of the country, the inducement is en- hanced, and the mind is roused to researches for their good qualities. A writer of celebrity has observed, that when an Indian attains a certain degree of civilization, he displays a great facility of apprehension, a judicious mind, a natural logic, and a particular disposition to subtilize, or sever, the of those principles of liberty so happily diffused throughout the continent of North America ; from this proceeded, not only the aversion to their residence among them, but an ab- solute order from the crown, prohibiting them from holding lands in Florida, while the British openly and constantly en- joyed that privilege. This fact is established by the grants made to several inhabitants from the Bahama Islands, as well as to others. The day has at length arrived when Spain, conscious of her inability to oppose the tide of liberty, must yield to justice, what she intended only as acts of indulgence for a population of European aristocrats whom she invited in vain to this quarter. The state of society in this territory, although assimilated, in some respects, to that of Louisiana on its fortunate acces- sion to the American confederacy, presents a novelty of character under still more variegated forms and peculiar cir- cumstances, requiring a wise and perhaps vigorous adminis- tration ; one that will encourage an industrious, and keep in check a disorderly population. Some, no doubt, will resort thither, without a respect for either religion or the laws, and others, more from absolute want, than a laudable ambition. The philanthropic project of civilizing the Indians cannot betoo highly commended ; and when it is considered that they are the aborigines of the country, the inducement is en- hanced, and the mind is roused to researches for their good qualities. A writer of celebrity has observed, that when an Indian attains a certain degree of civilization, he displays a great facility of apprebension, a judicious mind, a natural logic, and a particular disposition to subtilize, or sever, the of those principles of liberty so happily diffused throughout the continent of North America ; from this proceeded, not only the aversion to their residence among them, but an ab- solute order from the crown, prohibiting them from holding lands in Florida, while the British openly and constantly en- joyed that privilege. This fact is established by the grants made to several inhabitants from the Bahama Islands, as well as to others. The day has at length arrived when Spain, conscious of her inability to oppose the tide of liberty, must yield to justice, what she intended only as acts of indulgence for a population of European aristocrats whom she invited in vain to this quarter. The state of society in this territory, although assimilated, in some respects, to that of Louisiana on its fortunate acces- sion to the American confederacy, presents a novelty of character under still more variegated forms and peculiar cir- cumstances, requiring a wise and perhaps vigorous adminis- tration; one that will encourage an industrious, and keep in check a disorderly population. Some, no doubt, will resort thither, without a respect for either religion or the laws, and others, more from absolute want, than a laudable ambition. The philanthropic project of civilizing the Indians cannot be too highly commended ; and when it is considered that they are the aborigines of the country, the inducement is en- hanced, and the mind is roused to researches for their good qualities. A writer of celebrity has observed, that when an Indian attains a certain degree of civilization, he displays a great facility of apprehension, a judicious mind, a natural logic, and a particular disposition to subtilize, or sever, the  144 POPULATION. 144 POPULATION. 144 POPULATION. finest differences in the comparison of objects. He reasons coolly and orderly, but he never manifests that versatility of imagination, that glow of sentiment, and that creative and animating art, which characterize the nations of the south of Europe. Whenever a question as to the Indians arises, it has been too common to contemplate ferocity, and the worst traits which characterize the human heart, and to seek for apolo- gies for what is termed retaliation for atrocities ; as if one evil was a palliation for another. An abhorrence of this race of people may have been tolerated, from political motives, by Europeans; but surely no well founded reason can be ad- duced, why the same spirit, so revolting to humanity, should be fostered by the Americans, whose forbearance and libe- rality are, in many other respects, proverbial, and should be exemplified by acts of benignity and good fellowship worthy of natives of the same soil, and from whom is expected those religious considerations so much and so laudably reverenced at the present day. As the welfare of a society depends on the basis of re- ligion. it is so ordered by the great Author of Nature, that the successful establishment of the one shall depend on the existence of the other. It is fully manifested, that the regu- lations of a community are imperfect without the influence of religion, and that the prosperity of a country must depend, in a great degree, on the moral qualities of its inhabitants. Consequently, it becomes important to encourage some species of people in preference to others, finest differences in the comparison of objects. He reasons coolly and orderly, but he never manifests that versatility of imagination, that glow of sentiment, and that creative and animating art, which characterize the nations of the south of Europe. Whenever a question as to the Indians arises, it has been too common to contemplate ferocity, and the worst traits which characterize the human heart, and to seek for apolo- gies for what is termed retaliation for atrocities ; as if one evil was a palliation for another. An abhorrence of this race of people may have been tolerated, from political motives, by Europeans; but surely no well founded reason can be ad- duced, why the same spirit, so revolting to humanity, should be fostered by the Americans, whose forbearance and libe- rality are, in many other respects, proverbial, and should be exemplified by acts of benignity and good fellowship worthy of natives of the same soil, and from whom is expected those religious considerations so much and so laudably reverenced at the present day. As the welfare of a society depends on the basis of re- ligion. it is so ordered by the great Author of Nature, that the successful establishment of the one shall depend on the existence of the other. It is fully manifested, that the regu- lations of a community are imperfect without the influence of religion, and that the prosperity of a country must depend, in a great degree, on the moral qualities of its inhabitants. Consequently, it becomes important to encourage some species of people in preference to others, finest differences in the comparison of objects. He reasons coolly and orderly, but he never manifests that versatility of imagination, that glow of sentiment, and that creative and animating art, which characterize the nations of the south of Europe. Whenever a question as to the Indians arises, it has been too common to contemplate ferocity, and the worst traits which characterize the human heart, and to seek for apolo- gies for what is termed retaliation for atrocities ; as if one evil was a palliation for another. An abhorrence of this race of people may have been tolerated, from political motives, by Europeans; but surely no well founded reason can be ad- duced, why the same spirit, so revolting to humanity, should be fostered by the Americans, whose forbearance and libe- rality are, in many other respects, proverbial, and should be exemplified by acts of benignity and good fellowship worthy of natives of the same soil, and from whom is expected those religious considerations so much and so laudably reverenced at the present day. As the welfare of a society depends on the basis of re- ligion, it is so ordered by the great Author of Nature, that the successful establishment of the one shall depend on the existence of the other. It is fully manifested, that the regu- lations of a community are imperfect without the influence of religion, and that the prosperity of a country must depend, in a great degree, on the moral qualities of its inhabitants. Consequently, it becomes important to encourage some species of people in preference to others,  POPULATION. 146 POPULATION. 146 POPULATION. 146 as far as may be consistent with the true spirit of our republi- can institutions, which admit of a mixed population, but which may be adapted to the views and circumstances of different sections of the Peninsula. Let our eastern brethren migrate thither, and be the pioneers of good morals, steady habits, and civilization, gra- dually adapting them by imperceptible changes to the settlers, who will eventually become useful members of society, and fitted for that species of independence so consonant with the true principles of freedom, and so happily diffused through- out the union. as far as may be consistent with the true spirit of our republi- can institutions, which admit of a mixed population, but which may be adapted to the views and circumstances of different sections of the Peninsula. Let our eastern brethren migrate thither, and be the pioneers of good morals, steady habits, and civilization, gra- dually adapting them by imperceptible changes to the settlers, who will eventually become useful members of society, and fitted for that species of independence so consonant with the true principles of freedom, and so happily diffused through- out the union. as far as may be consistent with the true spirit of our republi- can institutions, which admit of a mixed population, but which may be adapted to the views and circumstances of different sections of the Peninsula. Let our eastern brethren migrate thither, and be the pioneers of good morals, steady habits, and civilization, gra- dually adapting them by imperceptible changes to the settlers, who will eventually become useful members of society, and fitted for that species of independence so consonant with the true principles of freedom, and so happily diffused through- out the union. 19 19 19  146 AGRICULTURE. 146 AGRICULTURE. 146 AGRICULTURE. AGRICULTURE. AGRICULTURE. AGRICULTURE. VAosOUS opinions have been formed as to the fertility of the lands in East Florida, which common report and geogra- phers have too uniformly pronounced to be sand hills, pine barrens, and salt marshes. Nothing but experience can con- firm or remove the prejudices arising from such hasty conclu. sions. By some it is said, that the planters of the southern states will remove their hands, under an expectation that the lands are more calculated for the production of rice, than the Carolinas ; and that they will prefer the more profitable cul- ture of sugar, and the tropical productions, to which the pe- ninsula is more genial, to the trouble and expense of manu- ring their present exhausted settlements. The lands in these provinces, intersected in most parts by spacious rivers, creeks, lakes, and ponds, are promiscuously composed of the following kinds : Those denominated high and low hammock, are most es- teemed for the more valuable productions, such as cotton, sugar, and corn, and are distinguished by the natural growth of large evergreen oaks, hickory, red bay, magnolia, and cabbage trees; and is many parts intermixed with orange Vanors opinions have been formed as to the fertility of the lands in East Florida, which common report and geogra- phers have too uniformly pronounced to be sand hills, pine barrens, and salt marshes. Nothing but experience can con- firm or remove the prejudices arising from such hasty conclu- sions. By some it is said, that the planters of the southern states will remove their hands, under an expectation that the lands are more calculated for the production of rice, than the Carolinas ; and that they will prefer the more profitable cul- ture of sugar, and the tropical productions, to which the pe- ninsula is more genial, to the trouble and expense of manu- ring their present exhausted settlements. The lands in these provinces, intersected in most parts by spacious rivers, creeks, lakes, and ponds, are promiscuously composed of the following kinds : Those denominated high and low hammock, are most es- teemed for the more valuable productions, such as cotton, sugar, and corn, and are distinguished by the natural growth of large evergreen oaks, hickory, red bay, magnolia, and cabbage trees i and in many parts intermixed with orange VAnIoUs opinions have been formed as to the fertility of the lands in East Florida, which common report and geogra- phers have too uniformly pronounced to be sand hills, pine barrens, and salt marshes. Nothing but experience can con- firm or remove the prejudices arising from such hasty conclu- sions. By some it is said, that the planters of the southern states will remove their hands, under an expectation that the lands are more calculated for the production of rice, than the Carolinas ; and that they will prefer the more profitable cul- ture of sugar, and the tropical productions, to which the pe- ninsula is more genial, to the trouble and expense of manu- ring their present exhausted settlements. The lands in these provinces, intersected in most parts by spacious rivers, creeks, lakes, and ponds, are promiscuously composed of the following kinds : Those denominated high and low hammock, are most es- teemed for the more valuable productions, such as cotton, sugar, and corn, and are distinguished by the natural growth of large evergreen oaks, hickory, red bay, magnolia, and cabbage trees ; and in many parts intermixed with orange  AGRICULTURE. 147 AGRICULTURE. 147 AGRICULTURE. 147 groves, springing from a soil composed of a light, and some- times black mixture of loam and vegetable mould, as super- strata of various depths, having a foundation of marle and clay in undulating layers, the most inexhaustible sources of cultivation. Traces of ancient settlement and population are found in these tracts of land. Swamp lands are distinguished by the growth of the cypress and other large trees in forests, emblems of their fertility and adaptation for rice ; for which cultivation, they require to be drained and devested of the saline particles unfriendly to vegetation. Pine lands, which are more favourable to cultivation and pasturage than those in the neighbouring states, not only on account of the pine trees being more resinous, but by their distance from each other, without any underwood, giving an appearance of open groves, rather than of forests; and there- by affording room for vegetation, which is promoted by the influence of the sun and the circulation of air. Although these are too generally pronounced barren, much good corn has been raised from them, and they are said to be peculiarly adapted to the culture of the grape. Salt marsh lands, generally bordering, with banks of oysters, on the sea coast, afford an abundance of grass, excellent food for horses and cattle. It is also good manure, on an im- poverished soil, for raising cotton. Prairie or meadow lands are margined towards the sea by immense quantities of oyster shells, from which, advancing into the country, are often found extensive plains of grass groves, springing from a soil composed of a light, and some. times black mixture of loam and vegetable mould, as super- strata of various depths, having a foundation of marle and clay in undulating layers, the most inexhaustible sources of cultivation. Traces of ancient settlement and population are found in these tracts of land. Swamp lands are distinguished by the growth of the cypress and other large trees in forests, emblems of their fertility and adaptation for rice ; for which cultivation, they require to be drained and devested of the saline particles unfriendly to vegetation. Pine lands, which are more favourable to cultivation and pasturage than those in the neighbouring states, not only on account of the pine trees being more resinous, but by their distance from each other, without any underwood, giving an appearance of open groves, rather than of forests; and there- by affording room for vegetation, which is promoted by the influence of the sun and the circulation of air. Although these are too generally pronounced barren, much good corn has been raised from them, and they are said to be peculiarly adapted to the culture of the grape. Salt marsh lands, generally bordering, with banks of oysters, on the sea coast, afford an abundance of grass, excellent food for horses and cattle. It is also good manure, on an im- poverished soil, for raising cotton. Prairie or meadow lands are margined towards the sea by immense quantities of oyster shells, from which, advancing into the country, are often found extensive plains of grass groves, springing from a soil composed of a light, and some- times black mixture of loam and vegetable mould, as super- strata of various depths, having a foundation of marle and clay in undulating layers, the most inexhaustible sources of cultivation. Traces of ancient settlement and population are found in these tracts of land. Swamp lands are distinguished by the growth of the cypress and other large trees in forests, emblems of their fertility and adaptation for rice ; for which cultivation, they require to be drained and devested of the saline particles unfriendly to vegetation. Pine lands, which are more favourable to cultivation and pasturage than those in the neighbouring states, not only on account of the pine trees being more resinous, but by their distance from each other, without any underwood, giving an appearance of open groves, rather than of forests; and there- by affording room for vegetation, which is promoted by the influence of the sun and the circulation of air. Although these are too generally pronounced barren, much good corn has been raised from them, and they are said to be peculiarly adapted to the culture of the grape. Salt marsh lands, generally bordering, with banks of oysters, on the sea coast, afford an abundance of grass, excellent food for horses and cattle. It is also good manure, on an im- poverished soil, for raising cotton. Prairie or meadow lands are margined towards the sea by immense quantities of oyster shells, from which, advancing into the country, are often found extensive plains of grass  148 AGRICULTURE. 18 AGRICULTURE. and cane brakes, on which vast herds of cattle were for- merly raised ; they are also well adapted to rice and sugar. Sand hills which.run parallel with the sea, afford little more than small shrubbery, saw palmetto, wire grass, and prickly pears, without any other use than as beacons on a low coast to mariners, and as presenting a variety of ro- mantic scenery. Palm or Date Trees, (one of which is mentioned as grow- ing on Anastatia or Fish's Island,) grows, in Africa, to the height of sixty, and even one hundred feet, and much resem- bles the cabbage trees-of the country. Its branches attract notice from their beauty and constant rustling, as well as from the peculiarity of the lower branches, which resemble and serve for ladders, and seem designed by nature to ascend the tree. The fruit resembles, in form, the largest acorns, but is co- vered with a thin semi-transparent yellowish membrane, con- taining a fine soft saccharine pulp of a somewhat vinous fla- vour, in which is enclosed an oblong hard kernel. It affords, when fresh, a very wholesome nourishment, and pos- sesses an agreeable taste. An oil is prepared from the fruit of this tree called palm oil, which is much used as butter and ointment in Africa, from whence it has been transplanted into the West Indies. In Port- au-Prince, the author saw a couple of them, which produced abundantly. Its fruit is said to possess emollient properties, and is frequently applied with success in cases of hemorrhoids and chilblains. The solitary tree just referred to, bears no fruit, and confirms an opinion pretty well established, that it being and cane brakes, on which vast herds of cattle were for- merly raised ; they are also well adapted to rice and sugar. Sand hills which. run parallel with the sea, afford little more than small shrubbery, saw palmetto, wire grass, and prickly pears, without any other use than as beacons on a low coast to mariners, and as presenting a variety of ro- mantic scenery. Palm or Date Trees, (one of which is mentioned as grow. ing on Anastatia or Fish's Island,) grows, in Africa, to the height of sixty, and even one hundred feet, and much resem- bles the cabbage trees-of the country. Its branches attract notice from their beauty and constant rustling, as well as from the peculiarity of the lower branches, which resemble and serve for ladders, and seem designed by nature to ascend the tree. The fruit resembles, in form, the largest acorns, but is co- vered with a thin semi-transparent yellowish membrane, con- taining a fine soft saccharine pulp of a somewhat vinous fla- vour, in which is enclosed an oblong hard kernel. It affords, when fresh, a very wholesome nourishment, and pos- sesses an agreeable taste. An oil is prepared from the fruit of this tree called palm oil, which is much used as butter and ointment in Africa, from whence it has been transplanted into the West Indies. In Port- au-Prince, the author saw a couple of them, which produced abundantly. Its fruit is said to possess emollient properties, and is frequently applied with success in cases of hemorrhoids and chilblains. The solitary tree just referred to, bears no fruit, and confirms an opinion pretty well established, that it being 148 AGRICULTURE. and cane brakes, on which vast herds of cattle were for- merly raised ; they are also well adapted to rice and sugar. Sand hills which. run parallel with the sea, afford little more than small shrubbery, saw palmetto, wire grass, and prickly pears, without any other use than as beacons on a low coast to mariners, and as presenting a variety of ro- mantic scenery. Palm or Date Trees, (one -of which is mentioned as grow- ing on Anastatia or Fish's Island,) grows, in Africa, to the height of sixty, and even one hundred feet, and much resem- bles the cabbage trees-of the country. Its branches attract notice from their beauty and constant rustling, as well as from the peculiarity of the lower branches, which resemble and serve for ladders, and seem designed by nature to ascend the tree. The fruit resembles, in form, the largest acorns, but is co- vered with a thin semi-transparent yellowish membrane, con- taining a fine soft saccharine pulp of a somewhat vinous fla- vour, in which is enclosed an oblong hard kernel. It affords, when fresh, a very wholesome nourishment, and pos. sesses an agreeable taste. An oil is prepared from the fruit of this tree called palm oil, which is much used as butter and ointment in Africa, from whence it has been transplanted into the West Indies. In Port- au-Prince, the author saw a couple of them, which produced abundantly. Its fruit is said to possess emollient properties, and is frequently applied with success in cases of hemorrhoids and chilblains. The solitary tree just referred to, bears no fruit, and confirms an opinion pretty well established, that it being  AGRICULTURE. 149 AGRICULTURE. 149 AGRICULTURE. 149 a planta divecia, is one of those in which the male and female partsof generation are upon different plants; having therefore no male plants, the flowers of the female were never impreg- nated with the farina of the male. " There is," says Lee, in his botanical collection from Linneous, " a male plant of this kind, in a garden at Leipsic, from whence, in April, 1749, a branch of male flowers was procured and suspended over a female one, and the experiment succeeded so well that the palm tree produced more than one hundred perfectly ripe fruit, from which there are already eleven young palm trees. The same experiment being repeated, the tree bare above two thousand ripe fruit. The Cinnamon Tree, or Laurus Cinnamonum, is a native of Ceylon; its trunk grows to the height of twenty feet or up- wards, and, together with its numerous branches, is covered with a bark which is first green, but turns red before it arrives at perfection. The leaf is longer and narrower than the com- mon bay tree; it does not perfect its seeds in any quantity under six or seven years, when it becomes so plentifully load- ed that a single tree is almost sufficient for a colony. It seems to delight in a loose moist soil, and to require a southern as- pect ; the trees thus planted flourish better than those growing in loam, and not so much exposed to the sun. The seeds are a long time in coming up, and the plants make small progress for the first year or two. The birds appear to be very fond of the berries, and will probably propagate this tree in the same way they do many others. In a short time it will grow spontaneously, or without cultivation. Calycanthus Floridus, a sweet scented shrub, or allspice; a planta direcia, is one of those in which the male and female partsof generation are upon different plants; having therefore no male plants, the flowers of the female were never impreg- nated with the farina of the male. " There is," says Lee, in his botanical collection from Linneus, " a male plant of this kind, in a garden at Leipsic, from whence, in April, 1749, a branch of male flowers was procured and suspended over a female one, and the experiment succeeded so well that the palm tree produced more than one hundred perfectly ripe fruit, from which there are already eleven young palm trees. The same experiment being repeated, the tree bare above two thousand ripe fruit. The Cinnamon Tree, or Laurus Cinnamonum, is a native of Ceylon; its trunk grows to the height of twenty feet or up- wards, and, together with its numerous branches, is covered with a bark which is first green, but turns red before it arrives at perfection. The leaf is longer and narrower than the com- mon bay tree; it does not perfect its seeds in any quantity under six or seven years, when it becomes so plentifully load- ed that a single tree is almost suflicient for a colony. It seems to delight in a loose moist soil, and to require a southern as- pect ; the trees thus planted flourish better than those growing in loam, and not so much exposed to the sun. The seeds are a long time in coming up, and the plants make small progress for the first year or two. The birds appear to be very fond of the berries, and will probably propagate this tree in the same way they do many others. In a short time it will grow spontaneously, or without cultivation. Calycanthus Floridus, a sweet scented shrub, or allspice; a planta divecia, is one of those in which the male and female partsof generation are upon different plants; having therefore no male plants, the flowers of the female were never impreg- nated with the farina of the male. " There is," says Lee, in his botanical collection from Linnous, " a male plant of this kind, in a garden at Leipsic, from whence, in April, 1749, a branch of male flowers was procured and suspended over a female one, and the experiment succeeded so well that the palm tree produced more than one hundred perfectly ripe fruit, from which there are already eleven young palm trees. The same experiment being repeated, the tree bare above two thousand ripe fruit. The Cinnamon Tree, or Laurus Cinnamonum, is a native of Ceylon; its trunk grows to the height of twenty feet or up- wards, and, together with its numerous branches, is covered with a bark which is first green, but turns red before it arrives at perfection. The leaf is longer and narrower than the com- mon bay tree; it does not perfect its seeds in any quantity under six or seven years, when it becomes so plentifully load- ed that a single tree is almost sufficient for a colony. It seems to delight in a loose moist soil, and to require a southern as- pect; the trees thus planted flourish better than those growing in loam, and not so much exposed to the sun. The seeds are a long time in coming up, and the plants make small progress for the first year or two. The birds appear to be very fond of the berries, and will probably propagate this tree in the same way they do many others. In a short time it will grow spontaneously, or without cultivation. Calycanthus Floridus, a sweet scented shrub, or allspice;  150 AGRICULTURE. 150 AGRICULTURE. 150 AGRICULTURE. is abundant in the middle and upper country, near low lands, along sandy bluffs; blossoms in April. It is used like the dried and powdered berries of the laurus benzoin, or spice wood, which is a tolerable substitute for allspice. Annona, or Papa, (Triloba) grows in rich swampy lands of the upper country ; its fruit is like a banana, but thicker when ripe ; is covered like the banana with a thin dark skin, containing in the inside a rich pulp, tasting like the banana or persimon; in the pulp are a few seeds like those of a per- simon. The Olive Tree has already discovered in this country its propensity to become naturalized to it. Its value is too well known to require eulogium or comment; its fruit, in its natu- ral state, possesses an acrid, bitter, and extremely disagreeable taste, which is considerably improved when prepared by an alkaline lessive. The most esteemed are those of Provence, being of a middling size, and preferable to those of Spain. No oil can be compared to that extracted from its fruit. The fragments of the seed fatten poultry; its branches nourish cattle, and its wood is an excellent fuel. This tree is rapidly multiplied by the sprouts that arise from its root; but it can- not bear severe frost. The tree is of a moderate size, gene- rally straight and erect. The bark is smooth when young, but furrowed and scaly when old. The flower-bud consists of one petal ; shows itself early ; often in April, always in May, and blooms in the end of May and June, according to the climate. The flower rises from the bottom of the leaf, disposed in bunches upon a common peduncle or footstalk ; is abundant in the middle and upper country, near low lands, along sandy bluffs; blossoms in April. It is used like the dried and powdered berries of the laurus benzoin, or spice wood, which is a tolerable substitute for allspice. Annona, or Papa, (Triloba) grows in rich swampy lands of the upper country ; its fruit is like a banana, but thicker when ripe ; is covered like the banana with a thin dark skin, containing in the inside a rich pulp, tasting like the banana or persimon; in the pulp are a few seeds like those of a per- simon. The Olive Tree has already discovered in this country its propensity to become naturalized to it. Its value is too well known to require eulogium or comment; its fruit, in its natu- ral statepossesses an acrid, bitter, and extremely disagreeable taste, which is considerably improved when prepared by an alkaline lessive. The most esteemed are those of Provence, being of a middling size, and preferable to those of Spain. No oil can be compared to that extracted from its fruit. The fragments of the seed fatten poultry; its branches nourish cattle, and its wood is an excellent fuel. This tree is rapidly multiplied by the sprouts that arise from its root; but it can- not bear severe frost. The tree is of a moderate size, gene- rally straight and erect. The bark is smooth when young, but furrowed and scaly when old. The flower-bud consists of one petal ; shows itself early ; often in April, always in May, and blooms in the end of May and June, according to the climate. The flower rises from the bottom of the leaf, disposed in bunches upon a common peduncle or footstalk ; is abundant in the middle and upper country, near low lands, along sandy bluffs; blossoms in April. It is used like the dried and powdered berries of the laurus benzoin, or spice wood, which is a tolerable substitute for allspice. Annona, or Papam, (Triloba) grows in rich swampy lands of the upper country ; its fruit is like a banana, but thicker when ripe ; is covered like the banana with a thin dark skin, containing in the inside a rich pulp, tasting like the banana or persimon; in the pulp are a few seeds like those of a per- simon. The Olive Tree has already discovered in this country its propensity to become naturalized to it. Its value is too well known to require eulogium or comment; its fruit, in its natu- ral statepossesses an acrid, bitter, and extremely disagreeable taste, which is considerably improved when prepared by an alkaline lessive. The most esteemed are those of Provence, being of a middling size, and preferable to those of Spain. No oil can be compared to that extracted from its fruit. The fragments of the seed fatten poultry; its branches nourish cattle, and its wood is an excellent fuel. This tree is rapidly multiplied by the sprouts that arise from its root; but it can- not bear severe frost. The tree is of a moderate size, gene- rally straight and erect. The bark is smooth when young, but furrowed and scaly when old. The flower-bud consists of one petal ; shows itself early ; often in April, always in May, and blooms in the end of May and June, according to the climate. The flower rises from the bottom of the leaf, disposed in bunches upon a common peduncle or footstalk ;  AGRICULTURE. 151 AGRICULTURE. 151 AGRICULTURE. 151 the roots are branching and horizontal, and very long; the bark is of a yellowish brown, with knobs of a lighter colour than other parts of the root. The roots often branch from the tree above the surface of the ground; it is thought that this peculiarity arises from the earth being carried away by acci- dent, as it is only seen on hilly places. The choice of soil is immaterial for this tree, as it is seen flourishing in rocky, stony, sandy, and volcanic soil. It demands a shelter from the winds of the north, independently of geographical posi- tion. It will succeed in any country where the air is of a proper temperature of heat, those trees are found to bear the spray of the sea better than most other sorts. When it is planted in rich moist ground it grows larger, and makes a finer appearance, than when planted in poor land, but the fruit is less esteemed. The chalky ground is esteemed best for it, and the oil which is made from those growing upon that sort of land is much finer, and will keep longer than the other. A writer in the Edinburgh Review states, that for the pur- pose of propagating this invaluable plant, the experiment was made of causing a number of turkeys to swallow ripe olives ; the dung containing the kernels was collected, and the whole placed in a stratum of earth, and frequently watered. The kernels were found to vegetate, and a number of young plants were produced. In order to produce upon olives an effect similar to that which they experienced from the digestive power of the stomach, a quantity of them was mascerated in an alkaline livium; they were than sown, and olive plants the roots are branching and horizontal, and very long; the bark is of a yellowish brown, with knobs of a lighter colour than other parts of the root. The roots often branch from the tree above the surface of the ground ; it is thought that this peculiarity arises from the earth being carried away by acci- dent, as it is only seen on hilly places. The choice of soil is immaterial for this tree, as it is seen flourishing in rocky, stony, sandy, and volcanic soil. It demands a shelter from the winds of the north, independently of geographical posi- tion. It will succeed in any country where the air is of a proper temperature of heat, those trees are found to bear the spray of the sea better than most other sorts. When it is planted in rich moist ground it grows larger, and makes a finer appearance, than when planted in poor land, but the fruit is less esteemed. The chalky ground is esteemed best for it, and the oil which is made from those growing upon that sort of land is much finer, and will keep longer than the other. A writer in the Edinburgh Review states, that for the pur- pose of propagating this invaluable plant, the experiment was made of causing a number of turkeys to swallow ripe olives ; the dung containing the kernels was collected, and the whole placed in a stratum of earth, and frequently watered. The kernels were found to vegetate, and a number of young plants were produced. In order to produce upon olives an effect similar to that which they experienced from the digestive power of the stomach, a quantity of them was mascerated in an alkaline livium; they were then sown, and olive plants the roots are branching and horizontal, and very long; the bark is of a yellowish brown, with knobs of a lighter colour than other parts of the root. The roots often branch from the tree above the surface of the ground; it is thought that this peculiarity arises from the earth being carried away by acci- dent, as it is only seen on hilly places. The choice of soil is immaterial for this tree, as it is seen flourishing in rocky, stony, sandy, and volcanic soil. It demands a shelter from the winds of the north, independently of geographical posi- tion. It will succeed in any country where the air is of a proper temperature of heat, those trees are found to bear the spray of the sea better than most other sorts. When it is planted in rich moist ground it grows larger, and makes a finer appearance, than when planted in poor land, but the fruit is less esteemed. The chalky ground is esteemed best for it, and the oil which is made from those growing upon that sort of land is much finer, and will keep longer than the other. A writer in the Edinburgh Review states, that for the pur- pose of propagating this invaluable plant, the experiment was made of causing a number of turkeys to swallow ripe olives ; the dung containing the kernels was collected, and the whole placed in a stratum of earth, and frequently watered. The kernels were found to vegetate, and a number of young plants were produced. In order to produce upon olives an effect similar to that which they experienced from the digestive power of the stomach, a quantity of them was mascerated in an alkaline livium; they were then sown, and olive plants  152 AGRICULTURE. were produced from them. By the act of digestion the olives were deprived of their natural oil, and the kernels became permeable to the moisture of the earth; and the dung of the birds served for manure. Cocoa is a native tree of the East and West Indies, fre- quently growing to the height of sixty or seventy feet in the trunk, in a moist, sandy soil, especially near banks of rivers and the sea coast, where it is propagated by planting ripe and fresh nuts, which come up in six weeks or two months. The plant should not exceed thirty-six inches in size when transplanted. The nurseries of cocoa demand an ex- cellent and well prepared soil, where the water does not remain,. The coffee tree is a shrub from twelve to eighteen feet high, and originally a native of Arabia, but is now cultivated in Persia, the East and West Indies, the Span- ish Main, and several parts of South America. Its ever. green foliage resembles that of the laurel ; and at the base of the leaves, appear twice annually, white fragrant flowers, which are succeeded by a fruit resembling cherries, but of an unpleasant sweetish taste, each containing two kernels or berries. They grow in clusters, and when of a deep red colour are gathered, and carried to a mill to be manufactured into coffee beans. The soil suitable for coffee is to be found within the tropi. cal-lines, excepting land composed of hard and cold clay, or light and sandy ground on a bed of marle. It requires, in preference, a soil new and free, little elevated, where the 152 AGRICULTURE. were produced from them. By the act of digestion the olives were deprived of their natural oil, and the kernels became permeable to the moisture of the earth; and the dung of the birds served for manure. Cocoa is a native tree of the East and West Indies, fre- quently growing to the height of sixty or seventy feet in the trunk, in a moist, sandy soil, especially near banks of rivers and the sea coast, where it is propagated by planting ripe and fresh nuts, which come up in six weeks or two months. The plant should not exceed thirty-six inches in size when transplanted. The nurseries of cocoa demand an ex- cellent and well prepared soil, where the water does not remain. The coffee tree is a shrub from twelve to eighteen feet high, and originally a native of Arabia, but is now cultivated in Persia, the East and West Indies, the Span- ish Main, and several parts of South America. Its ever- green foliage resembles that of the laurel ; and at the base of the leaves, appear twice annually, white fragrant flowers, which are succeeded by a fruit resembling cherries, but of an unpleasant sweetish taste, each containing two kernels or berries. They grow in clusters, and when of a deep red colour are gathered, and carried to a mill to be manufactured into coffee beans. The soil suitable for coffee is to be found within the tropi. cal-lines, excepting land composed of hard and cold clay, or light and sandy ground on a bed of marle. It requires, in preference, a soil new and free, little elevated, where the 152 AGRICULTURE. were produced from them. By the act of digestion the olives were deprived of their natural oil, and the kernels became permeable to the moisture of the earth; and the dung of the birds served for manure. Cocoa is a native tree of the East and West Indies, fre- quently growing to the height of sixty or seventy feet in the trunk, in a moist, sandy soil, especially near banks of rivers and the sea coast, where it is propagated by planting ripe and fresh nuts, which come up in six weeks or two months. The plant should not exceed thirty-six inches in size when transplanted. The nurseries of cocoa demand an ex- cellent and well prepared soil, where the water does not remain. The coffee tree is a shrub from twelve to eighteen feet high, and originally a native of Arabia, but is now cultivated in Persia, the East and West Indies, the Span- ish Main, and several parts of South America. Its ever. green foliage resembles that of the laurel ; and at the base of the leaves, appear twice annually, white fragrant flowers, which are succeeded by a fruit resembling cherries, but of an unpleasant sweetish taste, each containing two kernels or berries. They grow in clusters, and when of a deep red colour are gathered, and carried to a mill to be manufactured into coffee beans. The soil suitable for coffee is to be found within the tropi- cal-lines, excepting land composed of hard and cold clay, or light and sandy ground on a, bed of marle. It requires, in preference, a soil new and free, little elevated, where the  AGRICULTURE. 153 AGRICULTURE. 153 AGRICULTURE. 153 coolness and the rains moderate the excessive heat of the torrid zone, which would overpower the plant if exposed to all its violence. The size of the trees is the most certain standard by which to judge of the fertility of the soil. The plantation should not be exposed to the north : this is more necessary, particu- larly if at a sufflicient distance from the sea to be protected from the salt air, which withers the coffee. If it is level, or only in gentle declivities, it should be carefully cleared of the stumps, burning all which the axe cannot reach ; the bed of vegetable earth, which is the depository of all the principles of fertility, must be retained. As coffee grows in the plains of Surinam and Batavia, the lands required for this production may surely be found in the variety of soils afforded in Florida. It requires to be stiff, and so cool in its general tenor, as not to be sub- ject to the scorching heats of the sun ; the watery particles of the soil must not be allowed to remain constantly in a state of inundation. A gravelly soil possesses a propitious coolness ; even under rocks the roots will find their way in a suitable soil, which is soon discovered by experience. One acre of land, (says Mons. Chazotte,) planted by ranges, and the plants at five feet distant from each other, gives 1764 plants. A man can take care of two acres, which give 3528 plants ; each plant may, on an average, yield two pounds or more ; but I will reduce it to one pound ; therefore, a man will give yearly 3528 lbs. of coffee, which, at 25 cents per pound, produces 882 dollars. There is no tilling or hoeing ; the only labour is to prevent grass from growing between the 20 coolness and the rains moderate the excessive heat of the torrid zone, which would overpower the plant if exposed to all its violence. The size of the trees is the most certain standard by which to judge of the fertility of the soil. The plantation should not be exposed to the north: this is more necessary, particu- larly if at a sufficient distance from the sea to be protected from the salt air, which withers the coffee. If it is level, or only in gentle declivities, it should be carefully cleared of the stumps, burning all which the axe cannot reach ; the bed of vegetable earth, which is the depository of all the principles of fertility, must be retained. As coffee grows in the plains of Surinam and Batavia, the lands required for this production may surely be found in the variety of soils afforded in Florida. It requires to be stiff, and so cool in its general tenor, as not to be sub- ject to the scorching heats of the sun ; the watery particles of the soil must not be allowed to remain constantly in a state of inundation. A gravelly soil possesses a propitious coolness ; even under rocks the roots will find their way in a suitable soil, which is soon discovered by experience. One acre of land, (says Mons. Chazotte,) planted by ranges, and the plants at five feet distant from each other, gives 1764 plants. A man can take care of two acres, which give 3528 plants ; each plant may, on an average, yield two pounds or more ; but I will reduce it to one pound ; therefore, a man will give yearly 3528 lbs. of coffee, which, at 25 cents per pound, produces 882 dollars. There is no tilling or hoeing ; the only labour is to prevent grass from growing between the 20 coolness and the rains moderate the excessive heat of the torrid zone, which would overpower the plant if exposed to all its violence. The size of the trees is the most certain standard by which to judge of the fertility of the soil. The plantation should not be exposed to the north : this is more necessary, particu- larly if at a sufficient distance from the sea to be protected from the salt air, which withers the coffee. If it is level, or only in gentle declivities, it should be carefully cleared of the stumps, burning all which the axe cannot reach ; the bed of vegetable earth, which is the depository of all the principles of fertility, must be retained. As coffee grows in the plains of Surinam and Batavia, the lands required for this production may surely be found in the variety of soils afforded in Florida. It requires to be stiff, and so cool in its general tenor, as not to be sub- ject to the scorching heats of the sun ; the watery particles of the soil must not be allowed to remain constantly in a state of inundation. A gravelly soil possesses a propitious coolness ; even under rocks the roots will find their way in a suitable soil, which is soon discovered by experience. One acre of land, (says Mons. Chazotte,) planted by ranges, and the plants at five feet distant from each other, gives 1764 plants. A man can take care of two acres, which give 3528 plants ; each plant may, on an average, yield two pounds or more ; but I will reduce it to one pound ; therefore, a man will give yearly 3528 lbs. of coffee, which, at 25 cents per pound, produces 882 dollars. There is no tilling or hoeing; the only labour is to prevent grass from growing between the 20  154 AGRICULTURE. 154 AGRICULTURE. 154 AGRICULTURE. plants, and the picking up of the fruit, which is the most laborious; otherwise a man could easily take care of five acres of land. It is to be observed, that no crop is to be expected the first and second year ; the third year the plant yields a good crop ; the fourth, an abundant one, which it will continue to yield every year until the ground is exhausted, and the plant dies. For the two first years of the planting, all kinds of vegetables and corn may be planted be- tween the ranges, and will yield two crops in one year. Cot- ton should not he planted between the ranges. Wherever the climate is not visited by black frost, the land, either dry or wet, will produce coffee. The Sugar Cane, planted in February, sinks its main root perpendicularly into the ground, and rises from the earth in the beginning of the spring; after having kept it free from weeds, it presents a stalk of seven or eight feet in height, in- cluding its leaves. The cane is propagated by itself. When it is cut for the mill, they lop off about one foot from its top for the purpose of planting. The time for planting is according to the order of the seasons when rain may be expected, and the facility of irrigation; for the assistance of water is essential to the germination of the plant. The canes should be planted at different distancesrin proportion to the fecundity of the soil ; in the poorest land three feet apart, and six feet in the richest. The sugar cane requires a rich soil, and of which the mould is at least one foot in depth. The cane of Otaheile ripens in the same season, much sooner than the common cane of the West Indies. It is said, that sugar obtained from the cane of Otaheite contains infinitely less of the essential salt than that plants, and the picking up of the fruit, which is the most laborious; otherwise a man could easily take care of fice acres of land. It is to be observed, that no crop is to be expected the first and second year ; the third year the plant yields a good crop ; the fourth, an abundant one. which it will continue to yield every year until the ground is exhausted, and the plant dies. For the two first years of the planting, all kinds of vegetables and corn may be planted be- tween the ranges, and will yield two crops in one year. Cot- ton should not be planted between the ranges. Wherever the climate is not visited by black frost, the land, either dry or wet, will produce coffee. The Sugar Cane, planted in February, sinks its main root perpendicularly into the ground, and rises from the earth in the beginning of the spring ; after having kept it free from weeds, it presents a stalk of seven or eight feet in height, in- cluding its leaves. The cane is propagated by itself. When it is cut for the mill, they lop off about one foot from its top for the purpose of planting. The time for planting is according to the order of the seasons when rain may be expected, and the facility ofirrigation; for the assistance of water is essential to the germination of the plant. The canes should be planted at different distancesrin proportion to the fecundity of the soil ; in the poorest land three feet apart, and six feet in the richest. The sugar cane requires a rich soil, and of which the mould is at least one foot in depth. The cane of Otaheite ripens in the same season, much sooner than the common cane of the West Indies. It is said, that sugar obtained from the cane of Otaheite contains infinitely less of the essential salt than that plants, and the picking up of the fruit, which is the most laborious; otherwise a man could easily take care of five acres of land. It is to be observed, that no crop is to be expected the first and second year; the third year the plant yields a good crop ; the fourth, an abundant one, which it will continue to yield every year until the ground is exhausted, and the plant dies. For the two first years of the planting, all kinds of vegetables and corn may be planted be- tween the ranges, and will yield two crops in one year. Cot- ton should not be planted between the ranges. Wherever the climate is not visited by black frost, the land, either dry or wet, will produce coffee. The Sugar Cane, planted in February, sinks its main root perpendicularly into the ground, and rises from the earth in the beginning of the spring ; after having kept it free from weeds, it presents a stalk of seven or eight feet in height, in- cluding its leaves. The cane is propagated by itself. When it is cut for the mill, they lop off about one foot from its top for the purpose of planting. The time for planting is according to the order of the seasons when rain may be expected, and the facility of irrigation; for the assistance of water is essential to the germination of the plant. The canes should be planted at different distancesrin proportion to the fecundity of the soil ; in the poorest land three feet apart, and six feet in the richest. The sugar cane requires a rich soil, and of which the mould is at least one foot in depth. The cane of Otaheite ripens in the same season, much sooner than the common cane of the West Indies. It is said, that sugar obtained from the cane of Otaheite contains infinitely less of the essential salt than that  AGRICULTURE. 155 AGRICULTURE. 155 AGRICULTURE. 155 yielded by the ancient cane. Three pounds of the former scarcely sweetens as much as two of the latter. The rich lands of clay bottom, calculated for sugar, will become more valuable, as the cane proves luxuriant in those parts of the territory which have been neglected, or which have not yielded to experience. The sugar cane is not liable to the diseases of indigo, nor, like cotton, to be devoured by insects,. If it is determined absolutely to force nature, by establish- ing on marshy ground a sugar plantation, which will cost im- mense labour before it becomes productive, prudence and in- terest requiring that the ground should be previously drained. If the want of a declivity forms an insuperable obstacle, one expedient remains, more tedious, yet still more advantageous to the land : Let the rain water be drawn from all parts, and collected upon the soil intended to be drained ; having depo- sited the earthy particles with which it was charged, and be- come clear, it should be released by opening the sluices ; this operation should be repeated according as the rains per- mit. This process unites the double advantage of elevating the soil, and of producing abed of vegetable earth, from which it derives peculiar fecundity. This kind of land is always too vigorous for the sugar cane. The plant acquires an astonish- ing increase, but is so watery that the most skilful refiner is unable to obtain sugar from it. This defect is corrected by planting the ground with rice for two successive years. The planting of rice has the singular and double advantage of elevating the land by the stocks it leaves, and of subduing yielded by the ancient cane. Three pounds of the former scarcely sweetens as much as two of the latter. The rich lands of clay bottom, calculated for sugar, will become more valuable, as the cane proves luxuriant in those parts of the territory which have been neglected, or which have not yielded to experience. The sugar cane is not liable to the diseases of indigo, nor, like cotton, to be devoured by insects. If it is determined absolutely to force nature, by establish- ing on marshy ground a sugar plantation, which will cost im- mense labour before it becomes productive, prudence and in- terest requiring that the ground should be previously drained. If the want of a declivity forms an insuperable obstacle, one expedient remains, more tedious, yet still more advantageous to the land : Let the rain water be drawn from all parts, and collected upon the soil intended to be drained ; having depo- sited the earthy particles with which it was charged, and be- come clear, it should be released by opening the sluices ; this operation should be repeated according as the rains per- mit. This process unites the double advantage of elevating the soil, and of producing a bed of vegetable earth, from which it derives peculiar fecundity. This kind of land is always too vigorous for the sugar cane. The plant acquires an astonish- ing increase, but is so watery that the most skilful refiner is unable to obtain sugar from it. This defect is corrected by planting the ground with rice for two successive years. The planting of rice has the singular and double advantage of elevating the land by the stocks it leaves, and of subduing yielded by the ancient cane. Three pounds of the former scarcely sweetens as much as two of the latter. The rich lands of clay bottom, calculated for sugar, will become more valuable, as the cane proves luxuriant in those parts of the territory which have been neglected, or which have not yielded to experience. The sugar cane is not liable to the diseases of indigo, nor, like cotton, to be devoured by insects. If it is determined absolutely to force nature, by establish- ing on marshy ground a sugar plantation, which will cost im- mense labour before it becomes productive, prudence and in- terest requiring that the ground should he previously drained. If the want of a declivity forms an insuperable obstacle, one expedient remains, more tedious, yet still more advantageous to the land : Let the rain water be drawn from all parts, and collected upon the soil intended to be drained ; having depo- sited the earthy particles with which it was charged, and be- come clear, it should be released by opening the sluices ; this operation should be repeated according as the rains per- mit. This process unites the double advantage of elevating the soil, and of producing abed of vegetable earth, from which it derives peculiar fecundity. This kind of land is always too vigorous for the sugar cane. The plant acquires an astonish- ing increase, but is so watery that the most skilful refiner is unable to obtain sugar from it. This defect is corrected by planting the ground with rice for two successive years. The planting of rice has the singular and double advantage of elevating the land by the stocks it leaves, and of subduing  156 AGRICULTURE. 156 AGRICULTURE. 156 AGRICULTURE. it by drawing off the subtile juices. When the rice ceases to be productive, the sugar cane replaces it very advantageously. This method of correcting marshy grounds, through the as- sistance of rain water, is doubly serviceable to the lands in the neighbourhood of the sea, because it frees them at the same time from those saline particles which are unfriendly to vegetation. On each weeding, attention should be given to cover the young plant with a part of the earth left on the edges of each hole at the time of planting. It ripens according to the sea- son it experiences: rains retard, drought accelerates its matu. rity. Much depends also on the nature of the soil. When the cane assumes a yellow colour, it is an infallible sign of the good quality of the sugar it contains. It is not thus with the canes of marshy lands and hollows or bottoms ; they retain the green colour whatever may be their age, and thus an. nounce to the refiner the difficulty he will experience in ob- taining the sugar. The distance of the joints furnishes also a certain criterion to determine the quality of the cane : in pro. portion as they are nearer to each other, the plant is inferior. It is ofimportance in the manufacture ofsugar to take the cane at the true point of its maturity. Before this period it will yield much water, and but little sugar. The Annato or Roucou, is a red kind of dye stuff, which gives the first tint to red, blue, yellow, green, brown, and other coloured cloth. The tree which produces it grows in many parts of America. It is about the size of a plumb tree, but much more thick and bushy; the bark of it is blackish; the leaves are large, stony, hard, and of a deep green colour. it by drawing off the subtile juices. When the rice ceases to be productive, the sugarcane replaces it very advantageously. This method of correcting marshy grounds, through the as- sistance of rain water, is doubly serviceable to the lands in the neighbourhood of the sea, because it frees them at the same time from those saline particles which are unfriendly to vegetation. On each weeding, attention should be given to cover the young plant with a part of the earth left on the edges of each hole at the time of planting. It ripens according to the sea- son it experiences : rains retard, drought accelerates its matu. rity. Much depends also on the nature of the soil. When the cane assumes a yellow colour, it is an infallible sign of the good quality of the sugar it contains. It is not thus with the canes of marshy lands and hollows or bottoms ; they retain the green colour whatever may be their age, and thus an- nounce to the refiner the difficulty he will experience in ob. taining the sugar. The distance of the joints furnishes also a certain criterion to determine the quality of the cane : in pro- portion as they are nearer to each other, the plant is inferior. It is ofimportance in the manufacture ofsugar to take the cane at the true point of its maturity. Before this period it will yield much water, and but little sugar. The Annato or Roucou, is a red kind of dye stuff, which gives the first tint to red, blue, yellow, green, brown, and other coloured cloth. The tree which produces it grows in many parts of America. It is about the size of a plumb tree, but much more thick and bushy; the bark of it is blackish; the leaves are large, stony, hard, and of a deep green colour. it by drawing off the subtile juices. When the rice ceases to be productive, the sugar cane replaces it very advantageously. This method of correcting marshy grounds, through the as- sistance of rain water, is doubly serviceable to the lands in the neighbourhood of the sea, because it frees them at the same time from those saline particles which are unfriendly to vegetation. On each weeding, attention should be given to cover the young plant with a part of the earth left on the edges of each hole at the time of planting. It ripens according to the sea- son it experiences : rains retard, drought accelerates its matu- rity. Much depends also on the nature of the soil. When the cane assumes a yellow colour, it is an infallible sign of the good quality of the sugar it contains. It is not thus with the canes of marshy lands and hollows or bottoms ; they retain the green colour whatever may be their age, and thus an- nounce to the refiner the difficulty he will experience in ob- taining the sugar. The distance of the joints furnishes also a certain criterion to determine the quality of the cane : in pro- portion as they are nearer to each other, the plant is inferior. It is ofimportance in the manufacture ofsugar to take the cane at the true point of its maturity. Before this period it will yield much water, and but little sugar. The Annato or Roucou, is a red kind of dye stuff, which gives the first tint to red, blue, yellow, green, brown, and other coloured cloth. The tree which produces it grows in many parts of America. It is about the size of a plumb tree, but much more thick and bushy; the bark of it is blackish; the leaves are large, stony, hard, and of a deep green colour.  AGRICULTURE. 157 AGRICULTURE. 157 AGRICULTURE. 157 Twice a year it puts out red or flesh coloured flowers in large bunches, which resemble the flowers of the wild rose or eglantine, to which succeed bunches of pods covered with prickles, like those which grow on the husk or bur of a chest nut, but not quite so large ; these, on being opened, are found full of seed shaped like those of the coriander, and covered with a flesh or carnation-coloured pellicle. Arrow-root, so called by the English ; by the French, ma. nioc and herb aufleche; by the Charaibs, toulola, and by the Florida Indians, conti, grows spontaneously, and in great abun- dance, in the peninsula : it constitutes a great article of food. The leaves of this plant grow in bunches, and are shaped nearly like those of sweet potatoes. The wood is soft and brittle, and the plant grows much better from slips, than from the seed it produces. The principal root pushes out three or four other roots around it. Independent of those, six or seven more roots issue from the stem, of a size and length proportioned to the age of the tree, and goodness of the soil. The ordinary size of the roots is equal to that of the beet, but sometimes they grow much larger. They are of the con- sistency of parsnips, and commonly ripen in about eight months. The best is called the white, or osier manioc, and it is that only which ripens in so short a period. The broad- leaved, red, and other sorts of this plant, require sixteen or eighteen months to bring them to maturity. The manioc is planted in trenches, about two feet and half asunder, and six inches deep. When the roots are taken up, the bark or skin is scraped off, the same as parsnips are done, and thrown into some Twice a year it puts out red or flesh coloured flowers in large bunches, which resemble the flowers of the wild rose or eglantine, to which succeed bunches of pods covered with prickles, like those which grow on the husk or hur of a chest. nut, but not quite so large ; these, on being opened, are found full of seed shaped like those of the coriander, and covered with a flesh or carnation-coloured pellicle. arrow-root, so called by the English ; by the French, ma- nioc and herb aufeche; by the Charaibs, toulola, and by the Florida Indians, conti, grows spontaneously, and in great abun- dance, in the peninsula : it constitutes a great article of food. The leaves of this plant grow in bunches, and are shaped nearly like those of sweet potatoes. The wood is soft and brittle, and the plant grows much better from slips, than from the seed it produces. The principal root pushes out three or four other roots around it. Independent of those, six or seven more roots issue from the stem, of a size and length proportioned to the age of the tree, and goodness of the soil. The ordinary size of the roots is equal to that of the beet, but sometimes they grow much larger. They are of the con- sistency of parsnips, and commonly ripen in about eight months. The best is called the white, or osier manioc, and it is that only which ripens in so short a period. The broad- leaved, red, and other sorts of this plant, require sixteen or eighteen months to bring them to maturity. The manioc is planted in trenches, about two feet and half asunder, and six inches deep. When the roots are taken up, the bark or skin is scraped off, the same as parsnips are done, and thrown into some Twice a year it puts out red or flesh coloured flowers in large bunches, which resemble the flowers of the wild rose or eglantine, to which succeed bunches of pods covered with prickles, like those which grow on the husk or bur of a chest- nut, but not quite so large ; these, on being opened, are found full of seed shaped like those of the coriander, and covered with a flesh or carnation-coloured pellicle. .Arrow-root, so called by the English ; by the French, ma- nioc and herb aufeche; by the Charaibs, toulola, and by the Florida Indians, conti, grows spontaneously, and in great abun- dance, in the peninsula: it constitutes a great article of food. The leaves of this plant grow in bunches, and are shaped nearly like those of sweet potatoes. The wood is soft and brittle, and the plant grows much better from slips, than from the seed it produces. The principal root pushes out three or four other roots around it. Independent of those, six or seven more roots issue from the stem, of a size and length proportioned to the age of the tree, and goodness of the soil. The ordinary size of the roots is equal to that of the beet, but sometimes they grow much larger. They are of the con- sistency of parsnips, and commonly ripen in about eight months. The best is called the white, or osier manioc, and it is that only which ripens in so short a period. The broad- leaved, red, and other sorts of this plant, require sixteen or eighteen months to bring them to maturity. The manioc is planted in trenches, about two feet and half asunder, and six inches deep. When the roots are taken up, the bark or skin is scraped off, the same as parsnips are done, and thrown into some  158 AGRICULTURE. 158 AGRICULTURE. 158 AGRICULTURE. vessel, where they are well washed, and afterwards scraped and grated fine, something like horse-radish. After this it is put into a cylindrical strainer for the purpose of expressing the juice, which is of a poisonous quality ; and the operation of expressing it is much facilitated by the contractile power of the strainer. When the manioc is dry, it is grated and pounded into flour, and from it is made the cassada, which is the bread used by the natives in many parts of America. It is highly necessary to express the juice ; for while that is retained, it proves mortal to man and beast. The nu- tritive properties of this beautiful plant are well known every where, particularly in the West Indies, where they look to it as provision in the calamitous event of hurricanes, it be- ing exempt from the danger of other plants. Its medicinal virtues are recognized throughout the world, not only from the roots being, as a ptisan, a powerful antidote against the poisoned arrows of the Indians, but from the flour being made into a jelly, much used by infants and for invalids. For more particulars as to this plant, see Cassava. The Pomegranate is common in the gardens of this country: it has a short stem rising only four or five feet high, bearing narrow leaves; and minute red blossoms which are succeeded by its fruit. The fruit of this shrub is agreeable to the palate ; and in common with other sweet summer fruits, allays heat, mitigates thirst, and is mildly aperient. lIts rind is powerfully astringent ; on which account it is, together with the bitterish red flowers, occasionally employed in diarrhoas, dysenteries, and other disorders proceeding from debility. Among other experiments made with different parts of ths vessel, where they are well washed, and afterwards scraped and grated fine, something like horse-radish. After this it is put into a cylindrical strainer for the purpose of expressing the juice, which is of a poisonous quality; and the operation of expressing it is much facilitated by the contractile power of the strainer. When the manioc is dry, it is grated and pounded into flour, and from it is made the cassada, which is the bread used by the natives in many parts of America. It is highly necessary to express the juice ; for while that is retained, it proves mortal to man and beast. The nu- tritive properties of this beautiful plant are well known every where, particularly in the West Indies, where they look to it as provision in the calamitous event of hurricanes, it be- ing exempt from the danger of other plants. Its medicinal virtues are recognized throughout the world, not only from the roots being, as a ptisan, a powerful antidote against the poisoned arrows of the Indians, but from the flour being made into a jelly, much used by infants and for invalids. For more particulars as to this plant, see Cassava. The Pomegranate is common in the gardens of this country: it has a short stem rising only four or five feet high, bearing narrow leaves; and minute red blossoms which are succeeded by its fruit. The fruit of this shrub is agreeable to the palate and in common with other sweet summer fruits, allays heat, mitigates thirst, and is mildly aperient. Its rind is powerfully astringent ; on which account it is, together with the bitterish red flowers, occasionally employed in diarrhoas, dysenteries, and other disorders proceeding from debility. Among other experiments made with different parts of this vessel, where they are well washed, and afterwards scraped and grated flne, something like horse-radish. After this it is put into a cylindrical strainer for the purpose of expressing the juice, which is of a poisonous quality ; and the operation of expressing it is much facilitated by the contractile power of the strainer. When the manioc is dry, it is grated and pounded into flour, and from it is made the cassada, which is the bread used by the natives in many parts of America. It is highly necessary to express the juice ; for while that is retained, it proves mortal to man and beast. The nu- tritive properties of this beautiful plant are well known every where, particularly in the West Indies, where they look to it as provision in the calamitous event of hurricanes, it be- ing exempt from the danger of other plants. Its medicinal virtues are recognized throughout the world, not only from the roots being, as a ptisan, a powerful antidote against the poisoned arrows of the Indians, but from the flour being made into a jelly, much used by infants and for invalids. For more particulars as to this plant, see Cassava. The Pomegranate is common in the gardens of this country: it has a short stem rising only four or five feet high, bearing narrow leaves, and minute red blossoms, which are succeeded by its fruit. The fruit of this shrub is agreeable to the palate ; and in common with other sweet summer fruits, allays heat, mitigates thirst, and is mildly aperient. Its rind is powerfully astringent ; on which account it is, together with the bitterish red flowers, occasionally employed in diarrhwas, dysenteries. and other disorders proceeding from debility. Among other experiments made with different parts of this  AGRICULTURE. 159 AGRICULTURE. 159 AGRICULTURE. 159 treitn dyeisg, BohmerO msentions, that fromR Ihe decidueous leves, in atumn, when they present a brownish red shade, he obteined by hoilieg themR, G thick, mueddy liquer, in which cotton, silk, and woollen cloths, acquired a good Fenchbuie cGlGGr. These emeteriels had heee preosly immersed in aGsoltonof green vitriolt; and,afterebecoming dry,owerehy differeetteriaspengedinto vinegee andt soap water, eeither of ohieth ina tse teast Gfectedt these tiot, s0 Ihat it IwaI doubt- fat whetheerstsoy wee daeh hlse oe blasts. Io Geeemaoy, the taRners forerely ewpteyed ttse haets of th teee as a substi- tGte foe soomach. Coasava, orIestssqs/a Mtani/sot, Lio. a notive ef Soth Aeei- ca, emsioeotty deserves to he transptlteted to our ctiemate ; fee ite isssertedsthatoeeacre of itserootsproeduceseagquotity of food equeattothat usatty obtaised feom six ecees of seedl corn. This shesh gees feow fsose to seen feet high, ie hootted, covered with en ash cotooed hseb, Red pithy within; its heoed, patwated tsavs-o, togothseewits its white anderose cotoureed btossoms,reesdeeiteaeeyheetifot pae. Aeeitdonteticeios food is obtained fromtheseeeoots,inothe fottowiog eoanose. tImwediatety aftee beieg oatheed, ttey are washted, eod steipped with a hoie of these thick rnd; the tseaet, a pulpy woes, eithee whte or elltoswish, it e peatedty passed betweena eyteeders, and teeroed by miwit. til tl the juice is extpresd. The s/es potts heing thes feeed feewthe poisoouos juie isacmon f ferina asd vegetabte tibre, eod requies so serttee prepara-tion tthas to heethoroughly dried st-eeasGle stire nhs statoitesill heep foesesserasmonths in ctoseevesss ;andswhenwantod, tee to dyeing, Bothwer meesioss that feom the deoiduoss teaves, io atosos, whenoshey peesest a hroweniohered shede, he ohteioed hy boitisg these, o thick, wuddy liquor, io which cotton, sdlk,and woolltenclts, acquiredeagoodFenchhtlue sotoee. These weteriots had been peviosltyimmeesed to a setution ofgeenositeiolt;end, afterhecomiog dy, weee hy difteetiatsploogedintoeiegee sod soep-satoe, eeither of echt is she lest afsectsd tteie ties, so that is wes dohbt- fust whether they were daek btlue oe btack. to Gewoany, the lessees forerly ssmptoyedt the barh of ttsis les assa suhsti- tote foe sumsash. Cassva, oe letsropha .//,ashat, Lin. e nGtive of Sooth Aeei- ee, emienetty deseres to he teranesatsed to oer ctimate / for is is aseeodthat ooeacee of itseroots produces aquantityaof fsood equot to thot usootly obtaieed flow sis oceee of seed core. This shahb grows feaw fsoee te sesen feet highe is kosted, eovered wish Gan eshcooued haek, and pithy within;/ its heoed, petweted teaves, togethee with is white aoderose cotoued btoseows, ensdee itaseeyheaetifot pet. Awdid euh-iciouss feed is ohtaied fromwtheseeeots, in the fattewing waner. twmmedietety aftee being gatheeed, they areewased,eondtipped withe a keife of theie thich eied ; she beset, a petpy wass, eithee white oe yeltowssih, it e peaedty passed hetweeecylindes, and tsreed hy msittwok titt att the juice is exprtessed. The drey pulp being ths freed from the poisonous juice, is a csopound of ferinae and vegetahte fite, and requiresenoiathee pepoaration tthon to hetthoeosghy died overeasowetfrs. tnethis stte-ittwl keep fteoselonths its ctoseessels; and whenewanted, treis dyeing, Bohmee mentioes, thas freom the decsiduos teavesineatuen,whenstey pesent a brownisheredeshade, bie ebtaieed by boiineg these, a thicke esuddy tiqeae, ie which cotton, silk, and wootlee ctoths, acqied a good Feenchhtaue coteee. Thesewmater-iatsbadeenpeiosyimerseedin a solteionof fgeeoviteiat; and, aftee becowing dry, weree by diffeent teials phonged isto iaegae sod soap watee, eeiehee of wehich in the teast attsoted theie tinst, so that it 0-as doubt- fat whethee they weee des-h bteue sor btack. to Geewany, the tannees forerley employedthesharkofshis tees a substi- sate foe suaah. C'assaso, se faoyla Moan/tot Lies. s eative ef Sooth Ameei- ca, emineety deseres so be seasptanted to oue slimato ; foe itsis sseeted thstooe acee of itseroots produceseaquantity of food eqoatto that sually ohtained from sixaces of seed cr.Thiseshrubhgrows fromfouretoesesenfeethigh, is keotted covered wide en ash cotoued baek, and pithy withis; its beoad, patwased teaes, togetheeewith its white anderosescooured boseows,endereiteseeeyheatifultpae. Awmildenutiisous food is obtained fromwtheseroots,ie the fotlowing wanere tomediatety saftee bsing gathered, they aewashed, sodstriped wita knifesoftheie thickeied ; the theart, a pulpy wosseithoer white or yetllseish, is e- peatedty passedoeteeecyliodes, atured byoillork., tilt atl she juiee is exteeessed. fhe dey putte heineg thues freeodfromethe poissoos joies=aomo nosffaia ad vegetable fbe aed requies oo ta-ee preparteon thon to besthoroughlydried oae s/see Ie. In this s/ste it ssitt beep foe sevserat months inchoes ssels ; and whssn wanesd,  160 AGRICULTURE. 160 AGRICULTURE. 160 AGRICULTURE. it may be formed into cakes, by kneading up with water, and baking ; or into pottage, by boiling it with water and a tittle Cayenne pepper. The pure farina is the tapioca of the shops: it is separated from the fibrous part, by taking a handful of-the pulp, after the juice is extracted, and work. ing it in the hand till a thick white cream appears upon the surface : this being scraped off and washed in water, gradually subsides to the bottom, and after pouring off the liquor, the remaining moisture is dissipated over a slow fire, constantly stirring the farina, so that at length it concretes into grains about the size of sago, which become hard by keeping. This is the purest and most nutritive part of the pulp, and forms a very wholesome and palatable food, which, if preserved in a dry place, may be kept for any length of time. Mango Tree, or Mangofera, a native of the East Indies, whence it has been imported into the West Indies, where it has been very productive, particularly at Jamaica. This tree attains a considerable size ; its fruit, when fully ripe, is as large as a goose egg, and greatly esteemed both in the East and West Indies, on account of its invigorating odour and resinous substance, which are said to be beneficial in pul- monary complaints. Beneath its rough shell, there grows a kernel similar to that of almonds, and which may be eaten either fresh, or preserved from the expressed juice. The Indians prepare wine from it, and the remainder produces excellent flour. Miller is of opinion, that the stones will not vegetate unless they be planted shortly after the fruit is ripe. He therefore suggests the expedient of importing the young plants from India in boxes filled with earth. it may be formed into cakes, by kneading up with water, and baking ; or into pottage, by boiling it with water and a little Cayenne pepper. The pure farina is the tapioca of the shops: it is separated from the fibrous part, by taking a handful of-the pulp, after the juice is extracted, and work- ing it in the hand till a thick white cream appears upon the surface : this being scraped off and washed in water, gradually subsides to the bottom, and after pouring off the liquor, the remaining moisture is dissipated over a slow fire, constantly stirring the farina, so that at length it concretes into grains about the size of sago, which become hard by keeping. This is the purest and most nutritive part of the pulp, and forms a very wholesome and palatable food, which, if preserved in a dry place, may be kept for any length of time. Mango Tree, or Mangofera, a native of the East Indies, whence it has been imported into the West Indies, where it has been very productive, particularly at Jamaica. This tree attains a considerable size ; its fruit, when fully ripe, is as large as a goose egg, and greatly esteemed both in the East and West Indies, on account of its invigorating odour and resinous substance, which are said to be beneficial in pul- monary complaints. Beneath its rough shell, there grows a kernel similar to that of almonds, and which may be eaten either fresh, or preserved from the expressed juice. The Indians prepare wine from it, and the remainder produces excellent flour. Miller is of opinion, that the stones will not vegetate unless they be planted shortly after the fruit is ripe. He therefore suggests the expedient of importing the young plants from India in boxes filled with earth. it may be formed into cakes, by kneading up with water, and baking ; or into pottage, by boiling it with water and a little Cayenne pepper. The pure farina is the tapioca of the shops: it is separated from the fibrous part, by taking a handful of the pulp, after the juice is extracted, and work- ing it in the hand till a thick white cream appears upon the surface : this being scraped off and washed in water, gradually subsides to the bottom, and after pouring off the liquor, the remaining moisture is dissipated over a slow fire, constantly stirring the farina, so that at length it concrete into grains about the size of sago, which become hard by keeping. This is the purest and most nutritive part of the pulp, and forms a very wholesome and palatable food, which, if preserved in a dry place, may be kept for any length of time. Mango Tree, or Mangofera, a native of the East Indies, whence it has been imported into the West Indies, where it has been very productive, particularly at Jamaica. This tree attains a considerable size ; its fruit, when fully ripe, is as large as a goose egg, and greatly esteemed both in the East and West Indies, on account of its invigorating odour and resinous substance, which are said to be beneficial in pul- monary complaints. Beneath its rough shell, there grows a kernel similar to that of almonds, and which may be eaten either fresh, or preserved from the expressed juice. The Indians prepare wine from it, and the remainder produces excellent flour. Miller is of opinion, that the stones will not vegetate unless they be planted shortly after the fruit is ripe. He therefore suggests the expedient of importing the young plants from India in boxes filled with earth.  AGRICULTURE. 161 AGRICULTURE. 161 AGRICULTURE. 161 Vanilla Epidendrum, of the gynandria and diandria class, is an exotic parasitical plant growing in Mexico, from whence its long slender pods containing numerous black grains are im- ported into the United States. These seeds are warm and aromatic, possessing an oily taste and a fragrant odour similar to that of the Peruvian balsam. When the fresh pods are opened, they exhale such powerful fragrance as to intoxicate the person opening them. Benne Plant, whose growth is rapid, will admit of an exten- sive cultivation, the soil and climate being congenial to its production. The seed, bearing a resemblance to pearl bar- ley, contains round grains of an oily substance, and affords luxurious repasts to the blacks, who use them in cakes, and as a pottage, as well as in composition with sugar. It pro- duces one of the best substitutes for olive oil that can be found. This is proved by the Louisianians, who, like their progenitors, prefer oil to butter, particularly in warm climates, and who have made it in such quantities as to export some to the northern states; but they have not thought it worthy of such farther attention as to interfere with the staple commodities of sugar and cotton, and there- fore have neglected it. This plant thrives best on the low lands. The Sea-side Grape of East Florida, is of the octandria class, and trigynia order. The tree in the southern regions is large, and sometimes of the first rate. But in the most north- ern parts it is only a shrub. When large, the caulis is a teretis, bearing its branches ramosissimi. The branches are irregularly articulate. When a shrub, there appears no ca. 21 Vanilla Epidendrum, of the gynandria and diandria class, is an exotic parasitical plant growing in Mexico, from whence its long slender pods containing numerous black grains are im- ported into the United States. These seeds are warm and aromatic, possessing an oily taste and a fragrant odour similar to that of the Peruvian balsam. When the fresh pods are opened, they exhale such powerful fragrance as to intoxicate the person opening them. Benne Plant, whose growth is rapid, will admit of an exten- sive cultivation, the soil and climate being congenial to its production. The seed, bearing a resemblance to pearl bar- ley, contains round grains of an oily substance, and affords luxurious repasts to the blacks, who use them in cakes, and as a pottage, as well as in composition with sugar. It pro- duces one of the best substitutes for olive oil that can be found. This is proved by the Louisianians, who, like their progenitors, prefer oil to butter, particularly in warm climates, and who have made it in such quantities as to export some to the northern states; but they have not thought it worthy of such farther attention as to interfere with the staple commodities of sugar and cotton, and there- fore have neglected it. This plant thrives best on the low lands. The Sea-side Grape of East Florida, is of the octandria class, and trigynia order. The tree in the southern regions is large, and sometimes of the first rate. But in the most north- ern parts it is only a shrub. When large, the caulis is a teretis, bearing its branches ramosissimi. The branches are irregularly articulate. When a shrub, there appears no cau- Vanilla Epidendrum, of the gynandria and diandria class, is an exotic parasitical plant growing in Mexico, from whence its long slender pods containing numerous black grains are im- ported into the United States. These seeds are warm and aromatic, possessing an oily taste and a fragrant odour similar to that of the Peruvian balsam. When the fresh pods are opened, they exhale such powerful fragrance as to intoxicate the person opening them. Benne Plant, whose growth is rapid, will admit of an exten- sive cultivation, the soil and climate being congenial to its production. The seed, bearing a resemblance to pearl bar- ley, contains round grains of an oily substance, and affords luxurious repasts to the blacks, who use them in cakes, and as a pottage, as well as in composition with sugar. It pro. duces one of the best substitutes for olive oil that can be found. This is proved by the Louisianians, who, like their progenitors, prefer oil to butter, particularly in warm climates, and who have made it in such quantities as to export some to the northern states; but they have not thought it worthy of such farther attention as to interfere with the staple commodities of sugar and cotton, and there- fore have neglected it. This plant thrives best on the low lands. The Sea-side Grape of East Florida, is of the octandria class, and trigynia order. The tree in the southern regions is large, and sometimes of the first rate. But in the most north- en parts it is only a shrub. When large, the caulis is a teretis, bearing its branches ramosissimi. The branches are irregularly articulate. When a shrub, there appears no cau- 21  162 AGRICULTURE. 162 AGRICULTURE. 162 AGRICULTURE. lis, the branches shining as if it were immediately from the root; they are hollow and spongy in the heart. The Floridian Otea Forma Chrysobalanus, or Chrysobalanus Repentis. This is a scarce plant, and believed to be peculiar to this province. It is in full flower in May. The flowers are produced on an irregular cyma, divided into lesser cyma almost lastigate; the universal peduncle generally rises at the foot of the petiole, and there directly forms one of its partial cyma, in such a manner that the leaf serves as a sort of improper stipula ; or rather the universal peduncle is ramious and the first partial one is axillary. Each partial cyma has a small universal involucrum, and each peduncle has a partial one. But the peduncle of the general cyma has none, nor any thing like it, except the abovementioned leaf. The flowers are of the class icosandria, and order monogy- nia ; the calyx is a proper concave, and its base or receptacle cup is rather offeous, having its segments rifler and quinquefid, the corolla fastened by its unguis. Between the receptacle and the inner side of the perianthum, the corrolla is alternate withthe perianthium. Thefilaments are fifteen innumber, each having an oval compressed anthera. Each anthera has three cells, and they are all joined, as it were, in one fasciculus perpendicularly over the pistillum ; the filaments being inldex. the pistillum is white, and of a conic form, having a globose stigma of a bright colour, and is situate on one side of the germen, and afterwards becomes a drupa of an oval form, somewhat in colour and size like the olive. This plant is thus described by Pursh, taken from Mich. Fl. lis, the branches shining as if it were immediately from the root; they are hollow and spungy in the heart. The Floridian Olea Forma Chrysobalann, or Chrysobalanus Repentis. This is a scarce plant, and believed to be peculiar to this province. It is in full flower in May. The flowers are produced on an irregular cyma, divided into lesser cyma almost lastigate; the universal peduncle generally rises at the foot of the petiole, and there directly forms one of its partial cyma, in such a manner that the leaf serves as a sort of improper stipula; or rather the universal peduncle is ramious and the first partial one is axillary. Each partial cyma has a small universal involucrum, and each peduncle has a partial one. But the peduncle of the general cyma has none, nor any thing like it, except the abovementioned leaf. The flowers are of the class icosandria, and order monogy. nia ; the calyx is a proper concave, and its base or receptacle cup is rather offeous, having its segments rifler and quinquefid, the corolla fastened by its unguis. Between the receptacle and the inner side of the perianthum, the corrolla is alternate withtheperianthium. Thefilaments are fifteen innumber,each having an oval compressed anthera. Each anthera has three cells, and they are all joined, as it were, in one fasciculus perpendicularly over the pistillum ; the filaments being inflex, the pistillum is white, and of a conic form, having a globose stigma of a bright colour, and is situate on one side of the germen, and afterwards becomes a drupa of an oval form, somewhat in colour and size like the olive. This plant is thus described by Pursh, taken from Mich. Fl lis, the branches shining as if it were immediately from the root; they are hollow and spungy in the heart. The Floridian Olea Forma Chrysobalanus, or Chrysobalanus Repentis. This is a scarce plant, and believed to be peculiar to this province. It is in full flower in May. The flowers are produced on an irregular cyma, divided into lesser cyma almost lastigate; the universal peduncle generally rises at the foot of the petiole, and there directly forms one of its partial cyma, in such a manner that the leaf serves as a sort of improper stipula; or rather the universal peduncle is ramious and the first partial one is axillary. Each partial cyma has a small universal involucrum, and each peduncle has a partial one. But the peduncle of the general cyma has none, nor any thing like it, except the abovementioned leaf. The flowers are of the class icosandria, and order monogy- nia ; the calyx is a proper concave, and its base or receptacle cup is rather offeous, having its segments rifler and quinquefid, the corolla fastened by its unguis. Between the receptacle and the inner side of the perianthum, the corrolla is alternate withthe perianthium. Thefilaments are fifteen in number,each having an oval compressed anthera. Each anthera has three cells, and they are all joined, as it were, in one fasciculus perpendicularly over the pistillum; the filaments being index. the pistillum is white, and of a conic form, having a globose stigma of a bright colour, and is situate on one side of the germen, and afterwards becomes a drupa of an oval form, somewhat in colour and size like the olive. This plant is thus described by Pursh, taken from Mich. Ft.  AGRICULTURE. 163 AGRICULTURE. 163 AGRICULTURE. 163 Am. p. 283:-Oblong folius-403 chrysobalanus gen. pl. 850. flowers white in very large panicles. They are generally diioceous ; the fruit the size of a common plum. This shrub runs with its branches under ground, without making any fibres for a considerable distance, and its side branches appear from one to two feet above ground, as a small shrub; it might more properly be considered a tree under ground. Am. p. 283:-Oblong folius-403 chrysobalanus gen. pl. 850. flowers white in very large panicles. They are generally diioceous ; the fruit the size of a common plum. This shrub runs with its branches under ground, without making any fibres for a considerable distance, and its side branches appear from one to two feet above ground, as a small shrub; it might more properly be considered a tree under ground. Am. p. 283:-Oblong folius-403 chrysobalanus gen. pl. 850. flowers white in very large panicles. They are generally diioceous ; the fruit the size of a common plum. This shrub runs with its branches under ground, without making any fibres for a considerable distance, and its side branches appear from one to two feet above ground, as a small shrub; it might more properly be considered a tree under ground.  164 AGRICULTURE. 164 AGRICULTURE. 164 AGRICULTURE. ALHBTCLLIST OF TREES, &C. THE GROWTH OF FLORIDA. Ash, common, black, Bay, oweed, Becach, Bcom, hocn, Biermodian Moiberry, Beiar, senaitive, Bock Eye, Bad, red, Cabbage Tree, Cane, Casoina, yaphosn, Cedac, red, Cheostnot, Chrerry, wild, Chincapin, China Root, Cotton Wood, Cypress, Cceeper, or Trampct, Dogwood, Dock, watec, Fraxinus torenrtoso. nigaO. Botruo taonao. Fagus syloretris. Ca~rins Amelricana. Collacapo Americaoa. Jiosao iostia. £o~cultsoftoco. Crcis Caoodeosio. Poaeaitto of Walter. .drcodo giganotro. Jleo cooaataoas. Jcor a roo.Virgioiaoo. Fagus Aericooo. Cerassus Virginiano. Castumroeauila. Smoilax China. Populus deltaidrs. Cupreosuo disthio. Brgonoio rodicaro. Cocraao Florido. NAyomphio. ALHBTCLLIST OF TREES, &C. TOE GROWTR OF FLORIRA. Ash, common, Fraxionus toren~tosa. black, nigra. ALPHIABETICAL LIST OF TR~ES, &lC. Toc GROWTH OF FLORIDA. Bay, sweet, Beach, Becam, horn, Bermudian Mulberey, Brsiar, sensitice, Bock Eye, Bod, red, Cabbage Tree, Cane, Caosina, yaphon, Cedar, red, Chestnut, Cherry, wild, Chincopin, China Root, Cotton Wood, Cypress, Creeper, or Trampct, Dogwood, Dock, water, Batrus basrtonio. Fogo sylvrestis. CarpinsAmericana. Callacapa Aer~icaoa. mosao instia. £oscotoaioava. Cercis Conodeosio. Poaeoitto Rf Walter. Arndo giganteo. Ilexooeoitoria. JooirjraVirgiioo. Fogco Aericano. Crassou Virgioioan. Castumeapumoila. Smailax Chioo. Populos deltoides. Curessuso dirt/rio. Begoa rasdicara. Ash, common, black, Bay, aweet, Beach, Beam, horn, Bermodian Malherry, Briar, aennitice, Bock Eye, Bad, red, Cabbage Tree, Cane, Cassina, yaphan, Cedar, red, Chtnt, Cherry, wild, Ckinacapin, China Root, Cotton Wood, Cypress, Creeper, oF Trumpet, Dogwood, Dock, water, Froxionus toretosra. nigr-a. Batruo tartoa. Togus oytoroteio. Carpinus Americano. Coaloacapo Americaoa. .Amsa instia. Zsoculucfioco. Cercio Cooadeosis. Polmitto of Woter. Aruaodo gigootro. flea Rormitor'ia. Junipruso-Virginiana. Fagus Amrricono. Crassus Virgiian. Castumea pumila. Smilax Chmoo. Populuso deltoider. Cupessos dirthrio. Brgnooia rodicaro. Coroor Florido. .Mymphia. Coroas Florido. N~symphia.  Elder-Box, Elm, red, muacilaginouc, water, AGRICULTURE. Acere gundo. U/emus rn/ea. Amo erica0n0. auatica. 165 Elder-Bun, Elm, red, mucilaginus, waler, AGRICULTURE. Aerengundaao. Ulmao ruba/e. Ameri/ca na. aquatica. 165 Elder-Box, Elm, red, mucilaginous, waler, AGRICULTURE. Acregundo. U/masrubr/a. Acr/ccaa. aquatica. 165 Gum, aweet, Liqouida/bee otyracistua. common swamp, Nya ooaoref/oeo. Hickory, shell bark, Juglansreqaosa. black, laciniosa. black walnut, nigra. Holly, Ilru opaca. Gum, sweet, Liquidacorotyocista. common sweamp, Myooa /o/egeiffoeo. Hickoey, see/ bark, Juglans oquaosao. black, /aciniosa. black walnut, nigra. Holly, leo opoca. Gum, cweet, Liquidacm/ertyracioteo. common cswamp, Jyai trgerj/oeo. Hickory, abe/I bark, Juglacr o/camoso. black, laciniosa. black wa/eat, nigra. Holly, fleoaa. Jack-Black, Iron-Woud, Laurel, geeat, Locuat, Longossa, Loblolly, or Waler Pine, Locustboney, Lindoa, or Limetrer, Maple, cugar, wa/or, red, black augar, Quoerufrreuginea. Caepinuo osrya. Jlagno/ia geandiflora. Bo//ca prrudo. T/l/ondsi/usoencor/. Punus toda/c. Gled//s/a tr/acanthos. Tiliu pubenscens. Acer, oaech/riume. negundo. ru/erum. Jack-Black, Iron-Woad, Laurel, great, Locust, Longauaao, Loblolly, or Water Pine, Locust,bhoney, Lindon, ce Limetree, Quecusfrruginoa. Corp/cur osrya. .ta/gnoliaugeurbfiora. Do//ua paruda. T///oudr/auserncor. Punus tadra. Gled/ts/a triacant/os. T///a pu/bensce. Jack-Black, Iron-Wood, Laurel, great, Locuat, Longonosa, Luklolly, or Water Pine, Locust,khoney, Lindon, oe Limetree, Maple, augur, water, red, black augur, Quecurfrruginer. Carpinus ostrya. aogol//o geaore. Bo//ca pseuda. Ti//endsiausoecor. Punus aldeo. Gleditr/a triacanthos. Ti//o pubercenso. Acer, saccc/umc. nargunado. rubumc. Maple, augur, waler, red, black augur,  166 M'eisletoe, Mulberry, Oak, black, red, live, white, Spanish, water, chestnut, Pine, pitch, Persimoa, Paplar, Pecaa, Papaw, Plain, wild, Piae, beaoam, Palmetta, great, Pasaian Flawer, Pake, Paisan Vine, Ratapla, Sassafats, Sumach Flower. AGRnICULTURE. Viscum. Moas rubalv. Quereua eigra. euba. faleata. aquaticwe. prance. Pucn rigida. Diaspharucs Virginiena. Liredendron tulipera. Juglans Illinois. Aneona tribola.. Praace Chickasaee. Piaue. palanstris. Carypha. Peaifoainarae. Phytelaccea decadra. Rhus radiantsa. 166 Mialetae, Mulberry, Oak, black, red, live, white, Spaaiah, watee, chestnut, Piae, pitch, Persion Poplae, Pecan, Papaw, Plum, wild, Pine, bream, Palmette, great, Paasioa Plainer, Pake, Poison Vine, Ratapla, Sasaras, Sumach Flower. AGRIaCULTURE. Pliscum. lMorue rubra. Quecus nigra. valb. falcana. aqaticus. Jeraace. Punus rigida. Dieepharae Virginiana. Lirnodeedron tuliperva. Juglene Illineis. Annoca tribla., Pranue Chickasaw. Pince. pelaustris. Ceorypha. Passifora incarat. Phyetelaeca decadra. Rhce radianus. Bignoenia catalpha. 166 Mlisletoe, Mulberry, Oak, black, red, lice, white, Spanish, water, chestnut, Pine, pitch, Persi mon, Poplar, Pecan, Papaw, Plum, wild, Pine, bream, Palmetto, great, Passion Plower, Puke, Poison Vine, Ratapla, Sasafras, Sumach Plowee, AGRtICULTUEn. Vis cum. Afevun rabra. Quereunaigra. rubra. alba. falcata. aquatieus. pmus. Paen rigidta. Disphorus Virginian. Lieedendrn tuliera. Juglans Illicnoie. Aannoa triblt.. Prea Chickasaw. Pinua plauntris. Cerypeha. Pasilevu incarnate. Phytolaecca decadra. Rhce radiuan. Bigeonia catalpha. Lauris eansafras. Rhce. Bignonia catlphaa. Laurie eassafras. Rhus. Lari eassafrae. Rhus.  Sycamore, Spice Wood, Tulip Tree, Tupelo, Willow, black, AGRICULTURE,. Platinus occidentalis. Laurus benzoin. 167 Lireodendron tulipera. Nssa sylvatica. Salix nigra. Sycamore, Spice Wood, Tulip Tree, Tupelo, Willow, black, AGRICULTURE. Platinus occidentalis. Laurus benzoin. Lireodendron tulipera. Nyssa sylvatica. Salix nigra. 167 Sycamore, Spice Wood, Tulip Tree, Tupelo, Willow, black, AGRICULTURE. Platinus occidentalis. Larus benzoin. Lircodendron tulipera. Nyssa sylvatica. Salix nigra. 167 SHRUBS AND PLANTS. The grape vine, in its wild state, is very abundant in the woods, and has been improved. Wine has been made from the grape of tolerable good flavour. The muscatel and imported grapes thrive wonderfully. It is said, that the soil generally used, and which is most productive of the finest wine, is of an inferior quality. (See Appendix.) Cacona, (used as tea,) senna shrub, sarsaparilla, and myrtle, grow in this province, and have the medicinal and other properties ascribed to them: the latter yields a green wax for candles, well known throughout the United States. The opuntia, or prickly pear, affords a handsome fruit, which, although troublesome to gather, is pleasant to the taste when ripe, or as a preserve. It is valuable on account of the cochineal insect, found upon it in great plenty; and yields a scarlet dye, too well known to require other remark, than that it would be highly important to introduce the real cochineal, since doubts are entertained as to the genu- ineness of those found in this, province. Beside the cul. SHRUBS AND PLANTS. The grape vine, in its wild state, is very abundant in the woods, and has been improved. Wine has been made from the grape of tolerable good favour. The muscatel and imported grapes thrive wonderfully. It is said, that the soil generally used, and which is most productive of the finest wine, is of an inferior quality. (See Appendix.) Cacona, (used as tea,) senna shrub, sarsaparilla, and myrtle, grow in this province, and have the medicinal and other properties ascribed to them: the latter yields a green wax for candles, well known throughout the United States. The opuntia, or prickly pear, affords a handsome fruit, which, although troublesome to gather, is pleasant to the taste when ripe, or as a preserve. It is valuable on account of the cochineal insect, found upon it in great plenty; and yields a scarlet dye, too well known to require other remark, than that it would be highly important to introduce the real cochineal, since doubts are entertained as to the genu- ineness of those found in this province. Beside the cul. SHRUBS AND PLANTS. The grape nine, in its wild state, is very abundant in the woods, and has been improved. Wine has been made from the grape of tolerable good flavour. The muscatel and imported grapes thrive wonderfully. It is said, that the soil generally used, and which is most productive of the finest wine, is of an inferior quality. (See Appendix.) Cacona, (used as tea,) senna shrub, sarsaparilla, and myrtle, grow in this province, and have the medicinal and other properties ascribed to them: the latter yields a green wax for candles, well known throughout the United States. The opuntia, or prickly pear, affords a handsome fruit, which, although troublesome to gather, is pleasant to the taste when ripe, or as a preserve. It is valuable on account of the cochineal insect, found upon it in great plenty; and yields a scarlet dye, too well known to require other remark, than that it would be highly important to introduce the real cochineal, since doubts are entertained as to the genu- ineness of those found in this province. Beside the cul-  168 AGRICULTURE. ture of the cochineal, the tea ptant and the barilta, might be made very productive, whea ueder the fosteriag hand of American ingenuity and enterprise ;end asmost of the plants in the province partakee of an aromatic and medicinal pro. pety,no douht canbe etetained ofithe growth of the ciamon ad pimento. 168 AGRICULTURE. tare of the cochineal, the tea ptact and the barilla, might be mode very productive, when coder the fostering handeof Americaa ingenuity andentrrprise; andasmoctof the plants ia the province partake of an aromatic end medicinal pro- perty, no dcuhtrcah e entertained of the growth of the cinnamoc end pimento. 168 AGRICUELTURE. tore of the cochinal, the tea pleant end the barilla, might be mcde very productive, when cadr the fosteriag hand of Amrricaa iagenuity andenterprise; andeasmost of the pleants ia the proinceprtakef anaromtic and medicial pro- perty, ao doubt ran he eatrtained of the growth of the cinnamoa and pimeato.  ANIMALS AND INSECTS. 169 ANIMALS AND INSECTS. 169 ANIMALS AND INSECTS. 169 ANIMALS AND INSECTS. The Bear and Deer afford, in the interior parts of this Province, a most abundant supply of fresh meat for the tra- veller; while their skins serve as articles of export. The buffalo is said to be among the number of wild beasts, but not commonly seen. To these may be added the quadrupeds common to the southern states, such as racoons, opossums, squirrels, lynxes, and wolves, most of which are troublesome to raisers of the smaller live stock. This Province formerly abounded in large flocks of horned cattle and horses ; but since its cession to Spain, it has be- come quite destitute of both: the frequent depredations of the Indians, of fugitives from different countries, and of the various parties under the specious appellation of patriots, have contributed to this destruction. Here it may be important to remark, that the race of Spa- nish horses crossed by the American are considered better calculated for service. Mules are also recommended.- Sheep will furnish excellent mutton in the dry parts of the country, where pasture can be produced devested of the cockspur, which is not only very troublesome, but detrimen- tal to these animals, as they are apt to swallow the burrs. The wool of those far south is apt to become hairy, and unfit 22 ANIMALS AND INSECTS. The Bear and Deer afford, in the interior parts of this Province, a most abundant supply of fresh meat for the tra- veller; while their skins serve as articles of export. The buffalo is said to be among the number of wild beasts, but not commonly seen. To these may be added the quadrupeds common to the southern states, such as racoons, opossums, squirrels, lynxes, and wolves, most of which are troublesome to raisers of the smaller live stock. This Province formerly abounded in large flocks of horned cattle and horses ; but since its cession to Spain, it has be- come quite destitute of both: the frequent depredations of the Indians, of fugitives from different countries, and of the various parties under the specious appellation of patriots, have contributed to this destruction. Here it may be important to remark, that the race of Spa- nish horses crossed by the American are considered better calculated for service. Mules are also recommended.- Sheep will furnish excellent mutton in the dry parts of the country, where pasture can be produced devested of the cockspur, which is not only very troublesome, but detrimen- tal to these animals, as they are apt to swallow the burrs. The wool of those far south is apt to become hairy, and unfit ANIMALS AND INSECTS. The Bear and Deer afford, in the interior parts of this Province, a most abundant supply of fresh meat for the tra- veller; while their skins serve as articles of export. The buffalo is said to be among the number of wild beasts, but not commonly seen. To these may be added the quadrupeds common to the southern states, such as racoons, opossums, squirrels, lynxes, and wolves, most of which are troublesome to raisers of the smaller live stock. This Province formerly abounded in large flocks of horned cattle and horses ; but since its cession to Spain, it has be- come quite destitute of both: the frequent depredations of the Indians, of fugitives from different countries, and of the various parties under the specious appellation of patriots, have contributed to this destruction. Here it may be important to remark, that the race of Spa- nish horses crossed by the American are considered better calculated for service. Mules are also recommended.- Sheep will furnish excellent mutton in the dry parts of the country, where pasture can be produced devested of the cockspur, which is not only very troublesome, but detrimen- tal to these animals, as they are apt to swallow the burrs. The wool of those far south is apt to become hairy, and unft  170 ANIMALS AND INSECTS. for the purposes of manufacture. Goats would rather impair than improve a country, destined to become the botanical nursery of the United States. Alligators and Rattlesnakes are numerous ; but though they are held in great dread by the timid, they are inoffensive, un- less roused to protect themselves. The Alligator, in particu- lar,must be often awaked from its profound sleep on the banks of the rivers, before it will attack the traveller. Its shell is so impenetrable, that a bullet will not injure it, unless it strikes the head between the eyes. The Rattlesnake, and the tail part of the Alligator, are sometimes eaten by the hungry traveller. The following story is told by Bartram: " I accompanied my father on a journey into East Florida, to attend a congress that met at Fort Picolata, on the banks of the St. John's, for the purpose of forming a treaty with the Creek Nation respecting territory. After the Indians, and a detachment from the garrison of St. Augustine, had arrived, and encamped separately, near the fort, some days elapsed before the business of the treaty came on, waiting the arrival of a vessel from St. Augustine, on board of which were the presents for the Indians. My father employed this time of leisure in little excursions round about the fort. One morn- ing, being the day the treaty commenced, I attended him on a botanical excursion. Some time after we had been ram- bling in a swamp, about a quarter of a mile from the camp, I being ahead a few paces, my father bid me observe a rattlesnake, just before me. I stopped, and saw the monster formed in a high spiral coil, not half his length from my feet another step forward would have put my life in his 170 ANIMALS AND INSECTS. for the purposes of manufacture. Goats would rather impair than improve a country, destined to become the botanical nursery of the United States. Alligators and Rattlesnakes are numerous ; but though they are held in great dread by the timid, they are inoffensive, un- less roused to protect themselves. The Alligator, in particu- lar,must be often awaked from its profound sleep on the banks of the rivers, before it will attack the traveller. Its shell is so impenetrable, that a bullet will not injure it, unless it strikes the head between the eyes. The Rattlesnake, and the tail part of the Alligator, are sometimes eaten by the hungry traveller. The following story is told by Bartram : "I accompanied my father on a journey into East Florida, to attend a congress that met at Fort Picolata, on the banks of the St. John's, for the purpose of forming a treaty with the Creek Nation respecting territory. After the Indians, and a detachment from the garrison of St. Augustine, had arrived, and encamped separately, near the fort, some days elapsed before the business of the treaty came on, waiting the arrival of a vessel from St. Augustine, on board of which were the presents for the Indians. My father employed this time of leisure in little excursions round about the fort. One morn- ing, being the day the treaty commenced, I attended him on a botanical excursion. Some time after we had been ram. bling in a swamp, about a quarter of a mile from the camp, I being ahead a few paces, my father bid me observe a rattlesnake, just before me. I stopped, and saw the monster formed in a high spiral coil, not half his length from my feet; another step forward would have put my life in his 170 ANIMALS AND INSECTS. for the purposes of manufacture. Goats would rather impair than improve a country, destined to become the botanical nursery of the United States. Alligators and Rattlesnakes are numerous ; but though they are held in great dread by the timid, they are inoffensive, un- less roused to protect themselves. The Alligator, in particu- lar,must be often awaked from its profound sleep on the banks of the rivers, before it will attack the traveller. Its shell is so impenetrable, that a bullet will not injure it, unless it strikes the head between the eyes. The Rattlesnake, and the tail part of the Alligator, are sometimes eaten by the hungry traveller. The following story is told by Bartram: " I accompanied my father on a journey into East Florida, to attend a congress that met at Fort Picolata, on the banks of the St. John's, for the purpose of forming a treaty with the Creek Nation respecting territory. After the Indians, and a detachment from the garrison of St. Augustine, had arrived, and encamped separately, near the fort, some days elapsed before the business of the treaty came on, waiting the arrival of a vessel fron St. Augustine, on board of which were the presents for the Indians. My father employed this time of leisure in little excursions round about the fort. One morn- ing, being the day the treaty commenced, I attended him on a botanical excursion. Some time after we had been ram. bling in a swamp, about a quarter of a mile from the camp, I being ahead a few paces, my father bid me observe a rattlesnake, just before me. I stopped, and saw the monster formed in a high spiral coil, not half his length from my feet ; another step forward would have put my life in his  ANIMALS AND INSECTS. 171 ANIMALS AND INSECTS. 171 ANIMALS AND INSECTS. 171 power, as I must have touched, if not stumbled over him; the fright and perturbation of my spirits at once excited re- sentment ; and at that time I ks entirely insensible to grati- tude or mercy. I instantly cut offa sapling, and soon des- patched him. This serpent was about six feet in length, and as thick as an ordinary man's leg. The rencounter deterred us from proceeding on our researches for that day. So I cut off a long tough withe or vine, which Ifastened round the neck of the slain serpent, and dragged him after me, en- tering the camp with him in triumph ; and was soon sur- rounded by the amazed multitude, both Indians and my coun- trymen. The adventure soon reached the ears of the com- mander, who sent an officer to request, that if the snake had not bit himself, he might have him served up for his dinner. I readily delivered up the body of the snake to the cooks ; and being that day invited to dine at the governor's table, jaw the snake served up in several dishes, Governor Grant being fond of the flesh of the rattlesnake : I tasted it, but could not swallow it. I, however, was sorry that I killed the serpent, after coolly recollecting every circumstance : He certainly had it in his power to kill me almost instantly, and I make no doubt that he was conscious of it. I promised myself that I would never again be accessary to the death of a rattlesnake, which promise I have invariably kept. This dreaded animal is easily killed ; a stick no thicker than a man's thumb is sufficient to kill the largest at one stroke, if well directed, either on the head or across the back ; nor can they make their escape by running off; indeed, they never attempt it when attacked." power, as I must have touched, if not stumbled over him; the fright and perturbation of my spirits at once excited re- sentment; and at that time I 4s entirely insensible to grati- tude or mercy. I instantly cut off a sapling, and soon des- patched him. This serpent was about six feet in length, and as thick as an ordinary man's leg. The rencounter deterred us from proceeding on our researches for that day. So I eut off a long tough withe or vine, which I fastened round the neck of the slain serpent, and dragged him after me, en- tering the camp with him in triumph ; and was soon sur- rounded by the amazed multitude, both Indians and my coun- trymen. The adventure soon reached the ears of the com- mander, who sent an officer to request, that if the snake had not bit himself, he might have him served up for his dinner. I readily delivered up the body of the snake to the cooks ; and being that day invited to dine at the governor's table, ;aw the snake served up in several dishes, Governor Grant being fond of the flesh of the rattlesnake : I tasted it, but could not swallow it. I, however, was sorry that I killed the serpent, after coolly recollecting every circumstance : He certainly had it in his power to kill me almost instantly, and I make no doubt that he was conscious of it. I promised myself that I would never again be accessary to the death of a rattlesnake, which promise I have invariably kept. This dreaded animal is easily killed ; a stick no thicker than a man's thumb is sufficient to kill the largest at one stroke, if well directed, either on the head or across the back ; nor can they make their escape by running off; indeed, they never attempt it when attacked." power, as I must have touched, if not stumbled over him; the fright and perturbation of my spirits at once excited re- sentment; and at that time I 4s entirely insensible to grati- tude or mercy. I instantly cut offa sapling, and soon des- patched him. This serpent was about six feet in length, and as thick as an ordinary man's leg. The rencounter deterred us from proceeding on our researches for that day. So I aut off a long tough withe or vine, which I fastened round the neck of the slain serpent, and dragged him after me, en- tering the camp with him in triumph ; and was soon sur- rounded by the amazed multitude, both Indians and my coun- trymen. The adventure soon reached the ears of the com- mander, who sent an officer to request, that if the snake had not bit himself, he might have him served up for his dinner. I readily delivered up the body of the snake to the cooks; and being that day invited to dine at the governor's table, caw the snake served up in several dishes, Governor Grant being fond of the flesh of the rattlesnake : I tasted it, but could not swallow it. I, however, was sorry that I killed the serpent, after coolly recollecting every circumstance : He certainly had it in his power to kill me almost instantly, and I make no doubt that he was conscious of it. I promised myself that I would never again be accessary to the death of a rattlesnake, which promise I have invariably kept. This dreaded animal is easily killed; a stick no thicker than a man's thumb is sufficient to kill the largest at one stroke, if well directed, either on the head or across the back ; nor can they make their escape by running off; indeed, they never attempt it when attacked."  172 ANIMALS AND INSECTS. The Gousfre is the resident of the pine barrens ; it lives principally under ground, except when it wants food and water, and is said to live uponvegetables. The shell is about fifteen inches long and twelve inches wide. It is remarkable for its strength, being able to move without much difficulty upon the ground, with a man standing upon its back. It digs a hole in the ground, the direction of which is a depressed angle of about thirty degrees and ten feet deep. In the bot- tom a nest of young rattlesnakes is often found in the early part of the summer. The gouffre generally remains some- time at the entrance of the cave, before it ventures abroad, and on the appearance of danger, retreats. It resembles the leggerhead turtle, and brings forth its young in the same way. It shields itself from danger by closing up its shell, and is rarely seen any distance from its den. Thus far Mr. Brown's Western Gazetteer treats of the gouffre, to which I can only add, that they are very common in Florida, and that they afford a mess,when properly cooked, little inferior to the green turtle, which is also found in great quantities on the more southern coast. In addition to the gouffre, are several species of tortoise of an amphibious character, affording delicious food. Sea Cos, or Manate; this amphibious animal, which is by some said to be the fabulous mermaid of antiquity, has been found in the interior of these provinces in the winter sea- son. Bartram relates, that he saw a part of a skeleton of one, which the Indians had killed some time before.- The grinding teeth were about an inch in diameter, the ribs eighteen inches in length, and two and a half in thick- 172 ANIMALS AND IsSEcTS. The Goufre is the resident of the pine barrens ; it lives principally under ground, except when it wants food and water, and is said to live uponvegetables. The shell is about fifteen inches long and twelve inches wide. It is remarkable for its strength, being able to move without much difficulty upon the ground, with a man standing upon its back. It digs a hole in the ground, the direction of which is a depressed angle of about thirty degrees and ten feet deep. In the bot- tom a nest of young rattlesnakes is often found in the early part of the summer. The gouffre generally remains some- time at the entrance of the cave, before it ventures abroad, and on the appearance of danger, retreats. It resembles the loggerhead turtle, and brings forth its young in the same way. It shields itself from danger by closing up its shell, and is rarely seen any distance from its den. Thus far Mr. Brown's Western Gazetteer treats of the gouffre, to which I can only add, that they are very common in Florida, and that they afford a mess,when properly cooked, little inferior to the green turtle, which is also found in great quantities on the more southern coast. In addition to the gouffre, are several species of tortoise of an amphibious character, affording delicious food. Sea Cow, or Manate; this amphibious animal, which is by some said to be the fabulous mermaid of antiquity, has been found in the interior of these provinces in the winter sea- son. Bartram relates, that he saw a part of a skeleton of one, which the Indians had killed some time before.- The grinding teeth were about an inch in diameter, the ribs eighteen inches in length, and two and a half in thick- 172 ANIMALS AND INSEcTS. The Goufre is the resident of the pine barrens ; it lives principally under ground, except when it wants food and water, and is said to live uponvegetables. The shell is about fifteen inches long and twelve inches wide. It is remarkable for its strength, being able to move without much difficulty upon the ground, with a man standing upon its back. It digs a hole in the ground, the direction of which is a depressed angle of about thirty degrees and ten feet deep. In the bot- tom a nest of young rattlesnakes is often found in the early part of the summer. The gouffre generally remains some- time at the entrance of the cave, before it ventures abroad, and on the appearance of danger, retreats. It resembles the loggerhead turtle, and brings forth its young in the same way. It shields itself from danger by closing up its shell, and is rarely seen any distance from its den. Thus far Mr. Brown's Western Gazetteer treats of the gouffre, to which I can only add, that they are very common in Florida, and that they afford a mess,when properly cooked, little inferior to the green turtle, which is also found in great quantities on the more southern coast. In addition to the gouffre, are several species of tortoise of an amphibious character, affording delicious food. Sea Co, or Manate; this amphibious animal, which is by some said to be the fabulous mermaid of antiquity, has been found in the interior of these provinces in the winter sea- son. Bartram relates, that he saw a part of a skeleton of one, which the Indians had killed some time before.- The grinding teeth were about an inch in diameter, the ribs eighteen inches in length, and two and a half in thick-  ANIMALS AND INSECTS. 178 ANIMfALS AND INSECTS. 178 ANIMALS AND INSECTS. 178 ness, bending with a gentle curve ; this bone is esteemed equal to ivory. The flesh of this creature is counted whole. some and pleasant food. The name given it by naturalists is Trichechus Manatus, but that by the Indians is one signifying the Big Beaver. There were three of them seen, at one time, in the spring, by a trader from Talahasochte ; they live chiefly on aquatic grass and weeds. They are said to weigh from fifteen hundred to two thousand three hundred pounds. The Lizards, some of which are of the most beautiful green, and from which they change their colour, may therefore be considered surprizing phenomena; they are perfectly harm. less, and are protectors of the gardens against caterpillars and minor insects ; they often become a prey to the chicken and more domestic snakes ; the largest are about seven inches in length, with a large red gill. There is, also, the striped lizard or scorpion ; some of a large size, and of a copper colour. The Jigger, or Chique, is a kind of flesh worm, which can be resisted only by the most perfect cleanliness, and frequent use of salt water ; it may therefore be presumed that they are a great annoyance to slaves. ness, bending with a gentle curve ; this bone is esteemed equal to ivory. The flesh of this creature is counted whole. some and pleasant food. The name given it by naturalists is Trichechus Manatus, but that by the Indians is one signifying the Big Beaver. There were three of them seen, at one time, in the spring, by a trader from Talahasochte ; they live chiefly on aquatic grass and weeds. They are said to weigh from fifteen hundred to two thousand three hundred pounds. The Lizards, some of which are of the most beautiful green, and from which they change their colour, may therefore be considered surprizing phenomena; they are perfectly harm. less, and are protectors of the gardens against caterpillars and minor insects ; they often become a prey to the chicken and more domestic snakes ; the largest are about seven inches in length, with a large red gill. There is, also, the striped lizard or scorpion ; some of a large size, and of a copper colour. The Jigger, or Chique, is a kind of flesh worm, which can be resisted only by the most perfect cleanliness, and frequent use of salt water ; it may therefore be presumed that they are a great annoyance to slaves. ness, bending with a gentle curve ; this bone is esteemed equal to ivory. The flesh of this creature is counted whole- some and pleasant food. The name given it by naturalists is Trichechus Manatus, but that by the Indians is one signifying the Big Beaver. There were three of them seen, at one time, in the spring, by a trader from Talabasochte ; they live chiefly on aquatic grass and weeds. They are said to weigh from fifteen hundred to two thousand three hundred pounds. The Lizards, some of which are of the most beautifulgreen, and from which they change their colour, may therefore be considered surprizing phenomena; they are perfectly harm. less, and are protectors of the gardens against caterpillars and minor insects ; they often become a prey to the chicken and more domestic snakes ; the largest are about seven inches in length, with a large red gill. There is, also, the striped lizard or scorpion; some of a large size, and of a copper colour. The Jigger, or Chique, is a kind of flesh worm, which can be resisted only by the most perfect cleanliness, and frequent use of salt water ; it may therefore be presumed that they are a great annoyance to slaves.  174 174 174 WEST FLORIDA. WEST FLORIDA. WEST FLORIDA. WEST FLORIDA. WEST FLORIDA. WEST FLORIDA. WEsT FLORIDA is in lat. 29 42, and bounded, according to ancient limits, east, by Apalachicola River, south, by the Gulf of Mexico, west, by Lake Ponchartrain and the River Mississippi, and north, by the Mississippi Territory and Ten- nessee,. The question of boundary, so long and strenuously disputed, may now be considered as settled between the nations of Europe and the United States, the entire sovereignty of these territories being vested in the latter government by the cession. A regard to the rights of individuals is expected from our national legislature, and will doubtless be claimed by many persons whose pretensions are founded upon grants ob- tained previous to, and during the protracted negociations between our government and that of Spain. The northern boundaries of West Florida, according to the commission given to Governor Johnstone, in 1764, on esta- blishing the colony, were fixed and described to be from the junction of the river Yazoo, lying in 32 12 north lat. and from thence in a line due east, to the river Apalachicola; whercas, by the treaty between the United States and Great Britain, the boundary line runs along the middle of the Mississippi to the 31st degree of north lat. and from thence due east to the WEsT FLORIDA is in lat. 29 42, and bounded, according to ancient limits, east, by Apalachicola River, south, by the Gulf of Mexico, west, by Lake Ponchartrain and the River Mississippi, and north, by the Mississippi Territory and Tren- nessee. The question of boundary, so long and strenuously disputed, may now be considered as settled between the nations of Europe and the United States, the entire sovereignty of these territories being vested in the latter government by the cession. A regard to the rights of individuals is expected from our national legislature, and will doubtless be claimed by many persons whose pretensions are founded upon grants ob- tained previous to, and during the protracted negociations between our government and that of Spain. The northern boundaries of West Florida, according to the commission given to Governor Johnstone, in 1764, on esta- blishing the colony, were fixed and described to be from the junction of the river Yazoo, lying in 32 12 north lat. and from thence in a line due east, to the river Apalachicola; whereas, by the treaty between the United States and Great Britain, the boundary line runs along the middle of the Mississippi to the 31st degree of north lat. and from thence due east to the WEST FtLOnnA is in lat. 29 42, and bounded, according to ancient limits, east, by Apalachicola River, south, by the Gulf of Mexico, west, by Lake Ponchartrain and the River Mississippi, and north, by the Mississippi Territory and Ten- nessee. The question of boundary, so long and strenuously disputed, may now be considered as settled between tbe nations of Europe and the United States, the entire sovereignty of these territories being vested in the latter government by the cession. A regard to the rights of individuals is expected from our national legislature, and will doubtless be claimed by many persons whose pretensions are founded upon grants ob- tained previous to, and during the protracted negociations between our government and that of Spain. The northern boundaries of West Florida, according to the commission given to Governor Johnstone, in 1764, on esta- blishing the colony, were fixed and described to be from the junction of the river Yazoo, lying in 32 12 north lat. and from thence in a line due east, to the river Apalachicola; whereas, by the treaty between the United States and Great Britain, the boundary line runs along the middle of the Mississippi to the 31st degree of north lat. and from thence due east to the  WEST FLORIDA. 175 WEST FLORIDA. 175 WEST FLORInA. 175 Apalachicola ; as is more particularly mentioned in the 6th ar- ticle of the Treaty of Fontainbleau, 3d November, 1762:- " With regard to the limits of the British and French territo- ries on the continent of America, it is agreed, that for the future, the confes between the dominions of His Britannic Majesty and His Most Christain Majesty, in that part of the world, shall be irrevocably fixed by a line drawn along the middle of the river Mississippi from the source, as far as the river Iberville, and from thence by a line drawn along the middle of this river, and of the lakes Maurepas and Ponchar- train to the sea ; and to this purpose the Most Christain King cedes in full right and guaranties to his British Majesty the river and port of Mobile, and every part that he possesses, or ought to have possessed, on the left side of the river Missis- sippi, except the town of New-Orleans, and the island on which it is situated, which shall remain to France. Pro- vided, &c." In the report of the commissioners on the part of the United States, Messrs. Madison, Gallatin and Lincoln, on the 10th February, 180s, it is stated, that " the territory of the United States south of the state of Tennessee extends in breadth 275 miles from the 31st to the 35th degree of north lat. From east to west, its greatest length from the river Chatahouchee to the Mississippi, measures three hundred and eighty miles along the northern boundary of West Florida. The length of its northern boundary, along the state of Ten- nessee, is not precisely ascertained ; but it is believed that the average length of the whole may, without material error, be Apalachicola ; as is more particularly mentioned in the 6th ar- ticle of the Treaty of Fontainbleau, 3d November, 1762:- " With regard to the limits of the British and French territo- ries on the continent of America, it is agreed, that for the future, the confines between the dominions of His Britannic Majesty and His Most Christain Majesty, in that part of the world, shall be irrevocably fixed by a line drawn along the middle of the river Mississippi from the source, as far as the river Iberville, and from thence by a line drawn along the middle of this river, and of the lakes Maurepas and Ponchar- train to the sea ; and to this purpose the Most Christain King cedes in full right and guaranties to his British Majesty the river and port of Mobile, and every part that he possesses, or ought to have possessed, on the left side of the river Missis- sippi, except the town of New-Orleans, and the island on which it is situated, which shall remain to France. Pro- vided, &c." In the report of the commissioners on the part of the United States, Messrs. Madison, Gallatin and Lincoln, on the 10th February, 1803, it is stated, that " the territory of the United States south of the state of Tennessee extends in breadth 275 miles from the 31st to the 35th degree of north lat. From east to west, its greatest length from the river Chatabouchee to the Mississippi, measures three hundred and eighty miles along the northern boundary of West Florida. The length of its northern boundary, along the state of Ten. nessee, is not precisely ascertained ; but it is believed that the average length of the whole may, without material error, be Apalachicola ; as is more particularly mentioned in the 6th ar- ticle of the Treaty of Fontainbleau, 3d November, 1762:- " With regard to the limits of the British and French territo- ries on the continent of America, it is agreed, that for the future, the confines between the dominions of His Britannic Majesty and His Most Christain Majesty, in that part of the world, shall be irrevocably fixed by a line drawn along the middle of the river Mississippi from the source, as far as the river Iberville, and from thence by a line drawn along the middle of this river, and of the lakes Maurepas and Ponchar- train to the sea; and to this purpose the Most Christain King cedes in full right and guaranties to his British Majesty the river and port of Mobile, and every part that he possesses, or ought to have possessed, on the left side of the river Missis- sippi, except the town of New-Orleans, and the island on which it is situated, which shall remain to France. Pro- vided, &c." In the report of the commissioners on the part of the United States, Messrs. Madison, Gallatin and Lincoln, on the 10th February, 1803, it is stated, that " the territory of the United States south of the state of Tennessee extends in breadth 275 miles from the 31st to the 35th degree of north lat. From east to west, its greatest length from the river Chatahouchee to the Mississippi, measures three hundred and cighty miles along the northern boundary of West Florida. The length of its northern boundary, along the state of Ten- nessee, is not precisely ascertained ; but it is believed that the average length of the whole may, without material error, be  176 WEST FLORIDA. estimated at three hundred miles ; and the contents of the ter. ritory at fifty-two millions of acres. The only portions of that vast extent to which the Indian title has been extinguished are, a tract of about one million and a half of acres, extending along the Mississippi from the mouth of the river Yazoo, outwardly to the Spanish line, and another tract at least equal in extent, and extending between the rivers Pascagoula and Mobile, or Tombigbee, more than fifty miles north of that line. The view taken of this part of Florida by the French Go- vernment, under the Emperor Napoleon, is thus laid down by M. Talleyrand, in his correspondence with President Mon- roe, then Minister Plenipotentiary to the Courts of France and Spain, who was authorized to treat for the Floridas. " All the territories lying on the east of the Mississippi and the River Iberville, and south of the 32d degree of north lat. bears the name of Florida. It has been constantly designated in that way during the time that Spain held it. His Im- perial Majesty has moreover authorized me to declare to you, that at the beginning of the year 11, General Bour- nonville was charged to open a new negotiation with Spain for the acquisition of the Floridas. This project, which has not been followed by any treaty, is proof that France had not acquired, by the treaty retroceding Louisiana, the country east of the Mississippi." Pensacola, the capital of West Florida, is an old estab- lished town, situated on the west side, and in front of the bay of the same name, twenty-five miles long and eight 176 WEST FLORIDA. estimated at three hundred miles ; and the contents of the ter- ritory at fifty-two millions of acres. The only portions of that vast extent to which the Indian title has been extinguished are, a tract of about one million and a half of acres, extending along the Mississippi from the mouth of the river Yazoo, outwardly to the Spanish line, and another tract at least equal in extent, and extending between the rivers Pascagoula and Mobile, or Tombigbee, more than fifty miles north of that line. The view taken of this part of Florida by the French Go- vernment, under the Emperor Napoleon, is thus laid down by M. Talleyrand, in his correspondence with President Mon- roe, then Minister Plenipotentiary to the Courts of France and Spain, who was authorized to treat for the Floridas. " All the territories lying on the east of the Mississippi and the River Iberville, and south of the 32d degree of north lat. bears the name of Florida. It has been constantly designated in that way during the time that Spain held it. His Im- perial Majesty has moreover authorized me to declare to you, that at the beginning of the year 11, General Bour- nonville was charged to open a new negotiation with Spain for the acquisition of the Floridas. This project, which has not been followed by any treaty, is proof that France had not acquired, by the treaty retroceding Louisiana, the country east of the Mississippi." Pensacola, the capital of West Florida, is an old estab- lished town, situated on the west side, and in front of the bay of the same name, twenty-five miles long and eight 176 WEST FLORIDA. estimated at three hundred miles ; and the contents of the ter- ritory at fifty-two millions of acres. The only portions of that vast extent to which the Indian title has been extinguished are, a tract of about one million and a half of acres, extending along the Mississippi from the mouth of the river Yazoo, outwardly to the Spanish line, and another tract at least equal in extent, and extending between the rivers Pascagoula and Mobile, or Tombigbee, more than fifty miles north of that line. The view taken of this part of Florida by the French Go- vernment, under the Emperor Napoleon, is thus laid down by M. Talleyrand, in his correspondence with President Mon- roe, then Minister Plenipotentiary to the Courts of France and Spain, who was authorized to treat for the Floridas. " All the territories lying on the east of the Mississippi and the River Iberville, and south of the 32d degree of north lat. bears the name of Florida. It has been constantly designated in that way during the time that Spain held it. His Im- perial Majesty has moreover authorized me to declare to you, that at the beginning of the year 11, General Bour- nonville was charged to open a new negotiation with Spain for the acquisition of the Floridas. This project, which has not been followed by any treaty, is proof that France had not acquired, by the treaty retroceding Louisiana, the country east of the Mississippi." Pensacola, the capital of West Florida, is an old estab- lished town, situated on the west side, and in front of the bay of the same name, twenty-five miles long and eight  WEST FLORIDA. 177 WEST FLORIDA. 177 WEST FLORIDA. 177 wide, and with Spiritu Santa, the most spacious and. secure against every wind that is in the Gulf of Mexico; remark- able not for its capacity, but for its salubrious character. It lies in lat. 30 28 N. and ton. 1Ow. of Washington ; or, ac- cording to the more recent observations of Mr. Ellicot, about 30 43 N. and, by his admeasurement from the Mississippi, and traverse of the Conieuch River, about 870 14' 13,, west longitude from Greenwich. This town is in the form of a parallelogram, or oblong square, having regular and wide streets of sand, with side pavements of brick. It is one mile long, and one quarter wide, at the foot of a hill extending to the rear. It is about thirty-two miles from the sea, having an elegant stone house for the governor, with a tower, and about two hun- dred private houses, which are in a ruinous condition, being built of wood. It is pleasantly situated, being flanked by two rivulets, which afford an abundant supply of most excellent water. In the centre of the town is a stockade fort, and in front is one of the several wharfs which have been erected; and nearly north, in the rear, are the ruins of an old fort, which, with a marsh interspersed with innumerable springs, separate the town from the highlands. On the skirts are, on the west, dry lands, with low brushwood, then high brushwood and swamp ; on the N. E. a burying ground; and on the east, a wet, rushy swamp, bordering northerly with forest, having small underwood; then open pine woods. There were formerly some handsome barracks built by the British, but since burnt. The egress from the town is northerly by a causeway five feet high. There are 43 wide, and with Spiritu Santo, the most spacious and. secure against every wind that is in the Gulf of Mexico; remark- able not for its capacity, but for its salubrious character. It lies in lat. 30 28 N. and Ion. 10w. of Washington; or, ac- cording to the more recent observations of Mr. Ellicot, about 30 43 N. and, by his admeasurement from the Mississippi, and traverse of the Conieuch River, about 870 14' 13" west longitude from Greenwich. This town is in the form of a parallelogram, or oblong square, having regular and wide streets of sand, with side pavements of brick. It is one mile long, and one quarter wide, at the foot of a hill extending to the rear. It is about thirty-two miles from the sea, having an elegant stone house for the governor, with a tower, and about two hun- dred private houses, which are in a ruinous condition, being built of wood. It is pleasantly situated, being flanked by two rivulets, which afford an abundant supply of most excellent water. In the centre of the town is a stockade fort, and in front is one of the several wharfs which have been erected ; and nearly north, in the rear, are the ruins of an old fort, which, with a marsh interspersed with innumerable springs, separate the town from the highlands. On the skirts are, on the west, dry lands, with low brushwood, then high brushwood and swamp ; on the N. E. a burying ground; and on the east, awet, rushy swamp, bordering northerly with forest, having small underwood; then open pine woods. There were formerly some handsome barracks built by the British, but since burnt. The egress from the town is northerly by a causeway five feet high. There are 23 wide, and with Spiritu Santo, the most spacious and. secure against every wind that is in the Gulf of Mexico; remark- able not for its capacity, but for its salubrious character. It lies in lat. 30 28 N. and ton. 10w. of Washington ; or, ac- cording to the more recent observations of Mr. Ellicot, about 30 43 N. and, by his admeasurement from the Mississippi, and traverse of the Conieuch River, about 870 14' 15" west longitude from Greenwich. This town is in the form of a parallelogram, or oblong square, having regular and wide streets of sand, with side pavements of brick. It is one mile long, and one quarter wide, at the foot of a hill extending to the rear, It is about thirty-two miles from the sea, having an elegant stone house for the governor, with a tower, and about two hun- dred private houses, which are in a ruinous condition, being built of wood. It is pleasantly situated, being flanked by two rivulets, which afford an abundant supply of most excellent water. In the centre of the town is a stockade fort, and in front is one of the several wharfs which have been erected ; and nearly north, in the rear, are the ruins of an old fort, which, with a marsh interspersed with innumerable springs, separate the town from the highlands. On the skirts are, on the west, dry lands, with low brushwood, then high brushwood and swamp ; on the N. E. a burying ground; and on the east, awet, rushy swamp, bordering northerly with forest, having small underwood; then open pine woods. There were formerly some handsome barracks built by the British, but since burnt. The egress from the town is northerly by a causeway five feet high. There are 23  178 WEST FLORIDA. several block-houses commanding the principal streets, and to guard against the approaches of the Red Sticks. The seat of the provincial government of the British was at this place, which, together with the necessary expenditures in the garrison, gave it great advantages in trade. In the estimation of its friends, it promised to become a formidable rival to New-Orleans. But their hopes were blasted; for it was besieged by Don Galvez, in 1781 ; and, after two months perseverance, General Campbell, with about a thousand effective men, surrendered to a force nearly eight times their number, upon terms of capitulation honour. able to both parties; since that period it has remained under the Spanish government, without any other inter. mission than that which was prescribed by imperious policy during the late wars between the United States and Great Britain and the Seminole Indians, when the American troops under General Jackson obtained a temporary possession. Although Pensacola stands in a very sandy situation, yet by a little industry it can be made to afford a large supply of vegetables, which, with orange, peach, fig, pomegranate, and other fruit trees, that are produced there, must render it worthy of immediate settlement. About a mile to the eastward of Pensacola, between it and the English point, is the East Lagoon, which, after turning to the N. w. four or five miles, receives the Six Mile Brook. This is a pretty little winding stream; on the east side of it is an iron mine, where a large natural magnet has been found. There is a fine mineral spring, of the chalybeate kind, near the mouth of the lagoon, of which there are several. others in this country. 178 WEST FLORIDA. several block-houses commanding the principal streets, and to guard against the approaches of the Red Sticks. The seat of the provincial government of the British was at this place, which, togetherwith the necessary expenditures in the garrison, gave it great advantages in trade. In the estimation of its friends, it promised to become a formidable rival to New-Orleans. But their hopes were blasted; for it was besieged by Don Galvez, in 1781 ; and, after two months perseverance, General Campbell, with about a thousand effective men, surrendered to a force nearly eight times their number, upon terms of capitulation honour- able to both parties; since that period it has remained under the Spanish government, without any other inter- mission than that which was prescribed by imperious policy during the late wars between the United States and Great Britain and the Seminole Indians, when the American troops under General Jacksonobtained a temporary possession. Although Pensacola stands in a very sandy situation, yet by a little industry it can be made to afford a large supply of vegetables, which, with orange, peach, fig, pomegranate, and other fruit trees, that are produced there, must render it worthy of immediate settlement. About a mile to the eastward of Pensacola, between it and the English point, is the East Lagoon, which, after turning to the N. w. four or five miles, receives the Six Mile Brook. This is a pretty little winding stream; on the east side of it is an iron mine, where a large natural magnet has been found. There is a fine mineral spring, of the chalybeate kind, near the mouth of the lagoon, of which there are several others in this country. 178 WEST FLORIDA. several block-houses commanding the principal streets, and to guard against the approaches of the Red Sticks. The seat of the provincial government of the British was at this place, which, together with the necessary expenditures in the garrison, gave it great advantages in trade. In the estimation of its friends, it promised to become a formidable rival to New-Orleans. But their hopes were blasted; for it was besieged by Don Galvez, in 1781 ; and, after two months perseverance, General Campbell, with about a thousand effective men, surrendered to a force nearly eight times their number, upon terms of capitulation honour. able to both parties; since that period it has remained under the Spanish government, without any other inter. mission than that which was prescribed by imperious policy during the late wars between the United States and Great Britain and the Seminole Indians, when the American troops under General Jacksonobtained a temporary possession. Although Pensacola stands in a very sandy situation, yet by a little industry it can be made to afford a large supply of vegetables, which, with orange, peach, fig, pomegranate, and other fruit trees, that are produced there, must render it worthy of immediate settlement. About a mile to the eastward of Pensacola, between it and the English point, is the East Lagoon, which, after turning to the N. w. four or five miles, receives the Six Mile Brook. This is a pretty little winding stream; on the east side of it is an iron mine, where a large natural magnet has been found. There is a fine mineral spring, of the chalybeate kind, near the mouth of the lagoon, of which there are several others in this country.  WEST FLORIDA, 179 WEST FLORIDA. 179 WEST FLORIDA. 179 The following is a picture of British colonial legislation at Pensacola, in January, 1770, drawn by a person of high standing in society there : "Affairs in our unlucky province have asyet been upon avery unstable footing. Whether this ill fate is still doomed to be our lot, or whether we are about to emerge from such unhappy circumstances, a little time will discover. " But if you just fancy to yourself a set of sycophants, who after the year '45, in grasping at all the acts of court favour themselves, represented all honest men who stood in their way, or made their baseness known, as Jacobites, and you will have some idea of a paltry cabal of West Floridians, who have lately aimed at getting all the little power and prosperity of theprovinceintotheir ownhands,andwho have therefore given their opponents the epithet of the Bostonian Liberty Boys. "Pensacola has been justly famed for vexatious law-suits. It is so contrived indeed, that if a poor man owes but five pounds, and has not got so much ready money, or if he disputes some dollars of imposition, that may be in the ac- count, or if he is guilty of shaking his fist at any rascal that has abused him, he is sure to be prosecuted, and the costs in every suit are about seven pounds sterling. Nay, great struggles have been made to confine all these things, and even the most trivial accounts, to the decision of one single judge, and the pleadings pro and con, as well as the pre- requisites consequent thereon, to two attorneys only, who act implicitly as the judge directs; for as the prosecutor gene. rally retains both, it is at the option of the judge, who shall act for the defendant; and to be sure, he will in that case act with vigour. The following is a picture of British colonial legislation at Pensacola, in January, 1770, drawn by a person of high standing in society there : "Affairs in our unlucky provincehave as yet been upon a very unstable footing. Whether this ill fate is still doomed to be our lot, or whether we are about to emerge from such unhappy circumstances, a little time will discover. " But if you just fancy to yourself a set of sycophants, who after the year '45, in grasping at all the acts of court favour themselves, represented all honest men who stood in their way, or made their baseness known, as Jacobites, and you will have some idea of a paltry cabal of West Floridians, who have lately aimed at getting all the little power and prosperity of theprovinceintotheir own hands,andwho have therefore given their opponents the epithet of the Bostonian Liberty Boys. " Pensacola has been justly famed for vexatious law-suits. It is so contrived indeed, that if a poor man owes but five pounds, and has not got so much ready money, or if he disputes some dollars of imposition, that may be in the ac- count, or if he is guilty of shaking his fist at any rascal that has abused him, he is sure to be prosecuted, and the costs in every suit are about seven pounds sterling. Nay, great struggles have been made to confine all these things, and even the most trivial accounts, to the decision of one single judge, and the pleadings pro and con, as well as the pre. requisites consequent thereon, to two attorneys only, who act implicitly as the judge directs; for as the prosecutor gene. rally retains both, it is at the option of the judge, who shall act for the defendant; and to be sure, he will in that case act with vigour. The following is a picture of British colonial legislation at Pensacola, in January, 1770, drawn by a person of high standing in society there : "Affairs in our unluckyprovince have as yet been upon a very unstable footing. Whether this ill fate is still doomed to be our lot, or whether we are about to emerge from such unhappy circumstances, a little time will discover. " But if you just fancy to yourself a set of sycophants, who after the year '45, in grasping at all the acts of court favour themselves, represented all honest men who stood in their way, or made their baseness known, as Jacobites, and you will have some idea of a paltry cabal of West Floridians, who have lately aimed at getting all the little power and prosperity of theprovinceintotheir own hands,andwho have therefore given their opponents the epithet of the Bostonian Liberty Boys. "Pensacola has been justly famed for vexatious law-suits. It is so contrived indeed, that if a poor man owes but five pounds, and has not got so much ready money, or if he disputes some dollars of imposition, that may be in the ac- count, or if he is guilty of shaking his fist at any rascal that has abused him, he is sure to be prosecuted, and the costs in every suit are about seven pounds sterling. Nay, great struggles have been made to confine all these things, and even the most trivial accounts, to the decision of one single judge, and the pleadings pro and con, as well as the pre- requisites consequent thereon, to two attorneys only, who act implicitly as the judge directs; for as the prosecutor gene. rally retains both, it is at the option of the judge, who shall act for the defendant; and to be sure, he will in that case act with vigour.  1110 WEST FLORIDA. "This is pretty much our case at present; the consequences are but too plain. But, as the entire power of making, as well as executing law here, has not as yet got entirely into such hands, a grand push was lately made to pack our assembly, which would have answered that laudable purpose, but it failed, though even supported by certain gentlemen who had fouled their fingers. Two of the intended members were therefore madecounsellors,togetherwithoneofthe prime ministerstothe late worthy Lieut. Governor, who was the object, or rather the tool, in whose name all these manmuvres were carried on. He was his majesty's representative, and therefore must be supported ; yet he, and these honourable gentlemen, have since been disgracefully dismissed. Do his friends in your side of the country now make their brag of these things, or do they deny the alliance ? that is most probable : however, it is well known here, that by the help of certain persons not among us, he did some of these gentlemen very material services. Poor creature ! the thousand dollars which he charged for the repairs of the government house, was not the only thing by which John Bull was most scandalously im- posed on, though I believe it was the principal article which his honour pocketed. " I have known this province for little more than four years, yet I could name to you a set of men who may brag of one governor resigned, one horsewhipped, and one whom they led by the nose, and supported while it suited their purpose, and then betrayed him. What the next turn of affairs will be, God knows. But these are disagreeable sub- jects, and I shall leave them only with this observation, that 180 WEST FLORIDA. "This is pretty much our case at present; the consequences are but too plain. But, as the entire power of making, as well as executing law here, has not as yet got entirely into such hands, a grand push was lately made to pack our assembly, which wouldhave answeredthat laudable purpose, but it failed, though even supported by certain gentlemen who had fouled their fingers. Two of the intended members were therefore madecounsellors,together withoneof the prime ministerstothe late worthy Lieut. Governor, who was the object, or rather the tool, in whose name all these manoeuvres were carried on. He was his majesty's representative, and therefore must be supported ; yet he, and these honourable gentlemen, have since been disgracefully dismissed. Do his friends in your side of the country now make their brag of these things, or do they deny the alliance ? that is most probable : however, it is well known here, that by the help of certain persons not among us, he did some of these gentlemen very material services. Poor creature ! the thousand dollars which he charged for the repairs of the government house, was not the only thing by which John Bull was most scandalously im- posed on, though I believe it was the principal article which his honour pocketed. "I have known this province for little more than four years, yet I could name to you a set of men who may brag of one governor resigned, one horsewhipped, and one whom they led by the nose, and supported while it suited their purpose, and then betrayed him. What the next turn of affairs will be, God knows. But these are disagreeable sub. jects, and I shall leave them only with this observation, that 180 WEST FLORIDA. "This is pretty much our case at present ; the consequences are but too plain. But, as the entire power of making, as well as executing law here, has not as yet got entirely into such hands, a grand push was lately made to pack our assembly, which would have answered that laudable purpose, but it failed, though even supported by certain gentlemen who had fouled their fiogers. Two of the intended members were therefore made counsellors, together withone of the prime ministers tothe late worthy Lieut. Governor, who was the object, or rather the tool, in whose name all these manouvres were carried on. He was his majesty's representative, and therefore must be supported ; yet he, and these honourable gentlemen, have since been disgracefully dismissed. Do his friends in your side of the country now make their brag of these things, or do they deny the alliance ? that is most probable : however, it is well known here, that by the help of certain persons not among us, he did some of these gentlemen very material services. Poor creature ! the thousand dollars which he charged for the repairs of the government house, was not the only thing by which John Bull was most scandalously im- posed on, though I believe it was the principal article which his honour pocketed. "I have known this province for little more than four years, yet I could name to you a set of men who may brag of one governor resigned, one horsewhipped, and one whom they led by the nose, and supported while it suited their purpose, and then betrayed him. What the next turn of affairs will be, God knows. But these are disagreeable sub- jects, and I shall leave them only with this observation, that  WEST FLORIDA. 181 WEST FLORIDA. 181 WEST FLORIDA. 181 it is ten to one, whether what I now write you, does not fall into some of their hands ; for the practice of opening and detaining letters is very common here; nor is it even looked upon as disgraceful, but on the contrary is laughed at, or applauded as a piece of dexterous policy -but none of those people can ever expect to see any favourable picture of themselves. I think it is immaterial, to say any thing of the performance of William Stork-M. D. only according to our West Florida reading: this title is a modern dentist. As for myself, it is said, I study law too much; that is, I am able to discover when a lawyer would pass his own ipse dixit upon us for the laws of our country, and when the Georgia forms are like to be crammed down our throats, though contrary to the express statutes of Great Britain, since his majesty has always declared that our laws shall be as nearly agreeable to them as may be." The above exhibit became the subject of remonstrance from the inhabitants to the British ministry, who complained also to them of the governor and his proceedings ; but they were treated with utter disregard. The only traces of commerce to be discovered among this anti-commercial people,consistedin the peltries obtained from the ladians by the house of Panton, Leslie, and Forbes, under licenses from the government; in a few boards, shingles, and corn, transported to the Havana; and in a miserable coasting trade through Lake Ponchartrain with New-Orleans, from whence, and Mobile, were derived their principal supplies of foreign goods. it is ten to one, whether what I now write you, does not fall into some of their hands ; for the practice of opening and detaining letters is very common here; nor is it even looked upon as disgraceful, but on the contrary is laughed at, or applauded as a piece of dexterous policy ;-but none of those people can ever expect to see any favourable picture of themselves. I think it is immaterial, to say any thing of the performance of William Stork-M. D. only according to our West Florida reading: this title is a modern dentist. As for myself, it is said, I study law too much; that is, I am able to discover when a lawyer would pass his own ipse dixit upon us for the laws of our country, and when the Georgia forms are like to be crammed down our throats, though contrary to the express statutes of Great Britain, since his majesty has always declared that our laws shall be as nearly agreeable to them as may be." The above exhibit became the subject of remonstrance from the inhabitants to the British ministry, who complained also to them of the governor and his proceedings; but they were treated with utter disregard. The only traces of commerce to be discovered among this anti-commercial people, consistedin the peltries obtained from the Indians by the house of Panton, Leslie, and Forbes, under licenses from the government; in a few boards, shingles, and corn, transported to the Havana ; and in a miserable coasting trade through Lake Ponchartrain with New-Orleans, from whence, and Mobile, were derived their principal supplies of foreign goods. it is ten to one, whether what I now write you, does not fall into some of their hands ; for the practice of opening and detaining letters is very common here; nor is it even looked upon as disgraceful, but on the contrary is laughed at, or applauded as a piece of dexterous policy ;--but none of those people can ever expect to see any favourable picture of themselves. I think it is immaterial, to say any thing of the performance of William Stork-M. D. only according to our West Florida reading: this title is a modern dentist. As for myself, it is said, I study law too much; that is, I am able to discover when a lawyer would pass his own ipse dixit upon us for the laws of our country, and when the Georgia forms are like to be crammed down our throats, though contrary to the express statutes of Great Britain, since his majesty has always declared that our laws shall be as nearly agreeable to them as may be." The above exhibit became the subject of remonstrance from the inhabitants to the British ministry, who complained also to them of the governor and his proceedings; but they were treated with utter disregard. The only traces of commerce to be discovered among this anti-commercial people, consistedin the peltries obtained from the ladians by the house of Panton, Leslie, and Forbes, under licenses from the government; in a few boards, shingles, and corn, transported to the Havana; and in a miserable coasting trade through Lake Ponchartrain with New-Orleans, from whence, and Mobile, were derived their principal supplies of foreign goods.  182 WEST PLORIDA. The prospect of an extensive trade with the Spaniards induced many people to settle in this town, which they did at a great expense ; their expectations, however, were thwarted, as their trade, which was carried on under Spanish colours, and promised great advantages, was entirely destroyed by the British cruisers. The principal effort, at the present period, will be more particularly employedupon the natural productionsofthecoun- try, consisting of sugar, indigo, cotton, rice, hemp, tobacco, and lumber, which, with the Indian trade, will afford ample profits, until a more liberal policy shall extend them to our southern neighbours ; whom it is more profitable to receive with their dollars in our ports, than to furnish with goods con- veyed to them in our vessels. This, for obvious reasons, is very generally understood. In Maryland and Virginia, where the heats are greater, and the soil moist, especially on lands not cleared, we find agues, fevers, and fluxes, very distressing to stran- gers; though the natives in general are pretty healthy, and sometimes long-lived. In South Carolina, we find these diseases much more obstinate, acute and violent. In that state, especially in the months of July and August, during the growth of the rice, the fevers which attack strangers are very anomalous, not remitting or intermitting soon, but partaking much of the nature of those which are so fatal to the newly arrived Europeans in the West India climates. The same may be said of Georgia and East Florida; during these two months, the diseases of strangers approach still nearer to those of the West India Islands. At Pensacola, where the 182 WEST FLORIDA. The prospect of an extensive trade with the Spaniards induced many people to settle in this town, which they did at a great expense; their expectations, however, were thwarted, as their trade, which was carried on under Spanish colours, and promised great advantages, was entirely destroyed by the British cruisers. The principal effort, at the present period, will be more particularly employed upon the natural productionsof thecoun- try, consisting of sugar, indigo, cotton, rice, hemp, tobacco, and lumber, which, with the Indian trade, will afford ample profits, until a more liberal policy shall extend them to our southern neighbours; whom it is more profitable to receive with their dollars in our ports, than to furnish with goods con- veyed to them in our vessels. This, for obvious reasons, is very generally understood. In Maryland and Virginia, where the heats are greater, and the soil moist, especially on lands not cleared, we find agues, fevers, and fluxes, very distressing to stran- gers; though the natives in general are pretty healthy, and sometimes long-lived. In South Carolina, we find these diseases much more obstinate, acute and violent. In that state, especially in the months of July and August. during the growth of the rice, the fevers which attack strangers are very anomalous, not remitting or intermitting soon, but partaking much of the nature of those which are so fatal to the newly arrived Europeans in the West India climates. The same may be said of Georgia and East Florida; during these two months, the diseases of strangers approach still nearer to those of the West India Islands. At Pensacola, where the 182 WEST PLORIDA. The prospect of an extensive trade with the Spaniards induced many people to settle in this town, which they did at a great expense ; their expectations, however, were thwarted, as their trade, which was carried on under Spanish colours, and promised great advantages, was entirely destroyed by the British cruisers. The principal effort, at the present period, will be more particularly employedupon the natural productionsofthecoun- try, consisting of sugar, indigo, cotton, rice, hemp, tobacco, and lumber, which, with the Indian trade, will afford ample profits, until a more liberal policy shall extend them to our southern neighbours; whom it is more profitable to receive with their dollars in our ports, than to furnish with goods con. veyed to them in our vessels. This, for obvious reasons, is very generally understood. In Maryland and Virginia, where the heats are greater, and the soil moist, especially on lands not cleared, we find agues, fevers, and fluxes, very distressing to stran- gers; though the natives in general are pretty healthy, and sometimes long-lived. In South Carolina, we find these diseases much more obstinate, acute and violent. In that state, especially in the months of July and August, during the growth of the rice, the fevers which attack strangers are very anomalous, not remitting or intermitting soon, but partaking much of the nature of those which are so fatal to the newly arrived Europeans in the West India climates. The same may be said ofGeorgia and East Florida; during these two months, the diseases of strangers approach still nearer to those of the West India Islands. At Pensacola, where the  WEST FLORIDA. 183 WEST FLORTDA. 183 WEST FLORIDA. 183 soil is sandy and quite barren, the English have suffered much by sickness; some, for want of vegetables, died of the scurvy, but a far greater part of fevers. The excessive heat of the weather has sometimes produced, in this place, a severe fe. ver, similar to the Yellow Fever. This, in the year 1765, proved very fatal to a regiment of soldiers sent from England unseasoned to such climates, they having been landed there in the height of the sickly season. It raged chiefly in the fort, where the air in the soldiers' barracks was extremely sultry and unhealthy ; the sea-breeze being shut out by the walls of the fort. And it is worthy of remark, that during the fatal rage of this fever at Pensacola, those that lived on board the ships in the harbour escaped it. Pensacola, however, is of late, esteemed more healthy than Mobile, where intermit- ting fevers prevail in the months of July, August, and Sep- tember. soil is sandy and quite barren, the English have sufered much by sickness; some, for want of vegetables, died of the scurvy, but a far greater part of fevers. The excessive heat of the weather has sometimes produced, in this place, a severe fe- ver, similar to the Yellow Fever. This, in the year 1765, proved very fatal to a regiment of soldiers sent from England unseasoned to such climates, they having been landed there in the height of the sickly season. It raged chiefly in the fort, where the air in the soldiers' barracks was extremely sultry and unhealthy ; the sea-breeze being shut out by the walls of the fort. And it is worthy of remark, that during the fatal rage of this fever at Pensacola, those that lived on board the ships in the harbour escaped it. Pensacola, however, is of late, esteemed more healthy than Mobile, where intermit-, ting fevers prevail in the months of July, August, and Sep- tember. soil is sandy and quite barren, the English have suffered much by sickness ; some, for want of vegetables, died of the scurvy, but a far greater part of fevers. The excessive heat of the weather has sometimes produced, in this place, a severe fe- ver, similar to the Yellow Fever. This, in the year 1765, proved very fatal to a regiment of soldiers sent from England unseasoned to such climates, they having been landed there in the height of the sickly season. It raged chiefly in the fort, where the air in the soldiers' barracks was extremely sultry and unhealthy ; the sea-breeze being shut out by the walls of the fort. And it is worthy of remark, that during the fatal rage of this fever at Pensacola, those that lived on board the ships in the harbour escaped it. Pensacola, however, is of late, esteemed more healthy than Mobile, where intermit- ting fevers prevail in the months of July, August, and Sep- tember.   APPENDIX. APPENDIX. APPENDIX. Extracts from the definitive Treaty concluded between England and France, Nov. 3d, 1762. Art. 6. In order to re-establish peace on the most solid and lasting foundations, and to remove for ever every sub- ject of dispute with regard to the limits of the British and French territories on the continent of America, it is agreed, that for the future the confines between the dominions of his Britannic Majesty, and those of his most Christian Ma- jesty in that part of the world, shall be irrevocably fixed by a line drawn along the middle of the river Mississippi, from the source as far as the Iberville, and from thence by a line drawn along the middle of this river and of the lakes Mau- repas and Ponchartrain to the sea; and to this purpose the most Christian King cedes in full right, and guaranties to his Britannic Majesty, the river and port of Mobile, and every thing that he possesses or ought to have possessed on the left side of the river Mississippi, except the town of New Or- leans and the Island on which it is situated, which shall remain to France ; provided that the navigation of the river Mississippi shall be equally free as well to the subjects of Great Britain as to those of France, in its whole length and breadth, from its source to the sea ; and that part expressly which is between the said island of New Orleans and the right bank of that river, as well as the passage both in and out of its mouth. It is further stipulated, that the vessels belonging to 24 Extracts from the definitive Treaty concluded between England and France, Nov. 3d, 1762. Art. 6. In order to re-establish peace on the most solid and lasting foundations, and to remove for ever every sub- ject of dispute with regard to the limits of the British and French territories on the continent of America, it is agreed, that for the future the confines between the dominions of his Britannic Majesty, and those of his most Christian Ma- jesty in that part of the world, shall be irrevocably fixed by a line drawn along the middle of the river Mississippi, from the source as far as the Iberville, and from thence by a line drawn along the middle of this river and of the lakes Mau- repas and Ponchartrain to the sea; and to this purpose the most Christian King cedes in full right, and guaranties to his Britannic Majesty, the river and port of Mobile, and every thing that he possesses or ought to have possessed on the left side of the river Mississippi, except the town of New Or- leans and the Island on which it is situated, which shall remain to France ; provided that the navigation of the river Mississippi shall be equally free as well to the subjects of Great Britain as to those of France, in its whole length and breadth, from its source to the sea; and that part expressly which is between the said island of New Orleans and the right bank of that river, as well as the passage both in and out of its mouth. It is further stipulated, that the vessels belonging to 24 Extracts from the definitive Treaty concluded between England and France, Nov. 3d, 1762. Art. 6. In order to re-establish peace on the most solid and lasting foundations, and to remove for ever every sub- ject of dispute with regard to the limits of the British and French territories on the continent of America, it is agreed, that for the future the confines between the dominions of his Britannic Majesty, and those of his most Christian Ma- jesty in that part of the world, shall be irrevocably fixed by a line drawn along the middle of the river Mississippi, from the source as far as the Iberville, and from thence by a line drawn along the middle of this river and of the lakes Mau- repas and Ponchartrain to the sea; and to this purpose the most Christian King cedes in full right, and guaranties to his Britannic Majesty, the river and port of Mobile, and every thing that he possesses or ought to have possessed on the left side of the river Mississippi, except the town of New Or- leans and the Island on which it is situated, which shall remain to France ; provided that the navigation of the river Mississippi shall be equally free as well to the subjects of Great Britain as to those of France, in its whole length and breadth, from its source to the sea ; and that part expressly which is between the said island of New Orleans and the right bank of that river, as well as the passage both in and out of its mouth. It is further stipulated, that the vessels belonging to 24  16 APPENDIX. 186 APPENDIX. 186 APPENDIX. the subjects of either nation, shall not be stopped, visited, or subject to the payment of any duty whatever. Art. 19th. His Catholic Majesty cedes and guaranties in full right to his Britannic Majesty, all that Spain possesses on the continent of North America, to the east or to the south east of the river Mississippi ; and his Britannic Majesty agrees to grant to the inhabitants of this country, above ceded, the liberty of the Catholic religion. He will, in con- sequence give the most exact and the most effectual orders, that his new Roman Catholic subjects may profess the wor- ship of their religion, according to the rites of the Roman church, as far as the laws of Great Britain permit. His Britannic Majesty further agrees, that the Spanish inhabi- tants, or others, who would have been subjects to the Catho- lic King, in the said countries, may retire in all safety and freedom, &c. Extract from Governor Grant's Proclamation, dated St. An- gustine, 7th October, 1763. And whereas, it may greatly contribute to the speedy set- tling of this His Majesty's province, to inform all persons of the healthiness, soil, and productions thereof, I do in this pro- clamation, further publish and make known, that the former inhabitants lived to great ages. His Majesty's troops, since their taking possession of it, have enjoyed an uninterrupted state of good health. Fevers, which are so common during the autumn in other parts of America, are unknown here. The winter is so remarkably temperate, that vegetables of all kinds are raised during that season without any art. The soil on the coast is in general sandy, but productive with proper cultivation. The lands are rich and fertile in the in- terior parts of the province, and on the sides of the rivers, the subjects of either nation, shall not be stopped, visited, or subject to the payment of any duty whatever. Art. 19th. His Catholic Majesty cedes and guaranties in full right to his Britannic Majesty, all that Spain possesses on the continent of North America, to the east or to the south east of the river Mississippi ; and his Britannic Majesty agrees to grant to the inhabitants of this country, above ceded, the liberty of the Catholic religion. He will, in con- sequence give the most exact and the most effectual orders, that his new Roman Catholic subjects may profess the wor- ship of their religion, according to the rites of the Roman church, as far as the laws of Great Britain permit. His Britannic Majesty further agrees, that the Spanish inhabi- tants, or others, who would have been subjects to the Catho- lic King, in the said countries, may retire in all safety and freedom, &c. Extract from Governor Grant's Proclamation, dated St. A1u- gustine, 7th October, 1763. And whereas, it may greatly contribute to the speedy set- tling of this His Majesty's province, to inform all persons of the healthiness, soil, and productions thereof, I do in this pro- clamation, further publish and make known, that the former inhabitants lived to great ages. His Majesty's troops, since their taking possession of it, have enjoyed an uninterrupted state of good health. Fevers, which are so common during the autumn in other parts of America, are unknown here. The winter is so remarkably temperate, that vegetables of all kinds are raised during that season without any art. The soil on the coast is in general sandy, but productive with proper cultivation. The lands are rich and fertile in the in- terior parts of the province, and on the sides of the rivers, the subjects of either nation, shall not be stopped, visited, or subject to the payment of any duty whatever. Art. 19th. His Catholic Majesty cedes and guaranties in full right to his Britannic Majesty, all that Spain possesses on the continent of North America, to the east or to the south east of the river Mississippi ; and his Britannic Majesty agrees to grant to the inhabitants of this country, above ceded, the liberty of the Catholic religion. He will, in con- sequence give the most exact and the most effectual orders, that his new Roman Catholic subjects may profess the wor- ship of their religion, according to the rites of the Roman church, as far as the laws of Great Britain permit. His Britannic Majesty further agrees, that the Spanish inhabi- tants, or others, who would have been subjects to the Catho- lic King, in the said countries, may retire in all safety and freedom, &c. Extract from Governor Grant's Proclamation, dated St. Au- gustine, 7th October, 1763. And whereas, it may greatly contribute to the speedy set- tling of this His Majesty's province, to inform all persons of the healthiness, soil, and productions thereof, I do in this pro- clamation, further publish and make known, that the former inhabitants lived to great ages. His Majesty's troops, since their taking possession of it, have enjoyed an uninterrupted state of good health. Fevers, which are so common during the autumn in other parts of America, are unknown here. The winter is so remarkably temperate, that vegetables of all kinds are raised during that season without any art. The soil on the coast is in general sandy, but productive with proper cultivation. The lands are rich and fertile in the in- terior parts of the province, and on the sides of the rivers,  APENDIX. 187 APPENDIX. 187 APPENDIX. 187 which are umerous. Fruits and grain may be raised with little labor: the late inhabitants had often two crops of In- dian corn in one year, and the breeder here will be under no necessity of laying up fodder for the winter, for there is at all times sufficient pasture to maintain his cattle. The indigo plant remains unhurt for several years, and may be cut four times in a season. Wild indigo is found here in great abundance, which, with proper cultivation, is esteemed in the French islands to be the best. From the great luxu- riance of all the West India weeds found in the southern parts of this province, it is not to be doubted but that all the fruits and productions of the West Indies may be raised here. Oranges, limes, lemons, and other fruits, grow spontaneously over the country. This province abounds with mahogany, and all kind of lumber for transportation or ship building, and the conveyance of the commodities will be attended with little expense, as there is water carriage every where. Extract from Governor Tonyn's Proclamation, Nov. 1775. The climate of this country is healthy, as is proved by the circumstance, that many of the Spaniards lived here to a comfortable old age ; and from the establishment of the civil government of the colony under the crown of Great Britain, his Majesty's subjects have enjoyed a state of good health, which is particularly manifest from the returns of his Majesty's troops, in garrison at St. Augustine. The climate is sufficiently cold in winter to brace up the. constitution after it has been relaxed by the summer heats, which are greatly mitigated in their effects by a regular sea breeze. Several kinds of grain and vegetables may be culti- vated here with success in the winter; and Indian corn, rice, which are numerous. Fruits and grain may be raised with little labor s the late inhabitants had often two crops of In- dian corn in one year, and the breeder here will be under no necessity of laying up fodder for the winter, for there is at all times sufficient pasture to maintain his cattle. The indigo plant remains unhurt for several years, and may be cut four times in a season. Wild indigo is found here in great abundance, which, with proper cultivation, is esteemed in the French islands to be the best. From the great luxu- riance of all the West India weeds found in the southern parts of this province, it is not to be doubted but that all the fruits and productions of the West Indies may be raised here. Oranges, limes, lemons, and other fruits, grow spontaneously over the country. This province abounds with mahogany, and all kind of lumber for transportation or ship building, and the conveyance of the commodities will be attended with little expense, as there is water carriage every where. Extract from Governor Tonyn's Proclamation, Nov. 1775. The climate of this country is healthy, as is proved by the circumstance, that many of the Spaniards lived here to a comfortable old age ; and from the establishment of the civil government of the colony under the crown of Great Britain, his Majesty's subjects have enjoyed a state of good health, which is particularly manifest from the returns of his Majesty's troops, in garrison at St. Augustine. The climate is sufficiently cold in winter to brace up the constitution after it has been relaxed by the summer heats, which are greatly mitigated in their effects by a regular sea breeze. Several kinds of grain and vegetables may be culti- vated here with success in the winter; and Indian corn, rice, which are numerous. Fruits and grain may be raised with little labor : the late inhabitants had often two crops of In- dian corn in one year, and the breeder here will be under no necessity of laying up fodder for the winter, for there is at all times sufficient pasture to maintain his cattle. The indigo plant remains unhurt for several years, and may be cut four times in a season. Wild indigo is found here in great abundance, which, with proper cultivation, is esteemed in the French islands to be the best. From the great luxu- riance of all the West India weeds found in the southern parts of this province, it is not to be doubted but that all the fruits and productions of the West Indies may be raised here. Oranges, limes, lemons, and other fruits, grow spontaneously over the country. This province abounds with mahogany, and all kind of lumber for transportation or ship building, and the conveyance of the commodities will be attended with little expense, as there is water carriage every where. Extract from Governor Tonya's Proclamation, Nov. 1775. The climate of this country is healthy, as is proved by the circumstance, that many of the Spaniards lived here to a comfortable old age ; and from the establishment of the civil government of the colony under the crown of Great Britain, his Majesty's subjects have enjoyed a state of good health, which is particularly manifest from the returns of his Majesty's troops, in garrison at St. Augustine. The climate is sufficiently cold in winter to brace up the constitution after it has been relaxed by the summer heats, which are greatly mitigated in their effects by a regular sea breeze. Several kinds of grain and vegetables may be culti- vated here with success in the winter ; and Indian corn, rice,  188 APPENDIX. 188 APPENDIX. 188 APPENDIX. indigo, cotton and sugar-cane in the summer season. If it be thought too expensive, or the seasons should be too preca- rious to cultivate the cane in sufficient abundance to-produce sugar and rum for exportation, the planter may at small ex- pense and labour, obtain a supply of these articles for his family. The climate and soil are peculiarly favourable to the growth of the indigo plant, from which the planters have manufactured indigo superior to any made in the British colonies of North America. The country contains excellent pasture land, suited to cattle of every description, preventing by its natural productiveness the necessity of cultivating the artificial grasses ; and the mildness of the climate renders the laying up of dry fodder unnecessary. The whole country is conveniently intersected with navi- gable rivers, plentifully stored with fish ; the banks of these rivers are covered with large oaks, and various species of wood, fit for the building of ships and houses, and for staves, and other articles, suited to the West India market, and an easy and rapid conveyance is afforded by the respective streams to their different ports. The Definitive Treaty of Peace and Friendship, between His Britannic Alajesty and the King of Spain, signed at Versailles, the 3d day of September, 1783. In the name of the Most Holy and Undivided Trinity, Fa- ther, Son, and Holy Ghost! So be it. Be it known to all those whom it shall or may in any manner concern. The Most Serene and Most Potent Prince, George the Third, by the Grace of God, King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick and Lunenbourg, Arch-Treasurer and Elector of the Holy Roman Empire, &c., and the Most Serene and Most Potent Prince, Charles the Third, by the Grace of indigo, cotton and sugar-cane in the summer season. If it be thought too expensive, or the seasons should be too preca- rious to cultivate the cane in sufficient abundance to-produce sugar and rum for exportation, the planter may at small ex- pense and labour, obtain a supply of these articles for his family. The climate and soil are peculiarly favourable to the growth of the indigo plant, from which the planters have manufactured indigo superior to any made in the British colonies of North America. The country contains excellent pasture land, suited to cattle of every description, preventing by its natural productiveness the necessity of cultivating the artificial grasses ; and the mildness of the climate renders the laying up of dry fodder unnecessary. The whole country is conveniently intersected with navi- gable rivers, plentifully stored with fish ; the banks of these rivers are covered with large oaks, and various species of wood, fit for the building of ships and houses, and for staves, and other articles, suited to the West India market, and an easy and rapid conveyance is afforded by the respective streams to their different ports. The Definitive Treaty of Peace and Friendship, between His Britannic Majesty and the King of Spain, signed at Versailles, the 3d day of September, 1783. In the name of the Most Holy and Undivided Trinity, Fa- ther, Son, and Holy Ghost ! So be it. Be it known to all those whom it shall or may in any manner concern. The Most Serene and Most Potent Prince, George the Third, by the Grace of God, King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick and Lunenbourg, Arch-Treasurer and Elector of the Holy Roman Empire, &c., and the Most Serene and Most Potent Prince, Charles the Third, by the Grace of indigo, cotton and sugar-cane in the summer season. If it be thought too expensive, or the seasons should be too preca- rious to cultivate the cane in sufficient abundance to-produce sugar and rum for exportation, the planter may at small ex- pense and labour, obtain a supply of these articles for his family. The climate and soil are peculiarly favourable to the growth of the indigo plant, from which the planters have manufactured indigo superior to any made in the British colonies of North America. The country contains excellent pasture land, suited to cattle of every description, preventing by its natural productiveness the necessity of cultivating the artificial grasses ; and the mildness of the climate renders the laying up of dry fodder unnecessary. The whole country is conveniently intersected with navi- gable rivers, plentifully stored with fish ; the banks of these rivers are covered with large oaks, and various species of wood, fit for the building of ships and houses, and for staves, and other articles, suited to the West India market, and an easy and rapid conveyance is afforded by the respective streams to their different ports. The Definitive Treaty of Peace and Friendship, between His Britannic Majesty and the King of Spain, signed at Versailles, the 3d day of September, 1783. In the name of the Most Holy and Undivided Trinity, Fa- ther, Son, and Holy Ghost ! So be it. Be it known to all those whom it shall or may in any manner concern. The Most Serene and Most Potent Prince, George the Third, by the Grace of God, King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick and Lunenbourg, Arch-Treasurer and Elector of the Holy Roman Empire, &c., and the Most Serene and Most Potent Prince, Charles the Third, by the Grace of  APPENDIX. 189 APPENDIX. 189 APPENDIX. 189 God, King of Spain, and of the Indies, &c. being equally de- sirous to put an end to the war, which for several years past afflicted their respective dominions, accepted the offer which their Majesties the Emperor of the Romans, and the Empress of all the Russias, made to them, of their interposition, and of their mediation: but their Britannic and Catholic Majesties, animated with a mutual desire of accelerating the re-establish- ment of Peace, communicated to each other their laudable intention; which Heaven so far blessed, that they proceeded to lay the foundations of peace, by signing Preliminary Arti- cles at Versailles, the 20th of January, in the present year. Their said Majesties, the King of Great Britain, and the Ca- tholic King thinking it incumbent upon them to give their Im- perial Majesties a signal proof of their gratitude for the gene. nerous offer of their mediation, invited them, in concert, to concur in the completion of the great and salutary work of peace, by taking part, as mediators, in the Definitive Treaty to be concluded between their Britannic and Catholic Majes- ties. Their said Imperial Majesties having readily accepted that invitation, they have named, as their representatives, viz. His Majesty, the Emperor of the Romans, the most Illustrious and most Excellent Lord Florimond,Count Mercy-Argenteau, Viscount of Loo, Baron of Crichegnee, Knight of the Golden Fleece, Chamberlain, actual Privy Councillor of State to his Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty, and his Ambassador to his most Christian Majesty ; and her Majesty the Empress of all the Russias, the most Illustrious and most Excellent Lord, Prince Iwan Bariantinskoy, Lieutenant-General of the Forces of her Imperial Majesty of all the Russias, Knight of the Or- der of St. Anne and of the Swedish Sword, and Minister Ple- nipotentiary to his most Christian Majesty, and the Lord Arcadi de Marcoff, Councillor of State to her Imperial Majesty of all the Russias, and her Minister Plenipotentiary to his most Christain Majesty. In consequence, their said Majesties, the God, King of Spain, and of the Indies, &c. being equally de. sirous to put an end to the war, which for several years past afflicted their respective dominions, accepted the offer which their Majesties the Emperor of the Romans, and the Empress of all the Russias, made to them, of their interposition, and of their mediation: but their Britannic and Catholic Majesties, animated with a mutual desire of accelerating the re-establish- ment of Peace, communicated to each other their laudable intention ; which Heaven so far blessed, that they proceeded to lay the foundations of peace, by signing Preliminary Arti- cles at Versailles, the 20th of January, in the present year. Their said Majesties, the King of Great Britain, and the Ca- tholic King thinking it incumbent upon them to give their Im- perial Majesties a signal proof of their gratitude for the gene- nerous offer of their mediation, invited them, in concert, to concur in the completion of the great and salutary work of peace, by taking part, as mediators, in the Definitive Treaty to be concluded between their Britannic and Catholic Majes- ties. Their said Imperial Majesties having readily accepted that invitation, they have named, as their representatives, viz. His Majesty, the Emperor of the Romans, the most Illustrious and most Excellent Lord Florimond,Count Mercy-Argenteau, Viscount of Loo, Baron of Crichegnee, Knight of the Golden Fleece, Chamberlain, actual Privy Councillor of State to his Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty, and his Ambassador to his most Christian Majesty ; and her Majesty the Empress of all the Russias, the most Illustrious and most Excellent Lord, Prince Iwan Bariantinskoy, Lieutenant-General of the Forces of her Imperial Majesty of all the Russias, Knight of the Or- der of St. Anne and of the Swedish Sword, and Minister Ple- nipotentiary to his most Christian Majesty, and the Lord Arcadi de Marcoff, Councillor of State to her Imperial Majesty of all the Russias, and her Minister Plenipotentiary to his most Christain Majesty. In consequence, their said Majesties, the God, King of Spain, and of the Indies, &c. being equally de- sirous to put an end to the war, which for several years past afflicted their respective dominions, accepted the offer which their Majesties the Emperor of the Romans, and the Empress of all the Russias, made to them, of their interposition, and of their mediation: but their Britannic and Catholic Majesties, animated with a mutual desire of accelerating the re-establish- ment of Peace, communicated to each other their laudable intention; which Heaven so far blessed, that they proceeded to lay the foundations of peace, by signing Preliminary Arti- cles at Versailles, the 20th of January, in the present year. Their said Majesties, the King of Great Britain, and the Ca- tholic King thinking it incumbent upon them to give their Im- perial Majesties a signal proof of their gratitude for the gene- nerous offer of their mediation, invited them, in concert, to concur in the completion of the great and salutary work of peace, by taking part, as mediators, in the Definitive Treaty to be concluded between their Britannic and Catholic Majes- ties. Their said Imperial Majesties having readily accepted that invitation, they have named, as their representatives, viz. His Majesty, the Emperor of the Romans, the most Illustrious and most Excellent Lord Florimond,Count Mercy-Argenteau, Viscount of Loo, Baron of Crichegnee, Knight of the Golden Fleece, Chamberlain, actual Privy Councillor of State to his Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty, and his Ambassador to his most Christian Majesty ; and her Majesty the Empress of all the Russias, the most Illustrious and most Excellent Lord, Prince twan Bariantinskoy, Lieutenant-General of the Forces of her Imperial Majesty of all the Russias, Knight of the Or- der of St. Anne and of the Swedish Sword, and Minister Ple- nipotentiary to his most Christian Majesty, and the Lord Arcadi de Marcoff, Councillor of State to her Imperial Majesty of all the Russias, and her Minister Plenipotentiary to his most Christain Majesty. In consequence, their said Majesties, the  !90 APPENDIX. 190 APPENDIX. 190 APPENDIX. King of Great Britain, and the most Christian King have named and constituted for their Plenipotentiaries, charged with the concluding and signing of the Definitive Treaty of Peace, viz. the King of Great Britain, the most Illustrious and most Excellent Lord George, Duke and Earl of Manchester, Viscount Mandeville, Baron of Kimbolton, Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum of the county of Huntingdon, actual Privy Councillor to his Britannic Majesty, and his Ambassa- dor Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to his most Christian Majesty ; and the Catholic King, the most Illustrious and most Excellent Lord Peter Paul Abarca de BoleaXimenes d'Urrea, &c. Count of Aranda and Castel Florido, Marquis of Torres, of Villanan and Rupit, Viscount of Rueda and Yoch, Baron of the Baronies of Gavin, Sietamo, Clamosa, Eripol, Trazmoz, La Mata de Castil-Viejo, Antillon, La Almolda, Cortes, Jorva, St. Genis, Rabovillet, Arcau and Ste. Colome de Fames, Lord of the Tenance and Honour of Alcalaten, the Valley of Rodellar, the Castles and Towns of Maella, Mesenes, Tiurana, and Villa Plana, Taradel and Viladrau, &c. Rico-Hombre in Arragon, by descent, Grandee in Spain of the First Class, Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece, and of that of the Holy Ghost, Gentleman of the King's Chamber in Employ. ment, Captain General of his Forces, and his Ambassador to the most Christian King : who, after having exchanged their respective full powers, have agreed upon the following articles : Art. I. There shall be a Christian, universal, and perpe- tual peace, as well by sea as by land, and a sincere and con- stant friendship shall be re-established, between their Britan- nic and Catholic Majesties, and between their heirs and suc- cessors, kingdoms, dominions, provinces, countries, subjects. and vassals, of what quality or condition soever they be, with- ouhexception either of places or persons; so that the high contracting parties shall give the greatest attention to the maintaining between themselves and their said dominions and King of Great Britain, and the most Christian King have named and constituted for their Plenipotentiaries, charged with the concluding and signing of the Definitive Treaty of Peace, viz. the King of Great Britain, the most Illustrious and most Excellent Lord George, Duke and Earl of Manchester, Viscount Mandeville, Baron of Kimbolton, Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum of the county of Huntingdon, actual Privy Councillor to his Britannic Majesty, and his Ambassa- dor Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to his most Christian Majesty ; and the Catholic King, the most Illustrious and most Excellent Lord Peter Paul Abarca de BoleaXimenes d'Urrea, &c. Count of Aranda and Castel Florido, Marquis of Torres, of Villanan and Rupit, Viscount of Rueda and Yoch, Baron of the Baronies of Gavin, Sietamo, Clamosa, Eripol, Trazmoz, La Mata de Castil-Viejo, Antillon, La Almolda, Cortes, Jorva, St. Genis, Rabovillet, Arcau and Ste. Colome de Fames, Lord of the Tenance and Honour of Alcalaten, the Valley of Rodellar, the Castles and Towns of Maella, Mesenes, Tiurana, and Villa Plana, Taradel and Viladrau, &c. Rico-Hombre in Arragon, by descent, Grandee in Spain of the First Class, Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece, and of that of the Holy Ghost, Gentleman of the King's Chamber in Employ- ment, Captain General of his Forces, and his Ambassador to the most Christian King : who, after having exchanged their respective full powers, have agreed upon the following articles : Art. I. There shall be a Christian, universal, and perpe- tual peace, as well by sea as by land, and a sincere and con- stant friendship shall be re-established, between their Britan- nic and Catholic Majesties, and between their heirs and suc- cessors, kingdoms, dominions, provinces, countries, subjects, and vassals, of what quality or condition soever they be, with- ouhexception either of places or persons ; so that the high contracting parties shall give the greatest attention to the maintaining between themselves and their said dominions and King of Great Britain, and the most Christian King have named and constituted for their Plenipotentiaries, charged with the concluding and signing of the Definitive Treaty of Peace, viz. the King of Great Britain, the most Illustrious and most Excellent Lord George, Duke and Earl of Manchester, Viscount Mandeville, Baron of Kimbolton, Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum of the county of Huntingdon, actual Privy Councillor to his Britannic Majesty, and his Ambassa- dor Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to his most Christian Majesty ; and the Catholic King, the most Illustrious and most Excellent Lord Peter Paul Abarca de BoleaXimenes d'Urrea, &c. Count of Aranda and Castel Florido, Marquis of Torres, of Villanan and Rupit, Viscount of Rueda and Yoch, Baron of the Baronies of Gavin, Sietamo, Clamosa, Eripol, Trazmoz, La Mata de Castil-Viejo, Antillon, La Almolda, Cortes, Jorva, St. Genis, Rabovillet, Arcau and Ste. Colome de Farnes, Lord of the Tenance and Honour of Alcalaten, the Valley of Rodellar, the Castles and Towns of Maella, Mesenes, Tiurana, and Villa Plana, Taradel and Viladrau, &c. Rico-Hombre in Arragon, by descent, Grandee in Spain of the First Class, Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece, and of that of the Holy Ghost, Gentleman of the King's Chamber in Employ- ment, Captain General of his Forces, and his Ambassador to the most Christian King : who, after having exchanged their respective full powers, have agreed upon the following articles : Art. I. There shall be a Christian, universal, and perpe. tual peace, as well by sea as by land, and a sincere and con- stant friendship shall be re-established, between their Britan- nic and Catholic Majesties, and between their heirs and suc- cessors, kingdoms, dominions, provinces, countries, subjects. and vassals, of what quality or condition soever they be. with- outnexception either of places or persons ; so that the high contracting parties shall give the greatest attention to the maintaining between themselves and their said dominions and  APPENDIX. 191 APPENDIX. 191 APPENDIX. 191 subjects, this reciprocal friendship and intercourse, without permitting hereafter, on either part, any kind of.hostilities to be committed, either by sea or by land, for any cause or under any pretence whatsoever: and they shall carefully avoid, for the future, every thing which might prejudice the union hap- pily re-established, endeavouring, on the contrary, to procure reciprocally for each other, on every occasion, whatever may contribute to their mutual glory, interest, and advantage, without giving any assistance or protection, directly or indi- rectly, to those who would do any injury to either of the high contracting parties. There shall be a general oblivion and amnesty of every thing which may have been done or com- mitted, before or since the commencement of the war which is just ended. Art, II. The treaties of Westphalia, of 1648; those of Madrid, of 1667, and of 1670 ; those of Peace and of Com- merce of Utrecht, of 1713; that of Baden, of 1714; of Ma- drid, of 1715; of Seville, of 1729 ; the definitive treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, of 1748 ; the treaty of Madrid, of 1750; and the definitive treaty of Paris, of 1763, serve as a basis and foundation to the peace, and to the present Treaty ; and for this purpose, they are all renewed and confirmed, in the best form, as well as all the treaties in general which subsisted between the high contracting parties before the war, and par- ticularly all those which are specified and renewed in the aforesaid definitive treaty of Paris, in the best form, and as if they were herein inserted word for word ; so that they are to be exactly observed for the future in their full tenor, and re- ligiously executed, by both parties, in all the points which shall not be derogated from by the present treaty of peace. Art. Ill. All the prisoners taken on either side, as well by land as by sea, and the hostages carried away or given, during the war, and to this day, shall be restored, without ransom, in six weeks at latest, to be computed from the day of the ex- change of the present treaty ; each Crown respectively dis- subjects, this reciprocal friendship and intercourse, without permitting hereafter, on either part, any kind of hostilities to be committed, either by sea or by land, for any cause or under any pretence whatsoever: and they shall carefully avoid, for the future, every thing which might prejudice the union hap- pily re-established, endeavouring, on the contrary, to procure reciprocally for each other, on every occasion, whatever may contribute to their mutual glory, interest, and advantage, without giving any assistance or protection, directly or indi- rectly, to those who would do any injury to either of the high contracting parties. There shall be a general oblivion and amnesty of every thing which may have been done or com- mitted, before or since the commencement of the war which is just ended. Art. IL The treaties of Westphalia, of 1648; those of Madrid, of 1667, and of 1670; those of Peace and of Com- merce of Utrecht, of 1713; that of Baden, of 1714; of Ma- drid, of 1715; of Seville, of 1729 ; the definitive treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, of 1748 ; the treaty of Madrid, of 1750; and the definitive treaty of Paris, of 1763, serve as a basis and foundation to the peace, and to the present Treaty; and for this purpose, they are all renewed and confirmed, in the best form, as well as all the treaties in general which subsisted between the high contracting parties before the war, and par- ticularly all those which are specified and renewed in the aforesaid definitive treaty of Paris, in the best form, and as if they were herein inserted word for word ; so that they are to be exactly observed for the future in their full tenor, and re- ligiously executed, by both parties, in all the points which shall not be derogated from by the present treaty of peace. Art. III. All the prisoners taken on either side, as well by land as by sea, and the hostages carried away or given, during the war, and to this day, shall be restored, without ransom, in six weeks at latest, to be computed from the day of the ex- change of the present treaty ; each Crown respectively dis- subjects, this reciprocal friendship and intercourse, without permitting hereafter, on either part, any kind of.hostilities to be committed, either by sea or by land, for any cause or under any pretence whatsoever: and they shall carefully avoid, for the future, every thing which might prejudice the union hap- pily re-established, endeavouring, on the contrary, to procure reciprocally for each other, on every occasion, whatever may contribute to their mutual glory, interest, and advantage, without giving any assistance or protection, directly or indi- rectly, to those who would do any injury to either of the high contracting parties. There shall be a general oblivion and amnesty of every thing which may have been done or com- mitted, before or since the commencement of the war which is just ended. Art. 11. The treaties of Westphalia, of 1648; those of Madrid, of 1667, and of 1670; those of Peace and of Com- merce of Utrecht, of 1713; that of Baden, of 1714; of Ma- drid, of 1715; of Seville, of 1729 ; the definitive treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, of 1748; the treaty of Madrid, of 1750; and the definitive treaty of Paris, of 1763, serve as a basis and foundation to the peace, and to the present Treaty; and for this purpose, they are all renewed and confirmed, in the best form, as well as all the treaties in general which subsisted between the high contracting parties before the war, and par- ticularly all those which are specified and renewed in the aforesaid definitive treaty of Paris, in the best form, and as if they were herein inserted word for word ; so that they are to he exactly observed for the future in their full tenor, and re- ligiously executed, by both parties, in all the points which shall not be derogated from by the present treaty of peace. Art. III. All the prisoners taken on either side, as well by land as by sea, and the hostages carried away or given, during the war, and to this day, shall be restored, without ransom, in six weeks at latest, to be computed from the day of the ex- change of the present treaty; each Crown respectively dis-  192 APPENDIX. 192 APPENDIX. 192 APPENDIX. charging the advances which shall have been made for the subsistence and maintenance of their prisoners, by the Sove- reign of the country where they shall have been detained, according to the receipts, attested accounts, and other authentic vouchers, which shall be furnished on each side : and sureties shall be reciprocally given for the payment of the debts which the prisoners may have contracted in the countries where they may have been detained, until their entire release. And all ships, as w4R nen of war as mer- ehant ships, which may have been taken since the expiration of the terms agreed upon for the cessation ofhostilities by sea, shall likewise be restored bona fde, with all their crews and cargoes. And the execution of this article shall be proceeded upon immediately after the exchange of the ratification, of this treaty. Art. IV. The King of Great Britain cedes, in full right, to his Catholic Majesty, the island of Minorca : Provided that the same stipulations inserted in the following article shall take place in favour of the British subjects, with regard to the above-mentioned island. Art. V. His Britannic Majesty likewise cedes and guaran- ties, in full right to his Catholic Majesty, East Florida, as also West Florida. His Catholic Majesty agrees that the British inhabitants, or others who may have been subjects of the King of Great Britain in the said countries, may retire in full security and liberty, where they shall think proper, and may sell their estates, and remove their effects, as well as their persons, without being restrained in their emigration, under any pretence whatsoever, except on account of debts, or cri- minal prosecutions ; the term limited for this emigration be- ing fixed to the space of eighteen months, to be computed from the day of the exchange of the ratifications of the present Treaty; but if, from the value of the possessions of the English proprietors, they should not be able to dispose of them within the said term, then his Catholic Majesty shall grant charging the advances which shall have been made for the subsistence and maintenance of their prisoners, by the Sove- reign of the country where they shall have been detained, according to the receipts, attested accounts, and other authentic vouchers, which shall be furnished on each side : and sureties shall be reciprocally given for the payment of the debts which the prisoners may hase contracted in the countries where they may have been detained, until their entire release. And all ships, as w4l men of war as mer- chant ships, which may have been taken since the expiration of the terms agreed upon for the cessation ofhostilities by sea, shall likewise be restored bona fide, with all their crews and cargoes. And the execution of this article shall be proceeded upon immediately after the exchange of the ratificatios, of this treaty. Art. IV. The King of Great Britain cedes, in full right, to his Catholic Majesty, the island of Minorca : Provided that the same stipulations inserted in the following article shall take place in favour of the British subjects, with regard to the above-mentioned island. Art. V. His Britannic Majesty likewise cedes and guaran. ties, in full right to his Catholic Majesty, East Florida, as also West Florida. His Catholic Majesty agrees that the British inhabitants, or others who may have been subjects of the King of Great Britain in the said countries, may retire in full security and liberty, where they shall think proper, and may sell their estates, and remove their effects, as well as their persons, without being restrained in their emigration, under any pretence whatsoever, except on account of debts, or cri- minal prosecutions ; the term limited for this emigration be- ing fixed to the space of eighteen months, to be computed from the day of the exchange of the ratifications of the present Treaty; but if, from the value of the possessions of the English proprietors, they should not be able to dispose of them within the said term, then his Catholic Majesty shall grant charging the advances which shall have been made for the subsistence and maintenance of their prisoners, by the Sove- reign of the country where they shall have been detained, according to the receipts, attested accounts, and other authentic vouchers, which shall be furnished on each side : and sureties shall be reciprocally given for the payment of the debts which the prisoners may have contracted in the countries where they may have been detained, until their entire release. And all ships, as wll menof war as mer- ehant ships, which may have been taken since the expiration of the terms agreed upon for the cessation ofhostilities by sea, shall likewise be restored bona fade, with all their crews and cargoes. And the execution of this article shall be proceeded upon immediately after the exchange of the ratification, of this treaty. Art. IV. The King of Great Britain cedes, in full right, to his Catholic Majesty, the island of Minorca : Provided that the same stipulations inserted in the following article shall take place in favour of the British subjects, with regard to the above-mentioned island. Art. V. His Britannic Majesty likewise cedes and guaran. ties, in full right to his Catholic Majesty, East Florida, as also West Florida. His Catholic Majesty agrees that the British inhabitants, or others who may have been subjects of the King of Great Britain in the said countries, may retire in full security and liberty, where they shall think proper, and may sell their estates, and remove their effects, as well as their persons, without being restrained in their emigration, under any pretence whatsoever, except on account of debts, or cri- minal prosecutions ; the term limited for this emigration be- ing fixed to the space of eighteen months, to be computed from the day of the exchange of the ratifications of the present Treaty; but if, from the value of the possessions of the English proprietors, they should not be able to dispose of them within the said term, then his Catholic Majesty shall grant  APPENDIX. 193 APPENDIX. 193 APPENDIX. 193 them a prolongation proportioned to that end. It is further stipulated, that his Britannic Majesty shall have the power of removing from East Florida all the effects which may belong to him, whether artillery, or other matters. Art. VI. The intention of the two high contracting parties being to prevent, as much as possible, all the causes of com- plaint and misunderstanding heretofore occasioned by the cutting of wood for dying, or logwood ; and several English settlements having been formed and extended, under that pretence, upon the Spanish continent ; it is expressly agreed, that his Britannic Majesty's subjects shall have the right of cutting, loading, and carrying away, logwood, in the district lying between the rivers Wallis, or Bellize, and Rio Hondo, taking the course of the said two rivers for unalterable boon- daries, so as that the navigation of them be common to both nations, to wit, by the river Wallis or Bellize, from the sea, ascending as far as opposite to a lake or inlet which runs into the land, and forms an isthmus, or neck, with another similar inlet,which comes from the side of Rio-Nuevo,orNew River,so that the line of separation shall pass strait across the said isth- mus, and meet another lake formed bythe water of Rio-Nuevo, or NewRiver, at its current. The said line shall continue with the course of Rio-Nuevo, descending as far as opposite to a river, the source of which is marked, in the map, between Rio- Nuevo and Rio-Hondo, and which empties itself into Rio- Hondo ; which river shall also serve as a common boundary as far as its junction with Rio-Hondo ; and from thence de- scending by Rio-Hondo to the sea, as the whole is marked on the map which the Plenipotentiaries of the Two Crowns have thought proper to make use of, for ascertaining the points agreed upon, to the end that a good correspondence may reign between the two nations, and that the English workmen, cutters, and labourers, may not trespass from an uncertainty of the boundaries. The respective commissaries shall fix upon convenient places, in the territory above mark them a prolongation proportioned to that end. It is further stipulated, that his Britannic Majesty shall have the power of removing from East Florida all the effects which may belong to him, whether artillery, or other matters. Art. VI. The intention of the two high contracting parties being to prevent, as much as possible, all the causes of com- plaint and misunderstanding heretofore occasioned by the cutting of wood for dying, or logwood ; and several English settlements having been formed and extended, under that pretence, upon the Spanish continent ; it is expressly agreed, that his Britannic Majesty's subjects shall have the right of cutting, loading, and carrying away, logwood, in the district lying between the rivers Wallis, or Bellize, and Rio Hondo, taking the course of the said two rivers for unalterable boun- daries, so as that the navigation of them be common to both nations, to wit. by the river Wallis or Bellize, from the sea, ascending as far as opposite to a lake or inlet which runs into the land, and forms an isthmus, or neck, with another similar inlet,which comes from the side of Rio-Nuevo,orNew River,tso that the line of separation shall pass strait across the said isth- mus, and meet another lake formed by the water of Rio-Nuevo, or New River, at its current. The said line shall continue with the course of Rio-Nuevo, descending as far as opposite to a river, the source of which is marked, in the map, between Rio- Nuevo and Rio-Hondo, and which empties itself into Rio. Hondo ; which river shall also serve as a common boundary as far as its junction with Rio-Hondo ; and from thence de- scending by Rio-Hondo to the sea, as the whole is marked on the map which the Plenipotentiaries of the Two Crowns have thought proper to make use of, for ascertaining the points agreed upon, to the end that a good correspondence may reign between the two nations, and that the English workmen, cutters, and labourers, may not trespass from an uncertainty of the boundaries. The respective commissaries shall fix upon convenient places, in the territory above mark 25 them a prolongation proportioned to that end. It is further stipulated, that his Britannic Majesty shall have the power of removing from East Florida all the effects which may belong to him, whether artillery, or other matters. Art. VI. The intention of the two high contracting parties being to prevent, as much as possible, all the causes of com- plaint and misunderstanding heretofore occasioned by the cutting of wood for dying, or logwood ; and several English settlements having been formed and extended, under that pretence, upon the Spanish continent ; it is expressly agreed, that his Britannic Majesty's subjects shall have the right of cutting, loading, and carrying away, logwood, in the district lying between the rivers Wallis, or Bellize, and Rio Hondo, taking the course of the said two rivers for unalterable boun- daries, so as that the navigation of them be common to both nations, to wit, by the river Wallis or Bellize, from the sea, ascending as far as opposite to a lake or inlet which runs into the land, and forms an isthmus, or neck, with another similar inlet,which comes from the side of Rio-Nuevo,orNew River,so that the line of separation shall pass strait across the said isth- mus, and meet another lake formed by the water of Rio-Nuevo, or New River, at its current. The said line shall continue with the course of Rio-Nuevo, descending as far as opposite to a river, the source of which is marked, in the map, between Rio. Nuevo and Rio-Hondo, and which empties itself into Rio. Hondo ; which river shall also serve as a common boundary as far as its junction with Rio-Hondo ; and from thence de- scending by Rio-Hondo to the sea, as the whole is marked on the map which the Plenipotentiaries of the Two Crowns have thought proper to make use of, for ascertaining the points agreed upon, to the end that a good correspondence may reign between the two nations, and that the English workmen, cutters, and labourers, may not trespass from an uncertainty of the boundaries. The respective commissaries shall fix upon convenient places, in the territory above mark 25  194 APPONDIX. 194 APPENDIX. 194 APPENDIX. ed out, in order that his Britannic Majesty's subjects, em. ployed in the felling of logwood, may, without interruption, build therein houses and magazines necessary for themselves, their families, and their effects; and his Catholic Majesty assures to them the enjoyment of all that is expressed in the present article ; provided that these stipulations shall not be considered as derogating in any wise from his rights of sove- reignty. Therefore, all the English, who may be dispersed in any other parts, whether on the Spanish continent, or in any of the islands whatsoever, dependent on the aforesaid Spanish continent, and for whatever reason it might be, with. out exception, shall retire within the district which has been above described, in the space of eighteen months, to be com- puted from the exchange of the ratifications; and for this purpose orders shall be issued on the part of his Britannic Majesty; and on that of his Catholic majesty, his governors shall be ordered to grant to the English dispersed every con- venience possible for their removing to the settlement agreed upon by the present article, or for their retiring wherever they shall think proper. It is likewise stipulated, that if any fortifications should actually have been heretofore erected within the limits marked out, his Britannic majesty shall cause them all to be demolished ; and he will order his sub- jects not to build any new ones. The English inhabitants, who shall settle there for the cutting of logwood, shall b permitted to enjoy a free fishery for their subsistence, on the coasts of the district above agreed. on, or of the islands situ- ated opposite thereto, without being-in any wise disturbed on that account ; provided they do not establish themselves, in any manner, on the said islands. ART. VII. His Catholic Majesty shall restore to Gre Britain the islands of Providence, and the Bahamas, withou exception, in the same condition they were in when the were conquered by the arms of the King of Spain. Th same stipulations inserted in the fifth article of this treat ed out, in order that his Britannic Majesty's subjects, em- ployed in the felling of logwood, may, without interruption, build therein houses and magazines necessary for themselves, their families, and their effects; and his Catholic Majesty assures to them the enjoyment of all that is expressed in the present article ; provided that these stipulations shall not be considered as derogating in any wise from his rights of sove- reignty. Therefore, all the English, who may be dispersed in any other parts, whether on the Spanish continent, or in any of the islands whatsoever, dependent on the aforesaid Spanish continent, and for whatever reason it might be, with. out exception, shall retire within the district which has been above described, in the space of eighteen months, to be com- puted from the exchange of the ratifications; and for this purpose orders shall be issued on the part of his Britannic Majesty; and on that of his Catholic majesty, his governors shall be ordered to grant to the English dispersed every con- venience possible for their removing to the settlement agreed upon by the present article, or for their retiring wherever they shall think proper. It is likewise stipulated, that if any fortifications should actually have been heretofore erected within the limits marked out, his Britannic majesty shall cause them all to be demolished ; and he will order his sub- jects not to build any new ones. The English inhabitants, who shall settle there for the cutting of logwood, shall b permitted to enjoy a free fishery for their subsistence, on the coasts of the district above agreed. on, or of the islands situ- ated opposite thereto, without being-in any wise disturbed on that account; provided they do not establish themselves, in any manner, on the said islands. AnT. VII. His Catholic Majesty shall restore to Grea Britain the islands of Providence, and the Bahamas, withou exception, in the same condition they were in when the were conquered by the arms of the King of Spain. Th same stipulations inserted in the fifth article of this treat ed out, in order that his Britannic Majesty's subjects, em- ployed in the felling of logwood, may, without interruption, build therein houses and magazines necessary for themselves, their families, and their effects; and his Catholic Majesty assures to them the enjoyment of all that is expressed in the present article ; provided that these stipulations shall not be considered as derogating in any wise from his rights of sove- reignty. Therefore, all the English, who may be dispersed in any other parts, whether on the Spanish continent, or in any of the islands whatsoever, dependent on the aforesaid Spanish continent, and for whatever reason it might be, with. out exception, shall retire within the district which has been above described, in the space of eighteen months, to be com- puted from the exchange of the ratifications; and for this purpose orders shall be issued on the part of his Britannic Majesty; and on that of his Catholic majesty, his governors shall be ordered to grant to the English dispersed every con- venience possible for their removing to the settlement agreed upon by the present article, or for their retiring wherever they shall think proper. It is likewise stipulated, that if any fortifications should actually have been heretofore erected within the limits marked out, his Britannic majesty shall cause them all to be demolished ; and he will order his sub- jects not to build any new ones. The English inhabitants, who shall settle there for the cutting of logwood, shall bt permitted to enjoy a free fishery for their subsistence, on the coasts of the district above agreed. on, or of the islands situ- ated opposite thereto, without being in any wise disturbed on that account ; provided they do not establish themselves, in any manner, on the said islands. ART. VII. His Catholic Majesty shall restore to Grea Britain the islands of Providence, and the Bahamas, withou exception, in the same condition they were in when the were conquered by the arms of the King of Spain. Th same stipulations inserted in the fifth article of this treat  APPENDIX. 195 APPENDIX. 195 APPENDIX. 195 shall take place in favour of the Spanish subjects, with re- gard to the islands mentioned in the present article. Art. VIII. All the countries and territories, which may have been, or which may be conquered, in any part of the world whatsoever, by the arms of his Britannic Majesty, as well as by those of his Catholic Majesty, which are not in- cluded in the present Treaty, neither under the head of cessions, nor under the head of restitutions, shall be resto- red without difficulty, and without requiring any compensa- tion. ART. IX. Immediately after the exchange of the ratifica- tions, the two high contracting parties shall name commis- saries to treat concerning new arrangements of commerce between the two nations, on the basis of reciprocity and mutual convenience ; which arrangements shall be settled and concluded within the space of two years, to be computed from the first of January, 1784. AaR. X. As it is necessary to appoint a certain period for the restitutions and evacuations to be made by each of the High Contracting Parties, it is agreed, that the King of Great Britain shall cause East Florida to be evacuated three months after the ratification of the present treaty, or sooner, if it can be done. The King of Great Britain shall, in like manner, enter again into possession of the islands of Providence, and the Bahamas, without exception, in the space of three months after the ratification of the present treaty, or sooner, if it can be done. In consequence whereof, the necessary orders shall be sent by each of the High Con- tracting Parties, with reciprocal passports for the ships which shall carry them, immediately after the ratification of the present Treaty. Art. Xl. Their Britannic and Catholic Majesties promise to observe sincerely, and bonafde, all the articles contained and established in the present treaty; and they will not suffer the same to be sufringed, directly or indirectly, by their re- shall take place in favour of the Spanish subjects, with re- gard to the islands mentioned in the present article. Art. VIII. All the countries and territories, which may have been, or which may be conquered, in any part of the world whatsoever, by the arms of his Britannic Majesty, as well as by those of his Catholic Majesty, which are not in- cluded in the present Treaty, neither under the head of' cessions, nor under the head of restitutions, shall be resto- red without difficulty, and without requiring any compensa- tion. AnR. IX. Immediately after the exchange of the ratifica- tions, the two high contracting parties shall name commis- saries to treat concerning new arrangements of commerce between the two nations, on the basis of reciprocity and mutual convenience ; which arrangements shall be settled and concluded within the space of two years, to be computed from the first of January, 1784. AnR. X. As it is necessary to appoint a certain period for the restitutions and evacuations to be made by each of the High Contracting Parties, it is agreed, that the King of Great Britain shall cause East Florida to be evacuated three months after the ratification of the present treaty, or sooner, if it can be done. The King of Great Britain shall, in like manner, enter again into possession of the islands of Providence, and the Bahamas, without exception, in the space of three months after the ratification of the present treaty, or sooner, if it can be done. In consequence whereof, the necessary orders shall be sent by each of the High Con- tracting Parties, with reciprocal passports for the ships which shall carry them, immediately after the ratification of the present Treaty. Art. XL. Their Britannic and Catholic Majesties promise to observe sincerely, and bonafde, all the articles contained and established in the present treaty; and they will not suffer the same to be infringed, directly or indirectly, by their re- shall take place in favour of the Spanish subjects, with re- gard to the islands mentioned in the present article. Art. VIII. All the countries and territories, which may have been, or which may be conquered, in any part of the world whatsoever, by the arms of his Britannic Majesty, as well as by those of his Catholic Majesty, which are not in- cluded in the present Treaty, neither under the head of cessions, nor under the head of restitutions, shall be resto- red without difficulty, and without requiring any compensa- tion. AnT. IX. Immediately after the exchange of the ratifica- tions, the two high contracting parties shall name commis- saries to treat concerning new arrangements of commerce between the two nations, on the basis of reciprocity and mutual convenience; which arrangements shall be settled and concluded within the space of two years, to be computed from the first of January, 1784. AaR. X. As it is necessary to appoint a certain period for the restitutions and evacuations to be made by each of the High Contracting Parties, it is agreed, that the King of Great Britain shall cause East Florida to be evacuated three months after the ratification of the present treaty, or sooner, if it can be done. The King of Great Britain shall, in like manner, enter again into possession of the islands of Providence, and the Bahamas, without exception, in the space of three months after the ratiication of the present treaty, or sooner, if it can be done. In consequence whereof, the necessary orders shall be sent by each of the High Con- tracting Parties, with reciprocal passports for the ships which shall carry them, immediately after the ratification of the present Treaty. Art. XT. Their Britannic and Catholic Majesties promise to observe sincerely, and bonafde, all the articles contained and established in the present treaty; and they will not suffer the same to be infringed, directly or indirectly, by their re-  196 APPENDIX. 196 APPENDIX. 196 APPENDIX. spective subjects: and the said High Contracting Parties guaranty to each other, generally and reciprocally, all the stipulations of the present treaty. Art. XII. The solemn ratifications of the present treaty, prepared in good and due form, shall be exchanged in this city of Versailles, between the High Contracting Parties, in the space of one month, or sooner if possible, to be computed from the day of the signature of the present treaty. In wit- ness whereof, we, the underwritten Ambassadors Extraordi- nary, and Ministers Plenipotentiary, have signed, with our hands, in their names, and by virtue of our respective full powers, the present Definitive Treaty, and have caused the seals of our arms to be affixed thereto. Done at Versailles, the third day of September, one thou- sand seven hundred and eighty-three. MANCHESTER. LE CoMTE D'ARANDA. (aL. s.) (L. a.) SEPARATE ARTICLES. Art. I. Some of the titles, made use of by the Contracting Parties, whether in the full powers, and other instruments, during the course of the negotiation, or in the preamble of the present Treaty, not being generally acknowledged, it has been agreed, that no prejudice should ever result therefrom to either of the said Contracting Parties ; and that the titles taken or omitted, on either side, upon occasion of the said negotiation, and of the present Treaty, shall not be cited, or quoted as a precedent. Art. II. It has been agreed and determined, that the French language, made use of in all copies of the present Treaty, shall not form an example which may be alleged or quoted as a precedent, or, in any manner, prejudice either of the Con- tracting Powers ; and that they shall conform, for the future, to what has been observed, and ought to be observed, with spective subjects: and the said High Contracting Parties guaranty to each other, generally and reciprocally, all the stipulations of the present treaty. Art. XII. The solemn ratitcations of the present treaty, prepared in good and due form, shall be exchanged in this city of Versailles, between the High Contracting Parties, in the space of one month, or sooner, if possible, to be computed from the day of the signature of the present treaty. In wit- ness whereof, we, the underwritten Ambassadors Extraordi- nary, and Ministers Plenipotentiary, have signed, with our hands, in their names, and by virtue of our respective full powers, the present Defmitive Treaty, and have caused the seals of our arms to be affixed thereto. Done at Versailles, the third day of September, one thou- sand seven hundred and eighty-three. MANCHESTER. LE COMTE D'ARANDA. (L. s.) -(L. a.) SEPARATE ARTICLES. Art. I. Some of the titles, made use of by the Contracting Parties, whether in the full powers, and other instruments, during the course of the negotiation, or in the preamble of the present Treaty, not being generally acknowledged, it has been agreed, that no prejudice should ever result therefrom to either of the said Contracting Parties ; and that the titles taken or omitted, on either side, upon occasion of the said negotiation, and of the present Treaty, shall not be cited, or quoted as a precedent. Art. II. It has been agreed and determined, that the French language, made use of in all copies of the present Treaty, shall not form an example which may be alleged or quoted as a precedent, or, in any manner, prejudice either of the Con- tracting Powers ; and that they shall conform, for the future, to what has been observed, and ought to be observed, with spective subjects: and the said High Contracting Parties guaranty to each other, generally and reciprocally, all the stipulations of the present treaty. Art. XII. The solemn ratifications of the present treaty, prepared in good and due form, shall be exchanged in this city of Versailles, between the High Contracting Parties, in the space of one month, or sooner, if possible, to be computed from the day of the signature of the present treaty. In wit- ness whereof, we, the underwritten Ambassadors Extraordi. nary, and Ministers Plenipotentiary, have signed, with our hands, in their names, and by virtue of our respective full powers, the present Definitive Treaty, and have caused the seals of our arms to be affixed thereto. Done at Versailles, the third day of September, one thou- sand seven hundred and eighty-three. MANCHESTER. LE COnTE n'ARANDA. (L. S.) (L. S.) SEPARATE ARTICLES. Art. I. Some of the titles, made use of by the Contracting Parties, whether in the full powers, and other instruments, during the course of the negotiation, or in the preamble of the present Treaty, not being generally acknowledged, it has been agreed, that no prejudice should ever result therefrom to either of the said Contracting Parties; and that the titles taken or omitted, on either side, upon occasion of the said negotiation, and of the present Treaty, shall not be cited, or quoted as a precedent. Art. II. It has been agreed and determined, that the French language, made use of in all copies of the present Treaty, shall not form an example which may be alleged or quoted as a precedent, or, in any manner, prejudice either of the Con- tracting Powers ; and that they shall conform, for the future, to what has been observed, and ought to be observed, with  APPENDIX. 197 APPENDIX. 197 APPENDIX. 197 regard to, and on the part of, powers, who are in the practice and possession of giving and receiving copies of like treaties in a different language from the French; the present Treaty having, nevertheless, the same force and virtue as if the afore- said practice had been therein observed. In witness whereof, we, the under-written Ambassadors Ex. traordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary of their Britannic and Catholic Majesties, have signed the present Separate Arti- cles, and have caused the seals of our arms to be affixed thereto. Done at Versailles, the third day of September, one thou- sand seven hundred and eighty-three. (L. s.) MANCHESTER. (L. S.) LE CoNTE D'ARANDA. DECLARATION. The new state in which commerce may perhaps be found, in all parts of the world, will demand revisions and explana- tions of the subsisting treaties; but an entire abrogation of those treaties, in whatever period it might be, would throw commerce into such confusion as would be of infinite preju- dice to it. In some of the treaties of this sort there are not only arti- cles which relate merely to commerce, but many others which ensure, reciprocally, to the respective subjects, privileges, facilities for conducting their affairs, personal protections, and other advantages, which are not, and which ought not to be, of a changeable nature, such as the regulations relating merely to the value of goods and merchandize, variable from circumstances of every kind. When, therefore, the state of trade between the two nations shall be treated upon, it is requisite to be understood, that the alterations which may be made in the subsisting treaties are to extend only to arrangements merely commercial ; and that the privileges and advantages, mutual and particular, be regard to, and on the part of, powers, who are in the practice and possession of giving and receiving copies of like treaties in a different language from the French ; the present Treaty having, nevertheless, the same force and virtue as if the afore. said practice had been therein observed. In witness whereof, we, the under-written Ambassadors Ex- traordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary of their Britannic and Catholic Majesties, have signed the present Separate Arti- cles, and have caused the seals of our arms to be affixed thereto. Done at Versailles, the third day of September, one thou- sand seven hundred and eighty-three. (c. s.) MANCHESTER. (c. s.) LE COMITE D'ARANDA. DECLARATION. The new state in which commerce may perhaps be found, in all parts of the world, will demand revisions and explana- tions of the subsisting treaties; but an entire abrogation of those treaties, in whatever period it might be, would throw commerce into such confusion as would be of infinite preju- dice to it. In some of the treaties of this sort there are not only arti- cles which relate merely to commerce, but many others which ensure, reciprocally, to the respective subjects, privileges, facilities for conducting their affairs, personal protections, and other advantages, which are not, and which ought not to be, of a changeable nature, such as the regulations relating merely to the value of goods and merchandize, variable from circumstances of every kind. When, therefore, the state of trade between the two nations shall be treated upon, it is requisite to be understood, that the alterations which may be made in the subsisting treaties are to extend only to arrangements merely commercial ; and that the privileges and advantages, mutual and particular, be regard to, and on the part of, powers, who are in the practice and possession of giving and receiving copies of like treaties in a different language from the French; the present Treaty having, nevertheless, the same force and virtue as if the afore- said practice had been therein observed. In witness whereof, we, the under-written Ambassadors Ex- traordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary of their Britannic and Catholic Majesties, have signed the present Separate Arti- cles, and have caused the seals of our arms to be affixed thereto. Done at Versailles, the third day of September, one thou- sand seven hundred and eighty-three. (c. s.) MANCHESTER. (L. s.) LE CONTE D'ARANDA. DECLARATION. The new state in which commerce may perhaps be found, in all parts of the world, will demand revisions and explana- tions of the subsisting treaties; but an entire abrogation of those treaties, in whatever period it might be, would throw commerce into such confusion as would be of infinite preju- dice to it. In some of the treaties of this sort there are not only arti- cles which relate merely to commerce, but many others which ensure, reciprocally, to the respective subjects, privileges, facilities for conducting their affairs, personal protections, and other advantages, which are not, and which ought not to be, of a changeable nature, such as the regulations relating merely to the value of goods and merchandize, variable from circumstances of every kind. When, therefore, the state of trade between the two nations shall be treated upon, it is requisite to be understood, that the alterations which may be made in the subsisting treaties are to extend only to arrangements merely commercial ; and that the privileges and advantages, mutual and particular, be  198 APPENDIX. 198 APPENDIX. 198 APPENDIX. not only preserved on each side, but even augmented, if it can be done. In this view, his Majesty has consented to the appointment of Commissaries, on each side, who shall treat solely upon this object. Doue at Versailles, the third day of September, one thou- sand seven hundred and eighty-three. (L. s.) MANCHESTER. COUNTER-DECLARATION. The Catholic King, in proposing new arrangements of com- merce, has had no other design than to remedy, by the rules of reciprocity and mutual convenience, whatever may be de- fective in preceding treaties of commerce. The King of Great Britain may judge from thence, that the intention of his Catholic Majesty is not in any manner to cancel all the stipulations contained in the above-mentioned treaties; he declares, on the contrary, from henceforth, that he is disposed to maintain all the privileges, facilities, and advantages, ex- pressed in the old treaties, as far as they shall be reciprocal, or compensated by equivalent advantages. It is to attain this end, desired on each side, that Commissaries are to be named to treat upon the state of trade between the two nations, and that a considerable space of time is to be allowed for com- pleting their work. His Catholic Majesty hopes that this object will be pursued with the same good faith, and with the same spirit of conciliation, which have presided over the dis- cussion of all the other points included in the Defnitise Treaty ; and his said Majesty is equally confident, that the respective Commissaries will employ the utmost diligence for the completion of this important work. Done at Versailles, the third day of September, one thou- sand seven hundred and eighty-three. (L. S.) LE CoMTE D'ARANDA. not only preserved on each side, but even augmented, if it can be done. In this view, his Majesty has consented to the appointment of Commissaries, on each side, who shall treat solely upon this object. Done at Versailles, the third day of September, one thou- sand seven hundred and eighty-three. (L. S.) MANCHESTER. COUNTER-DECLARATION. The Catholic King, in proposing new arrangements of com- merce, has had no other design than to remedy, by the rules of reciprocity and mutual convenience, whatever may be de- fective in preceding treaties of commerce. The King of Great Britain may judge from thence, that the intention of his Catholic Majesty is not in any manner to cancel all the stipulations contained in the above-mentioned treaties; he declares, on the contrary, from henceforth, that he is disposed to maintain all the privileges, facilities, and advantages, ex- pressed in the old treaties, as far as they shall be reciprocal, or compensated by equivalent advantages. lt is to attain this end, desired on each side, that Commissaries are to be named to treat upon the state of trade between the two nations, and that a considerable space of time is to be allowed for com- pleting their work. His Catholic Majesty hopes that this object will be pursued with the same good faith, and with the same spirit of conciliation, which have presided over the dis- cussion of all the other points included in the Dehnnitive Treaty ; and his said Majesty is equally confident, that the respective Commissaries will employ the utmost diligence for the completion of this important work. Done at Versailles, the third day of September, one thou- sand seven hundred and eighty-three. (L. s.) LE CoMTE D'ARANDA. not only preserved on each side, but even augmented, if it can be done. In this view, his Majesty has consented to the appointment of Commissaries, on each side, who shall treat solely upon this object. Done at Versailles, the third day of September, one thou- sand seven hundred and eighty-three. (C. a.) MANCHESTER. COUNTER-DECLARATION. The Catholic King, in proposing new arrangements of com- merce, has had no other design than to remedy, by the rules of reciprocity and mutual convenience, whatever may be de- fective in preceding treaties of commerce. The King of Great Britain may judge from thence, that the intention of his Catholic Majesty is not in any manner to cancel all the stipulations contained in the above-mentioned treaties; he declares, on the contrary, from henceforth, that he is disposed to maintain all the privileges, facilities, and advantages, ex- pressed in the old treaties, as far as they shall be reciprocal, or compensated by equivalent advantages. It is to attain this end, desired on each side, that Commissaries are to be named to treat upon the state of trade between the two nations, and that a considerable space of time is to be allowed for com- pleting their work. His Catholic Majesty hopes that this object will be pursued with the same good faith, and with the same spirit of conciliation, which have presided over the dis- cussion of all the other points included in the Defimitive Treaty ; and his said Majesty is equally confident, that the respective Commissaries will employ the utmost diligence for the completion of this important work. Done at Versailles, the third day of September, one thou- sand seven hundred and eighty-three. (L. s.) LE COMTE DtARANDA-  APPENDIX. 199 APPENDIX. 199 APPENDIX. 199 Extract from the Proclamation of Don Enriqui White, Colonel and Governor of East Florida, dated St. .ugustine, October 12th, 1803. " Forasmuch as it is proper partly to modify the rules and conditions which the government had established for conces- sions and divisions of lands to the new settlers in this pro- vince, and as many abuses, on the part of these new settlers, have arisen under the system which government had esta- blished, tending to the prejudice and hindrance of the ad- vancement of the province, for which reason, and to remedy these evils, I recommend and order, that for the future the following regulations be observed, viz.: 1st. (Prescribes the oath required to be taken by new set- tIers.) 2d. (Specifies the number of acres granted to each family.) 3d. Those to whom land is granted shall begin to cultivate it within a month from the time of the grant; in failure of which, the grant shall be annulled. 4th. All concessions of lands, in which no time is specified, shall expire and be annulled, if the person to whom they are made shall not appear to cultivate and take possession of them within the space of six months. 5th. None of those who cede or convey their lands to others, under the pretence of selling their improvements, shall be granted any lands in future, nor shall these cessions or con- veyances be admitted, if done without the consent of govern- ment. 6th. Notwithstanding what is said in the foregoing article, if it should suit any settler to change his situation, it will be permitted, if he desires, by granting him lands where he may wish ; but on condition of giving up the improvements on the lands he left, for the royal revenue, on purpose to hinder the abuse of transfers or sales, which are prohibited, under that Extract from the Proclamation of Don Enriqui White, Colonel and Governor of East Florida, dated St. .ugustine, October 12th, 1803. " Forasmuch as it is proper partly to modify the rules and conditions which the government had established for conces- sions and divisions of lands to the new settlers in this pro- vince, and as many abuses, on the part of these new settlers, have arisen under the system which government had esta- blished, tending to the prejudice and hindrance of the ad- vancement of the province, for which reason, and to remedy these evils, I recommend and order, that for the future the following regulations be observed, viz.: t. (Prescribes the oath required to be taken by new set- tlers.) 2d. (Specifies the number of acres granted to each family.) 3d. Those to whom land is granted shall begin to cultivate it within a month from the time of the grant; in failure of which, the grant shall be annulled. 4th. All concessions of lands, in which no time is specified, shall expire and be annulled, if the person to whom they are made shall not appear to cultivate and take possession of them within the space of six months. 5th. None ofthose who cede or convey their lands to others, under the pretence of selling their improvements, shall be granted any lands in future, nor shall these cessions or con- veyances be admitted, if done without the consent of govern- ment. 6th. Notwithstanding what is said in the foregoing article, if it should suit any settler to change his situation, it will be permitted, if he desires, by granting him lands where he may wish ; but on condition of giving up the improvements on the lands he left, for the royal revenue, on purpose to hinder the abuse of transfers or sales, which are prohibited, under that Extract from the Proclamation of Don Enriqui White, Colonel and Governor of East Florida, dated St. Augustine, October 12th, 1803. " Forasmuch as it is proper partly to modify the rules and conditions which the government had established for conces- sions and divisions of lands to the new settlers in this pro- vince, and as many abuses, on the part of these new settlers, have arisen under the system which government had esta- blished, tending to the prejudice and hindrance of the ad- vancement of the province, for which reason, and to remedy these evils, I recommend and order, that for the future the following regulations be observed, viz.: 1st. (Prescribes the oath required to be taken by new set- tlers.) 2d. (Specifies the number of acres granted to each family.) 3d. Those to whom land is granted shall begin to cultivate it within a month from the time of the grant; in failure of which, the grant shall be annulled. 4th. All concessions of lands, in which no time is specified, shall expire and be annulled, if the person to whom they are made shall not appear to cultivate and take possession of them within the space of six months. 5th. None of those who cede or convey their lands to others, under the pretence of selling their improvements, shall be granted any lands in future, nor shall these cessions or con- veyances be admitted, if done without the consent of govern- ment. 6th. Notwithstanding what is said in the foregoing article, if it should suit any settler to change his situation, it will be permitted, if he desires, by granting him lands where he may wish ; but on condition of giving up the improvements on the lands he left, for the royal revenue, on purpose to hinder the abuse of transfers or sales, which are prohibited, under that  200 APtPENDIXf. 200 AP'PENI. 200 AP'PENDIX. pretext, until the right time pretined in the former rules us ptace. 7th. (Retates to cutting weed fee gnvernment.) tt. (Retates to fining the spot desired.) 9tth. Every person who shutt have abandoned or disconti- nused cuttivating, or dues net actuatty cuttivate the tands which atuany periodshaltthavereen meaured In him hy the Sur- veyor-General, even after he has obtained the correspending titte of peoprietorship fronm the otlice, shatt uose hin right In them, and they shut1 he given toIny one, net hsaving tend al- ready, hy proving summarity that they hare laid uncuttivated fur at trust tnwn years." Colonel Clint/s's Official Letter respeting the fEpedtition aganst I/s.etfgrn Feet, en I/se Apatla/icolss. Camp Craword, Asgust 2, 1816. SIn s-I have ttsesonnorto inform Yan thet I reeivrd a et- ter from Major Generat Gaines, dated -, advisiag me that he had ordered asspplyof proisins, two eighteen poanders, otnefive sndahatf inch howiter, and a uantsitynofordnane stoes, to ascend the Apalachicota ricer In thin pest. I wns also instructed, in ease opposition should he muds by thse furt, occupied hy Negroes und Choctatw Insdians, to the passge of the convoy, in tahe mreasures fee its reductin. A confidential chief, culled Lafarka, wee immediately de- spatched withs a ltler foe ste officer coumanding thse convey, mills instructions In remain naur the Bay- usstil the arrical of thn vessels. Ott the 15th ultimo, thse chsief retuned, with a letter from Suiting Muster Lootnis, informing me of his arrival in the hey with swe gun vessels, cetnvoyieg twn trasport; laden with provisiont, ordnsance, ordtsnancestores, &ac. On the 17ths I left this place with oe hundred end sixteen chosen men, in pretext, until the right time prefixed in the fortmer rules oc place. 7ths. (Relates In cutting wnod fnr government.) tl. (Relates In fining the spot desired.) 9lth. Every persn who shall have ahandoned nr disconti- nued cuttivating, en des net actuatly cultivate the lands which atnyperiod shallthaveheen meastredlto him hy the Sur- veyor-General, even after he has obtained the correspondinsg title nf proprietorship frout the oafice, shull lute his right to them, end they shall he given so ansyone, not having land al- reedy, hy proving summarily thsat they hare laid uncuttivated forat least two years." Colonel Clinc/s Official Letter rsesecting I/se fEpeditions ngis t/seNegro Feet, en the Apalac/hicola. Camp Crawfoerd, August 2, 181. SIn :-.I hsve the hoanor to inform ynu that I received u lt- ter from Majnr General Gaines, dated -, advisinsg me that he had ordered asupply of previsions, two eighteen pounders, onte fire and a half itnch howitzer, and a quantity of ordsance stores,,tn ascend the Apalachicola river to this post. Iswas also instructed, in ease npposition shontd he mude bsy the feet, occupied by Negroes end Choectaw Insdins, to the passage of the convey, to tahe mears for its reduction. A contidentsl chief, catted Laufarha, wus immediately dc- spatched with a letter fur the officercomnsdinge consoy wilts instructions to reman near the Bay until I/se arrival of the vessels. Ontthle 15th ultimo, the chsief returned, with a letter from Suiting Master Loomis, informing me oftsisearrival in the hey witt wo gut vesselts, cosneying tou trustsports laden withuprovisions,aordtance,sordssancestores, &c. Oa ths lth I left this place wtith one htundred end sixteens chosen, mess, in pretext, until the right lime prefixed in the former rules cc place. 7tts. (Reltis to cutting weed for goverunment.) 8ths. (Relates to fixng tue spot desired.) 9ths. Eveey person who shalt hauve uhandoned or disconti- nsued cultivating, or des nut uctuallyecultivate the lands which at anyperiod shall havehbeen meaured to him by the Sur- veyor-General, even after he has ohtained the corresponding title of proprietorship front the ofice, shalt lose his rig/st to them, and they shalt he given to ansyone, not having land ul- ready, hy proving summarily thtsu they have laid uncultivated fur at least Iwo years."t Colotntl Clinchi's Official Letter rspecting the Expuedsitions agaist i/se.Negen Feet, on I/n Apalsachico. Camp Crawfords, August 2, 1nst. SIts :-I have the honor to inform you shallI received a lt- lee from Majnr Generul Gaines, dated -, advising me that he had ordered u supplynof provitions, two eighteen pondes, otto fie andua half inch howitze, and a quantity ofeordttnce starer, to ascend the Apalachicola ricer in this pest. I wes also instructed, in case opposition should he made by the feet, occupied hy Negroes and Choctaw Insdians, to the patsge of the convoy, to tahe measures fee its redaction. A confidential chief, culled Lafarka, wsue immediately de- spatched with a letter foe the officer comsmandisg the convey. witht insstructions to remain near the Buy until the arrival of thr vessels. Ott the 15th ultimo, the cthief returned, swit/s a letter from Sailing Muster Loomis, informitg meoftsisuarival in the bey wisth twn gut vsessels, ecoyingtwo transspors laden with provisions, ordsnance, ordnase stoes, &ec. On the l7ths I left this placeswith one hundred and tintenun chen men, it  APPENDIX. 201 APPENDIX. 201 APPENDIX. 201 boats, and commenced descending the river. The detach- ment was divided into two companies, commanded by Brevet Major Muhlenberg and Captain Taylor. On the same even- ing, I was joined by Major ehIntosh, with one hundred and fifty Indians, and on the 18th, by an old chief, called Captain Isaacs, and the celebrated chief Koteha-haigo, (or mad tiger,) at the head of a large body of Indians, many of whom were without arms. My junction with these chiefs was accidental ; their expe- dition having been long since projected. Their object was to capture the negroes within the fort, and restore them to their proper owners. We held a council, and an agreement was entered into. I ordered the chiefs to keep parties in ad- vance, and to secure every negro they fell in with, and to join me near the fort. On the 19th they brought in a prisoner, taken the evening before, with a scalp, which he said toe was carrying to the Seminoles. He further stated that the black commandant, and the Choctaw chief, had returned to the fort, from the Bay, the day before, with a party of men, with infor- mation that they had killed several Americans, and taken a boat from them. I was met the same day by Lafarka, who informed me that he had not been able to deliver my second letter to the officer commanding the gun vessels. At two o'clock on the morning of the 20th we landed within cannon shot of the fort, but protected by a skirt of wood. I again sent Lafarka with a letter, notifying the offi- cer commanding the convoy of my arrival. My plan of attack was communicated to the chiefs; and a party of Indians, under Major McIntosh, were directed to surround the fort. Finding it impossible to carry my plans into execution without the assistance of-artillery, I ordered Major McIntosh to keep one third of his men constantly hovering around the fort, and to keep up an irregular fire. This had the desired effect, as it induced the enemy to amuse us with an incessant roar of artillery, without any 26 boats, and commenced descending the river. The detach- ment was divided into two companies, commanded by Brevet Major Muhlenberg and Captain Taylor. On the same even- ing, I was joined by Major MCIntosh, with one hundred and fifty Indians, and on the ttth, by an old chief, called Captain Isaacs, and the celebrated chief Koteha-haigo, (or mad tiger,) at the head of a large body of Indians, many of whom were without arms. My junction with these chiefs was accidental; their expe- dition having been long since projected. Their object was to capture the negroes within the fort, and restore them to their proper owners. We held a council, and an agreement was entered into. I ordered the chiefs to keep parties in ad- vance, and to secure every negro }hey fell in with, and to join me near the fort. On the 19th they brought in a prisoner, taken the evening before, with a scalp, which he said he was carrying to the Seminoles. He further stated that the black commandant, and the Choctaw chief, had returned to the fort, from the Bay, the day before, with a party of men, with infor- mation that they had killed several Americans, and taken a boat from them. I was met the same day by Lafarka, who informed me that he had not been able to deliver my second letter to the officer commanding the gun vessels. At two o'clock on the morning of the 20th we landed within cannon shot of the fort, but protected by a skirt of wood. I again sent Lafarka with a letter, notifying the offi- cer commanding the convoy of my arrival. My plan of attack was communicated to the chiefs; and a party of Indians, under Major McIntosh, were directed to surround the fort. Finding it impossible to carry my plans into execution without the assistance of artillery, I ordered Major McIntosh to keep one third of his men constantly hovering around the fort, and to keep up an irregular fire. This had the desired effect, as it induced the enemy to amuse us with an incessant roar of artillery, without any 26 boats, and commenced descending the river. The detach- ment was divided into two companies, commanded by Brevet Major Muhlenberg and Captain Taylor. On the same even. ing, I was joined by Major M'Intosh, with one hundred and fifty Indians, and on the 18th, by an old chief, called Captain Isaacs, and the celebrated chief Koteha-haigo, (or mad tiger,) at the head of a large body of Indians, many of whom were without arms. My junction with these chiefs was accidental; their expe- dition having been long since projected. Their object was to capture the negroes within the fort, and restore them to their proper owners. We held a council, and an agreement was entered into. I ordered the chiefs to keep parties in ad- vance, and to secure every negro they fell in with, and to join me near the fort. On the 19th they brought in a prisoner, taken the evening before, with a scalp, which he said he was carrying to the Seminoles. He further stated that the black commandant, and the Choctaw chief, had returned to the fort, from the Bay, the day before, with a party of men, with infor- mation that they had killed several Americans, and taken a boat from them. I was met the same day by Lafarka, who informed me that he had not been able to deliver my second letter to the officer commanding the gun vessels. At two o'clock on the morning of the 20th we landed within cannon shot of the fort, but protected by a skirt of wood. I again sent Lafarka with a letter, notifying the offi- cer commanding the convoy of my arrival. My plan of attack was communicated to the chiefs; and a party of Indians, under Major McIntosh, were directed to surround the fort. Finding it impossible to carry my plans into execution without the assistance of artillery, I ordered Major McIntosh to keep one third of his men constantly hovering around the fort, and to keep up an irregular fire. This had the desired effect, as it induced the enemy to amuse us with an incessant roar of artillery, without any  202 APPENDIX. 202 APPENDIX. 202 APPENDIX. other effect than that of striking terror into the souls of most of our red friends. On the 23d I received an answer from sailing-master Loomis, in which he informed me that on the 16th he sent midshipman Luffborough, (a young gentleman of fair pro- mise,) and four seamen, into the river, for fresh water: that they were fired upon by a party of negroes and Choctaws; that the midshipman and two seamen were killed ; that the third was taken prisoner ; that the fourth made his escape by swimming : and requested me to send down a party of men, to assist in getting up the vessels. In the evening a deputa- tion of chiefs went into the fort, and demanded its surrender; but they were abused, and treated with the utmost contempt. The black chief heaped much abuse on the Americans, and said he had been left in command of the fort by the British government, and that he would sink any American vessels that should attempt to pass it ; and would blow up the fort if he could not defend it. The chiefs also informed me that the negroes had hoisted a red flag, and that the English jack was flying over it. On the 24th I ordered Lieutenant Wilson to descend the river, with a small party, to assist in getting up the vessels, and to inform the commnanding officer that the fort was com- pletely surrounded, and that he might ascend the river in safety. On the 26th I went on board gun vessel 149, about four miles below the fort. I had previously determined on a position in the rear of the fort, for erecting a battery ; but, on examining the two eighteen pounders, I found them mounted on heavy garrison carriages, which rendered it al- most impossible to get them to the spot selected, as they must have been taken through a cypress swamp. After reconnoitring the river below the fort, in company with the commandant of the gun vessels, I determined to erect a battery on the west side, and ordered brevet major Muhlen- berg and captain Taylor to cross, with their companies, leav- other effect than that of striking terror into the souls of most of our red friends. On the 23d I received an answer from sailing-master Loomis, in which he informed me that on the 16th he sent midshipman Luffborough, (a young gentleman of fair pro- mise,) and four seamen, into the river, for fresh water : that they were fired upon by a party of negroes and Choctaws; that the midshipman and two seamen were killed ; that the third was taken prisoner ; that the fourth made his escape by swimming : and requested me to send down a party of men, to assist in getting up the vessels. In the evening a deputa- tion of chiefs went into the fort, and demanded its surrender; but they were abused, and treated with the utmost contempt. The black chief heaped much abuse on the Americans, and said he had been left in command of the fort by the British government, and that he would sink any American vessels that should attempt to pass it ; and would blow up the fort if he could not defend it. The chiefs also informed me that the negroes had hoisted a red flag, and that the English jack was flying over it. On the 24th I ordered Lieutenant Wilson to descend the river, with a small party, to assist in getting up the vessels, and to inform the commanding officer that the fort was com- pletely surrounded, and that he might ascend the river in safety. On the 26th I went on board gun vessel 149, about four miles below the fort. I had previously determined on a position in the rear of the fort, for erecting a battery ; but, on examining the two eighteen pounders, I found them mounted on heavy garrison carriages, which rendered it al- most impossible to get them to the spot selected, as they must have been taken through a cypress swamp. After reconnoitring the river below the fort, in company with the commandant of the gun vessels, I determined to erect a battery on the west side, and ordered brevet major Muhlen- berg and captain Taylor to cross, with their companies, leav- other effect than that of striking terror into the souls of most of our red friends. On the 23d I received an answer from sailing-master Loomis, in which he informed me that on the 16th he sent midshipman Luffborough, (a young gentleman of fair pro- mise,) and four seamen, into the river, for fresh water : that they were fired upon by a party of negroes and Choctaws; that the midshipman and two seamen were killed ; that the third was taken prisoner; that the fourth made his escape by swimming : and requested me to send down a party of men, to assist in getting up the vessels. In the evening a deputa- tion of chiefs went into the fort, and demanded its surrender; but they were abused, and treated with the utmost contempt. The black chief heaped much abuse on the Americans, and said he had been left in command of the fort by the British government, and that he would sink any American vessels that should attempt to pass it ; and would blow up the fort if he could not defend it. The chiefs also informed me that the negroes had hoisted a red flag, and that the English jack was flying over it. On the 24th I ordered Lieutenant Wilson to descend the river, with a small party, to assist in getting up the vessels, and to inform the commanding officer that the fort was com- pletely surrounded, and that he might ascend the river in safety. On the 26th I went on board gun vessel 149, about four miles below the fort. I had previously determined on a position in the rear of the fort, for erecting a battery ; but, on examining the two eighteen pounders, I found them mounted on heavy garrison carriages, which rendered it al- most impossible to get them to the spot selected, as they must have been taken through a cypress swamp. After reconnoitring the river below the fort, in company with the commandant of the gun vessels, determined to erect a battery on the west side, and ordered brevet major Muhlen- berg and captain Taylor to cross, with their companies, leav-  APPENDIX. 203 APPENDIX. 203 APPENDIX. 203 ing lieutenant McGavick and a party of men with the main body of the Indians, to secure the rear. I immediately commenced the battery, and ordered the gun vessels to move up, and take a secure position, and di- Fected the transport Similante to be in readiness to land the artillery, under cover of the night. In the course of the evening, after consulting with the commanding officer of the convoy, I directed him to move up the two gun vessels at daylight the next morning. About six in the morning they came up in handsome style, and made fast along side of the intended battery. In a few minutes we received a shot from a 32 pounder, which was returned in a gallant manner. The contest was momentary. The fifth discharge (a hot shot) from gun vessel No. 154, commanded by sailing master Basset, entered the magazine, and blew up the fort. The explosion was awful, and the scene horrible beyond description. Our first care, on arriving at the scene of destruction, was to rescue and re- lieve the unfortunate beings that survived the explosion. The war yells of the Indians, the cries and lamentations of the wounded, compelled the soldier to pause in the midst of victory, to drop a tear for the sufferings of his fellow be- ings, and to acknowledge that the great Ruler of the Universe must have used us as his instruments in chastising the blood- thirsty and murderous wretches that defended the fort. The fort contained about one hundred effective men, (including twenty-five Choctaws,) and about two hundred women and children, not more than one-sixth part of which number were saved. It stood on the east side of the river about twenty- five miles from the bay, and one hundred and twenty, by water, from this post. The parapet was about fifteen feet high and eighteen thick, and defended by one thirty-two, three twenty-fours, two nines, two sixes, and an elegant five and an half inch howitzer. It was situated on a beautiful and commanding bluf, with ing lieutenant McGavick and a party of men with the main body of the Indians, to secure the rear. I immediately commenced the battery, and ordered the gun vessels to move up, and take a secure position, and di- rected the transport Similante to be in readiness to land the artillery, under cover of the night. In the course of the evening, after consulting with the commanding officer of the convoy, I directed him to move up the two gun vessels at daylight the next morning. About six in the morning they came ap in handsome style, and made fast along side of the intended battery. In a few minutes we received a shot from a 32 pounder, which was returned in a gallant manner. The contest was momentary. The fifth discharge (a hot shot) from gun vessel No. 154, commanded by sailing master Basset, entered the magazine, and blew up the fort. The explosion was awful, and the scene horrible beyond description. Our first care, on arriving at the scene of destruction, was to rescue and re- lieve the unfortunate beings that survived the explosion. The war yells of the Indians, the cries and lamentations of the wounded, compelled the soldier to pause in the midst of victory, to drop a tear for the sufferings of his fellow be- ings, and to acknowledge that the great Ruler of the Universe must have used us as his instruments in chastising the blood- thirsty and murderous wretches that defended the fort. The fort contained about one hundred effective men, (including twenty-five Choctaws,) and about two hundred women and children, not more than one-sixth part of which number were saved. It stood on the east side of the river about twenty-- five miles from the bay, and one hundred and twenty, by water, from this post. The parapet was about fifteen feet high and eighteen thick, and defended by one thirty-two, three twenty-fours, two nines, two sixes, and an elegant five and an half inch howitzer. It was situated on a beautiful and commanding blu, with ing lieutenant McGavick and a party of men with the main body of the Indians, to secure the rear. I immediately commenced the battery, and ordered the gun vessels to move up, and take a secure position, and di- rected the transport Similante to be in readiness to land the artillery, under cover of the night. In the course of the evening, after consulting with the commanding officer of the convoy, I directed him to move up the two gun vessels at daylight the next morning. About six in the morning they came up in handsome style, and made fast along side of the intended battery. In a few minutes we received a shot from a 32 pounder, which was returned in a gallant manner. The contest was momentary. The fifth discharge (a hot shot) from gun vessel No. 154, commanded by sailing master Basset, entered the magazine, and blew up the fort. The explosion was awful, and the scene horrible beyond description. Our first care, on arriving at the scene of destruction, was to rescue and re- lieve the unfortunate beings that survived the explosion. The war yells of the Indians, the cries and lamentations of the wounded, compelled the soldier to pause in the midst of victory, to drop a tear for the sufferings of his fellow be- ings, and to acknowledge that the great Ruler of the Universe must have used us as his instruments in chastising the blood- thirsty and murderous wretches that defended the fort. The fort contained about one hundred effective men, (including twenty-five Choctaws,) and about two hundred women and children, not more than one-sixth part of which number were saved. It stood on the east side of the river about twenty- five miles from the bay, and one hundred and twenty, by water, from this post. The parapet was about fifteen feet high and eighteen thick, and defended by one thirty-two, three twenty-fours, two nines, two sixes, and an elegant five and an half inch howitzer. It was situated on a beautiful and commanding bluff, with  204 APPENDIX. 204 APPENDIX. 204 APPENDIX. the river in front, a large creek just below, a swamp in the rear, and a small creek just above, which rendered it difficult to be approached by artillery. But, under all these disad- vantages, it was taken without the loss of a single man on our part. The property taken and destroyed could not have amount- ed to less than two hundred thousand dollars. From the best information I could obtain, there was in the fort about three thousand stand of arms, from five to six hundred barrels of powder, and a great quantity of fixed ammunition, shot, shells, &c. One magazine, containing one hundred and sixty- three barrels of powder, was saved, which was a valuable prize to the Indians. The greater part of the negroes belonged to the Spaniards and Indians. The American negroes had prin- cipally settled on the river, and a number of them had left their fields and gone over to the Seminoles, on hearing of our approach. Their corn fields extended nearly fifty miles up the river, and their numbers were daily increasing. The chiefs passed sentence of death on the outlawed Choctaw chief and the black commandant, (Garson,) for the murder of the four Americans, and the sentence was immediately carried into execution. The Spanish negroes were delivered to Mr. Hambly, agent for the house of Messrs. Forbes & Co. and the American negroes are confined at this post. On the 30th inst. the transports were unloaded, as I found it impossible for them to ascend the river, and the provisions, ordnance, and ordnance stores, put on board small boats, and ordered to this post. On the evening of the 1st inst. I received information that a large body of Seminole Indians was within a day's march of us ; and in a few hours the report was confirmed by a letter from Major Cutler, left in command at Camp Crawford, in- forming me that a large body of Seminoles were descending the Apalachicola. I immediately ordered Major Muhlenberg to keep the boats together, and to be in readiness to receive the river in front, a large creek just below, a swamp in the rear, and a small creek just above, which rendered it difficult to be approached by artillery. But, under all these disad- vantages, it was taken without the loss of a single man on our part. The property taken and destroyed could not have amount- ed to less than two hundred thousand dollars. From the best information I could obtain, there was in the fort about three thousand stand of arms, from five to six hundred barrels of powder, and a great quantity of fixed ammunition, shot, shells, &c. One magazine, containing one hundred and sixty. three barrels of powder, was saved, which was a valuable prize to the Indians. The greater part of the negroes belonged to the Spaniards and Indians. The American negroes had prin- cipally settled on the river, and a number of them had left their fields and gone over to the Seminoles, on hearing of our approach. Their corn fields extended nearly fifty miles up the river, and their numbers were daily increasing. The chiefs passed sentence of death on the outlawed Choctaw chief and the black commandant, (Garson,) for the murder of the four Americans, and the sentence was immediately carried into execution. The Spanish negroes were delivered to Mr. Hambly, agent for the house of Messrs. Forbes & Co. and the American negroes are confined at this post. On the 30th inst. the transports were unloaded, as I found it impossible for them to ascend the river, and the provisions, ordnance, and ordnance stores, put on board small boats, and ordered to this post. On the evening of the 1st inst. I received information that a large body of Seminole Indians was within a day's march of us ; and in a few hours the report was confirmed by a letter from Major Cutler, left in command at Camp Crawford, in- forming me that a large body of Seminoles were descending the Apalachicola. I immediately ordered Major Muhlenberg to keep the boats together, and to be in readiness to receive the river in front, a large creek just below, a swamp in the rear, and a small creek just above, which rendered it difficult to be approached by artillery. But, under all these disad- vantages, it was taken without the loss of a single man on our part. The property taken and destroyed could not have amount- ed to less than two hundred thousand dollars. From the best information I could obtain, there was in the fort about three thousand stand of arms, from five to six hundred barrels of powder, and a great quantity of fixed ammunition, shot, shells, &c. One magazine, containing one hundred and sixty- three barrels of powder, was saved, which was a valuable prize to the Indians. The greater part of the negroes belonged to the Spaniards and Indians. The American negroes had prin. cipally settled on the river, and a number of them had left their fields and gone over to the Seminoles, on hearing of our approach. Their corn fields extended nearly fifty miles up the river, and their numbers were daily increasing. The chiefs passed sentence of death on the outlawed Choctaw chief and the black commandant, (Garson,) for the murder of the four Americans, and the sentence was immediately carried into execution. The Spanish negroes were delivered to Mr. Hambly, agent for the house of Messrs. Forbes & Co. and the American negroes are confined at this post. On the 30th inst. the transports were unloaded, as I found it impossible for them to ascend the river, and the provisions, ordnance, and ordnance stores, put on board small boats, and ordered to this post. On the evening of the 1st inst. I received information that a large body of Seminole Indians was within a day's march of us; and in a few hours the report was confirmed by a letter from Major Cutler, left in command at Camp Crawford, in- forming me that a large body of Seminoles were descending the Apalachicola. I immediately ordered Major Muhlenberg to keep the boats together, and to be in readiness to receive  APPENDIX. 205 APPENDIX. 205 APPENDIX. 205 them, and directed one hundred Indians to keep with the boats, and to act in concert, if necessary. I advanced with two hundred Cowetas, under the gallant Major McIntosh, to meet them ; but the cowardly wretches dispersed, without our being able to get a view of them. I should do injustice to my own feelings, and to the offi- cers and men that were with me on this expedition, were I to close this report without tendering to them my warmest acknowledgments for their cool and intrepid conduct, and for their patience and perseverance under the most trying cir- cumstances. To the distinguished Lieut. Randolph, and to Dr. Buck, (who composed my staff,) I am under many obli- gations. Doctor Buck's coolness and intrepidity were only equalled by his superior skill, and humane and generous attention to the wounded. I must beg leave to recommend to my government the gallant Major McIntosh, Captains Noble, Kanard, George Lovett, Blue, and Lieut. Billy Miller, (all from Coweta,) for their distinguished conduct during the whole expedition. With considerations of the highest respect, I am, sir, your most obedient servant, D. L. CIsNcn, Lt. Col. 4th Inf. Commd'g. &r. Col.n. RBren, Adjutant General, Division of the South. BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. A PROCLAMATION. Whereas a Treaty of Amity, Settlement, and Limits, be. tween the United States of America and his Catholic Majesty was concluded and signed between their Plenipotentiaries, in this City, on the twenty-second day of February, in the year them, and directed one hundred Indians to keep with the boats, and to act in concert, if necessary. I advanced with two hundred Cowetas, under the gallant Major McIntosh, to meet them ; but the cowardly wretches dispersed, without our being able to get a view of them. I should do injustice to my own feelings, and to the ofti- cers and men that were with me on this expedition, were I to close this report without tendering to them my warmest acknowledgments for their cool and intrepid conduct, and for their patience and perseverance under the most trying cir- cumstances. To the distinguished Lieut. Randolph, and to Dr. Buck, (who composed my staff,) I am under many obli- gations. Doctor Buck's coolness and intrepidity were only equalled by his superior skill, and humane and generous attention to the wounded. I must beg leave to recommend to my government the gallant Major McIntosh, Captains Noble, Kanard, George Lovett, Blue, and Lieut. Billy Miller, (all from Coweta,) for their distinguished conduct during the whole expedition. With considerations of the highest respect, I am, sir, your most obedient servant, D. L. CLINCH, Lt. Col. 4th Inf. Commd'g. &e. Colt . . BULa, Adjutant General, Division of the South. BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. A PROCLAMATION. Whereas a Treaty of Amity, Settlement, and Limits, be- tween the United States of America and his Catholic Majesty was concluded and signed between their Plenipotentiaries, in this City, on the twenty-second day of February, in the year them, and directed one hundred Indians to keep with the boats, and to act in concert, if necessary. I advanced with two hundred Cowetas, under the gallant Major McIntosh, to meet them ; but the cowardly wretches dispersed, without our being able to get a view of them. I should do injustice to my own feelings, and to the ofli- cers and men that were with me on this expedition, were I to close this report without tendering to them my warmest acknowledgments for their cool and intrepid conduct, and for their patience and perseverance under the most trying cir- cumstances. To the distinguished Lieut. Randolph, and to Dr. Buck, (who composed my staff,) I am under many obli- gations. Doctor Back's coolness and intrepidity were only equalled by his superior skill, and humane and generous attention to the wounded. I must beg leave to recommend to my government the gallant Major Metntosh, Captains Noble, Kanard, George Lovett, Blue, and Lieut. Billy Miller, (all from Coweta,) for their distinguished conduct during the whole expedition. With considerations of the highest respect, I am, Sir, your most obedient servant, D. L. CLINcH, Lt. Col. 4th n. Commd'g. &c. Col.R. BoER, Adjutant General, Division of the South. BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. A PROCLAMATION. Whereas a Treaty of Amity, Settlement, and Limits, be- tween the United States of America and his Catholic Majesty was concluded and signed between their Plenipotentiaries, in this City, on the twenty-second day of February, in the year  206 APPENDIX. 206 APPENDIX. 206 APPENDIX. of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and nineteen, swhich treaty, word far word, is as follows: of our Lord one thousand right hundred and nineteen, which treaty, word for word, is as fotlows of our Lord one thousand right hundred and nineteen, which treaty, word for word, is as follows: [ORIGINAL.]I Treaty of Amity, Settlrmnt, end Limits, bteoen tihe United States of Ahuerica and Hils Catholic Majesty. The United Stoles of Ameri- cand his Catholic Majesty, de- siring te consolidate, on a pr- mnanenthbasis, the friendshipn and goodncorrespondence which hap- pity prevails hetwern the two parties, have determined to set- te and termsinate all their differ- ecsand preensions, by a Treaty, ohich shatt designate, with precision, the limits oftheir respentive horeringsterritories is North Anneriea. With tis intention, the Pre- sident uP the United States has furnished with their futt poners JOHsN quiNcvADAMS, Secretary of Stale of the United Stales ; and his Catholic Majesty iron ap- pointed the nest excellent Lord Den LoS DE ONis, Gonzales, Lopey Vera, Lord of the ten of ltayrors, pespetal Regidor of the Corpesation of the City of Salasmsnca, Kneight Grand-Cooss of Ihs Royal Americn Order of Isshella the Catholic, decorated with the Lys of Lu Vender, Knight Pesioner of the Royal [ORIG e INL Tortado de Amristad, arreglo de difrencias y Limiter, rotre S. M. Cu. y los Estados Unidos Ar Amne-ina - Desando S. Mt. Culolies y us Eatados Unidos de Americs eon- solidar do us modo pemanente tuaobuenorrespondenciayoami- clad que felizmente reyna snte ambauspanes, han reslto lean- sigir y terminus todas sus dife- renciasnypretensiones pormedio deoun Tfratado, que fixe coope- cisio,tlostlimites de sus rspec- tires yconfinantes territories en la Ameia septentrional. Con esta miru hen nombrrado, Sr. M.ICa. al Exmo. See. Do. Lois Da ONs, Gonsalez, Loper y'-ara, Sefirde Ia Villa do Rdyaces, Regidor perpetuo dot ayuntamiero As la Ciurdad do Salamanco, Cahalleo Gran Cruz de inReal Orden; Ameorcanade Isabel la Catolina, y de In deo. racon dr Ll, doe aVendraCa- hallerouPensionista de la Real y derstinguida Orden Espairola dr Cartus 111, Mlinistro Vocal riots Suprema Asamblea do dinha RI. orden, de suoeo, sa Sense- tario con exercicio do Decretos (ORIGINAL..] Treaty of Amity, Setlemene, and Limdts, btweens the United States of A,,erica and His Catholic Majesty. The United Ststes of Ameri- ca and his Catholin Majesty, de- siring to cossolidaee on a pr- manentshasis, the friendshiprand goodorsrespondence which hap- pity prerails hetween the tine parties, have detrmiardlto set- toe and termninate all their differ- en esnd pretensions, by a Treaty, which shall designate, with precision, the limits ofitheir respentive hordering territories is North Ameia, With this intention, the Pre- sident of the Urnited Stoles has furnished with their full powers JOHN qsoco ADAMc, Secretary of State of the United States ; end his Catholic Majesty Ihan op- pointed the mast excellent Lord Doe Luss E ONIS, Gornrales, Lapsez y Vera, Lord of the town ofRayaces, perpetual Regidor of the Corporatiun of the City of Salasmasnca, Knight Grand-Cross of the Royal Americn Order of Ishbella the Catreolic, decorated with the Lys of Lu Vendor, Knight Pensioner of the Royal [ORIGINAL.] Tr-atado do Almistad, arreglo do d ferrncis y Limrites, entre S. M. Ca. y los Estades Unidos de Amnerca. Deseondo S. St. Catoliou y los Esaos Unidos de America run- solidar deon modo prmanente tubauenacurrespondencia yami- slad quo felizmente reyna entre ambars partes,hbanresuelto raun. sigir y terminar todas oat dife- encis y peensiones prmedio do on Tratador quo fixe onspre- cieion,lIDStimites desus rspec- rites yoninantes trerritoriosen la America septentriunut. Coo esta mire has somhrado, Se, SI. Ca, at Exmo. Sue. Dn. LuirnD OaGts, Gonsalez, Lopez yu-aa, Seor de la Villa do Rdyaces, Regidor perpetuo del ayntaminto do la Ciurdad do Salamanca, Cabrallero Gran Crue dela Real Orden; Amrericanaede beabel la Catoliea, y do Ia deco- ration det Lis de la Vendra, Ca- ballerofPenSIuOinta de loReal y rdestinguida ren Espeaoa do Carlos 111, Mliniatro Voeal tie Is Suprema Asamblear do dicba RI. orden, dersacousejorSa Secre- laria non esercicio do Decretos [ORIGINAL,. Treoaty ofAtiy, Settlemnt, and Limits, beotween tire United States of Ameerica and Pie Catholic Mesty. The United Ststes of Ameri- cand his Catholic Majesty, de- siring to cosoulidate, on a pee- maanent basisshe friendshipesnd good correspondence whichbhap- pity prrvails between the twou parties, have determined to set- toe and terminate all tbeir differ- en esnd pretensions, by a Treaty, wbich shalt designate, with precieion, the limits of their rspective borderinglterritories is North America, With Ibis intention, the Pre- sident of the United Staler has furnished witb their full powers JOHNsquiNcv ADAMS, Secretary sf Stale of the United States ; and his Catholic Mojesty ts ap- pointed the most encellent Lurd Dan Less E ONis, Gonzales, Lopez y Vera, Lord of the town ofRayaces, pretual Regidor of the Corporation of the City uf Salamanca, Knigbt Grand-Cress ofebhe Royal Americn Osrder of Isabella the Cathrolic, decorated with the Lye of La Vender, Knight Pensioner of the Royal [eORIGNsAL.] Tratade do Amnistad, arreglo do diferncias y Limiter, entro -S. M. Ca. yler Estades Unidos do Amter-ica. Deseando S. SM. Cetalina y Ins Estados Unidos As America non- solidar do an modo permanente ls uernnoesepondenciauyami- stud que felizmente reyna oute ambs prtes, ban resuelto tree- sigir y terminar lores sus dife- renciasy petensiones por medio do an Tratado, quo Sie con pe- crsion, lot limits do rue respec- tivos yconinaes trritorios en In Ameriea septentrional. Con esta miry bananombrado, ire. St. Ca. at Enmo. Soc. Ds, Lers Dn ONin, Gonsalez, Loprez y 1ara, Seiror do as Villa de Rdyaces, Regidor perpetuo dot ayuntlamirnto Ar la Cinrdad As Salamanca, Caballero Grar Cruz de Ia Reaol Orden; Amrericana de Isahel la Cottlica, y do In deco- ranien dot Lis do la Vendea, Ca- hulleru Pensiunies Ar to Real y rdestiagaida Orden Espanola do Carlos 111, SMinistre Vocal ri Suprema Anamblear do dieba RI. ordea, dre os-jo, su Secre- tarioncon esercicio de Drtos  APPENDIX. 207 APPENDIX. 207 APPENDIX. 207 and distioguised Spotish Order of Chorles the Third, Motohot ofotho Sepeme Asemtbly of the said Rotyol Order, of Iho Cooo- oil of hit Catholit Majety-his Secrtaroy, with Exercise of De- creot, cod hio Eovoy Extrtordi- toty aodMinistePlooipotontia- ry 0000 tho Uoited States of America. And the soid Plettipotettiories, tee hoviog exchatngod thoe powers,havtoagreoodoupontood oonclue'td the fottoowiog articles: Aeticle 1. Thoe shati ho fleet ted iniolathie peoco cod sneefretdohip bettweoo the Uoitod Stotee cod their citizenst, tnd hit Cothotic Majesty, hit succeorstaodsuhject,without texceptiot of peroons tor ploces. Art. It. Hlis Catholic Mojesty tedes to the Uitd States, int fell property ood soeretignty, all the territotiet ewhich hbong to himtuted to the eteward of the Misoiteippi, heowt hy the ottme of Est ted West Flo- tide. The adjacent isloods do. pendent ton saidprovinces,oall puhlic tote cod oqoores, vact bonde, peblic edifices, fortiflc- tiots, horrocks, ted othee heild- engo, wohich are not private pet- petty, archioet aod docuetst, wehich retote directly to the pee. y to Etido Eotrorodinaro p Mitistto Ptenipotenciario 0000a do too stadot Utidos do Awe- rc:Y et Preesidonte do tot stadot Uoidos, A Don Scot otoCV ADAet, Secretario do stodo do tos emisos Estados Unidos. Y atmhos Pleeipotettoiarios, depuedeohaereoooedo toe Podoos, hoe ojustadoy fiormado lot Articuoo siguientese Artitoto I. flHefi tot ptz to- tido o inviotcbte, y too camitatd tiocooa etre S. ME. toe to s- cesoresyeehbditot y teEstados Unidot ytousoiodadanot tinex- ceptiot do petsooasni legaree. Aet. 11. S. M. Ca. cede t ot Stodos Utidos, et toda propie- dad y soetania, todoe toet terri- toriosequetspetenecen,eitua- doe ol se dot Mitisipi, cooci- dothbajoetomhre deoFtotida Occideotat y Floeida Orienttol.- Son comoprehendidoe to toteDr ticoto toe ystat odyacetes do- petdientces do diohae doe po- vn ice lotitioe, plazas puhli- cot, tereos vatdios, editiciot puhticos, fotitoeoioooe,cateoot yotrct edificios quo stot pro- piedod do algotn inditidet pooti- and dietingeithed Spatith Ordee of Chores the Thied, Metohet of the Suptreme Asemetbhy of the said Reyel Oedee, of the Couo- oil of hit Cotholic Mjesty-hit Seotettry, with Exercise of Do- creet, and hit Stop Extraordi- noop ted Mliniter Plenipotentia- rp toe the Uoiled States of Aerica. Aod the said Pletipotentiites, atee hacing eochoogod theit potwors,tooveoagreodeuponoaod concluded the fottowoiog atictos: y to Eotiedo Extrordieteio y Mititeo Plenipoteocittio 00000 dotoe Etadot Untiot do Awe- ria:Y el Prestidente do toso stadot Uoidos, S Dot ScoN Qotocv AeAMe, Seotetorie do Etado do lot otitmos stados Unidos. Y amboot Pteoipoteociaoiot, depuede haercangeao tos Poderos,hbantjtdo yfirmood Ice Aeticeloe siguettes; Aeticte I. Theto shall ho Aeticuto I. Haohrfi una Poz to- flem tod ioeiolahle poace cod tide o iniobte, poet aeitad tincete fretdohip hetween the tioceoa etre S. M. Co. tot so- Uoitod States cod their citizeos, ceooes p suhditot y too stodos and hit Cathotic Majesty, hit Ucidot p tot cieudadaos ti etx- successoostandsutjjct,owithout ceptioo dopesonasi lge. etoeption oi persons 00 places. Art. tI. Hit Cothotic Mojotty Aol. 1t. S. M. Co. code 5 los cedes to the Utited States, it stadot Utidot, 00 toda propie. foll propeety cod eoereignty, dadpyooborania, tcdce lttei- cli the territories which hbo5g toriot qoe Ie portetecen, titua- to him titoted to the eatwacrd doe ol Eto dot Mlitisipi, cooci- of the Miotiosippi, howon hy doe hojo el towhee do Florido the tome of Est aod West Flo- Occidentaldylorid Orietal.- tido. Tho odjaceot itleode do. Sot comopreheodidos on etto or. pedenttonstidpovcies,all ticotltsysltsttdyaceneotde- puhtic tote cod squaree, vcatt pendiontcs do dichts doe pro- laode, peblic edifices, foetifica- tiociat, lce titite, plazas puhli- tioes, batoachs, ted othot htild- cot, tereoo caldios, edificios ongt, which 000 not pritote pro- pulicos,fcetilioeciotet,ccetto porty, archiee ted docuets, p otos edificios quo to toot pro- owhich telote direcody to the pee. piedad do algut itdividuo pooti- cod dittingeished Spotith Ordee tf Chaoles the Thied, Mewber of the Sepemwo Assewhly of the eaid Rtoyol Otder, of tho Coot- oil of hit Cttholio Majety-hit Secretary, with Exercise of Do- cees, ted hit Etop Etratordi- tety ted MlinistertPlenipoteti- ry toot tho Utited Sttsotf Aworica. Antd the etid Ptenipotentiariet, tee hocing tochaogod theit powersthaveageedeuponoond toocleded the foltowoing aticteo: Aeticte I. Thete thall ho flom tod itiooblo peoco cod tiocete fretdohip heteee the Ueited Scot cod their citizont, tacd hit Catholic Maojesty, hit seccestort tod euhjects, without exception of persons 00 plotes. Art. It. flit Ctholic Mojoesty cedes to the Uoiled Staet, it feEl peoperty cod tovereigoty, alI the territoreis wehich heong to himtituted to the oetward of the Mlissitsippi, hnotwn hy the oname of Eset aed Wool Flo- ridt. The odjaetilods do- pendent onsid poinces,oal pebtic lots and squteres, vtcant baede, puhlic edificot, fortifito- fleet, horrckh, ted other hoild- ongt, which ae tot private po- perty,oarchivoesoaddocet, twhich telote directly to the pro- y to Entitdo Extrordinaio y Ministro Plenipoteociariocea do lot Etadot Utidos do Awe- ric : ote Pesidente do toet Etodot Unidoe, A Dot Soot Qotcc AcAee, Seotetaro do Etodo do lot emitmoso Estedos Unidos. Y awbos Ploenipotenciorios, despuestdeohavercageo soo Podes,hbanojutdopyfirmo lee Articalte tigueteo: Aeticulo I. Haohtfi tee Paz to- tide e inviolahle, p ott amtitad sneaeteS. Mt. Ca.sus- csrsy suhditoe p Ice Esotados Unidot ypsesciddos sinex. teptice do poeonaotni lugares. Aol. It. S. Mt. Co. code 3 toet stodot Utidot, to tode popie- dad y sohoroti, todos t teri toriostqutotpertteecen,itua. doea otet dot Mieitipi, coooci- doe bajo el towhee do Floidat Occidental y Florida Orienttol.- Sot cowpeendidos 0 e toa- tictlo lot ytlas edyocoentes do- pendieoles do dichot doe pro. vicalot titiot, pltzae pubhli- cot, tertot veldios, odifitiot puhlios, fottifittoiooeo,coteeeee yobroe edifiios que no toot pro- piedad do ttgoo inditidet ptrti-  208 208 APPENDIX. APPENDIX. 208 APPENDIX. petty and sovreeignty of eci provinces, are included in thi article. The said achesaet dlocuenets thall be left in Pe sessionof the cmissaies o. efticert of the United Stetes duly authorized te receive them Art. Itl. The boundary line between the tewo ceuntries, est ef the Mississippi, shall hegie o the Gutf ef Miecice, at the meuth ef the ricer Sahine, in the sea, cotnuncorth, aleeg the west- ern heck ef that river, te the 32d degree ef lotitude ; thence, by alice ice nerth, te the de- gree ef ltitude whee it ctrihes the tile Roco of Natchitoebes, cc Red Ricer; then, folloingie the course ofthe Rio Rexo weet- crd, tc the degree of loegitude 100 esct from London, and23 freom Washington lb the crossing theesaidRederiver, anderunnieg thence, by a lice due noeth, to the eiver Arkaesasc; thence, fol- lowcing lihe coerse of the teeth- ern bank of theArkansasto its socecinlitude 42north ; and thence, by thet perallel of Iati- tude, to the South See. The wehele heieg cc leid docc in Mlelish's map of the Ueited Staes, pehliihedalPhiladclphio, imeproved te the t of Jaeuary, I1 eular,ilosarchivsty decameto sdireetaenete retie i is pro- Ipiedad y seberanie de ice mix- - em dot provinciec. Dichosar rchivesy dcumentose entrce- garfin fic Lomistries G oficitlet *de lot Estados Uniies dehida- mente autorieados pare recibir- Art. Iii. Le Licnea divisoria entre let dos paises alOccidente del Micisipi arrencarfi del Seo Mexicnoen ccai ecehecedo del Rio Sahinaen ccl Mar, seguira ai Norte per le Orilla Occidentl de esteRio hata elgrae32 de laiced ;desde alli per Unclne recta a Noe lhastacelgrado de letitud cc qae etaen el c Rio Roxo de Natchitchez, (fled Rii- ver,)yecnicecdhiper el curse del Rie Roxo ci Oeete hastaelc gredo Gli de longitud Occiden- telide Londree y 23 de Wash- ingtn, enI que cuetera este tie, y Sepoirh pee Una liee reeta ai Norte perel ismoe grado hasita rl Ric Arkansas, coya Orilla Me- ridiecciceguiefata sel acimi ento eelgrad2de l atdicitud Septentrional ; desde dicho punto cc terara unee a et por el mismoeparalelo elaitud hasta el Mac del Sec. Todo e- gunelc Maps de ice Estacdos Uni- dos de Melish, puhicadoen Phi- ladelphia y perfecionadoenc perty ted soveeeignty of ccii proveces, are icluded it thit article. The taid archivet ac documents thell he left in pee. sessionof the commissaries or officers of the United Sttee, dulycauthorizedito receive them. Art. III. The houndary lice bre-weec the lt countries, west tf the Mitsissippi, shall hegin cc the Gulf of M~exico, at the mouth of the ricer Sahine, inth sieac, cntiuing north, alongthle west. ern beck of that rivre, to the 32d degree of latitude ;thcence, bycaline dite cortk, to the de- gree ofieatitude inhere it strikes the tie Roxo of Natchitchcs, cr Red River; thee, fellocwing the course ofthe Rio Roxo westc- wrd, to the degree of longitude 100 wmestfromcLondonead 23 from Wachingtonc;thenccrosing theccaid Redrivrr and running thece, by a lice due north, to the river Arkhnstst; thence, fol- leowmeg thecouerse of the teeth- ern heck of the Arkansas, to itt souceo, inltituec42 north; and thence, by that parallol of lull- lode, to the South Sic. The whbole brie2 ac laid down in Mlelish's map of tke United States, pchiithcdcl Philadelphia, improved to the t of January, I cular,ilostrrhiresydcamenos *directamente relativos iel pee- fpiedad y soerancia de las mis- met dot provincias. Dicos cc- chives oy docamentoe etre- garfi ocomisarios ueoficiles de is Etados Unidos debida- ente tutorizados Paraeecibir- lots. Art. Ill. La Licnea divisoria entrelosdos pisce lOcidente del Misisipi arrancara del Sect Mexcoen ccai emheoeducru del Rio Sabinaen cc Afaitr, seguirat al Norte pee it Grille Orcidental de este flit buttael grado 32 do ilitud ;desde alli per Una litrea crec Ai Norte hastaelgrade do liud cc qe entra en el Rio iRoxo de Natchitochrz, (fled Rii- ver,) y continuar por el curso deliRio Roxo alOeste hastael grado 100 de longitud Ociden- talide Londrest y 23 de Wash- ington, eel que corturete flit, y Seguirfi per Una linea recta ai Norterporelmismo grado baste el Rio Arkantas, coya Grille Me- ridionalteguira hasltuoencimi- rnoen elc grado 412 do latitud Septentrional; y derde dicho pocto se terara cooinsret perrlisoparao id tituicd hasta el Sloe del Sue. Todo sr- guoel Map Sloe os Estados Uni- dos de Melish, publicado cc Phi- ladelphia y prfecionadoenc perty ted soereignty of ccii provinces, ae icluded it this crtice. The said archires eel documents thall be left in poas sessioof thcommissaricet ofifecers of the United Staest duly authorized to receive them. Art. ill. The boundary lice betwecen the two couties, west of the Mississippi, shall begineo Ike Gulf ofMeco, at eke mouth of Ike ricer Sahine, in lice sea, cotnuncortl, alongethe meet- ern btnk of thee rivr, to the 32d degree of latitude ;threice, by a lice doe north, to the do- gree of iatitude weec it strikes the Rio Rote of Natchitoches, or Red Ricer; thee, followcing the course of the Rio Roxo wcest- ward, to the degree of longitue 100 west frome London, ted 23 from Woehieglonc; thee crossing theesaid Red river, and running tene, by a lice due north, to the ricer Arkansase thrence, fol- lowmeg lice corte of Ike south- ern bone of the Arkansas, to its souroc,inlatitude42enorth ; and thene, by that parallel of ltft tude, to the Sooth Soc. The whole beiog cc laid downe it MlSish's mop of the United Stttes, publishedeatPheiladelphia, improved io the lst of January, Icular,ilos rchivos y dcatmentts directamente reliativostfilapro- fpiedtd y soberania de lat mis- " met dos provinciat. Dichoscr chivey documentsee enetre- geefie fi occomisaoscefoficiles de itt Esttdos Utidos debidu- entce autorizaos para recibir- los.- Art. Ill. La Linea dicisoria enteelosdostpieealOcident dci Misitipi arracart del Sect Mexicano cc it emhocedro dci Rio Sahinaen elc Martsguira t Norte port Ga rille Occidetal de rsle Rio hastael rgrodo 32 de totited ;dresde alli per Unclne recta atNorte bastael grede ilitud en que entraen celc Rio Roxo de Natchitochez, (fled Rii- er,) y continuarft perel0 curse drieflc o oOrehat bel grao Sli de longitud Occiden- talde Lendres 3 23 de Wash- ington, eel qoe coetoel rsle Rio, y Seguirfi per Una lines recta ot Nerte per el mismo grado batau el Rio Arkansastocya Grille Me- ridionalsgirt hastaloonacimti- ent enie grado 42 do latitud Serptentrieol ; y decde dihoo punto cc terarfi Una lice ct1 pliroelmisoparaleodelaitud haeto el Sloe del Sor. Todo cc- ponelc Mape do los Estados Uni- doe do Slith, publicado en Phi- laelphia y perfecionado cc  APPEND IX. 209 APPENDIX. 209 AP PEN D IX. 209 1818. But, if the source of the Arhasaus river shall hefousd to fatt sorth or uuuth of latitude 40, thou the tiue shatl run from the said source duo south or sorth, athe case souy he, till it mueots the said porottet of latitue 42, and thenoe,aoog the euid pa- ruttet, to the South See: Atl the istands in the Sahine, uud the said Red and Arhantas rivers, throughout the courue thee de- scrihed, to hetoug to the IUited States h ut the use of the me- tre cud the eavigution of the Sahine tu the sea, cud of the said riesRoxo and Arhonsas, throughut the esooct of the said btoundary, 00 their reupective haehe, shatt ho coton to the respective inhahitantu of hoth natios. The See high conutraoting pee- ties ogres to cede cod renousoe all their righte, cttioms, and pee- tensions, to the territories de- scriedhbytheesaidhliee;.thatis to coy :" the Usited Stotes herehy oedr to his Cathotic Alic jesty,oandreouocceforever, ll their rights, otaimos, cod pretes- cions, to thc territorics lying weestand south ofothecaboe e- scrihed tine ;ad, in like smcn- ner, hie Cathotie Matjesty codes to the said United Stotes Otthi rights, claims, eel pretensions, 18tt. Peru si etssacimienoel Rio Arhansas te hottase at Norte S Sur de dicho grado 42 dehla- titud, segoiA Inc tinea desdo ol origenode dichotRio rectaeatSur S orte,oBegun fuese oeesario hosts quoenunrelxps. do grodo 42 de tatitud, y dtesde aporetsismo parelcthasta et Moe del Sue. Porteoeceran Slos Estodos Ueidos todos las YWts de los Rios Sahieo, Roee de Nutohitohee, p Arhuess, e to estensien do ted o eltus descrito ;porn ef uso de ts aguas y Is ecvegacion dot Sabinc hasta otAfcr y de os ee ;r dos Rios Rtoxo p Arkonsus e toda to extensioe do u mn cionados limites es susesepecti- vas Ooleas, serauomun hlos ha- bitontes ds too doe Ncciones. Leo dos oltcs pcrtes coetra- tatesccoevieeeo edery re- nuncicr todos sus derecoue- olaccces, y pretenonesuso- hre toe trritorios quo so do- scrihenen estlinhenu; fisabhr, S. t.Ca. renunciaopcode caro siempre pcrsi,yhe omobedo suheederoopy suceoree tda lost dercouoe tiene sobre too tereitorics itS W yca Norte do dichac linen : t oe Esotados Uni dusrenogul fcormu ceden A S. Al. o. yoreouncianepracem- pro te ses derechos, roteo- 1818. Dot, if the eource of the Aehansssrior ohall hefeund to foil north or south of latitude 42, thee the lice shall eue loom the said source due south or north, as the coso mop he, till it meets the uaid parallel of lotitude 42, ond thece,olong Ohesauid pu- outlet, to the South Sea: All the islands is the Sahite, and the said Red ond Arhanseourirers, throoghout the oourse thus de- ucrihod, to heong to the Unitod States; hut the use of the wa.- tre cod the navigation of the Sahine to thr cea, cod of the said rosers Roxo and Aohansue, throughout the extent of the said houndary, 00 their respeotive hanhs, shall hr common so the respectire inhahitat of hoth tnations. The tine high conetracting par- tiesagreoeto cedeand reounce cit thoir rights, oltims, tod pro- tensions, to the territories do- scrihedhbytheosaidline ;.that is to sop " the United Stats herehy cede to Ihis Cuthtolic SAt,- ,jesty,oandreoune re veor,eal their rights, claimu, cod preten- sinto the teoritories lying wsetendusouth ofotheovede- scrihed lioe uead, in lihean nor, his Catholio Matjesty codes to the said United Stubes cl it tights, claisndpetnios 1818. Peru si eltnocimientoedel Rio Artkanuasse hallase al Torte S Sue de dicho grao 42 deIo- titud, soguirh to hosta dosde el origenodedicoRioereotaeelSur S Norte, segun fueseeesaoriu hosts quo ecuentreelepesa- do grado 42 de latitud, p deude alli parel mismo parclelo hsue et Mae del Sur. Porteneceran i los Estodos Unidos todus hos Ysuas do los Rios Sahinu, Roso de Natochitochez, p Arhansaso, to extension do todu eltus decio;porn el uas do too aguas p to euegacion del Sabina hastu elMar y do loscetpeec- dos Rice Ruxo p Artanssen toda la extension do sus moo- cionados limites so sus respecti- vas Orillas, seracomun Aloe he- bitune do ice dos Naciones. Lu, due atas partesocotra- tuntes convienenoencederoyre- nueciar todos see derechose- clamacioues, y poreeoesso- hire too territorios quo so do- scrihen en estu hinen S ochaer, S. AL. Ca. renucia ycede Para siempre persi,yhienmbreode too hrederos puceoresolodes too drechose lihers sobe los territoriesual Potdyoitourt'cd dicha lieo p t oo Estados Uei dourenegualtfrma codeu AS. l.Ca. yprenucian para siem- pre todoc scc derechos, rerlc- 1818. But, if the souroe of the Arhansas ricer shall hefund to full sooth or south of latitude 42, thrn the lice shall run from the saidesource due southuoroth, as the case stop he, till it meets tho ooid parallol of lotitude 40, ond thonceoalog tho said pu- rallet, to the South Soot: All the isluuds in the Sohine, and the said Red and Arhansas riers, throughout the course thus dr. scrihed, to helong to the United Stoles; hut the use of the wao- urs cod the nacigation of tho Sahine to the sot, und of the said rivres Rcoo cod Arkansas, throughout the oxtont of the scid bcondary, on their respectire haths, sholl ho eommon to the respetive iuhubitants uf hoth nautions. Thetwo high coracting par- ties agreetecedeand renounce all their rights, claims, und pro- tensioes, to the territories de- scriedhbytheosaidline;,thtis to uayp: " the Uoiled Stotes horehy code to lois Cutholic AMe- jesty,oandeounce forceer, ti their rights, climsu, and preten- sinto the teoritoios lying wecstendouthof theabove de- scrihed tie ;ad, is lihe moo- oer, his Catholic Matjesty codes to the said Uoiled Stalcs allhi tights. climot, tend pretenonse, 1818. Peru si eltnacimiento del Rio Aertoocsee halluso at Norte A Sur do dicho grodo 42 dehla oited, seguit! It host, desde el origentdedicho Riorcta atSur bbNorte, segun foencesaio hasta quo enuete sol exespo.o do grodo 42 de latitud, p dosde utti por elmimo paralelo hasta ol Moo del Sue. Pertoeneran i los Estados Ueidos todas Ias Wasm do los Rios Sahina, Roo do Nutchitoohor, p Arkansas, e to extension de todu elcus decio;Peru el use do his aguac p It nacogacioe drl Sahina hastarel Marpyde loo oeproes- dos Rios Roso p Arkcesas 00 toda to eutension do sus moo- cicodos limiteu enscue resecti. vauOroille, seraccomuno hlos he- bitantes de too dos Naecos. Lee due altcs port es ceoeur- tantcs convierenocederpyre- eunciar todos sus derechos e - cicmcciooeO,py protensicooes o- bro los torritorios quo so do- scriben on rote lineno S saher, S. M. t. renunciayrcede port siempre per si, p fi nombre do usuheredocecc yosucesores todrs Jos derechos fe tiene sabre los erio ie cl pt oAlya Noete toe dicha lincu t p lee Eistados Uei dosucrcgualtfrma ceden A S. Al. Ca.p renuncian paraesirem- pre ctec sus deroehos, eerie-  210 APPENDIX. 210 APPENDIX. 210 APPENDIX. toay teritoreieseast andnorth of the said line, and for himelf, his heirs, ad sccessorsre- none ll cim tothe sid te- ritories forever. Art. IV. Tto Six this line with moepreecio, ad tople the laned-mares wch shall designate eatly the limits ofboth nations, ech of the cotrating parties shadl appoint cmmeisiner and a sureyor, whhllceethbe- foe the t emination of one year tepee lhe date of the ratification of this treaty, at Natcheitoches, onthe Redrie, ad proeed to pu and meark the said liene, fete, the moueth of the Sabine to the Redrive,ad from theRed ivto the river Akasa, aned tosetaine the latitude of the source of the saidriver Arkan- sain tcotformtity to wchatis ebove agreed upon and stipu. lated, aed the line of latitude 42 deg. to the Soueth Sea; they shall maett plans,-andhkeep jour- tnals of their proceedings, ted theesueltagreedeoptenytem shall be considered 'as paet ef thise treeaty, aed shaii have the sae eforeeasif iteeiet- ed therein. The ttwt goern- menets will amicablyageee- specting the ncessary artices to he Furniested to those persons, maciones, ypretenioesfihqua- lesquieaterritorios situadesta Oeste y at Sur de ]a misema lines arrihaedescit. Art. IV. Para fixar etaea cnmspreciciec y estahtecer tas Mjoes que seaeeco ex- attitud tes liemites de ambcheta cioes, nombrarfi cadae uena de ellascomistartioyeengeete- traqeeejuterfi testdelte- meino de te eno, tctade desde laefecha deltertificationdeete tatato, en Natchittchez, onea Orittas del SRit Rose, y proce- darhe fi senlar y detetrcar dicha ineen, desde It embhocadure del Sabia astael Ri Rtxo, y de este hteel RiotArhensas, y h aerieguar tee certidumbhre, el eeigen del eepesado RlioAphan- sas, yttixareegun quedaesctipu- ladoty tonveidoeetetraetade, e lines queebte seguir, deede elgertde 42 de Idtited heett el Mer Pttifiet. Llevarae diheite y levantarn plaese de sue epera- ciones, yelesltadocoee ndo per ellts se tendsd per parte de etetteate, y tendsf IC isa fuerze, si testuee nsert entel ; dev'iendotcoeenie ptee- loa eneo doc Gobiepnen etearregto de quato eteiten toeanyteritories east and noth ef the seid line, tnd fee hitelf, hischeirscad sccesecrsptre- noneltclimc toethe said ter- ritories.foeer. Art. IV. Te fic this line with moepreciio, ted Ce plece te lend-eerks ewhich shall desigeate exctly the liteits ef heth cetiets, each ef the coetrctieg paties shaell appoint a etoemissioer ted aesurveyor, whoItshhlltmeethbe- tore the temintioe ef tee year feeoe the date of the rttifiction ef Chic treaty, at Natcheitoches, onetheeRed rier,and proceed to rete and marekthe said line, fetom the teeth of the Sahine Ce the Red river, tnd fromethe Red rier to the river Arhtnets, ted Ce atcertain the latitude of the courcteof the saidriver Arhen- taie conforeity to whet is ahtee agreed eptn ted stipu- lated, ted the line of hatituede 42 deg. to the Soeth Set; they shall tmahe ot plane,-and keep jeer- nelt of their proceedings,cend the resultl egreed eponhy tem shall he ctnsideped 'as pact tf thie teaty, ted shatii hae the saeforeetes ifilteeiept- ed theein. The twot goerne- m en ill aichbly egreeto. specting the neessary trtitles to be frtiehed tote persons, maccioee, y preteccioes &i qua- lesquiera erritoriosituadesct Oeste ycalSur deli msmaliea arrihaedecit. Apt. IV. Parpa Sixap estaea cnmsprecisioncy etahlecer Iet Mtjoes qee senlen toe - ctited ttg limtites de amtahena ciones, nombarficapda unade ellacceetcomisapit p en gehete. traeque se juttereit atesdel ter- meine de itt ano, cotado desde le fechadetecttificteite de este trattdo, en Natchitochez, en lee Orillas del Slit Roexo, y proe- darfin a eialary demarcar dicha lies, desde It etcadurae del SabinaehatateltRioeRose,y de este hatel RioAehensas, ypS tverigtarconetidcmhe, el erigen delexpesede Slit Arhte- sec, y Stepr segtt queda eetipu. Cede y conpeniden Pete trattdt, Ce linet que dehe segtir, desde el grtdt 42 de latitud hesta el tiar Pacifica. Lletapan difirios y levatartten pietoe de sus tperae- coeyel resultado conveido per ellte se tendsd pee parte de peste tratad, yttedtaistme- fepe quee siesuieinrt eel; dleviedtconvenirtamis- loa entn dts Gobiernos pp eltarreglo de quatteeeiten te any tcerritoeest and teeth ofthe caid lice, ted ftp himelf, his heirs, andscessorse,re- toncs l ito the said ter- pitopiefoeer. Apt. IV. Te Scx Chit lice twith moree preecision, ted to place the Iced-tephe which shall designete ettitly thelimeits of hoth ntsec, etct tfthe cotraceting parties shall eppoint a cetmisioer ted atsurveyo, whoe shell meet he- fore the termitione of oe year feet, the date of the patifictiot of thic treety, at Natechitochec, othe Rlederivep, atd proceed Ce runeand markhtheesid line, frocm the cmouth ef the Sahine to the Redprierp, ted from the Red piver to the pivep Aprkantas, ted to ascepttin the lttitude of the soure ofthesidpivereArkan- sait cforemity to whatis abtee egreed epon ted stipu- ltted, ted the lice of lttitude 42 deg. to the Seth Sea; they ehell me ouet plans,-and keep jour- nals of theip peoceediege, ted theprestealgeed ulponthytltem shall he tcnideppd 'as part of Chic teaty, ea shaii hate the ccmeefoeac ifiteeinsert. ed thereie. The tee goern.t enetscwill aicably gree re- cpecting the ncestety aptices to he furnisheed ito thoese persons, mctioes, y petensioes S qua- lesquiera territorieituados at Oeste y atSurde lamisma lines arpihedecrpita. Apt. IV. Pape fiaesta iten cee mts precisioncy estehlecer les Mojoe qee cenalen o ex- actittd Ice littites de amtchena ciones,cnombrarfi cdaeuna de elas e cmiio y tee gele- Itaqeec jeelefie autos dpI tee- miode et ano, tctedt desde Is fecha de lartifictionde ete trttedo, pp Natchitochez, en las Orillas dpi Slit Rse, y proce- daehn n senalar y demacare dicha linet, desde It embhocadurpe del Sabinaehastael Rio Roce, y de este hatel RioSh Apkansas, y S teriguer cee certideembre, el origenedel expresaedoRioArkan- sas, y Sixep tegut qeeda estipe. ledt y cotteniden este trtatdt, It liea qee dehe ceguir, desde el grado 42 de Ilitud hata el Mae Ptcifipt. Ltevaptn dihiio p levatareen pianos de tee opera- citnes, y el resultedocotveido per ellts se tendsd pee parte de este tratado, ytends lattistma- feee qee si estuvieceinet ntel ;eiendocoeteir ai- loa ene ns tos Gbiertos pp eleprreglo de q~untoeesiten eso nii t~s nh colt  APPENDIX. 211 APPENDIX. 211 APPENDIX. 211 and also as to their cesectie es- respectivo quo deba evotoer,si cort,tshoutdosuch bedeeoed empro qoetecroo ecosaio. ecessary. Apt. V. The inhobitonts of the Art. V. A los habitootes do ceded tecritoriet tholl be to- todos too tepeitorios cedidoo to coped io the free execise of tesocotscrvarfietotrciiolie their retigion cwithot coy cc- de a0 retigion, tic etito strietion, ted all those uho mooy algunao; phf todot too que qui- desre to reoe to the Sponith seee trasladarse a toseoino dotionoe shall he permtitted to Espaooto oe tee permitirh to tett oceuport theirefectsuot vencttheotroccioe deoesefecoo coy time twhotecer, twithouthbe- en quatquiero tiemo, tie quo ing subjeot, in either coso, to puedo exigirsoles ouooi otro duties. cosa dececho algono. Aet. Vt. The onhohitonts of Act. Vt. Leos hohitootes do too the teepitorieo uhich hio Coto- teeritorios que S. M. Ca. cede tic Maojetty cedes to the Veited pee esce trotado hi tos Eotados States, by thio teaty, thott be Voidot seron incorporodos en icorporoted in the Veioofb to VaUno do tos toistos Etaodos Voited Stotet, 000000n00somay he to maus presto potibte, segun tot ocsistentecith the priociptes of principios decl conttitocion fe- the fedeect cotitutioc, and od- depot, y odtoitidos t o 00 de to- moitted to the enjoytment of ttt dos too pcicitegios, derchosc the peicdleges, rights, oed immuo- otounidodes dc quo disfrotoo too niiso the citioeco of the ciododaoo de tos dmao Etodos. Voiled Stoteo. Act. Vtt. The officers oud Act. Vt1. Lot ofociotee p tco- teoops of hit Cotbotic Mojety, pos do S. M. Co. evcuaorfin tos in the tepritories heceby. coded territoriot cedidcos alot Estadou by hiom to the Uoited Stotes, Vnidot seit omeses despoec dot tholt he withdroawn, cod pot- cocge de to rotifieooion do esto session of the ploces occupied trotado, 6 octes si foote posibte, by theot shott ho given eithin y dtebn posesioo do ottoc t oo sixmoths obter the echanoge oficiaeo comioriodctJosEs- of the ratiftootions of tthit treaoty, todos Ucidos debidamtet aoto- op tooter, if possihte, by the cizodos paraoocibiroo: Y toe and also astto theip respective-cepetio quo deban ttevar,si corts, thoutd stch be deemoed eopre que te cre00 cssro necessary- Apt. V. The inhahitots of the Act. V. A lot habitooteo do ooded territocieo shott he se- todot too territoriot cedidot to cured ho the free ercite of tle oonercofeloteericiohhcbe their religioo withootacy re- do to retigion, tic peotpiooiot striction, otd otl thote wtho maoy otgunae; yb6 todos tot quo qoi- desireto reooctttthe Spaoish tieentrotodarse htloudotmiios domoiniott tbatt he pecotitted to Espauotes to too pertoitira to selottrexport theireffectst ventsoextroacionodetousrfetos any tiooe whtecor,twithout be- 00 qutlquiero tioepo, sin quo ing subject, it either case, to purdo ex~igirsetces et un ncc r duties. ctoa dececho ttguoo. Act. Vt. The ichohitantt of Act. Vt. Lot hahitones do Jos the teccitoriet wehioh hit Cotho- teccitoriot qoe S. M. Ca. cedo tio Mtajoety cedes to the Ucited por este trotado 6 tot LEtodos Statet, by thit treaty, thott be Vnidososeconicopoodos cc inoroporated ic the Vno of the to Voiton do tos mciesow Estodos Voited Stotes, 0000 sot esmy ho to tout pcetto posibte, 00000 to. consiteoc ith theprcioptesof pricoipioseoto coostitocioofo- the federol cocstitutiton, cod ad- deret, y odtmitidos at goce do to mtted to the enjoymenot of all dot tos privitegios, derecohos tthe pciviteges, eights, cod iotmu- ictmonidodee do quo ditfrotao tot nities, ot the citioens of the ciododaos do too demas Etodos Uoited Sotts Art. VII. Tho officept tod Act. Vtt. Los oficiolco y tro- troops of his Cothotic Mojcsty, pot do S. SO. Co. evacuoran too ic doe toeitopiet heroby. ceded tercitociot cedidot htlos Etodo by himc to the Voited Stoteo, U e too se otomete deopoes de thott he wcithdooawn, ted pot- conge do lo ratificooion do octo tsetsion of tho ptocet ocupiod trotodo, 6 antes si fnee posibte, by thoom sthott ho giveo uithio y dtrbn poesion do elttst hoe tic onoths aftoc the echaoge oficiotes,,eomisaoriocdectosE- of tho rotificotioct of doio treaty, todot Voidot dehidamoto ato- 0000C, f ptoite, y te rcedt pocceihitot Yto andoalso to to their respectie eo- corts,oshouldtuchbe deemerd ecessary. Art. V. The inbobitat of the cedod territocioehos sho tos- cured it the free oeecisecof their retigion wcithoot coyre striction,oandottlthoseouho my dotipe to rtemove to the Sponith domoiniots sholt be pertmitted to seotter export theic effecto oc coy tie tohotecerewithouthbe- ing uubject, in either cae, to duties. Act. Vt. The inhchitcnts of the tepritopies ohioh his Cctho- tie Matjeoty cedes to the Voited Statet, by thit teacty, thotl be inorporated ic the Union of the Voited States, 00000000asemay he consistentwith thepiciplesoof the fedecol cocstitutio, ond ad- mcitted to the enjoytoent of oall the priviteges, pights, cod imoou- titieo, ot the citizeno of the Voited Stotet. Act. Vt1. The offierct ond troops of hit Cothotic Mojeoty, inetheterioies herebyo.ted by hot to the Vnited Stotes, oholt he wcithdrawn, cod pot- essioo of the plocec occupied by theom shll be given withio cit mtohs oboer the echonge of the catifications of thois treoty, oP sooner, if possibte, by the respectico quo debou ttevar,si eotpre quascre necesa000 Art. V. A too bhitoctes do todos too territocios cedidos to tot cootoerahet exerciciohlibe do to religion, tin estio otguna; p6 todos too quo qui- si ren tldarse a tot domtiios Espaoles to too pertoitirb lo ventstoetcciondotsusofetos et qualquiro tietopo, tic qo poeda exigicoelco en unoni otro caadercho alguote. Apt. Vt1. Leos hohitootes do too tecritoriot que S. MO. Ct. code por rote tratado fi tot Etaodot Voido eranco inorporedos cc to Vno de too ooietos Estados, to toot presto posible, 00000 toe principios do to constitocion fe- deral,yodmtitidos altgorede to- dot too prividegios, derchot ictoccidodes do quo disfontto too ciudadaos do too ditoat Estados. Apt, Vtt. Lot oficlet y tro- posode S.M. Cc. evcorneos territotios cedidcos h]ot Estados Vnidot scis toecos despueo dot cooge do to ratificocioc do eteo trotado, oantet sifnee posibtc, y dorbn posetiodeto bllo t u oflicaes, it cooisiosc do lot Es- todo, Vnidos dehidamtoe tuo- rtzedot paraoeciirlos :VYlo  212 APPENDIX. 212 APPENDIX. 212 APPENDIX. offierts of his Cathoic Majesty, to the commissionees 0r offtcers of the Uoited States, duoly ap- pointed to receive theoo; aod the United Stole, shotl furnish the transports and escort neces- sary to convey tile Spanish offi- ersoand troops, andteir bag- gage, to the Havana. Art. VIII. All the groooe of taed made before the 24th of Jaouary, 1810, by his Catholio Majesty, or by his lawoful atho- riesi the said territorie, coded by his Maestoy to the United States, shatt ho eatified andonfirmoed to thepoeroneeio poesoni of the toeds, to the sae etent that the same grants ouold he vatid, if the tereitories haderemained coder' the domi- ninof hi, Cathotic Majesty.-~ Bot the owneers in posession of sueceads wo byeonoof theeenet circumstances of the Spanish nation, cod the revolu,- tions in Europe, hoot been pe. eed from futtitting att the con- ditons of theiregrants, shalt com,- plete them within the terms1 li- meited io the samoe, respectively, fees, the dote of thioteaty; i default of wohicth, the saidt grants shatl be null aod void. All grants smade since the said 24th of January, 1818, whet the terst Estadot Unidos poveerkna tos transpores y escota heesarios parr' llevar t Ic -oHban too ofi. ciales y tropas Espaolats ysu equipage00. Aol. VIII. Todas tasoo eeooi- oneseddteeos heches pareS. M. C0. 6 tpar sus legitieas au80- ridadoo anle, del 24 de Eneo de l81t, en to, eoprevoteos ter- ritorios qoe Silt,. code a tee Estades Unidos, quedaranerctifi- cadas yeconocidas 61.eper- snsqee esten en posesion do eliot, del meiso me qoe tose rian si S. NI. bubiese continuado 00 el deoii do estos toeito- eioo; p0ro tee popietarios qe partefeto decoe ircunstan- cia0e quee ha hattado Ic Na- cion Espaoleay paretcooevolu. cooee do Europa, no hubiesoea podido ttlenar todco taoobliga- cioesodoesoceioeso,serae ebtigades 6i cumplirtas seguo tas ondiciooeo do sos respectivas conesioees desde In fecha de este tratao, ee defecto do to qualseraneeulaydeeigun valtor. Todas ha toe csoe poseriores alt24 do Eneode 1818, en qne fneon hecha, las offiers of his Catholic Majeoty, to the coomissioneos or offices, of the Unoited Stoles, duly op- peoted to receive thees; cod the Unoited States shall furnish the transportsoandesorot neces- lary to coney lthe Spaeish offi- oersoaed toops, aed their hag- gage, to the Havana. Aol. VIII. All the grantsoef land macde before the 24th of Januarey, 1818, by his Catholic Majesty, or by his laswful ceihe. riisi the said territories, cedod by his Majesty to the Uoiled Stales, shell be rstified aconfirmed to the persons in possession of the Iceds, to the same0 0010n1 that the some grants oulddbe valid,ifltheterrieoies hademaoied ueder the domoi- nioe of his Cathelic Majesty.- But the ooners 0n possession of suchltands who, byreaonof the receet circustanese of the Spanish ection, and tho reolu- tionl an Europe, hove heel pre- veneda from fsulflling all the cn dtitions ef theiregrantt, shall coi- plots them wsithin lthe teems li- mited in the sams, espectively, Loom the dote of this treaty ; i sdefault of wohich, the said grants shall ho nuil and void. All grants. made sice the soid 24th of January, 1818, wohen the lerst Estados Unoidos proeeoho tos transportesly escoltlaecesarioI parr Ilevar at In Hbana los ofh- ciales y tropasoEspanolas y s00 equipages. Aol. VIII. Todas ta oe csi one, de teenos booboo pareS. M. Ca. o paro sus legitimaso aeto- ridades anes del 24 do Eero. do 1818,00n los eopresodeo tor- ritorios que Sill. cedeo os Eslades Unsidoe, quedaran ratifi- cadas y reconocidas 6 lasper- sonas queestenoenppsesienede eliot5, del miso modo qoo to so- iasi S. M. bebiese contieuodo enoeldomoiniodee estoerito- ris;pero tos propietarios queo parenneefeode]aseircunotan- caenque ee ha hllaodo Ia Na- vien Espaneo y per lasreou cooes do Europe, 00 hubiesea podido llenoar tedas tos obliga- cioes eedlao neseioeso,osea obligados 6 complirlas segunoIs condicioeso de su espetivas conesoiones desde to fechaods 0010 tratado, en defecto do ta qual serannulasy deigun valor. Todlasoceones posteiores at124 do Eero de 1818, vs qulv fneon eecvhas lom eofiers ef hie Catholic Mojesty, te the comissioners or officers of the Unitod Slates, daly op. pointed to receive them ; aod lbs Uncited Stote shall furnish the transports and e0c0r1 neces- sarytocovey the Spanish ofi- cersoond troops, aed theie bag- 8080, to the Havaa. Aol. VIII. All the grants of land moode before the 24th of Januarey, 1818, by his Cathodic Mhajesty, or by his lawful aths. lbse i te sid territories, ceded by his Majesty te the Uoiled Slate,, shall ho ratifed aedconfirmed to the perseosin pososeion of the lands, to the 00am0 exteet that the same grants oued ho valid, if the toeitories had emasined under the domoi- nion of his Catholic Majesty.- Bet the e~oers in possession ef suchblandsowho, by reesonof theeentlircamstance of the Spanish nation, and tho evolu- tioes in Eerope, haoe been pe. enoted Loom fulfilling ail the on- dtitions of their grants, shall com-. plete them weithin the leoms li- mited in the same, respectively, Loom the dote of this treaty ;i defalt of whic, the said g0a01s shall ho onull and void. All grants made siove lbs said O4th of Januaryl, 1818, whentIhe loost Etados Unidos provetoe lee transporels y escolta heesarios pare lleear to Ia Habana lee cli- cialesy tropae Espaolatsy suo equipages. Art. VIII. Tods tasoe eeeei- coos detereos hechas periS. M. C0. 6 for so, legitimas auto- ridadtc antes dot 84 do Eneo do 1818, estees espesose leo- ritocios que Silt. cede a los Estados Ueidos, quedareneoaifi- cados yoreconocidas 6 lasper- onsque estenen poeseion do eliot, del mcismoo 11040 qe tos so ria 5t. M. hubiese ceonieuao 00 el doaminio doe00100sterrito- res er los popietaios que pesnefcodeolasoircuntan. cins en que so ha hallado Ia Na- tinEspaola y poe laso lu cinsdo Europa, 00 hubiesen podido Ilenar todas tas ohliga- coes de las oncsoes, eran obligados 6 cumeplirlas s0g00 11s onodicione do ssespecivas ceoncesiones desde lo fecha do Oslote tatdo, en defecto do to qusl seran nulas y de ningun oalor. Todaos tao conesioes posteoes al 84 do Esero do 1818,o en qnoeo hchas los  APPENDIX. 213 APPENDIX. 2113 APPENDIX. 213 proosa, on the paet of his Ca- chotio Majesty, foe the cession of the Foreidas woo made, are here- by declared, andoagreed totbe, nulil and void. Aet. IX. The two high eoo- trctinog porties, ooimted with theostooeareset desireeofcono- oiliotioo,oatd with the object of potting oo cod to oll the ttiffer- ences which hove exioted he- tweenothemo,oondofconfiring the coed oodeestaodioe which they with to he foever maio- toioed hetweoo them, recipeo- cal eonealchaiwo for do- mages or injurico which they themoetves, os wett os their re- spective cicizenos cod oubjects, mcyhaesufferedoontilthe time ofosigoiog Ohio treoty. The renunociation of the Uni- ted Staote itl extend to all the injories ooentiotoed in the coo- centioo of the 10th of Augoot. 102. 2. To oil claimon accun of prizes mode hy Freench poi voteers, cod codemnoed h3 Fetcthooooouto, withio the tee. ritoey ood joriodicticon ofhSpaio. 3. To att elcimo of indewoi* ties oo oaccomt of the scspensico of the eight of dopotit ct Neo Orlecos in 1802. d. To clt claims ofcize primees pooposiciones do pcrte do 0. M. Co. poeo lo oesion de lot dot Ftoridao, convienen y deocaeo loo dos altet pcrtes con- tooteooteo que qoedoo onuladcs y deingunoeolor. Art. IX. Loo doo cltco poetes onteatontes ocimodco deos ao vieos detect do conciliticin y 000 ot objeto de cortoe do raiz todoo lco diooooiones. qce hot exittido eteela vto afiaozcr la huena armooia quo deoeao ma00- tener peretuoamente,reuca ooo yoteeciprocaweote dto- dot too rclctmocioneo de daoso y perjuicios qoe asi ellas comco out cespeoctios ouhdieoo y ciudodc- not hoyan eopeiwentcdo haota et diaon0 que sefire eseta todo. Lc eooncia do Zoo Estaos Unoidcos oe extieode a .co los pejuicioo mecciooadot 00 e Cooveoio, de It de Agooto do 1802. 2. A todo ts o laaioe depesoes hechoo por too Cor- *aio cicFrcoce, ycondencdas *portotlosoonsosFrccoee den- *teo delttecitceic y jueiccioc do Espana. * 3. Atlodchs toseclmco O do indemoizocionesor Inc to s rpension dot dercho de Deposi- tc eo Noooo Orleans e0 1025. s 4. Atctoa toseclm o proposal, on the paret of his Co- chotic Mcjeoty, foc the cession of the Floridoo woo motte, are here- hy deotoced, ondoageed tohbe, null aod void. Act. IX. The two high eon- tractiog poetioo, soimoted with the mostearesvt detireeofcon- oiliotio,ootdtwith the ohjectof puttiog co eod to all the diffoc- eocet which hoeexoioted he- tweet them, and of confirming ohe good ouoderotcodiog which they with to he foreee moot. toioed hotween them, eoipro- cal eonealctcims foe do- mcges or icjcreis which they themsoees, 00 welt 0s their re- speotiee citizeot cod suhjects, mcy haesufferedountit the time ofosigoiog thit treaty. The eentnoiation of thc Uoi- ted Statesowiltextend tooallthe injures meotioted in the cn entoion of thc 11th of Aogost, 2. To all claims on accooot ofprizes madeby Fench pi- votoeers, cod coodemoed hy Fenocttoototo, wiothio the tee- ritoey ood jurisdiction of Spcio. 3. To all ctaimo of iodemnoi- tie oaccount of the suspensioc of the eight of depooit ct New Oreaco io 1802. 4. To ctt claims of ize primerasopeoposicioneade parte de S.M. Co. poro lo cesionode lot dot Floridot, convieoen y dectaren ls dos oltes pares coo- tratrootot qute qoedanoooutadcs y deiguoovaloe. Act. IX. Loo doo oltot partes ootratantes animadasdetoolosa vivos deoeos do concilitioo y coo el ohjeto de coetor de caiz todas to, disoosioeo. que cao eitido eote etloas v afianzare houena armonia quo deseao moo- tenec peepetomeote,reuca unootrte eciprocamenteoato- dot too eclamooiones de daos y peejoicios que ooi eltas como0sus ceopeotios oohditos y ciodado- o ayn expcerimentado hcctc et dia en quo oe firmoe etta todo. Lo enouncio de too Esotaoo Uoidosse eticudc a odot los pejcicioo meociooodosu ne Cocveoio, de It de Agooto de 1802. 2. A todaso tooecaacoe d peoos hechoo por too Coe- ooeioo Fecanceco,yodeodas poc tos Cconotes Feanceoos den- tro dot territcrio y jcriodiccion de Espana. 3. A todco too rectamcoiooes de indemoizociooesor la touto- pensionodeltdeecho detDepoi- to en Noeva Oreaos ec t802. 4.A todas toorcamcons proposal, onthe paetof his Ca- primeraopo-opooiciooeode porte chotic Maljesty, foe the cesion of dle S. M. Co. poro Jo cesion de theFloidasowasomade, ae hee- Is dos Floridas, conveienen y hy dectaeed,oandageedtohbe, deotoreetlasdosotespaeteoooo- nullandovoid. trotrootot qoe qoedoooanutodo y deoiguneo. Aet. IX. Tie two high coo- Art. IX. Los dot atao portes ceoctiog portieo. sacimoted woith onts-tntesanimodasodetolosa the moot eorest deoireeofoo- vivos deteos de concdliocioo y oiitio,oondwith the ohject of conoel objeto de oetoc deroiz potting ant eod to all tho diffee- todoo lct diocosiooeo. que hcn ences whioh hove oxitted he- eoiotido enteela yto afiaozac to tweenothem,oondofoimig hoenaoormonio quedeeo mo- the good undeetaodiog mhich teoee peepetoomeote, enuoncian ohey with to he foeermoin- uoayoteeiprocomeototi to- tcined hetweeo them. recipeo- doo too cectomociooes do daos y allyeoooce all ctaims foe do- poojcicioo que osi ellt omosu maoges oe injueies owhioh dhey eseoctioo ochditos y ciudoda- themoetves, co well a0 their ee- 000 hoyoo oopeeimetado hooto spective citizeos cod oobjects, eldioe enoque sefermeeoto tra- mcy hoeesuffeed uotiltthedtme todo. cfosigoiog thio teaty. Lo eoonoiacde Zoo Estados Theeooooiotioo of the Uei- Uoidotoseoetinde a odus tcos ted Sttes owitl eoteod to otltho peojuicios menciooadot 00 e injtteies weotioted it the c00- Coocenio, de tt de Agooto de ceotiot of tho 11th of Aogutt 1002. 1802. 2. A todosla tceocmaciones 2. Too2l ctcimson 0accouot depeooo hochas poc tosoCor- ofpieso mode hy Fench pri- saeins Froncese, ycodoocdat vateers,and codemoedhyoroCoedolFrcoese don- Fenochcooooto, withit the tee- too dot teeritorio p jociodiccioc eitorey ood joeiodicticon of Spaio. de Espcaia. 3. To all ctaimo of iodemoi- 3. A todoo taoo caacoe tie occ oont of the ocspeosioo de indowcizocioneo pcc taous of the eight cf depouit ot Now pension det dococho do Deposi- Orlecusti 02. to 0n Nooco Oreseoo 00802. 4. To att cloims of citizens 4l.A todoo tooecaacoe  0214 APPENDIX. 0214 AP'PEN DIX. '214 APPENDIX. of the United Sttes upon the goverentt of Spain, ariing fromothe unlawful seizure t sea, and in the ports and territo- risof Spaino, tor the Spanisoh 5. To all claimts of citienst of the Uneited States upon the Spa- isgoen etsttemlents of wehich,. soliciting the interpoosi- tion of the governmenet of the Unoited Staes, hove heen pee. sented to the Deptenet of Stote, or to tho Minister of the Uneited States in Spain,stince the dote of the c~oention of toe2, aed until the signaoture of this teaty. 'The reeteoiation of bis Ca- thtolio Majety exendst 1. To att the onjuries meetion- ed io the convention of the ttt of August, tee0.2h s. 'fi tthe sums tehichtti Catholic Majesty advancoed the the returtn of Captatin Piho from the Prottitciao Interneas. 3. 'To att injures ctused by the expedition of Mtiranda, thttt was fitted tot ted equipped at Noe-Yok. 4. 'Tot altohait of epanih tstbjets uon tthe goenment of tthe Unoited States, arising frtom t unafu eizueso at seao weitthintthe ports andtteeojtoia jurisdiction tf tthe United States. de toos citdotdaos de tet Estados Uneidos eeot et Gohieree Es- paol peocedents de pesacton- tiseeooes iejutttte asi en ta Mar cooentospeetos yteritoios de S6. Mt. en Espanot y sus Co- S. A ttdtt taorclmait e do los ciudodtos de tot Estadot Unoidootot el Gohiereo de Espana, en que so hove reota- maodto inteposion dot Gobi' enodetloslEtados Uidos ates do ]a fecha do esto tratao,y deode la fecho dot onenieo do 1802, o presentatddseal Doparta- tmeto do Estode oto tReputb- lia6 Miitrto do los Etaoso Unidos ot tEspanae. Loaoteunia do S. Mt. Ca., to extiende: 1.A todosttos pejuiciosttmen- conacdos e teo coneo deltI de Agosto, te0s. 2. A thot cattidotes quoe ptid, para tt vuelota dot Capitan Pihe, 3. A tot perjuioioscasaos pee Ito epedicon do iraneda, armaody equipadcaoNtteva e oubditot do S. Mt. Ca. ct eGbieroot do tost Es- taos Uneidos procedentos do presas syonefscacoionesoinjustts asiee etooottocomeo]spooto y territorios eooofEootatfosUi- tf the United Stetes upone the governent tf Spaitn, arishtg fome the utttlawfut seizures tt see, ted in the ports anod territo- cooniep~ otepoe 5. Toal cttaimts of ctizenstof the Utited States uon the Spa- niheovernentot, sttateentt of whttict, toticting the interosoi- tion tf the goverenment tf the Uoited ttesto, havoe hoot poe- sne)to ttho Deportent of State, ore to the Mtinister of the tUnited etaotos in Spain,stinete date of ttheoneotien of tees, ttnd unotit the signature of tis treaty. 'fibe renunition tf bit Ca- ttotic Matjesty extends t. T'oatheijuiesttmotont- odei the onvoetiono ofthe toth of August, 1800. 5, 'fo tthe sutms wcht hio Cothotic Matjesty tdvaned flor tthe return of Captain ike from the tProinoias Iternals. 3, Te Ott injtoiesectused by the ooxpedition of Mtitanda, thtot wast ftted ot tod oquipped a Ncw-'York. 4. 'fi Ott ctlaimt of epanioth sets upo thotie govoenment of the United Stotot, arising freom eotlawful seiuresoatoea, of weithineithe ports tandooteioiOo jureisdiction of ttle United States. de os c itddos de tos Etados Unoidos contrat ot Goobiero Es' paol prtoedoents do poosston- tiscatioes titjutasasti en tt Mor comoels peosy territoriOs de St. M.te Espana y suseCo- S. A todts toorclmaioe do tos citdodteot dt Jos Etos Unoideoontoa et Gobierno do Espanao, 00 que to haya rclatt- mao la interposicron del Gobi' o to loEtaos Uneidoe antes de to fechat do oto trtod, tdesdeltofechadot ocoooenio do t802, o tresentadas al Depaota. eto do Eetado do esota Repub-o 6lic iito doe fI staos Unidot en Esopana. Laooenuncia deoS. Mt. Ca, se extienode: I. A todot tet perjuiios en cionodos 00 el onvoeoio de t do Agosto, te0s, 2. A tas ectntidaotet qoeottpid, Paro to ve lta dot Capitan Pihe, de Jot povincas tens 3, Abls perjuiiosoocausados por to epedicion do Mlioaoda, artmtdat y eqtipaodt eno Nueova A. A tedes totrcamcme te ot sobditos do S. St. Ca. co tr eGbierono do lee Es' taodos Uiosto proedottes do postoel pa ooenoolos pouertos yterritori~os do tos Estadtos Ui-t oof the Unoited Stootes tpoo the governenet of Spain, ariting from theetnlawfet sioest sea, ted in thbe porott anod toerrito. riesofepai, orthepaneish S. To Ott claitms of citizens of the Uited States opone the Spa' nihgovernmenet, staotemtsot of wcih, soliciting the interosoi- tioneofthe g'oenment of the Unitod etats, hoovo been poe' tooted te tto Depatment of Stae, tor to the Miitetr of the Ueited Staes io Spaoin, sin000h dote ef tho onveetoo of tees, and util the signature of tthit treaty. 'fib enuenitiono of his Ca- totio Maojesty exteodo: 1. 'fi ott theoiojuries e ti- od inte onentionofttlieo tt of August, 1t02. 2. To the seems swhich hit Caothotic Matojesty oodvanced foe tho eeturn of Captain Pikte fomt tho P'rovhnciae tnetrnaes. 3,.fi Tottl injuries caused by the expeditieon of Mioandt, tht~o woot fitted out and oqoipped aot Noe-eork. 4. To Ott ctloies of Spanisth suectst upoe ttle goeonment of tthe Uoited States, aoising tftomulawofulseiz'uresatto 00a c w ththe ports ted teoritorial? jurisdicotion of tthe United tteso. do tos ciuotddens do too Estados Ueidos contra et Gobioeo Es' paolo poedents do pesacts- ficacoioes injustasasi entosMar omsooenoseotos yteitoies do S. St. en Esopant y tes Co- 5. A todas toot eclamaetoneo do toe ciudodaoe do toe Etoe Uidose onotraoot Geoboerno do Espanat, en que to hava oectla- maode too intoerposion del Gobi' ernooo do e fit Etaoe Un idos oonteo de ttt feoha do eote tratedo, dosde to footho dot oconoento do tee2, 6 pesentadas al Departa. mtot do Estedo do eta tRepub-. lic Miitro do toe Eistaos Unidos eo Espana., fit oenunooit do S. Mt. Ca. to extiende: I. A taes tot pejioto me - conaedoenoel ooooeio dett do Agosto, tees. S. A hoot cantidates que suptid, ptea la veta dot Caopitan Piho, do tos poveinciao interas 3. A loe poojuieiosocausodos poe to expedicion dle iranodo, aormada y eqnoipadt en0 Nuoeva York.' 4. teottotlasoeclateoeciones dle tas sohditos do S. M1. Ca. cotrol (oernoto do tot Es' tadot Unoios pocedentcs do poesasoy oofistoneottinjutas asi en laomareooe los ~peos vyterritoriosde loo taos Unot-  APPENDI X. 215 APPENDIX. 215 APPENDIOX. 215 Finotly, to all the olaieme ef eubjeoto of his Cethotic Mjesty upoo the gooernmoent of the Uojoed Stotee, in oohioh the in- terposition of his Cothotio Mab- jesty'sogoveernent has hoer so- licited before the dote of Ohio treaty, ond tice the doto of the coooention of 1802, or wehich eooy hooe heeo maode to the Do- paetmoot of Forigo Affairs of hie Matjeety, oe to hie Mtinister in the Unoited Statee. Aod the high cooteoctiog pae- tiee, reeopeotivety, renoce ott otoimo to iodemoities for ony of the receot eeto toosootions of theie resepective coomoondeee ond officrs io the Ftoeidoe. The Uoited Stotes woitt c0000 sotiofactioo to he maode foe the injueies, if coy, owhich, by pro- cesof coo, ehott he etabioheod tohovebreen tofferedhby the Spaoioh offioees, oed individucl Spooioh inhohitaote, by the tote opeeotions of the Ameeieoo crny in Florido. Aet. X. The conveotion entered ioto heteeno the to goveeoomeots, 00 the 11th of Ao- goot, 1800, the rotiftcotioos of owhich, woee oxohenged the 21t Derroobor, 0000, is aonolled. Art. XI. The tited Stotes, eoraeoiog Spoir ferom oll do- mnsin futoee,oo acrcot ot 10. A todos Ioo reoooocciones de too sobditos do S0. 10. Ca. ootr l Gobierno do los Estc- dos Unidos, 00 que ore hoyo r- clmo la tinterposioion dot Go- hieeno do Espoiio aotes do to fecho do rote trotodoy deode to fecho dot convenio do 0202, 6 que hoycn ride pereetodos ol Departetonto do Estaodo do S. M. oes Minrioen 00loe Esto- dosoUios. Los olto, portee cootrotrotes reoonoion recipocaenete todee ssderechoe a indoemrizaciones per qoolqoiera de os oo ms acotecimicentosoytroociones doeeespecieos comocodootes y oficiales e0 los Floridas. Y toe Etados Uoidoe oatiota- ran Ice perjuicios, oi too hubise habido, que Ios hobitontes y ofi- cictes Espaoles joetifiquento- goltret hobee sofrido por Ioo opercioeseEritoAmcei- Art. X. qoedo onotado ci ooooeoio heoho eote los doe Gobierosen 0010 do Agooto, do 100, ooyoseratifioacioneo faeron cangeadasee 21~ de iiembhoe do 1880. Art. Xt. Loe Estodoe Oioidoe descargando 0l t Espoai poro to suceoivo do todas toorclma Finotty, to alt the ocioms of 10. A todat tooecaacoe oubjeots of hio Cothotio Mojesty do too sobditor do S. M0. Ca. opon the goveronoent of the cootro el Gohioeono do los Esta- Unojted Stotos, in owhich the ir- dos Unoidos, 00 que se bayaoe terposition of his Cooholic Mo- cloamado to interposirion det Go- jooty's governoment hoe beto to- hierno do PEpofia ooteo do to licited before the dote of ohis feoho do eote trotodo, y deodo to Orecty, ond sinoo the dote of the fecho dot 0000e0io de 0802, 6 conveotion of 0802, or wohich que hoyoo sdo proeoetadas ot mooy hove hen maodo to the Do- Dopartetnoto do Estodo do S. portooeot of Foroigo Affire of M.o t, shoMioistoroelsEta- his Majeoty, or to hio Mioieter doe Unidos. in the Uoited States. Las altos, poetee ootrneo Aod the high coteoctiog par- rorucior reciproaenote todoe tires, oeopectively, renounce oll 000 derechos a indemnoizacioones claiom to indeomoities for coy of poe qoclquiera do tooutmo the reet etsootansaotios aooontecimieotostytraosocoioneo of their resecotive commarndeos do u roespectivos coadcotes andofficersoinothe Forids. y ofioictesoeol1.Ftoidas. The Unoited Stto owill 00000 Y toe Estadoo Uoidoo satisfa- satiofaction to he maode foe the roe Ice perjuicios, si Ioo huhise injories, if coy, wch, by pro- hohido, que toe hohitortee y ofi- 0000 oflaoo, sholt hbeoetabished ojoteo Eepauoleo joetifiquen to- to hoe hbeon roffered by the goalmerte hoher sofrido per lce Spaoish ootlcees, cod iodieidual operaciones do Exrcito Aroeri- Spanioh onhahitaoto, by the tote cano 00elas operctione of the Amricoo ormoy in Florida. Art. X. The conention Art. X. queda ocotodo el enteed into hoetweeo the to oonrenio hecho eotro Ice dos governmoeots, or the toth of Au- Gobieroo 00 1 do Agooto, do gost, 100, the ratifications of 1t0t, cuyco ratificociones faoron owhich, wore excbanged the 21st congeodas 00 00 do Diciembhe Deocoober, t81t, is annulled, do 0200. Act. XI. The Uited Soater, Art. Xt. Loe Estados Uoidoo eor toing Spain from all do- deooargndohIilaEepafiacpareto m in oi fotoureco oacouot of sucesivo to todas tos eca - Fioolty, to all the olaimoo of subjects of hit Cathotio Majeoty opoo the govrmenot of the Uoited Stotes, in wrhich the io- tepositior of hi, Cothotic Ma- jesty'sgovernment hot heroen - ticited before the dote of Ohio teacty, rod since the dote of tho cooceotion of 100, or wohioh emoy haoo hern mode to the Do- portmont of oreign Affaioo of bie Matjesty, or to his Minister in the Uited Soctee. Aod the high cootrcting por- tier, reopecticety, renconce oll camto iodemoitiee for ooy of the reeteveontor otraosactions of ther roespectivcommrarders cod offcerr io the Ploridon. The Uited Stotro wilt 00000 oatisfctioo to he mode- for the injurie,ifoany, which,hbypro- 000s oftlao, shall he estoabliotod tohaoeheeo nufferodhby the Spanish offitors, cod individual Sponish inhabitonto, hy the late operations of the Americrn army in Ftorida. Art. A. The coroontior eoteed into heteen the two govrnmeoto, or the 11t h of Ac- guot, 0800, the rotificotiore ot whchw rxchangod the 21tt Decemboc, 0800, is annulled. Act. At. The United States, exoonerating Spoin from atl do wadsi futoreon account o 10. A todos Oasreclmcoe do Ions suhditos do S. 10. Ca. c ote Gohierno do toe Esta- doe Uoidos, on qeeo haya re- clamadolaointrpoioion dot Go- hierno do Eopanao aotor do to fechacde eote tectodo,y desdeola feoha dot convenio do 0802, 6 qee hoyoo oido presootadas ol Departmento do Estodo do S. M. o s Ministro orntoesEste- dos Uidos. Ls atacs, paotes contoatantos renuricu reciprocamente todos roe drechos a indemnizaciones per qualquiera deos oo mos aocontecimienton ytrosacioe doe sroespectivos comaodaotes y oflicaesen lasc Ftoridas. Y los Estaos Unidos eotinfc- ta oo perjuicios, si Ios hohioo hcbido, qoe too habitcntec y oi- catee Espaolts justifiquen to- goteere hober oufrido por lce opraones do Exeorcito Amreri- Art. X. queda aoutado el onvenio hoho enore ton doe Gobieros en 11 do Agoeto, do 18t02, cuyco ratificacionoes feron coogeadac ro 2t deticiembro do 1208. Act. At. Loe Estodos Unoidos decorgondo tosEspafacpcocto f sucesiv o ode too a rcaa  216 APPENDIX. 9216 .APPENDIX. 216 APPENDIX. the claims of their citizens to wohich the renunciations herein contained extendoadonssider. ing theom entirely cancelled,un dertahe to make satisfaction for the s, toan amount not ex- ceeding five smillions of dotlars. To ascoertaio the foil amount and oalidity of tboee claims,a Comomiso, to consist ofthee Commissionos, Citizeos of the Uoited Stotes, shatl be appoint- edhby the Presidtent,hbyandewith the advioe ood consent of the Senatee, owhich comoision shall meet ot the city of Washington, aod, oithio the opaoe of three yers from the tiome of their first meetiog, shalltreceive, ex- amine, aod deoite opoo the amouot aod voidity of ott the caims iootuded withio the do- scriptions aovoe meotioned. The said Commsissiooers shatt totko as oath oe affirmaotion, to he - tered on the record of their proceedings, foe the faithfut and diligent dischore of' their do- tis;and, in rose of the death, scnsor neesarey ohsences ofoonysoch Cammissiooer, his ptace may he supplied hy tthe appointment as aforesidoehby the Presideot of the Unoited States, during the recess af lice Senate, of anather Commoissiooer in hijsterad. Thesaid Cemmi_- ciones de sus ciudadossos fiqoe se extienden ls eeosis he- chas es este trotodo, y dandults per enteramente canceladas, to- moss sohre sitsn sotisfacion is pogo de todas ettas hasta to cantidad de cncro mittianes do pesos foeetes. EtiSor. Presideote nom- hrar on oo nsoentimiento yoea.- bacion delSenadoouna Cmision compuestaode tres Comisionados, ciudtdanos de tos EstadosUnidas, para avriguar onscertidomhre loomporte totat y justificaiaon seeestassreotamacionos ; t quat so reucirfi ens to riudad de Washiogton, y en et espacio do tres ahos, tesde so reunionpei- mera,ecibira, examinar, y de cidirfl sohre et imopete y justifi- cacion de todas toorclma cioses arriba expresadas y descritos. Los dichao comisos- oadoe prestaranojuraooeoto, que se onataraen oxoqudeoos de sos operaoioes,paraoetdesem-. peno fiet yrlfies dessustdeberes, yrenocse do mouerte,enfere- ddousenciapeisa die lgaco de etios, seeh reeomptozado det mso moo, it par et Sor. t'resitieote deloe Estados toidos, enoausencia del Senado. Los dicts oomisionados so hatllaean aoiaoaaoiroyreamoinar hbsjo jursmeno quaiera der- msonds reshsira a iha rleclm the olaims of ttheir sitizens to sehicth the eeouociations herein contained extend, andoside- log them eotietyocaooetted, sn- dertahe to make satisfaction foe the same, to so amount sotex ceeding floe mittions of dottars. To scoertoins the futt amount and validity of those ctaims,oa Commision, to consist of three Commissioners, Citizens of the Uoited States, shatt he appoint- ed hy thetPresideot,hbyandsith the adiie sod consent of the Seaate, sshich comtmission shatl meet at the city of Washington, aod,owithio lice spore of three yers from the tiome of their lerst meeting, shalt reeieex- amine, sod decide upon the atmountt aod validity of ott the ctaims isctuded swithin the do- scriptions ahove meotioned. The said Commissioners sholt tahe an oath or affirmation, toh e en- tered 00 the record of their proceedings, for the faithfut aod dtitigent disctharge of thseir do- ties ; and, io rose of the death, osioness, or oecrearyaheee of any such Commissioner, hit ptace maybhe supptied hy the appointment os afoeesid,orhy the Presideot of the United States, during the recess of the Sienate, oanotcer Commoissionr is his steati. Thecsid Commois- ciones demss eiudadaos fi que se extiendenlsenuncsis be- chses este tratado, y daodolas per enteramente csocetodas, to- moo sohre si to satisfacion it page sde todas ettas hasta to cantidad de rises milliones do pesos foertes. EltSor.Presidetenom- hoa on oenasentimiento y apro- hocion det Seoado, un ocision compuesta de tresComisionados, ciuadaos de tosEstades~oides, paresasriguareonocertidumhre eimpoete tot y justificoaion sdeestas reclamacioes ;tosquat toruir nl ciudad tie Washingto, y enet espacio de tresaoso, desdesuaeunontpri- mera, recibira,examoinariy tie cidirl sohre of imporee juttiti- cacion do ctos tas reclama- cioneseeriha expresadiasy desritts. Los dichos romsii- tstdos teestarao juraomento, que se onataa en losqadeiruostie sus operaciones, tars el desemt- polio fitety eficaz do sos debeeo, y en case de muerteefeeme- dadibauosencia prreid slgtro do eloo, sero reeosplazatio dot maismooo o par el or. Preoidentetde tooEsdosoUtde s e auecadot Sonati. Lo- dichos oomtitsiro or hallaa asstoriza dtos par or y5 exan0 batjo juamento qualquitera de.- mast retlaor iha lt the ctaims ef theie eitizens to whtiich the reouociatioos herein oontained extend, andoside- leg them esntietycancelled, ut. dertake to make satisfaction foe the some, to so amouot sot ex- ceediog fire mittions of dottsrs. To scrtins the futt amount sod eatidity of those ctaims,a Commissio, toonssist of three Commissionors, Citizens of the United States, shatt he appoint- ed hy the President,hbyoadswith sthe advice aod consent of the Senaote, wehich commission shatt meet at the oily of Wasohington, anod,swithin the spore of three years from the time of their firsttmeeting, shall receive, ex- amine, sod decidte upon lice amount oand vatidity of ott the claims ioctuded weithio the tie- sriptions aove meotioned. The said Commissioners shatt takce so oath or affirmation, to he eo- tered on tthe eorda of their proceedings, far the faihfut and ditigent discharge of their do- ties ;and, io rose of the death, sichoess, or ecessary ahoece of ony such Commissiooer, his ptace maybhe supptied hy the appointment as.afoeooid,oehby Ohs Peesideot of the Uoited States, doeing the recess of the Senate, ofaootter Commsisioner is his teai. The sal:?Cesi- consesdemss eiuttdaaos fi que se etiendenls essoios he- chas en este teatodo, y danos pee enteeamente ossetodos, to- mans sohee sitsa satisfacion it pago de todas ettms hasta ta cantidad de rises mithiones de pesos foertes. EtlSor. Pesidene nom- heaeio roe consentimiento y apro- hacion del Senado, uaoComisioo compuestade tees Comisionados, ciudadaos de los Esados~nidos, pa aveeiguoe on certidumbhe et iompoete toct y justification sdeestasereclamacionss s tqoot se eooie en to ciuattd de Washiogto, yense epaciotde tres aos, desde su eunionopri- mera, recihirt, examinarit, yde cidira sohre et imopoete y justifi- oacion tie todat tos reriosoc- ci seariha expeecsads y desoritae. Los tirhaoscomisio- nadoprestarenojuraomeoto,quse seoonatarhrn os qaernosid sus operaoesoo, Pa ra et doeem - penoafiel yeficazde sus deheres, y en case de muerterofermte- dadito sencia precis sti aigasso de ettos sees reempilaztis del msmeoamoda, o poreSor. Presideots tie los Eoittdos L aids, e asecadel Seoati. Los dichos romcsootio. so hallaant autoriados paoir ty exaisr hbajo jurameno qosistra de- eto"ot i otics -5 !o  217 APPENDIX. APPENDIX. 217 APPENDIX. 217 siosses shall be authorized to hear sod eamaine, on oath, eve- ry quasties relative to the said clais, sod to receive alltsuita- hie authesic testimony coscern- ing the same. Aad the Span- ish Goversment shall foenish all each docoumeats acd elu- cidations as may ho an their posessios, for the adjostoceot of the said claims, according to the priociplos of jootice, the lows of nationo, aod the otipoto- tiosocf the treaty betweoco the two parties of t7th October, 17955; ltce said documsents to he specified wsbeo demandcd at tbe inanoce cf the said Cowmmis- The paymeot cf soch claims as moyhbe odomitted cod odjosted by the said Commissicners, or the major part of them, to as awoun ot oeoceediog fire mcil- lions of dollaro, shall be made by tbc Uoiled States, eitbee in- wediatety at their Treosory, or by tbe creation of Stockhbearing anoiterest of sic pee cent. per annum, payable feom the pro- ceeds of sales of poblic laods withia the territores hereby ceded to the Uoiled Slates, or isoch otber wanner 00 tbe Congress of the Ucited Slates may prescribe by lace. The recerds of the proceed- D1 cioses, y pars, recibir tot testi- monies autenicds onvoesion- tes relativos i ellas. El to- bierno Esafiol subminstrari fi todos aqoellos docaweatos y aclaraciones que estenen esu poder pars el ajuate do lasex presodas reclawaciones, aegus Ice principios de justicia, el derecbo egeotes, ylscsipu- laciones del teotadocentre las dos partes de °27 do Octobre de 1795, coyos docowestos s s pecificarin quando so pidan i instaocia de dichoo comisitonados. Los Estadoo Unoidos pagarfia aquellas reclawacioonesque shaa adocitidas y ajusstadas par 'los di- cbos cowisiooados, is poe Is wayor parte do etlashasts Is cantidod do cinco millhoses de peaos faortes, 000 0n wediata- wrote enosuTesoeria opar mediaodeoonocreacion de fosdos coo el onterfs de us sois par cinoat ash, pagadros do too prodoctos do tas ventee deloas terreos valdiasos to lotrrito- riosaoqui cedidos i los Etados Uaidos, 6 do qoalquiera otra manera queel Cogreoso t oo Estaos Unidos ordeoe per try. So deositarino, despoes do concluidasosus transaccione,en el Deportoaeto do Estado do los Estados Uoidos, tos quader- nos de los operaciones do los siosers shall he authorized to hear andsexamineonoath,oeve- ry question relative to the said ctaims, aod toereceiveoall sita- hle suthenticoteotimeonycosoora- isg the same. Asd the Spon- ish Governmeat shalt foroish all auch docuwoalo and elu- cidatiao os may ho is their possesson, for the adjusomeot of the said claims, accardiag to the peisciptes of jostice, the tows of aations, aod the otipola- tioos of the treaty between the two parties of 27th October, 1795 ; the said docomeots lo be specified whbon demaoded at the instaoce of the said Commia- The paymest of such claims as mayhbeodmittedaod adjuted byythe said Commissionero, or the major part of them, to an amount sot exceeding fire mcil- tions of dollars, shall ho wade by ohe Coiled States, either in- mediotely at their Treaoury, or by the creation of Sloth beoriog as intereot of sia per coot. per annuw, payable from the pro- ceeds ofesales of polic loods within the teoritories hereby ceded to the Ceited States, or in sach other wanner aa the Coogress of the Usited Stateo way preocribe by law. The records of the proceed- cions, y para reibir tos testi- mosies astenicds y convenien- tos elatives as ellas. El G~o- bieroo Espaflol sabmioitrari i tndus aquollos docoweotos y aclaracioses que estenen aso poder paratelajoste de lassox- pesoadas reclamacioer, argot los principios do joaticio, el derechocdegentes, y]svosipo- laciones del tratadooentre ]as dos pastes do 07 de Octobre do 1795, cuyyos docomentlos se es- pecificarba qando so pidan i istoocia do dichos comisionados. Laos Estados Cnidos pagarfio aquellas reclawaciones qoe sh an admcitidas y ajostadas poe los di- coo comisionados, 6 poe Ia wayoreparte do elloehasta Ia cantidad do cinco milliones do pesos foertos, sea in wediata- menteeoaTeoreria, oper medio doounocreacionadefoads coo ot onter& de so seis per ai to aofin, pagaderos do los prodoctos do las ventas doleos terreos valdioo en tos territo- rios aqui cedidos 6 tot Estados Unidos, 6 do qualquiera otro maneraoqueel Congreso delos Estados Unidos ordene per Icy, So depositarino, daspoos do concluidas susass cinee el Departowecco do Esao do los Estodos Cnidos, los quoder- o deola operaciones de ]es siossers shall he asthorized to cioessy para secibir lot testi- hearsandexamine,aonoath, eve- manios autenticdis y conveniea- ry qsestioa relative to the said tot eatves i ellas. El Go- claims, and to receise alt suita- hierno Espafiol sabministrari h hle asthentic lestimony concern- tados aqoellos docoweotos p ing the same. Aad the Spas- aclaraciones que roteen 00 ut ish Gaverameat shall fornish poer poraeol ajoote do tooex all soch docomenos and elu- presodas reclawaciones, segua cidatioas as may he io their los principios do josticia, el posaession, for the adjustmeat derecho de geoesyaesipua- of the said claims, according to tociaoes dot tratado cotre has dos the principles of jootioe, the partes do a27 de Octobre do laws of ations, and the otipala- 1795, coyos docuwestos se es- tions of the treaty between the peciftoarba qoaodo so pidan i two parties of 27th October, iastancio do dichos cowisioados. 1795 ; the soid docoweato to hr Laos Estadao Cnidos pagarfia epecified wen demooded at the aqaellas reclamaciones qoe saa instance of the said Comwis- adoifidas yajustadas par lesdi- sioners.chos cewisionados, 6 poer to The payment of suchclaiws weyoreparte do ellosbhasta Ia es moy hr admitted and adjasted caotidad do ciaco milliones do by the ooid Commiooioners, or peos0 foertes, sea in wediata- the major port of them, to an wrote en so Tesoreria, i poe amontcnoteoceeding fire oil- msdiaodeoonocreacioo defados lioot of dollars, shall ho wade coo el onteofo do onseais par by the Coiled States, eitber im- ciento al anfi, pagodeos da los mediately at their Treasury, or prodoctos do las ventas do ]as by the creation of Stocbearing terrenos valdios Os ]as teerito- 00 intereot of sio pr cte pee rioo aqui codidos i tao Estados annow, payable from the pre- Uoidos, 6 do qualquiersoatra coeds of sales of pulic lads maara queelCoogresoderlos withia the trerritores hereby Estodos Caidos ordene poe try, coded to the United Stales, or So depositarine, despueo do an soch othor manner as the concloidas sos transacciones,oon Congress of the United Soates rl Departaentoo do Esado do way prescribe by low. los Facades Ucidoo, toe quader- Therrecordsof the prceed- coo do las operaciones do tao 20; 22  218 APPENDIX. 218 APPENDIX. 218 APPENDIX. ings of the said Commissioners, together with the voochers eed docuenots produced hefore them, retative to the claimcs to he adjosted eed decided span hy them, shotl, ofter the close of their transeotios, he depo- sited is the Departmeot of State of the United States ; and copies of them, or any part of them, shstt he furnished to the Spanish Governmen, if requir- ed, at the demond of the Spanish Minister is the United States. Art. XII. The treaty of timcits and navigation, of 1795, remains confirmed is ott sod each one of itsaortictes, excepting the 2d, 3d, 4th, 2st, and the secood cloose of the 22doarticle, which, having beeo altered hy this treaty, orsoavingereceived thir entire execution, ore no tonger salid. With respect to the t5thoan- ticle efthe same treatyof Friend- ship, Limits, cod Navigation, of 1795, is which it in stipulated, thot the flag shatt coer the peo. panty, the two highs contracting partion agree thot this shell be so uoderstood wsith respect to thosse powers who recognise this principle ; hot, if either of the tawo contracting poetics shall heelt woe with a third party, aod the atheor neutral, the fleg dichos Comisionsdos, juntaeste aos ton documentos quo se Ina presnen relativos h< tas recta- meciones quo doese ajustar y decidir; ys etregarinecopis de eltos 6 do parts de ellos at Gohierno Espafiol, y i petision de so Minstro en Ios Estedos Unidos, si Is saoiiase. Ant. XII. El tratado de limites yaveogacion de 1795, qtea confirmado en totes y cads ass do suartunlsn, excepto los o. ticulos 2, 3, 4, 21ly Ia segunda clasa del 22, que hahiendo sids alteraosnpor ees tratado, 6 cumplidos enteramentle as pueden tenon vaton alguno. Conorespeoa] articuo 15 del misme tratedo den amisted, limisoy navegaion de 1795en que se estipula, que Is hander cubhe Is propiedad, has coo- venido Ion don altos parses con- tratantes on que eosen entinda aicnrespects i aquellas po- tencias que recoozran ste principios; pero que, si una do ten don partes contratantstestu- veeen guerroa nuatrcra y la otueutralt, lahbanderade esta neutral cuhnirilaprope- ings of the said Commissioners, together with the vouchers end documents produced hefore them, relative so the claims to he adjusted sand decided apes by them, shalt, aler the clone of their trasactiosn, he depo- sited in the Department of State of the United Stales; and copies of them, sor any part of them, shall he furnished to the Spanish Government, if requir- ed, at the demand of the Spanish Minister in the United States. Art. XII. The treaty of limits sod navigationof 1725, remains confirmed is alt and each one of its articles, excepting the 2d, 3d, 4th, t1nt, and the seond clause of the 22fd article, which, having haen altered hy thin treaty, orhavingeeivedthteir entire execution, are no longer ralid. With respect to the Ifith ar- ticle ofthe name treatyof Friend- nhip, Limits, and Narigation, of 175, in which it is stipulated, that the flag shall cover the pro. perty, the two htigha contractiag parties agee that this shall he so understood writh respect to thtose powers who recognize this principle ; hot, if either of the two contracting parties shall beo at war with a third poesy, and the other neastral, the flag dicbos Comisionudos, juntamente con ton documentos que no lea presenten relativos I tan recta- maciones quo doese ajassar y decidir; p se entregarin copis do rllon o de parse de nllos at Gohierno Espatol, y i petition de so Mifinistro en los Eutados Unidos, si ts sochcitase. Art. XII. El tratado do limites y navegacion do 1795, qtuedn confirmado en totes y cads usa do sse articlos, excepto Ionsr ficulos 2, 3, 4, 21, y Is segunda clausula del 22, que hahindo sidoaltteradosnpor esta tratado, 6 cumplidos enteramente as pueden tenor vator alguno. Con respecto at articulo 15 dot amismoa tratado do amistad, limiiesay naregacion de 1 795 n quse es Otipula, que to haders cuhre Ia propiedad, han eon- enidotis dos altasnpartes con- tratantes en quo 0st10s0 entieada asi coo respects n aquellas po- tencias que reconozean eslo principio ; pero que, si ona de las dos parOtes 0contratanOtes nsa tu- vires guerraocon sea tercera, y la otcraneutral,oabanderaode estaonual cuheintl proprie- ings of the said Commissioners, together with the vouchers end dacuments produced hefore them, relative ts the clais to he adjusted and decided span hy them, shalt, afir the close of their transactios, he depo- sited in the Department of Stole of the United States ; end espies of them, or any part of them, shell So furnished to the Spanaish Governmeont, if requir- ed, at the demad of the Spanish Minister in the United Stales. Art. XII. The teaty of limits sand asigatiesof 1795, remains confirmed is ott and each one of its articles, excepting the Sd, 3d, 4th, 2st, and the seonad clouse of the 22d artiole, which, haring ben altered by this tnooty , or String received tteir etrexctoare no longer valid. With respect to the 15th or- ticeoofthe same treatyof Frientd- ship, Limits, sand Navigatioe, of 1795, in which it in stipulated, that the flag shall cover thr pea. perty, the two hsigh cenracting parties agree that this shall ho so understood with respect to thtose powers who recognize thin principle ; hat, if either of the sans contracting poetics shall he at wan with a third party, and the other neutalo,lthe flag dichos casisionados, justamete con los documeatos que no lea presnen relativss hlas recta- maciones quo doese ajustar y decidir; ynaseenregrineopis de ellos 6 de parse do ellos a Guhierno Espafiol, y ipeticion de no Ministro en lou Estados Unidos, silto sohocitase. Art. XII. El tratado do limitres yaeegacionade 1795, quteds confiemudo en touos y cads sac do sue articulos, excepto tonar ticulos 2, 3, 4, 21,3 Isl segueda clausula del 22, quo hahiendo aids alterados por esto tramdo, it cumplidos enteramente as pueden toner eater alguo. Con respeo at articulo 15 dot mismoa tratado do amistad, limaitesuynavegacio de175 en quese estipua, que la hader cubre le propiedad, has con- enido asndos altasnpartes eta. tratalnes que eatose eonienda st con respecto i aqellas po- tencis que reosnozsan eslo principio ; pero que, si sa de Ion las partee contraans ets- veeen gaeres coo ua tercra, y ]a otratneutrol, lahbandrade esaaneutral coheirfila proprie-  APPENDIX. 219 APPENDIX. 219 APPENDIX. 219 of the neutral shall cover the properly ofrenemies, swhose go- vernmentacknowlredgelthis prin- ciple, and sot of othere. Art. XIII. Beth costrocting portico, swishing to favoor their soutoal commerce, by aftording in their ports everyanecessery assistaoce to their respective merchant 'resorts, hoe agreed, that the railer, swho shalt desert fromo their secrets is the ports of the other, shalt he arrested and delivered op, at she in- stance of the consul, wo shalt peace, neerthelrss, shot the deserters belonged to the 'res- orts that claim them, exhibiting the deossoest that is castoary in their satin t that is to soy, she American conssl is a Span- ish port, shall eshibit the deco- menthsnown hy the nome aide- ticlee, and the Spanish consol in Americas ports, the Roll of the vessel ; and if thename of the deserter or desertera, swhoaore claimced, shall appeor in the one or the other, they shalt he ar- rested, held in costody, and do- lirered to the nessel to oshich they shall helosg. Art. XIV. The United States herehy certify that they hase not received any compesaion, from France, far the injuries they noffered from lor priva- dad de los esemigas, cays go- hierno reconnozca rote priscipio. y nodeatros. Art. XIII. Deseandoaomhas potencias contratantes favorercer elnaomercioareciproco prestando coda sna en sus paros Indos tosaxiioseconveniesteshfisus respectinos hsques nmercantes, has acordado on hacer presder yoentregar too marineros qoe desirten do sot buques Os los puerts derlaotra, ainstncia delCosual; quies sis embargo deherfi prober que los deaer- laces pertenecen fi los buques qoe loseclomosmanifestando el docomenta de costambre en so nanios ; esto es, que at can- sot Espaolc en Puerto Ameri- casoexhihirfi el Rot del boque, y elconsultAmericansoen Puerto Espaol, el documento conocido baja el nombre de Alrticles; y constando en uoaiotro elnomo- bre sembres del deserter t deseetores qua se rcaas procederfialoarresto,ncustodiaoy entrego aI hoque fi qo caren- poodan. Art. XIV. Los Estadoe Uni- dos certifican par el proseote qoe so has recihido compensa- tinalguna do Ia Franciapurtlos prjuicios que sufriveron do q of the neatral shall cover the property of enemies, swhose go- vernment acnowledge this prin- ciple, asd not of others. Art. XIII. Both contractisg parties, wishing to favour their motool commerce, by affording in their ports everyanecessary assistance to their respectice merchant vessels, have agreed, thot the sailors who shall desert franc their nessels in the ports of the other, shall he arrooted and dehiered up, at she in. stance of the consul, who shalt prone, nevortheless, that the deserters helonged to the vs- solo that claim them, oxhihiting the document that is customary in their nation ; that is to toy, she Americas cnsol isn aSpan- ish port, shalt exhibit the deco- menthonown by the same of A- ticleand the Spanish consoltin Americas ports, the Roll of the vessel ; and if theoname of the deserter or deserters, who ore claimed, shalt appear in the one or the other, they shalt be ar- rested, held is custody, and de- Snoered to she vessel to which they shalt helosg. Art. XIV. The United Slates herehy certify that they hose not receivedny compnsaion, from Franca, for the injuries they suffored from her prisa- dad do Ins enesmigos, cuo go- biernoareonooca osto prinnipio, y nodentros. Art. XIII. Deseando ambas potennits ceonratantes favorecer elcomaercio reciproco prestando coda una en sus puertos todos lasosuilios cnvenoientes fis respectivos boqoes mercantes, han acordado en honor prender y entregar los marineros qe desierten de sus buques en los poertos do tsoatro, fiinstancia dot Consul ; quien sin embargo debechi probar quo too deser- toees pertenecen a los buques qoe Ins reclaman, manifestanda el documenta dencostumbre en nacn; estoes, queel con- sot Espaniol en Poerto Ameri. 0000 exhibirai el Rat del buque, yelacosul Ameriaonpurto Espaol, el documento conocido baja el sombre do Ae-tices; y costando en uo G otro el cam- he nombres delldesertor b desertores quo so elmas procederfil arresto, custodia y entrogaal buque que corres- pondan. Art. XIV. Laos Estadaos Uni- dos crtifinan par el pesente quo so has recibido compensa- aioolguna do to Francia par las pesiios quo sufrieon do coo of the seutral shall corer the property of enemies, whose go- vernmentacknowledgesthisoprin- niple, and not ofaothero. Art. XIII. Both cnstracting parties, wiohing to favour their mautualtcommerce,by affrding to their ports everyooecessary assistance to their respectice merchant vessels, have agreed, that the sailors who shalt desrt franc their vessels in the parts of the other, shalt be arrented and dolicered up, at the in- stone of the consol, who shal peace, nerertheless, that the desrers belonged to the vs eels that claim them, exhibiting the document that is custoary in their nation ; that is to say, the Americas casul isn aSpan- ish port, shall eshibit the does- monthknown by the use ofAr- tices, and the Spanish caonulin Americn parts, the Roll of the vessel ; and if the name of the deserter or deserters, who ore claimed, shalt appear in the one or tho other, they shall he ar- rested, held in custody, and do- lirered to the vessel to which they shall belong. Art. XlV. The United Stoles hereby nertify that they have ot reciedsy cmpnaion, from Fence, far the isjuries they suffcred from her priva- dad do too enemigos, cuo go- biernoareconnozca este principio. y nodeatros. Art. XIII, Deseandoaombas potencis controtantes faorecer elncomercio reciproco prentando nada una on sus portoo sodas losauxidioconvenientdshfis respectivos buques mercantes, han acordado en hacer prener ynentregar too marimeos quo detierten do aus buques en too puertos delastao intacia del Cosuol; quies sis embargo doherfo proar quo los droer- teores pertenecen fi los buques quo los reclamn, manifestando el documento de cstumbre e so nacion ; esto s, quo el con- sot Espaol en puerto Ameri- cao ehihirfi el Rat del buquse, yol cnslAmeicano enopuerta Espanol, el documento cononido baoael nombredode-Aticle; y constanoaen uohotro el nom- bre nombes dil doserter o desertores quo so reclaman, so pracrdrhaloarestlo,tcstodia y ereega a buque S queorrs pondan. Art. XIV. Laos Estaos Uni- dos certifian par el presente quo no has rocihido compensa- cion alguna do la Francia par too petjcicias quo sufrioron do sits  220 APPENDIX. 220 APPENDIX. 220 APPENDIX. teers, cosuls, andtribunals, on the coasts, and int the ports of Spain, for the satisfection of wohich provision is mae by this treaty; and they will present an authentic statteent of the prizes made,eand of their true value, that Spainrmayeavailher- self of the samer, int ouch masnr oas she maey deemjut antd proper. Art. XV. The Untited States, to give to his Cathotic Maeotya proof of their esire tocementt the relatioos of emity subsistiog beteeno the two natonor, and to faour the comomerce oftheosub- jects of his Catholic Matjesty, egret that Spanish esose, com- ing laden onty with productiont of Spanish gowth or manufac- turres, directly from the porte of Spain, or of her coltonier, shalt he admritted, for the torte of twelvre yrears, to the ports of Penosacota end St. Augustine,. ie the Florider, rwithout paying other or higher duties ott their carges, or ofteonnoge, thae swilt he paid by the essets of the Untited States. tDuring the seid teem, no other nation shatllott- joy the same privleges within the coded territories. The tweltve yearst shalt commence three months after thte echaoge of the ratifications of thisltoeaty. corsariosconsoltes ytribunales Oen tos costas y puertos do Es- pahe pore cuya satisfaccioeo provee en orste tatdo, y pore. setainun relacion justiicadae do tos preras heohas, y do so verdadero votor, pore. que ta Espanao pueda rservirse do rtlu entortmanerauque msuge justo y convoeniente. Art. XV. Lou Etedos Ucidos parsodareiS. Mt. Canes proobo. de sur desros deocimentar a reclamtaciones de Amistadl qe lxsenetee doe naciones, y de faorrcor el Comercio de tor subditos do S. 1ot. Ca. coo- vee enque, too buques Es- poholes qoe vengan sote carga- dos deo produos lee douse fruto or manufaocturar directamente do los puertoseoEspana u de roe colooias, ean admitidos per el espacir do deo aoo en toe. pertos do Panzacola y Sant Au- gourtin do las Floridas, sin pagar moo derechosupcrrsuscrgamen- tos, nimajor derecode toe- tage, que el que paguen toe buqes do tos Estaos Unidor. Darae cole tiempo ningunao ntone tendrj terecho Slot is moe privitegior enolosrrtio cedidos. Les de os, empe- zrnacontarse tree meses doe- 1oes do jerte combiolasto iatificciouesu do este tratao. teers,contsuls, anudtribunaltr, on the coasts,and in tthe porte of Spain, for the satisfaction of which provision itt mode by thir treaty; and they wilt prestet oan autbentic rtaement of the prizesomade, and of their trot value, that Spain mayavailher- self of the same, itt suct mane ar she may deejurt and proper. Art. XV. The United Stster, to give to his Catholic Majestya proof of their desire to cement the relations of emily subsisting between the two nations, and to faor the commerce of therub- jects of his Catholic Mtajesty, agree that Spantioh vessels, cow- tug taden onty with peoductions otf Spanishgrowth or manufac- tares, directty from the ports of Spain, or of her ceoonies, shall be admitted, for the term of twelve years, te the ports of Pensacota and St. Augustise, in the Ftloridas, mithoot payintg other or higher duties cut their cargoer, or of tonnuage, thee uwitl he paid by the veeotls of the Untted Stores. During the reid term, no other nttoion sholl ott- joy the some privileges within the coded territories. The twerlve years shall1 commerce three months after the exchane of the ratifications of this tcoaty. corsrios,consotes ytribunaloes ent too costast y pertor do Es- pana pore coya satisfacoiont se proee en esto tratodo, y pro- setarin con relacione juotificado do too porera hecbhs, y do so verdadero rotor, pera toe to Erpana pueda servirse de etta en to maera que mas juzge justo yoveiet. Art. XV. Leos Estados Ucidos paro dar fS. Sl. Cauna prueba de esus deseost de cimentar too reclomaciones do Amistad qe eitnetelas doe nacioesu y de faorecer el Coercio de ons subditou do S. Ml. Ca. con- veeenque, lee buques Es- poholeu quo egoo uolo carga- dosude producos detsustfrou6 manuofacturas directamente de tos puertost do Espatna 6 do u cooissaodmitidos per el espacie o dec oteos ent los. puertos do Panzacolaoy Son Au. gustin do las Floridas, rio pagar masrderechosrporsustcrgame- tos,ni maor derecbo deoe. tage, que el que paguen los boqes do tos Estaos Unidos. Duraonte 0s10 teompo ninguna natonjenodra derecho alos mis. msprivilegios 00 Inscerrtre cedidos. Lou doe ohos empe- za000 a contarse tres meres dee- tpnes do hooese cambiado too rallificcioes de role tratado. teeru,onuls,and tribunsu on the costs, and itt the ports of Spain, for the satisfaction of which provision itt mode by this trooty; antd they mitt preuent en authenic statementt of the priesumadoe, n of their tre value, that Spain mayavailher- self of the usame, itt etch manner asushemay deemjustoand proper. Aet. XV. The United States, to glee to his Catholic Majestya proof of theie deire toecement the reltlions of emily subsisting between tho two naetions, aod to faour the commerce of thettub- jects of his Catholic Maojesty, ogres that Spattish voeels, com- lug taden ontly with prodouctionts of Spanish growth or manufac- turet, directly from the ports of Spain, or of her colonties, shall he admitted, for tho term of twetve yeers, to the ports of Pentsaolta end St. Augustine, itt the Ftloridas, withoutt paying other or higher dutieu ott their rarges, or ofltonnage, thou wilt he paid by the vesss of ef United States. Durintg the soid term, no other nation shall ott- joy the some priileges within the ceded territories. The tbebe yeers sholl commence three months ofher the exchonge of the ratiicotions of this trooty. corsaries,ontsoles ytribunaltes on too costas y purtos de Es- panao pore cuyc scdosf~ccioo or proved eu este tratado, y pro- senrin one relaon jutificada doe pesas heca, y do so verdodero vator, peru que to Espana pueda servirse do etla en to mottesa que mas juzgue justo yocoeiente. Arl. XV. Les Estados Unidos para dar iS. SM. Cauea prueba de sus deseos do cimencter las reclamacioes do Amibled que exiten rotre toe doe caciones, y de fovorecor el Comercio de lou subditos do S. lot. Ca. coo- veeeaque, lee buques Er- paoles que vengantslo carga- dos deproductos de susfrtos 6 manuefocturas directaetet do los puertos do Espaha 6 desu colonias, seen admitidcs perotl espacio do doce ossenl. puertos do Panzocola y San Au. gustin do tao Floridas, sin pagar mas dorechoseporsuscagamoen- toe, ni major drecho de tone. toge, qe el que pegen los buqesu do los Estodos Unidos. Duracte 0000 tiempo ninguna ntuio tendra derecho a osmis. mos priilegios en lee tereitories cedidos. Losudoerahos empe- zaran h contarsetren meseos de,- pes do hberee cambiado too ralificaciones de este ltratado.  APPENDIX. 221 APPENDIX. 221 APPENDIX. 221 Art. XVI. The present treaty shall be ratified in due form, by the contracting parties, and the ratifications shall be exchanged in six months from this time, or sooner, if possible. In witness whereof, we, the underwritten Plenipotentiaries of the United States of America, and ofhis Catholic Majesty, have signed, by virtue of our powers, the present Treaty of Amity, Settlement, and Limits, and have thereunto affixed our seals re- spectively. Done at Washington, this twenty-second day of February, one thousand eight hundred and nineteen. [Seal.] JoHN QuicY ADAMs. [Seal.] Luis DE ONIS. Art. XVI. El presente tra- tado serb ratificado en debida forma por lot partes contratan- tes, y las ratificaciones se can- gearan en el espacio de seis meses desde esta fecha ; 6 mas pronto si es posible. En fe de to qual nosotros log Infrascritos Plenipotenciaros de S. M. Ca., y de los Estados Unidos de America, hemos fir. mado en virtud de nuestros Po. deres, el presente Tratado de Amistad, Arreglo de diferencias y Limites, y le hemos puesto nuestros sellos respectivos. Hecho enWashington,a veinte y dos de Febrero de mil ocho- cientos diez y nueve. [Seal.] Luis DE ONis, [Seal.] JoHN QUINOYADAMs. Art. XVI. Thepresenttreaty shall be ratified in due form, by the contracting parties, and the ratifications shall be exchanged in six months from this time, or sooner, if possible. In witness whereof, we, the underwritten Plenipotentiaries of the United States of America, and ofhis Catholic Majesty, have signed, by virtue of our powers, the present Treaty of Amity, Settlement, and Limits, and have thereunto affixed our seals re- spectively. Done at Washington, this twenty-second day of February, one thousand eight hundred and nineteen. [Seal.] JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. [Seal.] Luis DE Oss. Art. XVI. El presente tra- tado sera ratificado en debida forma poer las partes contratan- tes, y las ratificaciones se can- gearan en el espacio de seis meses desde esta fecha ;6 mas pronto si es posible. En fe de lo qual nosotros los Infrascritos Plenipotenciaros de S. M. Ca., y de lon Estados Unidos de America, hemos fir. mada en virtud de nuestros Po- deres, el presente Tratado de Amistad, Arreglo de diferencias y Limites, y le hemos puesto nuestros sellos respectivos. Hecho enWashington, a veinte y dos de Febrero de mil ocho. cientos diez y nueve. [Seal.] Luis DE ONIs, [Seal.] JoHN QoINcY ADAMs. Art. XVI. The present treaty shall be ratified in due form, by the contracting parties, and the ratifications shall be exchanged in six months from this time, or sooner, if possible. In witness whereof, we, the underwritten Plenipotentiaries of the United States of America, and ofhis Catholic Majesty, have signed, by virtue of our powers, the present Treaty of Amity, Settlement, and Limits, and have thereunto affixed our seals re- spectively. Done at Washington, this twenty-second day of February, one thousand eight hundred and nineteen. [Seal.] JoHN Quiec ADAMS. [Seal.] Luis DE ONIS. Art. XVI. El presente tra- tado sera ratificado en debida forma por Its partes contratan- tes, y las ratificaciones se can- gearan en el espacio de seis meses desde esta fecha ; o mas pronto si es posible. En f6 de lo qual nosotros log Infrascritos Plenipotenciaros de S. M. Ca., y de los Estados Unidos de America, hemos fir- mado en virtud de nuestros Po- deres, el presente Tratado de Amistad, Arreglo de diferencias y Limites, y le hemos puesto nuestros sellos respectivos. Hecho enWashington, veinte y dos de Febrero de mil ocho- cientos diez y nueve. [Seal.] Lus DE ONIs, [Seal.] JOHN QUIcY ADAMs. And whereas his said Catholic Majesty did, on the twenty- fourth day of October, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and twenty, ratify and confirm the said treaty, which ratification is in the words and of the tenor following : And whereas his said Catholic Majesty did, on the twenty. fourth day of October, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and twenty, ratify and confirm the said treaty, which ratification is in the words and of the tenor following : And whereas his said Catholic Majesty did, on the twenty- fourth day of October, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and twenty, ratify and confirm the said treaty, which ratification is in the words and of the tenor following : (TRANsLATION.) " Ferdinand the Seventh, by the grace of God, and by the con- stitution of the Spanish mo- narchy, king of the Spains. (ORIoINAL.) "Dn. Fernando Septimo por la gracia de Dios, y por la Con- stitucion de la Monarquia Es- panola, Rey de las Espanas. (TRANsLATIoN.) " Ferdinand the Seventh, by the grace of God, and by the con- stitution of the Spanish mo- narchy, king of the Spains. (oRIGINAL.) "Dn. Fernando Septimo por la gracia de Dios, y por la Con. stitucios de la Monarquia Es- panola, Rey de Ias Espanas. (TRANsLATION.) P Ferdinand the Seventh, by the grace of God, and by the con- stitution of the Spanish mo- narchy, king of the Spains. (oRIGINAL.) "Dn. Fernando Septimo por la gracia de Dios, y por la Con- stitucion de la Monarquia Es- panola, Rey de la Espanas. Whereas, on the twenty- Por cuanto en el dia veinte y second day of February, of the dos de Febrero del ano proxi- year onethousandeighthundred mo pasado de mil ochocientos and nineteen last past, a treaty diez y nueve, se concluyo y Whereas, on the twenty- Poer cuanto en el dia veinte y second day of February, of the dos de Febrero del ano proxi- year onethousandeighthundred mo pasado de mil ochocientos and nineteen last past, a treaty diez y nueve, se concluyo y Whereas, on the twenty- Por cuanto en el dia veinte y second day of February, of the dos de Febrero del afo proxi- year onethousandeighthundred mo pasado de mil ochocientos and nineteen last past, a treaty diez y nueve, se concluyo y  222 APPENDIX. 222 APPENDIX. 2 APPENDIX. was concluded and signed in the city of Washington, beteene Don Luis deOnis,emy Envoy Ex- traordinaryandMinisterPleipo- tentiary, and JohnqincyAdamso, Esquire, Secretory of Stale of the United States of Amoerica, comapetently authorized by both parties, consisting ofsix~teenar telles,wthich had for their oh- ject the arrangementtf differen- ces, and of liooits between both goernmaentsad theirrepec. tive teritories; wich 0re If the followiog foemtanod literat from en to Ciudad do Washine. tIn entre Do. Luisde Onis, mai Enviado Extroordinorio y Minis- tro Pleoipoteociorio, y Do. Juan Quincy Adamsl,Secetaio de Es- tado de tos Estados Ueitds die Aerico, autorizados compe- tenteenoe per aooboo porter, on tratadoomepuesto de diez y ses rticolos, qoe tiene per oh- jeto eareglo de diferioesy de limoitee entre oambos Gobier- noslylsusrespecosoerritoeso; cuyaeformey tenlteal esotel siguiente." waseconclodedeendsignerdinthe city of Woshington, betwreen DonoLuisdeOnis, my Envoy Ex- traordinaryand inisterPeipo- tentiary, ond JtohnquincyAdamos, Esquire, Secretory If Stole If the United States of Amoerico, comlpetenly authorizedby both parties, consisting of sixteenar tooter,wrhich hod for their oh- ject the arrangement ofdiffrene- ores, and of limoits betwen hoth governmaernondlthirerespec- tire territories; whtich are of the following foree ood litorot ten or."' irmto en to Ciudad de Woshing- tonenrtrefDo. Lisde Ois,emi Enviado Extraordioorio y Miois- tee Pleoipoteeciario, y De. Juoae quincy Adamso, Secretario dre s tedo de toe Estedos Ueiiestdo Aemerioa, ooterizedos comape- tenteete poer oeoo porter, onotratodoecomepuestode diey sesorticulos, que tiole poe ob- jetooelorreglo de diferieooiosry do liooitesenrore oambos Gobier- noslyosusrespectiros teritooso; cuya formaey tenortiteraltesel siguiente." woo oncloded and signed in the lily of Washiegton, hetween Don LuisdeOnis,my Envoy E- traordinaryand MinisterPleipo- teetiery, oed JohnquincyAdaems, Esquire, Seoretory of Stole of thr Ueited Sttes ef Aerioa, comrpettly authorized by hoth parties, consiting of sixteeno r tices, whbich hod foe their ob- ject the areoegemeot of difereo- cee, ond of limits beteeo both goeranments and their respec- tire territoriet ; whicho are of the followring forman od literal firmo en to Corded do Woshing- 100 entre Do.LuisedeOoms, mi Enviodo Eetroordieorio y Miois- le Pleoipoteooiorio, y Do. Juan Quincy Adeas,Secretario de Es- tedo de toe Eltodo n Dides die Amerioo, ootorizodos comlpe. teotemenote poe oeobeos porter, an trotado comepuesto dr diez y oes rticuos, qoe liele por ob- jeletolaregltode diferieias y do limites entre oabos Gobieo- nor ylsusrespectiroseterrtoriosr; cuye formaey tenortliteraltesel siguiente." [Here follows the above Treoty word foe coord.] [Here follotwt the above Treoty word for wood.] [Here folloowo the above Treaty word fee word.] Trherefore, haviogeseen aod examieild the sixteenatce aforesaoid, ald haviog fleet ob- tainedltheonslenteadothority ef the General Cores of the nea- tion withrespectto teessnion metioned aod stipulated io the 2d and 3d articles, I approre and raifyaland every oneof the artiotres referrpd to, aod the cluettwicth are cootoioed in thema; aod, in virtue If threse pereent, I approve anod ratify theta; promeising, on the Faith and word of aKing, to excoute and observe theta, aodcas theta to he execotrd ald tb- served entirely or if I mayself '1For tanto,thaviendo vkto y exoainado too refrridos diez setslarticuoso, ytiabiendo prece- dido to aooenciaeyautorizacion de las Cortee Greeoateo do In Nacion tter to respectivo a la cesio que enlosarticuoso20 y 30 se maeociona y estipolo, he reoidoetoprobor y rotiticor todorycads unode los referi- doslarticoloslyolousulaeque en ellos se contiene ; yen virtud de preseote tos apruecooy ratifieo ; prometiendo ren C y palabra de Roy cumepieleos y oh- srrelos, yhocer quensecouo- plan y observan enlteraente coe i Ye mismno toe hubiese Therefore,hoviogrseen and exoained the sixteenre ile oforesaid, end having fieet cb. taieed theoenetoandoauthority of tht General Cores of the na- tionwith repeco otbhecession meotionoed and etipuleted in tbe 2d and 3d articlres, I approve and ratify all and every one of the articleo referred to, aod the clase wicharecooteitned io thema; ald, in virtue of tbese preets, I approve aod ratify theta; proomising, on the fitb and word ofa King, to execute and obsere emtand cause thema te he enxeouted end ob- nerved entlirely ae if t mayself "For tantoleaviendo viooy examtinado toe referidoo direz y ,,cis oticlo,ylhabiendo prece- dido Ia onenoiay atoricion die tae Cooler Generaes de to Naocion par to respeetive a to cesion que enlosarticulos 20y 30 re maencionao y rstipula, he veido enoaprobar y ratificar todos ycedooonode lee referi- doarticuosry claurolasqoe en elsscotee;y ren vietod do Ie presente tos apretbo y rotifico ; proeotiendo ron pe paelabrae R ey' cumtplos y nb- serroioy hacer qureseooum- plan y tobrervoo renteraete coe i Yo maismo los lihiese Thlerfore,havingnseenoand exoamined the sioxterorariclee aforesaid, aed hovintg fioot oh- taieed theconsent andoatoity ef the Generaol Carles of thena tioe with respect toltheessoion moentioned and stipulated io the 2d and 3et articles, I approe and ratifyoalloondevry oneof thee atioles refered to, ond the clauoes whlieh ore cotalined io theta; and, it vietoe of there preen, I approve aod ratify theta; promrising, on the fith and word ofaoKing, to execute and observethemo,ond cause themr te be enecuted ond tob- sereed rentirely at if I myself ' For taome, havendo viooy exoaioadolInsreferidosodiezoy seis aticuoso,y habiendo pee- dido to anureia yoatoizacion do toe Cortes fieneres de ]a Naeion ttor to reesectiro a la ceion queenlosarticulo20 y 30 or eciona y rstipula, he veido ren aprobar y ratifiear todosoy cdaode tl referi- doroarticolor y claorolas qeen ello en0 contiene ; y enirtud de to presente Ion aprueho y ratiffcoe; proeotienodo en Cd y palabra de Coy coumplieloe y oh- serecaloy hoer qee cm plan y oboervat neaet Coos Yo mismo toe hubire=_  APPENDIX. 223 APPENDIX. 223 APPENDIX. 223 bad signed them : ad that the circumstanceoofhaving exceed- ed the teem ofesix months, fixed fat the exchange of the ratifi- cations ia the 16th otticte, may affordano obstocte in anyxman- er, it it my deliberate mitt that ehe pretent ratification he at valid andfirmand poduce the came effets, as if it had heea doae mithia the datermined pe- riod. Desiroua at the tame time af eaiding axy doubt ar ambi- guityonxcoraing the meaning of the 8th aeticte af the said ctoty, in respeot to the date mhioh it pointedaout in it athe period foe the confirmation of the grants of lads in the Ptoridas, made by me, or hy the competeot authorities in my royal otme, mbich poixt of date was flood ia the positive understanding of the three graots of land made to faotr of the Duhe of Atagon, theoCount of Puonerostro, ad DenaPedroade Vareas, being ax- xutted by its teor, I thinb peeper to deotate thattheasaid three grants hate remained and doeremainxentirelyoanlledoand invalid ; cod that ntither the three individuoa mentioned, not thote who may hare title ar in- terect throutgh them, cooavi themeeloes of the said graxts at aoy time, or inxn ane tirmado : sin qoe siroa de oh- staculo en monero alguna Inctie- aemsaai de hiaber texnsoarri- do eltermino detlosseit moes pefijados para et cange do Its ratificacionex ox el aeticulo 16 ; poues mi deliberada voluntad ox que la preente rotificacion coo tanxvaldacysubsistentey pro- duzaos amismoaefectosxqesi buvieaido headentroadel termio prefijado. Ye dexetno at mismo tiempo railer qoal- quiera dada 6 ambiguedad que puedaofrecer elcontenidoedel articulo 80. dot referido teatado conomotivo do ta feoha queen at so setiala como termino para Ia validatiox do lasaonaecioaes deltierrasto easFlorida-,bhechas pot mi 6 por las autoridadex ocopetenteaenmi realxombre, aocuyoosebalamiento defechaese prooodi6 ax to positiva itob. gencia de dejar anutadat pot su tenor lax trex concesiones do tierees hechas a favor dot Duquge de Alagon, Condo do Puonros - too, y Do. Pedro do Vargac teoo a bien deolarte que toe reforidas trea coxcexionee boo guedao y quedan enteramonte anuladas 6 invalidadas; sin que too tree inditidos refridos, ni lox que do eates tengan titloe 6 causa,pueddcxaperoeharse de diochas coesiones ea tiempo ni hod signed them : axd that the circumstaceafhavingoexceed- ed the term of six months, fiord for the exchange of the ratifi- cioi the 16th artiole, may affordrno obstacle in any man- ner, it is my delibetate mitt that tbe poecent ratification be ox validand firm,and produce the cameoeffeots, as if it badhbeen dare mithix the determined pe- riod. Dexiroos cothe come time of avoidiog axy doubt or ambi- gaily oerning the mecning of the 8th article of the taid aroaty, in respect to the dote wch is pointed out in itoasote period for theronfirmation of thegrants oftcandsin the Ftetidas, made by me, or by the competent autborities in my royal name, mbiob point of dote wore fixed is the positive undertanding of the thee graots of land made an faour of the Duke of Alagon, the Cocnt of Puoorostro, and DonaPedrode Vargas,hbeingan- noulled by its teoor, I thinb proper to deolare thatathecaid three grants have remaixed and do remainoentreyexanuled and invtlid ; tand that neither the three ondividoals mentioned, nor those who cay hate titleor at- terest through them, caavail themselvesof the said grantsat coy time, or inan tot er firmedo: tie gee sirvc de oh- stacuoeno maxera alguna Ia cir- comstancia do hobor tranxcurri- doel teemino delos seis ee prefijadoPaa ecangedoe ls ratificaciones ox ol articulo 16; part mi detiberada voltae que Ia proeete ratificoacoo e tanovalidaoysbisetnte y pro- dcenaloamismosaefectosqueosi huviese aide hecha dentro del termino prefijado. Ye deseande at mismo tempo evitar goal- goiera dada 6 ambigedad ge puedatofreeroel coxtexidoedel articulo 80. det referidoattotade too motivo do ta fecha geen et or seola coma termite pare to validation do lax concesiones detieras enolasFloridas, hechas par mi 6 par too autoridades competentes en cmireatenombre, a cuyocsenalamieato de fechase ptooedih ax to positiva itti- gencia do dejor anuladas pot cc tnrleas tres ceoesiones do tierras hechac acfaor delDaque do Alagon, Conde do Puhonros- tea, y Do. Pedre do Vargac teogo a bien deolarar gee Ire refeidas tree caoesiones baa quodade y goedan enteramente axdcdco 6 invalidadas ;cin que lox tree individuost referidot, ni lot gee do ectoc tengan little 6 caax, puedaeprovecharseode dtichasconcesiones ex tiempo ni had signed them : cand that the circumstanceoofhaing exceed- ed the term of six moatbo, fiood for the exchaxge of the ratifi- ca ioi the 16th article, may affordxno obsacle in ayxma-. xor, it it my deliberate mitt that the precent ratification be ax validand firm,cxndprodace the came effets, ox if it had beea done mithix the deteemined pe- riod. Detirots at the same time of avoiding axy doubt orambi- guityoernxing the meaning of the Sth article of the caid boeay, in rexpect to the date wch is pointed out in it asxtheperiod foe the onfirmation of the grants of lands in the Floridas, made by me, or by the compoetn authoriies in my royal ame, wch point of date woas fixed in the pocitive ondertadiog of the three grats of cond made in favoer of the Dake of Alogot, the Count of Penonrostro, tand Dox Pedro de Vrgas, being ax- xulled by its beor, I think peeper to declae thatathecsaid three grats bate remaiinedand doreatinentirelyannulled ad invalid; axd theat neither the ahree indioiduoa mentiaod,no thoce who moy have title or in- tresxt throught there, teeaai themeles of the said graxts at axy time, or in axemane fiemado: sin gee sirva do oh- sacoen maneea algexo Ia cr cumstancia do haer traaoscrei- doel termino detlos seisx ee prefijados part el cange do Its ratificacionesen el articulo 16; pries mi deliberada voataded que Ia proexete ratificaciona tax alida yaoubsistente y pee- duaosmismosxefectosquecsi huviese aide bocha deatra dot termio prefijado. Ya dreexndo almiamo tiempoevritar goal- quera dada 6 ambiguedad qe pueda of recrel 01tenido dot artioculo 8. del referidoctratado conomotive do la feoba queen tos senla como terreino pora Ia validatioa do leas oncesiones detierrasoenxleasForidas,bhechas per mi 6 per las autoridades competentesaenmi reloombre, a cuyo sefiatamiento do feohe or peooedi6 en le positiva ixteli- giexcia de dejar anoladas pee to texor las tres oncesiones do tietrras heohac a favr dot Dugue do Alegoet Coxde do Peteonros- tee, y Dx. Pedro do Vargax 10060 a biex deolarar gee toe referidas tes conocesitoes ban quedado y guedax enteramente anuladas 6 invalidadas ; tin que toe tres ondividats referidoc, ni too que de estos tengan little 6 causa, pueddnaproecharee dtichsboonxesioeen0 tiempo ni  224 APPENDIX. 224 APPENDIX. 224 APPENDIX. under which explicit decleration the said 8th article is to he un- derstood an ratified. Is the faith of all which I have coxmnded to despatch these presente. Signed byxmyhbandneaied with myseecret seal, and acuterign- ed hy the underwritten m~y Se- cretary of Despatch ef State. Given at Madrid, the twenty- fourth of Octoher, ene thoueand eight hunded end twenty. (Signed,) FENANDe. (Caountersigned,) EeiieoPerezde Castro." ma eratguea :baje cuya en- plicita deciaracien se he de en- tender ratificadu elreferido o- ticuto 8n. EDufdde Inda In ccal macndd despachar In pretests firxmada de nj scene, nellada con mci selltcret, yefendada pee el infrascripto mci Seceetneio del Despacho de Estedo, Dada en Madrideaveinte ytquatroade Octobre de mil ochocienton [Sign.] ERNAN. [iteteen.] Evaristo Perezde Casrv." under which explicit declaration the said 8th artictele in ho e us- dertod asratified. Is the faith of al swhieh I have cosmmanded In despach these preeets. Signedby my hnd, sealed with msecretseal, and countsign- ed hy the undeewritten sty Se- cretary of Despatch of State. Given at Madeid, the twenty- fourth of Octoee, one thousand eight hueded and tenty. (Signed,) FENANeO. (Ceunteesigned,) Evaristo Perezde Catro." maneea tlgena : hajo cuya ex.- plicita decracitn se he deen tender ratificadu elrefeido r tieetc 8e. En fhde todcitoecua nmandd despachar In preette fienmtda de nmi maene, sellada ecun mci trite secrete, y refrendada perel infrascripto nmi Secretario del Despacho do Estado, Dada en Madrideaceinte y quatrode Octohre de mcil oehocientos [Sigs.] ENNDO. [Refren.] Ee,,vitoPerez eCastve." under which explicit declaecticn the said 8th cruice is to hr n- deectood as retitied. In the faith of all nwhich I heve comma~nded tn despatch these peents. Signedhbymy hand,nsealednwith my sereteisel, ndconterign- ed hy thr underwritten nmy Se- cretary of Destpch of Steir. Given ci Madrid, the twenty. fourth of Octoher, sne thcusand eight hunded end twenty. (Signed,) FENANOc. (Counterignerd,) E,,aristoPevrezde Castro." maerclgce: hejo uya en- plicita drecraton se he de en- tendereeatificaduelireferido r ticulo 80. EDn&dertodoetoenol matndd despacher la peente irmacda de xci maene, sellada cun mci seile secrete, y efredd pee el infeascripto xci Secretario del Desacho de Estade, Deda en Medrideacvinte yqeatroede Octobee de mcil ochecientos [Sign.] FERNANDO. (itefren.] Ee,,riste Perez de Castro." And whereas the Senate at the United Staten did, en the nineiteenth day aftiht pesent mnteh, advice end cnsentet the raiication, en the part of ihese Uniied Siaies, at the said treaty, in the feilowing wrds: "IN SENATE Oc THE UNITED .STATES, "Febrary th, l82t. "tResoleed, Two-thircts ofthe Setors eent ceoncting therein, That the Senate having examined thte Teaty at Amcity, Settemcent, and Limits, hetween tie United Staten at Amcerica end his Caiholie Mlajenty, wade and eonetuded etc the tswenty-second af Fehrary, ant thouand eightihundred and nineteen,eand seenandecnsidered the ratifieation thereaf, maede hy hit said Cathotie Mtajesty an the thiety- fourth day af Octoher, ore thoueand eight hundred and twventy, doeensent to, and advise the President at the United Scenes In ratify ihe same." And whereas, ine pursuance af the said advice and consent of the Senate aftche United State,, I have ratified and ec- firmed the said treaty, in the wsecd following, vize, And whereas the Senate of the United States did, cc tte nineteenth dayaofihe presentnmonth, advise anedeeatent to the ratifieation, en the peel af these United States, of the said treaty, in the following words : IrNs~e SEAOn H UNITED STATES, "Febrary 19th, 1821. "Resolved, Twoa-thirds ef theSenatorspreent eoncurin~g therein, Thai the Senate having examined tite Teaty of Amity, Settlement, and Limcits, between tihe United Staten af Amceriea and hin Cathatie Maejesty, wade and ecntlded en theitwenty-secondof Februtary,one thosand eight hundred and nineteen,eand seen andacoidered theeatifiation thereat; wade hy hit said Catholic Mtajesty an the thirty- foueth day at Oetoher, ace thausand eight hundred and twenty, doeensent io, and advise the Presidentfthe United States in ratify the same." And wheeas, it. pursuanceeofthersaid advieandeconsent of the Senate of the United States, I have ratifed and can- fitned the said treaty, in thte words following. siz, And whereas the Sonae of the United Staten did, on ithe nineteenth dayofthe presentnmonth, advise ancntentto the ratifieation, en the part at these United States, at the said treaty, in the following wordsn "IN SENATEv Or TEt UNITED SsAvES, " Febrary 19th, i821. "Resoltved, Twothirds tfthetSentorspeset tencnurring therein, Thtat the Senate having examed te Teaty of Amcity, Settlement, end Limits, hetween the United States at Amcerica and his Catholic Majesty, wade end eonetuded an cte twenty-scond oftFehruary,one thosand eight hundred and nineteen, and seen end ensidered the ratification thereof, wade hy hit said Catholic Majesty an the thirty. fourth day at Oetoher, ate thoutand eight hundred and twenty, doeconsent tn, and advie the Preidettofthe United States in entity the same." And whereas, in puesuaneeofthe said adeiceandtconstent of the Senate at the United States, I have ratfed and eat- firmed the said treaty, in the woerdt following. vz  APPENDIX. 226 APPENDIX. 226 APPENDIX. 226 Now, therefore, I, JAMES MONROE, President of the United States of America, having seen and considered the treaty above recited, together with the ratification of his Catholic Majesty thereof, do, in pursuance of the aforesaid advice and consent of the Senate of the United States, by these pre- sents, accept, ratify and confirm the said treaty, and every clause and article thereof, as the same are herein before set forth. In faith whereof, I have caused the seal of the United States of America to be hereto affixed. Given under my hand, at the City of Washington, this twenty-second day of February, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and twenty-one, and of the Independence of the said States the forty-fifth. JAMES MONROE. By the President : JoHN QUINCY ADAMS, Secretary of State. And whereas the said ratifications, on the part of the United States, and of his Catholic Majesty, have been this day duly exchanged, at Washington, by Jons QUINCY ADAMs, Secretary of State of the United States, and by General Don FRANCIsCo DIONIsIo VIvEs, Envoy Extraordinary and Minis- ter Plenipotentiary of his Catholic Majesty : Now, therefore, to the end that the said treaty may e observed and perform- ed with good faith, on the part of the United States, I have caused the premises to be made public; and I do hereby en- join and require all persons bearing office, civil or military, within the United States, and all others, citizens or inhabi- tants thereof, or being within the same, faithfully to observe and fulfil the said treaty, and every clause and article thereof. 'El Now, therefore, I, JAMEs MONRoE, President of the United States of America, having seen and considered the treaty above recited, together with the ratification of his Catholic Majesty thereof, do, in pursuance of the aforesaid advice and consent of the Senate of the United States, by these pre- sents, accept, ratify and confirm the said treaty, and every clause and article thereof, as the same are herein before set forth. In faith whereof, I have caused the seal of the United States of America to be hereto affixed. Given under my hand, at the City of Washington, this twenty-second day of February, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and twenty-one, and of the Independence of the said States the forty-fifth. JAMES MONROE. By the President: JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, Secretary of State. And whereas the said ratifications, on the part of the United States, and of his Catholic Majesty, have been this day duly exchanged, at Washington, by JOHN QUINCY ADAMs, Secretary of State of the United States, and by General Don FRANCISCo DtoNIsIO VIvEs, Envoy Extraordinary and Minis- ter Plenipotentiary of his Catholic Majesty : Now, therefore, to the end that the said treaty may ae observed and perform- ed with good faith, on the part of the United States, I have caused the premises to be made public; and I do hereby en- join and require all persons bearing office, civil or military, within the United States, and all others, citizens or inhabi- tants thereof, or being within the same, faithfully to observe and fulfil the said treaty, and every clause and article thereof. '29 Now, therefore, I, JAMES MoNRoE, President of the United States of America, having seen and considered the treaty above recited, together with the ratification of his Catholic Majesty thereof, do, in pursuance of the aforesaid advice and consent of the Senate of the United States, by these pre. sents, accept, ratify and confirm the said treaty, and every clause and article thereof, as the same are herein before set forth. In faith whereof, I have caused the seal of the United States of America to be hereto affixed. Given under my hand, at the City of Washington, this twenty-second day of February, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and twenty-one, and of the Independence of the said States the forty-fifth. JAMES MONROE. By the President : JoHN QUINCY ADAMS, Secretary of State. And whereas the said ratifications, on the part of the United States, and of his Catholic Majesty, have been this day duly exchanged, at Washington, by JoHN QUINcY ADAMS, Secretary of State of the United States, and by General Don FRANCIoCO DIoNsoSO VivEs, Envoy Extraordinary and Minis- ter Plenipotentiary of his Catholic Majesty : Now, therefore, to the end that the said treaty may ne observed and perform- ed with good faith, on the part of the United States, I have caused the premises to be made public; and I do hereby en- join and require all persons bearing office, civil or military, within the United States, and all others, citizens or inhabi- tants thereof, or being within the same, faithfully to observe and fulfil the said treaty, and every clause and article thereof. UtD  226 APPENDIX. 226 APPENDIX. In testimony whereof, I have caused the seal of the United States to be affixed to these presents, and signed the same with my hand. Done at the City of Washington, the twenty-second day of February, in the year of our Lord one [. s.] thousand eight hundred and twenty-one, and of the Sovereignty and Independence of the United States the forty-fifth. JAMES MONROE. By the President : JOHN Quince ADAMs, Secretary of State. In testimony whereof, I have caused the seal of the United States to be affixed to these presents, and signed the same with my hand. Done at the City of Washington, the twenty-second day of February, in the year of our Lord one [L.S.] thousand eight hundred and twenty-one, and of the Sovereignty and Independence of the United States the forty-fifth. JAMES MONROE. By the President : JOHN QuINCe ADAMS, Secretary of State. 26td APPENDIX. In testimony whereof, I have caused the seal of the United States to be affixed to these presents, and signed the same with my hand. Done at the City of Washington, the twenty-second day of February, in the year of our Lord one [n. s.] thousand eight hundred and twenty-one, and of the Sovereignty and Independence of the United States the forty-fifth. JAMES MONROE. By the President : JOHN QuiNce ADAMs, Secretary of State.  I@@@EK9 FOR SALE BY C. S. VAN WINKLE, NO 101 GREENWICH-STREET. The Sketch Book, complete, Raymond's Political Economy, Southey's Life of Wesley, Lallemand's Artillery, Franklin's Works, Mariner's Medical Guide, Calvin's Institutes, Mason's Plea, Johnson's Quarto Dictionary, Waverly, Guy Mannering, Tales of My Landlord, &c. Hosack's Nosology, Edinburgh Dispensatory, The Triangle, All the latest Miscellaneous Publications, School Books, Stationery, &c. &c. *, Printing, and Binding, in all their various branches, particularly attended to. tt Subscriptions for the Literary and Scientific Repository and Critical Review received at the above place. FOR SALE BY C. S. VAN WINKLE, NO 101 GREENWIcH-sTREET, The Sketch Book, complete, Raymond's Political Economy, Southey's Life of Wesley, Lallemand's Artillery, Franklin's Works, Mariner's Medical Guide, Calvin's Institutes, Mason's Plea, Johnson's Quarto Dictionary, Waverly, Guy Mannering, Tales of My Landlord, &c. Hosacle's Nosology, Edinburgh Dispensatory, The Triangle, All the latest Miscellaneous Publications, School Books, Stationery, &c. &c. ** Printing, and Binding, in all their various branches, particularly attended to. tit Subscriptions for the Literary and Scientific Repository and Critical Review received at the above place. 3@=912 FOR SALE BY C. S. VAN WINKLE, NO 101 GREENWIcH-sTREET. The Sketch Book, complete, Raymond's Political Economy, Southey's Life of Wesley, Lallemand's Artillery, Franklin's Works, Mariner's Medical Guide, Calvin's Institutes, Mason's Plea, Johnson's Quarto Dictionary, Waverly, Guy Mannering, Tales of My Landlord, &c. Hosack's Nosology, Edinburgh Dispensatory, The Triangle, All the latest Miscellaneous Publications, School Books, Stationery, &c. &c. v*, Printing, and Binding, in all their various branches, particularly attended to. tit Subscriptions for the Literary and Scientific Repository and Critical Review received at the above place.   INDEX. INDEX. INDEX. Agriculture, 34, 146-47 Alachu (Latchaway), 123-29 Albany Covnin 21 Alligators, 137, 170 Allspice, 149-50 Altamah River, 28 Amadas, Capt. Philip, 13 Amjr River, 119 Amelia Island, 54, 70-74, 139 Amelia Narros, 29 Anastasi Islad, 81, 89, 94 Anclot Key, 118 Andersn Mr., 90 Animals in Florida, 169-73 Annta, orRuu 156 Anoa rPpu 150 Apalache, 11-12, 119, 123 Apalachicol Inias 28 Apalachicol River, vii-viii, 67, 70, 106, 120-21 Apalachie Bay,vi Arorot 93, 157 Artichoke, 88 Aseby Colonial, 33-35, 39-41, 46- 49 Auusa Ga., 30 Auon Miguel, 13 Baams 54, 57, 99, 105, 107, 112, 134, 141, 143 Baker, Mrs~., 77 Bald Mount, 96 Barilla, 168 Baloe Ca.pt. Arthur 13 61, 79, 82, 124, 170-72 Bay of Meio 67 Bears, 93, 169 Be, josepl, 32 Beef, 34, 65, 132 Belle Rier 72 Ben plant, 161 Berefrd, Mr-., 82 Bresfr, Richrd, 32 Berwick, 5Mr, 32 Biscayrno, Key, 184-8 Bisset, Capt., 87. 90 Black Caesr's Creek, 107 Black Srash'sCreek, 107 Blake, Edwa-rd, 32 Bocan Seca, 309 Borndeaux,C,32 Box, Mr-, 83 Braddock, Capt., 112 Brewton, Milesn, 25 Britis Gornm~nt:s and Frbes Prhsv;Spanish poliy, 31, 52; offcials of, at New Smrn,, 94; eaution~ 41 Flrida, 141; land6 policy of 143, juisicion of, 173 Briish Reguflrs, 25-27, 34 Brone, Coli. Thomars, 24-26, 29 Bryans, Jonahans, 127-28 Busdd, Johns, 32 Buffalo in Floridas, 169 BurkeCouny,Ga., 28 Burrarsd, Capt. Harryp, 38 CABBAGEs, 78, 83 Cabbage trees, 91, 146 Cabot, Johns, 9 Cabo, Sebstsian, 9-10, 13 Crna, 167 Caslcasias River, 110 Ca~nloshhe Riv-r, 189 Caloosas Indians. 10(1. 108-9. 120 AAS,Sme, 23 Bayof Mexico, 67 Agriculture, 34, 146-47 Bers, 95, 169 Alachuas (Latchaways), 123-29 Bee, Jseph, 32 Albssny Consto, 21 Beef, 34, 65, 132 Alligators, 137, 178 Belle Risve-, 72 Allspice, 149-58 Bermes plasst, 161 Altamaha~ River, 28 Berefosd, Mr., 82 Asssadas, Casps. Philip, 13 Beresfor, Richardl, 32 Amajuras Rives-, 119 Ber-wick, Mr-, 32 Ameslia Islansd, 34, 70-74 139 Bisyn, Key, 104-8 Ameslia Narrowss, 29 Bissets, Casps., 83, 90 Anastasia s bland, 81, 89, 94 Black Casar'ss Cseek, 187 Anclotes Ksy, 118 Black Sarah's Cseek, 1097 Andesonss, Mr., 90 Blake, Edwarsd, 32 Animasls in Flord, 169-73 Boca Seca, 109 Annat, orRssos, 156 Bordeauxs C., 32 Annonass, orPapass, 150 Boxs, Sb-., 83 Apalache, 11-12, 119, 123 Braddock, Casps., 117 Apalacicola Insdiasns, 28 Brewo, Muses, 25 Apalachicola River, vii-sdii, 67, 70, Britsh Government: ssnd Forbes 186, 120-21 Purchs, vi; Spasnish policy, 31, Apalachie Bsy, vii 52; offisials sof, atNesw Smsyrnas, Arrowroots, 93, 157 94; evcuons of Florid, 141; Artichoskes, 88 land policy of, 143, jursisdictons Assemsbly, Clonlsial, 33-35, 39-41, 46- of, 175 49 Bs-tish Regulas, 25-27, 34 Augstas, Gas., 30 Bownsess, Col. Thomass, 24-26, 29 Aunonss, Mliguel1, 13 Brysan, Jonahan, 127-28 Ayllons, Luscas Vsue, 11 Bsudd, John, 32 Buffalin0 Flsrida, 109 BAHAMAsCHANNE,95 BurkeliCounty, Ga,28 Bshsssss, 34, 57, 89, 105, 187, 112, BurrarsI, lisps. Harrsy, 38 AAMS,ssSamuesl, 23 Agriculture, 34, 146-47 Alachua (Lssshss-sy), 123-29 AlbansylConvenio, 21 Alligatos, 137, 170 Allspice, 149-50 Altamasha Rive, 28 Amasdas, lisps. Philip, 13 Asssjura Rive, 119 Ameslia Islansd, 54, 70-74 139 Amel-ia Narros,29 Anais Islansd, 81, 89,94 Ancdote Key, 118 Ands, Mr., 99 Animasls in Florida, 169-73 Annat, osr Rsousss, 156 Annonas, orPapa, 150 Apalach, 11-12, 119, 123 Apalachicola Indians, 28 Aplacicola- Rivers, siisvii, 67, 28, 106, 129-21 Apalachie Bsy, v-ii Arrowroo, 93, 132 Artichoks, 88 Assembsly, Clons~i, 33-35, 39-41, 46- 49 Augsta, Ga,, 30 Aunons, Mlig-sel, 13 Aylons, Lucss Vssques, 1I BAHAMA CHANNE, 95 Bshssmss, 54, 57, 89, 195, 107, 112, 174, 141, 143 Baker, SMrs., 77 Bald Mlounts, 96 Bsrilla, 168 Barlow, lisps. Arthur, 13 Barron, ., 62 Oss-ol, Dors, 77 Brtrams, John and Williams, v-i, 60- 61, 79, 82, 124, 170-72 Bay of Mexio, 67 Bearss, 95, 168 Oee, Jseph, 32 Beef, 34, 65, 132 Belle River, 77 Bennse pIlan, 161 Bereford, Mr-, 82 Beresford, Richard, 32 Berwsick, Mr, 32 Biscaynos, Key, 194-9 Bisst, lisp., 83, 90 Black Caesr'-s Creesk, 102 Black Sarah'slCreek, 1907 Bak, Edwasrd, 32 oca Seca, 109 Bordeau, C,. 32 o, SMr., 83 Bra0dock, Cssp., 117 Brewton~s, Miless, 23 British Government:o ansd Forhes Purchas, vi; Spanish poicy, 31, 52; sfficials sof, at Ness Smyrn, 94; evacuation of Florids, 141; land policy of, 143, juri0isitio of, 179 British Regulas, 25-27, 34 Bowness, Cl. Thms, 24-20, 29 Brya, Jonathan, 127-28 Budd, Jshn, 32 Bufaos in Florids, 169 Burke Countsy,Gas, 28 Burrarsd, Csps. Has-ry, 38 CABBAGE, 78, 83 Cabage tr-ees, 91, 146 Cabots, Jshs, 9 Cabho, Sebastians, 9-19, 13 Caconas, 167 Clcasia Rivers, 110 Closashatchee Rivers, 19 Closas lIndians, 109, 108-9, 129 134, 141, 143 Baker, Mrss., 77 Bsid Mountss, 98 Ossillk, 168 Barlowes, lisps. Arthur, 13 Barron, Dr.,62 lBartolo, Don, 77 Bartram, Jshn asnd Williams, v-i, 60- 61, 79, 82, 124, 179-72 CABBAGEss, 78, 83 Cabbasge sssss, 91, 146 Cabot5, Johss, 9 Cabots, Sebassian, 9-10, 13 Carssss, 167 Clcalssia Risvs-, 110 Closashatchee Riss-, 109 Closas In-dissss, 100, 108-9, 129  INDEX. INDEX. INDEX. Campbell, Col. Archibald, 31 Caphr 66 Cnl, cos-sat, need fo,276-77,83 Caaerl Cae 106 Cape Rive, 103 Carleton,, Sir Guy, 49-51 Caroinas,, the, 18, 25, 30-34, 52, 140, 184 Cassava, 159-60 Castor, 136 Cathenwood, Robert1, 61 Catoch, Cape, 113 Cattle, 65, 124, 167 Cayo Vaca, 109 Cedar Key, 119 Cedar logs from,, Cua 94 Cedar, 73, 100 Chain Island, 110 Chaire, Mr., 77 Charl1st4, 32-33, 35-36, 32 Char-lia (Ro11estown), 81 Charl14ot Harbor, (Boca Grande), 101, 109 Charlotte River, 109-10 Chathouchy River,, 120 Chatham, Bay, 109 Chazotte, Mr., 153 Cherokees, 31 Chiahas, (Cheh4,,,), 29 Chickasaw conty 12 Chisolm,, John,, 127 Choctaw Indians, 121 Chozas, Pedro Fer46nde, 13 Churches, 04, 86, 88 Cinamn tee, 149 Claraogovro of4 4Nassau, 54 Clark, Maor 73 CakGeorge F., 112, 126 Clarke, Lt. Col1., 30 Clay soil, 102 Clinch, Duncan L., 121, 200-205 Clitherat, Dr,, 02 C4oineal in 6ye. 167-68 Cohra, Rob4rt, 32 Cooa 92, 152 Coffee 92, 152-53 C41olubu, Christopher, 9-10 Consituio, Brits, 35, 47 Coquina~ r.o, 99-90 Corn,, 61, 88, 93, 107-8. 159 Cornwal1is, Capt., 110 Cortez, Herad, 127 Cotton, 56, 72-74, 04. 94, 135, 139 Cowford, 29, 78-79 Cokeper, 128-29 Co,,Dani,13 Creek 1ndian, 416, 29, 121, 170 Cros-tate canal, 76-77, 83 Crouch6, H. V., 32 Crozart, trader, 14 Cuba, 10, 94. 105, 113, 130 Cudworth6, Bejamin, 32 Cumbelan4d Island, 72 Cuscoill, 125 Customs of10cer, 46 DARBY,, Mr,., 70, 110 Darrell, Edward, 32 Date palmst, 89, 148-49 De, Bra~h, J. G. WR., 29, 99, 143, 100 Deer4, 102, 169 Dearra sav port, 13-4 De~ R,,dond, 13 De 54,,, Ferdinand 11-12 D'Estaing, Count, 31, 34 Deveaux4, Andrew, 52-54 Diego Plains, 77-78, 83 Dornfor4d, enginee, 38 Dow4d, Capt., 52 Drake4, Sir Francis, 13 Dra4yton, W0iilia, 19, 32 Cam4pbell, Col. Archibald, 31 Cam4pho, 66 Canal, cross-state, needfor, 76-77,83 Canaveral, Cape, 106 Cape River, 103 Carleton, 5ir Gu~y, 49-51 Carolinas, the, 18, 25, 30-34, 52, 140, 184 Casto, 136 Cathenwoo4d, Ro64r1, 61 Cat4o, Cap, 113 Cattle, 65, 124, 167 Cayo Vaca, 109 Cedart Key, 119 Cedar logs from4 Cutba, 94 Cedar, 73, 100 Chain Is1and, 110 Chaires, Mr., 77 Charlesto, 32-33, 35-36, 77 Charlotia4 (Rol11stown), 81 Charlotte Harbor (Boca Gra4nde), 191, 109 Charlotte4 River4, 109-10 Chatahouchy River, 120 Chatham, 0a7, 109 Chazotte, Mr., 153 Cheroke,. 31 Chiahas (Chehawst), 29 Chickasaw countr, 12 Chisolmt, John, 127 Choctaw Indians, 121 Chozas4, Pedro Fernande, 13 Churches, 84, 06, 99 Cinnamon4 trees, 149 Clarac,,governor of Nassa,54 Clark, Ma4jor, 23 Clarke, Gerg F., 112, 126 Clarke, Lt. Col., 38 Clay soil, 102 Clementi,, 0 Climt, Florid, 59, 63 Cinc~h, Duncan, L, 121, 200-205 Clithera, Dr., 62 Cochineal in 6ye, 167-68 Cochran, Rob64rt, 32 Cocoa, 92, 152 Coffee, 92, 152-53 Columbus, Christophe,4 9-10 Constitution, Britis, 35, 47 Coonti (arrowroot), 93, 157 Coquinat roc, 89-90 Corn, 61, 88, 93, 192-9, 139 Cornwalli, Capt., 118 Cortez, Hernando4, 122 Cotton, 36, 72-74, 84, 94, 135. 139 Cowford, 29, 78-79 Cowkeepe, 128-29 Cox, Daniel1, 13 Creek 1ndi44s, 16, 29, 121, 170 Grips, J. S., 32 Cros-state cana1, 76-77, 83 Crouch, H. V., 32 Crozar, trade, 14 Cuba, 19, 94, 105, 113, 134 Cudworth6, Bejamin4, 32 Cuscoill,,, 125 Cuto 6hu , t uusie 132 Customs, offce, 46 DARBY,, M1,., 79, 110 Darrell1, Edwar, 32 Davis, Capt., 13 12, Brahm,, J. G. WR., 78, 99, 143, 106 Dee, 102, 169 Delaware Ri,,,, 101, 109 De 1rar , ot 134 De, Redond, 17 De2So,1. Ferdinand, I1-12 Dessaussure4, Danie, 32 D'Estaing, Count, 31, 34 Deve-aux, Andrew,, 52-54 Dornford, egine, 38 Dowd, Cap,,, 52 Drak, Sir Franci, 13 Drayton,, WNilliam, 19, 32 Cam4pbell, Col. Archibald, 31 Camtphor4, 66 Canal1, cross-state,,ned f,,6-7, 83 Canaveral, Cape, 106 Cape Rive, 103 Carleto, Si, Guty, 49-51 Carolinas,, tOe, 18, 25, 30-34, 52, 140, 184 Cassava, 159-60 Casto, 136 Cathenwood, Rober, 61 Cato, Cape, 113 Cattle, 65, 124. 167 Cayo, Vac, 109 Cedar Key, 119 Cedar logs 1f44, Cub, 94 Cedar, 73, 100 Chain Is1an, 110 Chaire, Mr., 77 Charlesto, 32-33, 35-36, 77 Charlotia (164114,1444), 81 101, 109 Charlotte, Rive,, 109-10 Chatahouchy Rive, 120 Chatham, Bay, 109 Chazotte, Mr., 153 Cherokee, 31 Chiahas (Chehawst), 29 Chickasaw, 4444147, 12 Chisom, John4, 127 Choctaw4 Indians,, 121 Chozas, Pedro Fernande, 13 Churche, 94, 96, 88 Cinnamon, trees, 149 Claraco,,governoro 4Nassau, 54 Clark, Major., 73 Clarke, George F., 112, 126 Clark, Lt. Col., 38 Clay soil, 102 Clemeti, 60 Climat, Florid, 59, 63 Clinch, Duncan4 L, 121, 200-205 Clither, Dr,, 62 Cochineal in dy, 167-68 Cochran, Rob6,,, 32 Coo, 92, 161 Co40,,, 92, 152-53 Columbu, Christophe, 9-10 Constitutio, Briish, 35, 47 Co444i (444444441), 93, 157 Coquina rock, 89-90 Cor, 61, 88 93, 107-8, 139 Cornwali, Capt., 118 Corte, Hernand, 127 Cott444, 56, 72-74, 94, 94, 135, 139 Cowford, 29, 78-79 Cowkeepe, 128-29 Co,,Daniel, 13 Creek Indians, 16, 29, 121, 170 Crip, J. S., 32 Cross-state 44441, 76-77, 83 Crouch, H.1 V., 32 Cu, 18, 94, 105, 113, 134 Cudwort, Benjami, 32 Cumberlan4d Island, 72 Cuscoill, 129 Custom,-house, St, Augustin, 132 Customs4 of1cr. 46 Darrell1, Edward, 32 Date, palms4, 89, 148-49 Davi, Capt., 13 De Brahmt, J. G. WV., 79, 99, 103, 106 Dee, 192, 169 Delaware, Rive, 101, 100 Demrar ,av por, 134 De, Rodond, 17 De, Sota, Ferdinand,. 11-12 D'Estaing, Coun, 31, 34 Deveau, Andrew, 52-54 Diego Plains, 77-78, 83 Dornford, enginee, 38 1Dowd, Fat., 2 Drak, Sir Franci, 13  INDEX. INDEX. INDEX. Drit d'aubie, 132 Hey Riverc, 109 Dey Tortugas Ilaneds, 106 Duncan, Sic Williame, 19 Denn's Lake, 76, 81 Deuteford, Elits, 38 EAST FLORIDAc; English, 17; in ar 31, 37, 32; governor of, 36; Ioca- tion of, 58; boudries of, 72, 120; evauaion of, 74; descrip- titoc of, 89, 92, 115, 146, 184; et- penses otf, 133; popultion of,142 Edwards, John, 32 Egan, Me., 83 Eglintoun, Lord, 18 Egmontt, Lord, 19 Eleuthera Islaned, 32 Ellicott, Andew, 67-68, 70, 104-6, 113, 117, 177 Elliett, Mr., 73 Fllis, Capt., 25 Elphintonte, Catpt. Keith, 29 Emebargeo trade, 38, 73, 139 Epidemtic int St. Autgustine, 62-63 Espiritu Sato (Teamp) Bay, 12, 109-16, 116-16 Exts:e Eloreida, 132; U. S. te Flee- ida, 133 FAcie, Mr., 60, 77, 62 Fencell, Capt., 53 Fergutec, Theomas, 32 Feernanditte, 74-75 Figs, 85 Fith, Jette, 66, 63-64. 73, 89 Fish ic Floreida, vii, 65, 79, 90-91, 93, 102, 167, 136 Fish's tsland (Anastcsia), 89 Fitch, Me., 77 Flagg, Gettrge, 33 Fleemieg, Me., 77 Flice Ricee, vii, 72, 126 Fleeida, Cape, viii, 11, 58, 99, 103-7, 113 Fleeide Keyt, 166.108 Floeida Rangeet, 25, 32 Fleridet; Englandacquirees,17; Eg- land cedet te Speic, 186-88; U. S. acquties, 205-24 FoeeRcks(Hautloer),97 Fog, 64 Feehet, Jehn, 22, 73, 77, 83 Feehet, John, ted Ce., vi, 55, 137, 181 Feehet Bltuff, 79 Forhes Feechete, vi, vii Feet Geerge Ilaned, 75 Frederica, 17 Freeheldeet, 41 Fentch: int Floreida, 12; itt Georegia, 31, 176 Festh Ricer, 94, 168 Feott destrttetice, 59-60 Fue, Cel. Letwit V., 25-30 GADteeN, Gee., 32, 33 Gallicaet Ricee, 109 Galcez, Beerecrdt de, 31 Garay, Franciscoede, 11 Gaedette, 86, 88-89 Geelie, 66 Gauld, teeceyor, 106 Geet, Citizec, 56-59 Georgie: invcatione of, 23-31; climte ef, 34, 66, 184; impeerts ef, 134; mtigeetione fromt, te Fleride, 140 Geraldice, Theotae, 16 Gerard, Mr.,73 Germacice, Georege Loed, 34, 41 Geermanesettlemtent, 88 Gihhes, Willieam H., 33 Gletier, Cel., 40, 50 Gett, 172 Gephee (geetflce), 162 Gouregese, Dominiqutetle,12 Geehamt, Majec, 29 Geeie, 34 Grtnd jucy, 20, 51 Grant, Capt., 25 Deeit deeheaice, 137 Dey Ricee, 109 Dey Teetttges Ilaneds, 106 unecan, Sie Willieam, 19 Dunn'es Laet, 76, 81 Dutenfled, Elite, 38 EAT FLOeeIDA: Englith, 12; itt ewer, 31, 37, 52; goeeeoe ef, 56; loca- tiec ef, 58; heuederiet ef, 72, 120; evcuaetien of, 74; detecrip- tien ef, 89, 92, 113, 146, 184; ex- penee el, 133; peputteion ef, 142 Edwareds, Jehn, 32 Egant, Me., 83 Eglinteoec, Leed, 18 Egmonet, Leed, 19 Eletehera Islaed, 52 Fllicott, Aedew, 67-68, 70, 104-6, 113, 117, 122 Filiett, Mr., 73 Ellit, Capt., 25 Elphintoene, Catpt. Keith, 29 Embahrges on teede, 38, 23, 139 Epidemeie icn St. Auguttine, 62-63 Espiritu Sete (Tampae) Bay, 12, 109-10, 116-18 Expeets: Flecida, 132; U. S. tt Flee- ida, 135 FAcee, Mer, 60, 77, 82 Feecell, Capt., 32 Feegeuten, Theomes, 32 Feeneeditte, 74-75 Figs, 83 Fith, Jetse, 60, 63-04, 73, 89 Fish lee Floride, vii, 65, 79, 90-91, 93, 102, 107, 136 Fith's Islend (Acatasit~), 89 Fitch, Mte., 77 Flagg, Georege, 32 Flemcing, Mr., 77 Flict Ricee, vii, 73, 120 Fleride, Cape, viii, 11, 58, 99, 103-7, 113 Floreida Keys, 100-108 Flerida Racgeet, 25, 52 Floreidet; England acqires, 17; Eneg- Iaed cedes to Spain, 186-88; U. 5. ecqeiret, 205-24 Fehe Rocks (Heauloee), 97 Fog, 64 Feehet, Jehn, 32, 73, 77, 83 Feehet, John, acd Ce., vi, 55, 137, 181 Feehet Bleff, 79 Fechet Puchase, vi, vii Feet Gettrge Islacd, 75 Frederica, 17 Feeheldert, 41 Fench:l int Flerida, 12; ic Georegie, 31, 176 Fesh Ricee, 94, 108 Feett, detructice, 59-0 Fer, Cel. Leweit V., 25-30 GAcDSDEc, Gen., 32, 33 Gellicans Ricee, 109 Galcee, Beenerde de, 31 GerayFraccode, 11 Gerdece, 86, 88-89 Geelie, 66 Gaeld, teeceyt, 106 Gecet, Citien, 56-59 Georegie: incetitte ef, 23-31; elimte ef, 34, 66, 184; impts~e ef, 134; mtigeetinc fomee, te Fleride, 140 Gereldinoe, Thoeccs, 16 Gerard, Mr, 73 Germatinte, Gettege Lerd, 34, 41 Germantettleent, 88 Gibbes, Williamt H., 32 Glezier, Cel., 40, 50 Gocte, 172 Gephec (geoeffre), 162 Geeegest,Domintiqueede,.12 Geahamc, Maejee, 29 Gceic, 34 Geeand juery, 20, 51 Geeant, Capt., 25 Drotit d'auheine, 137 Dry Ricee, 109 Dey Teetuget Islantds, 106 Duecee, Sic Williamt, 19 Hunnct Laet, 76, 81 Derefeed, Elite, 38 EASc FLOecIDA: Ecglish, 12; itt we, 31, 27, 52; goeeeore ef, 56; leee- decn ef, 38; heuederiet tof, 72, 120; evcetttiec ef, 74; detecrip- tion ef, 89, 92, 115, 146, 184; ex- Fectet ef, 133; pplation ef, 142 Edwareds, Jehn, 32 Egen, Me., 83 Eglitoec, Leed, 18 Egmonet, Leed, 19 Eleethera Islantd, 32 Ellicete, Acdree, 67-68, 70, 104-6 113, 117, 177 Ellitet, Mrc, 73 Ellit, Capt., 23 Elphictece, Cepe. Keith, 29 Embharges oc teede, 38, 73, 139 Epidemtic ine St. Aegettine, 62-63 Etiitu Seto (Tampe) Bay, 12, 109-tO, 116-18 Ecpeets: Fhoeid, 132; U. S. te Flee- ide, 133 Fecee, Mrc., 60, 77, 82 Feennell, Cepe., 32 Feegustec, Thoema, 32 Feecendice, 74-75 Figs, 85 Fitsh, Jette, 60, 63-64, 73, 89 Fish in Florida, vii, 65, 79, 90-91, 93, 102, 107, 136 Fish's Island (Acatasia~), 89 Fitch, Mr., 77 Flagg, Gettege, 52 Flemting, Mr., 77 Fln Kicee, vii, 72, 120 Fleride, Cepe, viii, 11, 58, 99, 103-7, 113 Flerida Keys, 100-108 Fleride Renger, 23, 52 Fleidee; Englend ecqeicet, 17; Eng- leed cedet te Spein, 186-88; U. S. ecqeiee, 205-24 Fehe Recks (Heeloee), 97 Feg, 64 Feehe, Johe, 22, 73, 77, 83 Feehet, Jehn, eand Ce., vi, 53, 132, 181 Foees Bittf, 79 Foeese Fuchese, ci, vii Feet Gettrge Itlend, 75 Frederica, 17 Feeheldeet, 41 Fech: int Floreid, 12,-itt Georegi, 31, 176 Feth Kice, 94, 108 Frett, detrctice, 59-60 Fue, Cel. Lettit V, 23-30 GADSDcN, Gee., 32, 33 Gelliceet Ricee, 109 Gelcee, Berneede de, 31 Garay, Frcscode, 11 Geedect, 86, 88-89 Gerli, 66 Gtteld, Isueceyore, 106 Genet, Citiene, SO-SO Georgia: iccetiec ef, 23-31; cliete ef, 34, 66, 184; imeperee ef, 134; mcigeatione ferom, te Flecida, 140 Gereldice, Theomet, 16 Geraed, Mr., 73 Geermaine, Geoege Leed, 34, 41 Gercman setelement, 88 Gibbes, Willieam H., 33 Glezie, Cel., 40, 50 Geets, 172 Goer (geeffee), 162 Geurgues,HDomieiqede, 12 Geehamt, Mejee, 29 Geain, 54 Grand jury, 20,51 Getet, Cap., 25  INDEX. INDEX. 61rant, Jaes 18, 20, 73, 86-87, 122, 171, 186-87 Grantees of land,49 Gras,, 147, 161-62, 167 Gray5, Mr., 83 61reat Talbot Island, 75 Greeks a New. Smyrna, 18 Greene, Gen4., 72 Grenv4ille, Lord, 19 Grenvil11e, Mr., 87 Grenv-ille River4, 87 Grey, Jseph, 128 61rey, Thomas, 127 Gri4ba11, Thomas, 32 61u1f of Mexico, viii, 58, 67, 101-2, 110 Gu~lf Stream, 95, 110-15 GwinettButto, 26 HAIA RIVER4, 90-93 Hall, George A., 32 Hall, William, 322 Hancock8, John, 22 Harris, 614n., 125 Haulove,,97 Haaa Cu6148, 18, 40, 90, 104, 117, 129 Haw,,ke, Lord, 19,524 Healthful Florida, 24, 59, 72 Henderso,,Mr,61 Henrsy,Mr., 73 Heywoo4d, Thomas, 32 Highlanders 1n Florida, 140 Hill, Dr., 61 Hillsborou4gh, Lord, 19 Hillsborough, town4, 46 Hillsborough River4, 91-92 Hobe Inlet, 94-95 Hogs, 78 Holmes4, Isaac, 32 Honey, 136 Horse, 169 Howe,, Gen. Robert4, 25 Huger, Mr,-, 72 Huguenots, in Florida, 12 Hull, Judge, 20, 92 Hunter, Spanish, story, 80 Hutson, Richard, 32 IE IN FLORIDA 59, 70 1Im5orts, Florida, 132 Indian5 mons 29, 82, 102 Indian Riv-er, 79-80, 99-94 Indans an British, 23-30;-Settl- met 1o, 88, 99, 122, 128-29; activ4ite of4, 100. 119-21; popula- tion 46, 141-42; policy t4oward, 142; characte o0, 144-45 Indigo, 19, 64, 82-83, 90-91, 122-22 Isaacs, Col1., 33 Italians at New 9447r44, 19 Izard, 5Ai-,, 72 JACKSON4, Andrew4, 114, 178 Jacobites at Pensacola, 178 Jamaica4, 24, 118 Jericho Plantation4, 82 Johnstone4, Gverno, 174 Johnstone, William4, 32 Jo1y River4, 72 Jones, Noble W.8,, 32 Jupiter 041e1, 94-95 114S444,4 (Cussitaw4), 28, 30 Kean's P1444, 82 Kelsu11, Mr,, 127 Kemp4, Dr,.61 Kentucky, 126 Kin4gsley, Mr4, 75 King's 544t7, 22, 29 LAKE4 GEORGE, 76, 82, 100 Lake Mayaco4 (0844c84b44), 78, 90, 99, 100, 169 Lake 0kefenok4, 129-30 Land grants49 Lan, unc.ultivated,444 45 Lantana, 82 La S4114, 12 Latchawa4y (Alachua), 67, 123-27 Grant1, James4, 18, 28, 73, 86-87, 122, 171, 186-87 Grantees4of1land, 49 Grapes,147, 161-62, 167 Gray, Mr., 82 61444t Talbot Island, 75 Gree4k at NewSmyrn, 19 Greene, 6144,, 72 6144nvi114, Lord, 19 Grenville1, Mr., 97 Grenille River, 97 Gre47, Joseph, 128 Grey, Thomass, 122 614i4ba11, Thomas4, 32 Gulf 48 Me4,ic4, viii, 58, 67, 101-2, 119 Gulf 8444444, 95. 110-15 Gwinnett, Button, 26 HALIFAX4, RIVER, 90-92 Hall, George A,, 2 Hall, William4, 32 Hancock, John, 22 Harris, 6144,, 125 Hau14,497 Havana, Cuba4, 18, 48, 90, 184, 117, 129 Haw4ke, Lord, 19, 54 Healthful Florida, 34, 59, 75 Henderson4, Mr1., 61 Henry, Mr.,, 73 Heywoo4d, Thomas4, 32 Highlanders in Florida, 140 Hill, Dr., 61 Hillsborough, Lord, 19 Hillsborough, t4o4n, 46 Hillsborou4gh Rive4r, 91-92 Hobe 1414t, 94-95 Hogs, 78 Holmes4, Is444. 37 Honey, 136 Horses, 169 Howe4, Gen.Robert, 25 Huger, Mr6., 73 Huguenots4 in Florda, 12 Hull, Judge, 20, 92 H4n4er, 8panish, st447, 80 Hutson4, Richard, 22 ICE IN4 FLORIDA, 59, 70 144544t4, Florida, 132 Indian mound4s, 79, 82, 162 Inian4 Rive, 79-80, 92-94 Indians: and4 British, 23-30; sett14- ments4 46, 88, 99, 123, 128-29; activities4 40, 100, 119-21; po45414 tion 40, 141-42; policy toward, 142; 484444444 40, 144-45 Indigo, 19. 84, 82-83, 90-91, 132-33 Isaacs, Co41,, 22 Italians at New 844yr44, 19 Izard, M14., 73 JACKSON4, Andrew4, 119, 178 Jacobites at4P444a4414,178 Jamaica4, 54, 118 Jericho Plantation, 82 ,Johnstone, 61444444,174 Johnstone4, William4, 32 Jo1y River, 72 Jones, Noble W., 32 Jupiter 144144, 94-95 KASHITAS (Cu4441444), 28, 20 Kea444 Place, 82 Kel1su1l, M,14, 127 Kemp4, Dr., 61 Kentucsky, 126 Ki1g'4 54447, 22, 29 LAKE 6144444, 76, 82, 108 Lake Ma1yaco (0kee4hobe4). 78, 80, 99, 100, 169 Lake Okefeno4ke, 129-30 Land grants, 49 Lands, uncultivated,45 Lantana4, 82 La 84114, 13 Latchawa4y (Alachua), 67, 123-7 614444, James4, 18, 26, 72, 86-87, 122, 171, 186-87 614444444 48 144d, 49 6144544. 147, 161-62, 167 61447. Mr., 83 61r444 Talbot 0414n4, 75- 614446444 New4 Sm7444, 19 6144444, 6144,, 72 614e4vi11e, Lord, 19 61444v1114, Mr., 92 Grenvill1e1Rive, 97 61447, Joseph, 128 61447, Th444,4, 127 Grimball1, Thomas4, 32 61418 40 Mexico, viii, 58, 67, 101-2, 118 6141894444am,95, 110-17, Gwinnt,44 Button, 26 HALIFAX~ 114444, 90-92 Hall, 6144rg4 A, 32 Hall, Wil1iam, 32 Hancock, John, 22 Harris, 6144,, 125 Haulover, 97 Havana, 61484, 18, 46, 96, 104, 117, 139 Haw4ke, Lord, 19, 84 Healthful Florida, 24, 59, 75 Henderson4, Mr6., 61 Henry, Mr.,73 Heywood4, Thomas4, 32 Highlanders 144 Florida, 149 Hill, Dr., 61 Hillsborough, Lord, 19 Hillsborough, town4, 46 Hillsborousgh 11i444, 91-92 Hobe 14144, 94-95 Hogs, 78 Holmes4, 0444c, 32 Honey, 136 Horses, 169 Howe, 6144. Robert4, 25 Huger, Mr.1, 73 Huguenots in F144144, 12 Hull, Judg, 23, 92 Hunte, 5544148, 4444y. 80 Hut4sn, 11i4h444, 32 ICE IN FLORIDA4, 59, 20 04454444, F144i44, 132 144i44 4444444, 78, 82, 103 1ndian Ri1444, 79-8, 93-94 I44d44n4; 4444 British, 22-22,- 444414- 444nt4 46, 88, 99, 125, 128-29; activities 46, 100, 119-21; 545414- tion 40, 141-42; policy 44ow444, 142; 484444444 41, 144-45 In4digo, 19, 64, 82-83, 90-91, 132-33 044444, Co41., 22 Italians4 at New 8447444,19 14444, Mr14, 72 JACKSON4, Andrew-, 119, 178 Jacobites 44544444414., 178 Jamaica4, 54, 118 Jericho Plantation, 83 Johnstone4, Governor4, 1748 Johnstone,. William, 32 Joly 111444, 72 Jones, Noble W., 52 Jupiter 044144, 94-95 11,444444 (614441444) 28, 30 Kean's4 Place, 82 Kelsull, 7,14., 127 Kemp,5 614., 61 1144444k7, 128 Kingsley4, 7,. 75 King's 54447, 23, 29 LAKE 61444G4, 76, 82, 100 Lake 5147444 (0844484844), 76, 80, 90, 10, 109 Lake 0k40444k4, 129-30 Lands, uncultivated4, 48 Lantana, 82 La 54014, 13 Latchawa4y (Alachua), 87, 122-27  INDEX. INDEX. INDEX. Laudonnier, Renede,12 Law, John1 14-35 Lee, Gen. Charles, 24-25 Legis.ature, provincial, 42-44, 47 Lempiere, Clement, 25 Lesl1e, Gen. Alexander, 50 Levert, M1r- 82 Lewis, I., 32 Limes4, 126 Limestone4, 102, 108, 116 Littl Lake, 82 Little Suane River4, 130 Little Talbot iIsld, 25 Livingtone, William, 33 Li4ards, 122 Lotoue Capt. Alvara, 25 1Log11, Willi, 32 Long (Sanival) Island, 116 Loomis, L, 121 Loughboroug, Midshipmans 121 Louisiana, 143 Loveda4y, John, 32 Loyalists, Britis, 25, 22-28, 50 Lumber1, 34, 25 Lushington, Richard, 32 Lynx4, 169 Mc1READY, Edwar4d, 32 Mc4lu1re's Hill, 24 M1Gilvray, Ml., 137 McGirtlh, Co1. Daniel, 25 Mc4Hardy, Mr., 32 Mc41ntosh, John Houstoun4, 25 Mcdntoh, Mr~., 140 Mc4Latchie Mr.-, 137 Mc4Lean, M1r., 30 McQueen4, John, 75 5Ma4na Chart Bill, 48 Ma1gnlias, 66, 28, 82, 102, 124, 146 M1ahogany trees,, 101, 107 Manatee, 172-73 514nat1e River-, 110, 119 51angoe, 160 M1angroves, 95, 92, 105 514ufacturin interest, 137 M1art3r, Peter, 10 Martyr, 54s (Florida Keys), 103 Marylan, 102 Massey, William4, 32 Maa1 a 11n1et, 30 Matanzaso River4, 00, 89 Mather, M., 132 Menen4dez de Aviles, Pedro, 12 M146hants1in Florida, 34-25 Middleto, Arthur, 32 Mliksuki villages, 119, 123 Mlilitia, 20, 30, 30-41, 142 Mliller, 5M-., 03 Mill sites, 73 Mioran, 19, 24, 39, 51, 01, 140 Molbile, 137, 103 Mona4edas, 1Dr. Nicholas, 60 M1oncri1f, Capt. James, 29 Montgomer, Col. (Lor-d 541441441), 18 Mont1iano, M1anuel4 4e, 12 Moor4,, Gov1. James, 14 Mosquito Bar, 91 Mosqu4ito 1nl41, 20, 57, 90 Moultrie, AIlexander, 32 51o41tie, John4, 19-22, 73, 06, 90, M1ount Hope, 82 Mount 0swald, 90-91 Mounto Royal (Kean's Place), 02 Mowatt, John, 32 M1owbray, Cap4., 25, 29 Mulcaster1, Capt., 20 Mules, 103 Ml4144y, Mr., 23 NAOEN 170 Narvae,Panfilo,11 Laudonnier, Ren d, 12 Lares M., 23 Law, Johnl, 14-15 Law~, martia,43 Lee, Gen. Charle, 24-25 Legislatur, proinil, 42-44, 42 Lempier, C14eme1, 25 Leslie, Gen4. Alexander1, 50 Levert1, M. 82 Lewis, I., 32 Lies 130 Limeston, 102, 108, 136 LitleL Lake, 02 Little4Suwanne Rive, 130 Little Talbot Is1and, 79 Liv-ingstone William4 32 Lil,4ds, 173 Lofthous, 5apt. Alvara, 23 54o441, William,, 32 Long(Sanival1) Islan, 110 Loomis, Lt., 121 Loghborogh, M~idshipman4, 121 5ove44, Johnl, 32 Lovll0, Dr., 20 Loyalist, Brit1sh, 23, 27-28, 50 Lumbe, 34, 70 Luhntn 1R1ch44, 33 5Lyn1, 169 Mc~BREAD, 541ar4, 32 514514,41 Hill, 74 Mc45ilv-ay, M., 137 Mc45irt, Col. Daie, 25 Mc4Hardy, M., 92 Mc41ntosh, John4 Houstoun1, 75 Mc4Latchli, Mr., 137 Mc4Queen, John1, 75 514gna Chart Bi11, 40 Magolas 660, 79, 02, 132, 124, 146 Mahogany tres 101, 107 M1natee, 172-73 Mangoes,5 160 Mangrove, 95, 97, 105 Mann4ing, Ensignl, 01 Manufactinig interest, 137 M1arques Key, 104 Ma1ron, Fra Francisco,4, 13 Martsial Law-, 43 l4artyL, Peter, 10 Ma1t9rs, Los (Florida Keys), 103 M1rylan, 102 Msse.y, William4, 32 Matanzs Inle, 90 Matanzas1 River 00, 09 Mather4, Mr., 137 3enendez4d Ales1, Pedro, 13 Mechnt h,41in Flrid, 34-35 M1iddleton, Arthur-, 32 MIikisuki vi1lages, 119, 123 Mliliti, 23, 30, 38-41, 142 Mi1le, M., 03 Mill sites, 73 M5orcans, 19, 24, 39, 51, 91, 140 Mole14 137, 103 Monavedas,, Dr. Nichlas,, 60 Moncrief1, Capt1. James, 29 Montgomer,54,54 Co.(Lrglintoun~l), 18 514444, Gov. James1, 14 Mosquito Bar, 91 Mosqu4ito In1et, 20, 53, 90 Moultie, Alexanlder, 32 51441t4ie, John, 19-22, 73, 86, 90, Mount4 Hope, 02 Moun141 Oswald1, 90-91 Mount4 Ro4y41 (Kean's Plac4), 02 514wa41t John, 32 Mowbray4, Capt., 25, 29 M14444444, Capt., 76 51414s, 169 514rra9, Mr4, 23 NAPOLEO, 170 Narvaez,5 Pan41o, 11 Laudo44i44, Rene4 de, 12 Lauren, 514,, 23 Law, John, 14-15 La, martial, 43 Le, G4n. C1harle, 24-25 Legislatur, p441i441a1, 42-44, 42 Lempiere, Clement4, 25 Leli, G4n. A1lexander, 50 Levert, Mr. 02 Lewii5 1., 32 Limes~, 136 51,4stone, 102, 100, 130 56114e Lak4, 02 5itt14 S4wa4n44 Rive4, 130 Little Talbot 1s1444, 25 Liv-ingston, Williamll, 32 Liza4ds, 173 5414h4444, Capt. Alvara, 25 Logan4, Williaml, 32 Long4(Sanival)1Islan, 110 544omi4, Lt., 121 544455444446, 51141614444, 121 544uis41n4, 103 5411444, John, 32 541411, 04,, 70 Loyaist, British, 25, 27-30, 50 Lumb544, 34, 75 5446144144, Ric4ha44, 32 Ly44, 109 5146,4,14, Edwa44, 32 544514445 Hill, 74 Mc45ilvray, 514,, 137 McGirth, 541, Daniel, 25 McHardy, 514,, 93 Mc04ntosh, John Houstoun1, 75 Mc141414h, MlL, 140 Mc5atchie 514,, 137 51c5444, 514,, 90 McQueen1, John, 75 51441a 564414 Bill, 40 Magno4ias, 66, 29, 02, 102, 124, 140 M14544449tre4, 101, 107 51444444, 172-73 51444144 River 110, 119 5444g441, 160 Mangroves1, 95, 97, 105 M51,4ning, 5111444, 51 Manufactur4ing 141444111, 137 Marques1 Key, 104 514rr44, Fray Fr4446144, 13 Martial Law4, 43 5144194, Peter,,10 Mart1yrs, 544 (F144id4 Key), 103 514451444, 102 5141149, Wiliaml, 42 514444441 14141, 90 M14111444 Rive, 88, 09 5141644, 51r~, 132 Menendez4 de Aviles, Pedr, 12 Merchants1 in lor14ida, 34-35 M1idd4lto, Arthu, 32 51iki446i village, 119, 123 M~iilii, 20, 30, 38-41, 141 Mill sites, 73 51ino444,, 19, 20, 39, 5I, 91, 140 Mob6ile, 132, 103 51444411444, D. Nichola, 60 Moncr4ief, 5441. James1, 29 Mont1gomer4y, 541, (5444 Eglintoun1), 18 514444, 544, James4, 14 Mosqu4ito 644, 91 Mosqu1ito 1nl1t, 36, 57, 90 514414414, J464, 19-22, 73, 06, 90, 51414404,0 514441 0Osw4ld, 90-91 514441 Ro1yal (54445s Place), 02 Mowatt1, J4511, 32 M14wb644, 51144., 25, 39 5141444444, C444., 76 514141, 169 Murray9, MrL, 73 NAPOLEON-, 176 N4411-44, Panfilo, 11  INDEX. INDEX. Nsa,53 Nava stores, 34, 40 Neros 34, 37, 41-45. 49, 52, 54, 105, 121, 133-34, 140 Nfille, Jon 32 New,, Creek, 110 Newfoudland, 138 New Prov,'idence', 52 New Smyna, 19-20, 91-92 Nic'hola-Mole, Cape, 116 Nort~h, Edward, 32 Nor'th River, 109 OK TREE, vii, 73-74, 77-79, 82, 94, 102, 109, 146 Ochmugee River, 72 Ockefenoke, 119 Ogilvie, Major Frncs 18 Oglehorpe, Jaes 15-17, 75, 84 Oglehorpe's Bluff, 78 Ohalgie, Indian leader, 128 Oil be,,,i 136 Okouthy, Indian, leader, 128 Olive culture, 82, 89, 94, 150-51 Opum, 169 Orngs 33, 39, 82, 89, 87-89, 124, 126, 136 Oytes vii, 30, 79, 93, 147 Oyter hel, 79, 130 Pal Isad 110 PalmD oil, 148-49 Palms,, 82, 124 Panto, Leslie and Co., 55, 127. 181 Papaya (Ppua~) 97, 107 Parker,, Joseph, 52 Pasorgelad, 72 Pemn Mr1., 83, 90 Pensacola,, 12, 14, 31, 87, 137, 176- 78, 183 Perpall, M1r, 91-92 Philip II of Spain, 12 Physicians' in Florida, 61-62 Piaoos 105 Pic'kney, M1r., 72 Pioaa 28, 81, 170 Pine lands, 147 Pie ree, 79, 95, 100, 109, 117 Plantations-., 55, 64, 82-83. 100, 102 Planters, 34-25, 40-41, 56, 75 Point Peter (Ptr) 67. 70, 72 Pmgranate, 87, 158 Postell, Bjamin, 52 Pot, Mr., 85 Poya, John, Ornes, 52 Paiiand medow land, 147 Pridaux,,Sam, 32 Privateers, 23-24, 106.7 Punta, Larga (Cape Rman), 109 Purh,bok on Floida,i, 143 QAHPHEAK SWM 72 RCCOON, 169 Ran n loid, 58. 62 Raleigh, Sir Walter, 13 Ramsey, Dr. Dav-id, 52 Rages Florida, 25, 52 Nassau, 53 Nassau, Inlet, 90 Nassa, River,, 77, 83 Naval tor,,,,34, 40 Negroes, 34, 37, 41-45, 49, 52, 54, 105, 121, 133-34, 140 Negro, Fort (Fort Gadsden,), viii, 121 Neufille, Jon 32 Neversink Hill, 95 New, Creek, 110 Newoudland, 138 New, Proidence,, 52 New., Smra 19-70, 81-92 Nic.hol-Mole6, Cape, 116 Nichols, Col1, 121 Ninth5 5,iti5 Regime,,, 59 North, Edward, 32 North Caroina,, 33 North River,, 109 Nova, Scotia, 54 0.AK, TREES, vii, 73-74, 77-79, 82, 94, 102, 109, 146 Ohmugee River,, 72 Oc'kefenoke, 119 Ogilvie, Major Frncs 18 Ogethorp, James,, 15-17, 75, 84 Oglethorpe's Bluff, 78 Ohalgie, 1Indian leader, 128 Oil benni, 156 Okmulgees (Oakfuskie), 28, 30 Okoutohy, Indian, leader., 128 Olive culture,,, 87, 89, 94. 150-51 Opssms 169 Orngs 53, 39, 82, 85. 87-89, 124. 126, 136 Oyster, v-ii, 30, 79, 93, 147 Oyterhells, 79, 138 Palm Island, 110 Palm, oil, 148-49 Palms,, 82, 124 Panton, Leslie and Co,., 55, 137, 181 Papya~ (papua) 87, 107 Parker, Joseph, 52 Parliament, British, 57, 49, 54 Penma, Mr,., 83, 90 Pensacola, 12, 14, 31, 87. 137, 176- 78, 185 Per~pall, 5Mr., 91-92 Peters, Christopher, 52 Philip IT of. Spain, 12 Physic'ians in Florid, 61-62 Pcaroon, 103 Pic'kney, M1r., 75 Picolata, 28, 81, 170 Pine, lands, 147 Pntre,79, 95, 100, 109, 117 Plantations, 55, 64, 82-83, 100, 102 Planter, 24-55, 40-41, 56, 75 Point, Peter (Petre), 62, 70, 72 Pmerant,, 87, 138 Ponce' de Leon,, Juan,, 16, 109 Population, of0 Florida, 140-42 Pot, Mr,., 83 Poyas, John, Ornes, 52 Prii n edwlns 142 Pric.kly pears, 167-68 PridauxSamu,1 32 Privatee,,, 23-24, 106-7 Prospect, Bluff, v-iii Punta Larga (Cape Roan) 109 Pursh, bok o Floid, i,143 Nassa, 53 Nassau Inlet,, 90 Naval sor, ,,34, 40 Negroe, 34, 37, 41-45, 49, 52, 54, 165, 121, 133-34, 140 Negro Fort (Fort Gadsden), viii, 121 N-versik Hill, 95 Newfoudland, 138 New, Smra 19-20, 91-92 Nic'hol-Mole,6, Cape, 116 Ni,'h.ls, Col1, 121 Ninth British Regiment,, 59 North, Edwar.d, 32 North Carolin,,,33 NorthRive, 109 Nova, Scotia, 54 OK TREE, vii, 73-74, 77-79, 82, 94, 102, 169, 146 Ochemulgee Rive, 72 Ockfl,,ke, 119 0gilvie, Major Francis, 18 Ogletor~pe, Jame, 15-17, 75, 84 Oglethorpe's Bluff, 78 Ohalgie, Indian leader, 120 Oil benni, 136 Okmul,,,gees (Oakfuskies), 28, 30 Okouthy, Indian, leade, 128 Oive- culture,, 87, 89, 94, 150-51 Opossums,,, 169 Orngs 53, 39, 82, 85, 87-89, 124, 126, 136 Oysters, v'ii, 30, 79, 93, 147 Oyster shells, 79, 136 PalI, oil, 148-49 Palms,, 82, 124 Panton,, Leslie and Co., 55, 137, 181 Papaya, (Ppua) 87, 107 Parke, Josph, 52 Penman,,, 56-., 83, 90 Pensaco,,, 12, 14, 31, 87, 137, 176- 78, 185 Perpal, M1r,, 91-92 Peters, Christophe, 2 Philip IT of. Spin 12 Physicians in, Florida, 61-62 Pick,,ey, M1r, 73 Picolata,, 28, 81, 170 Pine, lands, 147 Pntre,79, 95, 100, 109, 117 Pink o,,,066 Plantations,, 55, 64, 82-83, 100, 102 Planter, 34-35, 40-41, 56, 75 Point, Peter (Petre), 67, 76, 72 Pome,,granate, 87, 138 P.ot, Mr., 83 Poyas, John, Ornes,, 32 Prairiead madow lad, 147 Prevost, Mao Jme M1,, 29-31 Pric.kly pers 167-68 Privateers,, 25-24, 106-7 Pursh,6book on Florid, i,143 RACOS 169 R i i Florid, 38, 62 Raleigh, 5i- Walter,,, IS Ramsey, Dr.Daid, 32 Rages Florid, 25, 52 Raphanc Ri,-er, 65 RCON,169 Rain, in Florida, 58, 62 Ramsey, Dr. Daid, 32 Ranger-s, Florida., 25, 52 Raphanc Rive,,. 65  INDEX. INDEX. Raonnet River, 99 Rattlesnokes, 170-71 Reed, G~en. Jaob, 32 Refuogees, Loyalit, 40, 50 Rhodo Islood, 64-65 Riboold, James (Jeatn Ribault), 12 Rice, 64, 72, 75, 90, 135, 139, 146 Roads, 73, 79, 92 Roaoke River, 65 Rocky Rh-er (Rio Pen), 11I Rodney, Sih Gortgo, 117 Rolle, Donyt, 19, 66-67. 81, 149 Rollstown, 66, 81 Rotons, Benarod, 93, 96, 97-99, 102, 103. 119, 126, 141 Romnns, Capo, 109 Rumn, 45, 132 Rutherford, Gen., 33 Rutledge, Edw-rd and Hugh, 32 SoBNEn RIVno, I116 St. Anasti Island (Anatosio), 81, 89, 04 St. Angutinte, 42, 37-38, 40, 52, 54, 59, 60-65, 77, 79, 84-85, 91, 177, 132, 142 St. Blas, Capo, 176 St. Franiso Rive, 119 St. Gortgets Sound, 75 St. Illa River, 29 St. Jago, Itndiatn, 129 St. Johns Oa-, 76 St. Johns Olutf, 29 St. Johns River, vii, 10, 35, 39, 66. 76-84, 101-3, 110, 119, 131-137 St. Jothtnt Towtnt, 76, 54 St. Jottphts Bay, 120 St. Lttoia Riveo, 90, 96-98, 100-101 So. Mot-ie Riv-er, 109 So. Maoks, 67 St. Morks River-, 77, 88 St. Maorys Riter, 34, 58, 67, 77, 74, 106, 131 St. Nicholot Riotr, 119 St. Pttes Rivoer, 110 St. Sebottittt Creok, 07-88, 110 So. Viceteo, Jtton do, 04 Soalt mttooh lantdt, 147 Stood Hillt, 140 Sotody Poit, 100 Sootitol Itltand, 110 Sott Mto River, 12 Sott Salvtdor, 16 Soanto Domttingo, 56, 100 Sattofrtt, 14, 60 Sotogo, Thomast, 32 Savoannah, Gt., 30, 31, 36 Savannaoht int Ploroidt, 102 Soawyer, Ctpt., 27 Scoto, Ito., 61 Sot coot (maonatoe), 172-73 9e4 font, 117 Soo, William, 32 Somnolot, 39, 119, 121, 178 Shtok Riooo (Rio Caohonet), 109 Sheop, 169 Siogloeton, Thomot, 32 Sistetoo Creek, 77 Sin Milo Beook, 178 Skioooo, Capt., 30 Skinnoo, Lt. Col., 38 Snith, Joseph ond Philip. 32 Snoggling, 73, 135 Snake roo1, 66 Snoon in Floida, 58, 60 Soilt, 04, 88, 90, 92, 147 Spain, ti, 12, 30, 37, 39, 32, 54-56, 60, 01, 00, 94, 105, 167, 134, 137- 40, 175-76, 178, 104 Spoldiog, Mo., 83, 120, 137 Sponith Intdioaot, 97 Spetco Cotek, 92 Stote hoote at So. Anguotine, 86 Soewoet, Wolter, 27-28 Stoth, be., 103 Storem, Williamo, 181 Stotohoer, Me,, 137 Stuort, John, 28 Stubbs, Mr., 92 Suhtorrooooot River, 84 Rotonot Rh-to, 99 Raotloonokot, 170-71 Rood, Gon. Jaob, 32 Refogoot, Loyalist, 40, 50 Rhode Islond, 64-6S Riboold, Jnoot (Jeon Rihault), 12 Riot, 64, 72, 75, 90, 155, 139, 146 Roadt, 73, 79, 82 Roonoko Rivoo, 65 Rocky Rivee (Rio Peoot(, 11 Rodney, Sir Geore, 117 Rolle, Denyt, 19, 06-67, 81, 140 Roleoton, 66, 81 Rotmont, Boonord, 93, 90, 97-09, 102, 103, 119, 120, 141 Rotns, Cope, 109 Root, 45, 132 Rothoofood, Geo., 33 Rutlodge, Edwaood ond Hogh, 32 SAetNc RIV-ER, 110 St. Anostotio Islood (Anaotaotio(, 81, 89, 94 St. Augottine, 32, 37-38, 40, 52, 34, 59, 60-65, 77, 79, 84-8S, 01, 127, 132, 142 St. Blot, Cope, 120 St. Fooncisco River, 119 St. George's Soond, 75 St. Illo Rioee, 29 So. Jago, Indion, 029 So. Johnt Boo, 76 St. Johns Bloff, 29 So. Johns Rivee, oii, 10, 35, 39, 66, 76-84, 001-3, 110, 119, 131-132 St. Johnst Ton, 26, 54 So. Joteph's Boy, 120 St. Looio Riter, 80, 96-98, 100-101 St. Stoie Rivee, 109 So. Moekt, 67 St. Markt Rivee, 77, 88 So. Moeys River, 34, 58, 67, 72, 74. 106, 131 So. Nicholot Rivee, 119 St. Peteet River, 019 So. Sohottion Creek, 87-88, 110 So. Vitctoot, Joon do, 84 Solo mooth loodt, 147 Sood Huhl, 148 Sotody Point, 100 Sanivol Itlood, 110 Ste Mteo Rivor, 12 Soo Solvodor, 10 Sonto Domingo, 56, 101 Sotoofrot, 14, 60 Sovoge, Thomot, 32 Sovonoo, Go., 30, 31, 38 Savannahs in Plorido, 102 Sawyer, Copo., 27 Scto, De., 61 Sea ton (maonatee), 172-73 Seoolt, 117 See, Willioam, 32 Stemioole, 39, 119, 121, 178 Shook Ritoo (Rio Corbooe), 109 Sheep, 169 Siogleton, Thomot, 33 Sittert Ceek, 77 Six Mlile Brook, 178 Skinneo, Copt., 30 Skinner, It. Col., 38 Sm-ith, Joseph ond Philip, 32 Stmoggling, 73, 135 Snokeeroo, 6 Snon in Plorido, 58, 60 Soils, 84, 88, OR, 92, 147 Spoio, ti, 12, 30, 37, 39, 52, 54-56, 60, 81, 88, 94, lOS, 107, 134, 137- 40, 175-76, 178, 184 Spolding, Mr., 83, 128. 137 Spootith Indiont, 97 Sprote Creek, 92 Otaoe hooso ot St. Augottine, 86 Stenoot, Wle, 27-28 Stoo, Do., 103 Stormt, Willioam, 181 Steother, Ste., 137 Stooro, John, 28 Stohht, Ste., 92 Subteeeooeous Rioee, 84 Roonet Rive, 99 Rotlesnoke, 170-21 Reed, Con. Jotob, 32 Refogeet, Loyolit, 40, 50 Rhode Islond, 64-63 Rihoold, Jtmet (Jeon Rihoolo), 12 Rito, 64, 72, 75, 90, 135, 139, 146 Rod, 73, 79, 87 Roonoke River, 65 Rocky Rivee (Rio Penoo), 11 Rodney, Sirle corge, 117 Rolle, Dtenys, 19, 66-67, 81, 140 Rolleton, 66, 81 Romaoot, Bernaoed, 93, 96, 97-90, 102, 003, 119, 120, 141 Romaon, Cope, 109 Root, 45, 132 Rothoford, Coot., 30 Rooledge, Edotoed ond Hogh, 32 SABINo RtVoo, 110 So. Anostaotio Islond (Anostooio), 81, 89, 94 So. Augostine, 32, 37-38, 40, 32, 54, 59, 60-65, 77, 79, 84-85, 91, 127, 132, 142 So. Blot, Cope, 120 So. Peontisto Riter, 119 St. George'sSoutnd, 75 St. Il Rivter, 29 So. Jago, Iodion, 129 So. Johnt Boo, 76 So. Johnt Bloff, 29 St. Johnso Rive, vii, 10, 35, 39, 66, 76-84, 101-3, l1t, 119, 131-132 So. Johnso Town, 26, 54 So. Jotephts Boy, 120 So. Loucia River-, 80, 06-98, 100-101 So. Stoie Rive, 109 So. Moek, 67 So. Moikt Rive, 77, 88 St. Moeyt Rivee, 34, 58, 67, 72, 74, 106, 131 So. Nitholot Rivee, 119 St. Petert Riover, 119 EN. 7 So. Sehootioto Creek, 07-88, 110 So. Viteote, Juan de, 84 Solo morthiland, 142 Sood Hills, 148 Sandy Poi, 100 SooitollIslond, 110 Soot Moteo Rivee, 12 Son Solvodo, 10 Sooto Domtingo, 56t 101 Sotoofoo, 14, 60 Sovoge, Thomot, 32 Sovnnath, Co., 30, 31, 38 Savannaohs in Florido, 102 Sawyer, Copo., 27 Sctl, Do., 61 Sea ton (mnatoee), 172-73 Seo toot, 117 See, Willion, 32 Semtinolet, 39, 119, 121, 178 Shock Rite- (Rio Caonoes), 109 Shoep, 169 Siogletnt Thootot, 32 Sioteet Croek, 77 Sin Mile Book, 178 Skionee, Copo., 30 Skinnee, Lot. Col., 38 Smtith, Joteph tod Philip, 32 Smoggling, 73, 135 Snakeooto,66 Son in Ploreido, 58, 60 Soile, 84, 88, 90, 92, 147 Spoio, vi, 12, 30, 37, 39, 52, 04-SO, 60, 01, 80, 94, lOS, 107, 134, 137- 40, 175-76, 178, 184 Syolding, Me., 83, 128, 137 Spanith Indiono, 07 Spooce Ceeek, 92 Stote hoote 00 So. Aogottioe, 86 Soowort, Wolter-, 27-28 Stoe, Dr., 103 Stot-, Williom, 181 Steothoer, Me., 137 Sotoar, John, 38 Stohhs, Mle., 92 Sohooooooeoot Ri-vee, 84  INDEX. INDEX. 9 INDEX. Sugar cne, 20, 84, 87, 90-92, 146, 154-55 Sugar mill, n-Ens, 91-92 Smer heat, 62 Superintndent of Indin Affais, 39 Survyo, 46, 94 Suwannee River-, 119-20 Swamps, 79, 90, 122, 147 Swnsn, Mr., 197 TAnn-,E, n-n-n, Inin tow, 129-30 Tallahassees (Big Tnlansin(, 28, 90 TnIleyrnd, 126 Tampa Bay, 12, 119, 116-18 Taxes-, 25, 44-45, 49 Taylor, Mr., 99 Tea, 92, 168 Tnnessee, 125-26, 179 Tequestas, 162 Thomson, James H.,, 92 Tides, 91, 92. 199, 119 Timoth5y, 1eter, 32 Tobacco, 195 Todd, Jonhn, 32 Tomokee River, 99 Tnyn, Paick, 29, 94,.22, 41, 47- 49, 82. 187-88 Ioome, Anthny, 32 Trade, 24, 46, 198, 194 Trade wn,,,59 Tnety texts, 187-224 Turkey buzzard, 65 Tur-keys, 102 TunbuSll, Andrew-, 19, 61, 91, 140 Turpntin, 25, 192 Turtles, sen, 95, 99, 197, 126, 172 Twe-lve Mile Swamnp, 82-84 VALDEZn, Pedro de, 84 Vanilla, 161 Vegetables, 88 Veran(dV errzini),1 Vespucci, Amernigo, 9 Virginia, 65, 184 Virginia Iear, 66 Volneny, C. F., 65 WAKEFIEL, Jme, 32 WalternBennjamnin,2 WalIton, Mn-., 72 War ofn 1612. 72, 121, 125, 129, 126 Washinngtn,George, 56 Watkays, 28 West, Dr., 61 Westen, Gazateer, 172 West- Florida:; discovere-d, 13; to England, 17; boudaries of, 126, 124; epensesn oI, 192; populatin of8, 142 West Indies, 24, 60, 114 Wnyma-n, Edwar-d, 32 White, Col., 28 White, Enrique, 56-57, 199-200 Wilkinson, Morto-n, 92 Willinam IlI of England, 12 Willinam Point, 79 Winds,, 58-59, 112 Wine, 49, 66, 132 W-inn-,s, mild, 59, 61 Wolves-,, 169 Wood, Henry9, 111 Woo-dhinen, Col1., 121 Woodcutters- Creek, 96 Wrekers,, 107, 134 Wr-ight, Dr, 61 Wright, Jeyn, 74 Yeates,, David, 61 n-ellow, Ife-er. 62 Oden-owIn, 91r., 82 Yonnge, Charles, 98-99 Vong n-iver, 169 Yucantan, Ill ZESPEDE, Governor, 54 Su-gar cnen, 29, 84, 87, 96-92, 146, 154-55 Sugar m~ill, rnsni, 91-92 Summern Seat, 62 Supintndntof nddian Affair, 39 Sunnyo, 46, 94 Suwnnee n-i-ern, 119-20 Swamnp, 78, 96, 122, 147 Swn-nn Mr-., 127 T,,n- n-n,-E, Indian townn, 129-0 Tallahsseesn (Big Talasies), 78, 20 Talleyrnd, 176 TampanBay, 12, 116, 116-18 Taxes, 25, 44-45, 49 Taylor, Mr., 96 Tea,, 92, 168 Tnn-ese, 125-26, 172 Teqnesnas, 192 Thomn-n-n, James H, 32 Tides, 91, 92, 196, 115 TimothSy, ete, 32 Tobaccon, 129 Todd, John, 32 Tleratnion-n, re-ligiousn, 49 ITomokee, Rive, 99 Tonyn, Patnick, 23, 24, 27, 41, 47- 49, 82, 187-88 roomer, Antny,2 Trad, 24, 46, 128, 184 Trade wninds, 59 Treay text, 187-224 Turke-y bnun-ards, 69 Tur-keys, 192 Turnbull, Andrew, 19, 61, 91, 146 Tur-pntin-, 25, 122 Turtles1n, sean, 95, 98, 197, 126, 172 Twelve- Mile Snwannp, 82-84 VALDE, Pedro de, 84 Vanilla, 161 Vn-getables, 88 Verrazno (de Verraini), 11 Vespucci, Amerigo, 9 Virgini, 69, 184 Virginia heart, 66 Voneny, C. F., 65 WAKEFIELD-n, Jame, 92 Walter,, Bnjan-nin, 32 WaltnI,, M1r., 72 War of, 1612, 72, 121, 199, 139, 178 Wasington, Geoge, 96 Wats-kays, 28 West, Dr., 61 Wes-tn Cnn-n-tn-n-, 172 West, Flor-ida: dinscovered, 12; t Engla~nd, 17; boundaries of, 129, 174; epenses- of, 122; popuaionnn-n ofI, 142 West Indie, 24, 66,114 Wymn, Edwarnd, 32 White, CoIl, 28 hite, Fnrique, 56-57. 199-206 Wilkinsonnn, Moro, 32 William- III nof England, 19 William- Enint, 78 Wi~nds, 58-59, 112 Wine, 49, 66, 12 Winters-n, mEild, 99, 61 WoElves-, 169 Wood4, Hnry, III Woodbin, Col, 121 Woodcutters, Creenk, 96 Wreker, 197, 124 h-nigh, En-,, 61 Wr-ight-, Jermn, 24 Y~nzoo RIVnR, 176 Yetesn, David, 61 n-nllo-w Ife-e, 62 Ye-llow~ly, Mr., 89 on-ge, CharIe, 98-99 Younng n-in-,-, 169 Yucannnn III ZESPEDES-n, Conorn, 54 Sugar cnen, 26, 84, 87, 96-92, 146, 154-55 Sugar n-ill, ruin, 91-92 Summern Sea, 67 Superinte-ndnt on-ldian Affirs, 19 Survennyo, 46, 94 Suwnnee n-in-,-, 119-20 Swamp, 78, 96, 122, 147 Swnn, M., 127 TALAHASACHIEnn, 1ndin ton-,, 129-30 Tallahsseesn (Big Talassies), 28, 26 Taleyra-nd, 176 Tn-npn Bay9, 12, 116, 116-18 Tnaxes, 39, 44-45, 49 Taylo, Oh-., 96 Tea, 92, 168 Tnn-nne, 175-26, 175 Te-questas, 192 Thsn-, Jnnnes H., 2 Timotnhy, Peter-, 32 Tobacco,, 125 Todd, Jon,, 02 Toleratin, reIigious, 49 Tomonkeen n-in-in 96 Tonyn, Pntrick, 79, 24,237, 41, 47- 49, 82, 187-88 Toomer, Antn-n-y, 32 Tn-de, 24, 46, 128, 184 Trade winds,9 Treatyntext, 187-224 Turke-y Sn-nnards, 69 Tuke-ys, 182 TunEbull, Andrew-, 19, 61, 91, 146 Tnurpnin-, 95, 122 Turtles-, sea, 95, 98, 167, 126, 172 Twelve- M1i1e Swn-amp, 82-84 VALDEZn-, Pe-drn de, 84 Vanilln, 181 Vegetable, 88 Verran(dVerraz-nini), 11 Vespucc-i, Amerigo, 9 Vir-gini, 65, 184 Viginia Sn-n-, 66 Voney, C. F., 65 WAKEFIELD--n-, Jamnes, 2 Walte, Benjaminn, 32 Walnon, Mrn., 22 War-nI 1812, 72, 121, 195, 129, 1 78 Washington, Cnorge, 56 Watsky, 28 West, D., 61 Wester-nn CGawteer, 172 West, Flor-ida: discovn-n-d, 13; to England, 17; bn-oundaries of, 126, 174; en sesn-nn of, 192; populat-in ofn, 142 West, Inndin-, 24, 68, 114 Wynn--n, Edwar-d, 32 W-hi-, Cnl., 28 White, Eniqn-, 96-92, 199-786 W-ilkinsn, Mnorton, 32 h-illian- III n-n- Englnnd, 12 Wil11liam Pnint, 79 Wind, 98-99, 112 Wine, 45, 66, 12 Wntersn, m-ild, 99, 61 Wonlv-e, 169 Wood, Hnryn-, 111 Woodbine-, CnIl, 121 Woondcutners Creek, 90 h-rn-kers-, 187, 124 h-nigS, Dr.2, 61 Wight-, Jermnny, 24 Onzoo n-n-E, 176 Yeate, Dinhnd, 61 Yellnn- In-ver, 62 Yn-llow1y, Mrn., 89 Ong-, Chnnles, 98-99 onng n-inn-in 19 Yucatn, 1ll ZnEPEDE, ovnor-, 54  *. ,. __ ~ , , ,.a ,: K