HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA and Vicinity 1513 to 1924 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA and Vicinity 1513 to 1924 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA and Vicinity 1513 to 1924  FARRIS BRYANT f the State of Florida 1961-1965 Car Sandburg has said: "Books say Yes to life. Or theysay No." The twelve volumes commemorating the Quadricenten- ial of Florida say Yes. They unfold a story so adventurous and thrilling, so colorful and dramatic, that it would pass for pion were the events no solidly rooted in historical fact. Five varying cultures have shaped the character of Florida and endowed her with the pride and wisdom that come from full knowledge and abiding understanding. Lot us enjoy with deepening gratiunde Florida's magnetic natural endowments of sun and var and sky. Let us also recognize in her unique cutural heritage the pattern of energy and dedication that will spur us to face the challenges of today and tomorrow with confidence. I am grateful for the privilege of sharing these volumes with you. FARRLS BRYANT Governor n/ the Staie of Florida 1961 -1965 Carl Sandburg has said: "Books say Yes to life. Or they say No," The twelve volumes commemorating the Quadricenten. nial of Florida say Yes. They unfold a story so adventurous and thrilling, so colorfua and dramatic, that it would pass for fiction were the events not solidly rooted in historical fact. Five varying culures have shaped the character of Florida and endowed her with the pride and wisdom that come from full knowledge and abiding understanding. Let us enjoy with deepening gratitude Florida's magnetic natural endowments of sun and surf and sky. Le us also recognize in her unique cultural heritage the pattern of energy and dedication that will spue us to face the challenges of today and tomorrow with conpdence. I am grateful for the privilege of sharing these volumes with you. FARRIS BRYANT of/She a 1961.-1005 Carl Sandburg has said: "Books say Ues to life. Or they say No." The twelve volumes commemorating the Quadricenten- nial of Florida say Yet. They unfold a story so adventurous and thrilling, so colorful and dramatic, that it would pass for pction were the events not solidly rooted in historical fact. Five varying cultures have shaped the character of Florida and endowed her with the pride and wisdom that come from full knowledge and abiding understanding. Let us enjoy with deepening gratitude Florida's magnetic natural endowments of sun and surf and sky, Let ts also recognize in her unique cultural heritage the pattern of energy and dedication that will spur us to face the challenges of today and tomorrow with confdence. I am grateful for the privilege of sharing these volumes with you.  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA and Vicinity 1513 to 1924 r HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA and Vicinity 1513 to 1924 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA and Vicinity 1513 to 1924 A FACSIMIL E .PODCTION If I1C I925 EDITION RNTRODLICTION by RICHARD A. MARTIN IE I, 1911 EDITION INTRODUCTION by RICHARD A. MARTIN A FACSIMILE EPRMOUCTION IEOTRIIa by RICHARD A. MARTIN QUIADRICENTENNIAL EDIRIO d a, FLRDIANS FACSIMILE 6 REPRINT ERES QUADRIGmN2~iNIAL EDITION oE IS, FLORIDIANA FACSIMILE 0. REPRINT SERIES QUA ORIIENTENNIAL EC1111DM FLORIDIANA FACSIMILE b REPRINT ERIES UnivePCFty of Florida FFes; GAINESVILLE,, 1964 Universiiy of Florida PF591 GAINESVILLE, 1964 University of Florida Prss OAENEESILLE. I964  vounaoaa~afl vN S9It l1IO1~l 1vNarArT3 NVl1I~ 0e Ma0 NOL l(OHN JJIIV A IV A dHILe NOlflU] 1VT1WSINHJIHO Vflb H;19*\ P ii;H J /T o r~H7 roar~~ m xuuo Hfw Nv m NoISJJ I YFNl..NaN:)THlwfl  THE CABINET FARRIS BRYANT CoED'S, THE CABINET FARRIS BRYANT Ooooono, TOM ADAMSR Ot~l~ f Slurt SloyB G-,N SooP mpuooaer JAMES WO. KYNRO JFnwsN LARSO TOM ADA ,AU,-tor of S'aoe RAY F- CORDS Stu, compoll JALNrny Gon Nd J.Fflwonv FAo)S SSI, b WD FAR{RIS BRYANT GCANSo Tom ASE., JoAS W. YNES Soe [m xJ""ABO, COerRRA RAY F. COreoN J. EDWIN LEVATE SluCAME..... Slae TOOA DO , R F-ONx 5F THOMAS D. BATIRY Co-NHoinrof AECEiODOOe SapornoAdt oto CAH, NCMOEtw, THE BOARD OF CONTROL DottSq FCONNLD TROMAS D.ROLH S CoVRFRIOOofO A gbrAI~ SnperOE nn of Psbli' tnlRtrnoon THE BOA RD OF CONTROL DOYL FOOSFFe TROMAS D. BAILEY CxmniAORRR fO Agmoahan SuperiRrnaeI of Psbio bal-fREoO THE BOARD OF CONTROL BAY'0 M. D'aoo, o oJ. C bomr nan St. POOtNRhnO CHI0n . FOtnME, TVM. Pc. Lmd~,tdl, WAYNE C. MCCALL DDOS. DooC Jam LARS C [ K00oDINGo MaErt BAFRT H. W. SCOSROO VIoC Cbainnao JaeboilP, JOLN Opoc,; FORSOlk (LoENTEN F WOI TLE J OR. CD [R D0 koxosotovo DRi .E.IO, THllSE...o BAY 10.5C. HAR DOR 0 , JR. CGaRnoon OR. PoNarborg oHRLSn. FORMAN, D.V . to. FLoberolot WAYNE C. MCCALL D.D.S. Orol, JAMEDO LAWDINCE MASNO MtooA GIR DD . WL St .I VR*, Cboirmoo JOHN C. FOCI pN ReaC/ CIENTS.oo JoWo LR Ortarcdo J. B. CULPPE ExcutiOAEoI . Dora Tad~obooe, BATA M. IN -,JON JR. C tOA OA R st. PoSYerobt COCOnSE R. DARMA, D.VM. Ft. Laodo~dolo WAY.. C MCAL, D.O.S. fOeala JAM-S LAWRRAC Kmso MOORA GDRE CO. W. SOoZm Rh, Cbairoo 1-EAOOROR7 JNON C. POACR PC Rta 'o CROOPRO RI Woo.- Oranxdo J2. o.p o Eosotin ELIT no, Tadloloa.oo  TC, QUA:' RI C HAITI N N IAL EDITION ELORIOIANAEACSEIMLF4trREPRINI SEILES CARPRTBAG lISLE IN FLORIDA by 3yb,, WOOI, 1888. (1(111 by men~ THE CIIL w A AND R.CONS'RL:OFON IN RLORIDA by W IlS. ,. A INIIvEXILES OP FLORIDA by 3,1R1 I. A11. 15. FORiOb by A19bl, W.C l wS~y I.RIAFORTOUR11ISTS, INA-OS N SE.TTLERS by CA19y9 M. 1. 12. Edjvd by ER.I9ISB P .; 3'- HISTORICAL MEMOIR OF TIRE WAR TN WEST FI.IIANO LOMIS HSOYNdi AIA ddb EN C ,1w 9 ,I NOTICES OFFOID N IL CAMPAIGNS by- N. 54.b IRM1.111 EA-d by 0. z. TyIIE 3, TICE ORIGIN, PROGRESS, AND CONCLUSION 00 THE FLORIDA WAR by Jyb T. ,ysI~ IRS E1l1b Jsb,. 11111 Tb1b DIA,,. EbIR. PDO NENTDE dR AVILES by Gm6121 SASli dy MERI. 1567. (Tb1 9119 ill SVFIHISi1IIS9I,11iy IIIliSII'MRIIEJIRIIIIIRISE3EIIIIR Tb.y1,C ES.-) Ed-d1 by LylE N9. M.AmiI~.. TH PRCHASE GE FLORIDA by H.W,, 19191 FIIEly. IMP. RAydb by W PyRSbT3yds SETCHES ITRCl AND TOE'OOIAEHICAI. 011 THE FlORIA5 by J.., 01.C-1 E1,by,. 1821. EdiS1 by J-.1 W. C..Aiyls. THE WHOLE :TRUE DIRCOERYR OF TERRA FLORIDA by 31.. RE:.- 15(. (Tb FIWAS E.9 N HInyiEII SRIIIE yl', dt ylla l g'be A Rpby l SIb,., by 3121l.¢TBb. Cly ED-, md by I7.yi LC 0614.  The Qsaeirsraoial Coat-of-Arms Snsnmsuoted by the Crete tysnbolising our National temblena ,ad undelied by the Scrott, the Shield --tith tie your of Sipaisaithe ra ire quarter of honor, followed by the fleur- dr-li of France, the Von Rampart of ritatta, and the Mullets and Saltier of the Confederacy.--depicts the foar-hundred. year cutors heritage of one Florida of today. The Qadieent.eoal Caatrot-Aem, Surmounted by tht Cres tynobthing our National Lombien and onderlinrad by the Scroll, the Shield- with theI Tower of Spain its the Hteraldic qater of honor, followed by the Fi cr-, dc-lit sf Prance, the Lits Ramopant of Britain, and the apsel anal Saltier of the Confederacy - depict the onr-hnndred- year claltaa issitaga of our Florida of today. The Quaieuiat Coat-f-Arms, Surmouuoted by the C- reas sybolizing sare Nadtionat Tmi era aod undrlined by lbs Scrol, she Shield- wih the Towrof Spain in the Heraldic quortet of honor, foltowued by the Flers delis of France, the Lon Ramtpantsof Bitao, ad the Matlets anal Saltier of the Confederacy - depics the fur-huadred year cultural heritage of star Florida of today. To, q 1111.1a 1 n 11"no ar .¢r......od e c W 1.I e,iaos~~nsso~tesawro~~ossas~ e a r. o ua a ctsi,,ht.aot d-s K> .; n=- fs , ttii v tfl{'m4.:y, e ... . . .. . :. s....f' . . < .. ':. oh , R " . t' >4> £ a h y. PE y 'ffi« iYy. f E ti.4 4' S+.+F a} 4Y fd 6x' ,5 tr 5 y r 5. a i .} x Y..# ." 4r Y ii£j.  FLORIDA'S QUADRICENTENNIAL FLORIDA'S QUADRICENTENNIAL FLORIDA'S QUADRICENTENNIAL LOBIDhA enjoys a oniqiete positon among the fifty states of the Union, Her city of St. Augustine antedates famestown, the sec- ond oldest European settlement within the present boundaries of the United States, by forty-two years. But it was not antit 1950 that Florida entered the select circle of the ten most populous states of the nation. Since 1950 she has passed Massachusetts in population and is chal- lenging New Jersey for eighth place. Withi the South only Texas with more than four and one-half times the area of Florida has a larger population. Neither number nor age is necessarily a distinction, but most Americans are impressed by she former and revere the latter. Floridians view the recent and rapid increase in their state's population as an indication of youthful vigor. In 1860 eleven states of the Union had a million or more inhabitants, a status symbol not attained by Florida until the mid-1920's. At she turn of the century Florida ranked thirty-third in a nation of forty-six commonwealths; today she is ninth in population among the fifty states. In contrast to the national increase of less than 20 per cent from 1950 to 1960, Florida's population increased by more than 78 per cent. The number of people living in the state in 964 is more than twice that of 1950. While boasting of their state's recent surge, Floridians are also proud of their four-hundred-year-old origin. In 1957 the Florida Quadricentennial Commission was established. With the approval of its members local organisations have celebrated the quadricentennials of several historic events. The attempt of Tristin de Lana to found a colony on the western tip of Santa Rosa Island in t559 was observed in L0515Aenjoys a unique position among the fifty state, of the Union. Her city of StC Augustine antedates famestown, the sec- ond oldest European settlement within the present boundaries of the United States, by forty-ewo years, But it was not until 1950 that Florida entered the select circle of the ten most populous states of the nation. Since 1950 she has passed Massachusetts in population and is chal- lenging New Jersey for eighth place. Within the South only Texas with more than four and one-half tines the area of Florida has a larger population. Neither oumber nor age is ncessarily a distinction, bus most Americans are impressed by the former and revere the latter. Floridians view the recent and rapid increase in their state's population as an indication of youthful vigor. In 1860 eleven states of the Union had a million or more inhaitan, a status symbol not attained by Florida until the mid-1920's. At the turn of Tbecetury Florida ranked thirty-third in a nation of forty-six commonwealths; today she is ninth in population among the fifty state,. In contrast to the national increase of less than 20 per cent from 1950 to 1960, Florids population increased by more than 78 per cent. The number of people living in the state in 1%64 is more than twice that of 1950. While boasting of their slate's recent surge, Floridians are also proud of their four-hundred-year-old origin. In 1957 the Florida Quadricentennial Commission was established. With the approval of it, members local organizations have celebrated the quadricentennials of several historic events. The attempt of Tristdn de Lana to found a colony on the western tip of Santa Rosa Island in 1559 was observed in louse enjoys a unique position amng the fifty states of the Union. Her city of St. Augustine antedates famesoown, the sec- and oldest European settlement within , the present boundaries of the United States, by forty-two years. But it was not until 1950 that Florida entered the select circle of the ten most populous states of the nation. Since 1950 she has passed Massachusetts in population and is chal- lenging Nes Jersey for eighth place. Within the South only Texas with more than four and one-balf times the area of Florida has a larger population. Neither number nor age is necessarily a distinction, but most Americans are impressed by the former and revere the latter. Floridians view the recent and rapid increase in their state's population as an indication of youthful vigor. In 1860 eleven states of the Union had a million or more inhabitants, a status symbol not attained by Florida until the mid-1920's. At the turn of the century Florida ranked thirty-third in a nation of forty-six commonwealths; today she is ninth in population among the fifty states. In contrast to the national increase of less than 20 per cent from 1950 to 1960, Florida's population increased by more than 78 per cent. The number of people living in the state in 1964 is more than twice that of 1950. While boasting of their states recent surge, Floridians are also proud of their four-hundred-year-old origin. In 1957 the Florida Quadricentennial Commission was established. With the approval of its members local organizations have celebrated the quadricentenvials of several historic events. The attempt of Tristin de Luna to found a colony on the western tip of Santa Rota Island in 1559 was observed in  viz Florida's Quadricentennial cin Florida's Quadrethennial viii Frid.. s Quadricentennial Pensacola by reconstructing the Spanish village settlement. In 1962 Jacksonville noted the Quadricentennial of Jean Ri- baue's explorations with a colorful drama. Even before this tribute to the French explorer, a museum was built near the spot where in 1564 another Frenchsan, Rens de Landon- ne, brought the first Protestant colonists to an area within the present-day United Slates. These and other quadrices- tennial celebrations will culminate in 965 with state, national, and international observance of the founding of St. Augus- ten There are many ways to celebrate quadr;cntennats - parades, speeches, pageants, the re-creation of villages and forts, and the restoration of buildings. Some of these are spectacular but fleeting; others, including the-rrtation of buildings, wiall remain for our descendants to see and feet. Aore enduring than any of these are ideas. For this reason the Governor, the Cabinet, and the Florida Quadricentennial Commission gave priority to the reprinting of rare and valua. ble books relating to Florida. These reproductions will en.- dure. They will enable many Americans to share in the state's past, and soill provide surce material for the historian. Until recently few authors or publishers were interested in Florida. Englishmen brought the first printing press to For. ida in 1783 and from it came a newspaper and two books. But fora century and a half the books on Florida were rare and the number of copies printed was small. In cooperation wth the University of Florida Press the Quadricentennial Commission is reprinting twelve rare or semi-rare books. The subject matter in these volumes covers a period of more than three hundred years of Florida's history--the French and Spanish settlements, the War of 1812, the purchase by the United States, the Seminole War, the Civil War and Recon struction, and the modern period. In addition to textual re- Pensacola by reconestructing the Spanish village settlement. In 1962 Jacksonville noted the Quadricentennal of Jean Ri- basdt's explorations with a colorful drama. Even before this tribute to the French txplorer, a museum was built near the spot where in 1664 another Frenchman, RenS de Laudon' niure, brought the irst Protestant colonists to an area n-sihin the present-day United States .'These and other quadricen- ternial celebrations will culminate in 1965 with tate, national, and international observane of the founding of St. Augus- 'here are many ways to celebrate quadricentennials - parades, speeches, pageants, the re-creasion of villages and Jorts, and the restoration of buildings. Some of these are spectacular but fleeting; others, including the-mtaratios of buildings, will remain for our descendants to see and feel. More enduring than any of these are ideas. For this reason the Governor, the Cabinet, and the Florida Quadricentennial Commission gave priority to the reprinting of rare and value. ble books relating to Florida. These reproductions will en- dure. They will enable many Americans to share in the state's past, and saill provide source material for the historian. Until reconty few authors or publishers were interested in Florida. Englishmen brought the first printing press to Flor- ida in 1783 and from it came a newspaper and two books. But for a century and a half the books on Florida were rare and the number of copies printed was small. In cooperation itb the University of Florida Press the Quadricentennial Comminiss isreprinting twelve eare or semi-rare books. The subject matter in these volumes covers a period of more than three hundred yeas of Florida's historytbe French and Spanish settlements, the War of 1812, the purchase by the United States, the Seminole War, the Civil War and Recon struction, and the modern period. In addition to textual r Pensacola by reconstructing the Spanish village settlement. In 1962 facksonslle noted the Quadricentennial of Jean Ri- ault's explorations with a colorful drama. Even before this tribute to the French explorer, a museum was built near the spot where in 1564 another Frenchman, Rene de Laudo- sre, brought the first Protestant colonists to an area within the present-day United States. These and other quadricen- tenial celebrations will culminate in 1965 wih state, nationa, and international observance of the founding of St. Augus- sane. There are many ways to celebrate quadricentennials - parades, speeches, pageants, there-creation of villages and fortes, and the restoration of buildings. Some of these are feetacular but fleeting; others, including the restration of buildings, will remain for our descendants to see and feel. Aore enduring than any of these are ideas. For this reason the Corernor, the Cabinet, and the Florida Quadricentennial Commission gave priority to the reprinting of rare and valua- ble books relating to Florida. These reproductions will en- dure. They will enable many Americans to share in the state's past, and will provide source material for the historian. Until recently few authore or publishers were interested in Florida. Englishmen brought the first printing press to Flor- id in 1783 and from it came a newspaper and lu-s books. But for a century and a half the books on Florida were rare and the number of copies printed was small. In cooperation with the University of Florida Press the Quadricentennial Commission is reprinting twelve rare or semi-eare books. The subjecT maer in these volunmes covers a period of more than three hundred years of Florida's history-the French and Spanish settlements, The War of 1812, the purchase by the United States, the Seminole War, The Civil War and Recon- struc'on, and the modern period. In addition to textual re-  Florida, Quasdriennal ix prodoctions, these. facsimile editions esortain introduction by h busintsrea, journalists, and prof essor,. Th e Qoadricentenniat Contarsis,, ho/set these twelve hooks coll stimolate the pro- ductli of other reprints and encourage students to write original manooscilsts which describe and interpret Florida's past. T'he Florid (J-d ricsenis I Commnison Florida's Quadriceotennial ,x produictions, therse facoimile editions, contain introductionshby businessmen, journalists, and professors. The Qaadrieeensa Commission hopet these tswelve hooks will stimulate the pro- ductio of other reprints and ea sage students is0 i original namoscript, winch describe and interpret Florida's Pass. Thne Florida Qsadiren..oiL. Csramsjcr WIrs F.CsssN Ss.-Nstno A.I OsON Cssws-Tatlhsss C:sARO L -iicscdnA. lor. Car-r suds JHNat lIMN . (sstsumAiO-lal KniATHRYAPFOY Psro-iserkd CT Ts saaNDER -.Prssaosl Josr IT FsraS nnrMansL Gnso H. W5. Scsnnao-Jsclsnsrllr H. F- Ws,.s,-Or. Asesssinr F'Rs.F1, KONT, CbarsanJavnsillc Obsess CsssLIOs,5- Tamnps Ws'.sco Cosssms- alhsnec JOAN AnoN CO~NS-asrpa CisnonoCnM, GAY-Orss I~vsxsitW G.os.. a.1.1al Hlo... Car,,T,,spn Jou MAROH~nAL G555-oaIO Ko srr, Aarnn HAnrvI-WisrsPari MAccurse lssoaor-jsllsksss CssAIIP. 0...ma an-Pravcass JOHN D. PFNNSKO Mr-Miami Jor THC R... rrnissoboarsu Gnse H.W0. S';sr. se.--oosrsnsl H. F- Wo-11.1, Asgnnn Florda's Quaadrieentenuial ax fprodoctions, these facsimile editions contain introductions b businessmren, journlat, asd prol e...rs. The Quadriceenm' Commission hoper these twaelve books scNti ulsact the pro due iun orf sther reprints and encourage otudents teo write Original manuscripts rebich describe and inerpret Thsriddas past. 'Thie Florida Qusdtiaserial Cummaianis 7Tl C(5A1A1t-SSOt) Fss.-H. K--rCluirnnas-Joolssssil Dun. Lti. CAsRLTN, f S-assps Wscsss CIa' so-Tnahaavu Jrrx Aano Covrs-lssIn LHIsO CT M, Gsn--Or1a1ds H~unse G5.N- lsuns-IA H......sti(cs-.Tampa JOxrN 151555,55.5 Cssorr-O ur Ksxsiiss Arsar l-Aso-Wsrss Parlk MsA-Fsry Huulsr.-TllasAasr CHasis ii. rHR, Purl J.ONsH T,A ...s essom. -Muon JOON eio n us&TH-N-Ssoros..s insT Ii. 05. OOHaMms-Jsassssl HI. F. V'sCr-s A......inr   EDITORIAL PREFACE Tshe reoateene of inseesa i nt histoy is mrsPhn - n U.Dto othe edy -cnosail ealt Aaec ahiowtywasTnal llToy. aiece Se. Armistice, J teomntaoa Plymouth, nds other ea hoaed settlennot soe the nly nosiseinon Ac ltst eatotny esynoe, moarly yielded Pteiary to the state nd Thee the stt to the nation. State and necat studies were left to namater historians cit d f 1lppd tep l admitm r toos Tin tun a lieay als lity nd the pedtiea of- leccaaleatoaofoundgaetrswads iunntWthoantio laonlhis ito tnt son.-cor donad-o bon-ses agnin becte -,esalel. While taot taistry still salteromnt iotellectunt disr i alino the heat nttaut bhtinot t o admit that it is ioseat. Thte stateand oattoo arenaroee Wanathe exteneded n sofemanyltentI mool- Wtes anal ahe scady of rnaaoi ina these neenss bsxic stoe aadetsannditgo hetrrettsantts Ttaolny oototem laaoro tshkettloruthainaoynt isssn it a s a dbItaee rmfofpeniow. ao otndiant oi 1.aid a t- qutlylIserataaalio atryoaattludlea emhtute u nd rea otdstttf naini o itn oobis-oanraenc. Ncbrliafrom nroues fo he sle ofsnf expee noreie to ¢mood ntheiaota i cotecio Iote e riteal, in teso fact aT nd anedoms nod io waiing pionecer istories Msto of fte lad quaariswhoeaoatldtoorsanytir a fart andnWrew the Antong th de antaten, hoeer neateew who liars just dlo T finkDur f ar reiets of his adopterd stat of Foneida a1 u.en hit adinated pr. ity are tonteebtcd to him lee thisor hos, tosraiho, ,ns aeiote. enttre fietd of Floeida h ietey sas Itis slemainhobt his s s oota EDITORIAL PREFACE The ronoteatto at intest Is taout history It a neseo pheonos- esoe. Dasigs0 als y -nlarial er al Arseicnol stoy sealt history, aine St. Aa,-aa. Juam atoota. m tya aut nd uther hoard seaassnee reaaoyooaiosat e. Attacnaata eptdato loaiy yelded paitss tshe sa nodthen the utate 1.nthethentsStar nd tocalstatieo a-ee[tft tononet hi M ina ndmadonteoftoeiotiesholisteoedloomhMasrces oreeri t otrvitiaty. The man waitla literary ability utt Ineadttect logrpess, I.u ontrnrdiotistltailola toty. BRn ioor oastdcds localiy tins aaita heom rsatahle. ..lat cottisoysill safr lar istltant m lscsitaio h heat eti-utiiainot da aui That itv i l -tynantThtotad suto rea t n hanaWeosdedamrsal ay las aontl a teand the sdy of maaancatse in boe- .oeas in booe S.ata aneetdigf thenegercnmmaiaes The lay oran u Mtn ehitorats cho kue local Iiistey tie e rne instooene. d byteoyrfr sse as adletdiae idani. Fe iaereestingnsenltaare ottseceonewiheefoasiato r na estiennll taihao ontead en praaueooaheetnlt of lan dsiig wss eapented no coad Heo b ..od nameislis t nollecp, ro an ma ereal. o f oTa nd anoodoses. and in dsnrinwhotanecooded , fmos mayth that fact nIl sesee ens-the ruoad ithlet oat ost als study. Amsonigngtheamnatears sonoser, wnrr afewsohs e stbae tattne T. Freck m od of Fleoroitta onu t'~.cmo a se. Th inetd t hab 'p~s adote of o at at d and iadopted city ne d idhtdrt hitm toe htn banks, mosannl, and otas. The ntio b alietdno lraMatty ama tdsonuiaba Lais mrottrom- tEtITOlIAt. PREFACE The meos-cee al loreost in kent idrstry it a cant ,tm elgte ib o a l r-e itr ysteosi ltiaoy, since St Autineor Jamesmnowt Plymoiuth, uttd sthersea- hodacteaeotsoeethe onlyotessicxsnc e As theenucty exyaaded, toentity yieldrd primary in die ste and [lhs t the n-tase tdacon. State and tot- stuiee a Ialt ta nr hietnn~ ad remtabet ofsociet siet wha atio ehean 1 Mespeecenc tend tteoiai nng the ta si lliterary nbtlety sosd the pstasli col- lage pnfesnue fond Beate rnads in nutasal Thus is local his tey Rnaiocesot dewadestmoetyhsagnat h~eocece-penthle. White kant hiss or still scheen lean ialbeto slnoamiaiooe atoe hestatriposan im latrins do Iranot Thtit is Idytt aTt st ad teaad Talsadyat a1 ttsat u aTte, .,aes badecto an natde aadio athe lar TUne lay no .naa haion h s ktehps local histnory atie sahen sta erd hy the peoteetenl was a deicated indisidual. Pro- ,uealy heaypesa atoofthiseoec s onswhat be foundtIsbeoa anee~n aon anooaneaisasre Nsidsethonointmraod foaatitdsnta of is booka oenadotst panoto fromaths results sftaisaetbgsaas -apeetdooeaccsedalO reaf d satiefaetiooin aotlongaooae materal. ittaaaoosglastndsbodatas andib rag ainseo Iaitoea.Mnit he ~tyusaoaiass ~ ,cnn honhreaededas rth thtnafaad acme. eenoth heoad isayliontitos of hintocien sttady_ Amtong the umattues, hasnct sen feo wha I knejs a tsaee. .feedeik Daeasnf tjknsdtea fI- Te redes-aof his udod state Pr Hsoid.and bin adopatrd city aes mdched to im far his bosh.a ntuoaon acid aniles The rnatac fuldof Florida istay ca. asb dosa buatbhisasoaona-  alEDITORAL. PRE.FACE: ,-heil-n ook aon aost trill,saiodcocoiiecbdnmadlwi- dlt do -ar, foom the French o'xl,ttors of 1,62 to ]ist ohItan oftlerFloridafBoom intsves Durng ts m'odtltelodiancsoo fordtn.orSlmnou~thoolihsoSt Jois Riot, a ,onaoodlJaolsont idto huor And,,, 3Jt. PertonnydI... n Jokseosvlk' nn l iyt m, ht fthe690 ,stb notmee oloil y in Flode ad the got, yt he, pint - it the luste. Foe few moothofoigdoeeright ofthellhainBsci Ihelo-kotlnoil, oaF stotnrrovvd toe, p.orogornelmu anotler depot in the United stn. Thoe middle year of the 190 waOs o the ocoocinl ante for limit' hssimv of loekoooile Sioetho titecit hissoRced neeroon nod oosepd grooth Alfhough it lot to Miamt it d in tt of Loing ltntso largesteioo. JnekconiSoftotsdoonsaer ta oueporonsolr iioestlo dotletot ltoityamodsoahis- toroooofohdnlseoolindw oal oooodood onsoprotiJto me itory. Fmo-F eool tmueenod Feseted dto' of thelEditorial Pd"cof thelorhrannttcloco Rrhond M.Dtmnecogntreothe eoatoihtt Oero of Dnoinrhitnt-o Biot Motnndnennt il oithe oo -torcof the euogit wheeo womnset It, welte rolepeloihe readrwth ea.enonse Dhiing hllfettime TrrickeDe louged for thcopPruoo esoec1 hoisoolory tootrotsoes ond toonokoadtditot .tllBgoodhisorno hecoredowooand di. ets ot orieihI pioreee hioiry of JaokaonilleioFnmoutstatd- tIg 'Scotof good toot history- 'The linnnoin of Florida ('nt in -Eoteht no Mo- Frstnd A. Kweten Jr. 1of Jtouoillo f or roitting hin rotty ti the fdi"ioo oj Jork-taell, toh be wid intkiog dol fsoitile neprodiseton- ooEDITORItAL PREFACE rprehosiso hook ott ont Echk.rt.. to. it h~e dsieomiiet ted eno plolord enot, fron tohn French coptorotino of 1562 to the cimen of doe Florido Boomt in 195 Dacoe thio proad hie Itda oodna i ot fteS on ie a ewdo on-t tol, hoesr Andrew EJokron. For m ny deodrt Jockrnoilir tsotlornoooolriottollaootiss ipO'isatilss lrgoitii ithl, ot lt pnof S P00lor lan io lts tast.enft onysottttrodoe pootsgrohasy'otherdtgot,.isotte The middle ye or of the l9OO'n o the terotinot dE for Daejo' hiooyf 1oc.oter. Sitoe thoteo hnsoftevednecomoior outenjoyed gootth Alihoopl it toot to M itaooi the doritmnetion of dmit ttote hurg~t iyaehn ettllord tc oohantoieo hae enetondn Irortof sin . id-Thoado. The coop toewedsolie- totiao of usIeth ealhen, of Doris t rcord tod onterpmo' it, scorns. hioby. Foonerothool teorood prtent edtortofee do tcroot Ppeof doeJonots'f 1orol Ifrd Mosolo. r d on m thet.ibo- onoo ..If jnitocolsiutro.Btatio adoels .rctsnttotteecrt- Ieodennihnene - on-s .l oninghiilsofetonmel cdcnshfDoeia lgrdfor the oporoooily I rei hito t tored itiotoe ood tonmoheaddiiito.hLikeheodlgod hittrs heenoredfoow'ood then hot, oeoottio piorhititny of Jnohktiilla i1o mnototood ihe otl i good 1nwst history. The Unisrosiy of Florida Fttti gaico to Mt. deo o d A. KoicJr.. of Laokonil,oreniftgitylfs ior of Jook-oecilte to o toe ed ins nu nkirog sII, loottle mroadoon aoo EDoITOIAL PREFACE prrlenierhooo owion o.. llo. Soot he dnecoihed re w ploload evenln FromntlsFotts tgtitmotutfi1562ttheint. of the Florido Btonm in 1s25. Dmist sLow peroodstceiodione coo fend teorl, i of Mde St Jtlsalfscoe,arontestiothutt IIto tsonol te.ojno I: o ntt doaesdrJal -lo-i wotsosooalotrsoor too,hbutso tho, 91sithcrsaoethflargs ty ino Florida, ond the gaiecon to eihser Fl tit the ,titl. For aftew nsols dosing the Ieight of the t'lersdoom tithe Jhoteleini toily etio nrned mane pmaenges n ot onter depot io the Uiled Sntro. 'Cie mniddle year of ilto . iotlentsto oefrDtt hiry ofioohtootiAcfiocitloteilt, ollormd cotoio nod onMsaoool ' geno tYgt, ouiav 'Isant so ilitlnctin of hon e cperoened trocdooa doloteo-tPhetitneoohit tortot of the cohheo of Dtneseto resord tadnt mtneoto inten sitory lorotoocrtoolsoclscraod hpo tntder of the Editorial Page of h s ] ofecot Jouonoo. tltchard Mrncogicodothotiht- tos oftnDuavisiosaom BitMari, ntlotunot contmitt1he omnt odoo inoussstse tlotgotlttsoT. Foodorih lst ttdooork.ooddloe Lske allgodloontorsr ereoto ing ontoyleo offI good oa ssoy The IS eoiyf Florida F'-et..t Sc giafir l 0 Mo. Edonodfir A. Kacie J., ofdt i Jotarnile f11, tthn h it eeyy of thso iaor of fae-ortile ta hr ss.din otohiego this fcsinil roltodmoiots. finicocoiorofj Derid Mop, 196h1 ttrr>u W. Petic Gontro Edince of doe Fte-EDA~t Seta, 0 beer...iC ofrFloridt May, 196h4 Roomer> W, PATRCe GeneralEditor of the FLoOI Oen SERtoSos fioicertitr o/Floid. May. 196 RetomnW ~ m Grereol Editor of the FLooaiO'un SEn-  tNTRODLtUtC ION b 'ha rs Frcsiorelk Dasi aod l'les'os'r Itasel Gold thoe two ao histoans of Joad-snoiltr ad its icnty, saed a common cafin in th, eatats that this htiit. ,os s' otshs'omd thses woas ho oth.ors lagely ignor-od and Lle knon- D., is, n-ho adsoittrd tar- oscatoinat "ditosia thial, is hts hiftey ls ' ahk.seooil lorids., andVcost eould hadtso asssneorrtsc hssfrelssgsrers'ta r.o tsa, 23, tttrcotdotooasoothio Iast efaptro hr possodtin Ilishiotorscol trosscashts qt [to's etss eekpaing sod tottosed soith att htolstocstttotiat. F, ott Mat, to California irthehootc of cnerocyond hendertofths1.tsnsso. hre~ os to histots is caugtt nhildans'rahrt asss ,, o to thset..son that cssdreointt. sninioflo stsslntt D rUE sroedttthin cttapter Thatonoas tt sehayss slhe otmsy ot v stlost ssorsos'tlsl hrth11y dosrhonstts o'y s-,le e sar is'oksonsl osha Ios 0,ath shts I ors asd at'idr. is]e ithol.vr troaso ilsrtstd lotots tn dmsLt rely ohe it testtm 0onrnnrootss'stsossstndtha hoot s'osorir-rar odsfeersoesth frsttowtitechihd wson ors th fts totesttwhomechildtbornsin'North Aorta They to not tos' Mt the firertoatle is North Aica h.otsn e., hiltem asfill ts Fast Cacatps Be at o ino alabus Jo towoa nd PlytmouthflRs.k asd a osas oot elcet Me ihoonwos a Castuonia. Whlon Cot] psotttshcd is 11hr oj seoas Covn, Reonds, t 192 Shtte a-d on se oor this footnote so tiasi.nd I 504, fo rtytsee yese biefore the Pytish laoded at Js'sesers', ooe than nhaltf ..ers heet..thse tthhbottMei forsos' tta- taooin tstltd soot fifty ron ynas hefoe the Moyfio osr rvd Ptymouthtlsthcetnnry now onostisisg Ds'rl Counstyosand Noostosoooadsa cooty of Fina-ooHtttoo tsa stabishedo IN TR00tIATI ON TltmonsasFrrederiek Da-issand Poas'n Darrl Gold, hsto maor historiarsf aosonvNitadositsselrsaved Is oss'onhasgtit it ho rcaooo seat this Mtitoy ) which so os'hehssi thsiss soon by otias Itege-y igeord an]d littte honorn Dssin, wo salts to o osoalseditor iatdi'nin.1isHey ojlsho-s'o-sydoleid 5o-. 0.npage 23, M1 at odottoiofloisfar'iaptor, he uw pooir 1'ldhdae ashk he aroi "Why.as s-c stooig?' sal lof llo,-W osolh aI tnlowoedttriot "From Moirneto Catiorj so td er isoo of sorry sty and hanttot of the nattos there Amenl- sarhststotterote a hloroeisaits'w n ods orotsa tha onns Mt soeI o she sistoity of St Johns Bssit oriosuto ini ohnspter 1 hey know that apot oi-ito sst o 1 s ro str setsld eore s'estoin Florioda' sittooyo oiatoolsoti oy talo It, so sh ttooy tss' the ttedt Static "s tso is-nt ntesly ll1.1a -lioicr ecordiri g 1.ssto1ol diossW o th~mne, ftot ohish lt a sr- wothsosisoiotu hr s ot Asent s the o hife st the-ko hess hotie ishd oom ' Am soh hlerseett heohs roesatteNat e ad s- tss'lt at Fort Caro.line. But they so hot ati oacht James Ptnvts' acea ottlookoandoaogoodtodeal sheotstheos'toonsrt ttl2$ hes addedss or page 7 this toonto iso's' oons'Daeisso Is' 156i- fot-tsoo posro brior the ID.gh Isaosded at1 soooothlnans's'doooyhoortrlro-,.tsetoss totos- totos's~~~~ ttss1 s tys oasr hsfsem his Ma0 itose calrancallat Ressththesorrito a rysso-sm it'tsot ts'ssaast owtorotoso. aso t ososyn of Frn1 ttt to.etotosoeothtithe IIN 'f NO tO U TION Thomias FoodrioktDandsPtleasanthDaniel Coldl,the to oajo historiofotiaostland itsniniy, hsaa ntooot ithe etisoshly1 sia ti . hitir shsh soeohorted them soot hy other Iargoly igood as] ile knooqo- Daois, o-hsamudma oeataos't editrial sd '~ is' his Riots,1 of & Joohooot, Floridas. dOJPs'rsossyooslhaedltyssstsoeson hoohell,,on othe -oe nar2,t a fhi .K IMe w- m hi h stotal ttioto ask the sytso Alb0 0CC we strepitof ord follosso] wists a loll ltssssftosli loom Moirr to Califoosia in the adhoolof so-osty-syad hamlet of thesntiaolaoAmseni- s's ..ot .Ittos olt res res o . orl osr two the ten.s tlooo-norldodtssofSt. JohototHh tr veded isttis stsaptro Ile, koot tht prhasptho dalof asootioot wso I d '-ss sith.. F ortht b irtsshey tiest whitw, srts's' as'] etidos as so ot terossosns h'cl ot e t irtsettrt0frhs first Pots't wodso-ch ntols NoothsAsorioThsndoooi know ts tho. soot haitI o t orth Amors' hotosa-ott oan 'sottstott oosane tootelhtosatatheorattsro Wino notd pahistod hos )dlotmooo s boos Ce, Flora in, 1929, he adde-do a p osth eIsontoot so Oai-0ososo t 1561, tots> those yooss beors Ito0 Ztsgtl toso sol Jotirrs, ootht.sa half eo-nttsyhlst., dho Btch blotittirloreos' Man- Itacosn Uos's] an] fit yt yosroLT.- orolsMsyflosr aroiood at i'lystetsstsLisott., oos-oomrint5Ds'ns'Coos'l scals'to roo troawos aisil as nrf FPn osoob .1 wagoots s roatd  ane IN'TWOUC'Pr:ION one INTRODUCTION a.INTRODUCTION inern Hiere in 1565 am fought tine fet battle between while m~en thereine Her in 1565n e foughlt the hebtld between eAit, mena flereie. Here in 1565 wee fought the fMrs hbttt baee white men nith the peena Biaite of dafalied Stolen? t Ie wafter tiese that a-n seem, doner fery years titer publi entieneoffDaeie'hrinousy,the eetein ad areon skeboneilteof fntm etsagarttnetter knes.ntottestian'ervaluni chnild,-ot. tiney eaes it ODis tise. Jost siry tlis.isidilintt tnaaetdestaed, ieflDais1 teittaesas willtmreai dndeDameate I a ndlo o redasdBrgne.Ithlaetin edoce.ahrend (;aid'r Bin-nry a/ Duael Candy. fellin.i.g no see after dair raue, a hepefut sigs that she histnry of Jaeksonaille and eiiitenan at w to recrirethen atteasiandetreognitnntale sarest The two bank sreiy, se ain tegethe macis in t925, Cold's it 1929) se red to medi-mt that Jaebsocite's cnterfnt and deaeatispanst,tctstsgeineaeeatdhyeeino biatrins,oanse.rian hefand i.s.n.iominonand poaineiatils, flanbt sash nasnotetn he theroa (inty see rafterw sija h riuilat hiesonsl works folisnod in the wake of the li.- and Geld hiosrie. Thin cnn D. Webster Mes cut A Centr oef Medeede in dneh-caetsil and Duale Coeny. Published in 1949, Dri. lderieit' both proed tn brace of the cnt ietrreetingandhen wre. onfadtJcekcsaitthintorien-Ittisfar tee nratins, and ietlereenti tha f~e lay rnder nighe tsp' poem fromsits-tie. Tin bookarsni ocniar',sclorfl ra dete,nadnnanay1tnnnnltnaiihMicrnhetsketcfesthnt nekita ddei oven enls th setan osds. Tiese' flotea vaisnet, Davs, Cold, andaMerritl,oebeasaidtolodttmths taasdavenf tineeitniiier- neredeotedra snetsitanedflnsalCnnt-.osaeslfdRss wo-ar otaite the key needed nm upe- the done at pebtic apathny and, sindat, the popolar imaeneationto tnr er ieterea nr itck eenesl'9 past To as Onit and old had deerebelnee hint, Dr. Meanit be- rsnnd doe and caes ot Jabtesitt history aod sok tearsoal nileass at tis eae nattmea limre cad pabtit opatby itead o. fulnitc'goet mmnof ascraedny.tsDoe istnce,li-con, the salofrfl cnroer of Do. totnmes Stais, D. M.ae neo:Ts- shysi. ,in ,dd aoro ake e thecaptainsof the Mekteidelightlanam, ndent-ignedueing the Wr Itetween the Santen, Os. Steele tsoday in ane sad wad tast atnekntowns .' 'l'he hineary oe. Jcshsailts feces ales tiona it beeasa esensat oitli n ths pueastt limait, of the United Streo It, iseam. itaais tlant aee talay, almost losly yarsn natso publi- sain of Dnsis' htay,ateeoala inncadnssounddoosilie o etiildrenta they wetrin Dals, tiee Jose w'hy thi. isa is disheet tcatstanl,titDa tcephe fallbaeknded such on.at. Det Ocand oveetleaylooos eetiaed nedecehe fmeleioandlnemnaionscoltnorn adioonen wonndcduland onstaintgsttnlpeagoae tu opl a grseattryoo srtsend murmedabestvtcnooghesoldospat,oted slluoa f vitory. Crett see made and stnmad-e: l ansdtettnedree naolsltiekl essd mrsernsad snee a s hinbrt of glory, eniese an ssns nf violeene orcnaL. The pages of Jaeat~oitl stooynposinae rchowithttm alurens, of humanecharacler ,eguolito..ntaaltdcoectty1,and i eA.ntoi. Wide en Iticery lieeeo lloahs g Ice ehrscieec, wlty han0 cc6eeg.ad bokso neets arost Jokcceslletihera w- oral rcocls asee thitm the eaditisesl eboneic ee oeoing local hictatem in the netinti otd .ed enamhuilsec familec owe, am -d omofenctnoauiraom toehesthe ptnctnired-Tbentbheei the fachatsn-manycfthoaoala-reo -liedoupt hy hictorint ice ecitg Ther e no wh efia Jachcotsttte oity recordfeirc she eleotinoecces ncilete oieoi aedithetnnmmnt coccceious bus 11 J rygm wd s.ui hey feom ne.yentaels and neaely adovetemorarycesoesie waged opcen we on John tticeeyo. Mamitoth and splendoidly furnishced hotels brought the moot genteel eI etimnsadeoo foodondoi-cciocntodBeeweolthytours of theday,swhile ineo- tract thao soen hotld, two fentm t l eltre aiel, ra wlud, pigc- rooted threough open piles of garbage, and,n cc hoidops cash at Chreistmeas, mete ocsshaekeoolestmadly throuigh the tost-,cBcoc- ing tteir piotot and rifles it the ain in tlee best W'ild Vect esidi tiistl'teca ar-thi yacr rvntsthloedan iongndsoildne fleing it, eioc~le-nnd in thoi, yoans Jaahotille we Florida- Tie camne the terrible yellow feces thedremsc of It8go, dreitat-- uog thh populatian, lyig ccite ly undler sieg, drivinig away the itdtcoc s coma cdn renoo~~t 1ho Cicil Wan yealw- icod eenedrisittgasoaythemoartc s thevepideoieglf M amna tt'ig rict it Jaksewnille adevelopmcent. It ciome as she high, n-Ones markofttgw, glrcisrges en etInthaels di- toaed the city' ctoyttt Ti te -iAteeds began petting snhwnrd ad thre oiess followed lbs npadenmi Iasened chic -etond trend nd sontributed sa I dsic, etc u Jehnoileoopniaclnnte thscoo. ewnatthy olane ls, Teleo 1901 o doarali to eticse heat- out of she city, onepc iee I Ie aere. and dccoeoice 231fA buldmig IwaJk l'6e nB .todv q trrt, ccopltc fanled.ad mehdoagait.Ove ad orthoe ,lcwns uelad,ateonc healnstn flmtimnions cften and events a wondecfulandlitcpieitgndpeist tistosy sina great citycwas oriseneaod puoistaeiby te, igtsf dectsqantd snmioi ndeoeygsaneooc md adctsde ntttaconndoodeeee, glaey,cnth...incacoesplcnsofeiv ...dsiada the pagecaof Jacksotvtlle's hint ny .... ci.1t with she faflle- of humoan easaeter cnrgfing, against advseeety anal cising alnoce en, With snob torny litesslly beggingf in ebee,e bhy hose wofew good boek be. vcttnan tnckovolle? Titr r e- ra o.. osg thestheradsInncbsnce cfntincato himriacin tec atitdes of Itd atid eitahlnhed famitis wo ace reutn ice mneatoro o all. [he patndiced.Ilesotlee.e ihe facthatmenaeyfi. ~oimat ottse ial usl onebyeictoeiaon nccniiog Tlei r ncooreil Jaelkont tiy-rt 6oir. cleotoooecento eetbest enertatnmetnd thenoseeetns b Ina -. It - a i ea hi -7 UI ol md whiskaeyfsopset handsenodtnearlyandeetetprne sc ec n-aged open con n I thn Btoeyecrt tM-snntli and splentdidly firishtedbtdenmargn aeennn fctgeteetnentninosicand esstic- foodsocndeeicstootse wealthy ttetso of the day, whie snee- I' ense camn hotele reeam seteleret where cnttle ranl wild, pigs-. resed diuet o pien l of garbae,in, en cia s s Chbrictn cenn hucceardsoomadlyoherongh tetcou,desct in, three pond,' aod A-tc de aic io the batt Wild Wecte di- tiotPThe,,s eethe ycascwstoeRoida ai youngnd widand flesig ito mawlec- and if gisse veare Jackcrspl cr oon r~idan Then coee the terrible yellcc o m eeepiemnic of IBM0 decitat- ingthe aooatn leytngtMeeity enderesege, drivicoganyhe inhabitants tee ao ase ce ou remnicnt of tthe Civil Wor e ys-- ionc rvng ttntystc JakcnleddIspTe cltni ofoodicleii- ntin n Jc .vlasdwlp t a ehg m e mash of that gy, glttng asm ohen tie lexury hetmb dcoi- te teity gkalineodTin-Bods,eng,tepuhiccndhadtrcnd atdonnoebdtolodeficc lIn lnoksevetaopstaeitac annong tiea isot oloeds Tb cn, in 151, ,odevaotattg ftee ate.m tec recent - oft a de etty in ogi oven 4 ce 66 aecanid dudoig26 build necpheq falg has-h and psh oca amdoer the cye wan recped, adenhin coengsandhadcnamhcvsfmn atd eoot, a w ondaeeduand insptring Jandetenat htoe citfagra c cioryCialoels mado nd condeg' oeanatdndorse, canbI as 015 r00 -pnayrceatne nod -oon so . he b hnt of glory, ceiwn ao oslni of oih co ar T aee~lt Tec paces of ctrcgglitnsenaneisendcncneol Wie sth a na Ite 'eeeol gn i ns ie o chentilterwh hov se fewo need, ,ch he coirnetent .Iot Jnhnemllet Thee are tee. c'revaciton ntetele e rad elcoiotomuonGenoi ohonoa rebfa, i, nf, ahmdod of .g.-se o l nttd aoilsis amle b the fat thn so s.ny of the torat sieeer relied ttpov by hislorians e eciing. TTeeeoee nsoffcial Jahssnitleeily reocstfor the  INTRODUCTION as, INTRODUCTION can INTRODUCTIONam perSo bW.. 6h Cvi Ie . vi wer- bane for *nf. 6-o u h Cvi Wa T 1s .«.& -et m k o abpoio. the* Civi vat 2ho reu.*d -,, bode fk ea keping he officials eidensly raning o hney dsp tte fomu did cityottat esa Tec duigthen r.Who,hursiod Itbe serais didt rsaak e f-motod proeronataetns In preseethem o tde,- geownd. %heo oh mo esdweeeulmted after tita sar they seem fonndtmnh-osfent swholly decusod.' Tlacfineoft190, wosooig Iof d..oota achososi le, destroyed still taste caalale deco- ,ets.Tsotats, doi nodteadiosantasoestofa fso many older Jatckaoovslie famities wei op i smoho. As u a not of facl. a se of ote. cndny frev osero period stolf Centonuy, begisaang to the 180'0, destroyed most of Jabetvile's public pnpeosof tnterous Jnasatollse fssnlis, ftse lct of whiob soaks, rsaeltto Jacks-isattthittsr estronstpdif ollt. Somse famttlisso of vou t - ane reined vainaheotmlorati of psinpaprs usdattaftw iaiostoanerts~saesadebo iledutand pubtitted- Fat rexoamle ste L'Etagla famaily papers served as [ls hassdi fnratstasolssc bluntrs, of that futmilysvitimonnd pivately putblished by Miss Gertrde M. L'Ftagte Int 1949 and 1951. lBst getterallytlte lack of nm. -r-sepoorsas inobiidnoniluoraah io Jack astaste 0histesy becaus the tush.. ovntg the twottd- ho fittrn a so at the ouse to he no foonidhle. Sittoo the onilinooftoWtstory rrotpforoftntatleutprablyooae r ]unlll~als noaussta of m ritr ta ato f ad lbor slsattttst gotlotoit, thi as ssttdtl ta tieottogetltos-eahumight othecoise I.ose tattata thoer autaion tatD Jaeoeale'o pa. to amo ecent, not oneoatpehstate lhistory of the cityesisteohnfDari, began his tearh, and the few published unorks o sh bs oh-t availabletatosi genearlly teodedto befeogmtseoy,stpernuoia,or mcouseIthtaenodittotaattitnthey hecoste igend scit Jaeksonville'a itttoy ande deteetminsed to atiget th~aeitypast. Dr. Merrittsaed that "the deao of snrstooiocttothe flora t19O1 .shottedtisisntrc .to t.he nmediuat hisoary of Northeast Flosdo]l gesantocm rohouss -a " Aod he added shot dastit the oftat miole to tearh, the sk of a csaing nodt useeolng the trai and of oomaotrtttg sthe sod hot hoeo (ruitin see llionatt Dosisnatheotjserd-tost-a ooody.. tehaludo- aileoisnr } a the ro atedates nd stonie, h~e teord on teqoony koeepiog lap oFlicial esidenol mstkiagoa sty daportforo from tac tityoat sometaoint dunrtgthuor. btltnoo buried thesre ordcadid not tike tetieto ftnafprnpereotttne tocpreserv-ethem unde- geound. Wis e + erd w wced aufter the woe they wom found is hase [on "whaty deaea ' The fivef190,asuming otaatof ostntots Jock.. atle, devtryrdstill moreeotnahs duo otenThte leses, a trot oit eooltandoml, oeduoottof sgreot myoosaades 1ak. aasfvllefatosmo.os taio sookte. Ao.mall-orf fat, aoriaoftath~eoaunt farssn tsricdnfulntfoto mry, bes o his a lmva devornyral moot of iorhsnetittsn pohic reords for the 1¢00's maoyttesapape fles, and the peessoal Jueksfam~ml ooosille founderc, rieleakci of c-bid moake,, reosorhito.Jarhsaollla istra.ta-asly difficlt. sumtefouoties, of ours boot rered valtaableeoillctions of snorootpopee andains.fee stte..rtheselhavehbees editedu and pc aislsod. Fo assompte, the tUrsill, fatally papato saed as tse basisot.,atoI.-mime hssasoafltamilytestonad poivatlyt podiluted by Mti. G,oetde NI'4 Pg> is t1949 and t951. Bt semiealltie luekof primoarysaatc-Issiobied..rn teia orssar iot judno ilis hnsst, been the sd aodaftntig the .o.ld orehisorianaisetoot Dossnoise[tbobeoe tofotidaleSionesite oitlintgoftocalistoryamolys psatabnlcond proaalyanev justifieastersof t-oatar mm.to tise aototimae aodlaho athmeovehagcetorond tl te itusteneoooaooattsMnp oot toaht scent, tsto~otprrb ehistoey ofthetciyaodoat vs beonoe is. resete, nd o fete publihed onotktoo entcojeet ocol oleto him esaratly teoded to he froegooosttry, aapcsiat, or orelioble. lIaeesit gly, boots Davi aad Metit state th. .tt u preiosfy hecose tits eatsitiea .. et sled tha hes brmsn ty'rgo.d .ai.D joets o dde hitry atsd deseennod to dte not te~yatot r Mestriedtbot dinoth sndu f tso o inog to the b ateso f 1901 sole Thi losotinls edical latstot o aNrtheat Ptheidu imgenuno smios alaisa Aod Lsa adachat desytt the ala-dd ad stasO ee te"he l of enlecn i s, ril asoabsta ten oteenrialofcos tsringthe rneuallIssheeofoseootig,ser luioatiosa)mc Dacisndteohethn dsaaoar .tsuly Jakon- allies hitory iby th.eW e and tars Is earS so 1teqoesty keeping by ulleinlo sent-ly anking a hasty departore fGom the cisy at xatsepointtftmiegithe war. Whoeer buriedsthermcards did ootobhethe timoeto fidpropeareaa nto prnathe tie ,ramid, Whtea tite reid Osa remboved after the car they foard to hunte bees atttt doonpedat The fir of 19501, essoomine oot of ds-won Joesonll, dei-rayd ssiloooralahls deo- ttsno lhs tars, dinis and legal anod other datousents of a greut oaaoedsri aooo luifroasiiewtttpiatke.Asatmtenu of fatasnsofeaideeostly ires overo periof ahlf-c.,.,oy, beginnig in the :15(1s deastrsyed toat of Jank-an a publlic recordo totr thse 1800", ety nrss...p, issa, nud ste prosol pacaof nmottnu lorhsastle fdusss the lack of which makes rsaordjitt Janhksonsille his.o, ettteotey dilficul Son outoutofa soomas., hare -etissed r.otn -poerions of pesnlpapana andt aafrsiotnte ttmhorsnebs.sreditdn pubtlisha d Fat tsatpl. the Lttdoglo faond, popss sond -o se basis for astarolttansstoyo.that fattilyoritmsood privotey pololidla op 00y Mso etods At. L'bogle is 1919 and 1951. Hot enrally theldar of prtamayeortes ifiielwioos arh instojatsoaasllenshtory became, theteekaketntimtheeold he hisoenan as ses at the ottoat to ate so fososdable. Sinoc the asatseg of tord hisstory surely is Caoftone ad pmfothl rca jatti~es t termnos f monetay setasee the =,tnot of tioe and labtor Nttmssttgosooo t, thbane hnedtdinieatrogsths aomigt en uhv ms bs o d at.I ay sum. nInnevnt tr fle ir oofIhMeity extsted whentfactt baft hais nete anod sit orino pobe d sworks os the. niobe tsttstiogy, bots Dani and Meeot stats slot six moatie p ith doteoas thin hindito osinood shot 1 hsb ieat ttegoe wath Mrittnosrdhbat i alartltofree..iaracgtoothefieeof 1901 te 0 afarsted hlisioter dis sit ,'Anrfil histoss of Northemt Ptraa st evesnf e tg htae Itelisi mt x sm ahet atkofeoesaol gmhothe ooatttoand of eanotruengtttue eottdhas been fasioo see iohason o"aiathsoar hod.soasdrutta stedy Juacoo sills's hiator b b ethe asso dotes ,id atoes he heard ssnfreqoentip  .oINTRODUCTION sour INTRODUCTI]ON raul INTRODUTCTION o otoele of lIn wie's frnd 011 elal-, nmany of witom oon frns f'n c ss own de Ifeii Ink Ia lb licsl time I. I..I s')p Men Dlaiure ls thatjTkillc'osaiMslo, "gewn boosd b~n aboby asod rhe arwpalota 'T e re tads nd .am.. nhhs. t aaieInr.I ftegs dinoypo old lMo taa tim oils poopfe boom so jlh of tbsart Ato dekotJbakgrowod.' M'lafl,-issllualoomfcalnltolenoflb'looaleo's- paesicroeil papers urre diflii i .or hondle ood cead 'o thre Islays bofor microfilmn osonb advdnidoe"u mket blky ish bad los taeoor oaken front olse 'A.", II slosg plce a ds l dolslol octl 5000 penotol lbbe IIlgrtoloflkesfragile aadtae bIe yAne'Rtig lbs- an tiakee and faded poe aol n det eye andit enoitndlbd.udoIt la.,sa Leoua oha betI And mnoltD Uo 11o-. tlloeaslb4oolda glo.Mr 1 'la, ,t s too tsoo .t borne Ott any goivfe s sollA Ite Aogackot pond Osni tca oknnteoonld be odeed oallbeelnosnso O ntpet innkmebhoobe olkn'rhdoe withn yelastu.soolor ondtis insc bob~ to oesspeos neoe ,) torlt ridg fnnoh nw Mnes fonlid h oren d anl MRs OnDlol flreKood millynsoro o;erksoso ron'iolt eallo o bfarolln o wil r s. W iadb ole loofm iso roo al oht oc l iso a s labo os n le ' ot srWisea Ibi labur el n ,f a i' p 5 ts oos edok t's oatroe hnor m opr 2t, 1877, ias o ta' Whd id h toos and th rnd fark saon f ilo o f t hoe C lo etnt d d nontaech o J ada f ten sol bin fasr 1 on sea sor Fras lon1 6 larold ollr~ l'nn' ssn I oI, ottp saer ofn aleseonti nversty of o r arf io AR m Itomop flasonil bodee~ Dan moepd ti jobi~ wChals Unit, alonglbheole ofbmsmwldls'esanolreabes sanylobawhom w osfromfsaodues that raodlflir Oltfets backlmstbeealieol tisnnI.lonelbisloceMrlsiomsroalat t Joebm onooeshistory bswo ims, bonet ALobby ndI5a,1 tllatpison" Tbe more D~adbsldeaoo te tamenbe grewloveoots hilory. Itsleooenod ted disosp oitld kims thla tile el'o purole losesw so slle of thir, oootorilatond bmkg....nd. Molt of Dools' iormaist easte fros stoe fileo'of lbs h000d r- ppaaos. Tssoo papnrossto dilfionlotaoahoo'lloand read inothe days beforensoierk sendtosoliorcos. lre balkyoleosbedlomtae takoenlrho snastosgoyeosalodbo dedsnn oete m orlentsllbslo-ekiae,, osorioflbls ftoleottdistor- knlled paper Hstdisg lbhs d,,kottW ald lade p00CC etratoe te eyes And foolguod be soled. IIos asdos I.1 lootn AndI is took ablwely yotrlAccrdinsglto M Dartnbeopentoos mtoeti m lsotonebodfes ofobe local ssooo sso heddatkis on Doffooatlbomle Onay give'stferoa ltesso'gbloend ll..nonnloatrouoro [lingloverthe old ad yloedakosmeo 0slisaciatlomen hte ondboeoescredtollItbeoollowodnotof ald .eo-npc isslinsll blackbeilbinkoosd drl VD, Dtoon soll- ion rn,, h-loply srltbantdoib''ps'oolosoostm lsh, too ol~lf Ill Hs oork ohbebsd bim so omlrelv it trynded to-lr lt r istfn fliomrilty. Tel Ds'bsnlatoOwo dwtolser is laIt.,l' ridgelDaitnitoMrc.fDonald teiltl, atrb (sh, ~ell Dosis wMrs Wisslon H. hseisi Wbo bk .a Anmariably Isreseired tokIinnltdylmopmeomerbthss.,,orsta wnoLsso the oarly hoans of lbs orning Whly didl be momeintol thi grin or o0 Onlly Years, .,,.maill, one he baollsne hope of any opeond galnfs teueteto tinnearod abocinos lond'Toosnlad lbhe larelof Ditol ooeron alloy useno gA Link,briefly, oiwn is oonsoslarr TboosoFresloolk Dayiwas tolontoApril 2, 187, toal-ha boot, Vigilo tihe solt of Judoge Uioao Davs of Welsolopoos NorthbCarolna, and thelfrmoeoParke Cater Llsof ll, Vue Planolon, Vilgina. Judge flavis mooed lots loosaly a Cedar Key, Florida lot 1886, laemr ecitliag in Colloesotli wlto III as mayor I.,r~onsrlTores. ong artbs -latpled bleIosfnsocessionoal ,LIs Foo loida Senoisorly In Caiote-eo one of Inbo osredoerr of lion prsent tlt ieosy of Flocoda Is 1f99lDaeisa'tas vtosd and tosesdtjonwithte Isied am-o, bs circle ti his oifr'o isos and r'obnea aany of wamr from '1 bim lsh to med theira orgask 10 lbs eat otorsi loobai ioaoly.Mr DaysnrothtlloJekov llenbhintry 'gresw oni bitoheasse aobby aslndtsao n'ls oms Dflel earned, tbsse oe grewmt In no io nnr biItc Olpcssd And olisaopsie kiss Nt nbe siy', psoll bnass orutle of it ons ngoard b-okgrsond0 Machs of Daviu infrraoal'a a l-ean Itto he Weof Ike ot can' papi0 Tlts papers were d'Hiknlt to bandls asod Aed to the days bafore snierorfl roods ad e-eo Tbe balky fbles bad 1m he takn Ico hletelloarty sonoe plian ,ato Itaeld will0 -Lomesa ,erco pceseollotoanft artofofllo'ahooaIt brialed paper ltotdl0 lbs foarbka.. ad faded poses stososd she esyesoandlfatogs'edlbe mooIt llo-oa A dinajob beandt took Dlats Iseey s Ars Asordi-g to Mrs Dasts, ks Areno As sosolt Litnoc as I ottenof alona au' mroooar as oda 00 boos o'sosfr or as t hump.tin toy givoafteosro be misght'spent lore or loonba Isot tling onecIn, old odo vellsoed back en On bis oclosl boss lhe .soald be coreredl ..Ib tbs pyons daun of old osoospr i aboblamihbiakand d. 3r- fit' noln' lno slopllpiyiherbasbandowisbopeio proo tofol.lse. kin elothin" Ii' work abrobe k iss no cmpte lit ts-rodedl 1,0io bimnflrmsAfamioty Illsflasiaoal'ads'o daogkoect Leah Han- ridea Dooson rum Mar. Donald Merit alld P'arke Cab {I Dtovis, MofsWistoon HBlos ItIoheoeadoo r obly i.her naodstm rsonad, opi oeft lapa onasm weds tile early b anonof the meinng. Whby did ke maintan ltn grood for snon ..ra. revpeeila i h Me bad bltsl hope of any peloral gI n th Ie Insmor of ti ndtlabcoososo.tsed' Toaodorslod iroofooulof Dtols perso ASyoenlognback, lorlelytsLimoblsoawolasor. 'l'omaa yrsdeowk Day,~s man boa ro Apri1l tO,'sI4 at Chat ban, VXlin 'ttode nor of Jodge Iforaba Daoe f ulmltongsn. Nas'lb(Caria,and the foratsParkef Calee Milerof Rd,.iile PLoralitol VrginiaO Jodge Davis moved bin family to (Ceos Key, Florida Is 106, lsrmnlltn on Cr0 lalnnle nosbers be wsot mayor for tseeol yearn Voolog Daniaoossspleted his formall elalltos a1 the Fast Florida Sensiosry tot Sisoe.. ran of Ike pedeemnuses sak te ptsent Uniecosiof fFrd. Ios1t99 Dea!,os ooftcd andnsmmedo jobws In, bboIood  INTRtODUCOTION i IN I'I{OIUC'IfON z INTBODIICf' ONar Staems Weedier eonc u as aneteertlegs. Hr sevd Gin ..mrsay, States Weater fleec as a mretouchegst ie served in Galeston., Stars Wepathe 111ea asatmneiasg Isis He n.rede in Gelsester, Treat, ai then at the, Jokaeille. olhe fr5sm 1899 Ca 1901, chaec Tesas, ate mu.r at the ia-osiltype ehe rm 1899 wa 1901. when. 'Tisas, and theea eere Jakseills elte frateMa 109 190e t ol~ieo hefemoCrai'a en she Dtctth Wet Itndire as cloiof .aeiesrlis fertis th eist Staire Ieahe II Tnc toe Problyl Ide Iets sule isaheel caks are the folI eoshe foecastssii a 1-d.ycard seer iris namein tie knglth le erta C feacaeeesp er Tihe cultur ofnhisalettstiassetdl)rviandIencrs-eeractai erelsad l eefo pubtlistioe it the Calielccappsn 't'hse hateof fillsnhImssrgdid nsesagreewthie sed an arsark of yelsew brea hreed hima meesg the istessi paste i1902. On Jias 14 itn tret yeas sire asa ie Dai S an eatd a tatl .rde oeuesrtg Is rtrhoedsssslistssr.n aarrrenr eas af is espenee Only a fe dapeai atten ithe Lisa (raas's Neste pa tsirdatlongealkhoadhind Islndaof Cae-a Feed Die aieoftthe Cotrests tCesme " ''I hertee asante,' Dare to, later 'lit inled mey pride end l t Iatypasrirtoss w oier ellstacer mmsapinet It all'- mf ds imCItt m 1902 Ievis .eceprtlI at sees as anle to he an, pest '.5tl 1905 siren he sca t ..erme be to Jareie aitee his ensgansec to Ceralae and tires r niersd t Moreh 1, 1905. Die t uiae 'ad oseackseN -laren reo eo mcurl 191 4,shi ceoeitelai'reso ltrstttheaeieeese of rapitig eieatetsrpieal tsisr tithe eiry cad ewsiy. ir5 taskedeetiieistjec istiiporessattepeetsff ahr flts' y,,,,lt-rcssf sat'neenaph Clsntstlecp sf/Jash ooeil, l hade aido?9isy lestet neagrasre fortatedIes r1/0i9, hoth dereted re FltstdaeteAne Deere arTsrhre htstr teetisJ erhe lle istoycoels mos eh meaelsin prsdsertng tse seerlegice tapeen IT presume shthi tIsle sentlee lee ~eatrerdo,.tialheold reoadaIItleerlrsdisryug it re heesres arer'Tiis rriinanaelessraLs,tr a hte hkilleank sa Ii h yyomafrseand asset b lehiniasteDiee le 'Isaredtlieies in his ecl Itldate arid mc a itay sane sIte sw eliocrsa''eins'esighretesnesaeasplorecrtcashrn it tis psat wotsh preneci , s, he serrd af irsr ad is etiild, asi nc hsran ., h eaid'e of life. liaaric I lea. heyoutoCuracaoi Ies Torri Dutheettiee'asschief nietartlegist far the LoesIre Stareks i aher litea dis. th Rethnl is flet pale tithed seeks t1.t rit da5eatheon feea[ .... seis ay.peaet ores' in mane ir the Errglesh asLntagoCfaneh eew-ppe ' Tire eretta ofririsislad faesiacsDaes ad hetaess'nt'sim 'le and seat theio st lot, f1snoliao the taiereeeliencc-oyapeee.' Theerilaassssft%.eitist hansesr, slid oa'gecerirlrica... aeir of yeltnsferbrodaIe.ecetga luisasd powein 1902. Oaloe 14 ic that peas tIre Cttsccsile Deale San taniedd settee ih rp fghi aa 'gr fI lit is esprrs (late ls os aftr thre te Con",iel Nct5 parlliel Isag erdreise.dlrte Island ofCoes.~e Fees Davis Tsslaa .1eiero r reayd Cut' "re'v "I leenean ,stiar, Dns esote later. T"i tickled siy pride ad led iteaypeeat Ilisfor al CeNaiae casapled rt II0I Late isn 1902 Dana, acept I ee sioalc so the e. ssn..a office of the Weatser Bareca as lh tiren. Hte [rsassel as thef psteillN 905sh.renltssa sinsta wJacksmitsllaitehis ~~o. Hehad 1et Anese (Iekee o 0 erkrots t Itorame his maeiot cetsCrr.an andtheynwerenwasoedr ansNirt 1 190. Beets earlle o aa eorre busin eesso ge nes tl ie Sstissrtlsevterriritettrkal hasteen Soo theelut Tate te ' le 1' L f1 I n d c o masked, IThr l elca letters imcleeeapcnredalahte year 'tls seselroes 1 PageI ssrsreora Is (iielo e/ loch- nassll, Fines. e dass krsse Tye ,os rvserapise, lonos] it 1909 hoth deste te t'tesr aceats Deere stehst his in- tenete Jmsk.r..esletMu rers1.peshesMraesi r nolsedrinphidngia thee n sereeaer,l pipers. I prea nthart thfte r re tr net-dae'srrIhecoderoests teles'd.e I hsto highsasteT theae loe Th'sath.atall rcs ,tsehet ed hash Ita Illife ns.a . ser ielfard sie be his belol x tdiose lee hated trresar sselflupyersd ,, .uhser-mets inres- rlassrtint a it art Catght Canthese tea opfeet sniluin child te n iirst cC ransr elso ef otes e ltr e Its ent to Csrea in the lntl Wastr Indira as shirt nseeert ferIs street Setes Wct a n...rlt mon trelmnehelphshe spth bislid warks se ris dels ecrele farra ncrd appeared o lets cmsr is she Hrurlisl cgrrage Canea9oeocsapc1..a. of rm isedtacelsncnialDealos alh siarnital -na n st them home far pualltin ja sis (atsnst ieareI thre .ltnai of f'ama.'a het- ,, didrnt agrcensaid, here ad at orek 1 pall a see 'ett tier t sedenthe islaed la, te 1et02, On Jesm l1es ds t seeassthe f'.ll ai lye 5n Oeds'srrstede Inlsa apids,lnerirnhisr -rsaheavotgisganaeeonrof star i, eeespecrcc Only a fee' days fseh shin, he O'rasesits Noeaporlic alosteehadlitedelsldatf rrtyra ead lavis Tells of the C easiry and C.a 'i ''I leecame art alie," Dosss wenC, laser, "Thin tickled styprd arid Ic'li tisispsecritce I'story of Chreala cempiled in 1992. sy ite hinteyrp~elia slier faortea'199I Davis areisrd a ac eaigas to sthe sesteal olcro elise VWeslier Bsreaeest Waeeierig H,'naiaemsdestlit pas until t1llS cire he sos Ireaolerrc to lackssteile aiteer his mtlairae.He hsdtrrAnate Carsassfiesken'r hrerhie eiasi ee toeCuracao atd lcy acr mernirlttnsNarsl1, 905. fpalaess'aaisadasjaetsattleseterooiiastsiW 1014 Raes et c oapshrgelcm inlegral hisiory of 'ho ete ad eiumit, lHt cashed arethspejeos 1issepre is frta periodeoloutnfre e.ile ermie teed rotae oaerepl neglutfsr ad iark 1909, hlesl dsxrisld ist Iemd asesi Deere atrr'htrs his ire uihtesrto . lagoe pa'n o rIr...asar rlser Ilearliisgioe eeiitsrsaitriicerrrstsrdsh ite, ltensd Issary hag hit an"' is e rap ears aIn eer md eer he. is loke ttr tsk'~ie Is thatfemd yyi hrrrs hthedsiapaan aehrsreimrirthe,'rhe swe l nhsho re m ntec-tl het' aen . It. po~yoba. apnw rtastearovre ther cadofrppor'e ansitis shl on nhemits or hutra oer sde of tf-le norsasan hjet fer  .: INTRODLO THAN ceeanacaaelytoeean'a -I I raneto, oeado, mbehtnoeo II. ajonito 'Itebjem d f licuaDast IlacotIa kantets thacnwhatihe foaod iotteneotand ma dtlaeft icof dmia aacdae karan Acltally, 't s ..go to MtA Cn ntadttt aceiat ItrickIcefeid aalteltoes thtoimaed bin ittic [attoo [it 111lto csl Aen tCIt non' s biacot Jaatiee Ie dacabtli X f alter Pnooatd cod Lah Ane Ihdgel Cin~kokan Hat fathietwas a ,e alacef u1ite ].hosHacttoLctxrat baea e nuecalofiebt itighlaaeel at St. Atugusti n iaco atototy of D-al i gh Scteonl in Jackn al, etered ith ea oicoe ld, ted I acetatatied law damnted mtlmcbr the 1aeutccealn aoknkoonnieor netome he. eataotaetateanaofelar' at Yaie Utatar et chuedlaa la pat.I kebeaiile and v acalyee st att eyplitice He 'reed tot aJakctaealeeaay eoadaad car t imrr h lDonaltnwrt sltoobard. T lo ttaadg. foaohlam~lra Data' dnne dec on eleteatleetl n mateI al Ietgebiead nd aeraoato ~kea fi ly De Thodcoe atgo lit -ead lls, wan presidoebo ekoat11ClmtcttedeofTreti ca and holal nicoy pudtiectoco.n I), tlnetcl wlea nso um anyieaduett to e ownett ., Snn. ladycma6- gcpof Jaebseaa wottn echo 'ant'na r A ,d oot ctod tito Reoltof Acno acttat lactolle tatd the RIL Uce Ifotato Aooaaeoa oat o i' sdupaeet St. Lake: lltat Antame Cla keon as mtgho te oaaceel d-tilayed a koeatotnoest in htien y ottun ld_ he oittedt oath tcnitnatty ioto te cootatntt c l eeitaetce woeloioho tcatadbhung ontve w-adatnetl Amoneacacoelaemtt fcenod I oettaaa toy h taetaod aatedeetgatth teaaceaidle edt e re owiabli to le:ni lateiro ionato ahondi mouldhim dl an dttat hol....anedec thoaoeeaba ttyoIfetataeoc _olanonneannetilAsaltcttckthoaattec f es panty atte Iean 1t90c nd 1907, chi, Dacaco okiagcaalatet'ttoaaeaatntf bttaeeitea g nntteect ichetett itto ea tene af a tonlaty ttca a aytttitg eloac. tun saoeeltooc.egta oioftlt .enoy ynoelbeFgtakog oaoooodola'iitittalai :s gtnoetofltndtheielootin-eaod eacerat, cod eatwhlaled for the Hiot time. ted ide of otueting sari ccslraeto t oyt efoeiong Dadisewaohandat workconlis on INTRODUCTION eoiiae iy to peeotae e I eon it, acratio0 lte raduain tu be banuitedfrueanaeeiafe Titer eon ne behaitd Dacte, atatr In Jac eceooyllee hicuoc than awttem fond ba alta nccy cand saala abl aid fales of tice ceateohuear _eaol t attdt tocrinc Amit Aneaheon cod intarductie a torete of fend, n oan ee rv c thataicasld I -iiiln e toa te eaty' a s Ammie Clceikeatt teas ' ftat Jaceocnville the daughtee of Wattee tfoadcate ci the fohr tloaitoact eaty, I--atn piipa of ab, highs fete at At g lian ato pettuipal of Dact deat Shoeol m Jce aena..l o tettdttheel oceieat nodvdt]atradtctlmac. Adttttttottae aho p1actaeoalao larkealo forecdst e- mtprolo-se, of lae at Yl I htaoet,ty lo .entad bin law poaceat Jcekeotmaiie end woeimlci,eeoedait,aaoiiaeftoH envdoftina Jacksoc'dleet coottl and eaoohaiman ef te DuvalcCitectyareduoibedeaTaettftttdouaeHomtahom 11, InaDcai onc decentdod no r tao ttla 'ttd. o ooolgttthubc nd prorat.oot ltchoaotlotottdyl t~e itaedCeofletaad bteegrandl fatitot ons ptueedentlnoaotill attluaeainftledo oi Ifm and hold tawaoy f-bli eaee Do ante'aenwfithaae tar- ott loudot to taco new nigt, Shonn of a datoangoutp of J~ar nooct t hcre tor cntatd od aoeaa'd ftoe Beliof Aunac miation ofJaek 'tIlo nod ateStI k tntotopflaoAonr.ationt Afochala k oeeth aeoto St Itahotita AoordltcetaadAne otbboa Medaotohe dausbaydnk-oobeatoooau o ittotn iec lal Sit 1c r.Te etttcot hlyoaodco- aralfneetnatc tdensat helptah taloityooocg- flytagtnobteet a itaroaneolteaceouilaeaeoase ercpaobably tealc ecutalt iandaa1ao0derbtaaas loe 1aena~nu ta I a coal a alDuavi mkra relteetnatd tce lit boo ino the idoa of t-itt soot eaouty tioooauaia iot.elog Dis azod at nokaob is teeataioe Inaaly o rietere cc cc at, cecting fa goaenat, tbr baaudo f oet e -dare f. TIharns aebettnal Da- aat'oto Jceituatottto iety tanaaat lalmoTltemustycandeentler dubnold fileueofth coah oo aazeA Aetc li aasatrtbetoa ias A te Clarkscon ctdr alaataooe .daeaoetfbata ccaaa 1ieliea alacaiaaaird bih iia ii at te t Ito cat Annuclte r Clark not cat it too to l JatceeII, tiotahoo \tuwnat Pctn'mdcetean oeltaeaoaeiooeloko H-oiatea geataoof his o oho Hateur I muteca b seato pocia Hig cie high otboat e ha Aaaa te mtottc at1 Daval High doitlaw Jojaukaad etteraa iiaoeaeecae facial and latercstaied law Adtttodc la br e ateaeei aaJaeksacai fara tinac, he- ceeprnoetcurwuat Y alk trattetctic tkonrcc h laa aa at aknoac ho nd eontolyoeooodtrty piatat He Da-I Ci tnotrehtoioaed tbHatI,-ai omoomMea.Datc ttnn doeodooneetatoende, naeatagutheraaud aamotasea Jaeket'aIe'fntaaiy, hra, rfatadeooot anatheid ~ ~ Ta aen Banihecfoc her Ittaalandaee thy . len ro a a o e oftJ ,t n Hkew a ea a dnt c a i g r sa eacoatjcro'ongl.Sewam ffalwRgopo icmn fJcoerthtt nbSt Lbalpaani baeaaaaat Aant aioholaoehpooa Lo-ietta Aou (tciac ntoa bea~td in ataa p a k~sode ints in iiao ce an W c chma t Si te j.ited, snhonccni c e t Afaantd Aoa . cu ht taoi a s ycona i eo to oe cos et nd ti o i tnai aou 1 I - mh .aoet gouado Ittko keeldabloto,,, lanai ithae~it tlethuad ie etiodi.d . , t anh mssw aotottttoko noloangeyie al pocaht etao tte tfciutoioaeeieotagt ceo o at Jaa n feroat al h t o emm1 ,hh . n wl r hat onoi nt tig c a n tooa tod n dcekIothe a et ccv tacue ci belak aia at e a int octetf madeg hitmu oifn ioactgctonrl cI chtoal tee anal Wu eeeardsaad, tartiadfa1titadra9ti 90ethidele oansewt e a ks ny -t h e II.ec .I e u t c g a n e n 1no J rr k a b i  ILNTRIODUtCTION firthnok,te llnoeyc/ofonly locoooill,Pflrid pahldtro i 1911 by the forirvi eBoard of Trade (Itimato ucaa thte rokoR w tntied by shteDivor. aesssnl llaske .ltodt tiret of 1,0W( opies. Th tpmo h h~m ht vl lmitd by rite small tttanht tf published crpe, ar, toetoe ,brintmba,He doaco ds eegnitotatd carnrd ome oal fet a bt toofi Ose asis letert bsegao esoting to is letrnr Irto eerio trn of Ite state and s at0on as ,cmlare begatn -Leittglos-doi,,andbioMa no-tking otrokitegutrak, ing his helpittteneittg mterialsno aeksrssilirandlrd, fork. sonolc ereadsd- taMbsihalroniojydhfisbok n..it hoane att Ivr mo ettitrot ane urpdate the early i-ietreyit cee. errrlun rret iclfi If D~avi toad been writitngfor tonery It, ass.e woald lease Sao- cmbrtedtor hese apaantdttt ltastts Theoti tr, ay Mltratrgod togeittssarty iytotcyrthltd tae by tgotrtgaxoao t lacnk- sese iiit o~rd of Tadeal ithimser, frottttlealfterog' l~eoetdroellrdnytliatetl~rtl .. rirnor rnitroereteoilrr in aitoanstiiostrffeetiyoissetilesoy nre ered ofits mktbtrrlt tis fer rt.iu thethti D'lasts had oo no ees apdstheeostliadoAtpan tstatoo.faetrsttrdtottorr, osps iises.Aranyrae~oilleeei,, apssteelrsirt ook, aoeseto ldnoiloogerlhavenirad reartyitre otta i , In eediot come~ltt ...tearinofthe o~otattiliaitn ty.aogenaiorlyitot Net in Davis' ture, and non Odnce, bens any attempt been trade toesopiotea bibiogaphry oi tird tril aiatotm roen. sills, rot , loot n tt t la tes tods, Ltaeysttt the ros srdimteont y, ayrmnohdturl tmc paetaeTid l nvi. th-v taottettyrottis, perhtaps yearsm traceteetsst mrert.Whoer Mtic al rn raefieonoecnoerrebe krrethan oraltrs.o . fye as itt rnderig Tone filr i.topit .,ostt ors ...., o as'nr aiothattraayprroerssntlotrinhar.ooitoerr .mehfo oo papeonnhbohrt mlto tiriiteorr aototioand ostn Jrktni dnrirg rte i-il Warg anti ttta no e. apt lea host. Itron toad rort sal obain ectiss of tieees'sitings Ito oo7t [ok dot Nintoey nJ E-1, ltskto ole Florida pablisitd itt Tell he t~n foreknonriloa Boad of Trade (Chamtber of C.......r TLab orek or piiotbdtheire Pre.s f Jaksotsillest tadi- 0t1,bl0w bpier Tire receptiont of the ftistoy, cltbs quite limnitedi by nte etall candaes af prthlisitd coaleeirt a pleasing toaDaeio~a aoordrr goiiansda ero aslL -t .Oe{ s coigWhs a m ieli Isr o tbo (eranina rto hain. .ore topbi rkio, thradve nrs hitsar oekog ttorsu hokohogaoa ingisohdp msletingtutsral oak*stIlk d FlotdaJlisk- hegan urging horn totogot trod tmnat, it Iaot botory itl crafl erects noay ol-lft If Dat-in Iad feir soot ito for otey Ire tie sotld ha e t, romnbrdrcroooappeaandoflee The otiyeayhe mnaged or ethit ari tolctre pahitewl oary fsging r ax ay to ohe Jaald IernBoddosi litIamalo heteae h k Hr coals ro afford to pon it t il, nre re tlte pobhvmlro iojnoarttr i lenalortlyrrttooommsreditom issttory orratoitrsd of Itta mrnrttbt It irsroae ron, that tDao hod .ntotr nt is e o akitgtYcorey ores e neqnrrr flarn through is oitingo. Hssl j in onl of it a lstcal .Crogst teas to mack t atnoceinsoiitotoe poreuerandtfatardtmoiteeet peopeirM their onigta and in ane otett antd esetrs itoat had sitolertterct di tbkteand ttheyrlisoeAraryrae, alliee ttsenrpaneetlhis fostroak, atror nomoldr n ortor triJrh o rokiole i prlsdittrf o ve dsaie mraorfotrlse gesoallristaey ol Jo,,ssl ,Onl artrgnrteyin looritrtr atrooldltao.o gaoororattloat poitt .Nnnto aTi,trimernd sotm bre5 loarrnyarnothLenotoads to complete a totin apt oi ptlblishted oraermt Mome I no vile, or hran any cuattept been made, rrd rthe motet m ritonery no ,ote cte nae~alm in gre place l Dni bore floa it sd rcal~~~~~~ nrerird toeonitolisto«aortla-ottoort ,otctench an rtaflotsar por lorilawoersatesetecao-dets gapeortien neonoti Jactatctl drrrtg rthe fnit littntt and ite ott ottlio Itad etshero madoat totnce and obtoieelniri4ora oritttgtla foot book, dos Thaoy tel doolY .Oodrnrooil, Flora, prorhtthd it Ill b ith rloaekscrll, t ...Iednfrao (Cloambhersgof oaoeor Thris orkoo pootd byrshin aeePssnofjackner.,ined tics ot 1,000 sapaso. rhe reormof n1 the toy, ctr itr limted by rthe stoal omtb,, of pnibled mcoios, wons ite5Otcd plaing i -aIts rleseoddaec dnidiroan toah gatteasab.toMatte Oteeocnl lditbs hgaro-pt i hotto fines sarocpato ath~e stt anod tatciimp.an stLao tgat koraighrtdanhs Wa .t ortviaoetaogc mntder hookshbeganaosk tinJahelprorns omntaorialojaittrsitie ad Crltrd Jack, aoitrrntlrsntlrsghandlerjyed hisook, teostul begn rging him tno een-tpg and auot ithe catty Inne 5crtyav riiests only tollll69l. If Doit tod hoe co0 Ier fonnoy hr oo. world hoor ons. ctotlatdtmothosoop praltnmd imrnerer To onl way be ooagrd tgo hin rarlo Miny prhhtniM na he sgia .acay. mo Mo look- rooillefBoardolTade1allreooor. lrooe sof trbook'c Ho oad ntot alood rc oeohintt it Munacsi, ttoe os tlteoildishers uttJaikacccll slfeiorlytrioetntd ittlocal lttoyrtottetod ofd it arrkmtolilty hIt earate ,ltrt, Iat bas Iro itr ttakitg onoy orrri noqtrtg fatrhratohoI'.ceiitnn IT one objet. ittti al bin h oistoia osrititgoa ttrntkteDo pnotnarrnihltothrpeenacrd fnrandaitr .ot peoplin Thir rigits noid itntr th noad oerets that iteharcprd their eity a hernAT kanyrmmtoaftoo lrnrpeosotrm ofL ri nLook, Datvnst.dtrolarrt eersoorattmedtooilln.ar f Intss-,, did so, no to olts ttttrc of ts task ioolsed o irtrclaeto a raise complete general ickoo of Jretos'i .Oni yaort georrort in lcvesith thetsahftedsoldavc gote on at thattroint Not noDr frmifaca dis..Inos nay attemprt heeo made aoonpleolroliolographtyo pnhilobede til ahtot locor- elir.runoorbonyatotifhnooadrbrnren]o~ a t moortetndo .aird to rotho t trt tontealn o too p lace. Doom knon That it na ,It, Lobe mntyooowhs. psbmr Ya llmAo.flcltpeIlenpa sorn toreosIs-aeh anof g te e slrea stdrcde.angrooilsooo eem i. ioera' at ers, Hesa cacoaorttatt'o ractr..nprttfrtttha..a rid maehi oo d cedothern paperstotiv it~ rl miitarep eor nfind orowood ..Inan urdaing rho CiiWas ofnthat no nep fiad ee hero mat ms t os aod otaih wtnyis ot thost ceitftgs fer  umINTt1OIICTTON filn, ino Jack-osalte and stae lniais. Jacksct ttteiddilm., ofianraiast stricLe t -cdeCivil W ndm rt. 1hdpooda o ,i , a sai, - inoas populsbiarhile rr-osc mAstnateit-d o i t llma rar alts as pased, her-using in the 1870'n, ahaeh staid hate shed lians v thre Wmase rarea e-fran, perind of Jaeka.alle drsrlapiaat forenlaaeiasdiernl reardaersjssm it sas tarpaenabt for Iar- es-e to c-oisider-Parkitg adown ni1 of thin isa rea Of easse ha, did oh, paythjad and branisherd weiing sutnrisort aneaaaerrhin aiacrirnaaMhos ieaslaiar-e of mm .M hlimte d tandt amr-a ndaiyalfjnkssnsrli Beynd the p mtlimhed antiisa p-psjhltv, ad briks an the arhithlars ea,iin be al srasrir of iittr diarir, adatpblrid iratriin it Use piatoinr of m mamrianlc, sill avt larsy tar -,htad elarslrre Ta do lh- in Janssrelien ilne, ths- nt-nal.old rsa-e tolre-aonglaroaicadopiebersaelrhre possible. Let alone the twoenty yarn ta did opesd noa-kig an bn /ar-hso- eiiad 'iaiadty, Davissladhane rpsttiftypeaesr-.kangaia ait spar lame to thrrghlp esensl ..eidh, ruise-tons and en p -dlly in[ rar aa. Tire issp f ti, risk tas liadh ....atad dprite Da-in mandteimalydeiae heratididHe -nhadlttra-areaforash-jmlsoitha di NNlrolte any anti stl. Er-ca this, hr knew, would take itan< years rl eflloit oe ieg oldi rnesype files, irtmag~g timrr h tar local librarie, itstr-i -ng ldelrtasnd sil mrinig radiartions osfamtiy pipers when-s he was invited In do an, Desnpita lha i. saearq arid nab inpand Iitnreantr PIs job, niheLsrgaasr-he onisar-dasiiiatay, awsn tar-ay rne Naca had ieee niseird is neitra hiory fao .kssill, a- the seal ltcpptai a uln-tnt-sadmnd hiarwrrk sr-enmo rt-dfirnis. He lnd riopat-i its isceserat is law Itcn be said, the einr, lhat Iatass s-n le pioaaa-r inIh fie -d sr-r.in.s seeeb urea Jacasniilea' IrI.,y Wrs tar asme spat the sr-eta Itrestandard biterawritve-fe Ianmbe,nd ~tdedr1eepea teahoter-rara~ntongwy teae w,-S.Pat Br-own. Tire Boaok a] Jar-bacsn-lla, 1895; Waisar S. Webb, THarei- ealIduetial cBgaahdeaiFleida, 1885; C-A- ilakrhaitr, L~ur- , card Prgessa-- i oen Flral,4 1887; nad Jasses PEsat, Jneenoilea she Maeapetis of Maoida, 1885. tar-e. barko filing in Jakorsite ad itrate lib-nie Jaecnsittr in addiion, sr-as csa a aionl ierest helter the Civil Wm,-neid amr nee-adpAklisted ar-owato ofilthe ciy and Iscnaro in the popuar-maaaiidaof doiy Acrear dealeor paootta iaii-n- roa s am pais itded, 1-irtial ia tie 187', ills chl moild hae sisd hitairo the lta tritrrtrcah cr-s, perrod of Jnebsoseiile' der-elcyment I. iaorhmriale-sr-dser.e mr Itwas imtttn e aor Dav-is ete toecratiderIPackirng ther-all of in, mealaria- Of carr-s be did obtain puhlshed arid sratalisitd ar-iitm,btoly sac elr-m ena-araa-hill.thescrfines .air-ar-e- ehideinsaond arustlaecaaycofJa-ksotle Beyond the ptklinhrd arriecapataeta. card back, nt ire atajeeth ee ta i be farad nat-aea telm, dinea, and sttusakishr-d araarnflr as ric pc '-sis of ye-to 1aitc sill it sh city or settled It..ssheee. Ta o l attc to Jartannmrnlei s ritey, thema nimad ssastldl base on be aomght cot and rpi ohiaited n-her posaibte teLet forthe tentiy Yreas e didspredseekigeeothis]-thos- eriir-atsd Victsiy,fDais-aldlavresp-n City ycarwr-kirrs hishuan trne an aisrogtir ereecci asnilale psklicaia andar trae piateallafyttrlinar-raLhr-sesroltask anrid~at- eonavad depae"ng-Dasicamaddae only dcr-isoto eroad.lle r-oined the sens-l for srat-s a~ntbi the limits of tbe c-it and stt Fomndis he knew,-anidetatmay Yena felttar- ing rid rienspapr filt, r nngtrsgh ikana tm ibrarisa inl inig Iota]tirtnntss airgnirrnagh rai triiaossfaris padpers taher ire sas inaited In denso Dept ee sa n rG'p dlmmonD i'jb antLe begatscorkonis enlgedktary, nastney aceNosone ttrr-rad rtatptoremrniaacterys ofJ.,akcon lo.iit ma sae n Pmp~ae ft tt rdrdacuorhe-ser mtor-cdiffierult.He rod no pant.e.,. mrrendaers to els lrr-aabe said, seeirre ti waassno threpifarer.irrtfield ofisnericcsrarrhsnc.]-arksrrstteshiss7-< hentse ramrecpan the renee staraandard hrstr-raw re veryf in issusier. arid leaded to repet al h oci ther Screirast amtongf tree scars . Pant fleosse The Binrh o] Jach-rasid, 1i891; Warrton S. Waerb, lirtac, oa, Pndcrisl and ingeaphi-It Fali 11;% C. A. flakrabatiar, Live Tns ad Peage-r-i Mes 0] Florida, 1887; and Jamsic Esgate, Jackrasr-dd tie -Iear-pafin af Fida, Isll Thee lasers Ciling tin Jar- enereand state lIndin. Jnr .voiii., int addition, ascifnmnasneatoa ne.nt irrn te aCjiil ae arid ta-a hs ar- kapnlvhsed va snt of tIre city ad its eia atr tar psptecPo~ ae nazclc ofithe day, Agr-ascdealai1 la staat..mer nr-r-sisswantcrhhsirivedibeisgii1heIK'sil wslrel-cmldthae ssed llgtton thsetsterieteeth ceeicry perdnofitcnrnsallen deelopseat foncnh itrtnole.-..theswer, mntin Is sear tmsntrat far Pa-i r- Ir raade- traektt dr-n all of this masteral Of arter he did oain iirrir ti aiakasied sit]gof ontloaysep air-ante lobhesitentinawithin ther-nfihr ofireaehlrsmrtedrinand limisdr ff ityeofjass...t i erran far- psbia-cr a mrd-er, lammirilets and books ott the subj,,ntIhe wsto he fonr astrear of lcetiers, diiarie-n, and mrpctaiiered tismrsctntiptii thepcsasiaaia icslsiiesIl1 inkcity or ratled eloi-hreti Tid nsri t aetaatrm k .irle histry these msaeiasaould Lavre stagisrt et andc-pinhts e mdnlwrr pfrstite Let ainnm tir itillq yna he did sari saci on his )srest -iit ad Vicinity, Davis colid base opwn fifty yeses. warking in Is, spase time as ttoghly ccs-sctso available prrilicctisa and tre pomlealy srict mate-i te Then sr-pe of the tnsk n-s bright stng and dnept ig Dasie msde she o ty detiia Ie- er-uld. 1ie er-imed the scsrrh formarwlat cwbi the limnit, of the aisy ad aseterakn. li ar harts- k , -old lnks rmat yearso ai rtr tar-air- Leg old rrroagge lilac, msmaigi Irla-csc tie loca en i s-r anr, -csflal-teat,sndnrift., tis-esgkatron ofifaml- then, do he sa. ins ired to d, an. Despie tars, rerirsy aid eti-isipaed timiisairns, Daid jrb, ars e began week rn his enlar-ged hit cry, ean e acy arc N, ore had ever-attmped in seste a Lrittry of Jacksnvislle ons the ale hi vpi .otmadmdhswr vnmr dimt Ie itad in,,tane,..ar pr--drta fIn ow linan b tanrdiar-err-5rInDavsaa dir pumperritrnfild ,I..oarm nodr ..ii iothh m p hosae liar aadar hictoris a err-fe irs o[ .. .i trdrdraeepatia-ldr uh-Ptreresa incte S Pu Br-c- The Bick o] J-ckasset on, 1895;r Wasso SWebh, PInti- mal, Iadctetna anm Bingeaplir-s kteida 185 i C II A. tiskrsbache- Lire ,mrmr-tidlaergeeaieMmtcJfieeidaf,1827 an ra Erate, e.. Se.ec-di- ahe Metr-pela oa]rmd, IBIS. t here bosky  INTRODUCTION actor toe little more that, detailed rketeln tof the oety history or cave teonsnofaapnte¢ lgnetienaat aetoceato eruotn ard lttote ohoaonieableteot ha Jankoonatle aadaof theoDaoa leand tcaibyoettaRofdandH btneebks102,oa te ia meeitoalaeida eited by Franel P. Flunatj , 1'102tt Ce G.. Fara.s.~a tao le rido,13 tt.Other Inek or a ateelts dea t..epei winckatiloddta preen to coaertnacoc ay eor than e hietoel- ealmee, or more addreat en ltted sabjeeta. letIltaeateonry hee wteberke an tee Riepact a thelS Iaheotel 1 Atnoc - Sed- oar Aaol.hofa, e ditedca bale , A 1et 389 Foa o moae a foaoeat histoe aarnc orno rca k o'rbf the and Etio t¢teorretl [aeerrpeea TlherTh oar 186 ad- large amolohiofledioematcaerial carleton Ifcret"e "yiratool Ot old eltsre pnblitr ab aem ' onw tte Jnkdoaed Tel Weehly Saon, nat..r 22 ebeaa ~igttfeheteny 1, 1876. hOt..srolnetctd ahab aei adto'ntnekneoftlb ry, eoald beeited t ere and wea o l.OaUvienbIat oooe of theoc marks it fo. ll s all offem etAogeDoor, olio .mel ten 'coc f., sarmen y Jackson local radteaereda ntbfi Ls leIabaaoecbmooetofeoataOtsie rte mtonel g-athr on tore taerac' th aoll ritiacr to ,aisto the gaps kthe neaunaperu fls hegn en 1864 ande rtn to the preneen bcatoeoarokeontinuity goeshbaekonoly to toll1 elheorteeba thoe Bi eaMiefertspaedthy therdpthoorrifia-n facto Itee tadrrseeaa frt tldotngaM IloPut eIarrraot mtotoeryfDetetoaotoso drdeecton earlyt-farodaa- oeorynforreferoa be eehea.loateltiartcm origd.aleotrb~oneos,bh onm pectra nteote i with y oete sillc reidns tand or farsily pae. 'herciratal a ,ttagd r~ers no bi - this daket o ptoehed in t Is 19 lot. .h traerofhisaL¢Ieehe1 aieroeeept"A w eIdeat pron of the reato, baa recer boen pabif, deore hitog the.o eeeeleetieaRoofnt oliee, t, t o the thanstofftbe artbaeard INTRODUCTIN xn are litle tre that detailed sketche of the ct, histtory .,c tatto atfnd...titocar at gmeartsarkeaaFlordanttdsded oeide able information abort Joekeare of othce Davtn laned beavily olantdtttleReebu' ete'-oslume emaoeof Flcifa (editedfby Francis P, Fluting, 1902; and l.aR-Feebaonfta- boy ef Ftoeda the7t Othe baook, or poamphelets dealngraperlfiealty acith Jaektsarllleelddoot preted toacoatian moce thoalneInstn cal sketches, or were addoese to meottd ealeles toe thee ategacy oeasretoakras te Jim. ooshe Jacksonvelle d raeyhSari myejeaalolfooedmindtyfCharo SAdam,'83 (ctfot atoat a foraaahistoarya aced rd aone ok, nthoaerk ofthe ttaeioodoo dee ellaa fiseropod.aef t88tS R [adit ITlOrinsr- Aecof faoent 1902 (dealag otithe mfe of 1901); and Elf" B acri, Locedeew er c her. Cay, Itteo also de- aed to the yrlloa feoerpdeao. lsThes ta.pet eaFted a laeeoane af hoateridec.t 1,uJno SaJantr 22 throughtFebruary 1, 1876. Othecaaoltume, irelad'rnv ,ct iwo~ t ihafwpn. teswt lagd sonoad byt Dorsr. Rte att.c af tes e pagn fatoe no stle'slhistrry, eoole oheretore lead I rly heaNte to tte fites of local n rpapera tbl Idhrhbe bate ehoorotogmy of ceaete, onio theamateoialgathcdoin hiset' oo ri ettoliae'tttofdiai the gape. The nie opape filen heln to 1864 sad rn ao ehe pmcoce batrunbeokenotntinatty geehackbonlynto t39t. This baetegeaoael cl help ,sploat why loria' incary isoto- ,tteed it thee pat, toehe frs derm a erealle, cite. sod chrmoncrl -an of esats tod tce third0 amu coori of in' foraction ctoder oartoas hcadnga. foaParttth Flerteeebotsryfaata- or tanot rkhs e..1, Florida hioose for rfereore hat here he also besk, h oot eoig-Inaleattihnia hasedor parsoralimnrcfewwith Jeko- A'ileeesioternt fand ouly p oaThis etnactaalltnIsan cnlaeged need" of his Eafly Jorkoerele, pabtiotted in 19t11 1a the Farenoor to thin earler hark fal ) ntoto, -CA eoocsoceabte terrier of the matiec Maa oner keet paiobehd tefotc, befog the reaatecinneofaold ecla,toa'IT,~theohahanofteetndoncand tItoIIOtIICTION octet little mere that detailed ac~thes of the citny'tiiamry o na otec teetsofean],ehugaphieatyro teanm promnad hraae .pnbtioain Sw'eertale e 1ats kseanForida irataded cor.e abloe fnrmoatinnaboa Jacken-ilk, and af M ottss~saeaan.d Tecetely an tRowland H. tirck'e tanoaltroc Maeic- 0 Florida edited be Frannia to Flemoena, 1862; m'd C. RI. Flrmk, His Ity a] Flociaf, 1371 Other beooks or patophie deamag peclicall eith iacndeollecdid sat preoced tacaat oneemynomrethanlaca- eol aeroeon weaereaddeosce tlimiatedlohero,I taleitaegr a'ere snob ocorka ¢s One Report o] doa 1-haoaeolfos Aerit Sari lacy Aefeooue editd by Char S. Adamas 1889 Fo to match a formal ttefaory masaresodl,0 o ot'oa hook, t tice work of the o anele darinog cb yca lese 4mrpid .... of 18881; Bemojrin Hiroo., A-re a] Aeo, 1902 fds'alc g sih the fere of t19t1I; and Elnhe Barrio, Eopeeiea- ioaheiha (oy. Ca 19, alec do' a'oted tohAc ycuoefreecc pidemeTtoeewpapeeotiredto IngoeninlmsafhhtostlcereoesinieIens of an ad cile obnteiod arnoroatat in dbe Jtokeearib Tel-Weekly Sor, Jomretos 22 hreagh Fehenoty 1,1176. Other raltere, iratad tog norione city otireooie sea elate a eon page', ether with whole oe.m treatingjk Jab e'lle hisance, enta Ie t ic ers ondocroodhW yfiaeiaataa 1c lthecs eabin Ima,elot ele all of them togetber, did more ttan scratcho the otrfote Qf Joctnon' cltie~shitory. Daonitheefete hadteee, lyoonlton the flea o local neaepape..rstosabhlebceirebasceebeceetcy ofecete,nmslae the .etiel gathered thia aetarcoewe orkad aftiaem t NI a. tops. thererae hisP es, egeacm 186andan te precete; btoinoenkcotnaoy goesakolycalll1 'Ehir boeheeaod witl help -oplait abs flats history is con- nd tnalirs pathstehft rscecararteeoona ehronogcAail oatine of esenoto aoeltbe Ttetanpanparof ir formtatcodeeosroa oom.ang TPaett, ohena eseestoryD tjnotaoaodardoakso eaely Flocedabhistoryfcrcfecelt bicrleeolsnon- akecbfhst. nrieinae otribton, bansed on pdoan ecseeewith jaehrat cube aedder lesand on fony paoes bil sea neon anooty as enlarged neriao of1 his LEarly Joheaa,dt. peoblioboed in 1911t to rh e wocard to Ittse.ne book, Ettalsotote: 'A ecolera.be on of tloo natr boo aeer been pobtiahed before, triag Mba nee'oieoatofolde nioe, tawhom thetihaaL-oitemniem. and  -i I ' RDdhC IJON asINTRDUCTIION a ITROIDLCION dime~ fadrliig pilennue en plri ilae, pager, dmac, and ""errelly inM Win rXeien M BRrernie ale fre gi f orrnw-h deis anedom ecicei eecelriieeniir hplejeerci.. e hi Laek.Srrnie nage i estbeiatne nifeoruairofdnheald iide ent erect on rail oven eidrlyo Marns ofniem- ca aim n have iengeoednmrcel aithso ere, anppeaerni tis reek omtnareoigltriee..lphees lIloceel isheostrc an rgan ofmt m anaceerr Tl careoofel u t he rielp197 yogsene lereelarlvereererieeeeieeireeorri dloneeee aerener eeeriehe emnargellehietir eeere eleicec laineir TIrc-arier krer . iepeeniaie otelm p nitlerin setrer irte lnreoaenieleadlalsoieletrefol hiiriignrtehy The erect fectowteog a.... I of Dsiean as inroriar..isld i.tileseiriealand, rnb iiliareifl.e Ll, ornieehmiin- gererel 1' otw- innr freon ev bo led ebie in dHlth rocidleel ,e,~nlofiiornieraienier Jeekreeeellra ed'ie i, rreelelmoanre, Inntory ane t mennnlrledere eeaenkcr lelLipenreeendfDaselnneerf refiarierhe worrk esoarifereiee istore," Tier -ren sudenr ef Jekeoeill, heisecey. maderegmndlieeai- inner finds circl innenieer -s Scene >liel dale fron enn ,nIde-rpp- nlipeiog roman er-cee, patidred ire ,ar-yI l ea nrnprpnnenreprpee-Ieeeor *iocel paw efele peond rod' reon .. alo berlirsinencece EsroiwheirrDa'e nin a egreeeernr der a grenpe, mmdr ree eleaplen rdieg 1.goe amid,. odre eetrtr sh necant .e ge min es rignacir ionh nteerInrmaeonn ParnlafI aernieeeddVraear seal enr reeiraeeeceirs einktrrnnerrae' enn Tlisrne shareaigyaleeenet and io illDn,,ie w rne en gp ,,Ir c es in lire il eef thee meet re aerpep o ean~re rim a lire tankrenitniarcproerefeee fa r tine ye. 189 med i880..er e DnareeTem,,igCeia gap byfallngtaske lrnrflveenraaenraiisrsIl isreneiifrr Tnhee I d eeiiar'e panelyen innonnnmn ,frerd lenin leinnanil ar- le inarlio, en Iz nn dun, el Chee naieernppese<)ai doe nrirhiseehonene.. a ee fr ee amnple, waeen. he gnt the deteile of lihe mll nict of 1890; the rvdna ame.e. feting plenitee an prenie ie Ili ne frams re menI; cod esp-relly tc em Woelecrr Mi Iteer tak c hce geeieetneleedtoe crd.n..-tohleennenr-tnle enpeetie atieelSeamon yerrnege it arel tliereofianein.nenfleiieldele emtno eeticardiealk nnneeery dys' Mien ei Theseeod imenese~.. oftersedenr, iteersrrieteek psreenr meievrecere te eerelren omitofinrranenapp..cIlrrle beck' 1, woritang ifienlytrree efleenmoceect t an m nimteil enger6,I eneeor r- eelaeerfletenieaeltiiorean loimportl nts Tine i eark beetei en maI laleeleereeni de iliography. en n t Ien ,,-rinegospre feae. Iiaien, rarnienlarly i nlys,.ortrn leteleeenneenrein1~ leroneeeieieinnioera- niinperniaeigeee hil eneten nendrelnreloiellteieierin Tire nins die r ef Jeekeennel teintory, cming to this atni ofined, mch footnoteseeaserd 'errlieble deta Irctneeire irecepogeeipperg eleeeeeor ealliIIel Is L~adylcal i trrepaper r" ' lca a o Treleereenrneed rhe perned. and'fo lrnvre ieeblied , v eere srrz roe ere rleeee lereac eteeseedrl not 6-oiegeicatih~ ms- te ritginlfeiiinhnnfntret Paett IT flerironrerllend 'rrnenevised entece-npepee ilee, wihkriet ntenevepin Tie , la ivleler eine ofieevle, crel ra il fleershowmrifemoie ge..siouihietereeiieneaeriree inurle heeeofitheeoal..rrpper, r nmeeece.ltreaneren Jaekeeillrleneereeeen or fitr~irelic yea: 1.i711 creel 1 'li ceis lenemts eadge n gap by ieiitne hack l y etreecce ii . lin encie fnr threw period, pe ren t nlaon inerren gleanedf innrm leitenal nree In earier en, levaeraion oe ammiror onn h.ne hr gothie ealnil of lie roil r., af 1880; Ir render etir inding pirocner e prehie einen- pagesandera peilyto Nie ellteme hi Beeeir ohm has ol dt cndostreciok~le omi.n.nnI, n pinpa-te reithinbke Sorie yer '01 re caf .ie,.le iec al ei eke elece rerrd i, 1. ereeerand tlk acer earli dayn langof ewliecoldltne base pcnned l ny, hrt irs iinnnneeirpannens.enneerereatIli mtin ereeil o eM, imonu apleipears Ir itr beck" iennad.Ioirtsenlytrtrrets Dail. tre on Iims, re ran organ- fefmlllmla aceorie- Thicere enelfl.orsacn ekeb onlylinieragnrr andinnidesermrenieenhroe iroirelan-adn, 1 ri p e. n oca in' ,-tors, of pae lin lain rirk eanlir cork in erpen en . teiw lir ir ,lirentnerni -,nn ioo reMen atee Italnerni'retied . rilegoalibi Thnrrsre mr rIeideigosenttc Dne anaebisoin peelnenly iheslerI 1Leni reIteei of llrveerfc eicmdine linen>icere geerlnlrn Jire hhe rdid is dtflicole i d. nd, tm.' srol.enerrtr lerir.oenedandiaao dtyn dhcnrieanencn knnnr.o nrro oelioa dbnrrnreenk In kin Fererenl Dance iriteli n h iema1. ~ himorn' 'Th eenete nidene ref bee seine1 ti h , eoclrnaingenolihir-I. rime fd sh neetecfe sthese '-liable daia inm . one ea nlyl e i ne warr eepap eepm , , l m ..er .nttrcie elieresr eb ,nold eeli feeo ar in pt ir,1e-1 scren PveoeeeDlai rteaperenoon.ee bdaennncn ree o sor a nhaplenkFadtnge.giAnd redn ncntdenerkeoan antl Igo otire or gin a inn~e innlcenrir Part-Il ofloe.rnelia i ad iw4iaeIe leeen ,wVep,,rnit,. cilm heir oec eon O or tinoc l']in en tire A...nroopg sn r eedlinitflDcnenre1sicne e garps in isreinoreationnactnr iiihie fils af lire Icrc rernaleere 4e esenii rhete. .rnc Jaircknnrlteneoninpens o file far the ce..e ire9 and ilir it oi Deemeirimdeth,, gep by> faling iraek, irni. a creeie le itn tanne e f iaar e.rnadd cv carre peinlper inlti.er gLmrarriomr iiennolI reel ire ealer.hee ects t ensa: eel iten ean wrrcsapere Doanrsdoeseenoit birhrrehere s,fo - oneplneie.e ten e got the details of Ike mill t nI if88Ie rho readen n  INTRODUCTION as atoerhtsul ruse rte mtialta..farhisoie- ltPart IIIeftihe hopeU l roIre teoartcrhendatiee camoe timre theraetett oahtie Doe ceisueo 1 -achy eopublished orks, includieegreooaaer 1n tit ociea throughout the htock to ou1 e. oed wthout indicationt that ft jit ofastis' ns- o ork. Ao mcpl of thi ean Ibe .seco ore paue 424 where PDoav i e fir fto~ary of St. lubes Ho.NirL Tre first Inra- ,raph, hrtaottto'9 Ilte atmo of 1872,'' is a direct quttt.ti dedil mntos c tire iaospiaaie A grat toary cocoopic of ihis kiod coal] bee endo. Saer of the otchet[ irbea it Dasis, quoted agaem ue agal.1 by otee etre eemt ato hnben tootth Daooto'iury, geoeaiiy,t-oetbretitaore-, but doeeI toeeeefaettllyiaspeeiictails HerardtIheroroatsl dates ar og, places oirlcoe otoe a'apld or ompld wtil reog initialsotd siiarits Atoollok tri peruta cote of I-foe it uMod Vieaiay,eoaotitg aeessaoardta autfe d," esl teat ocete of thesee errors me typographicaoin eratan peetiehlyeeee at tire mcre at eai rs t oooeseam, e so makle eerooeos otutencis or asceptoe baased aon tire etformt, tiot be hod at hand a thre etsof pubelication at fe92 Thos he ottppowd i rteeeimieoof1eeoes pelifea ii was oluitilthe otree of 187e7 itt ear dahotlte oainted i f rt free pebi t edn omsBta ono at a ulcraigrhile os opeoeelentheuctty ea 1871, arrottlera, rioeeof 'a hiert4 oesre goo neue t 865,°aThere a fe a of tis keotd, bot Nty ace redecemed hy Ine fac Nic ococtru iimorecr, eruc to do. -owaouusoeso to the eulidipy of Doetic' Pavost efooe, hadtoteesetecive i ir ,te d- rmmi lrcvrdb uemrmc oeiodp eet otocrute, tee sotet etefres his ma] ttrtt tare he etelleoged- For ecUmir hleese nt mtorus at all to he elteeclngy for ff82 the ceis of the oteameohip fray of Sanfoed 'flab oa drt ohf le opeotueticeacd ociw of cerohoa eaespire it Ite miiy of~lc ...eoif. The oltp bct ioio oar ee early onse va n.Apl2418,hulf miatoJ1co tire etebeo iAr 24. f82, a mi tetin. Ntiee oert .. ofJ wmeote ahed her death omteeoed, and moayceaio iedito Ife pootctthat fol- IN'i'HOiltIitON -ar ouoiasuuethuieon vuiles te tri oe mlnotie h Ponr111iftre hiomysoofedes taooeitndatte wmeime Ili r-ole atio h Paes reteco roost bheasily ate paaliohed works .io dirgo, epupt terI this ossiout at deoairu leook. cret work. Ac ein of thrs ca be seeo to page, 424 where ti relantes tire iroer of St ink or Ideaiu l. The tirot perm gtaype. baeginering 'inUmieauurt of f1872' ia dliret qtatm dedietioeoIlftirsiepaai A grrtuaoyoprsapaofihiskind cold be eiad. Some orieot phuriaeflo quot ..ed agace aodoagaice bafeorime:rs. oeethas i.hetrewth Patr' ol y ...1... llceiy, iowithtot maneen but desotnd to arc fartorrll in topeeifi dedukt. Ilete atd ibee, tot etampie, 1.ataxoreoteg pluo ,...fased, faes matoatcle or cecyled with roro inorial, oodotirisrclip.AtlookatfDavsrsImrlmoral copyvof tsoo.rrdf ieoicdoi eestuioiogeoeieetforrti his otn hardte perthu seomeeootiothecamteaoeitogttoorca no.ai e orke serioee hare] ro the ,rftea iroubehadateadattheieeofpuhleeafoot in 1925Thos he supposed, wrtheretheliimitsofhioeeeeeehttitowastotruitilrTe motleof t1ef7879 thou Joeamnoife ebaiued 't fose ree. puhllo eea dengemooe Bt eaa mtef free pube-areoror oasoopeoedei oheei i iIet ad oeeeee of vurions of ltbekaed beefibo aerdeeeod ey iitfursitareiaescottot to ttearic snouagh to do wais.,cdaoegs ro te vlio, of Pasre rteeseieedby hisee.aeylittemeoprrodoftodeades 1 j chit jud gent anc he ehailcoad. For curepie he doe trotI oentiao a1all int his chroooirg for 1882 O aleking ofltocraoudrep'Ciryuf Sanorod'fiaso' oo oft Ie mat ,,,In.].aedacsiosc f embtoeteatepheoorft orirp of aek-uoaoeiefcshipb[eatleo flacucpyof tirerocrulof April 24. 1.882, while acly fioe cole ourt of lauciii..e at the tee glictge of a voyage to Sanford. Nioe paoengers mere lmere to death eaoo....d, and r anywecitredinothepgainodfot. Rumt iitoehaslhrsor s il, ebaiuotaedarodatheoreetimoe tieemetroo eabeDi -serooes t heasrionrchliedorko, beeiadeougrointarrer Uothis seeneo asthroa..hootbe back, e1,o'someleererd rdiootor ucoteo etrat irisuarPDasts' ow.r orb. An r em pe- of Ilu e- .pago 4124 oln Dai cewato tire isotory of S Ltek- cftpti An fie para- graph, heglooiog °Ir the armeoe of 1872, sactireot .uno ar eootryqgotirgopse by Jdge Thomas Sertle at the dedioctemofohie hooatal, A great moaey coexmlesof ilikoad eId lee ired Str of he cotlce pleuo beDat quoted ufg at I -gacn bp ctheerio 1re rea Ire it cubreee Pools'history, fse-raiip isaitheartorjeeee, botrdatired to err fbtai aer lopeseh detailt Her aod ethr, foe eoape, dae ar muog, pil~ o nfoxedn o 'we m eltd tr epied ofite toroog intiaisaud iledalppo A lock at Prasoperonoal capy of fsA,.eeer reed . Yit Vcinite cottai. ott o ertc in hit out hand"0 res,.ls ttassctrse of flow n cerr~rectyeuurahiooaicat poialtlpoe-e-otorhr aegeiu rtooeptto.at oeea as rkescteoccattoierarapeto hated .t the iofoc o he aodat tot] at fire otu f puhiluto i 1921- trhe, he eup....drcheeiteitetofbeoieoeurhrbutouo w ctotdlhim Orutee of 18787 tO tha Jacoailev oiAre to first Ier public eeadiergor llmacBtamatereof fedoofre Publicrerdiroom easoupod irteflcriy -o17,udhe...rri .otIeuiou hiecoyseoetstm g.!.a Lackett165.sthre ....reoe ms ofithisked, botlthey arc dcadby tef ta to topot ectrgh to do eeris dateage 0t the sldity of Posit' ge thetomo Posit, ofecoese, hao doeteteeecio uoitgtlreosaou.anof Irn uoned ta !a -eacc .ser . peiod of two detnae Jo coro toceaus, his judgment eat hr ceafleeed. Foe esamiete, ho doss oct ursotes it all iu his chronelogy for Its th, e foiog of tie s ormhrp 'City of Saenford,' This oat ote of the oot V c da ad r , loteaorhateceooohs iolo viciot, of J'cthtoillte Therhepbdrotiois. faorrui od tiuoruiof April 24, flf2, chie coy hoe toilet aut of Jaehoousile ci flee he- geooooof asoyogr ttSafoeetie ec-aaogromcrhoecodto death orddeocted, aod moayowerered inInparietefal-  sariINTRDUIC.TION loosed. The Fiormd ]Daily 7-tra, peodecesor of floe Florida 7loas- Cooforw prtoved on extra edition devoted solely to the tragedy- Mie noo er i u .spapero history, mple wdihi rae cdeats ofshe it-fatedfcitet-olec tocrA rasotr r'ayeocosleeded cocktong MIoeetiaiot of the ditae acid diuriog that ima the :Itnkingartd eil details eolour0 1 ci retrnaiifrmyg es Dasodaeanooo utisldaeo aiill atorettte imp1oatesteatsd ofl1882yilcasaware ofibe siinsg,sianeohdrooped at- tese soitarn page 369icospesial section dealingitli the 0Fate of Some of hom So. Fdows Rises Boa" Do page 164 of Lis Itest Davis assuntes dMa oatbrsak of yellow fecr. folloeed by die eocalfsiooo of quoacir sogaior iaekaoilte, o erpanable foroaorag of building flo-eM oity driog , a i soncitcctone Loom ito Imi3 Tomefacro easacrslimtoesoperia c ...I-Daiutad acces to, dial t h sotae come about as db's raerl of o.statewide building boom which exhiated htilee-' ctoplies. An editorial of the day chastised owoer, of hciekyardi andi lonose mills for poolirg as.mid catosa soor reorve, of building ciappli ensd hosing so litle faith in Hlornda's laeraa On page 174 Dasis Itiitisas rem e o1 de, liel repaba baseball elab in Jaekcewill, oat May 13, 1186. Davs iused the trk Inse by weea -ers The first reglar bose- bellieooteo ckoociillsower.o.....isdits1374ohc.saoaeall crtecept over tbc cityend stotrebthaMt yearat lotmalfYa lmm eansc ceae formsed in Jacboe.ol,,aourg ithemshde Hohsrl F. lees wos w n the city sod stale eliampionhipo. 'this trace played the Gardeo Cloy teats of Taltaha-, inm the clars thampionr ship. won h nbc gist rueti the secosod, oand claimed to cin the eloaiosb dip by defaulr slcil the Cardec Cioye rehired to polay dofoot gooeic aegote ls.Thelt.E ...ss.ltcyseer poynloly calle, hadhee own Ituebell pooh at MeseietSpaingo ithe auchofa Jasksnosiltr. Thosesd, o par. otded de du etn pichc came played kc h1nbaois en Augra 27, 18741" Tlus mco ar etcoreorc s osogt, lobe suet bat tbhere are etouoghof themstoaranteagnitcrc. lioale-ild b coiedooDasis' bMtlh tihseccacolmiiwtcbt a-comcald do. He muscilare eed euaey in bie mreacalior .o.Iaeaa-a. cio cati teIM homuoh roancshh, did, nowofatt aloayo ewirld loo mtan gn up that wanid ,ei alme rcepltely hia prectoas findioga or hao his ir -ri- of op c ecI, -rIbTIIIOIIICTION loos ed Fbr [brde Daily Toow, pccdeoescr of iMo Florida Timis- Lii prieiod as exu eodon devoted solly 00 the tady-dhe first extra in the newspape history, complete witho race senode of ihe illfated ssrlt-shcc seamen. A coonts jry ceodotda weeklongiciesigotior of die disaster, act darng that tinete shiog pad all details relating is itmaired fred-page nerve. Dovsodoesnot meoionlthiietecit allo amocgthe inpolant eetn oflblvzyetlbeoars oame of tbe ikicig whoeeMedestedae. lerme ao it on pole 369 lot a special etet deadi., oitb the "Fet. of Same of the Se. Johns nives Boots." On page 164y of his text Davio assutmeo that cbaksi of yelo beeor, followed .by the estohlislmstt of sjoaratstdnecestetionre Ofairer Jaelsonoitl, were reMumbllle for a dotags of building eresin the city during a toanor conscierc hoots is lit2 Thce far seas according to seopap e ooes D-sI, bad aotes to. that the domotage caor aha., ans eostct of antatmuie hMilding hoots which rohoastod milden's rupplirs. An editoiani of the day chastised acenec of lauioky ad aci planing maills for pailsec, aside soet a sort esene of biding suppliesraed baings -o little faith it Florida's fute.°i o page 174 Doris nw-Btios the oeganiea of the first negaor baseball slab in Jacilsotnitle oci May IdI.te6. Desri wmirsedl the teach here by tarese y ers The fit -,ad-u hate- hall teamc i- Jasb...ssse see muegas in 1974 whber a baseball w wptone r thestMt0.d star 1 icdiatyamnatteantb atda bentoacnt oefcrmtdt I. uksaoaltsu moie tsetobert F. Lot wo mar thre coty so sats ehampsohps. 1Tista plaed ties Coedr (tsirm of olahvaog Inc the sitloaio i- m,, wan lbs litet game hot the ---d, sod omed toinibs rhasoploenhip by defoolt wihes the Icodes City, cefctid to pley tffifotsinal awtho-egaorireoes The R. E.tees asithycen popatad posoleci hod cbeoe sain baseball pooh at Ylmneol Sporites a. ate oubhl oJ~oooille. ihaadofsiopc oaned he chaoiotop Nacta played itt d, lcvoib ao bagast 27, 18714 Thee ar minreroror ssetightsm Is be uce bet thcree c enogh of themto sarn 10eartle It should be rs or Daeis' btehalf that there sa a imit to sobar e maccaoldod.te mst s beeolied. easlyicit ie preparton of thisvol otoe ttatno tmtterehow-toucieaeh ho did, nsw facts atlways ocld lee Itelin up that ould Mittos alter contpli his prenous iniogse or cisasgo ls intssptoi on of Opecilc eges. locod. The Florida Daily Thie, predecessor of tbs Fleiaf Tioe,- Cries. preitts an sci-ca nlton devoiod solely ms fle tragdy-die fIrot extra in rhe neappro sit completrowith race wres ofthe ill faordve.,t-shedlsone. A cisonees. suy ocdu,.edu weeklong i.seelgalisn of the dor atesd difage that timse the sisoking sod all detaile relatng to cnreaoed fecnt-page. Duels does not m eot thisein anal1 atnong the iunspont eceot afl1892,pot hesasa o f tfhesttair nt naoheileved u- beotiaa page 369i-iatsrtot treiao dealingeittt heoFoe of Somte of the St. Jobro Riser Idec 0.spaget16idofbitinDaoasss thotcatlhceako of yfooc faes, followed by the e-abbobhmeet of qosrarte. ~annet orkns.ltrarere-a nsiblelforansotogr f bidof atin the oils dring a moor constttaton boots ir 11382. The foaoaordig to nsppeaur-o DeiahLadoteee to, chat lie oarag, same abrt as the roral of ottiside building bocoiciheld euoad bhde0 c-pplie. dAn s dtral of the day cbaiM d -oocofhbumkymacdoedonic trilor potticigoside arch a shtot re-, of building aapplii acid hbailou to little faith an Florida's {stre- Oo toage 174 IMel macid-s ie orgaloatoi of the feat reguitar haeoall citLM in Jachsnnite or Niay 13, 836. Dae susoeoimurbh.eely torese ye he riatnsgtal are hull noini ic labc~icills core ogaritd in 11374 oArna a baseball erosaosptoseeibee ityecndc-.to that yearna laosthalf a slorneaonte ohuomd IFokoiill. ecto.,gthctrolheltobel G LeesawhoseortttIFity add .otmehsrcitpnloipsTlas tao played tie Cordont Cot teamo of Tollalels- for the stat echaepison- dugp. won ilo dod ortem, Icu ite -atod, mud elaimed t is h eanipiciti by sloit hen the Coder Ca ups erd Is play tebfeelgemooe in argseares l'1eRbLes atboyswere poisclady sailod, sad heir oar. Im-eel packos.t oerif Spng, intcsorhvsof jocksotillc. Tlimoads ofspcto attededdse oloatpi e-oi game pleyrd is Jarhoesslle o Augtst 27. 1874rw Thsema n ic erors o aso ots sobersue. bat there arc Ioogh oftMom o a eartorgntt'oa Dthoad be cedariDaseafthathe-scs a imttsewhot caarsould do. fie Mcost have u-saleed, early in due -p~to of thissslteettnotmtterow -muchretrearonbe did, newfat, .Incay" ccld he taring op that world 111hryafr rnmpldtyhIo presis md gs orcange his interretin of speific ereels  INTRODUCTION ve Soenorar ba had1 rarrn, etahlisih Ihis Rondalen, and larpe fa hhre 0In Ilis lsa .Jr D~a as eals IN. a lop as hrrn aet diescssderrca of anyeoraeietelbutenls tpa- setlthelfaets jssnesashyosande ecrec an y ra frem te aaesrsLirenre indicated Drn Thaatyaerllnaraioses his ineto le maaed to em da Ia .raailing Iaaarttelria sad ean,...easi e i avoined rising crdit as itdirdierlreprahaaress1ieeasr .oar oesfJekon 'ill'nperrled ..anogsesfrht ak- n Il nWi paegsofabin is sea..lnthesanere Lass, ,spe onrly ire sheletn derail rtehtriings as a-lasa n a se eredr, fleaaa Hea retTread ios this bels bysper lirate raooIeadlh, y shaenoerarneede f'raall h. ap eTan Teo goalaredraLge~larr teferhiseaaaa a h oao- bdeoalaesa e IaaraDar.aaat raoaalooait Id ra rtlbae Neoeier yaeaeseerae gaaarreneltedo h dnrsiThrohnlaa eaotalareandaaag ertslaeasrscrr. aaaahaelearetat Das , r ra p'b a mlr frrasaaaageleno seae rye i sslb ad fto s ,epaafeataare tio, haa frabnrl rrsoslsdedarars.etaeoa-. n o h v . .Wisan the.a aaresroa isa hrJ ~ aatlaratatlrairlrreldrr All rhings eorcidared. Darer' Tuicrryseraesi alie rna is Iris amenrory andc eirrsralsrsleelh th ecet fre sersersedc an bsy thtaeporlray hhree rrrrss Today. erllrrsolarserne agiecoe to pres, his hi str a satd as rise Is, an the sbetcmsedms eondrfn v ,rhr o t i fanatasineeit aodtle pre Ia odure leof .aa. Art er den airlsl' aiirrbis-ry Dtteisrteerd reaoy allansoeetyelt lsee re .Iadfs rc..Jk l h akItaa ps bidsed by rtha loiReiert Secrets 'and 1ranrod so loigh by rtae Record Comnry of Sr Angtnlaato Aeosla te bir, DTisArthuraT. Willianr rthen paefonrofthoeae unrer eo risera of rhe boeok fr the Srtos e dle re tha rirrecie oe flace bear eble is pIrLiL it. Thisrhdsreomeligch, traasraeteiotrinfleci.croa reoraisr Inatrie eallyrsarcsflis rarreiarJaer-ll, ltioey Daiss.,--resd aaetoanedlleg atresIntl, teat Soeeasse leehadeeodaaalin es r'lhhnalhisnintio aand hope lea lhsa boneI .1 mwIDvis lanwroa t aea Naoelltlopt fia in,.ermedsot usdtheoaearilse oasronardenrbtsonlytop r- aan lhrear jea o taeyweeerar a leeisaaa fromnala aaodand-dststidanrobDtas ielyrrveaarereolscsnhis itlrn. Fir asegar t do, liir by eseliing pro neheetre anal enlaaraHviadeirrolsliag tes n geclagoro'slna idfieleearsolerameelemrlraane Itt he ledeeoss- rifles f t vlmI h ei 'ledat nsin ,seeonOh saedr-eni ,ptges 1e tha tioa adreeele nleerrorslsslioeglor Heroe, s leedi'olaolsleib solcr ai feysoi ales lalleerreonof is aeo -l The Beeesolacedae eeeollrassfa llrhe rat ...... Davorron dtrtthatlagrlsen aodtn I sre aoeos'itanetiasraneLd ahanoiegyc. e asnretd sesshllslssllheeae tryTesehelca, ..ele aeb, haoseanetsee1,aeiheaessorsfae rho pesri l h il of saealoltg a Iheetl based oe ecoluned feels [teer earfatledsn yndraltdoeobeedaatng The flel at Dasis hashbeenee.ooaled f eeni ose.... bysre oflnors veapo Toatano alessia le ir eanpla eslded rer poeeerl er- a as rieo h. crease tines reari Is atdoste ie al-Jlig ofe .roil arascle All thingsandd DOi hi, onasa> ftaracliahorer lolebyrrthoeoe eroan 'sttrmi ahr-heleblay, fathiseoelairn Iiohlepsat h ahar ree atieetoaa eoooro,, fiarasiieoestllbelte Tere eneoeelesstantaliet Asbaedid cied his ~ are eirro Dhta Jrnkeer aw>al Ieem eaaleghlsrehis -ardesadiselttearrleanetierelle'srl orretnt .I Thok ret pobliae ltrf th by -lud ,ran e10e 5 larI e Nocetsm ec, pann ire 95DemArac .boltart shoeytf pee teAra Ahesoeetoeoa- ta-ae nt iohhc er a eSriray., eao rro the. afane- l'ion1 nrooet In-a brnk abe[o, petblieh it. Then Irheelsonste figh na raarl leny in callt rrs irtri ao lt ea acly ,ae fli ooar rnJrnnii birray~~sssasaar oelet a rearIosbgintnoil itsla Saoshoas ha heel a draw a iber.esabliris Iis limacin, mu ad h~oefotbestlnafsar oliFaomoaDarroa N, Pseerlt baa hbeeadtlreiisoaessiereaasof anyorincjna~ nslytopfee eleInch jer~casrhta oarcfjsrshiey are fir ans aasontraeenadrainelian Torrs Iaalynelluedn Lo Heaetrro. rangetdrotti bycseltgpaasuneleaandl - rroteeesasa, eneeooelo naaed atantagn'srtoeyfwofJ - are'sPsored-rr-sas foar ls aeram otooo hisea the pages of [his vrlen Ln she tese any, [lae aoyrred saly so ,rhen ale [all reel pin as Id k - Snot cad by rhy boh liaeihureriessrlleis~flw oro aeer Thaooesealr..erlaae'disssofallabe'seas Trons, Darts are- fidrrtrhelaeaahertasdtheesatel V, a ohacad, lsouer reeor clod -co' nch r ttb relacr.Tha ehoca soa "loarnageas Dlra'hesoeareaaeeklshisolasserrrfao elsa po'soalayofnsaaet ng arlherr s'srden ioatd fe iros croons alaonetndrto bearelo'dnrThe arst ThatfDais he bean cotliedsl oqaari oo rthe yea s by wrr 'ofnrv papaa fea.aaerteiarles l onepi teril to Ysopsel er- fhiseaorieooeleessaaW ya R -aaesoei i emmeeate h rota the> reaclaandoartaheaseldirytof All thnagsaerrldered, Des t' hi bay isa orefahib au rorenrto lolhasrtmemoryeend a Isn,,nwahlseloitsonEaereesseeea [isby nieposloaaleehnen cocoa Vde ntheissealeert s aaneeaole f Iesloesarea ,,tlobeslanaleoello endnrtohresacarleder o'ora.e otnfoaresork rhatsantratasaho ahoesroel t'srieaof tsrithea, As dI woirheisfiait Mto yO Detogaaellnrroaotyghrto her eond a fnelsoaknlabnonse d eroerlate. Uhebeoob eras paetsarnlby iteeFlLeaefHateaalS oeeor aldypeitedein li925 byhtineeordlCompnepefSteAlotrn. Abosaog trblao Itcis ArthuraT. Vaaa es present fte o tysd tsaaoe-eaofeThanok fskenal. Seoyelroseal lo aeo,. ,,k Ines beetse Iplsfl it LThis cbles sosto ligol osa mpro [scay int kins care watar-hsare. InM no ry altrsf Isisaol far .Jack,-,file hitrtas.riap aanrd mterriesheltsgo intoelitles  sawl INMRODUCION aFm N RODUCTION samINTROCION kar.g..al, atattltot lttase Iton waecsjeoftofhislif4 tey .-aittoeto~n to sot th is He bhet en than iteJoelk at inteet ta Jtnaneaaillo hit.,,e. aaa 1AtiLah hl to the feut ta li-whIi Icooka dealing natl I o aititc ht bee, nabliAle it asa to Irod that the -pilatttit ont botnItlaa Tin people oflJakotalla jassin ntaa ttd tno t owlhn itniory. The 1.000 op i of I/ats ae ed itoy ,all maaiiso an telling ana e_ le a- the 1910, t anl] h-keeso ka on toIu aecenuated te en of thec .ames obeantlno tdln If Doris tao teteield any nes et hoepen iif ..otnan, snt pool fea ii coot loact aho Impot it geo...atlydap- ostited. Hde toat not padid, even fona.eeta-of ol dr for the Flori-oTissc-biowcs lIet.e- 19an td 19142' Davis seas sot tliocppoiei.&J hewse-, in the hopit that his iatoop seould le of hlp to e.tes aehala and a.pleas.ee. to casual ender. In his Oto lifetime he seas snooded je the kneeled ge slant hit books tee well eecbyoetherltialoeians,and he lookh"elpleosa.eitotlhe onaoes of caller Iho gai, mr lain homne foe advic on ifoetnasio, le iteoshmaeoec]idscdearoieig onltis one orseekiog Ida nstsaiea He wot sotloriteosatinallyiaitc field of gen- ssalla -sdahieaorty. IT, soon minotpadolheineaaojhe fo- Hda Matera in Stie'ffeote 1811-1819, a ItO-page vatauno typeseritien adottend by ste ca/ton ie napless one of which in oed inethoese-honk eoannofathetis of C.... asHeia Nfe_ t R ereaaprd.al apnhhohed in if sahin anal non r edd as areaoa tepeon.se and seia nesia his. tein the tested stae oe 1 We yee of is o1cshtaete lll1 184lt? tatts spt arer I/acts or 100 yeass en diei all the Pleesth hantata sateeta foe thI~yeeraynt -t1n-e, of the Rteg~ie, nt a eat-le -aamnCe fa enlIht-o .-nmoe atst- .asty p eeprdhby ]Dasihitt osne, poeeldt. tettatrceoill af ttttead Lilscay, Hoea State C olsege for yose-enta r so af.. State tlaaoeestpt adthe hsaoatel Jiheaof JobsaC aong en..a.eta (nowit I:- nine ofttps otoei.la K Yontgch eodIi..yo ld Imy ai u, im i- n re aoyticles ferttee lrtb!tcthtel'nelr (h~tocoac. tor of lets tses patlaished hI.e- I1924 and 1913l Aaaong aitot Dtartenandsed htntmsottttttateaaatookoiwabe dta-rsrol- ens of Floria ,1/17, and Hittor of/acn Pose do Lcd,0a toy- 0000 ta FIod, Soa direorda. Bathiattlie.iatiooaphs wee knota, e-eolly, abt that Itteoy. It twas the obeject of his lfe- citsarecnasalstoatt olge Iat- Helcelsed thiatho lack of ioteret inJaksnalle htstoeyswsnlatslco othe rtta sstatt-whils hecks dealsngs st the ahbjet had tae pahltotted- le teat to fast that the en nateon a set hepe-d this The people ofJ-akennIlatsea ttarreshteieoe ttoy.The t,0010l ceties of Fl-ot seoo leanht ot se eemney yeaes in oII., andlas lete athet-ta0sa lelhoolosllawas knoswotolhare amcniarateeteono ofthieoolumaavhteltsoldotblndoaees. tl Datoeotttad anotne hmpsolee ale"ama profs icn as, sot lahoa- thtose hope ...ene gtdeasl udibop- ptoed l pa, m o almefr the Flash/ 'LeantL.aton lesteen 193 and 1942~ a nt aa eat diappleted, hestne, it the icape that It hiatary -old bo of hlpt to edher onhnteor and a pleanee in oa readers.. In his own life~timts ts -a satishied in the heneledge that his hohn ones eell eoeissathtytherhaateansathet ooh g-ea.poaue inthe semhenscofolarsseaaetr tclhenhomtefesrndrieehitfesittiyn,, and is the letsn ha as..sd roa eemig on his sink on neheg byi a ense Hloenth n ttsote ..ninally it M/n fielal of 3m- seat Flaria hioter, tie tat nmat iteatd of itDes Ilof a/ie f ir- ia, Moaeien. tieds liefacer 18ff1-lx49it, 0 Bpaf elai If paaoeitt anti honod bcy the author in net capios, one of t-hifehlis ctdeeithec.,I bookroom of the Lbey ofool-aHeekah Nite.' A'afb te oaptwtieal p hleltod Ini a ltiggno oatd noon tiny af the t: ntd Sitt oe l h et at o it pohinote 13lt1 1849, In hiM po use nat totee to eana saed all t hu..oidatiateiiltuaatallbetn tttcetcta nolmnn oftlie RcpicIceinio singlecvolatte - Cop of0 this totite so lahoti otn-lyyepaeddbeDaaiiaeml cn pittaateIfdacih tterit of Florida ihoary, Flonida State I olepti for V oscrt Llaory toow Fttnita State tlntoersety r1 at Iti latten ictary of Jutlien C. Yenca.1 Isa la (.osnthottewttoof loedas P.K.Y-ag, AtstoeinLiheor oflIlaitdaHotary )D aadleeott-anlade a or-aataapedirlslrothe FlerofllaHttofQoeiefrTttty- othe ttwin pareitaahtoneit 192-I acemd 1j5/4. Alnaig tese has-it canend Ido cot- tprat oos to he .tt~eoeo 'C- tatidoti leif, Se1..aatdfitnyfeot P....de. so t'a tey .featw Falerf, Sore R~eore. Roth of thcos e.Loepe see heaen netaty, ahn. that leiatn It tan the object of his life- tofe, -a m a In ctauge than Hte bceltered that the lash of intesea en darhyls 16 tony seas otreateahte to the fact that natse h bae hanke deatna nith the stayet had hee ptthlithed. Beaa.,taofididatthesopanataont hsoaad iaa046 . Peettop, the reeeogtcita thrt would hare pleoted Das-, mots hreoa. eoreecotio in the itetrimet of hi eletet tiheDs Wl reeodeFloredaaSecicof Fcrneland Reprint Editioee of rar hook of Fiat, pablioeed bay te Lin.cr oily of Floridn P.r... ordler tie Nditrni oft Dr fecotert W. Ptr. rink. It le u wnremreoary ref ,, a -olerer, homeoer that lanit' book itt nursdurud are ieotbrsarlfnt yerrr afterito preitieati nd daye to derIo geecoeold hefore ci.Tim ,h ep Jacksottill Itdrat o d Irte ea. jned ndreiiioeai editirereroftere wrkt. Ittorater A. MARTIre p bliattd ite IlNiro hiartder-sr editians eootir ref the fTor, arrkoer nerber ref tie, toote r di eceibnr-g ,hated libra.iere. Ire ,cefeitior ef hire lonug aseoatetion wth aned loyalty to the Ftnridatliteticl Sorie, D cx re goaatea ooroeooeer leerthip the ontv peenorno ooed ireb bfnrt. He atteas nre-rbenof therFtrridrAcademy orSeu Ireartitedrerit iyerrdorcrrerenedrnehitetra-- teeblnatehe day ofhi deal[c ore October 17, 19461 00 Pohope the cerrnit threnorld hat pleted tOasi ntt, hoeeeete rt t the iriadn of bin-ma orlo Ner. nttrredte ll-adtaooa Sceen. of Ftoeitileornd Reprint Fdilbe- of crae books of Florrda, ,tuhthed by the lene oily of Florida Press urder dir dtitooidt ref Dr. R weneo WV. Pot- rick.tItisa oorenrtry ol-aclror, iocrro, thatiDas'aook ieos nired a, las len rt soea far it, abiiliaoeine,an that no demaned enrereated belore this ito .oet the paeple at Jacktoorillc trat wouttd bore ccclifled odditioanal oditi oti of his work. ERoarn A. MoAroc NOTES the tol rartero feieoerod to ehir nte. tttsrrrret t e, oet yere. s it ten. atotee o] horfAo so,r-eodriTeeee a taedco lo driaeott e cro,",n r t eed , ttoc taos, 0 die-le too teeeieeh. rt a -1, id , al1,-atrlC c re e I o creide ettr atti-, brreekore.ud NOTES teetro11, t,, eU..,it di-, Poeedttt o ionote Odororeekec~~ tooatado trc oat-e-o J-T-trrec f eacer- a eyeotote o atl tee orod.1e teetect a. loerred asttor a othotetrreotoed'r Mon. It t u .i .o rren J...e.. ott~w it; eta, loineti ol1toro ter, tras, 1e lcosrttcstr Wc1 the tore,, J It-l-, eaee.. .Ireed- tereerteptree rereeeereethronteetd o- ita~nerk retaho ew eactt NOTES a ely oe, E ,c&tt Dietoraw 1 -] titrot r ijl, 1 ,,,io 0 l .. Ptecr Per, tao. 5. F.Pedc Fcorec - o 1i tOO hioTc t thmrredcreterdttrii erroaohre.oorereee . ttrrelortoettredoock Wotreiy taoreochcran, ELoetdtcooot.nceuoce.rerscibretooeronod tots - 1oteetoelh irrtreod ctdrratrrne t rt Ieototrehrect-orhoduokiec ooecodo-6obreorte the. lie . ea tn 're, e rod Loaro l aro tisad tece  ssxNOTES NOTES NOTES mare th sptweesadth os fM. J. N. Hatwo n uly up marked the pot where std the hou of Mr. J. 'L Hart, who is populer~y Iup- triarked the pr. whr ood Ihe houe of Mr. 1, N..a, vw is populaly sup. pundto be th fit settfr of Jacksovle He waM in p 1nto fc, the eenh tr e a ard und c wi l l ! hoR i n an ea l ninecomner aan ad "Weaf h at, a lalng in tis, jelu uadn flaa itris iy famuily as occurad at our vry doom , I we o.as losing evnJth fnt ai - Ingfellow IInd ' htrIca ncite In rI n frn oblivian m Viles Stndish and our Coo aean presrv our Plymovh Rooks and FOa JI la." .)vi- nih wel hv wrte th himel certainy he a in complete ard 5. " Floid Tie-nion , ec 2, 1956 aril ae na rgnllte ri. tenin165 b Egee Crpntra taniet wrkr t he t. Jame Hote "~E .l Ii., 1ep, 9, Iq, 1 1 In - Ln v o 7. Merritt, . 8. luerie wit Ms T. Frdrc Dais m, 1%b k{ m- 10.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~I Capit f dCuaanwparbaigthdAiy LS eathr n reu IS.''Atoiogapica FagmntandBiliorahy of thr Wok of T. Frederik Dai, unuM ihd in D.vi Faml Paprs Ke t qt , 11d. 1 l' 1,O in caIbt lud n h Tr- ey f rid Unxo, c 2,183 andte al finia, Counee , inJcsnille hoy Tel it w s a pr-i- War. oraatin in the ie-U inn Fb, 1, 18 . , 1.Whl a mit radr, e wu a e erd by the D 1ughter el the Amna Rvluo o the bes yu on U. S. histy w Ine by.Jcsuwle ThmsFeeikDvityuuoe hepbisino n reeu fro h is ,Itder Is he t u alma n th 1it ofM.Cukssal, n h re ut become ollow fro th ijre eevd, "W, of the Sut har eckntthi jeaou gurdn of -M ]ucal hitris Many and oi r Cottn Mater an prsrv u Py hlaks and Faneul fiall.'' S. ld Fer TIam.n.Dec. 25 96 rileasdou norgnal letter wria- te An18 by Eugene Crpenter a taen worke 'td e St. Jmne Hotel: "TFie Fuurhv ofJuly up om is n Itin copae to Chi tu duwn her [ckoe 7. Meit, v.I"i. 8 8.Inerview with Mrs. T. Fredek DUis, March, 169. 11. andk Dear SuN- 2,]P cop i DaIt, Fal Papers. Da," gulihd yn Dais -'',l l'pr.. n ]S. Merrtt megnr~nn Dr.,-Tartride -h x~iety ee p.I . Ke stis Juy 4 17. Thr ar trce f L1ks ihe urd of Trde ur Chambers nE .' iled by . A.y 11.x Euwn.t Iul ison. abuJ 1 b eud une n 186 dIed Iftuahn 1I74. The thrd foned v RS1s thea Jcsn vl Brd inte ie -n1 on F eb. 1, e 184 , I . 1 tI - 17. E1l fa bmul' "Ayda[etig f h Boad of Guve nr of te Jack. sovle]oard f Y Trae ,,. bhe eneru -1er rlf !becorpilerx uf]i wor, Mr. Thomas Frederc D Ai, 1 sur Ive the pbian of und revenu fr1 i p e t1 b th fisstte ofJc an e. He w a i e poin mfact the ev nh beenme ~ ~ ~ ~ N knTn amm th njresrcevd "Weo h.SuhaeI igi this [eln urrigo "nea hitre . ny a 1eneas 0hri]_n a he salpingof JaneMc1 ea or lhe ,-cap u bhe Dmuna W n Li. We mayv v bure rfu th1 lao ' ule w an oim 11 bu wn haveI needof with tee. ntmns Fnuth oJly niehoe ja oin inrd to ChIrismas don here [J o n-. iIjeL . . 1 . A- I,-ffejw ettgthrhr on bIr, huk und run thir h~orse th uhte e, and bthey keep ln and .rin thei guns blstu te 6 . l., Set. ,1% 7. Merit vii.1 u V e I .I nt1viwwih1. . Frdeic D" is MarchI 1 1 %4, 10, Cpeo f o l ua n nwp e,d ,beaig h y 1J. b W eathr T. ureau Dai, upbilhed, in - Dai Fa nily Papers. 11. Ibid, re latn to Mrs. Ilrrd1 pubi l if and t' e n i mig t L uk a Hosia l ca be" lun inymth Tri- F e Frid fUnimOe. 1 11 n t, alyUin Co meoinJaksnvll hsr.m The st as a pr-i i]- r rgnatn fone yD.A.S adiLni konaot 1 h ,nd fnunridi in th Tie-Ur ^n Feb. 1. 184.q Amrc nRvoutonfo theF best es anU S. hisnr w ritte by a aksnville  a 3 8 3 3 F - 6 a a F a - SRS a E n r t' E O i - E la' s 2 2 y E _$ _'a&m dada ' t r S v3°a c FEy _Cd q5: 4 _E 59 __ g O. Pa __ AQEi ' g 3 88'2 V '_ u- op .. EnP a - i a . T P fF 3 $r 3 e =C'.' 3 'a c6 iP3 c(a. I-Mi ffi ttpj _3 "i 6s. 6 FS k d a, 4 3 2 j PIT 3 E - ASS F o =.o = wR!'a'===v. ra CEE LS i83n eF5 9.   HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA and Vicinity 1513 to 1924 i HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA and Vicinity 1513 to 1924 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA and Vicinity 1513 to 1924 B, T. rED&¢SCK DAVIS Avtha, at ""ityof Early Jaobmaotl" h, 7, FREDEBIK DAVIS Author of 'Elttory of Early SstkaIle" T. F¢BO&RIcK DAVIS Autho of Puwlubo by THE FLORIDA EISTORICAL SOCIETY lam .1.iaoo by TEE FLORIDA HISTOAICAI, SOCETY Pueoo N by THE FLORIDA HISTORICAL SO=IEY 3ash  Cvpgright ..I All Vigh. Ra.I.I. by I. FREDERICK DAVIS [RI. let p.ngn. gO roregord) Cypyright 1Ion V. FREDERICK DAVIS tlA. lut p.11gegh of Foaw.Id CDPYdgSht 4.l All Right Roerodm T. FREDERIC AI Cogtperp.dForeword) Peeel to Thtu Ilowr Caotp.Vy, SG Avgrtiv. Florid DRol o The Rorord Cootygny, Si. AI~eulne Floidal P111, tat .-aor C~epn, Si. A~tgnolipe. Florid  FOREWORD Two timee there wos a wholesale destruction of Jackson- ville's ofilcial records-in the War Between the States and by the fire of May 3, 190. The author's effort in this work was to collect all of the available authentic matter for per- manent preservation in book form. The record doses as of December 31, 1924. The record is derived from many sources-long forgotten books and pamphlets; old letters and diaries that have been atored away as family memorials of the past; newspapers beginning with theSt. Augustine Heraldin 122 (onoeat the Congressional Library at Washington) fragmentary for the early years, but extremely valuable for historical research; almost a complete file of local newspapers from 1875 to date; from the unpublished statements of old residents of condi- tions and outstanding events within the period of their clear recollection; and from a multitude of other sources of reli- ability. The search through the highways and the byways for local history woo in the spars moments of the author stretching over a period of a score of years, a pastime "hobby" withno idea of making money out of it. No attempt has been made to discuss the merits of any incident, but only to present the facts, just as they were and just ae they are, from the records and sources indicated. It is sn unwritten law of copyright to give credit for the use of another's record or research in any publication. Such acknowledgment is made herein by connecting marks in the text leading to footnotes and to the bibliographies found at the end of each chapter. The use of the single asterisk (*) isreserved to indicate observations or remarks by the author of this history thrown into the text as little sidelights con- neted with the subject. This publication is fully protected under copyright with all rights reserved by the author; how- ever it is not his desire to restrict its use as a referene his- tory, sad the courtesy of the unwritten law referred to above is extended to those who may find use for it. Two times there was a wholesale destruction of Jackson- ville's official records-in the War Between the States and by the fire of May 3, 1901. The autho's effort in this work was to colleet all of the available authentic matter for per- manent preservation in book form. The record closes as of December 31, 1924. The record is derived from many sources-long forgotten books and pamphlets ; old letters and diaries that have been stored away as family memorials of the pat; newspapers beginning with theSt. AsgustineBeraldin 1822 (onlleat the Congressional Library at Washington) fragmentary for the early years, but extremely valuable for historical research; almost a complete file of lecal newspapers from 1875 to date; from the unpublished statements of old residents of coodi- tions and outstanding events within the period of their clear realiaetion; and from a multitude of other sonees of reli- ability. The search through the highways and the byways for local history was in the spore moments of the author stretching over a period of a secre of years, a pastime "hobby"withno ideaof makingmoneyoutofit. Noattempt has been made to discuss the merits of any incident, but only to present the facts, just as they were and just as they are, from the records and sources indicated. It is an unwritten law of copyright to give credit for the use of another's record or research in any publication. Such acknowledgment is made herein by connecting marks in the text leading to footnote, and to the bibliographies found at the end of each chapter. The use of the single asterisk (*) is reserved to indicate observations or remarks by the author of this history thrown into the text as little sidelights con- nccted with the subject. This publication is fully protected under copyright with all rights reserved by the author; ho- ever it is not his desire to restrict its use as a reference his- tory, and the courtesy of the unwritten law referred to above is extended to those who may find use for it, Two times there was a wholesale destruction of Jackson- vige's official records-in the War Between the States and by the fire of May 3, 1901. The author's effort in this work was to cllect all of the available authentic matter for per- manent preservation in book form. The record closes as of December 1, 1924. The record in derived from many sources-long forgotten Looks and pamphlets ; old letters and diaries that have been stored away as family memorials of the past; newspapers beginning with the St. Augustine Ilerald in1822 (on Meat the Congressional Library at Washington) fragmentary for the early years, but extremely valuable for historical research; almost a complete file of local newspapers from 1875 to date; from the unpublished statements of old residents of condi- tins and outstanding events within the period of their clear recollection; and from a multitude of other sources of reli- ability. The search through the highways and the byways for local history wa in the spare moments of the author stretching over a period of a score of years, a pastime "hohby",withno ideaof making moneyoutofit. Noattempt has been made to discuss the merits of any incident, but only to present the fact, just as they were and just as they are, from the records and sources indicated. It is on unwritten law of copyright to give credit for the use of another's record or research in any publication. Such acknowledgment is made herein by connecting marks in the text leading to footnotes and to the bibliographies found at the end of each chapter. The use of the single asterisk (*) is reserved to indicate observations or remark. by the author of this history thrown into the text as little sidelights con- nected with the subject. This publication is fully protected under copyright with all rights reserved by the author; how- ever it is not his desire to restrict its use as a reference his- tory, and the courtesy of the unwritten law referred to above is extended to those who may find use far it. T. Faoomrx Davs. T. FREDERa DAvn. Jacksonville, Florida. Jeksonvlle, Florida Jacksonville. Florida.  (Cara pew soted) N~apa aLUSTHnTONS (Casspe mad) New Nreae acted) asp he, hase Yaw St. Johns Rtiver, JacksonvIle to the ome an. .... I Fort Caroline and vicinity........ 18 -Kings Road through site of Jackoeon vil.a............ 26 Jarkseniillo as originally surveyed In 1822..........5$ Childe mar, of Jeeackonille, t8d?......... ........08 Buml-up portion of Jacksonville In the 1850.._.....07 Map of Jeokunilie.,1859 ....................... 115 Railroad map of Jacksonville, 18M...._.... ....... 356 Map of area turned in 1091...................... 103 Map oa area burned in 1901---------------------...226 In...aioe Where the "Vale of Laudonniere"uneed to be..1.. 2 Huguenot ring found in an Indisor mound............ 17 Dwellings of the log cbin period.-----------------68 Vicinity of Forsyth and Main Streets in 1874......141 Freedmen', Bank building....................... 141 Saloon of a St. Johns River steamboat, 1845......863 Bird's-cye view of Jaeksonvlle, 186.............. 172 Seal of Jackonovirle- ......................... 293 - First factory-made automobile in Florida............ 379 Fireburning Jeclonilloin 1001-----------------...219 Jacksonville in taboe, 1001, panorama view...244 St. Jamnee Hotel, burned in 1001-----------------...487 City flail burned in 1001........................2332 County Ooorthoune, burned in 1901---------------...64 County Clerk's Office, burned in 1001--------------65 County Armory, horned in 1901. . .......-........ 474 Skyline of Joekoonville in 1900 .................. 244 Fl~ag of Jacksonville.......................... 422 oBlock plan of St. Luke's Hoopital.................. 426 Sky-line of Jacksonville, 19141924................244 Afrtrase viow of modern Jaoconvilo-------...------20 St. Jobno River, Jackesonville to the cme........... I -Fort Caroline and vicinity----------------------...1S -Klings Rood through site of Jacksonvill-------------.26 Jaronile ao originaany surveyed in 1822..........855 Child's map of Jackoonville, 1047-----------------385 Buit-u ortikon of Jackonv8 in the. .. 1850'.........-87 Map of Jakovle 80.. ................nil6 Railroad map ma of Jacko nville, 1084................ 156 Map of area turned in 1091 ..................... 191 lisp of area burned din 1001........ ............... 25 lnlsotmes Where the "Vale of Laudonnere ee sea tohe......12 Rugouenot ring found in an Indian mound............. 17 Dwellingo of the log-cabin period-----------------...8 Vicinity of F~orsytho sod Main Streets in 1074......141 Freednmen's Bank building---------------------..141 Saloon of.a St. Johns River uteamboat, 1025,....... 363 Bird's-eye view of Jacksonville, 1086...........172 Seetalo Jack.onvilla....................... 2ISM - First factory-made automobile in Florida.... 379 Fire burning Jackosonvirle in 1001....--------------..219 Jacksnonville in aes, 1001,.e panrea view-.....244 St. James Hotel, burned in 1001-----------------...487 City Rail burned in 1001........................1082 County Courthouse, burned in 1001--------....-----64 County Clark's 080cc, burned in 1001 ............... 65 County Armory, burned in 1001.................. 474 Sky-line of Jackonoville in 1908.................. 244 Fiag of Jckonvull........... .._....... ......422 Block plan of St. Luke's Hlopital...._.............426 Skyline of Jacksonville, 1914-1924.. ........... ..244 Airplane view of modern Jacksnonle..............234 St. John, River, Jaksnvile to the mcean.............1 Fort Carolineoand vicinity----------------------...18 ' ?oq q G^ G^3 r+-'; 5'6^mtl A.S° 'A E Sms7na maW a>"s Awe soa e" a' =a 3" c 'm? A5m m2+'y o3' x' Sao a x9 y 3"^ mo6YL FS°& .rR px i:S B'3c K .3E E°9 s.3 3 x F 3 £M 3 5693 9 ° rsH° iE epw ?cR °y n tlzc , ','a; SS 3e m 3E 5j"e ob3q ° ..'2mv v "_ A yp3 3og s?=eee&o? c c RPM:sa. _ a y A3 q m'a >° a R&'mCg^§mm° ?a c a aFPo $3 Fe MW o e 6 '"Sn'°FC°e4 a G'n°3 f SS ^S 5'AO maW c. °c'sA w $? 3 °."o m a Ae 'q o 3 sw 'qZ ^wm v, s'C yem "eartC ° o£ ° eyFx ;a ; E's. ."9a.;,,asW s M°sy sA _P a_ PSe^a' m "d =. a> rc a A; a y "'oF Am ^s' Raa'' e e es;;'s = 5. aa aP_' a °- wee 5.=,Txs "ee6; , K a .3E P @vAYzD 3n c 3i ' 08 a'°6 S meGg33 9 us A ° aKro ggf aA @.e 339 'de =e a, "A o . vc Svmw m ogcmFoPo Mi^ ,^$amES y°n pv^ E'n e. ^ y F c W9m .' f+En .^o°6'q G3nnu ^mP CE P] e °so mpS A ' R'% 53 fuAag3"SGtl.3 Pe,, S' R c3a> a-ztl°p Pe . °.: 2..'9'$.xx^3.^ = a g' °_ a3 vx G.99 "y a $° t^ oJn a a6n > . 'meS V'83 e y ° w a3"~e 6 ,-a an°r@84 $ mo 6'a °a mcR uc .reP 5?06 . ...  v s . « v-2 3 m so aG eP n e - ° -e -- .. 0V.3 r we 6«a_° c dS C W v « E -v nt °wc oa ea ' w£5n niemt- Gm:s -1- sp aasi F $o oo u iL .$ igoE 0 13 5°3 6 i o :h1 '=o °t dek n a F w Fe 5e ges a wje a°n sai na$$o w"$ s"s e~a °Em a 4 :m ? s a e n s 3 e a E . b ° i a d s : oi irom~aa as ' n a - ses «m w2aan s m w es n n ¢3c i s m A~ se e l r b wr ' ] y = L 6P-a ma mk- 6sos yig aa En C o. . d «-«-3 -'" w -cc - ° d w ~~ E DE ,- ~m--' N aS5,, & 3 aE L a i Rs. - 5 o m~vac~v~u° c~a m -mE ° T :5 3 .6a3 C9ie as n a~ o~ W9 C" a Fdn .+ ez''°~oF . u   Ihr.Fu~H4 nr 4 Dery.. . kil 1 I I-E \  HISTORY OF JACEEOBVUL.E. FLORIDA 17 HISTORY OF SACUSOHVLRE FLORIDA 17 HISTORY OF JACSOHVH.LLH FLORIDA 17 The ring Is a band of about il-let, gold of uniform thick- nes throughout. Measured by. the modern jewelers' scale the size is 61A, which is the size for a medium finger the weight is I dwt. The emblems are apparently hand-carvded. The single fleers-e-is are simply cut into the band, while the figures in the medallioss stand out upon a battered sunken field within the oval. The accompanying illustraton shows the emblems on the ring, which appear uniforoslp all the way arnd the band. There is nol inscription inside the hand. 'Thse esetin sstetieity of ibis Sdl meake is at sasse stddy heiits its mjis e it ulan, pssd dt ase.es. bheset i. Thosrne Is of seo tasy have fhees egivee isan sosaiearmpel.mi htsyhait was latea ohs he nsea eta Feeselhasaski at Faet Case- Clac, er fees that of ass of aihasite s as. be ue lay ssav she hleai-aahd sads ofMaas. Hut that is oasi in he- gdenhe, fo the Sae-4do-Ils. seblosal of raeees o the ad5 gsssossto Flole elby, mceo t senh the thee fuass theoil a sc deaco sees hashed Roen alseida hr She dAs L en Spa is ulei aeaggie otracsasy Sa Mates For and River The rapture of Feet Caroline having been chieved at the time of the festival sof Saint Matthew, Menendez renamed tine fort San Maeo and the river Rio de San Misteon. The contingency, fire, that Laudnsisre had so carefully guarded against happened to the Spaniards eight days after they had captured the fort. Through the erelossneoc of a soldier all of the houses and the wooden part of the fort were burned The fort wee rebuilt on the same site. Menendez afterwsrd built two small ferts or observation poste en opposite sides of the river below the grcat fort, an San Mateo was talled. There is evideneta that Mensendes seen attempted to force the removal of Chief Sutorban to the north side of the river enacunt of which it it not sorprising that he iscurred the enmity of the neighboring Indian tribes. About this time a mifery, Don Martinez, end three attendants wane hanr- derad by the Indiana when they landed on Pert George Ishlad d', I- s a - 'I- nes ossasiil adsodeeeas eataea ins a~se as e te assa s a 1a ees a as aeaia The risg is aband of about it-let gel of uniforma thick- ne throughout. Measured by. the modero Jewelers scale lbsie s I. which is the size for amedium finger the weight is 1 dwn, The emblems are apparently hand-carved. The single fiesrsdae are simply cut into the hand, while the figures in the medallions stand out upon a battered sunken field within the oval. The accompanying iflstraton shows the emblems on the rin, which appear uniformly all the way sered the hand. There Is n msariptien inside the hand. -Cheo eetai sastertia, af skis Su adonek t sO sass a mastnsereils subjeat, sad ..aag ejgm15onedgiardca nt- aeelydnezintseallhindsr oonaesahsatit. TheeIsaof ac ceased ef leas the.co Inishaid oe oe. af the sea tkes flea ahs finsoof a Fesealsas skin at Foes Case. sees, sa feea that of onof Ribsol' I.0d5 as he ly ushe blaeoled eis i.el Moisese.c So at Is eiills he- langedest a 11maot of Fort coves.nthes scacely a hdch, oe the .o-do-a, abler of reve sehes ohs Ha- geast. sane te Flosida barrll asvesas It aIh the ese vises the ilad rese sreas. hadrund fees Flos by The Lisat ofpain hi wboundggi See aupaesaey4 San Mates Feet and River The capture of Feet Caroline having been achieved at the time of the festival of Saint Matthew Menendez reamed the fort San Matno and the river Rio de San Maineo. The sonnency, fire, that Laudonsiere had so carefully eseded againot happened to the Spaniards sight days after they had captured the fort. Through the cnrelessness of a seldier all of the houses and the wooden part of the fort were berned The fort wao rebuilt on the samta sit,. Menendez afteraeard built two small ferts or observation pstin on opposite sides of the river below the grat fort, an San Mtaten was called. There is evidence that Menendez soon attempted mn fares the removal of Chief Satsrioueitothe north side of the river onaccounet of which it is not suruprising that he incurred the enmity of the neighboring Indian tribes. About theis time a sosoenary, Don Martine, and three attendants ware man- dered by the indiana when they landed on Fort George Ilanvd. innae a aaeaariiasine -nseea eada~s u. The rin, is a band of abeut 10-let gold of uns form thick- nes throughout. Measured by, the modern jewelers' scale the size is Is%, which is the sz for a medium finger; the weight is 1 dest. The emblems are apparently hanedcarved. The single fleurs-da-lie are simply cut into the band, while the figures in the medallions steed out uon a battered suke field within the oval. The acompanying ilstratlon shows the emblems o the ring, which appear uailfrssy al the ay around the hand. There is n iSpecltion inside the had. -lTo ute oriseste af th ed asahe. it a5 sans a ease istiessig ordest, and hag a ryi thiadasomea sea eanydeuaintssalhisdastr--.Ieeeens11i Theeasnof as casedo atnes th one esisd ossass od ofhe ews thoeq v ueteemnn Saedi a tica megere1 arc teles skin at Fort asea- 555re, or leam that or es adol' meaitn a ho lay epsa te bleed-soad ands cC fotances Can that h -olgiay ho. laseei a Hlian, eof Feet frotied thoe in asir a deohb, fee the Sledo-leli, easlesa of Feane weho, ae Ma- seosewe san CsoFesia indelibly ceees is wish she Hsa ninestis Lily af evse sea hasbd fleas lseid Sr tins Lie of aSei n Istheir .t"manl fee aapessencf San Mateo Fedt and River The capture of Fart Carolina having been achieved at the time of the festival of Saint Matthew, Menendez renmoed the fort San Maieo and the river Rio de San Mcateo. The contingency, fire, that Lauonered hod mo carefully guarded againat happened to the Spasoiardn eight days after they had captured the fort. Through the carelesnnes of a soldier all of the heuses and the wooden part of the fort were horned. The fort was rebuilt on the same site. Menenden afterward built two smell forte or observation pes on opposite sides of the river below the great fort, as San Matso wee calld. There rs evidoesc that Mtenenden son atincepted to fore the removal of Chief Robs to the north side of the river on account of which it is not surprising that he incurred the enmity of the naehboring In diean tribes. Absut emis timea maiocer, Don Martinez, and three attendants were astr- dared by the Indians when they landed on Fart George Isad.  18 HISTORY OF JACSON MLLE, FLORIDA t8 HIS'ORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA Is HISTORY OF JACISONVILLE, FLORIDA Menendez led a detachment of 70 men against this chief., bat without success. The soldiers could not now venture far beyond the protection of the forts without being harased by the Indians and within a year fifty or more, including a number of officers, were killed. The same spirit of mutiny that took hold of the French arose among the Spanish garrisons. On one occasion all but twenty of those in the forts on the San Mateo determined to leave and were aboard a vessel ready to sail when Menendez arrived from St. Augustine. He induced thirty of them to remain, put them on a boat and ordered them to St. Augus- tine; but on the way they were attacked by the Tedians and mot of them killed. The mutineers sailed and were wrcked on the lower Florida coast whore they fell into the hands of the Indians of that section. At the end of 18 months conditions in Florida were grow- ing from had to worse; supplies and recruits were slow in coming from the West Indies and the dissension of the colonists was growing. Menendez therefore decided to go to Spain and make a personal report in the interest of the Florida colony. He sailed in the spring of 1567, and remained in Spain a year. During his absence there occurred at the mouth of the River San Mateo (St. Johns) the mot spec- tacular incident of them all, Retribution of Dominie de Gourgoes The court of France, onti-Huguenot in sentiment, ignored the popular clamor for retribution for the outrages perp- trated against Frenchmen in Florida. Observing that the slaughter of his countrymen would likely go unaveged and believing that the honor of France demanded a retributive measure, Dominic de Gourguen, a soldier of fortune, took up- on himself the responsibility of a private enterprise against the Spaneards in Florida. Selling his own estate and borrowing from his friends, De Gourgues managed to fnance the building of three vessels especially equipped for the enterprise. His fighting force comprised about 100 soldiesm armed with arquebses and 80 mariners with cross-bows and pikes ; there were also a number of pornoen unskilled in arms, but necking adven- ture. Menendes led a detachment of 70 men against this chief, lout without success. The soldiers could not now venture far beyond the protection of the forts without being harasned by the Indians and within a year fifty or more, including a number of oflicers, were killed. The same spirit of mutiny that took hold of the French arose among the Spanish garrisons. On one occasion all but twenty of those in the forts on the San Mateo determined to leave and were aboard a vessel ready to sail when Menenden arrived from St. Augustine. He induced thirty of them to remain, put them on a boat and ordered them to St. Augus- tine; but on the way they were attacked by the Indiana and most of them killed. The mutineers soiled and were wrecked on the lower Florida coast where they fell ioto the hands of the nedias of that section. At the end of 18 months conditions in Florida were grow- ing from bad to worse; supplies and recruits were slow in toming from the West Indies and the dissension of the colonists was growing. Menendes therefore decided to go to Spain and make a personal report in the interest of the Florida colony. He sailed in the spring of 1567, and remained in Spain a year. During his absence there occurred at the mouth of the River San Mateo (St. Johns) the most spec- tacular incident of them all Retribution of Dominic de Gourges The court of France, anti-Huguenot in sentiment, ignored the popular clamor for retribution for the outrages perpe- trated against Frenchmen in Florida. Observing that the slaughter of his countrymen would likely go navenged and believing that the honor of France demanded a retributive measure, Dominic de Gourgues, a soldier of fortune, took up- on himself the responsibility of a private enterprise against the Spaniards in Florida. Selling his own estate and borrowing from his friends, De Gourgus managed to feance the building of three vessels especially equipped for the enterprise. His fighting fore comprised about 100 soldiers armed with arquebussea and 80 mariners with crossbows nd pikes ; there were also * number of persons skilled in arms, but seeking adven- ture, Menende led a detachment of 70 men against thi chief, but without success. The soldiers could not now venture far beyond the protection of the fort, without being harassed by the Indians and within a year fifty or more, including a number of officers, were killed. The same spirit of mutiny that took hold of the French arose among the Spanish garrisons. On on occasion all but twenty of those in the forts on the San Mateo determined in leave and were aboard a vessel ready to sail when Menendez arrived from St. Augustine. He induced thirty of them to remain, put them on a boat and ordered them to St. Augu- tine; but on the way they were attacked by the Indians sad most of them killed. The mutineers sailed and were wrecked on the lower Florida coast where they fell ito the honds of the Indians of that section. At the end of 18 months conditions in Florida-were grow- ing from bad to worse; supplies and recruits were slow in coming. from the West Indies and the dissension of the colonists was growing. Menendez therefore decided to go to Spain and make a personal report in the interest of the Florida colony. He sailed in the spring of 1567, and remained in Spain a year. During his absence there ecrurred at the mouth of the River San Mateo (St. Johns) the most spec- tacular incident of them all. Retribution of Dominic de Goargaue The court of France, anti-Huguenot in sentiment, ignored the popular clamor for retribution for the outrages perpe- trated against Frenchmen in Florida. Observing that the slaughter of his countrymen would likely go unavenged and believing that the honor of France demanded a retributive measure, Dominic de Gourgues, a soldier of fortune, taok up- on himself the responsibility of a private enterprise against the Spaniards in Florida. Selling his own estate and borrowing from his friends, De Gonugues managed to fiance the building of three weasels especially equipped for the enterprise. Hie fighting force comprised about 100 soldiers armed with arquebusses and 80 mariners with cress-bows end pikes; there were also * eumber of persons unskilled in arms, but seeking adven- ture.  HISTORY OF JACKSONILLE, FLORIDA 19 hISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 19 HISTORY OF JACSONvLLE, FLORIDA 19 De Gourgues left France August 22, 1667, sailed to Africa, thence to the West Indies. and reached the River Hay (St. Johns) at Eastertide, 1568. In passing by the mouth of the river he received the salute of the Spanish posts and returned it to keep his identity secret. He came to anchor in the St. Marys River, called the Somme by the French. The Indiana soon gathered and an alliance was quickly made with them for an attack upon the Spanish forts. Several days were required to perfect the plans. A youth, Pierre Debre, who had escaped from Fort Caroline and was afterward found and kindly treated by the Indians, was brought in and his services as interpreter were Invalu. able. On the Satorday morning following Easter, De Gourgues with his whole force, except 20 left to guard the vessels in the St. Marys River, anda great number of Indiana were concentrated in the woods behind the fort on the north side of the river. * eirseeaces pant almst withost the dghest debt to Plot Town as the location of tis fort, The attack was made in the forenoon. Captain Cazenove with a company was ordered to set fire to the gate, while the main forces attacked from the rear. A guard happened to mount a platform just at this moment, noticed the French and sounded the alarm. He fred a culverin twice and was loading it for a third shot when he was killed by an Indian. By this time the French and the Indiana were inside the fort. Not a Spaniard escaped; of the 60 in the fort, 4 were killed, and 15 captured and reserved for another fate. The garrison in the fort across the river, seeing the com- motion, opened a cannonade, which the French replied. to by turning the guns of the captured fort to bear upon the other. Haste was necessary to intercept the garrison on the south side of the river before it should reach the great fort San Mateo (at St. Johns Bluff). Captain Be Gourgues with 80 soldiers entered a boat that had come around into the river by prearranged pla and creosed over to the south side below the second fort. The Inditn swam croso in great numbers, holding their bows and arrows above their heads with one hand and swimming with the other. The garrison fled, but not in time to escape, for when they got to the wods they found themselves cut of and partly surrounded. All were slain except 15 reserved an before. De Gourgues left France August 22, 1567. sailed to Africa, thence to the West Indies, and reached the River Hay (St. Johns) at Eastertide, 1568. In passing by the mouth of the river he received the salute of the Spanish poets and returned it to keep his identity secret. He came to anchor in the St. Marys River, called the Somme by the French. The Indians soon gathered and an alliance was quickly made with them fur an attack upon the Spanish forts. Several days were required to perfect the plans. A youth, Pierre Debre, who had escaped from Fort Caroline and was afterward found and kindly treated by the ldians, was brought in and his services as interpreter were invalu- able. On the Saturday morning following Easter, De Gourgues with his whole force, except 20 left to guard the vesselsin the St. Marys River, anda great number of Indiana were concentrated in the woods behind the fort on the north side of the river. * Ciuestances poiet alost withoat the smghlae dobs to PiOt Tow as the loatins of this fort The attack was made in the forenoon. Captain Cosenove with a company was ordered to set fre to the gate, while the mals forces attacked from the rear. A guard happened to mount a platform just at this moment, noticed the French and sounded the alarm. He fired a culvearin twice and was loading it for a third shot when he was killed by an Indian. By this time the French and the Indins were inside the fort. Not a Spaniard escaped; of the 60 in the fort, 41 were killed, and 10 captured and reserved for another fate. The garrison in the fort acroas the river, seeing the cm- motion, opened a cannoade, which the French replied to by turning the guns of the captured fort to bear upon the other. Haste was necessary to intercept the garrison on the south aide of the river before it should reach the great fort San Mateo (at St. Johns Bluff). Captain De Gourgues with 80 soldiers entered a boat that lad come around into the river by prearranged plan and crossed over is the south side below the second fort. The Indiana swam acrosa in great numbers, holding their bows and arrows above their heads with one hand and swimming with the other. The garrison fled, but not in time to escape, for when they gut to the woods they found themselves cut off and partly surrounded. All were slain except 15 reserved as before Be Gorgnes left France August 2, 15617, ailed to Africa, thence to the West Indies, and reached the River May (St. Johns) at Eastertide, 158. In passing by the mouth of the river he received the salute of the Spanish posta and returned it to keep his identity secret. He came to anchor in the St. Marys River, called the Somme by the French. The Indians soon gathered and an alliance was quickly made with them for an attack upon the Spanish forts. Several days were required to perfect the plans. A youth, Pierre Debre, who had escaped from Fort Caroline and was afterward found and kindly treated by the Indians, wan brought in and his services ae interupreter were invalu- able. On the Saturday morning following Easter, De Courgues with his whole force, except 20 left to guard the vessels in the St. Marys River, anda greatnumber of Indian were concentrated in the woods behind the fort on the north side of the river. * Cirecusaes peos almost wheot the sightest doet to Piot Tew es the locatio or this fort. The attack was made in the forenoon. Captain Cacenove with a company was ordered to set nre to the gate, while the main forces attacked from the rear. A guard happened to mount a platform just at this moment, noticed the French and sounded the alarm. He fared a culverin twice and was loading it for a third shot when he was killed by an Indian. By this time the French and the Indians were inside the fort. Not a Spaniard escaped; of the 60 in the fort, 41 were killed, and 15 captured and reserved for another fate. The garrison inthe fort arose the river, seeing the cm- motion, opened a cannonade, which the French replied to by turning the gens of the captured fort to bear upon the other. Haste was necessary to intercept the garrison on the south side of the river before it should reach the great fort San Mateo (at St. Johns Bluff). Captain Be Gourgues with 80 soldiers entered a boat that had come around into the river by prearranged plan and crossed over to the south aide below the second fort. The Indians swam across in great numbers, holding their bows and arrowo above their heads with one hand and swimming with the other. The garrison fled, but not in time to escape, for when they got to the wceds they found themselves cut off and partly surrounded. All were slain except 1 reserved as before.  20 HISTORY OF JACSONVILLE, FLORIDA 20 HISTORY OF JACESONVILLE, FLORIDA 20 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE FLORIDA "Theesecdfortwse hept wher the vertus at haort. The Spsalards evidently held back fur a tine ber leaving the fort, which gave De Golarues tlie to crws thereadstcation hlmseif Isithe goads srondmahepery known as e onderwood? The French removed the articles of value from this fort and sent them across the river. Then they crossed over themselves, with their captives and their Indian allies. Do Gourgues wished to obtain more accurate information about the great fort before attacking it. Be learned from one of the prisoners that it contained about 250 men, well armed and supplied, and this information was substantiated by a spy sent from the great fort, who had been captured by the- Indians and brought in. De Courguea decided to make the attack at once, although it could not be made as a surprise, for the Spaniards had already gotten wind of the attacks on the small forts. In the night he sent the IndIana to con, ceal themselves in the woods behind the great fort and await the signal for attack. Early the next morning he crossed the river with all of his force, except a few left to guard the prisoners, and finally attained the eminence (St. Johns Bluff) overloking the fort-the same position from which Menenden on that fatal morning two and a half yaros before-- observed Fort Carolina De Gourgues saw a reconnoitering party of 60 Spaniards leave the fort and march toward his position, whereupon he sent Captain Casenove around to come up in their rear end cut off their retreat. This maneuver was carried out un- observed by the Spaniards. who continued toward Ne Gourgues' position on the hill. When they were clone, De Gourgues advanced with bin whole force. The Spaniards broke and iled, but Coenove had cut off their retreat and all were slata without quarter. The balance of the garrison in the fort got a glimpse of what was taking place in the woods on the slope of St. Johns Bluff and in their consternation the number of the French was greatly magnified. Becoming demoraliced they sought escape through the woods behind the fort; here they ran in- to the Indians, who attacked them with the greatest fury. The French eon joined the Indiana intheworkofextermin. tion. Only a few Spaniards escaped; most of them were slain " The send fot was l she point where e rlves tues- at Maypoet The fpasiaers evidently held back for a time bore leaving the foes, wheh gav lee D ouresn time to mesa the everad statin ielf i thewoads erndthe lpperty mown as "wanderwod? The French removed the articles of value from this fort and sent them across the river. Then they crossed over themselves, with their captives and their Indian alies. De Courgues wished to obtain more accurate information about the great fort before attacking it. He learned from one of the prisoners that it contained about 250 men, well armed and supplied, and this information was substantiated by a spy sent from the great fort, who had been captured by the- Indians and brought in. DN Courgues decided to make the attack at once, although it could not be made as a surprise, for the Spaniards had already gotten wind of the attacks on the small forts. in the night he sent the Indians to con- ceal themselves in the woods behind the great fort and await the signal for attack. Early the next morning he crossed the river with all of his force, except a few left to guard the prisoners, and fnally attained the emInence (St. Johns Bluff) overlooking the fort-the same position from which Menendes on that fatal morning two and a halt years before-- observed Fort Caroline, De Gourgues saw a reconnoitering party of dO Spaniards leave the fort and march toward his position, whereupon he sent Captain Cazenove around to came up in their rear and cot off their retreat. This maneuver was carried out un- observed by the Spaniards, who continued toward De Gourgues position on the hill. When they were close, De Gourgues advanced with his whole force. The Spaniards broke and fled, but Ca.enova had cut off their retreat and all were slain without quarter. The balance of the garrison In the fort got a glimpas of what was taking place in the woods on the slope of St. Johns Bluff and in their consternation the number of the French was greatly magnifed. Becoming demoralised they sought escape through the woods behind the fort; here they ran in- to the Indians. who attacked them with the greatest fury. The French on joined the Indiana intheworkofextermina- tion, Only a few Spaniards escaped; meat of them were slain * The seeond fort wa as he point wher the rover ts at Msypet. The spaikirdls evlently held back for a inne before leaving The fort, which gave De Gourg tes to teae theriver andstatiohimetfth -ewoodsromd tbe property nown as"Wndeeead.a The French removed the articles of value from this fort and sent them across the river. Then they crossed over themselves, with their captives and their Indian allies. De Gourgues wished to obtain more accurate Intormation about the great fort before attacking it. He learned from one of the prisoners that it contained about 260 men, well armed and supplied, and this information was substantiated by a spy seat from the great fort, who had been captured by the. indians and brought in. De Gourgues decided to make the attack at once, although it could not be made as aeurprise, for the Spaniards had already gotten wind of the attacks on the small forts. In the night he sent the Indians to can- ceal themselves in the woods behind the great fort and await the eignal for attack. Early the neat morning he crosed the river with all of his force, except a few left to guard the prisoners, and finally attained the eminence (St. Johns Bluff) overlooking the fort-the some position from which Menende on that fatal morning two and a half years before- observed Fort Caroline. De Gourgues saw a reconnoitering party of 6O Spaniards leave the fort and march toward his position, whereupon he sent Captain Cazenove around to come up in their rear and cut off their retreat. This maneuver was carried out un, observed by the Spaniards, who continued toward De Gourgues' position on the hill. When they were close, De Gourgues advanced with his whole force. The Spaniards broke and fled, but Cazenove had cut off their retreat and all were slain without quarter. The balance of the garrisoan in the fort got a glimpse of what was taking place In the woods on the slope of St. Johns Bluff and in their consternation the number of the French was greatly magnified. Becoming demoralized they sought escape through the woods behind the fort; here they ran in, in the indians, who attacked them with the greatest fury. The French eon joined the Indians tntheworkofextermias- tion. Only afew Spaniards escaped; most of them were slain  HISTORY OF JACESONVILEh , FLARIDA t HISTORY OF JACKfONVLLE, FLORIDA 21 HISTORY OF JACSONVILLE, FLORIDA 21 on the spot, but some were captured and hld for a specific purpose. Do Gnurgues marched his prisoners to a suitable spot, where he lectured them, reciting the details of the slaughter of his countrymen by Menendez. Then they were hanged from nearby trees. Oe a tablet of Airwood he wrote with a searing iron, "I do not this as unto Spaniards nor Mariners, but as unto Thieves. Traitors, and Murderers," and placed the placard beneath the virtims as a message to the Spaniards that he knew would come from St. Augustine after his departure. * MeSnde was is apsin at this time. Had he been is Florida it is possible that he might ha eo been ea visit to Stn MatSo cnd iales ita the bads so the Frenehina, iN with evenithe history of that spurd's life withot a dubst wosld base losed right atere. The ladies wousld be found a ret deal of ploaebue it too, far, as Bacreft says, ahoy unquestioahly enjoyed seeing their aemens butcher e sther. The necessity of destroying the fort was now explained to the Indiano and they et about the work with such zeal that San Mateo was razed in one day. The French removed the cannon and small arms to two boats that lay of! the fort, but the ammunition was lest as the result of an accident. An Indian while boiling sis fih set fire to a train of powder laid by the Spaniards, by which the ammunition house was blown up; from this other houses caught fire on their thatched roofs and were quickly destroyed. With the demolition of the other forts and the hanging of the prstonero held at the first fort, De Gorgues consid- ered his object accomplished. He sent the ordnance taken from the forts around by boat and set out with his diminu- tive army over the route by which he came. He found his vesels on the St. Marye in order and on May d hated saIl and headed for home, where he arrived at Rochelle on the 6th of June. 15608. News of the disaster in Florida reached Spain while De Gouress was still at Rochelle receiving the congratulations of his admirers and friends. A Spanish squadron was sent to capture him there, but he moved to another port before its arrival. A price was put upon his head. The Spanish king made representations to the French court and Do Courgues en the spot, but some were captured and held for a specific purpose. Do Gourgues marched his prisoners to a suitable spot, where he lectured them, reciting the details of the slaughter of his countrymen by Menendez. Then they were hanged from nearby trees. On a tablet of Arwood he wrote with a searing iron, "I do not this as unto Spaniards nor Mariners, but as unto Thieves, Traitors, and Murderers," and placed the placard beneath the victims s a message to The Spaniards that he knew would come from St. Augustine after his departure. 'Moendos was i Spain ethis time, Had he bees I Florida it is possible that he might have been on a vsMit to den Mateo sad fallen btt te bands of the Frenhmans, In whichenet thehtor fthat spanird'lif ewithoutadoub. old hoe elosed right there. The leaes weld have fend cageatdeal of pleasure a t to. for, as 11acroft saps, they unquees ly enoyed seeig their enemies btcher cash sater. The necessity of destroying the fort was now explained to the Indiana and they set about the work with suds neal that San Mateo was raned in one day. The French removed the cannon and small arms to two boats that lay of the fort. but the ammunition was lat as the result of an accident An Indian while boiling his fish set fre t a train of powder laid by the Spaniards, by which the ammunition house was blown up; from this other houses caught Sre on their thathed roofs and were quickly destroyed. With the demolition of the ether forts and the hanging of the prisoners held at the irat fort, De Gourgues consid- ered his object accomplihed. He sent the ordnance taken from the forts around by boat and set out with his diminu- tive army over the route by which he came. He found his vessels on the St. Marys in order and on May Sd hoisted sail and headed for home, where he arrived at Rochelle on the 6th of June, 1568. News of the disaster in Florida reached Spain while De Gourgues wee still at Rochelle receiving the congratulations of his admirers and friends. A Spanish squadron was sent to capture him there, but he moved to another port before its arrival. A price was put upon his head. The Spanish king made representatiosa to the French court and De orgues on the spot, but some were raptured and held for a specifc purpose. De Courgues marched his prisoners to a suitable spot, where he lectured them, reciting the details of the slaughter of his countrymen by Menendes. Then they were hanged from nearby trees. On a tablet of firwoed he wrote with a searing iron. "I do not this as unto Spaniards nor Mariners, but as unto Thieves, Traitors, and Murderers" and placed the placard beneath the victims oe a message to the Spanians that he knew would come from St. Augustine after his departure. * Meendes se is ss at this time. Had he been hs FlorId. it Is possible that he might have bees on a visit to tea Mate and fales bet the bdes of ths Frnehman, be vblhheveot theidosoy stthat spaniard's lifewsithuta doubt would have dosed right there. The idians would have found a ret deal of peasure is it too, fCr, as ncrotaw ys, tey anquestioably eisoed sieeig their esesies atcher selt The necessity of destroying the fort woa now explaIned in the Indiana and they set about the work with such seal that San Mateo was cased in one day. The French removed the cannon and small arms to two boats that lay of the fort, but the ammunition was lost an the result of an accident. An Indian while boiling his fish set fire to a train of powder laid by the Spaniards, by which the ammunition house was blown up; from this other bouses caught fare on their thatched roofs and were quickly destroyed. With the demolition of the other forts and the hanging of the prisoner held at the first fort, De Gourgies consid- ered his object accomplished. He sent the ordnance taken from the forts around by boat and set out with his diminu- tive army over the route by which he cams He found his vessels on the St. Marys in order and on May Sd hoisted sail and headed for home, where he arrived at Rochelle on the 6th of June. 1568. News of the disaster in Florida reached Spain while Do Gourges was still at dochelle receiving the congratulations of his admirers and friends. A Spanish squadron was sent to capture him there, but he moved to another port before its arrival. A price was put upon his head. The Spanish king made representations to the French court and De Gourgues  Ug HSTORT OF JACRONUDLA FLORIA US RITORY OF JACflONVtL, FLORIWA n 'ISORY 0F JAiSON RA FLORInA wae forced to seek safety In ooscealment: he remained in retirement ten at tweve cem Maosied by a uarge portion of the French people. The. acount of this expedition to Florida given in Chant- sainsa 'Voaes loess in these terms: A Qesem or cioneo Fese, akieL lr ene byea geetlemasse.io seecotdas dondd swhih essite in obleinsg ice him .agassy ftar noes saale due ad alldo te emesse of else 'send. Domin ds Oaurgna was easily the meat spectaulair figure in Florida's early history. aDs Ilasgases life ess filled with -sid adsceatcomsgmd watiteessameef.tae wan rid o sss llia.tims.H is th ee of Sierens pes feeW, scssy yao. lxs ens it sesms of ae eanesta e 6mteon a wayse Thmy apad by tee eds Thor et Matsn le to e elly ae, a sieoeesig it eWi haaiye oz esaade d leyiesteseoe ybs ene nte endseeseo Th suc tel oet .sesea ly eeh e .eo sad o asleas e wsse e ti eeea eha ssd leyayahch hs Afea .eail. esaleebl 'sceeltt tlohtrsse ctslaenea Th Hie e tad hi de o hse Mcare d a s F eids es talald to Fessi fass in d s tiyes p tch A tiot, De las e isoe aeaeest o whimcf by thno 1epatsod Those salted mfa.ies W osgd bla tiea .-bs theles s e he eaes hem ptioFo of t'iae e-suth letsii taco E beatd hto itsel dee to ic. teit, he AWsco, son as a- is Itla sGsco itni aeliei.ol t fes et aiese a aitatio of t teselco chry esso Sari; asst 'soMile e hes fesac m meseseed H e died tu in sac. . the itor of a ciet lielide te record a Th lbeit leae te coiy ws foued nd thes tirrina snoes t the machofte bte Jons~e i- w ,-thfoe inipopr. n- cueasthe irst chpeM fJenvlssheay wan forced to seek safety in concealment; he remained in retirement ten au twelve years, idolized by a large piortio of the French people. lbs ccout of this expedition to Florida given in Champ laine. 'Voyages cloese inc these terms, A goeness ®esaepeiss. -adarea by aoatsls'ae. asfeeosmda Me sw tot, ee oa sab aboo a ' t ceyote xcaio ead ese woisc rmoma Is ehasiaiog lee hlaelasy car macra sv1-..i Ctal W b esancea s the macid. Dominic do Gorga.e asd easily the nest sectaculsr figures in Mmoada'e early history. 'W -, otsit lif ts led with 'sid .d1-1.srelced is the set seas of she world as haowa ii a toim He tetI h eiocdifeet p..- £os msay oeac ie. ass so esased of neshomst Tht se catm lcsss Siet n tss heme capsseed by thr ~ Ipssle. they put eM Is a gailey seo galley nice,, cad walile arsving i tWo espeasyt he oaoesetoed bths'rtbAlca aohoibi01, ms the laditrenscema The galley ae which he tea sersice wsseesstlycsestedtheremnchsDpelccgmacs- taed as minca-a ce chss maea soaie to Mee, leash, and Thr Seat lam, fesm chicl it inosid he otas s'ith masiderable steolil. Its h~is ertos Cesm thie voycgr he d.es £C t cmasc the We -e MHeeaccel ms lscida mc bad e esbliebed in FOamseta io s tlrd hoacclaato nf tee Widase esd Chiltc o ac .. Mles ereed is yhloid" cc.- cditcdst.eseem feeln tssa bids pirch. Ascesptot lbe tssirca elt Shebhossruf in esstyecsat cba, sod eos m his fleey ammos burened far n sop cpc ty foe rosetf £mse bs le totas of himsef by mhr Spanitds. Threr enitad moeeem seced bias be Ste eisioolra thoioiobe nasist mle Spessdsd is loids-',o-Cheii istlyte tern, hat Istasey, dresil.t iicsla., hoeeee p ly. as pon i it. To, le .crsoes hiosslf tea a Cathsolic. iHe ssaerged ram sue reieatnt fslloeits the yiled.ensscyeiee Os accpt acel mota soteatac adthe high sas at:,00 Mi ay be eatr meaed he cnmtsstdnsita on s ie vsis he .-se retood. lie dimd in ltal. The history of a city includes the record of the locality bcfsre the city wee fouanded and theme etirriog scents at the mauth of the St. Joana Ricer therefore are properly In. eluded as the fist chapter of Jscelonwilc'o history. was forced to sook safoty in concealment; hc remained in retirement ten ar twelve years, idolized by alarge portion of the French people. Thes account of this expedition to Florida giran in Champ lain's "Voyages" close in these toerm: A sRseoensrprise, sadoasee by a gattlawats ssascrno et alc swn et, Co boe's soe altos, withaut sany ocher sopeesatiot ca. as whisle essapied I. otaiig dcc bia a gay far mars raLasati. shemall1 5ht fresem sfebe warld. Deatni cd Garcse ws easily the meat spectacular figure in Florida's early history. emu:be uSNw od.. , le m te legeehts life oe w tl d ~w nadt. stHi wem is lbs aemlee aC di~erst paei to fonr seasH ens oe msm a cC 5omcy That 'ons - sto e oSisena cad sim there eapesee by tba pslood, thoo, ps aMmnil s moey asagmoley slaee asd ..hima -mg~s in tU capscity he wso osetedbysthe' nonasd wsdy the asib the edacaesa. The galley im whioh e- m wssesstsllooctomato the Iroe.sstd De Gasrseeocre ta eW vto Fmeso IHe Te smadeea raysa to AMaos Biai sad Te. Iswacvi, free tebio it i. said he ee~teed tolm nacesldse'slott. Veac has recs ece tie -oo leesfbesm resf h Ham t tootm.i o ci Ti e lead bean pslitled It pnee a tuto entialed "l-rlin of the Widawn nd Cheild-e of aSeee Sdaasne oi emloed cld eiettoee Ceeliatg to n bigh pitch. As aptict D~e Gveiastfelsttetssoft.isttywss a aI.l, sod atsa m his flery eabere basted tce cc oprrssiy foe reseosa .retet mism s eced Ma t as l ic te ab ltcalrhasoacdioTTec agitc h Spsasmd to tia 1 O'oid.cit-C emsia it msy te hem, hot estaneb dosneste titc hser moredbates ceieteeoflssg the Piseilcleprs aacheetm clteta camassiec orf tte heigh M~geas Hi0tas 'stie he seceemeeed.m IHn dieds heOOS. The history of acity includes the record of the locality hefare the city weac founded and theme stirring scenes at the mouth of the St. Jehon iicr therefore are properly in- cluded as the firt chapter od Jacksonvilles' history.  RISTORY OF JACKSONVILLEO. FLORIDA 20 fly Aee Wy Slyopitog oyo Mlojo to Caoliin o the otlotolo of eymy city aod icootot of I tootico wotto. Atoyiooo thyton tomgh" ch0l100 toocite Ooo wend 00 twoo thy yooyots teyot --oyd w0 the vicinityo of St Johny ROltf ototydyd hein hhopop Thy how tloot pyobopeo hydotio oyoottyo -totl ewoohyreyI i le.,o hot ty do nt h-wohtitt oy whereo too, Jaookoooiiy, m toyaht hyyy thy toot wte ome 00nd ohidldot Omtood mt thy &tooy n11,61Ue th eme Soo the tooet mayy notottool ottotoptot pytitott toloot- tlot. atod tent hyot a oto o t oooy .Iy iofyyy thy Itelt whity thild iyot boytho tot Soot toot whoty olild bon iNorth Aoooyioo. Thoy do not ho thot thte noot hoathe to Notli Attyiea bytwyet white toy, 0,0 ftooh t Foot Coot- tie. Boo thoey do hoop til ooot Jomtoyowo cnod Plymwooth -ookotoagooddooloh-1tloyoi-ion.ooffouufooio. ITo- mcody of otooply vt thocy potty, yepop uo foe no tIeo to e yt ipoyd thot fop thyip hiotoyt hoytot Thy Doogto of thy Atotyipo Rosoltim0, 00 Moo 1. ,I.. ot-ooolooo oooooopt enyloygedoopyoftho. yoloty yiacod by R it0 thy mooth of thy tm i te1l, oend which oo vdohtydly deit-ood hy thy Spototodi oeon thy e*00000 of hoet .oytlicto060. Thin it th y 11 Iio t thao him moode to oywtoyoopnto..o of thy -.oto ofII- hooy fo to St Jyho, tivoy hotwoon Joohototl tod Ohe soo yoOnoyto, o .yoy 000000 IIIin" ao.0*0 00000 thos o -Lojod 0 .. 0 do e I.0000 HISTORY OF JACKSO14VILLE, FLORIDA 2M Ity Ary We Sltyoioo " Fom Mloito to boifoyofo it thy tcoolo of yoyyyy oily anod bomt o f thy totion iwhep Atootitoo hitoy is tooh% ...ot yottt to 00000 two the orblt teot oecoypodI0 thotoloty aof 00tohot beoa eneeyded im thi ohopoop. They mew othotopto the dyotoy to ootoz too otol yottowboy 00 Oom idht they do tot mowo tMt itwoo any- where 000m 3totoooilo. 000 thot beyo th1 ot -tto me -nod . todod to the tecyotioy 000 thy thottod It.,o Ot te 9oot may01 lobhotil ottttmph tP mt"In 000, oto tooth ho - ooldog toooyt Ottyyyiooo thy toot whem 01 c ol a hoo-thy toot Potooo whlit, thud boy. 0n Tooth Amtooio. They do nto hkoow thot the foot hoopit it Ploth Atyoty hototowhite recoe woo foeot at 00,0 Coot beet. tioo they do Otyow at! aoot Jotoiowot nyd Plymooth -coti< doogId..Ilohctthoomoolooytof blifteoi. Too eotde of pooply venyt t-o pIttoy e00ery loo to 0 no Whe The Dtooyotit o, tho Acooptoto ottoolotito 00 May it 040 otocto 0000 hoopoo 00 oontod topy of the otoboy yloood by DIthot 00of coomoth 0 theooio.oIt 0000, ood which woado y doototyod by tho1 Spottoyt opot Ohe copot. of Fomotyolloe 00 0065. Thin io th1 y 010 Iiot t boo hoot maodooototoyoo..to ony ofthe mtooofhhtoebyooof the St Johot Im.whetweyo Jaoohct lit tod thy to. 00000000,0 ~ b -10000yt 0000,00000*000 00Oyo It0f ytoo0.0.000*0000000000* I ~ ~ ~ ~ m to0000000000t 00 000 00toyooct h HISTRY OF JACRSONVILLE, FLORIDA 23 fly Ayy No Slycytog? I Fomo geojo to Colfoyoio int tho choole of evoyy Off tiod hotlyt of thy totioo wheto Atoyio00 hittoy i0 tought, yhdowooyytitomit weyd 0*0two thomrw ttt nt ohonm toi thy ticjoty of 00. J~on Bt oooodi o tmie ohoptop Too kow Obo ope the 00000 -t 60 ..tto 00 ote yotwhy I0 Otlildot bo. thoo d.it mem ot If000 wort .1y whoyt 000 Jooho-nin, otot boen tho tnt thteowoot tot ehflem, tododl Ion thy tooptoy m0w tit Utitd Stt, I0 tiin hot be-o ottodog0 opod iolyoy ken toot winte ,000100 000 bopo-etheo 000 ypototoo whi, ot bomo un hIpt Atejyo. Thye do , 00 h o t thy o fot[ hottly 00 Norith Aoooo hThy white pot wooe h ol iee o oinwe ' foeght 00 Fop Cao lioe. Bo hey do Mow oiloot Joiooo Cio lW lyocth ywkodoged doloott thoiotiopl ft tcio. Thot- eood of poopleol e0000 plototI I,00 o00 Ca0 0 000 otootonothy woyl tto lot teho~ hittootoonyytt.e Thogoyt of 0000 Amoooioo Roooltn M00 1, I id004IO, o M me...d 000 llyoo r0togodtop of he motoh plotodt11 ltihooeltooeohe onthof .-yio yi. t 106,ond whoh wo odotyl dmyoood by bho Sipotooyd epwt thy ppot of Po Co-ioOt00Tt in 15.Tuto . 00110 o oot boy boot modyoto oowoooooo-t oop ofthyoto oyonth iOeotol enogtR. St Jobo160 yhnt twey Jahoodo o h o ~~~00ot ~ ~ konH oo o.0* 0no~t otttl the 000000. 0000 thy e doot v.000 00 l t.o 000 00004000.ooot5otc 000 et oo .boooyoy~~i~o* toMyoo.totol dtot 04000000 t ooo ooOo". 0000000*000000yoht ottodc-o .0000000000  24 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 24 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 24 HISITRY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA CHAPTER II THE COW FORD Menendez left Spain on his return voyage to Florida about the time De Gourgues sailed out of the St. Marys and headed for home; they passed somewhere on the broad At. antic, one sailing westward and the other eastward. It is not difficult to imagine the fury that sthek the frame of Menendez when he arrived, at St. Augustine and learned what had taken place at the mouth of the San Mateo during his absence. Nevertheless, he set to work rebuilding the large fort and again garrisoed it, but never afterward with as many men as were there at the time of the Frenchman's attack. The small forts destroyed by De Gourgues do not seem to have been rebuilt, though maps of a later day show other posts along the river. _ Following the tragic scenes when French snd Spanish fought for the possession of Florida, a long period elapsed before events having a direct hearing ontis immediate vicinity again shaped themselves to become recorded his- tory. It was a sort of inactive interim in local history, be- tween the long ago and the beginning of development attend- ing the actual English occupation in 1764. However, during this period there were occasional forays between St. Augus- tine and the English settlements to the north in which English, Spanish and Indians took part, War parties now and then camped for awhile on the bluff that sloped down to the river at the foot of our present Liberty and Washington Streets. In Spanish times this bluff was described as impos- ing and timbered with live-cak, palm (palmetto), and wild orange. At the foot of Liberty Street there was a rather bold spring of clear, good water, (an outcropping, perhaps, of the stream that is known at the present day to underlie the surface in that section of the city). Bark from the river a short distance stood a small Indian village.. eose of the weliet ePanaich aps shows as ladie vise here called osschiea This liquid Indias nase os-sa- coi-te in the earliest aecord of aae appling the seal- ioy of Jacseonve It wes a Tinu at. ema of prebably net more halfadoen hosses thaneshed in oh Timsuqua styls, an showo by L Moyne's drawings, Menendes left Spain on his return voyage to Florida about the time De Gourgues sailed out of the St. Marys and headed for home; they passed somewhere on the broad At- antic, one soiling westward and the other eastward. It is net diffcult to imagine the fury that shook the frame of Menendee when he arrived at St. Augustine and learned what had taken place at the mouth of the San Mateo during his absence. Nevertheless, he set to work rebuilding the large fort and again garrisoned it, but never afterward with as many mes as were there at the time of the Frenchman's attack. The small forts destroyed by De Courgue do not seem to have been rebuilt, though maps of a later day show other posts along the river. Following the tragic scenes when French and Spanish fought for the possession of Florida, a long period elapsed before events having a direct bearing ontlsth immediate vicinity again shaped themselves to become recorded his- tory. It was a sort of inactive interim in local history, be- tween the long ago and the beginning of development attend- ing the actual English occupation in 1764. However, during this period there were occasional forays between St. Auguse- tine and the English settlements to the north in which English, Spanish and Indians took part. War parties now and then camped for awhile on the bluff that eloped down to the river at the foot of our present Liberty and Washington Streets. In Spanish times this bluff was described as impos- tog and timbered with live-oak, palm (palmetto), and wild orange. At the foot of Liberty Street there was a rather bold spring of clear, good water?- (an outcropping, perhaps, of the stream that is known at the present day to underlie the surface in that section of the city). Back from the river a short distance stood a oman Indian villagce, Oae o the ealiest spanh mape shows an Indin seine lure sailed onseacite. Thi liquid aIdias eases, os.-- - ctIs the meale recedf a inam applying to the n -al it of Jaesonvilie. It was a Tismua village of probably not mon, than haIl a doe huses thmaeed in the Tiecqua atrle, as shows by Lw Mops". deawigs. Menendez left Spain on his return voyage to Florida about the time De Gourgues sailed out of the St. Marys and headed for home; they passed somewhere on the brad At- antic, eoe nailing westward and the other castward. It is not dilBoult to imagine the fury that shook the frame of Menendez when he arrived at St. Augustine and learned what had taken place at the mouth of the San Mateo during bis absence. Nevertheless, he set to work rebuilding the large fort and again garrisoned it, but never afterward with no many men as were there at the time of the Frenchman' attack. The small forts destroyed by De Gourgue do not eem to have been rebuilt, though maps of a later day show other posts along the river. . Following the tragic scenes when French and Spanish fought for the possesnon of Florida, a long period elapsed before events having a direct bearing onthme immediate vicinity again shaped themselves to becme recorded his- tory. It wan a sort of inactive interim in loa history, be- tween the long ago and the beginning of development attend- ing the actual English occupation in 1764. However, during this period there were occasional forays between St. Augues, tine and the English settlements to the north in which English, Spanish and Indians took part. War parties now and then camped for awhile on the bluffthat sloped down to the river at the foot of our present Liberty and Washington Streets. In Spanish times this bluff was described as impos- ing and timbered with live-eak, palm (palmetto), and wild orange. At the foot of Liberty Street there was a rather bold spring of clear, good watere (an outcropping, perhaps. of the stream that is known at the present day to underlie the surface in that section of the city). Back from the river a ahort distance stood a small Indian village.' eO ne of the earliest sanih mas shows so Inodine vilage hore oss Dachite. This liqsid Indian name, Os-na- ci-te is the earliest reerd of a name apli to the 1o.a9- to of Jaksonville. It was a Tiuqua vileage of probahly not sere tane half . dson bosses thathed is she Tioae niylo, as shawn by Lw Mos drawmiga.  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA U HISTORY OF JACSONVILLE, FLORIDA W HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 2 Indian Fords and Trails The Indians had fording places at different points along the river. It is not known what they originally called these fords, but with the introduction of cattle into the country the name "Wacca Pilatka" was applied, signifying a ford- orplacewheretheowscrossedover. Thefirst Englishname for the vicinity of Jacksonville was "Cow Ford," and it was - often referred to by that name even long after Jacksonville was founded. One of the most popular fords along the St. Johns was at this point-from the foot of our present Liberty Street to a point on the south side of the river directly opposite. A Timuqua trail led up from the lower east coast through the New Smyrna district, on to St. Augustine and thence to the Cow Ford (South Jacksonville and Jacksonville). On this eide of the river it took a northwesterly corce through a black-jack ridge where Hemming Park is new and there branched, oe trail leading northwesterly and the other on toward the west? The westerly trail crossed the sand hills (for a long time called Trail Ridge) that divide the waters of Black Creek from these of the St. Marys River; leading around the head branches of the San-to-fee; joined the old De Soto trail near where the railroad crosses the Olustee, which led to the Suwanee; near the upper mineral springs, and westward to Alapaha, Aucilla, Micasuki, and Tallahassee, towns of the Apalachees. The Jacksonville-Lake City highway follows closely the route of this trail's The northwesterly branch led to the St. Marys River to a point opposite where Colerain, Ga., afterward stood) In the course of time these Indian trails grew inte a beaten track through the forest. The pack-ponies of the traders followed them; then came the ox-carts of a later day. following the course of least resistance. Thus a kind of high- way evolved as a natural consequence of the matchless judg- ment of the Indian in picking the easiest route. Great Britain Acquires Florida -'e English captured Havana from Spain in 1762. By the treaty in 1763 England acquired Florida in exchange for- Havana. The English took actual possession in 1764, when - practically the entire Spanish population departed. Indian Fords and Trails The Indians had fording places at different points along - the river. It is not known what they originally called these fords, but with the introduction of cattle into the country the name Waca PilaTika" was applied, signifying a ford- orplacewherethecowscrossedover. Thefirst Englishname for the vicinity of Jacksonville was "Cow Ford," and it was - often referred to by that name even long after Jacksonville was founded. One of the most popular fords along the St. Johns was at this point-from the foot of our present Liberty Street to a point on the aouth aide of the river directly opposite. A Timuam trail led up from the Iowe' east coast through the New Smyrna district, on to St. Augostine and thence to the Cow Ford (South Jacksonville and Jacksonville). On thisn side of the river it took a northwesterly course through a black-jack ridge where Hemming Park is now and there branched, one trail leading northwesterly and the other en toward the west.0 The westerly trail crossed the sand hills (for a long time called Trail Ridge) that divide the waters of Rlack Creek from those of the St. Marys River; leading around the head branches of the San-ta-fee; joined the old De Soto trail near where the railroad crosses the Olustee, which led to the Suwanee; near the upper mineral springs, and westward to Alapaha, Auncilla, Micasuki, and Tallahassee, towns of the Apalachees. The Jacksonville-Lake City highway follows closely the route of this trail0 The northwesterly branch led to the St. Marys River to a point opposite where Colerain. Ga., afterward stoods In the course of time these Indian trails grew into a beaten track through the forest. The pack-ponies of the traders followed them; then came the ox-cots of a later day, following the course of least resistance. Thusakind of high- way evolved as a natural consequence of the matchless jodg- ment of the Indian in picking the easiest route. Great Britain Acquires Florida The English captured Havana from Spain in 1762. By the treaty in 1703 England acquired Florida in exchange for-- Havana. The English took actual possession in 1764, when - practically the entire Spanish population departed. Indian Fords and Trails The Indians had fording planes at different points along - the river. It is not known what they originally called these fords, but with the introduction of cattle into the country the name "Waec Platka" was applied, signifying a ford- orplacewheretheowserossedover. Thefrat Englishname for the vicinity of Jacksonville wa "Cow Ford," and it wan - often referred to by that name even long after Jacksonville was founded. One of the most popular fords along the St. Johns was at this point-from the foot of our present Liberty Street to a point on the south side of the river directly opposite. A Timuoua trail led up from the lower east coast through the New Smyrna district, on to St. Augustine and thence to the Cow Ford (South Jacksonville and Jacksonville). On this side of the river it took a northwesterly coure thrmugh a black-jack ridge where Hemming Pork is now and there branched, one trail leading northwesterly and the other on toward the wet.? The westerly trail crossed the sand hills (for a long time called Trail Ridge) that divide the waters of Black Creek from those of the St. Marye River; leading around the head branches of the San-ta-fee; joined the old De Soto trail near where the railroad crosses the Olustee, which led to the Suwanee ; near the upper mineral springs, and westward to Alapaha, Aucilla, Micasukli, and Tallahassee, towns of the Apalachees. The Jacksonville-Lake City highway follows closely the route of this trail.0 The northwesterly branch led to the St. Marys River to a point opposite where Colerain, Ga., afterward stood. In the course of time these Indian trails grew into a beaten track through the forest. The pack-ponies of the traders followed them; then came the ox-carts of a later day, following the course of least reilstance. Thusakind of high- way evolved as a natural consequence of the matehless judg- ment of the Indian in picking the easiest route. Great Britain Acquires Florida -The English captured Havana from Spain in 1762. By the treaty in 176 England acquired Florida in exchange for- Havana. The English took actual possession in 1764, when - practieally the entire Spanish population departed.  S HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORDA 26 HIS'ORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA U HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA English Land Grants About 1765, the Marquis of Hastingasecured a British grant on the north side of the St. Johns comprising 20,000 acres along the river from Trout Creek to the mouth of Maxtoss (Mclirts) Creek, including the present site of Jack- eonville. There io no record of a settlement on this land dur- ing the English occupation. The Marqis of Waterford secured a grant, also of 20,000 acres, on the opposite side of the river between Pottisurg Creek and Julington Creek, in- cluding the site of Sooth Jaeksonville? This tract was de- veloped in the vicinity of the ford. Bertram visited the Cow Ford in 1774, and he noted in his book that a ferry for cross- ing the river was in operation (for travelers) and near it was an indigo plantation from which he procured a sailboat for a trip up the river. The St. Johna country was highly advertised in England for a tinie, stress being placed on the profitable cultivation of the indigo plant here. There were several English planta- .ons along the river above the Cow Ford. What-we now call Ortega was settled by Abraham Jones under an English patent of January 12, 1770, granting him 2,000 acres of land "in our province of East Florida, situation the neck or point of land between St. Johns River and Maxtons Creek, known by the name of Mactens Creek Island. Bounded South and Southeast by vacant lands; West and Northwest by Maxtons Creek, and Eastwardly by St. Johns River." Jones built his house half a mile above where Maxtons Creek emptied into the river. About the year 1780, Colonel Daniel McGirts was living on this tract, which was then called M.Girts Flace and Maxtona Creek was called McGirts Creek, Kings Roead The English had not been long in Florida when they set to work making a highway out of the old trail leading to the St. Marys River. They started at New Smyrna; thence to St. Augostine; to the Cow Ford; to the St. Marys at Colerain,- and on into Georgia. All land travel between the northern - Colonieo and East Florida came down over this route and consequently through the sites of Jacksonville and South - Jackoonville. Kings Road today follows the original routs. English Land Grants About 1766, the Marquis of Hastingsiecured a British grant on the north side of the St. Johns comprising 20,000 acres along the river from Trout Creek to the mouth of Maxtona (McGirts) Creek, including the present site of Jack- sonville. There is no record of a settlement on this land dur- ing the English occupation. The Marquis of Waterford secured a gront, also of 20,000 acres, on the opposite side of the river between Pottaburg Creek and Julington Creek, in-- cluding the site of South Jacksonville, This tract was de- veloped in the vicinity of the ford. Bartram visited the Cow Ford in 1774, and he noted in his book that a ferry for cross- ing the river was in operation (for travelers) and near it was an indigo plontation from which he procured a sailboat for a trip up the river. The St. Johns country was highly advertised in England for a time, stress being placed on the profitable cultivation of the indigo plant here. There were several English planta- tions along the river above the Cow Ford. What we now call Ortega was settled by Abraham Jones under on English patent of January 12, 1770, granting him 2,000 acres of land in our province of East Florida, situation the neck or point of land between St. Johns River and Mactona Creek, known by the name of Maxtons Creek Island. Bounded South and Southeast by vacant lands; West and Northwest by Maxtons Creek, and Eastwardly by St. Johns River." Jones built his house half a mile above where Maxtons Creek emptied into the river. About the year 1780 Colonel Daniel McGirte was living on this tract, which was then called McGirts Place and Maxtons Creek was called McGirts Creek., Kings Rood The English had not been long in Florida when they set to work making a highway out of the old trail leading to the St Marys River. They started at New Smyrna; thence to St. Augustine; to the Cow Ford; to the St. Marys at Colerainto and on into Georgia. All land travel between the northern - Colonies and East Florida came down over this route and consequently through the sites of Jacksonville and South - Jacksonville. Kings Road today follows the original route. English Leand Grants About 1765, the Marquis of astingsseeured a British grant on the north side of the St. John comprising 20.000 acres along the river from Trout Creek to the mouth of Mactons (McGirts) Creek, including the present site of Jack- sonville. There is no record of a settlement on this land dur- ing the English occupation. The Marquis of Waterford seeured a grant, also of 20,000 acres, on the opposite side of the river between Pottsburg Creek and Jolington Creek, in- cluding the site of South Jacksonville, This tract was de- veloped in the vicinity of the ford. Bartram visited the Cow Ford In 1774, and he noted In his book that a ferry for cross- ing the river was in operation (for travelers) and near it was an indigo plantaton from which he procured a sailboat for strip up the river. The St. Johns country was highly advertised in England for a time, stress being placed on the prontable cultivation of the indigo plant here. There were several English planta- tions along the river above the Cow Ford. What we now call Ortega was settled by Abraham Jones under an English patent of January 12, 1770, granting him 2,000 acres of land "io our province of East Forida, situation the neck or point of land between St. Johns River and Maxtons Creek, known by the name of Matona Creek Island. Bounded South and Southeast by vacant lands; West and Northwest by Maxtons Creek, and Eastwardly by St. Johns River." Jones built his house half a mile above where Maxtons Creek emptied into the river. About the year 1780, Colonel Daniel IMcGirt was living on this tract, which was then ralled McGirts Place and Matonsa Creek woo called McGirts Creek Kings Red The English had not been long in Florida when they set to work making a highway out of the old trail leading to the St. Mary River. They started at New Smyrna; thence to St. Augustine; to the Cow Ford; to the St. Marys at Colerain and on into Georgia. All land travel between the northern - Colonies and East Florida come down over this route and consequently through the sites of Jacksonville and South - Jackoonville. Kings Read today fellows the original route.  El WIIE ll oG IGA GG ElY[DZ] 7 F7 F7 G l G GGI G s z G El~E GE DZ tiziG2 4a EL lll Lin G GG ayiyL :EG. EL GE~qQ E G w  U HIS'ORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA U HISTRY OF JAC2SOVILLE, FLORIDA U HISRY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLOR A The Spaniards Return Interest in Florida by England waned when the tide turned against her in the war of the Colonies for independ-_ rnce, m which Florida did not join. In 1783, England ceded Florida back to Spain, in a ridiculous exchange for several unimportant islands. The Spaniards returned to Florida in - 1784, and practically all of the English left. The British land grants reverted to the Spanish crown, but the agreement in- cluded a provision that the British settlers should be renu- aerated for their lands. The English estates on the St. Johns were abandoned and remained vacant for aome years, falling into rapid decay.4 McIntosh and the Spaniards About the year 1790, John H. McIntosh, of Georgia, arrived in the vicinity of the Cow Ford. Here he wasap- pointed to some office by the Spanish governor, but he does not seem to have obtained an actual grant of land. McIntosh apparently was a turbulent man of restless and reckless dis- Mosition and it is not surprising that he and the Spaniards eventually clashed. The result was that he was arrested for intrigue in 1794 and sent to Havana, where he was confined for a year in Morro Castle. After his release from prison, he returned to Georgia, gathered together a band of adventur- ea, and swept down upon the Spanish post (San Nicholas) at the Cow Ford. This he destroyed, together with the "Boate of the Royal Domain" on the river., McIntosh and Lbe Spaniards seem to have patched up their differences, however, for some years later he was again living in the vicinity of the Cow Ford engaged in the exportation of lumber on a large scale and incidentally living like a lord. Prior to 1800, there were bona-flde settlers in the vicinity of the Cow Ford, regardless of the fact that this locality had by that time become the stamping ground of many undesir- ablee-eriminals from the States, slave catchers, ruffians, and banditti of varied kind. This was a condition that gave the Spanish governors a world of trouble and there were fr. quent exchanges of charges and counter-charges by Span- lards and Georgians which resulted in a sentiment that awaited only a pretext for an armed invasion of Florida. It Came in 1812 The Spaniards Return Interest in Florida by England waned when the tide tuned against her in the war of the Colonies for independ-- ence, in which Florida did cot join. In 1783, England ceded Florida back to Spain, in a ridiculous exchange for several unimportant islands. The Spaniards returned to Florida in 1784. and practically all of the English left. The British land grants reverted to the Spanish crown, but the agreement in- cluded a provision that the British settlers should be remnu- nerated for their lands. The English estates on the St. Johns were abandoned and remained vacant for some years, falling into rapid decay.4 McIntosh and the Spaniards About the year 1790, John H. McIntosh, of Georgia, arrived in the vicinity of the Cow Ford. Here he was ap- pointed to moome ofice by the Spanish governor, but he does not seem to have obtained an actual grant of land. McIntosh apparently was a turbulent man of restless and reckless din- position and it is not surprising that he and the Spaniards eventually clashed. The result was that he was arrested for intrigue in 1794 and sent to Havana, where he was confined for a year in Morro Castle. After his release from prison, he returned to Georgia, gathered together a band of adventur- ema, and swept down upon the Spanish east (San Nicholas) at the Cow Ford. This he destroyed, together with the Boato of the Royal Domain" on the river., Mentosh and the Spaniards seem to have patched np their differences, however, for some years later he was again living is the vicinity of the Cow Ford engaged in the exportation of lumber a large scale and incidentally living like a lord. Prior to 1800, there were bona-fide settlers in the vicinity of the Cow Ford, regardless of the fact that this locality had by that time become the stamping ground of many undesir- ables--criminals from the States, slave catchers, ruffians. and banditti of varied kind. This was a rondition that gave the Spanish governors a world of trouble and there were fr- quent exchanges of charges and counter-charges by Span- lards and Georgians which resulted in a sentiment that awaited only a pretext for an armed invasion of Florida. It came in 1812. The Spaniards Returan Interest in Florida by England waned when the tide turned against her in the war of the Colonies for independ- ence, in which Florida did not join. In 1783, England ceded Florida back to Spain, in a ridiculous exchange for several unimportant islands. The Spaniards returned to Florida in 1784, and practically all of the English left. The British land gran reverted to the Spanish crown, but the agreement in- cluded a provision that the British settlers should be remu- nerated for their lands. The English estates en the St. Johns were abandoned and remained vacant for some years, falling into rapid decay. McIntosh and the Spantards About the year 1790, John H. McIntosh, of Georgia, arrived in the vicinity of the Cow Ford. Mere he was aM- painted to some oflice by the Spanish governor, but he does not seem to have obtained an actual grant of land. McIntosh apparently was a turbulent man of restless and reckless dia- position and it is not surprising that he and the Spaniards eventually clashed. The result was that he was arrested for intrigue in 1794 and sent to Havana, where he was confined for a year in Morro Castle. After his release from prison, he returned to Georgia, gathered together a band of adventur- e, and swept down upon the Spanish post (San Nicholas) at the Cow Ford. This he destroyed, together with the "Boats of the Royal Domain" on the river., McIntosh and the Spaniards seem to have patched up their differences, however, for some years later he was again living in the vacinity of the Cow Ford engaged in the exportation of lumber on a large scale and incidentally living like a lord. Prior to 1800, there were bon-fide settlers in the vicinity of the Cow Ford, regardless of the fact that this locality had by that time become the stamping ground of many undenir- ables-criminals from the States, slave catchere, ruffians, and banditti of varied kind. This was a condition that gave the Spanish governors a world of trouble and there were fre- quent exchanges of charges and counter-charges by Span- iards and Georgians which resulted in a sentiment that swaited only a pretext for an armed invasion of Florida. It came in 1812  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE. FLORIDA HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA Ul HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 29 Patriot Revolution Prior to the declaration of war between the United States and Great Britain in 1812, the United States Congress in secret sessions as early as January, 1811, considered sari- ously the question of seizing Florida although it was -a pos- session of Spain, on the pretext that in the event of war the English might use it as a base of operations. There followed a chain of correspondence between the United States Secrs- tary of State and the Governor of Georgia on the subject and instructions were finally issued by the government, with the consent of the President (Madiseo), for emissaries to proceed to Florida and try to procure its cession to the United States by peaceable means if possible, and failing in this they were to ose their own judgment in the matter.' The outcome was as armed invasion of East Florida by Georgians "un-- l oflicially" supported by United States regulars, accompanied by an uprising of Ameri s living in northern Florida. This armed attack upon the Spaniards is usually referred to in history as the "Patriot Revolution" in Florida. General Matthews, of Georgia, to whom this delicate task of taking Florida over had been entrusted, found no difficulty in enlisting volunteers for an invasion of Florida. The first attack was upon Fernandina, which they captured without bloodshed. Eight armed United States sloops co-operated, and on the following day United States forces took posses- sion of Fernandina and raised the American flag over the fort. This was in March, 1812, and war with Great Britain was not declared until the following June. Without the pre- liminaries usual to the establishment of governments, the Patriots at once set to work organizing a government of their own for Northern Florida, elected John H. Mclntoh (the same McIntosh of Cow Ford fame) director-general, ap- pointed judges and established a legislature/ It proved to be a paper government and never functioned. The next move of the Patriots was against St. Augus- tine, the Spanish capital of Fast Florida. They marched 800 strong to a point near the town and encamped. Here they were joined by a detachment of United States regulars. The Spaniard, mounted some cannon on a schooner and shelled the camp, forcing the Americans to retreat. The Patriots retreated to the Cow Ford and established their camp. The United States troops remained in the vicinity of St. Augus- Patriot Revolution Prior to the declaration of war between the United States and Great Britain in 1812, the United States Congress in secret sessions as early as January, 1811, considered sari. oasly the question of seizing Florida although it was a pso.- session of Spain, on the pretext that in the event of war the English might use it as a base of operations. There followed a chain of correspondence between the United States Seers- tary of State and the Governor of Georgia on the subject and instructions were fmally issued by the government, with the consent of the President (Madison), for emissaries to proceed to Florida and try to procure its cession to the United States by peaceable means if possible, and failing in this they were to use their own judgment in the matter. The outcome was an armed invasion of East Florida by Georgiana "u- officially" supported by United States regulars, accompanied by an uprising of Americans living in northern Florida. This armed attack upon the Spaniards is usually referred to in history as the "Patriot Revolution" in Florida. General Matthews, of Georgia, to whom this delicate task of taking Florida over had been entreated, found on diMculty in enlisting volunteers for an invasion of Florida. The first attack was upon Fernandina, which they raptured without bloodshed. Eight armed United States sleoops co-operated, and en the following day United States forces took posses- sion of Fernandina and raised the American flag over the fort. This was in March, 1812, and war with Great Britain eas not declared until the following Jone. Without the pre- liminaries usual to the establishment of governments, the Patriots at once set to work organiingr government of their own for Northern Florida, elected John H. MeIntesh (the same Mlintosh of Cow Ford fame) director-general, ap- pointed judges and established a legislatores It proved to be a paper government and never functioned. The next move of the Patriots was against St. Augus tine, the Spanish capital of East Florida. They marched 300 strong to a point near the town and encamped. Here they were joined by a detachment of United States regulars. The Spaniards mounted some cannon on a schooner and shelled the camp, forcing the Americans to retreat. The Patriots retreated to the Cow Ford and established their camp. The United States troops remained in the vicinity of St. Augus- Patriot Revolution Prior to the declaration of war between the United States and Great Britain in 1812, the United States Congress in secret sessions an early so January., 1811, considered neri- ausly the question of seizing Florida although it was a Ws- session of Spain, on the pretext that in the event of war the English might use it as a base of operations. There followed a chain of correspondence between the United States Secra- tary of State and the Governor of Georgia on the subject and instructions were inally issued by ths government, with the cosoent of the President(Masidison), for emissaries to proceed to Florida and try toprocure its cession to the United States by peaceable menls if possible, and failing in this they were to usee their own judgment in the matter' The outcome was an armed invasion of East Florida by Georgians us. officially" supported by United States regulars, accompanied by an uprising of Americans living in northern Florida. This armed attack upon the Spaniards is usually referred to in history as the "Patriot Revolution in Florida, General Matthews, of Georgia, to whom this delicate task of taking Florida over bad been entrusted, found no diIculty in enlisting volunteers for an invasion of Florida. Thoe rst attack was upo Fernandia. which they captured without bloodshed. Eight armed United States sloops co-operated, and en the following day United States forces took posses sion of Fernandina and raised the American lag over the fort. This was in March, 1812, and war with Great Britain was anot declared until the following June. Without the pr- liminaries usual to te establishment of governmenta, the Patriots at once oet to work organizing a government of their own for Northern Florida, elected John HI. Mcntesh (the same McIntosh of Cow Ford fame) director-generai, aD- pointed judges and established a legislatored It proved to be a paper government and never functioned. The next move of the Patrio was against St. Aiugs- tine, the Spanish capital of East Florida. They marched I00 strong to a point near the town and encamped. Here they were joined by a detachment of United States regulars. The Spaniards mounted some cannon on a schooner and chelled the camp, forcing the Americans to retreat. The Patriots retreated to the Cow Ford and established their ramp. The United States troops remained in the vicinity of St. Augus-  awa>bsg 3gc".gin ;s5Is _3s5 e n3u m3x'E e: ° 3yz ^c~x ;aqa SPIN? 3 °v R Eaa'm e 5°+a$o&5 g9e"-mom CS'.rtoo e aoil HIM 'I E d°a3F° a.s; PAY e+ 'ga .amF+ WTI; 3m° e.ti3 A5'°'°En &Ea&e' 3N 9 ° A 65. e =o a=: aigg ; gGtl aN. [long In .'q T W L 'g rim 1--1 TRI 1z a; °R 3 TRY, 6F3 -°? iE e 5.:.. RE S' seao:' 3 @a 11 riee8 a'sa g3c g.9 p3fi s" _fe Wi R mi3 °3s ¢gay __ k ^3> As °eK a' 9c Cn  ESR OF JACSOlVLLE PWRIA 31 ISTR OF dACIWUNVLN, FLOI&A 31 UBLTR OF JACSONYUJ4E FtOA SI UtyaNa). Tille 'aira datyed fat a law .a,I a 11.i1i- t atae (lndiolt atia; ad when thy dyltmt tagainat tambled ap-the ib Sy .yh mayweabtato aaemto oah.ya EM admhata11 it lyaay.Aha-t titiymytyyyyi-~dalahtypfyypCAl Satiilt~adaiaito phaaathydathataynt - taiaf thep etdat .... th..m~lgy tip, , tat theb I.- paditiat tlhe tAta hbd aaaaapyatyd, tad it tAii by the -1-aedimath-1 mpyat bef abo aaia: ata, tab watwide Saa mthat e, ey eet, ha at Id at aee a day laaga that thy Shea lay yahit by had pyiglyily Yatiayd I tatltgl, t m ytaheemd the aatapaitard titl tlalilaalyathahlegy whta 84 ma,, (yatadia oam'qa appd bet mad A-y Amytlyd, phtb, wit thy addtt at 23 atata mtiltia ,at to maid by Cal. Staith .Aatja dayse thyomm taayfa Capt Coty. -tbad ay tlleata maitt 1With thianai body, protidad wsitkh (apday prti adiatthy vwd ayy i-ayat atm pb httead oatald di aatoa Cm ltaota (pa), btat paetiAaa d ab18iht tip aa ae-Ctmg at th b ida Sat, Septyamht (tai2) tat la the St Jat . maryhiig it itAy lt at lapyy' yya tatty Iah...ti tadCa t, lpa,ith paye pit C ea' de. at (thy ttatal, aat itt-iaa lpt ydtdi aayay dityhlo t hai ati ay Y, e at thy tai o aa Attgy emo. thy - hayttatah~I~i thy yatta, Maa with rhaip alata "ayig yatl te fy. igg atheAaatmit, tadtipttlatlahtalptha -, lyat w e a.1l I aiatrcia CeaaittAaadYahIagaphait.apaataaapaat the i-igt awllI t han roi th attta ittheaa ty tad atatd t thy eailmy Ady ..to tatp yttaiapdaahy as atat at a mt ttaypaiatia, mfliphaaya -pay tat itflatytd fite paiS th tAd iae-btai aapty m hmLmtom t h [ mi n,1.. 11mpao fit ot to ab h af the taalt. ahattdaayidtytat tp-eaatla payty eyile hog th adtdag M1 thyr ty1yt da aretE ta tata, thet mrdahit t ale f the ltaaay tatmeat Newm Ian'at tate, Altaha oenCaaatptaur AY.ataaatyiaa patty oi-taaat edaaea amabdt alata the path mtata mt, td at mha wee oaent they oppayy o havatA~ayatda AAapaalaltftpt oftit lall aatlablt atytd). Thua tapfl. dlayid [at ta ayt pay tedltiatt athCa BL ]diaataaiaaweaadtahl-ati"Aat..ahatt wyt a I.tyad bt thy tayith, adataittmeata P yaPatm to Thl dataaoaapataataa t iP, thai, yapa Iaa 1t at 2t dayta latta, at thy titeyt whpatith they wayt. pyitiat. 'phis atata I had pitataLata, tad ta6 tataia by tha alawithaiyttttt hyaty tppaaatitd;tlIinaaaiatg ta p atatatheatataaaaaati "yathawe'l, tetwha wi-pad dyaat ahaoo tiaalhaaaitttateA daymtagythat thtogafee tiaulht ht aaigytatlytalated. Iataaamd'mglyt..Aahlltd the dathata I., ho l.ay ttg thy -yapit aft twog, adS feaSthlt- withA thm. .difa at hii Shaat piil ama t ta aid by' Cat. Sath, .a a b Ittit atlaaa aaad at y C. be at, Iw whale gopa t Attaatlti biaJtaa ha dy, paaia w-eeoom Ih. Ita dlnaya' pyatal ac~ h nd tl iadaawddt-eoaitaa l yIIle t ih e, eniwadaetawhoadhaptatdyy tI £tAmea attted bygapt attaita-ga atltta atyadwy al by ab~ had at attaamy .it fty, ta which it ,h aittaappatyti ado- leI I ddaathaAtaaat(i., hot patatydad at ftytha. Opn th evypieg a, vth of4.h at taptatabp 11811) tat af the It Jto1 . yayaiag it IbdtA fike, Capt. eJapay' tpt aiytt tae ttpma ty t-apat, tad m mlobCapt. L Clattap aaapmay, with Ca e',wdyhtatlaptat, mabdatInaa . aaaaateatlAt dta.thpaaw. Meta Ialpopanty atahad Iaf£tt adte amia hld, ytad athyt it pit MVtamero thy apen- It ta~ta tt alat hy at ai lath 1a ea .mgta'leaaat at tighit ite bthyi Al ta, pl at withm thei ite allgwihtai laaggb, h tath, - wy itiyata pa eytg p yhyit Mapaia capta , alm-at ~ ata h .atpa faatiag to hen h la".ty td A Ata a, th tighta ot tad Catiaa -atlty at ltt m ,a th iy i t yl a diamte at hLtadaty tma t (the Nta' toateo Alta Ctaat ta-mdyare atty ey dittaa ao pty atwdi, tat Itg ategt aan at Iltyi at 1So. tad t ab tand taatfha pepd hta~ditaaepdaa Ata~atalaaita tattplattaMaeiltle Payaad) Tb, - aiate dayed tat a faw At, ta paitipa ye the (illt) tatit; tad what thy dttaa wat aatabmled Apt, the. tt . -y,ta ana ahtrc at t atp atmer Al mm~k Am m-Ia hat tip daa-ayato aa-a AIAAtohiatimy IyaaaitdanlattoyttmeCAL tAi,, ito.itat pta te'yayto Mat a taltae.t -Ateti at thy, attttit 11 am It dne IpA" at the tip, tat whit Mlay wat pailaw hia mtttt, I had m tapytyp oy, tadna aIIapiAt by thy piiaatlytywibe att heaatyap,.e.-atiaamteawu ywllitg he 'milah lad aa Waayaiaato ita'daglaaaeahld tht datali-taItd hafA, m AilA d hy A yaatit af Itade td fapalt what td-- mobot m taiaia at atapdtttdwt ..pIa., alah, taith thy addaita o at lttlattaty tait o ato atmy aid by Cal. Stth ta a patimt a~tdpt th .--aad.1 Capt Capt -tda pay yaloal tmpt aatataq With a atatl) hady. pmatad pith matw day,' patti' taaeidaibamaaa. I wam dtaeadtaaabpea Atmhomeda tapia tagiathaepdtaaaaa hyat tat haabott;antlwtat htbd- pad di lia dayttatiati by t.e at aea eapeTatttattf being tartad ha A tady at , ttam ii S 't m il.- tda-h "AtS It hap teiaa appyatyd did ataptaipl At Citet (Ga.), hat apaitdad me, ConAy tvatag at Ca1t t ItattSthepb,102 )tle et the 6t. m lait, atiw it imata aa, Capt.,amptty atytaay at aeLtapta it t11hy a alpa ad l, abm-ta' a--haay, will Capt, datatlyttat, aadathtMaiptaatd ait Ltltaa~ipAyyI-t. Aalltpmt, mat (Afyaptf at thy boitldy, taady itme a t ta, thy, P-pa aowe at ala m atty ataypt p almatta plate,, tataltad it tatyay eaplay mtAtOathltigttadaf. gleataaaptnettatttgha thee bI-athaeeaelalltht.i-tthe tamof atapttaatlwilathe 1-aggngaiM thy tatat fte tact wi bthat, aatoil.am, lytta wit, ttati ,let pittiag tA.tatya. aIditi, thdnW ithiaaa IeAtabtt ata.thttlbatt e yAeia thA haAdlbaiyaupthoitttvptatp- iheaight tad left of ft atytyati fayptia a t mryaap, m ad to th a la itada at fighatip Atl IyA,,o pA IhagI It eapt ypaatg Mlit . Atyp tAtt at ettth ptamplat' l pataa ttt l atfy tiytItttlayghty 1tt' Imlatyittttom atytpadttttttathttattt itvale aad, tad Caotora't yapaty Io 6ie all t the la te bhaoe themptatdea- M tltptaypaattata. ttatdatlA,a tappaiptia the a thy atyadg at the.ty day of All maate, what wiabiati atatIapia af t lIutaawy tyawn (tma Nmaa' take, Aitaot Cmiay) ogt y tatat. payty diaapatad a payty tof tydlv Ataeaht nomw the path tittia At, pad tt mba tate aet they meayl d S haw date-ety ate Attaea-l wattaaw Atiht ltAm Ily e  m HISTOR OF JACKSfVLLE, llORID US2 0?01IW HISOYOSUKNVLE LRD S2 HSTR OF 5ACS21L*E FLORDA glb0toe tto tettote fo to otee to. otee teohy tof iotheotn eyio totto pttolyeot th esdeh At soot at fot' whh hd pwMaa, yl, to Lt hood of A-bbo I odptodoch hod odoosoieto$ Itpr d, I r~l dioooott meo lodfto fella. bhw aod stohiog otoo prptn for battlo, by osoothghog thoto poodos trtooedo thoir riCt, -oo toth mm00 tohiog ott otoot. W om doted t ootot taokio Ag oot of thet -00 it roorete too Iotooroootttotottyoodothoodoo otNh ottoothn ow ei ohoo t e Ala Otool lamdoroel to rotlo, Aoho to ltoet Moot he.; tot tO the Ybdhill. aoto th m Olooto t d' eoh, td by oopoto oboroto dtrthemtbltl A llwMo lo~hthyotohhbte IoohtM otop. Itovfto- tootly hoppotod, Irootsott totgtho ~totte, loot Itosohooy e -oooo ttrt Oliog tthootx4tt1ttootoo teoott, got asoll owooo Ootoo I hot ot,w tto otooy, too tiotrehy redorto the v1,.,ot been otott thn foti,.eto e hod attd thsttooo thoot maeott daboto and ,. the t00 tot ttlipml tothea tdd hi Aa eol aey holl totld opted otteo the swoop. TM'ow otoo. tot'or toto t l-oe ooeod hop wotgo the 00000 av ea OootOimo tht o t-owloth ft oto hoIt doal, op~ Idfw opooto ottd foday hoo wtoot to aat ott Ib o , itfott toote otbt o the tooboltoto a Otato dootI ra totl 0 W hotooldtt aegntt otoep. t to mm A tttok to toot get e elo l top oe h t otood. by . t W otopoote ootett ho otte too left. e badw .Loo oll to t. gotod oith oty wotrt oto hoo toot their .tg, ttyoo; tooohomofol a 1 tohoo o."taoe oet toetommthod the woeotty to fe"t. The eOno otptoy a.to te foltot toat .-ded'. ot hlt[peek otillooeorlnot wheAoAAAp whtoowepthtoo off by tohef otoeotot it fio.,.ooiowidf 000000 thA be t eary0 000 off thoto deed I0 the piho et Ohoo'offot W W alleoo a.doothbtofo fetO ttNotfbooeOAAtoottof tn Isdtootwhooo totea the toto potig ttooefrwe, at orpooro to be In totottttto eli of I.t itted wo tttto A-05' too otshot. ArotMoflo, t haf to hoo hofogt mot, hootog tootod a oteohoottlo ootottoooet of NMgoo toot . foitotroot bhdty tosot tethoooototooothtothoemoMxtotyelletmottotoletatlothe aea aoot awte Wf tWooot ev00r 00000 of thte torned, the,00 ohioto odotejg In twt m it tooit ...paltt- totte toot maolg the m000 wildo todd footto gottoro, altl they opeoobod eritto to toothed yoodo tftoadohtothttdt-t.Ioeo itfA.om QorttoeeooHttb bettOh med by thw de aood yell,.hMte ltttotho, eesdeto- ftotyomilltadotAllow hobid o, ad Rteme otaf the weW01 by ebu fophoocoot. hod optotoofd ot-A.ho --I00 sohe Aara Wot itot gieg the eeeooon ote0000000 00 tht aemetrotto to odvveoo, ted tey the mesotaot hi-0h0 hoot boot eeotoooty gtotod to thee,, sd wadob opord wrmoly totte to the ottoat Ott wmmt we0 ftodn feoeoooY. As oteooz r'th omo, t~hhoetoeb.oobdntoledortot1, bododoosatod 10to t poplto gatedo, 00 diteotot d theditot botttg both, atoo sothiog toey protoett- for 00ad10, hb, oodftotg theft foeow, trftoeth leir rtleo. todotrh mm0 tohitg III thee. We too- doed to adtway, Mollg 161o9,og to the Iowa00 to tow petgreoo, ottoi 00orowithoo tIN yoedt to the todsohto moty of tho ftrd, atld o iooooodtotly ord-rd tote ohorgo, thith dromo thw oom adodheod tbo troet. toot maotoo tttem to etire twith the gaetot PrepptotOVos; -Al00 the Athit fotof t 000000, ot teetl ato by e'p..o ottorgee droeoheotol tW Atmotto. he they toth shetpa h ttet00 t tIfeo- Otollf heerottt f toooe thetogh ho eneotoe Alol totphoy'o etpyotlotolthor"ahttooh too etootemot.gotootttlt hwm etwento e ahoodtooltsand, aad fhrehyemdemd en vitoy too dtirov tIot to woo haeeob he ooat tao %WIof ohoged togathee, ott 00000 Oe foI.- boot ottopooteotl ,hoIteoo too tted .hf Towt altrsy howmo , 000ofl oooit " ottoatothotowe re.otliog l wam ooI I. I.p the tooty toor lh am dtprto, 00 foa tfoi t o ttop, o ytag thoue mooeatoo prottfoo all of woato Colt .toto tod to fitfog opho oototed, ahot bed heeo toot to Tho la. Tote moioe totfootg tNe ohuiethigaroathe toolt~fo twaOtohooo ted ohtif,te totoot fetomto oteottw o~ to totottok atlAl t xar wId y a- U~hto tooth gt an oto ot. howoo All - mooo todte dmto oeotooot toot of wohimev a otot ditt1 of their otote 'bhelos aotheototryottoheoooomotototthl. fete bitt.i eato00 two of thow et 000tO toto 0000000 t Bttot to e o elo ,hetorio-lfytoettlo. 'thett otopeterigotodwh to N aed to the toot, eoot tO toltot itooreto to .0.AP-000. woth wero boe tof by thoo oatoodroe. to 00000 0 rtoet toadthe u000 ~ bth to ere7 toe V their dod 00teM at 000 ot toe Wt tot totdda . td.t botod gootodsohiegtho e otoe of tte toiothehe who wo e tOhs -ooo pooctief thooelo, td otl tapoorde Ito ho to I'tdoto of of orheto ...d h o ttle d lat itott to bemendw to ooetl Attaottehy tae ta o hoot beftte wot, hitig totitoda .y whdeedle reittrottot of tNetl tood Itottet, fros thObw, 0000ol ohy oeteeooothe mott hoolof elAtoteootitbltOtdtetg thefe toot lmo}ofotoltlert yoto otfbe toe , mhtrtootheftdhtoing ofoo- o m atmthtehodra AYA ,ethey ohldoo wdtooottodewst. momote deetottto I, ltttalrtod bytfieaaoeettodoello, hotottoe etd. eoooawe pr- tayfo fO~t too otody hebiod fogo d too e tl te otesy byf to tophoroto. hod optFototobo oteoohot mtosooo wbtmon bo~lh sod weL olodog tho omeooo ~r eettot ftr the otttrtoto to odoosee, aat they to lotottto whirl hoo beet peoot s000 to teoot, tot weno optoore leoll~ metdtotho~ttott Ooan hhm 00 totdw t Mt te Ahoefoortottopoy, 000 the hodfw'ohIt hod ptdood AMyet.. hod tcoAdoto eoot t toe po mmer looo , haa thtte e do eg ho tetoffo lh tend etottg oooty prrototoe o ho byo h e".log theit pae to, labXomotto rci otto, tmot tto oth totte l. . We too. doted t oo.If, 000000 odotote f the teeatt to eego to. t o oto.edtelr .,.tnodeed tete ofoored . otatth drooe taotetoav feo osIlod, eboh mttoo,otooootote tooetroeooithfhe al, eoeet ladda.;i drottot totoo, twbt tr tooh thelteothe eeotp It moAfte-" ooollr h Alloot alotoo Otooh to dtetoe obte teeohe - Cmeo toef tit o tookte thooroet a tootw geotod s doalpM- hn ingtAtomheadb wlldte a Wcor Tddhe m otoooheooeoep. htto he too-ott totooe d it ahooot the ote o, to I,,t dot, et eotrs oora et.tr, etoh'.. isteip o to ethedOthodfi hfe..oetoeeg,-eaoe. Tbcamop, oodo tbeeheothf opd tho 000a teo, lotted mty oeoo too to 0eaded0e0 tadi feotootf iny tttomotof MoAtl totoAt.he..o ogetoo-oeare, ht ee rlot by tAt ottop. A.ot ototohog to tl rgh 000 tlfet. We boot toe toa hilkled too toe w toded ro tt wiobthoo ~t ido otoodo. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ e hlootheoootbehowttoeohble fooce ooo to 00 1 o ro geotd oatt toy tMtryow oton oahom woo thou biog, fyto;e to of th e fell eme tloe totop atoct toO 000 hod tho Ittot to tet. The ettlo tmtpaty s the tdght tead taorootot oll by thol iooott,0 t0 ertootofo tog The 0000g00 bto 0 a~ ototo toe tate bottdleh gieotdstt. o h seesoot toit eao Itt 00 tot otootop 9 olttg oooolrt ed ororo o ho - tototo Mat tLo ap00 todtto toemb totIto dooo h .otho AoAdgyhtthohtootot eootooo otood.otlo rteIoeoo of Negroh toiaxd todIM, fbelon mhf o-oAM they oeooetoo doth t-ol yottl iotgiohle, haoooe tetee too twtt of Il toost. 00000 tel to ot h toto 000ma theoto oeo do ftee it ooto-lgoett ot 0000 tat ottaog the ehadd t.l too feegoet , toen tear otooothot w0000 to baotood yeo of oo, whet bloyet htol oota t toeso iog., too ott 000 -wrot .0 he ottooted by thewe m010 ado yllo, hot to -etilooted M eebyoo pm Ooo~yttlltovdsteod hbet loot tod tr000 o the 0000Wy by fidet tophsoooo. hod opootbed teetohot 005000,wM poo obtd to wN-  HmzORY OF JACKONYUME PWRIA U3 fISORY WF MAKOIYXLS FLRA U HISTuR OF thsOIYU iM a FLRD flee leo mrom tooe line coon troce thea tbtack. theft eigin aromd Ioldow have medueetheochooge hot bing dad. erthaoity em (othe ae n of rthe cmy - s eY, of detooh, manearl., on a of Inay foe w toiotho toe a nmo Iod tto. he aetaitg of wclebmwt I h t ,ndwt to fiooce 00 00000000 0s0 mye o . herr ~ actiom looted gat eight otbac tot e ceitgt, wneh tto atty o otdalo. e ol ed in ey a t tmp woet mode taoota oct me op Itoh We a two incay toold cod ooa cmdod; tIe mmo omejod off oceta of theft .oo ta o m 0 m0 oekato which oil fetng of mee ete. oo at tmo tootr w ot hert ea 'o o WAftee fighteg and Iotatoting the whl day woe had to nook theoo- cot the egt, and at dayfight hod a moeti heetmoek of log eand etIt wito proot hob, Wn tieotd. owan mitah the bottk moo Fought, ahoat do Jto the IJh oo o dafooelomt, tic mae mo bOte dheetttomtaooo tthini wlhhendtaoeatheee; too pilot and awn ococo ith, toe amoac thaenee. Tho tot doy- teedg the haat0 o00 oemoro atme hoedt actiog of the enemy. ho[ on the eeting a ofth hifdoy they m- nteooteo t aae waok aagdioantede, aaeeditw eny i dtpa oe flve e 00010 fo eat oihoot Otildg to eocadig cay ofmact mm, After6toiog too o0 threa of thot through Oce pet hola theymioa ltlt fItho Sct00 to tigha n ora hod soo clotd -tte a-e eopreoo hat tol ma0, e h ov tot m6000 in the fAn., ta ee wet w xledc odtth e acoity fa elgocooltt heaooo hdt the enemy gotd.w. eeice eeifoteo l IRm Aitotti 00heoa anele lda. Ecpdie t. ief every Oto, Iwioa to lig t oe. too 6 hhotohotl bdboote ot. htadedaoTadfen eof my~ otoee that a 000 ol ota 000dooooe oloe0 twith kin oooyer co ova ta moor nOt the meo. fichna g a all ha ef tehen, t. hod of eoetlo In thrae nigt rothet than peeldh, o- falla -1o-o to the meetileo Ncgdee atol Indant-, whom they tere toah tMhthoooe oolfmordewdoeftnteeemaerefitaemo. lo w ntti tyng oiecta. who hen otoe ee oatololag hoto mooc I hot fo-c by than tie Jodiam, cad the nomba of o., art ®doily iareootof oelttentl m otooaettd to Ioo nr Woarh that otgho seef fiteotedl a m If teo Eo he prepaoroi to eooey the co~amrAatga wgoeMonfodo. gan-i t omm oc d , t inv itm comtpoein to oehee mooto Wa bodoteooefdmeehantgtemilmwo heetmhemethermeoe foy otita at feom honger cod fatigo, oaf meve -cale to anty the -oomdt amy fotoho AhkEt toont h rooo oboe melet toe berot- morh.Sn tlheater -oihlofiiee o rdcn-,ew eoat e e t em If. tte ot me hod tke,' b gofo moticee etmoot Oho.oo., etdoof of fowiog we, enaow to the 1. Joke,, sod nO dfttee from toe lice noon dome them hotiothcde eeitnol geoeod Iwould now hoce oeee the thapg, hot heing tae the aemonicy. Toom Mhe ect...haofthe eemYn it a, of detooloing-aenoy mae-hei ad my forme to mmect0 tao ramp mnd wocoded, the aming of wheoy ft a rot ha oith lofiooo b ot loft to rontoof with a tomte tho woee onoooa ywo The cotiat lased cciii eighe o ook Mie Mle ecdgi, mohed theweeyoa etmelottly weoldeed ao ncey attempe 'ohethe madle arm. oct t. or lathe. We hoed tee mret healed and toe ,oaded: the enemy tooted off oeera nof thele men htoe it 000 aoem-am, whimh oil tenag of mai mom. mw at eke 0000 fotm whoat e toot aoca After leboe cod footing the wholo day, toe hod to week ntough- tot the raght, and at daylight hod a colerable eetcor odf log ed mceth. withrPct hole,tn thegtttd on th the hantl oo oght to wo odo ntoaooaiy,£or to diepeaggCapt.tm'a. oM tJ wOeas nad.1 Im w ~he ikeoty to ai~tttaer him. totking womd thwe oa het heteal 000 pilon admrgowho woot~o amog te entooe. ah I-m dae a oiloeOmof the hae, wea ceiwer etc ne hen -aophig of the cotoy. boo. t e ecniog e the thiof da, theyttom- motoont oei., at to kot at n lonog dI-tn. and xeewled itwo foy toe hoe y Meo ae0t...i.....a hilling ae ooai ay of oo ma. Afot d~wIw ttothree of them throogh ott pnee hele they aetfo momwtt 0cat. loom to ot doa ho dnone damaed nlu 0 marwedoed olhe nlrtoiy ofoatingoooodwcehtealooteda neeoto"-0a00 h woe. aot oppoeoiota mee tteobain that thea- o m ool. otooa oantoromoi loom p Aaoto acme Iab ankl loan,. Ootog elief oa y how.e I vac onoig to lea w heetoioke wole we o ovaeo to a, hI 0 nndaootod meo dooce og too omrvo that wamm mrti argin toot detmmioed to "a.t o. tam hio fopyy, cadl tht oaoy o0 the mm. giving op all hopes of IeI., taoted of deortmito he .niha octh than potok, or falla teyie t e aeooolo 1fio o a madiamo. whom the toeoe tHget ad toboTimeorldaeorooood.eothpet oohetataw da. lotIla. toying tiattio' ohmn to ow eaining heono tome shot drawn ky them (th Jodioo, cad the noatee ef ocr oeft daily iooeeoig, T recoctly onoette to leaoe tc oo he MMo eight, and dlmfood the .,ameoto to proocro 00to y the woafod. Aboct 0 o'laok toe eowoneef ott Amtrang morob. Ia'moi soe toond en ite to 00 Ioiptto'noo op m et mot.- We hadfnt pooeeotlmotrethmoooiomiaolcenteemc herame pee- leotlyeohaotdfI.. h-ofo andebatlaneandweteooocbletootey the to-ondo any feanhet. Abo-t twco hor ode toe left ae heeot- motko. gthooao m ano~t eoodit aloi tooer liof m~onadfeo mod fem the toe h ad taken. hat. hMM matire W.n Mnawte f thomoal octan of fo omwog a, eetomod to the St. Joie, a- ee floe.o.e fei a .o alne noon - oAre, them baokth ottgttageend I -anld tow have eedeeed the ohaege, bat being anode the eemoeity ftom the etemin oa the amyca tee, of det..do anely -..f of 00 foote Wo Pootetoa 000op aod ounded, the anodulog of woto do a goeat ohicot with Madnage, owa loft to moteaf mith a.fora three amnt acooo 00 my eta. o The molon acted anil eight I doalo Ito the cermief. vhethe wnyo wa mmpletoly eooled in eceo attempt whether mode tuto me0 eteoto ..000. We had awo men .atled ad tooa ododltMh eo yctuaep adtftoeeoio.fth ma hoefet 0 . Ma0 bothtm which al meing. of -m000 nadm, mow at the sot from cohcnooW tho oohe After fighik ad tattiog the wohole day, toe bad te nook etroogh- at the eight, and at daylight hod a tolorable weeetcooek o loge nd lodea tnefacd to thc otootity, da oe a d epooing Cat,. tkto oot "or ad 1..e .L Jo o t a tn ofootmont eix moe men Oath a lity to cooy him, tating ecith them top heat ho..e; our pilot aond clreon oololttmaamog thtoonto. 'motto dcya cmood tot htti, too titho lot co hned nto of te ewmty hot n the eweoing o the thie ay they arm- m wtofieg aeormrkat a inngdtiane,ademar. .dI .,o dal to te o iodytatotiheolt hifag m0 oaroogmayno eatmt After k~ia two oo thre of them thootloa00 poet helea they mlea toncato aeth, loom to mog, nd hod aow eopoed 00m0 0a0 mnot had loot n, homyot me otoelg o in the fate, and 00 wter nowmootod to Me teity ofeaoingowe odowhome,;wo hadn 0000000to doran tho w-ootoe, tend oppoehecei-o mome etoettind noon the onmy toald ecme eaamooooto oam Aagoaaime op met ontae anomt tcdca. tiooxtm e m1l evey heceJwa o m w laong to lent, hoeortoo a le weohad n home to a,d,t I andemtafm of -u my tooet hot. 0 tetin ettoin deaeoaded to boo n m a nropany to t mmcy of the mm. giviag op all heoed of reheb tadmed te detootog e th Ie waght rotee than tooth, or fal a sacri o 0th, -,.alm Imo. c toIdiano, whom thaytne.toagha . tofo- oooldma ond-ohertn-.heree.heafaay, tactice aepang tliaatloo. tofto owe few toeoiiowg hoocmo oooe that dowa by thm ttedi-oateadthInM anhLeaf oornot dWiaee I~ ,lntobtlpeetd.te eate .. r woeh that tight, od eeo ted moo ldteo to he repaed arltoy the wcdd wtt e t~t o wooote .t . di tog emoeoey foewtroonod mr.od in -itm cd to I, neoting o.op Wbee mm-c toe hanot pmcotfo .or tan eight mle, wanec tan moo hoawd ert f,.,reohod fetne hongo -d boa., .an d cpe ombe do moty Ott wo eoaryohot. Aboot tothe n 10 roo loll ate ea- mo., tII hoacm mot retnto eie tOc eif o le mod oomthecoo oo ad ahea ho fem mtiom boent koocto to thenobrec dddta of folloolag. oe, etoal te the It. doake. ad o  8, MTORY OF IACKuff LE, FORIDA 84 2TOhY OF IACSONULE, FLOIA 34 MTORY OF JACKSONYL, FORIDA lof to oooooo omtto diw aliot, twoo mom tt I hod dlopototffm onathe path totoeott ma hae y saveooto otothe misiog tholo. We ai laremte tdpoaoo Of dfomro a eeee mo, l.oepxRt imto, tod Ia dwoptohad letaat-e fire dotmy o1 antodoytto-1l, dtdhtIIwa odootooawtooor lo1 wo ..I totol hoot tot h, tad otdoo'ood to Ptoooo aottot de ioot,,otatg9o of thoir bota, to, mTtooeoitgoa-ootffplin-ototopo,t, tolhIon aims ltootod E®a Contoin Coam, tht the poooot it ea mot oaty hit, fotoaoyof thopoanetnt tog td nOOIM'Dotooo a fot onkotoa ia Ody ay am, hol we bertodtthe ltdiahoaoigomowoot dotoio tot adoooo to tottoootM, -eootoem". if haoooot. wilballoao oppoottdy of poottog tiototfoottobelooattoottmti. Withooobretg foooaom w mttoooooooWettooome, thootaohotot todooodabot three o'oto intohetaooomot. toat maoted the odjotoo, Coetyl in odiem, to maooo, it, fotot, to otoid ott ptlea- twtam thero tood ho by toohootool, oa 1.t ltto ihodol ho diotohotod amtong tho dmt- fooog "Dramioo Aoogo eoltoo,ltoo...eioo[Foooaooith tapti- meu who ototiod toy htlook, WI.t, lodoa, wod sot Cob, Pivt Ott Wootytd ett Whadoonamly marched .tootooleotfoo tho finalt of tho d mmEoto do'ooo,,ooo the hed of tototol hloioto hoth dotf tho pot,tootttogototttlio too dtatMw twod poMtoto bytb ah htOtOooo;em tho ofton m itat tho ometoy floodopta too .Oftpmo pooty, od ot~w otfot of tLoo, tma Spoatod do 0 antpt tooaotiledt fowdayt: myoogotbtyoooaoofyohooo Its otootothoodth oog tooydooodo hoeoooohootttoooogoh,oo atoep l ad, m ooo opodt dofotord In fikeom otlet atoy f thotm doo ppof liodo aro, tad tho ohoto otaaiog1 o Mf tofohoot t otpia toii Fott wtto loft aoodto, to hfiel to o a.iot fI- tatat Otoe oo kootote, teotttt toottottth ve oeaotlotn. It wahide Ifotal e bt by the thite,, 10t pottotto] oth11 lae Wa oe toy 1^m both gooand i of igtt oamd ototod atot dy at e n mohtootdiootLv and tgoiotoo tooooth hotooon tot oso ilagta to mantlthos, erobotI tof otodotttto atoo, ottit ,m otm o tootod eaotite oootifo mw 4od on-,ooo wohea n Wo obe o-ohttoto id. by, Oto ditot t f h oototOtothott i ooitniofto ti 1 ,'hooaotyooo 1h1tOomohooo' eto a I.oeft, oeoatooo Olo ooofy wo h.oIootloot, ovttd hoatto,. reey tteo thti ,fot tory tt 1 tt ogtev oat It f h oooooandooimy whi Ctooo Smoith haotoad eoiodfo,-ttedotolt- tot ooe, e, e emoa mad d hi toa n opoino . it aitodiag toot aid w Is oeohmottaa ,eiod oo-anotit,I motoootooly do thoto fot, l leondotattooptoiaa iteltttotoh lgtoCoploaro 0 Hatotto. tto eatoo toe da poltoto hot o- otoy o-ojoglot boat t theo piotlat o, tdto. felol.t Fattbo e00n Iotaft tootoatto to- diftotltoo, teto moo Otoat I hod flopotohod oathoapoth thettotoooooo,tyoeoooo Ortao tootigh WeODOtitotetttttdoatto of dofoooo , o I diopotohod loogotat atDeootettot ote to bermto to hoot wht hod t oomod the fooy of oooatpeamemoohr,ooof botdh11.ootMhodoaawhero I00 00000 wtl hoo beeoto hito, tod moofoootl to P--oopoottto, anw ameotoooatf thoir big metoo. The eontgetiottCoptit---aah potiod maioo aoo teornod from Coptoit Cono, tt tlie Poamo Itatetd bat onty hit. btomartyttof m- iooooootIagoondtpottaofooooooa toeetotja tt day time., wthot boo maotoa that tto tII.~ ktooiog taon wet flt batto 00optoiaty of potiog niooot to hefoooooot-loaiio. Withoiooshitm otoe v a moandoontmottybltotooated tooohooo todoedttoot, oo ottoot it Otto aoo I hody filoeted bledo dot ha aty rotobtootod, ata Oeh, litoobt r h Od h dittthto m ooaIlly tenCt dmt- eotao -taIt BoiargotootoYtoa,Ioooomedtoitaottoullh tootle to mo y todota. o o e otottoolt do , Mat aofato ,It Imho l roa of Ott do 1hoo flotoo eifl.am. h tent O f ootomol I t btoth a Ot by the ttotteraotthotoo theobttthtOftoto todoe 0et atao potty. and otot fot oro thoem. o, a tyaordm a p0eaat vdawra e em Dbe o at the oapat tdtotoooomnedfittgOdoyere hoyyoto taofot tho medl theottowv omtottootot dototot n a ae Of o otito.tyo thoto Iotot o o hotIpIOt thtot toIto toto e ato hoo aoth anIt to e tet tyth etdat tigh tdatned ab tdoa it~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~nx dayolt atotdSttiottdaooottotphooooh too ood. hitofg min0 gophoto, 't.. otoot tad abot a od, ottit dogoaottt RtotooooCOD wtteohototioaooodoft O, toot woe oootooothttdtooo o bdthottsjoaoootttot foooeiohtadotaod oh I 9bwo-0t (,ohotl by to, eDIt of Ctlonettm wtttont to toottl yo ootlt oattd ote to hit toub ooI t £o tt ie ottoottoo~tooaoooait yo ewmotototo tottet, mrYai a to peer, to ttty opotd ofnooottt My pot tote lantly do oo mootooCoooinooefthtto al oooottd ttotyoooo lag te, Coptoit xottbt otto taoa totood to I pooao hitoo. tay, hlogh tf itm at the aotottloa f btIt~ tbW obotat -,ala a00 ftr lto mototo I-orttn, dittllita, tt to toot I ho d lopotoho oath ot t h..ottoo o,byootooo ooootheooioig themt. I ojto fromo p hiomototmeoooohtttodoooolonond a0 it "ootoo fof P Lth me hob ato t, The mitgC, booett Cptoboo aipoobdWt hatooboct tearood foot Cotma Coone I-ret this fmonte m iyma o to a pot itooementod 00v mot hit bttodmoy tio, whttPrtootiaoodaho mhtlodio rtt oeopton DIDoto o'ettd ooIooowoo n to ofothoooodo.m hio gototten, it itototo n11tttv hoo o oppooot- or my oot imoUotf m0 befota otmtooi WtthovbooototIto, o,,mtoeototttreyaboeotootathe meooo o todopold ohoo toot frookh , IttoooooI hod diott tt odjlooo. ho, to tathod, tand thot rlittomo.. I otd ho dabtoihtt trot tho et Cmlt iohtotdotoikLa~ttooootf. tlrtoo nt em000 OOOO O~~dtOoyootoJ el t nbothtfo tooottodtoro foom oiottoo t hoetdo of setotl Indiana to both fdaOo of tho pooh, too amootg totoo pote toow tohaot ovt Ito roo~oo imytho. ooit.,aothettooioooto mortoooomyofifotd ooay md1aro11 ponty. too aoo too. foo o thoot,,000 s lto S toa tholadfooooIo- tooptoot ftoOt o tn ottoI ototoo toefy of fogt dtoppitgtttiootot,to ooot1o"oIC 1.thoamoacetttlotttto totally. y.. OOttottfto antoof000 aot oomfrom ftt tooot fire to hoot It, that mtany moot ttt hoot ee aimt, hot 0000hidtyt o ooo by too Oboo ad high pottoottol toabto, WIttothe hott hlo atottadl ott oiht, tad otootoatot doy a lPvOog,oot-toooooetoolI.oodoayoitbporoiaOaoddhootobooofoe tw aoti tttftto gtjbaootittl oooiooadanoldod t9ioofoo otoooeyodtm toobotytp ohop111oont toopy attoioo 00 teomo ,retty o Ito Col toatodmt.wvi aifii forotot tof olavee o rtta u he h to Faepmo, b t ofoho 0000 tio ood, otat ohio C o ItalOt Oatil oottoldlotb ateo dottot Otobo 00 tao ,tot of mw t hhi ,, oitot -o o oo o oto lag tem. C.ttt ' lotbl. a .tt otaood todl ont O. totom. Ott'o tift o hot oha O.to oodo am it ottl [tothm ltmmot Poato.  ZS1TOR OF JAKONUIILE PLORI 3H MTOR? OF JACSONLLE, FLORIDA 35 HESORY 07 JACSONVILLE, FnaR& M ..a.t Huuts., ted Adj'etast psrdin distinguished 5eeres is astlsaeerbigs -e aonsgtristtob g,oedlfist, ni;egetlldAnttlLcouyie ;iednuss ery brusosly lateelate v 1c se otc bsswihtee in etas -mee-oe si dsubh d o t god mf Abormal u s osesuo abed, wa Lssoige ee Rantellw uvo isd ms the' lest tetluo mS fug sect. i ooe sob s usfdaisLou, heasly lone all bhhorodouewlled Lioesoelltosdidhassl gthseieo octibt pustlIlyi~ e ulbolddsty stdled sietM ecct oes05 ctS ceeuettieiosuse Cos; 1001 uC Cein umt' .ane teld I 5¢o.. sotl on gneaIt-eaji bmo us'stirity n ecolmn CeusoI n I 'eoto es. savmemm eau '' u mb nuvqewaalybr ttseorlys Main tesastt I Qe papd, gongs, hIls, SsgC C vns hoseust Psoosso snd nos of thpuof ite. .eenlrepshoef Ctis l warshy thoept of acef hice a, I yaayhastiedlahlit ashubabosis hs ree te pag that I hovIe s teasd, one ers.1t mae so psseol e haos sootisa. e~ e r wosm T Du oalera bee mOhd Woot .tgcce.eec, trom esny ole ded;th ti aa aeect, theis.A dahe slde Nsgo eho ssetbeir beatltt, sclly lue al, ooediutl oeinrdesece e to dated1 to eve et toer hleudsea oedsd m soos the india matbea. t least try, I ae on, luehe etoebe, sou ets anoeeot yeo seest emeo tOANIEL NEWMAN. Hia sseollsssy avid &. OlitshslL The star of fortune shone ever Colonel Newoson's battal- ion, for its escape was miraculous. Thure ore some interest ing inferbee in tis report besides the fighting: What is meant by "scalping the Indians out of curiosity" is sot clear; mayble it was a cstom, for in alater private letter Colonel Newnuan stated that Zephaniah Kingsley's house on Fort George Island was "handsomely decorated with ]udians' scipse"' The flog of the United States flow by the side of the Poloist flog oa Spanioh soil for A year., When the Ui. S. troops were withdrawn ia the Spring of 18i3, the PARAo bandst disintegrated rapidly, hot not before they had pillaged sad destroyed a great amount of property in this sertiss. ostios liniltas, ted Aditatot flEdis distiaeshsdlthssseleosio o vl motita s l.s bsiseoi.-"-e n ss sbit co ehet-es, aea est in 4 peei'Ooeueto9¢eltmoo Attoaoyleooe ortedIlleeryluoely astoi's cesepy is genssal, b ois atllsys sets too, sod sodesemyp ieoesedints aisadeseieae nhebes ithoses stedise of ostesoes' Limesstead.oohedoeetleaolnofoisrcstdaneeogtpolss f ssisd, od sigo Mess. vets a -.. ansodod is the lest seisswoh seenl CaptsiLilloI, t.eeotebelreaodelee headeasumlothees cone, hoicetschuitb te boldue m~ eatrtsdbahe muehsI.n Coashocey' eontay octed heol-ly, pseo'leelory ymsassot ofacose ~ ~ l cian hiee~eeoyeee seliboesopeoieevml hea met oy tme dotiscsoseo o[ lme oseo weals, - syth, U. S. Minister to Spain, who conducted the negotiations for the acquisition of Florida. Adasros Street was named for- John Quincy Adams, then Secretary of State in President Monroe's cabinet, and who had a great deal to do with the- cession of Florida; Monroe Street for President James Mon- roe; and Duval Street for Governor William P. Duval, first cdl governor of Florida. First Realty Transfer At the time Jacksonville was platted and named the town- sitewas in St. Johns County. Duval County was not created until two months afterward, or an August 12, 1822. Conpe- quently, the first deeds specify St. Johns County in their description. The first transfer of a lot in the town of Jocksonville was from John Brady to Stephen Eubanks, conveying Lot 2, Square 1, including the margin to the river, for $12.00, The deed was dated July 1,1S22, and described the lot as follow v Osequarr asr of Ind lying in at Joes County, I Jwasonvilol, e th s, John. Rier, in the feet staes leaog from the forry, t0- gether wish the margin blow ad. lot as she eas side, to Hara lsad- ing,04]sttreissd.fesa, Town Named By unanimous agreement the town was named Jeakeon- - ville, in honor of General Andrew Jadckson, popular idol of that day in Florida. The name was suggested by John War- ren, a resident of the locality, but not of the town; he had served as a volunteer in the army of General Jackson during the Indian troubles in West Florida, General Jackson woo not present when the town was surveyed, as some accounts have stated; In fact, there In no authentic record that he ever visited this part of Florida at all. Street Names Thestreets named bythecommistoner in 122 still beer their original names. Market and Bay cannot be deflnitely traced as to their meaning. Liberty and Washington indi- rate the patriotiom of the commissioners. Newnan was- named for Col. Daniel Newnan, here with the Patriots and who made the famous campaign against the Indian King Payne in central Florida; and afterward was Inspector-Gen- oral of Georgia. Forsyth was named for General John For> syth . . Minister to Spain, who conducted the negotiations for the acquIsItion of Florida. Adams Street was named for- John Quincy Adams, then Secretary of State in President Monroe's cabinet, and who had a great deal to do with the cession of Florida; Monroe Street far President James Mon- roe; and Duval Street for Governor Wiliam P. Duval, first civil governor of Florida. First Realty Transfer At the time Jacksonville was platted and namedthe town- sitewasinSt.JohnsCounty. Duval County was not created until two months afterward, or on August 12, 1822. Conse. quently, the first deeds specify St. Johns County in their description. The first transfer of a lot in the town of Jacksonville was from John Brady to Stephen Euhaks, conveying Lot 2, Square 1, including the margin to the river, for $12.00. The deed was dated July 11822 ,and described the lot as follows:' Oae utnoseof land lyingin st Johns County, in Jacksoille, she St. Joes River, in he rest street leading from the fery, to- gethee with the margi balow ad. lot as te rier eside, to Harh land- ing, dlot fre ad. fn.. Town Named By unanimous agreement the town was named Jackson- - vile, in honor of General Andrew Jaclson, popular idol of that day in Florida. The name was suggested by John War- ren, a resident of the locality, but not of the town; he had served ass volunteer in the army of General Jackson during the Indian troubles in Went Florida General Jackoon was not present when the town was surveyed, as some accounts have stated; in fact, there is no authentic record that be ever visited this part of Florida at all. Street Names The streets named by thecommissioners in 122 still beer their original names. Market and Bay caonot be definitely traced as to their meaning. Liberty and Washington indi- cate the patriotism of the cammiesioners. Newnan was- named for Col. Daniel Newuo., here with the Patriots and who made the famous campaign against the Indian King Payne in central Florida; and afterward was Inspector-Gen- eral of Georgia. Forsyth was named for General John For> ayth, U, S. Minister to Spain, who conducted the negotiations for the acquisition of Florida. Adams Street was named for - John Quincy Adams, then Secretary of State in President Monroe's cabinet, and who had a great deal to do with the- cession of Florida; Monroe Street for President James Mon- roe; and Duval Street for Governor William P. Duval, first civil governor of Florida. First Realty Transfer At the time Jacksonville was platted and named the town- site was in St. Johns County. Duval County wa not created until two months afterward, or on August 12, 1822. Conae- quently, the first deeds specify St. Johns County in their description. The first transfer of a lot in the town of Jacksonville was from John Brady to Stephen Eubanks, conveying Lot 2, Square 1, including the margin to the river, for $12.00. The deed was dated July 1, 1822. and described the lot as followsr Ones quae aces of leand lyiag In St Johes County, Is Jarksowvlle, n the St Joos River, in the frost street leadI-g fom the fery, to- gethes with the aartin below sd. lot s the fleer side, to Hares lead- ing. lt tremsd. fiery.  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 7 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 67 H-STORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 7 The margin on the river mentioned is now Water Lot No. 22, between Market and Liberty Streets in front of the Clyde Line piers. D. S. H. Miller, the surveyor, acquired several lots in Square 5, maybe in payment for his services as surveyor of the toonsite. John Bellamy bought the northwest corner of Liberty and Bay Streets, and John Warren bought lots in different locations. Conveyances of lots were made at lo- tervals during the next few months at prices ranging from $10 to $25 a lots' Jacksonville's Situation The original survey extended to Catherine Street on the east, Duval Street on the north, Ocean Street on the wont, and St. Johns River on the south. All along the river from the foot of Liberty Street westward to L. Z. Hogans's east- en fence (Laura Street) was a hammock through which no one ever passed; the present Main Street seath of Duval was a swamp. Eastward of the ferry (Liberty Street to Catherine Street) was a high hblff; east of Catherine Street was low marshland. North of Forsyth Street was open pine land ex- tending back ahnost to Hogans Creek. The Kings road led in from the northwest, passing in front of Dawson's store and the "Inn", thence to Liberty Street east of Brady's cabin, where it turned down Liberty Street to the old Cow Ford. Amidst these surroundings, and with this artery of travel leading to the outside world by land and the St. Johns River by water, Jacksonville was launched upon its career. The Founder of Jacksonville When ID. Hart arrived at the Cow Ford iJanuary,1821,- there were already here a stoe and two settlers. It is said that upon arrival he pitched a tent at the foot of Liberty Street and lived there until he built his cabin and brought his family here from the St. Marys. The next year, 1822, the town was surveyed after the arrival of several other settlers. I. D. Hart was the originator of the idea and de- - aerves the credit of being Jacksonville's founder. He lived to ee the settlement develop into a town of two thousand- inhabitants. At one time or another he owned nearly all the land now koovn as the old city, and the most of Springfield. The margin on the river mentioned is now Water Lot No. 22, between Market and Liberty Streets in front of the Clyde Line piers, D. S. H. Miller, the surveyer, acquired several lots in Square 5, maybe in payment for his serviceo as surveyor of the townsite. John Bellamy bought the northwest corner of Liberty and Bay Streets, and John Warren bought lots in different locations. Conveyances of lots were made at in- tervals during the next few months at prices ranging from $10 to $25 a lote' Jacksonville's Situation The original survey extended to Catherine Street on the east, Duval Street on the north, Ocean Street on the west, and St. Johns River on the sooth. All along the river from the foot of Liberty Street westward to L. Z. oganes's east- ern fence (Laura Street) was a hammock through which no oneever passed; the present fain Street south of Duval was a swamp. Eastward of the ferry (Liberty Street to Catherine Street) was a high bluff; east of Catherine Street was low marsh land. North of Forsyth Street was open pine land ex- tending back almost to Hogans Creek. The Kings road led in from the northwest, passing in front of Dawson's store and the "Inn", thence to Liberty Street east of Brady's cabin, where it turned down Liberty Street to the old Cow Ford. Amidst these surroundings, and with this artery of travel leading to the outside world by land and the St. Johns River by water, Jacksonville wan launched upon its career The Founder of Jacksonville When ID. Hart arrived at the Cow Ford iJanuary,1821,- there were already here a store and two settlers. It is said that upon arrival he pitched a tent at the foot of Liberty Street cad lived there until he built his cabin and brought his family here from the St. Marys. The next year, 1822, the town was surveyed after the arrival of several other settlers. L D. Hart was the originator of the idea and de- - serves the credit of being Jacksonvie's founder. He lived to see the settlement develop into a town of two thousand - inhabitants. Atone time or another he owned nearly all the land now known as the old city, and the most of Springfield. The margin on the river mentioned Is now Water Lot No. 22, between Market and Liberty Streets in front of the Clyde Line piers. D. S. H. Miller, the surveyor, acquired several lots Is Square 5, maybe in payment for his services as surveyor of the townsito. John Bellamy bought the northwest corner of Liberty and Bay Streets, and John Warren bought lots in different locations. Conveyances of lets were made at in- tervals during the next few months at prices ranging from $10 to $20 a lot.' Jacksonville's Situation The original survey extended to Catherine Street on the east, Duval Street on the north, Ocean Street on the west, and St. Johns River on the south. All along the river from the foot of Liberty Street westward to L. Z. Hogans's east- ern fence (Laora Street) was a hammock through which no ea ever passed; the present Main Street south of Duval was a ewamp. Eastward of the ferry (Liberty Street to Catherine Street) was a high bluff; east of Catherine Street was low marsh land. North of ForsythStreetwas openpineland ex- tending back almost to pogans Creek. The Kings road led in from the northwest, passing in front of Dawso store and the "-nn", thence to Liberty Street east of Brady's cabin, where it turned down Liberty Street to the old Cow Ford. Amidst these surroundings, and with this artery of travel leading to the outside world by land and the St. Johns River by water, Jacksonville was launched upon its coreer. The Founder of Jacksonville When I D. Hart arrived at the Cow Ford in January,1821,-- there were already here a store and two settlers. It is said that upon arrival he pitched a tent at the foot of Liberty Street and lived there until he built his cabin and brought his family here from the St. Marys. The next year, 1822, the town was surveyed after the arrival of several other settlers. I. D.,Hart was the originator of the idea and de- serves the credit of belg Jacksenville's founder. He lived to see the settlement develop into a town of two thousand inhabitants. At one time or another he owned nearly all the land now known as the old city, and the most of Springfield.  a HIT OF IACSIiL& FLORIA a HITTR OF JACKSONILLE, FLORIA U6 HS~TB OF IACSI LE, FLRIA He aso owned a farm near the present settlement of Mariet- ta; this place he called "'Cracker Swamp", and he aemo to have cultivated it is a certain extent with helavers and fret labor. His homeetead was in Jacksonville, first in his log- cabIn; then at the northwest corner of Bay and Market Strtos, and fishly, for many years, at the southeast corner of hua and Forsyth Streets. 1. D. Hart outlived all of the early settlers. Both he and hi sife, Nancy, died in 161, and were hurled in avault that had already been erectsd by him for hie family, located an a plot of ground on the east side of1Laur Street between State and Orange, back from the Laura Street line about 100 feet. His teonb hsre this queer inscription: OtoossIedeed -d . mygae, .45 IM.se bsoae aee ll rten Wices ee ye see, esesthe o. That I may set hor posgates. In 1896, the Hurt vault was broken into by vandas who removed everything of value, including the silver cnme- plates. This led to an investigation by a reporter for a local nwspaper, who publiohed the fact that there were evidence that nine bodies bad been placed in the vault, namely, 1. D). Hart, his wife and children sad Many H. Htart, a favorite 'ae, ebilden eL . ss ad Nassy lates ses Omisa. twdoaky, Ian-, hoasie, Ja, ad lNosen. Nasy was as s- vanid aad men the and Oats sof bMig bosse is death. Latnes nd iI. darric ass mes .1o e. sI beer aer. class bSeenid thaI Oean efoesy Oulas Ocset, hat tbs Child sua oa 104r deintes is ane Ocean. Thn fire ef 1901 greatly damaged the old Hart vaunlt and instead of rebuilding it, the rema it contained ewere moved to a lot in Evergreen cemetery and the vault is the city de- molished. fl5n-t555n rbese v als. .nne e be ern iswa,snteoln.,n w spaonnbian.As- He also owned a farm near the present nettlement of Harlet- tal this place ho called "Cracker Swamp', and he seens to have culIdvated it to a certain extent with donvee and free labor. His hoesetead was in Jacksonville, first in his lag- abin t then at the sorthwost corner of Bay and Market Streets, and fially, for many years, at the coutheast corner of Lasra and Forsyth Streets. L. 0. Hart outlived all of the early settlers Both he and bin wile, Nancy, died In 1861, and were hurled tnuavaulIt that had already been erected hy him for inn family, located en e plnt of ground on the eat aide of Laura Street between Stat, sod Orange, back from the Laura Street line ahout 100 feet, His tomb hare this qucer inscrption: uotes, l usn dead end i ygs,, sAd them bra eec al esttcei Wltis Wbs ya ee, enbee me, Tfsat I wmy act be fogottesn In 1896, the Hart vault was broken into by vandals who removed everything of value, i'ncluding the silver name pleae. This led to an investigation by a reporter for a loald nepaper, wihs published the fact that there were evidences that nine bodies bad been placed in the vault, namely, L. D. Hart, his ife and childesad Marry E. led, a favorite "The eldde sof L i, sand Noscy Hoot weet eaa odnaly base. paste, J0,1d, 5sf Ifoey. Senoc as s- 'slid said m ei sad gate of belog buns to feasth Lates and Joeml Steeoc see named te 5,50 er Obee ebidloe 01 baa heano calf than Ocenaos tonelly Oasisa Eicest, bat Sb, Child sna of txil deeigsteu It s Ocean The fir of 0901 greatly damaged the old Hart vault and Instead of rebuilding it, the remains it centalined were moved to ot in Evergreen cemetery and the vault in the city de- maligned. ena,.. m.n 't-es . sea iac. ttsseoeoso oss . . . 55 dss c- , He also owned a farm near the present settlement of Mariet- ta: this place he called "Cracker Swamp", and he seems to have cultivated it to acertain exent with slaves and free labor His homestead was in Jacksonville, first in his log- abin; then at tte northwest carper of Bay and Market Streets, and faiasly, for many years, at the saouet mcer of Lasra ad Forsyth Street, L. D. Hart outlived all of t he early cettler, Both he and hin wile. Nancy, died in 1861, and were buried in a vault that had already been erected by him fur his family, lorated ens plot of ground an the east side of Laura Street between State and Orange, back from the Laera Street line about 100 feet. His tomb bore this queer inocriptien: wom I em dea nd anm ae Aed [Mtln ase see all cetta;l wThon ti ycs ae. enaeebs ace, it5 may ca5 be "oweee In 1696, the Hart vault wan broken into by v.ndMe who removed everything tof value, including the silver same-o plates. This led to an investigation by a reporter fnr a local neaperia who published the fact that there were evidences that nine bodies bad been placed in the vasult, namely, 1. D). Hart, his wile and children, and Mary E. Htart, a favorite ma in"fe ebildmess Lf I. ansd Sassy rytoo were sia rodey, hases, Pail, Jauls, and Sassy. ssoy -ons 1,ct wo awdomt theandfateoftbig ossdto dt. Lates amsod . itsOtna. sam ssearded tees of trae ebildlee. In lean bees said foal Ocenwoo foesosly Otes sea.s 1.l tioCil soap of nod? decorsate. 0f an Oean The fie sof 1S01 greatly damaged the old Hart vault and Inntead of rebuilding it, the romaine it contained were moved to a lot in Evergreen cemetery and the vault in the city de- melislded noldIns, Asosso, Ae mua n-. o . l ,ns Osno..vat, ,. sO :~ ln m  ISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA K9 HISTORY OF JACKSONVIHL, FLORIDA " IISTORY OF JACKSONVILE, FLORIDA K Duval County was created August 12, 1822, by the first council under Governor William P. Duval's administration. Ias original boundaries were: Suwanee River on the west; a line drawn from the mouth of the Suwance River to the foot of Liberty Street in Jacksonville (designated in the Act as the Cow Ford), thence down the St, Johns River as it mean- der to the ocean was the southern boundary, while the St. Marys River and the Georgia line constituted the northern boundary Jacksonville was selected as the county seat of the new county. The governing board of the county comprised four jus- tices, one of whom was the presiding justice. While it was termed a county court its jurisdiction was extremely limited In that respect and the name enty commissioner, would have been more appropriate for the duties performed. As a court their jurisdiction did not approach the importance of our present justices of the peace.0 The first meeting of this osurt was in Jacksonville On December 16, 1022. The justices were; Thomas Reynolds, presiding; William G. Dawson, Rig- non Brown, and Britton Knight. George Gibbs was the clerk' They proceeded to lay off the county into road din- tricts, apportioned the work of building the roads, and at- tended to other matters of a like sort? James Dell was the first sheriff of the county, but he did not serve long; Daniel C. Hart was his successor, being later appointed U. S. mar- ohs] and holding both positions until his death., First Regular Court The half a dozen houses comprising the Town of Jackson- vlle, in 1823, were all situated in plain sight of the King. read that led down to the ferry at the foot of Liberty Street. Travelers coming and going, or stopping for awhile, produced as exceptlonal stir; but on the last day of November, 1823, which was Sunday, it became evident that an event of un- usual importance was about to transpire. People had been coming in oll day looking for a place to ledge. Mrs. Sarah Waterman's Inn was filled to the limit. Joseph Andrews had Duval County was created August 12, 1822, by the first council under Governor William P. Dnuva's administration. Its ariginal boundaries were: Suwanee River on the west; a line drawn from the mouth of the Suwanee River to the foot of Liberty Street in Jacksonville (designated in the Act as the Cow Ford), thence down the St. Johns River as it mean- den to the ocean was the southern boundary, while the St. Marys River and the Georgia line constituted the northern boundary, Jacksonville was selected as the county seat of the new county, The governing board of the county comprised four jus- tices, one of wham was the presiding justice. While it was termed a county court its jurisdiction was extremely limited in that respect and the name county commissioners would have been more appropriate for the duties performed. As a court their jurisdiction did not approach the importance of our present justices of the peace.0 The fierst meeting of this court was In Jacksonville on December 16, 0822. The justices were: Thomas Reynolds, presiding; William G. Dawson, Rig- non Brown, and Britten Knight. George Gibbs was the clerk, They proceeded to lay off the county into road dis- tricts, apportioned the work of building the roads, and at- tended to other matters of a like sort.0 James Dell was the trst sheriff of the county, but he did not serve long; Daniel C. Hart was his successor, being later appointed U. S. mar- oha] and holding both positions until his death., FIrst Regular Coort The half a dozen houses comprising the Town of Jackson- ville, in 1821, were all situated in plain sight of the Kings road that led down to the ferry at the foot of Liberty Street. Travelers coming and going, or stopping for awhile, produced ns exceptional stir; but on the lst day of November, 1823, which was Sunday, it became evident that an event of un- usual importance was about to transpire. People bad been coming In all day looking for a place to lodge. Mrs. Sarah Waterman's Innwas filled to the limit. Joseph Andrews had COUNTY AFFAIRS Duvea County was created August 12, 1822, by the first council under Governor William P. Dulo's administration. its original boundaries were; Suwanee River on the west; a line drawn from the mouth of the Suwanee River to the foot of Liberty Street in Jacksonville (designated in the Act as the Cow Ford), thence down the St. Johns River as it nean- den to the ocean was the southern boundary, while the St. Marys River and the Georgia line constituted the northern boundary Jacksonville was selected as the county seat of the new county. The governing board of the county comprised four jus- tices, one of whom was the presiding justice. While it was termed a county court its jurisdiction was extremely limited In that respect and the name county commissioners would have been more appropriate for the duties performed. As a court their jurisdiction did not approach the importance of our present justices of the peace The trot meeting of this counrt was in Jacksonville on December 16, 1022. The justices were: Thomas Reynolds, presiding; William G. Daweon, Rig- non Brown, and Britton Knight. George Gibbs was the clerk' They proceeded to lay off the county into road dis- tricts, apportioned the work of building the roads, and at- tended to other matters of a like sort? James Dell was the first sheriff of the county, but he did not serve long; Daniel C. Hart was his succensor, being later appointed U. S. mar- shal and holding both positions until his death., First Regolor Court The half a dozen houses comprising the Town of Jackson- vile, in 1823, were all situated in plain sight of the Kinge road that led down to the ferry at the foot of Liberty Street. Travelers coming and going, or stopping for awhile, produced no exceptional stir; but on the lost day of November, 182, which was Sunday, it became evident that an event of un- usual importance was about to transpire. People had been coming in all day looking for a place to lodge. Mrs. Sarah Waterman's n was filled to the limit. Joseph Andrewa had  0 HIST OF JAKSONILLE FLOSSA HSMTR OF JACKSONInLE FLORIA 0 HITR OF JACKOILLE FLOIDA oil the gaeats that he could accommodate and I. D. Hart's ahade had no vacant apace., Abraham Bellamy offeredl the use of his 1012 jaw altcen recently erected next to Brady's old cabin, aend W. 0. Dawesn went further and nped blan- kaesootheooonf hio starefornoms of the overflnwtosleep. L, Z. Rogann, over an the hill beyond athe swamp, played hoot to one or two. Sn Jaceanlllc and vciuntry went to hed that night cowded to capacity. When the morning glow of Monday (Decemher let) be- fao to hrighten over the roadside settesoci tea the St Jcohna, it was the dawn of a nw day for Duval Conith'. my 10 o'clock, 200 people had asoembled in the vicinity of Market aod Forsyth Streeto to witness the. soeing of the finot row- ular court of law held in thispart ofthe country. It was os impessvespetace.Standing bareheaded, with no roceabave them except the forect treea, they liotened intently to the words of Judge Joseph L. Smith in the openinrg proceedingo of what was then called the Superior couirt The ceremony wnnews to the mart of them, but oil were apparently pleased witch the coetO, signifying that civil lo had atbaped in to take the place of the lon, eharbliched ponsom of persnal settlement ef dfferences> Othe, wcnnawonac n the ldeolsece Insirhigh esto ir hpriettel elan lad ion 050 ho 10onesdi, dns-od ts the Ylao of.,I Occnidmaed.lI e odth, lhe fascoas Cenfod- cso eorrl, ceam lecsho fee the fis t saos anhew It. Th..n I, aloe selr ctaaaaia~to es fee it woo the contra. weII d wtsen. ms-,, were Genesl sith' techer eeNtnhad ths oass of icthes fem nes osor a Jehossel Firnt Grand Jury Fromc among those assembled at the opening pernecdingo of the ceort, a grand jury sws drawn sod impooneiled the next dayDecember$1, 12g. The membern of this lttgrand jury of baval County were: John Bellamy, foreman;l Stephen J. Eubanrks. John Hoonton, Danc Taicher, Charles Broward, Sep- mo Pickett. John Brosad, John Price, James Dell, William Matthewa, Cottong Rawlo, As. 0. Loper, lewellyn Williams, Charles Settl, John D. Braddock, J. C. Houston, Nathaniel Wilds, Stepheno Vinaant all the goeta that he cold accommodate and L. D. Haa's saode had na vacant npacc. Abraham Bellamy altered the us of his 10.12 law em recantly erected next to Brady'a old rabin, and W. G. Dawon went further antd spread blat- lket, on the leonr of his store for come of the overiew to sleep. L. Z. Itogano, over as the hill beyond the swnonp, played heat t one ar tos So lacken..vill, and debits wont to hod that night crowded tocrapoty. When the elecning glow of Meoday (Docemher tat) be- gan to heighten over the roadside settlement on the St. Johns. it was theodawn ofsnaw day farDvlonty. By 1O o'clock, 200 resale had assembled in the vicinity of Market and Forsyth Streets to witness the hapnvsing of the tirot mg- slmrcourt of law hold in this pact of the country. It was tas impreosiveoeectacle. GStnding bareheaded, withno rafoove them excepet the ferret trees, thcy liatenod intently to the words of Judge Joseph L. Smith in the oening proedinrgs of what woo then called the Superior court. The ceremony was new to the mart of them, hot 11ll woere apparently pleased with the scene, signifying that civil law had stepped in to take the plane of the long established cuaton of personal settlement of diifeeeecen' Tleeeao.nt-umoft the Wacedae imicr s aeh oi SeeminOln4 o laid is loll, ad th ehig dediseted to the aesarc f thserisfldenadIohrefaits, th las. Oafed- seterimra, who feghtfaor hast cess ae heowl T~ewhee is aso. noher auseie hoes, foe hoathe te aihlof theswao dsocealhor, aso Ceosoal eoiOr feth, nunexhehe~th ecana oriuoilce oe,-heccenceGJaoksoseilla Mont Grand Jury Fromc among those assembled at the opening proceedings of the conart, a grad jury woe drawn nd impeanelled the next day, December 2, 1020. The momboa of thiafr mcotgoad my of Douval Conty were: John Bellamy, foreman: Stephan J. Eubonao, Johnt Honeton, lIse Tucker, Charles Browned, Sey' mo Pickeet,, John Browsrd, John Price, James Dell, WiiLiam Mbatthcw, Cotton Coawla, A. 0, Loper, Llewelyn Wiltham, Charles Setee, John D. BHaddockt, J. C. Hlooston, Nathaniel Wilds, Stephen Vhlant'e all the inete that he could accommodate gcad L D. Hart's abode had no vacanet apace. Abrnhnm Bellamy oltered the one of his nlxul law etcic secently erected next to Brady'. old cabin, sod WV.,. Deann went further ond spread bias. kets on the floor of his store for some sof the overflow to sleep, L, Z. Htogamesee a the hill beyond the asllp, played hoot to onearftwo. So Jslonille aodavicinity want to biethat night crowded toccspecity. When the morning glow of M~onday 1 December lot be' coo o highten ove the oaotc stlecet on theSt Jean it was the dews of s ow ew day for oDvla County, My 10 o'coc, OOpeoleha aenm~scdintheviintyofMarket s'lc,20pol a semldi h iiiyo nd Forsyth Streets toswitneasothe convesoing of the fiOrag uilar court of law held in thia part of the cwotey. It was on ihmroieapetao Sndre acohaded, wthanreoobve them except the foreat s trees, they lIsteondinetyoth wod hf g opedph Lt Smith inthe opening proceedings of what wan then caldthe Soperior court 'ho reonoy wonwto the moat of them, but oiutal were apparently pleased with wthe acme, infyin that civil law chad stepped in to take the place of ethe long eotablished cuatom of peronl ettlementa of ditfo eate, 'The oe-1oss If the I,'ondsecse tosoe high al ia ,meig..l was laid is 5012, oel he boildino dediosted to ths asary of Geaol Iddoand selr oith thsnmoes 1-111- orlseeral e facet tort Tacoe s . aoe0cr cmasean o. f, e itnacs ron ceoso outlltsart deaeitdahcoc,,ohco oaeeal orios Iae ontablil~ehea scale o neteswe orlocoooat Joemescie. First Grand Jury From among those assembled at the opening pfreedinga of the evert, a grand jury wooe drawn and imponelled the nexst day. December 2, 1021. The members of this first rad jury of Duval County wore, Jahn Bellamy, foreman; Stephen J. Eubanko, John nHouston, nhem, Tucker, Charles Borowod, Sey- mor Pickett. John Browsed, John Prlco, Jamen Dell, William Matthews Cottong tRawla, A. 0. Loper, lewllyno Wiliamo. Charles Satcol, Jon. B. Braddoc, J. C. Hooston, Nathaniel Wilds, Stephen Vivxant,  Z;~' - 2 -c.4 2. , G iE 'Sj v3+,' : 2 22 . 2 -.2)' 2 Hy '?o nrA off 2' < 0] 2I  62 fISOhT OF JAEEON VOL SLOIA 2 fIT OFJ01 IUM, FLOIaA a HITR OF JACSONIL. FLORDA ehitliag sapa the thee fe the "Bear ye, bwa ye hear We, so.,flheasott,oeh.. waae hasissea or nesdsit, Is ithesethese. Leaogfsshomethey caesd a Otorad I a eload of duact First Lawyer in Jardlsonville Abraham Bellany, son of John Bellamy the cemmia- stoner, was the first lawyer to settle at the county seat. This wo n 1823. He built a little amhe west of gone Brady's acabin, which was thsownead by his father, sodl hare he drew up most of the early legal faom. for the resides at this secttoos Enough odds and ends of descriptios have been gathered to picture it as a typical country lawyer's othee, equlipped with a table sod time-worn chairs if home mrans- factors- a few low books scattered here asnd there sonidat a disorderly array of buodles of papers; a map tanked sap against tine deer;l plenty of duet, and fialdly a box spittoon filled with sand. Neverthlesos, Abraham Bellamy's ability aa lawyer was greater than his surroundings indicated, tsr be was afterword a famoiliar figure in the Territonial cunhils and at one thre was president of that body. J oa Belisac ssoosd to Riddle Floid. a ot ur.- Abs-a ae scesy Invoice sosse later. First Murriage Ien. One of fluval County's oldest offcia records i a rt copy of the first marriage licelue issued by the mosnty. It reads:' Tertor o goda Canip of foale To-aspJdgo, Pasies, of lbs Foes, srdoiod Misistee sO Ohs los, fh-o[peroit yes in Jole Ineree, tote Hisip Sosoneat Mateleesy Sir, aHeBobert oosraa red Otio Seara Tere, tlr. co6is11a be pose saslaieaworesO. Actoc the abase rerag Is sros ad pea ate lssretpe¢ooseafods to [e0ac. ma assea esesdled a hise tets, ms 0 c Osbhor a, nas. S. OLLAMY, paelt The First Ceoset Hoso Couart evidently was held under the trees until 1825, as prior to that time there was o building here suitable for te Ipaoa. In i1825. John Wanesn erected a two-stary buldiv wholloling seep the terse foe else near ye. hea[rye. se ya , eo.a o te coast cier woes e ojsahoso baslossor ensiosity ledth-oh. I ufarsesohoysaesdosthlvgorssdh a showd a detl Float Lawyer in Jackonsvile Abraham Bellacay, ssn of John Bellamy the commis- sise, o the tirot lawyer to settle at the coonty seat. Thol oas in22. iHe built as little eoticr west of John Brady's cabin, which woo then owned by his father, and here he drew up meat of the early legal papono for the rasidents at thl. sextioo.0 Enough odds and ends of descriptions hove been gathered to pictuare it as a typical country lawyer's ofile, equipood with a table and time-warn choirs of home mass- factors; a few lawt books scattered here and these srNodat a disorderly array of bundles of papers;l a map tacked oup sgainet the door; plenty of dust, and finally a box spittoon filled with rand., oo 1mvet es, Abraham Bellamy's ability as a lawyer eves greater than his surrounidings indicated, far he woo afterward a fooniliar figure in the Territori romfnils aud at one time was president of that body. aloha bop ored to idddle Florida Is. 10 an Ah-osli Boeoap Oowia se astaina las. First Morriage License One of Duval County's oldest olficial records isa ceort copy of the tirot marriage lleone issued by the couonty. It reads Tesltvep of Florida Camsy of flrial To asp JudlgePatie of aloe Ieace, ordad Msec. of Ohs Gospel, lk ase or reshale toe Osm tSoloehr, i the Holy Sati of Mateisasy hMr. ituie Rtoboesco ead Mis Swaah Tacker, s this shall he psow sottat -irost. Afire two abaro soensg a aslssosised won see herebty ocasasadd mto s.e the xaas scoted as Ohu io Os.sta Osy sito flosbes a , ] . OELLAXY. Check. lbs First Court Haome Couart evidently woo held under the aremas until 1825, as prior to that time there was no building here suitable for the poarpaoe. Ns 185, Solon Warren erected a two-story building oshioohg awy Ohc tins fos the Roear ye bao Ye, hoer Wa, oosofltoestoins, wershose skose haaim ssorii l tboot sc. Lcosiagashsae bsy eed st flgoes odh a oelsato deal. First Lawyer in Jacksonvplle Abraham Bellosoy. son of John Bellamy the coucocas- soone, wethe tirot lawyer to settle at the county seat. This was in 1823. He built a litle office west of John Brady's cabin, which woo then owned by his father, and hone be drew up mast of athe early legal paps for the residens of Msi section." Enough odds and .ends of descriptions have been gathered to picture it as 0 typical country lawyers office, coouipsped with a table and time-worn choirs of home menu- fucture; afew law books scattered here and there amidot a dieorderlyasrray of bundles of paperes; a map tacked op against the doer; plenty of doot, and finally a box spittoon Oiled with sand. Nevertheless, Abcraam Bellamy's ahdity asainlwyer woo greater than his aw nordingo indicated, for he was aftergard a familiar figure in the Territorial counada and at one time was president of that body 'Jobs Osiasy noved Os Riddle losd. Is nIS" sod Ahsbao etam Okeacm aetweissale. First arriage licens One of Duval County's oldest official records is a court copy of the first marriage Incaome issued by the county. It reads:- Tmnerilr en hlidts Coanty of floal To sop Joee,Jlsos of the Pfae. erdaired Miohlas of the Gospe. Micro' oresole yoe Os Jot soetler is the. Hereate.o aatelos OMs. staten lihetn ead 0000 O-h o ker, eads hal he pass ou ro .hrat ereool. Aftr- the oboe ooesiue ,a co~ssoised p05 a .sY -.sa.. dod Is ro or hsase msttd as this iea tO msp moebsr 0. 1023 i. 8ELol.Ai, Check. The First Court Hone Courit evidently woo held under the tome nat] 1825, s prior to that time there was no building here suitable for the purpose. In 1825, Jobo Wanesn erected a two- tory building  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLOR1DA 68 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA a HISTORY OF JACKBONVILE, FLORIDA 63 at the northwest corner of Bay and Newnan Streets. The lower story was for a time used as a dwelling and was after- ward divided for a store. The upper floor was one rooms here the Superior court held two or three terms, with con- siderable discomfort as there were no sash windows, and the wind and rain had full sweep through. When it became known thatJacksnvillehad beenselected as the county seat John Brady conveyed the lot at the north- east corner of Market and Foroyth Streets (actually valued at $15) to Benjamin Chaires and Francis J. Ross in trust to - be conveyed to the county as a site for the court house!5 Preparations for building a court house were started in 1824, but actual construction did net begin until the summer of 1825. Immense hewn timbers were hauled to the lot and when they were laid out for framing the people of the county voluntarily gathered and under the direction of Seymour Pickett raised them in two days When this was done Messrs. Chaires and Ross deeded the lot to the county (July 13, 1825) in compliance with the trust from Brady. The court house remained in this state more than three years, with only the framing standing. In 1826 the base- ment was roofed over and subsequent terms of court were held there when the weather was good; or else in the hall over John Warren's place, About 1828-9, the framing was boarded in and the roof put on. The temporary hewn tim- bers supporting the conatruction were removed and brick pillars of great size and strength were built end the building cerrectly leveled. The court house faced the river. A long, broad portico, supported by brick pillars was before the front- and broad steps led up to it from the ground. Back of these was the entrance to the basement, which was ten feet in the clear. The main entrance was ten feet high and was pr- videdwithwide double doors. Inside tepsledp on the cast and the west to the upper story. The windows, seven feat high and foor feet wide, were provided with double shutters of white pine, which closed out the wind and rain and als the light.O This coort house was known far and wide as the beet constructed bulding in all of this part of the country.' The didficultiesconfronting the county authorities in raising fundo for the completion of the cort house are recorded in their minutes. They petitioned the U. S. government to at the northwest corner of Bay and Newnan Streets. The lower story was for a time used as a dwelling and was after- ward divided for a stre. The upper floor was one roomf here the Superior court held two or three terms, with con- siderable discomfort as there were no sash windows, and the wind and rain had full sweep through.) When it became kaown thatJacksonvillehad beenoelected as the county seat John Brady conveyed the lot at the north est corner of Market and Forsyth Streets (actually valued at $15) to Benjamin Chaires and Francis J. Ross in trust to - be conveyed to the county as a site for the court house? Preparations for building a court house were started in 1824, but actual construction did not begin until the summer of 1825. Immense bewn timbers were hauled to the lot and when they were laid out for framing the people of the county voluntarily gathered and under the direction of Seymour Pickett raised them in two days When this was done Messrs. Chaires and Ross deeded the lot to the county (July 13, 1825) in compliance with the trust from Brady. The court house remained in this state more than three years, with only the framing standing. In 1826 the base- ment was roofed over and subsequent terms of out were held there when the weather was good; or ee in the hall sver John Warren's place About 1828-9, the framing was boarded in and the roof put on. The temporary hewn tim- bers supporting the construction were removed and brick pillars of great size and strength were built and the building correctly leveled. The court house faced the river. A long. broad portico, supported by brick pillars was before the front and broad steps led up to it from the ground, Back of these was the entrance to the basement, which was ten feet in the clear, The main entrance was ten feet high and was pro- vided with wide double deors. Insidestepsled upon the east and the west to the upper story. The windows, seven feet high and four feet wide, were provided with double shutters of white pine, which closed out the wind and rain and also the light.0 This court house was known far and wide as the best constructed building in all of this part of the country.0 The difliculties confronting the county authorities in raining funds for the completion of the court house are recorded in their minutes. They petitiened the U. S. government to at the northwest corner of Boy and Newnan Streets. The lower story was fore a time used as a dwelling and was after- ward divided for a store. The upper foor was one room;' here the Superior court held two or three terms, with con- siderable discomfort as there were no sash windows, and the wind and rain had full sweep through/' When it became known thatJacksonvillehad beenselected as the county seat John Brady conveyed the lot at the north- east corner of Market and Forsyth Streets (actually valued at $15) to Benjamin Chaires and Francis J. Bess in trust to - be conveyed to the county as a site for the court hose Preparations for building a court house were started in 1824, but actual construction did not begin until the summer of 1825. Immense hewn timbers were hauled to the lot and when they were laid out for framing the people of the county voluntarily gathered and under the direction of Seymour Pickett raised them in two days- When this wan done Messrs. Chaires and Ross deeded the lot to the county (July 1i, 1825) in compliance with the trust from Brady. The court house remained in this state more than three years, with only the framing standing. In 1826 the boae- ment was roofed over and subsequent terms of court were held there when the weather was good; or else in the hall over John Warren's place! About 1828-9, the framing was boarded in and the roof pat on. The temporary hewn tim- bers supporting the construction were removed and brick pillars of great sise and strength were built and the building correctly leveled. The court house faced the river. A long. bread portico, supported by brick pillars was before the front and broad steps led up to it from the ground. Back of these was the entrance to the basement, which was ten feet in the clean The main entrance was ten feet high and was pro- videdwithwidedoubledoors. Insidestepledupontheeast and the west to the upper story. The windows, seven feet high and four feet wide, were provided with double shutters of white pine, which closed oat the wind and rain and alto the light' This court house was known far and wide as the best constructed building in all of this part of the country0 The ditficulties confronting the county authorities in raising funds for the completion of the court house are recorded in their minutes. They petitioned the U. S. government to  64 HISTORY OF JACSONhlILLE, FLOWS 64 fHTORY 0F JACIONVILE FLORA 64 HITORY OF JACSONILLE FLOIA comuplete it, as the Superior court was using it more than any other, which brought about an arrangemoent whereby the government paid the county rent for its use; they had diffi- ulty sometimsec inestlecting this rent promptly. They peti- tined the Territorial Legislatare that permisnion to run lbt terios in ordler to raise the $6,000 needed to complete the court house. Joseph B. ancaster,L He Hrt and Wiliam P. Mills ware aeutond by the Legislature to conduet the lottery. These gentlemen were all church members sod one wsadco;the inference is, that lotteries in that day were not considered gonbliog, smuuee hidden uenewhese behind itb .trodol far wud to esurplete Ohs woe houe, Cur the people uf Ye es otion in teI.,aeatoiteed-ialeart thale sde o£ 00s7, 0rtetideutly sciunc peuseertrds au y wee, using palna gus ro a 075100 hoareso a ninise dollse esarrd for 500 rooe nes Yostherpjaw-d aeoaiaslryosame-tt$5e 0 esuane to oserse t he building. The court house waosrust finally completed until sometime- is the early no4e's, from fond. derived Cram isasi inane. The bdings wus homned by Federal treopa Marcho 29o noes. qseul saocy boo built taro mor hee. 1T aretsd eurlststowhoubiteon tMeaier I tW me fameod in a8l, bat fod ]pebete~en te osihorart. lt eaosesdubesCano bI, edok mondily tbick rote. Csnoeeu we om an esedle 100S4 and the baulieg ronplere a aoepid in Nucunbse, toms. A Cull deoriotian od it enO he Cosud in the iseido Tonun-lie aof guember d, usue. The codu hooe waola tone carosy rc is os sity oboe edthntud to lany seOtthmgadoot freoisLay ,n. Tory reensieuado, .ad wree used in esuoeng the bedlding not onsuppag elnoss er,, wieb bee the rem, .mend Ired e ad The ao-a s..io a lse roses hos, n.."Pt the oleoge as the aswr Tbe ipmeneuat ehoweuwadenopuuled ipguvennUO nsruoftOHoseexe eoltrah rni ae Theall d eon nldod -our osastet strens heuanse the Censo, already woad the too Oto oo ant est ster of YscteOetere Adwns and Foaurh untre, ad needing more ro0n0 lur a Lorger moet teuse thusla the l the ne~tereso ret of marke nwsen Feeth would daratmte..I weo deceded oraoet the .ld canet hoses re st s.s, and solkd the n r tt hnod. lem h cheese Thn usr souse sc wstl eunarleaod i O etoh bid. .3O 55 aR uatu ate ~,O0n. complete it, as thr Superior court wan singp it more than soy other, which brought about as arrangemtent whereby the government paid the county rent for its esset they had di- eulty nometimes ill celtaing thie rant promptly. They peti- tinned the Turitorntl Legislature for ptermission to ran lot- tunaes in arder to raise the $6,000 needsd to complete the court house. Joseph to. Lanaster, 1. D. Hart and William J1. Millu were authrioed by the Legiolature to conduct Sloe lottery. Three gentlemen were all church mnembers and one wha deacor t Oe inference b. thtat lotteries is that day were sot considered gaunog. sormethitg is hide methere behind thin tteueca ras eautd to eoorulst re refera er fur the people. s ha nestot wos lbsshn russ wondr eras, ws dw c orste of nft Oara$1,lte hot aretnimtism dotsloro ltet mu e utunty lt Yotheyerppodst poultstaorrv neueteheu$Gobca rcenoy t. oaasete hs hildate- The court boost woo not finaly compleite ontio sometime. in the early l8ds's, from foods derived from a scrip inane. The boilding woo homned by Federal troops March 29, 180. 'Donasl Cuesny ha huta the er t ae Thne ausand Joaeassmtotnbuottetheoite oftcnthe r ed id ad, dhnt In.h, with oaulty herk wtot. Csaoeoo weo ues.- ensred In 100 sed the huldlug suaptetd ald .uanid in Nneemhe,tOle, A fun dars- e t wih oo0 fi Oneida Tiencoien of Nmucbur 5, 0000. The seart odsua wsatoerethe elws.santeoity thsttoithetssdetony oesa ther great Ore nO Say s,1I.,. Thnsy remwaie atndag mod tre e ed Is rsssuuraemig the sending aow ossupirg tbet sad, ror sat hed tosgrudn Owt snd the bone .stliso ar meeu-abauooscosptstehahapafttmeee. Ths rune strt hoe w comsleted so lemoaeae, atooertttptatouosronlruoghasndidsee Thate tos oholod wwren ar~ SuhOese heaua He road,, ahsrdp aned the tess los a.l 'tent sids IC aoret btoom Mentos a Fororth sated, ade seead tooolsgud far a laugur moseioueotemtrtanet i ad seeotostoseeefn aras .ies our heda ereecarnse, it tour g. ded do' Hnntnowte noee the sto The cumplm r wo soeplo inades Mg complete it, as the Superior court ma using it more than auny other, which brought about an arrangement whereby the government paid the county rent for its use; tesy hurd di&-i dauly sennethetot in cothet ug this rant promptly. They pech- toned the Territorial Legislature for pecmiio to run lot, teries in order to rase the $6,000 needed to complete the court house. Jseph B. Lancorte, L 00. Hart and wiliam J. Mles wore authorised by the Legislature to conduct the lottery. Thense gentlemen were all cisoyh members and oe wsadao;the inference is, that lotteries in that day were not reneidered gambling. -greoeuatocs idd lunsouusae nhtbe ta. atrggle fnr shouft te etctde to ros hoot, u., the poplof thou eettele t o e1 ed ot- etoie Psesperi Orsa the rece layin ,s aua "fdheosatid oaeiao .dola dtira r tMe sart erat YT thns e e sstsdttoseiont tlrst is.be rs ceaaavy to eennetsl the haildoeg. The court house woo not finally completed ntil sometimni in the early 1840'o. from fund. derived Croon a scrmp loose The buildinag was homned by Federal troops March 29, 1863. nysern Cosoty.bot ne- st htsea. The urce sedet hood tes sasen t n f 0. the or dw in6es, hot focdidlasrsoo ttendrosurpaa llwsradlyhufts cicko w.t snrolty tMdek maols. .artueiinw. ea essood t o t and the buttlas templst.el nd cailedi Neumbe, 100s, A Comt donetles of it emdl 00 Cosol in the Foeods Thsot.fisn oI Novemater 0.0000d. The soom hoau writ. s the sninoosty Sat aidoodboWn rea the gert Iceo ath m 3y, 5501 They resuained alwya aewsureeast1ruru tan bldagnstso doddi totu cuor, wredin ate the aee gsod ac angdh sor amicue tuebautehostaeheneemhspofnhidetoer. lina ect suset hoese era mmelete in Pgoereehe.lpeO. utaau1 mtooiar-eed threghntshod iue To ani eras ohidlud emron Muhet Omet bhause mec cany alredp snasd the two iun.. othe wet adeo eCadrh bem.ew n and Oemyth 01555t0. sad seen mare gesod Our a Isegec cur hose tur she hi, ar taen aetlor terse of Olart ald trierseaoud dress te, ie 'to aeridad to rasanruenetc etdesehounefmrntnry,andhobed ihenetoutinoo a eathtet Thesrtustlee e a w opeehdin216 ogo dw d   A  zo-~%6' a- x J rAm J. "' $3m m. r - °w "° ;s. [SEA   HISTORY OF JACESONVILLR. FLORIDA 65 Judges of Duval County: Thomas Reynolds (preslding), 1822-1823; Benjamin Choimes (sole), 1982-1824; John L., Doggett (presiding, then sole judge), December, 1824, to January, 1844 (mied in office) ; Forqsohar Rotlsune, 1844 184s; Wrisim F. Crabtree, 1841-1849; Felix Uivinston, 184?.1855; Benjamin Hopkins, 1855-1856: R. H. Huabling. 1817; Oscar Hart, 1857; H. R. Rushing, 1858-1859; Chandler S. Emery, 1869-1861; Francis F. L'Engle, 1861-1863; None in 1864; F. 1. Wheston, 1865; Aristides Doggett, 1886 to July, 1868; W. A. SMcLeas, July, 1868, to December, 1888; W. B. Owen, 1889-1892; William B. Baker, 1893-1900; Benry B. Ph~ipo. 1901-1820; John W. Dlufons, 1922 to date. ossie unm. a. eam man i a...od a:w a ...%.nos m,5su HISTORY OF JAC1CSONV ILE, FLORIDA 68 Judges of Dual County; Thomas Reynolds (presiding), 1829.1823; Benjamin Choire. (sole), 18231824; John L. Doggett (rsiding, then sole judge), December, 1824, to Joonuary, 1844 (mied los efliee) ; Farquahar Bethune, 1844 1845; William F. Crobtree, 1841-1840; Felix Livingston, 1849-1801; Benjamin Robkins, 1855-1816; B. H. Rushing, 1857; Oscar Hart, 1857; H.-H. Rushing, 1858-1859; Chandler S. Emery, 18590-1861; Francis F. L'Engle, 1881-1808; Nsoe in 0884; F. 1L Wheton, 1881; Aristides Doggett, 1868 to July. 1808; W- A. McLean, July, lees, to December, 1188; W. H. Owen, 1889-1892; Wirniam B, Baker, 1891-1900; henry B. Philips, 1901-1920; John W. Bosec, 1911 to date, - me emse nu, its,~~wm u a . 'Ja~ aw un°i gSn', oo u HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 66 Judges of Duvaul County; Thomas Reynolds (presiding), 1822-138; Benjamin Chsalie (sole), 18231824; John L4 Doggett (presiding, thoen sole judge), December, 1824, to January, 1844 (died in effige) ; Furqluahar Bethole, 1844 1845; William F. Crabtree, 1845-1849; Felix Thvingotoo, 1849-1850; Benjamin Hopkins, 1855-1856; B. H, Rushing 1857; O.car haon, 1857; R1. H, Hoohing, 1858-1859; Chandler S, Emery. 1869-1861; Francis F, L'Rnge,. 1881-1881; None in 1804; F, 1. Wheaton, 1865; Ariotides Doggett, 1888 ts July, 1808; W. A. McLcas, July, 1888, ts December, 1888; W. B. Owen, 1889-1891; William B. Baker, 1892-1900; Henry B. Philips, 1801-0928; John W. DluOsue. 1921 to date.  w SF g 6 d ezma 444.y u g 6, Gs 4 4.44 4 44a 4.4a~ e4e.4 m~ "vtGza. ?30 4- 8?-e- 4- 4-4. 44 6gi>+y °'aa~~ 4- 3&' -'g m 4 C °4 44 0* Y f a F~ ° r g p'P4- 4y°.a :a4sm g i4 '°°B ca '4 4ew ';a 44 6 44 mn4na4S 3 E4e4 g, aG as G 4 :4n944- l.'1'y 3m y4- 44~a 9. -9 3-5vS.C Po S < - -l ; t 4~ 4m xa''--4 -.44.4af rcamigo  HTORY OF JAKSONILLE uOIA 67 HdSTOR OF JASNVLLE, FLOIA 6 7 RYO JACSOILLE, FLiID U7 the ple. It msete s elevated, piutoaes, and oeo.Ossv sl etoJhosBillot.t oleiebeodsatomtheoA-. Itls.. sdirolyoietaedt meesth leas ioe boetseieni depth for 'eals of pad a ok~ tdWmhosds, to moratee to ta thoe Thie Aae tesm of lose Ospere ot, diasated by des Lgaptied aise to be hld twdee a asp, latel drew esgethee at.ti posses pe t etauenl Maa uoocoe Eveybeae was aooed elboelyaspole h tojudge oc te A..,ith sA...l M-.,.s eftie boas . Ausitte, bottlg em defaaeshy thebhodoess of tl~the g' odta 1 utht ciy Nths Cowdfad enth... Is A bouxa ile wese spahia to ubtin soy bld of Ieier theme -vn¢the fOust They wetbpefea copeloed to take op teir oapisas At Mt. Hodairhs' n the ARtheaside of the ples, aespotblo yblootewhoad.tyepf ...dly kepnaphli huethogh atoa biloeced by hostality tedi bled-e to aoeotsodso taeaaloes. Ott Ilitetoed to beep the feRy mthat 'ida ofotheiell, sod promptly ate.e the ttige and the eotitooso htad beena i~es etort sevry teuity to eaeale the sivoc. Thin is one of a number of descriptive artirles on Jack- itanville published is the St. Augustine paper prior to leut. All stress the beautiful situation of the village, but complain about the accamodationo at court herms. "Junior Bar- rister" in the Herald of March 2G. 1826, remarked that it woo rctomary for the ganatd Jury to lodge in the open air and suggests "with the intention ef keeping their heada cool, by order to deliberate with mare caution and prudence." First Ssamill In 1828 or 1829, Chsale F. Sibbald built the Sfrt etsela swmill in Foot Florida at Panama to Trout Creoek. lHe alo operated a brick kilo, Judge F. Betloune, is his diaory 1829-SI (still preserved), frequently refers to the iteam sawmill ted brigck kln at Panama, in amonti. with building operations at hia "New Rose' plantation on the river four meils above Jagcasonville Dluring the sumamer of 1829, Judge Bethune huilt a small sugar mill. The lumber and brick were brought op from Panama inthe brig "Veue" he sent ne St Augos- tine for a carpenter, and the still was ready for operation by Joaury 1, 1880. lie began grinding cane, hut noon after. ward his cane mill broke down and he had to csend again to St. Augustine for the carpenter. In three weeks it was repaired and he began to grind egoita This was probably th plce ....'aues to eaea, pitto aee saed eam se sew It[he9tJShme eieatit aiai boosoellehei, .a. thbe- edaicubly enstetoe ene.Ae;u m b te sptes is of so~aaet dRep. ft eeel ifpweoedsefo bodan ha sde tn teo tooola elm othe aes The regular teats Ot the Ispealer soot, diod by te legiololes -1.5i he be held A.l. lrae, latey duet tete at.ti places paterosouas so tIstotoge. asyh st a 'too esoet selIeeyoeees... TbeiMdee eobsaoea.1 ltlhssealetsoees MytLhe .1ausLtAgutAmlo bAeieohoutoMabutoadhypte hadosen Af sle Osceoe ltieg'e reed Otet that siry to the Cot-toad, to thuir Juph i Sdoeeitewessaoeeleer oebom.soyhtiad Iladgiethre -eeo eele Ito ,. They weset beefese s.ee e Nso ake their eseAer at Mr. Rliopaion t he etlea aide of the sep, a reap elbs. lA.'., cbs mle lt peliseelly hasp s Ishli hase. thoagh estee .steeed by M heeiolty ted kioslasto to sotosdaos ta'elsa. Ho Isieod W hoep thofory toAthaidtesiteesroand popeiy aedd the Suiete the gosilaseo wtho ba hble los tnt ewary toeitIA eneali the shea, Thoisis tue of a number of deeoritetive articles on Jack. tnville published int the St. Augustine paper prier to 1828. All stres the beautiful situation of the village, but comoplain about the aggommodationo at court terms. "Junior BMr rioter" in the Herald of March 26, 1826, remarked that it wscuotomanry for the grand jury to lodge in the open air sand cuggoeta with the intention or keeping their hans eaol, in order to deliberate with more caution and prudence." First Sawmill by 1828 or 1829, Charles F. Sibbald butt the Srat stwmp sawmill in Stast Florida at Panama en Trout Creek. He alo operated a brick kiln. Judge F. Bathune, in his diary 1829-83 (atill prearved). frequently refers to the eeme eawnaiti sod briak kiln at Panama, in connection with building operations at his "New Rota' plantation an the river foar mutes above Jplcksooville. Dluring the sumnmer of 1828. Judge Bethune built aeniall sugar mill. Thelumber nd brick were brought up from Panama in the brig "Venue"; heesent to St. Auu- tIne for a carptntlr, and the mill was ready for operatian by January 1, 1830. Hie began grinding cane, but scan after- ward his cane mill broke down and he bed to stod again ts St. Augustine for the carpenter. In three weeks it was ropaired and ha began to grind m als, This was probably the plaso, It aeosmeda s e lespat, piotoa"eet, sad epeeuis Nsew of tbe cljohesieeot ia saontiabeod ita.thkeoswtb. It le. Wdeablp etoleO foa coateoce; the otes is cf ealodeot depth fee -tis o at psane a oae beoea tte eo toescapuiene to lls The eeelnp ease of the tspuaresseot, direete by the lmsgtlala AresdiW lbs held twsee a ymta, laly duet twegeh at this plea.en ptpsees eebla oftsaatgeos. Eassy shs lsas eAAeossed .on tlpseote. Tboide fotohelmrtwithseore etebets ofeh huM n- At. Atguetoe, baciag hem etle by the hadouca of ealuaetusfioe amblecl o obtuet e to bled of lodgleiog there meo t y thuepAoo 1 the oa thereforo oue use t I ink t eh oseoscos no Mt. luaddo so the athep side of the altecA.. taue rcspectbl pie, wh o ie eot psoaud.. ly hoa apalic hoee, thog Ase t iiteo by hepo yo e hIl dotet to euasemoulete iravaeea. He Ilicaeed Illkee rt tAMM o tht id het the piee. sod prompty etdsdhkep thee udge sodl the goeotlens seh ad botisos I eversy Ceellit Is aree oh slep. This is tee of at number of descriptive articles on Jack. sonedle published ino the St. Augustine paper prior to 1828. All stress the beauotiful situation of the village, but complain about the accomnmodations at court termus. 'Junior Bar, rioter" in the Herald of March 2, 182, remarked that it wais nostootary for the grand jary to lodge in the open sir end ouggeete "with the intention ot keeping their hanso cool, bm order to deliberate with more caution and prudence." FRost Sawmill Ins 1828 or 1829, Charles F. Sibbald built the firch steamn swmill in East Fienids at Pan. on Trout Creek. He also operated a brick kiln. Judge F. Blethunein his diary 1829-11 (still preserved), frequently refoe to the steam sawmill end brick kiln at Panama, in ronoertion with building operotian at his "New Rota" plantation on the river feor miles above Jadcksonville. Daring the au.--ce of 1829, Judge Bethune built a email sugar mill. The lumber ndbrick were brought op from Pasna in the bri "Venue"; he sent to St. Augurs tine for a carpenter, sod the mill was ready for operation by Janury 1, 1810. IHe hogan grinding cane, but aeon after, wari his cane mill broke dowenand he had to send again to St. Augustine for the carpenter. In three weeks it wasn repaired and he began/ to grind agais. This was probably  68 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE. FLORIDA 68 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE. FLORIDA 68 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE. FLORIDA just an ordinary cane mill, and the circumstances are recited to show the difliculties confronting the pioneers of this section. Judge Bethune's crops were sugar cane, rice, guinea cars, sarrw rout, sweet and Irish potatoes, rye, ando varied as- sortment of vegetables. He had a peacborchard and an orange grove. He owned some slaves, but at harvest time he hired outside help or free negroes. When his slaves were sick he sent to Jacksonville for a Doctor Hall, no doubt the first doctor to settle here, It is interesting to note that the usual method of treatment was 'bleeding": "Andrew sick; Dr. Hall came and bled him" is a characteristic note when any of the slaves were sick. And when one died he noted the fact as "Dick and George making Peggy's coffin; buried the old and faithful servant inthe evening"-a simple eulogy full of moaning, - The sawmill and brick kiln at Panama revolutionized the method of construction in this section and the log-cabin era is Jacksonville was brought practically to a close. The skeleton of-the court house was boarded in with lumber from this mill and its pillars were built of the brick from the kiln. The sound of the axe and the crash of falling trees in and around Jacksonville became more frequent with respect to clearing up for a building; in the high-flown language of Mr. Secretary Walton, "the lofty pines and sake yielded their shade to the saw and their quietude to the hammer". It was now not a rare occurrence for the "Venus" to be tied up at the foot of Liberty Street unloading sawed lumber for houses or brick for chimneys. Is 1830, I. . Hart built what was then considered a ver'y- large two-story boarding house at the northwest comer of Bay and Market Streete (and this was cotienuusly a board- ing house or hotel site for mere than 70 yors). Hart's inn furnished mceommodations for people who desired to spend the winter hero. The sos and relatives of wealthy men in the North came during the winter months and the climate helped them; they went back home greatly benefited, carry- ing an enthusiasm that is easily communicated to others. So the healthfulness of the locality was established-the greatest asset in the upbuilding of a place and the greatest advertisement it could have. People continued to come. Some stayed and entered into business; some settled in the- srrounding localities. In 1830, it is estimated that the just an ordinary cane mill, and the circumstances are recited to show the difficulties confronting the pioneers of this section. Judge Bethune's crops were sugar cane, rie, guinea con, arrow root, sweet and Irish potatoes, rye, and a varied an- sortment of vegetables. He had a peach erchard and an orange grove. He owned some slaves, but at harvest time be hired outside help or free negroes. When his slaves were sick he sent to Jacksonville for a Doctor Hall, no doubt the first doctor to settle here. It is interesting to note that the usual method of treatment was "bleeding": "Andrew sink; Dr. Hall came and bled him" is a nharacteristic note when any of the slaves were sick. And when one died he noted the fact as "Dick and George making Peggy's cofn; buined the old and faithful servant inthe evening"-a simple eulogy full of meaning. The sawmill and brick kiln at Panama revolutionized the method of construction in this section and the log-cabin era in Jacksonville was brought practically to a close. The skeleton of the court house was boarded in with lumber from this mill and its pillars were built of the brick from the kiln. The sound of the axe and the crash of falling trees in and around Jacksonville became more frequent with respect to clearing up for a building; in the high-flown language of Mr. Secretary Walton, "the lofty pines and oako yielded their shade to the saw and their quietude to the hammer". It was ow not a rare occurrenco for the "Venus" to be tied up at the foot of Liberty Street uloading sawed lumber for houses or brick for chimneys. In 1l3, I. D. Hart built what was then considered a very- large two-story boarding house at the northwest corner of Bay and Market Streets- (and this wan continuously a board- ing house or hotel site for mere than 70 yeses). Hart's in furnished accommodations for people who desired to spend the winter here. The sons and relatives of wealthy men in the North came during the winter months and the elimate helped them; they went back home greatly benefited, carry- ing a enthusiasm that is easily communicated to others. So the bealthfulnees of the locality was established-the- greatest asset in the upbuilding of a place and the greatest advertisement it could have. People continued to come, Some stayed and entered into business; some settled in the- surrounding localities. In 1830, it is estimated that the just an ordinary cane mill, and the circumstances are recited to show the difficulties confronting the pioneers of this section. Judge Bethune's rops were sugar cane, rice, guinea corn, arrow root, sweet and Irish potatoes, rye, and a varied an- sortment of vegetables. He had a peach orchard and an orange grove, He owned some slaves, but at harvest time he hired outside helper free negroes. When his slaves were sick he sent to Jarkonvilie for a Doctor Hall. no doubt the iest doctor to settle here. It is interesting to note that the usual method of treatment was"blecding"; "Andrew sink; Dr. Hall came and bled him" is a characteristic note when any of the slaves were sick. And when one died he noted the fact as "Dick and George making Peggy's cofin ; buried the old and faithful servant inthe evening"-a simple eulogy full of moaning. The sawmill and brick kiln at Panama revolutionized the method of construction in this section and the log-cabin era in Jacksonville was brought practically to a close, The skeleton of-the court house was boarded in with lumber from this mill and its pillars were built of the brick from the kiln. The sound of the axe and the crash of falling trees in and around Jacksonville became more frequent with respect to clearing up for a building; in the high-flown language of Mr. Secretary Walton, "the lofty pines and oaks yielded their shade to the saw and their quietude to the hammer". Itwas now not a rare occurrence for the "Venus" to be tied up at the foot of Liberty Street unloading sawed lumber for house or brick for chimneys. In 1830, L. Hart built what was then considered a very-- large two-story boarding house at the northwest curser of Bay and Market Streets- (and this was continuously a board- ing hose or hotel site for more than 70 years). Hart's inn furnished accommodations for people who desired to spend the winter here. The lone and relatives of wealthy men in the North came during the winter months and the climate helped them; they went bark home greatly benefited, carry- ing an enthusiasm that is easily communicated to others. So the healthfulness of the locality was established-the- greatest asset in the upbuilding of a plae and the greatest advertisement it could have People continued to come, Some stayed and entered into business; some settled in the- surrounding localities. In 1830. it is estimated that the  g4 F i k  7o HIST OF ISYHFLB. FRDA 'f fISTS O MACSWKILS FIARA YO HIST OF IACS YL, FLRIA populaton of Jackasonvllec wa about one hundred> I. D>. Hart now had his turn with L. Z. Hogrns with respect to "I told you so". The settlement an the St. Johns wsapproaching the stage whena its citeen wished to incororate nd have a tona-fide town government. It was soon accomplished. Act lie, 70 of the Legilaltive Council of the Territory of Florida, Session of bell, woo Jueloescaville'o firot charter. Thio car-, er is worthy of careful reading, for it gives an iosight into te codtidn of the time, either existing or expectant The charter follows in fall. ,missta. Fla,5 Chaste,, lS ue. a.. Osit nesed by tics Oceesu and tc eg samltirs Cessel of the Territory of Fieds, Than all the free whit smulesithbitese of the ape ois oeye yseeaedcsrc. meeliceisedceithinsclieu eeeoala teosstthce sihbank Ictheier oeee.obs, pps' sitS7on-, 'eessh. csttass aida,esanngsnotbbsloutsosa id esed, theeseswost on aila and a ball ts Mcofly, osec thee sooth to a Point as the soutessi aid o h e r St Johno,, opposite to Mch y' seseb e wha ot a te poinet so haoinoje, and their s lcso a to, sad e hereby deelseedt bo b a body multie nd ooepneeoc hy te as, ad aio of the Tos of Jaetuenvills, wiho all the sights, lb- seis Meslsees, powersa coath tii idoidm to and orperetnsia So a eeeoeoloe.td ii. no rat opan luce and by tihs at and stle ony as ead by seod, plead na ho isolabdd bold, possess, sd aaeajay rest cast sad pmesnol pmoey aod dispose N ma tueso tho soms e no dosoe of and maonse thea ono c haid miy as casi he scent tencielel to the iceetm thecesi. Bee. a. Io it fether sed tlat te acose a of antownse, shel o, d e tadin apsea h. cldces~e .ssleec ttaoco.assaeetneifresths noaesecitofse s of toso The leper s a rw le ssal a lseSd etonly. on hs d Cet uMonday of Arm, fpos astoog aoc of ito cood astuss if said cons barohy twae.tsdo as shall treesiedd saian eit~h the ie thossot at sass Osl sifcbessted,Tbate.cltceubl aeh poe Ba so etlyi ee. al Tees so ordss s thcoo he mseedcayaed udiomeste otace-c o eeso dat bcn matn s ths ovete ofats pnbsm osl; Pro-msidd, that tey are sot lesau tset f with the eovsts't~t'o cod malw,ade sl ths rhoicad ame, ad tie ownetesy tgsatdeded n o hersto dase c t eoprt, nlelleltetieiowith my law w his Teeioryeylopbln s sicny bawse pcsse, to reewt. isep1es slew, sa etsd ticestaes. heoseoreeeos, etstcaa d onyo tg , and c i le population of Jockeonville woo about ote hundred>- 1. D). Hart now had his turn with L. Z. Hlogan with respnot to "I told Fous'. The settlement en the St. Johns wo approaching the stage wchen ito citisen wished to incorporate and havesa bont'fide ton goveracoeat. It wee nooe aconillishod. Act Noe, 70 of the Legiolative Council of the Territory of Florida, Session of 1832, wan Jackonvialle's first chorter. This char- ter is worthy of careful reading, for it gives an inoight into the conditions of the time, either exiting or expectant Tho charter followo in full. Jaclacasts' sesa Chart ee.Om as. . Osi.tesashp tsa oeen EhaLfilCsmo of us Tessooy o0 Picni. That all ctee ebli oalsa loamatse adt hs va of tsscsty-oapae adses etoprhneswitbin a lIws soccoscia ata piedOsthe Ill bhak of [Mhs deere 054 Joba, spra- aaellas'eso h verth ids,scaingaclth halfecomils anmid red, tiaess me coils cod a hlf to ev is eet, thrace Boathe ta poist Os ths 111ths side of the rims t dm.ha.. cide to Mccoy', lesek tiesancat t te poot of bsgin ig cod tei eoseo te and saw hereby donsed aW be s body pelitie cod toepme. by te as n d cipis at tics To of lsedneaills, with alte taeights. c escee, petlgs P0 an.cd selisioidaert So ccdasicsaso toacoppa .o bcd plolii, eranasl p50 ma by tics aid sa sand awyls moy soeseca be eed, plead atd he isopleedet. bold p aocscd cod e moat ced eseews ps.perty; crd dispos if we esseof1 thc asses, sad Scaone.a 00 ca ago tie oas1 ofni cha, a sal tobcomss bossoul to the tmeata thrpeof. tee. 2. eo it farther eceeted that th goerenpt sof said ws, ,bll hestd'Inpromtto haehaleda ayhradImeadere scspsea on toe ties coassasct oftie teew of r the irew The Mayes sad eaes shal be electd aetnelly, as the feat Hoaday ofAprl. feomocoaneh oftoeqsclicdsototafittownslseshp aharpsind, as shal taco resed Wi. the bla ts eeef at least ale et, cod shal be bsselonepcec chasis. icSa.Osd tsIethrsaer, Th.ea ... idovsoshballboa awh poses sad saticosty Os patallw o rees.Oo oyh messr oist foeetho geedgecn msat of saidta sewad Nthpransatiss an o the pathie msosls; Peosided, chat theyas et issoeslost with Ste censtitution cod lasso of the Tstd Aotese a the pws, hersty ewnsta. P'Otidsd a loss cyees honm this recas sal~l hey eonvaice with mee law of tis Teesisey-Tey atoll sops sially base posse to restlsc isam s ano.cd mined thotlocele. ioas., owesos, aod pehlie acaceda pc iaeacdt -a wworesetcets ab-ortis o dea boldies. ad odd so populnation of Jacksonville won about oe hundred> I. D). Hart nw had his turn with L. Z. Hoano with reopact to 55 told you no". The settlement en the St. Johns was sprccrachticg thle stage when its citiosco wished to incorporate and havesa bona-fide tow,, govenmetl It was see amplished. Act No. 70 of the Legislative council of the Territory of Floria.l Session of 1832, was Jacksonville's first charter. This char- tar is worthy of careful reading, for it gives on insight into theconditions of the time, tither existing or expectant. The shorter follows ha full. Jsotoass' all0 Chaew. lOSS see. a. To It oad by tcs llercc ond te Leesile Casses of aba Toreitoy of Fionds, That all ae fre white soa lababitoota of tics age of essecty-ese psee ad ee, coprehaed wsiele a lie etoctigs Poistonethofooth banh of tasist ot..hasOss- slis dcfas oses, Os She.s. aids, sote ooth heal a oc psid tseaktan...atso ne code anaiathefiW Mctop' creekt ticcas.t ipt on lbs soa.t cede ohe ris Aer fiS. Jchis, opealis to, Mefeyce eekhee eaesstctheac hrmo egintisceed ha ibcrtseeota. w sad ass herhy deeleec to he a tol, piii and crpsoate, by te som a annt of tics Toss cce Jiesoced, with all co right, lob' pivilee posess, andetiis insitect to ead earpoettig ta t .opain, boddy pale, orsastenl pe s sand bp tic said tao acsyle cony ae aid he o s d phned ted be cocilsadicold possad msty sea sana uWd somswl prponty; d diasos of and dnamfe, the cnocs, sand no dop e sand m hoaee foads of anid cat, as sall0 te neat readle a thme itssas thsereof. 000. 2. Be it cahes mnted that the goernmeot ei sd toes. stall be staled Is a rusa to he sailed. anes, sand fos, aidoessas sseepe a eostoil foer abs une'lso at hs ailis of the toss hicsMaeyoesand siateeo chal be aetd esetlly, hs the snat Madey akpren. ham smy danae gt all.edwatspofnidtowosbseh, leserpest4d, at. shallbe reidd suib.o ths Ilt Snsef a sI.- ese sooth and shall he bosebeepte, theroi. 555e I. So 1t doptha croned That the said Coily sall hbe tcs sense na esthosty t as allo lass, sod osdintee that ap ho nasmens and esedcant foe tetes etigoooot of osad tee'. ad sme swsreatito of the publie odal Presided tat they ass at leeoutat tih It.eaaitlea d lass 00 the Towin Otaves. aso ohse pe-rerby gstctsd focided sc las ce ohio ics Ibis roeapg, shall hew le wihe t lo as w lesfc this Teieosp-Tbsy oo saps- ,aelly hase poestoe egeslao, isv, eltee, cod ateam ite saooo, 55ne.. as a.os. sod pabis .qoen o toa obe toss- slset, sad ao cocoa esseehaml. obsinsos deesada bhellds.-sa ad sole  HISORY OF JACKONILLE, FLORIA TI WISTOJY OF JAflflOfILE LORIA 71 HISORY OF JACSON LN, FLOSIhA 71 tobe emoved;gtmeat leunleidhyaIn wd iyanpeoaeteaa jatd aap neto, and otgiag vo lae benefited a oale ' hd t e aatat d it eu h mnmao,a e a II In ted aon by IhI panica, ocby a ]c p fl calam mm, to be ntifded in eh eta byodinaon thnisdicneloaly penhe Theynbaot heete palmet ercent an abate iol..n, to oden and apoltle dt flate. pe a,hipelh poola o ail Oare opt, bodyio Iaenpalat, to61 fi ll the ta egateadomyel pat... by teduc oebpoee ta etdkpinkeepnI. PattiifletIdi -4deaypatellaaa.odi a to tay he m ey b pen- thveWe Public hoealmTbhe Aal hav attaeiy opa gland agnat the aatodantto of tafeottan on liet dicnee, anad fle ato puat cat tppohihit o itta.tehe ingmen. opooh tf laeetatIt the etaeet dhint the limtit, of told nwotpetima, antl ebetevmnet neny, a npl thtenode flied a .candt potlee te paton- qattiennd Ihmune, ea oot atban sadn degaaia e to the meaidCaonltamm ptpon e rmdna Ntetbie. Thteynap ntato caoeo4 knet, and dokt. and atdeali wot oal, dolktgt. aad eaelag atd abariog enead, enbIdIay nad feto.ad eatobllnttbi ie nflertoaadtllA; Toy ay oeret alleeeaat potlio baildige, and dtyt~pat of the mnea, thne itterentofa the te'ea mayreqire an mae atl inkwen, eetpoampe, dry doea,oand dt and pefatmaaht I..thnet- dta, aa.olteem aettt-o,'and he heat da td to the im tamett ntd cer1netot of te te. mod poad nntaaatpylo' aa oodci.t ntrom adatI.et the eateapin off thiatee; the y o rattfhadencttotnept aadaneq.aleoal patthntntnp h p otatnitthatoaa , enhmpit thatm fle ntoa poppe If yto hoaeo metleltl and regenan tha weight and aaom of broad, the fimatpant of p-ooitt and athap prnda, being thengmmtaettntntflataeaf e Tneioy, thatmay hbe toiaeai od tell oeealne, tehiooaahentt at feomait: thn ganglete ofl irone, the atatantg a1 atighiog of aeotpiolte ofl pen- dm.a a teeleotdin, cad thStotng tI gtaptaadtt ard all nanal ata atfitay aed. nt aie deptpn ieoit d itatonN. Toy the. hate te t tom tan, ototttan aad lienat and ta ate"a af gnnn adqna, hatymax~nkaben pmadla, eatte atd pettli beottaflnana tape t, hehaty taeamga, tom tand paea: teami ttant, tfppling banana, gamiatthaeeatoan nf ul mm nd ttdthaaialtofeMethe paiel eahibttton aeape-not Plao nd ditorealy ae emnthlo, atd nay proelde floe ie paataeactt nfl alt cetant grilte of lempaiter ofi the pea within aln lmteo a id tean, by foa. and ltolleeal peam added The Mea aball Itn cant rated fivo dolloet and ta tapaomdat flat dope. Son. 4. Ba fit flayhep atanenl Taa The said Tla-natatl eaet further haee filepw eat ta orty to ePetaide by ant, op othatate. fawd foetbtnaapporeaflthtatte,. thaitfiratma dietand wone; bo entablieb pal ette nla and peovida foe finar eaoaae, and enr Wn be remonted; toahag The patioe madont by oan tatpetaatatea jes otmeeattflan tad ahegin pon ates loneatd "a oa le eoeanatoahe ootIcattldInttt hmartanhllbe agredalao= by tht potie, or bynjeya -I-ota en, tobeecraamedi at-I. addoed. at, by aedmanna the gaid otol may pmoodo;They all baetpaenetW petatt aoidahataoioaaea tt amdtandtenalthe opotapnett of ltt, otp atihaol rfao ep, fin ere am illy ta ottalta, ta 1 fill Toaap, to leototl oat tImpol pete by andiotatta on ofhmet, to at td 1..In itnoate n andaapeooalllaInntWddieaettta oaatnota yco- tenet The puhlic honlth-Oe i"hall laeap ootM1eitp to coate laboir abe etranottat n fl fifendone o Itolctoa Oit at, d flo Ohis pon. pee aprhiit tte egat theai1o,11,nnaaIppmoeth oflaetonoe ioto rttep twithitathe limtitt aflsid ttpotaaion and wh ..eem ,et- ser, tap Imnpel thaem ande flood ted ncanof comoeat patfinne qett an l od m Ihaen e oto-." taintl ad totti ota, an to th tamid Caaaolnlaaepepoerb lppdiatatooe bTheytmV eatt tahnnen, bayt, Ioadetne, ted -aeolte w'ah ira, dayh., aed atng an eann ta g -enola, aen ,Ieid, nd fuee and natablithaheomatrtoffltnngotftto;, Tey may temaetlntnotnney pubic bafidinge, and diapten fth abammat aa the ituaeete of the toe eqote:land nmak ndedinhhelle, gpetpumap,, drydean,nd doaand peoefle eta acl .c.,t arto emae eehol eaeenap,oet lan heet apted to the ttaptatatlm nd gotmpa int t ofa the .onat ponatenep~my laetgae gaitfire, tto aimoe the enenepane a ohitateal they may natahltch tadara enett necin, and requiteatl pente. immgngflpoh pttoitnurtateothetnat, t ertothit Theta fine arm no prnpen noht hate. eatland Weae mte eeght andonniteoflhrnd, thetneptttitf t-at on andfthtr proden, beilag the gmmtl en ataztnte atnte Teepitory. that mtay bteeteget iatowanfne ate, mate maytflenettfromtit ie gogiag of liatntea thne nte'aeeg at tigf a y tepunltled an pro- daeaorattahatdnead thenattaeatftapntdel ndtljconaveltand mtetae atare, eat ton pep ft ai bile alm statne. They dAlt ttne the ano otnootte and heoce tand teot ttailete af geodo, and hiqate blteen. pedlte tatttrn ted publin boaeding hoet beopeet hethnep nanntgn, eaeta nd dillyt; eteapai latteetee, timpl leneatn goatg hadte, htaneenf llflate oedlthatena onothe, poohhethitta,anppwneentboatd dendeploneothmlo, adtay prnfde fin the peaheet ofl alt pemoe gaityip nO beahmn at the ppen,awnthtnthlietofleaittn by tiadntpteentalien aided the. ta a ehal It a.eo eanaed thai lue and Thne tnapti- .tt flee dNye, See, d. Be at toethn ntd, Thee the ,oin! 1t 11.tc1 .0at futon hoete pnaaeeoadaatbanitptonewnith ya aedrhaat, afwad gte the noppnfl ofot the n enr, thne deed tad aena to eneWWl palte ee1leat n pro-tide lap thea maonteet, and of to be eaneoedclehteepatin itiatedhbynnytope etat ton npetain and etoatatag epo abate rontd. an enwee toenttetodirentolnotp-,oaethll be agnedaepta by the pertca oth by jurp If twealtn toe to bno ngnated to eah 1at, by R eta ta, e nahil coot tap petavde; They aIIl leaeaaaon pecet andnhood.ano, totda, deaopet the poat ateopem of late, opm on hith poomt [f t~t t.O thkely a ntoetl a. to fill abet op, to mteoat and Imopol peandn. by andinoatee a of thee iet t ot and lonpinMapo pantheon fatte"; nadnmayppuotall lawstoadtodintatt mhat mayh beaitonnoape. tent e nehubic heath-Thay nall lep aenonmity to goced "aaint the Introductian Ifl infetiatnox at alignant domy eate.od flo thin peo- coe ap peohiha t t egultate the Limeta, at oppponeh at -at.l int thetttepaolba thetlhmitoafltaid coaoitmandtteanmmeeen- enny meap nempel thee atdee fined ated int peatl to peeflann q eo at ob.h-nnooh athant.I.oandpction aetoahea -Midfloaoiltepatoetpo ypdino~ntaahia Thepay enat wathaer, keys, atd dia, and deeolnto naoage, danhage, ted tmana and atnentg attrlt, a t pridgenu and flemure and eeabliteeot,,eoflfIeeagead ttl;haynmaynmetn ennaay pablin atlinge, tad ditem ofi b thet at the intmet to the tote teayr eatfinni andaantd tiNo attle, am&n pumap, drp daw, and donand pntfloeeoltomebothaeat" oetn,nim halwnoenetnaey,ead be heat adapted Wo the idaea mte ae gttat.t inet af the e atn tend pte ltatele ate n[I t a ale-fi, and. rm ta nafafl owtityimpao noln tipgnlaW eabet. ted taaee ll catt e atgia fromnhpoeiit a the tWn.l tW extlehit ten fla tate at Pxapeteaeottlen,enfeiahhae ctnd. fienvethaned aofttnad theoiton'ioa ppoatiotaledathen peaduce, eIem. the *aoaeab or anoattfute nf tho Toettay, ddberogtn o owfraie mye r tteay gaoging of ii onte the neoatiti t tiothig o o atetitled nfl pmt nudllfy ate, ntt mba proety a the United fita. They Ahuft htetlapaaeota boodtition v r lt ulcrmodn~eadiprs mny w aa te cad.aa coon taneaaiaet gaed, t alnta heate, odt a, i ate tadd peb eoedia woan hepak, hnyaeeogiiwea nne ad eteti eat-paimslatlople, tapplia ttaede flat the oenlettee f all poentgailap of beatle at the peete, withota the tpalof atiea tneatby fiat atd hnp metntnttida aided tlte Bee eball int ano an need fiat dtllea, toed fihe leprnntaoaee fla depy, ton. 4. Ba it flanth- an-.n, Thnt thne .ta Toraa al dbet ftanet bavdnae pwatnd aohettpeopdele yaa.aprtteein, a otton! oth eannppapaof he pate, the ean.m tooe d.I'ond tad woae Wn -meate l pale .eet and cerold flee Shem atotetae, and.f  72 SlT OF IASRONUALE NLORA 72 HST OF IAOB1IIYUM FLRSA 72 HST OF JACONYLE, FLRIA tgasiatel. tand Pleatd, all the paanet of eaent, land pta- -bo a eale. See f. Be it fmantee maeted, That the said teel omitl bean tW poacc to ae. tevy. and fitene aalleatie at all mama, and adn's tetycetllan. w ay be ntnsay tea the tapyat at the gnoeeeat at maid Teat. Ina lb in tense thneat-oaaoded that so higher nafteaoft shell be leie neftm releeatfetnfoae hatetae e netftt o e -oe d ccile Ghfftftoeateatsed be mm mm fthte it~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~. aftd mmee aititayociesdth efatohe eftletefto by. ditoaeaate. a deealt be b e ae t andah ith aboy- saeatheeeithenot eaaittad leaene eiccsaott The eaid mefyte bad alae- esall he deeted capdiaft-cad the said aft ll ehall hate pawn ftth-eato yet do e ae thta t a ll aff--e that may a-me -Id- the endiftaft ft ated tan, and aa. I'm-e the efttac li fa ll dteaad psleatin that atay ae me saeloeu,ad is aal, taca atod eeed by Cedifte aty peaeide. Seo. G. as it fithb, aweet]d, Thtt ite aall bf tThe daty ft the nayftnt eethat the ftonaftyf atbetsenteattiftbltlyeasaated meftettfad se alftit.tt alt neececc tt m sten d ftpot aadfte the infttcll, cobotoacn byn~lg, t ,ealtacate isoct at tbe tenw ftfy btalane it--abl t-tailsmd an all maenga at the beats, a- pmeeaach -.I- aata1 hae .ael tiste hnpetaa aft the yablie itcest, bat aball otly be entitled tt aaeabag cat, and eceatihac-o Paw-caf hemo.c.«ft etfteaot lcnceeoitmabe deeed ssceay-hae aball hafe, stauea. eoaise cad enjoy all The pftWes, tatmiea ad anieclcge an - meaboce te soe aecapemtift me . Jaut f tbe pe-et See 7. be it fat.o ateta, Tmtc tbe tatyo aftt toelon shall frym a gaftcaft ifte The taueeti- ft all -Iinhtss stheby cmay mt. e E imm ofIna161I, embmtadcfts taiftetadi lctitaft by the sates may bft yofttebed; jadge at the etlifteatita to atesabeec. ead ofthe telintey, -'ooaee, to ecetlfty of etasess nea t.,attfeeii oaaeelec to petedag. atdI th Thetm d.aa at the may,,, apotiat ad I-fttO all oteta a adatei elasa- meettad eeacbinh n and fees at may enieght at be a.lmned tan -eafen stay bft necaeof theaihee taleig, shall ha Pfaii,and thftyahlteel.m eatuaaflsepa Meedmat e be epti tad octatly ath-ti-oet by the scolafmt a of the maeybe tad antied aibt h be beet tycm tea le w iettc of all abe ayd be Ieteth nEftdnbem-Ca~aenataieeaaeil:aTheey- andatinnae ny aaes mtasbl be ataemodyp- Ge-Jwtaalapeaa m b tarean ah ne the a t plait tot cheit todit.aee oad natettea, befene they abate hace fetoc tad totesey, by aectine titrn a-yts aI...et ia to to emene eebtie plten in said tawa. tee. ft. Ste it Ittb oataeo, That al ite att1 mithebit.na e the agecof tostty maeoeafaand tholet bee eeda thia Itbaat. ..nl ttold atmotimataaelty paitadithdayalf ftmeao pe ,..Ita tat a pecd lBte pecnhitest tof maeecoo naope- t tlaale Bee, I. Be lbteeee mete-bed Theat he eaid Ceena thealt hoanenoe raneteamea, blab a en esece the calteelo a to taan, and nabee aaeiaa, aay be eetnay too tbe mettat a! the geeennea ofnaid Taa eaibictheelatttet-Pocied thatnhighma etfttamanhalt be Iot.idaenet aftatftbtatatbfme pe enathe taavaedel.teahee ,to oebetarne hyennanteaneen is sab tatn as acid eowaed matypmoved, mt the ne1d Eael n be atled by dlstya a e, allen de-eet dhai be made im the pay- a aattcint metbe attec aie adenteteno.ioeftay, asat T1e eaid etan end aeen ta b eh detamad apeaft-a The edd aett shalt hace pow-e Onthey i peacide tan the tried af al of-.a heft aeytdied ae, ebte oieae nfemtid o-c, aadnbatentdefom theatalteatiet If alt tatadaaeetb taa oyeiaeaaadanand, im and, -am at aid cesd by -ndiattn n ay peteeda Bea. 0. lBe It fortber accaee. Thet it nhnll he the dag af the aeto tat te odNteet oet The towen ea. bctetdi amcmind, etneat ea a an bateteet li neeaa~ tace aote- tand naseat andettnah.11,ne atl, taben- by tegbge o m ala t The ntbeei-cblttocieaatta eae to the Ine ,adooo n eoaanI nlb. miptlo0 ablic lat, beeat a o be entitled to atatig cota, tad teha e p-,nsy t lea the leedthaae ts elaed seyaaoane aal ban pstrn eaaa tada eaay all the soema d.I and anveetot mtd aeatThe mna aaae-da anaajnttte ad the Pta tee. 7. Be it troth-emotated, That tbe mayo tad t aldaae e.l Itoa a oaet tea thet nn ette tof all hateee they anty aas theaatadeae aet te abact actamba,aadaaael wcasand petec no by tht~et tdao be ycec-i bed: ladge oathe tattiedimta a!aetbeot, and of tbe antleietey, entyoa, a- ngI'd ity at ateatia teate hac tt. toa a p accei. ad ad mT oma da nasna teeataetand eebi 'm tetee to cat adbe tas- ti ba, aen ase tat bIe tcitadl at that,Iemadeeg ba be pabie ankhytetaoetCn taaeecadaaI epet ea atacoley dtt befed by the aistoca aft aa -.epto cad ee, wthe abl be bat spint ten the tooattla of alt who etay be into- natedi1.thetayotea'ga .cl..itdeotaalTbhe manate amya hamIeanblbeeateoedatoc teiaelpma aeaoe tocyttat mb aenhea-thcy tiect ebabe peldia el themB coalee and eoaaaatea, bctatasallbae caea tand aleecey, by p~ain watfltl -ent th~neet in tea ae maob, yatcte pele s.aed tea-. ta. ft. St it fronthea tedea, That eli atito maet iahabitatt af taagye t tasp-e reeana-Iema" ntnlaeeasadwih-. ate atI , an Icet ane maath ieaodiny ecending the day ad aesation panotbl, and acetate Se the. pmaaenbatn of steast and pen- aceno amth. See bm Be it fo al eaaed, That the.. eamead a. bave ths pae to atn, navy, cad atene mhe ealeieo al toado, and athee aaetaiaa an eay he tatesatey fm the ama otfa the gecnammtaat af said Ten, cad the iaapcaoameasa th-net-Ptecided, that at eilght, ne totahallbe lcsaiedapean alnsataathanae becfaae pe taette aetd lamtsh-eef, to edtesise by aeneaeata n in amA ane stid atani amaypaate, tad the said tamen ta be totloeed by bto, and tale, alten ettalt eleaB be mede it the pan- statbnalithe -tfttaacalataata.t e-petalseny, asnt Th- nicame aa a ldanan ashaft ha deooaed stoedees-and the wa ceasit hell ate pe fat totbcI petoede tes the ta a all apesan that meay anose made, Tt. endisne ef acid -eryt lad dlii oldaera the -taaiae aft lles tad eatea that eayeaeeat ae.a.d, aamalletanmenaidaewadiynditnee maypmovie. Ste. d. ftc. itdanthy aeee, Tbet it hal ha The datty to the enayen at e that the todiaea aftThe toanten tciabfltpy neatd, molnaedtanfo alaat allaesa owate oalna adepn aaaleatchclata aa schasc by aestieoc enleoeet tbe ityta at thyet n y '..aoa.i-he alt poetida at al mean atfThe bay. aed npafe tath ateaeaac en he shall thab impaetaat it the pahile iaaeeatI, bat hbalotol tat atteem ecoaie sat, and elt aveooee-noe--aeaethe baaodenbeaceittsmay bendoomed seaa-he eballhaae. Pete. eaanm end -ajey all the a.-.e dcllenand pecclegaa and aeite the ee eeepeate eaeat... cthe ecaoc, tee. ' tB It flathy ecacted, That the maaym and an atdnee shell lala a 'ace t [F Te aet acta to all batniacen they nmy etahelabsIneat aeebaa,eemdmeeohpaimeand rie aby the eaca ay he ya-veebd: ledc btte ontetfeaa t-weaheca. ed a Te taeciea. teoant-a, -eeameciap at letbta --als eblean Iec tof yoeI-dig tad ap e a m datteto atin mayt,, acycit -ad remcee alt affiaest ad fa Thee ltt , ilealel etebtal arch lees a anay to abobt h be alltwad tan " amve tmybe norlyce at tboea-bai ateatege shall ha pbmia, end thay aall cecana, a t oftat a-aedmrga tob eat Iademgalany atlatotod by tbseiatteaeesfctheateye aend mcill hn Ih t be apt teen te e -on a ofetl atell ache eaay be lance- nated mla lyoesaiaadofdaaao d Tbleyesantnaae apmseany maaaa~bl bctlea em 1bioja heaammtlsaiyoae fanynnwa neeo--tey a ebll enake yaleelta -cltae and emamat-a, eaeat they tate aac ce , and saly byp enig mnaittea telt tietoet It omoe , mootyal placc Ta at id tflnee. tee. ft Be it ftathe caed1 The all atbite eatt ae i s o ahs ageao teaty e ea -t acd wtac, achoem mve hee tof ined Iti the sa ten at last tan meth lceendiaaato posaediag The day a!  HIORY OF JACKONILLE, FLORIA 8 HISTOY 0' JACS02VILLEZ, FLORIDA 8 HIORY OF JACONVILLE, FLORIDA Is rhl try, gir by hyllyt by e iisro pryy,q 1. hr ariyil~ yr Iyty yy ryh, kIt msire t yr r"Irytyr b ,,thy ,,;1 yryt yr m'm o yyyyyle miity trt hy pled, 'I hytyrry thy 'yytyrwyi _y pybj l tirythyry yt t thy life 8111y~iyrty trtd Thtt thyl tad irprtyrrrhll by itlve yf ytyr ~iryyy wr o,oyya ry syit yhtll by thy dry .1 thyol, ytyyyyyttmryyyrfym ryy nk1htr hytyytyythtryyys,yhiyh thon ey dryr~ ytyi y thy flowy ym ylyyiyt myrytyt thy 'rhiryr yf thy ytyro r theyIbishtttyyye, tttiryy 'ylyykbmytlyyytyi,fyyd Il tfnoeokI, I othy iyrrtt, tty wtyiyh thi-jyrpotty rhell mmryyydyttyteyrytrt amtldylyti pyrytyytlrytr, e treyy yfmyydyysys,ytndymiyeIII -yyrItsytiyyytyyy tm t hyfrt ,1r1hy ryl ctt, yyyd IIy- yryyy 4t thye ftry-e lmt who, vyrs ryrsirt thyrryf, rbtl stgnrity hit yyyrtweyy yr -yrsyst. tye. it. Be it fythyr ryyyyy, Tyt if thy mid maryyyeytyyytail mirtyr his yyyy ey y1 ryiti yfflyy thyl 1-mrys myyy t yo rytityitr yyyyy drimty It bi tt thy fystygd yth t. A. .B. b m yrob w yytyyyyyriyly. ty fyy elltt wmf, eyg th ytsy yr yyr .yI' yr e Girtr yyyhiy yysyiyyr gty d-dhy- yyf Gtry Iti. ,y it ayyy ytllty, q-y if thy Brry tyt yr try y qtytiiy ~ e't hyyryhyrryiy tthy '-withlye tr tyr, tht thyte thy 12,yy rrytyt r ytyyriirtydty yttttht th iy. t by o ythyrcom.l ytyyi ohet ~i M yyy tityty. owr try Ah eldyy t yyyyyl yt ery s -yyy iyytyttr by dyrtly reyoho ssyytitr, yr -I yryrtyryty .. tysyttlryyh fmtyrh htpyyy whtbyyrt try 10 wy t t ftttynre timyt , hy pyrmyw.... Zyr Jyhymm t .. fipet leti -..t dtry tH Prrythrydtr y y rt rfty yr try tytt Syy-tyyt tIyll by 1iry hbelt tyrItrybrryr....thyt Thyyntiytl shll behyytrryt by thryyrtrrpmrtmy m tyhytyttstyyt lotyrt k t armeh yfytherlyty If Iyeyt, hy thy yryyyr thy said mytt'y shyll tily tppyts t thy timey ty til. trydb m - -p1 b-tyyryy yhhrtyxyifyyrytyhys hrl c Bt tytyfyhyyyttryr thyyy~ tyryyreytryrrhyy oy ytyyyyrr r h t n d hoG1 o Gmrdydy tmyil, f I htykyhy wyr fhydyyy the dyr fityl hr tilystort yr s6y mlirty of Imyert tyytt thy yyyyiyy-thy e yf thy pol ry, yrdd- tyiyrypy br yhy ryy flyyd, who, sytw rryipt thyyy moliliysf, is -tyttr yr rrryri. St itly . Sty it ofythy rtd.. Th. tif thy miydu tyttyt tryt thylt tigyiy hit tyttyy t ofyid eltyt thy fryryr ryry thmily yr rtritylr yI - tiey wity.i try dyry, yyyrmble thy hytry, art i ttooliiarmyltyryto hits thy iyylyyyigyy.,t r A. Btd inw yaw ~,,Im"tro t1w, tyoytIIIr tI..yr tIrryryr mtrsyy ytrt ,rt-p- ofry rma myhyybs, ttdrtithfryly dityo thy titt yr rytr y ryri Tyrry drrirg try trityy try tI. y me t 1d It fythyrysweyr, Mhrl I wrill -porytr thy Cyryritt. of thy Sisitd Sryy", set thy Mtyyrykys.Itrylr borr mhy rytyliy, rhyit rhyr yfyyiyiry thy lihy metto he WI-m .aeentrdhyytyt thy dyrly yf thyefne tyr. It2 B it ryrshyr yyytyf Thyt if thy Mymy dry, yr try m£ thy, Aldyryr ahril &,]yI ar aryrlt thy . tyry yr riyh by yr thy ary hyry hyrmylyyy,yor if 'wepting ety yryyylryrtftfyym,illno y, bhy g thy. pyyyiy thythy, wyithi hry dy, that thrm ,thy uytfr r -ty yrtIp-rsyr ysyyyig thy dy.-y thryry, fhy. by yrryyytyt,, n,lirryttr myly''tit yr hriyd fry trylyjg tath.trys irtrhtrt mrtyy rytyrt. gli ttgtlyyytysryth' s reitrs- y., fysi beyityy thyl yr try tunr, thy il ryyysisryyttttrrimyd tr ."' lt fayitryty d ttfwl h i hythy rtyyy y r Aldytyt shyy yrtry ttyy . yTytr ryyt, byo toytf ryrigmytty tryy,r1 dtyhtiy t1 ¢ hl hre thy fyty yr th y tttryr II,yraI thy i pmryry gr4t. tyt flyy H. Pyryrt. by syt thy, yr -try Woy of 4hys®, try ritisryrKlol0e 9 Byt yby titryr Styt.ot r hylt hrri orfrsyy hrl by t yr: thy byid mryyyshtrls,y ytrythelwy avic it, vac . m. ed-h, lII n h 5 yr r I t l thy e Itby11 w1111 iygyr yI ttrr ltotyyytd y yr rytyyyt rhoil by ty dst yf thret, yr ty tr yf thryr tthy to ryitr by st- ryr brilr thy rirt thytldytyd I,, tulhy Ebleyr y syiy ttr h trir rtdh rtt~ystryyyh s ty ftrrry tfiyr tyhir y ir ytr rhto ryyyr 0tyyrryrtherytrs fet dtrytyr thy peort limbted, yu styty yyrydtrym.yskryh t sritiyrsyyrrityyttbhrlyttthtfbtat ~fryr ylll :Irty1 bd . Iryyr Ir thy my-y rtsye, whoy oryt ryryipt thyr, thrly tyrity hit yyyrty c yrfn ryt. Sry.rSrit fyrtrrytytMfT t ithrymidstsyrytsinsy rgyry its tryrlytyry y1 saif ystr thy gyrrymr ssyt rhy ita s tybtrtiyly rrttytryttrttthry fytryI.tyrttrhbstthyhtrymtd irsheir ytytyr, adyy,y yirityyhm thyfytyyigyytu: -1, A.fR dt rylysyrly ewmet, yr iiiyr tryot 1 wyill m tmtmmrt of bty howlr stm- ryrt, tyvll myt I'-'y thya iyt'ry , yyr tsy grt tmdm of thy yrry 111 1-111tily,yyndryithlttlyfiyhyrgyiedthe drI..-yofymryr yyth tytheytyyrtyrrlbyt,rftlrytyrthe dtrtyyofthtllrrrr hytyf rhyly de tryt. St tttrshs yts. Thst ifryhrty-rrty, rytry yf thy ltf-rmr.rt tylty yrim mryt rhe oryt sythyt dtymreydymyyifyxrytirgyr we rymIthrrrrthrem,yehttrys efrytt, ho .t'yth ryit y-tbe, rwith itir trIf.- thrt tyr the ofyrryyil, 11Sr ryr rytry iig the yltytMltyrmhll byyyyytyyytr dyyyyymrtyrtirytohyhltm lmp tyrsltgytyrrysyf irthy la bytrrrt tyyyr viiyyyytryysryrhrtrrwothr try 19. By tftmbthtyy,trrThrt if thy orrtyyyrtryy yr try Atfyt yrsht yttytyyhryyrty, by dillt ryrilttir. ryrrt yr o ytyyytr rrll be thy dty le the Melillo my thyl tryrt th aytiy'y ryyy gyryty ttis Illft, it IL i ms Ott14 It fyryfyyItmed, Tht bribl D.rtyJohrh4,Dyl. det trf Hyrry Lt fort he and .1r. yrt ty rt .1 themt tr  4 HISTORY OF JACEBONVILLE, FLORIDA 74 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 74 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA hereby appointed Isopecer to superintetd the eleetlon foe Moer eid Consilmno, on the trot Monday In April, 182: Provided, that ching hereby enacted aal. be cnstrued to eoclude the legislature ee this Territory from the right to repeal, alter, or odiy this ct s it may dSaem proper, Pased Feb. F. 1ses. Aproved Feb. 11, 132. The town limits were greatly enlarged by the charter.- Jacksonville now embraced the territory between Hogans and McCoys Creeks south of about Church Street. The elec- tion was held in accordance with the provioios of the char- ter and William J. Mills was elected mayor; he was therefore the arst mayor of Jacksonville. Jacksonville was the ninth town incorporated in Florida. Those previously chartered were: St. Augustine, Pensacola, Farnandisa, Key West, Quincy, Magnolia, Apalachicola, and Ochesee.? 1832-1835 During the period between the incorporation of Jackson- ville (1832) and the outbreak of the Seminole war (1835)- the village increased in population, almost doubling in sie. In 1834 plans were laid for a railroad from Jacksonville to Tallahassee, later to be extended to the gulf coast. The company organized as the Florida Peninsular & Jacksonville- Railroad Company, and among the directors were J. B. Lan- raster, LD. Hart, W. J. Mills. F. Bethune, and Stephen Eddy all of Jack sonvlle. The capital was limited to $1,000,000 a sum almost unheard of in that day, yet these men were in earnest about the matter. in 1835, the Bank of Jacksonville was incorporated with- a capital of $75,000, though it did not open until 1837. In January, 1835, Lorento Currier, of Boston, published the first issue of the Jacknonville (ourier, an ably edited- weekly newspaper.' There is a record that S. L. Burritt & Co. embarked about this time in a wholesale trade with Cuba and thereby laid the foundation for Jacksonville's claim to the wholesale distributing center of Florida. They shipped lumber, bar- relled fish and other goods to Cuba and brought back sugar, coffee, rum, molases, salt, cigars, fruit, etc. This firm brought in en one orasoion a vessel load of auger, the first hareby appointed ispetoros to superinensd the slecs for Mayor ard Cmmeilmno, oa ths ret Monday in Apsri, nru: Povided, that sothing hereby nced shalle beotr e odt exclude ths legiaktur of this Territocy from the right to repeal, alter, or amdify thi ace as it may deam prayer. Pssed Feb. 1, 1E2. Approad Feb. 11, 1sEs. The town limits were greatly enlarged by the charter.- Jacksonville now embraced the territory between Hogans and McCoys Creeks south of about Church Street. The elec- thon was held in accordance with the provisions of the char- ter and William J. Mills was elected mayor; he was therefore the first mayor of Jacksonville. Jacksonville was the ninth town incorporated in Florida. Those previously chartered were: St. Augustine, Pensacola, Fernandin, Key West, Quinoy, Magnolia, Apalachicola, and Ochesea. 1832-1835 During the period between the incorporation of Jackson- oile (1832) and the outbreak of the Seminole war (1835)- the village increased in population, almost doubling in size. In 1834 plans were laid for a railroad from Jacksonville to Tallahassee, later to be eatended to the gulf coast. The company organized as the Florida Peninsular & Jacksonvile- Railroad Company, and among the directors were J. B. Lan- raster, I. D.Hart, W. J. Mills, F. Bethune, and Stephen Eddy all of Jacksonville. The capital was limited to $1,000000 a sum almost unheard of in that day, yet these men were in earnest about the matter. In 1835, the Bank of Jacksonville was incorporated with- a capital of $75,000,6 though it did not open until 1837. In January, 1835, Lorenzo Currier, of Bosten, published the first issue of the Jacksonville Curler, an ably edited- weekly newepaper/a There is a record that S. L. Burritt & Co. embarked about this time in a wholesale trade with Cuba and thereby laid the foundation for Jacksonville's claim to the wholesale distributing center of Florida. They shipped lumber, bar-- relled fish and other goods to Cuba and brought back sugar, coffe, rum, molssnes, salt, cigars, fruit, etc. This firm brought In on one occasion avesael load of sugar, the first herhy oppiated inspectors t sprintod the elecio foo mayor and Coenilmen, os the Orst Monday is April, 132: Provided, that aothisg hereby enacted shall be construed so re-lude the legislature o tia Territory from the right to repe, alter, r modify this set as it may deem proper Passed Fb. 9, 1es. Approved Feb. 11, 1d. The town limits were greatly enlarged by the charter- Jacksonville now embraced the territory between Hogans and McCoys Creeks nouth of about Church Street. The elec- tion was held in accordance with the provisions of the char- ter and William J. Mills was elected mayor; he was therefore the first mayor of Jacksonville. Jackonville was the ninth town incorporated in Florida. Those previously chartered were: St. Augustine, Pensacola, ernandina, Key West, Quincy, Magnolia, Apalachicola, and Ochesee. 1832-1835 During the period between the incorporation of Jackson- ville (1882) and the outbreak of the Seminole war (1035)- the village increased in population, almost doubling in size. In 18034 plans were laid for a railroad from Jacksonville to Tallahassee, later to be extended to the gulf coast. The company organized as the Florida Peninsular & Jacksonville- Railroad Company, and among the directors were J. B. Lan- roster, L D. Hart, W. J. Mills, F. Bethune, and Stephen Eddy all of Jacksanville. The capital was limited to $1,000,000 a sum almost unheard of in that day, yet these men were in saruest about the matter. In 1835, the Bank of Jacksonville was incorporated with- a capital of $75,00, though it did not open until 1837. In January, 1835, Lorenzo Currier, of Boston, published the first Issue of the Jacksonville Courier, an ably edited- weekly newspaper/ There isa record that S. L. Burritt & Co. embarked about this time in a wholesale trade with Cuba and thereby laId the foundation for Jacksonville's claim to the wholesale dIstributing aenter of Florida. They shipped lumber, bar-- relled fish and other goads to Cuba and brought back sugar, coffee, rum, molasses, salt, cigars, fruit, etc. This firm brought in on one occasion a vessel load of sugar, the first  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 75 eargo of sugar ever brought here, and greatly nverstocked the market in all thia part of the country, Jacksonville in 1835 was probably a place of 250 people,- far too omall in itself to warrant the establishment of a bank and a newspaper, or even to think about building a million dollar railroad; but settled all around, both up and down the - river, were men wealthy for that day, who transacted their cmmercial and legal business here, and it was their support as well as the progressive spirit of the citizens of Jackson ville that inspired these important measure. They were drawn into the whirl of enthusiasm and speculation that was sweeping the country about that time and which ended in the panic of 18374O-- Great Freee of 1835 February 8, 1835, was the coldest day ever known, before srcince,inthissection. At8o'clockthatmorningthether- mameter stood at 8 degrees above zero, Fahrenheit, and the actual minimum was undoubtedly lower. Along the river bank the water was frozen several rods from the shore and afforded the inhabitants apectacle as new as it was die- trescing. Fruit trees of every description were destroyed, roots and all, and even some of the forest trees were iled by the cold. This freeze is the basis for all subsequent con.. parisonsa ani rel. 9, deaop r;tiIn sae: aaocsoed a inp-eso fwnh, HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 75 cargo of sugar ever brought here, cnd greatly overstoeked the market in all this part of the country. Jacksonville in 1835 was probably a place of 250 people,- far too small in itself to warrant the establishment of a bank and a newspaper, or even to think about building a million dollar railroad; but settled all around, both up and down the - river, were men wealthy for that day, who treancted their commercal and legal business here, and it was their a.ppoart as well as the progressive spirit of the citimens of Jackson- ville that inspired these important measures. They were drawn into the whirl of enthusiasm and speculation that was sweeping the country about that time and which ended in the panic of 1837-40. -. Greet Freeze of 1835 February 8, 1835, was the coldest day ever known, before srsicein this section. At8 o'clock that morning the ther- nometer etood at 8 degrees above zero, Fahrenheit, and the actual minimum ws undoubtedly lower. Along the river bank the water wasfrozen several rods from the shore and afforded the inhabitants a spetacle as new as it was di- tressing. Fruit trees of every description were destroyed, roots and all, and even some of the forest trees were killed by the cold. This freeze is the basis for all subsequent com- parisons? mu..,u.rum.1.rva , HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 75 cargo of sugar ever brought here, and greatly overstocked the market in all this part of the country. Jacksonville in 1835 was probably a place of 250 people.- far too small in itself to warrant the establishment of a bank and a newspaper, or even to think about building a million dollar railroad; but settled all around, both up and down the - river, were men wealthy for that day, who transacted their commercial and legal business here, and it was their support as well as the progressive spirit of the citizens of Jacksons- ville that inspired these important measures. They were drawn into the whirl of enthusiasm and speculation that weas sweeping the country about that time and waich ended in the panic of 1887-40. - Great Freeze of 1835 February 8, 1835, was the coldest day ever known, before srince,in this section. At 8 o'clock that morning the ther- mnometer stood at 8 degrees above zero, Fahrenheit, and the actual minimum was undoubtedly lower. Along the river bank the water was frozen several rods from the shore and afforded the inhabitants a spectacle as new as it was die- trescing. Fruit trees of every description were destroyed, roots and all, and even some of the forest trees were killed by the cold. This freeze is the basis for all subsequent com- parisans mueeseh eaceec . nm7w cav~styo Ferra: bicta of Teu,ritera oeaeoin~e Tweal,  76 HISORY OF JACKONILLE, FLaRID 76 HISOY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLOIDA 76 HISTOY OF JAKOVLE FLOISDA THE SEMINOLE WAR PERIOfr .1. xi omn eatlat inkuie eaeddlaof sa i nasA. Ootllo ts deiso ae sto got rte at the Sosotooe ategt,- too thee way e enot od en aeocenttt to ite. oor ofthnnhh,t leao mo mthe base toe' hw to go he no d Thu sitetptm tFeet thoecoote to.eoht too tto Scotooe wO, whtich deotloped intt to eot aed swaeut i-ote boodos eeo is tM in otory of- toe Vttedt Sats. In thte suommer of Open, it was known that The Indans were toa the verge of outbreak, hut every one thought the war would he of short duration and after as fewirmishrese the Imosan would lbe So hadly punished they would be clod to esmigrate to the West A prolonged war woo simplyi out of the ouettiono from the vioe-potnt of the whites. Planters went aot their form operootions as ususl and trade with the interior continued unoobated. On the fall there were tounout meotteodngs of coming trouhle, still The poprular belief wan that it would not last leng. Short-time vowuotoens were called for to frighten the Indtans into agreeing to emi- gprte. Th war ooened ODocemher 29 z, 155 whon Oscola add twenty followers shot dand killed Gentral Wiley Thomson and othors st Fort Kieg, now Orals, and Major Dado' a a asce utrCut.na h lna on-, mod wo srdo utrCut.na h rsent town of Moshueill. two separate events on s ame day. The nwt of theoe dioooters sporead through the country like wild- fire. Peoet evweei the interior shandoned Thei horneo and collc in the tootfor protection. Manyof thorn tome to Sak Creok and on to Jackatonvlle. Trod. with the interior erduly coated, and olthouch it watea- pocte that nhostte s would h e onfnd to the midcportion efthe pentol.thc stoppage of trde with the einterior a large porion of which wa handled through Jockoedie. was perceptibly felt to boniness crlet haroe THIE SEMINOLE WAR PERIOD' eCte h wan o otseoot tot roo umtla .0 e d to- osrao. odsoyt met e teem t o got rid ofOt etIst 1.1ogtteeud deeoroetoeod itoe oc oiet to h eioe neof eg omchns0 tong Ihts- thme frm eeIIoes inle dotot soteeieoeltageesetoo t.me aoenor tocos tc hein to go they wreeed . The soe-at Os est, t ahe vo-1n dboots,.. In the summer of 100, it woo kmnol that the Indians were on the verge of outbroakg, hut every one thought the war would he of thort duration and after a few cleirsrioloes the Indiana would be to hadly punoished they wotuid be glad to emigarote to the West. A prolonged wor woo timply out of the question frem the view-point of the wthitos. Plantein went shout their form operationmso usual and trade with the interior contined situbated. On the foil there were otoon mutteringo of coming trouble, still the potpular belief was That it would not loot long. Short-time volucteeca weecalled for to frighten the Iods into agreeing to e-- grate. The waur opened Dlocemher 210, 1800, when Baooel. and twenty followeco shot eod killed Gentral Wiley Thompson and others ot Fort King, new Ocala, and Major Dadens cono- mtand was massacred in Sumter County, near he preet town of Bushnell, two separate events on the saine day. The newt of those disasters spread through the csountry lik wild- fire. Peepplt everwhr in the intoneor ahandoned their- homes tad collected in the towns for crotectien. Many of - them come to Black Creek and on to Jackusonville. Trade with the interier gradually ceased, and although it was ex- pected that hostilities would he confined to the middle portiono of the pesionula, the stoppage of trade with the interior,a large portion of which who bandied through Jacksuonville, was eellilnly felt in butinees circlet here. CHIAPTER VIt TPRE SEMINOLE WAR PERtIODh 'Vetdttlythm ehonsdies soeawem...theetde aome oft theehiteaoset.teoieoh vceoaoteof Ititi. aoe. nanny the dosim sooe toIe err eofw the Ooolet antegethte sod they ero ut-nw, i et goecoot to eat- isae mlnts cwestoasdoattsyleodseweueieeeoeiodoae. soe. sCoot mtte oor. eomo, thoar it. dgaes Coor did no tm teent thisa eeommet to solgrsto woe whnttoMo o mete foe them to go they eofievIe Thed tt o . fr th seson hotoght snoo Oemoe wa;, I'Mc deeloe at t cIlontogest sod nest d..sasa ods warts the h st.,y I te m s amOoe. In the toaster of 1835, it wos hooten that the Indians worn on the verge of outbreak, hut every one thought the war would he of short duration and after afew okirmiste the Indians would be no hadly puniohed they would be glad to emigrate to the Went. A prolonged wa was timpiy at of the question fromn the view-point of the whites. Planters went shout their farm tilerastions s noal and trode with he interior continued unoabated. On the fall there were eitomuttering. of coneing trouble, still The popular ud belief was that it would not last long. Shorttime volunteers were calied for to frighten the Ildiantn agreeing to emI- The war otpeoed D~geehber 19, 1835, when Osceola and twenty followers eshot sod kilied Ceneral Wiley Thomnpson ad othero at Fort King, now Ocals, and Major Daode's coa.- ead woo masoacred in Sumter County, near the presnt town of Btushnell, two separate events on the came day. The nes of these ditastero spreod through he couantry like wild- fire. People everywhere in the interio ahandoned their- homes sand collected in the towns for protection. Many of - thet came to Slack Crock sod en to Jacksonville. Trade with the interior gradually oeased, sod although it wao- peeled that hostilites. would be confined to the middle portioa of tho peannula, the utappage of trade wiTh the interior, a large portion of which was handled through Jackonville, te perceptibtly felt to bappin circles here.  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 77 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 77 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 77 The Blok House The Governor of Florida issued a prolamnation to the people advising them to build block houses in every com- mnnity, as a means of protection against the Indians. One was built in Jacksonville, probably in 1836, at the northeast - ceor of Ocean and Monroe Streets. Thisstructure was one of the famous buildings here and is mentioned in nearly every account of the early town. Itwoo astructure oflogs- a large square room raised high above the ground on a pedestal-like base. It was entered through a door in the foor, by manas of a ladder. In the event of attack, the ladder could be drawn up and the opening closed. Portholes were provided on all sides, and also in the foor, through which to shout. The object of the overhangipg construction was to prevent its being set on fire, sines in trying to fire the house an Indian could be shot from overhead. The block house stood at what was then the frontier of the town. All north and west of it was barren waste. Every rumor of Indians in this section caused the timid residents to seek its protection at dark. Sentries did guard duty at night and "many an smusing scene could they relate, caused by the electric imag- nation of the weak-nerved when it came their turn to go on pot'? During its fifteen years of existence the block house served the community well, first as a fort and then as a place for holding religious services. Jacksonville was a supply depot during the war, sub- comminsry to Ihe chief post at Middleburg. The covers- went built a long onestory wooden building on the south side of Bay Street, between Main and Laurs, near Laura, as a storage for supplies. This was popularly called the "govern- ment building". Itw built highabovethe marsh-forthat region was then nothing more than marsh land, and along the Bay Street side a raised sidewalk furnished an entrance. This building stood for many years. Attacks by the Indians In the summer of 1836, roving bands of Indueis attacked and destroyed several plantations along the lower St. Johns, among them those of Colonel Hallowes and Mr. Travers. They also appeared here and there in Western Florida, be- tween the Suwanee River and Tallahassee. The settlements In the Black Creek country snd en the east eide of the St. The mock House The Governor of Florida lssued a prolamaton to the people advising them to build block houses in every coim- munity, as a means of protection against the Indians. One was built in Jacksonville, probably in 1836, at the northeast - cornerofOcenandMonroe Streets. Thisstructure was one of the famous buildings here and is mentionsed in nearly everyaccount of the early town. Itwoo astructure of logs- a large square room raised high above the ground on a pedestal-like base. It was entered through a door in the floor, by means of a ladder. In the event of attack, the ladder could be drawn up and the opening closed. Portholes were provided on all sides, and also in the floor, through which to shost. The object of the overhangipg construction was to prevent its being et on fire, since in trying to fire the house an Indian could be shot from overhead. The block house stood at what was then the frontier of the town. All north and west of it was barren waste. Every rumor of Indians in this section caused the timid residents to seek its protection at dark. Sentries did guard duty at night and "many an amusing scene could they relate, caused by the electric imag- ination of the weak-nerved when it camc their turn to go on post". During its fifteen years of exintence the block house served the community well, first as a fort and then as a place for holding religious services. Jacksonville was a supply depot during the war, sub- omisary to the chief post at Middleburg. The govern- ment built a long one-story wooden building on the south side of Bay Street, between Main and Laura, near Laura, as a storage for supplies. This was popularly called the "govern- ment building". It was built high above the marsh-for that region was then nothing more than marsh land, and sleng the Bay Street side a raised sidewalk furnished an entrance- This building stood for many years. Attacks by the Indians In the summer of 1836, roving bands of Indians attacked and destroyed several plantations along the lower St. Johns, among them those of Colonel Hallowes and Mr. Travers. They also appeared here and there in Western Florida, be- tween the Suwanee River and Tallahasee. The settloments in the Black Creek country and en the east side of the St. The Block House The Governor of Florida issued a procImation to the people advising them to build block houses in every com- munity, as a eans of protection against the Indians. One was built in Jacksonville, probably in 1836, at the northeast - corner of Ocean and Monroe Streets. This structure was one of the famous buildings here and is mentioned in nearly everyaceount of the early town. Itwas astructure of logs-- a large square room rained high above the groand on pedestal-lke base. It was entered through a door in the floor, by means f a ladder In the event of attack, the ladder could be drawn up and the opening closed. Portholes were provided on all sides, and also in the floor, through which to shoot. The object of the overhanipg construction was to prevent its being set on fire, since in trying to fire the house an Indian could be shot from overhead. The block house stood at what was then the frontier of the town. All north and west of it was barren waste. Every rumor of Indians in this section caused the timid residents to seek its protection at dark. Sentries did guard duty at night and "many an amusing scene could they relate, caused by the electricimag- inotion of the weak-nerved when it came their turn to go un peat". During its fifteen years of existence the block house served the community well, first as a fort and then as a pace for holding religious services. Jacksonville was a supply depot during the war, sub. commsary to lhe chief post at Middleburg. The govern- ment built a long one-story wsoden building on the south side of Bay Street, between Main and Laura, near Lairs, as a storage for supplies. This was popularly called the "govern- ment building". It was built high above the marsh-fir that region was then nothing more than marsh land, and slung the Bay Street side a raised sidewalk furnished an entrance. This building stood for many years. Atiacks by the Indiana In the summer of 1836, roving bands of Indians attacked and destroyed several plantations along the lower St. Johns, among them those of Colonel allowes and Mr. Travers. They also appeared here and there in Western Florida, be- tween the Suwanee River sad Tallahassee. The settlements in the Black Creek country and on the east side of the St.  78 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA " HISTORY OF JACKSONVYU , FLORIDA 78 HISTORY OF JACKSONVLLE, FLORIDA Johns above Jackoonille had, many of them, been broken up, although a few planters who had been kind to the Semi- moles, remained on their farms and were never molested. On September 15, 1836, a band of Indians attacked the house of a Mr. Higginbotham seven miles west of Jackson- ville, hot they were driven of by members of the household, who barricaded themselves in the house and fired at the Indians. After the Indians left, Mr. Higginbotham rode post-haste to Jacksonville to give the alarm, and Major Hart and twelve men immediately went in pursuit. Major Hart's- party found all well at the Higginbotham home and pushed en down the trail toward the Tallahassee road. When they reached the Fleming Johns farm they found the house a heap of smoking ruins in which were the charred remaina of Mr. Johns. Several miles farther on, at Mr. Sparkman'., they found Mrs. Johns, severely wounded, but still alive. Mr. and Mrs. John were attacked at 10 o'clock in the forenoon, while they were in the yard of their home, and although Mr. Johns was shot through the chest, both he and his wife managed to reach the house and close the door. The Indian- broke ron the door and shot Mr. Jobs dead. They dragged his wife to the door and told her to go, but at that moment an Indian shot her through the arm and neck. She fell through the doorway, but they dragged her hack into the house and with a large butcher knife scalped her. Theythenplundered the house and set fire to it.. Mrs. Johns, though greatly weakened from loot of blood, managed to crawl out of the burning house after the Indians left. Fainting from weak- one at frequent intervals, she at last reached a nearby swamp, got some water, and lay down to die. Hare searchers found her at 2 p.m. They took her ona horse and conveyed her to a neighbor's, Mr. Sparkman's, several miles away. She was later removed to Jacksonville and placed in a com- fortable hoarding house, where medical attendance and humane attention noon relieved her of much of her physical auffering and she finally recoverede An Englishman persuaded Mrs. Johns to so to Washing. to iapplyfra pension. Her likeness was taken and hung in the capitol. She wo afterward exhibited, but the Eng- lishman ran off with the money. Mr. Johe then returned to Savannah where she married a man named Mathas. Some years later Mathan was stabbed by a 'rasy man and died in Johns above Jacksonville had, many of them, been broken up, although a few planters who had been kind to the SemI- noles, remained on their farms and were never molested. On September 15, 1836, a band of Indiana attacked the house of a Mr. Higginbotham seven miles weat of Jackson- ville, but they were driven off by members of the household, who barricaded themselves in the house and fired at the Indian. After the Indians left, Mr. Higginbotham rode poot-haste to Jacksonville to give the alarm, and Major Hart and twelve men immediately went in pursuit. Major Hart's- party found all well at the Higginbotham home and pushed on down the trail toward the Tallahasee road. When they reached the Fleming John, farm they found the hous a heap of smoking ruins in which were the charred remains of Mr. Johns. Several miles farther on, at Mr. Sparkman's, they found Mrs. John, severely wounded, but still alive. Mr. and Mrs. Johns were attacked at 10 o'clock in the forenoon, while they were in the yard of their home, and although Mr. Johns was shot through the chest, both he and his wife managed to reach the house and close the door. The Indians broke open the door and shot Mr. Johns dead. They dragged his wife to the door and told her to go, but at that moment an nane shot her through the arm and neck. She fell through the doorway, but they dragged her back into the house and with a large butcher knife scalped her. Theythenplundered the house and set fire to it. Mrs. Johns, though greatly weakened from loot of blood, managed to crawl out of the burning house after the Indiana left. Fainting from weak- neno at frequent intervals, she at last reached a nearby swamp, got some water, and lay down to die. Here searchers found ber at 2 p.m. They took her on a hoge and conveyed her to a neighbor'., Mr. Sparkman'., several miles away. She was later removed to Jacksonville and placed in a coma. fortable boarding house, where medical attendance and humane attention saon relieved her of much of her physical sufering and she fnally recovered.' An Englishman persuaded Mrs. Johns to go to Washing- ton to apply for a pension. Her likunes was taken and hung in the capital. She was afterward exhibited, but the Eng- liahman ran off with the money. Mrs. Johns then returned to Savannah where she married a man named Mathas. Some years later Mathas was etabbed by a cray man and died io Johns above Jacksonville had, many of them, been broken up. although a few planters who had been kind to the Semi. noles, remained on their farms and were never molested. On September 15, 1836, a band of Indians attacked the house of a Mr. Higginbotham seven miles weot of Jackson- ville, but they were driven off by members of the household, who barricaded themselves in the house and fired at the Indians. After the Indiana left, Mr. Higginbotham rode post-baste to Jacksonville to give the alarm, and Major Hart and twelve men immediately went in pursuit. Major Hart's- party found all well at the Higginbotham home and pushed on down the trail toward the Tallahassee road. When they reached the Fleming Johns farm they found the house a heap of num'ing ruins in which were the charred remains of Mr. Johns. Several miles farther on, at Mr. Sparkman's, they found Mrs. Johns, severely wounded, but otillalive. Mr. and Mrs. Johns were attacked at 10 o'clock in the forenoon, while they were in the yard of their home, and although Mr. Johns was shot through the chest, both he and his wife managed to reach the houe and close the door. The Indians broke open the door and shot Mr. Johns dead, They dragged hei wife to the door and told her to go, but at that moment an Indian shot her through the arm and neck. She fell through the doorway, but they dragged her back into the house and withalargebutcherkaifescalpedher. Theythenplundered the house and sot fire to it.. Mrs. Johns, though greatly weakened from los of blood, managed to crawl out of the burning house after the Indians left. Fainting from weak- neas at frequent intervals, she at last reached a nearby swamp. got some water, and lay down to die. Hre sercher found her at 2 p.m. They took her on a horse and conveyed her to aneighbor's, Mr. Sparkman', several miles away. She was later removed to Jacksonville and placed in a com- fortable boarding house, where medical attendance and humane attention noon relieved her of much of her physical suffering sad she finally remverede An Englishman persuaded Mrs. Johns to go to Washing- ton to apply forapension. Her likeness was taken and hung in the capital. She was afterward exhibited, but the Eng. lisahan ran off with the money. Mrs. Johns then returned to Savannah where she married a man named Mathas. Some years later Mathas was stabbed by a crazy man d died in  TORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLRIA 7 " HITORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 7 ISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 7 Savannah. irs. Mathas returned to Florida and died here in 1874. The year 1836 closed with the Indians holding their own everywhere. They overran the country, killing express riders, attacking wagon trains, and burning farm houses, and as a result no operations, except those of a military natu were carried on in the country districts. The comparatively extensive trade that Jacksonville had enjoyed with the tn o terior was entirely destroyed, and on account of the public unrest such enterprises as were contemplated were a - doned. Instead of being a small affair that would terminste with a display of force and a few volleys from the troops, the war wore on for seven years. As time went by, however, the field of operations receded from this section and went farther and farther southward. Panic of 1837 In 1830, there began an ora of extravagant speculation and reckless enterprise in the United States. Population was incresing and production was increasing even faster than population. As the means of communication between producer and ronsomer were decidedly inadequate, a uni- versal need was felt for transportation facilities that would se quick delivery at moderate prices. The popular de- mand for railroad and canal censtruction became so great that conservatism and good judgment were swept aside. States, cities, and towns all over the country were drawn into the whirl of enthusiasm, and many of them made large bond issues to cany on the work of construction. Naturally business in all lines became inflated, and when such is the case a crisis in inevitable. An over production in the cotton crop of 1836 ecaused a drop in prices and hastened the panic- that had its beginning in 1837. During the hard times that followed many of the States had to resort to extraordinary measures to pay the interest on their debts, and some actually repudiated their debts and refused to pay. The States had lesued bonds in the aid of the construction of railroads and canals, and in the South especially subscribed to bank stock for the purchase of which they also issued bonds. There- fore, many bank failures occurred when the crash cames Florida had a better excuse for repudiating her debts than the other State, as the disastrous Indian war, which was Savannah. Mrs. Mathas returned to Florida and died hero in 1874.1 The year 1836 closed with the Indians holding their own everywhere. They overran the country, killing express riders, attacking wagon trains, and burning farm houses, and sa result no operations, except those of a military natu werecarried on in the country districts. The comparatively extensive trade that Jacksonville had enjoyed with the in-P terior was entirely destroyed, and on account of the public unrest such enterprises as were contemplated were ab doned. Instead of being a small affair that would ter mnae i with a display of force and a few volleys from the troope, thewar wore on for seven years. As time went by, however, the field of operations receded from this section and went farther and farther southward, Panic of 1837 In 1810, there began an era of extravagant speculation and reckless enterprise in the United States. Population was increasing and production was increasing even faster than population. As the means of communication between producer and consumner were decidedly inadequste, a anti versal need was felt for transportation facilities that would insure quick delivery at moderate prices. The popular de- .and for railroad and canal construction became so great that conservatism and good judgment were swept aside, States, cities, and towns all over the country were drawn into the whirl of enthusiasm, and many of them made large bond issues to carry on the work of construction. Naturally business in all lines became inflated, and when such is the case a crisis is inevitable. An over production in the cotton crop of 1836 cansed a drop in prices and hastened the panic- that had its beginning in 1837. During the hard times that followed many of the States had to resort to extraordinary measures to pay the interest on theirdebts,andsome actually repudiated their debts and refused to pay, The State. had issued bonds in the aid of the construction of rairoads and canals, and in the South especially subscribed to bank stock for the purchase of which they also issued bonds. There- fore, many bank failures occurred when the crash came, Florida had a better excuse for repudiating her debts than the other States, as the diasatrous Indian war, which was Savannah. Mrs. Mathas returned to Florida and died hers in 1874? The year 1836 closed with the Indians holding their own everywhere. They overran the country, killing express riders, attacking wagon trains, and burning farm houses, and as a result no operations, except those of a military natre were carried on is the country districts. The comparatively extensive trade that Jacksonville had enjoyed with the in- terior was entirely destroyed, and on account of the pubhlic sorest such enterprises as were contemplated were _ doned. Instead of being a small affair that would terminstol with a display of force and a few volleys from the troops, the war were on for seven years. As time went by, however. the field of operations receded from this section and went farther and farther southward. Panic of 1837 In 1830, there began an era of extravagant speculation and reckless enterprise in the United States, Population was increasing and production was increasing even faster than populatie. As the means of communication between producer and conSmer werm decidedly lnadequate, a rni- versal need was felt for transportation facilities that would insure quick delivery at moate prices. The popular de- mand for rairoad and canal construction became so great that conservatinm and good judgment were swept aside. States, cities, and towns all over the country were drawn into the whirl of enthusiasm, and many of them made large bond issues to carry on the work of construction. Naturally business in all lines became Inflated, and when such is the caseacriniisinevtale. An over production in the cotton crop of 1h eCaused a drop in prices and hastened the panic that had its beginning in 1837. During the hard times that followed many of the States had to resort to extraordinary measurs topsy theinterest antheirdebts,andsmeactually repudiated their debts and refused to pay. The States had issued bonds in the aid of the construction of railroads and canals, and in the South especially subscribed to hak stock for the purchase of which they also issued bods. There- fore, many bank failures occurred when the crash came,' Florida had a better excuse for repudiating her debts than the other Slates, as the disastrous Indian war, which was  Ho USUTRY OF JACSONVhLLE ILIEA 80 HSTORY OF JACKSONILLE FLIA 80 HISTOY OF JACSOIiLLE FLORIDA stilt goioog an, had cleaned oss her treasury. Jackseonvile had experienced the inflation and ahe was feeling the result. The ambitious enterprises that had teen planned wored mods- There wao, though, another aide to it for JOacksonville. Besides the armoy officers and troopa that came to the State,,, the war drew mussy pople here, desiraleo citizens and adel- thee alider, for there in soethisg abost sn nsew country like Florida was at that tine, that lures people. The asireturers - did not nettle and left when pence was at lass resutred, while number of good people stayed and meade this their eons- nenthtee. Thoc offset of the panic gradually wore away and the none at hostilitiea receded until the town retuned to unrestnrale busiss cndintions, despite the fact that roa- ing hands of lssdieso stim mode an occasional attackg uon neame outlying settlement. Trade with nearby points was renamed and gradually extended to else interior. Bome light in thrown upson the conditions in this sectison in loiters from Mandarin shout this period;l the fellowing are oxspeltsl maker, I tc foex cooed god novel, ooyscci at th0fee e eo cug h is ilc here stan no lialsh se Noes Yu e .,Il nob ee ec of the mlsee pletc n cooe ace one-scsi usleseets boseeceel thm NoO enasfceoseo tocesolco-oc soa losoeosmi espoet Ifoce co beao- hldnseoo h hoeo io se eo s TIcoso.. oclabi ieecsses hOse E isu ca e I tad feved loeoi 'redsand yuI s -leyeoet sis s o eyd omeehas jao aceiloothin~ b bo- ieelsoeoo eicuosbeeeo csehto esteyfseastonsvolbi e ge eesede sbepeI .Isl tlcosseoldsloneessnamhedideesseossreolas hslfarcooebs¢eso icbosre ofseMer o eais thee1getErae or planting tat they buoerisnstostessrnospeseeo escn oeycrbasmf homeo The nscoeal osce eh Imrpel agea on sny 0cclen oI seses at 5t. ngosti, nae sold foe oal,ns. Mmasiuri, y otet uue .oeeato[I os yeo seseefsoyt.adptoscsndo'ate ea1tlaeei of tics mulberry marcho, denetoen m0 I0 ofn¢ofl cewcoeen e nie teess stiligoingson,hadeleaned outher tresury. Jacksonville had exaperioscod the inflation and she was feelies, the result The ambitious enterprisen that had teen planned were sbon- donodl. Tbhere was, though, snot her aide to it for Jacksonville. Besides the army oltdce.. and troops that fume to tho Ste,- the war drew many Pesole here, desirable citizes and admeos traises alike, for theore ie asmething slbest a neso cesintry like F'lorida wos at that time, that lures resople. The adrenturers- did not settle and left when pence was at loot restored, while sooabsoa sflo~od people steyed and mode thio thre noons- ne heme. 'roe Xetto the psoic eradholy w-or' soosy and the zone of hootilitisarseceded until the town retursed to almlost nrmasl buosess conditions, despite the fact thsatrhow iug bands of Indins still ma do an ocastional nttack uon com ostlying eettlement. Trade with searbsy points was reened and gradually extended to the interior. Some lighlt is thrown upon the conditioso in thisoecotion in letters from Mandsrin shout tis period;l the following are esecegrjSt: pltues Mca , lens. moselsaIsso tsohobcsliNeobsssicisr an a osiomestees icoiic. hoocdime otheie oc Jes nsessto my-trpo that se Ieess'sgng bight, itos iloesIssor Nssfesh, F sO ic wlyeee- mloeer cuced lees bomce esemeeelc lothleceoeotbrso haioueceohoyesolbeer sod elolceosciseeoilt of oseinsesissa ssds ploe t , s of oprnoisesle-oise o eIbodcc eoaes Tlitssdobe a-acales,t for is he true place IsIeaf fhowed oisscctteocleosse.1 oe,.lth.esLbeecyistn,.roleisebeleoI oseaar solsO' Oaeb yee.lsetosoothosl haveesold obeslemadormomasdceceoei eseests mioe uegrct aobr tis oessasa ossy feartlsmaososle moeeb eorsormo the em. I. bhs5 l colltettomoadaidstsesa rey toss iafa o ss ighsoen noTtrrosoe s icicesrg ac mornl ed, thbsetbey hsveic.to he hcsrmotscpeeoof anmoscyefneem. tresso 05. nentio colvCo tsipef. = .soII use, ~ ~ Madris Onir 1a, 1040.oII .Iise Ti~~~qasosImmuale or railsr shoceleshle senrotasomof at W oar, ieoin ecesst of tleeseios of myr place end tho nasal fesliaee of 6,c seulierry searhut, deneie sea of anO coned.c..cs he a rsst still going son, had cleansd out her tresury. Joeacsnocllo had epreoded the inflation and she was feeling the result. The ambitious enterprisca that hod been planned woem aban- donted. 'Thers woo, thougic, anonther aide to it for Jacksonville. Besideo the army amd.... sod troops that came to the State,- the war drew many resole here, desirable citioens and advic- terosils, for there in.omthing abost anew country lihe Florida was at that time, that lures people Theaxdrntso- did set settle and left when paces was at last centered, while a umber of good pesole stayed and mode this their perma- sent boes.'tile effects of the panic gradually were away and the zone of htostilities receded until the town retursed to almost normal busnsess conditionis, despite the fact that ro- ing bonds of India no still made aon oceasi onsa setntc lees naeoutlying settlement. Trade with nearby points was renme sd aagradeally extended to ths interior. Some light in throwns upon the conditions is tis sectos in letters ferm Man darts about this ported: the fslowsing are excerpts)t Mendues, Moarc it, solol tot I octet be-ose the oil ehtoeboisg. o ..tei tmen-be maole,, lthsogstobe.ocs ewYm m'co mchleem holc goadeona, utItsishoisordoyFrsloscsmim 0 mm Oe-leoccebocmysarisachat ne .,a mnel . I hrm.I .oymm main t ci, bit eiso s tanl e so Icie to lteo i mideleo s t s p i e e s o c o a ' s b s s u e y lu c i - - c s r i l s o n ti s Thecon Net dsel -elotlessebtcsn bt ai haconabed Thisas dmi i seec'iaeo he isle tes ,olaobfeacod tolrIsold ctcemaeosocnli ewh osisse a....eeiabheotho la cccd x yisle ithoalit ohe Nes t Yorilms tosole u.ossssstncnsiisa I boo-c iuellpedscsm ,anaesosoomlt cod rass 9 .mole obole c ete fes eectic mgh 50c cos Tiocay wsooss maec thieo a gre ost . Ons e ofth 0000ele no I e f yoq of,5te.pa ...nln sold fwe d 501,000 of mle snolicecty mactO teeeeoes mm eof sol moees Oar le presses  HISTORY OF JAMXONVILLE, FLORIDA 81 "". .or Ntem It t aaylhltg ml tnpootg oty. nonogo wot.ithoot trimmniyegt hato, get tIndwoan i are boldet that noon. Thinoo dioptoted thooainto totll eoti otd ponl ohotc io m mad th tl msnare1 onat boonw btc nolt itm . onmtyh all thi tooo noa d the ow Iffo no to to Mttentab ro ttine oet. of tologo. at enIby mthorm phomenl condolen nfnnty omwtty,hbeeig on the tot oft yyooeidootienlnotlooo0'wll a I (Neat)a Mloooo Joiy.a,14 y re Voo tialwIm - rl ao ald, m hwmto e doon oato honld otoo ehoooo ty om. ttendtalm pmotfito meht ail bttO to ant into otttthe tityor ~hat gontdfo, totyo met fototlyodploo ntacd honto otw shot a nod tht a fit att .enttlt noe toy plot agait ntt nodg Ito s mnatho mittndoatttoty. ThinbthtodiNaimettl.atoMbtobolgtd t nbtaonnoplae elsoryloewoaooooyInl etothinbt me Olf.tn all moto wtoo 'toot tmlit Inaton aho too-nobo tottthaemtdnb titteato befoyt. Ad ttiog Oh 'tnwa od Ond to nohono Moot, ndtog nota.. .thotfot tom ttt Ytt potte myoe nin ynao o ttyhdbo now an qoutnoth te itnl t aMmnph r Igtee e Ibl ea oa tteeiamn na 1oin touooo o more of 'tin'om an Ifmore tere note it the Ityotoy, hoat too (tifnte t o m00 toa gte thettt t hs nomenwtaoobyohtooa. Itbadb.toomlontgretoobadnndoagenerlly boiodta tht tet ball otdten boot nb tb o Ont nota od Ot Ta ove oontthttoon.yoheooaloohottootod. nmh Ona t oml oo hootloneyolnn atatooel ttotnatonn atit, non lone toy amnotyt bootyo t onm totttttho nmIotnonoe toota l heeen. cota aw hoe Itt In toy a th tonogtmlm loiootot woltht eate noModotttoetbt Its;t thote imi mittopnottnoleso ltoootnnty heolNo e oeollI takon wohlo pootonad of lno ard me.tdhandd oottnot1 bhenrtbat eyem tn reto 'toyto ho tioto otto ot Otoot pyotdton pIf oonottattttdotthayoint telthat oy to. heum otobot to Io. ..in oltooene eooto. fam :iuiO00o HISTRY OF JACRSONVILLE, FLORIDA S1 o" Ntoert tnm I do aonyn at tmpovng toy eotr pa0er oidniedo ottlag otno to meidnot, too lodnt toalde to, eve. Tioy boon diy ao ltotmetton Into tonal pation and powl ehont Ilko wtod Otmat boot mtnotllo itwt deatty deolthn ae ooo od the rnann nontolooio dktoato.toootmytetoo remnmdoilo. Thtl on 'tytottno o ttio ttomo of thiageot tby nho iohtol oodaoo of tor ooontoo h4elog on toe ott Io ) C la moot d00 tlofdr e oit.t (Noo Iloolo oti d t1o.Iiott mndnol tojlt Ib n cobbooeod tof Mo wndota tnooteonme dnIito.odylt ne nrdoteo theendote ha.otgtlo ootame pioooagt gler elondt t otoh .boo amnddacy r pinee and noottbe that oty. ma tooteog hot no ltfe.'"I. ltlfotntoontonttthe lnadtay tt 'tootd~ onw¢ toot oo Mnotoaio tetotott blot. An tomitg tht 00nd asmm tofea nG thmati ate toot of the onot had hoo er t long ontot hail ton bootol tOe Moadtit taoght 00 mote~ of Nd ta if mto 'tent om to thme Mr.tetoty owteothIdo knot noonogtooo n toytme oiotetlteoat ~ boheta gredhnttonloooltaed t oely hevcod that the toop had botnd anon n tho laddntnd lmw notw h rttttheyt ad tathnlntooldtdon etooatd. eatoleni wct hoot ioa o noootd m ,oto o l dtoeitatt atd damo in 00 ttnooontftrty iotottlotfor tttim otetatifIntdtobaoe. tot r0hoow waeet t xto toty OboI the ottoyltog . oleg ldeo tototm wold toot ottaod Into Sodooto sntloooo hot thot {dae e nom o rd(t nttta 00 tlt (10 to 30 ototitht y weote nall totamto.athio ootooitoflSa ntooond hytoan In lhenttht 000000 ta nottit 'toy to to ttte , toot. ot o ot pttotot If to I oy toatot to toy p10000a gotr l that 000000to 0000001 thojo ploooo not not fttn~t ttd ptm pontio fl mhe otaot toot ocoto ott total. torott.o .of0 t mvo att to HUITRY OF JAORSOSVILL&, FLORIDA SI o Ne ltthot 0m01 do tyathia atotottog moy noongo goeo olltoot teomog onytoif to domgoy fot lndttt. na othldot thnmot. Tlwhey oo dinotno thottooboyo ntoemol pnao and ool abu bam wald bat". They hoot commnitted toodeot toot to 00000b tht yonam mando m(hot ha b eettoteld to aboty oto thn roen o the mee an0 0m00 hot hatt dooha thm tmo fame.o fo t tottuinootot 'foon ha to ton tnotodotOeoa bible of thmog, bolt by meo olitool etdaitlt an 0000 toot, homtg ot 9 mmmhohm mtoom of o maynidtinl oleetico¢. MNoot Mant...t Joty. I1.3042 t. ye ont. debate.o thmnk I hod totot an-t. got oelnnelly neonweonoo I tell yoo thotl noon hot hale hatty thou o gono for pottne-otM lndtooo 000 ito tho totiaoigholond of Olnodoottn mtoo onote tntatly.tdplodooedmhardy nootthoototoldthI ad t Got tot dotmd t toy plooc agtto. ntmoo maonto to ol onb tiae nod mottonoy. TbIt ta thoa obo ttno I baoo haot ohitondto ,Camdno too tpat ntd toeotto titoo. tootoY. and ottoyabtg hat myo ltfo ' I.tltol Soom et0000 obe h lota theo tce. -,oo taoo totom t otnodoton Iotntoat btfntr. nd dtng thin waot a (am toy otoboy. Mob. totoro me)t thooefoe at thn loot potojo wtohalti ot of te moetoy. had . h o ntg nalt the ttitat newof RMttdtt in . t aonb ore o of tde thanV If r whotrtt 00m to mt T-ooitooy hattrawotheit ersm foto ottgootoo goeateoothooay ffeo roc tho waro book, att It hnd bho longoter and 'ton gonottlly boioot that hat toot had ott aluot osl tbt Iodtnoot of ha hnwoo mettind eoothsyo-6odtoopptmetmadhtioool Iom d oto omt toot "at " a to the atAon, thollolog londhaotooto 'toild hate ot atod tto Moedtl tbottot boa t mhootomeotmtoytotbrtd. 1. tlod(Intoriino-a,)fthy wereonll 100000 eO0thotoperyit of hem domed an mt fom I0 hnear otI ..,ta totto In ao pi dma oonflOl nea oa f on r oooooop . t Itpln met non geotolod Mmto otootlot till theoo onato ono.- " " dim-a.oIuotooo 3. y. -m.arwvo..ot oalMA °. t Od  8 MTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FWIDA U2 HISTORY OF JACfONVILLE, FLRIDA 82 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLOR1DA With the ending of the Seminole war and the recovery of the country from the hard times following the panic Jack-- sonville's growth became more pronounced. In 1842 the population was 450 and in 1847 it was 750, an increase in-- five yearo of 67%. Though much smaller in population than St. Augustine, Jacksonvlle had by this time come to be con- sidered the moot important town in East Florida, on account- of it. location with respect to marketing the principal reve- nue-produing commodity of the time-cotton. Cotton ns grown extensively on the plantations of this section and it was brought to Jackonville and shipped from this point by- sailing vessel. A considerable amount of timber was alia shipped from here. Thus Jacksonville grew to be the trade ing point for a large surrounding territory. Steamer com- munication with Savannah was more or less regular on a weekly schedule bringing the mail, and a steamboat made weekly tripe up the river as far as Enterprise. These boats were small, but they marked the beginning of a most impor- tant transportation facility for Jacksonville, which later on contributed largely to its growth. Local Conditions in the Early 1840'. The dwellings here were mostly one story wooden struc--- tures of rough boards as there were no planing mills then. Many of them were unplmatered. Stoves had not come into use; the fireplace was the only means of heating and this was looked upon an a luxury for the well-to-do. The stores were rough buildings with rude itting. The ordinary neces- cities could be purchased in the town; most of the stares car- rid general stocksand from the rear of many of them came that unmistakable odor that permeates the air where whis- key kegs are kept. The stores usually closed at dusk; the stillness of the town at night after 9 o'clock, the curfew hour. signified that Jacksonville had gone to bed4 There was an event known to have occurred in the early 1840'a that must have shaken the community with excite- ment. With the ending of the Seminole war and the recovery of the country from the bard times following the panic Jack-- senville's growth became more pronounced. In 1842 the population was 450 end in 1847 it was 750, an increase in- five years of 67%. Though much smaller in population than St. Augustine, Jacksonville had by this time come to be eon- sidered the most important town in East Florida, on account- of its location with respect to marketing the principal reve- un-producing commodity of the time-cotton. Cotton was grown extensively en the plantations of this section and it was brought to Jacksonville end shipped from this point by sailing vessel. A conaiderable amount of timber was also- shipped from here Thus Jacksonvile grew to be the tradr- ing point for a large surrounding territory. Steamer coon. munication with Savannah was more or less regular on a weekly schedule bringing the mail, and a steamboat made weekly trips up the river an far as Enterprise. These boats were small, but they marked the beginning of a moat impor- tant transportation facility for Jaeksonville, which later on contributed largely to its growth. Local Conditlens in the Early 1840's The dwellings here were mostly one story wooden strut-- tures of rough boards as there were no planing mills then. Mony of them were unplastered. Stoves had not come into use l the fireplace woo the only means of heating and this was looked upon as a luxury for the well-to-do. The stores were rough buildingswithrude fittings. Theordinary neces- ales couldbe purchased in thetown; moot of thestores car- rind generalstacksand from therearof many of themecme that unmisntakable odor that permeates the air where whis- key kegs are kept. The stores usually closed at dusk; the stillness of the town at night after 9 o'clock, the curfew hoar, eignified that Jacksonville had gone to bed.4 There was an event known to have ocurred in the early 1840's that must have shaken the community with exeite- ment IN THE FORTIES With the ending of the Seminole war and the recovery of the country from the hard times following the panic Jack- - senvile's growth became more pronounced. In 1842 the population was 450 and in 1847 it was 750 an increase in-- five years of 67%. Though much smaller in population than St. Augustine, Jacksonville had by thin time come to be con sidered the most important town in East Florida, on account-- of its location with respect to marketing the principal revs--- nae-producing commodity of the time-cotton. Cotton was grown extensively on the plantations of this section and it was brought to Jacksonville and shipped from this point by- sailing vessel. A consideroble amount of timber was alar shipped from here? Thue Jacksonville grew to be the trad ing point for a large surrounding territory. Steamer com- munication with Savannah was more or less regular on a weekly schedule bringing the mail, and asteamboat made weekly trips up the river as far as Enterprise. These boats were small, but they marked the beginning of a moat impor- tant transportation facility for Jacksonvile, which later an ontributed largely to its growth. Local Conditiens in the Early 1840's The dwellinge here were mostly one story wooden strum- tores of rough boards as there were no planing milla them. Many of them were unplastered. Steves had not come into use ; the fireplace was the only means of heating and this ns looked upon as a tuxury for the well-to-do. The stores wereroughbuildingswithrudefittings. The ordinarynem- sities could be purhasedi the town; most of the stores car- ried general stocks, and from the rear of many of them came that unmistakable odor that permeates the air where w'is- key kegs are kept. The store, usually closed at dusk; the stIllness of the town at night after 9 o'clock, the curfew hour, signified that Jacksonville had gone to bed. There was an event known to have occurred in the early 1840's that must have shaken the community with excite- ment  HMTORY OF JACeSONVILLE FLORIDA a HISTORY OF JACXSONVHLE, FLOrbDA a HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLOBIDA W The Pelot-Babcock Dael This was a fatal duel between two citizens that had been the best of friends. They had been drining end during a game of billiards a controversy arose and the lie was passed, In that day to call a man a liar was equivalent to a challenge, and this case was not an exception. The principals were Dr. Peit and Mr. Babcock, both residents of Jacksonville. Rideas were agreed upon as the weapons, the duel to be fought at 100 paces. Amelia Island was chosen as the place. For ten days the principals practiced for the affair. They met at the appointed time and place. The day was raw and very cold. The paces were stepped off and each principal received hia aintructions. At the word both fred smltaneoualy. Poist fell, shot through the stomach, the ball eevering the spine; he died shortly afterward. Dr. Henry D. Holland of Jack- sonville was Dr. Peot's second. Babcock wont to New Or- leans where, in utter grief, be drank himself to death. *The code of ethics uder which ee lived Is thoe days ws ndosubted w os in somse m eepe.. but ceainly act is al Much of it wasfoadedu son te principle of moeality in thetesse s eso. Itw as hono royse bted ypublingea- timet,withw t which as law is eirectiv. Drldagis the This incident in the life of the early town was of the nature to be perpetuated in the memory of the citizens, and the succeeding generation became familiar with the cirem- stances through hearsay. The account here given was writ- ten by a citizen of Jacksonville at the time. First Sulkhead During a gale in October, 1846, the water from the river was backed up by the wind until it reached acrose Forsyth Street; water stood in the tores on Bay Street two feet deep. The brig "Virgina", owned by Capt. Willey, dragged her anchors and was driven from the foot of Market Street into- Ocean Street, her bowsprit extending across Bay. This led two years later to the bulkheading end straightening of the- river front from Ocean to what is now Mein Street. Hewn logs were laid one upon the other and fastened together by staples and chains. It was called a "buttment" and served the purpose for a long time) The Pelot-B.abcck Dud This was a fatal duel between two ithens that had been the beat of friends. They had been drinking and during a game of bollirds a controversy arose and the lie was passed. In that day to call a man a liar woo equivalent to a challenge, and this case was not an exception. The principals were Dr. Peiot and Mr. Babcock, both residents of Jacksonville. Rifies were agreed upon s the weapone, the duel to be fought at 100 paces. Amelia island was chosen s the place. For ten daystbeprincipalspracticedfortheafair. Theymetatthe appointed time and place. The day was raw and very cold. The paces were stepped off and each principal received bin instructions. At the word both fred simultaneously. Pelot fell, shot through the stmnach, the ball severing the spine; he died shortly afterward. Dr. Henry D. Holland of Jack sonville was Dr. Pelot'n second. Babcock went to New Or- leans where, in utter grief, he drank himself to death. *The code of ethisa suder which se lived in tobese days was undoubeedly rone is soe espeso, hot certdaly sot Is alL Muh ofitwsfoundedUpon the prinlple famality i thetresensoe. lotwasenhonorystemLbadbypublienea. tment.wiehou whih so nlaw is elf"etie Drinking wa ter This Incident in the life of the erly town was of the nature to be perpetuated In the memory of the citizens, and the succeeding generation became familiar with the circm- stances through hearsay. The account here given was writ- ten by a citizen of Jacksonville at the time. First Bulkhead During a gale in October, 1866, the water from the river was backed up by the wind until it reached across Forsyth Street; water stood in the stores on Bay Street two feet deep. The brig "Virginia", owned by Capt. Willey, dragged her anchors and was driven from the foot of Market Street int_- Ocean Street, her bowsprit extending across Bay. This lead two years later to the bulkheading and straightening of the~ river front from Ocean to what is now Main Street. Hewn logs were laid one upon the other and fastened together by staples and chains. It was called a "buttment" and served the purpose for a long time). The Pelot-iabeock Dude This was a fatal dued between two eitieas that had been the beet of friends. They had been drinking and during a game of billiards a controversy arose and the lie was passed. In that day to call a man a liar was equivalent to a challenge, and this cae was not an exception. The principals were Dr. Pelot and Mr. Babcock, both reaidents of Jacksonville. Rifles were agreed upon as the weapons, the duel to be fought at 100 paces. Amelia island was chosen as the place. For ten days the principals practiced for the affair. They met at the appointed time and place. The day was raw and very cold. The paces were stepped off and each principal received his instructions. At the word both fired simultaneously. Peiot fell, shot through the stomach, the ball severing the spine; he died shortly afterward. Dr. Henry D. Holland of Jack- sonvIlle was Dr. Pot's second. Babcock went to New Or- leans where, in utter grief, he drank himself to death. *The code of ethisa unode which mes live i those days was uedoboadly won.g in some espsa, but ertainly sot in alL Much of it ws founed one the peiniple of meality in thetruestssoe, ItwenasborsysRbaskedby pblieaea- timnt, withoutwhich law is eleeloive. Drinking wa ther This incident in the life of the early town was of the nature to be perpetuated in the memory of the citizens, and the surceeding generation became familiar with the cireum- stances through hearsay. The account here given was writ- ten by a citizen of Jacksonville at the time. First Bulkhoed During agale in October, 1846, the water from the river was backed up by the wind until it reached aerse Forsyth Street; water stood inthe stores on Bay Street two feet deep. The brig "Virginia". owned by Capt. Willey, dragged her anchors and was driven from the foot of Market Street inte_ Ocean Street, her bowsprit extending across Bay. This led two years later to the bulkheadiog and straightening of the river front from Ocean to what is now Main Street. Hewn logs were laid one upon the other and fastened together by ataples and chains. It was called a "butomet" snd served the purpose for a long time)  1847r 4nsv F~a n g $ a.son " NLpIj a.--Q E7 ]i ,s nw K a _ _ _ __~ .E t# . .. 1847 EnrF ~in t mo.>~ no .. r o.sR F  r r q iin I"zs a I r I iji1 MINI it d3a a " 8 ja; ka, 'a IR 8 a a'I a maPu esJI  U6 ftSTIDY OF JACONVltUv, FLORtDA U6 RISICRY OF IACCONVUr.;, FLORIDA U HISIDRY OF JACESONVILLE, FLORIDA Newspapers and Polities With the exception of 1841-2, Jacksonville had a weekly newspaper during nearly all of this period, and after 1848, there were two here. In the winter of 1842-8, George M. Grouard, of Washington, D. C., established the Tropical Plant; he published the paper until 1845. I. D. Hart, who was rnenino for (probably a State) office at the time, started what he called the "Florida Whig and People's Advocate" in the Interest of his candidacy-he was a Whig. This paper became defunct in about 30 days. In the fall of 1845, the News was moved from St. Augustine to Jackeonvile and published by A. C. Gillett and A. B. Hazzard; it was Demo- cratic in politics. In 1848, the Florida Republican was estab- lished with Columbus Drew as editor. At this time national politics and policies were undergoing an upheaval and the two local papers were frequently engaged in a spicy news- paper war in the interest of their respective parties. They did not print much local news and often used a considerable amount of "clipped" matter; yet it is remarkable that Jack- sonville with a population less than a thousand should offr inducementsa for the support of two good newspapers. First Wpideaie In 1849, an epidemic of what was called "Brokes-bsne Fever" started in Jackeonvllle. It was so general that in many families all members of the household were sick at the same time. Fortunately the epidemic was of short duration and no deaths occurred as a result of the visitation. This was probably a mild form of what is now called denogue. Jacksonville passed through this period 1840-1850 with- out any serious set-backs to its growth and advanced its position from a village to that of a small town. In the latter half of the decade the tiber busineas began to come forward as a large industry, which developed into a relatively enor- mos lumber business in the 1850's) aness. c sem .. r-~em Ula.,a euhi m- Newspaer and Polities With the exception of 1841-2, Jacksonville had a weekly newspaper during nearly all of this period, and after 1848, there were two here. In the winter of 1842--, George M. Grouard, of Washington, D. C., established the Tropical Plant; he published the paper until 1846. 1. D. Hart, who was running for (probably a State) office at the time, started what he called the "Florida Whig and People's Advocate" In the interest of his candidacy-he was a Whig. This paper became defunct in about 80 days. In the fall of 1845, the News was moved from St. Augustine to Jacksonville and published by A. C. Gillett and A. S. Hazzard; it was Demo- cratic in politics. In 184, the Florida Republican was estab- lished with Columbus Drew as editor. At this time national politics and policies were undergoing an upheaval and the two local papers were frequently engaged in a spicy news- paper war in the interest of their respective parties. They did not print much local news and often used a considerable amount of "clipped" matter; yet it is remarkable that Jack- sonville with a population less than a thousand should offer inducemente for the support of two good newspapers. Firt Epidemiie in 1849, an epidemic of what was called "Broken-bone Fever' started in Jacksonville. It was so general that In many families all members of the household were sick at the same time. Fortunately the epidemic was of short duration and no deaths occurred as a result of the visitation. This was probably a mild form of what is now called dengue. Jacksonvile passed through this period 1840-1850 with- out say serious set-backa to is growth and advanced its position from a village to that of a small town. In the latter half of the decade the timber business began to ceme forward as a large Industry, which developed into a relatively enor- mau lumber business in the 1850'.. uarvsnu. .a.sn... vee. u. Newspapers and Polities With the exception of 1841-2, Jacksonviue had a weekly newspaper during nearly all of this period, and after 1848, thare were two here. In the winter of 1842-8. George M. Grouard, of Washington, D. C., established the Tropical Plant; he published the paper until 1845. 1. D. Hart, who was running for (probably a State) office at the time, started what he called the "Florida Whig and People's Advocate" i the interest of his candidacy-he was a Whig.. This paper became defunct in about 80 days. In the fall of 1845, the News was moved from St. Augustine to Jacksonville and published by A. C. Gillett and A. B. Haszard; it was Demo- ratc in politics. In 1848, the Florida Republican was estab- lished with Columbus Drew as editor. At this time national politics and policies were undergoing an upheaval and the two local papers were frequently engaged in a spicy news- paper war in the interest of their respective parties. They did not print much local news and often used a considerable amount of "clipped" matter; yet it is remarkable that Jack- sonvle with a population less than a thousand should offer inducements for the support of two good newspapers. First Epidemic In 1849, an epidemic of what was called "Broken-hone Fever" started in Jacksonville. It was so general that in many famlies all memhers of the household were sick at the same time, Fortunately the epidemic was of short duration and no deaths occurred as a result of the visitation. This was probably a mild form of what is now called dengue. Jacksonville passed through this period 1840-1850 with- sot any serious saet-backs to its growth and advanced its position from a village to that of a small town. In the letter half of the decade the timber business began to come forward as a large industry, which developed into a relatively enor- moos lumber boniness tn the 1850'a. rx w.®.msa....ancZ1=1im asneevmm - ' - mmm aa 01 l   C '- DwntVn L { IwM 7) OBsfsa A ADM IFAP Ass tXMA E ° N.E.v4Z Q s /a gqCF.Ig1 %?AIN A/M~tS -. A B y EASeN 2Qj fl "H a W poveraI v n e 7 A/ "BuO nnsrF T e ~ ~ ~ srf a~ 1k " I ThSC DV ~ o /fifrn - ii . n f] m BA lhodY .T~ ' ~ v , vto e I / /F-as s /e ? A : P m~s *a is ~a lcas m.ur x4S.JFFThw th~~S XCIIt ae ACUVAL A//PI 5a/flNgN nn T' Po/NI 5 E/25 K7 S //sI JiSi' 111KB/ env SB - n/. O Y J n//I MV- n~n/nntIp~n ad,,nthf A dS- Ix PlnmAl _1 dn bidgo anv bittm-,PmelntFI- It Fmnth Ind al.n DIn hnntSnnnt nntn (nvnMv,)n nE Sptna thttrp,,"- In IS k 1 1 ln,4nn 1hn,,~l lA t PF'SI 9'nn~n St I 1,nnn It F Inv4h1nrnd It6B1ny  Sr sr V K Sr R/Y . - f - - -J/c/ trio n br.~M aooBx evoke os co~nccomnl -Sr sr eSAAI ® ® '3<0 0$ o/toot'S E"® "53c A-C wnO 0 .,4 0 3 onrv brk fta. a. Sr CS Y' Sr mOWi/A/ 0 oorca o~ Pi'- ttr~~~nhS/ F/C nl6 tm. v/SOS t arw i Innkx l a 6[.o<   HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 7 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIA 87 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA V CHAPTER IK JACKSONVILLE IN THE EARLY FIFTES The built-up portion of the town was bounded by Wash ington Street on the eant, Laura on the west, Duval on the- north, and the river on the south. Bay Street, South Side There were neither wharves nor stores on the south side of Bay Street between Ocean and Laura, except a long oe- story, wooden building near Laura, called the "government building", built by the United States government during the Seminole Indian war as a commissary for supplies. Just west of Pine (Main), on the river front stood a saw mill operated by J. B. Barbee. Fire destroyed it at an early date, consuming with it ahuman being,one of the sorrowful events of those early times. Across Ocean Street on the south side of Bay, east, Thomas Ledwith had a store and a wharf; he was succeeded by Alesp & Boors. Several other stores occupied this block, among them Gunby & Fernandez, later Fernandes & Biabee, and later still Biobee & Canova. East of this store was that of S. N. Williams, and near the corner of Newnan was Mc- Rory's book store. The first brick building built in Jackson- ville adjoined the Ledwith store and was occupied by C. D. Oak, jeweler and watchmaker; this was about 1850. A building stood on the southeast corner of Newnan and Day and was occupied from the earliest times, by different parties. Finegan & Belchase are among the first recalled; later Dr. T. Hlartridge. Next to this store was that of Bel- lows; then Santo. Next to Santo was Moris Keil, a small store, tailoring done by husband and the store kept by the wife. Captain Charles Willey had a dwelling eon the corner of Market, and a wharf from which he ran a line of sailing vessels to Charleston and another to Key West. These names are remembered in connection with this dwelling: Mrs. Libby, mother of Mrs. Willey ; Frances Yale, daughter of Captain Willey. Afterward Columbus Drew, Sr., ocupied this house and issued from here a Whig paper called the "Republican. CHAPTER IX JACKSONVILLE IN THE EARLY FIFTIES The builtiup portion of the town was bounded by Wash. ington Street on the east, Laura on the west, Duval en the- north, and the river on the south. Bay Street, South Side There were neither wharves nor steres on the south side of Bay Street between Ocean and Laura, except a long one- story, wooden building near Laura, railed the "government building", built by the United States government during the Seminole Indian war asa commisary for supplies, Just west of Pine (Main), on the river front stod a saw mill operated by J. B. Barbee. Fire destroyed it at an early date, consuming with ita human being, one of the sorrowful events of those early times. Across Ocean Street on the south side of Bay, east. Thomas Ledwith had a store and a wharf; he was succeeded by Alsop & Boors. Several other stores occupied this block, among them Gushy & Fernande, later Fernandes & Bisbee; and later still Biabee & Canova. East of thin store was that of S. N. Williams, and near the corner of Newnan was Mc- Rory's book store. The first brick building built in Jackssn- vile adjoined the Ledwith store and wa occupied by C. D. Oak, jeweler and watchmaker; this was about 1850. A building stood on the southeast corner of Newnan and Bay and was occupied from the earliest times, by different parties. Finegan & Beichasee are among the first recalled; later Dr. T. Hartridge Next to this store was that of Bel- lows; then Santo. Next to Santo was Morris Keil, a small store, tailoring done by husband and the store kept by the wife. Captain Charles Willey had a dwelling on the corner of Market, and a wharf from which he ran a line of sailing vessels to Charleston and another to Key West. These names are remembered in connection with this dwelling: Mr. Libby, mother of Mrs. Willey; Frances Yale, daughter of Captain Willey. Afterward Columbus Drew, Sr. ocupied this house and issued from here a Whig paper called the "Republican". JACKSONVILLE IN THE EARLY FIIES The built-up portion of the town was bounded by Wash. ington Street on the east, Laura on the west, Duval en the- north, and the river on the sooth. Bay Street, South Side There were neither wharves nor stores on the south side of Bay Street between Ocean and Laura, except a long one- story, wooden building near Laura, called the "government building", built by the United States government during the Seminole Indian war as a commissary for supplies. Just west of Pine (Main), on the river front stood a saw mill operated by J. B Barbee. Fire destroyed it at an early date, consuming with itahuman being, one of the sorrowful events of those early times. Across Ocean Street on the south side of Bay, east, Thomas Ledwith had a store and a wharf; he was succeeded by Alsop & Boors. Several other stores occupied this block, among them Gunby & Fernandez later Fernandez & Biobe, and later still Bisbee & Canova. East of this stere was that of S. N. Williams, and near the corner of Newnan was Mr- Rory's book store. The first brick building built in Jacone-. ville adjoined the Ledwith store and was occupied by C. D. Oak, jeweler and watchmaker ; this won about 1850. A building stood on the southeast corner of Newnan and Bay and was occupied from the earliest times, by different parties. Finegan & Beichasse are among the first recalled; later Dr. T. Bartridge. Next to this store was that of Bel- lows; then Santo. Next to Santa was Morris Keil, a small store, tailoring done by husband and the store kept by the wife. Captain Charles Willey had a dwelling on the corner of Market, and a wharf from which he ran a line of sailing seasels to Charleston and another to Key West. These names are remembered in connection with this dwelling: Mrs. Libby, mother of Mrs. Willey; Frances Yale, daughter of Captain Willey. Afterward Columbus Drew, Sr., occupied this house and issued from here a Whig paper called the "Republica".  88 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 88 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE. FLORIDA 88 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA At the foot of Market Street a fish market stood over the- water. This was the first market In the town. East of Market Street the entire block was vacant. At thefoot of Liberty Street there was a ferry to cross the river, operated to connect with the road to St. Augustine. A gar- rison woo kept at Fort Marion at that time and cattle were forded at this ferry and driven to St. Augustine to fur- nilh beef for the soldiers. Lighters conveyed pasengers . vehicles, and freight across. The block east of Liberty Street contained a fine grove of treec, Public, outof-door functions, such as barbecues, Fourth of July celebrations, etc., were generally held here. Therewas only one small buildingon the block-a carpenter's shop near the water's edge. East of Washington Street, the river bank was very mueh higher, affording a steep sand hill that the children of the neighborhood used as an amusement place, rolling and jump. ing in the soft, white sand. Beyond this hill E. A. DeCottes had a dwelling, and on the corner of Bay and Catherine, Stephen Vandergrift and family lived. The next block was vacant, except a small machine shop near the middle of the block. John Clark's sawmill was near Hogana Creek. Finegan's sawmill was on the river front on the east side of the creek, and his family resided there, in, cluding Constantia, Dora, and Martha Travis, daughters of Mrs. Finegan by a former marriage. Bay Street, North Side On the north side of Bay Street, westward from Hogans Creek to Catherine Street was a corn field until the early 1850's, when a grist mill was built near the creek. From Catherine to Washington was unoccupied until Tony Canova built a residence at the northeast corner of Washington. At the northwest corner of Washington Street stood the Merrick House, famous as the "haunted house". Peculiar noises were often heard within, yet no ghosts appeared. Some of the less superstitious said there was as underground river at that point that caused the noises. All was vacant thence to Liberty Street until 1851 or 1852, when J. C. Hem. ming built a residence on the northeast corner of Liberty. A atore house steed on the northwest corner of Bay and Liberty Streets, used for storing freight awaiting ferriage At the foot of Market Street a fish market stood over the" water. This was the first market in the town.- East of Market Street the entire block was vacant. At thefootof Liberty Street there wasaferry tocross therAver, operated to connect with the road to St. Augustine. A gar- rison was kept at Fort Marion at that time and cattle were forded at this ferry and driven to St. Augustine to fur- nish beef for the soldier. Lighters conveyed passengers, vehicles, and freight across. The hiek east of Liberty Street contained a fuse grave of trees. Public, out-of-door fanction., such as barbecues, Fourth of July celebrations, etc., were generally held here. There was only one small buildingon the blck-a carpenters shop near the water's edge. East of Washington Street, the river bank was very much higher, agfording a steep sand hill that the children of the neighborhood used as an amusement place, rolling and jump- ing in the soft, white sand. Beyond this hill E. A. DeCettes had a dwelling, and on the corner of Bay and Catherine, Stephen Vandergrift and family lived. The next block was vacant, except a small machine shop snar the middle of the block. John Clark's sawmill was near Hogano Creek. Finegan's sawmill was on the river front on the east aide of the creek, and his famly resided there, in- cluding Cosotantia, Dora, and Martha Travis, daughters of Mrs. Finegan by a former marriage. Bay Street, North Side On the north side of Bay Street, westward from Hogans Creek to Catherine Street was a corn field until the carly 1850's, when a grist mill was built near the creek. From Catherine to Washington was unoccupied until Tony Canova built a residence at the northeast corner of Washington. At the northwest corner of Washington Street stood the Merrick House, famous as the "haunted house". Peculiar noises were often heard within, yet no ghosts appeared. Some of the less superstitious said there was an underground river at that point that caused the noines All was vacant thence to Liberty Street until 1851 or 1852, when J. C. Hem- ming built a rsidence on the northeast corner of Liberty. A store house stood on the northwest corner of Bay and Liberty Streets, used for storing freight awaiting ferriage At the foot of Market Street a fish market stood over the water. This was the first market is the town._. East of Market Street the entire block was vacant. At the foot of Liberty Street therewo aferry to cross the river, operated to connect with the road to St. Augustine. A gar- risn was kept at Fort Marion at that time and cattle were forded at this ferry and driven to St. Augustine to fur- nish beef for the soldiers. Lighters conveyed passengers, vehiles, and freight across,. The block east of Liberty Street contained a fine grove of trees. Public, out-of-door fanctions, such as barbecues, Fourth of July celebrations, etc., were generally held here. There ws only one small buildingon the block-a carpenter's shop near the water's edge. East of Washington Street, the river bank was very much higher, affording a steep sand hill that the children of the neighborhood used as an amusement place, rolling and jump- ing in the soft, white sand. Beyond this hill E. A. DeCottes had a dwelling, and on the corner of Bay and Catherine, Stephen Vandergrift and family lived. The next block was vacant, except a small machine shop near the middle of the block. John Clark's sawmill was near Hogans Creek. Finegan's sawmill was on the river front on the east side of the creek, and his family resided there, in- cluding Constantha, Dora, and Martha Travis, daughters of Mrs. Finegan by a former marriage. Ray Street, Nmth Side On the north side of Bay Street, westward from Hogans Creek to Catherine Street was a corn field until the early 1850's, when a grist mill was built near the creek. From Cathrine to Washington was unoccupied until Tony Canova built a residence at the northeast corner of Washington. At the northwest corner of Washington Street stood the Merrick House, famous as the "haunted house". Peculiar noises were often heard within, yet no ghosts appeared. Some of the less superstitioun aid there was an underground river at that point that caused the noises. All was vacant thence to Liberty Street until 1851 or 1852, when J. C. Hem- ming built a residence on the northeast corner of Liberty. A store house stood on the northwest comer of Bay and Liberty Streets, used for storing freight awaiting ferriage  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 89 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 89 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 89 across the river, and later as a school house. The Burritt homestead stood near the northeast corner of Bay and Mar- ket, and it was the most pretentious house in the town. There were large grounds, with stables, servants' quarters, and Mr. Burritt's law oitces. The vacant lot on the river front, also Burritt property, abounding in shrubbery and shade trees, gave beautiful serrsundings, At the northwest corner of Bay and Market Streets, I. D Hart oused a boarding house, which was kept ouccessively by Mrs. Hatch, Mra. Flotard, Mrs. Maxey, and Mrs. Taylor, the ownebrsi passing to Mrs. Taylor's daughter, Mrs. Hed- riek, in 1853. West of this building was inclosed, but unoe- cupied-owned by Mrs. Philip Fraser, inherited from her iirst husband, Captain Zeb Willey. Dr. Byrne built two stores between this inclosure and the corners probably is 1852. Aeroot Newnan Street, the entire block to Ocean was occupied by business hosses. On the northwest corner of Newnan and Boy, names not remembered until occupied by Paul Canova. Next to the corner was the grm of Miller & Blackwood, wines and liquors; thence west in order wore: Dr. Foreman, general merchandise, afterward Gushy; Bar- nard & Farrar, general store, later Msss & Ambler, later still. Ambler & Hoeg; Rosenthal, the first Hebrew merchant in town; Col, tailor: and on the corner of Ocean, Mr. Cutter, afterward Morris Cet The three last stores were owned by Thomas W. Jones. On the northwest corner of Ocean and Bay Streets, A. M. Reed had a store.-groceries and dry goods. West of this was Calvin Oak, gunsmith. From here to Pine Street woo unccupied, in fart Bay Street was almost impassible at this point. A pond of water north of Duval Street drained down- ward through Fine Street, making a quagmire at its lower end, over which bridges were built across Pine at Bay and at Forsyth Streets. An attempt was made to improve the approaches to the bridges by laying logs lengthways aross the street; this "corduroy" construction was very rough Across Pine Street Dr. Baldwin owned two lots, the corner beingagardenverymuchinneedof drainage. Dr. Baldwin's dwelling was on the next lot; saso his ofice. Westofthatwas a dwelling occupied succesnively by A. M. Reed, Walter Kipp, Mr. Herbert, Captain L'Eigle, George Powers, and finally across the river, and later as a school house. The Burritt homestead stood near the northeast corner of Bay and Mar. ket, and it was the most pretentious house in the town. There were large grounds, with stables, servants' quarters, and Mr. Burritt's law offices. The vacant lot on the river front, also Burritt property, abounding in shrubbery and shade trees, gave beautiful surnoundines. At the northwest corner of Bay and Market Streets, . D. Hart owned a boarding house, which was kept successively by Mrs. Hatch, Me. Flotard, Mrs. Maxey, and Mrs. Taylor, the ownership passing to Mrs. Taylor's daughter, Mrs. Bed- rick, in 1853. West of this building was inclosed, but unce- copied-owned by Mrs. Philip Fraser, inherited from her first husband, Captain Zeb Willey. Dr. Byrne built two stores between this inelosure and the corner, probably in 1852,. Across Newnan Street, the entire block to Ocean was occupied by business houses. On the northwest corner of Newnan and Bay, names not remembered intil occupied by Paul Canva,. Neat to the corner was the firm of Miller & Blackwood, wines and liquors; thence west in order were Dr. Foreman, general merchandise, afterward Cunby; Bar- nard & Farrar, general store, later Mrss & Ambler, later still, Ambler & Hoeg; Rosenthal. the irst ebrew merchatin town; Goff, tailor; and on the corner of Ocean, Mr. Coutter, afterward Morris Keil. The three last stores were owned by Thomas W. Jones. On the northwest corner of Ocean and Bay Streets, A. M. Reed had a store-graceries and dry goods. West of this was Calvin Oak, gunsmith. From here to Pine Street was unoccupied, in fact Bay Street was almost impassible at this point. A pond of water north of Duval Street drained down- ward through Pine Street making a quagmire at its lower end, over which bridges were built across Pine at Bay and at Forsyth Streets. An attempt was made to improve the approanhes to the bridges by laying logs lengthways across the street; this "corduroy" construction was very rough. Across Pine StretDr. Baldinowned twolots, hecorner beinga garden very much in need of drainage. Dr. Baldwin's dwelling wasonoenestlot;alsob isoise. Westof thatwas a dwelling occupied successively by A. M. Reed, Walter Kipp, Mrs. erbert, Captain L'Engle, Ceorge Powers, and finally across the river, and later as a school house. The Burritt homestead stood near the northeast corner of Bay and Mar- ket, and it was the most pretentious house in the town. There were large grounds, with stables, servants' quarters. and Mr. Brritt's law olices The vacant lot on the river front, also Bourritt property, abounding in shrubbery and shade trees, gave beautiful surroundings At the northwest corner of Bay and Market Sheets, 1. D. Hart owned a boarding house, which was kept successivel by Mrs. Hatch, Mrs. Fiotard, Mrs. Maxey, and Mrs. Taylor, the ownership passing to Mrs. Taylor's daughter, Mrs. Hed- rick, in 1853. West of this building was inclosed, but nose- coupied-owned by Mrs. Philip Fraer, inherited from her first husband, Captain Zeb Willey. Dr. Byrne built two stores between this inclosure and the corner, probably in 1852. Aeross Newnan Street, the entire block to Ocean was occupied by business houses. On the northwest corner of Newnan and Bay, names not remembered until occupied by Paul Canova. Next to the corner was the firm of Miller & Blackwood, wines and liquors; thence west in order were: Dr. Foreman, general merchandise, afterward Onbsy ; Bar. nnrd & Farra, general stare, later Moss & Ambler, oter still, Ambler & Hoeg; Rosenthal, the first Hebrew merchant in town; Golt, tailor; and on the corner of Ocean, Mr. Cutter, afterward Morris Keio. The three last stores were owned by Thomas W. Jones. On the northwest corner of Ocean and Bay Streets, A. M. Reed had a store-groceries and dry goods. West of this was Calvin Oak, gunsmith. From here to Pine Sheet was unoccupied, in fart Bay Street was almost impassible at this point. A pond of waternorth of Duval Stret drained down- ward through Pine Street, making a quagmire at its lower end, over which bridges were built acros Pine at Bay and at Forsyth Streets. As attempt was made to improve the approaches to the bridges by laying logs lengthways across the street; this "corduroy" construction was very rough. Across Pine Street Dr. Baldwin owned two lots,the corner being a garden very much in need ef drainage. Dr. Baldwin's dwelling was on the next lot;also his olere. Westofthatwas a dwelling occupied successively by A. M. Reed, Walter Kipp, Mrs. Herbert, Captain L'ERgle, George Powers, and finally  90 HISTORY OF JACKSONVLLE, FLORIDA 90 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 9o HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA by Judge Rodney Dorman. Cyrus Bisbee owned a dwelling on the northeast corner of Bay and Laura, where he lived many yearn. This was the western boundary of the town for a long time. Later Mr. Kipp built a residence on the northwest corner of Boy and Laura, Captain LTEngle then lived close to the river across from the Kipps. Beyond Laura Street there was nothing more until a small creek was crossed where Julia Street is now. Mr. Bouter owned a mill and a dwelling on the west side of this creek; the mill was burned, and the dwelling was afterward occupied by Hal Sadler. Thence to McCoys Creek every. thing wan woad,. A rde bridge crossed McCoys Creek near the foot of the present Broad Street, and to the went of this bridge, on the creek was a small house occupied by the Curry family. Aeros the creek was P. Moody's naw mill and dwelling, and beyond was the Lancaster place, called "Lancaster's Point". Then the plantation of Elias Jaudon, and across Mcclirtn Creek, now Ortega, was the Sadler plan- tation. Forsyth Street, South Side At the southeast corner of Laura and Forsyth, L D. Hart lived in a large two-story house. Thence to Pine Street was vacant, until Dr. Foreman built on the corner of Pine. The southeast corner of Pine and Forsyth was owned by the Douglas and Reed families. Stables occupied the corner, with a garden beyond, and a dwelling on the corner of For- syth and Ocean, where A. M. Reed lived, then Thomas Douglas. On the southeast corner of Forsyth and Ocean wan a very old dwelling, known as the Mills house ; it was occupied by different families, among othera, Mrs. Bowman, and then J. W. Bryant. Between Forsyth and Bay, on Ocean Street, Thomas W. Jones and family lived on the east aide of the street. Next to the Mills house, east on Forsyth, William Doglan lived as early as 1847, and afterward a Ross family. This yard was large and here, under a tent, a traveling daguerreotypist took some fme pictures. This was probably the first artist to come to Jacksonville. Captain Armstrong lived on the southwest corner of Forsyth and Newman; he had n family. Between Forsyth and Bay on Newnan there were a few small shope. On the west aide were: Captain by Judge Rodney Dorman. Cyrus Bisbee owned a dwelling on the northeast corner of Bay and Laura, where he lived many years. This was the western boundary of the town for a long time. Later Mr. Kipp built a residence on the northwest corner of Bay and Laura. Captain L'Engle then lived close to the river across from the Kipps. Beyond Laura Street there was nothing more until a small creek was crossed where Julia Street is now. Mr. Boultar owned a mill and a dwelling on the west side of this ereek; the mill was burned, and the dwelling was afterward occupied by Hal Sadler. Thence to McCoys Creek every- thing was woods. A rude bridge crossed McCoys Creek near the foot of the present Broad Street, and to the west of this bridge, on the creek was a small house occupied by the Curry family. Across the creek was P. Moody's saw mill and dwelling, and beyond was the Lancaster place, called "Lancaster's Point". Then the plantation of Elias Jaudon, and across Mcficts Creek, now Ortega, was the Sadler plan- tation . Forsyth Street, South Side At the southeast corner of Laura and Forsyth, I. D. Hart lived in a large two-story house. Thence to Pine Street was vacant, until Dr. Foreman built on the corner of Pine. The southeast corner of Pine and Forsyth won owned by the Douglas and Reed families. Stables occupied the corner, with a garden beyond, and a dwelling on the corner of For- syth and Ocean, where A. M. Reed lived, then Thomas Douglas. On the southeast corner of Forsyth and Ocean was a very old dwelling, known as the Mills house; it was occupied by different families, among others, Mrs. Bowman, and then J. W. Bryant. Between Forsyth and Bay, on Ocean Street, Thomas W. Jones and family lived on the east side of the etreet. Next to the Mills house, eant o Forsyth, William Douglas lived an early as 1847, and afterward a Ross family. Thin yard was large and here, under a tent, a traveling daguerreotypist took some fine pictures. This was probably the first artist to come to Jacksonville. Captain Armstrong lived on the southwest corner of Forsyth and Newman; he had no family. Between Forsyth and Bay on Newnan there were a few small shops. On the west side were: Captain by Judge Rodney Dorman. Cyrun Bisbee owned a dwelling on the northeast corner of Bay and Laura, where he lived many years. This was the western boundary of the town for a long time. Later Mr. Kipp built a residence on the northwest corner of Bay and Laura. Captain L'Engle then lived close to the river across from the Kipp. Beyond Laura Street there was nothing more until a small creek was crossed where Julia Street is now. Mr. Boulter owned a mill and a dwelling on the west side of this creek; the mill was burned, and the dwelling was afterward occupied by Hal Sadler. Thence to McCoys Creek every- thing was woods. A rude bridge crossed McCoys Creek near the foot of the present Broad Street, and to the west of thin bridge, on the creek was a small house occupied by the Curry family. Across the creek was P. Moody's saw mill and dwelling, and beyond was the Lancaster place, called "Lancater's Point". Then the plantation of Elias Jadon, and across McGirts Creek, now Ortega, was the Sadler plan- tatioan. Forsyth Street, South Side At the southeast corner of Laura and Forsyth, L D. Hart lived in a large two-story house. Thence to Fine Street was vacant, until Dr. Foreman built on the corner of Pine. The southeast corner of Pine and Forsyth was owned by the Douglas and Reed families. Stables occupied the corner, with a garden beyond, and a dwelling on the corner of For syth and Ocen, where A. M. Reed lived, then Thomas Douglas. On the southeast corner of Forsyth and Ocean wasa very old dwelling, known as the Mills house; it was occupied by different families, among other., Mrs. Bowman, and then J. W. Bryant. Between Forsyth and Bay, on Ocean Street, Thomas W. Jones and family lived on the east side of the .treet. Next to the Mills house, east on Forsyth, William Douglas lived as early as 1847, and afterward a Ross family. This yard wan large and here, under a tent, a traveling dagoecreotypist took some fine pictures. This was probably the frst artist to come to Jacksonville. Captain Armstrong lived on the southwest comrer of Forsyth and Newman; he had no family. Between Forsyth and Bay on Newnan there were a few small shops. On the west aide were: Captain  HTR OF JAKOVILLE, FLORID 91 HITOY OF IAWK IULI, FOIAt 91 HITRY OF JACKOILLE FLOIDA 91 John Middleton, small store; Dr. Rex, an office; and Henry Houston, colored, barber shop. On the opposite side of the street was a large building used for offices. On the southeast corner of Forsyth and Newnan, Judge J.C.Cooper lived. East of this was the Zeb Willey property, known afterward as the Philip Frazer hous. Dr. J. D. Mitchell bought here later. Then Mr. Harrison built on the southwest corner of Forsyth and Market, where the law exchange now stands. Across Market Street were S. L. Burritt's office and grounds, occupying half the block. The Doggett family awnod the other, or east half of this block, on which were two houses. The Doggett residence won near the southwest corner of Forsyth and Liberty. In the middle of the block between Liberty and Washing- ton, the Watermaes lived, afterward the Hickmans, and later Dr. Murdock. This was one of the oldest houses in the town. On the southeast corer of Forsyth and Washington was another old house in which Mr. Adams lived, afterward Mr. Gillett, and later the Mooneys. For a long time nothing but a corn field was east of hero to Haans Creek. Forsyth Street, North Side On the north side of Forsyth Street, west from Hogans Creek, there was nothing to Washington Street, until Folik Livingston built on the northeast corner of Washington about 1850. At the northeast corner of Forsyth and Liberty Streets was a very old house of peculiar construction. The founda- tion was of stone, perhaps six feet high, and on top of this wall was a one-story wooden structure with a pias on three sides, It was said it vwas the abode of a am captain, a bucca- near, who, being too old to follow the sea, amused himself with a sepy-glass watching the river above and below. Dr. Theodore Hartridge built on this corner in 1858, at the same time building a smaller house on the northwest corner of Forsyth and Washington for his mother, Mrs. Hobby. Across Liberty Street Mr. Barbee owned and lived many years. The next lot was owned by John Po, where also lived his son-in-law, Jack Butler, a lively jovial Irishman so pleasantlyremembered by many. A small house west of this was occupied by different ones, the first remembered being John Middleton, small store; Dr. Rex, arn offce; and Henry Houston, colored, barber shop. On the opposite side of the street was a large building used for ofices. On the southeast corner of Forsyth and Newnan, Judge J.C. Cooper lived. East of this was the Zeb Willey property, known afterward as the Philip Frazer house. Dr. J. D. Mitchell bought here later. Then Mr. Harrison built on the southwest corner of Forsyth and Market, where the law exchange now stands, Across Market Street were S. L. Burritt's oice and grounds, occupying half the block. The Doggett family owned the other, or east half of this block, en which were two houses. The Doggett residence was near the southwest corner of Forsyth and Liberty. In the middle of the block between Liberty and Washing- ton, the Watermans lived, afterward the Hickmans, and later Dr.Murdock. This was one of the oldest houses in the town. On the southeast corner of Forsyth and Washington was another old house in which Mr. Adams lived, afterward Mr. Gillett, and later the Mooneys, For a long time nothing but a corn field was east of here to ogeans Creek. Forsyth Street, North Side On the north side of Forsyth Street, west from Hgans Creek, there was nothing to Washington Street, until Felix Livingston built on the northeast corner of Washington about 1850. At the northeast corner of Forsyth and Liberty Streets wasavery old house of peculiar construction The founda- tion was of stone, perhaps six feet high, and on top of this wall was a one-story wooden structure with a pians on three sides. It was said it was the abode of a sea captain, a bucca- neer, who, being toe old to follow the sea, amused himself with a spy-glass watching the river above and below. Dr. Theodore Hartridge built on this corner in 1858, at the same time building a maller house on the northwest corner of Forsyth and Washington far his mother, Mrs. Hobby, Across Liberty Street Mr. Barbee owned and lived many years. The next lot was owned by John Pons, where also lived his sen-is-law, Jack Butler, a lively jovial Irishman as pleasantlyrememberedbymany. Asmallhousewestofthis was occupied by different ones, the irot remembered being John Middleton, small store; Dr. Rex, an ofice; and Henry Houston, colored, barber shop. On the opposite side of the street was a large building used for oficees. On the southeast corner of Forsyth and Newnan, Judge J.C. Cooper lived. East of this was the Zeb Willey property, known afterward as the Philip Franer house. Dr. J. D. Mitchell bought here later. Then Mr. Harrison built on the southwest corner of Forsyth and Market, where the law exchange now stands. Across Market Street were S. L. Buritt's ofce and grounds, occupying half the block. The Doggett family owned the other, tr east half of this block, on which were two houses. The Doggett residence was near the southwest corer of Forsyth and Liberty. In the middle of the block between Liberty and Washing- ton, the Waterman lived, afterward the Hickmns, and later Dr. Murdock. This was one of the oldest houses in the town. On the southeast corner of Forsyth and Washington was another old house in which Mr. Adams lived, afterward Mr. Gillett, and later the Mooneys. For a long time nothing but a comn teld was east of here to Hogan Creek, Forsyth Street, North Side On the north side of Forsyth Street, west from Hogans Creek, there was nothing to Washington Street, until Felix Livingston built on the northeast corner of Washington about 1850. At the northeast corner of Forsyth and Liberty Streets was a very old house of peculiar construction. The founda- tion was of stone, perhaps six feet high, and on top of this wall was a one-story wooden structure with a piazza on three sides. It was said it was the abode of a ses captain, a bucca- neer, who, being too old to follow the sea, amused himself with a spy-gla watching the river above and below. Dr. Theodore retridge built on this corner in 1853, at the same time building a smaller house on the northwest corner of Forsyth and Washington for his mother, Mrs. Hobby. Across Liberty Street Mr. Barbee owned and lived many years. The next lot was owned by John Pone, where also lived his son-in-law, Jack Butler, a ively jovial Irishman so pleasantly remembered by mony. Asmall house west of this was occupied by different ones, the first remembered being  92 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 92 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 92 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA Mrs. Herbert, a school teacher. On the northeast corner of Forsyth and Market stood the court houee, and in the court house yard, back from the street, was the jail. The jail was inclosed by a high brick wall, on top of which was a barbette of broken glass, Across Market Street, on the northwest corner, was the Clerk's Office, Next was the dwelling of Mrs. Maxey. On the northeast eomer of Forsyth and Newnan was a small building used by William Grothe asajewelry shop. Thepost oflice was in this building for a long time also. Dr. H. D. Holland's residence was on the opposite corner, stables on the Forsyth Street side and his oflee on Newnan. A small hose stood on the lot west of Dr. Holland's resi- dence, where William Grotto lived, and next to this was a large two-tory lsee occupied at different times by the marnrds, Crabtreis, Gregorys, Allisons, Hearns, Sutton, and Cresos. On the corner was a dwelling hause occupied successively by the Kipps, Flotards, Traceyn, Hallidays, and Sandersons. On the northwest corner t Forsyth and Ocean Mrs. Dewees lived in a large two-story house, and back of her, between Forsyth and Adams, heer daughter, Mrs. Ponsatt lived, a utrswsrd the Kis, and later the eils. There were no other heosc on Forsyth troine Street. On the northwest corner of Forsyth and P no was a house occupied by the Donaldsons, later the Thehautd. A small house stood in the middle of the block back from the street, where Jane and Dick, oervanto of Mrs. Doglas, lived. West of here was aflnerove ofreeswerebarecuesandcele brations of different kinds were sometimes held. Near the northwest corner of Forsyth and the present Hogan Streets was the cite ol' the old Hagans house. Adams Street, Smuth Side Thomas W. Jones built a two-story dwelling on the south.- east corner of Adams and Laura in 1850. In 1851, Judge F. Bethune moved from his plantation a few miles up the river and bought this house for a rosidence. East of thia, in the middle of the block, was the Myers dwelling. The southwest corner of Adams sad Pne was saraut many ymrs. The Turknetts lived on the southeast corner of Adama and Pine. A small house, used principally a a servants' Mrs. Herbert, a school teacher. On the northeast corner of Forsyth and Market stood the court house, and in the court house yard, back from the street, was the jail. The jail was inclosed by a high brick wall, on top of which was a barbette of broken glass. Acress Market Street, on the northwest corner, was the Clerk's Office. Next was the dwelling of Mrs. Maxey, On the northeast corner of Forsyth and Newnan was a small building used by William Grote as ajewelryshop, Thepost olffice was in this building for a long time also, Dr. I. Hilld's residence was on the opeposite corner, stables on the Forsyth Street side and his offiee on Newnan. A small housee stood on the lot weat of Dr. Holland's resi- dence, where William Grotte lived, and next to this was a large two-story house occupied at different times by the Bacnerds, CrattreeC , Gregorys, Ailsons, Mearns, Sutton. asd Crespoe. On the corner was a dwelling house occupied successively by the Kipps, Flotards, Traceys, Hallidays, and Sandersons. On the northwest corner of Forsyth and Ocean Mrs. Dewees lived n ia large two-story house, and back of her, between Forsyth ard Adams, her daughter, Mrs. Poinsett lived, afterward the Kipps, and later the Keile. There wore so otter bosses so Forsyth to Pine Street. On the northwest corner of Forsyth and Pine was a house occupied by the Deoealdso, later lbs Thebuts. A small house stood in the middle of the block back from the street. where Jane and Dick, servants of Mrs. Douglas, lived. West of here was tnie grove of trees, where barbecues and celt- bratieo ot different kinds were sometimes held. Near the nohtwest corner of Forsyth and the present Hogan Streeta was the site of the old Hogans house. Adams Street, South Side Thomas W. Jones built a two-story dwelling on the south- east corner of Adams and Laura in 18s. In 1851, Judge F. Bethune moved from his plantation a few miles up the river and bought this house for a residenee. East of this, in the middle of the block, was the Myers dwelling. The southwest coner of Adams and Pine was vacant many years. The Turkeetts lived on the southeast corner of Adams and Pine. A small house, used principally as a servants' Mrs. Herbert, a school teacher. On the northeast corner of Forsyth end Marlket stood the court house, and in the court hoese yard. back from the street, was the jail. The jail was inclosed by a high brick wall, on top of which was a barbette of broken glass. Acros, Market Street, an the northwest comer, was the Clerk's Office. Next was the dwelling of Mrs. Maxey, On the northeast corner of Forsyth and Newnan was a small building used by William Grotheas a jewelry shop. Thepost office was in this building for a long time also. Dr. H. D. Holland's residence was on the opposite corner. stables on the Forsyth Street side and his office on Newnan, A small house stood on the lot wost of Dr. Holand's reas- dence, whore William rolhe lived, and next to this was large two-story house occupied at different times by the Barnards, Crabtrees, Gregorys, Allisons, Hearns Suttons, and Crespsa. On the corner was a dwelling house occupied successively by the Kipps, Flotards, Traceys, Halliday, and Sandersons. On the northwest corner of Forsyth and Ocean Mr. Dewees lived i na large tw-story house, and back of her, between Fsrvyth and Adams, her daughter, Mrs. Poinseit lived, afterward the Kipps, and later the Rells. There were no other heoses on Forsyth to Pine Street. On the northowest corner of Forsyth and Pine was a house occupied by the Donaldsons, later the Thebauts. A small house stood in the middle of the block back from the street, where Jane and Dick, servants of MIrs. Douglas, lived. West of here was a fine grove of trees, where barbecues and cele- brations of different kinds were sometimes held. Near the northwest corner of ForsytH and the preset Poen Streets was the site oft the old Hegans house. Adams Street. South Side Thomas W. Jones built a two-story dwelling on the south- east corner of Adams and Laura in IS5. In 1851, Judge F. Bethune moved from his plantation a few miles up the river and bought this house for a residence. East of this, is the middle of the block, was the hiyers dwell ing. The southwest coner of Adams and Pine was vacant many years. The Turknett lived on the southeast corner of Adams and Pine. A small house, used principally as a servants'  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 93 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 9 HITORY OF JACIKONVILLE, FLORIDA 93 house, stood on the next lot. There was nothing on the southwest corner sotil 1854. The southeast corner of Adams and Ocean was vacant a long time, the Crespos later building a boarding house at that point. Two houses owned by Mr. Creespo stood here; the first was horned. In the middle of the block were out-buildings used by the Buffington House, which eccupied the southwest corner facing Newnan. Across Newnan, Stephen Fernaode and family lived; afterward Dr. R. P. Daniel. Nent was the dwelling of S. N. Williams. There was nothing on the southwest corner of Market for many years. The Odd Fellows owned the southeast corner of Adams and Market, but the lodge building was on the inside of the lot facing Market. The lower story of this building was used as a school room, the upper story for the lodge. The cornerwainclosed and was used by the children as a play ground. Thence to the southwest corner of Adams and Washington was vacant; here Mr. Pons built at an early date. There was nothing sestof this to flagans Creek. Adams Street, North Side Returning west on Adams Street there was cnloig between Hogans Creek and the northeast corner of Market, where Mr. Fennimore lived. Mrs. 'ennimore was the dress- maker for all the boles of that day. Across Market were the Flemings ; next Captain William Ross, and on the corner of Newnan was a boarding hoses. On the nrthwest corner of Adams and Newnan were the Buflington House stables, afterward converted into a boarding house, called the California House. The weather- boarding on this building was placed up and down-an inno. vation at that day. Next, the Oibsos, man and wife, lived. An unfortunate mistake disrupted this family. A large boarding house in the town burned and Mr. Gibson was accused of setting it on fie. He was threatened with a cat of tar and feathers unles. he left the town. He left and never returned. In later years it developed that acareless aervant had placed hot ashes too near the building, causing it to catch on fire. Mr. Coogar lived on the northeast corner of Ocean and Adams. house, stood on the next lot. There was nothing on the southwest corner until 1854. The southeast corner of Adams and Ocean was vacant a long time, the Cresps later building a boarding house at that point. Two houses owned by Mr. Crespo stood here; the first was burned. In the middle of the block were out-buildings used by the Butliton House, which occupied the southwest corner facing Newnan. Across Newnan, Stephen Fernandez and family lived; afterward Dr. R. P. Daniel. Next was the dwelling of S. N. Williams. There was nothing on the suthwest corner of Market far many years. The Odd Fellows owned the southeast corner of Adams and Market, but the lodge boilding was on the inside of the lot facing Market. The lower story of this building was used as a school room, the upper story for the lodge. The corner was inclosed and was used by the children as a play ground. Thence to the southwest corner of Adams and Washington was vacant; here Mr. Pons built at an early' date. There was nothing east of this to Hogans Creek. Adams Street, North Side Returning west on Adams Street there wan nothing between logans Creek and the northeast corner of Market, where Mr. Fennimore lived. Mrs. Fennimore was the dress- maker for all the hellos of that day. Acrass Market were the Flemings ; next Captain William Ross, and on the corner of Newnan was a boarding house. On the northwest curner of Adams and Newnan were the Bufinogton House stables, afterward converted into a boarding house, called the California House. The weather- boarding on this building was placed up and down-siinno- vation at that day. Next, the Gibsons, man and wife, lived. An unfortunate mistake disrupted this family. A large boarding house in the town burned and Mr. Gibson woo accused of setting it on fire. He was threatened with a coat of tar and feathens uness he left the town. He left and never returned. In later years it developed that a areleas servant had placed hot ashes too near the building, causing it to catch on lire. Mr. Congar lived on the northeast coernr of Oean and Adam. house, stood on the next lot. There was nothing on the southwest corner until 1834. The southeast coner of Adams and Ocean was vacant a long time, the Crespos later buildirg a boarding house at that point. Twohouses aoed byMr. Cresp stood hres;the first was burned. In the middle of the block were out-buildings used by the Buflington Iose, which occupied the southwest corner facing Newnan. Across Newnan, Stephen Fernandez and family lived; afterward Dr. R. P. Daniel. Next wan the dwelling of S. N. Williams. There was nothing on the southwest corner of Market for many years. The Odd Follows owned the southeast corner of Adams and Market, but the lodge building was on the inside of the lot facing Market. The lower story of this building was ned as a school room, the upper story for the ledge. The earner woo inclosed and was used by the children as a play ground. Thence to the southwest corer of Adams and Washington was vacant; hers Mr. Pens built at a early date. There was nothing cast of this to Hegaes Creek. Adams Street, North Side Returning west on Adams Street there waa nothing between Hogons Creek and the northeast corner of Market, where Mr. Fennimare lived. Mrs. Fennimore was the dress- maker for all the belles of that day. Across Market were the Flemings; next Captain William Ros, and on the corner of Newnan was a boarding house. On the northwest corner of Adams and Newnan wer the Buflngton House stables, afterward converted into a boarding house, called the California House. The weather- boarding on this building was placed up and down-an inno- vation at that day. Next, the Gibsons, man and wife, lived. An unfortunate mistake disrupted this family. A large boarding house in the town burned and Mr. Cibson was accused of setting it on fire. He was threatened with a coat of tar and feathers unless he left the town. le left and never returned. In later years it developed that a orcles servant had placed hot ashes too near the building, causing it to catch on fire. Mr. Conge lived on the northeast corner of Ocean and Adams.  94 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 94 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 94 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA The Ledwitha lived across from the Congara, on the northwest corner, not quite on the corner, as that was a me plum orchard. Next to the Ledwiths was a Spanish family by the fame of Ximanes, whose income was derived from fishing, and the sale of mocking birds to the northern tourists that came here during the winter. The corner of Pine was not occupied, as the land was low and damp. Mounroe Street Columbus Drew, Sr., was really a pioneer when he built his house at the corner of More and Laura in 1851. East of this there were no buildings to the northeast core of Ocean, the site of the old block house. Here stood a large bilding used as a hotel, and conducted successively by Mrs. Coy, Creighton, and Mattair. In the opposite block, south aide of Monroe Street, inside from the corner, the Presby- terias had a small meeting house, where weekly prayer meetings were held. Judge Lancaster resided On the south- west corner of Monroe and Market, afterwards the Hearns, Suttons, and Garnies. Duval Street The Episcopal church occupied its present site at the head of Market Street. One of the early residences was built at the southeast corner of Duval and Market, and was occupied at different times by J. W. Bryant. Judge Daniel and Judge Pearson. There were two other churches on Duval Street, one near the northeast corner of Newnan, and the other across the street on the northwest corner. Back of this, north, were the homes of the free egroes, mostly west of Ocean Street. These negroes occupied land belanging to . D. Hart; this quarter was called "Negro Hill". m"GS i bsa see ta Ja The Ledwiths lived across from the Congors, on the northwest corner, not quite on the corner, as that was a fine plum orchard. Next to the Ledwiths was a Spanish family by the name of Ximanes, whose income was derived from fishing, and the sale of mocking birds to the northern tourists that came here during the winter. The corner of Pine was not occupied, as the land wan low and damp. Monroe Street Columbus Drew, Sr., was really a pioneer when he built his house at the corner of Monroe and Laura in 1851. East of this there wero no buildings to the northeapt corner of Ocean, the site of the old block house. Here stood a large building used as a hotel, and conducted successively by Mrs. Coy. Creighton, tad Mattair. In the opposite block, south aide of Monroe Street, inside from the corner, the Presby- terians had a small meeting house, where weekly prayer meetings were held. Judge Lancaster resided on the south- west corner of Monroe and Market, afterwards the Hearns, Suttons, and Garvies. Duval Street The Episcopal church occupied its present site at the head of Market Street. One of the early residences was built at the southeast corner of Duval and Market, and was occupied at different times by J. W. Bryant, Judge Daniel and Judge Pearson. There were two other churches on Duval Street, one near the northeast corner of Newnan, and the other across the street on the northwest corner. Back of this, north, were the homes of the free negroes, mostly west of Ocean Street. These negroes occupied land belonging to I. D. Hart; this quarter was called "Negro Mill". nblsos rai.i w..dnu cls r s .osea -en -sd iodssb The Ledwiths lived across from the Congars, on the northwest corner, not quite on the corner, as that was a ine plum orchard. Next to the Ledwiths was a Spanish family by the same of Ximanes, whose income was derived from fishing, and the sale of mocking birds to the northern tourists that came here during the winter. The corner of Pine was not occupied, as the land was low and damp, Monroe Street Columbus Drew, Sr., was really a pioneer when he built his house at the corner of Monroe and Laura in 1851. East of this there were no buildings to the northeast corner of Ocean, the site of the old block house. Here stood a large building used as a hotel, and conducted successively by Mrs. Coy, Creighton, and Mattair. In the opposite block, south side of Monroe Street, inside from the corner, the Presby- terians had a small meeting house, where weekly prayer meetings were held. Judge Lancaster resided on the south- west corner of Monroe and Market, afterwards the Mearns, Bottonm, and Carnies. Dual Street The Episcopal church occupied its present sits at the head of Market Street. One of the early residences was built at the southeast corner of Duval and Market, and was occupied at different times by J. W. Bryant, Judge Daniel and Judge Pearson. There were two other churches on Duval Street, one near the northeast corner of Newnan, and the other across the street on the northwest corner. Back of this, north, were the homes of the free negroes, mostly west of Ocean Street. These negoers occupied land belonging to 1. D. Hart; this quarter was called "Negro Mill". Bilsograrlyclhsoers  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 9U HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 95 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 95 CHAPTER X The first attempt to beautify the town was in 1850, when April Saurez, an old slave, under the direction of Dr. A. S. Baldwin and Gen. Thomas Ledwith planted the oaks that lined the street of Jacksonville before the fire of 1901. These trees orev to be the pride of the city; most of them were destroyed in the fire of 1001. In 1850, the first circular sawmill ever built in East For- Ida was erected at the mouth of Pottsburg Creek and in the following year John Clark built the second circular sawmill, on East Bay Street, noear Hogans Creek. Mr. Clark then added a planing mil, the first in East Florida. About 1853-54 there were flve or six sawmills at Jacksonville, and as manoy more in the immediate vicinity. The lumber industry had grown to be the principal one here. A great quantity of live oak timber was exported annually, for use in the construction of vesoels. Considerable cetton continued to be brought here for shipment also, Jacksonville being the shipping point for quite a large territory tributary to the St. Johns River. These industries put into circulation much money that natu- rally found its way into all lines of business. Nearly all the merchants were well-to-do, gauged by the standerd of that early time. Business was conducted without rancor and with the utmost integrity. Salaries were not what would now be called large, but the cost of living comfortably was within the reach of all-a condition having an important bearing upon the community. Abject poverty was a state unknown and seldom was a door locked or a window closed out of fear of petty thieving0 Relation Between Master and Servant The muestiou of master and slave was seldom referred to. The coaster considered it his duty to protect those who served him, and the servant felt that he was accountable for his master's social position and other responsibilities. The slaves were treated with a consideration and trust with- out a pr.rallel at this day. The children loved their colored "nanomden". and the mammies felt that they were reapon- The first attempt to beautify the town weas in 1850, when April Snures, an old slave, under the direction of Dr. A. S. Baldwin and Gen. Thomas Ledwith planted the oaks that lined the streets of Jacksonville before the fire of 1901. These trees grew to be the pride of the city; moot of them were destroyed in the fire of 1901. In 1810, the first circular sawmill ever built in East Flor- ida was erected at the mouth of Pottsburg Creek and in the following year John Clark built the second circular sawmill, on East Bay Street, near Hogans Creek. Mr. Clark then added a planing mill, the first in East Florida. About 1813-54 there were five or six sawmills at Jacksonville, and s many more in the immediate vicinity. The lumber industry had grown to be the principal one here. A great quantity of live oak timber was exported annually, for use in the constructian of vessels., Considerable cotton continued to be brought here for shipment alao, Jacksonville being the shipping point for quite a large territory tributary to the St. Jobs River. These industries put into circulation much money that natu- rally found its way into all lines of business. Nearly all the merchants were well-to-do, gauged by the standard of that earlytime. Business was conducted without rancor and with the utmost integrity. Salaries were not what would now be called large, but the cost of living comfortably was within the reach of all-u condition having an important bearing upon the community. Abject poverty was a state unknown and seldom was a door locked or a window closed out of fear of petty thieving Relation Between Maser and Servant The question of master snd slave was seldom referred to. The noaster considered it his duty to protect those who served hin, and the servant felt that he was accountable for his maeter's social position and other responsibilities. The slaves were treated with a consideration and trust with. out a pFrallel at this day. The children loved their colored "manadese, and the mammies felt that they were regarn. The first attempt to beautify the town was in 1850, when April Saures, an old slave, under the direction of Dr. A. S. Baldwin and Gen. Themas Ledwith planted the oaks that lined the streets of Jacksonville before the fire of 1901. These trees grew to be the pride of the city; most of them were destroyed in the fre of 1901. In 1850, the first circular sawmill ever built in East Flor- ida was erected at the mouth of Pottsburg Creek and in the following year John Clark built the second circular sawmill, o East Bay Street, tear Hoeans Creek. Mr. Clark then added a planing mill, the first in East Florida. About 186-54 there were five or six sawmills at Jacksonville, and as many more in the immediate vicinity. The lumber industry had grown to be the principal one here. A great quantity of live oak timber was exported annually, for use in the construction of vessels." Considerable cotton continued to be brought here for shipment also, Jacksonville being the shipping point far quite a large territory tributary to the St. Johns River. These industries put into circulation much money that natu- rally found its way into all lines of business. Nearly all the merchants were well-ho-do, gauged by the standard of that earlytime. Businesswasconductedwithoutrancorandwith the utmost integrity. Salaries were not what would now be called Inrge, but the coot of living comfortably was within the reach of all-a condition having an important bearing upon the community. Abject poverty wasao state unknown and seldom was a door locked or a window closed out of fear of petty thieving.5 Relation Between Master and Servant The cuestion of master and slave was seldom referred to. The aster considered it his duty to Protect those who ioseed his,, and the servant felt that he was accountable for his master's social position and other responsibilities. The slaves were treated with a consideration and trust with- out a prnlel at this day. The children loved their coored "mmndes", and the mammies felt that they were respon-  96 HISORY OF IACUOILN, FLOIUA 96 HISTORY OF JACKSONILLE FLOIA 96 HISTORY 0F JACONVILLE, FIDAf .ioic for the obedience of the children, "manoern" being held at a premium eool duty the tirot considerstin.& The elaction between masoter and slave differed little from that prevailing in other pactione of the South before the was-cnineere and conftding affectionson oneoalde, andan: the at her a ind and coaniofeicae regulation of the eimpie I liven repeosed in the white owneros care. When en entertain- ment was givenby the colored people t wasnotat alllu- enal foc thoemistrestoalend her jewey to her maid for the occotiosheoawing Plainly the interest taken in the pleas re of the slaveos; and in sickncess they were previded for and hgiven the teen attentiost. There were, of courue, roxcaptieno ino bothePoose.0 Thisandvertiseement, appearing in the Flerida News, a local onesaper, in intereotieg, in dicting s it dues, one teethed nil recovering runaway slaves: 'renaia-eoe llen Rewar. aellAbOAY in iesteI loot myeae womSan HANNAH. Ste isnabtnteho n 1, 'Ine.heo-igh, blacetes (rooe .Iscsd ateat 1. ocae e. Hosmob ase nomain, io isowcon1.ee To emoze, tene brte.-1 nnefleeryoeafnbsta,oeenrrlatbeltreeeysl teno baewroofNennanrile. T1-shoemnosewil egs apeas aex ben lodten-mceaititneIstan sIto.I aecnffsdtiend one atutho r , sueti-mie. Loon M. Casota Jloebeeoeite, Jmbe 0, lelie Fee .tSnrc m auei will eteoenss a od end eoef heills so .lo ofer. Thin same paper contained another item of Interest, one that wold indicate that the fawn Council wa smpwexd of citizenu Icceng for the bent interest of the communsityt Presisgo of ale Tees Ctvaei Ileotc Mierting Caunel abctet, Aegast e. clot concei Met_-.ePsrn, rio Booty. Amory . Alnunoedanigtt osec, Hn"perme, CooPer, codCae-e, cooitee., M. Toovd, shrend Csacoiceasteto fil oeaeasyossclnd by al oef, ee ni ofWm. Also,. cececrad foe the spasso cCofegs tan InlnI.-o,naids a .".Ieetobe CeeeetmanoeO ages,es-the erc-od or litaot petees tg i-ite m euttidn for e qr as- Attees . 0 BmtEsee lon ethic for the otediottce of the children "mnner" heing held atea prenoium attd daly the firot eoneiderctisn h The reatilon botwen master and stave differed little from tuet prevailing in other pationos of the South before the wn c-ntorts end oosnfiing affection an one aide, and on the ethers kind end contoiderate regulation of the simples liveas reponed in the white owner's care. When aos entertain- veot woe given by the colored pople, it was nat at all an- uneut fa- the mintrene tattled be r welry to her maid for them nete , showing plainly the interent taken to the pless- ueeoftheclavesotcnd in siknees they were provided fcrand given the heat cttentien. There were, of couse, eceptiona in looth hcco- Thin advertisement, appering in the Flari!" News, a heal newsopaper, in intereoting Indicating as it due one method ail recove ring ruaanea slaves: Tel-leo Ioa.e osRd., RUNAOCAY ic afa see be. lan wes-loe OOANhiAS Sloe is eoe m t On 01, l hs m eite blo Ich, em frer toeth ae aloart 1. lnsaa steeentN eeeaaI, cectasnesa mor bra. ni tot Mo.,At Cnaoneo eeneey eon poaty of fanor. seasl.,eoflf cemeiilo In se rcod silbe glesas brloim; Illcc in nay il oe coos mtIea fer wabno ro being dslleerdl Jeolosnari Pe, Jose a.rnon. Tltroi'lcbs psesso Wti g~ate aspc and Beed Wl bills to slob n ea Thin same paper contained another item of interoct, one that would iadicate then the Town Council wan composed of citioens serving for the heat interest of the community: Irwndiasni aes ase C....il Reenter uteelieg onei Choobor, Aegoct to 0062 Cocoi aaeMI,--yceone. ili Rrotntety 3. Pictue, lesdat p~e aoticaegto, Catesy, e:oI Caseca.nm the i-icgmebe aOtet. Atcl, sceetoed Our the puiee cf tolos ts Iseb or offle, whib n n'1, otood cct by Ceaneimas aelsgeos, as Ilt, god of lots woe 0ocesis ate aolisoifteeleom one te pee- fetotasec or she atien oo thesta. n Abtae, r. C. asceti, als ethic for the obedience of the children, macrne bing held atea premium and duly the tirot canatderatien.e The ,et!on hetween master antd clans differed little from that prerailing in other portions cf the South before the wr-soa etowe end ceniding atfection at e Osli do, and on the ethers kind end conaiderate regulation of the simple+ liven reitofed in the o-hitenoorlorcsse When an entertain- meet wees given bythe celored people, ,it wao net at allun uralfor themitree t totlend her jewelry to her maid for the tomoion showing plainly the interest taken in the pleas aren'f th nlrend in siekneno thee wee prvided forand t given the ateaet attention. There weere, of enuree, exceptions This alati n6met app ie ina the F~larida Noe, a lacal newepaper, in interesting, indicmatuing en it duer s, oe seethoeda recovring ranaway atavee: elJOAVVAY is Nofvesca lust tmy ssgeo o en IOANINA. Sloe in aoe u it, I r in bs id c igh, I..el. m Front teand aloub 1. tw . pw-1,to enee af Mir- Aces ast, Cennetp toe poaty s1 poin tnalocaot oiamnoeiil. le-ose sestd will begiessose taaigI actd ocny let 1-os, eget b e.soaen bfogdeyeof o seoenealso oos Jahanil noon.MH.Gvtl T'e Tnattroree pence e niwl tse core end rsdoirblse This name paper contained antother item of Internet. one that would indicate that the Town Council was Compeosed of citizoenesenving far the heat interest of the community: Isre'nleoc ae W ec Csuell nane Mtetiog Caenl ieloamnt- Aegant , Iot.. tbeanci, M~-yeeow, I1c Amn, Henry be Unl1ed, lslsndaet; Maea Rneoneos. Ca-er, sail cones., Coenoieen a.*nsmd, elsced. Corieam..lntIulteen vayetdoe she rient~ e ofo. Ato e. rseed foe lie pmoept sof alig Ohs eath of oe.. is.e wan abjeed no by Coonceeste B.Fnoes Pes nb gecod r iase petonogthe rsoAbrit gsjsetiea faros socp¢ sov, caeeoyte daeotfthe owes...' wte, . C. SaterO, Clot  HISTORY OF JAfKSONILLE FLORMA 94 HITOY OF JACKSUONVDLLE LORIDA 9 HISOY OF JACKSONVhLLE, FLORM A 9F Transportation Rtalroads end the telegraph tad riot yet come to Jackson- ville. Steam rackets ran to Savannah and Charleston, anid sailing vessels eummonnicated with the more diotant cities sod the West Indies. It wan almost as customary to tailk about Hasyti and Martinique then as itin tbosut New York today>e Commsunication witho the interior of the State was by mesase ifsastage line to Tallahasosee anco intercmediate points. It was a three days' trip, avoidod as much s possible, except at court sessionsand when the Legialasro aset The Central Stagt Live ran this advertisemont in the Jacksonville paper during the smmeirof 1852: atessea gs Liar Fin ]ino-itle 1. Thal-tsaee OslenWe.,c The pvespis sates silai- is.V-V [ensss s th buSt tat le has jas patoed ion the sios aid nae .s. FOUR 550050 COACl adioteio e cepard e it iosoaasogeettesscblsthe ssistesihuu posaib e, . hi has soos' ns sasy mean- at siisoesa poises, as chat so, sousa ter, o astut oias is soeasey Cor thots ciase. Tbs srag isas Jaheorile scues Onaday and Wsdssdsysfiessasa isoistissly ster tlso a sid l sof ticse sicomes heso gaeasnh sad esoesso ss wse on soiee -on.h thsrsse~ese ip. These aeosseereeiceilwih sihemoat Oanoes.O hfsmbesisssN- V ee, ..aiosfliicsoe tssrlerofreihe itsrthandsiBaeoisitig Tsana issosssritiosi troslideopeedlyimes. Asrastssnoois sit oWt liss So ad freas the White Osisba tpwiogoI tomp eaoil mey F.eesandee. Bisb,, & de., Agese. O. R. Firbanks describeo thestage trip asneofn"ps and downs, jolts and humps; roots lying on the anrfsce, the impact with which would send the unprepared rassenger uap acasast the top, or with a painful jerk against the standards. The worry drag dosing theoloag, dark nights, for the hacks kept o nsight and day, was an experience to he los re- membered". Smallpox Epidemic. Jacksonville experienced an epidemic of smallpox dartag the summr of 1853. J. W. Bryant, one of the fsremost lawyers in the town, coatracted tbe diseasi at soe place in Georgia, where he had goe on legal business. Upon his return. he was taken sick at the Ballinston House, then the Traneloortanio Railroads and the telegraph had nit yet cams to Jackosso- vills. Steam piackita ran to Savannah and Charleston, and soiling veseals romnnisted with the more distant cities and the Went Indies. It was almost a customary to tailk about Hdayti and Mosrtinique thou so it is stout New York today., Commncsation witho the Interior of the Slate was by mesas of a stage line to Tlallhansee ad intermedatle points. at was a three days' trip, avoided as much as possible, except at court sessios sod when the Legislature met The Central Stage Line rsas tis advertisement in the Jackesonville paper doring the summer of 18.2: Coean 3ises t Fmn Jusiansili to'Ocllimaars Seesi-Washly The, spaaoser lmba, eoas sa eaoooig ns to epublic thus ho as jest pitod spisM rhosacas and asloodi rOsin .....~ COCHtand tat heris crpauradsheisisuip wle-su oeeulsoin tahe ahissea Popi ihisia. Reshat esays oobthesarbnesoau aiseall poss a ht msomse nie as loss thas is assasey ins their risosge Thmsmsge lceas, ohss .1ter o, pnsde sadsl'deaeos ioo asslyr a.es h enss sO te asis rip e f Sassesb sod esohoi Urn to, nnrusstethersi abt Shvmams 4'netacstips Neos, steeocoeooiibiasls~ssfeheosaslsws ieds aio ee te Uores Oriom h iris , otad esths iharo s ts0Lso- h~aooeee teciossoto s o[licispelo ttansit Assslain-oev sn tide u.,sb to ass tei he White OSlpho, Spris is Hussto. Geaty ~ noo, Oinhet. ay Co., Aee. G. Rt. Fairbanks describes the stage trips as ins of "spa and downsi, jolts sod bumps;c roots lying on the sneface, the impact with which would send the unprepared passenger op against the top, or withtapianu jock agaist the standards The weary drag daring the long, dark nights, for the hacks kept on night and day, was anscexperiesce to be long re- membered". Smallpox Epilemic Jacksonville experienced can epidemic of smallpox during the summer of 185. J. W. Bryaat, age of the foremost lawyers in the tows, contracted the disres at some place in Georgia, where he had gone n legal business. Upon his return, he was tsken sick at the Sbittgen nooser, then the Tenporatien Railroads end the telegraph had net yet come ts Jacksson- ville. Steam packets ran to Savonnah and Charleston, and calling vessels cumsnnieted with the more distant cities and the West Indies. It was almost as customary to talk about Hdayti arid Martini.ue then as it is stoat New York today., ommusnication with the interior of the Slate was by m a of a stage line to Tsllahnaice and intermediate points, It was a three days' trip, avoided as mach as possible, except at court sessicas and when the Legislature met The Central Singe LnOha ran. tisl advertisement in the Jacksaaville paper during the summer of 152:5 Campoa 8tacs Laso From Jwsoeill, to Tallahasse mi-Weealy plii poetor tabs i-easr is sesosois o tsM pathsn Tat ho has Inst pissed sees she outc a ew and apleadid rOUiR HO0RSE COAiH asdsthatohe. preooessleoos'y myae seoeNwgbisrths at asess pesilesc.t He has selsys sO teheats boen at diecees psssoasIteosmecrtioa inleshehai oasosemooo Ubs-dabms. The asse leases Joethinoaseoanism ay ne sdiadayst.,as, mmdrit n e o tasiso a si tiso soshsiseiaeot ae Tas asessees sesoos 'b ethers as Fsevsaish fey Choelcessad Nessyas, sbus acasotiog Mh as c oosur se he f oers sad ishbem siia Tils' ta.o oeo tossiao1lorida a spoody rai A eeoheisreeos iota pla is to asd es the Whime Soiptr Ocruoco Is Mlaulton mstsy asemssdo, .ite &mye, Ageots. 0. R, Fairbas describes the stage trip as oe of ismps and downse, jolts sand haumps; rosts lying on the sorfae, the imopact with which would send the nnprepared passenger np agaiast the top or swith a painfnl jerk against the standards. The weary drag during the bang, dark nights, for the hacko kept on night and day, was as experience ts he long re- memnbered". Smallpox Epidemic - Joacksonville experienced an epidemioc of smallpox during the sumocer of 1853. J. W. Bryast, sass of the foremost lawyers in the town, contracted the disease at some place in Georgia, where he had gene on legal tuolnios. Upon his return, hi wain taken sink at the Ssat tcrig Htous, then the  98 HISTORY OF JACKSONnaLLE, FLORIDA 98 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 98 HISTORY OF JACKIONVILLE, FLORIDA fashionable hotel of Jacksonville. Numerous friends visited him before the case was diagnosed as smallpox, and there- fore the epidemic started among prominent people. Those at the Buington House were the first to take the disease, and soon afterward sporadic cases began to develop until, finally, the epidemic became general among both white and colored. It was severe and a good many deaths reulted, while those who recovered were in many cases badly pittede Local Condition in the Early Fifties It is said that Some of the merchants were extremely fond of playing cards, and even during business hours would gather for a quiet game. Should a customer appear, a sen- tinel placed on watch would report, "Mr. So-and-so, some- body is going in your store", whereupon the game would be temporarily "called". Whenever children or servants were the purchasers, the storekeeper usually gave them a small present, such as a sweet crackeror a piece of candy; this was called "caontra". It has been impossible to trace the deriva- tion of this word, but the custom doubtless originated from the fact that the money divisions in those days were in frac- tions of a cent, and the small present was given, rather than to consider the fractions in carrying accounts. The silver dollar was the standard, but it was reckoned eight bits, in- stead of one hundred rents. There were half bits, 6%; bits, 12%; two bits, 26 cents, and so on. If "coontra" was not given to the negroes it was always asked for by them, but the white children were forbidden by their parents to do so, as it was net considered "good masere"a About a third of the houes had glass windows. Stoves had not yet come into general use. The stores en Bay street had no way to heat them and when the weather was cold. fires were built in front in the street ; here the citizens would collect, crack jokes, and discuss the questions of the day. The town maintained a small market house with one stall, openintheearlymorning. Beeficoldta4tn8entsandpork at 8 to 10 cents a pound. Fish were brought in boats to the shore near the market, the arrival being announced by ring- ing the market bell, when the people would rush down to purchase. Milk as a commodity wes scarce. Collards and sweet potatoes were the vegetables usually offered for publo sal., fashionable hotel of Jacksonvile. Numerous friends visited him before the case was diagnosed as smallpox, and there- fore the epidemic started among prominent people. Those at the Budington House were the first to take the disease, and soon afterward sporadic cases began to develop until, fmaly, the epidemic became general among both white and colored. It was severe and a good many deaths resulted, while those who recovered were in many cases badly pittede Local Conditions in the Early Fifties It Is said that some of the merchants were extremely fond of playing cards, and even during business hours would gather for a quiet game. Should a customer appear, a sen. tinel placed on watch would report, "Mr. So-end-so, come- body is going In your store", whereupon the game would be temporarily "called". Whenever children or servants were the purchasers, the storekeeper usoally gave them a osmall present, such as a sweet crackersra piece of candy; this was called "coontra". It has been impossible to hace the deriva- tion of this word, but the custom doubtless originated from the fact that the money divisions in those days were in frac- tions of a cent, and the email present wan given, rather than to consider the fractions in carrying accounts. The slver dollar was the standard, but it was reckoned eight bits, in- stead of one hundred rents. There were half bits, 6% tbits, 12%; two bits, 25 cents, and so on. If "coontra" was not given to the negroes it was always asked for by them, but the white children were forbidden by their parents to d so, as it was not considered "good manero" About a third of the houses had glass windows. Stoves had not yet come into general use. The stores on Bay street had no way to heat them and when the weather was cold, fires were built in front in the street there the citizens would collect, crack jokes, and discuss the questions of the day. The town maintained a small market house with one stall. openintheearlymorning. Beefsoldat4to8centeandpork at 8 to 10 cents a pound. Fish were brought in boats to the shore near the market, the arrival being announced by ring- tng the market bell, when the people would rush down to purchase. Milk as a commodity was scarce. Collards and sweet potatoes were the vegetable. usually offered for public -ce, fashionable hotel of Jacksonville. Numerous friends visited him before the case was diagnosed as smallpox, sad there- fore the epidemic started among prominent people. Those at the Buitington House were the first to take the disease, and soon afterward sporadic cases began to develop until, finally, the epidemic became general among both white and colored. It wa severe and a good many deaths reultaed, while those who recovered were In many cases badly pitted.0 Local Conditios; in the Early Fifties It Is said that some of the merchants were extremely fond of playing cards, and even during business hours would gather for a quiet game. Should a customer appear, a sen- tinel placed on watch would report, "Mr. So-and-so, some- body is going in your store", whereupon the game would be temporarily "called". Whenever children or servants were the purchaers, the storekeeper usually gave them a soall present, such as a sweet cracker or a piece of candy; this was called"coontrs". It has been impossible to trace the deriva- tion of this word, but the custom doubtless originated from the fact that the money divisions in those days were in frac- tions of a cent, and the small present was given, rather than to consider the fractions in carrying accounts. The silver dollar was the standard, but it wan reckoned eight bits, in- stead of one hundred cents. There were half bits, 6%; bits, 12%; two bits, 25 cents, and no on. If "coontra" was not given to the negroes it was always asked for by them, but the white children were forbidden by their parents to do so, as it was not considered "good manners" About a third of the houses had glass windows. Stoves had not yet come into general use. The stores on Bay street had no way to heat them and when the weather was cold, fires were built in front in the street; here the citizens would collect, crack jokes, and discuss the questions of the day. The town maintained a sall market house with one stall, openintbeearlymorning. Beefsoldat4toScentsandpork at 8 to 10 cents a pound. Fish ware brought in boats to the shore near the market the arrival being announced by ring- ing the market bell, when the people would rush down to purchase. Milk as a commodity was scarce. Collards and sweet potatoes were the vegetables usually offered for public balk?  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 99 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 99 HISTORY OF JACKSONVLE, FLORIDA 99 There were no soda fountains in those days, and it was seldom that ice could beobtained. Ice was brought from the North in sailing vessels. Lemonade and tamarind water were the moast popular "soft" drinks. The tamarind is a species of bean that grows in the West Indies, and from it a sticky substance exudes. The beans were put into a pitcher and hot water poured over them; this concortion was allowed to ol, when the drink was ready for use. It hoada semi-acid taste, and was considered very healthful. Drinking water came from wells and cisterns. Rain water, when flered through an earthen vessel called a "monkey", was consid- ered a reat luxury.0 In the spring of 1846, Captain John LEngle bought for $300 the square bounded on the north by Bay Street, east by Laura, west by Hogan, and south by the river. In 1863, the northwest corner at at Bay and Market Streets, including a two-story boarding house, was purchased for $2,500; and A. Judson Day, of Maine, bought half the block, west hoof, between Julia and logan Streets from Forsyth through to the river for$3,0. Ayear or so later, the northeast corner of Bay and Ocean was sold to Ambler & Hoeg for $3,000. Residence lots a few blocks back from Bay Street sold for loss than a100. Springfield was a widernes and Riverside acorn field. Nortnwest of Hemming Park, between Forsyth and Church, Clay and Jefferson Streets was a dense swamp, where in places the water stood several feet deep. LaVilla wa an island, owing to the course of several small streams that have since been filled in.o The building materiel used in Jacksonville at that time was mostly pitch pine, very inlammable, and as there was na adequate way of controlling large fires, it was but a ques- tin of time when the town would suffer a general conag- rate, It came on April 5, 1f54. The Great Fire of 1854 - A description of this destructive fre was published on the following day in an "Extra" gotten out by the Florida Republican, a copy of which fllows., except that typograph- ical errors have been corrected There were no soda fountains in those days, and it was seldom that ice could be obtained. Ice was brought from the North in saiing vessels. Lemonade and tamarind water wore the most popular "soft" drinks. The tamarind is a species of bean that grows in the West Indies, and from it a sticky substance exudes. The beans were put into a pitcher and hot water poured over them; this concoction was allowed to cal, when the drink was ready for use. It had a semi-acid taste, and was considered very healthful. Drinking water came from wells and cisterns. Rain water, when filtered through an earthen vessel called a "monkey", was onsid- ered a great luxury.0 In the spring of 1846, Captain John L'Engle bought for $300 the square bounded on the north by Bay Street, east by Laura, west by Hogan, and south by the river. In 1853, the sorthwest corner let at Bay and larket Streets, includig an two-story boarding house, was purchased for $ito; and A. Judson Day, of Maine, bought half the bltck, west half, between Juua and Hogan Streets from Forsyth through to the river for $3,000. Ayear or so later, the northeast corner of Bay and Ocean was sold to Ambler & Hag for $3,000 Residence lots a few blocks back from Bay Street sol far lean than $100. Springfield was a wilderness and Riverside a corn held. Nortnwest of Hemming Park, between Forsyth and Church, Clay and Jefferson Streets was a dense swamp, where in places the water stood several feet deep. LaVilla was on island, owing to the course of several small streams that have since bee fdled nu The building material used in Jacksonville at that time was mostly pitch pine, very innlmable, and as there was no adequate way of controlling large fires, it was but a ques- ton of time when the town would sulter a general onnag- ration. It came on April 5, 1854. The Great Fire of 1854 - A description of this destructive fre was published son the following day in an "Extra" gotten out by the Florida Republican, a copy of which follows, except that typograph. ical errors have been corrected:' There were no soda fountains in those days, and it was seldom that ie could be obtained. Ice was brought from the North in saiing vessels. Lemonade and tamarind water were the most popular "soft" drinks, The tamarind is species of bean that grows in the West Indies, and from it a sticky substance exudes. The beans were pot into a pitcher and hot water poured over them; this concoction was allowed to cool, when the drink was ready for use. It had a semi-acid taste, and was considered very healthful. Drinking water came from wells and cisterns. Rain water, when fltered through an earthen vessel called a "monkey", was reoid- ered a great luxury1 In the spring of 1846, Captain John LEngle bought for $300 the square bounded on the north by Bay Street, east by Laura, west by Hogan, and south by the river. In 1853, the northwest corner lot at Bay and ilarket Streets, including a two-story boarding house, was purchased for $2,500; and A. Judaon Day, of Maine, boight half the block, west half, between Julia and hogan Streets from Forsyth through to the river for$3,000. Ayear or so later, the northeast corner of Bay and Ocean was sold to Ambler & Hoeg for $5,000. Residence lots a few blocks back from Bay Street sold for less tnan $10s, Springfield was a wilderness and Riverside a corn field. Nortnwest of Hemming Park, between Forsyth and Church, Clay and Jefferson Streets was a dense swamp, where in places the water stood several feet deep. LaVilla was an island, owing to the course of several small streams that have since been filed in./ The building material used in Jacksonville at that time was mostly pitch pine, very inflammable, and as there was no adequate way of centroliing large fires, it was but a ques- ton of time when the town would ouffer a general cosnng- rato. It came on April , 1854. The Great Fire of 1854 - A description of this destructive fire was published on the following day in an "Extra" gotten out by the Florida Republican, a copy of which follows, except that typograph- ical errors have bes corrected:  HM ISTRY OF JAOUSONVhLU., ESSIA 10o HISTRYa OF aAouoIAR"13. FLOIA in. ISTRY OF uKomwu LFOIA dLOIIDNA RAPUB1ACANI OIXTIA. .Ilkeonill,. lleyi, A111 6, 1610, GIOKAT AND DISAIT0U9 C2ONFLAGIIATION aigi~o d o, lilwa III Ie opb l.bwI N. wIllilfold W ty 1014,111h d ' a 41 I 1id IA ha AD ., 4111,11, ~ ~ ~ ~ sa NY11,t±l~t~ s1116 f111 lhlllld oli , .-DA 10 nlI b to11 IIfilelld foiyl ohsydol s oltif 0 b, 11 A. till 1111 ti11oml ie ilolim gi, Elf Io~ l, m~ 1.11 AL til mob1 and '1111 till Illo Aooigt &t~oi~ld b til difilllfllf Till n1114 tloby t~~lglolgl x [ 6101601 li slt~oelfhlfrllIltlkit tlbotltb dl; I 1!. Tii , dt; T.11141, 1 6t; 3. 1101,, d g td o J ell Ea I4111 allil & 11111 sOrg. l d dlf gtld ltd ae ylillf . L mDabNrnpO n m ne oel f st.D y, wo l y ie o, t br i led.BtO fllitftfl riLB. gftllflflsdlo,1df;.11 1o01t d ll';. C.n ll ,,,o Ill,1 A. C.Afl,14 lllM.1,1606 l[LOlUlDA RFy l~id CAlf, EXTIRil JxktvllGl. 11id4, Awl 61, 1614. GRIAT AND tIlAfT1R0lS CONFLAGRIATION t'"tfllilflI lIbi.4.llldfeidltreLfbgty~lll IIf el lidfllI 0111 t i~i laz 'tof til wlllovyvd thiso htld fl-tlllyill-itllnldllltltitlll- I-bbf,dgillI, It~~~~~ae diiltlfftttd .lfft N l llLnelldrftlhlftoll 1-1116 Oyiliflifflpitl i61tilllOfl111111 llyotyboi ilg '111 11111 "' dLltl-I 01 111sa6,, l1fy-lflllllfl lllbllfI w'itf olilllhIlan tF.Wthm& CGnxplme , t bb to fom e 11111; Jl o hm lt dl A. Al, Mol d, a t t. ff116 l gd pp lnial t tlli Atel v& oa Nf o mlAio ill til f.1 ffl 3. ,Ilit p, tlotil tf; . C Dlty r ff. 1 -116 L. at Aeetflgl f ns A~1, tI. Mt d bot gIf. T 0h, m y1 11 11161 A. C.ag A lIa. b A fh Ilf 13, 11 1111 0111111A IlEYDtBLICANt, ETi1RA. JakJtfildll 0,)6, Apsil 6, I6'll GREAT AND III6A6'TEOII CONFLA0ICAIION 1611111 H1111 Cmsuf ld S., Ill, $ey060,00A0,th e[, 14 lI Nr d 1)111 ¢1110 Glen6 1111011- II 4 til 1, l~d 101111 . Ill 1111 nM ill t~ All, ..N1 1 IItl ff011 600111 stA e ut -hiht III o11111 dflgl1011144.Rll 01111 lof Abli ilblyh~dll1l 1107dt~yd f16, rated by3 1lto....IA ltolylfiTlllilillwald lld&Bt ly wo111 d~tll b111y1161 dw A. 11,6t 161 fI.f 3111 Io a- C.1IMIIWfilllltll 31011 , dlAModl',dHlyglldll®d plltdl11 h1111 flAm hepl 15-k wm glo gl;Sft bllot bll fLyiJ.L.11001l10 ofly 6010111 v 1mth A.1~gd11dn n pltlill of 0,y -I111, hom10- if I C 1 1 1 m1 1 11h1 LN- v m . . . *110 11,t do 61116 6 oI, p fom l 1, , byffo 0, 16y11 -A, b1011 A. Cm. Al~fIIly dLy l~ll36101 L.s  amTR F ARO LE, FLORnn A 101n iiiOR a F ow CSO Iscn , FLmR.4 101 ISR O sF m JAROY.RFORA 101 rea; Je-'bi fipeoceee, .o.-; C. DaWaci, hakey; Cc. Flagg. lmaeac it. 8. D..,b, tac-; C. Py-e ig. aot tandthe, eaha. T;he law IF-ce of tee. It Cell ad c. W.. Znceantda alnec of F, C. atheit, Neter PFaoiq ae., i. the .-I .coe, wnoleo daetyad, a Porahen a-1, of ialon legn cadli doeeceata being caved. TbeIM t acaphace ed Mx.a Tsep Fiaganna the faceitape se-v aft it. Felaaam, dateaed,." tlailnytla,,po Aaaeot o.,loa athe Saeic lea cA.rlap acoat be IleI hbnd a~~ at with a Panic, ed bin papaca. Tha Aetaaa-haana Mda. helatoe Law altee, Capt W~llev'a eataen~e J. ..-Ipa' et-a andat el",S. ftaa eee aondepant Pideenc¢ ilthe aallce f . -It, e. wnvta eaaag atiac haidie danteeped. nhe twea nd coly antn affen .Pt' ofh4e place-he neobyt-t and the aNn,; wcere aaancad, m. ato mceattci, ta hat -aanb af the Iiepnhlion pateptl bhe bea gleanad fet- tho baaeat af the terrihie Reepee ta focainl thin Eatal Wea o en nada w type anada Pace, lenaaoeehby theaaPetleaeto-h teoc'aeanaoceend eooe tabe °feelye aon tacft" again I. nato - I'.na at cnt; ad I. [fia maatha obll eaatn.t to inat pan anege at a- ppe faa apexaephogen an aonis, ptleaetoneaa laiadpeae'-boe'c 1,.cp1enada ,ece bctnettact aceaheal Wateefeeia aseaa puep the ado- etea at ge deectlean a pan a^1-e adapote while, bWoe, oletelel t e dateet ah e mceigteaeie'tteely aoe.ed ta ,aaeeecIeh noeec twcn ebfot (tt ece eletho a teIta a d a ie ladinalcria " epftnadlca a oed leolead Ii tieinoac to epea tlew tee, "ite eanec clapol onip faebdee Ic do thea-fraen, Seo n he f M ao a tIea ohecdp h eea etatne boct at i cttctaticteaee, appi. lia let. otII A .Po cheetof ade pan etelnocat, n n citnelyfatietdbaehin e Mfn maAcedn of c in oe Yaeah ane alca antoto a ca wie Caeecte. The taco pfenig naaoa Icecee , a pt foe a olyal Mecet thee hltl'P tal e. We ant pi alpa Htee opeap, caed a loeeg yca 1.,a a v leey nee t rea ha an head dor e lbhlp. Mo ce4nteW beant, b~ape ace eta p moelten eaca lil. Acatea Cantat aaceal hec peel- min dicahiod, and tc Jeeenattaee clain elcnaaedeadteeaeacime hat,bccbah naew heter. We ce" gec .1n een th eie en f Mrt Philip Emcee, whot waee III, woe fbaetd. P t to t eoe geoec; Jpeolh ltetd, tatte; D. [PeWnai ataeri Gee. plae, ,mnete;fi.TfIoeh,atl;C.atie,h1-1cteche -eeee If.Pa lateiee of et. IV Call nd c. I e. idthe ad the Pitlap ir, C Rcattat, Ntey Iabtis, etc., in. the Brceach teen at dyctecyd, a peecia aely of thai' legal and affli deateotib- Te ofIce cad Pce"..oa f Mfc. SaaeehM lToonen d the taeeltcee te at I. MP. FaoecIo, dOtcAcied. Mtla~eoy'a Invoee Apecay, al~m in Sa mm MIAcl Bt, ao tect by the hcad tecathee with a otte, ad hit caec. toe O eteen-he , Ie, Mlett'ae afl.,, Capt Wtilac'e Aemao,$IJacHvnt'e Ite acdiidcee,S.?olodcaoe nod eleanttox eee eeaooea6,aleatftof P. Fooe, lew.,aeenet, The twace edy poetiyy afle of aWte "-ea-Icc npehtlec and tia Newe, acea acaeemed lice latte eatleele, and hat metoce ad the Rleahltmp eptoelbo eat Mi leaceal Ieem the haeaet aft tlembile Oaepace to fapaetch Ida atel We ahall aedee noew typceadeatoa, icoaeea, by the matil dooe th tepett aoacica, cad hope toabe "Pontle . 1.c ac 1at .eact the oteate etc aceet; Pa m, die ttace shall edeen inp estleccaah cfccoeaeeapacae, -hpe .ecedaeloephectceoaaioiaeeetd pcpa-two I.aeindpaaca.. bIngof ectcely eacohd We tacfoc e taclea copoc i thedal- gatop at one edactimig-cd soaieg pt...a do, a le while," Mitag detecepi'd nat tc daner the oteeinR ehip"-Reice attoely a'Poed to oeacefcccaticac. At wce ae deira edaoeceiFa -e ceoe atije e coaa setecaip ,wee.. nmtmp ri ntm The, ateacca enefa" laa coon'cg at icena1.cache thme ad the ce-da w deoceeIte toaectrecaenttePecpeedothaoaaaeia" feoon gaacahhbaniafgahe mail (htae bctpgtpbocI.-Moe rhti)ehed pecedeetheA deco Eano eaciac wo, ated, ho the aiticca, cheta tada- eotalcItta whoe-c -.Iedheat ed Malo leadeeOatcea accent thertoe heege olt'AocfatlalllyHAeOtheeteaanc, P.,a the fla heepe neecoeahlo, na ee the iteneehestaeenda iteeld, eceftoe naleapattee -Peoc ha -p atc I- lae -,,te A pectiaco athie eoppeetepecdaeccely fell iataaeitdccwhichi baeght itie monea~ewith the MeatceuMet eeet Pt the amneet eapDrpeety loot, It Ip etlla-W that ace-her it Ineac., eo to Ne- Tac and New gaIced' q enoocd can ce-eal, TI, e P ecetle .effa pe -aoed c caca f- am lItl at ae.to belte oae. tw. lne'1 pA ao nn aeeeta oe, iad. 1,te~ qaeticof a t , ehich wce heel on bea foe iahhieg On tent on" tocac bata ace to o lily Accc Cetect te m-cly haact noe to diceh... cad Me. J.C. Hmcctgtcee eayeevecd ad fceeo oeeehet hnt he ceac beteor We caget awe t te fmecily at Ma. Philip bou"e, who tee In, waco tond ta ctate. eaee; Ja-,h O-ecaci-, aIIIa,; Ci, De e, haeey; te Fete, lateele; RI, it, Docy atilac; CN octing, heat pad oboe PAP-ee Te I-a aIfflo of Gee. W. tell aend e. N. Ilaphlne cad th e. alte at F. C. RBoeat. Not.,y palic. etc, lot eb-1 blwecce atl ee destapyed, a p"ele. only at Mtie egal ad olelal d-aptt hemp ThaaIM-cndw-e..ac ofce.eh Fieetlanaed te feectepa ent ef Ic el. Fhtec, eloeeceecd hMeP~ey'n Icceeaao Acay, offic a h ecin Bleak F-, ple a cet by the hope, tteticetowI iooat ad ble papeat- tFe Ccattac'loeo, Pta. llntoah'n toe I, Cept. Wiika'e ceetel-ec ]. flachec', clc cavd eatielcac, S. Moean ete endatlegctntie, aeoPlatatlaw o-affiaF. tycteee{etent eaeaohp' hcildiaa deaeaoyed. The twca end only priating afficn oftic piaze-the geenblle nad the Mean, we'o aenuea, the lta, aely, cad ber mogh afthc Rfepobliee attaiu ban ben glea fate the beect of the aeccbte Rlee, te tacetc thin gatati We ehnno -.,a now type and . pen, hoeac, byatheamilfeethccect taacaept-.tincte.,dicpaaobe anf a n folae ceat, an t iapo;ee eaena y in icted ec be lg attealy wce d. We. I thaefcat -aacae ealcar-athe.le.l faeratoonce odeexticag and eaeiag pot...e afteaIMI, whie." beiag datcnaieanot to daeWnerlaaaciegaPhipc-eiegettalyocpenaeto cay .pca af't 0 tieg". An ace me doing nndeetling Ice --.nheem ian Cocleta ed ftneab, at aecot ate ataempaiein eato a it iceIc to ace e ite ad c Te ofcae .... c~'lo"ec rita ant hap chan, a the tiee at thie C-otneo.btatgthe al (le ..ea haleg tbke tof te l.nt) hen ceeeapdeteadr. Feoeyccetiet a atdehbyhcieeeeea eneotathtpdea,eccedtal.eoe anndthea oanee.claodceoe an accentit e ethe negt cle lehociag ftcifioll codar ate ettaot lBat l it bmeata caeaaeeahle, and o th intoaca hant Ineedd itelf .. ofeie td ewboeo xeaeead iccata cacerlia ten timat. A poti-of athe teap apoce enaorteoly fell ieteea itcowich icceeght it in cectoot wticthaM fonee, pad it wn bcet. Upoetatbari cnofo ympc,Aeet, iteiacctaocodahecoe-haldlIo tiecegl, Th e act oting aeaa aaee teccad, ap oace ftolttt, atoc tha bot ic cot,- a ln oinc Pintin g paey pd e et alcatltyo f apac, woieb we bad I o heed f0 (aichicM- lWce oa up" toe heAn ace ate ma mi Me Aveee Cnaacea oeeely atoet pod It Mleba, Pod te no CHemmitng wee eete'ly neceacd end taef enaca bono bieet1, bat be ,Iwbte ecge e htab eol Ce hi enp ache etr W gv a M aiyo M hlPFa~n wee RI, wee teed to peateae.  102 BTRY OF JACKSONILLE, FLORIDA 102 ISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 102 h AIS'NRY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA Scarlet Fever Epidemi- This was a period of misfortune for Jackonville, as a severe epidemic of scarlet fever was raging in the town when the fire occurred. There were two versiso as to bow the fever started here. One Is that the infectiongwas introduced bymeansofaletter writtenbya ladywhile holdinga babysick with scarlet fever in her lap. The otherio that thenreone day took little Ally Dell, daughter of Philip Dell, down to the boat yard and it is supposed that the child played with sailors from a vessel lying at the wharf and on which there was a caseof scarlet fever. Inafewdays shewas takeen desrerate- IS rll Mrs. Mary Turknett nursed this child cad it died in her lap. This was in February, 1854. The attending physi- an diagnosed the case simply as one of fever, but when the little corpse was prepared for burial, scarlet fever symp- toms were noticed in the peeling skin. Mrs. Turnett shrouded the body, at that time wearing a black woolen skirt. When she returned to her home she hung the skirt op in a closet and did not wear it again fur nearly a month. Then she wore it, and In a few days scarlet fever broke out in the family' The disease spread through the town and the type was most malignant. Numbers of persons died, the Turknett family in particular being afictsd, five grown sons dying within a space ofeight days, April 2 to 10, two of them on the same day anod were buried fro the sae bier/e Yellow Fever Quaranline'-- - Thus twice had Jacksonville suffered from diseases intro. dcared from outside sources, so when the yellow fever broke nut in Savannah in the summer of 1854, the citizens deter- misned in keep it from eoming to this place-at all hazards. The authorities prohibited the Savannah steamers stepping o passing by an their way up the river, as it was thought that the yellow fever might be introduced in that way. Captain Nick King, of the Savannah steamer, carried the mail, and he laughed at the proclamation of the citizens prohibiting the passage of steamers by Jacksonville, and passed by heecidess of the warning. A party of citizens then got as old condemned cannon, took it to the river bank at the foot of Catherine Street, and loaded it with a 32-pound shot. Scarlet Fever Epidemic -.- - This was a period of misfortune for Jacksonville, as a severe epidemic of scarlet fever was raging in the town when the fire occurred. There were two versions as to how the fever started here. One is that the infection was introducedd bymeanoofa letter writtenbya ladywhile holdingababyeick withscarletfeverinherlap. Theotheristhatthenureone day took little Aly Dell, daughter of Philip Dell, down to the bat yard and it is supposed that the child played with sailors from a vessel lying at the wharf and on which there was a caseofsearletfever. Inafewdaysshe wastaken desrerate- ly Ill. Mrs. Mary Turknett nursed this child and it died in her lap. This was in February, 1854. The attending physi- eisn diagnosed the case simply as one of fever, but when the little corpse was prepared for burial, scarlet fever eymp- toms were noticed in the peeling skin. Mrs. Turknett shrouded the body, at that time wearing a black woolen skirt. When she returned to her home she hung the skirt up in a closet and did not wear it again for nearly a month. Then she wore it, and in a few days scarlet fever broke out in the family0 The disease spread through the town and the type was most malignant Numbers of persons died, the Turknett family in particular being afficted, five grown sons dying within a epace of eIght days, April2 to10, two of themonthe same day and were buried from the same biers Yellow Fever Quaraantie . Thus twice had Jacksonville suffered from diseases intro dured from outside sources, no when the yellow fever broke out in Savannah in the summer of 18054, the citizens deter- mined t keep it from coming to this place-at all hazards. The authorities prohibited the Savannah steamers stepping or even passing by on their way up the river, as it was thought that the yellow fever might be introduced in that way. Captain Nick Ring, of the Savannah steamer, carried the mail, sad he laughed at the proclamatien of the citizens prohibiting the passage of steamers by Jacksonville, and passed by heedless of the warning. A party of citizens then got an old condemned cannon, took it to the river bank at the foot of Catherine Street, and loaded it with a 32-pound shot. Scarlet Fever Epidemic - - This was a period of misfortune for Jacksonville, as a severe epidemic of scarlet fever was raging in the town when the fire occurred. There were two versions as to how the fever started here. One is that the infection was introduced bymeanssofa letterwrittenbya ladywhile holdingababysick withscarletfeverinherlap. Theotheristhatthenoureone day took little Aly Dell, daughter of Philip Dell, down to the boat yard and it is supposed that the child played with sailors from a vessel lying at the wharf and on which there was a caseofscarletfever. Inafewdayashewastakendeoverote- ly ill. Mrs. Mary Turknett nursed this child and it died in bar lap. This was in February, 1854. The attending physi- elan diagnosed the case simply s one of fever, but when the little corpse was prepared for burial, scarlet fever symp- toms were noticed in the peeling skin. Mrs. Turknett shrouded the body, at that time wearing a black woolen skirt. When she returned to her home she hung the skirt up in a closet and did not wear it again for nearly a month. Then she wore it, and in a few days scarlet fever broke out in the family The disease spread through the town and the type was most malignant Numbers of persons died, the Turknett family in particular being afficted, five grown eans dying within a space of eight days, April2 to l0, two of them on the same day ad were buried from the same bier. Yellow Fever Quarantine - Thus twice had Jacksonville suffered from diseases intro- duced from outside sources, so when the yellow fever broke out in Savannah in the summer of 1854, the citizens deter- mined to keep it from coming to this plece-at all haards. The authorities prohibited the Savannah steamers stopping or even passing by on their way up the river, as it was thought that the yellow fever might be introduced in that way. Captain Nick King, of the Savannah steamer, carried the mail, and he laughed at the proclamation of the citizens prohibiting the passage of steamers by Jacksonville, and passed by heedless of the warning. A party of citizens then got an old condemned cannon, took it to the river bank at the foot of Catherine Street, and loaded it with a 32-pound shot.  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORtDA 103 About dark the steamer hove In sight coming sup the Aiver, dlose in on the opposite aide. When in line with the pointed canon the gun was fired, the ball passing through the for- ward gang-way or the vessel. The gun was rapidly loaded again, this time with a 6pound shut and fired; the ball passed through the cabin, just Againg the neck of a neoWo who was in the act of fighting a lamp. Wben it iecosidered that the muzzle of the gun was kept in place sad moved by a hand spike, this was epectarular shooting. The steamer made no more trips until the epidemic at Savannah was do- riared at an end', and the determlnation thus displayed by the citizens of Jaleoovla in l probability prevented the introduction af the fever in that year. nsswsna. flass, ± saousu sea, wa s saurne]%, -r l . When th iyofficeo were clnd h arcrdawore neactly hoedfo tfkopso, After tewar, when theseoreordo were exhumed, iwasfound that they ere tepractically worth- lees because o tf illegibility doe to daycay.e First Fedecal Ocespoliece Four Ferdeal] guouhoats, Seneca, Pembina, Otaw, and Smac Smith. and two transports of Commodore Dossont'o tosadron. ernoned t. Johns bar Mlarch 11, 18e2, and aechored pass, mad sahfsao toill be stepee by tIe1ails den b- s, ncecitoss Iadmimea cdt sorm.nt, aaniub I on cleo so re A aye, hew dotat poroo nels) oscootss, eanlmii teaas orita isonoco aid tlterei d w s d Ioo thtlee yrteet of) coed1 ore thtgc toho rrosnnay. ~ht ipiplnrty illooeeeeapree- a ssoeysonxcu esciwesenoesaoeareiet proiserirwillhe r.opotda senaf, therefore, thlone on " hl eai.-will net wit "'ren rIe. dens adthatnoasnoooto oopeeocoeoa hsoeofioo Mt os mipree 1i s a rsm trwabaeaable to perfoerm police dum i es henhby tignef srrodm t hold IiNt neai ees aso doty, epen reosnis ,ie fres th C I0. of Pc. U. A1. Heg. Olseh q, alec Mayer.. This proclamoation not only dId cot produce the deaired effect, hot on the ether hoed greatly intenoified the alarm The residents were passrnfricelee, cod two or three days later, when news woo received that Fernandina had hemn orcouoied by Federal trooso, all the Southern nympathicere who cold go a way left Jaccoonwille. Buoinsero along all linse was enieysuspensded. The one railroad oat or he town wa otxed to its atunen aaoacito, carrying refugees to Lake Oi2y and ether points in the interior af Flortda. Others left with their Maegonedg in wagon, soe of them, woman and children, having no dostination and guided and protected only by faithful servast.. A recital of the hardships that many of thesa women and childresn suffered daring the next few year. would soften the most eall... heart. Number. of themr feond refoge with relativee or friends is the interio, hut there were some who suffered terrible hardships and were subjected to all thr horrors incident to war.> When the city oee wore cloed the rcommisere ctently batied for safe-keeepinc. After thewar when these rooords were exhumed, it woe found that they were practically worth- Seas bemoase of illegibility due to docay.e First Federal Occupaliouf Four Federal gsanboats, Seneca, Pembjina, Ottawa, and lsac Smith, and two transporto of Commodore Daimers' sosadrec. assceit. Johns liar Mlarch 11, 1862, end anchoed pee, cada aahfose wll. m orstsalbystmais doerwgsroecia shere.. I ae acd ec oay odssaafo flo ts ba reats as fietm hoaatd porshir auelcwnrueaoos,aod Ileoll noel ogoodrim- senato e maxsteiri and eeuoeef- e e roeratos of good rder Thrughout themtie aeasit is is ls ei. ss ox eeIeo espa- eso sacm lntlllceottaos 0usd I thlsstnore et thea o, 'c loe' eaoysmetwiarmressoes, panooperty will horstysote, oaed asoeeifoee willohe aowrde bpurses therulaIsroctis I trosi. Oherofsre that one enhoe eoarode will oet th hoemogya do. end tuhst at asosssurocy pxwatto nosy hrses tt formIh asaes o efeise geese ny .nitr,; uIm iI I",,ueas oeerseepesiatonoan oemissssat Poe ernaveieosolooo bh eennl cod, the whosle blome willrestlorae an.m. tro sitfes able bo psofon police deya lohrly retlIa to held imnoel ia eadi- eeO go em doef, ape eseola ,oalerfrae them Chlor 00 Polire HI. is, oite, maochb 7, nasa Maycn This fsraclisnation not only did sot prodtuce the desired affect, hut on the other hand greatly intensified the alarm. The residents were panle-etrlloco, and two or three dayn later, when news was received that Ferandina bed been occupied by Federal troops, all the Southern symnpathizers who could go away left Jucitionwile. Bnomersaalong all linen waoeentirelyousended. The one railroad out of thetown wa taxed to its utmost ceapait, carrying refugcees to Lake City cud ether pointi to the interior of Florida. Others left with their belongings in wagona, come of them, women and children, boving no destination and cuided and protected only by faithful serrant. A recital of the hardsehips that many of thee women cod children ouffered doctog the next few yas would soften the mosotcalloos heart. Numbaca of them feundl refuge wnith relatives or friends in the interior, hut there were tome who suffered terrible hardohips and were eubjected to all the horrors incident to wared When the cityoflcen ware dosed the recordsereosauctly boied for safo-kaoeping. After the war, when tinese records were exhumed, it was found that they wore practically worth- lees beccooo of illegibility due to decay., First Fedl peruade.' Four Federal gornerst, Seea, Pembina, Ottawa, and lssam Smith, and two tranusports of Commodore tDoPorsot souadren, douaed St. Johns bar March 11, 186, end anhorend  118 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 118 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 118 HfSTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA in the river. On the same day the Confederates came to Jacksonville, and under orders from the commander of the district, General Trapier, burned all the mills, except one (Scotte), and 4,000,000 feat of lumber. Mr. Scott saved his mill by raising the British flag over it. They also burned the foundry, and a gunboat on the ways. But this was not all. That night a mob of men composed of refugees from Fernan- dina and Jacksonville came in nd from pure malignity fired the Judson Mouse and two or three other buildings in the town c The next day, March 12th, the Federal squadron came up the river and anchored off Jacksonville. The capitulation of the town is described by a resident, Frederick Lueders, in the Immigration Edition of the Industrial Record (Jackson- ville) of July, 1907, as follows: "One day (March 12th), as I was standing on the river bank at the foot of Laura Street, I saw four gunboats come steaming up the Aver and drop anchor off the foot of Pine (Main) Street. I was getting pretty well ncared, when the thought fleshed through my head, If they bombard Jack- sonvlle, it will be nothing short of murder'. At that time I happened to have a stick in my hand, and noting the guns were turned toward Jacksonville, I took out my handkerchief, tied it to the stick, and waved it vigorously over my head The commander of the fleet saw the peace signal and with his aides came ashore. Upon landing, I told him the existing cireomstanceo and begged him not to open fire upon the town. He said he would not, and for me to go on board. After I had explained that I was the only officer in the town (he was sheriff) he requested me to sign the surrender papers, which I did. He said his mission here was one of peace and that he hoped Florida would not suffer the havoc of war. Upon my return I found to my surprise that troops had been landed and pickets were out." It was six companies of the Fourth New Hampshire Regi ment, under the command of Colonel T. J. Whipple, that Mr. Lueders found in possession of Jacksonville. The occupation was quietly performed on March 12th. The Confederate troops were encamped in the vicinity of Baldwin, but they were more or less disorganized and poorly equipped, and they made no attempt at contesting the landing of the Federal forces here. in the river. On the same day the Confederates came to Jacksonville, and under orders from the commander of the district, General Trapier, burned all the mills, except one (Scott's), and 4,000,000 feet of lumber. Mr. Scott saved his mill by raising the British flag over it. They also burned the foundry, and a gunboat on the ways. But this was not all. That night a mob of men composed of refugees from Fernan- dina and Jacksonville came in and from pure malignity fired the Judson House and two or three other buildings in the town.5 The next day, March 12th, the Federal squadron cm up the river and anchored off Jacksonville. The capitulation of the town is described by a resident, Frederick Lueders, in the Immigration Edition of the Industrial Record (Jackson- vile) of July, 1907, as follows: "One day (March 12th), as I was standing on the river bank at the foot of Laura Street, I saw four guooatu come steaming up the river and drop anchor of the foot of Pine (Main) Street. I was getting pretty well scared, when the thought flashed through my head, 'If they bombard Jack- onville, it will be nothing short of muoder'. At that time I happened to haves stick in my hand, and noting the guns were turned toward Jacksonville, I took out my handkerchief, tied it to the stick, and waved it vigorously over my head. The commander of the fleet saw the peace signal and with his aides came ashore. Upon landing, I told him the existing circumstances and begged him not to open fire upon the town, He said he would not, and for me to go on board. After 1 had explained that I wao the only ouier in the town (he was sheriff) he requested me to sign the surrender papers, which I did. He said his mission here was one of peace and that he hoped Florida would not suffer the havoc of war. Upon my return I found to my surprise that troops had been landed and pickets were out," It was six companies of the Fourth New Hampshire Regi- ment, under the command of Colonel T. J. Whipple, that Mr. Luedersfound in possession of Jacksonville. The ocoupation was quietly performed on March 12th. The Confederate troops were encamped in the vicinity of Baldwin, but they were more or lose diSorganized and poorly equipped, and they made no attempt at contesting the landing of the Federal forces here. in the Aver. On the same day the Confederates came to Jacksonville, and under orders from the commander of the district, General Trapier, burned all the mills, except one (Scott's), and 4,000,000 feet of lumber. Mr. Scott saved his millby raisingthe Britishflagover it. They also burned the foundry, and a gunboat on the ways. But this was not all, That night a mob of men composed of refugees from Fernan- dmna and Jacksonville came in and from pure malignity fired the Judson Hoose and two or three other buildings In the town, The next day, March 12th, the Federal squadron came up the river and anchored off Jacksonville. The apitulation of the town is described by a resident, Frederick Lueders, in the Immigration Edition of the Industrial Record (Jackson- ville) of July, 1907, as follows: "One day (March 12th), as I was standing on the river bank at the foot of Laura Street, I saw four gunboats come steaming up the river and drop anchor of the foot of Pine (Main) Street. I was getting pretty well scared, when the thought flashed through my head, 'If they bombard Jack- sonvile, it will be nothing short of murder'. At that tim I happened to have a stick in my hand, and noting the guns were turned toward Jacksonville, I took out my handkerchief, tied it to the stick, and waved it vigorously over my head. The commander of the fleet saw the peace signal and with his aides came ashore. Upon landing, I told him the existing circumstances and begged him not to open fire upon the town He said he would not, and for me to go on board. After I had explained that I was the only oflicer in the town (he was sheriff) he requeAted me to sign the surrender papers, which I did. lie said hin misi on here was one of peace and that he hoped Florida would not suffer the havoc of war, Upon my return I found to my surprise that troops had been landed and pickets were out." It was six companies of the Fourth New Hampshire Regi- ment, under the command of Colonel T. J. Whipple, that Mr. Lueders found in possession of Jacksonville. The occupation was quietly performed on March 12th. The Confederate troops were encamped in the vicinity of Baldwin, but they were more or less disorganed and poorly equipped, and they made no attempt at contesting the landing of the Federal forces here.  H103Yp OF IACROHFONY , FLOIDA 119 HTOY OF MACflONVZ L ORIDA 119 HITORY OF JSONUHLA FLORIDA 119 The original plan of the Federal expedition was to occupy Jackaonville for only a few hours, for the purpose of cre..n noosoanco; but the representations of the 'loyal" frodento of the town caused Colonel Whipple to abandon the idea or snuediate evacuotion. Pirkots were stationed and the troops west into ramp or were quartered is the recenot buildingo. On March 10th, Gonerl T. W. Shernoont (U. S. A.). com- mander of the depmfartmnt arrived. Hie come for the pur- pose of personally acquainting himself with the situation here, and in his report he stated that the act of Coaonel Whipple in regularly Occupying Jaeovlle was a wiee one. Too the meantime, the Confederate troops in the vicity of Baldwin, under the command of Colonel W. S. Dilwortho, wrreruiting and otherwise prsparisgto resist any attempt of the Federate to march Into the interior of the State. Proclamnatioa of the Loyal Cithize As soon as Jacksonville was thoroughly in the hands of the Federal crmny, a meeting of the "Loyal Citize of the United States", was held, at 10:30 a, no., March 20, 0802, C. L. Robinson, rhairmoan: 0. L. Lfeone, secretary; John 8, Sammis, S. F. Halliday, John W. Price, Philip Frazer, and Peca Moody, being the committee appointed to draft rsc- lotion to lay before said meeting. The following In a true copy of these resolutionzi Ws, the people of the Miy of Joredssnlle nod te vltty, In aloe eesy of . moa .ldte of Floido, wsehenee w thinbb terettory m- jieoioia o ohs1 ot1 . .io. of Arneina. do hesohy sot forth e odeist of rghors cda ale oI protesi saotet the obegatle of the sane hy coy preteoded Sow0 or other aeahety- .no00 We hold tat govsenmost is a I.-, as.. ld~ pmoisodao cabJs j0ak0 ofaoloflaaoel that aloes pstoteis I desiod, trodugh oeaa- 0505 or dai. a llefisas 1. 00 earger do. lecoad, We hold that on daohM fern of goenet forset be ohaseed Os absotd esept by ohs will of the oeople. lotaligotly cod seillionly eonssoda ad inisly raied. Th r. we held tatso fundt of tin Uni te me ho, soy Inool or eotottso sight. heopacat Ltelf f-n abe so-aemt nd larts- diotioof ahe Canted inane, Fourth. We held rhat the nt of Ohs Coasneation of the Slabs so Iwos o m1 s.lnoo-ooao -os or on . m o co...u The original plan of the Federal expedition was to occupy Sockoonville for only a few hors, for the purpooc of recon- nalsnro; but the represeotations If the 'loyal" residents of the town caused Colonel Whsipple to abandon the idea of imediate evacuation. Pickets were otationed and the troopo went into camp or were quartered In the vacoot buildings. On March 19th, Central T. W. Shermant (U. S. A.), coon- manoder of the department, arrived. He came for the punr pose of perorally oruosainting himself with the situation here, and in his report he staedci that the act of Colonel Whipple in reularely occupying Jacksonvirle was a wife one. 1n the meantime, the Confederate troopo in the vicnity of Baldwin, under the command of Colonel W. S. Dilworth, were recruitingand otherwise preparingto reoist any attempt of the Fedeloe to march into the Interior of the State Prsclamatlen of doe Loyal CitiZens As eaon an Jacleonville was thorooghly in the hands of the Federal armey a meeting of the "Loyal Citizons of the United Staeeto, was bold, at 10:00 a. n., March 20, 186%, C. L. Robinson, chalrman: 0. L. Reene, secretary; John S Samis, S. F. Halliday, John W. Price, Philip Frazer, and Paran Mood;, being the committee apprinted to draft coona lotons to lay before said meeting. The following is a tra copy of these cesoltoos:l we. the peopls of the olty of Jeebaonvllo sad its sileoty ie the searty of Paea -Stats of Plorid, eorsodl et~s the lesry and inoindieflon of Ohs Uaited Slate, of Amsoten, do ereby oat foeth oar doucintt of eight, ed ar oslen es agttab hogaio scab thevose by ap p..aiodd slatn or otbsr aethosty. Fi-~.W, hold that gsrosoti ral eoett,. farch protecton is the poico of ollgiar..; th, at ubsoosoistissi adede, throug weak- sees rddo iludgiees1 as negos bd soed. We ho l thani soielod ea or goceret Cannot hbee agdd or abrogated -cast by the wilo Of ahe poople, ioosletly cds otiliegly eaead sa faisly rooted. Third We hold taft so Slate of abs Ulesiostatr has dey 10001 or eosstntoo right to sdarroo itof frx the gorsonosee sad Jads- dictios of Wn jotea d ons Foartb. We hold that abesnet of the Coardotod oa Ohs Sot s1 The original plan afthe Federal expedition was to occupy Sxaclnvole for only a few boom, for the purpose of recon- henoeance l but the representations of the "loyal" residents of the town caused Colonel Wholpple to abaondo the idea of imeditoate evacuatios. Pickeeto were otto end tho troops went into camp or were quartered in the va n buero Ins On March 19th, Cenertra . W. Soersoant (U. S. A-)u ., coon- masoder ofthe deparent, arrived. Ho cast for the pur- poueof pesonally aceuante himself with the nitutiono here, aed in bin report he oate that the act of Colonel Whipple inregolarly eccupoylne Jaclososville wasa wse ore- Th the meantime,h the Confederate troso in the vicinity of Baldiunder the command of Colonel W. S. Ditlworth, wer rertgand otherwise peparingto reoiot any attempt of the Federals to march into the interior of the Stae. Preehamation of thoe Loyal Citizen An noon no Jackoonville was thorsoghty in the bands of[ the Federal aory, a moeting of the "Loyal Citses of the United States", an hld, ot 10:00 a, ro.. March 20, 18062, C. L. Robinson, chairman; 0. L. Raen, aecretary; John S. Saromie, S. F. Halliday, John W. Price, Philip Frazer, and Paren Moody, being the committee appointed to draft reo- lutios to lay before said meeting. The following In a true copy of theree oalls1 We, tha pooplesOasoy of th saJrsheslei cod Its untity, he ad cossyia of o ass d Slats of Fborda. oned wild as ertor cod tsotsieioa of tho Cnol Olate of Asneried, do hereby set forth oar darouttoo af ichn. cod a adl-spootest agotast ade aho-a.-n of thte oo by mep proes State or or araw'dly. Fost We.hl thet aoverseot Ia a covnac, he nehirl proeclias ias priss of iogase; t[hat wbsd aotweetiot in deniedthroagh wos- ass or solus. nlogixreisno lager d.. seoed We held thatw co Rostnd fesm of gocososoot esort be fhongod or ahesolaed cept by the will ef tes eopis, isosigetly sadotiltniglp coposod -vi foisly ottid. Tl~nd. ohold that so s..n of.abs l st oo lnte ocay legal or enitatsa oighe Ossoto ilocf fror the noosoro aod 10500- Fotsth. We heid that mle net of the Coarsatis ao the Satet of eso - tooosesssweih. os  120 ISORY OF JACKSONVILLE, VOIU 120 HISOY OF JACKOCILLR, FPWIA 120 HITORY OF JACKONVILE PLORIA Florldecce Ny iecce the tdine a£ peetie cld, betel In de-ec ecllet. wih the Ce tttecif. the unitea htecet.I ee hedeg h bethy tied~ tthe peoplate Stilt Fifth. We bdld thet IF, Stte ef Fil be a tcpeel pnt If te mcte tepe behc en the ceee t nctI ed ctbpIft em ledeelecen~lnectIni l 1,hee- th t I ettiucd peetlect td nttltty depccenm We eneeteeleeiet ,Ic elten ne ednnten efthCecct tIthGe Stcecclidewtihce cei fne cthe ceitwd Stecect tee wtte~hyttis ee d thee etthee.t I-c, t i reee le titee eendn~sfe p ee W e pettInctcnctennbttbc eetie edcFnnen-f- eIdcteteen efbenecneeena ct ete b il ctenledntldttecd I ecettet. W etidieeeo l~1iTtt eeen e eeele~~hetenleteee iee W eteth aett te decee.cahee pt te.:a t 1teettt hnncti cenececetl tthtitcteincig dteettite ted hfn tteh 11,,t mean ttptt e hee ben ecleI mse en t ~ m tede iwed ete ldn by . hetecc etc t Fe the iten t f t Stceeted t... it ete pideetiu f the Ltilt.dStc hittpcnecttcdT teTtpeheie- ¢vftgetent e nd dusa ~ .p< u I ,elebeltinpfep bI , 1ndeecnenee tencnecci' tncttherledI ciie be he peled III Peieejb, e-h.cceec eetepei ge ce t nee th att ee l le tit.:'- ~llt bd phepmvaetyN. fe ~ehne u Pin li t eene, Chne ece. ten epeech the, nercet Idetncnetdtnig ncttde it tie eennt F~h evolved. TCc Lebe eh iecso e Ifpeete .it~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ C Pp ' tol egdptdF eclldto me Nea [ld it t rn e ccm ent tee h'ltrda cenntcnly eten en the edieee at ceveetieny in etid, being in dine c1-1ie1 len the Clecttetece oh the Plte Stetet, i hede heen tetnd ec the ceetide fee eetccceict betUited Sete ebetl tede hm~eeepenttcectenet ntlhceetntelh en eiihvetcetpcccenhn Fiecteen bec igdleecehee te eetee cC ne eleeceeId peecctccdecltcttdecc We elentnly pecee eccnnllb teetlccetnhc mttct ntn pteotfcerheted ehnllet deccted c dep teiht en ct-ere id the tetead Peem teeeeceet n tnetmc tepted hyh ttle neI....c.etcetetifttlc~ete mabichn deeeecct htgttet dcpfcnfeden e te e le p e e c c t tc e dW p e e mle e te ee m =&cI lehnlalennnn e ntc nccctccpecttttetccteteipcec nfeceheictcettcvn edptncet , tftchpe fecdelieteeenhnntectednteetnn ecdm a -,newtcan We ld'ecctitinettencteaettceytplcee andttlcctcthenye wttltpeetiltctdtnn pcettticeeeleptildpeeen if biennl[ Weg ett eceipetai, I the dcncI ee .it .cetn-eebel .Innpn tthenpe1 t becntemmr ~ deieebww , enheennieI- beni gn pedecplpe e thn Cietetn The eept cC eee en pent. bthet tcce -tteetntee h tt h ctt cet etetedI Stte ela-eteeptsuf hltg.ecet-ecctedingln tenptiinn thIe fttte tt exenpt in eectntheenpng- met tethe peedee ef the U nitettee etiect ecllfehcit le Set- etc eneelceee Em tcei tte t . peCetee efll th ,tt .i Ilcide Pet etie cetec, Th el ll cc the. lbi'te Lcdt1d ete h lyecte Pt necp en thi pten stfne eeety. Phla ml1 O 'Iilp Fencec- Chcixedt A£ tnse tey e nbcedice ec ~ a p cencie e aece l t ee tec tien .L encet aMp nt.imfa C. L Itehinnn ,menitne ne C. ee,- S yen e.nc FIitd etmmnely leeceena en -bredienn ph nepenne in bnid, being in diced -ht teith the Ccnntntitn If the UmedtA Steel. innr hec -ig been enbenittd t Pttw Feel fe, ettttitwn riffl. We held thee th, stae. et Fleeit it en lepe-e pet eW te Uchted Stnten. ehIet en nbc nnetttnete^ itdcten ph the lm nnvce hn,,nnenewntebelieethe tbctnnd cC hnctieecdht the Ieefe ci _netttt cttetcellcetcpnt We tfthclptclee edtt eehieh6e- ndedpe-teceheef hsceecth . 1 f w h ic he n e tcc a n ce he c c c ci ic I'lc h e e e t fe c e d enf, It efa npccnheedbe nec 111 pett. We ceec tcc eice hc t eeittc ieth 1-e been ,ha em u tt -enm f IF ted t ele t---tc enthte cc1 chilllenpet. n hewccsel,-d nenfnnflheync b pcethehectedetee l eenetncnt-ef '' !etetgcnth tyctctcehccbdtndtnnmi peencenecteetthcmnldtbdbeybeennnbttct be be netdiyetinegeendhtbenteapcpt thct end dnct ieee We peet n gtite the deecnccnttn I e£ eeg¢ enu thenet hi rangcc 1hecnbinee deeIt teclay snnnitte tthndi- cccIcpctece.1 ib In.cn-sos the sshsls cms dowon esalessaovrs-1 andeteetlttetsceeithtase-isokrifsedgoa. Tie tfeasbeaee'wrt unmanotehs aeeo etiAeloeoset toseasi Ilidqatonesedsclodod. Omnsleseon sotatistlesy. SeasI gteoaaoclbesr aacotee tesb ooe ortods o ltneloisae, siseehe11,1teea oofteoa, et'ossssbi e'inaawmala toe 5,s aleol seesd IIhscah the aide of abe bests and tiodded itself sighi Oeiioathe oacena hwea aiw I-eeise deteth shell nte oed jt t e o a c -leekriot i os n acua areta Trny get an-o tor mest, .iles to o' In foro or cooboaie got a sags es nes, wo.oeby beease~oeai. AocIrear -1seetin ibis minig tsar esaspmasio sro abeighth Misrthe olnsflIIboNhabfasoura,nsddoof esaeemovasl ainrted out Ws tam oip the sot :ma 4ure to sevwat [he catos far smwhat similar to thot followed dring the first ocrups. tion-attacking outponts, picketn, forasing parties, etc. Toooswaoasome loes of lifo on both sides, Sorgeon Meredith (C S. A,) was killed on March lath. On gae l~hi Colonel MbcCormicko (C. S. A.), by dicen- tin of Goeneral Finegan, ntifieCelonel Miggian to remove the womose aen chldren :fcom Jacknonville within 24 homer, or that after thsat time they would remain is the town on his (M iociason's) rcsoensibility. Coloncl iHigeinsanimmediately ordered hsale nes to convey all these who wished to leav to thehrick yard churh,eewhere they wer mettsnder a n of truce tya.Confederate sor t. Thas nil the women sad children, except afewc families, were removed from Jackon v~le and cent to Lake City. March l2d and ldtwo white regiments arrived, Eighth Maioneloe John twout ndteSxh onciu C.Rsad h eo o C. Chatfieid. Colonsl Bunt being the ranking slHm tols commad of the troops her. Skr ihin now bece more frequent and heavier. About this time Lit.tcr ouloan deeed thplnomuat tannfong a cawnne o1a fat car, couplinge n a locomotive nadsn singlite down the tracke to within rang of Jacksonville. The railroad battery became celebratod for its gfeoo. he Frsis Sollot, of Jodctoeii, cmanded this goin, ad he was eauended in the highest terms for bravery and skill in ervine it. This battery Srda also in the battle ad Oluate afterword. rho media oy te rro the Eighth Maine describes the damage done by the railroad battery of the Confederates as follows fsdiisd.y torok 10 lioe e tc t is mo aeancoteweoooinoec .o1 orwidauog sisso Thes oeeilreedmdat tn'asostueteam eswirt.1s1. eh Io edase lsdIsdotmreenlno'ddx oiisoal auics re ansis attonfat oeofutha orohwnm oamsar sadslod eawltoerieos i, .1Tohw Oaaw'hetinm wh ObeyaI ls e eao aame I Mccc., gur adeeu ogahi esesi Osar esps ed ab nigetow aine set of an s moh a er saln toe pose hao 5,050 st somwhat similar to that followed daring the frst occa tio-ethockiec eutpest, pickets, foraging parties, eta, There wsar some lots of life ons both sides, Seor Meredith (C. S. A.) seas killed en March lathn. On M-arch 17th, Colonel McCormickl (C. S. A.), by diree. ties of ticoors) F'incgan, notifiedColene Higgins.. to remove the womena and children from Jackonvfie withoin 24 hours, orthat after that time they would remain in the towa en his (Miccinoon'o) resonsieibility. Colonel iHiggise immediately ordered his wagono to coolly all these who wished to leave to the brick yard church, where they wer, met tunder a flag af truce by a C onfederate escort. Thus all the women and children, eept a few faminies, wore reoved from Jackson- vile crnd sent to Lake City. March l2d and lid two white regiments strived, Eighth Mains, Colonel John D1. Bust, and the Sixtha Connecticut Colonel John L Chided. Colonel Bust being the ranking sfaber took command of the troops hero. Skirmiohica noe w became more frequent and heavier. About this time LtLT. E. moebmon devised the as of mount. isg ar o ha flat car, coupling on a locomotive and ron.- einc it downthe tackeithin rangeof Jacksnvill. The railroad battery becae celebrated for its effectiveness. Francis Selles, of Jacksonvillc, commanded this gun, and he wan comended ill the highest terms for bravery ad skill ssercing it. This battery Scaured asa in the battle of The medical offier of the Eighth Maine descert'os the damage doe by the railroad battery of the Confederates as fellows"I wedeedin, heroec se. 1000: At tooIsel maarsa'g Ohs sebocls rms doeaabss. nod eeaedtst a allwit aatisbriy Jus a atthemt tedesceo,ae adeIoncmsn abarun. saas, usatcsohoell oesit, oe nrajciessiesed. hviawis'caesese sect me sls oette l ut thex iso o aset ted an hsoutedls flaewaedf oedd a 1,IaTteslshieeggIsieeaarss T 'hey gat aset et a e,,alls Ices Ohs lnt hellre o50 soslosaa get a costa entat lwse c~slay boe aeeorca. AttareeoeeI mdneeee ie muesi to empasica athab Eigth Ala's', sehsoefeeta ielk Cmeeoeat,a iten elm s!sccam gien dssristeou e a th me eilenad leash to saseat the rebels ferm  IN HST OF IACSUO'f.E FXSIA IN0 SUTR OF ZASONYUSE FLOIDA IN0 HST OF uAEONVI~aE 7W1AR getting a- ongh woith ihoje otto gt to baholt to we h d -btoh talre no e as esow hegtttovi sthattokaod pet tomoMatto eha o, mde ahabd fpoooodoo lotohtoh egatase -ack et ottorod boa or per o koatdaniTttthtaooi the Iatit of tiro tri ]oot Atototin of whorm Cpto ilAthrd to tI h o .mb shtood, teopiontd mooebgo phi .11 r00 ....... 11 .o618 3 3 7 ei3 February 16: oi'oogse uidigatth noIor~thestcoe of By an ain0 Stre'ts bady a '0 b IfirJe. Lee to buildigand s.okaounted t5 abou $830,000.1a' ebruary,0O.0 26-March0 9:00030100 Flr3aStt3F012 onte Feary 6: Fariang building at thernri-teshrne building pan tok i mounte takol abutnd $6,50 dmae March 25: Dry kiln at the plant of Creso Mfg. Co. on Mrc- CIrls Creek deotroyed by an explosion, May 14: Doyal County was swept into the "Bone Dry" column by a vote of 3136 to 2166. Refe to intoxicating liquoro. l"woenam isodoion we50 riss to ]arhiesollu as lall, itva ith els tadroodag te, 00300 Ceoy asald keep liqor awy heom tie aediero. A groa deal of cooluiso athato thi s n so se, skde readied is oglautie that -II to~ bulding an s0.tooks amountd.toabou $0'Oo o.Js o b00.5.00in.g pln ouhJakonilebme;$0,000 dem m Feary 6: Dykl~ngale ulingt th Ges northea.t ce ofw, Baye an ryd Ma Stees badl asodyfietost buliand 14:tuak aounted tos about $00000 Boe ry coebruay 26Mac 0:t of316ord StatRfe Fai 22heCounties riaorsn. buidin plant in Sout Janhovs burened $60ovl 000 dama.. Marcwih 6: D r in a th~at Dof, Ceso Boga Coeon Mayo 14:t oame Coune wo sr.,t itoo the 'ons DY uvethat ohis sas ast dose, sbick eolsd is agitfilos that Rotoil toa Psos Is Jaoolorillo '05030t-5..5057 ..07 005033 I100 .03.00~ ~~ .0.0 000 000 n3 .0.00.000000: Is0003 3001 7 03 buildin e 00.d s 0uck 3700te toaot$0.000 February 16:Marcng9e buoidngatte noirth2 eastrer reprosented. March 23: Fubrinating bonlding of Merrill Stevens ship building plant in South Jacksonville bornd; $6000 danmage. March 20: Dry kiln at the plant of Croon Mfr. Co. on Mr. Girls Creek destroyed by an explosion. Moy 14: Duoval Cousty was swept into tho Bone Dry' column by a vote of 3136 to 2300. Refers to inrtxcing ilm coop Josue as gisoe to Jarkocs"oje is 1013, It as silth be aod"eroaisg tt noaool csaoty uol keep linorv way or ies oediooI. A egss eal sl ooaplnst - .10 thitin 300 sot dos, orioh enosis is autatics that  m HITORY OF JACSONVILLE LORIDA m7 HISORY OF JACKSNVILLE, FLORID m HISTOR OF JACSOILLE, FLORDA 1818 deelped two prsele, hoastes "Doy&5sand "Wet" Whe "'Deyo" aiac t morte abs Camty"... dy"Rsod she "Wets" tsceestih. Tlst"'Wat" soeiseeoyceytmapeeotco delay an aleatios by O ae-peiitise aed W iaren, the totemsot all the ttee eoeeslaamshaoset the hoileac tb "keep the lid datee", Os at-be.s $105,110 worth of Ilao ma ssed by te Govsset so a assnailie ,rare as he wa ose a 'bas teals". The measta of Casmp Jaest ase s onte, p dbiis sldes a eli aciesalonvil vO.sasdye,siala psas so aebeoa it ase day, I the Oneh. The eleatte seas held fas days sfteeteso stmabe asree a. so. Ma5y 241 Maines foundry in South Jackneoville, engaged is fillng Gsvernmsent ordaes was destroyed by fsRe:laso $20,- 000. June: Strike at carmen of the Jacksonvile Traction Covs- psoy far rcgaitisa of the union and inras ia pay, It was a partial strik, as many employees remained loyal. As a paftiotic move women sf the local Liberty League acted sconductora oil the cars for aeveral days, the first instance of the kind in the history of Flsrida. Considerable violence was directed against the loyal carmeo;lseveral of them were shat with bird chat. On ale ocraiin a lady pscaenger, Mrs. C. D. Grant, wife of Captain Crane of Camp Jobsotas was atruick in the face by a brick thrown at the car, ad very seriously injurod. July 16: Fire destroyed the entire plat of the American Agrtcultuiral Compoay in the Talleyrand section. The loon approximsated $1,000,000. Auguat 11: The point nd oil building of the Huebbard Hardware Compeany, of the south aide of flay Street between Moon and Laurawmeogaited by Ore. The lesexceeded $100, 000. November 27-December 7: Florida State Fair. In~fluz Epidem, 1918 In hit rorat to the City Commissiona, December 31, 1920, the City Health Oficer, Dr. Win, W. MlOoell, sold: i91e dacvloped tee pornies, case' sO "cre5 anda ''Set", the 'Dras. eelafog to te the oanty "erne dy"et sad .11e o peoceat it The "Woit" se it aey wstaoeaoe delay a lso- by usato-peal dote a iaoaiims the Govaceo alt te tie ea elsisit shnwt the Wole o "keep the lid does,"o. Onset aeesias $10,Ron wsoth at liqsao eve. aiod b the Gaoeuats, and Jasebsn ail toeo Sc h tao as a 'basota". Th e maaidloio Camp JehOn sosoed on .e.- Rechihitiag aoldl¢e 1e wdait Ssloasseil so cealays, 'tit a ao of at sitg it ta ds i ms heeoot The .k...s was hol fo day, st1ot-e est mhe ensu ma osit May 24: Maine foundry in South Jackosonvill, engaged in filling Government orders, was destroyed by fire: Incm $20, No0, June: Strike of caroen of the Jacksonville'ortion Cools pony for recognition of the union and increse in pay. It was a partial strike, s many employees rensained loyal As a patriotic moat women of the local Liberty League acted aconductars oin the cars for several days, the first instance of the kind in the history of Florida Cionsiderable violenc was dirercted agist the loyal cameil; teveral of them were ohot with tied shot On one occasion a lady passenger, Mro. G. D. Grant, wife af Captain Grant of Caret Jahoatca, was strmck in the face by a brick thrown at the car, sod very seriosly injured. Joly 06: Fire destroyed the entire plant of the American Agrialteiral Compasy is the Tauleyrand torts'n. The loos apcoximated $1,000,000. Aogust 110 The pint and oil building of the Hubbard Hardware Company, of the south aide of Bay Street between Main and Loura, was gutted by lire. The te exceeded $100.' 000. November 27-December 7: Florida State Faie'. Influenza Epidemic,1918 In hie report top the Oity Commisaion, December 31, 1920, the City Health Goce, Dr. Win, W. M-cDonslu, msid: 1918 deseol twa saure, osa s "Dae" and 'acese", the s" eeoaame ghmseihe Consty'Tbsodsadryial e "Wet topovetia ° . .Tb'eaoa a wa r oy o mseasaae dela an eleatiso by ecotsopsiisu atd tvtfaiom, the Oesoeentesll te elsne coaeloisiog stot the Oailsohi to 'koe tiaclid dtc",O R s eaosala $l l arth soW1~ sat teied bay tsa Gasaass, nd t-~aeie at oh boa'sas "usa stis. he esesuerof Came Jsnbse ionetn vee peehiiag old'oeao s visit Jacsnille On ostk.day 0 suabs xeoDte ut mskiec it ee dea lathe s.- 'Roe elotaahea d fas aa refosd clot wthwe sluc. ow es May 24: Main's foundry in South Jacksnnvill, engaged in filling Government ordera., wan destroyed by Ore; Imto $20- 000. June, Strike of carmen of the Jacksnviiloe Tracion Cars- pony for rcognition of the anion sad inlareate in pay. It wan a partial strike, s mDny employees rmahoed loyal. As apatriotic move women of the local Liberty League acted anconductora on the ara for several days, the rt istance of the kind in the history of Florida, Cosiderable violence was directed against the loyal carmenl eeveral of them wer shot with bini shot. On one occson a lady psassenger, Mrs. C, D., Graco. wife of Captain Grant of Camp Johnston, was Atrsk in the fare by a brick thrown at the oar, sod very seriously injured. July 01 Fire deotroyed the satire plant of the American Agricultoral Company in the Tauleyrand sectin. The loot appruaxcmated $1,000,000 August 11: The paint nd oil building of the Hubbard Hardware Caompany, of the south tide sf liay Street heteen Slain and laruwasgutted by Ore Theloanexceeded $100, ON., November 27-December 7t Florida State Fair Inflez Epidemic, 19te In hie report to the City Commianion, Decenaber 31, 1920. the Oily Health Officer, Dr. Wm., W. Mactoonell, camd:  HISTR OF JACONVLLE, LORIDA 23 HISTOR OF JACKSONVYLLE, FLORIA 242 HISR O JACKSNVLLE FLORID Ut3 O a opytebnt 18, lilt, iaaate oa gippe as it It atooattioea mut. teatisot brtoght to too etetattitat ta eooetg uat humotetaa at thattiyfeym. The die wgeametoiatoaalltoot the cty,att a by Ottea itt it -oa toyooo to the City Ceetttiio at batuc tpt. dtaoo it Jveohttl. Weatieg etia icntenl ith i htptototithodi tmltt tttto mtomstand what to do if anhoak. o,Oa Goethem alotll out retdo for otlai teet Oat th 7th. 08008 td Saoa bitt batcat at nuetitytt that the tatilas wtee a by the stpaoimtendt of Yonla Imeotatioat, afot ooodaoata with thw City tatlbOttEr That moctor piatto awoeta eito chtt loo etlittlly eot the fiooo ., oqtoaes of [tit dltatooa-t Thate Cit y Cyeaoicia, tnottoha by t toa -" el aelletoaaeplaaicaatfdlnk upat, t. ttd pltyad a it . hoeIt pahlt gamha4iegattmed tat ourihi aatlittt l - toagoetI atoptoo a a 18eI-llsloead H. Hong (Dem.) After the dlose of the war a feeble effort was mode to establish a municipal government. Piolotead H. Boeg, who had been Mayor of Jacksonville two terms before the war, wsiredotedttoas Mayor in 1065, fog one year. Although this government conoisted of Mayer, Marohal, Clerk of Coon- oil, six Councilmen, and three Policemen, it was one in name only, s the actuol control of affairs woo is the hands of the US. S. military. 1866-Hlne Snaeke (Demn.) Dr. Molmes Steele fenowed Hoeg mo Mayor is 1880. Br. Steele hod likewise been Mayor of Jacksonville before the war. He was a highly educated man and Soathern to the  294 HISTORY OF JACBONVILLE, FLORIDA 294 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 294 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE. FLORIDA bone, having nerved through the war. As before, there was not much for this administration to do. 1867-Holmes Steele (Dem.); John Clark (Dem.) The negroes under radical Northern white leaders began to experiment with politics even before they were enfran- chised. Immediately upon the report that Congress had pawed the "Reconstruction Acts", they met in the negro Baptist church here, chose a ticket for city elections, and adopted resolutions reading, "Resolved, Thatwe have become hen-ode citizens of Florida and the Unlted States; that there is now no destinction between the white and black man in politicl matters", etc. Their election did not take place, as it was prohibited by military order of Colonel Sprague, commanding the U. S. troops at Jacksonville, Dr. Holmes Steele was appointed te succeed himself as Mayer. He died in ofice, May 7, 1867. John Clark was unanimonsly elected by the City Council May 14, 1867, to fill the vacancy created by the death of Dr. Steele. Mr. Clark was a merchant and respected citien; it was said that the selection was made at the suggestion of Colonel Sprague. Wm. Grothe was the Acting Mayor in the interim between Mayors Steele and Clark. 1868-Edward Hopklis (Dem.) In the spring of 1868, Edward Hopkins was either elected or appointed, it is not clear which, to the position of Mayor. The Soethern residents took no active part in it as they had been practically disfranchised under the "Reconstruction" Acts of 1867. 1869-Edward Hopkins (Dem.) Edward Hopkins was elected Mayor in 1869. The Con. stitution of 1868 had made suffrage oniveroal, and the South- ern residents were now entitled to vote. The freedmen showed little interest in this election; their efforts now were directed more especially to State ofiees and the 'fundamental foolfshnes" at Tallahassee. 1870-Peter Jones (Rep.) The administration of local government by radicals began in 1870, when alien politicians marshalled their forces and gave battle to the Hopkins party. Peter Jones, a newcomer bone, having served through the war. As before, there was not much for this adminstration to do. 1867-Homes Steele (Den.); John Clark (Dem.) The negroes under radical Northern white leaders began to experinment with politics even before they were enfran- chised. Immediately upon the report that Congress had passed the "Reconstruction Acts", they met in the negro Baptist church hero, chose a ticket for city elections, and adopted resolutions reading, "Resolved, That we have become bna-fide citizens of Florida and the Unted States; that there is now no destinction between the white and black man in political matters", etc. Their election did not take place, o it was prohibited by military order of Colonel Sprague, commanding the U. S. troops at Jacksonville. Dr. Holmes Steele was appointed to succeed himself as Mayor. He died in oflice, May 7, 1867. John Clark was unanimously elected by the City Council May 14, 1867, to fill the vacancy created by the death of Dr. Steele. Mr. Clark was a merchant and respected citizen; it was said that the selection was made at the suggestion of Colonel Sprague. Wm. Grothe was the Acting Mayor in the interim between Mayors Steele and Clark. 1868-Edward Hopkins (Dem.) In the spring of 1868, Edward Hopkins was either elected or appointed, it is not elear which, to the position of Mayor. The Southern residents took no active part in it, as they had been practically disfranchised under the 'Reconstruction" Acts of 1867. 1869-Edward Hopkins (Dem.) Edward Hopkins was elected Mayor in 1869. The Con- stitution of 1868 had made suffrage universal, and the South- ern resldents were new entitled to vote. The freedmen showed little interest in this election; their efforts now were directed more snpecially to State ofries and the "fundamental foolishnes" at Tallahassee. 1870-Peter Jones (Rep.) The administration of local government by radicals began in 1870, when alien politicians marshalled their forces and gave battle to the Hopkins party. Peter Jones, a newcomer bone, having served through the war. As before, there was not much for thin administration to do. 1867-Holmes Steele (Dem.); John Clark (Dem.) The negroes under radical Northern white leaders began to eoriment with politics even before they were enfran- chised. Immediately upon the report that Congress had passed the "Receostructon Acts', they met in the negro Baptist church here, chose a ticket for city elections, and adopted resolutions reading, "Resolved, That we have become bona-fide citizens of Florida and the United States; that there is now no destinction between the white and black man in political matters", etc. Their election did not take place, as it was prohibited by military order of Colonel Sprague, commanding the U. 5. troops at Jacesonvlle. Dr. Holmes Steele was appointed to succeed himself as Mayor. He died in ofhce, May 7, 1867. John Clark was unanimously elected by the City Council May 14, 1867, to fill the vacancy created by the death of Dr. Steele. Mr. Clark was a merchant and respected citihen; it was said that the selection was made at the suggestion of Colonel Sprague. Wm. Grothe was the Acting Mayor in the interim between Mayors Steele and Clark. 1868-Edward Hopkien (Dem.) In the spring of 186, Edward Hopkins was either elected or appointed, it is not elear which, to the position of Mayor. The Southern residents took no active part in it, as they had been practically disfranchised under the "Reconetruction" Acts of 1867. 1869-Edward Hopkins (Dem.) Edward Hopkins was elected Mayor in 1869. The Con- atiation of 1868 had made suffrage univeral, and the South- eran residents were new entitled to vote. The freedmen showed little interest in this election; their efforts now were directed more especially to State offies and the 'fundamental foolishness" at Tallahassee. 187i-Peter Jones (Rep.) The administration of local government by radicals began in 1870, when alien politicians marshalled their forces and gave battle to the Hopkins party. Peter Jones, a newcomer  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 29 HISTORY OF JACKSONVIL, FLORIDA 29 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 295 from the North, wea selected as afit candidate in ful sy- pathywith their principles. Edward Hopkins was the candi- date of the Democrats and the conservative Republicans. Several weeks prior to the election political meetings were held in an open oak grove near the corner of Laura and Forsyth Streets, where crowds, nearly all freedmen, asses- bled at the sound of life and drum, to listen to the white and the colored orators, who spoke loudly and long. These were boisterous scenes amidst great confusion, vehement hand- elapping and frequent "Amens" on the part of the negroes. They were Jones's meetings. The election was on April 5th. There was only one ballot box for the entire city. The voting place was a small two- story brick building oltuated in the middle of Newnan Street, south of and facing Bay. The election for Mayor resulted: Jones, 22;Hpkeins, 293. Elected with Jones was the following admoinistratio, all Republicans: Roy P. Moody, Marshal; C. W. Blew, Treas- urer; J. C. Greeley', Collector; W. M. Ledwith, Asnessor;: George W. Frazier, Clerk. Aldermen: J. L. Requa, Thos. Eells, Perez Fridenberg, T. A. Wilson, W. L. Coan (manager of the Freedmen's bank), S. N. Williams, C. B. Simmons (colored preacher), and W. T. Garvin (colored). TheSouth ern white men were Williams. Ledwith, Moody, and Fraower. 1871-Peter Jones (Rep.) Peter Jones measured up to all the requirements expected of him and he gained strength during his first administra- tan with his party. The Democrats realized that it was use- less to attempt to regain local governments they were hope- lesslynotnumbered. F.! Wheaten,a lawyerand onceMayor of Jacksonville before the war, however determined to make the attempt The election was held on April 4, and resulted: Jones, 5l9; Wheaton, 140. 1872-Peter Jones (Rep.) Peter Jones had little difficulty in securing the nomination from his party. Jones was opposed by Paran Moody, als a Republican. This contest is maid to have beenaspirited one. The election was held April 4th, resulting in the election of Jones as follows: Jones. 444 ; Moody, 328. from the North, was selected as a fit candidate in full sym- pathywith their principles. Edward Hopkins was the candi- date of the Democrats and the conservative Republicans. Several weeks prior to the election political meetings were held in an open oak grove near the corner of Laura and Forsyth Streets, where crowd., nearly all freedmen, assem- bled at the sound of fife and drum, to listen to the white and the colored orators, who spoke loudly and long. These were boisterous scenes amidst great confusion, vehement hand- clapping and frequent "Amenn" on the part of the negroee, They were Jones's meetings. The election was on April 5th. There was only one ballot boa for the entire city. The voting place was a small two- story brick building situated in the middle of Newnan Street, south of snd facing Bay. The election for Mayor resulted: Jones, 322; Hopkins, 29. Elected with Jones was the following administration, all Republicans: Roy P. Moody. Marshal; C. W. Blew, Treas- orer; J. C. Greeley, Collector; W. M. Ledwith, Assessor; George W. Frazier, Clerk. Aldermen: J. L. Requa, Thos. Fells, Peres Fridenberg, T. A. Willson, W. L. Con (manager of the Freedmen's bank), S. N. Williams, C. B. Simmons (colored preacher), andW. T. Garvin (colored). TheSouth- ern white men were Williams, Ledwith, Moody, and Frazker. 1871-Peter Jones (Rep.) Peter Jones measured up to all the requirements expected of him and he gained strength during his first administra- tion with his party. The Democrats realized that it was use- le to attempt to regain local government as they were hope. lesslyoutnumbered. F.! LWheaton,alawyerandsone Mayr of Jacksonville before the war, however determined to make the attempt. The election was held on April 4, and resulted: Jones, 539; Wheaton, 140. 1872-Peter Jones (Rep.) Peter Sones had little difficulty in securing the nomination from his party. Jones was opposed by Paran Moody, also a Republican. This contest is said to have beenaspirited one. The election was held April 4th, resulting in the election of Jones as follows: Jones, 444; Moody. 928. from the North, was selected as a fit candidate in fll sm- pathy with their principles. Edward Hopkins wasthecandi- date of the Democrats and the conservative Republicans. Several weeks prior to the election political meetings were held in an open oak grove near the corner of Lanra and Forsyth Streets, where crowds, nearly all freedmen, assem- bled at the sound of fife and drum, to listen to the white and the colored orators, who spoke loudly and long. These were boisterous cenes amidst great confusion, vehement hand- clapping and frequent "Amens" on the part of the negrae. They were Jones's meetings,. The election was on April 5th. There was only one ballot boo for the entire city. The voting plac was a small two- story brick building situated in the middle of Newnan Street, south of and facing May. The election for Mayor resulted: Jones, 322: Hopkins, 293. Elected with Jones was the following administration, all Republicans: Roy P. Moody, Marshal; C. W. Blew, Trasn orer; J. C. Greeley, Collector; W. M. Ledwith, Assessor; George W. Frazier, Clerk. Aldermen: J. L. Reque. Thos. Eells., Peres Fridenberg, T. A. Willson. W. L. Conn (manager of the Freedmen's bank), S. N. Williams, C. B. Simmons (colored preacher), and W. T. Garvin (colored). The South- ern white men were Williams, Ledwith. Moody, and Frasier. 1871-Peter Jones (Rep.) Peter Jones measured up to all the requirements expected of him and he gained strength during his first administra- tion with his party. The Democrats realized that it was ee- leastoattempt toregain local government as they were hope- leselyoutnumbered. F. . Wheaten,alawyerand once Mayor of Jacksonville before the war, however determined to make the attempt. The election was held on April 4, and resulted: Jones, 539; Wheaton, 140. 1872-Peter Jones (Rep.) Peter Jones had little dilficulty in seuring the nomination from his party. Jones was opposed by Paran Moody, also a Republican. This contest is said to have beenaspirited one. The election was held April 4th, resulting in the election of Jones as follows: Jones. 444: Moody. 328.  296 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLOR1DA 296 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 296 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 1873-J. C. Greeley (Rep.) In the election this year, the Democrats and the con- servative Republicans united for the purpose of defeating Peter Jones and his ring, and centered on J. C. Greeley. Mr. Creeloy was a conservative Republican. The election was held April ist, and Greeley was elected, butty what majority is unknown. 1874-Peter Jones (Rep.) J. C. Greeley and Peter Jones were opposed again this year. Jones was elected by a small majority, the vote on April 4th being: Jones, 398; Greeley, 344. 1875-Peer Jones (Rep.) The Southern residents now took up the fight in earnnest to wrest the city government from the Northern politicians, They nominated Thomas E. Buckman, prominent eitizen, Democrat, and ex-Confederate nficer. Peter Jones was again a candidate. This wae a sluare party fight, and al- though Captain Buckman was defeated, he made a strong showing and paved the way for the Democratic victory the following year. The election on April 5th resulted: Jones, 518; Backman, 418. 1876-Luther McConihe (Dem.) There were four candidates in the rac for Mayor this year, namely, Peter Jones, radical Republican; Luther Me- Conihe, Democrat: J. R. Dry, independent Republican; Ed- ward Hopkins, Democrat. The campaign started in earnest when W. Stokes Boyd, of Philadelphia, a man of means and political strategy, en- tered the content as McConihe's political manager. Boyd was spending the winter here and said he wanted some fun. April id was a red-letter day for the Democrats, as McConihe was elected, the vote being: McConshe. 448; Jones, 243; Dey, 109; Hopkins, 92. McConihe was a Boston capitalist, prominent Free Mason, and an all-round good citizen. There was great rejoicing among the Democrats over this election, for it was generally considered a return to home role. Elected with McConihe was the following body of men. the first entirely white city government in eight years: John Tyler, Marshal; J. B. Crabtree. Clerk; M. A. Dzialynki . 1873-J. C. Greeley (Rep.) In the olection this year, the Democrats and the con- servative Republicana united for the purpoos of defeating Peter Jones and his ring, and centered on J. C. Greeley. Mr. Greeley wa conservative Republican. The election wan held April 1st, and Greeley was elected, butby what majority is unknown. 1874--Peter Jones (Rep.) J. C. Greeley aid Peter Jnies were opposed again this year. Jones was elected by a small majority, the vote on April 4th being: Jones, 398: Greeley. 344. 1875-Peter Jones (Rep.) The Southern residents now took up the fight in earnest to wrest the city government from the Northern politicioans. They nominated Thomas E. Bruckman, prominent citizen, Democrat, and ex-Confederate officer. Peter Jones was again a candidate. This was a square party fight, and al- though Captain Buckman was defeated, he made a strong showing and paved the way for the Democratic victory the following year. The election on April 5th resulted: Jones, 18; Buckman, 418. 1876-Luther McConihe (Dem.) There were four candidates in the race for Mayor this year, namely, Peter Jones, radical Republican; Luther Me- Conihe, Democrat; J . RDey, independent Republican; Ed- ward Hopkins, Democrat. The campaign started in earnest when W. Stokes Boyd. of Philadelphia, a man of means and political strategy, en- tered the contest as McConihe's political manager. Boyd was spending the winter here and said he wanted some fun. April 9d was a red-letter day for the Domocrat, an McConihe was elected, the vote being: McCenihe, 448; Jones, 243: Dey, 109; Hopkins, 92, McConihe was a Boston capitalist, prominent Free Mason, and an all-round good citizen. There was great rejoicing among the Democrats over this election, for it was generally considered a return to home role. Elected with McConihe was the following body of men, the first entirely white city government in eight yearn: John Tyler, Marshal; J. B. Crabtree, Clerk: M. A. Dzialynoki, 1873-J. C. Greeley (Rep.) In the election this year, the Democrats and the ron- nereative Republicans united for the purpose of defeating Peter Jones and his ring, and centered on J. C. Greeley. Mr. Greeley was a conservative Republican, The election was held April 1st, and Greeley was elected, butbywhat majority is tnkno, 1874-Peter Jones (Rep.) J. C. Greeley and Peter Jones were opposed again this year. Jones was elected by a small majority, the vote on April 4th being: Jones, 198; Greeley, o44. 1875-Peter Jones (Rep.) The Southern residents now tack up the fight in earnest to wrest the city government from the Northern politicians. They nominated Thomas F, Buckman, prominent citien, Democrat, and ex-Confederate officer. Peter Jones was again a candidate. Thin was a square party fight, and al- though Captain Backman was defeated, he made a strong showing and paved the way for the Democratic victory the following year. The election on April 5th resulted: Jones, 518; Buckman, 418. 1876-Luther McConihe (Dem.) There were four candidates in the race for Mayor thin year, namely, Peter Jones, radical Republican; Luther Ma- Conihe, Democratl; J. R. Dey, independent Republican; Ed- ward Hopkins, Democrat. The campaign started in earnest when W. Stokes Boyd, of Philadelphia, a man of means and political strategy, en- tered the contest a McCoihe's political manager. Boyd was spending the winter here and said he wanted some fan. April tdws a red-letter day for the Democrats, as McConihe wos elected, the vote being: McConihe, 448; Jone, 243; Dey, 109; Hopkins, 92. McConihe was a Boston capitalist, prominent Free Mason, and an all-round good citizen. There was great rejoicing among the Democrats over this election, for it was generally ceonideroed a ruron to home role. Elected with McConihe was the followlog body of men, the farst entirely white city government in eight years: John Tyler, Marshal; J. B. Crabtree, Clerk; M. A. Dzialynski,  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 297 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 297 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 297 Assessor; B. A. Thobut. Collector; H. M. Moody. Treasurer. Aldermen: T. E. Buekman, J. H. Burton, A. Doggett, J. C. Greeley, J. E. Hartridge, C. R. Jones, Guo Muller, A. E. Sawyer, B. H. Webster, all Democrats except Greeley and Sawyer, who were conservative Republicans. 1877-W. Stokes Royd (Dem.) April 2d: W. Stokes Boyd (Dem.) defeated J. H. Abbott (Rep.), the vote being: Boyd, 647; Abbott, 589. Abbott web said to be a bitter partisan. The Democrats celebrated the victory by an enthusiastic gathering at Polka' hall on the following night. 1878-Luther McConihe (Dem.) April lot: Three candidates were in this race, namely, Luther McConihe, Peter Jones, and J. H. Abbott. The vote was: McConihe (Dem.), 557: Jones (Rep.), 518; Abbott (Rep.), 56. rhe election was a quiet one. 1879-Peter Jones (Rep.) July 17th: Owing to some legal snarl the election this year did not take place in April. A writ of mandamus was sued out in the circuit court and an election was ordered fer July 17th. Luther McConihe (Dem.) and Peter Jones (Rep.) were the candidates for Mayor. Jones was elected. 1880-. Ramney DY (Rep.) April 5th: J. Ramsey Dey of New Jersey, a livery stable man, defeated Damon Greenleaf, a jewelry merchant. Day was a Republican and Greenleaf ran as an Independent. The Democrats and conservative Republicans supported Green- leaf. Vote: Dey, 648; Greenleaf, 597; Peter Jones, 1; Ellis Mon (negro), 1. Peter Jones again was a candidate in the Republican nom- iag convention, but Dey secured the nomination. The names of Jones and Moon were written in at the election. 1881-Morris A. Dzialynski (Dem.) April 4th: Morris A. Dzialynski, Democrat, and an ex- Confederate soldier, defeated Horatio Jenkins, Republican, by a vote of 559 to 529. This was the came Jenkins that figured so prominently in the Osborn political machine during the "Reconstruction" period. Assessor; B. A. Thebaut, Collector; H. M. Moody. Treasurer. Aldermen: T. E. Buckman, J. H. Burton, A. Doggett, J. C. Greeley, J. F. Hartridge, G. R. Jones, Gus Muller, A. E. Sawyer, B. H. Webster, all Democrats xceept Greeley and Sawyer, who were conservative Republicans. 1877-W. Stakes Boyd (Dem.) April 2d: W. Stokes Boyd (Dem.) defeated J. H. Abbott (Rep.), the vote being: Boyd, 647; Abbott, 589. Abbottwas said to be a bitter partisan. The Democrats celebratud the victory by an enthusiastic gathering at Poli's hall on the following night. 1878-Luther McConihe (Dem.) April not: Three candidates were in this race, namely, Luther McConihe, Peter Jones, and J. H. Abbott. The vote was: McConihe (Dem.), 557; Jones (Rep.), 518: Abbott (Rep.), 56. The elecntio was a quiet one. 1879-Peter Janes (Rep.) July 17th: Owing to same legal snarl the election this year did not take place in April. A writ of mandamus was sued out in the cirit court and an election was ordered for July 17th. Luther MConihe (Dem.) and Peter Jones (Rep.) were the candidates for Mayor. Jones was elected, 1880-J. Ramsey DNy (Rep.) April 5th: J. Ramsey Dey of New Jersey, a livery stable man, defeated Damon Greenleaf, a jewelry merchant, Dey was a Republican and Greenleaf ran as an Independent. The Democrats and conservative Republicans supported Green- leaf. Vote: Dy, 648; Greenleaf, 597; Peter Jasons, 1; Ellis Moon (negro), 1. Peter Jones again was a candidate in the Republican nom- isating convention, but Dey secured the nomination. The names of Jones and Moon were written in at the election. 881--Morris A. Dzialynski (Dem.) April 4th: Morris A. Dzislynski, Democrat, and as ex- Confederate soldier, defeated Horatio Jenkin, Republican, by a vote of 559 to 529. This was the same Jenkins that figured so prominently in the Osborn political machine during the "Reconstruction" period. Assessor; B. A. Thebaut, Collector; H. M. Moody, Treasurer. Aldermen: T. E. Buckman, J. H. Hurton, A. Doggett. J. C. Greeley, J. . Harridge, G. R. Jones. Gus Muller, A. E. Sawyer, B. H. Webster, all Democrats except Greeley and Sawyer, who wore conservative Republicans. 1877-W. Saokes Boyd (Dem.) April d : W. Stokes Boyd (Dem.) defeated J. H. Abbott (Rep.), the vote being: Boyd, 647: Abbott, 589. Abbott was said to be a bitter partisan. The Democrats celebrated the victory by an enthusiastic gathering at Polk's hall on the following night. 1878-Luther McConhe (Dem.) April lst: Three candidates were in this race, namely, Luther McConihe, Peter Jones, and J. H. Abbott. The vote was: McConihe (Dem.), 557; Jones (Rep.), 618: Abbott (Rep.), 56. The election was a quiet one. 0879-Peter Jones (Rep.) July 17th: Owing to some legal snarl the election this year did not take place in April. A writ of mandamus was cued out in the circuit court and an election was orderod for July 17th. Luther McConihe (Dem.) and Peter Jones (Rep.) were the candidates for Mayor. Jones was elected. 1880.-.J. Ramsey Dey (Rep.) April 5th: J. Ramsey Day of New Jersey, a livery stable man, defeated Damon Greenleaf, a jewelry merchant. Dey wes a Republican and Greenleaf ran as an Independent. The Democrats and conservative Republicans supported Green- leaf. Vote: Dey, 648; Greenleaf, 597; Peter Jones, 1; Ellis Moon (negro), 1. Peter Jones again was a candidate in the Republican nom- iating convention, but Dey secured the nomination. The names of Jones and Moon were written in at the electin. 1081-Morris A. Dzialyski (Dem.) April 4th: Morris A. Dzialyneki, Democrat, and an ax- Confederate soldier, defeated Horatio Jenkins, Republican, by a vote of 559 to 529. This was the same Jenkins that figured so prominently in the Osborn political machine during the "Reconstruction" period.  298 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE. FLORIDA 298 HISTORY OF SACK(SONVILLE. FLRIDA 298 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE. FlORIDAI t662-M1forris A. Dalalyssoki (Den.) April 9d: The campaign issue hn this election was the questian of open saloons (liquor) on Sunday. The voe far Mayor was: M. A. Drialynoki (Dom.), 695; William 01. Ledwith (Rep.), 428;13 R. Tey (lad. Rep.). 91. 183-W. Mctawa Foanry (Doem.) April 2d: For Mayor the vote was; W. Ms-8aw Daney (Dem.), 8lI?; P. E. McMurray (Rep.). 529. Open ouleon on Sanday sad the ily'a affasirs in general were Fcc-election queationo in the campaign 1884-W. McLawas Dancy (Deam.) April 7th: The two ticketa In the field this year werce known as the Denroratic-Conoervative and the Citizens'. The Imneableiass wnre affiliated with the Citizena' ticket. The reunt afthele election was: W. Met.. Danny (Dent-Cons.) 649; C. B. Smith (Cit.lRep.). 506. 1886-M. C. Rice (Den.) April eth: The vo for Manor in this electien was: M. C. Rice (Dcm.), 781; C. IF Smith (Citisena'). 65& Remarking an ihis election the Tmues-Umnin said: "The yousngDesnocrais turned outand worked withbswill and tothseir efforts roa great exent is detheuces of the ticket. The friondo of the Citizea or Smith ticket also weorked hard andmoneyislaid to havehbeenifreelyaspent One thing above all others woo noticeable sad that was the inereasod price of purchasable votes. Last year the price ranged from 25 cents to $2.50; bnt this year the average wan $7.00, the cange being ferm $5.80 is $12.56." 1066-Patnrick Mc~uaid (Dens.) April 5th: Patrick Mc~uaid (Dens) wao victorios aver J. R. Dey (Rep,) bey a voeoef; McQuaid, 707; They, 333. At th~e Democratic convention Dr. W. Met. Dan"y no- ceieed the nomintien for Mayir, bat hr decided not to run far the oce yatrick McQuaid was then asked to hood the Donmocroac ticket. 1887-( April election) L Q. Burhridge (Dess.) Thre young men's Doemocac club started early for the A pril cletion and endorsed J. Q. Muctnidge for Mayor. At the regular Demaocreeticeovelnten W. MeL. Dancy was nom tO82-Mdorris A. Dz'nlyspli (Dems.) April So; he campaignssuae in this electi on was the qusaction of open saloons (liuor) on Sunday, The voe for Mayor was: M. A. Dztalynsci (Dens.), 690; William R0. Ledovith (Rep.). 428; . R. They (lad,. Rep.). 91. 1883-W. M'Losws Dascy (Des..) April Id; Par Mayor the vote was: W. MWho-w Dancy (Dom.), 0; P. R. Maedurray (Rep.). 529, Opensoalooro on Sunday and the city's affairs in general were proeelectisn questiono in the campaigr. lll(4-W. MeLawn Daiscy (Dens.) April 'th: Th~e two tickoeto In the fCed this ycar werce known an the Dentonrt.Conservatve and the Citizens'. The Rtepublicans were affiliated with the Citizensc ticket. The eat af the election was: W. 0cr. Danncy (Desn.Conn.). 649; C. B. Smith (Cit.Rep.). 000. 1885-1M. C. Mice (Denm.) April fath; The vote for Mayor in ths election wao; M. C. Rice (Dem. 771; C. B, Smith (Citizens'). 656. Remarking an this election the Times-Vnion said; "The yonrrng Demrscrts ened oat and worked with e will and tostheir'efforts toa reat extent isdue the succesof te ticket. Thre friends of the Citizen or Smith ticket alsm worked hard and mono isosaid to have been freelyaspent. One thing above all othero woo noticeable sand that was the icrceased price of purchasable votes. Lust year the price ranged from 25 cents to $2.5e; bat this year the aera wan $7.00, the range being from $0.00 to $12.50." 1066.-4Palrick McQuaid (Dems.) April 5th: Patrick McQuaaid (Dem)i was victorios over J0. R. Dep (Rep.) by a vote of; Mc~uid, 767; Dey, 333. At te Domei onention Dr. W. MeL. Danny re- cved the nomination for Mayor, bnt he decided not to run far the olfc. Patrick MbtQaid was then asked is head the Democratic ticket, 1387-(AmUi election) J.0Q. Bsrhridge (Dens.) The young men's Democratic club started early for the April election and endorsed J7. Q. Mhosphdge for Mayor. At the regular Democratic convent'cn W_ Met. Dsrry was ao.- 08-Morris A. fllyssla (Dens.) April 3d: The campaign lose in this election was the quesotien of epen saloon (liquor) on Sun day. The vote for Mayor wao; M. A. Duialyaeki (Dem.), 693; William H. Ledwith (Rep.). 408; L. R. They (Int. Rep.), 91. 08-W. McLowvs Dancy (Dems.) April 2d; For Mayor the vote woo.' W. MeLaws Dan' (Dem.,& 82; P.SE. Me~urray (Rop.). 529. Open saloons on Studays and the city's affairs in general were pro-election questions in the campaign 84-W. Mlewa Disney (Dens.) April 7th; The two tichets in the field this year were known as the Demoratic-Coseervative and the Citizans' The Repuli'cans were affiliated with the Citizens' ticket. The renult of the election was; W. MeL. Danny (Deso-Con). 640; C. B. Smith (Cit.-Rep.), 566. 1885--M. C. Rice (Deen.) April 6th; The vote for Mayor in this electon was: M. C. Rice (Them.), 761; C. B. Smith (Citizens'). 006. Remarking on this election the Times-Union said; "The young Democrats tarned out and worked with awill and 00 their effect, to a great estent is due the success of the ticket. TIhe friends of the Citizen or Smith ticket alaso worked h~ardl and money s said to have been freely spent. One thing above all ethers was noticeable and that war the increased price of purchasablc voes. Loot year the price ranged from 25 cents to $2.0; bat this year the avers go was $7.00, the range being from $8.80 to $12.0.. 1864-Patrick Mc~ssaid (Dens.) April 5th; Patrick McQulaid (Dons.) woo victorieus over J0. R Dey (Rep.) by a vote of; McQuaid, 707; Dey 31 At the Democratic wcostior Dr. W. Mel. Danny o-t eved the nomination for Mayor, hot he derided not to run for the office. Pathick Mc~uaid woo then am-kcd to head the Democratic ticket. 1887-(April election) J. . R~urbridger (Dens.) The young meo's Democratic club started early for the April election and endorsed ., Q. Btrridge for Maor.s At the regular Demnocratic convention W. MeL. Dancy was nsm-  H'STORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 299 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 299 HISTORY OF JACKSONVLLE, FLORtDA 299 inoted, but the young Democrats would not withdraw their support from Burbridge with the result that there were two Democratic candidates in this election. The Republicans did not enter a candidate in this contest. The election was held April 4th, and resulted: Burbridge, 854; Dancy, 644. 187-(Deenmber election) C. B, Smith (Rep.) The charter of May 31, 1887, abolished the towns of La- Villa and Fairfield, and extended the limits of Jacksonville to include these and the most of Springfield. The term of City oilcials w increased to two years. The charter was so drafted as to permit the interpretation that it incsued no provision for the registration of voters for the first elec- tion. Legal opinion was divided on the subject and the que- tion was carried to the Supreme Court for decision. The decision was that an election woold be legal, In the mean- timethedistricting of the city into Swardswas accomplished. The new registration indicated a majority of 364 colored voters for the entire city. There were two tickets in the field for this election-one called the Citizens' ticket with Frank W. Pope for Mayer, and the other the Composite ticket headed by C. B. Smith. There was no Democratic ticket. Supporting the "Com- psite" or Smith ticket were the Republicans and the large negro vote brought in with the absorption of the suburbs. The election was held December 13, 1887, Smithreceived anoverwhelming majority, the vote being: Pope, 736; Smith, 2,384. Of the 18 Aldermen elected with Smith, 13 were Re. publicans and five of these were negroes. The question of the legality of this election wan immedi- ately revived and the matter was again carried to the So- promo Coht. Pending th decision a peculiar sitnuation pre- vailed. The newly elected officials met and organized; but Mayor Burbridge and the old Council continued to function until March 28, 1888, when upon the decision of the Supreme Court they surrendered the government to the newly elected officials. In the Smith administration five Aldermen, the Municipal Judge, fifteen of the twenty-three Policemen, two Sergeants of Police, and the Chairman of the Board of Police Commis- ionera were negroe, This administration was entirely distasteful to the ma- jority of the white people of Jacksonville and it was fre- noted, but the young Democrats would not withdraw their support from Burbridge with the result that there were two Democratic candidates in this election. The Republicans did not enter a candidate in this contest, The election was held April 4th, and resulted; Burbridge, 854; Danry, 644. 1887-(Deceinher election) C. B Smith (Rep.) The charter of May 31, 8887, abolised the towns of La- Vila and Fairfield, and extended the limits of Jacksonville to include these and the most of Springfield. The term of City officials was increased to two years. The charter was so drafted as to permit the interpretation that it included no provision for the registration of voters for the first sle- taon. Legal opinion was divided on thesubject and the ques- tion was carried to the Supreme Court for decision. The decision was that an election woald be legal. In the mean- time thedistricting of the city into 9wardswas accomplished. The new registration indicated a majority of 364 colored voters for the entire city. There were two tickets in the field for this election-one called the Citizens' ticket with Frank W. Pope for Mayor, and the other the Composite ticket headed by C. B. Smith. There was no Democratic ticket. Supporting the "Coon- posit" or Smith ticket were the Republicans and the large negro vote brought in with the absorption of the suburbs. The election was held December 13, 1887. Smithreceived anoverwhelming majority, the vote being: Pope, 736; Smith, 2,394. Of the 18 Aldermen elected with Smith, 13 were Re- publicans and fiee of these were negroes. The qustion of the legality of this election was immedi- ately revived and the matter was again carried to the Su- preme Court. Pending the decision a necoliar situation pre- vaoled. The newly elected officials met and organized; but Mayor Burbridge and the old Counci continued to function until March 28, 1888, when upon the decision of the Supreme Court they surrendered the government to the newly elected officials, In the Smith administration five Aldermen, the Municipal Judge, fifteen of the twenty-three Policemen, two Sergeants of Police, and the Chairman of the Board of Police Commi- s"in were negroes- This odministration was entirely distasteful to the ma- jority of the white people of Jacksonville and it was fre- inoted, but the young Democrats would not withdraw their support from Burbridge with the result that there were two Democratic candidates in this election. The Republicans did not enter a candidate in this contest. The election was held April 4th, and resulted: Burbridge, 854; Dancy, 644. 1887-(Decemher election) C. B. Smith (Rep.) The charter of May 31, 1887, abolished the towns of La- Villa and Fairfield, and extended the limits of Jacksonville to include these and the most of Springfield. The term of City oficials was increased to two years. The charter was so drafted as to permit the interpretation that it included no provision for the registration of voters for the first cle- tion. Legal opinion was divided enthe subject and the ques- tion was carried to the Supreme Court for decision. The decision was that an election would be legal. In the mean- time thedistricting of the city into Swordswas accomplished. The new registration indicated a majority of 364 colored voters for the entire city. There were two tickets in the field for this election-one called the Citizens' ticket with Frank W. Pope for Mayor, and the other the Composite ticket headed by C. B. Smith. There wan no Democratic ticket. Supporting the "Com- posite" or Smith ticket were the Republicans and the large negro vote brought in with the absorption of the suburbs. Theelectionwasheld December13,1887. Smithreceived son overwhelming majority, the vote being: Pope, 736; Smith, 2,394. Of the 18 Aldermen elected with Smith, 13 were Re- publicans and five of these were negroess. The question of the legality of this election was immedi- ately revived and the matter was again carried to the Su- preme Court. Pending the decision a peculiar situation pre- vailed. The newly elected oficials met and organized; but Mayor Burbridge and the old Council continued to function until March 28, 1088, when upon the decision of the Supreme Court they surrendered the government to the newly elected officials. In the Smith administration five Aldermen, the Municipal Judge, fifteen of the twenty-three Policemen, Po Sergeants of Police, and the Chairman of the Board of Police Commios- ir were negroes. This administration was entirely distasteful is the ma- jsrity of the white people of Jacksonville and it wan fre-  300 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 300 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 300 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA quently linked with the carpet-bagger" regime of former days. During the yellow fever epidemic of 1888, the white portion of the city government only in part remained in Jack- soville, which resulted in a great deal of inconvenience and embarrassment. Finally, with the charge that the existing municipal government had proven itself incapable of the functions nceosry for a judicious administration of the City's affairs, and that it was calculated to destroy the stand- ing and credit of Jacksonville as a municipality, the Demo- orats, supported morally it was said by conservative Repub- licans, applied to the Legislature for a change of charter designed to correct the evil complained of. The result was a drastic change in the charter, by which the election of all City ofileialo by electors was abolished and the method changed to one of appointment. 1889-Patrick McQuaid (Dem.) House Bill No. 4 (Chap. 3952) was approved May 16, 1889, It provided for the appointment of the City Council of Jacksonville by the Governor, and when an appointed the Cooncil became the appointing board for all of the other City officers including the Mayor. Under the provisions of House Bill No. 4, Governor Francis P. Fleming appointed a Council of 18 members, two from each ward as the city was then constituted. Eleven were Democrats and seven were Republicans as indicated in the following list: quently linked with the "carpet-bagger" regime of former days. During the yellow fever epidemic of 188, the white portion of the city government only in part remained in Jack- sonville, which resulted in a great deal of inconveniance and embarrassment Finally, with the charge that the existing municipal government had proves itself incapable of the functions necessary for a judicious administration of the City's affairs, snd that it was calculated to destroy the stand- ing and credit of Jacksonville as a municipality, the Demo- orats, supported morally it was said by conservative Repub. licans, applied to the Legislature for a change of charter designed to correct the evil complained of. The result was a drastic change in the charter, by which the election of all City officials by electors won abolished and the method changed to one of appointment. 1889.-Patrick McQuaid (en.) Houose Bill No. 4 (Chap. 3952) was approved May 16, 1889. It provided for the appointment of the City Council of Jacksonville by the Governor, and when s appointed the Council became the appointing board for all of the other City o .cers including the Mayor. Under the provisions of House Bill No. 4, Governor Francis P. Fleming appointed a Council of 18 members, two from each ward as the city was then constituted. Eleven were Democrats and seven were Republicans as indicated is the following list: quently linked with the "carpet-bagger" regime of former days. During the yellow fever epidemic of 1888, the white portion of the city government only in part remained in Jack- sonville, which resulted in a great deal of inconvenience and embarrassment. Finally, with the charge that the existing municipal government had proven itself incapable of the functions necessary for a judicious administration of the City's affairs, and that it was calculated to destroy the stand- ing and credit of Jacksonville as a municipality, the Demo- orats, supported morally it was said by conservative Repub- licans, applied to the Legislature for a change of charter designed i correct the evil complained of. The result was a drastic change in the charter, by which the election of all City oicials by electors was abolished and the method changed to one of appointment. 1889-Patrick McQuaid (Dem.) House Bill No 4 (Chap. 8952) was approved May 16, 1889. It provided for the appointment of the City Canncil of Jacksonville by the Governor, and when an appointed the Council became the appointing board for all of the other City oflicers including the Mayor. Under the proisions of House Bill No. 4, Governor Francis P. Fleming appointed a Council of 18 members, two from each word as the city was then constituted. Eleven were Democrats and seven were Republicans as indicated in the following list: Wand 1-B. F. Dillon, (D)t Ward 2-A. W. Coarell, Jr. (Dit Ward 0-Frederick Pasco (Dut Ward 4-D. C. Fletehe (Dit ward i-T. W. Roby (tt Wand 6-T. J. Boyd-(D)t Weed 7-. 0. Soehens (D)t Ward -. E Biisario (DO)t Word -C . Rogers (D)t L C. Emery (R) C W. ine (Rhit F. W. Mumby () C 0. Adams (R)t . L eene (0 J. W.Miler() OW. AW Moue (R)1 ocr Neanert (DOt D. T.Goeow (0 Ward 1-B. F. Duin, (Die wand 0-A. w. Cokrell, S,. In)t Ward o-Fredeoek Pans (D)0 wand 4-D. C. Floeher (Ot Ward 5-T. W. Roby (D)t Ward 6-T. J. Oyd-(D)t Werd 7-1. H. Stephe (D)t Ward 8-E. Belisaeon (DOt Ward 9-C Rg. as(O)t L C. Emery (00 C. W. Kinne (R)t F. W. Mumby (DO C s. Adas (10t O. L geesn (00 1. W. Miller (R) W. A. MDo (R)t tear Nenwer (DOt D.T. . e (R Wand 1-B. F. Din, (D)t Ward s-A. W. Cokell, Jr. (D)1t Ward n-Frederick Paes (Dt Ward 4-D. U. Fletcher (Dot Ward i-T. W. Roby liDt ward T. J. 3. oyd(D) Ward 7-J. . tephe (D)t Ward -ii. E Belisarlo (Dt Ward -C. B. Rges (Dt i, C. Eeny (R) C W. Eisne (R)t F. W. Mumby (D) C 0. Adam. (lit D L Kesn()O J. W. Millar (R) W. A. McDug (Rit tarar Nsounet (D)t D.TGere(R) Those marked (Q) in the above list met at 0 p. rm. June 3d, and organized. D. U. Fletcher was unanimously elected President. Council then adjourned until 9 p. n. At the night session the name of Patrick McQuaid was put in nomi- nation for Mayor ; e was unanimously elected to serve fur Those marked (t) in the above list met at 3 p. m. June 3d, and organized. D. U. Fletcher was unanimously elected Preaident. Council then adjourned until 9 p. mo. At the night sesoin. the name of Patrick McQuaid was pot in nemi- nation for Mayor; be was unanimoualy elected to serve for Those marked (f) in the above list met at 1 p. m. June 8d, and organized. D. U. Fletcher was unanimously alerted President. Council then adjourned until 9 p. m. At the night sessa the name of Patrick McQuaid was put in nomi- nation for Mayor; he was unanimously elected to serve for  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 301 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA $01 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 301 two years. He was present at the time and immediately took the oath of office. The Capncil proceeded with the other elections as fol- lows: W. C. West, Recorder; E. F. DeCottes, Comptroller; W. A. Bisbee, Treasurer; S. Wiggins, Marshal; W. A. Mc- Lean, Municipal Judge; W. B. Young, George O. Holmes. H. S. Ely, Board of Police Commissioners; J. C. L'Engle (B yearm), J. M. Schumacher (2 years), G. A. DeCottes (1 year), Board of Public Works. On the day following (June 4th) the new government medits duties. Several of the Republican appointed by Governor Fleming failed to quoalify and their places were later filled by other appointees. June 17,1890, Marshal Wigginsmade a murderousa sault on Mayor McQuaid and fled from the city, The Concll offereda reward of $400forhisarrest. Severalmonthalater he was arrested, tried and acquitted; afterward he was again tried, convicted, and sentenced to pay a small fine. Harry Squires was appointed Marshal in Wiggins's place. Squires absconded in December, 1890, with $1,400 of the city's funds. Ie was never heard of afterward. J. A. Vie- cant was appointed to fill the vacancy. 1891-ienery Robinan (Dem,.) June 9th: The CityCouncil met to elect city officers under the provisions of House Bill No. 4, which were still in force. C. S.AdamsnominatedJ. C.CooperforMayor;J.H.Stephens nmnated D. U. Fetcher. The result of the ballot was Cooper. 10, Fletcher, 7. Notice of his election was given Mr. Cooper, but he declined the of ce. June 12th: Council met in special esso to elect a Mayor. R. D. Knight nominated D. U. Fletcher; C. B. Rogers nomi. sated Henry Robinson. Ballot: Robinson, 10; Fletcher, 7. Dr. Robinson was sent for; he came before the Council that night and took the oath of office. 1893-Duncan U. Fletcher (Dem.) The elective franchise was restored to the qualified elec. tors of the city at large by Senate Bill No. 8, approved May 16, 1893. Primaries were held in the ne city wards early in July, and the general election on July 18th. The Austra- lien ballot was used in this election for the Srt time in Jack- two years. He was present at the time eand immediately took the oath of office. The C mfl proceeded with the other elections as fol- lows: W. C. West, Recordsr; E. F. DeCottes, Comptroller; W. A. Bisbee, Treasurer; S. Wiggins, Marshal; W. A. Mc- Lean, Municipal Judge; W. B. Young, George O. Holmes, H. S. Ely, Board of Police Cosiuioners; J. C. L'Engle (3 years), J. M. Schumacher (2 yearn), G. A. DeCottee (1 year), Board of Public Works. On the day following (June 4th) the new government assumed its duties. Several of the Republicans appointed by Governor Fleming failed to qualify and their places were later filled by othter appointees. June 17,1890,Marshal Wigginomade a murderous assanit on Mayor McQuaid and fled from the city. The Counel offereda reward of $400 for his arrest. Several months later he was arrested, tried and acquitted; afterward he was again tried, convicted, and aentenced to pay a small floe. Harry Squires was appointed Marshal in Wiggins's place, Squires absconded in December, 1890, with $1,400 of the city's funds. He was never heard of afterward. J. A. Vin. eant was appointed to fill the vacancy. 1891-Henry Robinson (Dem,) Juneith: The CityConcil mettoelectcity olcersunder the provisions of House Bill No. 4, which were still in force. 0.S. Adams nominated J. C.Cooper for Mayor; J. H. Stephens nominated D. U. Fletcher. The result of the ballot was: Cooper, 10, Fletcher, 7. Notice of his election was given Mr. Cooper, but he declined the office. June 12th: Council met in special session to electaMayor. R. D. Knight nominated D. U. Fletcher; C. B. Rogers noumi- ,sed Henry Robinson. Ballot: Robinson, 10; Fletcher, 7. Dr. Robinson was sent for; he came before the Council that night and took the oath of office. 1893-Dunca U. Fletcher (Dem.) The elective franchise was restored to the qualified elec- tors of the city at large by Senate Bill No. 3, approved May 16, 1893. Primaries were held in the nine city wards early in July, and the general election on July 18th. The Austna. lian ballot was used in this election for the first time in Jack- two years. He was present at the time and immediately took the oath of office. The Crymeil proceeded with the other elections as fol- lows: W. C. West, Recorder; E. F. DoeCottes, Comptroller; W. A. Bisbee, Treasurer; S. Wiggins, Marshal; W. A. Mc- Lean, Municipal Judge; W. B. Young, George O. Holmes, H. S. Ely. Board of Police Commissioners; J. C. L'Enge (t years), J. M. Schumacher (2 years), G. A. DeCottes (1 year), Board of Public Works. On the day following (June 4th) the new government assumed its duties. Several of the Republicans appointed by Governor Fleming failed to qualify and their places were later filled by other appointees. June 17,1890, Marshal Wigginsmade a murderous asault on Mayor McQuaid and fled from the city. The Council offereda rewardof 400 for hisarrest. Several monthslater he woo arrested, tried ad acquitted; afterward he was again tried, convicted, and saentenced to pay a small ne. Harry Squires was appointed Marshal in Wiggis's place. Squires absconded in December, 1890, with $1,400 of the city's funds. He was never heard of afterward. J. A. Vin- ount was appointed to fill the vacancy. 1891-Henry Ro ainson (Dem.) June9th: The City Council metto elect city officers under the provisions of House Bill No. 4, which were still in force. C.S.Adams nominated J. C.Cooperfor Mayor;J.H.Stephens nominated D. U. Fletcher. The result of the ballot was: Cooper, 10, Fletcher, 7. Notice of his election was given Mr. Cooper, but he declined the office. June 12th: Council met in special session to elect a Mayor. R. D. Knight nominated D. U. Fletcher; C. B. Rogers nomi- ated Henry Robinson. Ballot: Robinson, 10; Fletcher, 7. Dr. Robinson was sent for; he came before the Council that night and took the oath of office. 1893-Dunan U, Fletcher (Dem.) The elective franchise was restored to the qualified elec- tors of the city at large by Senate Bill No. 3, approved May 16, 1893. Primaries were held in the nine city wards early in July, and the general electio n oJuly 18th. The Austra- lien ballot was used in this election for the first time in Jack-  m02 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 802 HISTORY OF JACKSONV . E FLORIDA 802 HISTORY OF JACKSONVIT.E FLORIDA sonville. There were two candidates for Mayor, both Demo- crato: D. U. Fletcher heading the "Straightouts" and M. A. Dzialynok the "Fusionist". The election on July 18th re- sulted: Fletcher, 759; Dsialynski, 552. 1895-William M. Bestwick (Dem.) Two months before the election of 1895 an aesoeiation of citizens was formed with the object of building up a ticket that would harmonize the varios political factions of the city. The conoervative Republicans were tiuliated with it and the negrces under the leadership of Joe Lee nuported it. The choice of The asnociation for Mayor was Dr. William M. Bostwick, an old and respected resident, life-long Democrat and an es-Confederate. The regular or"Straightout"Demo- cratie nominee was Wiley G. Toomer. The Populists entered the contest under the name "Progresive"; its ticket was headed by Wm. Clarke. The election was held June 18th and resulted for Mayor: Bootwick, 1,517; Toomer, 1,184; Clarke, 88. 1897-Raymond D. Knight (Dem.) This election was pointed out as being the most quiet and business-like of any municipal election in the history of the city-no bands and spell-binding speeches as formerly. Three Democratic ticketswere advanced: Straightout headed by R. D. Knight; Business Men's League, by J. G. Christo- pher; Young Men's Liberal League, by Dr. W. McL. Dancy. At the reinquest of Dr. Dancy the last withdrew just before the election. The election was held June 15th, and resulted for Mayor, R. D. Knight, 1,472; J. G. Christopher, 1,808. The other city oricers were elected from both tickets, the Straightoucs electing Treasurer, Comptroller, Marshal, four Election Commissioners and six Councilmen; the Business Men's League, Municipal Judge, Recorder, and five Council- men while the names of seven succsful Councilmen and one Election Commissioner appeared on both tickets, 1899-. E. T. Bowden (Dem.) June 8th: Primary. Terminating a bitter fight that started with five candidates in the field for Mayor, but oar- rowed duwn to two, the election resulted: $1. E T. Bowden (Dem.), 907; R. D. Knight (Deo.), 687. This was an in- formal primary and the first in the history of the city. oonvle. There were two candidates for Mayor, both Demo- crats: D. U. Fletcher heading the "Straightuts" and M. A. Doilynoki the "Tusionist'". The election on July 18th re. mited: Fletcher, 759; Dzialynski, 552. 1895-William M. Bstwick (Dem.) Two months before the election of 1895 an association of citizen was formed with the object of building up a ticket that would harmonize the various political factions of the city. The conservative Republicans were aniliated with it and the negroes under the leadership of Joe Lee supported it. The choice of the association for Mayor was Dr. William M. Bostwick, an old and respected reoident, life-long Democrat and an ex-Confederate. Theregular or"Straightout"Demo- cratic nominee was Wiley G. Toomer. The Populists entered The content under the name "Prougressive"; its ticket waso headed by Wm. Clarke. The election was held June 18th and resulted for Mayor: Bostwick, 1,517; Teomer, 1,184; Clarke, 88. 1897-Raymond D. Knight (Dem.) This election was pointed out as being the most quiet and business-like of any municipal election in the history of the city-no bands and spell-binding speeches as formerly. Three Democratic ticketswere advanced: Straightout headed by R. D. Knight; Business Men's League, by J. G. Christo- pher; Young Men's Liberal League, by Dr. W. McL. Dancy. At The requeot of Dr. Dancy the last withdrew just before the election. The election was held June 15th, and resuited for Mayor, R. D. Knight, 1,472; . G. Christopher, 1308. The other city olicero were elected from both tickets, the Straightouts electing Treasurer, Comptroller, Marshal, four Election Commissionero and uix Councilmen; the Business Men's League, Municipal Judge, Recorder, and tye Council- men, while the names of seven successful Councilmen and one Election Commissioner appeared on both tickets. 1899-.. E. T. Bowden (Dem.) June 8th: Primary. Terminating a bitter fight that started with five candidates in the field for Mayor, but oar- rowed down to two, the election resulted: J. K T. Bowden (Dem.), 907; R. D. Knight (Dem.), 687. This was an in- formal primary and the first in the history of the city. woovlle. There were two candidates for Mayor, both Demo- crats: D. U. Fletcher heading the "Straightouts" and M. A. Dzialynski the "Fusionists". The election on July 18th re- suIted: Fletcher, 759; Dzialynski, 52. 189,-William M. Bestwick (Dem.) Two months before the election of 1895 an association of citizens was formed with the object of building up a ticket that would harmonize the various political factions of the city. The conservative Republicans were aldiliated with it and the negroes under the leadership of Joe Lee supported it. The choice of the association for Mayor was Dr. William M. Bostwick, an old and respected resident, life-long Democrat andaner-Confederate. The regularor"Straightout"Demo- crati nominee was Wiley G. Toomer. The Populists entered the contest under the name "Progressive"; ita ticket was headed by Wm. Clarke. The election was held June 18th and resulted for Mayor: Bostwick, 1,517; Toomer, 1,084; Clarke, 88. 1897-Raymond D. Knight (Dem.) This election was pointed out as being the most quiet and business-like of any municipal election in the history of the city-no bands and spell-binding speeches an formerly. Three Democratic ticketswere advanced: Straightout beaded by R. D. Knight; Business Men's League, by J. G. Christo- pher; Young Men's Liberal League, by Dr. W. McL. Dancy. At the request of Dr. Dancy the last withdrew just before the election. The election was held June 15th, and resuited for Mayor, R. D. Knight, 1472; J. G. Christopher. 1,308. The other city oicers were elected from both tickets, the Straightout, electing Treasurer, Comptroller, Marshal, four Election Commissionera and nix Councilmen; the Busineso Men's League, Municipal Judge, Recarder, and eve Council- men, while the names of seven ouccessful Councilmen and one Election Commissioner appeared on both tickets. 1809-, E. T. Bowden (Dem.) June 8th: Primary. Terminating a bitter Oght that started with five candidates in the field for Mayor, but nar- rowed down to two, the election resulted: J. E. T. Bowden (Dem.), 907; R. D. Knight (Dem.), 687. This was an in. formal primary and the first in the history of the city.  HSTR 07 JACKSOILLE, FLORIA usHISOY OF JACSOIYLLE, FINA U HISRY 0F JACXOYtLN, FLORIA -0 June 20th: Gieneral eleetion: J. E. T. BowdeMo 1,154; E. G. Blair (id.), 366; August Bucsing, 17. 1901-Duncan U. Fletcher (Dem.) The aociual Democratic primary plan wean inaugurated with this election. First Primary, June 6th: D. U. Fletcher, 969; J.0D. Bur- bridge, 426. General Elecin, Sne. 18th: D8. U, Fletcher, 1,271; L Grunthal (Rep,). 620. 1993-George M. Nolan (Dem.) Ficst Primary. May 28th; 3, E. T. Bowden, 920; 3. D. Burbridge, 072; G. M. Nolan, 650; 3.8S. Hiollingsworth, 225. Second Primacy, June 3d; G. M, Nolan, 1,094; J, E. T, Bowden, 995. General Election, June 16th: 0. M. Nolan.1,203: F. H, Barnard (Sac.), 487. The Secialist, had a full ticket is the fied: their cmd-i mm strength was their ve for Mayor. 1915-erge M. Nolan (Dent) 1906-Willam B. Baker (Decm.) First Primary, June let: G. M. Nolan. 5,126 W. G. Toemer, 1,029: B, G. Blair, 248, Second Primary, June 7th: G. M. Nelan, 1,203; W. G. Tomer, 1,166. General Elmcia, June 20Th: G. M. Noan, 1,397;Thome tickling (Sec.), 136. The Socialists entered candidates for all municipal emcee: all were overwhelmingly defeated. Mayoc G. M. Nolan died in slfice Nvecaher 9, 1906. Judge W. B. taker, presideut of the Casacil, was appointed to All the rector 1907-WIG lm B. Sebring (Dem.) First Primary, May Rth: W. H. Sebrisng. 1,107; J. D. Bsr hridge, 870: WV. B. Clarrsnn 731. 3. D., Bucbridge withdrew from conteat. making saed primary for Msayor uonecesnary. General Election, June 19th: W. H. Sebring, 1,627: Thomas liickling (Sec.), 89. The Socialista entered candidates for the ether city o~lues als. hut their highest vote was 110. June 20th; General election: J. E. T. Bowden. 1,154; E. G. Blair (lnd.), 366; Augst Bussing, 17. 101-Dunano U. Fletcher (Decm.) The official Democratic primary plan wan isaugsurated with this election. First Primnary, June 6th: D8. U. Fletcher, 95; J.,0, Burn bridge, 425. General Election, Jusne 18th; D. U. Fletcher, 1.271;1 . Grsathal (Rep.).6820. 1903-Geoge M. Nolan (Dem.) First Primary, Msy E8th: J. E. T. Bowden, 830; J. D8. Burbridge, 572; G.5M. Nolan, 690; 3.5S. Hiollingtworth, 221. Second Primary, June Sd; G. M, Nolan, 1,084; J. E. IT Bowden, 995. General Election, June 16th: G. B, Nolen,1,203; F. H. Barnard (Socw), 487. The Seclalists had a full igcet in the field: their mm-i mom strength ws their vote for Mayor. 1905-f coge M1. Nolan (Dem.,) 1906-Willisam H. Baser (Demn.) First Primary, June let: G. M. Nelen, 1,148: WV. G. Toomer, 1,029: E. G. Blair, 249, Secend Primary, June 7th: G. M. Nolan, 1,208: W. G. Toomer, 1,166, General Election, June 20th: G. M. Nolan, 1,337: Thomas tikling (Soc.), 136, The S-jista eeed candidates for all minipal offces; all were overwhelmingly defeated. Maor G. M. Nolan died in ofice November 9,1908. Judge W., B, Baker, preoidest of the Cauncil, was appointed to 911 the vacancy, 1907-William H. Sebring (Deml.) First Primary, May Rth: IV, BSebring, last 31. DBur- bridge, 079: WV, B. Clarkon, 71, 3. D8. turbridge withdrew from contest, making second primary for Mayor unnecessary General Election, June 18th: WV. i. Seldiom, 1,61; Thomas Hickling (Soc.), 89. The Sacislistu entered candidates for the ather city offices also, but their highest vote wan 115. June B0th: General election: J. E. T. Blowden, 1,154; E, G. Blair (Lai.), 386:; August Bueoiag, 17. 1901-Duncan U. Fletcher (em.) The official Democratic primary plan woe inaugurated with thiu election First Prisnacy, Jun 6th: D., U Fletcher, 959; J. . Bm'. bridge, 420. General Election, June 181h: D., U.1 Floodher, 1,271; I. Gronthal (Rep,), 626. 1901-George M8. Nolan (Dem.) First Primary, May 28th: J. E. T. BowdenM 890; J, D8. Burbridge, 572; G. M. Nolan, 650; J.8. flolliosgwsrth, 226, Second Primary June 3d; G, M, Nolan, 1,034: 3, E, T. Bowden, 991, General Election, June 16th: G. M8, Nsanj,20G; F., H. Barnard (Soc.), 4827. The Socialists had a full ticket in the field; their moai- mum strength wan their voto for ayrm. 1901-fleorge . Notes, (Demn.) 1906-William B, Baker (Domn.) First Primary, June 1st: G, M8. Nolan, 1,148; W., G. Tooimr, 1,029; E. G,. Blair, 241. Second Primary, June 7th: G. . Nolan, 1,201: WV. . Toomer, 1,168. General Electioni, June 20th: G. M. Nolan, 1,117: Thomas tickling (Sec.), 138, The Sociats entered candidates for all municipal sole all were overwhelmiogly defeated. Mayor G. B, Nolan died in ofice November 9, 1906. Judge W., H, Baker, president of the Council, was apointed te OR1 the vacoucy. 1907-William H, Sebring (Dacm,) First Primasry May 7th: WV. H. Sobring, 1,10; J,. Be ur bridge, 879: W., B, Clarkson, 701, 3. D8, turbridge withdrew from contest, making second primary for Mayor .unmes..ne. General Election, June 18th: W., H. Sebring, 1,627;i Thoms Heckling (Soc.), 89. The Socialists entered candidates for the other city oMfce, ea, hut their highest vote was 115,  804 HISOR OF JACKSONVILE FLRIA 304 T OF JACSONILLE FLOEID 304 0STOR OF JACKSOIiLLE FLOICA loog-Wina S. Jordan (Dems.) First Primary. Mar 11th: W. S. Jordan, 1,481; W. H, Sebriog, 1,214; G. T. Christie, 301. Second Primary, May 25th: W. S. Jordan, 1,644; W. H, Sebriog, 1,510. General Election. Juno 16th: W. S. Jordan, 871; T. W. Coat (So.), 76. There swere Socialiat candidates for the other city offices, but none received as many a, 100 votes. 1911-Willam S. Jordan (Dam.) First Primary, April 18t: W. 5, Jordan, 1,818; P. A. Disuso, 1,087; St. Elam WV. Acsto, 642; W. H1. Sebring, 504. Second Primary, May 2d; W., S. Jordan, 2,357; P. A. Dig- nan. 1,4780 Genra Election, June 20th: W'. S, Jordan, 2,570; WV. R, Alexander (Soc.), 037. 1913-Van C. Swearingen (Dam.) First Primacy, February 26th: Van C. Swearingen, 2,008; W.S.Jordan, 1,354;J.J. Ahern, 691; S. T. Sbaylor, 267; G.r. Christie, 187. Second Primary, March 18th: Van C. Swearingen, 2,492; W., S. Jordan, 2,142. General Election, Jiae 17th: VanOC. Swearingen, 1,344; T. WV. Cox (c.), 112. 1913-J. E. T. Bowden (Dent) First Primary, January 26th: VanGC. Swearingen, 1,541; J. E.F. Bowden, 1,860; C. W. Johnson, 1,125; Rudolph Owun- that, 250. Second Primaery, February M~d; J. E. T. Bowden, 2.655; Vao C. Swearingen, 1,505. General Election, June 15th: J. E. T. Bowden, 2,172; L. C. Bailwin (Sec.), 708. rho Socialists had candidates for the other city offces, but a were detested hy about seven to one majorities. 1917-John WV. Martin (Demn.) First Prinuary, February 6th: J. WV. Martin. 2,890; J. E. T. Bowden, 2,006. Second primary for Mayor nat necesay. General Election, June 19th: J. WV. Mactin slaeted with- out o."ata.. 1909-1wlh~m 8. Jordan (Dens.) First PraryU, Mbay 11th: WV. S. Jordan, 1,481; WV. H, Sebring, 1,214; G. T. Christie, 301. Second Primary, May 25th: IV. S. Jordan, 1,644; WV. H. Setring, 1,20. General Election, June 15th: IV. S. Jordan, S71; T. WV. Cox (Sec.), 76. There were Socialist candidate. for the other city office. but none received as many as 10W votes. 1911-Wihiamn 6. Jordan (Dens.) First Primary, April 18th: WV. S. Jordan, 1,618; P. A. fligusan, 007; St. Elms WV. Actuto, 642; IV. H1. Sebring, 004. Second Primary, May 2d: WV. S. Jordan, 2,007; F. A. Dig- nan, 1.478. General Election. June 20th: WV. S. Jordan, 2,570; W. E. Aleaoder (Soc.), 017. 1911-Von C. Sweaniagen (Deam.) First Primacy, February 25th: Van C. Swearingen, 2,006; '. S. Jordan, 1,364;J. J. Ahorn, 681; 5.7T. Shaylor, 267; G. T. Christie, 187. Second Primary, March 18th: Van C. Swcearingen, 2,492; IV, S. Jordan, 2.142. General Election, June 17th: Van 0. Swearinogen 1,864; T. WV. Cos (Soce), 112. 19151.E. T. hanrdes (Dens.) First Primary, January 26th: VanG. Sweariungen, 1.541; J. BE. T.owden, 1,360; CIVW.Jonhrno, 1,123; Rudolph Grcum- tha), 255. Second Primary, February Mod; 3. E. T. Bowden, 2,65; Vao C. Swearingen 1,880. General Election, June 15th: J. E. T. Bowden. 2,172; L. C. Baldwin (Sec.), 758. The Soualsots had candidates for the other city offies, hut all were defeated by about oeveo to one maorities. 1917.-John IV. Mantla (Deom.) First Primary, February 6th: J. WV. Martin, 2.80; J. E. T. Bowden, 1,000. Second primary for Mayor not necessary. General Election, June 19th; J. WV. Martin elected with. out oppostin. 1909-Wiiom S. Jordan (Dems.) First Primary, May 11th: WV. S. Jordan 1,481; WV. H. Setting, 1,214; G. . Christie, 301. Securnd Primary, May 26th; WV. S. Jordan, 1,644; W., H. Sebriog, 1,120. General Election, June 15th: IV. S. Jordan, 871; . WV. Cex (Sec.), 76. There were Socialist condidates for the other city ofdices,. but none received as many 00e 100 votes. 1911-Wiliam S. Jordan (Darm.) First Primary, April 18th: IV. S. Jordan, 1,518; P. A, Elguan, 1,087; St. EMo WV. Arorta, 642; WV. Ht. Sebriung, 504. Second Primary, May 2d; WV. S. Jordan, 2,307; P. A. Dig- nan, 1,478. General Election, June 21h: WV. S. Joblan. 2,570: WV. B. Alexander (Soc.), 537. 1913-Vai C. Swearingen (Danm.) First Primary, February 26th: Von C. Swearingen, 2,056; V. S. Jordan, 1,204; J. J. Ahems, 691; S. T. Shaylor, 267; G,. T Christie 187. Second Primary, March 18th: Van C, Swcearingen, 2,492; WV. S. Jordan, 2,142. General Hlection, June 17th; Van C. Swearingen, 1,104; T. WV. Cox (Soc.), 112. 1915-.... E. T. Bowdan (Dem.) First Primary, January 26th: VanrC. Sweariogen, 1,0; J. E.T. Bowden, 1,060; C.IW. Johnson, 1,128; Rudolph Grn- thaI, 255. Second Primary, February M~d; J. E. T. Bowden, 2,056; Van C. Swrearongen 1,805. General Election, June 15th: J. E. T. Bowden, 2,172; 1. C. Baldwin (Soc.), 706. The perishedt. had candidates for the other city office, but all were defeated by about seven to one majorte. 1917-John IV. Mria (Dens,) First Primary, February 0th: J. IV. Marnn, 2,030; J. E. T. Bowden, 2,056. Second primary for Mayor not necessary. General Election, June 19th: J. WV. Martin eleated with- out oppoeition.  HITRYs OF JACKuqyLL, FLaRID m0 HITRYs OF iACKiNwiyu, FLRIA m0 HITRYs Ow JASNILLE, FLOIDA m0 1917-City Commosision Created First Commisabrisr (all Democrats) appointed by City Council under provisions of new charter: For 4-year term, John S. Band, C. B. Rogers, John A, Putch; for 2-year term, Hormes Drew, W. H. Bowling. Cameleer.s met July 3d and organized; S. S. Bond elected Chairmnua. Horace Drew resigned October l914; R. E. Wheeler appointed. W. H. Dowling resigned Janusary, 1919; W. A. Evan, appointed. 1919-oamssiooee (4 ye.):± Win. A. MEan (flem, St. Elmo W. Actiota (Dem.) Mayor (2 yea): John WV. Martin (Demo.) First Primary, May 20ths-Commiosiboea: St. E. W., Acoata, 1,485; J. T. Alsop. Jr., 1,452; C. T. Pasand, 1.292; W., A. Ream., i,2i; P.A. Dignan, eel; A. E. Adanmson, 430. Sacend Primary, Juse 3d-.Cmsnissioser: WV. A, Evan, 1,659; St. E. WV. Aeoata, 1,090; 1 T. Alsou Jr.. 1,479; C. T. Paous 1,401. General Electon, Jose 17th; fEvans ad Aeta Coeetd without oppostioni. Mayor: An amendment to city charter ce-creating the office of Mayor carried by a vote For, 2,539; Against, 057, at the general election. It wasutimulated that caindidates for thin sfice shonld rn at thin time and if thse amnendm~ent car- ried the candlidaste receiving the greatest veo would be declared elected. Therewere two canudidates, both Demo crate, and the vote for Mayor wan, John WV. Martin, 2,349; J. E. T. Bowden. 1,164. 1921-tmnisoaiuee (4 yra.); Franks H. Owen (Dem. Mack B, Herlong (Deam.), Thomnas C. lnmeeoa (Demo.) Mayor (2 yin,); John WV. Martin (Dem.) First Primary, May 10th-Commoinaioner: T. C. Mnson, 4,31; F. H. Owen, 4,318; M. B. Herlong, 4,219; Rudolph Cruanthad, 5591; G. E. Brown, 3,086; 0. E. Panchal, 2,097; J. D. Bsrbcidge, 1,88i; fl-A. Mayfield, 1,878; W.BH.Merndsn, 1,885; Bra. Florence M. Cooley, 1,854; R. E. Wheeler, 1,106. For Mayer: J.WX. Martin, 8,409; J. E. Matthews, 2,207. Ill7-City Commorisaion Created First Commisosioners (oll Bemocrata) appointed by City Council under provtisisons of new charter, For 4-year term, John S. Bond, C. H, Rogero, John A. Puetoh; for 2-year term, Horace Drew, W. B. Bowling. Conins met July 3d and orgnified; J. S. Bond elected Chairmon Moracne Drew re signed October. 1057; Rt. E, Wheeler appainted. W., H. Bowling resigned Jauary, ions; W. A, Evans appointed. 1959-Cuuniaierae (4 yrea,): Wmn. A. Evan (Bern.) St. Hlmo WV. Agnthe (Deal.) Mayor (2 yea.) : John WV. Marlin (Bern.) First Primary, May 20th-Commiaionne: St. E. W., Acosts, 5,45; J. T. Alsp, Jr., 1,452; C. T. Paxon, 1,892; W., A. Evans, 1,253; P.A. Bigos, 501; A, H. Adasoson, 430, Second Primnary, June Sd-Cmmnissioner: W., A, Evans, 1,659; St. E, WV. Acosta, 1,650; J. T. Alsop, Jr., 5,470; C, T. Paxan, 1,401. General Election, June 57th: Evans and Acosta elected without opposition, Matyor: An amendment to city charter re-creating the sillec of Moyor curried by a vote For, 2,520; Against, 987, at the general election., It was stipulated that candidates for this office should ran at this time and if the amendment car- ried the candidate receving the greatest vo would be declared elected. There were two casodidateo, both Decm- camts, and the vote for May or was. John WV. Martin, 1.149; J. E. T. Bowden, 1,564. 1921.-Cnauisaloneea (4 yrea): Frank H, Owen (Dem.) Mark B. Berlangd (Demo.). Thomas C. Beeame (Dem.) Mayor (2 yre,): John WV. Martin (Dem.) First Primary, May l0th Cmmisoer: T. C. mses, 4,875; F. H. owen. 4,350; M. B. Merleng, 4,259; Rudolph Grnanta,4 3,550; G. E. Brown, 1.086: 0, R, Paschal, 2,097; J.,D BMrlhridge, 1,851; D.A. Mayfield, 1,878; W.,H.Merndan 1,805; Mrs. Florence M., Cooley, 1,854; iR. E. Woeeler, 5,100, For Mayo: J. W., Martin, 8,409; J. E, Matthews, 2,297, 1917-City Commission Created First Commiosionera (eaB Daeocrt) appointed by City Council coder provinisn osf new charter: For 4-year term, John S, Bond, C. B. Rogers, Jabs A. Futch; for 2-year term, Horace Drew, WV, B, Bowling. Commnisinie met July 3d and srganiund; J. S. Bond elected Chairman. Morace Drew resigned October, 1917: Rt. E, Wheeler appointed. W., H. Bowling resigned January, 1919; W., A. Evan, appointed. 1919-Couisner (4 ys): Wmn. A. eans (Bae), St. Emo W. Arosta (Dem.) Maor l2 yea): John WV. Martin (Dern.) First Primary, May 20th-Commssions:i St. E, W., Acosts, 5,485; J. T. Aloop, Jr., 1,452; C T. Paxon, 1,292; W., A, Evans, 1,52; P. A. igs.., 561; AME Adamsn, 450 Scand Primary, June 3d-Cmmisioner: W., A, Evans, 1,059; StL E. WV. Aromt, 1,600; 3, . Aisup, Jr.. 1,479; C, T. Paxont, 1,401. General Election, June 17th: Evans and Acosta elected withsut opposition. Mayor: A namendment to city charter ce-creating the sl1ce at May or carried by a vote For, 2,510; Against, 287, at the generai elections. It was stipulated that candidates for thin oilie should ran at this time and if the amendment car- ried the candidate receiing the greatest vote wulad be declared elected. There were two candidates, both Demo crats, and the vote for Mayor was, John W., Martin, 2,949; J. E.,T Bowden, 1,164. 1921-Commioners (4 yre.), Franke HI Owen (Demn.) Mark BK Berioag (Dem.). Thomas C. Dnamon (Dem.) Mayor (2lyrnJ:;Jhn W.Martia (Demn.) First Primary, Bay 10th--Comssinar: T. C. Bonomn 4375; F. H. Owen, 4,18; M. B, Herlong, 4,219: Rudolph Grulntal 2,510; G, E. Brwn, 1,086; G. B, Pasnhal, 2,097: J. D.Burerndt, 1,881; D.A. Mayfield, 1,078;XW.,H.Merndu, 1,865; Mrs. Florence M. Cooley, 1,854; B, F. Wheeler, 1,106, For Mayor: J. WV. Martin, 8,409; J. E. Hatthew, 2,207,  m06 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILE, FLORIDA 06 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 30 HISTORY OF JACKSONViE FLORIDA Second Primary, May 24th-Commissioner: F. H. Owen, 5,848; M. B. Herlong, 5,816; T. C. Imeson, 5,764;G. E. Brown, 3,828+ I. Grnthal. 3,702; G. R. Paschal. 1,432. General Election, June 21st Owen, Herlong and Imoson for Comminsioners and Martin for Mayor elected without opposition. Negroes ran for Councilmen from Wards 6, 8, , 13, and two at large, but all were overwhelmingly defeated, 1923-Commissioner. (4 yrs.): St. Elmo W. Acosta (Dem.), Fred. M. Vale (Dem.). Mayor (2 yrs.): John T. Alsop, Jr. (Dem.) First Primary, April 17th-Commissioner: St. Elmo W. Acesta, 8,797; Fred M. Valz, 3,589; A. E. Adamson, 1,890; T. J. McGilin,1,836;J. H.Patterson,1,517; W.T.Cowle,970. For Mayor: John T. Alsop, Jr., 4,412; J. E. T. Bowdon, 2,725. Second Primary for Commissioners and Mayor unneces- nary. General Election, June 19th: Acosta, Valt, and Alop eleeted without opposition. The Police Department The Marshal constituted the active police force of Jack- sonville in the days before the War Between the States. His duties were manifold and varied, for it was for him to nee that all of the town ordinances were carried out and obeyed. He had the authority, nevertheless, to cali upon any citizen of the town to help him when force wan noessary, and a citizen refusing such assistance was liable to fine or impris- onment. The Marshals was a day-time job. At night after 9 'cicek the Patrol went on duty in compliance with the Curfew Law,. The Patrol consisted of two of the town's citizens selected in their turn. The fire bell was rung every night at 9 o'clock as a signal for the negroes to be in their quarters. If found on the streets after that hour, or out of bounds, without a written pass signed by their owners, or if free negroes, without a legitimate reason, they were arrested by the Patrol and locked up for the night to be taken before the Intendant (Mayor) the next morning for trial. Usually the owner paid the malfine; it was only for the mostserious ofenses that the slave was whipped, andusually by his owner. Second Primary, May 24th-Commissioner: F. H. Owen, 5,848; M. B. erlong, 5,816; T. C. Ison, 5,764;G. E. Brown, 3,828; . Grunthal, 3,702; G. R. Paschal, 1,432. General Election, June 21st: Owen, Herlong and 1meson for Commissioners and Martin for Mayor elected without opposition. Negroes ran for Councilmen fom Wards 6, 8, 9, 13, and two at large, but all were overwhelmingly defeated. 1923-,.Coomisioners (4 yrs.): St Elmo W. Acosta (Dem.), Fred. M. Vanz (Dam.). Mayor (2 yrs.): John T. Alsop, Jr. (Dem.) First Primary, April 17th-Commissioner: St. Elmo W. Acosta, 3,797; Fred M. Vals, 3,589; A. E. Adamson, 1,890; T. J. McGiflin,1,836;J.H.Patterson, 1,517; W.T.Cowles,970. For Mayor: John T. Alsop. Jr., 4,412; J. E. T. Bowden, 2,725. Second Primary for Commissioner and Mayor unneces.. nary. General Election. June 19th: Acata, Valz, and Alsp elected without opposition. The Police Department The Marshal constituted the active police force of Jack- sonville in the days before the War Between the States. His duties were manifold and varied, for it was for him to see that all of the town ordinances were carried out and obeyed. He had the authority, nevertheless, to cail upon any ritian of the town to help him when force was necessary, and a citizen refusing such assistance was liable to fine or impris- omnent. The Marshals was a day-time job. At night after 9 o'clock the Patrol went on duty in compliance with the Curfew Law. The Patrol consisted of two of the towo's citizens selected in their turn. The fire hell was rung every night at 9 o'clock as a signal for the negroes to be in their quarters. If found on the streets after that hour, or out of bounds, without a written pass signed by their owners, or if free negroes, without a legitimate reason, they were arrested by the Patrol and locked up for the night to be taken before the Intendant (Mayor) the next morning for trial. Usually the owner paid the small fine; it was only for the mostoerious ofenses that the lavewas whipped, and usually by his owner. Second Primary, May 24th-Commissioner: F. H. Owen, 5,848; M. E. Herlong, 5,816; T. C. Imeson, 5,764;G. E. BrowA, 3,828; R. Grunthal, 3,102; G. R. Paschal, 1,432. General Election, June 21st: Owen, Herlng and Imeson for Commissioners and Martin for Mayor elected without opposition. Negroes ran for Councilmen from Wards 6, 8, 9, 18, and two at large, but all were overwhelmingly defeated. 1923-Crmsioaners (4 yes.): St. Elmo W. Aeosta (Dem.), Fred. M. Vale (Dem.). Mayor (2 yrs.): John T. Alsp. Jr. (Dem.) First Primary, April 17th-Commissioner: St. Elmo W. Acosta, F,9; Fred M. Valz, 3,589; A. E. Adamson, 1,890;i T. J. McGifin,1,836;J.H.Patterson,1,517; W.T. Cowles,970. For Mayor: John T. Alop, Jr., 4,412; J. E. T. Bowden, 2,72. Second Primary for Commissioners and Mayor unneces- esry. General Election, June 19th: Acosta, Vals, and Alsop elected without opposition. The Police Department The Marshal constituted the active police force of Jack- sonville in the days before the War Between the States. His duties were manifold and varied, for it was for him to see that all of the town ordinances were carried out and obeyed. He had the authority, nevertheless, to rail upon any citizen of the town to help him when force was necessary, and a citizen refusing such assistance was liable to fine or impris- onment. The Marshals was a day-time job. At night after 9 o'clock the Patrol went on duty in compliance with the Curfew Law. The Patrol consisted of two of the town's citizens selected in their turn The fire bell was rung every night at 9 o'clock as a signal for the negroes to be in their quarters. If found on the streets after that hour, or out of bounds, without a written pass signed by their owners, or if free negroes, without a legitimate reason, they were arrested by the Patrol and locked up for the night to be taken before the Intendant (Mayor) the next morning for trial. Usually the owner paid the small fie; it was only for the moatserious offenses that the slavewas whipped, and usually by his owner.  HITR WF JACSONILE FIDA m% HISTOY OF JACSSNVLLE FLRIA STHSORYWO JACSONflf. FLRA 30 The town bad no regular whipping-post, where the slave was beaten -into unconsciousness and left with his head hanging upon his chest to be viewed by the passing residents. All that sort of thing is ction. The negro was property in those days and to maim or Injure him bodily was not the purpose of the punishment. That there were cruel masters there is no doubt, but they were no more representative of the slave- holding Southerner than the cruel parent is of ths American people today. The town, however, did possesa a pillory and stacks outfit for white thieves, but its use was seldom needed as there was little thieving in those days. On the rareocca- nons when it was used the culprit was never Tnown to remain in the community afterward. Every citizen of age, excepting clergymen and doctors, was subject to Patrol duty. Anexemptionforonetimecould be obtained by the payment of $3 and providing a substitute, but not twice in succession. Midnight usually found the Patrol slumbering serenely in their homes. The negroescor- rupted Patrol into "patteroller", nd a familiar medley among them was: Rue, nigger, a, the pattenr kent per, RunIe, shIer, rn, it's almst day; ersma'Iruna 0tm 0los'msyway; I run, we I run, are run my es', Till I re my head in a hoevt's se'. In the beginning the Marshal received only fees for his services, but later, in the 1850's, he was allowed a specidei salary besides, to wit: Annual salary, $150; of taxecollected, 5%; of money collected for swimming or natting cattle across the St. Johns River, 5%; of fnes ollected, 50%; and allowed the same costs as a constable. The names of only a few Marshals before the war have been found. One of them was a hero; his anme was Yeomnens, It was inthe 180's, when twomen from Taliahassee came to Jacksonville and started in to paint the town red. They put a beam under the market building and turned It oer en its side,then startedin for a high time in general. Yeomans, the Marshal, ran to his home, buckled on his big sabre, and with a belt full of pistols swore he would arrest the two men or lose his life in the attempt. McMullen and Bryant, the men from Tallahassee, heard of this threat and went in search of the Marshal. Yeomans was standing in the door- The town had no regular whipping-post, where the slave was beaten into unconsciouness and left with hin head hanging upon his chest to be viewed by the passing residents. All thatsortofthingisfiction. Thenegrowaspropertyinthose days and to maim or injure him bodily was not the purpose of the punishment. That there were cruel masters there is no doubt, but they were no more representative of the slave- holding Southerner than the cruel parent is of the American people today. The town, however, did possess a pillow and stcks outtfot fr white thieves, but its use was seldom needed as there was little thieving in those days. On the race oa- sians when it was used the culprit was never known to remain in the community afterward. Every citizen of age, excepting clergymen and doctors, was subject to Patrol duty. An exemption forone timecould be obtained by the payment of $3 and providing a substitute, but not twice in succession. Midnight usually found the Patrol iumberings erenely In their homes. The negroes cr- rupted Patrol into "patteroller", and a familiar medley among them was: Rua. igge, r, the patterellersl ketoh ar, n, nione, n, it's almost day; Irsana'Irun.tOl1les'mywayi I rns, an'I rte, a' I rn y bese', Till I au my head in a hone'.see'. In the beginning the Marshal received only fees for his services, but later, in the 1850's, he was allowed a speciflc salary besides, to wit: Annual salary, $350; of tases collected, 6% ; of money collected for swimming or latting cattle across the St. Johns River, 5%; of fine. collected, 50%; and allowed the some costs as aostable. The names of only a few Marshals before the war have been found. One of them was a hero; his name was Yeomenss. It was in the 1840's, when two men from Tallahaseec came in Jacksonville and started in to paint the town red. They put a beam under the market building and turned it over on its side, then started in for a high timein general. Yeomans, the Marshal, ran in his home, buckled on his big sabre, and with a belt full of pistols swore he would arrest the two men or lose his life in the attempt. McMullen and Bryant, the men from Tallahonsee, heard of this threat and went in search of the Marshal. Yeomans was standing in the door- The town had no regular whipping-post, where the slave was beaten. into unconsciousness and left with his head hanging upon his chest to be viewed by the passing residents. All thateortofthingisfiction. Thenegrowaspropertyinthose days and to maim or injure him bodily was not the purpose of the punishment. That there were cruel masters there Is no doubt, but they were no more representative of the slave- holding Southerner than the cruel parent is of the American people today. The town, however, did possess a pillory and stock outfit for white thieves, but its use wo seldom needed as there was little thieving in those days. On the rare ace- mono when it was used the culprit wasnever known to remain In the community afterward. Every citinen of age, excepting clergymen and doctors, wassubjectto Patrolduty. An eemptionfor onetime could be obtained by the payment of $3 and providing a substitute, but not twice in succession. Midnight usually found the Patrol slumbering serenely in their homes. Thenegroes cor- roupted Patrol into "patteroller'", and a familiar medley among them was: Rn, nigger, me the psoaerllf ketch yer, Rn, sigger, rn, it's almost day; Immn' Irtuill Ilee'my wayi I run, an' I rn, ti I run my Is; Tin I rn my head is a homet's se'. In the beginning the Marshal received only fees for his services, but later, in the 1850's, he was allowed a specific salary besides, to wit: Annual salary, $150; of taxes collected, 5%; of money collected for swimming or fatting cattle across the St. Johns River, 5%; of fines collected, 50%; and allowed the same costs as a constable. The names of only a few Marshals before the war have been found. One of them was a hero; his name was Yeomens. It was inthe 140's, when two menfrom Tallahassee came to Jacksonville and started in to paint the town red. They put a beam under the market building and turned it over en itsside, then started in fors high timeisgeneral. Yeomans, the Marshal, ran to his home, buckled an his big sabre, and with a belt full of pistols swore he would arrest the two men or lone his life in the attempt. McMullen and Bryant, the men from Tallahassee, heard of this threat and went in search of the Marshal. Yeomns was standing in the door-  m0 HITRY OF JACSONVLL, FLORID m0 HISOY OF JSONVILE LIA m0 HISOY OF JACSONVLLE FLORID way of a hilliard roome when McMullen and Bryant appeared and without warning shat him down with a load of buckshot, A bystander named Huidhem, who was inside the huilding, rushed to the aid of Yeomans cad waa alo shot down. Yen- moe died but Bntoa recovered. Bryant escaped. Me- Mullen woo captured and put in jail in Tallahacsse. His mother wan allowed to visit him in jail and on one of these visits she and her inn exchanged clothing and McMullen walked ot and eacayced. Neither Bryant nor McMullen was ever brought to trial, and one of them afterward came to Jackesovlle and made this his home, After t~he war Jacksonville was continuously ocnopied hy Fe'deral troops until April, 1868. In this period, while there aes to have been a sort of cissilian poliee patrel. the muni- tary Provost Marshal and Gnard were really in charge of thue town and it was not until the second term of Mnyor Hopkin, in 1860, that poelice protection became altogethersie ivilian matter. Until 1888 the Marshal was the head of the Pollee Department; hisa services, however, Included duties connected with nearly every deportment of the town govenamont. los 1871. the psition ef Captain of Police was created. This emceer wee directly in ohorge of the relie force. The Marshal was elected yearly by the electors, and the Captain of Pelics was appointed by the Mayor aood Confirmed hy the Cousuil- Ies .1 Ne5ssls sd Caplain. s1 relie Meeri Masisal Capt a Pelase manos (plesed) IAypelOtdI sl8e-Hsekise W. 5. Rason ...s..... neo-ee 0. 50, Mood'.. isl-Suaen a. p. Maty I. N. gvsoa ille-Jwse C. Foleat IN. foissm l73-.e.ay, Fonos Jamea Bep 1889daes C. resanet Scnes Nosy Iano-fase Sobs Tyler Jame Hows 0575-MaCoaeh. Jolea Tyson lanes Bep I'. 51~i M....esy w. 0. lawen 1575-dlCoae G.H. Meapit w. 0. easeen nea-Ss 0. H..,yat W. C. aC.p, ..,-Ds 0.. H.aynt to. C Ceeps nsel-Dnialysakl t. H. Slapaf Sow-Tyler m55-nelayeWa Sales Tye W. 5)~cosen 1150-fleecy Jsle Tyles W. D. Vimsnt illO-fiasy W. Di. Visses Sobs Tyker AsksA eu W. 5).Viemat W. F0. loe neos-BeqalO lobs Tyler asts Kel 1500-eseheidgn r.. Nrase G. ad. grloomi way of a billiard re when McMullen asd Bryant appeared and without warnoing shot him down with a load of buckshot. A bystander named Eulfhem, who wee inside the building, ruehed to the aid of Yeoman, and was also shot dows. Yet- me died, but Nuffham recovered Bryant escaped. Ma- Mallen wee captured and put in jail int Tallahase His met her wan ellowed to visit him in jail and on one of these omits she and her son exchanged clot hing and McMullen walked out ancd escaped. Neither Bryant nor McMullen wan ever brought to trial, and on of them afterward came to aconIll end made thin his home, After the war Jaocsonville was toatinuoly wccuied byer Federal trop until April, 1se9. In this period, while there slms to have beenno ort of civilian polcepatrol,thmil tarysostasaadnr weeelysbre the ryPootMrhl Gadwr eelMcag efteadtown end it was nat until the second toe of Mayor Napkins, in ills, that policei protection became altogether acvla mattr, Until 1888 herc Marshal was the head of the P.lR. Deptmen i his edrviconoe e in n or deteonected w1th1nearly every department fof the tw osrma.h 1871, the posion if Captain of Police was created. ITMs elicer was directly incharge of the police force. The Marshal was elected yearly by ytethe electors, and the Ceptain af relics was appointed by the Mayor and confimed by th De Caoil m10 a n aael. aed Cellnv sO relies Maye in Masehal Cep, at Peooce Omer. s61elsuMi (Apynisedl sosl-lbloa wc, 0.elwemoT...... isue .ene N, P. Moady LNOvo esyn-.a 50. P.'nBed L. issie 1172-Saneal E Pslnet I. N. Hwiis lifl-eeel C Feaof Same, Rep If06 i-4e Subs Tyles Jam-s eep nsuO,-4lCeaibe Soe-sTykon Jmen Nosy ear-oed P. E Ms~ae w. 0,Iawnan ilTs-Moseiae Gi. H. - ea W. R. Jeweos 185-Isle G.1. R laat ec. C. Ceses nuo-Osey 0. 50, esma W. C. Cooer l8Mel-Palyoeil 0.5. H.ayet Jolsn Tyler 051Deislysl Sales Tyler W. I). viese ica-=m Jnks Tyler w. 50. Vlvaa-n il8d-Daopy W. P. Vimaa Soos Tyler esT-BOrhedge T. B, Berenada G. B, feples way of a billiard ream when, McMullen and Bryant appeared and without warning shot him dews with a load of buckshot A bystander named Boflthm, who was insi de the building, rushed to the aid of Yeomano and woe ales hot down. Yea, mes died, but afulmm recovered. Bryant escaped. Mc- Mullen woe Captured and put in jail in Talahssee, His met her wan allowed to visit him in jail and an oss of thee visit. she sand her en sxchanged clothing and NcMullen walked sout and encapod. Neither Bryant nor McMullen wee ever brought to trial, cud else of them afterward came to Jacksonville end made ibis his home. After I-ho war Jackosonville was continuously occupied by Federal troops until April, 1869. In thin eerio, while there sems to have been asort of civilian police petrel, the mili- tary Provost Marshal and Guard were really in charge of the town and it was nat unil the secod toem of Mayor Napkins, in 1809, that police protection became altogether acivilian matter. Until i8l8 thes Marshal was the head of ths Police Department; his sevices, however, inclued dutiesteonnct-d with nearly every department of the town government. Ins 1071, the position of Captain of Police was crested, Thin efficer was directly ion-, hrgof the eolice force The Marshal was elected yearly by the electors, and the Captain of Pelice was appointed by the Mayor end confirmed by the Council. ies ef MesendeCslis s ies omo,. lElsoei fosadsvA es6-nckise W. 0. Isgees ...... nI8e-Scan N P. Moedy ....... isnss l=ORP. Esedy . N. flisise 'V 2-soen C. Osset 5N, Disks T187-C.esse C. Fereaet Same, Nosy 07-Seaws It esst Senses Hsep esles-J~ss Scbs Tle Jemen Hley lole-Mcwoae Sslsn Tyker Joue Nosy 1577 -Bspi pT . e, noy W. 5, Nosesa 150-11. lh wo 1G0. Mayst W. 0. Clwos 187"wsee 01. 1 .at W. C. Coope. Ae00y 0110. Mapab W. C. eaees nssC-pnloW'i G. 55.Boot JScbs Tyler ill0-Dlaien slen Tylee B. 5). Visoet need-Pansy c.W P. Vleneta Sebs a, I Tylenrw lB6-ITee B, D. Vsat a, O. Co hose-Msahood sobs Tyler ve gsisa et lOST-Anseld~e 1. a, Beaaico . M. allei  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 809 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILE. FLORIDA m 09 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA mN The charter of 1887 created the Board of Police Commls- sioners and the designation Captain of Police was changed to Chief of Police. The office of Marshal was retained, but the duties were more of a civil nature and not immediately associated with the Police Department. The operation of the Police Department under the new charter began inApril, 1888, when James Hoey was appointed the first Chief of Police. At this time the Police Department was virtually under the control of negroes and it was a situation that had a great deal to do with the legislation of 1889 known as House Bill No. 4, by which the Police Department for the first time since the war became entirely white. The Police Commissioners appointed under the provisions of House Bill No. 4 appointed Paul C. Phillips Chief of Police. Jackson- ville's present Police Department really dates from that time, June, 1889. On October 19, 1895, the first patrol wagon was put into use. It was drawn by Mary and Martha, two fine black mares. This wagon was used until August, 1897,when"Black Maria" was revived and put into service. *"Blade Maria" wans bought by th Police Cosmissienone i 189. It ws built te be puled by one hse , but a tht time the only paviag was the old wm-sut cyres bocks an It was ound that the'wag was entirely too heavy for the work. It wasrussd to baulsa pisonse to the peos sna-. ionandT he enytnimet had ever been see on etneet when it was bought and Chief Phillips droe it s By sued one day sad then put it away is the Cty rIalding at the ot of Marke Street, weese it mpaled fos yes entiely forgt- ton. "ishe Baina" was fitte up end ceed and put ino servies Augut 18 ls9. The first auto patrol was put into use in 1911. The first mounted police was a bicycle squad that went on duty Sep- tember5,1897. The firstregular trafficsquad at street inter- sections went on duty October 1, 1919. The signal lights at street Intersections were first used in August, 1924. The Police pension law was passed by the Florida Legislature in 191. After the War Betweno the States and until 1876, Police Headquarters was in the little brick building that blocked the foot of Newmn Street, The Department then moved to a building in the rear of the County courthouse on East For- The charter of 1887 created the Board of Police Commin- sioners and the designation Captain of Police was changed to Chief of Police. The office of Marshal was retained, but the duties were more of a civil nature and not immediately associated with the Police Department. The operation of the Police Department under the new charter began in April, 1888, when James Hoey was appointed the first Chief of Police. At this time the Police Department was virtually under the control of negroes and it was a situatidn that had a great deal to do with the legislation of 1889 known as House Bill Ne. 4, by which the Police Department for the first time since the war became entirely white. The Police Commissioners appointed under the provisions of House Bill No. 4 appointed Paul 0. Phillips Chief of Police. Jackson- ville's present Police Department really dates from that time, June, 1889. On October 19, 1895, the first patrol wagon was put into use. It was drawn by Mary and Martha, two fine black mares. This wagon was useduntil Augut, 1897,when"Black Maria" was revived and put into service. *"Black Maria" mas bought by the Plice Csemissioes in 18mo It was built th be ulld b oo horse. but et ht time the olypain sas the od we -ot cc"yess blcks ad iaafod that hoe wagos was entiely too heavyforthe work. It woa never see t haul a isoer to te police sa- tonand the only ine it bad eves bee seesnr othe streen wa -hen It ws wongt and Chief Phillips drove it on Bay Street one d nasd the pt i away n the City Building at te foot of Market se, wherpe it eaiaedfor yearsentirely fsg- ten. "Binek Maria" was ftted up and covered snd pat into sevice August 18, 1sy. The first auto patrol was put into use in 1911. The first mounted police was a bicycle squad that went on duty Sep- tember.1887. The first regular traffic squad at street inter- sections went on duty October 1, 1919. The signal lights at street intersertions were first used in August, 1924. The Police pension law was passed by the Florida Legislature in 1915. After the War Between the States and until 1876, Police Headquarters was in the little brick bulding that blocked the foot of Newnan Street. The Department then moved to a building in the rear of the County murthouse on East For- The charter of 1887 created the Board of Police Commis- aloners and the designation Captain of Police was changed to Chief of Police. The ofiice of Marshal was retained, but the duties were more of a civil nature and not immediately associated with the Police Department. The operation of the Police Department under thenew charter began in April, 0888, when James sHoey was appointed the first Chief of Police. At this time the Police Department was virtually under the control of negroes and it was a situatin that had a great deal to do with the legislation of 1889 cnown as House Bill No. 4, by which the Police Department for the first time since the war became entirely white. The Police Commisioners appointed under the provisions of House Bill No. 4 appointed Paul C. Phillips Chief of Police. Jackson- ville'u present Police Department really dates from that time, June, 1889. On October 19, 1891, the first patrol wagon was put into use. It was drawn by Mary and Martha, two fine black mares. This wagon was usedunil August,1897,when"Black Maria" was revived and put into service. "'"Blac Mario" was bought by the Police Commissoner in 1091. It was built to be pulled by ene horse, bu t athat clsthe oNy pavin wa the old wr.ut eypress blocshand itws fnd that the wago was enirely too bevy for he work. It was never used o haul a prisoner t te pol ast ios and the only time it Mad ever been seen on The oo wa whe it was hought and Chief Phillips drove it usoy street one day nd then pt it away inthe City uldinat te foot of Market street, where it remained for yease entirely fosgot- en, "Blat Miea" we fitted op af e and put int weorve Aumgus nO, 1887. The first auto patrol was put into use in 191. The first mounted police was a bicycle squad that went on duty Sep- tember 5, 1897. The first regular traffic squad at street inter- sections went on duty October 1, 1919. The signal lights at street intersectons were first used in August, 1924. The Police pension law was passed by the Florida Legislature in 1916. After the War Between the States and until 1876, Pollce Headquarters was in the little brick building that blocked the foot of Newnan Street. The Department then moved to a building in the rear of the County ceurthouse on East For-  10 HISTORY OF JACKSONVIAE, FLORIDA 810 ISTORY OF JACKSONVI , FLORIDA 810 HISTORY OF ACKSONV1.TUJ FLORIDA syth Street; thence to the foot of Pine (Main) Street, and fnally to the east side of Ocean Street between Bay and Forsyth. It remained there until December, 1890, when it was moved to a warehouse that had been fixed up for its occupancy at the foot of Liberty Street. In April, 1900, the City bought the old Togni hotel property near the southwest corner of Forsyth and Nowuan Streets facing Newnan and converted it into a police station; the Department was moved there in April, 1900. This building was burned in the fire of May 3, 1901. After the re the Department occupied a wooden building near the Union Depot, formerly used as a negro boarding house, and it remained at this location until April 26, 1902, when it occupied its present station rebuilt after the r on the former site, to which the southwest cor- ner of Forsyth and Newnan, comprising about 52 feet, had in the meantime been added by purchase. This property was sold to S. A. Lynch June 20, 1924, for $90,000, the agreement containing a time clause to enable the city in select and buud upon another site. Raspberry Park was a name familiar for a long time in connection with the Police Department. It was located on Hogans Creek between Julia and Cedar Steets and was the home for the City's convicted prisoners. Its history may well be emitted here. The Board of Bond Trustees, realizing that the conditions under which city prisoners were being handled was the worst possible method, in April, 1912, pur- chased 640 acrs about seven mries north of the city, ditched and drained the tract, and converted it into the preoent City Prison Farm. Chiefs of the Jacksonville Police Department: James Hoey, April 5, 1888, to June, 1889; Paul G. Phillips, June. 1889. to July, 1892; John Keefe, July, 1892, to February, 1894; Paul G, Phllipe, February, 1894, to May, 1895; John Keefe, June, 1895, to July, 1897; W. F. IverS, July, 1897, to January, 1898; W. D. Vinsant, February, 1898, to Apri, 1913; F. C. Beach, May, 1913, to March, 1921; W. D. Vinzant, April to June, 1921 (temporarily recalled from retirement); A. J. Roberts, July, 1921 to date. Fire Department In the original charter of the Town of Jaclksonvile was a provision pertaining to sweeping chimneys and other safe- syth Street; thence to the foot of Pine (Main) Street, and fnally to the east side of Ocean Street between Bay and Forsyth. It remained there until December. 1890, when it was moved to a warehouse that had been fixed up for its occopancy at the foot of Liberty Street. In April, 1900, the City bought the old Togni hotel property near the southwest corner of Forsyth and Newnan Streets facing Newman and converted it into a police station; the Department was moved there in April, 1900. This building was burned in the fire of May 3, 1901. After the fire the Department occupied a wooden building near the Union Depot, formerly used as a negro boarding house, and it remained at this location until April 2, 1902, when it occupied its present station rebuilt after the fre on the former site, to which the southwest cor- nerof Forsyth and Newnan, comprising about 52 feet, had in the meantime been added by purchase. This property was sold to S. A. Lynch June 20, 1924, for $90,000, the agreement containing a time clause to enable the city to aselet and build spon another site. Raspberry Park was a name familiar for a long time in connection with the Police Department. It was located on Hogano Creek between Julia and Cedar Streets and was the home for the City's convicted prisoners. Its history may well be omitted here. The Board of Bond Trustees, realizing that the conditions under which city prisoners were being handled was the worst possible method, in April, 1912. pur- chased 640 acres about seven miles north of the city, ditched and drained the tract, and converted it into the present City Prison Farm. Chiefs of the Jacksonville Police Department: James. Hoey, April 5, 1808, to June. 1889; Paul G. Phillips, June, 1889, to July, 1892; John Keefe, July, 1892, to February, 1894 ; Paul G. Philips. February, 1894, to May, 1895; John Keefe, June, 1895, to July, 1897; W. F. iveri, July, 1897, to January, 1898; W. D. Viant February, 1898, to Apr, 1913; F. C. Roach, May, 191, to March, 1921; W. D. Vinzant, April to June, 1921 (temporarily recalled from retirement); A. J. Roberts. July, 1921 to date. Fire Department In the original charter of the Town of Jacksonville was a provision pertaining to sweeping chimneys and other safe- syth Street; thence to the foot of Pine (Main) Street, and fnaly to the east side of Ocean Street between Bay and Forsyth. It remained there until December, 1890, when it was moved to a warehouse that had been fixed up for its occupancy at the foot of Liberty Street. In April, 1900, the City bought the old Togni hotel property near the southwest corner of Forsyth snd Newnan Streets facing Newman and converted it into a police station; the Department was moved there in April, 1900. This buiding was burned in the fire of May 8, 1901. After the fire the Department occupied a wooden building near the Union Depot, formerly used as a negro boarding house, and it remained at this location until Apr 26, 1902, when it occupied its present station rebuilt after the fire on the former alto, to which the southwest cor- ner of Forsyth and Newnan, comprising about 12 feet, had in the meantime been added by purchase. This property was sold to S. A. Lynch June 20, 1924, for $590,000, the agreement contaIning a time clause to enable the city to select and build spon another site. Raspberry Park was a name familiar for a long time in connectien with the Police Department. It was located on Rogans Creek between Julia and Cedar Streets and was the home for the City's convieted prisoners. Its history may well be omitted here. The Beard of Bond Trustees, realiing that the conditions under which city prisoners were being handled was the worst possible method, in April, 1912, pur- chased 640 acres about seven miles north of the city, ditched and drained the tract, and converted it into the present City Prison Farm. Chiefo of the Jacksonvlle Police Department: James Hoey, April 5, 1888, to June, 1889; Paul G. Phillips, June, 1889, to July, 1892; John Keefe, July, 1892, to February, 1894; Paul G. Phillips, February, 1894, to May, 1895; John Keefe, June, 1895, to July. 1897; W. F. Ivoirh July, 1897, to January, 1898: W. D. Vinsant, February, 1898, to Apr, 1913; F. C. Roach, May, 1913, to March, 1921; W. D. Vinmant, April to June, 1921 (temporarily recalled from retirement); A. J. Roberts, July, 1921 to date. Fire Department In the original charter of the Town of Jacksonvile was a provision pertaiing to sweeping chimneys and other oafs-  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 311 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 311 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA l1 guards against fire, and among the earliest ordinances t the Town Council were these finxing severe penalties for careless- tns in the use of fire. About 1850 the first effort was made to provide means for fighting fires in the town. Wells were dug at treet intersections, namely Forsyth and Washington,. Forsyth and Newnan, and Newnon and Adams. The town fire bell hung from a tower built over the well at Newman and Adams Streets. Ladders were kept under sheds near the wells. Upon the discovery of fre the citizen rushed to the middle of the street and headed fir the fire bell, yelling "Fire" at the tsp of his voice at every jump. The clanging of the fire bell brought out the entire male population of the town and a line was formed to pas buckets of water from the nearest well to the burning building; Bay Street received its supply from theriver. Usuallyonemanassumedthe role of director and gave the orders, which amounted to "Wator, water; hurry up there, more water". Not long after the wells were provided. the first fire apparatus was acquired; it was a water pump worked by handles on each aide, negroes furnishing the power. In the big fire of April 1854, qusting from a ltal newspaper of the time, the "fire apparatus un- fortunately fell into a situation which brought it into contact with the flames, and it was lost". So ended the history of Jacksonville's first fire "engine". There was no organized fire-fighting force in Jacksonville before the War Between the States. On January 10, 1868, a volunteer company, called the Friendship Hook -and Ladder Company, was organized to af- ford protection to the town in case of fire. This was Jack- sonville's first organiZed fire company. The Mechanic n Steam Fire Engine Company was organized February 8, 1870, and soon afterward the Aetna Steam Fire Engine Com- pany supplanted the old Friendship Company. Four other companien were organied in 1870, making six in all, and these composed the Jacksonville Volunteer Fire Department which early in 1871 was officered as follows: Chief Engineer, A. L Roueil. Pest Aoisats, Thee. H. Wilad. Aesna Bteam Fire Egine Ceompay, J.3. Holland, Forenaw Mechansies Stlas Flee Englnae Companyr, . E. Buckmans, Fosesan. Alert Hoes Copasy, Byron Oak, rema. e , Phoesie Hos Coompany, H. A. Ipanle, Fema. Americus Hook ad Ladder Company, J. Marmyck, Fereosan. Meshanies Hose Comisen, William Mareks .Formen. guards against fire, and among the earliest ordinases of the Town Council were those fixing severe penalties for careless- nees in the use of fire. About 1850 the first effort was made to provide means for fighting fires in the town. Wells were dug at street intersections, namely Forsyth and Washington, Forsyth end Newnan, and Newnan and Adams. The town fre bell hung from a tower built over the well at Newnan and Adams Streets. Ladders were kept under sheds near the wells. Upon the discovery of fire the citizen rushed to the middle of the street and headed for the fire bell, yelling "Fire" at the top of his voice at every jump, The clanging of the fire bell brought out the entire male population of the town and a line was formed to pass buckets of water from the nearest well to the burning building; Bay Street received its supply from theriver. Usually one man assumed the role of director and gave the orders, which amounted to "Water, water ; hurry up there, more water". Not long after the wells were provided, the first fire apparatus was acquired; it was a water pump worked by handles on each side, negroes furnishing the power. In the big fire of April 1854, quoting from a local newspaper of the time, the fire apparatus un- fortunately fell into a situation which brought it into contact with the flames, and it was lost". So ended the history of Jacksonville's first fire "engine". There was no organized fire-fighting force is Jacksonville before the War Between the States, On January 10, 1868, a volunteer company, called the Friendship Hook and Ladder Company, was organized to af- ford protection to the town in case of fire. This was Jack- conville's first organised fire company. The Mechanics Steam Fire Engine Company was organized February 3, 1870, and soon afterword the Aetna Steam Fire Engine Comn- pany supplanted the old Friendship Company. Four other companies were organised in 1870, making six in all, and these composed the Jacksonville Volunteer Fire Department which early in 1871 woa olcered as follows: Chlef Engineer, A. J. Rssele. Firest Asuistao, Tho, H, wfbed, Aetna steem Fire Engine Company, J. J. Holland, Foresmn. Mehanies Soe Flea Engine Company, T E. Bason, Foemn, Aeet Hae Compnyes. yon Oak, rorema Phoenix HOse Company, H. A. LEsgle, Freean. Amerleue ook - Laddae Company, J. Mareyck, Fereman. Mechanics Hos Compasy, william eeryk, Forese. guards against fire, and among the earliest ordinances of the Town Council were those bring severe penalties for careless- nes in the use of fire. About 1850 the first effort was made to provide means for fighting fires in the town, Wels were dug at street intersections, namely Forsyth and Washington, Forsyth and Newnan, and Newnan and Adams. The town fire bell hung from a tower built over the well at Newnan and Adams Streets. Ladders were kept under sheds near the wells. Upon the discovery of fire the citlien rushed to the middle of the street and headed for the fire bell, yelling "Fire" at the top of his voice at every jump. The clanging of the fire bell brought out the snie male population of the town and a line was formed to pass backets of water from the nearest well to the burning building; Bay Street receeed itssupplyfromtheriver, Usuallyonemanassumedtherole of director and gave the orders, which amounted to "Water, water; hurry up there, more water". Not long after the wells were provided, the frst fire apparatus was acquired; it was a water pump worked by handles on each side, negroes furnishing the power. in the big re of April 1854, quoting from a local newspaper of the time, the "fire apparatus un fortunately fell into a situation which brought it into contact with the flames, and it was lost". So ended the history of Jacksonville's first fire "engine". There wan no organized fire-fighting force in Jacksonville before the War Between the States. On January 10, 1868, a volunteer company, called the Friendship Hook had Ladder Company, was organized to af- ford protection to the town in case of fire. This wan Jack- soville's first organized fire company. The Mechanics Steam Fire Engine Company woo organized February 8, 1870, and soon afterward the Aetna Steam Fire Engine Com- pany supplanted the old Friendship Company, Four other companies were organised in 1870, making aix in all, and these composed the Jacksonville Volunteer Fire Department which early in 1871 wa olcered as follows: Chief Engineer, A. . Russi, Firt Assisetat, The. H. Willard A a s, team Fie Engine Cmpey, J. J. Holland, Fa-an. Memhanics steam Fire Eagles Company, T. E. Buckman, Foremen. Alert Hose Comany, eyron Oak, Foremn. Phoenis Hose Company, H. A. L'Egle, Femas Amercus Hook sd Laddes Copsaeny, J. Marayck, Fean. Mechanie one Csompay, william Eenyk, Foremsm.  312 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 312 HUTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 812 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA The foregoing includes the names of some of Jackson- ville's foremost citiens. A number of these companies de- veloped coneiderable political inflence; at one time the Mayor, Chief of Police, Marshal, and several City Alderman held membership in the Mechanics, and it is said awed their political positions to that fact. In social life several of the companies held the highest place, and their annual hops were considered the most important aocial function of the year. When the lire department gave its annual parade, it was wit- nessed by the entire population of the ton. The make-up of ane of these (in 1882) was: Ameriesa Hook and Ladder Company; 16 men;niferms, red shirt. frees hebmets, and black pantaloons; they drew a ie new ok,. Menhanis meam Fire Engine ond ose Cotpany; 22 men; n forms, red Bhos, sed keiets. and blank penaloos; brightly pliands ailoby engine and home jumper. Jakonville Carnet Band, I piecee. Alen ace Campa 14 men; unifosa, blue ehirt, red felme., and blek paaloena. Aetna floe Company 1f me; they drews a new slby soe er- rage. Dvaal r Eegl le and acs. Company coloead); 22 men; oni- fame, aned hire, red Lelms and red pantloonc; tey dw an ald- oaohioned hand ean and anerly new he jumpe. On account of the failure of the city to provide proper quarters for some of the fire companies, interest in the or- ganization began to wane. In September, 188, the Americus Company threatened to disband and did withdraw for two months. On January 6, 1884, the Alert Company was dis- banded by the City Council for the refusal of the company to respond to a fire call, but within a week the Cleveland Hose Company was organized and took over the apparatus of the Alert Company. An effort was then made to increase interest in the department by potting it on a partially paid basis, and by providing more atisfactory quarters, and there was to a certain extent a revival of interest, until a disas- trou fire. in December 1885, showed plainly that the time had come for a regularly organioed paid department. After weeks of diecussion the City Council, on May 4, 1886, authorized the establishment of a paid fire department. A Board of Fire Commissioners was constituted, a special tax levy of 5 mills was authorized to perfect the establish- The foregoing includes the names of ome of Jackson- ville's foremost eitizens. A number of these companies de- veloped considerable political influence; at one time the Mayor, Chief of Police, Meahal, nd several City Aldermen held membership in the Mechanics, and it is said awed their political positions to that fact. In social life several of the companies held the highest place, and their annual hops were considered the most important social function of the year. When the fire department gave its annual parade, it was wit, nesd by the entire population of the town. The make.up of one of these (in 1882) was: Amei Hoo and Lbdder Company; if men; uiforen, red chin. grees helmets, ad black pantalosa; ohey dres a fie new truck. Meceleas Oteam Fle Engine and Hose Company; 22 men; une- forms, red shin., sed bhelme, and black panatloons; brightly Poihed dily engine and hose jumper. Jacksonville Coret Bad, 02 pierce. Alet oen C-oansy; 14 men; niformsa, blu ahies, red hatlae. and blank pantaloos. Aetms Hose Compsa; 1e men; they drew s sew iasy hose n- Dual pie Enginc and Hoe Canosy (oared); 22 men; i forma, ed sirse, red helmres, and red pantaloono; they drews an old- fashioned hend engine and nrly nsw hose iumpeor. On account of the failure of the city to provide proper quarters for some of the fire companies, interest in the or- ganizationbegan towane. In September, 1883, the Ameienso Company threatened to disband and did withdraw for two months. On January 6, 1884, the Alert Company was dis- banded by the City Council for the refusal of the company to respond to a fire call, but within a week the Cleveland Hose Company was organized and tack over the apparatus of the Alert Company. An effort was then made to increase interest in the department by putting it on a partially paid basis, and by provding more satisfactory quarters, and there was to a certain extent a revival of interest, until a dinas- trous fire in December 1885, showed plainly that the time had cea for a regularly organized paid department. After weeks of discussion the City Council, on May 4. 1886, authorized the establishment of a paid fire department. A Board of Fire Commissioners was constituted, a special tas levy of 5 mills was authorized to perfect the establies- The foregoing includes the names of some of Jackson- ville's foremost citioens. A number of these companies de- veloped considerble political influence; at one time the Mayor. Chief of Police, Marshal, and several City Aldermen held membership in the Mechanics, and it is said owed their political positions to that fact. In social life several of the companies held the highest place, and their annual hops were considered the most important social function of the year. When the fire department gave its annual parade, it was wit- nessed by the entire population of the town. The make-up of ons of these (in 1882) was: Amenics. ook and Laddes Company; 16 sen; unifrsen, red chitse, green helmets, and black pantaloons; they drew a fine new teack Msheci Steam Firs hgine and Hose Company; 22 men; u- form end chirne, end hlmet, end black paations ; brightly olished silaby engine and hon oseuper. Jackenselle Cornet and, 12 piesa. aot Hose Copny; 14 men; sniorms, bias chirt, eed maheMen, and Iack pantalonsc Aetna foec Cempany; t men; they drew a new siisby kone ear- Duval ire Engine and ae Company (colored); 22 men; farms, red shirts, red helmets, and red pastaios; they dnew an old- fashianed hand engIne and ealy ew boxe Joe. On acoant of the failure of the city to provide proper quarters for some of the fire companies, interest in the or- ganization began towane. In September,1883,the Americns Company threatened to disband and did withdraw for two months. On January 6, 1884, the Alert Company was dis- banded by the City Council for the refusal of the company to respond to a fire call, but within a week the Cleveland Hose Company won organized and took over the apparatus of the Alert Company. An effort was then made to increase interest in the department by putting it on a partially paid basis, and by providing more satisfactory quarters, and there was to a certain extent a revival of interest, until a disa- tronu fire in December 1885, showed plainly that the time had come for a regularly organised paid department. After weeks of discussion the City Council, on May 4, 1886, authorized the establishment of a paid fire department. A Board of Fire Commissioners was constituted, a special tax levy of 6 mills was authorised to perfect the establish-  HISTRY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 318 HISRY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA a18 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 313 ment of a paid department, and the reorganisation was ac- complished on July 16, 1886. Thus passed out of existence the volunteer fire department of Jacksonville, an organisa- tin so intimately associated with the life and history of the city, that the citizens really regretted to see it go. The Mechanics Company, however, maintained its organioation separately, and volunteered its services whenever there were serious fires; upon these occasions, as the company came up on the run, the spectators waved their hats and cheered with the enthuslasm of former days. The old bell in the hall of the Mechanics, on the north side of Adams Street, between Main and Laura, spoke to the men of the company for the last time at 1:20 a.m., August 18, 1891, when they were called out on the big fire that swept up Main Street that night. They placed their engine at the foot of Main Street and saved the property on Bay. Their hall was burned; after the fire they sold their engine to the city, asd disbanded. It would sees that the Fire Commissioners made rather a peculiar selection when they appointed Peter Jones the frst chief of the paid department for Peter Jones was known as the "Carpet-bagger" Mayor of Jacksonville, which ofice he had held six terms; and there won decided objection to the appointment at the time, The first call of the new department was on July 21, 1886-it was a false alarm. The first actual fire call came in onAugost10. Thefirst Gmewell Fir Alarm system wain.- stalled in August, 1886. Increase in territory, provided by the charter of 1887, necessitated a great extension of water mains, many new hydrants and much additional apparatus, Since then, from time to time, further extensions have been made, and numerous hydrants installed to meet the growing needs of the city. The paid department, after its establishment in 1886, compried a central action and three sub-atations; their Is- catiose then and subsequent changes were: No. 1 (Central Station)-South side of Forsyth Street between Ocean and Newnan; moved to its own building, northwest corer of Ocean and Adams Streets, September 21, 1897; burned out in the fire of May 3, 1901; rehuilt on same site and occupied February 1, 1902. No. 2-West side of Main Street between Church and Ashley; moved in 1898 to west side of Main Street between ment of a paid department, and the reorganization was as- complished on July 16, 1886. Thu passed out of existence the volunteer fire department of Jacksonville, an organisa- tien so intimately associated with the life and history of the city, that the citizens really regretted to see it go. The Mechanics Company, however, maintained its organication separately, and volunteered its services whenever there were serious fires; upon these ocasions, as the company came up on the run. the spectators waved their hats and choered with the enthusiasm of former days. The old bell in the hall of the Mechanics, on the north side of Adams Street, between Main and Laura, spoke to the men of the company for the last time at 1:20 a.m., August 18, 1891, when they were called out othe big fire that swept up Main Street that night. They placed their engine at the foot of Main Streetand saved the property on Hay. Their hall was burned; after the fire they sold their engine to the city, and disbanded. It would seem that the Fire Commissioners made rather a peculiar selection when they appointed Peter Jones the irst chief of the paid department, for Peter Jones was known as the "Carpet.bagger" Mayor of Jacksonville, which ofiee he had held six terms; and there was decided objection tss the appointment at the time. The first call of the new department was on July 21, 1886-it was a false alarm. The first actoal fire call came in on Augost1. Thefirst Gamewell Fire Alamsystemwas in- stalled in August, 1886. Increase in territory, provided by the charter of 1887, necossitated a great extension of water mains, many new hydrants and much additional apparatus. Since then, from time to time, further extensions have been made, and nmerous hydrants installed to meet the growing needs of the city. The paid department, after its establishment in 1886, comprised a central station and three sob-etations; their Io- rations then and subsequent changes were: No. 1 (Central Statton)-South side of Forsyth Street between Ocean and Newnan; moved to its own building, northwest corner of Ocean and Adams Streets, September 21, 1897; burned out in the fire of May 3, 1901; rebuilt on ame site and occupied February 1, 1902. No. 2-West side of Main Street between Church and Ashley; moved in 1898 to west side of Main Street between ment of a paid department, and the reorganization was a- complished on July 16, 1886. Thus passed out of existence the volunteer fire department of Jacksonville, an organisa- tion so intimately associated with the life and history of the city, that the citizens really regretted to see it go. The Mechanics Company, however, maintained its organication separately, and volunteered its services whenever there were serious fires; upon these occaios, as the company came up on the run, the spectators waved their hats and cheered with the enthusiasm of former days. The old bell in the hali of the Mechanics, on the north side of Adams Street, between Main and Laura, spoke to the men of the company for the last time at 1:20 am., August 18, 1891, when they were called out on the big fire that swept up Main Street that sight. They placed their engine at the foot of Main Streetand saved the property on Bay. Their hall was burned; after the fire they sold their engine to the city, and disbanded. It would seem that the Fire Commissioners made rather a peculiar selection when they appointed Peter Jones the first chief of the paid department, for Peter Jones was known as the "Carpet-bagger" Mayor of Jacksonville, which office he had held six terms; and there was decided objection to the appointment at the time. The ficat call of the new department was on July 21, 1886--it was a false alarm. The first actual fi'e cal came in on Augustl. Thefirst Gamewell Fire Alarm systemwain- stalled in Auguat, 1886. tncrease in territory, provided by the charter of 1887, necessitated a great extension of water maIns, many new hydrants and much additional apparatus. Since then, from time to time, further extensions have been made, and nomerous hydrants installed to meet the growing needs of the city. The paid department, after its establishment in 1886, comprised a central station and three sub-stations; their Is- cations the and subsequent changes were: No. 1 (Central Station)-South side of Forsyth Street between Ocean and Newan; moved to its own building, northwest corner of Ocean and Adams Streets, September 21, 1897; burned out in the fire of May 1, 1901 rebuilt on same site and occupied February 1, 1902. No. 2-West side of Main Street between Church and Ashley; moved in 1898 to west side of Main Street between  l14 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, F ORIDA 814 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 814 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE. FLORIDA State and Orange; burned out in the fre of May 3, 1901; re- built on same site; moved April 28, 1909, to southeast corner of 4th and Main Streets, Springfield. NoS.3-E. Bay Street between Washington and Catherine; moved to E. Bay near Railroad Avenue; burned out in the Ore of May 3, 1901; rebuilt on its present site, 14 Catherine Street, and occupied March 4, 1902. No. 4-East side of Bridge (Broad) Street, near north- east corner of Adams; moved October 1. 1896, to its present location on the south side of Adamos Street between Broad and Jefferson; was not burned out in 1901. No. --Established in January, 1897, in a nest frame building on Riverside Avenue, at the head of Forest Street; rebuilt as a brick station in 1908. No. 6--Established June 30, 1907. on east side of Florida Avenue between Union and Pippin Streets. No. 7--Established July 1, 1911, on south side of Rings Road between Davis and Jonson Streets. No. 8--Established in April, 1923, at the northeast cur- nor of Rossell and Stockton Streets, Riverside. High pressure system, protecting business district, in- augurated December 20, 1909; station at the foot of Newnan Street. First onto equipment, combination chemical and hose ap- paratus, put into service May 2, 1912. Aerial motor truek, September, 1912. Two platoon system effective January 6, 1920. Fireboat John B. Callahan, named for the councOilman who had fought a losing fight for it in 1914, was officially accepted by the city September 14, 1922. It was converted from a Government sub-chaser. The Florida Legislature of 1910 authorized pensions for city firemen for superannuation or disability in service. Chiefs of the Jacksonville Fire Department: Peter Jones, July, 1886, to his death January 22, 1891; he was succeeded by J. H. Stephens, who resigned in 1892. The present chief, T. W. Haney, assumed his duties September 5, 1892. State and Orange; burned out in the fire of May 0, 1901; re- built on same site; moved April 28, 1909, to southeast corner of 4th and Main Streets, Springfield. No. 8-E. Bay Street between Washington and Catherine; moved to E. Bay near Railroad Avenue; burned out in the fire of May 3, 1901; rebuilt on its present site, 14 Catherine Street, and occupied March 4, 1902. No. 4-East side of Bridge (Bread) Street, near north- east corner of Adam.; moved October 1, 1896, to its present location on the south side of Adams Street between Broad and Jefferson; was not burned out in 1901. No. 5-Established in January, 1897, i aneat frame building on Riverside Avenue, at the head of Forest Street; rebuilt as a brick station in 1908. No. 6-Establshod June 80, 1907, on east side of Florida Avenue between Union and Pippin Streets. No. 7--Established July 1, 1911, en sooth side of Kings Road between Davis and Johnson Streets. No. 8--Established in April, 1923, at the northeast cor- ner of Rossell and Stockton Streets, Riverside. High pressure system, protecting business district, in- augurated December 20, 1909; utetion at the foot of Nesnan Street. First auto equipment, combination chemical and hone ap- paratus, put into service May 2, 1912. Aerial motor truck, September, 1912. Two platoon system effective January 6, 1920. Fireboat John B. Callahan, named for the councilman who had fought a losing fight for it in 1914, was offirially accepted by the city September 14, 1922. It wan converted from a Government su-chaser. The Florida Legislature of 1915 authorized pensions for city firemen for superannuation or disability in service. Chiefs of the Jacksonville Fire Department: Peter Jones, July, 1886, to his death January 22, 1891; he was succeeded by J. H. Stephens, who resigned in 1892. The present chief, T. W. Haney, assomed his duties September 5, 1892. State and Orange; burned out in the fire of May 0. 1901; re- built en same site; moved April 28, 1909, to southeast corner of 4th and Main Streets, Springfield. No.8-. Bay Street between Washington and Catherine; moved to . Bay near Railroad Avenue; burned out in the fire of May 8, 1901; rebuilt on its present site, 14 Catherine Street, and occupied March 4, 1902. No. 4-East side of Bridge (Broad) Street, near north- east corner of Adams; moved October 1, 1096, to its present location on the south side of Adams Street between Broad and Jefferson; was not burned out in 1901. No. 1-Established in January, 1897, in a nest frame building on Riverside Avenue, at the head of Forest Street; rebuilt as a brick station in 1900. No. 6-Established June 30, 1907, on east side of Florida Avenue between Union and Pippin Streets. No. 7-Established July 1, 1911, on south side of Kings Road between Davis and Johnson Streets. No. 0-Established in April, 1922, at the northeast cor- ner of Rossell and Stockton Streets, Riverside. High pressure system, protecting business district, in- augurated December 20, 1909; station at the foot of Newnan Street. First auto equipment, combination chemical and hose ap- paratus, put into service May 2, 1912. Aerial motor truck, September, 1912. Two platoon system effective January 6, 1920. Fireboat John B. Callahan, named for the councilman who had fought a losing fight for it in 1914, was officially accepted by the city September 14, 1922. It was converted from a Government sub-chaser. The Florida Legislature of 1910 authorized pensions for city firemen for superannuation or disability in service. Chiefs of the Jacksonville Fire Department; Peter Jones, July, 188, to bin death January 22, 1891; he wan succeeded by J. H. Stephens, who resigned in 1892. The present chief, T. W. Haney, assumed his duties September 5, 1892.  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 315 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 815 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 815 CHAPTER XVII PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS Changes in Town and City Limits 1822, June. (As originally surveyed). Boeadares: East. Catherine Street; North, Duval Street; West, Ocean Street; South, St. Johns River. 1822, February: (lncorporation). Beginning at a point on the South bank of the River St. Johns, opposite Hiogans Creek, on the North side, running North half a mile p said Creek; thence West one mile and a half to McCoys Creek; thence South to a point on the South side of the River St. Johns, opposite McCoys Creek; thence East to the point of beginning. 1837, January: Boundaries changed. Beginning at the mouth of McCoys Creek on the St. Johns River, running thence up said Creek to a point where John W. Richard's fence joined said Creek; thence in a North couse to the first branch North of the Kings Road leading to St. Marys; thence down said branch to Hogans Creek; thence down said Creek to the mouth where it empties into the St. Johns River; thence sesms said river to the South side; thence op the South aide of said river to Hendricks' Point; thence across St. Johns River to the month of McCoys Creek aforesaid. 1841, February: The boundaries of the town were re- duced to identically the same limits as in the original incor- poration of 192. 1842, March: Limits extended. Beginning at a point en the South bank of the St. Johns River directly South from the mouth of Hogans Creek, thence North to the mouth of Rogans Creek aforesaid; thence along said creek, ascending with the meanders of the South branch of said creek to a point near the public rood, ralled the Rings Road, where said creek takes a direction from nearly Southwest (Southeast) to nearly Northwest (Northeast) ; from said bendt by a direct line nearly a Southeasterly direction to the mouth of Mc- rodat au nfo near ts of a.00 th ce 5 aid B .5, CHAPTER XVII PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS Changes in Town and City Limits 1822, Juse. (As originally surveyed). Boundaries: East. Catherine Street; North, Duval Street; West, Ocean Street; South, St. Johns River. 1832, February: (Incorporation). Beginning at a point on the South bank of the River St. Johns, opposite Hogans Creek, on the North side, running North baip a mile up said Creek; thence West oe mile ad a half to McCoys Creek; thence South to a point on the South side of the River St. Johns, opposite McCoys Creek; thence East to the point of beginning. 1837, January: Boundaries changed. Beginning at the mouth of McCoys Creek en the St. Johns River, running thence up said Creek to a point where John W. Richard's fence joined said Creek; thence in a North course to the first branch North of the Sings Read leading to St. Marys; thence down said branch to Hogans Creek; thence down said Creek to the mouth where it empties into the St. Johns River; thence across said river to the South aide; thence op the South side of said river to Hendricks' Point; thence aeost St. Johns River to the mouth of McCoys Creek aforesaid. 1841, February; The boundaries of the town were re- duced to identically the same limits as in the original incr- poration of 1,2. 1842, March: Limits extended. Beginning at a point on the South hook of the St. Johns River directly South from the mouth of Hogans Creek, thence North to the mouth of Hogana Creek aforesaid; thence along said creek, ascending with the meanders of the South branch of said creek to a point near the public road, called the Kings Read, where said creek takes a direction from nearly Southwest (Southeast) to nearly Northwest (Northeast) ; from said bendt by a direct line in nearly a Southeasterly direction to the month of Mc- CHAPTER XVII PUBLIC IMPROVEMEN'S Changes In Town and City Limits 1822, June. (As originally surveyed). Bouodaries: East, Catherine Street; North, Lrval Street; West, Ocean Street; South, St. Johns River. 1832, February: (Incorporation). Beginning at a point on the South bank of the River St Johns, opposite Hogans Creek, on the North aide, running North half a mile up said Creek; thence West one mile and a half to McCoys Creek; thence South to a point on the South side of the River St. Johns, opposite McCoys Creek; thence East to the point of beginning. 1827, January: Boundaries changed. Beginning at the mouth of McCoys Creek en the St. Johns River, running thence up said Creek to a point where John W. Richard's fence joined said Creek; thence in a North course to the first branch North of the Kings Read leading to St. Marys; thence down said branch to Hogan Creek; thene down said Creek to the mouth where it empties into the St. Johns River; thence across said river to the South side; thence up the South side of said river to Hendricks' Point; thence across St. Johns River to the mouth of McCoys Creek aforesaid. 1841, February: The boundaries of the town were re- duced to identically the same limits as in the origial incor- poration of 1812. 1842, March: Limits extended. Beginning at a point on the Sooth bank of the St. Johns River directly South from the mouth of Hogagns Creek, thence North to the mouth of Hogans Creek aforesaid; thence along said creek, ascending with the meanders of the South branch of said creek to a point near the public road, called the King Road, where said creek takes a direction from nearly Southwest (Southeast) to nearly Northwest (Northeast) from said bendt by a direct line in nearly a Southeasterly direction to the mouth of Me- oae 0 Seso Oa 's .0 t 1 asall ei stia-  16 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 316 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 316 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA Coys Creek: thence acrossthe St. Johns River by a direct line to Hendricks' Point; thence Eastwardly along the bank of St. Johns River to the point of beginning. 1887, June: City lioit extended. Towns of LaVilla and Fairfield abolished, the limits of Jacksonville, as extended, including them. The official description of the limits was in terms of surveyors' measnrements, and unintelligible to the average layman. Approximately the line ran from a pint on the East edge of the river channel West to 13th Street in Fairfield; thence West following the line of 13th Street 4%b miles to a point where the West line of North LaVilla S/D joined the South line of Grand Boulevard S/D; thence South % mile to a point 600 feet South of King Road; thence West to the Atlantic Coast Line trucks; thence South in a straight line 3% miles to the bank of the St. Johns River at a point near and East of the foot of Donald Street; continuing thence to the Gat edge of the river channel; thence dawn channel to the paint of beginning. An thus defined, Jacksonville em- braced 10% square miles of land area. 1919, Deember: Beundariea of Jacksonville extended. For exact description see Ordinance P-18, Bill P-40). Ap- proximately the line is: Beginning at a point on the West edge ef the St. Johns River Channel, thence Northwesterly along the Northeast line of Arden S/D to the center ef Little Fishweir Creek; thence up soid Creek to peint 155 feet Northerly of the center of Herschell Street; thence North- eanterly parallel to Heerschell Street to a point 120 feet West of Talbot Avenue; thence directly North cutting diagonally acroas Avondale S/D to a point 1 0 feet West of McDuff Ave- nue and continuing North, parailel to McDu Avenue, to the track of the St. Johns Terminal Company one mile north of the Seaboard Shops; thence East to the Atlantic Coast Line tracks and continuing East k mile along the line of the old city limits to a point about 600 feet South of Kings Road; thence North M mile along the old city limits to the South line of Grand Boulevard S/D and continuing North through Grand Boulevard S/D toa point 100 feet north of 21stt Street ; thence East parallel to 21st Street to a point 100 feet Went of Myrtle Avenue; thence North parallel to Myrtle Avenue O Sad Street; thence East, South of the Municipal Golf Course andatate airGrounds,toBrentool Avenue; thenceNorth. easterly and then Southeasterly following the line of Brent- Coys Creek; theuce across the St. Johns River bya direet line to Hendricks' Point; thence Eastwardly along the bank of St. Johns River to the point of beginning. 1887, June: City limits extended. Towns of LaVilla and Fairfield abolished, the limits of Jacksonville, as extended, including them. The official description of the limits was in terms of surveyors' masurements, and unintelligible to the average layman. Approximately the line ran from a point on the East edge of the river channel West to l3th Street in Fairfield; thence West following the line of 13th Street 4%y miles to a point where the West line of North LaVilla S/DN joined the South line of Grand Boulevard S/D; thence South %b mile to a point 600 feet South of Kings Road; thence West to the Atlantic Coast Line tracks; thence South in a straight line 3% miles to the bank of the St. Johns River at a point near and East of the foot of Donald Street ; continuing thence to the East edge of the river channel; thence down channel to the point of beginning. As thus defined, Jacksonville em- braced 10% square mile of land area. 1919, Deember: Boundaries of Jacksonville extended. (For exact description see Ordinance P-18, Bill P-40). Ap- proximately the line in: Beginning at a point on the West edge of the St. Johns River Channel, thence Northwesterly along the Northeast line of Arden S/D to the center of Little Fishweir Creek; thence up said Creek t a point 155 feet Northerly of the center of Herschell Street; thence North- easterly parallel to Herschell Street to a point 130 feet West of Talbot Avenue; thence directly North cutting diagonally aroon Avondale /D to a point 130 feet West of McDuff Ave- nue and continuing North, parallel to McDuff Avenue, to the track of the St. Johns Terminal Company one mile north of the Seaboard Shops ; thence East to the Atlantic Coast Line tracks and continuing East MA mile along the line of the old city limits to a point about 600 feet South of Kings Road; thence North to mile along the old city limits to the South lie of Grand Boulevard S/D and continuing North through Grand Boulevard S/D to a point 100 feet north of slit Street; thence East parallel to 21st Street to a point 100 feet West of Myrtle Avenue; thence North parallel to Myrtle Avenue to Mld Street; thence East, South of the Municipal Golf Course and State Fair Ground, to Brentwood Avenue; thence North. ,anterly and then Southeasterly following the line of Brent, Coys Creek; thence across the St. Johns River by a direct line to Hendricks' Point; thence Eastwardly along the bank of St. Johns River to the point of beginning. 1887, June: City limits extended. Towns of LaVilla and Fairfield abolished, the limits of Jacksonville, as extended, inclding them. The ofilcial description of the limits was in term. of surveyors' measurements, and unintelligible to the average layman. Approximately the line ran from a point on the East edge of the river channel West to lth Street in Fairfield; thence West following the line of 13th Street 4/c mils to a Point where the West line of North LaVilla S/D joined the South line of Grand Boulevard S/D; thence South JS mile to a peint 600 feet South of Kinge Road; thence West to the Atlantic Coast Line tracks; thence South in a straight line 3% miles to the bank of the St. Johns River at a point near and East of the foot of Donald Street; continuing thence to the East edge of the river channel; thence down channel to the point of beginning. As thus defined, Jacksonville em- braced I1% square miles of land area. 1919, Deember: Boundaries of Jacksonville extended. (For eact description see Ordinance P-19, Bill P40). Ap- proximately the line is: Beginning at a point on the West edge of the St. Johns River Channel, thence Northwesterly along the Northeast line of Arden S/D to the ceater of Little Fiaseir Creek; thence up said Creek to a point 155 feet Northerly of the center of Herschell Street; thence North- easterly parallel to Herschell Street to a point 130 feet West of Talbot Avenue; thence directly North cutting diagonally across Avondale S/D to a point 130 feet West of McDuff Ave- nue and cotinuing North, parallel to McDuf Avenue, to the track of the St. Johns Terminal Company one mile north of the Seaboard Shops; thence East to the Atlantic Coast Line tracks and continuing East % mile along the line of the old city limits to a point about 600 feet South of Kings Road; thence North % mile along the old city limits to Ohe South line of Grand Boulevard S/D and continuing North through Grand Boulevard S/D to a point 100 feet north of 21st Street; thence East parallel to l1t Street to a point 100 feet West of Myrtle Avenue; thence North parallel to Myrtle Avenue to Sld Street; thence East, South of the Municipal Golf Course and State Fair Grounds, to Brentwood Avenue;thence North easterly and then Southeasterly following the line of Brent-  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE. FLORIDA i17 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 317 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 317 wood S/D and including that subdivision, and continning Southeasterly to the Cemetery Road where it joins Main Streetj thence along the Southern side and following that side of Cemetery Read to Talleyrand Avenue and back en Talleyrand Avenue to the center of Long Branch; thenre down said Branch to the East edge of Tiver channel; thence up said channel to the point of beginning. The land are em- braced within these limits Ia 15% square miles. City Bond Issues 1817-50,OOO Florida, Atlantic & Gulf Central Railroad Bonds.-In 1855 the question of bonding the Town of Jack- nonville for $50,000 to assist in fiancing the building of the railroad from Jacksonville to Alligator Town (now Lake City) was saggeeted. To test the ase of the votern aeon the matter, an election was held May 15, 1855, and resulted: "For", 09; "Against", 65; "Taxation", 1. The bonds were authorized and issued January 1, 1857, one-half payable in 10 years, and the remaining half in 15 years, interest at 8 per cent. These were Jacksonville's first bonds. After the War Between the States, the citizens of Jacksonville were called upon to decide whether these bonds should be repudi- ated; impoverished as they were, they decided to carry the issue to preserve the standing of the town. On December 11, 1866, the Legislatare authorized the City of Jacksonville to issue new bonds to the amount of $30,000 to take care of the first installment of the "Old Railroads" and the accrued in- terest. It was not until about 1877, after the City govern- ment had passed from the control of the "Carpet-baggers" to that of the home people that these bonds were called in, little by little, and retired, to 1888, only $12,400 face value remained outstanding; these were retired in the three or four following yearn, 1878-$250,000 Sanitary Improvement Bonds-This i- one was a direct result of the yellow fever epidemic of 1877, when the people became aroused to the necessity of tetter sanitation, and the establishment of waterworks and sewer- age systems in Jacksonville. On January 15, 1878, $250,000, 20-year, 8 per cent bonds were issued. These were called the Sanitary Bonds. The expenditure of the money was placed in the hands of a Board called the Sanitary Bond Trustees, composed of five prominent citizens, namely: A. S. Baldwin, wood S/D and including that sub-division, and continuing Southeasterly to the Cemetery Road where it joins Main Street' thence along the Southern side and following that side of Cemetery Road to Talleyrand Avenue and back on Talleyrand Avenue to the center of Long Branch; thence down said Branch to the East edge of river channel; thence up said channel to the point of beginning. The land area em- braced within these limits is 155 square miles. City Bond Issue 1857-050,000 Florida, Atlantic & Gulf Central Railroad Bonds--In 1855 the question of bonding the Town of Jack. sonville for $50,000 to assist in fimaneng the building of the railroad from Jacksonville to Alligator Town (now Lake City) was suggested. To test the sense of the voters upon the matter, an election was held May 15, 1855, and resulted: "For", 97; "Against", 65; "Taxation", 1. The bonds were authorized and issued January 1, 1857, one-half payable in 10 years, and the remaining half in 15 years, interest at 8 per cent. These were Jacksonville's first bonds. After the War Between the States, the citizens of Jacksonville were called upon to decide whether these bends should be repudi- ated; impoverished as they were, they decided to carry the issue to preserve the standing of the town. On December 11, 1866, the Legislature authorized the City of Jacksonville to ise w honds to the amount of $30,000 to take care of the first installment of the "Old Railroads" and the accrued in- terest It was not until about 1877, after the City govern- ment had passed from the control of the "Carpet-baggers" to that of the home people that these bonds were called in, little by little, and retired. In 1883, only $12,400 face value remained outstanding; these were retired in the three or four following yearn. 1.878-S250,000 Sanitary Improvement Bonds.-This is- oe was a direct result of the yellow fever epidemic of 1877, when the people became aroused to the necessity of better sanitation, sad the establishment of woterworks and .ewer- age systems in Jacksonville. On January 15, 1878, $250,000, 20-year, 8 per cent bondo were toted. These were called the Sanitary Bonds. The expenditure of the money was placed in the hands of a Board called the Sanitary Bond Trusters, composed of five prominent citizena, namely: A. S. Baldwin, wood S/D and including that suh-division, and continuing Southeasterly to the Cemetery Road where it joins Main Street thence along the Southern side and following that side of Cemetery Road to Talleyrand Avenue and back on Tallyrand Avenue to the center of Long Branch; thence down said Branch to the East edge of river channel; thence up said channel to the point of beginning. The land area em- braced within these limnits is 15% square miles. City Bond lesses 1057-50,000 Florida, Atlantic & Gulf Central Railroad Bonds-In 1855 the question of bonding the Town of Jack- snville for $50,000 to assist in tumcing the building of the railroad from Jacksonville to Alligator Town (now Lake City) was suggested. To test the sense of the voters upon the matter, an election was held May 15, 1855, and resulted: "For", 97; "Against", 65; "Taxation", . The bond. were outhorised and issued January , 1057, one-half payable in 10 years, and the remaining half in 15 years, interest at 8 per cent. These were Jackhonville's first bonds. After the War Between the States, the citizens of Jacksonville were called upon to decide whether these bonds should be repudt- ated; impoverished as they were, they decided to carry the issue to preserve the standing of the town. On December 11, 1066, the Legislature authized the City of Jacksonville to issue new bonds to the amount of $30,000 to take care of the first installment of the "Old Railroads" and the accrued in- terest It was not until about 1877, after the City govern- ment had psed from the control of the "Carpet-baggers" to that of the home people that these bonds were called in, little by little, and retired In 1883, only $12,400 face value remaied outstanding; these were retired in the three or four following year. 18i8-$250,000 Sanitary Improvement Bonds.-This t- ate was a direct result of the yellow fever epidemic of 1077, when the people became aroused to the necessity of better anitation, and the establishment of waterworks and sewer- age systems in Jacksonville. On Jauuary 15, 1878, $25,000, 20-year, 8 per cent bonds were issued. These were celled the Sanitary Bonds. The expedilture of the money was placed in the hands of a Board called the Sanitary Bond Trustees, composed of five prominent citizens, namely: A. S, Baldwin,  I18 HlISOY OF JAKONVILE LOIA 318 HIORY OF IACRONfILA, FLORIDA 218 HISTR OF JACKONVfLfIAl FYWIA Dr. T. Bartyide, 7,. Daniel, S. B. Hubbard. and B. W5. Drew. The money provided by thin issue woo used in as thorough cleaning-ap of the vicinity; filling in and disinefectang low places, drainage, improvement of Holmas and McCoys Creeks, ostabolishing the present waterworks and cosoruet- ig a syotem ofsevre. The interest on thehbondsowas met by opecial lox levy. and small payments were mode from time to time on the principal, Iss this way $50,00 werih ef bonds were retired. In the bond issue of 1894, there woo a pro vison for thea redemption of all sututanding Sunoi Boods. and the lost of them were caled in and paid August 16, 1895. 1894,00,000 Waterworkso and Imporovemnt Bonds. -0a1 May 3o, 1893, the Legislature authorized so issue of $1,000,000 Watorrworks and Impovement bonds of the City of Jacksonville. The isoof was appoved by the vetoes Or- tober 17. 1393, specifically as follows: o..e. e ls emue o soteardl mesicc, Bonds 22t,00h I.,scesfihdlie ceda ibpromig ee ceseccasebspssu ls , -.... feaec ndlgsd iaeageerooge cad demiag 175,000 forn epesi and imopeeisg g5505 ad para.. 110go00 fse poenhaie booties ad erenig city bactin. If, 0 seectine nelectilh pant 1511 Ocr kltilsesfise eecee prigt. 2y"t05 oerelcegig tee dnpastscnet. This ws Jactcsnville's frst bond issue for geceral city improvements. Considerable amayance and delay in call- dating certain of these bonds resulted froms injuatianc brought by private corporations that would be offected by the improvements. Of the asthorized ilss, $972,000 wan used. They were 3m-year. 5% bonds, dated Stay 15, 5804, end maturing May 15, 1924. Bonds of this issue, anmounting to $10,550, were re tired before matuority, cud the remainder at maturity. 1901-4400,000 Improvement (Here) Bonds- Authorized Bay 30.1091; issued November as,1tool, 5%, maturing May 15, 1924. Thio lose waos the outgrowth of the fire of May 3, 1901. and wes used in paying judgments against the fille for the coustructiec of public buildings destroyed by the fire, and replanomente for munsicipal plcntc. Bauda of this isoue paid before maturity, $4,000; balance puid at moturity through a refunding issue of ApeD. 1924. Dr. T. lHartridge. J..J. Daniel, S. B. Hubbard, and M1. W5. Drew. The money provided by this sms was sed insa thorough donning-no of the v innty; l iling in and disinfecting low places, drainage, improvement of E...as and McCoys Creeks, establishing the prenent waterworks and cosstuct- log a system of sewers. The intoreat on the bonds wass met by special teax levy, and omall paymsents were made from time to timveonthe principal. Nathisery950,000 worth of bonds were retiread. In the bend issue of 1894,there woo a pro vision for lhe redemption of all outstanding Smsitary Bands, end the last of them were called in and paid August 16, 1895, 1694-$1,000,000 Waterworko sod Intprovement Bonds. -On May 30, 18930, the Legislature authorized so issue of $1,00,000 Waterworks toed Improvement bonds of the City of Jackesonville. The issue was approved by thy voters Oc- tober 17, 1893, specifically as follow.: ezuis" asne isrsac of ott~in ssictr coeds .,25,osoe.esc. ted lmpe-sgaw ele oaeeoeynlmein 171,000 one eatedieg ed ispevig asrm n d deaone, 175,00o fee pres sand iupesics stei ad anriae. 150000 tcco,soaoise rleetto end ereos o it0 edin. 1,000 torectisg elosnc lih piece 30,00 far holkhesdicg ulo 1rt1.n 21,0. far ceagfiOre dopootmost. This won Jackonville's terst bond Issue fsr general city improvemesto. Considerable annoyance and delay in vai- dating certain of these bonad. resulted from Injunctisn. brought by private corporations that would be apnered by the improvements. Of the authorized isse, $972,000 ws usend. They were 30-yea, 5% bond, dated May 15, 1894, and maturing May 15, 1924, bonds uS this ieaue, eneauntino to $90,500, were re tired before maturity, end the remainder at maturity. 1901-5400,000 Improvement (Fire) Bond.-Autbanized May 30,1l01; issued November 16, 1901, 51%, maturing May 15, 1924. This issle was the outgrowth of the fire of May 3, 1901, and was used in paying judgments against the city: for the construction of public buildings destroyed by the fire, and replacements for muicipal plate. Bonds of this issue paid before maturity, $4,000: balance paid at maturity throughacrefunding issue of April, 1924. Dr. T. Basrtian ge. . Daliniel, S. B. Hubbard, anud . W. Drew, The moey provided by this issoe was used in s thorough cleaning-up of the vicinity; tilitng in and disinfecting low places, drainage, improvement of Raoe and McCoys Creeks, establishing the pesoent waterworks aad construct- ing a system of sewoero. The interest on the bonds was met byospeiol tan levy, and small paymnents were mode from time to time on the principal. Is this way $50,000 worth of bonds were retired In the bsnd issue of 1894, there woo a pro. ofor the redemption of all ousttndinc Sanitary oads, end the last of them were caled in and paid August 16, 1895 1894-$1,o00,00 Wterwoorkos and Improvement Bonds. -On May 30, 0803, the Legislature authorized s issue of $,00,000 Waterworks and Imoprovement bonds of the City of Juaonville. The issue woo approved by the voters DO taor 1, 1093, specifically as follows: Vic'Ma0 manes cedemese sof sitesending iinisser Moss Thet fr ecteudieg sed isapesog nas sateers sseoa 1117500c es teediog nd laperiug seeemraend darsg, 175.0011e oeosic and imprecise enacts ad parka 101,050 fee pnceseiag leran ed eostng dey building. ,a, fee oeotis elestrs light place 00,100 Our bslkloendisg u ttOsna. 2aiii Oar eluins are dupoibet This was Jacksonville's tirot bond isnue for general city improvemenst. Considerable annoyance and delay in eani- dating cectain of thene bonds reachted from injusction. brought by private corporations that would be affected by the improvements. Of the austhocized Imsue, $972,000 wras used. They were 30-year, 5% bonds, dated May 15, 1394, end omiturso May 15e 1924. Bonds of this isaue, amonunting ao $38,500, were re tired before maturity, and the remainuder at matority. 1901-4400,000 Improvement (Fire) Bonds.Authorized May 30, 1901; lssoed November 15,15901, 5%, maturing May 15, 1924. This issoc we.5 the outorseib of the fire of May 3, 1901, and wets sed in paying judgments against the sltyl for the consteuction of public buildingo destroyed by the fr, and replacements for municipal plants. Bonds of thiu isu aid before maturity, $4,0050; balance paid at maturity thrsugh arefundisg issue of April, 1924.  - eSe8~oR8~e ;$~g8 m80 8s -_ '8> e8 8 8 EHH HH HH '8 8 ° ° e o ° e o e G 88 m - H - - - 8 g w S ' 6 m a ..C m m H ° C. Ha '8 886 mHHH a H 8.~ 8 z H ?_ -i$8 ° 9 n8H - H H H H H H H ,- H «$o«_ a °8:H m m H ° HZ H HH H 8a _e 8 38553333 8.8 -g rC: 3.1 "8r C1 ;q0' 888 FU' A 8. 3 8 3 - 8a 88 =e S S 8 P "e e 8 H Hg 88 '8- HH8 k-H $m$$ 8$®emHHuH u° H g HHH °e8 u808 p_ ~H ~HHHH 8 8888 H '8 88 @8.8' HH H H H-~ a 8H+ b G9 RE a EE a 'xe 88 gH H H '88 m88 H H F - H  320 HISTORY OF JACSONVILLE, FLORIA US HISTOY OF JACKSONVLLE, YZRIl U20 HISOY OF JACKSONVILLE, hWIDA City Taxes Jascksonville coperts on the budget system. The cx- pennos for the year ar estimated; the expected revenues are deducted, and the bealane in supplied by the taxpayers within the city limits. Property is assesled at aceran per- centage of its market valuie; from the rell so deternained by the Tax As eoe, the City Council makes up a tax levy suf- ficiest teemeet the expected balance. The tax levies, it mills, siore 185,0.bhovebben as follows; 5550 e31 toil 'nut ease0 tout anna1 18ia ls.ss less us.tt taps tos0 tasrs 13s tos .4E '0la-u t' lan tif.. anslso 'sa' 9t0ue to.0. 1i'S '00 100a a1t i t 1oop uit. s Bs'o 10.05 1a aus.. asia aa.u 19ii 'et ailu.es 'toJI loan as i 19sa la 0 aauss s1. cat isa9l 10 91.0 es teas ciae 45isaau .9 Woterwrkon There tacing ge suitable spring eec stream near the city erom which to attain a supply of good water far the estob- lishmenut of the waterworks syntema, provided for in the Sen- tory Bond aisnue, explication for water friom underground won tenon Aegust 1, 1878. The point selected wags son low groued n tie subuorb theta kow n 'sprmingfeld," on the aortb side of lingan Creek, went of Fine (Ofaln) Street 'rue-inch pipen were drives no different Idnoos is the locality, toea depth of 30 to 38 feet anud tried with hood pumps; these showed cinsiderable water at 30 feet below tire surface. Tise experiments being conoidered satisfac- tory, at amen of land (aow Watermorkn park), were pue- chma for $1300. Dr. 1. A. Cloud of Philadelphia, woo awardedatcontrant for estabulishing the waterworks, a eyn- torwo of sewers, and other public work. The plans conteno- pltloedoareservoir built dawn to rock bottem, and wick on it was bogoua July 56, Is79. Diring the progrens of the exen- eating work, a number of subterratoans treamns were opened. Thne reservoir was carried down to adepth of 81 feet;ait was 48 feel in diameter nicthe bottom and 51 feet at the surface. Tbe wails mere bricked, and pipes were built-in tao bring in water from the subterranean streamus intersected When ,omplested, the depth of tester in the reservoir averaged 27 City Taxes -Jacksonville operates eon the bud get system. The e- penses for the year are esiemsted;a the expected revenues are deducted, and ite bolasco to supplied by the taxpayers within the city limvits, Property is assessed at a certain per- cetage of its market value;a from the roll so deternained by the Tax Aooesor, the City Coneil maks. op atax levy suf- ficient ts meet the eapeL-td folaow. The tax leavies, in mills, ,in,, 1885, have been s follows: 1501e 160 ss00 d .P0 10506 ban lon las, 515 200 10047 tale.0o 15m r0,90 lis Otto lit s-s loo06t fil anl 1300. uss a,0 lass ut-t lao 17.00 1a0. liAt 181 1.00 taos lass let, '6at 190 10..0 ,na 'se oust les il noes teas lass lis. 10.10 900la l lan oss as 1. 0.50 load wio useIxb In 10..5 t a-au '904 15.0 Waterorks Thero being no suitable sprinag or stream near the city from which to obtain asupply of good water for the ostab- liobment of the watlmrseeki eystem, provifed for in the Sai- tary Bond issue, otoplorateen for wsater from underground o.srcean nous beguto August 1, 1878. The favoi'eooeted was en lowe ground to the suburb then knowsno aSpringfield," on the north side of oten Creek, weit of Pine (brain) Street. rTva-inch pipes were driven at different placen in the locality, tooa depth tee 30 to 30 feet and tried with hand pumps;t these showod cesiderabrle water at 00 feet below the surface. Those experiments being connidered satisfac- tory, alt arna of lnd (00ow Waterworks park), were plur- chened for $0000. Dr. J. A Cloud of Philadelphia, was awarded acotutract for estalihieng the waterwerks, so ny- tern of sowers, and other public work, The plans contem- plated areservoir built dawn to rack bottom, and work on it abegun July as6, a879. During the progress of ths eca-s vating work, a somber of subrterranean otreams were opened. The retcni a crried doswn to.a depth of 31 feet; it wa 48 feet in diameter, atthe bottom and ira feet at the surface. The motto mere tricked, and pipes were built-en to bring in water frnm the subterranean streams intersectd. When completed, the depth of motor in the reservoir averaged 2t City Taxes Jacknillet operates on the budget system The o- pe0505 for tire year are estimated; the expected revenues ace deduteild, and the balasce is supplied by the taxpayers within the city tiirt,. Property is specifedoateertaio per- reetoe of its market valuse; from the roll so determsned by the Tax Aliensor, the City Ceesneil makes an a tax loe saef- flciet to set therepected belanco. The tax leviesin mills, stoce 185, heve been an follow.: ,Its 211e 5501 ates 1990 if-is us a 1.1 mn~a 100 1010 tos. J1,8 lil 01. 1051 10.10 u"'s W)aterwors alas lo~ae nt-Is 10.05 Isap 171.05 au-os 1.x0 lou op's teas 1000 'all a82n sand 10.80 Dsee 10,80 na1. 00.50 floe 9.-n0 There beinc no suitable- opra, or stream near the city frate whtchbto obtain a nupply of good water for the estab- liabmont of tire waterworks system, provided for in the Sani- carao Bond isooe, exploration for water from undorgroeand sucswoo begun August1, 1878. The pointnselected was en low ground in the suburb then known an 'Spinfield,' on tho north side of afogane Creek, wscot of Pine (brain) Street Tw'N-incpies wredrivenat different paen in the lorality, to a depth of 00 to 18 feet and tried with hand pumps; these shooed considerabrle water at 30 feet below the surface Tieoe experim'ents beitng censidered satisfac- tory, iyl/aucres of tend (now Waterorko park), were pur- chasedl far $0100. Dr J. A, Cloud of Philadelphia, was awardednaeontract for establishing the waterworks, a syo- tem of swers, and other public work. The plans cootem- plated a resort-air bsilt down tee rock bottom, and work on it was beguns July 16, 1879. During tire progreis of the lingo- sating work, a somber of soterranean streams were spened. The reservoir was carried dows to a depth of 00 feet; it was 48 feet in diamenter at the botom ad 51 fact at the surface. The malls were bricked, sodt pipes mere built-is to bring in water frem the subterronean .free.. inoecsected. When comeleted, the depth of water in the reservsir averaged 27  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 321 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 321 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 321 feet, and the amount 375,000 gallons. The well wan pro- tected by an ectagon building; the pump house was built of gray Florida brick with stone trimmings. The pumping machinery comprised two Worthington Duplex engines with a rapacity of 1,500,000 gallons daily. The waterworks as thus constructed was accepted by the Sanitary Bond Trustees July 6, 1880, and Dr. Cloud was paid $89,725, in Sanitary Bnds, for the job. The original system was in use until the fall of 1882, when there was an irruption of salt water into the streams supplying the reservoir, and the water became unfit for one. It was then found ncessory to look elsewhere for a supply until abetter solution could be reached. A temorarsysupaply was obtained by throwing a dam across SHogans Creek, 500 yards above the plant, opposite Hansontown, and water from the pond thus created, was conveyed to the reservoir by means of a trunk 10x20 inches, constructed of 2-inch plank, and which was provided with a series of filter. At the same time the lateral pipes in the reservoir were sealed, The existence of numerous springs in the "valley" of the north branch of Hogana Creek induced further explorations for underground water and by sliing wells ts a depth of 75 feet, flowing wells were prodsced. This water was directed into the creek to asgment the volume for use at the water- works. The water was generally considered unfit for driNk- ing purposes, and the residents of Jacksoville, after a great deal of complaint, went back to the old system of cisterns and surface weils for drinking water. Explorations for underground water closer to the water- works plant were started in 184. A 4-linch wll was driven to 490 feet and it produced a few of 180 gallons a minute. As son as this wellwas finished, a-inch well was started and carried down, to 637 feet, produelsg a few of 650 gallons aminute. The amount of water now procuredwasconsidered suficient for the needs of the town at the time, and on No. cember 24, 1885, the creek supply was shut off and the ar- teatan water turned into the reservoir. On March 12, 1880. another 6-inch well was completed near the plant. The total flew from the three wells at that time was s2,400,000 callons daily. A large ire in the dewn-town district in March, 888, resulted in drainingthe reservoir of its water supply, and this fact led to the ninkcing of afourth wall, which was driven toea feet, and the amount 375,000 gallous. The well was pro- tected by an octagon building; the pump house was built of gray Florida brick with stone trimmings. The pumping machinery comprised two Worthington Duplex engines with a capacity of 1,500,000 gallons daily. The waterwork as rhus constructed was accepted by the Sasitary Bond Trustees July 6, 1880, and Dr. Cloud was paid $89,725, in Sanitary Bonds, for the job. The original system was in use until the fall of 1882, when there eas an irruption of salt water into the streams supplying the reservoir, and the water became unfit for use. It was then found necessary to look elsewhere for a supply untilabettersolution could be reached. Atemporaryoupply was obtained by throwing a dam across Hogans Creek, 500 yards above the plant, opposite Hansontown, and water fros the pond thus created, wan conveyed to the reservoir by means of a trunk 10x20 inches, constructed of 2-inch plank, and which was provided with a series of ilters. At the name time the lateral picas in the reaervoir were sealed. The existence of numerous springs in the valley" of the north branch of Hogans Creek induced further exploratisss for underground water, and by sinking wells to a depth of 75 feet, flowing wells were produced. This water was directed into the creek to augment the volume for use at the water- works. The water was generally considered unft for drink- ing purposes, and the residents of Jacksonville, after a great deal of complaint, went back to the old system of cisterns and surface wells for drinking water. Explorations for underground water closer to the water- works plant were started in 1884. A 4-inch well was driven to 490 feet and it produced a fow of 180 gallnns a minute. As noon as this well was finished,. a 6-inch well was started and carried down to 637 feet, producing a flow of 650 gallons amlnute. Theamountof waternow procuredwasconsidered sufficient for the seeds of the town at the time, and on No- vember 24, 1885, the creek supply was shut off and the ar- tesian water turned into the reservoir. On March 12, 1886, another 0-inch well was completed near the plant. The total flow from the three wells at that time was 2,400,000 gallons daily. A large fire in the down-town district in March, 1888, resulted in draining the reservoir of its water supply, and this fact led to the sinking of a fourth well, which was driven to a feet, and the amount 315,000 gallons. The well was pro- tected by an octagon building; the pump house was built of gray Florida brick with stone trimmings. The pumping machinery comprised two Worthington Duplex engines with a capacity of 1,500,000 gallons daily. The waterworks as thus constructed was accepted by the Sanitary Bond Trustees July 6, 1880, and Dr. Cloud was paid $89,725, in Sanitary Bonda, for the job. The original system was in use until the fall of 1882, when there was an irruption of salt water into the streams supplying the reservoir, and the water became unfit for use. It was then found necessary to look elsewhere for a supply untabetter solti on coudbereached. Atemporary supply was obtained by throwing a dam across Hogans Creek, 500 yards above the plant, opposite Hansontown, and water from the pond thus created, was conveyed to the reservoir by means of a trunk 10x20 inches, constructed of 2-inch plank, and which was provided with a series of fiters. At the same time the lateral pi pes in the reservoir were sealed. The existence of numersus springs in the "valley' of the north branch of Hogans Creek induced further explorations for underground water, and by isking wells to a depth of 75 feet. Cowing wells were produced. This water was directed into the creek to augment the volume for use at the water- works. The water was generally considered unfit for drink- ing epurposes, and the residents of Jacksonvlle, after a great deal of complaint, wont back to the old system of cisterns and surface wells for drinking mater. Explorations for underground water cser to the water- works plant were started in 1884. A 4-inch well was driven to 490 feet and it produced a fow of 180 gallons a minute. As soon as this well was finished, a 6-inch well was started and carried down to 637 feet, producing a flow of 650 gallons a mioute. Theamoautofwmater now procure dmsconsidered sufficient for the needs of the town at the time, tad on No- vember 24. 1885, the creek supply was shut off and the ar. tesian water turned into the reservoir. On Maerch 12, 1880, another -inch well was completed sear the plant. The total flow from the three wells at that time was 2,400,000 gallons daily. A large fire in the down-town district in March, 1800, resulted in draining the reservoir ofitswatersupplyand this fact led to the sinking of a fourth well, which was driven ts a  m2 ISTORY OF JACKOILLE FLRIDA m2 BISTvl OF JACKUON VILLA, FLORIA m2 HISTUR OF JACKSONVfILLE, FLIDA depth of' 1020 feet and predated a flow of 2,05,000 galons daily; this wooa 10-inch welt, completed in Juns, 1889. About this time pivate corporations began To sink wells in different totalities and it woo niard that in each cas there wa acedution in the flow at the waterworks, besideo notosal gradual decrease. 'rho decrease in the original flow hadt couched 50q when the fifth well was drivest at 7th and Slyer Streets, about ten years later. Subsequoent history of the woter spply is the same-a grrad decrease, due to Increaing s ncnption, andosalows natural exhaustion, which has 'seen cempessatd by sinking mor wells, until nw (19241, there are 15 wells in use, producing a flow of 1Y,000,000 galleons daily. The first structural improvements at the plant were made is 1090, when the pumping station wan enlaged somewhat, wherepon purtion of the old walls were torn out and the brick used in the construction of an aerating bain 50 feet in diamseter and 5 feet deep. In 1897 the Sub-Tropical Expoi- tion building weas removed, and on the si to near the northeast sconer of the waterworks grounds a renervoir 2010x160 feet and 13 feet drop was conotructed, having acapacity sf 2,450,- 000 gallons. This reservoir was covered over a year or so ago. To July, 1105, the City bought the land between Main and Laurs Streets, north of Orange, sod in the sosthwest corner of the plot built a cevered resevoir with a capaciy of 3.000, 000 gorlo, completed in 1911, at a coot of $54,0t0. Dos the heginning the woaterwoarks did not pay epenes, hut it grodnaily became self-supperorig sod so mowa val- able beamse producing Plant for the City. dog its outd Old lee .ets in is The lsies oeit at te a tso,'es asM tosi Jan was a10-foot sllgstse ho boses onea a small arodea a peedl ona hsentossh gsoooda. Mc Im was she isseo's of IJt Olig so J-owe sstt ws condo it with his see hmudo ann of saet cupes. It woo sotlircd a the wteesseeh is the cost, ntO0u se h aedet Cossefereeenss lt rusesd"aletieos nsoeofJ' lar. oatede,ea, bsohdeo nso de lsrne , mgig .,es cadstrd a surest toSa this st ofshiatl, Aleagh Pacts sI she o isetle base bees sPepaed, sees ofthe arigaul metal ss asi is......ad ihs pastsca has sot hers sidas. Old', oea's cs Htsets seal smue he ..ae. Eai tead psasao ms Jeeheodid. woo as as iteon tlas the On'Tesp depth of 1020 feet ad produced a flow of 3,350,000 gallons doily; thin won a 10-inch well, completed in June, 1889. About this time prrivate corporation begn to sink wce n different mlocoleo, and it wao noticed that in each cae there woredtion in the fluwe at the waterworto, besides a santura grodu a decree.. 'rho decrease is the original flow bud reached 605% when the fifth well was driven at 7th and Silver Streets, shout ten years later. Subseqest history of the wfatr saupply to the .,ae- gradual decrease, due. ta increasing oosmption, and a slow natural exhesdantso which has been wcpeoaed by oinking more wells, unill now (1924), There are 16 wells in se, producing a flow of 13,000,000 gallos daily. The first structural improvements at the plant were mads in 1000, when the pumping0 etatison was enlarged somewhat" whereupion plortions of the eld walls were torn out and the brick seodin the construction of an arating basin 50 feet w in r'see and 5 feet deep. In 1890 the SubTropical Expoei- lion buling wras removed, and on the cit near the northeast coner of the waterworke grounidscesercois 2010100 feet ad 13 feet deep won constructed, having s capacity of 2,400,- 000 gallons. Tbla reservoir was coversd over a year or to ao. In July, 1005, the City bought the land between Miain and Laura Streets, north of Orange, and in the southwest corner of the plot built a coveced reservoi with a capacity of 3,000- 000 gallons, completed 1n11911, at a coot of $54,000. In the beginning the sesterecorko did not pay e.penes, hut it gradually became self-supporting, and is now a vl- able tfarmes producing plant for the City. .1o its -s1 Old Joe ..is Jio is The shns a-histle at the wat'bsa -a Old Joe woo t-nfol aeise whame hocu woo small aretiesl petre is the wateeasha Peous. hog Jicow coo chs . leosottoso u Eloig s Jeiho-sille, o suds i h sits hs losse bsoa of sheet curse It wao iostnllad ao the otare---W is Ohe sordy 1. r' slt. a nd Ouaiesna. ft wsaonsd "io lcolv'ussofcd JIco lattetus.heeoimaw of The dseestas. Me. Olse tcles. cusd ecurd a palest Os ts'tyls Ofwhislae. ltsagh pacts sO ta he one nae hem itp'low" most of the -Ar'ss stsmaw is ull is one, sod teishoutes boo eel bees mased Old Jra'e early but.s,54 su-es ho oess tis Oaso. , -hsoaO Jaehsasticu wsav a.e alteseliss s the tot-Top- depth of 1020 feet and produced s flow of 3,350,000 gaon daily;l this wos a1I-inch well, completed in June, 1589. About this time private c.rp.oras began to sink wells in diflerut loalities, aad it wos noticed that in each case there was soedoeton in the flow at the waterworks, besides nat ral rusi decreae 'the decrease in the original flow had resehed 00% when the fifth well woo driven at 7Th and Siteer Streets, about ten yearc later. Suhseueet history of the woter supply is the same-a gradual decrease, due to ucreaing consumnption, and aslow natural debenaturel which boo beenctompensated by cinking more wells, until now (2914), there ace 15 wells in lose, preducingatflow of 12,000,000 galloca daily. The first structural imprrovements at the plant were mode in 0090, when the pum ping station woo enlarged somewhtat whereupon portions of the old walls were torn cur and tne brick used in the constrci'n of an aerating basin 50 foot in dimneter ansd 5 feet deep. Is 1097 the Sub-Tropical Exposi- lion building wa-s removed, aod son the site near the northeast corner of the seaterworks grounds a reservoir 200xi6O feet and 13 feet deep was constructed, having a capacity of 2,400, 000 galsn. This reservoir wao covered over a year or ma Us. In July, 100, the City bought the land between Maein and Laura Streets, north sof Orange, snd in the southwest corner of the plot built a covered reservsoir with a capacity sf13000,- 000 galloots, completed in 1011, at a coot of $54,000. In the beginning the waterworks did not pay expenes, but it gradually becacot seif-supporting, and it now a valt. able income producing plant for the City. eap Jioe aaS Old Ion -Beg Jico is tbe hns whlstle at the wccere.s a ld lee was a 120-float alots whose bane s a small -a..slo poad is tbcsaeeoreimmenad. ris Jim woo the dIess , or m55d Elag o s Jsetcuem e, acodiothhit uschesdnosc obshoatps -me usawe 'ssll,.d at the ouree is Mha easly.. 150'ith a Toads, Ceaoilcueees lwasued "Big Teinsousepcfahs' Yateeose heettle' 1-iawof ccTe 555555. Me. Simig uter serd-ceassearyutsO e t l-iefstsr Althoogh pore so has wdIc base bee seplfaed neat 0 The ..etal enda ustill fis stn sod ths ptters hot sot boe ehaged. Old J5n cory hislos wdO asse esnes IHi gap- -sac Os Jselsu-is e-a soe a salesutn at - tsh.Top  HISORY OF JACKSONIL, FLORID m2 HISTORY OF JACKSONIL, FLORIDA m2 HITORY OF JACONVILL, FLORIA m2 our Esqssiio is Fa1,wns io horn, osrlebty that hards figeopwaododp"otrittnsolife 1, b e roooliad to be attro tnthewotwervsr ylnriertfway yed oall wo doayc doccaa d cat Ol Sec deolhd. ai behodloat 0Cctne coe.is, hot Old Joe's hide oa toitsd nd bic dothsc wtoweek bdad- ngneat cbie f-hieotathadet imdilylane. md bels hor usosod to Icm c olee a- od coeeetand Electric Lights Electricity for lighting prposes was introduced Hote Jackegonville to 183, when J. Rt. Campbell instelled a plant to light the St. James Hotel. In the latter port of 1884, 08. Wadsworth came to Jack- acvill for the purpose of instlling asyotem Of electric lighots. In order to wcurrant him in estobliohing the plant, hec relouted 50 subocribers; he soon had the reeqoied nomber and 5 Ouolre. JSt te he wan ready to liroceed with the act- ties of the plant, he sold out to a stock company, afterward known as the Jackoonville Electric Light Company. The plant woo erected codern Wsdeworth's supervision and lights wre turned on in tehe stere on Bay Street, eat of Gcen. January 00, noe5. 1. the name year (1885), Dr. S.-A. Cloud, wo had originally hailt the woterwerkos tarted the erection of a plant far the purpose of lighting hotel, and private houoco by electricity. the lighto were torted an January n9, 1886., lie sold his plant to the Citizens Gas Light Com-. pay of larhoonville, May 27, 1880. The City Council watched the progress with interest for two or three years, dsed then proceedel to discuss the ques- tion of lighting the streeta with electricity three years more Cooally coming to the reccesico is November, 1892, to enter int a contract with the Jackooiile Electric Light Company for supplying ten arc lights on Hay Street, from Bridge (Biroad) to Liberty. TChcs were soon placed and werm the first street arc lighto in the city. tn 1894 the city and its inhabitant, were dependent for gas and electricity uon the Citicena Coo and Electic Light Cempany, which owned the only gas ploot, and also a coo- jority of the stork of the Jacksonville Electric Light Com panry, which operated tho Only electric light plant in the city. The Citizens Ca, and Electric Light Company therefore contnolied absolutely the gas end electric light bomineos of ians Eoneits in boo. a-bose ao becoes elebeiey That oftea Flci .bndw. He dooetisod bea on etm ioa attowt loe n O acoo do ed eon sh areead hoc Old Jns ond e od. Big Jim Oct lose a ife-timacsepesio, hot the Joe'chhNoseaa nd. an 1l'ccdia tewcocccso hld- mog beeah the fried 00a0 hod brokhm Wohim ail~y Is Level which he seemed to hoe grown to measwn andoosasad. Electric Lights Electricity for lighting pat ota was introdue lotm Jacksonville is, 183, when J. in. Camp bell installed a plant to light the St. Stones Hotel. In the letter part of 0884, E1. Wadsworth cme to Jack- soneile for the purposoe of inotallingoasytem of electric lights. It order to warrant him in etabelishing the plant, he required Ste elohorihers l he soon had the recrged number and U1 mere. Juotas he woo ready to proceed with the erec- ties of the plant, he sold out too atock company, ofterward known an the Jacksonville Electric Light Company. The plant was erected coder Wadsworth's supervision and lights were turned on intheatres on BaygStreet estof Oean Senory to, 1885. sio the some year (1885), Dr. J. A. Cloud, who load originall built the waterworho. started the erection of a plant for the purpooc of lighting hotls and private houses by electricity. lin lights were turned en January 19. 1580. Hde sold his plant to the Citizens Can Light Com- pany of Jackooneille, May 27, 1886. The City Council waotched the progress with Interest for two ar three years, end then proceeded to divcrue the quem- tin of lighting the streets with elecridity, thre year smew tinally cooling to the wond~usion in November, 1892, He enter into a centract with the Jaclceonvile Electric Light Company far surplying ten arc ligtchs on Btay Street, from Bridge t(Broad) to Liberty. Thlese were soon placed and were the first street ar lights in the city, to 1884 the city and its inhabitants were dependent for gas and electricity uon the Citicens Gas and Electric Light Company, which owned the only gas plant, and alsos a- jerity of the stocke of the Jacesonville Elwei Light Com prny, which operated the onsly electric light plant in the city. The Citizns Coo and Electric Light Company therefore .otransid absolutely the gas and electric light naues of caewpeion is I17 ce-Os Ocaeasolhrtp Thatncase figooodis pso cod pocey n-dte by cosisar foma e.n, ebeco. 070 tosioed in be oatalsatd h cuasenuh plaotetcooolsyoool,ostilowe daywas sedoeo stO Joe ee dead- ah in boO me.ol ics-.., iespaalos, boa Old Jacc, hi do ,w coo s am s aheed is h ab orkbu sild. eec henecat the fairad that had sPoha ho tladily in life, ad wchbe ood s hoslae bamv W bases sad esdoreisad Electric Lights Electricity Cog lighting popee wan introduced inte Jacksonville in 1881, when J. in. Campbell installed a plant to light the StL James linte. in the latter pact of 1884, 55. Wadsworth came to dock- oonvtle for the llurpeoe of instaslingaaytem of electric lights. On order to warrant him to esaehoshing the plant, he requairedt60isubscribers; hesonhad theceqired nnber andl10mre. Jucoasnhewooready to proceed with the eot- tion of the plant, he sold sout to a stock company, afterword known as the Jackosonville Electric Light Company The planot woo erected coder Wadsworth's supervison and lights were turned ont is, the stereo on Pay Street, eat of Ocean, January 10, 1880. In the same year (18801), Dre S. A Cloud, who add origlinally built athe waterworko, started the erection of a plant for the purpose of lighting hotels tand private houses by electricity. His lights were turted on January n9, 1s8. He cold his plant to the Citizens Can Light Come- pany of Jackonlville, May 27, 1886. The City Council watched the progress with nterest for two or three years, end then proceeded to discuss the quel- tint of ihtin., athe otreet with clecticity, three yearn more, fially coming to the coneunion in November, l892, to enter intoa sontract with the Jacskosoville Electric Light Company for oupplying ten arc lighto on Bay Street, from Bridge (Creed) to Liberty. Thee wee ses placed end were the first street arc lights in the cty. Co 0894 the city and ito tohabitants were dependent for gas and electricity risn the Citirons Coo and Electric Light Companly, which ewed the only geu plant, and also a mos- jority of the stock of the Jacksonville Electric Light Coon- psoir. which operated the only electric light plnt in the city. The Cirtizn Coo and Electric Light Company therefore controlled abaolutely the gs acid electric light busienn or  324 HISTR (F JASOVILLE, FLOIDA 224 HITRY OF JACKSONVILE FLORDA 324 ISTR OF JSOHLR FLORIDA Jacksonville, and fixed the prices therefor. Its price for gas was then $3 a 1000 ubic feet, with some discounts for large customer; and for electricity $15 a month for 1200 r.p. art lights, and 28c a kilowatt for incandescent lights. In the bond issue of 1894, provision was made for the rection of a municipal electric light plant. Some delay in commencing the work was caused by injunctions brought by private parties, but when these matters were settled in favor of the City, the plant was erected next to the waterworks in Waterworks park. City lights were turned en for the first time March 7, 180, and on the 25th of that month the plant was turned over to the City for operation The plant was erected at a cost of $76,675, The prices fixed by the City at the time were:$7.500 amonth for all-night 2000 op. am lights; $6.25 a month for 12 o'clock 2000 ce. arc lights; and 7e a kilowatt for incandescent lights. Important line extensions were made in 1898, 1901 (in- cluding replacements costing $46,000 as a result of the fire of May 3, 1901), 1901 and 1908. On January 18, 1911, the lighting franchise, hitherto held by the street railway com- pany, paased to the City. The demand upon the municipal plant now became no great that a new and larger main sta- ton of the meet modern type became an urgent necessity. The site selected for it was on the river front in the Tally- rand section. The plant was completed at a coot, including equipment, of about $635,000, and put in operation October 12, 1912. The original plant then became a transformer ta- tien known as as-ustation No. 1. During the World war, ub- stations were established in the shipyards in South Jackson- sille and at Camp Johnston. In October, 1924, an important sub-station was completed in Riverside, at McDuff and Post Streets. There is alas a, special sub-station at the monicipal docks. The underground electric work in the business ee- tion was done in 191-14-15, at a cost of $500,000. Pablo Beach was "cut in" on the Jacksonville curent March 14, 1923. The service to Orange Park began Febru- ary 28, 1924, It has been 30 years since the original plant was can- structed ; in that time the coot of maintenance, orplaemdents and extensions has continued to mount higher and higher, but the cost of electricity to the resident of Jacksonville has remained unchanged from that day to this. Nevertheless, Jacksonville, and fxed the prices therefor. Its price for gas was then $3 a 1000 cubic feet, with some discounts for large customers; and for electricity $15 a month for 1200 cp. arc lights, and 28c a kilowatt for incandescent lights. In the bond issue of 1894, provision was made for the erection of a municipal electric light plant. Some delay in commencing the work was caused by injunctions brought by private parties, let when these matters were settled in favor of the City, the plant was erected next to the waterworks in Waterworks park. City lights were turned on for the first time March 7, 1895, and on the 25th of that month the plant was turned over to the City for operation. The plant was erected at a cot of $76,675. The prices fixed by the City at the time were: $7.50a month for all-night 2000cop.arc lights: $6.20 a month for 12 o'clock 2000 cp. are lights; and 7e a kilowatt for incandescent lights. Important line extensions were made in 1898, 1901 (in- cluding replacements costing $46,000 as a result of the fire of May 3, 1911), 1903 and 1908. On January 18, 1911, the lighting franchise, hitherto hold by the street railway com- pany, pased o to he City. The demand upon the municipal plant now became so great that a new and larger main sta- ion of the most modern type became an urgent necessity, The site selected for it was on the river front in the Tally- rand section. The plant was completed at a cost, including equipmen , of about $035,000, and put in operation October 12, 1912. The original plant then became a transformer sta. tionknownasub-sttionN.. DuringtheWorldwar,snub- stations were established in the shipyards in South Jackson- ville arid at Camp Johnston. In October, 1924, an important sub-station was completed in Riverside, at McDuef and Pout Streets. There is also a. special sub-station at the municipal docks. The underground electric work in the business se- tion was done in 1913-14-15, at a cast of $500,000. Pablo Beach was "cut in' en the Jacksonville current March 14, 1923. The service to Orange Park began Febru- ary28,1924. It has been 30 years since the original plant was con strauted; In that time the cost of maintenance, replacements and extensions has continued to mount higher and higher, but the cost of electricity to the resident of Jacksonville has remained unchanged from that day to this. Nevertheless, Jacksonville, and fixed the prices therefor. Its price for gas was then $3 a 1000 cubic feet, with cme discounts for large eustomers; and fer electricity $15 a month for 1200 ep. arc lights, and 28c a kilowatt for incandescent lights. In the bond issue of 1894, provision woo made for the erection of a municipal electric light plant. Some delay in comncing the work was caused by injunctions brought by private portie, but when these matters were settled in favor of the City, the plant was erected neat to the waterworks in Waterworks park. City lights were turned on for the first time March 7, 1895, :mdl ori the 25th of that month the plant was turned over to the City for operation. The plant was erected at a coat of $76,675. The prices fixed by the City at the time were: $7.50a month for all-night 2000 c. are lights: $6.25 a month for 12 o'clock 2000 op. arc lights; and 7c a kilowatt for incandescent lights. Important line extensions were made in 1898, 1901 (in- ludlag replacements costing $46,000 as a result of the fire of May 3, 1901), 1903 and 1908. On January 18, 1911, the lighting franchise, hitherto held by the street railway com- pany, passed to the City. The demand upon the municipal plant now became so great that a new and larger main sta- ton of the most modern type became an urgent necesity- The site selected for it was on the river front in the Tally- rand section. The plant was completed at a cost, including equipmen, of about $635,000, and put in operation October 12, 1912. The original pant then became a transformer sta- tionknownassuLsttiosNo1. During theWorld war, sb- stations were established in the shipyards in South Jackson- ville and at Camp Johnston. In October, 1924, an important sub-station was completed in Riverside, at McDuff and Post Streets. There is also a. special sub-station at the municipal docks. The underground electric work in the business sec- ton was done in 1913-14-15, at a cast of $500,000. Pablo Beach was "cot in" on the Jacksonville ucrent March 14, 1923. The service to Orange Park began Febru- ary 28, 1924. It hoo been 30 years since the original plant was can- structed; in that time the cost of maintenance, replacements and extensions has continued to mount higher and higher, but the cost of electricity to the resident of Jacksonville baa remained unchanged from that day to this. Nevertheless,  HISTORY OF JACKSONVLLE, FLORIDA 325 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 325 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 325 beginning in 1900, the plant, year by year, has shown an Is- grease in prant. It is the moat valuablefinancial assetoafthe City, and yet it furnishes light and power at a rate among the lowest in the United States. Paving the Streets The first paving project in Jacksonville and Duval Coun- ty was in the 1850s, when a company of enterprising citi- zens was formed to construct a plank road from Jacksonville to Alligator Town (Lake City), fellowing the route of the western branch of the old Kings Road. Eight miles of the plank road were completed, when the railroad (Florida, At- lantic & Gulf Central) became assured, whereupon the plank road construction was abandoned, leaving the stockholders of the enterprise responsible for debts that resulted in num- erous lawsuits. The route of the plank road was from Bay and Newnan Streets north on Newnan to Duval; west on Duval, crossing what is now Main Street over low wet land near a pond, to Laura; north on Laura to Church; thence wetto"Cracker Swamp",afarmownedbyI.D.Hart. Rem- sants of the plank road were still in existence after the War Between the States. In 1882, the Jacksonville Daily Times, in a long editorial describing Bay Street as a chain of lakes and mud-holes, started the question of paving the streets of Jacksonville. The Board of Trade, after its organization in 1884, took it up, and the matter was frequently before the City Council; but beyond an extended discussion of the subject, wherein every phase of the situation was gone over again and agan, nothing was done toward getting down to actual work, until 1886. The citiens were divided as to the kind of paving to use. The Wyckoff cypreos bloeks, laid on 1-inch planks, wereselected. Thecontract was let, but considerable further delay was experienced in starting the work, as the street railway company refused to share its proportionate part of the eapenne. The F. R. & N. Ry. at first agreed to pay for its part of the paving in front of its property on the south side of Boy Street, from Hogan west to about the middle of the block, but at the last moment refused to do so. However, the work was started, and Bay Street was leveled and rolled from Market to Julia, and frying the blocks commenced March 18. 1886. The question had been agitated so long that beginning in 1900, the plant, year by year, has shown an in- creane tprofit. It is the most valuable financial asset of the City, and yet it furnishes light and power at a rate among the lowest in the United States. Paving the Street The first paving project in Jacksonville and Duval Coun- ty was in the 1850's, when a company of enterprising citi- aeon was formed to coustruct a plank road from Jacksonville to Alligator Town (Lake City), fellowing the route of the western branch of the old Kings Road. Eight miles of the plank road were completed, when the railroad (Florida, At lantic & Gulf Central) became assured, whereupon the plank road construction was abandoned, leaving the stockholders of the enterprise responsible for debts that resulted in num- erous lawsuits. The route of the plank road was from Bay and Newnan Streets north on Newnan to Duval; west on luval, crossing what is now Main Street over low wet land near apond, to Laura; north on Laura to Church; thence westto"CrackerSwamp", afarmowned byl.D.Hart. Rem- nants of the plank road were still in existence after the War Between the States. In 1882, the Jacksonville Daily Times, in a long editorial describing Bay Street as a chain of lakes and mud-holes, started the question of paving the streets of Jacksonville. The Board of Trade, after its organization in 1884, took it up, and the matter was frequently before the City Council; but beyond an extended discussion of the subject, wherein every phase of the situation was gone over again and again, nothing was done toward getting down to actual work, until 1886, The citizens were divided as to the kind of paving to use. The Wyckoff cypress blocks, laid an 1-inch planks, were selected. Thecontractwaslet but considerable farther delay was experienced in starting the work, as the street railway company refused to share its proportionate part of the expense. The F. R.& N. Ry. at first agreed to pay for its part of the paving in front of its property on the south side of Bay Street, from Hogan west to about the middle of the block, but at the last moment refused to do so. However, the work was started, and Bay Street was leveled and rolled from Market to Jnlia, and laying the blocks commenced March 18.1886. The question had been agitated so long that beginning in 1900, the plant, year by year, has shows an in- creasein pront. Itis the most valuable financial asset of the City, and yet it furnishes light and power at a rate among the lowest in the United States. Paving the Streets The trst paving project in Jacksonville and Duval Coun- ty was in the 1850's, when acompany of enterprising riti- zeno was formed to construct a plank road from Jacksonville to Alligator Town (Lake City), following the route of the western branch of the old Kings Road. Eight miles of the plank read were completed, when the railroad (Florida, At- lantic & Gulf Central) became assured, whereupon the plank road construction was abandoned, leaving the stockholders of the enterprise responsible for debts that resulted in nm- erous lawsuits. The route of the plank road was from Bay and Newnan Streets north on Newnan to Duval; west on Duval, crossing what is now Main Street over low wet land near a pond, to Laura; north on Laura to Church; thence westto "Cracker Swamp",a farm owned by.D. Hart. Rem- nants of the plank road were still in existence after the War Between the States. In 1882, the Jacksonville Daily Times, in a long editorial describing Bay Street as a chain of Iakes and mud-holes, started the question of paving the streets of Jacksonville. The Board of Trade, after its organization in 1884, took it up, and the matter was frequently before the City Council; but beyond an extended discussion of the subject, wherein every phase of the situation was gone over again and again, nothing was done toward getting down to actual work, until 1886. The citicens were divided as to the kind of paving to use The Wyckoff cypress blocks, laid on 1-inch planks, wereselected. Thecontractwaslet,butconsiderablefurther delay was experienced in starting the work, as the street railway company refused to share its proportionate part of the expense. The F. R.& N. Ry. at first agreed to pay for its part of the paving in front of its property on the south side of Bay Street, from Hogan west to about the middle of the block, but at the last moment refused to do so. However, the work was started, and Bay Street was leveled and rolled from Market to Julia, and laying the blocks commenced March 18, 1886. The question had been agitated so long that  326 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 326 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLRIDA 326 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA a crowd was on hand to watch the proceedings. Comments ran about as follows: That the pavement wasn't worth a d-n; that it would rot out in two years and caue all kinds of sickness from yellow fever and cholera down to whooping- cough and measles; that in case of fire on either side of the street, it would spread over the paving and clean out the town. The paving was completed the first week of June 1886, sad included Bay Street from Market to Julia, except the strip in front of the F. R. & N. Ry, property. Market Street from Duval to the river, and the river-front portion of Hogan Street were then paved, followed by the paving of Pine (Main)Street. Afterayear'stest,theblockpavingwascon- siored satisfactory, and by October, 1887, Forsyth, Market to Lasra; Laura, entire length; sd a ce, entire length, had been paved with cypress bloceos. In the spring of 1888, Joloas was paved from By ato Ashley Cedar, Bay to Forsyth; and Church, Cedar to Julia. In September, 1889, a torrential rain scattered pell-mell the blocks on Bay Street between Pine and Newenan and washed many of them away, but they were relaid. In 1890, Bay Street, Market to Washington, was paved with blocks. The last wood black pavement was laid in February, 1892, as a replacement on May Street be- tween Main and Ocean. In the meantime, confidence in the claseof paving being used in ackonlle had supered a great back-set. In the case of the wood blocks, the surface became uneven and rough and hollowed in the center, n- coefortable to ride ever snd impossale to keep clean by sweeping; and in the Ore of 891 alongo Main Street, the renter ofthe blocks burned out, leingonly the rims intact. Considerable stretche of some of the streets had been paved with Alarua rock, and here deveoloped another borce of pavingworriesfor the citizenof Jacksonville about this time, this "improvement" becomingknownas "mud"andthe otreets so paved being called "a mortar bed". Serious matters at the time, they now appear in a humorous light in comparison with modern street improvement. The last celi of wood block paving was removed from Cedar Street in December, 1897, In 1802 the first idea of brick paving was advanced, and early in 109, an ordience was passed by the City Council for the paving of Bay Street, from Bridge (Broad) to Hogans Creek, and property owners in the business section were a crowd was on hand to watch the proceedings. Comments eon about as follows: That the pavement wasn't worth a d-nl that it would rot out in two years and cause all kinds of sickness from yellow fever and cholera down to whooping- cough and measles; that in case of fire on either side of the street, it would spread over the paving and clean out the town. The paving was completed the first week of June 188, and included Bay Street from Market to Julia, except the strip in front of the F. R. & N. Ry. property. Market Street from Duval to the river, and the river-front portion of Hogan Street wore then paved, followed by the paving of Pine (Main) Street. Afterayear'stest, theblock pavingwascon- sidered satisfactory, and by October, 1807, Forsyth, Market to Lasra; Laura, entire length; oan rre, entire length. had been paved with cypress blocks. In the spring of 1888, Julia was paved from Bay to Ashley; Cedar, Bay to Forsyth; and Church, Cedar to Julia. In September, 1889, a torrential roin scattered pell-mell the blocks on Bay Street between Pine and Newnan and washed many of them away, but they were relad. In 1890, Bay Street, Market to Washington, was paved with blocks. The last wood block pavement was laid in February, 1892, as a replacement on Bay Street be- tween Main and Ocean. In the meantime, confidence in the class of paving being used in Jackeonville had suffered a great back-set. In the case of the wood blocks, the surface became uneven and rough and hollowed in the center, uo- comfortable to ride over and impossible to keep clean by sweeping; and in the Ore of 1891 along Main Street, the renter of the blocks burned out, leaving only the rims intact. Considerable stretches of some of the streets had been paved with Alachua rock, and here developed another bource of pavingworries for the cizes of Jacksonville about this time, this "improvement" becoming knownas "mud"and the streets so paced being called " mortar bed". Serious matters at the time, they now appear ina humorous light in comparison with modern street improvement. The last relic of wood block paving we removed from Cedar Street in December, 1897. In 1892 the first idea of brick paving was advanced, and early in 1093, an ordinance was passed by the City Councl for the paving of Bay Street, from Bridge (Broad) to ogans Creek, and property owners in the business section were a crowd was on hand to watch the proceedings. Comments ran about as follows: That the pavement wasn't worth a d-ni that it would rot out in two years and cause all kinds of sickness from yellow fever and cholera down to whooping- cough and neasles; that in case of fire on either aide of the street, it would spread over the paving and dean out the town. The paving was completed the first week of June 1886, and included Bay Street from Market to Julia, except the strip in front of the F. R. & N. Ry. property. Market Street from Duval to the river, and the river-front portion of Hogan Street were then paved, followed by the paving of Pine (Main) Street. After a year'stest, theblock paving wescon- sidered satisfactory, and by October, 1887, Forsyth, Market to Laura; Laura, entire length; and fine, entire length, had been paved with cypress blocks. In the spring of 1808, Julia was paved from Bay to Ashley; Cedar, Bay to Forsyth; and Church, Cedar to Julia. In September, 1889, a torrential rain scattered pell-mell the blocks on Bay Street between Pine and Newnan and washed many of them away, but they were relaid. In 1890, Bay Street, Market to Washington, was paved with blocks. The last wood block pavement was laid in February, 1892, as a replacement on Hay Street be- tween Main and Ocean. In the meantime, confidence in the class of paving being used in Jacksonville had suffered a great back-oct. In the case of the wood blocks, the surface beame uneven and rough and hollowed in the center, un- comfortable to ride over and impossible to keep clean by sweeping; and in the Ore of 1891 along Main Street, the eenter of the blocks burned out, leaving only the rims intact. Considerable stretches of some of the streets had been paved with Alachua rock, and here developed another source of pavingorries for the citizens of Jacksonville about this time. this "improvement"beoeming knownas"mud"andthe streets so paved being called "a mortar bed". Serious matters at the time, they now appear in a humorous light in comparison with modern street improvement. The last relic of wood block paving was removed from Cedar Street in December, 1897. In 1892 the first idea of brick paving was advanced, and earjy in 1893, an ordinance was passed by the City Council for the paving of Bay Street, from Bridge (Brad) to [eans Creak, and property owners in the business section were  HIS'YRY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 327 HISORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 327 HISTORY OF JACKSONVLLE, FLORIDA 327 notinied to pave in front of their property by April ist, fol- lowing; this caused a great deal of confusion aad complaint. and led to a general contract with the Tennessee Brick Pav- ing Company of Chattanooga, for a paving of vitrified brick oa foundation of shell and cement, at a cost to property owners of $2.41 a square yard. The work of removing the wooden blocks started in June, 1893. As a safeguard against sickness, the locks were heavily coated with lime and sent to the cremotor for destruction The first brick was laid June 30, 1893, near the corner of Bay and Hogan Streets, and the block between Hogan and Julia was completed in two weeko. The work progressed under difficulties and delays, and it was not until June 1, 1894, that Bay Street was finished and opened, from Bridge (Broad) to Market Street-the finest paved street in Florida at the time. It was a grouted brick pavement throughout, with the exception of the inter- sections at Bay and Main, and Bay and Ocean, which had been paved to January, 1093, with asphalt blocks, as an ox- periment. Thia was the first brick paving in Jacksonville Considerable brick paving was done under the bond issue of 1894. By the endof 1896, the paving in the eity amounted to 6.8 miles of vitrified brick; 6. miles marl and rock, and 3.5 iles shell. The subsequent history of street paving is written in the terms of bond issues and more miles of paving-and politics The system of apportioning the paving schedules among the various wards not only produced bitter fghts in the Board of Public Works and the Councit, but contributed immensely to defeating any general, well-laid plan to develop thorough- fares. The matter of selectingstreet to be paved caued more wrangling in the past than all other public improve- ments combined. The development or well-denned arterial roads and streets ia a matter of comparatively recent yeara. In 1924, the City of Jacksonville had 350 miles of streets laid out, of which 106 miles were improved. An active City Planning Commission is of great advan- tage to a growing city like Jacksonville, in the matter of cor- recting the evil of helter-skelter street lines in abutting sub- divisions, frequently oad out without any definite idea an to future requirements and often acting as a black to natural thoroughfares leading outsard from the City. notified to pave in front of their property by April lst, fol- lowing; this caoed a great deal of confusion and complaint. and led to a general contract with the Trnnessee Brick Pav- ing Company of Chattanooga, for a paving of vitrified brick n a foundation of shell and cement, at a cost to property owners of $2.41 a square yard. The work of removing the wooden blocks started in June, 1893. Asasafeguardagainst sickness, the blocks were heavily coated with lime and sent to the cremator for destruction. The frst brick was laid June 30,1893, near the corner of Bay and Hogan Streets, and the black between Hogan and Julia was completed in two weeks. The work progressed under difliculties and delays. and it was not until June 1, 1894, that Bay Street was finished and opened, from Bridge (Broad) to Market Street-the ftest paved street in Florida at the time. It was a grouted brick pavement throughout, with the exception of the inter- sections at Bay and Main. and Bay and Ocean, which had been paved in Jansary, 1093. with asphalt blocks, as an ex- periment. This was the first brick paving in Jacksonville. Considerable brick paving was done under the bond issue of 1894. By the endof 196, the paving in the city amounted to 6.8 miles of vitrified brick; 6.7 miles mart and rock, and 3.5 miles shell. The subsequent history of street paving is written in the terms of bond issues and more miles of paving-and politiee The system of apportioning the paving schedules among the serious wards not only produced bitter fight in the Board of Public Works and the Council, but contributed immensely to defeating any general, well-laid plan to develop thorough- fares. The matter of selecting streets to be paved caused more wrangling in the past than all other public improve- mente combined. The development of well-detned arterial roads and streets is a matter of coemparatively recent years. In 1924, the City of Jacksonville had 50 miles of streets laid out, of which 106 miles were improved. An active City Planning Commission is of great advan- tage to a growing city like Jacksonville, in the matter of cor- recting the evil of helter-akelter street line, in abutting sub- divisions, frequently laid out without any definite idea as to future requirements and often acting as a block to natural thoroughfares leading outward from the City, notified to pave in front of their property by April Ist, fol lowing; this eaused a great deal of confusion and complaint, and led to a general contract with the Tennessee Brick Pav- ing Company of Chattanooga, for a paving of vitrified brick na foundation of shell and cement, at a cost to property owners of $2.41 a square yard. The work of iemoving the wooden blocks started in June, 1893. Asasafeguard against sickness, the blocks were heavily coated with lime and sent to the cremator for destruction. The first brick was laid June 30, 1891, near the corner of Bay and Hogan Streets, and the black between Hogan and Julia was completed in two weeks. The work progressed under difficulties and delays, and it was not until June1, 1894, that Bay Street was finished and opened, from Bridge (Broad) to Market Stret-the finest paved street in Florida at the time. It was a grouted brick pavement throughout, with the exception of the inter- sections at Bay and Main, and Bay and Ocean, which had been paved in January. 1893, with asphalt blocks, as an eox- perient. Thiswas the rst brick paving in Jacksonville. Considerable brick paving was done under the bond insue of 1894. By the end of 1896, the pavingithe city amounted to 6.8 miles of vitrified brick: 67 miles marl and rock, aid 3.5 msiles shell. The subsequent hiotory of street paving is written in the lem of band isues and more miles of paving-and politice. The system of apportioning the paving schedules among the various wards not only produced bitter fights in the Board of Public Works and the Council, but contributed immensely to defeating any general, well-laid plan to develop thorough- fares. The mutter of selecting streets to be paved caused more wrangling in the past than all other publie improve- ment combined. The development of well-daeed arterial roads and streets is a matterfompratively recent year. n 1924, the City of Jacksonville had 390 miles of streets laid out, of which 106 miles were improved. An active City Planning Commission is of great advan- tace to a growing city like Jacksonville, in the matter of cor- rectiog the evil of helter-skelter street linein abutting sub- divisions, frequently tid out without any definite idea as to future reauirements and often acting as a black to natural thoroughfares leading outward from the City.  328 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 328 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 328 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILL., FLORIDA Viaducts and Bridges Bridge (Broad) Street Viaduct-Prior to 1890 there was a wooden bridge across McCoys Creek at the foot of Bridge Street and the railroad tracks were flush with the street. Several people were killed at this point by trains. In 1888 the question of a viaduct over the railroad tracks was strongly advocated, but the yellow fever epidemic de- layed the matter and it did not assume concrete form until December 19, 1889, with a formal agreement entered into by the City, the County, the S. F. & W., J. T. & K. W., and F. C. & P. Railroads and the Jacksonville Street Railway Co., each agreeing to pay one-sixth of the cost, estimated at $9,000 each. The contracts for the substructure were awarded to W. A. McDuff and for the superstructure to Groton Bridge Co. Actual work began in March, 1890. Rapid progress was hampered by property owners, who claimed injury on account of changing the street grades. The work was completed and the viaduct opened for trafnic in December, 1890. This was a steel viaduct supported by steel supports with a floor of wood. The total length was 1.100 feet, and that of the main bridge 834 feet. This viaduct became teo light for the trafic and was demolished in July, 1903, to make way for its modem suec cessor (the present viadut), built by the railroads and street car company. The new viaduct was completed in January, 1900. In three weeks it woo noticed that a portion of the span was settling; here a wonderful engineering feat was performed-the whole end of the reinforced concrete structure was raised to the proper level by jacks and built up to. The viaduct is maintained at the expense of the rail- roads and street car company, Duval Street Viaduct-The original Duval Street viaduct woo a wuoden strctnre built by the Atlantic, Valdosta & Western Ry., in 1899, in consideration of certain rights granted it by the city. The A. V. & W. Ry. was required to keep the bridge in repale. The bridge was 17 feet above ground; had a 30-foot driveway sad is -foot sidewalks an each side. Practically all of the structure was destroyed in the fire of May 3, 1901. The present Duval Street reinforced concrete viaduct was also built by the Atlantic, Valdosta & Western Railway Viaducs and Bridges Bridge (Broad) Street Viaduct.-Prior to 1890 there ws a ewoden bridge across McCoys Creek at the font of Bridge Street and the railroad tracks were flush with the street. Several people were killed at this point by trains. In 1888 the question of a viaduet over the railroad tracks was strongly advocated, but the yellow fever epidemic de- layed the matter and it did not assume concrete form until December 19, 1889, with a formal agreement entered into by the City, the County, the S. F. & W., J. T. & K. W, and F. C. & P. Railroads and the Jacksonville Street Railway Co., each agreeing to pay one-sixth of the cost, estimated at $5,000 such. The contracts for the subotructure were awarded to W. A. McDuff and for the supersiructure to Groton Bridge Co. Actual work began in March, 1890. Rapid progress wan hampered by property owners, who claimed injry on accosnt of changing the otreet grades. The work was completed and the viaduct opened foe trai in December, 1890. This was a steel viaduet supported by steel supports with afloor of wood. The total lth le was 1,100 feet, and that of the main bridge 014 feet. This viaduct became ton light for the traffic and was demolished in July, 1901, to make way for its modern sue essor (the present viaduct), built by the railroads and treset car mpany. The sew viaduct was completed in January, 105n. In three weeks it was noticed that a portion of the Ssan Wa settling; here a wonderful engineering feat was performed-the whole end of the reinforced concrete structure was raised to the poeper level by jacks and built up to. The viaduct is maintained at the expense of the rail- roads and street car company. Duval Street Viaduct.-The original Duval Street viaduct was a wooden structure built by the Atlantic, Valdosta & Western Ry., in 1899, consideration of certain rights granted it by the city. The A. V. & W. Ry. wos required to keep the bridge in repair. The bridge was 17 feet above ground; had a 3-foot driveway and six-foot sidewalks In each side. Practically all of the structure was destroyed in the fire of May 0,1901., The present Duval Street reinforced concrete viaduct was also built by the Atlantic, Valdosta & Western Railway Viadnes and Bridges Bridge (Broad) Street Viaduct.-Prior to 1890 there was a woodcn bridge across MCoyn Creek at the foot of Bridge Street and the railroad tracks were flesh with the street. Several people were killed at this point by trains. In 1888 the question of a viaduct over the railroad tracks was strongly advocated, but tIe yellow fever epidemic de- layed the matter and it did not assume concrete form until December 19. 1889, with a formal agreement entered into by the City, the County, the S. F. & W., J. T. & K. W., and F. C. &P. Railroads and the Jacksonville Street Railway Co., each agreeing to pay sue-sixth of the coot, estimated at $0,00) each. The contracts for the substructure were awarded to W. A. McDufi and for the superstructure to Groton Bridge Co. Actual work began in March, 1890. Rapid progress was hampered by property owners, who claimed injury no account of chauging the street grades. The work was completed and the viaduct opened for tragic in December, 1890. This was a steel viaduct supported by steel supports with a loor of wood. The total length was ,100 feet, and that of the main bridge 834 feet. This viaduct became too light for the traffic and was demolished in July, 1903, to make way for its modern suc- censor (the present viaduct), built by the railroads and street car company. The new viaduct was completed in January, 1905. In three weeks it was noticed that a portion of the span was settling; here a woncderful engineering feat was performed-the whole end of the reinforced concrete structure was raised to the proper ievel by jacks and built up to. The viaduct is maintained at the expense of the rail- roads and street car compuny Duval Street Viaduct-The original Daval Street viaduet was a wooden structure built by the Atlantie, Valdosta & Western Ry., in 1899, in consideration of certain rights granted it by the city. The A V. & W. Ry. was reuired to keep the hridge in repair. The bridge was 17 feet above ground; had a 10-foot driveway ad six-.foot sidewalk on each side. Practically all of the strueture was destroyed in the fire of May 3, 1901. The present Duval Street reinforced concrete viaduct was also built by the Atlantic, Valdosta & Western Railway  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 329 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 29 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 329 in replacement of the one destroyed in the fire. It was built in 1902. Its length is 624 feet. Adams Street Viduct.-The Adams Street viaduct over Hogans Creek was built in 1909 by the Seaboard Air Line Railway and the St. Johns Terminal Company, in considera- tion of privileges granted them to operate trains aross Adams and Say Streets. It is a reinferced concrete struc- ture of fleor girders and columns, with a 40-foot roadway between curb lines and sidewalks on each side eight feet wide. The superstructure is built on pile foundations with cerete footings. Including the five approaches-two on Adams, two on Catherine, and one on Palmetto Street-the length is 1,400 feet. The roadway is paved with 9,000 yards of vitrified brick paving laid on crushed sand. The viaduct was built by Phillips and Turnbull of Jacksonville for $90,0009. It was accepted by the city August 3, 1909. The first street car erossed August 10, 1909. Lee Street Visduct.-At a Council meeting October 11, 1911 Councilman J. M. Peeler introduced a resolution to investigate the need for another viaduect over Mcoys Cr-eek to R iveride. Following this every now and then the ques- tion bobbed up and ,cined a momentum that ended in a bend iss September 1, 1919, in which there was a provision for building the Lee Street viaduct. It became necessary for the city to institute condemnation proceedings against a number of property owners tn Park Street in Brooklyn, some nf whom were negroes, in order to widen the street to fur- nish a proper approach; this oecasioned considerable delay in starting the oenstruction. The viaduet is a reinforced concrete strueture 537 feet long, and with the approaches 0,000 feet. The roadway is 40 feet wide laid with vitrified brick. and 10-foot sidewalks on each side; width over all 60 feet. The north approach has a 5.8% grade up and the south approach slightly less. The viaduct was completed and opened for trafle November 4, 1s21. It wan built by C. H. Hillyer at a cost of $270,900, of which $89,000 was paid by the Terminal Company. Jacksonvllle-St Johne River Bridge.-On July 10, 1917, the voters of Duval County went to the polls and voted 3,405 for and 2,586 against a bond issue of $950,000 for building a highway bridge across the St. Johns River at Jacksonviile. in replacement of the one destroyed in the fire. It was built in 1902. Its length is 624 feet. Adams Street Viaduct.-The Adams Street viaduct over Hogan, Creek was built in 1909 by the Seaboard Air Line Railway and the St. Johns Terminal Company, in considera. tion of srivileges granted them to operate trains across Adams and Bay Streets. It is a reinforced concrete stru- ture of floor girders and columns, with a d0-foot roadway between curb lines and sidewalks on each side eight feet wide. The superstructure is built on pile foundations with concrete footings. Including the ilve approaches--two on Adams, two on Catherine, and one on Palmetto Street-the length is 1,400 feet. The roadway is paved with 9,000 yards of vitrified brick paving laid on crushed sand. The viaduct was built by Phillips and Turnbull of Jacksonville for $90,000. It was accepted by the city August 3. 1909. The first street ecar crossed August 10, 1909. Lee Street Viaduct.-At a Council meeting October 11, 1911 Councilman . M. Peeler introduced a resolution to investigate the need for another viaduct over McCoys Creek to Riverside. Following this every now and then the ques- tion bobbed up and gained a momentum that ended in a bond isue September , 1919, in which there was a provision for building the Lee Street viaduct. It became necessary for the city to institute coudnc atio proceedings against numnber of propene ors en Pk Street in Brooklyn, some of whom were neg'es, is order to widen the str t to fur- nish a proper approoch; this occasioned considerable delay intarting the conttsetion. The viaduet isa reiforced conrete structure 537 feet lone, tnd with the appreachees LOs6 feet. The roadway is 40 feet wide laid with vitified brick, and 00-foot sidewalks on each side; width over all 60 feet. The north approach basea 5.8% gradle up and the outh ftpproach slightly less. The viaduct was completed and opened for traile November 4. 1921. It was bufit by C. I,. tillyer at aot of $270,900, of which $89,000 was paid by the Terminal Company. Jaeksonville-St. Johs River Bridge.-in July 10, 1917, the voters of Diuval County went to the pols and voted 3,405 for aied 2,586 caint a bond issue of $950,000 for building a highway bridge across the St. Johns River at Jacksonville. in replacement of the one destroyed in the fire. It was built in 1902. Its length is 624 feet. Adams Street Viaduct-The Adams Street viaduct over Hogans Creek was built in 1909 by the Seaboard Air Line Railway and the St. Johns Terminal Company, in coneidera- tion of privileges granted them to operate trains acress Adams and Bay Streets. It is a reinforced concrete stru- ture of flor girders and eclumns, with a 40-foct roadway between rurb lines and sidewalks on each side eight feet wide. The superstructure is built on pile foundations with concrete footings. Including the five approaches-two Adams, two on Catherine, and one on Palmetto Street-the length is 1400 feet. The roadway is paved with 9,000 yards of vitrified brick paving laid on crushed sand. The viaduct was built by Phillips and Turnbullof Jacksonville for $00,009. It was accepted by the city August 3, 1919. The first street car crooned August 10, 1900. Lee Street Viaduct.-At a Council meeting October 11, 1911, Councilman J. M. Peeler introduced a resolution to investigate the need for another viaduct over MeCoys Creek ts Riverside. Following this every now and then the ques- tion bobbed up and gained a momentum that ended in a bond issue September 1, 1919, in which there was a provision for building the Lee Street viaduct. It became necessay for the city to institute condemnation proceedings against a number of property owners on Park Street in Brooklyn, some of whom were negroes, in order to widen the atreet to fur- nish a proper approach; this occasioned considerable delay in starting the construction. The viaduct is a reinforced concrete stractore 537 feet long, and with the approaches 1,056 feet. Tie roadway is 40 feet wide laid with vitrified brick, and 10.foot sidewalks on each side; width over all 60 iect. The north approach has a 5.8% grade up and the south approach slightly le. The viaduct wos completed and opened for traille November 4, 192. It was built by C. H. Hillyer at a cost of $270,900, of which $09,000 was paid by the Terminal Company. Jacksonvillo-St. Johns River Bridges-On July 10, 1917, the votere of Duva County went to the poils and voted 3.405 for and 2,006 sainst a bend issue of $950,000 for building a highway bridge tross the St. Johns River at Jacksonville.  30 ISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA mo VISTORY OF JACKSONVLLE, FLORIDA 330 HISTORY OF JACKSONVLLE, FLORIDA The fight that had been in progress with Its lulls and fresh outbreaks for a quarter of a century now neared a end. Interests antagonistic to the enterprise made a final struggle in the courts; were defeated, and the bonds were issued and sold July 22, 1919, just two years after they were voted. Contracts were awarded to the Missouri Valley Bridge and Iron Conmrany for the substructure and to the Bethlehem Steel Bridge & Iron Company for the superstructure. The first shovel of dirt was thrown September 25, 1919, by St. Elmo W. Acosta. Erection of the steel superstructure began in July, 1920. There werenoserious delays during the prog- revs of the work. Amidst athree-day celebration the bridge was thrown open to traffic on the afternoon of July 1, 1921, the event being marked by the christening ceremonies when the sponsor, Miss Katherine Wilson, christened it the "Jack- snville-St. Johns River Bridge." It was advertised far and near at the time as "Duval County's Gift to Florida." The total length of the bridge, including approaches, is three-fourths of a mile, and the part over the water is slightly less than half a mile. The roadway is 30 feet wide between curbs and has double street car tracks; there is a seven-foot sidewalk on each side-width over all 45 feet. The "down" position of the movable span in the center gives a clearance of 57 feet for navigation; when raised there is a clearance of 165 feet. The elevation of the lifting towers above the water is 228 feet. There are 20 piers, their foot- ings varying from 30 to 91 feet below water level and their sizes from eight feet in diameter to 18 feet sqnare. The materials for the bridge came from 12 different States and if all had been hauled at one time it would have required a train 12 miles long. The total cost of the bridge was $1,193,- 000, or $243,000 above the estimate; the extra cost was pro- vided by another bond issue, City Buildings The first building owned by the town of Jacksonville was a diminutive one at the river's edge at the foot of Market Street. It was a fish market and was built during the Semi- nole Indian war. About 1840 another small building was built for a meat market at the foot of Ocean Street; this was probably the building overturned by McMullen and Bryant whenthey made their notorious raid upon Jacksonville. The The fight that had been in progress with its lulls and fresh outbreaks for a quarter of a century now neared an end. Interests antagenistic to the enterprise made a final struggle in the coots; were defeated, and the bonds were issued and sold July 22, 1919, just two years after they were voted. Contracts were awarded to the Missouri Valley Bridge and Iron Company for the substructure and to the Bethlehem Steel Bridge & Iron Company for the superstructure. The first shovel of dirt was thrown September 25, 1919, by St. Elmo W. Acosta. Erection of the steel superstructure began is July,1920. There were no serious delays during the prog- ress of the work. Amidst a threeday celebration the bridge was thrown open to trafie on the afternoon of July 1, 1921, the event being marked by the christening ceremonies when the sponsor, Miss Katherine Wilson. christened it the "Jock- sunville-St. Johns River Bridge." It was advertised far and near at the time as "Duval County's Gift to Florida." The total length of the bridge, including approaches, is three-fourths of a mile, and the part over the water is slightly less than half a mie. The roadway is 80 feet wide between curbs and has double street car tracks; there is a seven-foot sidewalk on each side-width over all 45 feet. The 'down" position of the movable span in the center gives a clearance of 57 feet for navigation; when raised there is a clearance of 165 feet. The elevation of the lifting towers above the water is 228 feet There are 20 piers, theft foot- ings varying from 30 to 91 feet below water level and their sizes from eight feet in diameter to 18 feet square. The materials for the bridge came from 12 diferent States and if all had been hauled at one time it would have required a train12 mileslong. The total cost of the bridge was $1,193.- 000, or $242050 above the estimate; the extra coat was pro- vided by another bond issue. City Blaldings The first building owned by the town of Jacksonville was a diminutive one at the river's edge at the foot of Market Street. It was a fish market and was built during the Semi- nole Indian war. About 1840 another small building was built for a meet market at the foot of Ocean Street; this was probably the building oeertumed by McMullen and Bryant when they made their notorious raid upon Jacksonville. The The fight that had been in progress with its lulls and fresh outbreaks for a quarter of a century now neared an end. Interests antagonistic to the enterprise made a final struggle in the corts; were defeated, and the bonds were issued and sold July 22, 1919, just two years after they were voted. Contracts were awarded to the Missouri Valley Bridge and Iron Company for the substructure and to the Bethlehem Steel Bridge & Iron Company for the superstructure. The first shovel of dirt was thrown September 25, 1919, by St. Elmo W. Acosta. Erection of the steel superstructure began in July, 1920. There were no serious delays during the prog- ress of the work, Amidst a three-day celebration the bridge was thrown open to traffic on the afternoon of July 1, 1921, the event being marked by the christeing ceremonies when the sponsor, Miss Katherine Wilson, christened it the "Jack- sonville-St. Johns River Bridge." It was advertised far and near at the time as "Duval County's Gift to Florida." The total length of the bridge, including approaches, is three-fourths of a mile, and the part over the water is slightly leos than half a mile. The roadway is So feet wide between curbs and has double street car tracks; there is a seven-foot sidewalk on each side-width over all 45 feet. The "down" position of the movable span in the center gives a clearance of 07 feet for navigation; when raised there is a clearance of 165 feet. The elevation of the lifting towers above the water is 228 feet. There are 20 piers, their foot- ings varying from 30 to 91 feet below water level and their sizes from eight feet in diameter to 18 feet square. The materials for the bridge came from 12 different States and if all had been hauled at one time it would have required a train 12 miles long. The total root of thebridgewas $1,193,- 000, or $242,000 above the estimate; the extra est was pro- vided by another bond issue. City Buildings The first building owned by the town of Jacksonville was a diminutive one at the river's edge at the foot of Market Street. It was a fish market and was built during the Semi- nole Indian war. About 1840 another small building was built for a meat market at the foot of Ocean Street; this was probably the building overturned by McMullen and Bryant when they made their notorious raid upon Jacksonville. The  EIT 07IACUSOKYTLR FLORIDA 33l HITOR OF JACKSNILLE, FLORIDA 8I EIT OF JACKSONILLE FLOIDA mI meat market woo provided with a hell, which was rung to notify the people that meat and prduce had arrivedffor sale. Some years later the two markets were consolidated at Ocean Street, aod the Market Street shanty was moved up near Bay and mnd an a jail, popularly coiled "The Jug"% The Ocean Street market nw turned in April, 104, and was reboslt at the foot of Newnan Street. After the War Betogeen the Staten thse site of the market woe gain shifted to Ocean Short nd a small two-story brick busildingos built in the middle of Newnan Street south of and facing Bay Street. Thin building was the resist room. jail, fire headquarters, rolling place for elections, Mi fact the huh of munirioal affairs. It wan tars down about 510. The market en Ocean Shreet was built over the water and the reface wan dumped in to onse rier, thrsugh a heir in the fir. There was nt enough tide to wash the dscaying ant- mal and vegetable matter away and the odor about the place seas eften far fernm pleasant The buetchers were frequsentlya sick and seversl of them died of what they called the 'market fever", The market was eventually condemned and tore doeanu en account of the sickaness among the butchers and the ansnitary condition in wchich it ones kept. An editorial in the Jacksonville Tei-weekly Bun of February 10, 1876, re- Berred to this market as follows: what oeetsneesa linecr55 Ln ol set hoan. scmi beaansirl ,noo arnln--se te,liceshaed,nd wedgel spod bodia -ma raw' karciro and tac arsiling peti edlifi eovie~ aaEseearsoeb seaatlwe,ern odn aromre? And me0 dris e a of a lasa elna's sias cwen the one.d .ade.onfIeen -swar coldanethenmuedaunela aeeaaI Hasnntu focasrag, r soon sousn sck M acasil lint11ger aereoon.Good-bps. old holting, with allan evd sad had serealaleenes cikes belat-mg gtheess the eaooellght shae isefta ass ases' Is. old elline as to nocn- oms -moat lot eels sas.. Thss market wvas rebuilt in 1578. In 1889, the Beard of Public Works leassed a site on the rie.on the west oide of Market Street in the rear of the riMohawk building, on wnhich wao erected a Large two-stary brick-venear building. All of the second floor and part of the erosod floor were cat p inat: eMcee for the city reficiale, The greater past of the grouind Pear, though, was left open fur market stalls. The City Diepartmsents moved from their mest msarket was provided with a bell, which wan rung to notify tha people that mecat and produce had arrivend for solo. Some years later the two markets were consolidated at Ocean Street, cad the Market Street shanty was moved up near Ba yand sdeed assa jail, lsoopaary called "The Jug". Mhe Ocean Street markct was burnln in April, lens. and wao rebuoilt at the foot of Neunan Street After the War Betowoen the States thensite of the marsket wee again shoifted to Ocean Street sds small two-story brick building wao built in the middle of Penan Street south of and facing Bay Street. This building wan the cosort room. jail, fire headqouarters, polling plss for elections, in fact the hub of municipal affairs. It was torn d own abosut 187e. The market an Ocean Street was built over- the water and the refuse was damped inte the river through a hole in the floor There wao non eosgh tide no wash the decaying saal- =sa and vegetable matter away and the odor about the place was often far from plesant. The butchers were frequently oigk and several of them died of wtat they called the "market fever'.- The market wa eventually condemnsed and torn down an account of the skhemes among the butchers acnd the lneanitary concditian in which it wnus kept An editoral in the Jackssonville Tai -weekoly too of Februory 10, 187, re, ferced in thin muarket as follows: whits enoslooa linger aeeand theold seacht hihieg cc ho- mayecs of gae gsas- Ioe.. look, lo.anod and eeebhod eas~esaee no wnas --dabhatasehlin ,robiaa edisone as ii ea awn~ma noon sic m ailaasstar daysalnere And nthe rig soaoos of a CoSap taoo oleg. usee., whoi ns ao sad esa of the wee er sand as the assino ca logee ,ilisa as fosausews foca rang fr sop and oeake aei Monday, still linge snreea- Goasily, 01,1 bsislacee, iebeasloseonsd bd eamiisesas 'Weaan heoheine gheaes along nba resita she mesou ass eo aloe ei rilliso s o pes- as -cst lea w,9 wase Tbe smarket was rebusit in 1878. Ina 1889, the Board of Public Works tradedanite on the ivron the westside of MrkettStreet in therear ofthe Mohawk huilding, on which woo erected a large twonsta., brink-veneer building. All of the second floor and pact of the ground finor on-re cot up into offices for the city officials. The greater part otta gsound taer, though, was left open for nmarket stalls The City Departments moved from their meat market was proidd withshcbll, hiho-asrasng to notify the people that moat and Preduce had arrived fur sale. Some yesans later the two markets were consolidated at Ocean Street, and the Market Street snuty was maved up near Baysand sed asa jai,popularly clled "The Jug". The Ocean Street market waos burned an April, 1540, and was rebuiltat the foot of Newonan Street. After the War Between the States the cite of the market ne again osted to Ocean Street and a small two-sttrr brick building was built in the middle of itewnuan Street soesth of and facing Bay Street. This building wan the couort room, jail, fire headquarters, polling place for elaction, in fact the hub of municipal affairs It wan torn down shout 1870, The market on Ocean Street was but onyr the s-ahoy and the refuse was dumped into the river through a hole in the floor There wasnot enough tide to wahthedecaying ani- mal and vegetable matte r away and the odor about the placa wasioften far from plesant The butcher were frequently aickaand eeveras oftcem diedoonat thaycalled the amarket fever". The market wa eventusally condemned and torn doonb account of the sieth eaus among the butchers and the s aryc non which it onas kept. As editorial in the Jacksaonvlle Tshiimaeey Son of Febrsary 10, 187, re frend int this market sas follos esideac eeusseae lonwer seod aba eoi aet..ei suancag esd hosesnae epi~o s cae fac, esn., lok, lenohosed aon sadg-laedn hoes-se ose b¢N koca n Itr -ucio rdp deflas It goe daown ae atoe vtalserarec of sp laboer AMe tea dying echoest of ana poi re"ht eeele ne wh e lads aor.dsftheooses eonasdoaibsasaoendsssrciioes f ..-Is-flo aare an sad - scal est Mnanc yi el iege, an car oaaL Gnat-bye, a bastia wtan a lac cods bad msiese.'When h ..oag ghosts Barsg the assaight ehaWo Inwra.bo as, ean' thoe old citi.- as ho paes the a-canto isli wos The market was ehoilt in 1878. Is 1889, the Board of Public Works leaned a site on the ne,anthews-nt siderof Market Street inthe rer of the Mohawk building, on which waes erected a lurge two-stacy brick-vonaar bsildiog. All of the second floor sod port of the ground floor were rat upo into aofcs for the city epeials. The greater part of the ground tsaor, though, wacs left open for market stalls, The City Departments moved from their  332 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 332 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 332 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA quarters on Ocean Street, between Bay and Forsyth, to the new City Hall, as it wns called. in August, 18891 City Hall miraculously escaped destruction when the Mohawk build- ing burned in May, 1801 In the bond issue of 1891 there was a provision of $100, 000 for the purchase of a site and the erection of a city building. On April 19, 1894, the city purchased for $40,000 the eust 150 feet of Block 22, en the weot side of Ocean Street running through from Forsyth to Adams. Here a handsome two-story red brick City Hall and Market building was erected, and occupied in Juns, 1896. This building envered as' ares 150x204 feet, and its graceful tower on Ocean Street, rising 05 feet high, was a conspieuous object to anyone approaching the city. The first floor was devoted largely to use as market stalls sad sl.ore, which, though fronting on the street, also opened into a cemented court designed so that it could be flooded and thoroughly cleansed. On the second story were the Council chamber and city offices. The building was built by the Knoxville Building & Coistruection Company far $49,000, and the total cost of the improvement, including site and furniture. was 97,000. This building wad destroyed in the fire of May 3, 1901. The city had only a mail amount of inurance on its public buildin at the time of the ire and it was necessary to oata bond issue toprcure e money fr the replace. ment of city property destroyed. The present City Hall occupies the si aef that destroyed by the fire. It was erected by Contraector W . HHarris at a cost of $74,000, and was completed 'nd thrown opens to the public March 3, 1903. The feature of interior decoration is the paintia in the dome, which was executed ey a New York adist at a-cest of $1,200. The building becoming inadequate to house the croswing meniil departmental farce, the Engineer build- ing at the northwest corner of Main and Orange Streets was ereeted in 1912 at a cost f$406., and some fthecity departments were transferred to it. These buildings have now become overcrowded and further extensions or enlarge ments will son be necessary. City Parks Hemming Park.-Suare No. 39 was reserved as a public equare when that part of Jacksonville was originally quarters on Ocean Street, between Pay and Forsyth, to the sew City aol, as it was called, in August, 1889. City Hall moiraclously escaped destruction when the Mohawk build- ing burned in May, 1891. In the bond issue of 1894 there was a provision of $100,, 000 for the prcalmse of a site and the erection of a city huilding. On April 19, 1894, the city purchased for $40,000 the east 150 feet of Block 22, on the west side of Ocean Street running through from Forsyth to Adams. Here a handsome two-story red brick City Hall and Market building was erected, and occupied in Jaes, 18s. This building covered an area 150x204 feet and its graceful tower o Ocean Street, rising 95 feet high, wsa conopicosus object to anyone approaching the city. The frst floor was devoted largely to use market stalls and stores, which, though fronting en the street, alo opened into a cemented court designed so that it could be flooded and thoroughly cleansed. On the second story were the Council chamber and city offices. The building was built by the Knoxville Building & Constructton Company for $49,000, and the total cost of the improvement, inclnding site and furniture, was 97.000 . This building was destroyed in the fire of May 3, 1901. The city had only a small amount of insurance on its publie building at the time of the fera and it was necessary to tloat a bead issue to procure the money for the replace- ment of city property deatroyed. The present City Hall occupies the site of that destroyed by the fire. It was erected by Contractor W. H. Harris at a cost of $74,000. and was completed and thrown open to the ubelie March 0, 1903. The feature of interior decoration is the painting in the dome, whichwasecutedby aew York artist at a cost of $1,200. The building becoming inadequc ate to house the growing municipal departmental farce, the Engineer build. ing at the northwest corner of Main and Orange S treeto was erected in 1912 at cost of $40,700, and osme of the city departments were transferred to it. These buildings have now become overcrowded sand further exteniuona or enlarge meants will coon be necessry. City Parks Hemming Park.--Square No. 39 was reserved as public square when that part of Jacksonville was originally quarters on Ocean Street, between Bay and Forsyth, to the new City Hal, as it was called in August, 189, City Hall miraculously escaped destruction when the Mfohawk build. ing burned in May, 1891. In the bond issue of 1804 there was a provision of $100,- 000 for the purchase of a site and the erection of a city building. On April 19, 1894. the city purchased for $40,000 the east 150 feet of Block 22, on the west side of Ocean Street runnine through from Forsyth to Adams. Here a handsome two-story red brick City Hall and Market building woe erected, and occupied in June, 196 This building covered an area 150x204 feet, and its graceful tower on Ocean Street, rising 95 feet high. was a conspicuous object to anyone approachilng ice city. The fsrt floor sas devoted largely to use a, market stalls and stores, which, though froting on the street, also opened into a cemented court designed so that it could be flooded and thoroughly cleansed. On the second tery wnee the Council chamber and city eiices. The building was built by the Keoxville Building & Construction Company for $49.000, and the total cast of the improvement, ineladig, site and feniture, was $97.000. This building was destroyed in the fire of May 3, 1901. The city had only a small amount of insurance on its public building at the time of the fire and it was necessary to float a band issue to proure the mosny for the replace- ment of city property destroyed. The present City Hall ocuepis the site of that destroyed by the fire. It was erected by Contractor W. H. Harris at a cost of $74,000, and was completed and thrown open to the public March 3, 1903. The feature of interior decoration is the paintaiss in the dome, which was executed by a New York atist at a cast of $1,200. The bulding becoming inadequate to house the growing municipal departmental force, the Engineer build- ing at the northwest corner of Main and Orange Streets was erested in 1912 at a east of $40,766, and same of the city departments were transferred to it. These buildings have sow become overcrowded and further extensions or enlarge- ments will soon be necessary. City Parks Hemming Park.-Square Na, 39 was reserved as a public square when that part of Jacksonville was originally  A   HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 388 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA s HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA Sea platted some years before the War Between the States, but it was not deeded to the city until January 23, 1866, when the executors of the elate of L D. Hart conveyed it to the city of Jacksonville for a consideration of $10. Ulpn the completion of the St. James Hotel (where Cohen's store is now), interest in the park developed and it was improved by private exertions by building a fence around it and a band- stand in the center. Nothing was done toward keeping up these improvements and the park soon became an eyesore. A local editor wrote in 1873; "A good noggestion has been made on turn this plot of ground (the park) into a cemetery, for by this means is the crea of time we may have a few handsome monuments and sorrowing relatives will plant around them a few flowers." Likewise another editorial in 1882: "Oar city park is a municipal eyesore. The fence that once surrounded it has rotted down and has been carted off; the old pavilin is a trap that ere long will fail and kill some- one.", nThe first appropriation by the city for improving the park was in 1887, when $700 was aet aside for the purpose. Walks were laid and a well sunk in the center for a fowing fountain. The fountain remained in the center until 1898,. when it was changed to the northwest corner to make way for the Confederate monument. For a time the park had no name, being called simply City Park; then by common con- -entitwas called St.James Park. Asamemorial to Charles C. Hemming, who gave the Confederate moment in thin park, the name was oficially changed to Hemming Park by city ordinance October 26, 1899. Hemming Park contains nbout two seres. Riverside Park-In the Forbes plat of "Riverside" in 1869, a provision was made for a park of 14 acres. The Land Mortgage hank of England afterward acquired the property and in 1893 offered to donate it to the city, with the provision that it be improved and kept up as a park. The donors fur- ther agreed to build a fence around the park if the city would laysidewalks Theofferwasacceptedandtheimprovements were made. When the park was eucloned turnstiles were provided at the corners. Cattle roamed over that section and the fence was designed to keep stock out. The work of clearing the ground of underbrush was commenced in the autumn of 1893, city prisoners being used for the purpnee. platted some yearn before the War Between the States, but it was not deeded to the city until January 23. 1866, when the executors of the estate of L D. Hsart conveyed it to the city of Jacksonville for a consideration of $10. Upon the completion of the St. James Hotel (where Cohen's store is now), interest in the park developed and it was improved by private exertiono by building a fence arand it and a band- stand in the center. Nothing was done toward keeping up these improvements and the park soon became as eyesore. A local editor wrote in 1873: "A good suggestion has been made to turn thin plot of ground (the park) into a cemetery, for by this means in the ourse of timewe may have a few handsome monuments and norrowing relatives will plant around them a few flowers." Likewise another editorial in 1882: "Our city perk in amuicipal eyesore. The fence that once surrounded it has rotted down and has been carted off; the old pavilion is a trap that ere iong will fall and kill some- The first appropriation by the city for improving the park was in 1887, when $700 was set aside for the purpose. Walks were laid and a well sunk in the center for a fowing fountain. The fountain remained in the center until 1898. when it was changed to the northwest corner to make way for the Confederate monument. For a time the park had no name, being called simply City Park; then by common con- st it was called t. James Park. As a memorial to Charles C. Hemming, who gave the Confederate monument in this pork, the name was officially changed to Hemninug Park by city ordinance October 26, 1899. Hemming Park contains about two acres Riverside Park.-In the Forbes plat of "Riverside" in 1869,a provision was made for a park of 4 acres. The Land Mortgage Bank of England afterward acquired the property and in 1893 offered to donate it to the city, with the provision that it be improved and kept up as a park. The donors fur- ther agreed to build a fence around the park if the city would laysidewalks. The offer was accepted and the improvements were made. When the park was enclosed turnstiles were provided at the corners. Cattle roamed over that section and the fence was designed to keep stock out. The work of clearing the ground of underbrush was commenced in the autumn of 1893, city prisoners being used for the parpose, platted some years before the War Between the States, but it was not deeded to the rity until January 23, 1866, when the executors of the estate of L D. Hart conveyed it to the city of Jacksonville for a consideration of $10. Upon the completion of the St. James Hotel (where Cohen's store ia now), inherent in the park developed and it was improved by private exertions by building a fence around it and a band- stand in the center. Nothing was done toward keeping op these improvements and the park soon became an eyesore. A local editor wrote in 1873: "A good suggestion has been made to turn this plot of ground (the park) into a cemetery, for by this means in the course of timewe may have a few handsome monuments and sorrowing relatives will plant around them a few flowers." Likewise another editorial in 1882: "Our city park is a municipal eyesore. Thefence that once surrounded it has rotted down and has been carted off; the old pavilion is a trap that ere long will fall and kill some- The first appropriation by the city for improving the park wan in 1887, when $700 was set aside for the purpose. Walks were laid and a well sunk in the center for a Cowing fountain. The fountain remained in the center until 1890, when it was changed to the northwest corner to make way for the Confederate monument. For a time the park had no same, being called simply City Park; then by common con- sentitwascalledSt.JamedPark. AsamemorialtoCharles C. Hemming, who gave the Confederate monument in this park, the name was ofmciilly changed to Hemming Park by city ordinance October 26. 1899. Hemming Park contains about two acres. Riverside Park-.In the Forbes plat of "Riverside" is 1869, a provision was made for a park of 14 acres. The Land Mortgage Bank of England afterward acquired the property and in 1893 offered to donate it to the city, with the provision, thnat it he ismproved and kept op no a pack. Thes donors fair- ther agreed to build a fence around the park if the city would laysidewalks. The offer was accepted and the improvements wore made. When the park was eclosed turnstiles were provided at the corners. Cattle roamed over that section and the fence was designed to keep stock out. The work of clearing the ground of underbrush was commenced in the autumn of 1893, city prisoners being used for the purpose  W8 HISTORY OF JACKONVILLE FORDA - 34 1E HISOR OFACKSONILLE, FLzIAmaa 384 0ESOR OF JACKNIULL, FLORDA By the summer of 1894 the two artificial lakes had been constructed and the landscaping completed. Is the course of time the fence surrounding the park rotted down and was not replaced. Sprngfield Parkl-In 1898 the Springfield Company of- fered to deed to the city about 40 acres of land on the north side of Hogsoe Creek, comprising mostly low land along the creek from Laura to Tenth Streets, if the city-would improve the land as a park and oen and maintain a paved boulevard along its northeastern border. The offer was accepted by the city in May, 1898, and the work of improvement was started in the winter of 1899-1900. Hogans Creek was im- proved, and sanitary garbage was dumped on the low land and covered with soil. By the summer of 1901 the improve- ment work was practically completed. Confederate Park-The 20 acres comprising this park were acquired by the city to form a link with Springfield Park and the waterworks grounds in the development of a continu- usparkaong thenorth side of ogans Creek. LikeSpring- field Park, it was low land and had to be fled in, by hauling in sanitary garbage and covering over with sand, which work was begun in August,1907. It was originally named Dignan Park, but it was changed to Confederate Park October 15, 1914, in view of the erection of the beautiful memorial to the women of the Confederacy. Fairfield Park-The tract now comprisig Fairfield Park, 18 acres, was acquired by the city while it was low, wet land. The work of filling in was done in 1915-16, but in 1916 the ground began to settle and a considerable amount of filling in had to be done over again. The Fairfield Improvement Association was largely responsible for the improvement of this park. The site has been strongly advocated as one for a municipal stadium and athletic field, East Jacksonville Park-This park comprises three acrs, bounded by Adams, Monroe, Van Buren and Georgia Streets. It was acquired by purchase from private lot owners the first lot, No. 3, Black 16, being purchased in Sep- teober, 1910. for $2,600. Memorial Park-In response to a sentiment fora memo- rial to those who lost their lives as a result of the World By the summer of 1894 the two artificial lakes had been constructed and the landscaping completed. In the coarse of time the fene surrounding the park rotted down and was not replaced. Springfield Pork.-In 1898 the Springfield Company of. fered i deed to the city about 40 acres of land on the north side of Hacmns Creek, comprising mostly low land along the creek from Laura to Tenth Streets, if the city-would improve the land as a park and open and maintain a paved boulevard along its northeastern border. The offer was accepted by the city in May, 1898, and the work of improvement was started in the winter of 1899-1900. Rogas Creek was im- proved, and sanitary garbage was dumped on the low land and covered with soil. By the summer of 1901 the improv- ment work was practically completed, Confederate Prk-The 20 acres comprising this park were scquired by the city to forma bok with Springfield Park and the waterworks grounds in the development of a continn. ousparkalongthenorthsideof Hogans Creek. LikeSpring- field Park, it was low land andhad to beflied in, by haulingin sanitary garbage and covering over with sand, which work was begun in August. 1907. It was originally named Tgnaan Park, but it was changed to Confederate Park October 15, 1914, in view of the erection of the beautiful memorial to the women of the Confederacy. Fairfield Perk.-The tract now comprising Fairfield Park, 18 acres, was acquired by the city while it was low, wet land. The work of flling in was done in 1915-16. but in 1916 the ground began to settle and a considerable amount of flling in had to be done over again. The Fairfield Inprovement Association was largely responsible for the improvement of this park. The site has been strongly advocated as one for a municipal stadium and athletic field. East Jacksonville Park,-This park comprises three acres, bonuded by Adams, Monroe, Van Buren and Georgia Streets. It was acquired by purchase from private lot owner the irat lot, No. 8, Block 16, being purchased in Sep- tember, 1910, for $2,600. Memorial Park.-In response to a sentiment for a memo- rial to those who lost their lives as a result of the World By the summer of 1894 the two artificial lakes had been constructed and the landscaping completed. In the course of time the fence surrounding the park rotted down and was not replaced. Springfield Park.-In 1898 the Sprihfield Company of- ferd to deed to the city about 40 acres of land on the north side of Hogase Creek, comprising mostly low land along the creek from Laura to Tenth Streets, if the city-would improve the land as a park and open and maintain a paved boulevard along its northeastern border. The offer was accepted by the city in May, 1898, and the work of improvement was started in the winter of 1899-1900. Hogans Creek was Im- proved, and sanitary garbage was dumped on the low land and covered with soil. By the summer of 1901 the improve- ment work was practically completed. Confederate Park-The 20 acres comprising this park were acquired by the city to form a link with Springfield Park and the waterworks grounds in the development of a contins- ous park along the north side of Hogans Creek. Like Spring- field Park, it was low land and had tobe filled in, by hauling in sanitary garbage and covering over with sand, which work was begun in August, 190. .t was originally named Dignan Park, but it was changed in Confederate Park October 15, 1914, in view of the erection of the beautiful memorial to the women of the Confederacy. Fairfield Park.-The tract now comprising Fairfield Park, 18 acres, was acquired by the city while it was low, wet land. The work of filling in was done in 1915-16, but in 1916 the ground began to settle and a considerable amount of flling in had to be done over again. The Fairfield Improvement Association was largely responsible for the improvement of this park. The site has been strongly advocated as one for a manicipal stadium and athletic field. East Jacksonville Park.-This park comprises three acres, bounded by Adams, Monroe. Van Buron and Georgia Streets. It was acquired by purchase from private lot owners the first lot, No. 3, Black 16, being purchased in Sep- tember, 1910, far $2,600. Memorial Park-In response to a sentiment for a memo- rial to those who lost their lives as a result of the World  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 385 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 385 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 5 war, the city in June, 1019, purchased the 5/ acres in River- side, now known as Memorial Park, for $125,000. This land had already been bulkheaded along the riverfront and filled in by private parties, by pumping in sand from the river, for development purposes. The preliminary improvement of the park began in October, 1922, when soil to raise the level and furnish a body for the planting was haed in and oak trees planted. The walks were laid and the memorial gates built in the winter of 1923-4. The landscaping was done in the following spring at a cost of $10,000. Willowbrook Park.-In February, 1910, the Council passed an ordinance for the purchase of about 14 acres along Willow Branch in Riverside for park purposes. The Mayor vetoed the ordinance because of the prevailing bosness con.- ditions of the country, but the ordinance was eventually passed over the Mayor's veto and the land was purchased for $36,000. About two acres adjoining, and the narrow strip to the St. Johns River were acquired soon afterward The park is maintained largely in its natural state, only the underbrush having been removed. The anlias were planted in the spring of 1924 and were a gift to the city from Herold H. Home; in time there may become a rival of those in the famous azola gardens of Charleston. including the foregoing prominent parks, the city of Jacksonville owns in parks, playgrounds, and park lands a total of approximately 278 acres. Municipal Dacks and Terminals Little by little private corporations acquired control of the docking facilities at Jacksonville until this feature of the port was entirely in their hands. Becoming alarmed at the situation the Jacksonville Bard of Trade in 1912 paid the expense of a special session of the Legilature in order to have passed an enabling Act for a bond issue to construct municipally owned docks and terminals. The Act was passed; the question was submitted to the voters, and a bond issue of $1,500,000 was authorized. A Port Conmuinsion composed of 15 local citlzeno was elected to handle the ex- penditure of this money. The Port Comnmission perfected its organization early in 1913. Several months were consumed in adopting the type of terminals to be constructed and in selecting a site for war, the city in June, 1919, purchased the 5/ acres in River, side, now known as Memorial Park, for $125,000. Thin land had already been bulkheaded along the riverfront and flled in by private parties, by pumping in sand from the river, for development purposes. The preliminary improvement of the park began in October, 1922, when soil to raise the level and furnish a body for the planting was hauled in and oak trees planted. The walks were laid and the memorial gates built in the winter of 1923-4. The landscaping was done in the following spring at a cost of $10,000. Willowbrook Park.-In February, 1916, the Council passed an ordinance for the purchase of about 14 acres along Willow Branch in Riverside for park purposes. The Mayor vetoed the ordinance because of the prevailing business con. ditions of the country, but the ordinance was eventually passed over the Mayor's veto and the land was purchased for $36,000, About two acres adjoining, and the narrow strip to the St. Johns River were acquired soon afterward. The park is maintained largely in its natural state, only the underbrush having been removed. The azalias were planted in the spring of 1924 and were a gift to the city from Hodarld H. Hume; in time these may become a rival of those in the famous azalia gardens of Charleston. Including the foregoing prominent parks, the city of Jacksonville owns in parks, playgrounds, and park lands a total of approximately 278 acres. Munlipal Docks and Terminals Little by little private corporatins acquired control of the docking facilities at Jacksonville until this festure of the pact was entirely in their hands. Becoming alarmed at the situation the Jacksonville Board of Trade in 1912 paid the expense of a special session of the Legislature in order to have passed an enabling Act for a bond issue to construct municipally owned docks and terminals. The Act as passed; the question was submitted to the voters, and a bond isue of $1,500,000 was authorized. A Port Commission composed of 16 local citizens was elected to handle the x.- peniditure of this money. The Port Comisun perfected its organination early in 1913. Several months were consumed in adopting the type of terminals to be constructed and in selecting a site for war, the city in Juno, 1919, purchased the 5% acres in River- aide. now known as Memorial Park, for $125,000. This land had already been bulkheaded along the riverfront and Rlled in by private parties, by pumping in sand from the river, for development purposes. The preliminary improvement of the park began in October, 1922, when soil to raise the level and furnish a body for the planting was haued in and oak trees planted. The walks were laid and the memorial gates built in the winter of 1923-4. The landscaping was done in the following oring at a cost of $10,000. Willowbrook Park,-In February, 1916, the Conncil passed an ordinance for the purcase of about 14 acres along Willow Branch in Riverside for pork purposes. The Mayor vetoed the ordinance because of the prevailing business can- ditions of the country, but the ordinance was eventually poased over the Mayor's veto and the land was purchased for $86,000. About two acres adjoining, and the narrow strip to the St. Johns River were acquired soon afterward. The park is maintained largely in its natural state, only the underbrush having been removed. The dealias were planted in the spring of 1924 and were a gift to the city from Harold H. Hume; in time these may become a rival of those in the famous azlia gardens of Charleston. Including the foregoing prominent parks, the city of Jacksonville swus in parks, playgrounds, and park lands a total of approximately 278 acres. Municipal Docks and Terminals Little by little private corporations acquired control of the docking facilities at Jacksonville until this feature of the port was entirely in their hands, Becoming alarmed at the situation the Jacksonville Board of Trade in 1912 paid the expense of a special session of the Legislature in order to have pasned an enabling Act for a bond issue to construct municipally owned docks and terminals. The Act was passed; the question was submitted to the voters, and a bond issue of $1,500,000 wan authorized. A Post Commission composed of 15 local citizens was elected to handle tie an- penditure of this money. The Port Commission perfected its organiation early in 1910. Several months were consumed in adopting the type of terminals to be constructed and in selecting a site for  336 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 336 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FIVRIDA 36 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA them. The matter of the site quickly aimmered down to two-Commodore's Point and what was known as the Old Soldiers' Home site; the latter was selected. Here 144 acreo of land were acquired by purchase. Much of it was low land and was reclaimed by dredging and filling in from the river, which also served the useful purpose of deepening the water in front of the proposed docks. This preliminary work was in progress a year, and practically all of the land between Talleyrand Avenue and the river, with a river frontage of one mile, was reclaimed. Actual work on the docks was commenced in October, 1914. The plan carried out embraced two piers, each 260 feet wide and extending into the river 1,000 feet, at an angle of 60 degrees with the channel in order to facilitate approach to the piers and also to counteract the silting-up of slips. These piers were constructed by sinking steel piling tied and braced by heavy rode, and after thi "form" was completed by filling-is to grade by dredging from the slips and the river. In this way adepthof waterequal tothat of the chan- nel, 30 feet, was provided up to the docks. Along the bulk- head line of the piers an apron wharf 30 feet wide was pro- vided for service as railroad approaches to the ship's side, mad also for cargo-handling appliances. On the south pier two steel warehouses, each 73x8 feet, were built, together with two reinforced concrete cotton compresses; double rail- road tracks were provided between the warehouses as well as along the apron wharves on each side. The north pierwas designed for a lumber wharf and other commodities not re. qairing housing, and equipped with suitable railroad track. age. To facilitate the rapid interchange of rail and water. bourne freight It was necessary for the city to own and operate a terminal yard. The yards were located near Ever- green Avenue, where there was easy connection with the railroad lines; thi was 1 miles from the doeks. Six miles of trackage was laid with 75-pound steel rails, with the beat frogs and switches that could be bought. With its shifting engines, these municipal terminals were complete and in conformity with the best practice of terminal requirements. Supplementary to the main docks in Talleyrand, the Port Commissionera acquired by lease the municipal dock front. age at the foot of Market Street and built the pier for use more especially for local purposes, them. The matter of the site quickly saimmered down to two-Commodore's Point and what was known as the Old Soldiers' Home site; the latter was selected. Here 144 acres of land were acquired by purchase. Much of it was low land and was reclaimed by dredging and filling in from the river, which also served the useful purpose of deepening the water in front of the proposed doaks. This preliminary work was in progress a year, and practically all of the land between Talleyrand Avenue and the river, with a river frontage of ene mile, was reclaimed. Aetna work on the docka was commenced in October, 1914. The plan carried out embraced two pierm, eaeb 260 feet wide and extending into the river 1,000 feet, at an angle of 60 degrees with the channel in order to facilitate approach to the piers and also to conteract the ilting-up of oipa, These piers were constructed by sinking steel piling tied and braced by heavy rods, and after this "form" was completed by filling-is to grade by dredging from the slips and the river. Inthi wayadepth of waterequaltothatof thechan- nel. 30 feet was provided up to the decks. Along the bulk- head line of the piers an apron wharf 30 feet wide was pro- vided for service as railroad approachea to the ship' aide, and also for cargo-handling appliances. On the south pier two steel warehouses, each 73x800 feet, were built together with two reinforced concrete cotton compresses; double rail- road tracks were provided between the warehouse as well s along the apron wharves on each side. The north pier was designed for a lumber wharf and other commodities not re. quiring hoising, and equipped with suitable railroad track- age. To facilitate the rapid interchange of rail and water- bourne freight it was necesary for the city to own and operate a terminal yard. The yards were located near Ever- green Avenue, where there was easy connection with the raiload lines; this was 1M miles from the doecks. Six miles of trackage was laid with 75-pound steel rails, with the beat frogs and switches that could be bought. With its shifting engines, these municipal termisal were complete and in conformity with the best practice of terminal requirements. Sopplementary to the main docks in Talleyrand, the Port Commissioners acquired by lease the municipal dock front- age at the foot of Market Street and built the pier for use more especially for local purposes, them. The matter of the site quickly simmered down to two-Commodore's Point and what wa known as the Old Soldier' Home site; the latter was selected. Here 144 acres of land were acquired by purchase. Much of it was low land and was reclaimed by dredging and filling in from the river which also served the useful purpose of deepening the water in front of the proposed docks. This preliminary work was in progress a year, and practically all of the land betwecn Talleyrand Avenue and the river, with a rieer frontage of one mile, was reclaimed. Actnal work on the decks was commenced in October, 1914. The plan carried out embraced two piers, each 260 feet wide and extending into the river 1,000 feet, at an angle of 60 degrees with the channel in order to facilitate approach to the piers and also to counteract the silting-up of slips. These piers were constructed by sinking steel piling tied and braced by heavy rods, and after this "form" was completed by filling-in to grade by dredging from the slips and the river. In this way adepth of waterequal tothat of the chan- nel, 30 feet was provided up to the docks. Along the bulk- head line of the piero an apron wharf 30 feet wide was pro- vided for service as railroad approaches to the ship's side, and also for cargo-handling appliances. On the south pier two steel warehouses, each 73x800 feet, were built together with two reinforced concrete cotton compresses; double rail- road tracks were provided between the warehouses as well as along the apron wharves on each side. The north pier was designed for a lumber wharf and other commodities not re- quiring housing, and equipped with suitable railroad track- age. To facilitate the rapid interchange of rail and water- bourne freight it was necessary for the city to own and operate a terminal yard. The yards were loated near Ever- green Avenue, where there was easy connection with the railroad linea; this wan 1% miles from the docks. Six miles of trackage wan laid with 75-pound steel rails, with the best frogs and switches that could be bought. With its shifting engines, these municipal terminals were complete and in conformity with the best practice of terminal requirements. Supplementary to the main docks in Talleyrand, the Port Commissionera acquired by lease the monicipal doeck front age at the foot of Market Street and built the pier for use more especially for local purposes.  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FmORsDA 37 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FIORIDA 38 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 837 The municipal docks and terminals, as originally contem- plated, were practically completed in the fall of 1916, when, on September 1, 1916, the Port Commissioners issued the first tariff shoot. The total cost of the project was in the neighborhood of $1,950,000, or considerably less than the amount authorized in the bond issue. It was an undertaking of great magnitude and will stand, regardless of subseqsuent enlargements, as a monument to the Jacksonville Board of Trade for inspiring it; to the judicious and economical han- dling of the project by the Port Commissioners, and to the engineer that designed the improvement. The municipal docks began to show a profit in 1917, really sooner than anticipated. The rapid increase in domestic demands made necessary the building of an additional pier (No. 3), for which pure a bond issue of $1000,000 was authorized in 1921. In November, 1922, preliminary work upon the new pier was started and at the close of 1924 was in course of completion. Municipal Golf Course The necessity for a municipally owned golf course was atressed at a lunoheon of the Jacksonville Real Estate Ex- change August 28, 1919. As an outgrowth of that meeting committees were appointed and other neetings were held, tnrmnating in a plan being presented to the City Commis- soon for the purchase of land near the State Fair grounds for a golf course. Progressing through the preliminary stages, 146 acres of wild land were purchased by the city in April, 1922, from the Hal estate for $61,600. The work of clearing the property of underbrush was commenced at once, city prisoners from the Prio Farm being used for the purpose. Donald Ross, a well-known golf course architect, was than employed to lay out the course. The course was officially opened November 8, 1923. The municipal course extends 3,040 yards out and 3,242 yards in. It is an 18-hole course; tees No. 1 and 10 are within 30 yards of each other in front of the club house. The total cost of the improvement, including the land and the club house, was about $112,000. A fee was instituted of 50 cents a day, which included locker, shower and a towel; a book of 80 tickets coast $10. The mnicipal docks and terminals, as originally contem- plated,- were practically completed in the fall of 1916, when, on September 1, 1916, the Port Commissioners issued the firt tariff aheet, The total coat of the project was in the neighborhood of $1,350,000, or considerably less than the amount authorized inthe bond issue. It was an undertaking of great magnitude and will stand, regardless of subsequent enlargements. as a monument to the Jacksonville Board of Trade for inspiring it; to the judicious and economical han . dling of the project by the Port Commissioners, and to the engineer that designed the improvement, The municipal docks began to show a profit in 1917, really sooner than anticipated. The rapid Increase in domestic demands made necessary the building of an additional pier (No. 8), for which purpose a bond issue of $1,000,000 Was authorized in 1921 In November, 1922, preliminary work upon the new pier was started and at the close of 1924 was in course of completion Municipal Golf Course The necessity for a municipally owned golf course was stressed at a luncheon of the Jacksonville Real Estate Ex- change August 28, 1919. As an outgrowth of that meeting committees were appointed and other meetings were held, terminating in a plan being presented to the City Commis- sin for the purchase of land near the State Fair grounds for a golf course. Progressing through the preliminary staged, 146 acres of wild land were purchased by the city in April, 1922, from the Hl0 estate for $61,600. The work of clearing the property of underbrush was commenced at once, city prisoners from the Prison Farm being used for the purpose. Donald Ross, a well-knows golf course architect, was then employed to lay out the course. The course was oficially opened November 8, 1923. The municipal course extends 3,040 yards out and 3,242 yards in. It is an 18-hole course; tees No. 1 and 10 are within 30 yards of each other in front of the club house. The total mat of the improvement, including the land and the club house, was about $112,000. A fee was instituted of 50 cents a day, which included locker, shower and a towel; a book of SO tickets cost $10, The municial docks and terminals, as originally contem- plated,- were practically completed in the fall of 1916, when, on September 1, 1916, the Port Commissioners issued the first tariff sheet The total cost of the project was in the neighborhood of $1,950,000, or considerably less than the amount authorized in the bond issue. It was an undertaking of great magnitude and will stand, regardless of subsequent enlargements, as a monument to the Jacksonville Board of Trade for inspiring it; to the judicious and ecouomical han- dling of the project by the Port Commissioner, and to the engineer that designed the improvement. The municipal docks began to show a profit in 1917, really nooner than anticipated. The rapid increase in domestic demands made necessary the building of an additional pier (No. 3), for which purpose a bond issue of $1,000,000 was authorized in 1921. In November, 1922, preliminary work upon the new pier was started and at the close of 1924 was in course of completion, MunIcipal Golf Course The necessity for a municipally owned golf course was stressed at unheen of the Jacksonville Real Estate Ex- change August 28, 1919. As on outgrowth of that meeting committees were appointed and other meetings were held, terminating in a plan being presented to the City Commis- ion for the purchase of land near the State Fair grounds for a golf course. Progresing through the preliminary stages, 146 acres of wild land were purchased by the city in April, 1922, from the Hall estate for $61,600. The work of clearing the property of underbrush was commenced at once, city prisoners from the Prison Farm being used for the purpose. Donald Ross, a well-known golf course architet, was then employed io lay out the course. The course was officially opened November 8, 1929. The municipal course extends 3,040 yards out and 3,242 yards in. It is an 1-hole corse; tees No. 1 and 10 are within 90 yards of each other in front of the club house. The total cost of the improvement, including the land and the club house, was about $112,000. A fee was instituted of 50 cents a day, which included locker, shower and a towel; a book of 10 tickets cast $10.  888 HISTORY OF JACDSONVrl.Ta FLORIDA 88 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 838 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA The course became extremely popular from the day it was opened, being generally considered an excellent one. Psatoce Jacksonville was established as a pstoflce March 24, 1824. The mal was carried on horseback once a week to the St. Marys River and likewise to St. Auguatine, with a weekly mal to Tallahassee during the aessions of the Legis- lstive Council. There were few settlements in the country north snd west of Jacksonville and the post-riders experi- enced many dificulties and dangers, though they were seldom molested by the Indians. The first contract for carrying the mail between Jacksonville and Tallahassee was awarded to Albert G. Philips. Sometimes Mr. Philips carrled the mail himself and camped wherever night overtook him. He was mere or less familiar with the language of the Indians and could talk with them. Often as he slept in the woods he would awake in the night and find Indian braves gathered around his campfire. They never molested him and never took one thing from him, but frequently brought him dried venson and wild honey, and he would give them coffee and tobacco in echasge. I(e would then go back to sleep and when he woke up again they would be gone. A regular mail. rider was Green Bush, famous as a coon and squirrel hunter and generally considered the best shot in the county. This early mail service from Jacksonville by post-riding was clothed in the romance of the wild. When steamboat sched- ules became established, between Charleston, Savannah and Jacksonville in the 1840's, the mail from the North was re- ceived in this way. As early as 1835 there seems to have been a stage line between Jacksonville and Talahassee (prob- ably in operation only during the sessions of the Council) and the mail no doubt was also carried. In 1839, the Territorial LegIslature senta resolution to Florida's delegate in Congress seeking an appropriation of $5,000 in order to repair the road from Jacksonville to the St. Marys (Kings Road), as in wet weather it was almost impassable, which caused great delays in the mails. Until 1800, when the first railroad was built into Jacksonville, the mail to West Florida was carried by stage. There was a semi-weekly stage between Jacksonville and White Sulphur Springs (now White Springs) which at that time was a famous resort for the people of Florida and The course became extremely popular from the day it was opened, being generally considered an excellent one. Pastomes Jacksonville was established as a postoffice Mach 24. 1824. The- mail was carried on horseback once a week to the St. Marys River and likewise to St. Augustine, with a weekly mail to Tallahassee during the sessions of the Legis- lative Council. There were few settlements in the country north and west of Jacksonville and the pest-riders experi- enced many difficulties and dangers, though they were seldom molested by the Indians. The first contract for carrying the mail between Jacksonville and Tallahassee was awarded to Albert G. Philips. Sometimes Mr. Philips carried the mail himself end camped wherever night overtook him. Be was more or less familiar with the language of the Indians and could talk with them. Often as he slept in the woods he would awake in the night and find Indian braves gathered around his campfire. They never molested him and never took one thing from him, but frequently brought him dried venison and wild honey, and he would give them coffee and tobacco in exchange. He would then go back to sleep and when be woke up again they would be gone. A regular mail- rider was Green Bush, famous as a con and squirrel hunter and generally considered the best shot in the county. This early mail service from Jacksonville by poet-riding was clothed in the omance of the wild. When steamboat sched- ales became established, between Charleston, Savannah and Jacksonville in the 1840'., the mail from the North woo re- ceived in this way. As early as 1835 there seems to have been a stage line betweenJacksonville and Tallahassee (prob- ably in operation only during the sessions of the Council) and the mall no doubt was also carried. In 1839, the Territorial Legislature sentaresolution to Forida's delegate in Congress seeking an appropriation of $5,000 in order to repair the road from Jackronville to the St. Marys (Kings Road), as In wet weather it was almost impassable, which caused great delays in the mails. Until 1860, when the first railroad was built iota Jacksonville, the mail to West Florida was carried by stage. There was asemi-weekly stage between Jacksonville and White Sulphur Springs (now White Springs) which at that time was a famous resort for the people of Florida and The course became extremely popular from the day it was opened, being generally considered an excellent one. Posiome Jacksonville was established as a postomee March 24, 1824. The mail was carried on horseback once a week to the St. Marys River and likewise to St. Augustine, with a weekly mail to Tallahassee during the sessions of the Legis- lative Council, There were few settlements in the country north and west of Jacksonville and the post-riders experi- enced many dimteulties and dangers, though they were seldom molested by the Indians. The first contract for carrying the mail between Jacksonville and Tallahassee was awarded to Albert G. Philips. Sometimes Mr. Philips carried the nail himself and camped wherever night overtook him. He was more or less familiar with the language of the Indiana and could talk with them. Often as he slept in the woods he would awake in the night and find Indian braves gathered around his campfire. They never molested him and never took one thing from him, but frequently brought him dried vesoon and wild honey, and he would give them coffee and tobacco in exchange. He would then go back to sleep and when he woke up again they would be gone. A regular mal- rider was Green Bush, famous as a coon and squirrel hunter and generally considered the best shot in the county. This early mail service from Jacksonville by post-riding was clothed in the romance of the wild. When steamboat sched- tles became established, between Charleston, Savannah and Jacksonville in the 1340's, the mail from the North was re- ceived in tis way. A early as 1835 there seems to have been a stage line between Jacksonville and Tallahassee (prob. ably in operation only during the sessions of the Council) and the mail no doubt was also carried. In 1819, the Territorial Legislature senta resolution to Florida's delegate in Congress seeking an appropriation of $5,000 in order to repair the road from Jacksonville to the St. Marys (Kings Road), as in wet weather it was almost impassable, which caused great delays io the mails. Until 1860, when the first railroad was built into Jacksonville, the mail to West Florida was carried by stage. There was a semi-weekly stage between Jagksonville and White Sulphur Springs (now White Springs) which at that time was a famous resort for the people of Florida and  HISTORY OF JACSONV1LLE, FLORIDA 39 HISTORY OF JACKSONaIE, FLORIDA 339 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA mWe Georgia; this stage connected at Alligator Town (Lake City) with one from the West. The location of the irot postoffice was in a store. It was then moved to the basement of the courthouse when that building had reached a state that it atforded some protection against the weather, and remained there for some time. Then it was moved again to a store. As a matter of fact during those early days the postoice location changed with a change of postmasters, for the income derived from it was not sufficient in itself to make the position desired, though atore-keepers were willing to distribute the weekly mails t order to draw the patronage that usually results from the postofice when it is located in a town or country store. For years William Grothe was postmaster, merchant, jeweler and watch-repairer in a little building about 20 feet square located at the northeast corner of Forsyth and Newnan Streets. Following the War Between the States the business of the postoffice increased with the growth of the town and the development of the tramsnsrtation service, when it become of sufficient importance to justify a salary for the postmaster that made the position worth while. On January 1, 1884, during the term of Wm. M. Ledwith as postmaster, a carrier service was inaugurated with four men. This was the real beginning of the modern mail service in Jacksonville. When the Mohawk building was built at the southwest corner of Bay and Market Streets is the winter of 1884-85, the post- offie was moved there from the corner of Bay and Newnan, and here for the first time it became a separate business of its own. The postofice was buned out in the fire that de- stroyed the Mohawk building in May. 1891. The Mohawk building was immediately rebuilt, the finest business building in the city at that time, and the postoffice was returned to its former location, having occupied temporary quarters in the meantime. This was its location until the U. S. Govern. menu building at Forsyth and Hogan Streets woo huilt. The inasguration of the carrier service in 1884 was the subject of many advertisements of the town's growth and famished the Board of Trade, organized soon afterward, an opportunity to start the ogitation for the erection of a Gov- ernment building here, whico was eventually successful. In 1887 the Federal Government notified property owners to Georgia; this stage connected at Alligator Town (Lake City) with one from the West. The location of the first postoffce was in a store. It was then moved to the basement of the courthouse when that building had reached a state that itaforded some protection against the weather, and remained there for some time. Then it was moved again to a store. As a matter of fact during these early days the postoffice location changed with a change of uostmasters. for the income derived from it was not sufficient in itself to make the position desired, though store-keepers were willing to distribute the weekly mails in order to draw the patronage that usually results from the postoflice when it is located in a town or country store. For year William Grothe was postmaster, merchant, jeweler and watch-repairer in a little building about 20 feet square located at the northeat corner of Forsyth and Newnan Streets. Following the War Between the States the business of the postofice increased with the growth of the town and the development of the transportation service, when it became of naicient importance to justify a salary for the postmaster that made the position worth while. On January 1, 1884, during the term of Wm. M. Ledwith as postmaster, a carrer service was inaugurated with four men. This was the real beginning of the modern mail service in Jacksonviule. When the Mohawk building was built at the southwest corner of Bay and Market Streets in the winter of 1884-85, the post- office was moved there from the corner of Bay and Newnan, and here for the first time it became a separate business of its own. The postoice was burned out in the fire that de stroyed the Mohawk building in May, 1891. The Mohawk building was immediately rebuilt, the finest business building in the city at that time, and the potofice was returned to its former location, having occupied temporary quarters in the meantime. This was its location until the U. S. Govern- ment building at Forsyth and Hogan Streets was built. The inauguration of the carrier service in 1884 woo the subject of many advertisements of the town's growth and furnished the Board of Trade, organized soon afterward, an opportunity to start the agitation for the erection of a Gov- eroment building here, which was eventually sucoessful. In 1887 the Federal Government notified property ownes to Georgia; this stage connected at Alligator Town (Lake City) with one from the West. The location of the first postoftce was in a store. It was then moved to the basement of the courthouse when that building had reached a state that it afforded some protection against the weather, and remained there for some time. Then it was moved again to a store. As a matter of fact during these early days the postoive location changed with a change of postmasters, for the income derived from it was not sufficient in itself to make the position desired, though store-keepers were wiliing to distribute the weekly mails in order to draw the patronage that usually results from the pstoilie when it is located in a town or country store. For years William Grothe was postmaster, merchant, jeweler and watch-repairer in a little building about 20 feet square located at the northeast corner of Forsyth and Newoan Streets. Following the War Between the States the business of the postoffice increased with the growth of the town and the developmest of the transportation service, when it became of suflicient importance to justify a salary for the postmaster that made the position worth while. On January 1, 1884, during the term of Win. M. Ledwith as postmaster, a carrier service was inaugurated with four men. This was the real beginning of the modern mali service in Jacksonvlle. When the Mohawk building was built at the southwest comer of Bay and Market Streets in the winter of 1884-85, the post- ofie was moved there from the corner of Bay and Newman, and here for the first time it became a separate business of its own. The posatffice was burned out in the fire that de- stroyed the Mohawk building in May, 1891. The Mohawk building was immediately rebuilt, the finest business building in the city at that time, and the postofte was returned to its former locstion, having occupied temporary quarters in the meantime. This was its location until the U. S. Govern, ment building at Forsyth and Hogan Street was built. The inauguration of the carrier service in 1884 was the subject of many advertisements of the town's growth and furnished the Board of Trade, organied soon afterward, an opportunity to start the agitation for the erection of a Gov- ement building here, which was eventually successful. In 1887 the Federal Government notified property owners to  34 HIST OF JACSONV3LLE, LORIA o HIT OP JACKONVILLE, LORIA me HISOR OF JAdKSONLLE, FLORIA submit prima~ on suitable locations. Responses from every section of the down-town district were sent is,, and the ques- tion of the location became a matter of considerable feelinge between the lawyers sod the business mess, the former seek- jag a site near the conrt house on Market Street while the latter wanted it closer to the bunssi erthon of the city. General mass-meetings of citizens were held upon the matter and it was not finally settled until the Government announced the purchase of the lot at the northeast cormer of Forsyth and Hogan Streets. Work on, the U5. S. Government building started- in Se number, 1892. It wase in coure of construction three years, being tubbsed and officially occupied in August, 1895. Thse wvalls are ofTennessee marble. The floors are laid in black and white Vermont marble msaics. The ceiling heights of the three floors are 19, 10, andl 14 feet respectively, attic 12 feet. The pinnacle of the tower woo 168 feet above the side- walk, higher than the highest lighthouse in Florida at the time. The Governmoent appropriated $260,000 for thin im- provement and it was expended as follows: ot, 41000; etcsucture, $114,000; interior ith, $42,000; hosting furni- ture end elevator, $31.000. In 1905 the addition reaching to Adams Street was con- structed together with hSomo changes in the tower part. lsacasseo.' lstestert submit prices on suitable locations. Responses from every section of the down-tows district werepasento, and the ques- tion of the location became a matter of considerable feeling between the lawyer. end the business men, the former seek- ing a olte near the court housm on Market Street while the latter wonted it closer to the businass section of the city. General mass-meetings of citizens were held upon the matter and it was not finally settled untio the Goverusneut sansounced the purchase of the lot at the northeast corner of Forsyth and Hogan Street. Work on the U. S. Government building started in Sep- tember, 1892. It was in course of comrution three years, being filnished and officially occupied in August, 1095. The walls are of Tennessee marble. The floors are laid in black and white Vermont marble mosaics. The ciling heights of the three floors are 19, 15, and 14 feet respectively, attic 12 feet. The pinnacle of the tower was 168 feet above the side- walk, highe than the highest Ilghhou in Florida at the time. The Government appropriated $250,00 for this in- provement and it was expended as follows: Lot $45,000; structure, $114,000; iterior finlah, $42,000;i besing, furni- tare and elevatsr, $55,000 In 1905 the addition reaching to Adams Street was con. stracted together with somne chase. in the tower part. SJelaosei..a. maetets submuit pricessor suitable location. Responses from ery section of the down-tows district were sent in, and the ques- ton of the location became a matter of considerable feeling between the lawyers and the business men, the former see- ing a site near the court house on Market Street while the latter wonted it closer to the business section of the city. General moss-meetings of citizns were held upon the matiar and it woo not finally settled until the Government announced the purchase of the lot at the northeast corner of Forsyth and Hogan Strees. Work on the Ul. S. Government building sturied in Sep- temnber, 1892. It was in coure of coostruation three years, being finiehed and officially occupied in Auguat, 1895. The wails are of Tennesee marble The floors are laid in black and white Vermont marble mosaics. The ceiig heights of the three floors are 19, 10, sod 14 feet respectively, attic 12 feet The psinnacle of the tower won let feet above the side- walk, higher than the highest lighthouse in Florida at the tie. The Government appropriated $250,8000 for this ima- provement and it was expended as follows: Lot $4000; structure, $154,080; interior finish, $42,800; heating, furni- tore and elevator, $91,000 Int 19o5 the addition reachoing to Adams Street was con- structed together with some changes in the tower part. Jeolsonsnles Psossateest H~ae. Accrualos IBMLeo Doggnao.... sear. has01 olcl D.H....fleeaen ]s, IS.5 wolass. noe-bo.Juy 7153. stave o. Gesno'y fed 1oy , asa Jobs I, Peo -...Sep.14.. Id, Merbe Iese, -...Ja 1409 CMs.- 5. Coo -....Ape. in, tool Wil1os, Oneabe-..Apr 19, 104 Calvin 1. Rebss ..Apr, 0,1082 EawasedH. Bea....hob 16,1864 Cho.. 95. lsamnito.. Jnl 17,1071 Eawas 50 hs. Ma r . an1. Noe. Appelnied Jon S- Adesso-O. Juy 8,1874 Mansul Cuv,;,- only 01.107 Hltsiheay - blur, Mno1, s8i Mn- Ii- edwiti.,-Sp., L1801 sH..-ea W. Cisob . --,m. lssy yeaitg Sslueouy, Jose 4,1001 ..seo w, nov50. Moy 13.1003 Dei Sauy. a-op >L0m7 mes-l T o Cos-lua . 1 se Pease A. Diese- - -. Joly 0,1as4 lesege L D-ses-p , 1010 nlsohso 5 Ross-to Sp, a,1nEl Nase Appwle.i Osam Io Dsggslt--..a.. 14,0 lessen D- HuearS-.Jan. 19,1If. Wfliams. 505-...Jsy 1007 taps, B. Gleegory...- Joly 1,0841 Ishm M- po.-..epf. 14, ISOt Mate ea .. ....-bse 1 to poh-. M. Coo-e..Ape 12, 15 wilson Creoke-Apr 10,1004 hCells ,1Oissos--Apr slee01 Easeod il-Seed- ,b.Pe. to, 184 Cbeu. M. sHseolaos Jo 27, 1871 Edvos 15. (lse, ar- 1,1.7 Hoos. Neelc43 Joi n sAda- lyV~ mm~ Manuel CoviS,-Is Jly 21,1878 seilne-sJay-blur. M. 18, s117 we -Lati-p.,. 0 .1000 Hrot a1. Clash. OR. 8. I.a PsurolollMnmyisos Sans essC Oloes w. Clash. May.1,I100 Desis Eags - t..Sep. 21,1897 flasielT 7> ess-so. 1~4,1081 oise A-ps. mn- - Joy 8,1014 Garae 5s lnses - 5 . 55,15 Radsar, 5... R-. 010. lNam. Apesltol hobs t, Dusoegot - 4. .1814 Issoth D. HU'I.e-Jaew 19,18R7 oficer 0-00-..Jely 7,1817 Rosfa 5. Coegery- - Jaly 1, asil o.bs ha. Pens-Is...pr 14, A~D M~arkoBusts - S,..,~ e, 1848 Coos- 91 Cooper-,.Apr 11, toil Willam Greolks-Apr 19, 1M1 CeIssa RoIubias-Apa Sees8 Edwa H. 0usd-sin.t, to,1.0 Chbo Ml. Hwdsil-Joly 027,1071 ..lnoc 00. flseosy.sap 1.1. Join 0, Adasso-...ly 9, t574 95055,1le.1-.ey.1.21,1078 lwasers ' CiW . C .00. 0,l882 Puireg Mo~eo, Sunsus9o o..ssoisosW, M ClasS.. - May 14,100 Dessiese. ..-..p. 21107 DaalielT nenss ..41..1 poser A. firss ..July 0,1014 Gerg,4 we 1tes. Jo.sly 00,. cutp ceotere a. lose-S. 0 ,100  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 341 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA Ai HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 341 CHAPTER XVII THE RAILROADS A book of many pages could be written on the subject of railroad projects in Florida; ho a few progressive, farcsee- mg men struggled with Territorial Councils and State Legis- latures for the passage of railroad legislation; how laws were node, repealed, and made again; how seemingly insurmount- able obstacles were met and overcome; and finally when con- struction actually commenced, how slowly it progressed, inches on the map representing years of difficulty. The Early Projeets As early as 1834, an attempt was made to organize a company to build a line of railroad from Jacksonville to Tal- lahassee and later extend it to some point on the Gulf coast. The name of the railroad was to be the Florida Peninsular & Jacksonville Railroad. The capital stock of the company was limited to one million dollars. Among the directors were J. B. Lancaster, L D. Hart, F. Bethune, W. G. Mills, and Stephen Eddy, an of Jacksonville. The Seminole Indian war and the panic of 1837 caused the abandonment of the enterprise,' In the 1840'o, a survey was madefoararilroad from Jack- onville to Cedar Key, and another from Jacksonville to the Suwanee River. Then matters were allowed to rest and powerful opponition arose with the organization of a comn- pany, of which David Levy Yulee was the head, to build a railroad from Fernandina to Cedar Key. Yulee successfully carried out his project and the proposed railroads from Jack- aonville were abandoned. But there were progresive citi- nensin Jacksonville, and a company, headed by Dr. A. S. Baldwin, was organized in 1852, to build a railread from Jacksonville to Lake City, then called Alligator Town.t Jacksonvile's First Railroad It was named the Florida, Atlantic & Gui Central Rail- road, and it was financed through bond asses, including a THE RAILROADS A 'oook of many pages could be written on the subject of railroad projects in Florida; how a few progressive, far-ree- ing men struggled with Territorial Councils and State Legis- latures for the passage of railroad legislation ; how laws were made, repealed, and made again ; how seemingly insurmount- able obstacles were met and overcome; and finally when con- struction actually commenced, how slowly it progressed, inches on the map representing years of diMculty The Early Projecus As early an 1834, an attempt was made to organie a company to build a line of railroad from Jacksonville to Tal- iahasee and later extend it to some point on the Gulf coast. The name of the railroad was to be the Florida Peninsular & Jacksonville Railroad. The capital stock if the company wan limited to one million dollars. Among the directos wOre J. B. Lancauter, L D. Hart, F. Bethune, W. G. Mills, and Stephen Eddy, all of Jacksonville. The Seminole Indian war and the panic of 1837 emosed the abandonment of the enterprise.' I the 1840's, asurveywas made forarailroad from Jack- aonville to Cedar Key, and another from Jacksonville to the Suwanee River. Then matters were allowed to rest and powerful opposition arose with the organization of a cons- pany, of which David Levy Yulee was the head, to build a railroad from Fernandina to Cedar Key. Yulee successfully carried out his project and the proposed railroads from Jack- osnville were abandoned, But there were progressive citi- zno in Jacksonville, and a company, headed by Dr. A. S. Baldwin, was organized in 1852. to build a railroad from Jacksonville to Lake City, then called Alligator Town.ft Jacksonville's First Railroad It was named the Florida, Atlantic & Gulf Central Bail- road, and it was financed through bond issues, including a THE RAILROADS A book of many pages could be written on the subject of railroad projects in Florida; how a few progressive, far-see- ing men struggled with Territorial Councils and State Legis- latores for the passage of railroad legislation ; how laws were made, repealed, andmade again; how seemingly iosurmount- able obstacles were met and overcome; and finally when con- struction actually commenced, how slowly it progressed, inches on the map representing years of difliculty. The Early Projecta Ae early an 1834, an attempt was made to organize a company to build a line of railroad from Jacksonville to Tal- lahassee and later extend it to some point on the Gulf coast. The name of the railroad was to be the Florida Peninsular & Jacksonville Railroad. The capital stock of the company was limited to one million dollars, Among the directors were J. B. Lancaster, L D. Hart, . Bethune, W. G. Mis, and Stephen Eddy, all of Jacksonville. The Seminole Indian war and the panic of 1837 caused the abandonment of the enterprise' In the 1840's, asurveywas madefor a railroad from Jack- onvile to Cedar Key, and another from Jaeksonville to the Suwanee River. Then matters were allowed to rest and powerful opposition arose with the organization of a com- pony, of which David Levy Yulee was the head, to build a railroad from Fernandina to Cedar Key. Yulee sucreesfully carried out his project and the proposed railroads from Jack- sonville were abandoned But there were progreosiveciti- ze Jacksonville, and a company, headed by Dr. A. S. Baldwin, wan organized io 1852, to build a railroad from Jacksonville to Lake City, then called Alligator Town.t Jecksonvile'e First Railroad It was named the Florida, Atlantic & Gulf Central Rail- road, and it was financed through bond issues, including a  u42 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 342 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 32 HISTORY OF JACKSONVLLE, FLORIDA $50,000 bond issue by the town of Jacksonville. These were Jacksonville's first bonds. Grading began at this end of the line during the summer of 1857, butayellow fever epidemic here that summer caused a cessation of the work for some months. The track was finally completed to Lake City March 13, 1860. Two days later the railroad gave the people of Jacksonvillean excursion to Lake City and many people availed themselves of the opportunity to ride for the first time in their lives on a ril- road train. They were given a barbecue and a good time in general at the other end of the line. On March 21st, the people of Lake City were brought to Jacksonville on an ex- cursion and were hospitably welcomed here with speeches and a barbecue. A pleasing ceremony was carried out at the Judson House when Mis Louisa Holland of Jacksonville and Miss Kate Ives of Lake City mingled the waters of the St. Johns River with those of Lake De~ate.5 The engine that pulled the train was named "Jacksonville". An amsinslg incident is told aboot its fist arrival. A large crowd had assembled to discuss its merits pro and con. The engineer saw a chance for some fun; he suddenly pulled the whistle cordandreleasedtheecapevalve. Therewasaspontaneous scramble to a safe distance, many supposing the engine was about to explode. The incident caused much merriment and wos long afterward the subject of jest, The War Between the States played havec with the ral- road. Sections of the track between Jacksonville and Bald- win were torn up and replaced alternately by the Confed- eratea and the Federals. Some of that old railroad iron eventually found its way to the navy yards and was used in the construction of war vessels, Up to 1881, this was the only railroad into Jacksonville. Travel from the North and the West came down into Georgia over various lines, thence to Live Oak, Florida, whore trans- fer was made for Jacksonville. At that time the gauge of the principal railroads in theSouth we5 feet 2 inches, known as bread gauge, while that of the Northern roads was 4 feet 8% inches, or standard gauge. There were no through pas- senger trains from the North, nor the West beyond the Ohio River. Lack of cooperation among the various lines canoed annoying delays and frequent changes of cars. It was not unknoan in that day for passengers to lay over in a place $50,000 bond issue by the town of Jacksonville. These were Jacksonville's first bonds. Grading began at this end of the line during the summer of 1857, butayellow fever epidemichere that summer caused a cessation of the work for some months. The track was finally completed to Lake City March 13, 1860. Two days later the rlroad gave the people of Jacksonville asn excursion to Lake City and many people availed themselves of the opportunity to ride for the first time in thei lives on a rail- road train. They were given a barbecue and a good time in general at the other end of the line. On March 21st. the people of Lake City were brought to Jacksonville on an ex- cursion and were hospitably welcomed here with speeches and a barbecue. A pleasing ceremony was carried out at the Judon House when Miss Louisa Holland of Jacksonville and Mins Kate Ives of Lake City mingled the waters of the St. Johns River with those of Lake DeSot.0 The engine that pulled the train was named "Jacksonville". An amusing incident is told about Its first arrival. A large crowd had assembled to dimusa its merits pro and con. The engineer saw a chance for some fun; he suddenly pulled the whistle cord and released the escape valve. There was a spontaneous scramble to a safe distance, many supposing the engine was about to explode. The incident caused much merriment and was long afterward the subject of jest. The War Between the States played havoce with the rail- road. Sections of the track between Jacksonville and Bald- win were torn up and replaced alternately by the Confed- erates and the Federals. Some of that old railroad iron eventually found its way to the navy yards and was used to the construction of war vessels.4 Up to 1881, this was the only cairoad into Jacksonville. Travel from the North and the West came down into Georgia ever various lines, thence to Live Oak, Florida, whore trans- fer was made for Jacksonville At that time the gauge of theprinciparailroads in theSouthwas5 feet 2 inches,known as broad gauge, while that of the Northern roads was 4 feet 8% inches, or standard gauge. There were no through pas- senger trains from-the North, nor the West beyond the Ohio River. Lack of cooperation among the various lines caused annoying delays and frequent changes of cars. It was not unknown in that day for passengers to lay over In a place $50,000 bond issue by the town of Jacksonvllle. These were Jacksonville's first bonds. Grading began at this end of the line during the summer of1857,butayellow fever epidemic here that summer caused a ressation of the work for some months. The track was finaly completed to Lake City March 13, 1860. Two days later the railroad gave the people of Jacksonvillean excursion to Lake City and many people availed themselves of the opportunity to ride for the first time In their lives on a rail- road train. They were given a barbecue and a good time in general at the other ond of the line. On March 21st, the people of Lake City were brought to Jacksonville on an ex- cursion and were hospitably welcomed here with speeches and a barbecue. A pleasing ceremony was carried out at the Judsoo House when Miss Louisa Holland of Jacksonville and Miss Kate Ives of Lake City moingled the waters of the St. Johns River with those of Lake DeSote.^ The engine that pulled the train was named "Jacksonville". An amusing incident is told about its first arrival. A large crowd had assembled to discuss its merits pro and con. The engineer saw a chance for some fun; he suddenly pulled the whistle cordandreleasedtbeescapevalve. Therewasaspontaneous scramble to a safe distance, many supposing the engine was about to explode. The incident caused much merriment and was long afterward the subject of jests The War Between the States played havoc with the rail- road. Sections of the track between Jacksonville and Bald- wm were torn up and replaced alternately by the Confed- erate and the Federals. Some of that old railroad iron eventually found its way to the navy yards and was used in the construction of war vessels. Up to 1881. this was the only railroad into Jacksonville. Travel from the North and the West came down into Georgia over various lnes, thence to Live Oak, Florida, where trans for was made for JacksonvIlle. At that time the gauge of theprincipal railroads in theSouthwas Sfeet 2 inches,known as broad gauge, while that of the Northern roads was 4 feet 8% inches, or standard gauge. There were no through pas- senger trains from-the North, nor the West beyond the Ohio River. Lack of cooperation among the various lines caused annoying delays and frequent changes of cars. It was not unknown in that day for passengers to lay over In a place  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 43 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 848 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 43 nearly 24 hours on account of the schedule of some competing orantagonistic railroad. In 1875, a ticket from Jacksonvile to New York coat $36.75; the time was 66 hours according to the printed schedule, but the actual time usually consumed in making the trip was between 75 and 90 hours. In 1880 there was a general shaking-up of railroad manugementa in the South that resulted in shortening the schedule from Jack. sonville to New York from 12 to 16 hours, but even then travel to Florida was tedious and slew.o The Southern roads maintained costly car hoists and extra set of trucks and wheels for through freight ship- ments; this was expensive maintenance and freight rates were necessarily high, while great uncertainty prevailed as to time of transit. Improvement of this condition was started in 18806, when an agreement was reached among the prom- inent Southern roads to change their gauges to standard, 4 feet 8% inches. With respect to Jacksonville it was com- pleted in 1888, when on January 10, 1888, the first through vestibuled train from New York came in over the Savannah, Florida & Western, having made the run from Jersey City In29hoursand20minutes. Henceforththerewasnoticeable improvement in travel conditions generally. Time of freight shipments was greatly lessened and the rates were reduced. Moderon railroad service to and in Florida dates from this period.s Jacksonville at this time was the terminus of the important railroads in the State and they were the means by which this city became the wholesale distributing center for Florida,apositionithas heldeversince. Henry B.Plantwas the father of the railroad construction that produced this result for Jacksonville. Seaboard Air Line Florida Central Railroad. After the war the track of the Florida, Atlantic & Gulf Central Railroad was described as two streaks of rust run- ning through the wilderness. Nevertheless, on March 4, 1868. William E. Jackson and associates bought the property, or what remained of it, for $111,000." A special act of the Florida Legislature July 29, 1868, incorporated the new poers as the Florida Central Railroad Company. It was so operated until January 6, 1882, when it was sold at public auction to Sir E. J. Reed, representing foreign interests, for nearly 24 hours on account of the schedule of some competing orantagonistic railroad. In 1875, a ticket from Jacksonville to New York cost $36.75; the time was 66 hours according to the printed schedule, but the actual time usually consumed in making the trip was between 75 and 90 hourn. In 1880 there was a general shaking-up of railroad managements in the South that resulted in shortening the schedule from Jack- sonville to New York from 12 to 16 hours, but even then travel to Florida was tedious and slow, The Southern roads maintained costly car hoists and extra sets of trucks and wheels for through freight ship ments; this was expensive maintenance and freight rates were necessarily high, while great uncertainty prevailed as to time of transit. Improvement of this condition was started in 1886, when an agreement was reached among the prom- inent Southern roads to change their gauges to standard, 4 feet 8% inches. With respect to Jacksonville it was com- pleted in 1888, when on January 10, 1888, the first through vestibuled train from New York came in over the Savannah, Florida & Western, having made the run from Jersey City in 29 hours and 30 minutes. Henceforth there was noticeable improvement in travel conditions generally. Time of freight shipments was greatly lessened and the rates were reduced. Modern railroad service to and in Florida dates from this period.s Jacksonville at this time was the terminus of the important railroads in the State and they were the means by which this city became the wholesale distributing center for Florida, a position it has held ever since. Henry B. Plant was the father of the railroad construction that produced this result for Jackonville. Seaboard Air Lime Florida Central Railroad. After the war the track of the Florida, Atlantic & Guld Central Railroad was described as two streaks of rust rar- ning through the wilderness. Nevertheless, on March 4, 1868, William H. Jackson and associates bought the property, or what remained of it, for $111,000. A special act of the Florida Iegislature July 29, 1866, incorporated the nlew owners as the Florida Central Railroad Company. It was so operated until January 6, 1882, when it was sold at public auction to Sir E. J. Reed, reprsesting foreign interests, for nearly24 hours on account of the schedule of some competing orantagonistic railroad. In 1875, a ticket from Jacksonville to New York cost $36.75; the time was 66 hours according to the printed schedule, but the actual time usually consumed in making the trip was between 75 and 90 hours. In 1880 there was a general shaking-up of railroad managements in the South that resulted in shortening the schedule from Jack- sonville to New York from 12 to 16 hours, but even then travel to Florida was tedious sad slow., The Southern roads maintained costly car hoists and extra sets of trucks and wheels for through freight ship- ments; thin was expensive maintenance and freight rates were necessarily high, while great uncertainty prevailed as to time of transit. Improvement of this condition was started in 1886, when an agreement was reached among the prom- Inent Southern roads to change their gauges to standard, 4 feet 8% inches. With respect to Jacksonville it was com- plated in 1868, when on January 10, 1888, the first through vestibuled train from New York came in over the Savannah., Florida & Western, having made the run from Jersey City in 29 hours ande0 minutes. Henceforththerewasnoticeable improvement in travel conditions generally. Time of freight shipments was greatly lessened and the rates were reduced. Modem railroad service to and in Florida dates from this period, Jacksonville at this time was the terminus of the important railroads in the State and they were the means by which this city became the wholesale distributing center for Florida, a position it has held ever since. Henry B. Plant was the father of the railroad construction that produced this result for Jacksonville. Seaboard Air Line Florida Central Railrad. After the war the track of the Florida, Atlantic & Gulf Central Railroad was described as two streaks of rust run- ning through the wilderness. Nevertheless, on March 4, 1868, William E. Jackson and associates bought the property. or what remained of it, for $111,000 A special act of the Florida Legislature July 29, 1868, incorporated the new owners as the Florida Central Railroad Company. It was so operated until January 6, 1882, when it wan sold at public auction to Sir E. J. Reed, representing foreign interests, for  44 HISTORY OF JACSONVIE, FLORIDA 844 HTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 844 HTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA $891,000, the deed being executed and the purchaser given posesion January 18, 1882.' Florida Central & Wester Ralroad. Six weeks after E. J. Reed bought the Florida Central he conveyed it on March 4, 1882, to the Florida Central & West- ern Railroad Company, which had obtained letters patent on February 26, 1882, for the purpose of operating the Florida Central and its connection, the Jacksonville, Pensacolt & Mobile Railroad, that by this time had been completed from Lake City to the Apalachicola River. Florida Railny & Navigaton Company. In March.1884,.a nunmber of Florida railrads entered into an agreement to consolIdat. They were: Florida Transit & Peninsular, Fernandina & Jaclsenville, Florida Central & Western, Leesburg & Indian River. The coneolidation was perfected January 9, 188, as the Florida Railway & Navigation Companye The Florida Railway & Navigation Company afterward went into the hands of a receiver. The Western Division (comprising the former Florida Central and Jacksonville, Pensacola & Mobile Railroads) was polE at public auction in Jacksonville February 6, 1888, to W. Bayard Cutting, Agent, for $1,210,000.e Two or three months later the remaining property and the franchise of the Florida Railway & Navi- gation Company were cold at public auction to the same party,' Florida Central & Penioolar Railroad. On July 12, 1888, W. Bayard Cutting transferred the properties formerly operated as the Florida Railway & Nav- igation Company to interests representing the Florida Cen- tral & Peninsular Railroad Company. Possession was given the new owners July 21, 1888.' From July 1, 1900, to August 14, 1901, the Florida Cen- tral & Peninsular Railroad was operated under stock owner , ship by the Seaboard Air Line Railroad Company ; on August 15, 1903, it was merged with and became a part of the Sea- board Air Line' and still forms a part of that system. 8295,00, the deed being executed and the purchaser given possession January 18,1882.' Florida Central & Wester Rairoad. Six weeks after E. J. Reed bought the Florida Central he conveyed it on March 4, 1882, to the Florida Central & West- ern Railroad Company, which had obtained letters patent en February 26, 1882, for the purpose of operating the Florida Central and its connection, the Jacksonville, Pensacola & Mobile Railroad, that by this time had been completed from Lake City to the Apalachicola River. Florida Railway & Navigation Company. In March,1884,a number of Florida ralroads entered into an agreement to coneolidate. They were: Florida Transit &c Peninsular, Fernandina & Jacksonville, Florida Central & Weatern, Leesburg & Indian River. The consolidation was perfected January 9, 1885, ca the Florida Railway & Navigation Company-' The Florida Railway & Navigation Company afterward went into the hands of a receiver. The Western Division (comprising the former Florida Central and Jacksonville, Pensacola & Mobile Railroads) was solR at public auction in Jacksonville February 6, 1888, to W. Bayard Cutting, Agent, for $1,210,000.0 Two or three months later the remaining property and the franchise of the Florida Railway & Navi- gation Company were sold at public auction to the name party' Florida Central A Peninsular Railroad. On July 12, 1888, W. Bayard Cutting transferred the properties formerly operated as the Florida Railway & Nav- igation Company to interests representing the Florida Cen- tral & Peninsular Railroad Company. Possession was given the new ownera July 21, 1888. From July 1, 1900, to August 14, 1901, the Florida Cen- tral & Peninsular Railroad was operated under -stock owner, ship by the Seaboard Air Line Railroad Company ; on August 15, 1901, it was merged with and became a part of the Sea, board Air Line' and still forms apart of that system. $195,000, the deed being executed and the purchaser given possession January 18, 1882.' Florida Centrai & Western Raflroad. Sin weeks after E. J. Reed bought the Florida Central he conveyed it on March 4, 1882, to the Florida Central & Wet- era Railroad Company, which had obtained letters patent on February 26, 1882, for the purpose of operating the Florida Central and its connection, the Jacksonville, Pensacola & Mobile Railroad,' that by this time had been completed from Lake City to the Apalachicola River. Florida Railway & Navigation Company, In March, 1884,0 number of Florida railroad entered into an agreement to consolidate They were Florida Transit & Peninoular, Fernandina & Jacksonville, Florida Central & Western, Leesburg & Indian River. The consolidation was perfected January 9, 188, as the Florida Railway & Navigation Company, The Florida Railway & Navigation Company afterward went into the hands of a receiver. The Western Division (comprising the former Florida Central and Jacksonville, Pensacola & Mobile Railroads) was sol at public auction in Jacksonville February 6. 1888, to W. Bayard Cutting, Agent, for $1,210,0000 Two or three months later the remaining property and the franchise of the Florida Railway & Navi- gation Company were sold at public auction to the came party Florida Central &o Peninsular Railroad. On July 12, 1888, W. Rayard Cutting transferred the properties formerly operated as the Florida Railway & Nav- igation Company to interests representing the Florida Cen- tral & Peninsular Railroad Company. Possession was given the new owners July 21, 1888.' From July 1, 1900, to August 14, 190, the Florida Cen.- tral & Peninsular Railroad was operated under stock owner- ship by the Seaboard Air Line Railroad Company; on August 15, 1901, it was merged with and became a part of the Sea- board Air Line' and still form apart of that system.  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA U HISTORY OF JACKSONVLLE, FLORIDA 945 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA u41 Fernandina & Jacksonville Railroad. The Fernandina & Jacksonville Railroad Company was incorporated in 1874, although actual construction did not commence until 1880.' On April 6, 1881, it was completed from Jacksonville to Hart's Road, now called Yulee. At Hart's Road it connected. with the Atlantic, Gulf & West India Transit Company's line from Fernandina to Cedar Key,' The Fernandina & Jacksonville railroad came Into the possession of the Seaboard Air Line through the chain al- ready described,F,R.&N.F, C.&P,-. A. L. The Florida Central & Peninsular Railroad Company built the line from Yulee to Savannah in 1893, which furnished a northern outlet from Jacksonville.- Great Southern Railway An effort was made to build a railroad from Jacksonville to the St. Marys River as early as 1870, when the Great Southern Railway was incorporated to build to a point near Kings Ferry. Considerable work was done on the roadbed,' butthepanic of 1873 came on and the project was abandoned. Atlantic Coast Line Savannah, Florida & Western Railway. Chartered as Atlantie & Gulf Railroad, the line was com- pleted before the War Between the States from Waresboro on the Satilla River to Thomasville, Georgia, and soon after the end of the war, extended to Bianbridge. Failure of the cotton crop in 1871 and the panic of 1873. involved the At- lantic & Gulf Railroad to such as extent that a rereiver was appointed for it in April, 1877, and a bill ied in the UnIted States court for the sale of the property to satisfy a seond mortgage. The sale wan held in Savannah Nodember4, 1879, when H. B. Plant purchased it and immediately reorganized the company under the name of Savannah, Florida & West- ern Railway Company,' East Florida Railway and Wayers & Florida Railroad. Chartered as separate companies in February, 1880, the East Florida to build from Jacksonville to a point on the St. Marys River near Traders Hill, a distance of 87 miles, and the Waycross & Florida from that point to Waycros, the Fernandina & Jacksonville Railroad. The Fernandina & Jacksonville Railroad Company was incorporated in 1874, although actual construction did not commence until 1880, On April 6, 1881, it was completed from Jacksonville to Hart's Road, now called Yulee. At Hart's Road it connected with the Atlantic, Gulf & West India Transit Company's line from Fermandina to Cedar ReyJo The Fernandina & Jacksonville railroad came into the possession of the Seaboard Air Line through the chain al- ready described, F. R. & N.-F. C. & P.-S. A. L. The Florida Central & Peninsular Railroad Company built the line from Yulee to Savannah in 1893, which furnished a northern outlet from Jacksonville, Great Southerna Railway An afort was made to build a railroad from Jacksonville to the St. Marys River as early as 1870, when the Great Southern Railway was incorporated to build to a point near Rings Ferry. Considerable work was done en the roadbed- butthe panin of 1873 came on and the project was abandoned, Atlantic Coast Line Savaanah, Florida & Wetters Railway. Chartered as Atlantic & Gulf Railroad, the line was conm- pleted before the War Between the Staten from Wareooro on the Satilla River to Thomasville, Georgia, and soon after the end of the war, extended to Bainbridge. Failure of the cotton crop in 1871 and the panic of 1873, involved the At- lantic & Gulf Railroad to such an extent that a receiver was appointed for it in April, 1877, and a bll med in the United States court for the sale of the property to antisfy a second mortgage. Thesalewasheld in SavannahNoVember4,1879, when H B. Plant purchased it and immediately reorganized the company under the name of Savannah. Florida & West- ern Railway Company.' East Florida Railway and Waycross & Florida Railroad. Chartered as separate companies in February, 1880, the East Florida to build from Jacksonville to a point on the St. Marys River near Traders Hill, a distance of 87 miles, and the Waycoss & Florida from that point to Waycross, the Fernandina & Jacksonville Railroad. The Fernandina & Jacksonville Railroad Company was incorporated in 1874, although actual construction did not commence until 1880, On April 6, 1881, it was completed from Jacksonville to Hart's Road, now called Yulee. At Hart's Road it connected. with the Atlantic, Gulf & West India Transit Company's line from Fernandina to Cedar Key.' The Ferandina & Jacksonville railroad came into the possession of the Seaboard Air Line through the chain al, ready described, F. R. & N.-F. C. & P-S. A. L. The Florida Central & Peninsular Railroad Company built the line from Voles to Savannah in 1898, which furnished a northern outlet from Jacksonville.- Great Southern RaIlway An effort was made to build a railroad from Jacksonville to the St. Marys River as early as 1870, when the Great Southern Railway was incorporated to build to a point near Kings Ferry. Considerable work was done on the roadbedo butthe panic of 1871 came on and the project was abandoned. Atlantic Coast Line Savannah. Florida & Western Railway. Chartered as Atlantic & Gulf Railroad, the line was com- pleted before the War Between the States from Waresaboro on the Satlla River to Thomasville, Georgia, snd soon aftar the end of the war, extended to Bainbridge. Failure of the cotton crop in 1871 and the panic of 1873, involved the At- lantic & Gulf Railroad to ouch an extent that a receiver was appointed for it in April, 1877, and a bill fed in the United States court for the sale of the property to satisfy a second mortgage. The sale was held in Savannah Noember 4,1879, when H. R. Plant purchased it and immediately reorganized the company under the name of Savannah, Florida & West- ern Railway Company' East Florida Railway and Wayermns & Florida Rairead. Chartered as separate companies in February, 1880, the East Florida to build from Jacksonville to a point on the St. Mary River near Traders Hll, a distance of 37 miles, and the Wayerosa & Florida from that point to Waycross, St  IS MST WF IAWIILU, FLOIA 6 HISOR OF JACKOVILLE, FLIDA 4u HISTR OF IACROILLE, FLORIDA real promoter of these roads was the Savannah, Florida A& Western Railway Company. The two lines were built simni- tanensosly The firnt shovel of dirt wan thrown June 21, 1800, and the lat spike was driven April 22,1881, at the 27-mile- post from Jackasonile it was a siever spike made in the S. F. A& W. shops in Savannah. Actual operation of the line which wat called "The Waycrnes Short Line', beegas on April 30, 1881, Tis fsmiiohed the Savannah, Florida & Western Raiway a termius at Jacksonville bad enabled it to operate, sn Wary-es, the first throngh tram.s between Jacksonville and Savasnah" These roads were operated under lease until March 10, 1884, when they were niade a part of and oap erad as thne Savannah, florid.s & Western Railway,/ which wan the moat important link in thne ahseiuent "Plant System", Spatd Secan 'On Fehb.n .. 90E t~l he plant Oyte. ne a reseed thoi has nae, heen sponed by Seuthsesn realrods A Main can- soatin af egin. Na. ano, one I..Coat ruibla postal ear ad te aodnd sleeper a fous Fleming, Gn, no 7neasnsil, a distac 5t 10 mile', in is, minoses Tenyatoi. time us thes earan dssi Sesetm, Ca, ts the 74-we aiding, a Ms.e M .8 dle, ne waruseeodtnesaely E oeatendd40 'ae op rat the ate of ale us1,a ear.o Tiee inro hatwes arna, ad Wopraaes do erneo, 550 a5 nsmatel woycmesos Felhtes, 00 Miles, in 28 sitetea: waerus to Consihst, '5 miles, in 40 nitatio; Waywers is Jaeisa.ill, 71 mWee, in 85 dmatin.' TheOi slopbped sewater a JO'05 nd tenysean atoppednt the &A. Leeaa~dest Cnllahee; asdslossddon ame,the A. V& WsattheaJ. a . W.orosiainsbatren, Onllnhon end Jack-nsnle. Tin reseed eoad. sods, tto ohralen stnt' t-S portal esohotas Ind a sie o tena by the Plant spnte and the leahesed Air Unesas i noelias coud sheed]s the fneeds, end Cehan man with the grater, dispaisib. It wet the set tes so thesres EesrendAbet by, Lsdge, in eee sO moes go. , lten inotetetd by the remo' ofie to in e the inretlnerd. The -gse san hedtee cross tt eocr a Eaglne" Lnds did an ldoeledt tie teais fairly dew seep the treek. eer fterweed she elent Syse oeha heawee esrnnMa sa Jaoottosal e keosunow. rilread sen nof the Iseebesan as the "Spesdwaye", Tin aid enn re still mn xmne and isno Msraeo ao A C Le Na its. real promo of these roads was the Savannah, Florida & Western Railway Company, The two lines were built simal- taneously. The fret shovel of dirt was thrown Jun 21, 1880, and the last spikewas drives April 22, 1880, at thne 27-mile post from Jackonville;l it wan a silver spike made in the S. F, & W. shops in Savannsh. Actual operation of the lier which was called'"inh Wusyrres Short Line", hegon on April 30, 1881, This furnioted the Savannah, Florida & Weste- Railway a termninous at Jacksonville and enabled t to operate, sin Waycross, the first through trains between Jarksonville sad Savannah0 Tese roadserieoperated underlnose onti] arcth 10,10849, when they were made a part ef end oprte athe Savannah, Florid.a Western Railway,' wichr was the most important link in the subsequsent 'Plant System", Seed Soeee 'On Fdhnsasy so, an0n, tie Plant System eat a rmemma that has teer hem evmleds setteer enjlrads A tMaes eon- alaska at magla Nn. 1i, sas 85-tst rvealepst. o'r and - ne usadnd al aprmts, n r eelagi. Os,. a ismeoulls a disanse of 140 mien, in104 stistes, The Caraene flssu the pus woo teem &ceeess GO,, th M, cusie aidin,, adi'tnse m 4.8lne,swhis nra .s...ed inesotlya2emntendm ana m eaut the ae c Ile, as er. Tienmerhetere Moena ad Waye.s 40 mlen, woolS sitee; wOasmen to poEnlu, a4ilud, in 15 Murtne; Waye to cal"a, Cs al', A lads mita: Waeevese ts Joekendville, me miles. in e5 ..nes' Thke Cret stpped tr oe ts, at Jessp an waoema; stopped na the S A. Ls meovn at Callmato; -W sed dsusn tei.eatothe A. V & W. tdthe J.& S...reigeenn Callahan sad Jaea-ille. no-a m endta oe wad., te obar ~toe Me bs 51. Poana anthor*ee .a an eneis of teo hy th ew nt Systes a the iSnewed Ale Thns a a seeloi seld hand]e the, Parida tond Mama mal sk th se greete lnpoum. 0 sa is et bad5 sO lMason. Etei-ee Albert H. Ledge, in .hnrgs of esit N.. 100, tea inotoested by the eailrod .Mo..el to span It. abeattle id,. The eewa trenulr em th ator a lisginer, Lde did an lateted;a the srain Ciy Sew ser the Omok Ever efteesr cbe Punnt ynasm trash be...so Oor-.sant ce nSekanils wawn -1e easose mss of the lSuthesut as the ',Opeedwray,, The old megin in still in noende A iad ao sat hte as K C. to ea Ins- real promoster of thenersoads wase the Savannah, fliod & Western Railway Compony. The. two lines were built sinoal- tanneusly The friet evwel of dirt ans thrown June 21, 1800, and the Cant spike weas drives April 23, 1881, at the 27-smile- Post from Jackonville: it was a silver spike made io the 5, F & W. Mheps in Savannah. Actual operation of the lins which was pulled"'Tho Waymcgan Short Line", hogan orn April 30, 1881- This furnished the Savannah, florida &, Western Railway a termis at Jackesonville and enabled it to operate, vin Waycross, the fient through trains between Jacksonville and Ssvnnaah.' These ronds were operated under lease until Mfarch 10, 0884, when they were moade a part of and operated as the Savaanah, florid. & Weetern Raoilway./ wheih was the moat important link in the shnequent "0Pimnt Synta".o Surnd rrnne 'On Febmary 25, tOil, lie flae SysAt netomed that Ns anese .o eniealsed So teo eilpeds A trek vn estain of engie Na, 110, see es-test eseste postal car and ens aadoe nleesnern a rm w~eeksn, Oa. e Sxaeen~le a diosneca of 8 Ide se, Co la, nontted Te Census time an ther etar team OSren, s,a toot 11-d Isaiing a deane omd odeerle.,wiolnersoaeeds ies-.t1,ylmisetesnandd4l Wnonde, or so toMradtof a ts l n he . Mw sinbetwtte Jusp 'ad We', 47 miles, eros 05 ntten Wosens. to Fslheis,, 04 esete, In E5 netest; Waeross ta ohull El maiss, indsmntat, wayrroueejo J eusnoil,t11miels. s miats Te ait stopped C auto m at Je -Pne and Wayeme, stepped at abe 8. K s mesuing at callahansl -alwed dewa sOAtothsA. V & W. and tbJe Li .W.eessleesbetwsees rCalahn. ad Jsshsonnllls, This res. teatns mader the ma.-.oI-a I the 51. 5 Psa sl .'A.oe ettosemaimmoftiree e Oaot w O atond thn Onahsned Air Line as toeras osaid handle ths lorid A Cahke maslw teeOh rase dinpateb. It wan to' last ten of -h saris. Engineer Albert . Ledge. is oseg of esgins No. 100, w a nstreted by the reilroad sitala to open tie ahenatle mid,. Te encinwanhemsdnesrousane atsan dd Egilner Ldge did an im eted; tie an .,nerl oer the taei Ever etteered nbe Plast sysekm trsck hoten dOannNss and Jaekntstl ve- at ons g mload con nO tlar S...ah , teold %edes" The old sages ad al~ in -s,nan sd i ne Moraws as A . Qo SLs, Im  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 347 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 347 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORDA 347 Jacksonville, Tampa & Key West Railroad. The Jacksonville, Tampa & Key West Railroad Company was chgrtered in 1875, but actual construction of the Jack- onville-Palatka division did not commence until March, 1888. Robert H. Coleman, millionaire coal operator of Cornwall, Pa., was the principal promoter of the enterprise. The line was completed in one year, the first train leaving Jackson- ville for Palatka on March 6, 1884; the engineer was Daniel Preston and the conductor Dennis Mahoneys In 1885 the Jacksonville, Tampa & Key West Railroad Company began the construction of a line from Palatka to Sanford over the right-of-way of the Palatka & Indian River Railway Company, by arrangement and proper transfer. This link was completed February 26, 1886, and furnished through connection with the South Florida Railroad at San- ford, the first direct rail route from Jacksonville to Tampa., A year later, in April, 1887, the Jacksonville, Tampa & Key West Railroad Company acquired outright the ownerahip of the Palatka-Sanford division of the Palatka & Indian River Railway.' As the outgrowth of a suit by the American Construction Company, which had originally the contract for the constrm- tion of the J. T. & K. W. R. R., Mason Young, on August 4. 1892, was appointed receiver of the road. Then followed a great deal of wrangling among the directors who soon split into two factions called the "ins" and the "outs". The court proceedings wore on for seven years, during which time there were several different receivers. After a number of at- tempted public sales with restrictions, the court finally issued anorder for the sale of the property without restrictions. At the sale, April 3, 10899, the Plant Investment Company bought it for $6i0,000 and at once merged it with the Savan- ah, Florida & Western Railway systems Long before this, In the early 1880's, Mr. Plant had acquired a controlling in- terest in the South Florida Railroad and extended it to Tampa;r' thus with the purchase of the Jacksonville, Tamp. & Key West Railroad, the Plant Investment Company had brought together the various links to form a trunk line from the North through Jacksonville to Tampa, comprising the Florida railroads as originally built under the names: Waycross & Florida (Waycrosa to St. Marye River), East Florida (St. Marys River to Jacksonville), Jacksonvile, Tampa & Key West Railroad. The Jackonville, Tampa & Key West Railroad Company was chartered in 1875, but actual construction of the Jack- snville-Palatka division did not commence until March, 1888. Robert H. Coleman, millionaire coal operator of Cornwall, Pa., was the principal promoter of the enterprise. The flne was completed in one year, the first train leaving Jackson. ville for Palatka on March 6, 1884; the engineer was Daniel Preston and the conductor Dennis Mahoney.o un 1805 the Jacksonville, Tampa & Key West Railroad Company began the construction of a line from Palatka to Sanford over the right-of-way of the Palatka & Indian River Railway Company, by arrangement and proper transfer. This link was completed February 20, 1886, and fumihed through connection with the South Florida Railroad at San- ford, the firt direct rail route from Jacksonville to Tampas, A year later, in April, 1887, the Jacksonville, Tampa & Key West Railroad Company acquired outright the ownership of the Palatka-Sanford division of the Palatka & Indian River Railway.' An the outgrowth of a suit by the American Construction Company, which had originally the contract for the construc- tien of the J. T. & K W. R. R., Mason Young, on August 4, 1892, was appointed receiver of the road. Then followed a great deal of wrangling among the directors who soon split into two factions called the "ins" and the "outs". The court proceedings wore on for seven years, during which time there wore several different receivers. After a number of at tempted public sales with restrictions, the court finally issued an order for the sale of the property without restrictions. At the sale, April 3, 1899, the Plant Investment Company bought it for $600,000 and at once merged it with the Savan- nah, Florida & Western Railway system.' Long before this, in the early 1880's, Mr. Plant had acquired a controlling in- terest in the South Florida Railroad and extended it to Tampa;r thus with the purchase of the Jacksonville, Tampa & Key West Raihooad, the Plant Investment Company had brought together the various links to form a trunk line from the North through Jacksonville to Tampa, comprising the Florida railroads ns originally bolt under the names: Waycross & Florida (Waycross to St. Marys River), East Florida (St. Marys River to Jacksonville), Jacksonville, Tampa & Key West Railroad. The Jacksonville, Tampa & Key West Railroad Company was chgrtered in 1875, but actual construction of the Jack- onville-Palatka division did not commence until March, 188 . Robert 1. Coleman, millionaire coal operator of Cornwall, Pa., was the principal promoter of the enterprise. The line wan completed in one year, the first train leaving Jackson- ville for Palatka on March 6, 1884; the engineer was Daniel Preston and the conductor Dennis Mahoneys In 1885 the Jacknville, Tampa & Key West Iriload Company began the construction of a line from Palatka to Sanford over the right-of-way of the Palatka & Indian River Railway Company, by arrangement and proper transfer. This link was completed February 26, 1086, and furnished through connection with the South Florida Railroad at San- ford, the trst direct rail route from Jacksonville to Tampan A year later, in April, 1807, the Jacksonville, Tampa & Key West Railroad Company acquired outright the ownership of the Palatka-Sanford division of the Palatka & Indian River Railway.' As the outgrowth of a suit by the American Construction Company, which had originally the contract for the construc- tion of the J. T. & K. W. R. R., Mason Young, on August 4, 1892, was appointed receiver of the road. Then followed a great deal of wrangling among the directors who soon split into two factions called the "ins" and the "outs". The court proceedings wore on for seven years, during which time there were several dilerent recivers. After a number of at- tempted public sales with restrictions, the court finally issued an order for the sale of the property without restrictions- At the sale, April 3, 1899, the Plant Investment Company bought it for $600,000 and at once merged it with the Svan- nah, Florida & Western Railway system.- Long before this, In the early 1880's, Mr. Plant had acquired a controlling in- terest in the South Florida Railroad and extended it to Tampa thus with the purchase of the Jacksonville, Tampa & Key West Railroad, the Plant Investment Company lad brought together the various links to form a trunk line from the North through Jacksonville to Tampa, comprising the Florida railroads an originally built under the names: Waycross & Florida (Waycross to St. Marys River), East florid. (St. Mary, River to Jacksonville),  348 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 348 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 48 HISTORY OF JACKSONVLLE, FLORIDA Jacksonville, Tampa & Key West (Jacksonville to Palatka). Palatka & Indian River (Palatka to Sanford), South Florida (Sanford to Tampa). Mr. Plant lived to see this great system built up, but his death occurred soon after the accomplishment, at New York City, June 23, 1899. Merger of S. F. & W. and A. C. L. Practically all of the stock of the Sevannah. Florida & Western Railway Company was owned by H. B. Plant at the time of his death, and in his will he provided that there be no partition of his property unti his groat-grandson, then four years of age, reached his majority. Toaccomplish this, Mr. Plant tried to become a citizen of Connecticut, the laws of which State would permit such an arrangement. In the contest of the will by his widow he was declared a citizen of New York and the provision was annulled. After these matters were settled an agreement was reached between-the Savannah, Florida & Western and Atlantic Coast Line Rail- way companies to consolidate. This agreement became ef- fective May 16, 1902 and provided for the operation under lease by the Atlantic Coast Line until June 30th ; on July 1. 1902, the properties were merged, taking the name of Atlas- tic Coast Line.' Jacksonville & Southwestern Railroad. The southwestern outlet of the Atlantic Coast Line traes back to the Jack.sonille & Southwestern Railroad, Incorpo- rated in February, 1899, by the W. W. Cummer interests. This company was organized to build a railroad from MIl- dale (Cummer's mill) near Jacksonville to the timber hold- ings of the company around Newberry, Alachua County. Construction was started at once. While primarily designed as lumber road, the roadbed was well constructed and 60-lb rils laid, standard gauge. A regular passenger and freight schedule was opened November 13, 1899. The property was sold to C. W. Chase in 1903, a unique feature being no out- standingobligations against the read and nobonded indebted- neoss The Atlantic Coast Line Railroad company purchased this properly July 28, 1904,' laid heavier rails and made it a part of the main line. Jacksonville, Tempe & Key West (Jacksonville to Palatka). Palatka & Indian River (Palatka to Sanford), South Florida (iafrd to Tampa). Mr. Plant lived to see thin great system built op, but his death occurred soon after the accomplishment, at New York City. June 23, 1899. Merger of S. F. & W. and A. C. L. Practically all of the stock of the Savannah, Florida & Western Railway Company was owned by 11. B. Plant at the time of his death, and in his will he provided that there be no partition of his property until his great-grandson, then four years of age, reached his majority. To accomplish this. Mr. Plant tried to become a citizen of Connecticut, the laws of which State would permit such an arrangement. In the contest of the will by his widow he was declared a citizen of New York and the provision was ansulled. After these matters were settled an agreement was reached between-the Savannah, Florida & Western and Atlantic Coast Line Rail- way companies to consolidate. This agreement became ef- fective May 16, 1902' and provided for the operation under lease by the Atlantic Coast Line until June 10th ; on July 1, 1902, the properties were merged, taking the name of Atlan- tic Coat Line' Jacksonville & Sothwestern Railroad. The southwestern outlet of the Atlantic Coast Line traces back to the Jaeksonville & Southwestern Railroad, incerpe- rated is February, 1899, by the W. W. Coummer interests. This company was organized to build a railroad from Mill- dale Cums'mers mill) near Jacksonville to the timber hold- ings of the company around Newberry, Alachua County. Construction was started at nce While primarily designed ass lumber road, the roadbed was well construeted and 60-lb. rals laid, standard gauge. A regular passenger and freight schedule was opened November un, 1899. The property was sold to C. W. Chase in 1903, a unioue feature being no out- standmgobligations against the road and nobonded indebted- ness. The Atlantic Coast Line Railroad company purchased this properly July 2. 1904,' laid heavier rails and made it a part of the main line. Jacksonville, Tampa & Key West (Jacksonville to Palatka), Palatka & Indian River (Palatka to Sanford), South Florida (Sanford to Tampa). Mr. Plant lived to see this great system built up, but his death occurred soon after the accomplishment, at New York City, June 23, 1899. Merger of S. F. & W. and A. C. L. Practieally all of the stock of the Savannah, Floridaa& Western Railway Company was owned by H. B. Plant at the time of his death, and in his will he provided that there be no partition of his property until his great-grandson then four years of age, reached his majority. To accomplish this, Mr. Plant tried to become a citizen of Connecticut, the laws of which State would permit such en arrangement. In the contest of the will by his widow he was declared a citizen of New York and the provision woo annulled. After these matters were settled an agreement was reached between the Savannah, Florida & Western end Atlantic Coast Line Rail- way companies to consolidate. This agreement became ef. fective May 16, 1902' and provided for the operation under lease by the Atlantic Coast Line until June 80th ; on July 1, 1902, the properties were merged, taking the name of Atlas- tic Coast Line.' Jacksonville & Southwestern Railroad. The southwestern outlet of the Atlantic Coast Line traces back to the Jacksonville & Southwestern Railroad, incorpo. rated is February, 1899, by the W. W. Cummer interests. This company was organized to build a railroad from Mill- dale (Caer's mill) near Jacksonville to the timber hold- ings of the company around Newberry, Alachua County. Construction was started at once. While primarily designed as a lumber road, the roadbed was well constructed and 60-lb. rails laid, standard gauge. A regular passenger and freight schedule was opened November 13, 1899. The property was sold to C. W. Chase in 190, a unique feature being no out- standingobligtions against the road and no bonded indebted- nessa t The Atlantic Coast Line Railroad company purchased this property July 28, 1904.' laid heavier rails and made it a part of the main line.  HISTORY OF lACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 3d9 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 349 HIS'ORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 49 Florida East Coast Railway Jacksonville, St. Augustine & Halifax River Railroad. Theoriginal charterfor buildingthis railroadwasgranted in March, 1879, bet before construction began the Florida Legislature passed certain land great laws that were favor- able to railroad companies and in order to procure the bone- lits of these inducements the company obtained a new charter an February 28, 1881. Grading for the road was started immediately and the line was completed and put in operation in two years. It was a narrow gauge railroad and ran from South Jacksonvilie to St. AugustineO January . 1886, the railroad changed ownership. A circular published in the local press stated that the Jackson, ville, Tampa & Key West Railroad company had bought it. Henry M. Flagle, who at that time was president of the J. T. & K. W., was the real purchaser of the Jacksonville, St. Augustine & Halifax River railroad, but it was known to the public and operated as the St. Augustine Division of the Jacksonville, Tampa & Key West Railroad for a number of years. The steam ferry between Jacksonville end South Jacksonville was also purchased and operated in connection with the railroad ; this too was publicly called the J. T. & K. W. ferry.' Mr. Flagler immediately rebuilt the Jacksonville, St. Aeutine & Halifas River railroad, changed the gauge to standard, and equipped it with the best rolling stock obtain- able, It is said that he bought the railroad for the puriose of hauling material for the Ponce de Leon hotel which was then under construction. However, he soon embarked in railroad enterprises upon a great scale and ultimately devel. ored the entire Florida east coast from St. Augustine to Key West. The building of the over-sea railroad to Key West was the world's romance in railroad construction. Henry M. Flagler rode into Key West January 22, 1912, on the frst through train from Jacksonville over the com- pleted line. Peculiarly similar to the case of H. B. Plant, he died soon ofter the fulfillment of his greatest desire-at West Palm Beach on May 26, 1913 The poorly constructed little 3-foot railroad between South Jacksonville and St. Augustine wea the parent of the Florida East Coast Railway System of today, Its history after Mr. Flogler bought it is largely one of maintenance, as Florida East Coast Railway Jacksonville, St. Augustine & Halifax River Railroad. The original charterfor buildingthis railroadwasgranted in March, 1879, but before construction began the Florida Legislature passed certain land grant laws that were favor- able o railroad companies and in order to procure the bene- fits of these inducements the company obtained a new charter on February 28, 1881. Grading for the road was started immediately and the line was completed and pat in operation in two years. It was a narrow gauge railroad and ran from South Jacksonville to St. Augustineu January 1, 1880, the railroad changed ownershilp. A circular published in the local press stated that the Jacksn- vile, Tampa & Key West Railroad company had bought it. Henry M. Flagler, who at that time was president of the J. T. & K. W., was the real purchaser of the Jacksonville, St Augustine & Halifax River railroad, but it was known to the public and operated as the St. Augustine Division of the Jacksonville, Tampa & Key West Railroad for a number of years. The steam ferry between Jacksonville and South Jacksonville was also purchased and operated in connection with the railroad ; this too wan publicly called the J. T. & K. W. ferry Mr. Flagler immediately rebuilt the Jacksonville, St. Augustine & Halifax River railroad, changed the gauge to standard, and equipped it with the best rolling stock obtain- able. It is said that he bought the railroad for the purpose of hauling material for the Ponce do Leon hotel which was then under construction. However, he son embarked in railroad enterprises upon a great scale and ultimately devel- oped the entire Florida east coast from St. Augustine to Key West. The building of the over -sea railroad to Key Went was the world's romance in railroad construction. Henry M. Flager rode into Key West January 22, 1912, on the first through train from Jacksonville over the com- pleted line. Peculiarly similar to the case of H. B. Plant, he died soon ofter the fulfillment of his greatest desire-at West Palm Beach on May 20, 1913.s The poorly constructed little 3-foot railroad between South Jacksonville and St. Augustine was the parent of the Florida East Coast Railway System of today. Its history after Mr. Flagler bought it is largely one of maintenance, as Florida East Coast Railway Jacksonville, SL Augustine & Halifax River Railroad. The original charterfor building this railroad was granted in March, 1879, but before construction began the Florida Legislature passed certain land grant laws that were favor- able to railroad companies and in order to procure the bene- hts of these inducements the company obtained a new charter on February 28, 1881. Grading for the road was started immediately ad the line wa completed and pat in operation in two years. It wa a onar row gauge railroad and ran from South Jacksonville to St. Augustine.o January 1, 1886, the railroad changed ownership. A circular published in the local press stated that the Jackson- ville, Tampa & Key West Railroad company had bought it. Henry M. Flagler, who at that time was president of the J. T. & K. W., was the real purchaser of the Jacksonville, St. Augustine & Halifax River railroad, but it was known to the public and operated as the St. Augustine Division of the Jacksonville, Tampa & Key West Railroad for a number of years. The steam ferry between Jacksonville and South Jacksonville was also purchased and operated in connection with the railroad ; this too was publicly called the J. T. & K. W. ferry, Mr. Flagler immediately rebuilt the Jacksonville, St. Augustine & Halifax River railroad, changed the gauge to standard, and equipped it with the best rolling stock obtain- able. It is said that he bought the railroad for the purpose of hauling material for the Ponce de Leon hotel which was then under ceotruction. However, be soon embarked in railroad enterprises upon a great scale and ultimately devel- oped the entire Florida cast coast from St. Augustine to Key West. The building of the over-sea railroad to Key West was the world's romance in railroad construction. Henry M. Flagler rode into Key West January 22, 1912, on the first through train from Jacksonville over the com- pleted line. Peculiarly similar to the case of H. B. Plant, he died soon ofter the fulfillment of his greatest desire-at West Palm Beach on May 20, 1913! The poorly constructed little 3-foot railroad between South Jacksonville end St. Augustine was the parent of the Florida East Coast Railway System of today. Its history after Mr. Flagler bought it is largely one of maintenance, as  8m0 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 3m0 ISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA a60 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA it was not affected by the financial storms that beset moat of the railroads in the South he in the 1880's and the early 1890's. It was included in the incorporation of the Florida Coast & Gulf Railway of May 28, 1892, which was changed to Jacksonville, St. Augustine & Indian River Railroad Octo her 31, 1892, under a new charter granted H. M. Flagler for the purpose of extending the railroad down the coast from Daytona; and again September 18, 1895, when the Florida East Coast Railway Company woo chartered to include the entire system from Jacksonville southward." The general shops of the Jacksonville, St. Augustine & Halifax River Railroad were located in South Jacksonvtile until 1889, when they were moved to St. Augustine.. Jaclsonville & Atlantie Railway. The Jackasoville & Atlantic Railway Company was char- tered in 1888, to build a line of railroad from South Jackson- ville to Pablo Beach. The contract was awarded in October, 1883, for a narrow gauge railroad, and grading commenced soon afterward. The road was completed in December, 1884. All of the parties to the enterprise were local people; the original officers were: J. Q. Burbridge, president; H. S. Ely, vice-president; J. M. Schumacher, treasurer. The company acquired 1,700 acres of land along the right..of-way as a land grant and it also owned a large tract at the ocean trominus. Its beach property was platted Into lot. and put on the mar- ket in November, 1884. This was the first development at Pablo Reach, and the Jacksonville & Atlantic, completed a month later, was the first railroad to the Jacksonville beaches.. Considerable impetus was given to Pablo as a resort in 1886, by the building of Murray Hall hotel. About this time a competitor arose in the building of the Jacksonville, May- port & Pablo railway that had in view the development of Burnaide Beach several miles north of Pablo. Both places suffered set-backs when the hotels at Burnside burned in 1889 and Murray Hall a year later. The Jacksonville & At- lactic lost its depot and other property in the Murray Hall res 1s the years following its completion odlicers and directors of the Jacksonville & Atlantic Railway Company changed a number of times. It had its financial difliculties, but its operation was crontiued. The Florida et Coast Railway it was not affected by the fiancial storms that beset moat of the railroad. in the South late in the 1880's and the early 1890's. It was included in the incorporation of the Florida Coast & Gulf Railway of May 28, 1892, which was changed to Jacksonville, St. Augustine & Indian River Railroad Octo- ber 31, 1892, under a new charter granted H. M. Flagler for the purpose of extending the railroad down the coast from Dayton;a and again September 13, 1895, when the Florida East Coast Railway Company was chartered to include the entre system from Jacksonville southward." The general shops of the Jacksonville, St. Angusatie & Halifax River Railroad were located in South Jacksonville antil 1089, when they were moved to St. Augustine, Jackeonville & Atlantic Railway. The Jacksonville & Atlantic Railway Company was char- tered in 1883, to build a line of railroad from South Jackson. ville to Pablo Beach. The contract was awarded in October, 1883, for a narrow gauge railroad, and grading commenced soon afterward. Theroad was completed in December, 1884. All of the parties to the enterprise were local people; the original oflicers were: J. Q. Burbridge, president; H. S. Ely, vice-president; J. M. Schumacher, treasurer. The company acquired 1,700 acres of land along the right-of-way as a land grant and it also owned a large tract at the ocean terminus. Its beach property was platted into lots and put on the mar- ket in November. 1884. This was the first development at Pablo Beach, and the Jacksonville & Atlantic, completed a month later, was the fest railroad to the Jacksonville beache.o Considerable impetus was given to Pablo as a resort in 1886, by the building of Murray Hall hotel. About this time a competitor arose in the building of the Jacksonville, May- port & Pablo railway that had in view the development of Burnide Beach several miles north of Pablo. Both places suffered set-backs when the hotels at Burnside burned in 1a and Murray ball a year later. The Jacksonville & At, lactic lost its depot and other property in the Murray Iall ire to the years following its completion officers and directors of the Jacksonville & Atlantic Railway Company changed a number of times. It had its financial difficulties, but its operation was continued. The Florida East Coast Railway it was not affected by the financial storms that beset moat of the railroads in the South late in the 1880's and the early 1890's. It was included in the incorporation of the Florida Coast & Gulf Railway of May 28, 1892, which was changed to Jacksonville, St. Augustine & Indian River Railroad Oct ter 31, 1892, under a new charter granted H. M. Flagler for the purpose of extending the railroad down the coast from Daytona; and again September 10, 1895, when the Florida East Coast Railway Company was chartered to include the entire system from Jacksonville southward. The general shops of the Jacksonville, St. Augustine & Halifax River Railroad were located in South Jacksonville until 1889, when they were moved to St. Augustine.' Jacksonville & Atlantic Railway. The Jacksonville & Atlantic Railway Company was char. tered in 188, to build a line of railroad from South Jackson- ville to Pablo Beach. The contract was awarded in October, 1883, for a narrow gauge railroad, and grading commenced oon afterward. The road was ompleted in December, 1884. All of the parties to the enterprise were local people; the original olicera were: J. Q. Burbridge, president; H. S. Ely, vice-president; J. M. Schumacher, treasurer. The company acquired 1,700 acres of land along the right-of-way as a land grant and it also owned a large tract at the ocean terminus. Its beach property was platted into lots and put on the mar- ket in November, 1884. This was the first development at Pablo Beach, and the Jacksonville & Atlantic, completed a month later, was the first railroad to the Jacksonville beaches. Considerable impetus was given to Pablo as a resort in 1886, by the building of Murray Hall hotel. About this time a competitor arose in the building of the Jacksonville, May- port & Pablo railway that had in view the development of Burnside Beach several miles north of Pablo. Both places suffered set-backs when the hotels at Burnside burned in 1089 and Murray Hall a year later. The Jacksonville & At- lantic lost its depot and other property in the Mnrray Hall fires In the years following its completion officers and directors of the Jacksonville & Atlantic Railway Company changed a number of times. It had its financial dificulties, but its operation was continued. The Florida eat Coast Railway  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 351 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 351 HISTORY OF JACKSONVrr r, FLORIDA 351 Company acquired the Jacksonville & Atlantie railway in September, 1899, immediately changed the gauge to stand. ard and extended the line from Pablo to Mayport. The first Florida East Coast Railway train arrived at Pablo March 8,1900. Railway Bridge Across St. Johns River. Surveys for a bridge over the St. Johns River at Jack- onville were begun in January, 1888; the newspapers fere noted the fart, although they could not find out why the saur- vey was being nude. Then came despatches from Washing- ton that parties unknown in Jacksonville were asking author- ity of Congres to bridge the St. Johns here. Nearly a year afterward announcement was made from St. Augustine that the Jacksonville, Tampa & Key West Railroad was the pro- meter and the J. T. & K. W. got the credit for a long time. H. M. Flagler was the actual builder of the bridges Preliminary work for the substructure began in Febru. ary, 1889. Steel drumo filled with concrete were sent down to rock bottom, in one instanre 80 feet below water level. The plans called for an all-steel bridge costing $1,000,000. It was completed within a year, the firt train crooning on Jan- uary 5, 1890. Many people were on the wharves for the novel sight of a train crossing the St. Johns River. The first through vestibuled train from the North (New York) crossed January 14, 1890. The opening of the bridge was not cele- brated in Jacksonville; St. Augustine, however, was agog over the event-s After 33 years of constant use the bridge won still service- able, but the requirements of the Florida East Coast Railway demanded a double-tracked bridge and the railroad is now building one. The permit called for a $2,000,550 structure. The first shovel of dirt for the new bridge wan thrown in September, 1923; at the dose of 1924 the work of construc- tion was till in progress. The new bridge isa separate. centruction and when com- ploted the pioneer will be demolished. Southern Railway Georgia, Southern & Florida Railway. The Georgia Southern & Florida Railroad Company was voted a charter by the Georgia Ausembly September28, 1881, Company acquired the Jacksonville & Atlantic railway in September, 1899, immediately changed the gauge to stand- ard and extended the line from Pablo to Mayport. The first Florida East Coast Railway train arrived at Pablo March 8, 1900, Railway Bridge Acuess St. Johns River. Surveys for a bridge over the St. Johns River at Jack- sonville were begun in January, 1888; the newspapers here noted the fact, although they could not find out why the sur- vey was being made. Thin came despatches from Washing- ton that parties unknown in Jacksonville were asking author- ity of Congress to bridge the St. Johns here. Nearly a year afterward announcement was made from St. Augustine that the Jacksonvill, Tampa & Key West Railroad was the pro- muter and the J. T. & K. W. got the credit for a long time. H . Fdgier was the actual builder of the bridge.' Preliminary work for the substructure began in Febru- ary, 1889. Steel drums filed with concrete were sent down to rock bottom, in one instance 80 feet below water level. The plans colied for an all-steel bridge costing $1,000,000. It was completed within a year, the first train crossing on Jan- uary 1, 1890. Many people were on the wharves for the novel sight of a train crossing the St. Johns River. The first through vestibuled train from the North (New York) creased January 14, 1890. The opening of the bridge was not cele- brated in Jacksonville; St. Augustine, however, was agog over the events After 33 years of constant use the bridge was still Service- able, but the requirements of the Florida East Coast Railway demanded a double-tracked bridge and the railroad is now building one. The permit called for a $2,000,000 structure. The first shovel of dirt for the new bridge was thrown in September, 1921; at the close of 1924 the work of construe- tion was still in progress, The new bridge i a oeparate. contruction and when comn pleted the pioneer will be demolished. Southern Railway Georgia, Southern & Florida Railway. The Georgia Southern & Florida Railroad Company was voteda charter by the eorgia Assembly September28, 1881, Company acquired the Jacksonville & Atlantic railway in September, 1899, immediately changed the gauge to stand- ad and extended the line from Pablo to Mayport. The firt Florida East Coast Railway train arrived at Pablo March 8,1900. Railway Bridge Across St. Johns River. Surveys for a bridge over the St. Johns River at Jack- nviwere begun in January, 1888; the newspapers here noted the fact, although they could not find out why the sur- vey was being made. Then came despatches from Washing- ton that parties unknown in Jacksonville were asking author- ity of Congress to bridge the St. Johns here. Nearly a year afterward announcement was made from St. Augustine that the Jacksonville, Tampa & Key West Railroad was the pro- moter and the J. T. & K- W. got the credit for a long time. H P. Flagler was the actual builder of the bridge. Preliminary work for the substructure began in Febre- ary, 1889. Steel drums filled with concrete were sent down to rock bottom, in one instance 80 feet below water level. The plans called for an nl-steel bridge costing $,000,000. It was completed within a year, the first train crossing on Jan- uary 5, 1890. Many people were on the wharves for the novel sight of a train crossing the St. Johns River. The first through vestibuled train from the North (New York) crossed January 14, 1890. The opening of the bridge was not cele- brated in Jacksonville; St. Augustine, however, was agog over the event, After 33 years of constant use the bridge was still service- able, but the requirements of the Florida East Coast Railway demanded a double-tracked bridge and the railroad is now building one. The permit called for a $2,000,000 structure. The first shovel of dirt for the new bridge was thrown in September, 1923; at the close of 1924 the work of construc- tion was still in progress. The new bridge is a separate. construction and when mco- pleted the pioneer will be demolished. Southern Railway Georgia, Southern & Florida Railway. The Georgia Southern & Florida Railroad Company was voteda charter by the Georgia Assembly September28, 1881,  8m2 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 362 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 3m2 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA to build a railroad from Macon to the Florida line. Nothing was done immediately under this charter, but when a rival company was organized which secured a Florida franchise, the two enterprises were merged and construction was begun in 1887. The route was from Macon to Palatka, and the line was completed and opened March 1,1890.0 Before this, how- ever, the line had been completed between Macon and Lake City and a schedule opened to Jacksonville, the first train arriving here December 1, 1889.s From Lake City to Jack- sonville the Georgia Southern & Florida operated over the tracks of the Florida Central & Peninsular Railroad. It was called the Suwanee River Line to Florida". The Georgia Southern & Florida Railroad was built by the Macon Construction Company. After completing tlie line to Palatka this company embarked on other ambitious enterprises and met financial reverses, carrying the Georgia Southern & Florida down with it. The company went into the hands of a receiver on March 10, 1891, and was reorgan- ied May 22, 1895, as the Georgia Southern & Florida Railway Company. The trains of this road continued to come into Jacksonville over leased trackage until November 1, 1902, when as a result of the purchase by the Southern Rail- way of the property of the Atlantic, Valdosta& Western Rail- way the Georgia Southern & Florida, now a part of the South- ern Railway system, was enabled to operate through trains from Macon to Jacksonville over its own tracks. Atlantic, Valdonla & Westera Railway. In 1896-7, G. S. Baxter & Company acquired by purchase approximately 150,000 acres of timber lands in Clinch and Ehols counties, southern Georgia. In order to develop these lands, it was necessary to build fifty miles of trom-road, which Baxter & Company proceeded to do, startiug at a point on what was then the Plant System ten miles south of Du- pont. Here a station was erected and given the name Hay- low. Ten miles of tram-road were built from this point to the operations of the company in naval stores, cross-ties and lumber, but when the first shipment was offered to the Plant System at Haylow, that company demanded higher rates for hauling to different ports--Jacksonville, Fernandina, Bruns- wick and Savannah--than Baxter & Company could afford to pay. Failure to secure more favorable raten resouled In to build a railroad from Macon to the Florida line. Nothing was done immediately under this charter, but when a rival company was organized which necured a Florida franchise, the two enterprises were merged and construction was begun in 18897. The route was from Macon to Palatka, and the line was completed and opened March 1, 1890.' Before this, how- ever, the line had been completed between Macon and Lake City and a schedule opened to Jacksonville, the first train arriving here December 1, 1889.0 From Lake City to Jack- sonville the Georgia Southern & Florida operated aver the tracks of the Florida Central & Peninsular Railroad. It was called the "Suwanee River Line to Florida" The Georgia Southern & Florida Railroad was built by the Macon Construction Company. After completing the line to Palatka this company embarked on other ambitious enterprises and met foancial reverses, carrying the Georgia Southern & Florida down with it. The company went into the hands of a receiver on March 10, 1891, and was reorgan- iced May 22. 1895, as the Georgia Southern & Florida Railway Company. Thetrainsofthia roodeoatinuedtscome into Jacksonville over leased trackage until November 1, 1902, when as a result of the purchase by the Southern Rail- way of the property of the Atlantic, Valdosta & Western Rail- way the Georgia Southern & Florida, now a part of the South- ern Railway system, was enabled to operate through trains from Macon to Jacksonville over its own tracks0 Atlantic, Valdosta & Western Railway. In 1896-7, G. S. Baxter & Company acquired by purcbase approximately 150,000 acres of timber lands in Clinch and Rebels counties, nothern Georgia. In order ta develop these lands, it was necessary to build fifty miles of tram-read, which Ranter & Company proceeded to do, starting at a point on what was then the Plant System ten miles south of D- pont. Here a station was erected and given the name Hay- low. Ten miles of tram-road were built from this point to the operations of the company in naval stores, cros-ties and lumber, but when the first shipment was offered to the Plant System at Haylow, that company demanded higher rates for basling to different ports-Jacksonville, Fernandina, Brune- wick and Savannah-than Baxter & Company could afford to pay. Failure to secure more favorable rates resulted in to build a railroad from Macon to the Florida line. Nothing was done immediately under this charter, but when a rival company was organized which secured a Florida franchise, the two enterprises were merged and construction was begun in 1887. The route was from Macon to Palatka, and the line waocompleted and opened March 1, 18900 Beforethis, how- ever, the line had been completed between Macon and Lake City and a schedule opened to Jacksonville, the first train arriving here December 1, 1889 From Lake City to Jack- sonville the Georgia Southern & Florida operated over the tracks of the Florida Central & Peninsular Railroad. It was called the "Suwanee River Line to Florida". The Ceorgia Southern & Florida Railroad was built by the Macon Construction Company. After completing the line to Palatka this company embarked on other ambitious enterprises and met financial reverses, carrying the Georgia Southern & Florida down with it. The company went into the hands of a receiver on March 10, 1891. and was reorgan- ized May 22, 1895, as the Georgia Southern & Florida Railway Company. The trains of this road continued tocame into Jacksonville over leased trackage until November 1, 1902, when as a result of the purchase by the Southern Rail- way of the property of the Atlantic, Valdosta & Western Rail- way the Georgia Southern & Florida, now a part of the South- er Railway aystem, was enabled to operate through trains from Macon to Jacksonville over its own tracks.' Atlantic, Valdasta & Western Railway. In 1896-7, G. S. Baxter & Company acquired by purchase approximately 150,000 acres of timber lands in Clinch and Echols counties sothern Georgia, In order to develop these lands, it was necesoary to build fifty miles of tram-rood, which Baxter & Company proceeded to do, starting at a point en what was then the Plant System ten miles south of Du- post. Here a station was erected and given the nome Hay- low. Ten miles of tr-read were built from this point to the operations of the company in naval atoree, cross-ties and lumber, but when the first shipment was offered to the Plant System at Haylow, that company demanded higher rates for bauling to different ports--Jacksonville, Fernandina, Bruns- wick and Savannah-than Baxter & Company could afford to pay. Failure to secure more favorable rates resulted in  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 35- HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 36 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA m i the organizing and chartering of what afterward became the Atlantic, Valdosta & Western Railway., Upon the failure of the negotiations with the Plant Sys-. tem, Walton Ferguson, father of the junior partner of Bax- ter & Company, offered to furnish the money to build t rail- road from Haylow westward to Valdosta, 22 miles, and ex- tend it easterly 88 miles to Jacksonville, and for the equip- ment of the came. Centruction of the road was placed in the hands of the resident partner of the firm, E. C. Long. It was completed from Jacksonville to Valdosta in 1899, and opened for passengrervice July 13, 1899. This wausually considered the best built and equipped road in Florida up to that time, and it was the first in the State to lay 70-lb. steel rails. Its rolling stockwas first-class in every particular and thoroughly up-to-date. The engines were equipped with electric headlights, among the frot, if not the Arat, used in this section of the country This road wasamed the Atlantic, Valdosta & Western. It proved to ba nuccessful esterprise and opened anew feld to bath Valdosta and Jacksoonville. The A. V. & W. Railway was sold to Samuel Spencer, president of the Southern Rail- way, in May, 1902, for an amount that was entirely satisfac- tory to the promoters of the enterprise. That part of the road between Valdosta and Grand Crossing (noer Jackson- ville) was conveyed by Mr. Spencer to the Georgia Southern & Florida Railway Company, the Southern Railway gainiag control of the G. S. & F. in the transfer. The balance of the property, from Grand Crossing into and around Jacksnonville, was transferred to the St. Johns River Terminal Company Jacksnville, Mayport & Pablo Railway+ With as idea of creating a fish and phosphate business from Mayport and at the same time develop a seaside resort at Burnside Beach (just north of the present Manhattan Beach) a company headed by Alexander Wallace an president and chief owner was chartered in 1886 in build a narrow gauge railroad from Arlington to Mayport and Burnuide Beach. It was chartered as the Jacksonville, Mayport & Pablo Railway and Navigation Company. Grading for the roadbed began early in 1887 While this was in progress it was decided to change the gauge to tand- ard; the part between Burnside Beach and Mayport had al- the organizing and chartering of what afterward became the Atlantic, Valdosta & Western Railway.s Upon the failure of the negotiations with the Plant Sys- tem, Walton Ferguson, father of the junior partner of BaRr ter & Company, offered to furnish the money to build trail- road from Haylow westward to Valdosta, 22 miles, and ex- tend it easterly 88 miles to Jacksonville, and for the equip- ment of the same. Construction of the road was placed n the hands of the resident partner of the firm, E. C, Long. It was completed from Jacksonville to Valdosta in 1899, and opened for passenger service July 13, 18995. Thiswas usually considered the het built and equipped road in Florido up to that time, and it was the first in the State to lay 70-Tb. steel rails. Its rolling stock was rst-class in every particular and thoroughly up-to-date. The eugines were equipped with electric headlights, among the Oret, if sot the first, used in this section of the country.s This road was named the Atlantic, Valdosta & Western. It proved to be a successful enterprise and opened a new Sald to both Valdosta and Jacksonville, The A. V. & W. Railway was oold to Samuel Spencer, president of the Southern Rail. way, in May, 1902, for an amount that was entirely natisfac- tory to the promoters of the enterprise. That part of the road between Valdosa and Grand Crossing (near Jackson- ville) was conveyed by Mr. Spencer to the Georgia Southern & Florida Railway Company, the Southern Railway gaining control of the G. S. & F. in the transfer. The balance of the property, from Grand Crossing into and around Jacksonville, was transferred to the St. Johns River Terminal Companyu Jacksoaville, Mayport & Pabo Railways With an idea of creating a fish and phosphate business from Mayport and at the same time develop a seaside resort at Burnsids Beach (just north of the present Manhattan Beach) a company headed by Alexander Wallace as president and chief owner was chartered in 1886 to build a narrow gauge railroad from Arlington to Mayport and fornoide Beach. It was chartered as the Jacksonville, Mayport & Pablo Railway and Navigation Company. Grading for the roadbed began early in1887. Whilethis was in progress it wan decided to change the gauge to stand- ard; the part between Burnside Reach and Maypart had al- the organizing and chartering of what afterward became the Atlantic, Valdosta & Western Railways Upon the failure of the negotiations with the Plant Sys- tem, Walton Ferguson, father of the junior partner of Bax- ter & Company, offered to furnish the money to build a rail- road from aiylow westward to Valdosta, 22 miles, and ex- tend it easterly 88 miles to Jacksonville, and for the equip- ment of the same. Construction of the road was placed ins the hands of the resident partner of the Urm, E. C. Long. It was completed from Jacksonville to Valdosta in 1899, and opened for passenger service July 13, 1899. This was usually coansidered the best built and equipped road in Florida up to that time, and it was the first in the State to lay 70-lb. steel rails. Its rouing stock was first-lass in every particular and thoroughly up-to-date. The engines were equipped with electric headlights, among the irst, if not the rst, used in this section of the country This road was named the Atlantic, Valdosta & Western. It proved to bea successful enterprise and opened a new field to bath Valdosta and Jacksonville, The A. V. & W. Railway was sold to Samuel Spencer, president of the Southern Rail- way, in May, 1902, for an amount that was entirely satisfae- tory to the promoters of the enterprise. That part of the road between Valdosta and Grand Crossing (near Jackson- ville) was conveyed by Mr. Spencer to the Georgia Southern & Florida Railway Company, the Southern Railway gaining control of the G. S. & F. in the transfer. The balance of the property, from Grand Crossing into and around Jackeonvill, was transferred to the St. Johns River Terminal Company.u Jaeksaoville, Mayport & Pablo Railways With an idea of creating a fish and phosphate businesa from Mayport and at the same time develop a seaside resert at Burnside Beach (just north of the present Manhattan Beach) a company headed by Alexander Wallace an president and chief owner was chartered in 1886 to build a narrow gauge railroad from Arlington to Mayport and Burnside Beach. It was chartered as the Jacksonville, Mayport & Pablo Railway and Navigation Company. Grading for the roadbed began early in 1887. While this in progress it was decided to change the gauge to stand- ard; the part between Burnside Beach and Mayport had al-  S4 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLT, FLORIDA 854 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 354 HIBTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA ready been laid and had to be tarn up and built over again. Work on the railroad was paid for in cash as it progressed and from that circumstance it was often referred to as the "Cash" road. On May 17, 1808, the road was opened with an excursion of Knights of Pythias. Returning that night the engine broke down six miles out of Arlington; the excursion- iats had to walk in and some of them did not reach Jackson- ville until late the next day. Somebody converted the initials "J. K. & P." into "Jump Msan and Push" railroad, a sobriquet that would not die. As a connecting link between Jackoonville and Arlington the steam ferryboat "Louise" was Ieased; her slip we at the foot of Market Street. Alexander Wallace died in 1889 and then the misfortunes of the railroad bogan to multiply. The expceted business with Mayport did not materialize and on November 28, 1889. two hotels and the piers at Burnside Beach were destroyed by fire. In March, 189, the property of the J. M. & P. was purchased by J. A. Russell, D. M. Youmans and H. Scott ; a portion of the purchase money was paid in cash and the bal- ance in notes. The new owners immediately made plane to change the terminus from Arlington to South Jacksonville and they leased the soteam ferry formerly operated by the J., St. A. & H. R. Railroad to connect with it. The extension was completed and the first train left South Jacksonville for Burnside Beach July 9, 1893. In supplying much needed new equipment and making the extension to South Jacksonville the means of the new owners gave out; their notes fell due and remained ounpaid. The administrator of the Wallace estate started nut; but in February, 1893, Archer Harman, who in the meantime had been made president of both the railroad and the ferry com- panies, brought in new money and funded the debts of the railroad. Litigation, however, woo soan renamed and the road was placed in the hands of a receiver; then an agree- ment was reached and the receiver was discharged. Butthe respite was only temporary and trouble, marking the begin- sing of the end, arose again and the property, including rail- road, rolling stock, machinery and franchise, was sold at public outcry on September 2, 1ed, to J. N. C. Stockton for $20,100. Operation of the railroad as a public carrier ceased in December, 1895, though the mail was delivered for come time afterward by meana of a hand-ear. So eaded the prae- ready been laid and had to be tam up and built over again. Work on the railroad was paid for in cash as it progressed and from that cireumstance it was often referred to as the "Cash" road. On May 17, 1888, the road was opened with an excursion of Knights of Pythias. Returning that night the engine broke down six miles out of Arlington the excursion- iota had to walk in and some of them did net reach Jackson. ville until late the next day. Somebody converted the initials "J. M. & P." into "Jump Man and Push" railroad, a asobrtqet that would not die. As a connecting link between ackdsonvile and Arlington the steam ferryboat "Losise" was leased, her slip was at the foot of Market Street. Alexander Wallace died in 1889 and then the misfortunes of the railroad began to multiply. The expected busineas with Mayport did net materialize and en November 28, 1889, two hotels and the piers at Burnside Beach were destroyed by fire. In March, 1892, the property of the J. M. & P. was purchased by J. A. Rusoell, D. M. Youmans and H. Scott ; a portion of the purchase money was paid in cash and the bal- ance innotes. The new owners immediately made plans to change the terminus from Arlington to South Jacksonville and they leased the steam ferry formerly operated by the J., St. A. & H. R. Railroad tO comnect with it. The extention was completed and the first train left South Jacksonville for Burnide Beach July 9, 1893. In supplying much needed new equipment and making the extension to South Jacksonville the means of the new owners gave out; their notes ell fdue and remained unpaid. The administrator of the Wallace estate started suit; but in February, 1809, Archer Harman, who in the meantime had been made president of both the railroad end the ferry com- ponies, brought in new money and funded the debts of the railroad. Litigation, however, was soon resumed and the road was placed it the hands of a receivers then an agree- met was reached and the receiver was discharged. But the respite was enly temporary and trouble, marking the begin- ning of the end, arase again and the property, incloding rail- road, rolling steck, macheinery and franchise, was sold at public outcry on September 2, 1896, to J. NC. c Stockto for $20,100. Operation of the railroad assapublic carrier ceased in December, 1895, tough the mail was delivered for some time afterward by means of a hand-car. So ended the prat- ready been laid and had to be tern up and built over again. Work on the railroad was paid for in cash as it progressed and from that circumstance it was often referred to as the "Cash" road, On May 17, 1888, the road was opened with an excursion of Knights of Pythias. Returning that night the engine brake down six miles out of Arlington ; the excursion- lets had to walk in and some of them did not reach Jackson- ville until late the next day. Somebody converted the initials ".. M.. & P:' into "Jump Mian and Push" railroad, a sobriquet that would not die. As a connecting link between Jacksonville and Arlinton the steam ferryboat "Louise" was leased; her slip was at the foot of Market Street. Alexander Wallace died in 1889 and then the misfortunes of the railroad began to multiply. The expected business with Mayport did at materialize and on November 28, 1889. two hotels and the piers at Burneide Reach were destroyed by fre. In March, 1892, the property of the J. M. & P. was purchased by J, A. Russell, D. M, Youmans and H. Scott; i a portion of the purchasem oney was paid in cash and the bel- ance in notes. The new owners immediately made plans to change the terminus from Arlington to South Jacksonville and they leased the eteam ferry formerly operated by the J., St. A. & 1. R. Railroad to connect with it. The extension was completed and the first train left South Jacksonville for Burnside Beach July 9, 1893. In supplying much needed new equipment and making the extension to South Jacksonville the means of the new owners gave out; their notes fell due and remained unpaid. The administrator of the Wallace estate started suit; but in February, 1893, Archer Harman, who in the meantime had been made president of both the railroad and the ferry cam- panies, brought in new money and funded the debts of the railroad. Litiation, however, was soon renumed and the road was placed in the hands of a receiver; then an agree- ment wa reached and the receiver was discharged. But the respite was only temporary and trouble, marking the begin- ning of the end, arose again and the property, including rail- road, rolling stock, machinery and franchise, was sold at public outcry on September 2, 1895, to J. N. C. Stockton for $20,100. Operation of the railroad as a public carrier ceaaed in December, 1895, though the mail was delivered for some time afterward by means of a hand-car. So ended the prad-  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 55 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 355 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 55 ical existence of the Jacksonville, Maypart & Pablo Railway & Navigation Company. After thirty years of ahandonment the roadbed is still discernible and in places Is in remarkably good cdndition. Waterfront Franchises-Downown Business District Step by step, under various rights and franchises granted by the city, the Florida, Atlantie & Gulf Central Railroad and its successors gradually pushed their tracks eastward and by 1878 they had reached Hogan Street, Since then Hogan Street has remained the eastern boundary of the rail- road tracks in the viaduct section. An ordinance of the City Council, dated October 10, 1890, granted the proposed Santa Fe & St. Johns Railway a fran- chice to lay tracks along the entire length of waterfront from the western edge of the city eastward to Hogans Creek and beyond if desired. In order to avail itself of these privileges the railroad was required to complete the laying of these tracks within a period of six months. Cooing t the condition of the money market at that time the railroad could not finance its proposition and although an extension of one year was granted the franchise was slowed to lapse., By ordinance of the city council November 26, 1900, Wal- ton Ferguson et al., owners of the Atlantic, Valdosta & West. ern Railway, were granted a franchise to lay tracks along the waterfront from Catherine Street westward to Hogan Street and as a conideration they were required to bulkhead andkeep inrepair thefootof thesatcreetscrossed bythetracks. This franchise was granted for 50 years.' The tracks were laid between Catherine and Main Streets. When the A. V. & W. Railway Company sold its holdings to Samuel Spencer, president of the Southern Railway, in 1902, this franchise was included in the sale; it was than transferred by Mr. Spencer to the St. Johns River Terminal Company.' a holding of the Southern Railway, and the tracks from Grand Cross- ing into and around Jacksonville and along South Bay Street to Main Street are still operated by the same interests. With the exception of the two blocks between Main and Hogan Streets, practically the entire riverfront from Hogans Creek to McCeys Creek is affected by railroad tracks and franhises. tical existence of the Jacksonville, Mayprt & Pablo Railway & Navigation Company. After thirty years of abandonment the roadbed is still discernible and in places is in remarkably good cdndition. Waterfront Fronchises-Downtown Rosiness District Stop by step, under various rights and franchises granted by the city, the Florida, Atlantic & Gulf Central Railroad and its successors gradually pushed their tracks eastward and by 1878 they had reached Hogan Street., Since then Hogan Street has remained the eastern boundary of the rail- road tracks in the viaduct section. An ordinsance of the City Council, dated October 10, 1890, granted the proposed Santa Fe & St. Johns Railway a fran- chise to lay tracks along the entire length of waterfront from the western edge of the city eastward to Hogans Creek and beyond if desired. In order to avail itself of these privileges the railroad was required to complete the laying of these tracks within a period of six months. Owing to the condition of the money market at that time the railroad could not finance its proposition and although an extension of one year was granted the franchise was allowed to lapse., By ordinance of the city council November 26, 1900, Wal- ton Ferguson et al., ownere of the Atlantic, Valdosta & West- ern Railway, were granted a franchise to lay tracks along the waterfront from Catherine Street westward to Hogan Street and as a consideration they were required to bulkhead and keep in repair thefootof thestrets crossed by the tracks, This franchise was granted for 50 years' The tracks were laid between Catherine and Main Streets. When the A. V. & W. Railway Company sold its holdings to Samuel Spencer, president of the Southern Railway, in 1902, this franchise was inclded in the sale; it was then transferred by Mrl. Spencer to the St. Johns River Terminal Companys a holding of the Southern Railway, and the tracks from Grand Cross- ing into and around Jacksonville and along South Bay Street to Main Street are still operated by the same Interest,. With the exception of the two blocks between Main and Hogan Streets, practically the entire riverfront from Hogans Creek to MceCoys Creek is affected by railroad tracks and franchises. tical existence of the Jacksonville, Mayport & Pablo Railway & Navigation Company. After thirty years of abandonment the roadbed is still discernible and in places is in remarkably good edndition. Waterfront Franchises-Dowtown Rsiness District Step by step, under various rights and franchises granted by the city, the Florida, Atlantic & Gulf Central Railroad and its successors gradually pushed their tracks eastward and by 1878 they had reached Hogan Streete Since then Hogan Street has remained the eastern boundary of the rail- road tracks in the viaduct section. An ordinance of the City Council, dated October 10, 1890, granted the proposed Santa Fe & St. Johns Railway a fran- chine to lay tracks along the entire length of waterfront from the western edge of the city eastward to Hogans Creek and beyond if desired. In order to avail itself of these privileges the railroad was required to complete the laying of these tracks within a period of six months. Owing to the condition of the money market at that time the railroad could not finance its proposition and although an extension of one year was granted the franchise was allowed to lapse. By ordinance of the city council November 26, 1900, Wal- ton Ferguson et al., owners of the Atlantic, Valdosta & Went. em Railway, were granted a franchise to lay tracks along the waterfront from Catherine Street westward to Hogan Street and as a consideration they were required to bulkhead and keep in repair the foot of the streets crossed by the tracks. Thin franchise was granted for 50 years.' The tracks were laid between Catherine and Main Streets. When the A. V. & W. Railway Company sold its holdings to Samuel Spencer, president of the Southern Railway, in 1902, this franchise was included in the sale; it was then transferred by Mr. Spencer to the St. Johns River Terminal Company, a holding of the Southern Railway, and the tracks from Grand Cross- ing into and around Jacksonville and along South Bay Street to Main Street are still operated by the same interests. With the exception of the two blocks between Main and Hogan Streets, practically the entire riverfront from Hognos Creek to McCoys Creek is affected by railroad track and franchises.  56 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 356 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 3m6 HIS'ORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA Raload Dspute The depot of the old Florida, Atlantic & Gulf Central Railroad was on the western edge of town near the iter- section of the present Adams and Clay Streets. It was not a depot, but only a platform without even a shed, and the oicials had no trouble in keeping it clear of freight and bag- gage, for there was but one arrival and one departure of trains in 24 hoors.' After the War Between the States the railroad terminus was extended and a email depot ereted at the foot of Julia Street. When the . F. & W. came into Jacksonville in 1801, its terminus and depot were near the waterfront east of the present Broad Street viaduct with a spur cout on a dock where oranges and other fruits were loaded directly into the care from the river boats. About this time the F. & J. was built and its depot was on East Bay Streeta little wont of ogas Creek. The J.T.&K.W. depot won near the month of McCoys Creek, an was that of the J., St. A. & H. R. after therailroad bridge was but. The depot at Julia Street was moved to the foot of Hogan Streetand the F. R. & N. built a cutoff or belt line from the F. & sJ. so that the passenger trains of the F. & J., which was then a part of the F. R. & N., could come into the Hogan Street depot; this belt line was opened September 27, 1886. This was the depot situation when the union depot was builto The movement for a union station in Jacksonville was started by H. M. Flagler when on July 24, 1890, he bought the property then known as the Burch property from John Bensinger. The public did not know of this purchase until May 5, 1899, when the deed was fled for record and after the railroads had united in an agreement to build a union depot on the sites They secured a charter in 1893 as the Jacksonville Terminal Company: H. M. Flagler (J., St A. & . R.), president i H. B. Plant (S. F. & W.), vice-president; H. R. Duval (F. C. & P.), treasurer; J. R. Parrott, secretary. The J. T. & K. W. at this time was in the hands of a receivers The location was low marsh land and 300,000 cubic yards of earth were hauled in to reclaim it, McCoys Creek wa di. verted by a great ditch. More than 2,100 pile were driven for a foundation, some of them to a depth of 70 feet. The cost of this preliminary work was $100,000. Work on the train shed was begun in the summer of 1894, but when the framing was all up it wao blown down during a hurricane on Railroad Depots The depot of the old Florida, Atlantic & Gulf Central Railroad was on the western edge of town near the inter- section of the present Adame and Clay Streets. It was not a depot, but only a platform without even a shed, and the officials had no trouble in keeping it clear of freight and bag- gage, for there was but one arrival and one departure of tis in 24 hours.' After the War Between the States the railroad terminus was extended and a mall depot erected at the foot of Julia Street. When the S. F. & W. came into Jaclcsonville in 1881, its terminus and depot were near the waterfront east of the present Broad Street viaduct with a spur out n a dock where oranges and other fruits were loaded directly into the oars from the river boats.' About this time the F. & J. was built and its depot was on East Bay Street a little west of Rogans Creek. The J. T.& K. W. depot was near the mouth of McCoys Creek, an was that of the J., St. A. & H. R. after the railroad bridge was built. The depot at Julia Street was moved to the foot of Hogan Street and the F. R. & N. built a cutoff or belt line from the F. & J. so that the passenger trains of the F. & J., which was then a part of the F. R. & N., could tome into the Hogan Street depot; this belt line was opened September 27, 1806. Thi was the depot situation when the anion depot was built/ The movement for a union station in Jacksonville was started by H. M. Flagler when on July 24, 1890, he bought the property then known as the Burch property from John Bensinger. The public did not know of this purchase until May 6, 1892, when the deed wan filed for record and after the railroads had united in an agreement to build a onion depot on the site.s They secured a charter in 1893 as the Jacksonville Terminal Commpany: H. M. Flagler (J., St A. & L R.), president i H. B. Plant (S. F. & W.), vice-president; H. R. Duval (F. C. & P,), treasurer; J. R. Parrott, secretary. The J. T. & K. W. at thin time was in the hands of a receivers The location was low marsh land and 200,000 cubic yards of earth were hauled in to reclaim it. McCoys Creek was di- verted by a great ditch. More than 2,100 piles were driven for a foundation, some of them to a depth of 70 feet The cost of this preliminary work was $100,000. Work on the train abed was begun in the summer of 1894, but when the framing was all up it was blown down durng a horricane on Railroad Depots The depot of the old Florida, Atlantic & Gulf Central Railroad was on tOe western edge of town near the tor- section of the present Adams and Clay Streets. It was not a depot, but only a platform without even a shed, and the officials had no trouble in keeping it clear of freight and bog- gage, for there was but one arrival and one departure of trains in 24 hours.' After the War Between the States the railroad terminus was extended and a small depot erected at the foot 0f Julia Street. When the S. F. & W. cane into Jacksonville in 1881, its terminus and depot were near the waterfront east of the present Broad Street viaduct with a spur out on a dock where oranges and other fruits were loaded directly into the care from the river boats About this time the F. & J. was built and its depot was on East Bay Street a little west of Hoans Creek. The J. T.&K. W. depot wa near the mouth of McCoys Creek, as was that of the J., St. A. & H. R. after the railrad bridge was built The depot at Julia Street was moved to the foot of Hogan Street and the F. R. & N. built a cut-off or belt line from the F. & J. mo that the passenger trains of the F. & J., which was then a part of the F. R. & N., could come into the Hgan Street depot; this belt line was opened September 27, 1886. Thi was the depot situation when the union depot was huilts The movement for a union station in Jacksonville was started by B. M. Flagler when on July 24, 1890, he bought the property then known as the Burch property from John Bensinger. The public did not know of this purchase until May 5, 1892, when the deed was filed for record and after the railroads had united in an agreement to build a union depot on the site, They secured a charter in 1893 as the Jacksonville Terminal Compaey: H. M. Flagler (J., St A. & L R.), president; H. B. Plant (S. F. & W.), vice-president; H. R. Duval (F. C. & P.), treasurer; J. R. Parrott, secretary. The J. T. & K. W. at this time was in the hands of a receiver., The location was low marsh land and 300,000 cubic yards of earth were hauled in to reclaim it. McCoys Creek was di- verted by a reat ditch. More than 2,100 piles were driven for a foundation, some of them to a depth of 70 feet The cost of this preliminary work was $100,00. Work on the train abed was began in the summer of 1894, but when the framing was all up it was blown down during a hurricane on  LL2 KI U 5AVWVLE flRDJVyWIL.F~rD A~OfLE 'R o u u - ooo o uu n ooc.   sv s w~r Roii t~s sa% s'a. FAg." Ew oaa ~ s avx "n A +'n ' A " . w ~ uA av "aa KY, 4CNsv V -uv X~ tn \@ Y i'm ?v',-i' S w .4aa3®. \ F'\ >F 'av "4 ~~ \ \h ~ "1 i s t sSa\ \c. L+ c iA\ \'°RS4Fa ?®1 F i \a"S ~tF w"+m1' \ w' i\Ra^PA\ A 3 ae w+ i x - ' 8\ . RTV@ 4 i0'9Y V my oa'r%\ C S. - -y 4 N'*C-* 2t F e i' AC*CN2i W*i*<4 v\ aviC -^ -~a .v Y'a\ 2 iSY a "iP \' y~R' 4aaC - aa° "+l  m5 HISTORY OF JACSONVILLE, FLORIDA 58 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA m58 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA CHAPTER XTX RIVER NAVIGATION Early Steamboats The first steamer to ply the waters of the St. Johns River and the first in Florida was the George Washington, in 1830.' In 1834 the steamer Florida was running more or less regu- larly between Savannah and Piconlta on the St. Johnwe The Ensayon carried troops and supplies up and down the river during the Seminole war. Along in the 1840's, the Sarah Spaulding plied between Jacksonville and Lake Monroe. This was a high-pressure boat and she made a fearful noise while in operation. She was often used for near-by excur- aions on the river, and occasionally went to Fernandina by the inside route. Her accommodations comprised eight berths, four on each side, opening into the saloon, but pro- vided with curtains that could be drawn as a means of seP- aration The General Clinch ran between the St. Johns and Savannah in 1842,1 Then the Thorn made her appearance on the river, running to Palatkau The Darlington came in 1852, and up to the time of the war was the regular boat between Jacksonville and Enter- prise. The Durlington was perhaps the best known of the early river bosts. She was built in South Carolina in 1849, and for a time ran up the Pedee river into Darlington Dis- trict, hence her name.0 She was captured by the United States forces at the draw-bridge near Fernandina, in 1802, and remained in their possession until the close of the war, being used most of the time as a transport vessel.' In 1857 the steamers Hattie Brock, Zephyr and William Barnett began running as up-river boats. The William Barnett met with disaster in about a year, when her boiler exploded, kill- ing her captain and a number of other peransY The Hattie Brock was captured far up the river by a Federal gunboat in 1864; she was confiscated, and sold in 1866; but after the war she ran on the river as one of the Brork Line, The Savannah Line About 1845 a reguler line between the St. Johns and Savannah was inaugurated. The pioneer vessels of this CHAPTER XIX RIVER NAVIGATION Early Steambats The first steamer to ply the waters of the St. Johns River and the fret in Florida was the George Washington, in 1830." nn 1834 the steamer Florida was running more or less regu- larly between Savannah and Picoeata on the St. Johns: The Essayon carried troops and supplies up and down the river during the Seminole war.0 Along in the 1840's, the Sarah Spaulding plied between Jacksonville and Lake Monroe This was a high-pressure boat and she made a fearful noise while in operation. She ws often used for near-by excur- son on the river, and occasionally went to Fernandina by the inside route. Her arcommodations comprised eight berths, four on each side, opening into the saloon, but pro- vided with curtains that could be drawn as a means of sep- aration." The General Clinch ran between the St. Johns and Savannah in 1842.0 Then the Thorn made her appearance on the river, running to Palatka. The Darlington came In 1852, and up to the time of the war was the regular boat between Jacksonville and Enter- prise. The Darlington was perhaps the best known of the early river boats. She was built in South Carolina in 1849, and for a time ran up the Pedee river into Darlington Dis- trict, hence her name." She was captured by the United States forces at the draw-bridge near Fernandina, in 18¢2, and remained in their possession until the close of the war, being used most of the time as a transport vessel. In 1857 the steamers Hattie Brock, Zephyr and William Barnett began running an up-river boats. The William Barnett met with disaster in about a year, when her boiler exploded, kill- ing her captain and a number of other persons r The Hattie Brock was captured far up the river by a Federal gunboat in 1864; she was coniscated, and sold in 16- but after the war she ran on the river a one of the Brock Line. The Savannah Line About 1845 a regular line between the So, Johns and Savannah was inaugurated. The pioneer vessels of this CHAPTER XIX RIVER NAVIGATION Early Steamboats The frst steamer to ply the waters of the St. Johns River and the first in Florida was the George Washington, in 188. In 1834 the steamer Florida was running more or less regu- larly between Savannah and Picolata on the St. Johns. The Essayon carried troops and supplies up and down the river during the Seminole war Along in the 1840's, the Sarah Spaulding plied between Jacksonville and Lake Monroe. This was a high-pressure boat and she made a fearful noise while in operation. She was often used for near-by exrur- Bloat on the river, and occasionally went to Fernandina by the inside route. Her accommodations comprised eight berths, feor on each side, opening into the saloon, but pro- vaided with curtains that could be drawn as a means of sep- arationd The General Clinch ran between the St. Johns and Savannah in 1842.1 Then the Thorn made her appearance on the river. running to Palatka." The Durlington came in 1852, and up to the time of the war was the regular boat between Jacksonville and Enter- prone. The Darlington was perhaps the best known of the early river boats. She was built in South Carolina in 1849, and for a time ran up the Pedee river into Darlington Dis trict, hence her name? She was captured by the United States forces at the draw-bridge near Fernandina, in 182, and remained in their possession until the close of the war, being used most of the time as a transport vessel, In 1857 the stearners Hattie Brock, Zephyr and William Barnett began running as up-river boats. The William Barnett met with disaster in about a year, when her boiler exploded, kill- ing her captain and a number of other persons The Hattie Brok was captured far up the river by a Federal gunboat in 1864; she was confiscated, and sold in 1866, but after the war she ran on the river as one of the Brock Line. The Savannah Line About 1845 a regular line between the St. Johns and Savannah was inaugurated. The pioneer vessels of this  ShTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 85 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 8m9 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 59 service were the Ocmulge, St. Matthews, and William Gas- ton? The William Gaston was taken of' this run in 1854, and was then used as a river boat. She towed many rafts up and down the river, and it was a peculiarity of her captain, Charles Willey, a soon as he rounded Commodore's Point or Grassy Point, which wos usually late in the night, to begin to sound his whistle and keep it blowing until he had reached his landing, to the great annoyance of midnight sleepers in Jacksonville./ In 1851 two new steamers were put on the Savannah ron -the Welaka and the Magnolia. The Magnolia can only a short time, when her boiler exploded while she was off St. Simon's Island, Ga,, killing her captain, William T. McNelty. A few years later the Welaka was wrecked on the St. aohns bar. These vessels were replaced by the Seminole and the St. Johns, both of which likewise met with disaster, each in turn being burned at her dock at Jacksonville. The hull of the St. Johns was raised and rebuilt, and she ran on the same route until 1862; after the war she ran under the name of Helen Getty.] The last of the early boats built for this line was the St Marys, in 1857. In February, 1864, the St. Marys, while loading cotton, was blockaded in Mclots Creek by the Fed- eral ganboat Norwich, and to prevent capture was sunk there by her crewe She had escaped capture on a previous occa- ston by dodging into Trout Creek just as the United States gunboat that was looking for her came up the river. The St. Marys then came out, went down the river, and out to sea, bound for Nassau, N. P.' The St. Marys lay buried in MGirt Creek until March, 1865, when she was raised, re- built and eventually placed oa her old run under the name of Nick King. The Charleston Steamers In 1851, the Florida began running regularly between Palatka, Jacksonville, and Charleston. Two years later the Carolina was put on, and in 1857, the Everglade, then the Cecile, and a short time before the war the Gordon and the Calhoun. The Cordon became famous as the vessel on which the Confederate commissioners ran the blockade at Charles- ton and proceeded to Havanav5 service were the Ocmulges, St. Matthews, and William Gas- an> The William Gaston was taken al this run in 1854, and was then used as a river boat. She towed many rafts up and down the river, and it was a peculiarity of her captaln, Charles Willey, a soon as he rounded Commodore's Point or Grassy Point, which was usually late in the night, to begin to sound his whistle and keep it blowing until he had reached his landing, to the great annoyance of midnight sleepers in Jacksanvilie.' In 1851 two new steamers were put on the Savannah run -the Welaka and the Magnolia. The Magnolia ran only a short time, when her boiler exploded while she was off St. Simon's Island, Ga,. killing her captain, William T. McNelty. A few years later the Welaka was wrecked on the St. Johns bar. These vessels were replaced by the Seminole and the St. Johns, both of which likewise met with disaster, each in turn being burned at her dock at Jacksonville. The hull of the St. Johns was raised and rebuilt, and she ran on the same route until 1862; after the war she ran under the same of Helen Getty.' The last of the early boats built for this line was the St. Marys, in 1857 In February, 1864, the St. Marys, while leading cotton, was blockaded in McGirts Creek by the Fed- eral gunboat Norwich, and to prevent capture was sunk there by her crew She had escaped capture oa previous occa- sion by dodging into Trout Creek just as the United States gunboat that was looking for her came up the river. The St. Marys then came out, went down the river, and out to sea, boand for Nassau, N. P.' The St. Marys lay buried in McGirts Creek until March, 1865, when she woo raised, re- built., and eventually placed on her old run under the name of Nick King. The Charleston Steamers In 1851, the Florida began running regularly between Palatka, Jacksonville, and Charleston. Two years later the Carolina was put on, and in 1857, the Everglade, then the Cecile, and a short time before the war the Gordon and the Calhon. The Gordon became famous as the vessel on which the Confederate commissioners ran the blockade at Charles- ton and proceeded to Havana" service were the Oemulgee, St. Matthews, and William Gas- to.n' The William Gaston was taken off this run in 1854, and was then used as a river boat. She towed many rafti up and down the river, and it was a peculiarity of her captain, Charles Willey, as soon as he rounded Commodore's Point or Grassy Point, which was usually late in the night, to begin to sound his whistle and keep it blowing until he had reached his landing, to the great anuoyane of midnight sleepers in Jacksonville., In 1851 two new steamers were put on the Savannah run -the Welaka and the Masnala. The Magnolia ran only a short time, when her boiler exploded while she was off St. Simon's Island, Ga., killing her captain, William T. Mcelelty. A few years later the Welaka was wrecked on the St. Johns bar. These vessels were replaced by the Seminole and the St. Johns, both of which likewise met with disaster, each in turn being burned at her dock at Jacksonville. The hull of the St. Johns was raised and rebuilt, and she ran on the same route until 1862; after the war she ran under the name of Helen Getty0 The last of the early beats built for this line was the St. Marys, in 18571 in February, 1864, the St. Mary., while loading cotton, was blockaded in McGirts Creek by the Fed- eral gunboat Norwich, and to prevent capture was sunk there by her crew., She had escaped capture on a previous occa- sian by dodging into Trout Creek just as the United States gunboat that was looking for her came up the river. The St. Marys then came out, went down the river, and out to sea, bound for Nassau, N. P. The St. Marys lay buried in McGirts Creek until March, 1865, when she woo raised, re- built.' and eventually placed on her old run under the name of Nick King. The Charleston Steamers In 1851, the Florida began running regularly between Palatka, Jacksonville, and Charleston. Two years later the Carolina was put on, and in 1857, the Everglade, then the Cecile, and a short time before the war the Gordon and the Calhoun. The Gordon became famous as the vessel on which the Confederate commisioiners ran the blockade at Charles- ton and proceeded to Havana  60 HISTORY OF JACKSONILLE, FLORIDA 360 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 300 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA In 1860 a party of Jacksonville people bought a steamer with the intention of starting a line between Jacksonville and New York. This vesel, the FIlameau, was bought in the North. She was pat on the ways for repairs, but the war came on and the enterprie was abandoned, the stockholders losing what they had put into it. A Federal gunboat by this name operated in Southern waters during the ware and it is not improbable that she wan the same vessel that the Jack- sonville people had bought in 1860. In the early days, the steamera burned lightwood knots for fuel, and a great volume of dense black smoke was emitted from their stacks. Some idle person was generally on the lookost, and when the smoke of a steamer was seen, he would start the cry, "Steamboat, steamboat, coming round the point," when the inhabitants would collect at the wharf. to hear the latest news. The arrival of a steamer in those days was an event of much importanee After the War The Federal gunhoats swept the St. Johns clear of river steamboats, but when peace was declared a few of the old- timers found their way hark into the trade. The Darlington returned and was the pioneer boat on the river for many years. The Hattie Brook name back ; likewise the St. Johns, renamed Helen Getty, and the St. Marys, renamed Nick King? The Robert Lear was the first boat to Enterprise after the war. Soon other boats made their appearance, gradually increasing in numbers until in the early 1880's the river fairly swarmed with them, carrying passengers up and down the river or loaded to the gunwales with freight. The orange trees set out after the war on the estates up the river hlad game into full bearing, and as there were no railroads south of Jacksonville, this was a luerative business for the river boats. They played their part, and a most important one, too, in the development of Jacksonville, as they made the St, Johns River into a pulsating artery of trade, furnishing the only means of transportation for freight and passengers to a large portion of the peninsula. The spirit of rivalry among some of the steamboat lines developed a number of assenger boats the equal of those anywhere in the United States. The John Sylvester and the Syivan Glen were very fast boats belonging to different lines. In 1860 a party of Jacksonville people bought a steamer with the intention of startinga line between Jacksonville and New York. This vessel, the Flambeau, was bought in the North, She was put on the ways for repairs, but the war came on and the enterprise was abandoned, the stockholders losing what they had put into it/ A Federal gunboat by this name operated in Southern waters during the wae and it is not improbable that she was the same vessel that the Jack- sonville people had bought in 1860. In the early days, the steamers burned lightwood knots for fuel, and a great volume of dense blaek smoke was emitted from their stacks. Some idle person was generally on the lookeout, and when the smoke of a steamer was seen, he would start the cry, "Steamboat, steamboat, coming round the point" when the inhabitants would collect at the wharf, to hear the latest news. The arrival of a steamer in those days was an event of much importance.0 After the War The Federal gunoats swept the St. Johns clear of river steamboats, but when pear was declared a few of the old- timers found their way back into the trade. The Darlington returned and was the pioneer boat on the river for many years. The Hattie Brock name back; likewise the St. Johns, renamed Helen Getty, and the St. Marys, renamed Nick King The Robert Lear was the Sot boat to Enterprise after thewar. Soon other boats made their appearance, gradually coreasing in numbers until in the early l8i's the river fairly swarmed with them, carrying passengers up and down the river or loaded to the gunwales with freight The orange trees set out after the war on the estates up the river had come into full bearing, and as there were no railroads south of Jacksonville, this was a lucrative business for the river boats! They played their part, and a most important one, too, in the development of Jacksonville, as they made the St Johns River into a pulsating artery of trade, furnishing the only means of transportation for freight and passengers to a large portion of the peninsula, The spirit of rivalry among some of the steamboat lines developed a number of passenger boats the equal of those anywhere in the United States. The John Sylvester and the Sylvan Glen were very fast boats belonging to different lines. In 1860 a party of Jacksonville people bought a steamer with the intention of starting a line between Jacksonville and New York, This vessel, the Flambeau, was bought in the North. She was put on the ways for repairs, but the war ramseon sod the enterprise was abandoned, the stockholder losing what they had put into it A Federal gunboat by this same operated in Southern waters during the war' and it is not improbable that she was the same vessel that the Jack- senville people had bought in 1860. In the early days, the steamers burned lighrtwood knots for fuel, and great volume of dense black smoke was emitted fom their otacks. Some idle person was generally on the lookout, and when the smoke of a steamer was Been, he would start the cry, "Steamboat, steamboat, coming round the point," when the inhabitants would collect at the wharf, to hear the lateet news. The arrival of a steamer in those days was an event of much importance> After the War The Federal gunboats swept the St. Johns clear of river steamboats, but when peace was declared a few of the old- timers found their way back into the trade. The Darliaton returned and was the pioneer boast no the river for many years. The Hattie Brook name bark; likewise the St. Johns, renamed Helen Getty, and the St. Marys, renamed Nick King. The Robert Lear was the first boat to Enterprise after thewar. Soon other boats made their appearance, gradually increasing in numbers until in the early 1o8's the river fairly swarmed with them, carrying passengers up and down the river or loaded to the gunwales with freight The orange trees set sot after the war on the estates up the river had came into full bearing, and as there were no railroads south of Jacksonville, this was a lucrative business for the river boats., They played their part, and a most important one, too, in the development of Jacksonville, an they made the St. Johns River into a pulsating artery of trade, furnishing the only means of transportation for freight and passengers to a large portion of the peninsula. The spirit of rivalry among some of the steamboat lines developed a number of passenger boats the equal of those anywhere in the United States. The John Sylvester and the Sylvan Glen were very fast boats belonging to different lines,  HSTOfY OF JACKSONVILRE FLORA 361 HIST 07 JACKSONVILLE LORIDA 36 HISMTR 01 JACKSVILLE, FLORIA %i Their scheedule to Palatka was the same and earlh round-trp Yeas are from which they frequeantly returned only a few soennteo spont, The uoncron entered into the spirit of theserae with the greatest onthaoiasoo, and accunts of thene excit ng rincens, sotimee froms the pen of nation- ally prominent people, often atpeared in the Northern press>, We tend "Hundreds of people ge to the wharves to ace the stesaboatsnoff. Straxinfmsifll theairnandall isnhay und tootle, uTasthe minute hood of the clods raches the hoar of departusre, they are off; the male grown fater and fainter asit reedeso and the crow do return to tlhe fxohie- able prtmonado on Bay Street, to asoesoble ansa o the neot day. Everything wan done for the intermit and pleanare of the passengers, even the negro deck hands collectednat night to sote their qouaint, weird sons and lullabiesn for the entertainment of the teoriot.ohard>~ The Northern ceniter. retarned to their hornes carrying with them lasting dream- like recallections of thae. trips on tho historic St. Johns., With the tuilding of the railroads soathwnead from Jaris asnoIle the panneotwe boats, one hy one, snore tout away to other watera., The D. H. Mentn In 1865 the P. 1I. Mount siaro~ed cunning between New York and Jackoonvillbt an hernsecond voyage from New York she wan loot presumahlyoff flattras on October 2t, 1eeS. There wor 23 peros en honed bound for Florida, among them some promi nent joadcnoille peopde, including S. L. Saruitt, and Mrs. J. C. Get-Iy ad sms. Nothing was ever heart of ihe Mount and nil of her ns snemen pertahed0 The folloswing isounit of heats that have plied the St, Johnsesince the war4 Atesaetimeor another, oomeof these ton to worn attached to different lines, hence the dupiction of naes in the lint. JaekeeavilleSavnnWu Seavice Thin service was resumed after the clone of the war, The huns that ran on this line were Helen Getty (old .t Johns), bisies Baker, Sylvan Shore New, York-Haolem Their schedule to Palatka was the soa and each round-trip an sinace from which they freqenetly retamednonlysafew minutes apart The pasnguers entered hno the spirit of tesaes weith the greneot mnhotnion and dacant of theoe excitint'lcienots cnaccimes from the Pan of nation- ally prominent pesple, often appoened in the Northern pres.' We read "Bonreol of people go to the whasrves to weethe oteamboas off. Str-sioofoamusie ffl1 the air and all in horny nd hustle. Justuan the scionto hbond of the cdntl, rooches the hoar of depaurture, they are off; the madec grows fainter and fainter as it reedes and the crow do return to the fashion- able promenade on Bay Street te assemhle again the nest day", evryto woo don for the interest and plcaeere of the passengero, even tha new-o deck hands collected at nigcht b ontheie quint,oweird songsand lullnhiesnfor the entertinment of the touriotshoard.- The Northern visitorn retureled to their homes carrying with them lasting dream- like recollections of thone foipo on ths histoode St Jano,, With the tuilding of the railroads southward from Jiode- itlie the passescer brute, one by on. ere sent away to other raters> The D. H. Mused Io 1865 the D. hi. Mount started canning between New York and Jacksonsill, hat on her occond voyage from New York she woo loot preosumatbly off Hatteras son October 23, 1805. There were 22 persons anhoardhbound for lrid, among thaem some promainent Jacksonville people, secluding S, L,. Burrto, sod Mrs J. C. Greeley and son. Nothing want ever heard of the Mouint and oll of her passengers perished.0 The full owing is slist of hosts that hace plied the It. Johnsasince the warit At oem time or another, nosia of these hoots were attached to different linen. hee. the duplication of names in the lint. Jacknoclie-Sa can nh Service Thinsem acbt won reaumed after the lun of the war The hoists that ran on this line were Helmn Getty (old St. Johan), Liasie Baker, Sylvan Shore (New York-Hasrem Ther schedule to Palatka woo the same and each round-tip eaase from whieh they frequently returmed only a few minutes apart. The passengers entered into the spirit of thene races with thue greatest enthusiasm, cued accounts of these exciting cincidenot, someiimes frew the loan of notion- oily prominent people, often appeored in the Northern press. We read Hundreds of people go; to the wharves to iee the steamboats off. Strisofa music fill the air sod all is hurry eadhbuotle. Just asthe minute hand ofthe olsreahes the bose of departure, they are off; the music grows fain tereand fainter coo it recedes, and the a i-ad rotors to the faohiess able promenade on Say Street to ssremble again the neat day' V Everything woo done for the interest and plesuere af the pssenooro, eves the negaos deck hands collected at nighttoongtheir quaint, weirdnsongsoand lullasfofrthe entertoinment ef the tosriotoahboard; The Northern visitoec returned to their homes carrying with them looting dream- like recolleetions of theae trips on the historic St. Johns.i With the building of the railrondo southward dfrom Juek- asnille the poassenger hosts. cooe hy sune, wore neat away to at her wotioo. The Dl. H. 11...I In 1865 the Di. hi. Mount startedl canning between New York and Jaekonlville, sot son her ocesod voyage from New York she wan last, presumably cof Hatteras on October 23, 18i5, There wera 23 cocoons eon hoard hound for Florida, aong them som roiz 'sct. Jaelsocville peeple, inciudiog S. L. Serett and Mrs. J. C. Creeeyiand ann. Nothing was over hoed of the Meant aod all of her panoengers perished.0 thc followins a list of bat, that have plied the St. Julsaaiecthe warit Aten-,time ormsooter, nomreof these best. were attached to different boon, hoe.e the authoities of nmms in the list. Jscksvie-Snvouuh Service This sereice ws eu med after the dose of the war The Posto that ran oan this line were Helco Getty (old St. Johs), Liosie Baker, Sylvan Shore (New York-Harlem,  ..........  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA m8s HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 6S HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA m6S boat), and Nick King (old St. Marys)? This was alled the "Outside Line" and was discontinued when the "Inside Line" was inaugurated on October 19, 1877, the City of Bridgetown making the initial trip. Other boats of this line were: David Clark, Carrie, Darlioton, Katie, Reliance. Florida, St. Nicho- ls. This service was discontinued after several years of operation. Jacksonville.Chareston Line About the time the JacksonviBe-Savannah Outside Line was started aline was put on to Charleston. The first bosts were: Linie Baker, City Point, Dictator, Charleston These were followed by St. Johns, City of Palatka, City of Monti- cello (formerly City of Norfolk). The operation of the Jack- sonville-Charleston line continued until the Clyde New York- Jacksonville service started in 1886, Broek Line In 1867 the Brock Line of river boats was organized and included: Florence, Darlinton, Hattle Brock. After Cap- tain Brock's death some years later, his boats were mold in 1881 in the settlement of his estate) Pioneer Line When the Brook Line ceased the Pioneer automatically became the oldest line on the river' It was composed of small boats for service up the river: Arrow, Volusia, Fox, and Daylight. Defary-Baya Merchants Line The DeBary Line originated in 1876, when at the request of the public Frederick DeBary started the George K Bird as a paseunger boat between Enterprise and Jacksonville. Prior to this, Mr. DeBary, who owned a fine estate on Lake Monroe, used the George M, Bird as a transport for his horses and dogs up and down the river on hunting expedi- tions, or for fishing trips. The contract for carrying the mails was awarded to him in 1880, and two other steamboats were added, From time to time others were put on, until the DeBary Line constituted the largest on the river. boat), and Nick King (old St. Marys)? This was called the "Outside Line" and was discontinued when the "Inside Line" was inaugurated on October 19, 1877, the City of Bridgetown making the initial trip. Other boats of this line were: David Clark, Carrie, Darlington, Katie, Reliance, Florida, St. Nicho- las. This service was discontinued after several years of operation. Jacksonville-Charleston Line About the time the Jacksonville-Savasnnah Outside Line was started a line was put on to Charleston. The frst boats were: Lizic Baker, City Point, Dictator, Charleston. These were followed by St. Johns, City of Palatka, City of Mont, cello (formerly City of Norfolk). The operation of the Jack- sonvile-Charleston line continued until the Clyde New York- Jacksonville service started in 1886. Brock Line In 1867 the Brock Line of river boats was organised and included: Florence, Darlington, Hattie Brock. After Cap- tain Brock's death some years later, his boats were sold in 1881 in the settlement of his estate.' Pioneer Line When the Brock Line ceased the Pioneer automatically became the oldest line on the riverd It wos composed of small boats for service up the river: Arrow, Volusia, Fox, and Daylight. DeBary-Hay. Merchants Lne The DeBary Line originated in 1876, when at the request of the public Frederick Detary started the George M. Bird s a pasoenger boat between Enterprise and Jacksonville. Prior to this, Mr. DeBary, who owned a line estate on Lake Monroe, used the George K Bird as a transport for his horosa and dogs up and down the river on hunting expedi- tios, or for fishing trips. The contract for carrying the mails was awarded to him in 1880, and two other steamboats were added., From time to time others were put on, until the DeBary Line constituted the largest on the river. boat), and Nick King (old St. Marys)? This was called the "Outside Line" and was discontinued when the "Inside Line" was inaugurated on October 19, 1877, the City of Bridgetown making the initial trip. Other boats of this line were: David Clark, Carrie, Darlington, Katie, Relianee, Florida, St. Nicho- las. This service was discontinued after several years of operation. Jacksonville-Charleston Line About the time the Jacksonville-Savannah Outside Line was started a line was put on to Charleston. The flrt boats were: Loie Baker, City Point, Dictator, Charleston. These were followed by St. Johns, City of Palatka, City of Monti- celo (fornerly City of Norfolk). The operation of the Jack- snville-Charleston line continued until the Clyde New York. Jacksonville service started in 1886, Brock Line In 1867 the Brook Line of river boats wa organined and included: Florence, Darlington, Hattie Brock. After Cap- tain Brock's death some years later, his boats were sold in 1881 in the settlement of his estate. Pioneer Line When the Brock Line ceased the Pioneer automatically became the oldest line on the river.' It was composed of small boats for service up the river: Arrow. Volosia, Fox, and Daylight. Defary-Baya Merchants Line The DeBary Line originated in 1876, when at the request of the public Frederick DeBary started the George K. Bird ass passenger boat between Enterprise and Jacksonville. Prior to this, Mr. DeBary, who swned a fine estate on Lake Monroe, used the George K. Bird as a transport for his hores and dogs up and down the river on huating expedi- tons, or for fishing trips." The contract for carrying the mails was awarded to him in 1880, and two other steamboats were added. From time to time others were put on, until the DeBary Line constituted the largest on the river.  864 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 64 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 364 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA Captain H. T. Baya also had brought together a line of ne steamboats established in 1878, and the two lines came in close competition with each other. Thin brought about a consolidation in March, 1883, under the name of DeBary- Baya Merchants Line. The DeBary steamboats: Geo. M. Bird, Rosa, Fannie Duggan, Welaka, Everglade, Anita (formerly Florence), Frederick DeBary, City of Jacksonville, The Baya Line: Spitfre, Georges, Gaeloe, Water Lily. Pastime, Magnolia, Sylvan Glen, H. T. Soya. In the consolidation some of these boats were released to other linen. The Deliary-Baya lino was absorbed by the Clyde interests in June, 1889, and became the Clyde St. Johns River Line, The City of Jacksonville and the Frederick De- Bary were retained for this service. The DeBary was re- placed by the Osceola January 8, 1914.1 Jackoenville-Palatka Daylight Line Most of the boats of this line were fast beats for their day. The line was inaugurated in 1876, when the Hampton made the first trip. The boats from first to last were: Hamp- ton, General Sedoewick, J. B. Schuyler, Cygnus, George R. Kelsey, John Sylvester, Eliss Hancox, H. T. Baya. Sylvan Glen, Vigilant. People's (Plant System) Line Inaugurated in 1882, by the Plant System of Railways to connet the terminals at Jacksonville and Sanford. It was a fine fleet comprising: H. B. Plant (first all-steel steamer built in United States) ; Margaret (formerly Geo. R. Kelsey), Chattahoochee, Jennie Lane, H. B. Plant No. 2. When the railroad terminals were later connected by rail the passenger boats of the People's Line were taken off the run and sent elsewhere. Jack 1ville-Green Cove Springs Line EnterpriseMary Draper, Euphenoia, Port Royal, Flora. Captin Miller, Manatee, James E. Stevens, Florence Wither- bee, May Garner, Magnolia. Captain H. T. Baya also had brought together a line of fine steamboats established in 18078, and the two lines came in close competition with each other. This brought about a consolidation in March, 188, under the name of DeBary- Baya Merchants Line. The DBary eteamboats: Geo. M. Bird, Rosa, Fannie Duggan, Welaka, Everglade, Anita (formerly Florence), Frederick DeBary, City of Jacksonville. The Bayt Line: Spitfire, Georges, Gaselle. Water Lily, Pastime, Magnolia, Sylvan Glen, H. T. Baya. In the consolidation acme of these boats were released to other lines. The DeBary-Baya line was absorbed by the Clyde interests in June, 1889, and became the Clyde St. Johns River Line. The City of Jacksonville and the Frederick De- Bary were retained for thin servine. The DeBary was re- placed by the Oneeola January 8, 1914." Jacksonville-Palatka Daylight Line Most of the boats of this line were fast bots for their day. The line was inaugurated in 1H76, when the Hampton made the first trip. The boats from first to last were Hae, ton, General Sedgewick, J. B. Schuyler, Cygnus, George R. Kelsey, John Sylvester, Elica Hancox, H. T, Bays, Sylvan Glen, Vigilant People's (Plant System) Line Inaugurated in 1888, by the Plant System of Railways to connect the terminals at Jacksonville and Sanford. It was a fine fleet comprising: H. B. Plant (first all-steel steamer built in United States); Margaret (formerly Geo. R. Kelsey), Chattahoochee, Jennie Lane, 11. B. Plant No. 2. When the railroad terminals were later connected by rail the passenger boats of the Peoplls Line were taken off the run and sent elsewhere. Jacksnvile- Green Cove Springs Line Enterprise,-'ary Draper, ephenda. Port Royal, Flora, Capin Miller, Manatee, James E. Stevens, Florence Wither- be, May Garner, Magnolia. Captain H. T. Baya also had brought together aline of fine steamboats established in 1878, and the two lines came in close competition with each other. This brought about a consolidation in March, 1883, under the name of DeBary- Baya Merchants tie. The DeRary steamboats: Geo. M. Bird, Rosa, Fannie Duggan, Welaka, Everglade, Anita (formerly Florence), Frederick DeBary, City of Jacksonville. The Baya Line: Spitfire, Georgea, Ganelle, Water Lily, Pastime, Magnolia, Sylvan Glen, H. T, Baya. In the consolidation some of these boats were released to other lines. The DeBary-Baya line was absorbed by the Clyde interests in June, 1889, and became the Clyde St. Johns River Line. The City of Jacksonville and the Frederick De- Bary were retained for thio service. The DeBary was re- placed by the Osceola January 8. 1914, Jacksonville-Palatlka Daylight Line Most of the boats of this line were fact boats for their day. The line was inaugurated in 1876, when the Hampton made the first trip. The boats from first to last were: Hamp. ton, General Sedgewick, J. B. Schuyler Cygnus, George R, Selsey, John Sylvester, Elias Hancox, H. T. Baya, Sylvan Glen, Vigilant. People's (Plant System) Line Inaugurated in 1883, by the Plant System of Railways to ronneet the terminals at Jacksonville and Sanford, It was a fie fleet comprising: H. B. Plant (first all-steel eteamer built in United States) ; Margaret (formerly Go. R, Relsey), Chattahoochee, Jennie Lane, H. B. Plant No. 2. When the railroad terminals were later connected by rail the passenger boats of the People's Line were taken off the run and sent elsewhere. Jack nyile-Green Cove Springs Line Enterporise, , Draper, Euphemis, Port Royal, Flora, Cappin Miler, Manatee, James E, Stevens, Florence Wither, bee, May Garner, Magnolia.  HISOR OF JACSONVILLE, FLORDA 36 HISTOR OF JACKSONVILLE, LORIDA m6ITR OF70 JACKONVILuE, FLORIA m Ja lnsnrlle-Crescent City Line Flora. Bupherian, Erie, Crescent City (formerly Barry Hill). Governr Safford, Georges, Pilot Boy, Crescent, CIff- ton, Cliveden, Attinm. Star. Palatka-Crescent City Line Escort, Princees, tavinia, Mary Draper Harry Lee, Put- suam. Comet Rulalia. Sprier Garden Le Clifton, Daylight Picolat, City of Georgetown, Spring Giarden. Jackosoville-New Srmyrna Line (Outside) Greenwich, Fearleaa, Athlete. Jackonville-Middleberg Line Twilight, Pioneer, Gertrude Dudley, Beck. Jacelsonville-Moyport-Fort George Talon. Line Edith, Rockeaway, Silver Spring, Mary Draper, City of Brunswick, Pope Catlin, Raport, Kete Spencer David Kemps, May Corner, Thi. ollier II, Mabel F.,, Gazelle, Water Lily, Falcon, Deatie, Nall. River Tugs and Tow Bfoats laoder, Cracker Boy. Flora Temple, Roan , Mary Stew- Ard, Magnct, Louie, Homer Twilight, Trojn, H. M. C. Smuith, Philadelphia, Robert Turner, Ruby, Neptune, The Barnett, Sadie, Maoa, Rowland, Ruth E., L. B. Pelton, St. Johns, Velonteer Lavinia, Bertha Mitts, Cadillac, Frank, R.I. g Mabey, Oyster Bo, Seth Low, J. E. Stevens, Kate Spener Adnmiral Dewey, Thre Friendss (gained wide hote- riety as Cuban fillibuster), Masrotte, llieay'e, Godfrey tKeetsler, Billow, Annie B., Kate Cannon, Bullfrog, Arctic, I. R. Staples, Dauntless (famous fillhooter), Alexander Junes, Macold, S. S. Brewater, Martha Melon, Bsna Cord, Redwing, Katherine, Catherine G., Sadie, Topper. Jaeknnville-Creace..t City tine Flora, Eupeging Erie, Groeren City (formerly Barry 1Bill), Governor Safford, Georges, Pilot Boy, Crescent, Clhf- ton, Clveden Attaquuin, Star. Pelatka-Creacent Ciuy Line Escort Princs s, Lavinia. Mary Draper Hary Leem Poet- 11am, Comet, Eulalis. Spring Garden tine Clifton, Daylight, Picolata. City of Georgetewn, Spring Garden. Jaeksonville-N'ew Smoyrna tine (Outaide) Greenwich. Fesron, Athlete. Suckssnville-Middlelsnrg Line Twilight Pioneer Gertrtde Dudley, Beck Jaekaenvdlle-Mtypocl-Fort George talon Line Edith, Rackaway, Silver Spring. Mary Draper, City of Brunswick, Pope Catlin, Stayport, Kate Spencr, David Ramps, May Garner Thou. Collier 11, Mabel F., Gazell, Water Lily, Falcon, Macsic. Nell. River Tusansud Tow Boats Islander, Cracker Boy, Foa Temple, Rea B, Mary Bow- ord, Magnet, Louse, Homer Twilight, Trojan, H. M. C. Smith Philadelphia, Robert Torneor, Ruby, Neptune, The Barnett, Sadie, Boo-Boo, Howllacid, Ruth E., L. B. Pelson, St. Johns, Volunteer Lavinsi, ilertha Ritta, Cadillac, Frank, R. L. Maboy, Oyster May, Seth Low, J. K, Stevens, Mate Spae, Admiral Dewey, Three Friends (gained wide noto- riety as Cuban Minister), Reacotte, llispouse, Godfrey Keehler Billow, Annie B., Kate Cannoin, Bullfrog, Arctic, L, R. Staples, Dtanils. tfamnoos fflihooter), Alaender Jones, Marold, S. S. Browster, Martna Htalen, Rena Cord, Redwing, Katherine, Catherine C., Sadie, Topper. Jacksonille-Creecent City Llae Flora Igachria, Erie, Crescent City (formerly Barry Hill), Oveernor Safford, Goorgma, Pilot Boy, Crescent, Clif- ton. Cileden, Attasuin, Star. Palatka-Creecent Cloy Line Escort, Princeso, Lavinia, Mary Draper, Harry Lee, Put- roam, Comet, Eulalia, Spins Garden tine Clifton, Daylight, Picolaca, City of Georgetown, Spring Garden. Jackaonville-New Smyruna line (Outende) Greenwich, Fearleso, Athlete. Jsclienvoille-Middlebnrg Line Twilight Pioneer, Gertrude Dudley, Bek Jaeksonville-Marpncl-Fr Gge halned Line Edith, Rackeaway, Silver Spring, Mary Draper City of Brunswick, Pope Catlin, Rapport Kate Spncuer, David Kecoso, May Garner, Than. Colier II, Mabel F0., Gazelle, Water Lily Falcon, Foos, Nell. River Toga end Tow Bat. unlander, Cracer Boay, Floss Temple, Rosa 11, Harp Bow- ar, Magnet, Louise, Homer, Twilight, Trojan, M. H, C. Smith, Philadelphia, Robert Tarnr, Ruby, Neptune, The Bornett, Sadie, Meo-OHoo Howland, Ruth En, t. B. Pelton, St. Joms, Volunteer, lhavnil, Blertha Ritta, Cadillac, Frank, R. L. Mbabey, Oyster Boy, Seth Low, J. . Stevens, Mate Spencer, Admiral Dewey, Three Friendo (gained wide noto- riety ea Cuban fihuater), lidacette, I'Omyoe, Godtrery Keehier, Billow, Annie H., Kate Cannon, Bullfrog, Arctic, I. R. Staples, Dauntless (famos filbuster), Alexander Jones, Harold, S. S. Brewster Martha Belen, Moa Cord, Redwing. Katherine Catherine GS., Sadie, Topper.  86m HISTORY OF JACONILLE, FLORIDA 86 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORImA 366 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA Independent Seata Camesi, Chesapeake, Clayton, Belle of the Coast Emmit Small, Farmer, Governor Worth, Lawrence, Mermaid, My- tic, Missoe, Orange Maid, Queen of the St. Johns, Santee, Sappho, Swan, Tho. Collier 1, U. S. Grant, W. T. Wheeless. Ocklawaka River Boats These were strange craft built expressly for navigation on the Ocklawaha River, They were propelled by a small recess wheel built in the stan to protect it from snags, and it is probable that no such construction was used anywhere else in the world. The boats were: Okahumkee, Forrester, Tuakawilla, Osceola, Marion, Ocklawaha, Alligator, Aatatula, Ixle Boy, Mary Howard, Matemora, Silver Spring, Wekiwa, Waunita, Hiawatha. Ferryboas at Jackanolfle The Topsy and the Fanny Fern were ferryboats running to different landings near Jacksonville in the late 1860's and early 187a0'& The Louise was a ferry connecting railroad terminals at Tocei and West Tocae; afterward between Jack- sonville and the J. M. P. Railway terminus at Arlington. Uncle Sam was the car ferry between Jacksonville and the terminus of the J., St. A. & H. R. Railway at South Jack- sonville, The regular steam ferry boats between Jacksonvilla and South Jacksonville in the order of their service were: Arms- mear, Mechanic, Ravenswood, Conmdnre Barney, Duval, DIxIeland (small naphtha), South Jacksonville. Nearly all of the St. Johns River boats became famous locally in one way or another; some had a wider sphere of celebrity, and a few were known throughout the United States, The fate of a large number of them was one of dia- eater and their renains lie scattered from the bar to the far upper reaches of the river and along the coast from Bramns- wick to New Smyrna. When the waterfront of South Jack- sonville was bulheaded and filled in, the remnants of many of them were covered up, as that was a favorite dumping- ground for those worn out in service. All left a history is terwoven with romance-the romance of the St. Johns River, Independent Hets Camsi, Chesapeake, Clayton, Belle of the Coast, Enmmit Small. Farmer, Governor Worth, Lawrence, Mermaid, Mys- tic, Misoe, Orange Maid Queen of the St. Johns, Santee, Sappho, Swan, Thus. Collier I, U. S. Grant, W. T. Wheeless. Ocklawaa River Hoats These were strance craft built expressly for navigation as the Ocklawaha River. They were propelled by a small recess wheel built in the stern to protect it from snags, ad it is probable that no such conatroction was used anywhere else in the world. The boats were: Okahumakee, Forrester, Tuskawilla, Osceola, Marion, Ocklawaha, Alligator, Astatula, Lole Boy, Mary Howard. Matemra, Silver Spring, Wekiwa. Waunita, Hiawatha Ferryboats atJacksonvillse The Topsy and the Fanny Fern were ferryboats running to different landings near Jacksonville in the late 1860's and early 1870's.? The Louise was a ferry connecting railroad terminals at Tccoi and West Toca; afterward between Jack- aanville and the J. M. P. Raiway terminus at Arlington. Uncle Sam was the car ferry between Jacksonville and the terminus of the J., St. A. & H. R. Railway at South Jack- sooville' The regular steam ferry boats between Jacksonville and South Jacksonville in the order of their service were: Arn- mear, Mechanic, Ravenewood, Commodore Barney, Duval, Dixieland (small aphtha), South Jacksonville. Nearly all of the St. Johns River boats became famous locally in one way or another; some had a wider aphere of celebrity, and a few were known throughout the United States. The fate of a large number of them was one of dis- aster and their remains lie scattered from the bar t the far upper reaches of the river and along the coast from Brune- wick to Now Smyrna. When the waterfront of South Jack- sonville was bulkheaded and filled in, the remnants of many of them were covered up, as that was a favorite dumping- ground for those worn out in service. Al left a history in- terwoven with romance-the romance of the St. Johns River. Independent Beats Carsa, Chesapeake, Clayton, Belle of the Coast, Emmit Small, Farmer, Governor Worth, Lawrence, Mermaid, Mys- tic, Miseoe, Orange Maid, Queen of the St. Johns, Santee, Sappho. Swan. Thos. Collier I, U. S. Grant. W, T Wheeles,. Ocklawaha River Boats These were strange craft built expressly for navigation on the Ocklawaha River. They were propelled by a smal recess wheel built in the stern to protect it from onags, and it is probable that no such construction was used anywhere else in the world. The boats were: Okahumkee, Forrester, Tuskawilla, Osceola, Marion, Ocklawaha, Alligator, Astatula, Inle Boy, Mary Howard, Matemors, Silver Spring, Wekiwa, Wannita, Hiawatha Ferryboats at Jaselunville The Topsy and the Fanny Fern were ferryboats running to different landings near Jacksonville in the late 1i's and early 1870s The Louise was a ferry connecting railroad terminals at Tecoi and West Tacoi; afterward between Jack- sonville and the J. M. P. Ralway terminus at Arlington. Uncle Sam was the ear ferry between Jacksonville and the terminus of the J., St. A. & H. R. Railway at South Jack- sonvilile The regular steam ferry boats between Jacksnville and South Jacksonville in the order of their service were: Arms- mear, Mechanic, Ravenawood, Commodore Barney, Duval, Dixieland (small naphtba), South Jacksonville. Nearly all of the St. Johns River boats became famous 1swe1y In one way or soother; some had a wider sphere of celebrity, and a few were known throughout the United States. The fate of a large number of them was one of dis- aster and their remains lie scattered from the bar to the far upper reaches of the river and along the coast from Bruns- wick to New Smyrna. When the waterfront of.South Jack- sonville was bulkheaded and filled in, the remnante of many of them were covered up, as that was a favorite dumping- ground for those worn out in service. All left a history in- terwoven with romance-the romance of the St. John River.  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, PORIDA U67 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 887 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE. FLORIDA 87 The Mallory Line in 1878, the government began dredging work at the mouth of the river to deepen the channel at the bar. With this improvement the Mallory Line opened a steamer service to Jacksonville, on November 5. 1878, when the Western Texas came in. This was the largest vessel that had.ever entered the river up to that time and her arrival was marked by a great celebration in Jacksonville. The completion of the Fernandina & Jacksonville railroad in 1881 caused the abandonment of the service in April of that year. The steamer engaged in the Jacksonville service were: Western Texas, City of Dallas, City of San Antonio.i Clyde Line Passenger Servics, The trot steamer of the Clyde Line, the Cherokee, Cap- tain Leo Vogel, steamed up the river Thanksgiving Day, November 25, 1886, amidst the boom of Wilson's battery and a boisterous welcome by river eraft. The arrival of the big steamer was celebrated by a banquet and a general jubilee. The line opened with one ship a week, the Cherokee and the Seminole being assigned for this purpose. The Seminole's fret arrival was on December 1, 188. During the yellow fever epidemic of 1888, the Clyde sefv- ice was discontinued for three months. At its close in De- comber, the service-was resumed and two new ships were added, the Iroquois and the emanssee, with a schedule of two sailings a week. TheDelawarew assignedtothe Jackson- vile service for the winter of 1889-90, and a schedule ofthree sailings a week was maintained- during that winter. The Algonqin was built and placed in the service, her first ar- rival being on October 8, 1890. The Comanehe arrived on December 7, 1895. These addilons gave Jaclsnville a per- manent schedule of three sailings a week to Charleston sod New York. In 1901, the Apache and the Arapahos were both boit and placed on the line, the Apache arriving onl her maiden voyage June 22, and the Arapahoe on August 6. In 1908. the Huron woo converted from a freighter and placed on the passenger run for a number of years. Then the Mo- hawk came, making her first entrance ointo port November 10, 1908, just 20 yeare after the Inaugration of the serm ie and again the occasion was celebrated. Last in the list was The Mallory Line In 1878, the government began dredging work at the mouth of the river to deepen the channel at the bar. With this improvement the Mallory Line opened a steamer service to Jacksonville, on November 6, 18078, when the Western Texas came in. This was the largest vessel that had.ever entered the river up to that time and her arrival was marked by a great celebration in Jacksonville. The completion of the Fernandina & Jacksonville railroad in 1881 caused the abandonment of the service in April of that year. The steamers engaged in the Jarkoanville service were: Western Texas, City of Dallas, City of San Antonio ' Clyde Line Psasemager Service The fret steamer of the Clyde Line, the Cherokee, Cap- tain Leo Vogel, steamed up the river Thanksgiving Day, November 25, 1886, amidst the boom of Wilson's battery and a boiteros welcome by river craft. The arrival of the big steamer was celebrated by a banquet and a general jubiee. The line opened with one ship a week, the Cherokee and the Seminole being assigned for this purpose. The Seminole's iret arrival was on December 1,1886. During the yellow fever epidemic of 1888, the Clyde sefv- ice was discontinued for three mnaths. At its close in De- cember, the service was resumed and two new ships were added, the Iroquois and the Yemnasee, with a schedule of two sings a week. TheDelaware wasasigned to the Jackson- ville service for the winter of 1889-90, and a schedule of three sailings a week woa maintained during that winter. The Algonquin was built and placed in the service, her first ar- rival being on October 8, 1890. The Comanche arrived on December 7, 1895. These additions gave Jacksonville a per- manent schedule of three sailings a week to Charleston and New York. In 1901, the Apache and the Arapahoe were both built and placed on the line, the Apache arriving on her maiden voyage June 22, and the Arapahoe on August 6. In 1900, the Huron was converted from a freighter and placed on the passenger run for a number of years. Then the Mo- hawk come, making her first entrance Into port November 10, 1908, just 20 years after the inauguration of the service, and again the occasion was celebrated. tast in the list wae The Mallory Line In 1878, the government began dredging work at the mouth of the river to deepen the channel at the bar. With thin improvement the Mallory Line opened a steamer service to Jacksonville, on November 5. 1878, when the Western Texas came in. This was the largest vessel that had~ever entered the river up to that time and her arrival was marked by a great celebration in Jacksonville. The completion of the rornandina & Jacksonville railroad in 1881 coused the abandonment of the service in April of that year The steamers engaged in the Jacksonville service were: Western Texas, City of Dallas, City of San Antonio., Clyde Line Passenger Service' The irot steamer of the Clyde Line, the Cherokee, Cap- tain Leo Vogel, steamed up the river Thanksgiving Day, November 25, 1886, amidst the boom of Wilson's battery and a boisterous welcome by river craft The arrival of the big steamer was celebrated by a banquet and a general jubilee. The line opened with one ship a week, the Cherokee and the seminole being assigned for this purpose. The Seminole's first arrival was on December 1,1886. During the yellow fever epidemic of 1888, the Clyde seie- ice wan discontinued for three months. At its close in De- cember, the servicawas resumed and two new ships were added, the Iroquois and the Yemassee, with a schedule of two ailions a week. The Delaware woa ssaigoed tothe Jackson- ville service for the winter of 1889-90, and a schedule of three soilings a week was maintained during that winter. The Algonquin was built and placed in the service, her first ar- rival being on October 8, 1890. The Comanche arrived on December 7, 1895. These additions gave Jacksonville a per- manent schedule of three sallingo a week to Charleston and New York. In 1901, the Apache and the Arapahoe were both built and placed on the line, the Apache arriving on her maiden voyage June 22, and the Arapahoe on August 5. Is 1905, the Huron was converted from a freighter and placed an the pmaenger run for a number of years. Then the Mo- hawk came, making her first entrance loin port November 10, 1908, just 20 years after the Inauguration of the service, and again the occasion was celebrated. Last in the list was  368 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 368 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 368 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA the Lenape, the queen of the fleet; her first arrival was on Jannary 24, 1918. For years the Clyde Line maintained two docks at Jack. envlte, one at the foot of Hogan Street and the other at Washington Street. The Hogan Street pier was burned September 15, 1889, but was rebuilt and enlarged. These piers becoming inadequate, nearly two blocks of riverfrent between Washington and Market Streets were acquired, and on July 7, 1910, the preliminary work on new terminals was begun. These piers, each 150x45 feet, were constructed at a cost of $500,000 complete. They were opened May 15, 1911, with the docking of the Arapahe. Docking for ai ships at a time is afforded. Two of these piers were greatly damaged by fire April B. 1917, entailing a loss of $189,000; they were immediately rebuilt. The Clyde Line has been an important factor in the growth and development of Jackson- ville. Merchants and Miners Line, The announcement early in 1909, that the Merchants and Miners Transportation Company had decided to extend its Baltimore-Savannah line to Jacksonville, created a great deal of interest here. The service was opened with the arrival ofthe Merrimackon June21.1909. J.C.Whitney,president. and other high oflicials of the company were aboard; they were given a banquet by the Board of Trade, and the oc- casion was celebrated in other ways with much enthusiasm. The service opened with three sailing.s week, the first vessels arriving: Merrimack, June 21; Cretan, June 22; Is- dian, June 25; Chatham, June 27; Itaca, June 29. The Itoca was supplanted by the Parthian, which arrived on July 13, 1909. A series of mishaps befell the M. & M. ships in 1910. The Chatham, while attempting to enter the river in a dense fog, went on the north jetty January 14, 1910, and beeame a total wreck; there was no lass of life. The Quantico, taking the place of the Chatham, ras on a sand-bar near Mayport on her maiden voyage January 26, 1910; she was floated off on the nexttidewithoutdamage. On February 16,1910, theParthian rammed and sank the steamer Magic City off Pilot Town. There have been no accidents to the ships of this service uinea then. the Lenape, the queen of the fleet; her frst arrival was on January 24, 1913. For years the Clyde Line maintained two docks at Jack- sonville, osne at the foot of Hgan Street and the tther at Washington Street. The Hogan Street pier was burned September 15, 1889, tot was rebuilt and enlarged. These piers becoming inadequate, nearly two blocks of riverfront between Washington and Market Streets were acquired, and on July 7, 1910, the preliminary work on new terminals was begun. These piers, each 150x450 feet, were constructed at a coat of $500,000 complete. They were opened May 15, 1911, with the docking of the Arapahoe. Docking for sic ships at a time is afforded. Two of these piers were greatly damaged by fire April B, 1917, entailing a los of $189,000; they were immed'itely rebuilt. The Clyde Line has been an important factor in the growth and development of Jackson. ville. Merchants and Miners Lie The announcement early in 1909, that the Merchants and Miners Transportation Company had decided to extend its Baltimore-Savannah line to Jacksonville, created a great deal of interest herr. The seice was opened with the arrival of the Merrimack on June 21, 1909, J.C. Whitney, president, and other high aficials of the company were aboan; they were given a banquet by the Board of Trade, and the ore ean was celebrated in other ways with much enthusiasm, The service opened with three sailings a week, the first vessels arriving: Merrimack, June 21; Cretan, June 22; in- dian, June 25; Chatham, June 27; Itaseca, June 29. The Itasca was supplanted by the Parthion, which arrived on July 13, 1909. A series of mishaps befell the M. & M. ohips in 1910. The Chatham, while attempting to entec the river ins dense fog, went on the north jetty January 14, 1910, and beeame a total wreck; there was no lass of life. The Quantico, taking the place of the Chatham, ran on a sand-bar near Mayport on her maiden voyage January 26, 1910; she was floated off on the nexttidewithoutdamage. On February16,1910theParthian rammed and sank the steamer Magic City off Pilot Town. There have been no accidents to the ships of this service since then. the Lanape, the queen of the fleet; her frst arrival was on January 24, 1918. For years the Clyde Line maintained two docks at Jack- sonville, one at the foot of Hgan Street and the other at Washington Street. The Hogan Street pier was burned September 15, 1889, but was rebuilt and enlarged. These piers becoming inadeauate, nearly two blocks of riverfrnt between Washington and Market Streets were acquired, and on July 7, 1910, the preliminary work as new terminals was begun. These piers, each 150x450 feet, were constructed at a cost of $100,000 complete. They were opened May 15. 1911, with the docking of the Arapaho. Docking for six ships at a time is afforded. Two of these plier were greatly damaged by fire April 8, 1917, entailing a loss of $189,000; they were immediately rebuilt. The Clyde Line has been an important factor in the growth and development of Jackson- ville. Merchants and Miners Line, The annoncement early in 1909, that the Merchants and Miners Transportation Company had decided to extend its Baltimore-Savannah line to Jacksonville, created a great deal of interest here. The service was opened with the arrival of theMerrimack on June 21,1909. J.C.Whitney,president, and other high offcials of the company were aboard; they were given a banquet by the Board of Trade, and the oc- eaion was celebrated in other ways with much enthusiasm. The service opened with three ailings a week, the first vessels arriving: Merrimack, June 21; Cretan, June 22; In- dian, June 25; Chatham, June 27; Itasca, June 29. The Itaeca was supplanted by the Parthian, which arrived on July 13, 1909. A aeries of mishaps befell the M. & M. ships in 1910. The Chatham, while attempting to enter the river in a dense fog, went on the north jetty January 14, 1910, and beeame a total wreek; there was no loss of life. The Quantics, taking the place of the Chatham, ran on a sand-bar near Mayport on her maiden voyage January 26, 1910; she was ficated off en the nexttidewithoutdamage. OnFebruary 16,1910,theParthian rammed and sank the steamer Magie City off Pilot Town. There have been no aceidents to the ships of this service since then.  HISORY OF JACKSONItLLE, FLORIDA m HISTORY O7 JACKSONVILE, FL0RIDA m6 HISTORY OF JACKSONVULL, FLORIDA m6 Early in 1911 the M, & M. terminals on East Bay Street ner Hogan Creek were religed and on May 27, 1911, the Jacksonville-Philadelphia lie was opened with the arrival of the Berkshire, This service was soned with the Berkshire ad the Lexington; in the winter the Indian was added, pro- viding two sailings at week is Philadelphia, which in 1912 was sce ased to thre and with three sailimgm to Baltimore, she ps. & M. pravided six caiding, a week from Jacksonville. Amesng the ships that have had regular service hetween Jacleoprille nd Plaltismore acid Philadelphia may hemes tinned: Merrimacke Cretan, Indian, Chsathamo, Trank., Par- thian, Quantlco, Eases, Lexington, Succesnee, Somerset, Ilerkahire Tesens Fredorick, Persian, Dosrchester, Onta. Nantucket, Powhatan, Coeetr Juanita, Allegheny. Fate of Sense of the St. Johns Mtyer Bootne Adcses Iesa-Wrecked as the Florida neast coast. Aae -Went North in1889and wsburned atBsstn. Armansin -Burned aialatka, where she was running as a ferroatr at the time . elero-Sank at teeth Jacksonville. Aahiel- Burned en route is New Smyrna February 12, 1896. Bele lfOss Casw-Bmm~od at Careollton, La.. January 8, 1897. Berts Ries-Burned sif Black Paint February 25, 1911. Csilhts-Sank at Palaika. CasensiB annd at Pslstka, Jan- nary 26. 1594, Cehberie ..-,Sanka save Palatka. Ciay of BRose,-, ..Calsht Ore at her dote at Maylport, 1t98; was. cat loose, drifted up is St. Johts Bluff, where she sunk, Cay ofj .eaeohee.ve-Wrecked at Porismeuth, N. C.. Selstember 19, 1899; was afterwasd reelsassed and put hack into service. say of Sssar,-Bucned sif Poist Lavinta at 4 a. co. April 24, 1882, with loe ef eight lives. Coesse-Sauk at Crescent City. Ceesesdoe Bsree-Sank at her al is ai fast of Newnan Street in Sepltembsher, 19501; remained there several months; wa raised. toed oear to the railroad bridge, where herrDecadn. now lie. D-oriees-Carcrrtlosed by boiler explosion near Savannah. b-al Clsei-.Bnrnd at Fernn October 7, 1889. Daniel Ceqa-Burned on Black Creek June 18, 1897. Es~r5-Burned near Palatka £spheseiatranded use shoren of Pans's Lake, where her halh was in evidence many years, Ceegld-Burnsd at Jacksanville. lessee Daeeas-Stratded in Lake Monroe is 1815. Feereon, litheeee-What to New Owneenn; struck a snag, sank and was left on the bottom. Early in 1911 the Me. & 1f. terminials on East Bay Street near Hugans Crack were anlar gad and an May M7,1911, the Jack...osiile-Philadelphia line was opened with the arrival of lice Berkshire. this service was opesed with the Berkshire and the Lexisgto; in the winter the Indian was added, pro- viding two sailings a week to Philadelphia, which in 1912 wan iceseed to three, and with three Palliegs to Baltisnoe thec M.I & M. provided nix sailings a weak from Jacksonville. Amng ths shies that have had regminr service beiween Jaksanvile and Bltimsore and Philadelphia may be mn- tioesd: Merrimack, Cretan, Indian. Chathaun, tiek", Par. thia, Qasico, Eases, Lexington, Suwanee, Sanlerset Berkshire, Tucson, Frederick, Persian, Dosrchester, Ontario Nantucket, Powhatan, Glancestor, Juanina, Allegheny. Fate of Senme of the St. John. River Diatne .dleasedserae-Wrecked on the Florida east csast. Aoita -Wept North is 1989 and was burned at Bston. Aroessear -Boned at Palatkao, where she wast running as a ferryboat at the time. Arroc- Sa at Soth JPacksonville. Askiel- Burned on reuts to New Smyrna February 12, 1Sf0. Belle a; tie L~e-liorod at Carrollton, La., January 8, 1897. Seribs Pies-Bu'rood ott Black Paint February 29, 1911. C.Adulle-Sasik at Palatka. CasseasiBod at Palatka. Josu- nary 26, 189d. Cenierise G.-Sank above Palatka. Clas. al Brwsake--Csuglt fire at her dock at Meaysot, 1898; was cat boose, drifted op to St Jones Bluff, where shoe s ars, City cask.. Jsbslle-Wreked at Poasmovoth. N. C., September I1.,1899; was sfterwnard reclaimed sod put hack into service Cist of Ssnfmee-Boed off Point LaVinta at 4 a. Os. April 24. 1892. with laso of eigho liven. C.s o.Sank at Crscnt City. Csmeod-,e Baroep--Sank at her alp, at fesi of New-.n Street in Septemsber, 1001; remained there several months; was raised towed over to the railroad bridge, whore her remains nw lie, Dn ta-sareer lsows by huller explosion na Savoonsac. Dosed Clara-Eared at Ferosodisa October 7. 189 Drooil Remep-Burnsd on Black Creek Juns 18, 189n, Esesre-huneider Palatkn. Eophseoo-tranddonshires of rlonna Lake, where her hall wsineevidence maNayear. Eserglah-Brnsd at Jascksonviile fiesei ge Daae traoded in take Monroe in 1985. Fearsee Wiiherben-Went to New Orleas struck a snag, sank and was left on the bottom. Early in 1911the M. & M terminals onuEastsBayStreet ear Eisan Crcek were enlarged and en May 27, 1911 the Jacksonville-Philadelpohis line seas opened with the arrival of the Berkshe This srcews opened with the Berkshire and the Lexington; ip thc winter tho Indian was added, pro aiding two sailing. a week is Philadelphia, which in 1912 was incred to three, and with three sailings to Baltimore the hI.& Mt provided six sailings aweek from JPackaoeville, Amose the shipe that have had regular service between Jackasonville and lealtimoore aced Philadelphia may be Boa. tioned:. Mererimek, Cretan, Indian, Chatham, tans", Par- thiss, Qosanico, Essex Lexington, Seowane, Reaiert Berkshire, Tuesen, Frederick, Prmnan, orheoter, Ontario, Nantucket, Powbata Gloe t.er, Juanita, Allegheny Fate of Sense of the St. Johns RIver Bodts Alesser !ae-Wrecked en the Florida mat coast Asiea *-Wst Nortlinlsss9and waa burned at Briton. sAeawr -oroed at Platka, whoe'e she was running s a ferryboat at the time. Ares-Sank at Sooth .laonvile, Askioe- Barned den rests e to New Smyrna February 12. 1886. Befit ,I oh, Casse-Burned at Carrollton, La., January 8, 1897. Bdrshi Romee-Bupned sit Black Point February 26, 1911. enaulo-Sankoat Palaik. Canssei-Bucoed at Palatka, Jan- uary 28, 1994 Cesius, 0.-Sank save Palatka. Citye sj Brnuo'-Caasls Ireat her dark at Mayprt 1898; was eat loose drifted oip in St. Johns Bluff, where she sank. City of Jaebis.soileWrecked at Perutem.nta, N. C., September 19, 1899;l wan afterward reclaimted cod put hack into service. esy cef $eafsd-Bscoed alt Point LaVinta at 4 a. o,. April B4E 1882, with lass of eight lives. Csoms.-Sank at Crescent City. Caomser Beas-Sank at her slip at feet of Newnan Street in Septenoher, 1901; remained there Ssversi months; ws rised, teived seer in the railroad bridge, where her remain new lie. DBsiase-Csreer clssed by holler exploson pear Savasnab. DewOW Clsek-Borne at Fernandina October 7, 1880 Dec11 Ais-Burned on Black Creek June 18. 1897. darws-Burned near Palatka. BephtesiStrndod on shores of Dann's Lake, where herha bul wa in evidence Maney years. Eeeglssb-durnedat Jacksonville, ;sxaDaaass-Stranded in Lake Monroe in 185. Flarseoe saioherbe-Went to New Orleas s truck a snag, ank and was left on the bottom  390 inuL4Tfl OF JACKSONVILE, SISWA 340 HSsR OF lACD8OfltLI. FMamA 340 UISR OF JACKSONVILLE FLORIDA fodio" D,&,ryBurmwd at her Laura Street slip December 3, 1883; was rebuilt; finally went to Tampa and renamed City of Tampa. Cselfe-Burned in 1877; rebuilt and went North. G arse-Burned on St. Johns River. H. B. leat (- Burned at Lake Bmenfrd April 29,1i890; three megr. dark hands drowned. 11sace-s-Started far South America and was lest ina sterm. Iet-y Lee-Sank near Palatkea PI-, lsoM.-Snka at South Jacksoanville; never raised fet-Snk in Losre George November e, 1i82, with loas of three liven. 1. E.F,mces-Burned at Baypart Pasy 26, 1894. Sae Spesee -Foudrd en anel at Jau t,19 lips. inszei Baer,- Wrecked inn north c te at motimSt on in April nose. Leuie-FeFerryboat; tntrack a ancand nanle in St. Johs River February 16, ibaeflag deck hand drowned; aac raised and afterward bLaned a Arlington. 18.Moaraet Wreaked near Cape Henry Septembser 29, r83 Mar Per -hWac sunk in a olin with Bate Spencer; raied, wie no Charleston whlere bse wan bomned and rebuilt three times a reakable beat and is still in sevie Matn le- Burned at foot of Ocean Street February 6.10 eaogineer burned to death. MnsctaWrecked an Cumberland Beach March 29, 1893. Mayea aCaght fire at her dark atMay- port Deacember 22,18iS98;S; wos cut lame and drifted out tto sea burning. Saiosi-Ferryboat l wore eat in service and lies buried udtr eethe South Jackoniml waterfront. Meraaid- Burned atJacksonville. cItr Bay-Burned at mouth of Tau C reek. Poriesn k at Tampa. Prtsso-Lost in otorm while at wao over-sarira, t o et a ayal-Basak at Green Cave Srnle ou raised, tawed to Jacksonville an uhmad here while undercaina repairs Octoi- b h I 1882. Raeeno r ry3,1896 burned at liar slip in Sot Jnkaoavr January 13, 153 Aed Ming -flak near Jacksonville. Ret/noh eWent dawn between Jacksonville and Saamna a nreault of bailerexplosion. Bea ao-La5 at ea near anSvannah. Seth LmsoBurne at month of Trout Creek; her ren and those of the Oyoter ofTBoy lie side by aside. SerBurned onCroncent Lake Salg-Burnad at peaanord brMay ur1, 18788; her r ew and passengerasa ana rwe ps. lroan-Burnedna Green Cove Sprincs March 2 108. Tsdlighs-Sanl in Black Creek July Sn, 1887. Essai- Frederick Ociiaq-Burned at her Laura Street slip December 3, 1853; was rebuilt; finally went to Tampa and renamed City of Tampa. Go-elke-Biurned in 187 rebuilt and went North. Georgr-Burned on St. Johns River. 11. B. Pinl I- Burned at take Beresford April 29, 1890;m three penre derk hands drowned. HsaspasaStatadl for South America and was last in a stormL Hner Lee-Sank near Palatka. Has, bsad.-Sark at South Jacksoville; never raised. fIm--Sank in Lake George November 6, 1e82, with loss of three liven. I. F Seeesa-Bumned at Maypaort July 26, 1894. Rats Spe-e .-Foundered on Spoar a) Jal 6,1898. LizieBais- Wreked ais-nohchannlel at mouhth of St. Johnus in April. n880. toenr-Ferrybat atruck a snag and eankh in dSt. Jobna River February 18. e80 aegre deck b~and drawned; wan raided and afterword burned at Arlingtas. Margs- -Wke nea Cast e Henry Septembe 29,1i89S. MayDraps, -Wssunk in a couna with Kate sSpener; raised, went to Charleston where sheth was bonled and rebuilt three tirnes; a erkable boat and is still ineoi. Mfarha Hele- Burned at feet ofOcean Street Febraroy 6,usi1; eniee burned to death, Faucees-Wrecked on C brla Beach March 29, 1893. Ma usr-Cab fire at her dark atMay. port December 2,189898; wasors cut looe and drifted out to itea buring. ufsai-eybt th wore out in service and lie buried undwer the Sihouth Jacksonville waterfrosn th ~aa- Burned at Jaclasanville. Oyster Bai9-Bura at ou oah uf Toat Creek. nA siae-Sak atTamspa. PolosLoot in storm while at work on ver-sea railroad at aey Weo st. Peas Beyni-Sank at Green Cave wprilns i was cal, towed to Jacksoll, n burned heewieud rng repairs, co bah ac, Pil-. Rssia-Ferryelvst ban dttier it, is South Jacksonville January 13, 1896195. ;bred o-aksa Jankeonvlle aeslt exu-Weant dawn between Jacsonville and at ee near Savannah. sh Ls.Bre tmuho ru side. Seer-Burned our n n Crescent Lake. Ssei5z84sbadraed at Soaford Mfay 111878; her crew and soaaors a a nar- raw ecaps. TrssaBamned near Green Cove Spring 9Mrch 2, 198. Tsdi~ge--Sank In Black Creak July 31,11887, EusS- Fredrr..4 DsasyBurned at her Laura Street slip December 3 1883; was rebuilt: finally went to Tampa and renamed City of Tampa. Grerlts-Burned in 1877; rebuilt and went North. Ceesq o-Burned on St. Johns River. Hd. B. rine (- Burned at Lake Beresford April 29, 2890; three peae deck hands drowned. Hdsopssa-Statel for South America and won lest mnactrm fiery Lee-Snk spur Palatk. Pies sod-BSank at South Jnclesrvi e; never raised. Lsi,-Sam, in Lake Gearge Noevember 6, 1882, with loon of chree lives. I. E. Soeee-eo-Bsne atMayport July 26,13894. Kae Spenw, -FoSundered on Sacelo bar IGa.) July 6, 1898. Lisiefakee- Wreaked in north channel at mouth of St. Johms in April, 1880. Ltoie-Ferryboat struck a ton and ark in St. Johnes River February i6, 180; negre deck heand drowned; was rained and afterward buarned at Arlington. Mharnseli- Wrecked near Cape Henry September 29, 1880. Mar Draper ~-Wes sunk insa collision with Kate Spencer; raised, watt to Charleston where she was burned and rebuilt three tise; a erkable boat and in atill in service. Mdisae lests Burned at feet of Ocn. Street February 6, 3910; engineer burned to death. Moren-Wrerked on Cumberiand Beach March 29. 1893. Maypor-Caught fire at her dark at May- port Decsemer 22.,1898; was cut eons and drifted out to ws burning. ufrohaai-Ferrybmatwore set in service and Ion baled under the South Jacksonville waterfront. Mrmid- Stained at Junk sonvi. Oynosrb BayBun at macth sf Trout Cire. ApnoiSank at Tampa. Peleia-Lost in storm while at work on over-sea railroad at Boy West. Pars Rsye-Sarak at Omn Cave Springs; woa rained, towed to Jacksonville and burned here whsile undergoinga repairs, Oct,- her 31, 1817. Rteesuaoed-Forryboat; burned at tier olip in South Jockounile January i3, 1890. Red iceog-Sank near Jacksonville. Reisie-Went dawn between Jackasonville and Savannahsea resultof bsilererpbon. Robert Turner-Lest at en near Savannah. SewA Ue-urned at month of Trout Creek; her -reas and those of the Oyster Boy lie aids by side. Spa-Brned os Crocent Lake. Sltr~es-Burned at Sanford May 11, 1878; her crew and pnasoencers had A an raw cops. T-Fara-Homed near Green Cove Sprigs March 2, 190. T*RA f r--Sak in Slack Creek July 31, 1887, ElanS-  HISTORY OF JACRSONV hLE. FLORIDA STI near Grant Connor drowned; boat was raised and rebuilt in 1890. PeVde-Deatroyed by boiler expnin at her slip at foot of Newnan Street December 2, 1882. ea sse. caeou na Offd ...eoo .Lxee. J. w5. wx l w. 0 HISTORY OF JACX$OHV1LR. FLRIDA Sni ner Grant Conner drowned: boat was raieed ad rebuilt In 1890. Valoia-Deatroyed by boiler expbnalon at her slip at foot of Newness Street December 2, 1882. anaeA~esl..e=.feneaeta set.saaaee HITORY OF SACXSONVILLE, FLORIDA S71 neer Grant C.nno drewned; boat was raised and rebuilt in 1890. 9'alaia-Deotroyed by boiler explosion at her "lip at font of Newnan Street December 2, 1882. aAnSes" . w. I emeOnuas  7 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 72 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 72 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORDA CHAPTER XX URBAN TRANSPORTATION The first wheeled vehicles in this vicinity were the ox- carts and stage hacks of the pioneer period. The first wheeled vehicle that Jacksonville could claim as strictly its oon was a dray driven by a venerable colored man named Sam Reed and drawn by as venerable a mule named John. This combination net only did the draying for the town, but it was also the town hearse in the early 1850's. Rowboats supplied the place of carriages; otherwise the people rode horseback or walked. The rowboat came into its own for marsooing parties and picnics under the trees on the banks of the beautiful St. Johns. The sulky and the buggy wers here before the War Between the States; but the saddle horse as a meats of getting about never lost its prestige. There was a spirit of sport involved in this, too, which attained such popularity that we find the Aldermen of Jacksonville in 1857 promulgating an ordinance prohibiting horse-racing on the streets of the town. The omnibus and the street hack made their appearance oon after thewar, Then came wagons and drays in number, and buggies sd carriages for pleasure driving were without novelty on the streets; but one day in the winter of 1869-70 there drove into town a vehicle that caused the people to stop and gase. This outfit was a high two-seated surrey of the then latest type, drawn tandem by high-spirited perfectly matcbed bob-tailed bays whose harness shone with decora- tions like polished gold and was strung with bells like the sleigh-bells of the North. It was the hobby of Charles Mau- re Camille, Marquis de Talleyrand-Perigord, who in le9 bought the old Millwood place northeast of Jacksonville. He spent several winters here and always drove about in spes- tacular style. The Talleyrand section derives its name from him. Street Cars The Jacksonville Horse Railroad Company was chartered in December, 1875, for the purpose of inaugurating a street CHAPTER XX URBAN TRANSPORTATION The first wheeled vehicles in thin vicinity were the ox- carts and stage hacks of the pioneer period. The first wheeled vehicle that Jacksnville could claim as strictly its own was a dray driven by a venerable colored man named Sam Reed and drawn by as venerable a mule named John. This combination not only did the draying for the town, but it was also the town hearse in the early 1850's. Rowboats supplied the place of carriages; otherwise the people rode horseback or walked. The rowboat came into its own for marsning parties and picnics under the trees on the banks of the beautiful St. Johns. The sulky and the buggy were here before the War Between the States; but the saddle horse as a means of getting about never lost its prestige. There was a spirit of sport involved in this, too, which attained such popularity that we find the Aldermen of Jacksonville in 1857 promulgating an ordinance prohibiting horse-racing on the streets of the town. The omnibus and the street hack made their appearance soonafterthewar. Then came wagons and drays in number, and beggies and carriages for pleasure driving were without novelty on the streets; but one day in the winter of 1869-70 there drove into town a vehicle that caused the people to stop and gaze. This outfit was a high two-seated surrey of the then latest type, drawn tandem by high-spirited perfectly matched bob-toiled bays whose harness shone with decora- tiens like polished gold and was strung with bells like the sleigh-belle of the North. It was the hobby of Charles Mau- rice Camille, Marquis de Talleyrand-Perigord, who in 1869 bought the old Millwood place northeast of Jacksonville. He spent several winters here and always drove about in apee. tacular style. The Talleyrand section derives its name from him. Street Care The Jacksonville Horse Railroad Company was chartered in December, 1875, far the purpose of inaugurating a street CHAPTER XX URBAN TRANSPORTATION The first wheeled vehicles in this vicinity were the o- carts and stage hacks of the pioneer period. The lirst wheeled vehicle that Jacksonville could claim as strictly. its own was a dray driven by a venerable colored man named Sam Reed and drawn by as venerable a mule named John. This combination not only did the draying for the town, but it was also the town hearse in the early 1850's. Rowboats supplied the place of carriages; otherwise the people rode horseback or walked. The rowboat came Into its own for maroening parties and picnics under the trees on the banks of the beautiful St. Johns. The sulky and the buggy were here before the War Between the States; but the saddle horse ass means of getting about never lost its prestige. Therm was a spirit of sport involved in this, too, which attained such popularity that we find the Aldermen of Jacksonville in 1857 promulgating as ordinance prohibiting horse-racing on the streets of the town. The .mnibus and the street hack made their appearance son after the war. Then came wagons and drays innumber, and buggies and carriages for pleasure driving were without novelty on the streets ; but one day in the winter of 186e-70 there drove into town a vehicle that caused the people to stop and gaze. This outfit was a high two-seated surrey of the then latest type, drawn tandem by high-spirited perfectly matched bob-tailed bays whose harness shone with decora- tions like polished gold and was strung with bells like the sleigh-bell of the North. It was the hobby of Charles Mau- rie Camille. Marquis do Talleyrand-Perigord, who in 169 bought the old Miliwond place northeast of Jacksonville. He spent several winters here and always drove about in spee- tcolar style. The Talleyrand section derives its aname from him. Street Can The Jacksonville Hone Railroad Company was chartered in December, 1875, for the purpose of inaugurating a street  HISTORY OF JACSONVILLE, FLORIDA 78 BlTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 37 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 373 oar system here. Construction was started, but owing. to financial and other difficulties the company allowed its fran- chise to lapse. The Jacksonville Street Railway Company, composed of H. B. Plant and associates, was incorporated December 23. 1879, and the City Council passed an ordinance January 14, 1880, granting the company a franehise to lay its tracks on Bay, Catherine, Duval, Hogan, Forsyth and Julia Streets. The line was opened in the fail of 1880. Finding that it did not pay to run cars on Catherine, Duval and Forsyth Streets, the tracks on theoe stets were removed with the consent of the Council. The line was then extended toward East Jacksonville and to the Fair Grounds in Fairfield; then on Hogan from Bay to Beaver, thence west to Clay. The barns were where they are now, in Brooklyn. The schedule was "once every 30 minutes" and the price of a ride 5 cents. The locomotive was a mule, popularly called a "hay-burner". A mule's bray is not usually considered sweet music, but such announcement of the approaching "rapid transit" was a comforting sound to the patiently waiting citisen of Jackson- vOile in the 1880's. Pine (Main) Street Line: In 1882 a companyws chartered to build a street car line on Pine Street from Bay to what is now Eighth Street in Springfield, then considered far out in the woods. The line was completed and put into operation within a year by B. Upton. In August, 1884, the line was leased to G. A. Backenstoe, and the new owner set to work improving it and sawdusted the street to the terminus in Springfield, where he built a skating rink, dinner hall and restaurant with a view to making the terminus an attractive resort. It did not pay, however, and the property was taken over by S. B. Hubbard and associates, who were then develop- ing Springield. The line soon after this was extended east on Eighth Street to Walnut, to First, to Pine-the same loop that exists today. Jaeksonvlde and LaVi]la Street Railway: The company that built this ie was organized in April, 1884. Tracks were laid on Newnan Street from Bay to Forsyth ; thence on For- syth to Laura, to Adams, and west on Adams to Myrtle Avenue, the terminus being at Burch's brickyard. The line was opened January 24, 1885, with a big celebration. It was car system hare. Construction was started, but owing to fSnancial and other diffcuolties the company allowed its fran- chise to lapse. The Jaceksonville Street Railway Company, composed of H. B. Plant and associates, was incorporated December 23, 1879, and the City Council passed an ordinance January 14, 1880, granting the company a franchise to lay its tracks on Bay, Catherine, Duval, Hogan, Forsyth and Julia Streets. The line was opened in the fail of 1880. Finding that it did not pay to run cars on Catherine, Duval and Forsyth Streets, the tracks on these streets were removed with the consent of the Council. The line was then extended toward East Jacksonville and to the Fair Grounds in Fairfield; then an Hogan from Bay to Beaver, thence west to Clay. The barns were where they are now, in Brooklyn. The schedule was "onceevery 80 minutes" and the price of a ride 5 cents. The locomotive was a male, popularly called a "hay-burner". A mule's bray is not usually considered sweet music, but such announcemant of the approaching "rapid transit" wasa comforting sound to the patiently waiting citicen of Jackson- viile in the 1880's, Pine (Main) StreetLine: In1S8 a companywaschartered to build a street car line on Pine Street from Bay to what is now Eighth Street in Springfield, then considered far out in the woods. The line was completed and put into operation within a year by B. Upton. In August, 1884, the line was leased to G. A. Backenstoe, and the new owner set to work improving it and sawdusted the street to the terminus in Springeld, where he built a skating rink, dinner hall and restaurant with a view to making the terminus an attractive resort. It did not pay, however, and the property was taken over by S. B. Hubbard and associates, who were then develop- ing Springfield, The line seon after this was extended east on Eighth Street to Walnut, to First, to Pine-the same loop that exists today, Jacksonville and LaVlla Street Railway: The company that built this line was organized in April, 1884. Tracks were laid on Newnan Street from Bay to Forsyth; thence on For- syth to Laura, to Adams, and west on Adams to Myrtle Avenue, the terminus being at Burch's brickyard. The line was opened January 24, 1885, with a big celebration. It was c system here. Construction was started, but owing to financial and other dificulties the company allowed its fran- chise to lapse. The Jacksonville Street Railway Company, composed of H. B. Plant and associates, was incorporated December 23, 4879, and the City Council passed an ordinance January 14, 1880, granting the company a franchise to lay its tracks on Bay, Catherine, Duval, Hogan, Forsyth and Julia Streets. The line was opened in the fall of 1880. Finding that it did not pay to run cars on Catherine, Duval and Forsyth Strets, the tracks on these streets were removed with the consent of the Council. The line was then extended toward East Jacksonville and to the Fair Grounds in Fairfield; then on Hogan from Bay to Beaver, thence west to Cloy. The barns were where they are now, in Brooklyn. The schedule was "once every 30 minutes" and the price of a ride 5 cents. The locomotive was a mule, popularly called a "hay-burner". A mule's bray is not usually considered sweet music, but such announcement of the approaching "rapid transit" was a comforting sound to the patiently waiting citizen of Jackson- ville in the 1880's. Pine (Main) Streettise: 8n1882 a companywas chartered to build a street car line on Pine Street from Bay to what is now Eighth Street in Springfield, then considered far out in the woods. The line was completed and put into operation within a year by B. Upton. In August, 1884, the line was leased to G. A. Backenstoe, and the new owner set to work improving it and sawdusted the street to the terinus in Springfeld, where he built a skating rink, dinner hall and restaurant with a view to making the terminus an attractive resort. It did not pay, however, and the property was taken over by S. B. Hubbard and ssociates, who were then develop- 'ing Springfield. The line soon after this was extended east on Eighth Street to Walnut, to First, to Pine-the same loop that exists today. Jacksonville and LaVilla Street Railway: The company that built this line was organized in April, 1884. Tracks were laid on Newnan Street from Bay to Forsyth; thence on For- syth to Laura, to Adams, and west on Adams to Myrtle Avenue, the terminus being at lurch's brickyard. The line was opened January 24, 1885, with a big celebratlon. It was  374 IS'TRY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 874 HSTORY OF JACSONVILJE, FLORIDA 374 HISTORY OF JACEONVLLE FLORIDA in operation about a year, when it was absorbed by the Jack- sonville Street Railway Company. The tracks east of Bridge (Broad) Street were taken up and the tracks of the Jackson- vile Street Railway extended up Bridge from Bay to Adams and connected with the tracks on Adams Street running to the brickyard in Lavilla. Jackeonvi]Ie and Suburban Railway: The city approved the charter of the company that built this line July 1, 1884, and the line was completed that winter. The route was on Ocean Street from Bay to Duval; thence to Washington, to Union, east on Union beyond the old City Cemetery, and north to Campbell's Addition, the line being built primarily to develop that property. It was operated with two mule carsanda20-minuteschedule,fare5cents. Thislinewasin operation about two years, when it was probably purchased by the Jacksonville Street Railway Company. Thetracks on Ocean Street were removed and laid on Newnan Street. From these four crude mule car linen developed the street railway system of Jacksonville today. The Plant Investment Company acquired the property of its last competitor, the Main (Pine) Street Railway Company, in April, 1900, and changed the gauge of the latter to atand- ard (in 1901) as required by a city ordinance. The Plant Investment Company sold its Jacksonville street railway holdings to Stone & Webster in 1902. The rst electric street car in Jacksonville was run on the Main Street line February 24, 1898, from Bay Street to the waterwork; it was well patronized and discussed by the citizens. This line was completely converted into an electrie line March 16, 1898, when the firt car went around the Walnut Street loop. The Jacksonville Street Railway Co. ran its first electric car March 1, 1895, on Bay Street, and in the following May withdrew the last horse-drawn street car in Jacksonville. In February, 1886, the street car line was extended from the barns in Brooklyn to the end of May Street in Riverside (immediately in the rear of the San Juline Apartments), then the edge of a swamp. This was a negro picnie ground for years. From May Street the line was extended to the vicinity of Willow Branch in 1901. In 1909 the Ortega Company completed a line from Ortega to connect with the line of the Jacksonville Electric Co. at Aberdeen Avenue ; the in operation about a year, when it was absorbed by the Jack- sonville Street Railway Company. The tracks east of Bridge (Broad) Street were taken up and the tracks of the Jackson- ville Street Railway extended up Bridge from Bay to Adams and conected with the track. on Adams Street running to the brickyard in LaVilla. Jacksonville and Suburban Railway: The city approved the charter of the company that built this line July 1, 1884, and the line was completed that winter. The route was on Ocean Street from Bay to Duval ; thence to Washington, to Union, east on Union beyond the old City Cemetery, and north to Campbell's Addition, the line being built primarily to develop that property. It was operated with two mue carsanda20-minuteschedule,fare5cento. Thislinewasin operation about two years, when it was probably purchased by the Jackonvine Street Railway Company. The tracks on Ocean Street were removed and laid on Newnan Street. From these four crude mile car lines developed the street railway system of Jacksonville today. The Plant Investment Company scqoired the property of its last competitor, the Main (Pine) Street Railway Company, in April, 1900, and changed the gauge of the latter to stand- ard (in 1901) as required by a city ordinance. The Plant Investment Company sold its Jacksonville street railway holdings to Stone & Webster in 1902. The frot electric street car in Jacksonville was run on the Main Street line February 24, 1898, from Bay Street to the waterworks; it woo well patronized and discussed by the citizens. This line we completely converted into an electric line March 16, 1898, when the first ear went aromud the Walnut Street loop. The Jackosonville Street Railway Co. ran its first electric car March 1, 1895, on Bay Street, and in the following May withdrew the last horse-drawn street car in Jacksonville. In February, 1886, the street car line was extended from the barns in Brooklyn to the end of May Street in Riverside (immediately in the rear of the San Juline Apartmenta), then the edge of a swamp. This was a negro picnic ground for years. From May Street the line was extended to the vicinity of Willow Branch in 1901. In 1909 the Ortega Company completed a line from Ortega to connect with the line of the Jacksonville Electric Co. at Aberdeen Avenue; the in operation about a year, when it was absorbed by the Jeck- sonville Street Railway Company. The tracks east of Bridge (Broad) Street were taken up and the tracks of the Jackson ille Street Railway extended up Bridge from Bay to Adams and connected with the tracks on Adams Street running to the brickyard in LaVilla. JackonviDlle and Suburban Ralway: The city approved the charter of the company that built this line July 1, 1884. and the line was completed that winter. The route was an Ocean Street from Bay to Duval; thence to Washington, to Union, east en Union beyond the old City Cemetery. and north to Campbell'. Addition, the line being built primarily to develop that property. It was operated with two mule carsand a20-minute aehedule, fare 5 cents. This line was in operation about two years, when it was probably purchased by the Jackonville Street Railway Company. The tracks on Ocean Street were removed and laid on Newnan Street. From these four crude mule car lines developed the street railway system of Jacksonville today. The Plant Investment Company acquired the property of its last competitor, the Main (Pine) Street Railway Company. to April, 190,0 and changed the gauge of the latter to stand- ard (in 1901) as required by a city ordinance. The Plant Investment Company sold its Jacksonville street railway holdings to Stone & Webster in 1902, The nrst electric street car in Jacksonville was run on the Main Street line February 24, Z893, from Bay Street to the waterworks; it was well patronied and disenssed by the citizens. This line was completely converted into an electric line March 16, 1892, when the first car went around the Walnut Street loop. The Jacksonville Street Railway Co. ran its first electric car Merch 1, 1895, on Bay Street, and in the following May withdrew the last horse-drawn street car in Jacksonville. In February, 1886, the street car line was extended from the barns in Brooklyn to the end of May Street in Riverside (immediately in the rear of the San Julin Apartment.), then the edge of a swamp. This was a negro picnic ground for years. From May Street the line was extended to the vicinity of Willow Branch in 1901. In 1909 the Ortega Company completed a line from Ortega to connect with the line of the Jacksonville Electric Co. at Aberdeen Avenue; the  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FIARIDA 75 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FDRIDA 375 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FIDRIDA -75 Ortega line was acquired by the latter in March, 1911. The line was extended to Camp Johnston in April, 1918. The Lackawanna Avenue-Seaboard Shops line was opened in 1910. Street car service to Murray Hill began January 1, 1914. The Main Street cur.lie was extended to Evergreen Cem- etery and Phenix Park in the fall of 1901 and to Commer'e Mill in 1910. The Pearl Street loop was completed in Jan- ary, 1908. The Eighth Street extension through Glen Myra to Talleyrand Avenue was completed in July, 1917. The extension to the State Fair Grounds was made in Febru- ary, 1918. The Pearl-Hogan Street line was opened in Sep- tember, 1923. The South Jacksonville line opened May 15, 1924. It ie owned by the City of South Jacksonville and operated by the Jacksonville Traction Co. The small "one-man" caro were brst used July 23, 1922. In 1919 the Jacksonville Traction Co., claiming that it was operating at a financial loss, appealed to the City Council for a change in its charter o as to permit an increase in fare. The Council called an election at the expense of the atreet railway company to decide the matter andthe voters rejected itthreetoone. Thecasewastakenbeforethe State Railroad Commission and after a year's struggle the street railway company was authorized to Increase the fare from 5 to 7 cente, which became effective December 15, 1920; the street railway company had two months before gone into the hands ofareceiver. The presentfare,1oentastraightor6tokens for 35 cents, became effective June 2, 1924. The Ferry A public ferry acrsos the St. Johns River was mentioned by Bartram in 1774 ; it was probably tuedin connection with the Kings Road. This ferry was operated from the south side of the river and it would be interesting to know just how a tRaveler on the north side wishing to groso managed to attract the attention of the ferryman a mile away on the opposite side. It was said that hor of gesticulating, riding up and down the bluff (at Liberty Street) and firing of guns and pistols failed to attract notice. The first ferry from the north aide was John Brady's dug-out in Spanish times. Soon after Jacksonville waso platted the matter of a ferry received Legislative action Ortega line was acquired by the latter in March, 1911. The line was extended to Camp Johnston in April, 1918. The Lackawanna Avenue-Soaboard Shops line was opened in 1910. Street car service to Murray HiM began January 1, 1914. The Main Street car line was extended to Evergreen Cem- etery and Phenix Park in the fall of 1901, and to Cummer' Mill in 1910. The Pearl Street loop was completed in Jan- ary, 1908. The Eighth Street extension through Glen Myra to Talleyrand Avenue was completed in July, 1917. The extension to the State Fair Groonds was made in Febru- ary, 1918. The Pearl-Hogan Street line was opened in Sep- tember, 1922. The South Jacksonville line opened May 15, 1924. It io owned by the City of South Jacksonville and operated by the Jacksonville Traction Co. The asmall "one-man" cars were first used July 23, 1922. In 1919 the Jacksonville Traction Co., claiming that it was operating at a financial loss, appealed to the City Council for a change in its charter so as to permit an increase in fare. The Council called an election at the expense of the street railway company to decide the matter and the voters rejected it threetoone. Thecasewas taken before the State Railroad Camnmiso and after a year's struggle the street cailwray company was authorized to increase the fare from 5 to 7 cents, which became effective December 15, 1920; the street railway company had two months before gone into the hands ofareceiver. The present fare, 10 cents straight, or 6tokens for 3 cents, became effective June 2, 1924. The Ferry A public ferry acrosa the St. Johns River wos mentioned by Bertram in 1774; it was probably used in connection with the Kings Road. This ferry was operated from the south aide of the river and it would be interesting to know just how a traveler on the north aide wishing to crous managed to attract the attention of the ferryman a mile away on the opposite aide. It was said that hours of gesticulating, riding up and down the bluff (at Liberty Street) and firing of gunw and piostol failed to attract notice, The first ferry from the north side was John Brady's dug-out in Spanish times. Soon after Jacksonville ws platted the matter of a ferry received Legislative action Ortega line was acquired by the latter in March, 1911, The line was extended to Camp Johnston in April, 1918. The Lackawanna Avenue-Seaboard Shops line was opened in 1910. Street car service to Murray Hill began January 1, 1914. The Main Streetcar line was extended to Evergreen Cem- etery and Phenix Park in the fall of 1901, and to Cummer's Mill in 1910. Th Pearl Street loop was completed in Jan- cry, 1908. The Eighth Street extension through Glen Myra to Talleyrand Avenue was completed in July, 1917. The extension to the State Fair Grounds was made in Febra- ary, 1918. The Pearl-Hogan Street line was opened in Sep- tember, 192. The South Jacksonville line opened May 15, 1924. It is owned by the City of South Jacksonville and operated by the Jacksonville Traction Co. The emaIl "o-man" cars were first used July 23, 1922. In 1919 the Jacksonville Traction Ca., laiming that it was operating at a financial loss, appenled to the City Counell for a change in its charter so ts to permit an increase in fare. The Council called an election at the expense of the street railway company to decide the matter and the voters rejected itthreetuone. ThecasewastakenbeforetheState Railroad Commission and after a year's struggle the street railway company was authorized to increase the fare from 5 to 7 cents, which became effective December 15, 1920; the street railway compauy had two months before gone into the hands ofareceiver. The present fare, 10 cents straight, or tokens for 35 cents, became effective June 2, 1924. The Ferry A public ferry acrosa the St. Johns River was mentioned by Bertram in 1774 ;it was probably usedin connection with the Kings Road. This ferry was operated from the south side of the river and it would be interesting to know just how a traveler on the north side wishing to crosa managed to attract the attention of the ferryman a mile away on the opposite side. It was said that hours of gesticulating, riding up and down the bluff (at Liberty Street) and firing of gnss and pistols failed to attract notice. The firt ferry from the north side was John Brady's duo-out in Spanish times. Soon after Jacksonville wan platted the matter of a ferry received Legislative action  76 S HISTORY OF JCKSVILL. FLRD 376 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 376 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA and in December, 1824, a franchise was granted to John L. Doggett; this franchise was renewed in 1838 for seven years. The system of rowing passengers and flatting horses and cattle across the river prevailed up to the War Between the States. The service from Jacksonville wa eventually placed under the supervision of the Town Marshal, who received a portion of the tolls collected for flatting cattle across the After the war a system of steam ferries grew up, with calls at diferent nearby landings on both sides of the river. The small side-wheel steamrs Topsy and Fanny Fern were engaged in this service for years. Upon the completion of the railroad from South Jacksonville to St. Augustine in 1883 a small steam ferryboat, the Armsmear, was put on to carry passengers across the river; she was the pioneer of the regular ferry service of susequent years. In 1886, upon the purchase of the St. Augustine railroad by Henry M. Flagler, the ferry franchise was included, but for certain reasons Mr. Flagler desired that it be operated as the J. T. &K. W.ferry and it was so known while under his ownership. The railroad bridge across the river was completed in Jan- uary, 1890, whereupon the service was discontinued as a railroad ferry and operated as a local ferry. In March, 1892, J. A. Russell and associates leased the ferry to furnish a connection with the proposed extension of the J. M. & P. Railroad from Arlington to South Jackson- ville. Archer Harman soon afterward became president of the ferry. company as well as the railroad, and the cuits against the railroad involved the ferry more or less. In the final disposition the property reverted to the J., St. A. & . M Railroad Co., and in 1895 was sold to Edward Morley. In 1897 the ferry was being operated by a company headed by H. H. Hoffman and it was so operated until 1901, when the Jacksonville Steam Ferry & Terminal Company took it over, In September, 1901, the ferryboat Commodore Barney sank in her slip at the foot of Newnan Street and remained there six months. Following this the ferry service became ake.. shift with temporary boats, ending in the franchise passing to G. D. Jackson and Louis Barberic; but they also were unable to make a sucess of it on acecont of being hampered by injunctions when they attempted to make inmporant im- provements. and in December, 1824, a franchise was granted to John L. Doggett ; this franchise was renewed in 1838 for seven years. The system of rowing passengers and flatting horses and cattle across the river prevailed up to the War Between the States. The service from Jacksonville was eventually placed under the supervision of the Town Marshal, who received a portion of the tells collected for flatting cattle across the After the war a system of steam ferries grew up, with calls at different nearby landings on both sides of the river. The small aide-wheel steamers Topsy and Fanny Fern were engaged in this service for years. Upon the completion of the railroad from South Jacksonville to St. Augustine in 188i a small steam ferryboat, the Armsmear, was put on to carry passengers acrosa the river she was the pioneer of the regular ferry service of subsequent years. In 18, upon the purchase of the St. Augustine railroad by Henry M. Flagler, the ferry franchise was included, but for certain reasons Mr. Flagler desired that it be operated as the J. T. & K. W. ferry and it was soknown while under his ownership. The railroad bridge across the river was completed in Jan- uary, 1890, whereupon the service was discontinued as a railroad ferry and operated as a local ferry, In March, 1892, J. A. Russell and associates leased the ferry to furnish a connection with the proposed extension of the J. M. & P. Railroad from Arlington to South Jackson- villa. Archer Harman soon afterward became president of the ferry. company as well as the railroad, and the suits against the railroad involved the ferry more or les. In the foal disposition the property reverted to the J., St. A. & . . Railroad Co., and in 1895 was sold to Edward Morley. In 1897 the ferry was being operated by a company headed by H. H. Hoffman and it was so operated until 1901, when the Jacksonville Steam Ferry & Terminal Company took it over, In September, 190, the ferryboat Commodore Barney sank in her slip at the foot of Newnan Street and remained there dix months. Following this the ferry service became amake- shift with temporary boats, ending in the franchise passing to G. D,. Jackson and Louis Barberie; but they also were unable to make a success of it on account of being hampered by injunctions when they attempted to make important im- provements. and in December, 1824, a franchise was granted to John L. Doggett ; this franchise was renewed in 1838 for saven years. The system of rowing passengers and flatting horses and cattle across the river prevailed up to the War Between the States. The service from Packsoriile was eventually placed under the supervision of the Town Marshal, who received a portion of the tolls collected for flatting cattle across the river. Alter the war a system of steam ferries grew up, with calls at different nearby landings on both sides of the river. The small side-wheel steamers Topsy and Fanny Fern were engaged in this service for years. Upon the completion of the railroad from South Jacksonville to St. Augustine in 1883.asmall steam ferryboat, the Armsomear, was put on to carry passengers across the river; she was the pioneer of the regular ferry service of subsequent years. In 1886, upon the purchase of the St. Augustine railroad by Henry H, Flatgler, the ferry franchise was included, but for certain reasons Mr. Flagler desired that it be operated as the J. T. & K.W. ferry and itwoassknwnwhilo under his ownership. The railroad bridge across the river was completed in Jan- nary, 1890, whereupon the service was discontinued as a railroad ferry and operated as a local ferry. In March, 1892, J. A. Russell and asociates leased the ferry to furoish a connectionwith the proposedxtension of the J. M. & P. Railroad from Arlington to South Jackson- vile. Archer Harman soon afterward became president of the ferry, company us well as the railroad, and the aits against the railroad involved the ferry more or less. In the foal disposition the property reverted to the J. St. A. & I R. Railroad Co, and in 1895 was sold to Edward Marley. In 1897 the ferry was beingo operated by a company headed by H. H. Hoffman and it was so operated until 1801, when the Jacksonville Steam Ferry & Terminal Company took it over. In September, 1901, the ferryboat Commodore Barney sank in her slip at the foot of Newnan Street and remained there ourxmonths. Following this the ferry service became amuake- hift with temporary boats, ending in the franchise passing to G. D. Jackson and Louis Baborie; but they also were unable to make a success of it on account of being hampered by injuntiona when they attempted to make important im- provements.  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 377 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 377 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 377 Interests headed by J. M. Barrs acquired the ferry fran- chise in 1904; built the ferryboat Duval, and placed her in service Sept. 20, 1904, her first trip being made from the foot of Main Street which for the first time was need for ferry purposes. This change from Newnon to Main Street wos made in the face of injunctions brought by private portio. it was said for busiess reasons ; but the ferry company con- tinued to use Main Street, built the slip and erected the prcs- eant terminals in 1905. On March 15, 1905, the County Corm- sioners granted the ferry company, which bad been ncor- perated as the South Jacksonville Steam Ferry Co., a fran- chise under whicb extonsive improvements were made in South Jacksonville. The ferry company then bulkheaded the river front on the sooth tide and improved it as Dixieland Park (ase page 230.) The South Jacksonville Steam Ferry Company sold out to the Ames Realty Company in July, 1912; the new owners changed the corporate name to Jacksonvillo Ferry & Land Company, With the growing popularity of the ocean beacheos and the increasing use of the automobile the fern became a bonanza for its owners. Before the Jacksonville-St. Johns River Bridge wan built in 1921, it was not unusual on Sun- days end special occasions, though two large ferry-boato were louse, for a line of automobiles awaiting their turn to cross the river to form reaching from Broad Street to the ferry slip at Main. On one occasion the line extended out East Bay Street to Florida Avcenu, thence beyond St. Andrew'e church in East Jacksenvile; the last automobile of that line reached the ferry three hours later. Upon the opening of the highway bridge across the river July 1, 1921, the business of the ferry was reduced almost to the point of non-profit, which resulted in a crtailment of the ferry service and the sale of one of the boats, the South Jacksonvile. Bicycles The bicycle is entitled to a place in history, ant alone for the pleasure ft gave during the twenty years of its popularity prior to the coming of the automobtle, but also for its con- tribotion to the development of sections adjacent to the city tad its service as the pathfinder of most of the local improved boulevards today. Interests headed by J. M. Barre acquired the ferry fran- chise in 1904; built the ferryboat Duval, and placed her in service Sept. 20, 1904, her first trip being made from the foot of Main Street, which for the frst time was used for ferry purposes. This ebange from Newnan to Main Street woa made in the face of injunctions brought by private parties, it ws tld for btuinesn reasron; but the ferry company con- tinted to use Main Street, built the slip and erected the pres- ent terminals in 1905. On March 15, 1905, the County Com- missioners granted the ferry company, which had been incor- porated as the South Jacksonville Steam Ferry Co., a fran- chise under which extensive improvements were made in South Jacksonville. The ferry company then bulkheaded the river front on the south side and improved it as Dixieland Park (see page 233J) The South Jacksonville Steam Ferry Company sold out to the Ames Realty Company in July, 1912; the new owners changed the corporate name to Jacksonville Ferry & Land Company, With the growing popularity of the ocean beaches and the increoaing use of the automobile the ferry became a bonanza for its owners. Before the Jacksonvile-St. Johns River Bridge was built in 1921, it was not unusual on Sun- days and speciel ocasions, though two latr ferry-boats wre in use, for a line of automobiles awaiting their turn to cross the river to form reaching from Broad Street to the ferry slip at Main. On one occasion the line extended out East Bay Street to Florida Avenue, thence beyond St. Andrew's church in East Jacksonville; the last automobile of that line reachedtheferrythree hourslater. Upontheopeningofthe highway bridge across the river July 1, 191, the huineass of the ferry was reduced almost to the point of non-profit, which reculted in a curtailment of the ferry service and the sale of one of the beats, the South Jacksonville. Bicycles The bicycle is entitled to a place in history, not alone for the pleasure it gave during the twenty years of its popularity prior to the coming of the automobile, but also for its o tribution to the development of sections adjacent to the city and its service as the patfineder of moot of the local improved boulevards today. Interests headed by J. M. Barra acquired the ferry fran- chlse in 1904; built the ferryboat Duval, and placed her in service Sept. 20, 1904, her first trip being made from the foot of Mail Street, which for the first time woo used for ferry purposes. This change from Newnan to Main Street was made in the face of injunctions brought by private parties, it was said for business reasons ; but the ferry company con- tinued to tse Main Street, built the slop and erected the pres- ent terminals in 1905. On March 15, 1905, the County Com- mnissioner granted the ferry company, which had been ieor- poratoed an the South Jacksonville Steam Ferry Co., a fran. chise under which extensive improvements wre made in South Jacksonville. Theferrycompanythenbulkheadedthe river front on the south side and improved it as Dixieland Perk (see page 233.) The South Jacksonville Steam Ferry Comeany sold out to the Ames Realty Company in July, 1912; the new owners changed the corporate name to Jacksonville Ferry & Land Company. With the growing popularity of the ocean beaches and the increasing use of the automobile the ferry became a bonanza for its owners. Before the Jacksonville-St. Johns River Bridge was built in 1921, it was not unusual on Sun- daysa cd special cocanions, though two large ferry-boats were in use, for a line of automobiles awaiting their turn to cros the river to form reaching from Broad Street to the ferry slip at Main. On one occasion the line extended out East Bay Street to Florida Avenue, thence beyond St. Andrew's church in East Jacksonville; the last automobile of that line reached the ferry three hours later. Upon the opening of the highway bridge across the river July 1, 1921, the business of the ferry was reduced almost to the point of non-profit, which resulted in a cortailment of the ferry service and the sale of one of the boats, the South Jaeksonville. Bicycles The bicycle is entitled to a place in history, not alone for the pleasure it gave during the twenty years of its popularity prior to the coming of the automobile, but also for its con- tribution to the development of sections adjacent to the city and its service as the pathfinder of most of the local improved bodlevards today.  878 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 878 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 878 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA The first bicycle appeared in Jacksonville about 1885 and was said to have been owned by Marry Lampkin. It was an "Ordinary", the high kind with a 60-inch front wheel and a mail wheel behind, metal tired and without chain gear. The owner of the next "Ordinary" here was Evelyn Sanderson, who afterwards became an expert rider and won most of the prizes in the early amateur racing contests in this section. The low, diamond frame, solid rubber tired "safeties" with chain gear appeared in Jacksonville about 1888, when the "Ordinaries" anon became classed a curios. The first lady's bicycle in the State was. "Victoria", ordered for Hiss Alice Robinson of Jacksonville, and it arrived in October, 1890. Then followed an epoch wherein the bicycle became an important factor in social life. There were fashionable bicycle parties and picnics, moonlight rides along the river out Talleyrand way, and along the railroad to Panama. Bicycle parties searched out the by-paths into the country and by popular sage biazed the way for most of our hard- road.. Aa socialfeaturethe bicycle had its ascendancy and decline within the decade 1890-1900, the cause being aecribed by an authority to the fact that They (the women) tired of it, as they do of every muscular port, except when novelty gives a brief stimuleo social opportunity. The lamp law. aearly killed -evening parties, the chief ue they could makie of the bicycle". It was not so with men, who continued to 'e the bicycle for both business and pleasure until the auto- mobile came into more or lees general use in 1906.7-. Today the use of the bicycle is confined to light delivery and mes- senger service and to boys and giris for pleasure. In the heyday of bicycle popularity the Wheelmen's Club of Jacksonville was an important organization. The frst club was organized November 23, 1887, with J. H. Crosby, president, and L. A. Wilson, captain. The yellow fever epidemic of 1888 broke up the club, but it was reorganised afterward and was in existence unt 1907, when it disbanded and sold its club bouse just west of the Law Exchange build- ing to the Church Club for $13,000. Of these residents of Jacksonville before the fire who may read these lines, come will remember the dona. speed- way near the Old Soldiers' Home and a moonlight ride around the "belt" and back to town ; same will muse-and close the vision with a weiter sandwich while nick Arend "scraped the foam". The firt bicycle appeared in Jacksonville about 1885 and was said to have been owned by Harry Lampkin, It was an "Ordinary", the high kind with a 60-inch front wheel and a emal wheel behind, metal tired and without chain gear. The owner of the next "Ordinary" here was Evelyn Sandereon, who afterwards became an expert rider and won most of the prizes in the early amateur racing contents in thi section. The low, diamond frame, solid rubber tired "safeties" with chain gear appeared in Jacksonville about 1888, when the "Ordinaries" soon became classed as curios. The firet lady's bicycle In the State was a "Victoria", ordered for Miss Alice Robinson of Jacksonville, and it arrived in October, 1890. Then followed an epoch wherein the bicycle became an important factor in aocial life. There were fashionable bicycle parties and picnics, moonlight rides along the river out Taileyrand way, and along the railroad to Panama. Bicycle parties searched out the by-path Into the country and by popular sage blased the way for most of our hard- reads, Ateasocial feature the bicycle had its ascendancy and decline within the decade 1890-1900, the cause being asribed by an authority to the fact that 'They (the women) tIred of it, as they do of every muscular sport, except when novelty give a brief setimulus or social opportunity. The lamp lawe nearly killed 'evening parties, the chief use they could make of the bicycle". It was not so with men, who continued to use the bicycle for both business and pleasure until the auto- mobile came into more or lean general use in 1906-7-8. Today the use of the bicycle Is confined to light delivery and mes- senger service and to boyo and girls for pleasure. In the heyday of bicycle popularity the Wheelmena Club of Jacksonville was an Important organization. The first club was organised November 23, 1007, with J, H. Crosby, president, and L. A. Wilson, captain. The yellow fever epidemic of 1888 broke up the club, but it was reorganized afterward and was in existence unt 1907, when it disbanded and sold its club house just went of the Law Exchange build- ing to the Church Club for $11,000. Of these residents of Jackonville before the Ore who may read these lines, some will remember the donax speed- way near the Old Soldiers' Home and a moonlight ride around the "belt" and back to town; some wi muse-and close the vision with a sweilter sandwich while Nick Arend "scraped the foam". The first bicycle appeared in Jacksonville about 188 and was amid to have been owned by Harry tampin. It was an "Ordinary", the high kind with a 60-inch front wheel and a mall wheel behind, metal tired and without chain gear. The eaner of the next "Ordinary" here wan Evelyn Sanderson, who afterward, became an expert rider and won moat of the prices in the early amateur racing contents in this section. The low, diamond frame, solid rubber tired "safeties" with chain gear appeared in Jacksonville about 1888, when the "Ordinaries" soon becamse clssed as curios. The finrt lady's bicycle in the State was a "Victoria", ordered for Mice Alice Robinson of Jacksonville, and it arrived in October, 1890. Then followed an epoch wherein the bicycle became an important factor in soial life. There were fashionable bicycle parties and picnies, moonlight rides along the river out Taileyrand way, and along the railroad to Panama. Bicycle parties searched out the by-paths into the country and by popular usage blased the way for most of our hard- reads. Asaesocialfeature the bicycle had its asendancy and decline within the decade 1890-1900, the cause being aseribed by an authority to the fact that 'They (the women) tired of it, as they do of every muscular sport, except when novelty gives a brief stimulus or social opportunity. The lamp laws nearly killed 'evening parties, the chief use they could make of the bicycle". It was not so with men, who continued to use the bicycle for both business and pleasure until the auto- mobile came into more or leas general use in 1906-7-8. Today the use of the bicycle is confined to light delivery and mes- senger service and to boys and girls for pleasure. In the heyday of bicycle popularity the Wheelmen's Club of Jacksonville was an important organication. The first club was organied November 23, 1887, with J. H. Crosby, president, and L. A. Wilson, captain. The yellow fever epidemic of 1880 broke up the club, but it was reorganized afterward and was in existence until 1907, when it disbanded and sold its club house just went of the Law Exchange build- ing to the Church Club for $13,000. Of those residents of Jacksonville before the fre who may read these lines, some will remember the donax speed- way near the Old Scldiers' Home and a moonlight ride around the "belt" and back to town; some will muse-and close the vision with a swesizer sandwich while Nick Arend "scraped the foam".   I" ........ ...  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 379 HISTORY OF JACKSONVLLE, FLORIDA 379 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 379 The first autoar in Jacksonville was devised and built by John Einig of this city in the summer of 1896. In general body appearance it resembled a narrow buggy with high roatired wheels, The motor was a small steam engine that threw out a blinding cloud of team when running and made assise that caused it to become known as Einig's chug-chug wagon". Its mechanism confined it to the paved streets. The heat generated by the engine was so great that it was uncomfortable for long runs. Two single seats were pro- vided. As illustrated description of this motor-buggy was published in theScientificAmerican and the publicitybrought many inquiries a the inventor. Mr. Einig was finally induced to sell his machine to an Englishman for $1,000, and it was grated and shipped to New York. Its subsequent history is unknown. In 1899 Mr. Eisig purchased on aut-carriage of French design and had it shipped to Jacksonville. It was equipped with a gasoline motor made in France. It arrived in sections and was assembled by its new owner, who made a number of refinements upon it. This machine was trot seen on the streets here July 4, 1899. It did not prove entirely stisfac- tory and was eventually discarded. Charles A. Clark was the first local resident to own a factory-made stock car. It was a locomobile known as Stan- ley No. 2, made by the Lommobile Company of America. It resembled a buggy of ordinary size, with wheels equipped with bicycle pneumatic tires. The motive power was a 5 h. p. steam engine capable of a driving speed of 40 miles so hour under favorable conditions. The machine weighed 450 pounds and cost at the factory $650. It arrived in Jackson- ville January 4, 1900, and was the nrt automobile in Florida and was said to have been the first in the Southeast. The automobile as a business proposition saw its start in Jacksonville about 1903 and probably the rst newspaper advertisement of an automobile dealer in the State was that of Fred E. Gilbert in the Times-Union of October 25, 1903. Mr. Gilbert opened the first garage here and was the pioneer of the business in Jacksonville; he was an enthusiast without a peer; Atlantic Boulevard to the beach was largely the result of his enthusiasm and persistent effort. The first a tocar in Jacksonville was devised and built by John Einig of this city in the summer of 1896. I general body appearance it resembled a narrow buggy with high iron-tired wheels. The motor was a small steam engine that threw out a blinding coud of steam when running and made nuise that caused it to become known as "Einig's chug-chug wagon". Its mechanism confined it to the paved streets. The heat generated by the engine was so great that it was uncomfortable for long runs. Two single seats were pro- vided. An illustrated description of this motor-buggy was published is the ScientifeiAmerican and the publiitybrought many inquiries to the inventor. Mr. Einig was nally induced to sell his machine to an Englishman for $1,000, and it Was crated and shipped to New York. Its subsequent history is unknown. In 1899 Mr. Einig purchased an auto.carriage of French design and had it shipped to Jacksonville. It was equipped with a gasoline motor made in France. It arrived in sections and was assembled by its new owner, who made a number of refinements upon it. This machine was first seen on the streets here July 4, 1899. It did not prove entireuy satisfac- tory and was eventually discarded. Charles A. Clark was the rst ical resident to own a factory-made stock car. It was a locomobile known as Stan- ley No. 2, made by the Locomobile Company of America. It resembled a buggy of ordinary size, with wheels equipped with bicycle pneumatic tires. The motive power was a 5 h. p. steam engine capable of a driving speed of 40 miles a hour under favorable conditions. The machine weighed 450 pounds and cost at the factory $650. It arrived in Jackson- ville January 4. 1900, and was the first automobile in Florida and was aaid to have been the first in the Southeast. The automobile as a business proposition naw its start in Jacksonville about 1908 and probably the first newspaper advertisement of an automobile dealer in the State was that of Fred E. Gilbert in the Times-Union of October 25, 1903. Mr. Gilbert opened the trst garage here and was the pioneer of the business in Jarksonville ; he was an enthusiast without a peer; Atlantic ioulevardto the beach was largely the result of his enthusiasm and persistent effort. The first astoic in Jacksonville was devised and built by John Einig of this city in the summer of 1896. In general body appearance it resembled a narrow buggy with high 'ron-tired wheels. The motor was a small steam engine that threw out a blinding cloud of team when running and made a noise that caused it to become known as "Einig's chug-chug wagon". Its mechanism confined it to the paved streets. The heat generated by the engine was so great that it was uncomfortable for long runs. Two single seats were pro- vided. An illustrated description of this motor-buggy was published in the ScientificAmserican and the publicity brought many inquiriestotheinventor. Mr. Eini was nailyinduced to sell his machine to an Englishman for $1,000, and it was crated and shipped to New York. Its subseqent history is unknown. In 1899 Mr. Einig purchased an auto-carriage of French design and had it shipped to Jacksonville. It was equipped with a gasoline motor madein France. It arrived in sections and was assembled by its new owner, who madeanumber of refinements upon it. This machine was first seen on the streets here July 4, 1899. It did not prove entirely Hatisfac- tory and was eventually discarded. Charles A. Clark was the first local resident to own a factory-made etock cear. It was a locomobile known as Stan- ley No. 2. made by the Lscomobile Company of America. It resembled a buggy of ordinary size, with wheels equipped with bicycle pneumatic tires. The motive power was a 5 h. p. steam engine capable of a driving speed of 40 miles an hour under favorable conditions. The machine weighed 450 pounds and mat at the factory $650. It arrived in Jackson- ville January 4, 1900, and was the first automobile in Florida and was said to have been the first in the Southeast. The aotomobile as a business proposition saw its start in Jacksonville about 1903 and probably the first newspaper advertisement of an automobile dealer in the State was that of Fred E. Gilbert in the Times-Union of October 25, 1903. Mr. Gilbert opened the first garage here and was the pioneer of the business in Jacksonville; he was an enthusiast without a peer Atlantic Boulevard to the beach was largely the result of his enthusiasm and persistent efort.  380 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 80 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 380 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA On November 3, 190, the first automobile parade in Flor- ida was a feature of the Gala-week carnival, there being 26 machines of various makes, types, and styles in line; at that time 32 automobiles were owned in Jacksonville, and the fact was highly advertised to stress the progressiveness of the city. The city then passed a osed-limit ordinance and the frst arrest for exceeding the limit of six miles an hour in the down-town section was on April 30, 1904, when a prom- inentbusinessman was hailed into cort, Thenextstepwas the organiation of the flrest local automobile club on March 16, 190, known as the Jacksonville Automobile and Motor moat Club, with H. A. McEachern, president; Charles A. Clark and Fred E. Gilbert, vice-presidents; Herbert Race, secretary-treasurer. In the fall of 1905 the number of auto- mobiles owned in Jacksonville had increased to 166, and again this fact became the subject for advertisement. The automobile races at Atlantic Beach in April, 1906, aroused enthusiastic interest in automobiles generally, and a pronounced impetus to their popularity as a pleasure ve- hicle followed the completion of the hard road to the beach in 1910; in 1911, a checklist showed 1120 machines owned In Jacksonville. March 6, 1916, Jacksonville's first automobile show opened, with a display of 29 different makes, ranging In price from the Cadillac, 7-passenger, standard, at $2085, to the Saxon roadster at $395, f.o.b, factory. The show was of great interest and a success in every way. Up to America's entrance into the World war, the auto- mobile wan considered more or les a luxury, to be enjoyed by the well-to-do. With the opening of the Government aipyards here, where wages beyond the dream of former years were paid, the working man, who had hitherto ridden his bicycleortaken thestreetcar,inmanyinstancesnowdrove to his job in his own automobile. After the war there was a partial recession, due to econoae causes, but this was on- ly temporary. Within the last three years automobile traffic conditions have grown to be a serious matter, with dangerous smash-ups occurring almost daily, and fata accidents of such frequency as to receive hardly more than passing comment from the general public, On November 3, 190, the frst automobile parade in Flor- ida was a feature of the Gala-week carnival, there being 26 machines of varios makes, types, and styles in line at that time 32 automobiles were owned in Jacksonville, and the fact was highly advertised to stress the progressiveness of the city. The city then passed a speed-limit ordinance and the frst arrest for exceeding the limit of six miles an hour in the down-town section was on April 30, 1904, when a prom- inent business man was hailed into court. Thenextstepwas the organization of the first local automobile club on March 16, 1900, known as the Jacksonville Automobile and Motor Boat Club, with H. A. McEachern, president; Charles A. Clark and Fred E. Gilbert, vice-presidents; Herbert Race, secretarytreasurer. In the fall of 1905 the number of auto- mobiles owned in Jacksonville had increased to 166, and again this fact became the subject for advertisement. The automobile races at Atlantic Beach in April 1906, arosed enthusiastic interest in automobiles generally, and a pronounced impetus to their popularity as a pleasure ve- hicle followed the completion of the hard road to the beach in 1910; in 1911, a checklist showed 1120 machines owned in Jacksonville. March 6, 1916, Jacksonville's first automobile show opened, with a display of 29 different makes, ranging in price from the Cadillac, 7-passenger, standard, at $2080, to the Saxon roadster at $390, f.o.b, factory. The show was of great interest sad a success in every way, Up to America's entrance into the World war, the auto- mobile woo considered more or less a luxury, to be enjoyed by the well-to-do. With the opening of the Government shipyards here, where wages beyond the dream of former years were paid, the working man, who had hitherto ridden his bicycle or taken the street am, in many instances now drove to his job in his own automobile. After the war there was a partial recession, due to economic causes, but this was on- ly temporary. Within the last three years automobile traffic conditison have grown to be a serious matter, with dangerous smash-ups occurring almost daily, and fatal accidents of such frequency as to receive hardly more than passing comment from the general public. On November 3, 1903, the first automobile parade in Flor- ida was a feature of the Gala-week carnival, there being 26 machines of various makes, types, end styles in line; at that time 32 automobiles were owned in Jacksonville, and the fact was highly advertised to stress the progressiveness of the city. The city then passed a speed-limit ordinance and the first arrest for exceeding the limit of sin miles an hour in the down-town section was on April 30, 1904, when a prom- snent business manwashailed into court. Thenextstepwas the organbation of the irst local automobile club on March 16, 1905, known as the Jacksonville Automobile and Motor Boat Club, with H. A. McEachern, president; Charles A. Clark and Fred E. Gilbert, vice-presidents; Herbert Race. secretary-treasurer. In the fall of 1905 the number of auto- mobiles owned in Jacksonville had increased to 166, and again this fact became the subject for advertisement. The automobile races at Atlantic Beach in April, 1906, aroused enthusiastic interest in automobiles generally, and a pronounced impets to their popularity as a pleasure ve- hicle followed the completion of the hard road to the beach in 1910; in 1911, a checklist showed 1120 machines owned is Jacksonville, March 6, 1916, Jacksonville's first automobile show opened, with a display of 29 different makes, ranging in price from the Cadiliac, 7-passenger, standard, at $2005, to the Saxon roadster at $395, f.o.b, factory. The show was of great interest and a success in every way. Up to America's entrance into the World war, the auto- mobile was considered more or less a luxury, to be enjoyed by the well-to-do. With the opening of the Government shipyards her, where wages beyond the dream of former years were paid, the working man, who had hitherto ridden his bicycle or taken the street car, inmanyinstancesnow drove to his job in his own automobile. After the war there was a partial recession, due to economic causes, but this was on- ly temporary. Within the last three years automobile traffic conditions have grown to bee serious matter, with dangerous smash-ups ccurring almost daily, and fatal accidents of such frequency as to receive hardly more than passing comment from the general public,  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 381 IBTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 381 ISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 881 Air Craft Elderly citizens of Jacksonville remember seeing balloon asenason when they were children, and memory easily e- calls the flight made herein 1905 by an air gas-bag propelled by oars; but the first flight in this vicinity without artificial aid, was that of a huge box-kite aeroplane at Atlantic Beach during the automobile races, April 9, 1906. Chas R. Hamil- ton was the aviator, and he attained a height of 250 feet, from which elevation he suffered a "nose" dive, escaping death by a miracle. On the 14th, Israel Ludlow in a similar accident sustained injuries that paralyzed him for life. On February 1, 190, Lincoln J. Bsechey made the first flight in an airship propelled by motor, in East Florida. The flight was made in South Jacksonville, in what was known as Beachey Airship No. 6. This was a dirigible shaped like a cigar, with rudder behind and propeller in front. It was equipped with a 4-cylinder, 10 h.p. gasoline engine weighing 62 pounds ; the total weight of the ship was 240 pounds. In this flight Beachey was in the air 12 mintes. On Feby. ad, he crossed the river and flew over Jacksonville, circling with perfect control aseeral times, to the great amazement of the inhabitants. The first flight made in Jacksonville of a heavier-than-air machine was that of Charles K. Hamilton in a Curtisa bi- plane, May 21, 1910. The flight was made at Moncrief race- track and was the first of a eries of exhibitions, sae of which wasarace between the bi-plane and a Cadillae-30, driven by sDexter Kelly. Owing to enfavorable wind conditions, the Cadillac won. Earle Dodge's School of Aviation opened at Black Point (State Camp), December 4, 1916, and the Curtiss aeroplanes of modern type soon became familiar objects in the sky In thisvicinity. Thisschoolfortrainingaviatorswasinopera- tis until the summer of 1917, and an outstanding feature connected with it was that no fatal accidents occurred, Aeroplanes had now ceased to be a novelty to the people of Jacksonville, but the final word in spectacular air "stunte" wasyettocome. Itwas during one of the Liberty Loaneam- paigns that an aerial circus, participated in by American. French and English planes, held spellbound the population of Jacksonville gathered on the hoesetops. No ouch exhibi- tion of "air stunts" was ever seen here before, or since. Alt Craft Elderly citizens of Jacksonville remember seeing balloon mascension when they were children, and memory easily re- calls the tight made here in 1905 by an air gao-ato propelled by sacs; but the first fight in thin vicinity without artificial aid, was that of a huge box-kite aeroplane at Atlantic Reach during the automobile races, April 9,1906. Chas R. Hamil- ton was the aviator, and he attained a height of 250 feet, from which elevation he suffered a "nose" dive, escaping death bya miracle. On the 14th, Israel Ludlow in a similar accident sustained ijuries that paralyzed him for life. On February 1, 1908, Lincoln J. Beachey made the first tlight in an airehip propelled by motr, in East Florida. The flight was made in south Jacksonville, in what was known as Beachey Airship No. 6. This was a dirigible shaped like a cigar, with rudder behind and propeller in front. It was equipped with a 4-ylider, 1th h.p. gasoline engine weighing 02 pounds; the total weight of the ship was 240 pounds. In this flight Beachey was in the air 12 minutes,. On Feby. 3d, he crossed the river and flew over Jacksonville, circling with perfect coatrel several times, to the great amazement of the inhabitants. The first flight made in Jacksonville of heavier-than-air machine was that of Charles K. oHamilton in a Curtiss bi- plane, May 21, 1910. The flight was made at Moncrief race- track and was the first of a series of exhibitions, one of which wao a rare between the bi-plane and a Cadillac-3, driven by Dexter Kelly, Owing to unfavorable wind conditions, the Cadillac won. Earle Dodge's School of Aviation opened at Black Point (State Camp), December 4, 1016, and the Curtiss aeroplanes of modern type aoon became familiar objects in the sky in thisavicinity, This school for trainingaveinterswmasinspera- tion until the summer of 1917, and an outasanding feature connected with it was that no fatal accidents scurred. Aeroplanes had now ceased to be a novelty to the people of Jacksonvilie, hut the final word in pectacular air "stunte" wanyetgto come, It was daring one oftheLiberty Loan cm- paigns that an aerial circus, participated in by Americas, French and English planes, held spellbound the population of Jacksonville gathered en the heosetops. No such exhibi- tion of "air stunts" was ever seen here lefore, or since, Air Craft Elderly citizens of Jacksonville remember seeing balloon nsons when they were children, and memory easily re- calls the flight made here in 1905 by an sir gas-bag propelled by oars; but the first flight in this vicinity without artificial aid, was that of a huge hox-kite aeroplane st Atlantic Beach during the autemobile races, April 9, 1906. Chas R. tamil- ton was the aviator, and he attained a height of 250 feet, from which olevatin he suafered a "sae" dive, escaping death by a miracle. On the 14th, Israel Ludlow in a similar accident sustained injuries that paralyzed him for life. On February 1, 1909, Lincoln J. Beachey made the first flight in an airship propelled by motor, in East Florida. The flight moo made in South Jacksonville, in what was known an Beachey Airship No. 0, This was a dirigible shaped like a eigar, with rudder behind and propeller in front. It was equipped with a 4-cylinder, 10 h.p. gasoline engine weighing 82 pounds; the total weight of the ship was 24 poonds. In this fight Reacher was in the air 12 minutes. On Feby. 3d, he crossed the river and flew over Jacksonville, circling with perfect contrl aeveral times, to the great amazement of the inhabitants. The first flight made in Jacksonville of a beevier-thas-air machine was that of Charles R. Hamilton in a Curtisa bi- plane, May 21. l191. The flight was made at Moncrief race- track and was the first of asecies of exhibitions, one of which woo a race between the Li-plane end a Cadillac-3e, drives by Dexter Kelly. Owing to unfavorable wind conditions, the Cadillac won. Earle Dedges School of Aviation opened at Black Point (State Camp), December 4, 1916, and the Curtis a eroplanes of modernm type soon became familiar objects in the sky in thisvicinity. Thisrshool frtraining aviators was inopera- tion until the summer of 1911, and an outstanding feature connected with it was that so fatal arcidents occurred. Aeroplanes had now ceased to be a no a novit the people of Jackasonvili, bat the final word ia spectacular air "stunts" was et tg come, It was duringenctof the Liberty Lean cam- paigns that an aerial circu, participated in by American, French and English planes, held spellbound the population of Jacksonville gathered eon the hoesetops. No such exhibi- tin of "air stunts" was ever seen here before, or since.  082 HISTORY OF JACKSONV~hLE, FLORIDA There is an Arm Club in Jacksonville, rermanentl, ortan- nred December 4, 1924, under.a charter from the National Aersonutic Association. Charter officers:± T. C. meson, pr.- dent;Hi. C.EBlard and John Wright vice-prsceidents; Y.0. Brown, secretary-treasurer. 282 HISTORY OF JACI(SONVILLE, FLORIDA There is an Aero Club in Jacksonville, pennanently organ- ised December 4, 1924, under a charter from thse National Aeronautic Association. Charter officers:T. C. Inenon, pres- ident; H. C. Bullard and John Wright. vice-presideots; Y. 0. Brown, sedetary-tresurer 982 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIA There is an Ae Club in Jacksonville, permanently orgn- ised December 4, 1924, under a charter from the National Aeronautic Association Charter offcers: T. C. Osuson, pres- ident; it. C. Dullard and John Wright, vice-presidents; Y. O. Brown, secretary-tredarer,  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA mS HISTORY OF JACKRONVILLE. FLORIDA 83 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 88 CHAPTER XXI THE PORT OF JACKSONVILLE The first aid to navigation at the mouth of the St. Johns River was not with respect to improving the oar, but to mark its location. A lighthouse was erected by the U. S. Government in 1833, but three years later it was taken down, as it became threatened by the sea, The location of this first lighthouse at the mouth of the St. Johns was not far from the south jetty, north of the fishing shacks. Theceast- al beach in that vicinity was washed away, but since the jet- ties were built it is making up again, in the sand field to the left as you approach the south jetty on the beach, The second lighthouse was built in 1l8, about a mile farther up the river, on the south side, directly in front of what is now called the "White Heron Tea Room" on the "Wonderwood" property. This tower likewise became threatened by the wash of the river and by drifting sands, and it was abandoned spon the completion of the present lighthouse at Mayport in 1859. The remains of the second tower were visible until a few years ago ; the site is now un- der water.' The keepers of the light, from 183 to 1862 (subsequent records were burned at Washington), were in the order named: William Livingoton, Roque Leonardy. John Warren, Henoy Maxey, Matthew H. Philips, W. H. Huston, G. C. Ass. ta, Josiah Fennimore? Most of these names are familiar as residents of Jacksonville before the War Between the States. While they were the official keepers, it is said that the actsal keeper of the light was an old negro named Peter Peter no doubt witnessed many a stirring scene at the mouth of the river, as some venturesome and impatient mariner attempted to navigate the shallow stretch, and afterward wrote in his log, "Got stuck on St. Johns br". The Jacksonville Courier, of August 6, 113, published this interesting ccrrespondence about St. Johns bar: s.E ditor. Sir-oerewith Indyueas municetesCapt Wightma, ths head Pilo at doe mouth of the Rier, atoting sose lacts elatiag to the Oar, the pobliating of which, I have as ede, will be af 'sneiderableIece sov esel. hond h tishprn Farh -gratihe tles CHAPTER XXI THE PORT OF JACKSONVILLE The rst aid to navigation at the mouth of the St. Jolns River was not with respect to improving the bar, but to mark its location. A lighthouse was erected by the U. S. Government in 1830, but three years later it was taken down, as it became threatened by the sea' The location of this fst lighthouse at the mouth of the St. Johns was not far from thesouth jetty, north of thefishing shacks' Thecoset- al beach in that vicinity was washed away, but since the jet- ties were built it is making op again, in the sand field to the left as you approach the sooth jetty on the beach. The second lighthouse was built in 1835, about a mile farther up the river, cn the south side, directly in front of what is now called the "White Heron Tea Room" on the "Wonderwood" property. This tower likewise became threatened by the wash of the river and by drifting sands, and it was abandoned pon the completion of the present lighthouse at Mayport in 1859.0 The remains of the second tower were visible until a few years ago; the site is now un- der water' The keepers of the light, from 1830 to 1852 (subsequent records were burned at Washington), were in the order named: William Livingston, Roaue Leonardy, John Warren, Henry Maxey, Matthew H. Philips, W. H. Huston, G. C. Acos- ta, Josiah Fennimorea Most of these names are familiar as residents of Jacksonville before the War Between the States. While they were the oiial keepers, it is said that the actual keeper of the light was an old negro named Peteri Peter no doubt witnessed many a stirring scene at the mouth of the river, as some venturesome and impatient mariner attempted to navigate the shallow stretch, and afterward wrote in his log, "Got stuck en St. Johns bar". The Jacksonville Courier, of August 6, 1836, published this interesting correspondence about St. Johns bar: Mr.Editos. Sir-serewih0sayeso aa neetionfreaCapt. wightman, the heed Pilot a the mouth of oh aloes, Ntating some faut relatng to the Ba, the publlhlng of which, I have no doubt, will be f oaldeeable ervieo ve eses boed to this pot Forthe gratlsiosh THE PORT OF JACKSONVILLE The first aid to navigation at the mouth of the St. Johns River was not with respect to improving the bar, but to mark its location. A lighthouse was erected by the U. S. Government in 1030, but three years later it was taken down, as it became threatened by the sea.' The location of this first lighthouse at the mouth of the St. Johns was not far from the south jetty, north of the fishing shacks. Theenat- al beach in that vicinity was washed away, but since the jet- ties were built it is making op again, in the sand field to the left as you approach the south jetty on the beach. The second lighthouse was built in 1835, about a mile farther up the river, on the south aide, directly in front of what is now called the "White Heron Tea Room" on the "Wonderwood" property. This tower likewise became threatened by the wash of the river and by drifting sands, and it was abandoned upon the completion of the present lighthouse at Mayport in 1859, The remains of the second tower were visible un a few years ago; the site is now un- der water.' The keepers of the light, from 1830 to 1852 (subsequent records were burned at Washington), were in the order named: William Livingston, Roque Lesnardy, John Warren, Henry Masey, Matthew H. Philips, W. H. Huston, G, CAcos- ta, Josiah Femimore, Most of these names are familiar as residents of Jacksonville before the War Between the States. While they were the ofticial keepers, it is said that the actual keeper of the light was an old negro named Peters Peter no doubt witnessed many a stirring scene at the mouth of the river, as some venturesome and impatient mariner attempted to navigate the shallow stretch, and afterward wrote in his log, "Got stuck to St. Johns bar". The Jacksonville Courier, of August 0, 1836, published this interesting eorrespndence about St. Johns bar: tr.ilo Sir---erewlth seedyou acouia ioferm Cap. wightma, the head Pilot a the mont of the ivtler, stlg seese bcts relatng t th, Bar, the publishing of which, I have as doubt, will baf osaoiderable ervictOessel Ioudhdtohia port For the gratifintlna  mg HITORY WF JACSNVLLE FLORIDA U4e HISOR OF MACUCONY . FLORIDA U4 HISOY OF IACKONVAAE FLORIDA I area n.-henerse nedisepsv I woldinBoe-them that the pilotage 1a hc et. attaced to, tad in in bile, headt nhna it firs bea fetan e Capt."e~ Wihonad anpt Iwmty sar hoth gond acotten ad per they have bot ea aetla Sn. t por ftp tnty an a ontidtrd gnnd pilot, htoe their appoitntett hot e that It-n they hea c . ort tiable to nbtn evey indet- npneoiheo hg thetttt nfithetme Wt havenhe atoa thatoalnt--moigff the ltapn-llt iweeurtd tolty Iand fn or dayns thoigatiftno fort, ad coc then haieg thliged etndibe ilrcieanhi a e mitebrcont thnnnae'ith. tn yunl. Ilignid, w. If. opospnttoflhilattocnnofednn eat o tme at Ithea~te rsoth ttso fth tieemny, btehswhmepitg eaeptidn. Veetoa hitd into at St. Junt River nothig a pilot Isbnol hp doe ligat- inh nhpay bed in potting in Inn tint tcghLt-Oo is tha night, hoitng ito hMr at ato, and atbtea it tr if nta , if ninerat mad tat.o Inetie feelo nny .aleotnttheohainnlfrop Pilot it teenby the nohn in ttan, hy its binig iootend byra Seach loo tins Light-Ilnte. The Pieis pledge Nontlrn ton gins prompt atsait vt vd at raoealg It thin nor nd Elite. t wtea idar, Jtle, 1.5P. Tithy Wlght ado, Banh Plltt Ptreliminnry Efforts for Bar Improvement Dr. A, S. Etldwiti, of Jnckn-ville, was the liat to ad- anes theory nnd the fist to become notive far bar improve mnt it thetry wan that by cloning Fort George Iuolt, Ieto sand aooh collect at St. Jbhn. bar, and the coarena of the river woulId develop and force a chaninel there. A public meeting of citizent was called to take natio .,osainn views, with the renolt that in 1852 he was tent to Washington to as an appropration of Cengrtos to carry ot thin idea. In thin haewn eccosful, and Coangrens apopropriated $10,lOO, aon siderable torm for that time. Soon afterward, Lnto. iH. G. Wright woo tent here by the Oovernmeat to investigate and make asorvey; t hit wa in 1853. Lieut. Wright moade a re- tottn h itntofn at the hay coolyl be largely oercame by the Cinotrato of a siogle pn or jetty on the north aide of the in thoannel, acrt tha. The appropriatin nevert became avaiable anl Bd th e recononoondation of Liet. nc Wright neverva acted upon, asl ittioi sid ahat icartita having power- fnl inoflunneat Waabinogtoo, who were at that time Interested iodemeo st,nondeoitaroaadmarnntItenld nftratem tnt the pilotage Itaw tent attnded en, nod in in beite hands than It bred hoeefn te tntysen Capt. wightpon sad Capt linen. tee both goed cneame and per nint meto they hove both adtdleaosels frton tin tart ftp tat yciet, tad wept poshade- goad piloto hofton over appinteent, hot tie y thiret tukn great tenh,. nobta eeey ionow betianp .o olthper-mig the stte ofrtheoa, We haeethe aaoone nhatrtteeler-otito thentorwioatltnonhb tngd tonyaynd on fo ir, os hotoin a atal fort Tht, and iora the. bing obliged ®datBtifree mt1her eet treisettly thetaetitint, eyen Sietedi W. R. noe~b lT; rh 5r ft.JibRiotsin o tin it aet tnsNoet- mntpttthe oearsan anted hfe2tot5 feeat tltighaetas,, eotheeaciotnhbe ooifae acheththenpeagat p tlde. Woodl tatad Into the St. JOhce River niching a pilot ennui keep tne Light- lo.'ieheaei fete SSP to wOaw, coo pot nto o , ire-....it e, on the neathr ay be; in potting in, oini Light-Hatntt in the ight, widng it ttoratiioe, andate n6lastr ahom,,tif mdeatend ntneh latarn of Wote mnay danyohewthat theiatgnlcarna rPlotistem bthe Prat, nnlntoe, hy is being connedhbyn igal fto tine Light-UHo. e noyinatge e hpenoeloet tin gips prmpi ttati-nntttt-1 teotein t itni adpandnliver. Sc. Zehn. ar, Jolt less. Timothy wolghtman, aeneb pilst Pureliminay Efforts for lBar Imprseent Dr A. S. Boadin, of Jnthtoovle, wan the fint to ad- can a theory and the irst to become attire far bar Improve- mo. Hin theory veto that by cloning Fort George Inlet, lens sand wouid collect at St. Juliao bar, and the corrent, ad the river antuId develop and force a channel there. A public meeting of citicne wan cad to take action upon hi anew, with the mosult that in 1802 he wany tent to Washingten to ak an appropriation if Congress to carry ou0 thin idea. In thin he wan nocc ettfno, and Congress app~ropcinted $101000,. n- aterable sumn for that time. Seon afterward, Lieot. to. G. Wright was sent here by the Olevernoent to investigats and make aRsurvey; this was hin lO53. Lieut. Wright made a re port that the difficulties at the hay could he largely overcome by the construction tina unnle pity or jetty en the north tide of the main chanoel, arrmet the hay. Tb, appropriation never become avainhble and the recommendation af Lieut. Wright wan never acted upon, n iti I.Said that pAte hating peanr ful infinuence nt Wasloingo, who were at that titse interested to merthotte. todtaave tad tanias I wnnld i..-en thea en the pilotagetinm noe htter attended to tadnto in better handi than it has hooe to an pecan. Cap, Wiohetta sad Cant %aity ine hoth gted state sd pee- necigntethey havie bot anoeeetls fein. thla port tioany pr nd w ee totlitpt gond tirot, Scot,, ttipatita, hoe oanthot tie tte hav, takn goat tenable toe ois ere, boctan- tosnralebaatee e tato ortter Iweltvanhpndntenan ,bat moult iing sianitad Setrt! non oe he atgnd toeay if and on l dena, Jowin a taitai fir n limo and oene then heing obliged toned im m tie, atl haost een oeesp the tn, wttal tan yensn. I tietedi w. Ro hoop fia:tThe saop 6,n.JtheRivertin itiae at tneNact- mhatptnof the eatptte tospttontlcbe fo 2ton15 feet at highwavep, on nint sie t f ide ay he, wehetherevprin is nap tide. Vetana hond int the St. Janhttve Iho nhhlonnpilt Mohal loop the tight- an0c ein .n.. aI 0SW no WSWti ad n tn , Le, m, 6 fttna nwere, na teahn, etap o it pttin in et tnt tigil-Onein the aight. ho-if tOt bear atn torn. and itihe it isp I fatboan if moderata nod ad.th it osp f tned, m07 apty kntw that thaeirdgei fir a inltit en byhey nli n ..he hy itshbango-hned hynaiegadi fena thes Ligh-tone. n~o pion, pledge hithouses to give prnsnpo ottmto. to all esictle moraing tn thin nap and Rie St Johts, Be, Only 0Was. Timtthy weighteda, aeh pest Preliminary Effortoa for -v improvement Dr. A. S. Batidwili, if Jack atntuihis, was the firat to aed- aarntheory and teftrot to become active for bar irevm- ment. OHle theory wan Chat by closing Fort George Mist, Ies nd woold cellect at St. Johns tar, sld the upwrd.t of the river wosid develop and force a channel there A public meeting of citizens veto coiled to t artion upn bin iewe, with the result that it 1852 he wos snt Be Washington to ask an appropriation of Congress to cary tout thin idea. In thin hewanocetndu ond Cosngress appropriated $10,000, a cn n'iderable sum for tlnot time. Soon afterward, Lietu. Mi G. Wright was tent here by the Governnent to inventigate and -i.asre;ti a n15.Lgt rgtmd nport that the ificuolties at the bar could be largely evercaime hbe the contruction of a single pier or jetty on the north aide of the main channel, across the tar The appropriation never become availahle and the recommendation of Lieut. Wright vetneeacted upont, s it I. said that parties having potert- fad t lnro at Washington, who wer at that timse interested  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 885 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 85 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 885 in the harbor at Fernandina, caused the abandonment of the contemplated improvements at the mouth of the St. Johns River. The war came on, and the chaotic condition afterward prevented the revival of the question of bar im- provement until late in the 1870'sa. About 1877, Dr Baldwin again became active in the mat- ter of deeper water at the bar. Early in 1878, he went to New Orleans to confer with Capt. James B. Eada, who was then building the Misaiasippi River jetties. An agreement was made with Capt. Bads to ceme to Jacksonville, make a survey and report for a fee of $1000. Dr. Baldwin returned to Jacksonville and noon raised the money by popular sub- scription. Capt. Bads arrived in March. 1878, and on the 29th submitted a report that there was no doubt of the no- ceon of a system of jetties; that by the constraction of two converging jetties, from the mainland across the bar to deep water, a permanent channel of 20 feet, at average food, could be secured, and that the total cost of the wick would be about $1,700,000. He recommended high jetties, i.e., above high water level.) Capt. Eods' report was approved by a committee of citi- zeas, and a memorial to Congress was prepared asking for the appropriation. In this memorial it was stated that from 1866 to 1878, the loss of vessele and cargoen by shipwreck, between Cape Canaveral and Bruonwick, approximated $1,500,000, and that in 1872 alone, loss on the Atlantie oast of Florida north of Canaveral, was $570,000, much of which might have been saved by a land-locked harbor at the mouth of the ft. Johno River.' The memorial was effective, for late in 1878, Capt. George Danbigny, under the direction of Gen. Q, A. Gillmore, made an exhautive aurvey at the mouth of the river.' On data thus obtained, Gen. Gillmore recommended a system of jetties as Capt. Bads had advised, only he recommended law or submerged jetties instead of high. Gen. Gillmore's plan was adopted June 30, 1879. In the meantime, the Government had been engaged in a dredgiag project at the mouth of the river, in what was known as the south channel, but owing to the shifting nature of the nand. no permanent improvement wan anticipated. However, while the dredge was kept going, the depth of water was increased several feet, and when the Western Texa, of the Mallory line, steamed in on November 5, 1878, in the harbor at Fernandina, caused the abandonment of the contemplated improvements at the mouth of the St. Johns River. The war came on, and the chactic conditions afterward prevented the revival of the question of bar im- provement until late in the 1870's' About 1877, Dr. Baldwin again became active in the mat- ter of deeper water at the bar. Early in 1878, he went to New Orleans to confer with Capt. James B. Eaja, who was then building the Mississippi River jetties. An agreement was made with Capt. Rods to come to Jacksonvine, make a survey and report for a fee of l00s. Dr. Baldwin returned to Jacksonville and soon raised the money by pepuar stb- scription. Capt. Eals arrived in March, 1878, nd aon the 2thsubmitted a report that there was no doubt of the sue- cens af a system of jetties; that by the construction of two converging jettie, from the mainland across the bar to deep water, a permanent channel of 20 feet, at average flood, could be secured, and that the total cost of the work would be haet $1,70,000. He recommended high jetties, i.e., above high water level.' Capt. Eads' report was approved by a committee of citi- ens, andamemor.ial to Congress was prepared asking for the appropriation. In thisn memorial it was stated that teem 1868 to 1870, the loot of vessels and cargoes y bshipwreck, between Cape Canaveral and Brunswick, approxieated $1,500,000, and that in 1872 alone, loss on the Atlantic cast of Florida north of Canaveral, wa $570,000, much of which might have been saved by a land-locked harbor at the mouth of the ft. Johns Rivere The memorial was effective, for late in 1878, Copt. George Dantigny, under the direction of Cen. Q, A. Cillmore, made an exhaustive survey at the mouth of the river. On data thus obtained, Geen. Gillmore recommendeda system of jetties as Capt. Eads had advised, only he recommended law or submerged jettie sInstead of high. Gen. Gillmre',s plan was adopted June 30, 1879. In the meantime, the Goverment had been engaged in as dredging project at the mouth of the river, in what wae known as theseouth chaneh. but ewing to the shifting nature of the sand, no permanent improvement was anticipated. However, while the dredge was kept going, the depth of water waN increased several feet, and when the Western Texan, of the Mallory linne, steamed in an November 5, 1878, in the harbor at Fernandina, caused the abandonment of the contemplated improvements at the mouth of the St. Johns River. The war came an, and the chaotic conditions afterward prevented the revival of the question of bar im- provement until late in the 1870's.' About 1877, Dr. Baldwin again became active in the mat- ter of deeper water at the bar. Early in 1878, he went to New Orleans to confer with Capt. James B. Bada, who was then building the Misaissippi River jetties. An agreement was made with Capt. Eads to come to Jacksonville, make a survey and report for a fee of $100. Dr. Baldwin returned to Jetcksonville andeson raised the money by popular sub- scriptin. Capt. Eads arrived in March, 1878, and an the 29th submitted a repert that there was no doubt of the sog ces of a system of jettis; that by the construction of two converging jetties, from the mainland across the bar to deep water, a permanent channel of 20 feet, at average flood, could be secured, and that the total coot of the work would be about $1,7t0,000. le reconmended high jetties, i.e., above high water level/ Capt. Ends' report was approved by a committee ef cite- zes, andamemorial to Congrese was prepared asking for the appropriation. In this memorial it was stated that frm 1866 te 1878, the lo of vesoels and cargoes by shipwreck, between Cape Canaveral and runswic, approximated $1,500,000, and that in 1872 alene, lean en the Atlantie coast of Florida north of Canaveral, was $170,000, much of which might have been saved b' a land-locked harbor at the mouth of the St. Johns Rivers. -The memorial was effective, for late in 1878, Capt. George Daubigny, under the directien of Cen. Q. A. Giller, made an exhaustive survey at the mouth of the river.' On data thus obtained, Gen. Gimorc recommended a system of jetties as Capt. Eads had advised, only he recommended low or submerged jetties instead of high. Gen. Gillmoce's plan was adopted June 80, 1879.' In the meantime, the Government ted been engaged in a dredging project at the mouth of the river, in what was known a, the south channel, but owingto the shifting nature of the nand, no permanent improvement was anticipated. However, while the dredge was kept going, the depth of water was inereased several feet, and when the Western Texas, of the Mallory line, steamed in on November 5, 1878,  88 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILE, FLORIDA 386 HISTORY OF JACSONVILLE, FLORIDA 386 HISTORY OF JACUSONVLLE, FLORIDA the event was celebrated at Jacksonville as a new shipping era for this city.' On Christmas Day, 1878, something un- expected happened at the bar: A new channel suddenly broke out to the northward, in the path of an old channel, frnisching practically 11 feet at high water. This caused the Government to abandon the dredging work in the nouth channel5 ''t. Johns bar, before the jetties wee built, wos fan- lMped, and eutended peactieally from Talbt Island to Ben- side Beach, a distance of awes than two miles, at any pit of which the channel wem liable to break throg, The channel wold gseelly break out to the nohewrd and gradually cork is way to the southward, unti it ean clse along the soth bearc, hen froem different causes, as the varying utage of the re and seorms, it would close tp is tHe assth bearh annelan open up again farthermrthward, and the repet Ion uata esperiags, The Jettles The estinated cost of the jetty work under Gen. Gill- mor's plan was $1,306,000. Congreses made the first ap- propriation to start the work, $125,000, in June, 1880, and coatracts were awarded to R. G. Ros & Co., and J. H. Durkee. Both of these contracts were completed before another ap- propriation became available, and the construction woak ceased for a time. This was the history of the work all dur- ing the early years-apropriations became available Is relatively small amounts, and separate awards were made under each appropriation, which resulted in considerable delay, and additional expense in repairing damage arising during the intervals And so the work wore on. If the or- igmal estimate wee an accurate one, the system of separate awards cost the Government $200,000, for that was the amount in exceos of the estimate when the work had pro- gressed to the point of completion under the submerged plan, It had been decided, however, sot to stop the work at that stage, but to build the jetties higher, which was in ac- cordance with Capt. Eads' recommendation in the beginning. The following remindrences of Capt. R. C. Ross are here preserved as a valuable first-hand account of the work at the mouth of the river. No one knew more about the inside history of the jetty work then he, for from the award of the the event was celebrated at Jacksonville as a new shipping era for this city. On Christmas Day, 1878, something un- expected happened at the bar: A new channel suddenly broke out to the northward, in the path of an old channel, furnishing practically 11 feet at high water. This caused the Government to abandon the dredging work in the south channel? *Et. Johns bar, before the jeties were built, was fan- shaped, and extended pacilceally from Talbot Island to Buen- side Beca dintasce leof e tha tes , ssuat any pintso whocse obcanel teas lia~ble s tonrea throug. The chees rould geerrally break ot to the northwad nfd gaduolly work it way to te sothward, unti it ren close along the south bach, whes from different cates, an the vryig stags, of the river and toerl, it would close up in the asoth benob ehasel, and opesup again fartherorthward, and ths. repeat its unique caperingsj The Jetties The estimated cout of the jetty work under Gen. Gil- more's plan was $1,306,000. Congress made the irst ap- propriation to start the work, $125,000, in June, 1880, and contracts were awarded to R. G. Ross & Co., and J. H. Durkee. Both of these contracts were completed before another a a propriation became available, and the construction work ceased for a time. This was the history of the work all dur- ing the early years-appropriations became available In relatively small amoauts, and separate awards were made under each appropriation, which resulted in considerable delay, and additional expese in repairing damage arsong during the intervals. And so the work wore on. If the cr- iginal estimate was an accurate one, the system of separate awards cost the Government $200,000, for that was the amount in excess of the estimate when the work bad pro- gressed to the point of completion under the submerged plan. It had been decided, however, not to stop the work at that stage, but to build the jetties higher, which was in c- cordance with Capt. Eads' recommendation in the beginning. The following reminiseese of Capt. R. G. Ron are here preserved as a valuable first-hand account of the work at the mouth of the river. No one knew more about the inside history of the jetty work then he, for from the award of the the event was celebrated at Jacksonville as a new shipping era for this city./ On Christmas Day, 1878, something un- expected happened at the bar: A new channel suddenly broke out to the northward, in the path of an old channel, furnishing practically ul feet at high water. This caused the Government to abandon the dredging work in the south channel? .t Johse hat, before the jettes were but, wra fan- ehaped, and exteoed prascllesy from Talbot land to Bus- aide Bach, disanc oa mcaehn two mles,at any pot of which thM canel was liable to reak througv. Thuehannel would generally break out to the northwaed and gradually work ise way to the suthwa ,ut it raAncealeong the south beach, whes froo dferet acat, as the varying stages o he river nsd atoms, it wuld elose up in thes h behe dnnel, ad open upa san arthr northward, and hs repat its esique eaperingeJ The Jetties The estimated cost of the jetty work under Can. Gil- ore's plan was $1,306,000. Congresa made the first ap- propriation to start the work, $125,000, in June, 1880, and contracts were awarded to R. G. Ross & Co., and J. . Drkee. Both of these contracts were completed before another ap- propriation became available, and the construction work ceased for a time. This was the history of the work all dur- ing the early years-appropriations became available in relatively small amounts, and separate awards were made under each appropriation, which resulted in considerable delay, and additional expense in repairing damage arising during the intervals And so the work wore on. If the or- ideal estimate ws an accurate one, the system of separate awards cost the Government $200,000, for that was the amount in exces of the estimate when the work had pro- gressed to the point of completion under the submerged plan. It had been decided, however, not to stop the work at that singe, but to build the jetties higher, which was in ac- cordance with Capt. Eads' recommendation in the beginning. The following reminiscences of Capt. R. G. Rose are here preserved as a valuable first-hand accoont of the work at the mouth of the river. No one knew more about the inside history of the jetty work then he, for from the award of the  HSTORY WF JACSONVILLE FLORIUA % HITORY OJKONVIfD ILLE FLORIk SIT HSTORY OF JACKOVILLE, FLORID m8 first contract heo was continuously aooociutnd with the im- provemnt fsr 40 years Oeeoiiesnsso of Caos 5. 51. Sos Ia 0080, ths dspth of noose on St. ititoo hes at 'too tide waned bo- twee sin ond eight fsst Thereswesnntosmanon, toon. sItet the eoucth oeoadtMe thaseost mltothe oetwaod Cfommt Wtho ahifting actirs£e the andet depI. of water vroed at iffesont Shoes seed ".feI't-telo ted otos, ohs pilotslhnd to toted both ooe oolseisoI,&, oretitoethe dosltesttth[otooent Sottoweeonad- ostgoe Yoetis. for the johtes heone a sosteo poebtees. Cee Q. A. lllmeeeooht meeseths jtis ott hdsnolsupsosoeof the gosh, El. 5. C. Poet, dSntly be Moha, with hotdsooare.t Ciolatoondtnmoe anamhooof I.Ateto th mattbof rhorhum, I ewnt-oeste to whose the j&ette ehtal he toeid Gee. Gailon re come Reonning the sototh jettyv foris~a-- neseed ort Maf. Post accgsed that itwouldhbe agrotsarms wtps sadeae. thaes pureproto ott it drther toesd rOt matoth of th e . They feoly asooteead by smplitig tt shiftoe and heginie, on sidwoy nteed I farorod Gme Gihotoen plan toed s¢ft boleoc It the befteo Cotederchts dittal asos at t nb botlson I oreth Jem, alot- Thespined ttorateeooonttotdnbothe mart fooia ooobut Mo. Otlooe wooI ofte opinion that tA wso too near Foot Getrgo tlae, E oid the lawe W-eold poobobly gite teaohte, thtagh ft that teaet it bttad ae eota. Thebr i areopt, and oo the Gensera pecito deed. oaf is 000e ntion ntetetbe tto boopaod. Te stole teown nes fLtheotondOehiegkOea d s.,be oe xadot aheehonbtthev t es ctu se Waetlfmdsf bt o te phae hetween tbe jstnfsn, hereh-y moigte edfeto o Inn Mdego Mnal the tids. Sm eot. i toot ten dtont nenfso Mejosis oot d tWe te re- limumes wo on th oIn I.00 Cosero Id, 1080. An a foosodaito for the atone. soen m oo noedem of eogo 8 lootto in disteetre t etce - p tleend, . rtttefdo Ietgerh spied.nd fnooodeihbbideo OnoGaps of titotfrato lypr oflnor choboeftotis ctmoantae o tt teftro dogsnt tto and we. TM he edd mo sohe stat- reesawttessetof oetoalsdngt o yb. thedepnhsf wnte. Tht Mesnose fs.o2soeNe Yftorb ItI byoeeoinealltlasdontm than 3tt noon to the seattot so they, osnbOt soIet toursr is edoedg esoee 11oifest At that timesgeotbhltfoetooowebeoied ot rn owsn a NtewYork teosdensgntsotnt o itbth OteOdm braondRten pellItoCato thoomothot foloed Tto eoot iteeeoldtoeste *teo , Or tmftgbwon Thna Nw orkelCitynontsothefot- dnttwOraf c.toI atoeothesmett penoolny on thesot Aots a o.oot It wooitc posnobto to ogoto te eh oeltol of the se- ants ~ ~ ~ ~ h holegin th ~uend hers"y Otay n tie it bhos t as oeo- esstes0. aSanre ka a nemoyeot t eosh the bar one thn, first contract ho wan continuously oaenoiated with the te- provomoot for 40 yoart. Oemieinoeeeof Capains R. G1. Rau In 1050. the depthn of ott on ft. omn has at ltow tide eled be. rownot it an igtrot. Thoe We etra ten enoese it the somtarhoand theoithoitts ablteto thnseooaed~ Glg to the hathfoisgnoor tthe emdothsedepth of waterevnia tdicheren t an, ed bofoos e'otioc rold seteth pioto heed to ated bosh tone- nolni, orerto deteoithe deepep atothat mosgot Asoetosttta- eaooo t or an for the jestle bosonte - cti oc hlea Got. Q.A.Gulhb uoshodgeod thoiotioootdhd genoaneeti Nise its woeo. idol. J. C. PIot esly in thore, rith hsoedoortese sO Chtrlsotoeetdttesmdpstooohcerofeaoieto the ma.of thesieIa selmmoe¢ so to ieo the Tettles shoed. ho lotele. GOnct. Gisoer fond tesotio the outth jett dir lot. -.eone Moreost le. Pet aos tons It woutd hosa geat coonisooee and ese athese pnrse, o.teti fthe owsr oothssonottbifther-. TabealLy oaspooolnee by splitting the ediymasno and hecoiong on mtoy roed. I faoedGme.Gtlsooenolan andstlllaoitMeobtoe. Coeedrobleedlnonontontsooes totet omOatisotensmeajto, lw The present Itootiongooo.elaentdsthe mton fetveh1-n, bGm Ghlmonseb of the opimonthot it ton too near F.o George Ihl ts wh the Ile stool probebly aioe t1-th1e thouth In tI. eet It osold es tted 'rho lt it til opts, ndw to the Genesn soiosedr, did, s inte mninool weieg oa sland one sod Moeteg ttoo th jetty thon foodg op Words. u .1ei nother pa..,s botNes the Jetties, theebi. nts the need foe mote or lees eeegie oil the sloe. a Lat.Fo ose beet I. ten to aemi" Nojse Poot l-.111, oand ettb- harbe hbeseeo s Fooit Georg Ilaed We otbreoad the poe ,nontte sodk amtesn ,ottoeod a~v'm fcosmci0 .Aa ,teI n iI eote together, toted and! fAnt d with bindersada. On top of thtof yso otbseoefo stibeo et teetsn refsot dtli h merd itt otho ~ redtsttwthfo Te smto sago fro owe Yost Cly atrl, as -sall loads of ona mae thnn80teasooWothe oeted~tt eothey oetdootot mete aIII do tbsn3tlfet.At thettioe geeotil, bftoItotooertbiogeat down i New Yost to gro 0000 nteeot, fo 0hSot steee tee phtiem5t e omadb W eerad ltomis to she boom th oteef Thus coteoo oedto nd Cttnhmoon foe ilfA e. Ne hermba nto c sehioR Scottatis the m ost p oopothe Nomctny on the Sooth Aitottett c woo. ioopoonmlbt Os segnitt the neeo of tte e enooear tsig 0 he oosts a u mayyn teawsres et doce o stn togs. first csstract be ws ctotaettly oseoiusted with the ha- pronootent for 40 years Oottiieoeoeoe Costeo R. 0. Rote lntfItOthodSAthofwctson onot. ihs barsto tie ariedbem- sow tea nighs f.1 Tbhe oos eg soeto sesoat to the otishtosadthooMtosshosletohesoehwod.Oa foetthe shiting nooe of the swede.the dopfo of water embled ot dileetot tlr n oieenl emmm tcvcrbdt edbt ba netneoodertodneeeise the deerer Ite latogent So thestonto.d eowagosesooeio tor thWeos blac e ooolone pSle.. Got. Q. A Oltoe wht douigeed the jetti. said tad gaeoso no geo.o of toe work, ol. J. C Ios. diosotty he Imhee, wihM teadosasoe so Conclueons andI atanoomtteofeisits tohe ntotb of terinoesim sanso se to woom, the lettio t-c h od btootted. Gme Gittonse fanoeed lostig the mucth 1000y far ind towerd Odypast Shop FwOO writed thatiewoultdbo a get eteiiaos eono.oandtcberte Menstn ,1rn., to Star it farthe tosteed the mnth of the It-es They Onolts eweooetoed by spontig she diffocesos end heoloelg he n ide graond I Savrered Gee. Ciliseson plan end Iddl bet'out it toe bettos. Cosoldessldio-ssboosrooe sooteoatstsdtth onijr.,yonn- Te creontoo,I-en.oaselteoodsthe m eotsniheonmebt t Gflloen got tof then speio bo t gato sa Fot Inches Inlt Es aidMe pat wsold probaly glv iosobthsoghiAethttettgodd he dted The arme it IthIt aomd ao tho Gsees preedistd dedh seed o oeglb ttoOot ttom antloptod Tho stia oowle now is the totiowl osniolegof ,nd overent ad togh the noeth jetty, to foeing o Ns both and other plmate hetoen the inces, theoehy anogt nodmoo to os or los dedging all the timo.. tiotnt Fisktwt soot oton W -ot Ottios I.on isooy, mod soth- Wbsed hit heteeeoton ms Fort GowrW lassoed e attend the prm tiltnoy weh o Ott tat jetty Cosmeathoe, tOt. Ann fswttedtio fmsthetoe,ooenoosnmsd oftlogn 0totes .distsoeannthe -sells, endl, phod oboes toee. opied.asod forweard.wis bindeo Os top of thin softtsfern ofota mhsiam moefotintiot .1n, was platoerdfosesefdfnowitotsI.dwie THeotdofnaohstt- toepooworthfroee4ltottf Lottooording ostheptuhsfgat- The ...eas fsNew yortCity byronos,ias -.sltlssd f anses thann INStOm tome s ma the eo s they totte eon ogr is edenwma oss tden1t foot At thatt thangooot Hiosoweoos o£, ned19I ooe e lfew tr.to grde new stowt, fro inch Street oso......so preliminary to tte bsom that followed The eoeteoom told s Oe apeosfsheio.ef.oovcna. loomelfecYsotcCotysontoonmebos- otmlon, or tiog Z-oto iet the west psoosan cty an the Sooth AttifIsot. Itwenvimpitona onlisgtssthessiislof the ee- soe bringngothe eon, and so.ooly they tena In bootbes in a roth- esotetf. 0 bonekmoo s soo tyo to On lv n et ni a ohshe on eme tims,  SEU HSORY OF 1AK011UAE FLORIA sm HSTORT OF JACKuSOhVILLE, FLXA EU HSTORT 01' JACSOUVULI, FLORIA ted t tooh lome l ootlire t dixartge them ISl edoog, having to At y on iogoaat . ...Iheo 1116, thea it lodildol otpd om wck by wolinthot, elohoalog that he holapatIte leek toin.,e I., I we ewm' of oiog. Footlely, some lYo pevouolrt 1 hool hoagh ad OA moto mopa osd of foatlc o et tr o,mell lA rtstbtnd~t aoeeweo thepnAmoe jot laoelom the loo o, onIgnt deal ha th ooot The oppoettty 10 ct It to rod ood Y otnotlyleatd me lith e fot -tie oeottfood Aoo ltpeodooeft obeoeIodfodoot oat.too , ..d I mooaeaeoIediga Itohalltotodtnreoe a etlee ebo.- eoe tad the P telolI tow jo atieceotI- hl ot cbeeeettlot ot built oo Ahoatitoa to oaohoiieftm Nea Yoetoeatho hotl Iiot-too a~anooodela. Iteokldytey to the v1,elntattlL.~ mid hhioed Omtitietlooovl wheto e iteet loded to to kegenad o, ed toe jetty totek It tltoeaoth of the Ae Zobjoe ton nolo dA othe tooeed pntlon tgaWejeoteoond oo- W caothn yaoyooowoll,AotheIoologe ofooatootoqCat.ptW. tt,. i A oxb ahoy bothid I to a, h j ata eo ole n mt i y th e . j o o p k te o elt- eh ho d atiot-to an oi o h t n o ontinge .k m hl t o m a e i ld a oott.c beloc ho loom onao tmei Theo to thou 'M eio woe m ai y onhet thon - o that -eeo toapn miit. ot ih of oobcg o pte o tat Int; tea iota telw n bat tt ehe ho t oh-oto o d t W te Woeb lo elm the omeecl te J" -olbm ~ -don' theek Thi 'A'die 0 e the elkeptgebed eito'ay wthilyeaWe wg mitmlttcteko tdbahyeoUtmtJotomervth The lo Tb o the jo te t notododet f t Oboe t , lio, otlt Thee o o ii~ ee fhIw o i' adt e b - . e t e o t e e e o a e t y t o t o n n e d go t h e i t e o k h o o k ba l l l o a f adotoomet'ltottafot, mtdltie theklum,,,eoed go moeetloo tb oootdotk fret ooaaal Yw ou bihieuoadoc otnatbttod otoobdota-g. GTkioteodotaatiattk. ,,petag gO nt Oge Titay b n e oof thl ikeb holdoog a ao alttht Iotetohod teojeio t Onmt yeee t otottmady thtohta em I to oecio to tt t the oege that s k wpeoattew cae and t Otek coe Ov.at lotogt dionboge Wbtm alt withot hevong to may H iaoote. A oeoy-.onooig oi.-otoanao ebw lot 1800, abet totodool elepel mm wmek by om fitt, dothoig that 00o hodapatet on the hed atateat ottn & I wcmoo asit . oeta oe, oat imae peoool It eod.h.nth taodndg ht migot naoomth podeffte ole IIodothemoaoea gtha togheaaetk'ot ooapotvltte.tel acIt hamd,oondthoetly ot-IIIe elid the biet nodbe, motes fonsadot. It ooeldoopmefottaoootv.1odfeoabI.tie the oaemeonnooI 4w deioajoallfaaado.-ooettiot theo totes, ed the otheto," 1 homieeealaoeemktweelettiettmeohoiltew eyedoe"mud beot, Ahout this tiOo m -od m tobog a em tto New o .-e o o athe httd fjo-evae otteLomaadtoatdlOol. It aohoaieihbyte to tkoooionaa..Io- gad ohipad it Jtohownoie, abeto it goal loadod w0 thte koognoe ga band to the jetty mee al t the Month of the civic Jzhis atoae gototo -,,h Io at'he ott ln of the Jettlo atd on- tamed tho ptepna moIl At thn ting of mItoEotie, Copt. W. h1. aloke eoite it dago. II th oek I thot theo, dmlnd a p-attf tateige ofttoeeoIllan beowee,hitap tooo..ef low atet The epmte htoeea the tidges wv tow bt ed it milk opelee ehlkleondolodyet t.oepl-onbdtoop The ekelomaleoAooldkeet jogabhe.toeed -I,eaiathoieiedylwith Floida leteooo they hook fIld tkeir natel eltegm it the toAot hme okellOthl hodt -omoldg it olin to, ltaomoottiIth alohaole ot, m-.d hoeahtotc bit- the lt at looti Tho tyot e hell hetetin aot toed wely thm w4t inmn t dotme o.W otj T.Ib hid of otoo hot Ht, eigjool ploga te ee ochvbetged jeotco to0, qbut aipto the ltetlof looewotoe)oodtteb pearmaf ob wmk heoa teiaoy em oltaid ho iotaG100, hot la the mantothe 0 ilt- wmno otem lti to iotladeooweollnntofnnoke -eo.aohietoee lace ao on II.ene tolaM-1 Geto boolom, -ot..a Ot. loo ethkweeheooghtdownofeumatttnhoten IIIaopod -oap ofte oobmoetgo mock Thbhojlding op to the jetboo preego eatttft uoe, togh it aolomm oekotdttok yeoatneialle., The leogtav htthjtl aetded team twow Itlite, ed theet mae otatemn dorvooema et ent'oettea.iee, Te -eatoe. madottW oth jttty aottttededothetmheo bonkoohigklood. a dieon of aknat 1000 feet. VWTpe toi m-,k aoa poegetodog' I heaty ottheaatne,tt.td. by -mnoooil, bioh td,oatndoooa e- itn aIhaooa -.c dit-., Thait oooalaoteoitkedmittr Ipio ot1tO1. to it ay be wtid lhgO tO bonldjo tMk jettat tacr etohed nontt peeiod fotyy evoo, ottolioaothboghotthe hat. typectin, bat ot teoa loteetele 00 mcedty ocoolced. It to Oettanctg to toe the ohateea that look ple i thle oe". oaf it to tottI. he hoito em .loobeg them oI withoot heotete t Aoeey nayieg ticooe..oae 00100 Ilotlt 10the motey to lodinbedtoa otoppedl tom may0to linnotiot, olociteh hba be l edptteat at the log mt t en ttI we atoe yatI Foloatoly, tome lime peoely II .. hjh u sin :yn mpsao e fbt godooce 1oal geb0 t. miok ate the peoel oItl tke loget doaeto itdeoljoa he ot Thoaoe~itaotY to toetit t-oatai Ooltat I I ooat ore toheo e wtete oodfm tAt tme the titenelenon t ",o _alan ,nt aolfto ot 1fom wetet tbeor Wfee ond noho p ota to ot e it moo l 0,0 aotote ltt eo hemt Ahoot thie time aceoe a..akie.d foo New ty aktoo at the h ldfjot-eadoe elt.. e weotod lettod Ocal. It moohooledhbyeom to he ioo ototitoI god chipped it Jehatfe whme It te load.d mttWehtnegeoadamdtnthe etty .meItot th omttth'tdtoo oes Itia It oare to..ed foe ft othioegod o eanof ,tk jetit dto omteMtepoetl. At tilt li Nge tof ooeonli Ctpt Wo. Kf hoamelo hthe opataeioe g moe lee., Ito Ing hooeno Ite -k00 eoo abSet ,ild othl edIpotitd ohltlod It oloo .e.aoopo oo. ThettpMdeitodioner ig we ocebe bce'.motheoon to me o od.w A ittohat," they ottttt l l ue y oaoco pel eat Io 'kaT matoetho oeolt to~e Aloo am tha ; topeotig ticaolttooghlhehto t th e t ot tac Thehn monote bth ooin aI .toe ily. mee ae IoeI mo dee tad etigW Ib hjd eo otetaot ogy IIoetilalelont toegtbe oet eto O ,hltot b mea o gaumotccload oboefbmoah bbelool ~ oelilyee ,0l ow mae 1000 gal ns mote e o plo eet o"' oad at mold mJ 19~l tr k.wtma 0mto mm . gonecetatac te fact kighee. tooth oa thio opoeo mtaaimotdi 001 eoe oleoego fee tro cok olehoklatdo ioo Seot fteltoploned tvai tope th e toobmeegonit do 1000 bilding rip tO the jntae pogteeeett tioftt- totli Nttogh i1 ott ' o on k god took ym to aplelt.Th o£ tett etloeate taoeeq cavd gaetemlreOt Neoeo ofthoaooakjoty an eatl me eohlteooahonktohlto, o dIototn a to ot Iota fceo. I000 OtA~ ate tooit b lotyaehtte, oleo hy at amolly igh tdo catted a cce- .pjo of 001g. tftany b told thot the ha-lI, Wf We jlottiet bteohod oea petio tftty oro itot ctalanl . htoko bb ,ataayoom, b ktteegteeioocet o ytomeiiiteied. It I octomaog a toe th ok tat wllok poto it the fleet0  HISTRY0O JAUYZNVLLE, FLRA m 389ISOR OF JACKNILL, FLOIDA m9 HISTOR? OF JACKSINILLE. LORaA m8 -Rti of hojimtg te Intitno. ttnnn noohod otonootnod fno ®osgltn t hoam se1i knut of u hn eel .t tinnon.t'hoof ua -111 11 -1n tnaso e M olnpe'o.- rt nthoiot~t tnodo opdt doonon nto Aod I Dooditdlfon dowolopode of ,ran Point. nodhoodofloondof.yrod 1 andooolikootoeA osoure]on mhio yoon~vftotdth onoalitoof Ma gdnopl of noyindareag;ogwookalt wno stotilloe thatiowan,ip opot with ntooo unoto bobE aong nopotod ploo t that thin oon poononnootly ononoot Thnobnoel on to t. Jobeno Blloff n sen oinoning onuo.nt ogndooooit ho m o on noowao ody c ting nnn tnol s, oado- noino tnthank and as noald ooooioolyoos]dnioa nonoyo nogo nned sno moo maltesinto tion nino Hoot thoe ebb tido tottot setos ungn MhaoHoood, infap,lit lttcard htd niotboom nd locd nolythono. Anooeonnootoonwoooosdoottbo efoinnlie byoorni heo ntldhotha onoooonttit ootooad th onoth of Bho niver, ti omn noting anlo pltao and foonnig snn banks thatI hd to te or oono by doodging and doniOnto mho ooelt S mow th Asoint Inf Jo. Sonhna Omta on lk nont Otndod foot footm womson It oginally wnn. Aoll n I fThin nano ior-ehpetod toew n ponind of aboot tonl ynne T wnttono ointn nd othon nohno, wolo fromntno tov nonegoo , in oenlon t tiot i cswnt,ndniapo in toin ofloini po pol nino to put SoooooeOh wtnool t Intodo. t n nRt Rnooe knows ThO n oOftt to is non toBmn ot tdo I.n met ooolyo c.1 by e tog otooofhooninooalnnopo..dtotow. S.P. Loaoonseel onmolny. an on Inolniont atngnn na o et y nook dewso t int e onoo toae noa Old itonndo ting botwon ra .ont ond ha Mnoot strets. Lonao oor no thet pololeto of tommit thocle do boon mngagod on tint tok an d ethaoho . mnt of te St. Joloot act ino x. et- otnootrtototwonam tnolt cue.Q.Kfiloooowbdoinioj- Maj. I. C. PoSnt, anninoot to G ontod Citot Pink tuoat ctt tioo W. Io Pk. ooto n o Itoito n Pont utptg totot ten Capt. i. . Ronuoll, ...oon...t Majonke Pnt. Loon r tood BranndUon lStop tonot to the 000m0 bass nmmo it, otignws nooto boing aptpot Aono Coi Joow0 H.f Hato tin hoon.Oa 0th onet hooingf nntnot tyn boo o in u ototonndn ttoo w w, 0000- ongagod ont toot fot0 nook. mnooglot 00000eth ibuonla Iot nof Aodeudoot Otho mootshnthe otonIt wttas dioooooooo that tho. onoot too i Ooooigfnoooo' tp the dootbopoda, it 'ott notitod that 01. Saohoc Hnotffoptoowoingney ttt dns,.oooate, Atndh tot tniin dasmd onoolooood 1o o opmnoOoo Point Tno otoooodtofoooootoi ofyrodof sudonnnedito h ohonnol In thin a ott oo[On Or tt noponoitoot of ogont foal of neoooIlddtitgtotoi. nd Iotolt uoiibootiofd9Well,, rip nappad Wi. th 0000 noo itt alonm atotod ofoto ,othat thoenspion Thean inonl con Amon to 6t. Jraon BIof, nod A ion uam itooIngtio tgnfotooikthtontoo aadionowadedbo natonftnotatt.ondo,- toinod tbn hootk. ant 'n -to oli unotnail, aoo loodtoo qosao nngondomldon oibtooinothoi'oo Ooonohebbdom'noath o tnoree That the food., in foot. it noonily tinbnf 00ad hotto anti teo ootj hono. Annmomtwooamontnoft .ad omnoootooved ato-ootbotopn ofth no t by ononio and nttlod where the oton t sft It itoto thot mwmot of hot river, Bano lootinghn obo s alo nod fortho d nd innao tino hod to ho b ayn oSoy by dAdgnr g ondv dotmpi' into tho Isoo Soe 6 mw tthe o'ooot ]ontflff et inkonoooonlhotdnoffotfonno 'niesflnon o t otigintlin 'n. All of ehi ndI, nnolonoodotthntapoiso of atl ton p Tooe ot ontooto nd oleiloon, tfolo too l, ti O tatotonO pot l Stktolo whom o it titsday. Ais not goonly Tavt1 IThoto I ot to hooto thot won nudo itin Ane, ory. ISnb tlotinomotothotaeeetnlntiene, oi uo Afotnoo t1. J.P.Loflnonat- napabletl on on notittoo oneno onlon ty'ook, 1ot aino capable tiononootw 'o ot by It1ove 0000 nO otott nO ol d ln liooo- dde000to latooooyofitnandilYnot tot. Tintootlcabet 0000'w ino.o at Old ietohae. OAio tatoonn p0000 and Sotognoit Stontd rdlo wan noadodb tho poadyig of Amoitognoot, wt an , I Aeb aonoony ypotnod be n onad btete footh ofioo dM~ thnt had boe on ongao reA, thor atd nI te opt of tho It Johs itiBilo. Cl- noe Stoet wannno o no4A 0000 todtro otJt tinolaooo nienonaoed oofthetooohO ol o p too Maf. S.Co Poold aoant toeooai Oen.1 lorth ptoe fant tio n..1 Fa treoL .1 Fink0 noiotnst tod Motnor Potnt.iootl Otin tor CIa W. T. Ronll, ooooto to Matior Pont toondon e foroll Cotr p GnkMy 1000000 ootnod non. to ool M we wto onnn t o xo of noy nok Moot Oloon tnoo to Inn 000 nhnnol t ngaoloo oigilo Aen t Coo aon S. Itf wa io hnonod. Oak fons hsutog niny hoon natoef Endo Sutoectnd, ni wo eno no do. tnsonlllt nnooig tho notram wt "minnndnd too to o.lnots nosnsgd noon uh levy nok to slt of barks, thnojntioa Stioolhonl,ndpowonnd far snnglotmooooooinb hta ot m m thn.tooB thonth oftloo ooro,it wtts isnonlyodtat onootant noo-ooaioR othooup tho M¢.t At too 'nott1o dopoo howoot tho ottot anda nopid eumto~ dOnoontn . Adotoooooooooilin' dooipdooframooo . Point fuep loTeAi a hoddI of ohtottind o f opnI' of ids no wook hod . it Bin diowoot in tdi tay tonttoto Ahtonit of o goot donl of otonlyto dodioe.10 and t 'n0 000 ontoil Ott oxtoato .10 nb oproftwayh tt dwaro hoilt along nopoaod plooo oiatoInooooeooI noa t a' a d000 r0d ma tot d.do r sy togett wi theo ooaoonoion oat. h y noooooger dnd e owil onan0*tto tained 10D took oard wso wwotl o ideoononao o I Itdifntoig Oogoetdmaooiboonfotonio etpooy b. x thl Adohoo hio moontoh oloo etroopl that th flood in fto, it naonily obb.d obn Meona no o flood oniyototo. At htonotot omtt of nond toot reotod fooomtho olopn of The tAt by ntotnoad nottlod 'nhott thoooon lof it totod mho ttbofteoi.ot notion g eboal pltato ondl font, hd no tint hodI to o otoonoo byl dod and donmping ..t tro 000. mwt tin oint o 010 Johns n000 Bluff hoobak dnonoal thodolfatot roon Th ao ngooond othoy ofibno, who front titotodint 'no nigodi 00100000 , to d thoo iopoot n hlpd in p oho ' tlto nnnotion to 0001 S.lattltb. warn t in too.I i ngno Mot Ibt n offnt todonto tBan wndm.te1o.1nin nod Ito tho eondy 00.. by onoglng ~ ~ I 000 f h oooo ilvoido too tha . ., boftn, aploe nootyo a oakdhthoooontnottlnin tto udokcto..abotoaoonaoeyttddny esnoto etnot oioiwntoiwbt 00 00 i otan Old ar tnvondo lyig bottoo Porret ad Mgart Stonotno inione Ann toodnio liont poilog ofa notn 010 oto.ohe 'datbono~ p.oo.o.Itik ho anod thorn too tin pfton tfrt Md boon nono d ntot nok t the ne t tho 50t Sobto ioo. C-O titndwnoobtofotiwreo,moohmg of othottoo. Pont tooto foo Mfoi. S. C. Nl'on., o'inono to .merenooni On 1oo Pin Ctno ,o .'ot. Vi. ar PikFoodslk etoo to Majr ll ma Po. ait a otooll St.,ontfor fo Cae. . .a .allno an -tooot nbn ~on was0e0 intpolo af 00010 'nk. Mop .nalo ton.on to The e 000 mtfodoo. ito otigiv o ni000 bning Mnaypto Anonno Capt Soonn 0. Eno'i ato bn oodo Onnoot oning nongooty hann nialmw o do r ton w tp. It 'nat Loona na otoonnino ntng BIo noooto io ttritnid o tatha oftoott -an.o tot tho lotop tot  90 HSTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLUmIDA 990 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 390 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA From time to time considerable replacements have been made of top boulders for the jetty work. The foundation has about settled permanently, having been welded into a solid mass by barnacles and other sea growth.' Suppose old Peter eculd come back now and sit on the rocks at the mouth of the river. His thoughts would be of the time when there were lamps to ill and wicks to trim, al- though hia lighthouae home had been washed away. He would lioten intently to the mellow cadence coming in from the bell-buoy out at sea-that rise and fall of sound which reminds you of Pee's famous poem, "The Bello". The line of inquiry in Peter's mind would run: Whence came these racks? Why sucha rapid current? Wheresis Pelican Bank, and what has become of the sea birds that had to fight for standing room? Where are the schooners, anchored for an entrance tide; and where are the hulls of wrecks that used to line the shore? What makes those rowboats go so fast, and what is that popping noise? What great ship is that coming in, and why the wires between her masts? These thing. explained to him he would stare in bewilderment and fright, and fade away-into the Past, 'Toaditis. handed down from a formes geretoon of fisherfolk sill ing to the mouth of the river-legends of roce, of ieraes, sad of burled gold. Shave made a ef'ot to trace ess of them to a histerical baheisg; but savelose s of beduhip and dasger, soue seems to be verined by anything of reord, The south jetty, from end to end, is 2% miles long, while the north jetty ls half a mile longer or miles in length. The distance between the outer or sea ends is 1600 feet. At the entrance the channel bear close to the north jetty, thence toward and along the south jetty, dos to the shore. In a straight line, the mouth of the river is 15% miles from the courthouse in Jacksonville and by channel, from the foot of Market Street, 27% miles. Chance Improvements Long before the jetties were completed, it was evident that the depth of water at the entrance would be increased to approximately 20 feet, the estimate made by Capt. Eads. There were, however, soma parts of the channel between Frsm time to time considerable replacements have beeni made of top boulders fur the jetty work. The foundation has about settled permanently, having been welded Into a solid mass by barnacles and other sea growth, Suppose old Peter could come back now and sit on the rocks at the mouth of the river. His thoughts would be of the time when there were lamps to fill and wicks to trim, al- though his lighthouse hone had been washed away. He would listen intently to the mellow cadence coming in from the bell-buoy out at sea-that rise and fall of sound which reminds you of Poe's famous poem, "The Bells". The line of inquiry in Peter's mind would run: Whence came these rocks? Why such a rapid current? Where is Pelican Bank, and what has become of the sea birds that had in fight for standing reom? Where are the schooners, anchored for an entrance tide; and where are the hulls of wrecks that used to line the shore? What makes those rowboats go so fast, and what is that popping noise? What great ship is that coming in, and why the wires between her masts? These things explained to him he would stare in bewilderment and fright, and fade away-into the Past. *Traditions hasded down fon a former generatin of iehe-folk still cling to the mouth of the rive-legend of nces,of piratesandof budgold. I havemadse effort to traew some of them to a histeal backisg; bet save those of hendhip ad danger, nems ss to be vertied by aything of reord. The south jetty, from end to end, is 2% miles long, while the north jetty is half a mile longer or S miles in length. The distance between the outer or sea ends is 1600 feet. At the entrance the channel bers close to the north jetty, thence toward and along the south jetty, close to the shore. In a straight line, the mouth of the river is 15% mile, from the courthouse in Jacksonville and by channel, from the foot of Market Street, 27% miles. Channel Pmprovements Long before the jetties were completed, it was evident that the depth of water at the entrance would be increased to approximately 20 feet, the estimate made by Capt. Ead. There were, however, some poats of the channel between From time to time considerable replacements have been made of top boulders for the jetty work. The foundation has about settled permanently, having been welded into a solid mass by barnacles and other sea growth, Suppose old Peter could come back now and sit on the rocks at the mouth of the river. His thoughts would be of the time when there were lamps to fill and wicks to trim, al- though his lighthouse home had been washed away. He would listen intently to the mellow oadence coming in from the bell-buoy out at sea-that rise and fall of sound which reminds you of Poe's famous poem, "The Bells". The line of inquiry in Peter's mind would run: Whence came these rocks? Why sucharapidcurrent? Where is Pelican Bank, and what has become of the ses birds that had to fight for standing room? Where are the schooners, anchored for an entrance tide; and where are the hulls of wrecks that used to line the shore? What makes those rowboats go so fast, and what is that popping noise? What great ship is that coming in, and why the wires between her masts? These things explained to him he would stare in bewilderment and fright, and fade away-into the Past. *Traditlos handed down from a former geaeration of fisher-folk still cing tu the mouth of ths river-legends of romase,of pirates,andof briedgold. Ihavemade asnefso to tece some of them to a historical backiog: but ave thesse of hastlp and dnger, soe ses to be veted by anyething f ecord. The south jetty, from end to end, Is 2% miles long, while the north jetty is half a mile longer or S miles in length. The distance between the outer or sea ends is 1600 foot. At the entrance the channel bears close to the north jetty, thoean toward and along the south jetty, close to the shore. In a straight line, the mouth of the river is 15% miles from the courthouse in Jacksonville and by channel, from the foot of Market Street, 27%4 miles. ChaneS Pmprovements Long before the jetties were completed, it was evident that the depth of water at the entrance would be increased to approximately 20 feet, the estimate made by Capt. Eads. There were, however, some parts of the channel between  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 891 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE. FLORIDA 91 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 391 Jacksonville and the ocean with less depth than this, espe- cially at Dames Point, So in order that Jacksonville might derive the maximum benefit from the improvement at the mouth of the river, the Board of Trade, in 1091, launched a movement for bonding Duval County for $00,000 for chan- nel improvement at Dames Point. The usual machinery was set in operation to legaliz, a bond issue; the inse was ap- proved, and on December D, 891, Duval County voted 1450 for and 723 against bonds. This woo Duval Countys first bond issue after the War Between the States, and it sold at a premium of nearly two per cent The river work was started in June, 1092, and exactly two years later it was com- plated. It was possible for ships drawing 20 feet of water to now dock at Jacksonville- This project had hardly bean completed when the ques- tion of stilI deeper water for Jacksonville arose. The Board of Trade was behind this movement also, and it finally reached Congress. Congress deliberated six years, and in 1902, made an initial appropriation of $350,000 to start the work of dredging a channel 24 feet in depth and 300 feet wide, from Jacksonville to the sea. Twe powerful dredges were built, the St. John, a sea-goig dredge, and the Jack- sonville, as an auxiltary. These dredges were familiar oh- jects on the river for a long time. In four years the work was completed, and the 24-foot channel became a reality, Ten years later, another dredging project was started that resulted in a 30-foot channel from Jacksonville to the sea. Vessels weighted to this depth ran now come in sod dock at the municipal docks at low tide. Totl Cast The total expenditure for river improvement since 1880, including the jetties, but not including maintenance, and in- cluding also the bond money of Duval County, approximates $7,000,000. Results fully justify the expenditure. Jackson- ville has met the Government a part of the way by building the municipal docks, which have already become an impor- tant factor in South Atlantic shipping. Engineers in charge of the bar and harbor improvements at the port of Jacksonvile:f Gen. Q. A. Gillmore (Maj. J. C. Post locally), 100-84; Capt. W. T. Riossell, 1084.86; Capt. W. M. Black. 186-91; Maj. J. C. Mallery, 1891-93; Lt A. M. Jacksonville and the ocean with less depth than this, nspe- lally at Dames Point. So in order that Jacksonville might derive the maximum benefit from the improvement at the mouth of the river, the Board of Trade, in 1891, launched a movement for bonding Duval County for $300,000 for chan- nel improvement at Dames Point. The usual machinery was set in operation to localize a bond issue ; the issue was ap- proved, and on December 2, 1891, Duval County voted 1450 for and 723 against bonds. This was Duval County's first bond issue after the War Between the States, and it sold at a premium of nearly two per cent/ The river work was etarted in June, 1892, and exactly two year later it was com- pleted. It was possible for ships drawing 20 feet of water to now dock at Jacksonville. This project had hardly been completed when the ques- tion of still deeper water for Jacksonville arose. The Board of Trade was behind this movement also, and it finally reached Congress. Congress deliberated nix years, and in 1902, made an initial appropriation of $360,000 to start the work of dredging a channel 24 feet in depth and 300 feet wide, from Jacksonville to the sea. Two powerful dredges were built, the St. John, a sea-going dredge, and the Jack- sonville, as an auxiliary. These dredges were familiar ob- jects on the river for a long time. In four years the work was completed, and the 24-foot channel became a reality.J Ten years later, another dredging project was started that resulted in a 30-foot channel from Jacksonville to the sea. Vessels weighted to this depth can now come to and dock at the municipal docks at low tide. Total Cast The total expenditure for river improvement since 1880, including the jetties, but not including maintenance, and in- cluding also the bond money of Duval County, approximates $7,000,000. Results fully justify the expenditure. Jackson- ville has met the Government a part of the way by building the municipal docks, which have already become an impor- tont factor in South Atlantic shipping. Engineers in charge of the bar and harbor improvements at the port of Jacksonville:h Gen, Q. A. Gillmore (Maj. J. C. Post locally), 1880-84; Capt. W. T. Rossell, 1884-86; Capt. W. M. Black. 186-91; Maj. J. C. Mallery, 1891-93; Lt. A. M. Jacksonville and the ocean with less depth than this, espe- edally at Dames Point, So in order that Jacksonville might derive the maximum benefit from the improvement at the mouth of the river, the Board of Trade, in 1891, launched a movement for bonding Duval County for $300,000 for chan- nel improvement at Dmes Point The usual machinery was set in operation to legalize a bond isoue ; the isase was ape proved, and on December 9, 1891, Duval County voted 1450 for and 721 against bonds. This was Duval County's first bond issue after the War Between the States, and it sold at a premium of nearly two per cent/ The river work was started in June, 1892, and exactly two years later it was com- pleted. It was poesible for ships drawing 20 feet of water to now dock at Jacksonville. This project had hardly been completed when the ques- tion of still deeper water for Jacksonville arose. The Board of Trade was behind this movement also, and it finally reached Congress. Congress deliberated six years, and in 1902, made an initial appropriation of $350,010 to start the work of dredging a channel 24 feet in depth and 300 feet wide, from Jacksonville to the sea. Two powerful dredges were built, the St. Johns, a sea-going dredge, and the Jack- sonville, as an auxiliary. These dredges were familiar ob- jects on the river for a long time. In four years the work was completed, and the 24-foot channel became a realityJ Ten years later, another dredging project was started that resulted in a 90-foot channel from Jacksonville to the sea, Vessels weighted to this depth can now come in and dock at the municipal docks at low tide. Ttal Cost The totel expenditure for river improvement since 1880, including the jetties, but not including maintenance, and In. cluding also the bond money of Duval County, approximates $7,000.000. Results folly justify the expenditure. Jackson- ville has met the Government a part of the way by building the municipal docks, which have already become an impor- tent factor in South Atlantic shipping, Engineers in charge of the bar and harbor improvementa at the port of Jacksonville:o Gen. Q. A. Gillmore (Maj. J. C. Post locally), 1880-84; Capt. W. T. Rossell. 1884-86; Capt. W. M. Black, 1886-91; Maj. J. C. Mallery, 1891-93; Lt A. M.  392 HISTORtY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA D'Armit (ad Iaterim), 1892-95; Haj. T. HI. Ilandbury, 1896- 96; Lt. Col. W. H. H. Benyaurd, 1896-99; Capt. C. H. Ho- Klnstro-, 1899-1901; Capt. Her-bert Deakyne, 1901-02; Maj. FE . Shank, 1902-07; Lt. Col. L. H. Beach, 1907-OS: Capt. G.1R. Spling, 1909-11; Maj. J.1R.,Slattery, 1911-13; Lt, Col. W. B. Ladue, 1912-17; Maj. J. F. Bell, 1917; Cal. Joha, Bilts, 1017: J. W. Sackett, 1917-18; J. M. Braxtan, 1918-19; Cal. t.IE. Edgerton, 1919; Col. W. J. Barde, 1919-20; Col. Spen- cer Casby, 1920; Haj. WV. C. Lemon,- 1920-22; Lt Col. 0. A, Youngaberg, 1922 to date. -All at the ans ass-aree ,aeeheea at [be, 2.. Ec- .,ae- Ces, tadi all wee endatt at the 11. & Military Aeey .t Wes, Sont. eae BalerIee.-, .rh a are tr paiur. d~neor. temi um! l naoew.t.Catex £1 391 BISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA D'Armit (ad interim), 1893-95; Haj. T. H. Haedhura', 1895- 96; Lt. Cal. W. H0. 15. Benyaurd, 1896-991 Capt. C. H. He- Molnty, 1899-1901; Capt. Herbert Doakyeyn, 1901-01; Maj, F. R1. Shuck, 1902-107; Lt. Col. L. H. Beach, 1907-08; Capt. G. R., Spaldie,1908-11 ; Maj. J. R. Slattery, 1911-13; LI. Cal. W!. B. Ladne, 1918-17; Maj. J. F. Boll. 1917; Cal, Jahn, Millie, 2917; 3. W., Sackott, 1917-18; J. H, Braxton, 1918-19; Col.. G. E. Edgerton. 1919; Col, W!. J.-Harden, 1919-20; Cal. Spen- cr Coaby. 1920; Maj, W. C. Lemon, 1920-22; Lt Col. 0. A. Yonbeg, 1922 to date. 'All at earm aoffiersc eose, ember art he U. . TE-, gla~re Carp, atd all orer ead-.te o thre 1, S Miliary Academy at Wer thiat, aept MIfaa I.ec, ahe ea ap- ainte Adely teem clt i atn R, aet~~ae Wlt ~aya a~ f 292 HISTOBY OF JACI<901e5 ILE FLORIDA D'Armit (ad interl,1891-95; Haj. T. 1H. Badbury, 1895- 90; L. Col. W!. H5. H. Beenyaurd, 1896-99; Capt. C. H. HM- Mosatr, 1899-1901; Capt. Herbert teasyne, 1901-02; Maj, F. R. Sluek, 1902-07; Lt. Ce!. L. . Beach. 1920O; Capt. 0. R1. Spalding, 1908-11 ; Maj. 3. R1. Slattery, 1911-13; Lt. Cal. WV. B. Ladue, 1918-17; Maj. J. F. Bell, 1927; Cal. Jahn Millia, 2917; 3. W!. Sackett, 1917-18; 3. H, Braxtan, 1918-19; Cal. G. E. Edgeton, 19191 Col. W!. 3. Barden, 1919-20; Cal. Spen- cer Cashy, 1920; Haj. W!. C.-Loeo, 1920-22; Lt Ce!..-A. Youngberg, 1922 to date. 'All a£the eras al~se eee eet or the 01., Et gie cap, and ll amen geataee at eec V. 9. Shame, Aeldemy at Weet Poins, aep Iala, Leeree, sob, eAas 'p. pate) lieresly spem eloil Him te~l~d al "sme,'-teth.eena~ - ieIa tn, a nl raneee ntn~na a e aamntntaalhlbeat aelata.a  HSlTR OF JAUKSNW1LE FLRIA m9 HIST OF JACSONVIULE FLOIA m9 HISTR OF JACKSN LLE FLORIDA mi CHAPTER XXHI PARENT CHURCHES AND DENOMINATIONS So far as kuownu, religious services were first held is Jack- ouville over astore at the aorthwest corner of Bay ad New- nan Streats; this woo about 1825, and the services were gn- eral rather than denominational. Services were hel ir- regularly at one place and another, and mocooially at the court house, until the block house was built, wahen that aeem to have become the plane for general worship, aeept for tho Episcopalians, who continued to use the court home. farly in the 1840's the several denominations tapok stepa to provide for themselves acurate hosones of worship. The frst rchurch building erected in the town was built by the Baptists, on the east =ide of the lot at the nertheast coroer of Duval and Newnans Stret in 1840. The Baptistesoald this property to the Presbyterians in 1844, and two years later the Preby- terians sold it to the Methodists. This buildig stood an the site now occupied by the Methodist School of Christian Edu- catin. Methodist The Methodists aeem to have been the pionees in organ- ised Church oark in Jackonville. In 1823-4, aeveral ensiomn 0mmer sent to Fast Florid, with headqsuarters at St. Augustins, among thems R1ev. John Jerry. Jacksonvirle was an Mr. Jerry'a circuit 'From St Auguotina ta the Cow Ford he traveled on horseback, carrying his change of cloth- ing, beaks, lunch, and sack of corn to feed his horse", The following eatroacts taken from the diay of R0ev. Imaoc Boring' indicate that there weeaareglarly organized Methodist society in Juacksornville in 1829: Snday, Marsh 5.,019. l'ress slo oo 'wl ad disad with Me'. Hare. s heard Oboe ,aweo neanees of scies% had heen dictiog. Isaday, April la, 101, roe"e at Saceckol, elos asl te aposssi of lbs week. Osprdty, May 15, l05 nPees d et Jaebsseelse foe me Mst weoIlwsa 'M'ed to pseohin the rq-tehasa bnehsoditss-e om dessheo sara 'sae m.. come sola bo . Beet vee, spalel le CHAPTER XXHI PARENT CHURCHES AND DENOMINATIONS So far as known, religious servicewere fistheld in Jack' onvIDe over astoreat the nrthwest corner offay and New- nan Streets; this was about 1825, end the sercicea were gen- eral rather than denomtnationsl. Services wore held ir- regularly at one pi0ce and another, aod occasionally at the curt hose, until the block house was built, when that seems to have become the plane fsr general worship, except for the Essicopslis, who cotinued ho use the court house, Early in the Type's the several desominationa took stops to provide for themelves ocosrate houses of warship. Theflrt church building erectod is the town was built by the Baptistsa so the east aide of the lot at the nerthesatt asrer of Duval and Newnen Streets in 1840- The Dapists aold this property to the Presbyterians in 1844, and two years later the Presby- teriana sold it to the Methodists. This building stood an the sitsn now occupied by the Methodist School of Chriatian Edu- ration, Methodist The Methodists seem to have been the pioneers in organ- nred Church work in Jacksanville. In 18224, several mission- aries wee sent to East Florid, with headquarters at St. Augustine omong then Rev. John Jerry, Jeckenvile wo son Mr. Jerry'a circuit 'From St. Augustin to the Cowe Foid be traveled so horseback, carrying hia change of cloh- ing, boak., lunch, and sack of coas, to feed his hose, The following estreta taken fro the diarys of R1ev. Isaac Boring- indicate that there wo a regarly organizedt Methodist society be Jacksoille in 1829: Session Mores B, 1015. poeseodat Joleseatos nd dis with Mir, awe aed beossi that sasme mocaboso of -o abossA had bees scoriae. hordny, April 1e, 10e0. Prencehd as naoric..~l foiso all th, tpsrsso"te of tbs wet Poedoy. Masy 11, 012. Praeae so Jactwhwei~c Foe te Mst mtinslwoelwdp.es.,ain seueabacI- heae Aijsc- cw.drsadve ~ sees seode mesh sol that Mc, East very oll~y led PARENT CHURCHES AND DENOMINATIONS So fars krnwn, religios services wore irot held in Jack- sonvlle over astore at the oorthwest corner of Bay and New- san Streets: this wos about 1825, and the services were gen- el aertadeonainlSevcswrhediregularly at sole place and another, sodl occeaiosny at the court hours, an the block house was built, when that.aem to have heroine the place for general worship, except for the Episcopamtoo wh1o continuoed to use the court house, Early in the 1840's the several denominations took step to provide for themselves separate hoome. of wership. The fRest church building erected in the town wan built by the Baptists, on the eaest side of lhs lst at the northeast coroer of Duval and Newnan Streets ts 1848. The Baptists sold this property to the Presbyterians in 1844, and two years later the Presby- atens solid itMots Methodists, This bea ding stood on the sits now occupied by the Methodist School of Chsriatian Edo- ratios. Methodist The Methodts seem to have been the pileesre in organ- ioed Church work in Jacksonvlle. In 18234, sevoral mission- a rc oesent to East Florida with headquarters at St. Aucoustioc, ameon then Rhev, John Jerry. Jacksonve was on Mr Jerry's circuit "From St Augustine to the Cow Ford he traveled on horseback, carrying his change of cloth- ing, books, luorb, and sak of earl to feed his hrs", The fell owing extracts takes fromh the diary of Reav las Boioa indicate that there waoa.regalarly coramald Methodint society tie Jacksonville in 1829: 5',sdoy, M,.Nel0, 1051. Pwoeed at Jestore e et osies esi s.-oe adheouadomasxaarersersbe afsoeahwsshad her "'Man.g 8adoy, Aleni 15, 118. Penshed as Joeosasills, tdise all Ohs .'e-searnool N the weeks Sundasy, Mlay 11, 1820. PsesohM d atJosboale, Foe the lot tsseolossseno proolsalbooeabasoe,- Oedog dvlsr- Has.ah a-ose evi soneh 0n. wlo 5I. Bast e eoy 500so  394 HISTORY OF JACKSONVJLLE, FLORIDA $94 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA i94 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA his oet f the hose. AfterpreahingI met ithe soieiy, filling all the ppointmtsn of te week. Very little data are obtainable regarding the Methodist congregation from thin time till 1840; but without doubt it held together, worshipping in different buildings until the block house was built. When the Presbyterians bought the Baptist chapel at the northeast corner of Duval and Newnan Streets in 1844, the Methodlista worshipped with them, and in 1846 they bought the property from the Presbyterians.e The custom in that day was to separate the congrega- tion, the right-hand side of the building being reserved for women and the left for men. The pulpit was raised, but the minister sat behind a screen out of view of the congregation, The church was afterward provided with English pews, hav- ing doors that could be locked; these deers were removed at a later date. The congregation finally outgrew the chapel. There be- ing space on the corner, a larger church was erected in 1858, and was galled St. Paul'o. It was a wooden building, 41x60 feet over all, and had a tower in which was a bell. The first Methodist parsonage was built in 1861, through the efforts of Rev. F. A. Branch.a St. Paul's went safely through the war and served the congregation until 1890, when the building was sold to the Roman Catholics. The bell was included in the sale, and was consecratel according to the rites of their Church and sent to their mission at Pablo Beach. The church was moved to the Reman Catholic propertyaross the street in ebruay, 1890. As soon as the lot was clear, work on the foundation for a new brick Methodist church was begun. The corner-atone wan laid August 27, 1890. This edifice was of pressed brick, heavily trimmed with Indiana limestone and finished off with iron cornice. The first service in the new church ws held in the basement August 23, 1891, before the structure wa completed. The church, a finally fnished, cost about $90,- 000. It swas built through the untiring efforts of Rev. . R. Anderson, and was the outgrowth of a promise made by him at the death-bed of his friend, Bishop McTyeire ;and in mem- cry of the Bishop it was named McTyeire Memoriau.- The building was gutted by fire May 3, 1901. himent of thehose. After eaeelngl met te soey,iiling all the appointmets of the week Very little data are obtainable regarding the Methodist congregation from this time till 1840; but without doubt it held together, worshipping in different buildings until the block house was built. When the Presbyterians bought the Baptist chapel at the northeast corner of Duval and Newnan Streeta in 1844, the Methodists worshipped with them, and in 1846 they bought the property from the Presbyterians The custom in that day was to separate the congrega- tion, the right-haud side of the building being reserved for women and the left for men. The pulpit was raised, but the minister sat behind a screen out of view of the congregation. The church was afterward provided with English pews, hav- ing doors that mold be locked ; these doore were removed at a later datect The congregation finally outgrew the chapel. There be- ing spare on the comrer, a larger church was erected in 1858, and was called St. Paul's. It was a wooden building, 41x60 feet over all, and had a tower in which was a bell. The first Methodict parsonage was built in 1867, through the efforts of Rev. F. A. Branch.e St. Paul's went safely through the war and aerved the congregation until 1890, when the building was sold to the Roman Catholics. The bell was included in the sale, and was consecrated according to therites of their Church and sent to their mission at Pablo Beach. The church was moved to the Roman Catholic property acrocs the street in February, 1890. As soon as the lot was clear, work on the foundation for a new brick Methodist church was begun. The corner-stane was laid August 27, 1890. This edifice was of pressed brick, heavily trimmed with Indiana limestone and finished off with iron cornice, The first service in the new church was bald in the basement August 23, 1891, before the structure was completed. The church, as finally finished, cost about $50,- 000. It as built through the untiring efforts of Rev. J. B. Anderson, and was the outgrowth of a promise made by him at the death-bed of his friend, Bishop McTyeire; and in mem- ory of the Bishop it was named McTyeire Memorial The building was gutted by fire May 8, 1901. hissmotof lehose. After pmooea I nmet the Soiety, Alling all the oppolnoants of the weer. Very little data are obtainable regarding the Methodist congregation from this time tif 1840; but without doubt it held together, worshipping in different buildings until the block house was built. When the Presbyterians bought the Baptist chapel at the northeast corner of Duval and Newnan Streets in 1844, the Methodicts worshipped with them, and in 1846 they bought the property from the Presbyterianse The custom in that day was to separate the congrega- tion, the right-hand side of the building being reserved for women and the left for men. The pulpit was raised, but the minister sat behind a screen out of view of the congregation. The church was afterward provided with English pews, hav- ing doors that could be locked; these doors were removed at a later date The congregation finally outgrew the chapel, There be- ing spare on the corner, a larger church was ereted in 185, and was called St. Paul's. It was a wooden building, 41w60 feet over all, and had a tower in which was a bell. The first Methodist parsonage was built in 1867, through the effort of Rev. F. A. Branch. St. Paus went safely through the war and served the congregation until 1890, when the building was sold to the Roman Catholics. The bellwas included in the sale, and was consecrated according to the ritea of their Church and sent to their mission at Pablo Beach. The church was moved to the Roman Catholic propertyacross the street in February, 1890. As soon as the lot was clear, work on the foundation for a new brick Methodist church was begun. The corner-stone was laid August 27, 1890. This edifice was of pressed brick, heavily trimmed with Indiana limestone and finished off with iron cornice. The first service in the new church was held in the basement August 23, 1891, before the structure was completed. The church, as finally finished, cost about $50,- 000. It was built through the tntiring efforts of Rev. J. B. Anderson, and was the outgrowth of a promise made by him at the death-bed of his friend, Bishop MoTyeire; and in mem- ory of the Bishop it was named McTyeire Memoria The building was gutted by fre May 3, 1901.  ziHISOR OF JACSONVILE, FLORIDA m9 HISTORY OF JACSONILLE, FLORIA m9 HISOY OF JACKONILLE, FLOaIDA m9 In rebsuildiog the church after the fire, the foundation and conideable portion of the old was were retained; the architecture of the roof ace! tower was changed somewhat, but the base outline is practically the same. The fist serv ice on the rebuilt church was held April20. 101. The 00ame was clanged to First Methodist in 1901 The School of Christian Education building, immediately east of the church, was completed in the fell of 1922. The parsonage formerly occupied the site, and it is the oito too. of the first ohsurob building. erected in Jacksonville. Pastore since01846; J.N. Mmino, 1846-47; F. A. Johnson, 184g; E. L. T, Blake, 1849-50; J. M0. Valentine-. C, Ley, 1851; J. C. Ley, 1852; T. WM. Cooper, 0853; Thomas Gardner- 0. B. Stanley, 184; D., B. Lynne, 1856; R., MCxenre Tydins, Isle; WM. G. M. Qartrnc 1897; J. Kf. Clover, 18585918 WM. M. Kennedy, 1800; R.B. Tydingo, 0860-00; Church closed 18626501 F. A. Branch, ieee-68; Josephun Anderson, 1869. 71; T. WM. Moore, 1872-73. B. Fitzaotrick, 197475; H. B. Frazee, 1876-78;' C. E, Dowman,1i879-80; M. B. Avery, 181- 82; E0. H. Haurmusn, 1803-84; 10, E. Partridge, 1880; 10. H. Kennedy, 1800-87; J1. R0. Sharpe, 1008 (died of yellow fever);l J.B. Anderson, 080302; S.C. Bole, 1801;R.,T. Duboun. 0894- 96; T, J. Bless. 0887-98; R., V. Atkisson, 1890-1902; WM. M. P-osge020; J.1B. icy 108-07; J. WM. Bingha,1908598; Andrew Spode!-!, C. Jenkis 1810; 1. C. penhins, 0900; WV. J. Carupontor, 191215; J. B. Mitchell, 1916-21; L. M0. Broyles, 1923-24. Protestant Epianal Rev. Raymond A. Henderson, missionary at St. Augus- tine, held the first service of the Episcopal Church in Jack- onville, April 12, 0829; in 0814, the Parish was organized, under the general act of the Logielative Council of the Ter- nitory of Florida for the incorporation of religisus bodies.' The Episcopal congregation was incorporated by Act 28. of the Legislativo Council, approved Fehorusry 20, 0828, which provided as followo; Os iA mcae hby ohs Gweeone sad ohs lislotico cuosos of slee seA Ye sO Feeida, TtW wollia 3. ariy notl miwae" L. so-c, ase, csd obecs lilw , Haorinon R. fllased adsi sok oe-swo s ep . Vecesi vsene rss tFe Pscssl Ccsweces cClanvvue a mbs; -soon-use is ner salal ho, sad thy ann haeshy duclaemd no In rebuilding the church after the fire, the foundation and aconoiderable portisn of the old was were retained; the architecture of the roof and tower was changed somewhat, hut the base outline is practically the same, The first se- cin the rebuilt church was held April 20, 1902. The name was changed to First Methodist in 1060. The School of Christian Education building, immesdiately east of the church, was completed in the fall of 1922. Tho parnonage formerly occupied the site, nd it is the site, too, of the first chuchb building erected in Jacksonville. Pastors since 184613N. Biesor. 1846-47; F. A.-Johnson, 1848; E. L. T. Blke, 1849-50; J. M0. Valentine-. C. Ley, 0800; J. C. toy, 1092; T. WM. Cooper, 1893; Thomas Oaxslno- 0. B. Stanley, 08B4; D. B. Lynne, 0801; R. Mcteon Tydings, 1890; WV. 0. M. Qarterman, 0897; 3. K. Clover, 1858-09, WM. B. Kiennedy, 1900; RB . Tydings, 0860-el; Church closed 1862650c F.-A. Branch, i8ee-68; Josephio Anderson, 1809- 71; T. WV. Moore. 1972-71; J. B. Fitossatrickc, 1874-75; 10, B. France, 1870-78;^ C. K. Bowman. 0870-80; H. B. Avery,10801- 82; E0. H. Macsoon, 1881-84; B. R. Partridge, 1885; H., B. Kennedy, 1886-87; S. R., Sharpe, 1888 (died of yellow fevrm); J.0B. Anderson, 08t92; J. C. Sale,10801; 10. T. DuIose,0894 96; T. SBrNins 0897-98; R.-V. Atkisson, 1899-0902; WSM H Poage, 190345I; J.. oLy, 106-07; J. WV. Bingham, 1908-09; Andrew SILed-1 C, Jenkins, 10; 1. C. Jenkins, 1901; WM. J. Carpenter, 1912-15; J. B, Mitcholl, 1916-22; L. M0. Broyles, 1923-24. Protestant Eplacoqal 10ev. Raymond A, Henderos, missionary at St. Augus- tine, held the first service of the Episcopal C hurch in Jack- snville, April 12, 1829; in 1834, the Pariah was organised, under the general act of the Legislative Councll of the Tor- citary of Florida for the incsrporation of relieios bodies., The Episcopal congregation ws tncorporated by Act 28, of the Legiolotive Council, approved February 01, 1839, whioh provided to follows; Be it esused he the Cemcs a the Iseieosice con of sloe sasisoy of eobeo, Ilis w;;aaa . shlut sma oweocLoart, Wsess s!od e Ilohesi Pielew . Bnrosc 0.lsososo s mo sotne e cone ulse esysoc of the me'sual Cscntoasin lek-n' andn mhc, snese is care, salhe ose shomy ea smeey deelned bn In rebuilding the church otter the fOre, the fondaton and scossiderable porton of the old wane were retained; the architecture of the rsof and tower was changed somewhat but the base outline is practically the same. The fis apr- ace in the rebuilt church was held April 20,10901. The nameo was changed to First Methodist in 106. The School of Christian Education building, immediately east of the church, was completed in the fall of 1922. The parsonage formerly occupied the sie, 82d it is the site, too, of the first church building erected in Jacksonville Pastors since46 OJi SN. Mino, 184e-47; F. A. Johnson, 0848; E. L. T. Blake, 1849-50; J. M. ValentineS. C. Lry, 1851;SJ. C. Ley, 0812; T. WM. Cooper, 0801; Thomas Gardnce- 0, B. Stanley, 1804; D. B. tLyno, c85s; 10, Mcteon Tydings, 1890; W, 0, M, Centiesa, 1897; J. K., Clover, l8898 WV. B. Kennedy 1e60; 10. M. Tysingo,1860-61; Church cloned 10026001 F. A. Branch, 0880-08; Josephus Asaderoon, 1909- 7!; T.W SMoore, 0872-731 . B. Fitopatrick, 1874-76; 10.10. F.-se, 1876-78;- C. E.fDowman,18e7o-0; H. B. Avery, 0080- 82; E, Hi. Marsman. 0880-84; B. E, Partridge, 0885; H, H. Kennedy, 1806-87; J. 10, Sharpe, 1880 (died of yellow fever); J.B.0,Anderson, 1.85900; S.C. Sale, 0801; 10,TDuooe, 0894- 96; T. S. Nieon, 1897-98; R.V. Atkisson, 189310902; W., M, Psage, 0909-05; J.2,. Leyc, 101007; J. WV. Bingham, 10809O; Andrew Sledd-L, C. Jenkins, 0910; 1L C. JeNkins.001; W., J. Carpenter, 0912-015; S. B. Mitchell, 1910-22; G, M, Bieyies, 1923-24. Protestant Ephil Rev, Raymend A. Hlendersono, missionary at St Augus- tine, held the And service of the Episcopal Church in Jaok- ooville, April 12, 0829; isa 1024, the Pariah was organized, under the general act of the Logislative Council of the Te- ritory of Florida for the incorporcation of religios bodies, The Episcopal cscgrogstio was inacorted by Act 28, of the Legialative Council, approved February 23, 0829, which provided as follows; Bsj1tesaoiad thefnCeesnsrssdt thae s soIco Ise Onioy ci Pie-im, Tnot Wilass J. Milln sad saesoel L. Ourney Weno sod schsss ingo, iiarci;n B. s9sshwr e ace ehan an. r sees l Vesoenne of 05cc Osiscpal Cuseasiosw a5 Isobsk-1,, asedtienocooosriaone,bs.le. am oeersas heebydeasedao  96 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 96 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 96 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLODA boa body corporae. by the name ad style athe Choeuh Wardes and Vestrymea of St. ohnv Church at son illn. * The congregation began to raise funds for the erection of a church. The ladies of the Church added materially to the building fund by means of a sewing society, over which Mrs. Thomas Douglas presided for a long time. One-half of the square owned by St. John's Church, at the heed of Market Street, was deeded to the Church September 17, 1842, by Mrs. Maril Doggett, as a donation; the other portion was io- quired at a later date.' The corner-stone of the church was laid Sunday, April 24th, 1842, by Rt. Rev. Christopher Edwards Cadsden, Bishop of South Carolina. The structure was soon up and aervices were held in it, but it was not entirely completed suntil 1851, when it was consecrated by Rt. Rev. Stephen El- liott, Bishop of Georgia. The building was burned by Fed- eral troops March 29th, 1868 In building the first church, every person who contributed acertain sum of money was given a deed to a pew in his own right, aend the same was entailed to his heirs. The early choir was composed as follows: Dr. A. S. Baldwin, leader, base viol; J. W. Bryant, first flute; William Lancaster, see- and flute. The singers were, Mrs. A. M. Reed, who also played on a melodeon which a servant carried on his shoulders to the church for each service; Miss Elf Lan- caster, and Mrs. William Douglas. The communion service cosieted of two small waiters and two silver cops-family silver loaned by Mrs. Susan L'Engle. A burial plot was pro- vided north of the church for members of the congregation, and the ashes of some of Jacksonville's early residents stil occupy the original graves, although most of the bodies were removed many years ago to the old city cemetery o East Union Street5 In 1866, a temporary wooden church was erected and the congregation worshipped in it eleven years. The coer atone of a new church was laid April 7, 1874; there was con- siderable delay in completing it, and it was not until Easter Day, April 1, 1877, that the first service was held in the edi- foe., This wsaohandsome red brick church, coating$27,000 and having a seating capacity for 800. It was consecrated May 7, 1802, by Bishop John Freeman Young' This church. be a body erporate, by the same and style of the Chuch Warden ad Vesymeoen St Jon Ceuh at Jeasoville. ** The congregation began to raise funds for the erection of a church. The ladies of the Church added materially to the building fund by means of a sewing society, over which Mrs. Thomas Douglas presided for a long time. One-half of the square owned by St. John's Church, at the head of Market Street, was deeded to the Church September 17, 1842, by Mrs. Mario Doggett, as a donation ; the other portion was ac- quired at a later date.' The corner-stone of the church was laid Sunday, April 24th, 1842, by Rt. Rev. Christopher Edwards Gadaden, Bishop of South Carolina. The structure was soon up and services were held in it, but it was not entirely completed until 1851, when it was consecrated by Rt. Rev. Stephen El- liott, Bishop of Georgia,' The building was burned by Fed- eral troops March 29th, 186. In building the first church, every person who contributed acertain sum of money was given a deed to a pew in hie own right, and the same was entaoiled to his heirs. The early choir was composed as follows: Dr. A. S. Baldwin, leader, base viol; J., W. Bryant, first flute; William Lancaster, se- and flute. The singers were, Mrs. A, M. Reed, who also played on a melodeon which a servant carried on his shoulders to the church for each service; Miss Elis Lao- caster, and Mrs. William Douglas. The communion service consisted of two small waiters and two silver cups-family silver loaned by Mrs. Susan L'Engle. A burial plot was pro- vided north of the church for members of the congregation, and the ashes of somue of Jacksonville's early residents still occupy the original graves, although most of the bodies were removed many years ago to the old city cemetery on East Union Street5 In 1866, a temporary wooden church was erected and the congregation worshipped in it eleven years. The corner stone of a new church was laid April 7, 1874; there was con- siderable delay in completing it, and it was not until Easter Day, April 1, 1877, that the first service was held in the edi- ce' This wesa handsome red brick church, meting $27,000 and having a seating capacity for 800. It was consecrated MAY 7, 1882, by Bishop John Freeman Young,' This church. be a body coeporate, by the ame and style of the Coore Wardns. and Vestrymen of at johns Church st Jacksoille, ** The congregation began to raise funds for the erection of a church. The ladies of the Church added materially to the building fund by means of a sewing society, over which Mrs. Thomas Douglas presided for a long time. One-half of the square owned by St. John's Church, at the head of Market Street, was deeded to the Church September 17, 1842, by Mrs. Maria Doggett, ao a donation ; the other portion was ae- quired at a later date, The corner-stone of the church was laid Sunday, April 24th, 1842, by Rt. Rev. Christopher Edwards Gadsden, Bishop of South Carolina. The structure was soon up and services were held in it, but it was not entirely completed until 1851, when it was consecrated by Rt. Rev. Stephen El- liot, Bishop of Georgia The building was burned by Fed- eral troops March 29th, 1868. In building the first church, every person who contributed a certain sum of money was given a deed to a pew in his own right, and the same was enteiled to his heirs. The early choir was composed as follows: Dr. A. S. Baldwin, leader, base viol; J. W. Bryant, first flute; William Lancaster, sec- and flute. The singers were, Mrs. A. M. Reed, who also played on a melodeon which a servant carried on his shoulders to the church for each service; Miss Elia Lan- caster, and Mrs. William Douglas, The communion service consisted of two small waiters and two silver cups-family silver loaned by Mrs. Susan L'Engle. A burial plot was pro- vided north of the church for members of the congregation, and the ashes of same of Jacksonville's early residents still occupy the original graves, although most of the bodies were removed many years ago to the old city cemetery on East Union Streeth In 1866, a temporary wooden church was erected and the congregation worshipped in it eleven years. The corner stone of a new church was laid April 7, 1874; there was con- sideoable delay in completing it, and it was not until Raster Day, April 1, 1877, that the Arst service was held in the edi- fice, This was ahandsome red brick church, costing$27,000 and having a seating capacity for 800, It was consecratsd May 7, 1882, by Bishop John Freeman Young, This church.  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE. FLORIDA 897 HISTORY OF JACKSO VILLE, FLORIDA 397 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILE, FLORIDA 397 together with the parish house and the rectory, were de- stroyed by fire May 3, 1901. The ceremony of laying the cornerstone of the present church was performed February 18, 1903, by Rt. Rev. Edwin G.Weed, assisted by the rector, Rev. V. W. Shields. The first see in the new church was held on Easter Day, 1906. It was consecrated May 15, 1911, by Rt. Rev. Edwin G. Weed. The cost of thin church was $90,000 St. John's church occupies al elevated site at the head of Market Street at its intersection with Duval Street. By ordinance of the city council, published July 25, 1870, The lots of land in possesso of the vestry of St John's Epnopal Chareh, frosting saret Street north of Daval, being E1o feet square, is and shall t held by said Chureho havse and to hold foreoe, Pro- sided, alays., That that portion of lend which encloseB she treet Wlall e held by said Churchuinesvelyfor eihuret andssbch urposess. St. John's Parish also owns the former home of Mrs. Mary Packer Cummings, at Keystone Bluff on the St. Johns River, which she bequeathed to the Parish for the purpose of a home for children, with sufieient endowment for a lim- ited number of children; it has been in operation for several years as a home for boys, In 1921, the Parich acquired by purchase the handsome dwelling at the sontheast corer of Market and Duval Streets, which is now used as a community house, ofices, and guild rooms. In May, 1928, ground was broken on the north side of St. Johns church for the era- tion of a Church school and choir school, the building being a gift to the Parish by James P. Taliaferro and his daughters, Mrs. Jessie T. Hubbard and Mrs. Anna T. Lane., an amemorial to the late Mrs. Millicent J. Taliaforra; it was first used by the Sunday School October 5, 1924. Mr. Henderson continued to hold occasional cervices in Jacksonvile until the summer of 1834; in the fall of that year he was succeeded byaregularrector, Rev. David Brown, Mr. Brown remained for more than 10 years, he being suc.- ceeded in May, 1845, by Rev. John Freeman Young. Mr. Young was followed by Rev. Isaac Swart in 1848, and Mr. Swart by Rev. W. D. Marlow in 1851. Mr. Harlow wan etor until Rev. W. W. Bourn was called in 1851.- In the memor- able year 1857 (yellow fever epidemic) Rev. O, P. Thackara came to Jacksonville to do ominnterial work in the aticken together with the parish house and the rectory, were de- stroyed by nre May 3, 1901. The ceremony of laying the corner-stone of the present church was performed February 18, 1903, by Rt. Rev. Edwin 0. Weed, assisted by the rector, Rev. V. W. Shields. The frst service in the new church was held on Easter Day, 1900. It was consecrated May 15, 1911, by Rt. Rev. Edwin G. Weed. The cost of this church was $90,000 St. John's church occupies an elevated site at the head of Market Street at its intersection with Duval Street. By ordinance of the city council, published July 25, 1870, The les or land is possession of the very of Si, Johns Epis-pl Chureh, froncisg Marke Street north of Docvl, being i neet sqare, is and shall be held by said Chureh te base and to hold forever, Pra- vided, always. Tsa that portion of load wehl encloses the csmes shall be held by said Church exlusively fr ehrh and shool puraoes St. John's Parish also owns the former home of Mrs. Mary Packer Cummings, at Keyston Bluf on the St. John. River, which she bequeathed to the Parish for the purpose of a home for children, with suffcient endowment for a lim- ited number of children; it has been in operation for several years as a hems for boys. In 1921, the Paris acquired by purchase the handsome dwelling at the southeast corer of Market and Duval Street, which is now used as a emmunity house, omoes, and guid rooms. In May, 1923, ground was broken on the north side of St. John's church for the erec- ion of a Church school and choir school, the building being a gift to the Parish by James P. Toaliferro and his daughters, Mfrs. Jessie T. Hubbard and Mrs. Anna T. Lane, as a memorial to the late Mrs. Millicent J. Taliaferro; it was frat used by the Sunday School October 5, 1924. Mr. Henderson continued to hold occasionsi services In Jacksonville until the summer of 1884; in the fal of that year he was suceeoded byaregularrector, Rev. David Brown. Mr. Brown remained for more than 10 years, he being suc- eeded in May, 1845, by Rev. John Freeman Young. Mr. Young woa followed by Rev. Isaac Sweet in 1848, and Mr. Swarthy Rev.W.D,.Harlowin185L. Mr.Harlowwasrector until Rev. W. W. Bours was called in 1355 In the memor- able year 1857 (yellow fever epidemic) Rev. O. P. Thackara came to Jackonvile to do mlnisterial work in the strickn together with the parish house and the rectory, were de- stroyed by fre May 3, 1901. The ceremony of laying the corner-stone of the present church was performed February 18. 1903, by Rt. Rev. Edwin G.Weed, assisted by the rector, Rev. V. W. Shields. The frst service in the new church was held an Easter Day, 1900. It was consecrated May 15, 1911, by Rt. Rev. Edwin G. Weed. The coot of this church was $90,000 St. John's church occupies an elevated site at the head of Market Street at its intersection with Duval Street. By ordinance of the city council, published July 25, 1870, The lotn of ladin possei of ths estry of St Jobs. Episoel bhurc, fonting arkbes north of Deval, being 210 feet sqeam. is and sall he held by said Charch. ti ave ad to hold foreo. Pro- vided, always, That that parin of load weh eloseos she ntreet shl be hd by said Chur ecluively fos chs h l seheol pues St. Jobn's Parish alse owns the former home of Mrs. Mary Packer Cummings, at Keystone Bluff on the St. Johns River, which she bequeathed to the Parish for the purpose of a home for children, with suficient endowment for a lim- ited number of children; it has been in operation for several years as a home for boys. In 1921, the Parish acquired by purchase the handsome dwelling at the southesat corner of Market and Duval Streets, which is now used as a community house, omces, and guild rooms. In May. 1921, ground was broken on the north side of St. Juon's church for the erec- tion of a Church school and choir school, the building being a gift to the Pariah by James P. Taliaferro and his daughters, Drs. Jessie T. Hubbard and Mrs. Anna T. Lane, as amemorial to the late Mrs. Millicent J. Talieferro; it was frat used by the Sunday School October 5, 1924. Mr. Henderson continued to hold occasinal servien in Jacksonville until the summer of 1834; in the fall of that year he was succeeded byaregular rector, Rev. David Brown. Mr. Brown remained for more than 10 years, he being suc- ceeded in May. 1845, by Rev. John Freeman Young. Mr. Young was folowed by Rev. Isaac Sweet ito 1848, and Mr. Swart by Rev. W. D.Marlow in 1851 Mr.Harlowwasrector until Rev. W. W. Bours was railed in 1851 in the memor- able year 1857 (yellow fever epidemic) Rev. 0. P. Thackara came to Jacksouviule to do ministerIal work in the stricken  898 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 98 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 898 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA community and was joined by Rev. F. M. McAllister of Georgia. The rector, Mr. Boars, was on a visit to his family in New York at the time the fever broke out, but when the sickness became serious he at once returned to his charge, and after a devotion that was unsurpassed in his attention to others he himself died of yellow fever. A marble tablet to hi, memory stoud upon the interior wall of the churhe be- fore it was burned during the war. Messrs. Bours, Thackara and McAllister were a noble christian band all through the terrible epidemic' In 1858, Rev. Samuel Kerr (pronounced Carr) woo called to the Pariah. Mr. Kerr was followed in 1861 by Rev. Horatio H. Hewett. Mr. Hewett was a North- en man and left with the Federal squadron in 1862, and the Pariah remained vacant until a'ter the war.n Rev. O. P. Thackara again came to St. John's and took temporary charge, in February, 1866, and remained until December of that year, when a permanent rector, Rev. W. Eston Epps was called. Mr. Epps was nucceeded by Rev. R. H. Weller, June 18, 1869. Mr. Weller was the rector 20 years, during which time several missions, that have sae grown to be large Churches, were established, among them Good Shepherd in Riverside. Rev. V. W. Shields succeeded Mr. Weller December 2,1889. The Pariah under Dr. Shields's charge continued its expansion and growth. With the ap- proach of bin 35th year of continuously active service, the longest in the hiteory of any of Jacksonville's Churche, Dr. Shields wished to resign, believing that ayounger man should take up the work; but his congregation refused to part with the icvinginfluence that many of them had known throughout their live,, and elected him Reetor Emeritus in order that they might have him with them atill in actual contact. Dr. Sield was succeeded as rector of St. John's by Rev. M. Doswell October 19, 1924. Roman Catholic During the pioneer years services of the Roman Catholic Chnrch were conducted at the home of some one of the Church members. The first purchase by the Church in Jack- sonville was the lot at the northwest corner of Duval and Newnan Streets from I. D. Hart. the deed being made to Bishop Gartland of Savannah and the consideration men- tioned being "one penny". The precise date of the erection community and was joined by Rev. F. M. McAllister of Georgia. The rector, Mr. Hours, wan on a visit to his family in New York at the time the fever broke out, but when the aickness became nerious he at once returned to hia charge, and after a devotion that was unsarpassed in his attention to others he himself died of yellow fever. A marble tablet to his memory stood upon the interior wall of the church be- fare it was burned during the war. Meosro. Hour, Thackara and McAllister were a noble christian band all through the terrible epidemic.i In 1858, Rev. Samuel Kerr (pronuneed Carr) wa called to the Parish. Mr. Kerr was followed in 1861 by Rev. Horatio H. Hewett. Mr. Hewett was a North- ern man and left with the Federal squadron in 1862, and the Parish remained vacant until after the war0 Rev. O. P. Thackara again came to St. John's and took temporary charge, in February, 1866, and remained until December of that year, when a permanent rector, Rev. W. Eoton Epps was called. Mr. Epps was succeeded by Rev. R. H. Weller, June 18, 1869 . Mr. Weller was the rector 20 years, during which time several minso, that have since grown to be large Churches, were established, amang them Good Shepherd in Riverside. Rev. V. W. Shields succeeded Mr.Weller December2,188. The Pariohunder Dr.Shieldo's charge continued its expansion and growth. With the ap- proach of his 35th year of continuosly active servie, the longest in the history of any of Jacksonville's Churches, Dr. Shields wished to resign, believing that a younger man should take up the work; but his congregation refused to part with the laving influence that many of them had known throughout their lives, and elected him Rector meritans in order that they might have him with them still in actual contact, Dr. Shields was succeeded as rector of St. Johns by Rev. M. Doswell October 19, 1924. Roman Catholic During the pioneer yearn servies of the Roman Catholic Church were conducted at the home of some oe of the Church members. The first purchase by the Church in Jack- sonville was the lot at the northwest corner of Duval and Sewan Streets from . D. Hart, the deed being made to Biohop Gartland of Savannah and the consideration men- tioned being "one penny" The precise date of the erection community and was joined by Rev. F. M. McAllister of Georgia. The rector, Mr. Boars, was on a visit to his family in New York at the time the fever broke out, but when the sickneso became aerious he at once returned to his charge, and after a devotion that was unsurpassed in his attention to other, he himself died of yellow fever. A marble tablet to his memory stood upon the interior wall of the church be- fore it was burned during the war. Meosrs. Bour, Thackara ad McAllister were a noble christian band all through the terrible epidemic., In 1858, Rev. Samuel Kerr (pronounced Carr) was called to the Parish. Mr. Kerr was followed in 1861 by Rev. Horatio H. Hewett. Mr. Hewett was a North- oe man and left with the Federal squadron in 1862, and the Parish remained vacant until after the war,0 Rev. O. P. Thackara again came to St. John's and took temporary charge, in February, 1866, and remained until December of that year, when a permanent rector, Rev. W. Eaton Epps was called. Mr. Epps was succeeded by Rev. R. H. Weller, June 18, 1869 Mr. Weller wan the rector 20 years, during which time several missions, that have sac grown to be large Churches, were established, among them Good Shepherd in Riverside. Rev. V. W. Shields succeeded Mr.Weller December2,1889. The Parishunder Dr.Shields's charge continued its expansion and growth. With the ap- proach of his 25th year of continuously active service, the longest in the history of any of facksonville's Churches, Dr. Shielda wished to resign, believing that a younger man should take up the work ; but his congregation refused to part with the loving influence that many of them had known throughout their lives, and elected him Rector Emeritus in order that they might have him with them still in actual contact. Dr. Shields was succeeded as rector of St. Johns by Rev. M. Doswell October 19, 1924, Roman Catholic During the pioneer years services of the Roman Catholic Church were cnducted at the home of some one of the Church members. The first purchase by the Church in Jack- nvlle was the lot at the northwest corner of Duval and Newnan Streets from L D. Hart, the deed being made to Bishop Gartland of Savannah and the consideration men- tioned beloing one penny". The precise date of the erection  HITOYO CSONILL, FLORIDA m HIT OF JACKSNVILL, FLORIA m9 HISTOY OF JACKSONVILL, FLORIDA m9 of the fist church, which wa built through the efforts of Father Edmund Aubriel, is not known, but it was certainly prior to 1847, as the mar of Jacksonville of that year shows that the church was there at that time. Although the Parish bad net been created, religos services were carried sut with regularity and in accordance with the established rule of the Church[ Back of the altar was a beautiful paintng of the Immac- late Conception if Our Laity, a gift from the French Govern- mint Itiaaninteotingfactthatthi church wadedictd ta the Imuaculate C oceinsereraloar prio toithebby time thttedogahr wasocdefie as an Article oFatbyPope buius Iin15. Itiad that thca painting was savediwhent the churchswai bun b yrdrlodosilo'ott history cannoi be traced futce ,her>( Under date ofMarch Nede, Y30 (the day of the eacu atin) soe eroeidnt of the 'Neds York Tribune, with the Federal army at Jockoonville, wrote his paper: Yiesa the 1beosifl little coubi, seed as the thoi lah o lb oa ot oliers pases iha riet otea ti the go od. md-v e aes Mhdfiias. thee Ihh vc, the aold-ao hailbere opeen e am d oeiniad sauk. jogeferyitis fraw~ sin The togas wai a, soonest testips idltoo.t everyoundiewh~oe osised tobe eeerisg the ~casiw o blsto ite g . aso amre ipe. Dr. Alfred Waltin, medical odicer of the Eighth. Maine regiment at .Jsloanville, wrote in his Stocy: setanletrc. re logs~i: A s m.otwaiif the bays se iroto lea fathaces oi, aed it tgleer wvish oh, wssuage, all fuesahed, edeseoeyod Twoa ether hnues. toer.. ihmedl hfose the tee tea PThe claim of the Church for recaehery for this loss woe denied by the U. S. Congressaon the ground thatr no direct evidence was submitted that the soldier, burned the prop- ery.0 Is rebuilding the church after the war the site selected, though in the sme black, waa at the aouthwest corer of Neownan and Church Streeta. The work of rebuilding we begun in ti7l, and completed March 8, 1874, when the chourch was consecrated by Bishop Crass of Savannah.' Thie wasa of the firet church, which waa built through the efforts of Father Edmund Aubriel, it not known, but it was certaily prior to 1847, as the map of Jackseonville of that year showe thauttedchurchwasthereat thattime. Although tha Pariah bad nothbeenreatd, religiousaservires were carrted outwih togolarity and in acordances with the established rules of the Church.' Back of the altar wasa beautiful painting if the lImuacus- late Conception of Our Lady, a gift from the French Govern- meit. Its s inttoer fact that te churh was ddeted no the lImmaculate Conception several years prior to the time that thea dognia woo defined san Article of Faith by Pope Pius IX i t4. Itisaid that the painting was savedwhen the churh was burned by Federal atldiers in 1INS. but its hisory cannot be traced furthuer.i Under date if March 29, 1861 (the day of the evainetis), the correpondent of the New York Tribune, with the Federael irony at Jacksonville, wrote his paper: Yseoeiay the coastfal linule ves said aesthe bcamile h55555- co, eetbes with the ci.ooec, was teed hy sane of sma palaie, csd is t sort tiote ease. to ha gycaud . ' e Mm tcees hed fairly coaseda ifthers oteo ld..es hrnc ape, de aoaeo vemdssaas ease is toj eeylhe~ f'.le The orsia eia is n-ooesamb nto am ~'i oatev asece whoa vi sesemed to be celsbetis tohe .,.a. br awlee asie t. o earoca pipe. Dr. Alfred Waltoo, medical officer of the Eighth Maine regiment at sJachsarie, wrote in his diary: i cod ap~rhbla,IO: Aesae.ua coef thelysuarteheete she cotdeine sltaih sad i5 tordee site he wores. e all fieslahed, cot deeteyd Tins Oner hees er aso haoedh[afoe th ns Sewi pat out. The claim of the Church for riovrery fir tids less was denied by the U. S. Congress on the ground teat no direct evidence was soumitted that the soldiers burned the prop irty.0 In rebuilding the church after the war the site sele cted though in the same block, was at the eouthweut cerner of N ewnan and Church Streets. The work of rebuilding wag begun in 1071. and completed March 8, 1874, whes the church woo consecrated by Bishop Cross of Savmanh' Thia wasa of the first church, which was built through the Oerts of Father Edmund Aubriel, is nat known, but it was certainly prior to 1847, as the map of Jackontville of that year shows that the church was there at that time. Although theParish had nt been crested religious services were carried out with togulority ad in -accrdance with the eablished rules of the Church.' Biackt of the altar woo a beautiful psioliag sof the Immsae- late Conception of Our Lady, a gift tram the French Govern- .0:05. It is as intereotinog fact that the church was dedicated s the Immaculate Conception several years prior to the time that the dogma was defined as an Article of t10ath by Pulse Pius lY in 1854.1 It is said that the painting was saved whent the church was burned by Federal soldiers in 1863, but its history cannot he traced furtheirI Under date nf March 29,1863 (the day of the svacatioo), the correspondent of the New York Tribune, with the Federal army atackonvill, wrote his paper: vesesedey the heatial little steae seee s e Chaliess- stgehe te the oens thed by se if she abliern sad Na the oltoo, the seldse hod bres ope the dene so .satssssaad saik- iNeiR ecofotiag egea.In. Thescroonewaats ometssteorntsi ardswtctrycslieswhossn stoond tobeuel iigohe hesmmin by bitwing tlough oeas p Fe. Dr. Alfred Walton. medical ofir of the Eighth Maine regiment at Jucdoervills, wrote In his diary: Ootastp.MarhkN.15iB3 A o.uswneaf thehio~ses iet Ohs Cfho berssla.had It teecois aloe. lse psasasege. il fseiahsd. atee yed.'lfeeother Msielo tets also homned heos. the tee ws PThe claim of the Church for recovery for this loos waio deaied be. the U. S. Congress one the grouned that no direct evidence was submsitted that the soldiers borned the prop erty0 In rebuilding the church after the war the site selected. though is the oame block, was at the southwest career of N ewnan and Church Streets. The wark of rebuilding wast begun in 1871,and completed March 8, 1874, when the chuirche was consecrated by Bishop Cress of Savanah.' This was a  400 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 400 HSTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 400 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA plain brick building without spire or steeple. This chordh was destroyed in the fire of May 3, 1901. The site for the new church was again changed, to the northeast corner of Ocean and Duval Streets, but still in the same block, all of which is now owned by the Church. Here on Sunday, April 7, 1907, the ceremony of laying the cornerstone of the present edifice was performed by Bishop Kenny of St. Augustine. The basement walls of the church are of brick and rest on a foundation of reinforced coscrete; the superstructure is of Kentucky limestone. The style is Gothic, with a tapering main spire surmounted by a cross 178% feet above the sidewalk. The building represents nearly four years of continuus work and an outlay of $160,- 00. This church was dedicated December 8, 1910, in the presence of 2,000 spectators of all denominations, by Bishop Kenny, assisted in the ceremnies by Bishop Foley of the Philippines, Very Rev. William Mcinniu of Brooklyn, N. Y., and Rev. M. Maher, pastor of the churcb The Roman Catholic Parish of Jacksonvie was not estab. liahed until 1857. Previously, the residents of the town of this faith, few in number, received the ministrations of visit- ing priests from St Augustine and Savannah. Worthy of note among them for their zealous and arduous work were Fathers Claude Rampon and Patrick Hackett, who resided at St. Augustine and visited Jacksonville at regular intervals from 1836 to 1840; and Fathers Benedict Madeore and Ed- mund Aubriel, who likewise resided at St. Augustne and visited Jacksonville from 1843 to 1858.1 In 1867 the former territory of East Florida, which had been included hitherto within the Diocese of Savannah, was constituted a separate ecemisatical jurisdiction as Vicariate. Apostolic, with Bishop Verot in charge. The first resident pastor at Jacksonville was Rev. William J..Hamilton, who rame from Savannah in 1867. He was a man of remarkable organizing ability. After establishing the Church at Jacrk- sonville ons solid basis, he was transferred in 1861 to a more important Sold of work in the Diocese of Mobile, where he died in a few years. His successor in Jacksonville was Rev. M. Penough, who remained until 1864./ After the War Between the States, Father Chambon and the Very Rev. Father Clavreal had charge of all the missions in Florida for several years, Jacksonville being their head- plain brick building without spire or steeple. This church was destroyed in the fire of May 3, 190L The site for the new church woe again changed, to the northeast corner of Ocean and Duval Streets, but still in the same block, all of which is now owned by the Church. Here on Sunday. April 7, 1907, the ceremony of laying the corner-ste of the present edifice was performed by Bishop Kenny of St. Augustine. The basement walls of the church are of brick and rest on a foundation of reinforced concrete; the auperstructure is of Kentucky limestone. The style is Gothic, with a tapering main spire surmounted by a cross 178%4 feet above the sidewalk. The building represents nearly four years of continuous work and an outlay of $160,. 0O. This church was dedicated December 8, 1910, in the presence of 2,000 spectators of all denominations, by Bishop Kenny, assisted in the ceremonies by Bishop Foley of the Philippines. Very Rev. William McGinnis of Brooklyn, N. Y., and Rev. M. Maher, pastor of the church.' The Roman Catholic Parish of Jacksonville was not estab- lished until 1857. Previously, the residents of the town of this faith, few in number, received the ministrations of visit- ing priests from St Augustine and Savannah. Worthy of note among them for their zealots and arduous work were Fathers Claude Rampon and Patrick Hackett, who resided at St. Augustine and visited Jacksonville at regular intervals from 1816 to 1843; and Fathers Benedict Madeore and Ed- mund Aubriel, who likewise resided at St. Augustine and visited Jacksonville from 184 to 1858.1 In 1867 the former territory of East Florida, which had been included hitherto within the Diocese of Savannah, was constituted a separate ecclesiastical jurisdiction as Vicariate- Apostolic, with Bishop Verot in charge. The firt resident pastor at Jacksonville was Rev. William J. Hamilton, who came from Savannah in 1857. He was a man of remarkable organizing ability. After establishing the Church at Jack- sonville on a solid basis, he was transferred in 1861 to a more Important ield of work in the Dicese of Mobile, where he died in a few years. His successor in Jacksonville was Rev. M. Pnough, who remained until 1864,' After the War Between the States, Father Chambon and the Very Rev. Father Clavreal had charge of all the missions in Florida for several years. Jacksonville being their head- plain brick building without spire or steeple. This church was destroyed in the fire of May 3, 1901. The oite for the new church woe again changed, to the northeast corner of Ocean and Duval Streets, but atil In the same block, all of which in now owned by the Church. Here on Sunday, April 7, 1907, the ceremony of laying the corner-stone of the present edifice was performed by Bishop Kenny of St. Augustine. The basement walls of the church are of brick and rest on a foundation of reinforced concrete; the euperntructure is of Kentucky limestone. The style is Gothic, with a tapering main spire surmounted by a croes 178% feet above the sidewalk The building represents nearly four years of continuous work and an outlay of $160,- 000. This church was dedicated December 8, 1910, in the presence of 2,000 spectators of all denominations, by Bishop Kenny, assisted in the ceremonies by Bishop Foley of the Philippines, Very Rev. William McGinnis of Brooklyn, N. Y., and Rev. M. Maher, pastor of the church The Roman Catholic Parish of Jacksonville was nst estab- liSahed until 1857. Previsualy, the residents of the town of this faith, few in number, received the ministrations of visit- ing priests from St Augustine and Savannah. Worthy of note among them for their zealous and arduous work wore Fathers Claude Rampon and Patrick Hackett, who resided at St. Augustine and visited Jacksonville at regular intervals from 1880 to 1848; and Fathers Benedict Madeore and Ed- mund Aubriel, who likewise resided at St. Augustine and visited Jacksonville from 1843 to 1858> In 1857 the former territory of East Florida, which had been included hitherto within the Dicee of Savannah, was constituted a separate ecrlesiaatical jurisdiction as Vicariate- Apostolic, with Bishop Vorot in charge. The first resident pastor at Jacksonvilie was Rev. Wiliam J.aoilton, who came from Savannah in 1807, He was a man of remarkable organising ability. After establishing the Church at Jack- snvile on a solid basi, he was transferred in 1861 toa more important field of work in the Diocese of Mobile, where he died in a few years. His successor in Jacksonville was Rev. M. Penough, who remained until 1864/ After the War Between the States, Father Chambon and the Very Rev. Father Clavreal had charge of all the missions in Florida for several years Jacksonville being their head.  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 401 HISTORY OF JACSONVILLE, FLORIDA 401 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 401 quarters, After Father Clavreal, Father Laudry was pastor for a short time. dev. Charles Gnboury wa pastor from 1869to1872. TheVery Rev. Father P. Dufau, Vicar-General of the dioeso, succeeded him and remained in charge until bin death in 188L After the death of Father Dufau, Father Bernard O'Reilly was in charge until 1884. In June, 1884, Father William Kenny (afterward Bishop of St. Augustine) was appointed pastor at Jacksonville and retained charge until his elevation to the Episcopate in May, 1902> Father Kenny endeared himself to the people an account of his great charitable work at the time of the yellow fever epidemic of 1888 and the fire of 1901. The present pastor, Rev. Dr. Michael Maher, was appointed to fill the vacancy created by the elevation of Father Kenny. Upon assuming charge he was confronted by the enormous task of restoring the church, orphanage, convent, schools, and priests're sidence, all de- stroyed in the fire of May 1, 1901, which entailed a lose of more than $200,000 The restored buildingo stand today as a monument to his energy. Baptist The Raptist denomination was established in Jackson- ville in July, 1838, by Rev. James McDonald and Rev. Ryan Frier. Mr. Frier wa the State Missionary at that time. There were sin charter membern. nomely, Rev. James Mc- Donald and wife, Elias G. Jaudon and wife, and two colored personeoPeggy, a slave of Elias G. Jaudon, and Bacchus, a slave of William Edwards. Rev. James McDonald was the first pastor, and Elias G. Jaudon the frst deacons The congregation increased. and in 1840, purchased the northeast corner at Duval and Newnan Streets, where chapel was erected.' Thin wan the first church building erected in Jacksonville. It was a small wooden structure. with a seating capacity for about 100 perona. It had a qunare tower-like steeple in which was a bell. In front was a small piazza ; there was but one entrance dour. The Bap- tiste sold this property to the Preobyteriansr in 1844, and then bought a plot of ground two miles west of the court house (Myrtle Avenue, between Adams and Duval Streets), n which they erected a omall brick church, This building was partially wrecked during the War Between the States, e it was the scene of nearly all the fghting that occurred quarters. After Father Clavreal. Father Landry wan pastor for a short time. Rev. Charles Gaboury was pastor from 1869to1872. TheVery Rev.Father P.Dufau,Vicor-General of the diocese, suaceeded him and remained in charge until his death in 1881. After the death of Father Dufau, Father Bernard O'Reilly was in charge until 1884. In June, 1884, Father William Kenny (afterward Bishop of St. Augustine) was appointed pastor at Jacksonville and retained charge until bin elevation to the Episcopate in May, 19020 Father Kenny endeared himself to the people on account of his great charitable work at the time of the yellow fever epidemic of 1888 and the fire of 1901. The present pastor, Rev. Dr. Michael Maher, was appointed to 011 the vacancy created by the elevation of Father Kenny. Upon assuming charge he wan confronted by the enormous task of restoring the church, orphanage, convent, schools, and priests' residence, all de- stroyed in the fire of May 8, 1901, which entailed a loss of iore than $200,000' The restored building stand today as a monument to his energy. Baptist The Baptist denomination was established in Jackson- ville in July, 1838, by Rev. James McDonald and Rev. Ryan Frier, Mr. Frier was the State Missionary at that time. There were six charter members, namely, Rev. James Mc- Donald and wife, Elias G. Jaudon and wife, and two colored Persons-Peggy, a solave of Elas G. Jandon, and Ranchos, a slave of William Edwards. Rev. James McDonald was the first pantor, and lElian G. Jaudon the first deacon.' The congregation inoreased, and in 1840, purchased the northeast corner at Duval and Newnan Streets, where a chapel was erected> This was the first church building erected in Jacksonville. It was a small wooden structure, with a seating capacity for about 100 persons. It had a square tower-like steeple in which was a bell. In front was o small piazza i there was but one entrance dour. The Bap- tiats sold this property to the Preshyterians' in 1844, and then bought a plot of ground two miles west of the court house (Myrtle Avenue, between Adams and Duval Streets), on which they erected a small brick church, This building was partially wrecked during the War Between the States, as it was the scene of nearly all the fighting that occurred quarters. After Father ClOreaL, Father Laudry was pastor for a hort time. Rev. Charles Gaboury was pastor from 1869to18972. TheVery Rev. Father P. Dufau,Vicar-General of the diocene, succeeded him and remained in charge until his death in 1881. After the death of Father Dufan, Father Bernard O'Reilly was in charge until 1884. In June, 1884 Father William Kenny (afterward Bishop of St. Augustine) was appointed pastor at Jacksonville and retained charge until his elevation to the Episcopate in May, 1902/' Father Kenny endeared himself to the people on account of his great charitable work at the time of the yellow fever epidemic of 1888 and the fire of 1901. The present pastor, Rev. Dr. Michael Maher, was appointed to fill the vacancy created by the elevation of Father Kenny. Upon assuming charge he was confronted by the enormous task of restoring the church, orphanage, convent, schools, and priets' residence, all de- stroyed in the fire of May 3, 1901, which entailed a loss of mue than $200,000. The restored buildings stand today as a monument to his energy. Baptist The Baptist denomination was established in Jockson. ville in July, 1838, by Rev, James McDonald and Rev. Ryan Frier. Mr. Frier was the State Missionary at that time. There were six charter members, namely, Rev. James Mc- Donald and wife, Elias G. Jaudon and wife, and two colored persons-Peggy, a slave of Elias G. Jaudon, and Bacchus, a slave of William Edwards. Rev. James McDonald was the firt pastor, and Elias G. Jaudon the trot deacon The congregation increased, and in 1840, purchased the northeast corner at Duval and Newnan Streets, where a chapel was erected.' This was the first church building erected in Jacksonville. It was a small wooden atructure, with a seating copacity for about 100 persono. It had a oquare tower-like steeple in which was a bell. In front was emall piaza; there was but one entrance door. The Bap- tote sold this property to the Presbyteriansr in 1844, and than bought a plot of grond two mile west of the court house (Myrtle Avenue, between Adam and Duval Streets), on which they erected a small brick church This building was partially wrecked during the War Between the States, as it was the scene of nearly all the fighting that occurred  402 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 402 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 402 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA near Jacksonville. Thelittlebrickchurchhadawarhistory. Pickets and out-posts were stationed there whenever Jack- sonville was occupied by the Federal troops and near it the first bloodof the war in this vicinitywashed. Sentinel-like, it witnessed scenes that have never found a place in print. A few years after the brick church was built, Elitas G. Jau- don boughta piece of ground adjoining the church and donated it to the Church for a burial ground. Finding themselves too far from the center of the city, it was decided to make yet snother change in location, and again Deacon Jauon came to the assistance of the Church by buying and donating a lot on Church Street, between Julia and Hogan. Here a house of worship was erected, and dedicated February 2s, 161. Soon after this the war came on and disrupted the congregation. After the battle of Oluotee, the building was taken possession of by the Federal army and used as a hospital for wounded soldiers, and from this time until the close of the war it was used as a military hospital. The building was left in a deplorable condition, scarcely a pane of glass remaining in the windows and very little plastering on the wals Theclaim of the First Haptiat Church for $1,170 damages done to the building during the war was approved by the U. S. Congress in February, 1912" At the close of the war an effort was made to separate the white and the colored members of the congregation, but the colored members being in the majority refused to give possession to the white members. The colored members finally accepted an offer of $400 for their interest in the property, withdrew, and built for themselves a new church, which they called Bethel Baptint, taking the original name. The church of the white congregation was then re-named Tabernacle In 1892 the church property on Church Street (the site is now occupied by the club house of the American legion) was sold. The present site at the northeast orner of Churth and Hogan Streets was acquired in October, 1892, at a coat of $9,000. A Sunday School building wao erected on the inside of this lot facing Church Street, as a unit of the future church, then colled First Blaptit instead of Taber, nacle, but the fre of 1901 destroyed it before the church was completed. near Jacksonville. Thelittlebrickchurchhadawarhistory- Pickets and out-posts were stationed there whenever Jack- sonvlle was occupied by the Federal troops and near it the arat bleedoef the war inthisviciitywasshed. Sentinel-like, it witnessed scenes that have never found a place in print. A few years after the brick church was built, Elies G. Ia . don bought a piece of ground adjoining the church and donated it to the Church for a burial ground. Finding themselves too far from the center of the city, it was decided to make yet another change in location, and again Deacon Jandon came to the assiutance of the Church by buying and donating a lot on Church Street, between Julia and Hogan. Here a house of warship was erected, and dedicated February 23, 1861. Soon after this the war came on and disrupted the congregation. After the battle of Oluotee, the building was taken possession of by the Federal army and used as a hospital for wounded soldiers, and from this time until the close of the war it was used asa military hospital The building was left in a deplorable condition, scarcely a pane of glass remaining in the windows and very little plastering on the walls.- The claim of the First apist Church for $1,110 damages done to the building during the war was approved by the U, S. Congress in February, 1912), At the close of the war an efort was made to separate the white and the colored members of the congregation, but the colored members being in the majority refused to give possession to the white members, The coiored members aally accepted an toter of $400 for their interest in the property, withdrew, and built for themeelves a new church, which they coled Bethel Baptiat, taking the original name. The church of the white congregation was then re-named Tabernacle, In 1892 the church property an Chureh Street (the lsteg in new ccupied by the club house of the American Iegian) was sold. The presentiteat the northeast corner of Church and Hogan Streets was acqutired in October, 1892, at a coat of $9,000. A Sunday School building we erected on the insideo of this lot facing Church Street, as a unit of the future church, then called First Baptist instead of Taber- nacle' but the fre of 1901 destroyed it before the church was completed. near Jaksonville. Thelittle brick church hadawarhistory. Pickets and out-ptsa were stationed there whenever Jack- asoville was ccupied by the Federal trops and near it the firstbleedof the war in this vicinity was shed. Sentinel-like, it witnessed scones that have never found a place in print A few years after the brick church was built, Eliss 0. Jau- don bought a piece of ground adjoining the church and donted it to the Church fora burial ground. Finding themoslves too far from the center of the city, it was decided to make yet another change in location, and again Deacon Jaudon came to the assistance of the Church by buying and donating a lot on Church Street, between Julia and Hogan. Hre a house of worship was erected, and dedicated February 23, 1861. Soon after this the war came on ad disrupted the congregation. After the battle of dlustee, the building was taken possession of by the Federal army and useds a hospital for wounded soldiers, and from this time ntil the close of the war it wa used as a military hospital. The building was left in a deplorable condition, scarcely a pane of glass remaining in the windows and very little plastering onthe wallo. The claimof tho First Baptiat Church for $1,170 damages done to the building during the war was approved by the U. S. Congress in February, 1O12 At the close of the war an eotort was made to separate he temrb wand the colored members of the congregation, but the colored members being in the majority refused to give poasession to the white members., The colored members inally accepted an offer of $400 for their interest in the property, withdrew, and built for themselves a new church, which they called Bethel Baptist, taking the original name. The church of the white congregation was then re-named Tabernacle, In 1092 the church property on Church Street (the site now occupied by the club house of the American legion) was sold. The presentite atthenortheasteornerof Church and Hogan Streets was acquired in October, 1892, at a cost of $9,000. A Sunday School building was erected on the inside of this let facing Church Street, as a unit of the future church, then called Frst Baptist instead of Taber- nacle,' but the fre of 1901 destroyed it before the church wa completed.  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 403 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 403 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 403 The corner-stone of the present church was laid Febru- ary 2, 1903. Appropriate addresses were made by D. U. Fletcher, and Dr. J. F. Forbes of Stetson University. The church was completed in one year. It is of Bedford stone and was erected at a cost, including furnishings, of about $50,000. The church is state feet ground area.' Extensive repairs were made to the interior in the winter of 1923-24 when the auditorium was enlarged to a capacity of 1,200. Rev. James McDonald was pastor from 1838 to 1846. From 1846 to 1850, there were severs! unimportant short pastorates, in which the Chbrch seems to have been unfortu- nate in obtaining unworthy or incompetent men. In 1850, Rev. Joseph S. Baker became pastor and served four years, during which time the Church and Sunday School prospered. In 1859, Rev. E. W. Dennison was called. At thin time the membership wan 40 white and 250 colored. Mr. Dennison's pastorate closed in 1862, and there is no record to indicate that the Church had a pastor then until Rev. P. P. Bishop camin 1867 Mr. Bishop was followed in 1869 by Reyv. Frank W. Johnson, and he in 1871 by Rev. W. W. Keepon, who wos pastor one year; then Rev. B. W. Whilden from 1878 until 1875, followed by H. B. McCallum as supply. Rev. M. M. Wambolt took up the pastorate in 1876. In 1880, Rev. J.F.B. Mays came and remained two years; he was followed by Rev. George K. Allen, who in turn was succeeded by Rev. S. K. Leavett in 1884. Mr. Leavett was pastor until April, 1889, and was succeeded by Rev, L. B. Plumer, who served the Church two years. In 1892, Rev. Malcolm McGregor was coiled and was pastor until October, 1895, being succeeded by Rev. J. J. Parons in February, 1896, who remained until December, 1899, and was followed by Rev. W. A. Hobson in May, 1900. Mr. Hobson's pastorate was the longest In the history of the Church, being continuous until his resignation in 1923. Rev. L. G. Broughton succeeded Mr. Hobson i October, 1923. Presbyterian Preliminary to the actual formation of the Presbyterian congregation at Jacksonville articles of incorporation were granted by the Legislative Conncil of the Territory of Flor- ida, Act No. 51, approved March 2, 1840, which provided as follows: The corner..tone of the present church was laid Februs- ary 2, 1903. Appropriate addresses were made by D. U. Fletcher, and Dr. J. F. Forbes of Stetson University. The church was completed in one year It is of Bedford stone and was erected at a cost, including furnishings, of about $50,000. The church is 86x105 feet ground area.' Extensive repairs were nado to the interior in the winter of 1928-24 when the auditorium was enlarged to a capacity of 1,200. Rev. James McDonald was pastor from 1838 to 1846. From 1846 to 1850, there were several unimportant short pastorates, in which the Church seems to have been unfortu- nate in obtaining unworthy or incompetent men. In 1850, Rev. Joseph S. Baker became pastor and served four years, during which time the Church and Sunday School prospered. In 1859, Rev. E. W. Dennison was called. At this time the membership was 40 white and 250 colored. Mr. Dennisotn' pastorate closed in 1862, and there is no record to indicate that the Church had a pastor then until Rev. P. P. Bishop came in 1867. Mr. Bishop was followed in 1869 by Rev. Frank W. Johnson, and he in 1871 by Rev. W. W. Kepon, who was pastor one year; then Rev. B. W. Whilden from 1873 until 1875, followed by H. B. McCallum as supply. Rev. M. M. Wambolt took up the pastorate in 1876. In 1880, Rev. J. F. B. Mayo came and remained two years; he was followed by Rev. George K. Allen, who in turn was succeeded by Rev. S. K. Leavett in 1884. Mr. Leavett was pastor until April, 1889, and was succeeded by Rev. L. B. Plumer, who nerved the Church two years. In 1892, Rev. Malcolm McGregor was caled and was pastor until October, 1895, being succeeded by Rev. J. J. Parsons i February, 1896, who remained until December, 1899, and was followed by Rev. W. A. Hobson in May, 1900., Mr. Hoebsn's pastorate was the longest in the history of the Church, being continuous until his resignation in 1923. Rev. L. G. Broughton succeeded Mr. Hobson in October, 1923. Presbyterian Preliminary to the actual formation of the Presbyterian congregation at Jacksonville articles of incorporation were granted by the Legislative Council of the Territory of Flnr- ida, Act No. 51, approved March 2, 1840, which provided as follows: The corner-steo of the present church was laid Febru- ary 2, 1903. Appropriate addresses were made by D. U. Fletcher, and Dr. J. F. Forbes of Stetson University. The church was completed in one year. It is of Bedford stone and was erected at a cost, including fumishings, of about $50,000. The church is 86x105 feet ground area Extensive repairs were made to the interior in the winter of 1923-24 when the auditorium woo enlarged to a capacity of 1,200. Rev. James McDonald was pastor from 1838 to 1846. From 1846 to 180, there were several unomportant short pastorates, in which the Church seems to have been unfortu. nate in obtaining unworthy or incompetent men. In 1850, Rev. Joseph S. Baker boecamo pastor and served four years, during which time the Church and Sunday School prospered. In 189, Rev. E. W. Dennison was called. At this time the membership was 40 white and 250 colored. Mr. Dennison's pastorate closed in 1062, and there is no record to indicate that the Church had a pastor then until Rev. P. P. Bishop came is 1867. Mr. Bishop was followed in 1869 by Rev. Frank W. Johnson, and he in 1071 by Rev, W. W. Keepon, who was pastor one year; then Rev. B. W. Whilden from 1873 until 1875, followed by H. B. McCallum as supply. Rev. M. M. Wambolt took up the pastorate in 1876. In 1880, Rev. J. F. B. Mayo came and remained two yearn; he was followed by Rev. George K. Allen, who is torn was succeeded by Rev. S. K. Leavett in 0084. Mr. Leavett was pastor until April, 1889, and was succeeded by Rev. L. B. Planer, who served the Church two years. In 1892, Rov. Malcolm McGregor was cailed and was pastor until October, 1895, being succeeded by Rev. J. J. Prsones in February, 1896, who remained until December, 1899, and was followed by Rev. W. A. Hobson in May, 1900. Mr. Hotion's pastorate was the longest in the history of the Church, being cotinuous until his resignation in 1928. Rev, L. G. Broughton succeeded Mr. Hobson in October, 1923. Presbyterian Preliminary to the actual formation of the Presbyterian congregation at Jacksonville articles of incorporation were granted by the Legislative Council of the Territory of Flor- ida, Act No. 51, approved March 2, 1840. which provided as follows:  a0 HIST OF aAiSNuIaLI. FLOIA a0 HISTR OF USCHOWIfiA FLOIDA a11 HITRY wF JACKSNVILE FLRID Sction 1. Be it-otsed by the Cocroos ne Loetntlve Conooll of the Tepeil y of Florids, Tbat from and aftor the approotal of myi not, Mettoetalon ooegeeolis at Jobaeihle, tw mat 'lotdo, ahml he lnootrotod oad booa body plktt, bW0. too nam ed otylo of the Poonbploa Cbmoet to1 Jaoeoic, etd by tbot 00t00 ebtil am oapable donc ile, m loow to ame end be rmod, plead aod ho iEmbrocdd, defend tnd hm defended, nod to hoot, hold. mocemo, and enroy pool nod paesoul tntate.. Sootton 0. Ba it.b f ethrmotd, That foe the botteo goovesn-t of told mornoelo.0. Conaac.OI. ftoen, rtin c.lolnobod Stephen Eddy, and l4l Ai, be nd they ar0 boceby Iormatld Teno. teen of cfl loaosbptooi Chopob of Joea.hooolle,,O" Oeeon a. Be it frebr otootd. nho, oil the tlo esboro of told ehurb .01t be doomed hadad olotoso n a y and every elnotl fe taniers of told eheoh " " The Itresbyterian Church of Jackso0nil won actually foruedl December 29, 1843, when five mole menmbere douly bandod themoelves togethoer in coomeotienu with the IPreby- tory of Georgia, Roy. Mr. Bnird being present with them no a delegate from that body. Obadiah Congor and Wiliam 10. Barton were elected nd ordaitlod elders. On tto Sabbath day following, being the flest of Deember, 18fS$ the nignifi- cat and touching rite of the tLords Supper wao administered nd one new member woo odded in the Chutrch by exoi- ootion., Be the following year (l8d4) the Baptiste having decided to build mnaother locality (Weot LoaVill) offered their chapel at the northeast corner of novel and Newnan Streets for Hole. Captain Congor ond two othere purchoased it. "We booght it", sayo Colotain Cotecar, 'in keep it from foiling into the, handa of some werldly persons for opeculative prroee". This chapel weo need by the P'reabyter'ansas on mioeetinghouseo for two yena. Their firot mooet, Rev. A. B. Burke, preoched to them there, hot only for oeveral months ao lock of falod. ,ade it imptaciblo to retain him. Owing in the root of up.o keep the itroobyteriono were compelled to diaeps of the property and they eold it to the Methodinsm in 1846. Son afterword, Captain Conger tot about raising fonds to build o mall seotion hones on a plot of ground beloging to him- self Cot the southeost elrner of Ocean and Monroe Street,) for the purpoee of holding prayer meetings and ether roll- glose rvioetwhen they should have . minioter. He oolioittd forms from friends and relatives In the North and began the se~nte 0. Be iteoootd byihbe Ctwaeeo nd Lectontlr coa0 ef the Teeiloy of Florldo, T at om -o f the approval of hi art, the yeebotereoootrognios at vohoolle oSo Foda, oboll be tneotoeoed nd he nbody potato by htors domed otyl t P~~l o snobly namodmu~ liable no low to suo and bye toed, ahd and beyo ooded. defend uod ho dtendod, nd to hoot, hold, pooese end onioy oeal mod Seeianm R. ton it fnetb e nestd, flat OnMe mabette goeontt of noid eoepoooio, 0. oncernn, 0. IL MDoroelto, x00m100 B. cloosboe. manalo Erb od Peebytc Coeob f Joohosotlth', t mdet~v Oteeio 0 . Be It .oobo eorod, Ton n t m ie tbeen o said he nball be doome qoolifitd loeo ait and mtl py elootito for te.nlos of eaid ohoock non The Psresbyterian Church nf Jacksonville woo actually formed December 29, 18d3, when five otle membern duly banded themselves toaether in rcnection with tht Frohy, tory of Ceargia, Rev. Mr. Baird being pretent with them vt o delegate from that body. Obodiah Congor and Williom B. Barton were elected nd ordained eldero. On the &ooth day following, being the 3st of Decemer, 1843, the eii- coot ad touching rite of the Lotte Supeper, woo sdmmnatiored nd cooa new member wan odded to the Chtrch by e..om- ootott In the following yeor (1844) the Baptinta having derided to buld in anotber locality (Went L.Mi.l) offered their chapel at the northeast corner of Dovel nd Newnan Streeto for sole. Captain Congar and two others purchated it "We booght it", says Captain Conmar,"to keep it from foiling into the oands of some worldly persons for epeonlativo pprrooe," Thin chapel woo used by theo'reobyteriocnaoorneetighune for toyears. The ir ot rater, Rev. A. B. Storks, preached he them there, but only for several montho on lack of foods mWade it impostible in retnin him. Owing in the rent of up keep thke Presbyterin were compelled to diopoote of the property ad they sold it to the Methodists in 1841. Soo afterward, Captoin Congar set about roiinog foods to build a ooll poetion honds on n plot of ground belonging to hic- ..Ifm (at the southeaot corner of Oreon and Monroe Streets) for the purpose of holding prayer meetingo and othetr ell' glouecc when they shoold havena minister. Hn smlted fenda from friends and relatives to the North nid began the BSotioo 1. so Ia oas by the flwetoe nd Lecletlle Ceomo of the TeMolep If Flooimn Tat from andl ate theope1b of0 this act, tbe ".ooytetto oonfsefoolto on leheovllo, to Sot rkld, ol be lecoeponted and be a body moll' by tae tome nd tpe of th aybntoio Cboeeb of Ixoeeoille, aonl by that toe ohall be eopabce nd liable On inn to aotnd be cemd, plead nd be imtepodo, defend -M he defended. -a Wo bowe. Mol, pocoo no. -o renjyol and Sontinm 2. to It footovop mattod, Turt foer tho botort coermnent of moid iooeetio, 0. Csomer. OIL M.orset. Hnpt 0.¢ llbtoboel Otopbeo Eddy, and , I,. moler. be nd ohop ar odoby opeioted Tre- todo nI e l'oabyteio Choseb of Jnehromoile, " senito 1. sin farobs nettd, Thai oI the whit moeobte 55 sold obotro bol be deemed otoad ooeOno nemy ood mwoy electiee foe neenters of said ohoono non The Prosbyterioo Church nf Jacksoonville won octuonlly formed December 29, tedS, when five mole menmbers duly banded theonselves together in connection with the Preeby- tory of Georgn, Rev. Mr. Baird being preaent with them nos a delegate from thot body Obadnh Cougar and Williom BL Barton wore elected nd ordinted elders. On the Sabboth day following, being the Mlot of December, 1848, the etifi- roont and touching lte of the Lord's Supper wan admniotered nd one new member woo added to the Church by exosi- -noto In the following yeor (n8d4) the Baptista boving decided to build in onother locality (Went LaVilla) tffered their chapel at the northeast comner of nove and Newnan Streets fornsle. Captain Conger ond two othero pturchased it. "We bougbt it" mtym Captoin Concar, tlo bony it fron, falling into thebondo tof sonme worldly persnsm for speculative purposes". This chapel wao sed by the Presbyterian asameetnghoue for two yearn. Their moeat pastor, Rev A. B. Burke, preached to them here, hut only for several mond an look of fuods mode it impossible to retai him. Owing to the toot of up- keep tho Preobyterians were compelled to dispose of the property and they sold it to the Methodists in 1846. Soon afterward, Captain Congar aet obout raisine fundo to .bulld a mall swoaln. hose on a plot of ground belonging to him. self (at the souttbeast corner of con and Morot Streets) for the purpose of holding prayer metinga End other rahi- glss lervion when they shotid bawe owsietr. He olicited funds from friends and relativen in the North nd began the  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLOReDA 406 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 405 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 405 erection of the building about the fist of the year, 1847. In February. 1847, it was under roof and the "glass in"; it was completed in March following. This was a plain one-story wooden building and seated about 60 persons. The other denominations were invited to use it and several of them did, and it was later toed for school purposea also. Just before his death in 1848, Captain Congar deeded this property to the Presbyterian Churchrs Captain Obadiah Congar was a pioa seacaptain, born near Newark, N. J., in 1768, retired, settled at St. Augustine in 181, and moved to Jacksonville in 1838. where he resided until his death in 1848. He died while on a visit to his old home in New Jersey and is buried there. The Presbyterian Church of Jaeksonville was established and largely main. tained in the pioneer years through his efforts and zeal. In 1854 Miss Phoebe Swart gave $100 to start a fund for building a church. Rev. A. W. Sproull, pastor at that time, visited the Churches in the South fr the purpose of soliciting funds and he collected considerable money in this ways The church was completed in 1855, and dedicated in November of that year' Its location was on the corner just west of the conference house. This church went safely through the ear. From the close of the war to July, 1866, it was used by the U. S. Government for purposes connected with the Freedmen's Bureau.' After the War Between the States serious disseosiona arose among the members of the congregation. The oastors from the North who occupied the pulpit attempted to change the ecclesiastical relation of the Church from the Presbytery of Florida to which it was then attached, to that of Philadel- phia of the Northern Assembly. This movement was opposed by the Southern element of the Church and when it prevailed nine members withdrew on March 6,1867, elected new officer. and continued to exist as the original Presbyterian Church of Jacksonville. The church and other property were held by the Northern membero.' The little band of aine members soon increased to aixteen and on June 30, 1867, Rev. W. B. Telford preached to them in the Methodist church, then caled St. Paul's. After wore- shipping in Hoeg's hall for some time the Southern ceongre- gation purchased a lot at the southeast corner of Monroe and Newnan Streets where In the latter part of 1870 they erected erection of the building about the first of the year, 1847. In February, 1847, it was under roof and the "glass i"; it was completed in March following. This was a plain one-tory wooden building and seated about 0 persons. The other denominations were invited to see it and several of them did, and it was later sed for school purposes also. Just before his death in 1048, Captain Cougar deeded this property to the Presbyterian Church Captain Obadiah Congar was a pious sea-captain, born sear Newark, N. J., in 1768, retired, settled at St. Autoustine in 1831, and moved to Jacksonville in 1838, where he resided until his death in 1848. He died while on a visit to his old home in New Jersey and is burled there., The Presbyterian Church of Jacksonville was established and largely m=ds' tamed in the pioneer years through his efforts and zeal. In 1854 Miss Phoebe Swart gave $100 to start a fund for building a church. Rev. A. W. Sproull, pastor at that time, visited the Churches in the South for the purpose of soliciting funds and he collected considerable money in this way. The church was completed in 1855, and dedicated in November of that year.' Its location was on the corner just west of the conference house. This church wont safely through the war. From the close of the war to July, 1866, it was used by the U. S. Government for purposes connected with the Freedmen's Bureau.' After the War Between the States serious diasgnons arose among the members of the congregation. The pastors from the North who occupied the pulpit attempted to change the ecclesasatical relation of the Church from the Presbytery of Florida to which it was then attached, to that of Philadel- phia of the Northern Assembly. This movement was opposed by the Southern element of the Church and when it prevailed ninemembers withdrew on March 6, 1867, elected new oficer and continued to exist as the original Presbyterian Church of Jacksonville. The church and other property were held by the Northern members. The little band of nine members soon increased to sixteen and on June 10, 1867, Rev. W. B. Telford preached to them in the Methodist church, then called St. Paul's. After wor- shipping in Hoeg's hall for some time the Southern conge- gation purchased a lot at the southeast corner of Monroe and Newnan Streets where in the latter part of 1870 they erected erection of the building about the rst of the year, 1847. In February, 1847. it was under roof and the "glass in"; it was completed in March following. This was a plain onestory wooden building and seated about 60 persons. The other denominations were invited to use it and several of them did, and it was later used for school purposes also. Just before his death in 1048, Captain Congar deeded this property to the Presbyterian Church.e Captain Obadiah Congar was a pious sea-captain, born sear Newark, N. J., in 1768, retired, settled at St. Augustine in 181, and moved to Jacksonville in 180, where he resided until his death in 1848. He died while on a visit to his old home is New Jersey and is buried there.' The Presbyterian Church of Jacksonville was established and largely main- tained in the pioneer years throogh his efforts and neal. In 1854 Misa Phoebe Swart gave $100 to start a fund for building a church. Rev. A. W. Sproull, pastor at that time, visited the Churches in the South for the purpose of soliciting funds and he collected considerable money in this way. The church was completed in 1855, and dedicated in November of that year.' Its location was on the corner just west of the conference house. This church went safely through the war. From the close of the war to July, 1866, it was used by the U. S. Coverm ent for purposes connected with the Freedmen's Bureau. After the War Between the States serious dissesilons arose among the members of the congregation. The pastors from the North who occupied the pulpit attempted to change the ecclesiastical relation of the Church from the Presbytery of Florida to which it was then attached, to that of Philadel- phia of the Northern Assembly. This movement was opposed by the Southern element of the Church and when it prevailed ninemembers withdrew onMarch 6,1867, elected new oficers and continued to exist an the original Presbyterian Church of Jacksonville. The church and other property were held by the Northern members. The little band of nine members soon increased to sixteen and on June 30, 1867, Rev. W. B. Telford preached to them in the Methodist church, then called St. Paul's. After won shipping in Hoeg's hall for some time the Southern congre- gation purchased alet at the southeast corner of Monroe and Newnan Streets where in the tatter part of 1870 they erected  406 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 406 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 406 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA a frame building for Church and Sunday School purposes. They worshipped here until May 1, 1900, when the Newnan Street Church having a membership of 237 and the Ocean Street Church with a membership of 119 were consolidated as the First Presbyterian Church of Jacksonville and the properties of the two Churches passed into the hands of the trusteo of the consolidated Church. Thus the two Churches were again united at the original location en Ocean Street. The property on Newnan Street was afterward sold.- The church on Ocean Street was destroyed in the fire of May 3, 1901. Preliminary steps for rebuilding the church were taken in July, 1901, and actual wark began in the following Decem- ber. The corner-stone was laid January 22, 1902, with Masonic ceremonies conducted by Grand Lodge F. & A. M. which happened to be in annual communication here at the time. Rapid progress was made in construction and on June 1, 1902, the first service was held in the new church. The plans provided for an octagon-shaped auditorium with a sating capacity of 500, supplemented by two main galleries providing room for 50 more. In the arrangement of the interior the Sunday School room, with a capacity of 300, could be thrown open and ned in connection with the audi- torium/ The growth of the Church made necessary the erection of the Sabbath School and Church activities building next to the church; this building was dedicated June 6, 1923, After the departureof MrBurke in 1845,Obadiah Congar conducted the services until 18408 Rev. J. H. Myers (pastor at St. Augustine) occasionally preached to the Jacksonvlle congregation until the arrival of a regular pastor, Rev. A. W. Sproul], in 1854. Mr. Sproul was the pastor until the fall of 1856 and was followed by Rev. Donald Frazier, and Mr. Frazier by Rev. James Little in 1859. Mr. Little enlisted in the Confederate army and did not resume his pastorate at Jacksonville after the war0 It is not known how long Rev. W. B. Telford, who was the first to preach to the Southern congregation in 1867, remained at Jacksonville. In January, 1869, Rev. Thomas L. DeVeaux of Madison, Fla., came as supply and was afterward installed as pastor; he remained until April 1, 1872. From this time until 1875, the Church had no regnlar pastor, but services were conducted at inter- a frame building for Church and Sunday School purposes. They worshipped here until May 1, 1900, when the Newnan Street Church having a membership of 237 and the Ocean Street Church with a membership of 119 were consolidated as the First Presbyterian Church of Jacksonville and the properties of the two Churches passed into the hands of the trusteesoftheconsolidated Church. Thus the two Churches were again united at the original location on Ocean Street. The property on Newnan Street was afterward sold.O The church on Ocean Street was destroyed in the fire of May 3,1901. Preliminary steps for rebuilding the church were taken in July, 1901, and actual work began in the following Decem- ber. The corner-stone was laid January 22, 1902, with Masonic ceremonies conducted by Grand Lodge F. & A. M. which happened to be in annual communication here at the time. Rapid progress was made in construction and on June 1, 1902, the first service was held in the new church. The plana provided for an ctgon-shaped auditorium with a nerting capacity of 500, supplemented by two main galleries providing room for 50 more. In the arrangement of the interior the Sunday School room, with a capacity of 300, could be thnow open and oed in connection with the aodi- torium. The growth of the Church made necessary the erection of the Sabbath School and Church activities building next to the church; this building was dedicated June 6, 1929. After the departureof Mr. Burke in 1845, Obadiah Congar conducted the services until 1840, Rev. J. H. Myers (pastor at St. Augustine) occasionally preached to the Jacksonville congregation until the arrival of a regular pastor, Rev. A. W. Sproull, in 1854. Mr. Sprooll was the pastor until the fall of 1856 and was followed by Rev. Donald Frazier, and Mr. Frazier by Rev. James Little in 1859. Mr. Little enlisted in the Confederate army and did not resume his pastorate at Jacksonville after the war.' It is not known how long Rev. W. B. Telford, who was the first to preach to the Southern congregation in 1867, remained at Jacksonville, In January, 1909, Rev. Thomas L. DeVeaux of Madison, Fla., came as supply and was afterward installed as pastor; he remained until April 1, 1872. From this time until 1875, the Church had no regular pastor, but services were conducted at inter. a frame building for Church and Sunday School purposes. They worshipped here until May 1, 1900, when the Newnan Street Church having a membership of 287 and the Ocean Street Church with a membership of 119 were consolidated as the First Presbyterin Church of Jacksonville and the properties of the two Churches passed into the hands of the trusteesoftheconsolidated Church. Thms the two Churches were again united at the original location on Ocean Street. The property on Newnan Street was afterward sold.' The church on Ocean Street was destroyed in the fire of May 3, 1901. Preliminary steps for rebuilding the church were taken in July, 1901, and actual work began in the following Decem- ber. The cornier-stne was laid January 22, 1902, with Masonic ceremonies conducted by Grand Lodge F. & A. M. which happened to be in annual communication here at the time. Rapid progress was made in construction and on June 1, 1902, the first service was held in the new church. The plans provided for an octagon-shaped auditorium with a sating capacity of 500, supplemented by two main galleries providing room for 50 more, In the arrangement of the interior the Sunday School room, with a capacity of 300, could be thrown open and used in connetion with the audi- toriumr The growth of the Church made necessary the erection of the Sabbath School and Church activities building next to the chure; this building was dedicated Jane 6, 1923. After the departureof Mr.Burke in 1845,Obadiah Congar conducted the services until 1848, Rev. J. H. Myers (pastor at St. Augustine) occasionally preached to the Jacksonville congregation until the arrival of a regular pater, Rev. A. W. Sproull, in 1854. Mr. Sproull was the pastor until the fall of 1856 and was followed by Rev. Donald Frazier, and Mr. Frazier by Rev. James Little in 1859. Mr. Little enlisted in the Confederate army and did not resume his pastorate at Jacksonville after the warl It is not known how long Rev. W. B. Telford, who was the first to preach to the Southern congregation in 1067, remained at Jacksonville. In January. 1869, Rev. Thomas L. DeVeaux of Madison, Fla., came on supply and was afterward installed as pastor; he remained nutil April 1, 1872, From this time until 1875, the Church had no regular pastor, but services were conducted at inter-  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 409 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 407 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 407 vals by Rev. David Wills, Rev. R. B. Anderson, Rev. Joseph Brovn, Rev. Thomas Gilsay, Rev. Peter McKay, and occe- sonallyby Rev. Frank Johnson of the Baptist Church. Dur- ing the summer of 187a and from April 1st to December 31st, 1874, Rev. William H. Dodge conducted the services; he was installed as pastor in January, 1875/ Mr. Dodge was the pasto r until April 30, 1900. During the summer of 1900, Rev. W. A. Alexander served as supply. In September, 1900, Rev. W. E. Boggs come as supply and was afterward installed as pastor, remainn until November, 1908. Mr. Boggs was followed by Rev. J. W.Graybill in January, 1909. Mr. ray- bill died in March, 1912, and the Church remained without a pastor until January 1, 1913, when Rev. .J B. French came as supply; he was installed as pastor in the following April. Dr. French scerved the Church until his death is, February, 1918. Dr. Lindsay E. Mclosir, at the time a chaplain at Camp Johnston, accepted a nanimous call to the epastorate, vacant since the death of Dr. French. Dr.McNirheldhis firt service as poster November 10, 1918. CongregationalF The Congregational Church of Jacksonville had its birth at a meeting held November 8, 1875, at the residence of William Stetson. At that meeting committees were ap- pointed to select a location for a chapel, which resulted in the purchase of a lot 105 feet square at the southwest corner of Church and Hogan Streets from Solon Robinson for $2,500 on ten years' time at 10 per cent interest. The chapel was started son afterward. On December 8,1875, aconstitution was adopted; this was eight years prior to the organization of the General Congregational Association in Florida, in December, 1883. The Union Congregational Church of Jack- sonville was organized January 9, 1876, with 19 members; on the same day the chapel was dedicated, by Rev. C. L. Woodworth, Secretary of the American Missionary Asso- ciation. In 1888 the question of a larger church was advanced and a building fund was started, but the yellow fever epi- demic of that year, followed by other unfavorable circum- stances delayed matters and it was not until 1898 that Coan. cial arrangements were perfected. The little chapel was moved and on its site the foundation for a brick church was val by Rev. David Wills, Rev. R. B. Anderson, Rev. Joseph Brown, Rev. Thomas Gilsay, Rev. Peter McKay, and occa- sionally by Rev. Frank Johnson of the Baptist Church. Dur- ing the summer of 1872 and from April 1st to December 31Sat, 1874, Rev. William H. Dodge conducted the services; he was installed as pastor in January, 1875.' Mr. Dodge was the pastor until April 30, 1900. During the summer of 1900, Rev. W. A. Alexander served as supply. In September, 1900. Rev. W. E. Boggs came as supply and was afterward installed as pastor, remaining until November, 1908. Mr. Boggs was followed by Rev. J. W. Graybill inrJanuary, 1909. Mr. Gray- bill died in March, 1912, and the Church remained without a pastor until January 1, 1913, when Rev. J. B. French came as supply; he was installed as pastor in the following April, Dr. French served the Church until his death in February, 1918. Dr. Lindsay E. McNair, at the time a chaplain at Camp Johnston, accepted a unanimous call to the pastorate, vacant since the death of Dr. French. Dr. McNair held his first service as pastor November 10, 1918.- Congregatimaal The Congregational Church of Jacksonville had its birth at a meeting held November 8, 1875, at the residence of William Stetson. At that meeting committees were ap- pointed to select a location for a chapel, which resulted in the purchase of a let 105 feet squares at the outhwest corner of Church and Hogan Streets from Solon Robinson for $2,500 on ten years' time at 10 per cant interest. The chapel was started son afterward. On December 8, 1875, aconstitution was adopted; this was eight years prior to the organization of the General Congregational Association in Florida, in December, 188. The nion Congregational Church of Jack- nonville was organized January 9, 1876, with 19 members; en the same day the chapel was dedicated, by Rev. C. L Woodworth, Secretary of the American Missionary Asso- ciation. In 1888 the question of a larger church was advanced and a building fund was started, but the yellow fever epi- demic of that year, followed by other unfavorable circum- stances delayed matters and it was not until 1898 that finan- eil arrangements were perfected. The little chapel was moved and on its site the foundation for a brick church was vals by Rev. David Wilts, Rev. R. B. Anderson, Rev. Joseph Brown, Rev. Thomas Gilsay, Rev. Peter McKay, and acea- seonally-by Rev. Frank Johnson of the Baptist Church. Dur- ing the summer of 1873 and from April lot to December 31st, 1874, Rev. William R. Dodge conducted the services; he was installed as pastor in January, 1875.1 Mr. Dodge was the pastor until April 30, 1900. During the summer of 1900, Rev. W. A. Alexander served as supply. Tn September, 1900, Rev. W. E. Boggs came as supply and was afterward installed as pastor, remaining until November, 1908. Mr. Boggs was followed by Rev. J. W. Graybill in January, 1909. Mr. Gray- bill died in March, 1912, and the Church remained withont a pastor until January 1, 1913, when Rev. J. B. French came as supply; he was installed as pastor in the following April. Dr. French served the Church until his death in February, 1918. Dr. Lindsay E, McNair, at the time a chaplain at Camp Johnston, accepted a unanimous call to the pastorate, vacant since the death of Dr. French. Dr. McNair held his first service as pastor November 10, 1918.' CongregationaF The Congregational Church of Jacksonville had its birth at a meeting held November 8, 1875, at the residence of William Stetson. At that meeting committees ware op- pointed to select a location for a chapel, which resulted in the purchase of a let 105 feet square at the southwest comer of Church asd Hogan Streets from Solon Robinson for $2,500 an ten years' time at 10 per cent interest. The chapel was started soon afterward. On December 8,1875, a constitution was adopted; this was eight years prior to the organization at the General Congregational Association in Florida, in December, 188. The Onion Congregational Church of Jack- sovlewas eoanized January 9, 1870, with 19 members; n the same day the chapel was dedicated, by Rev. C. L Woodworth, Secretary of the American Missionary Anao- ciatiso. In 1888 the question of a larger church was advanced and a building fund was started, but the yellow fever epi- demic of that year, followed by other unfavorable ejreum- stances delayed matters and it was not until 1898 that finan- cial arrangements were perfected. The little chapel was moved and on ts isite the foundation for a brick church was  40 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 40 HIS'1RY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA *408 ISTORY OF JACnONVILE, FLORIDA laid. The first service in the new church was held June 26. 1898, though the church was far from completion at the time; it was dedicated February 5, 1899, by Rev. A. M. MacDonald. The edifice was erected at a coot of $10,000; it was Gothic in style and quite imposing. This church was burned in the fire of May 3, 1901. With $10,000 insurance money as a nucleus, funds for rebuilding the church were contributed and by the autumn of 1902 plans for its erection had been started. On April 12, 1903, the first service woo held in the church, and regularly thereafter. This was a brick church erected at a cost of $22,000. The style was Old English Gothic. it wa dedi- cated January 17, 1904, by Dr. E. Lyman Hood. Three Con- gregational churches had now been built on that corner. On account of street noises during service hours the trustees decided to sell the church property and rebuild else- where. They accepted an offer of $80,000 for the holdings of the Church at the corner of Hogan and Church Streets in November, 1911. Pending the negotiations the selection of the present site on the sooth tide of Church Street between Hogan and Julia was made and when the funds from the sale became available the lot was purchased and the erection of the church begun in June, 1912. The last service in the aidchurch was held July 7,1912;the csngregationworshipped in the Jewish synagogue during the rebuilding. The new church was under construction exactly a year. On March 9. 1913, a service was held in the assembly hall, but the church was not permanently occupied until June 15, 1913. It was dedicated by Rev. A. M. MacDonold, a former pastor, Jan- uary 17. 1904. The edifice is 10280 feet over all, con- structed of white brick and terra cotta and represented at the time of luilding an outlay of about $90,000. The main auditorium is 60x60 and 26 feet high i as originally designed 20 rooms were provided to be used for Church purposes. The struggles of the trustees all during the early year to keep out of debt and at the same time progress reveal a wonderful example of perseverance. They were frequently near the line, but seldom far below it. At one time a legacy of land at Panama almost forced them into the real estate business to dispose of it and did involve the Church m a law suits' laid. The trst service in the new church was held June 26, 1898, though the church was far from completion at the time; it was dedicated February 5, 1899, by Rev. A. M. MacDonald. The edifice was erected at a coast of $10,000; it was Gothic in style and quite imposing. This church was burned in the fire of May 3, 1901. With $10,000 insurance money as a nucleus, funds for rebuilding the church were contributed and by the autumn of 1902 plans for its erection had been started. On April 12, 1903, the first service was held in the church, and regularly thereafter. This was a brick church erected at a cost of $22,000. The style was Old English Gothic. It was dedi- cated January 17, 1904, by Dr. E. Lyman Hood. Three Con- gregational churches had now been built on that corner. On account of street noises during service hours the trustees decided to sell the church property and rebuild else- where. They accepted an offer of $80,000 for the holdings of the Chturch at the corner of Hogan and Church Streets In November, 1911. Pending the negotiations the selection of the present site on the oouth side of Church Street between Hogan and Julia was made and when the funds from the sale became available the lot was purchased and the erection of the church begun in June, 1912. The last service in the oadchurchwas held July 7,1912;the congregationworshipped is the Jewish synagogue during the rebuilding. The new church was under construction exactly a year. On March 9. 1913, a service was held in the assembly hall, but the church was not permanently occupied until June 15, 1913. It was dedicated by Rev. A. M. MacDonald, a former pastor, Jan- uary 17, 1904. The edifice is 102x80 feet over all, con- structed of white brick and terra cotta and represented at the time of building as outlay of about $90,000. The main auditorium is 60x60 and 26 feet high ; as originally designed 80 rooms were provided to be used for Church purposes. The struggles of the trustees all during the early years to keep out of debt and at the name time progress reveal a wonderful example of perseverance. They were frequently near the line, but seldom far below it. At one time a legacy of land at Panama almost forced them into the real estate business to dispose of it and did Involve the Church in a law suit.' laid. The trst service in the new church was held June 26, 1898, though the church was far from completion at the time ; it was dedicated February 5, 1899, by Rev. A. IL MacDonald. The edifice was erected at a cost of $10,000; it was Gothic in style and quite imposing. This church was burned in the fire of May 8, 1901. With $10,000 insurance money as a nucleus, funds for rebuilding the church were contributed and by the autumu of 1902 plans for its erection had been started. On April 12, 1903, the first service was held in the church, and regularly thereafter. This was a brick church erected at a cost of $22,000. The style was Old English Gothic. It was dedi- cated January 17, 1904, by Dr. E. Lyman Hood. Three Con- gregetionsl churches had now been built on that corner. On account of street noises during service hours the trustees decided to sell the church property and rebuild else- where. They accepted an offer of $80,000 for the holdings of the Charch at the corner of Hogan and Church Streets in November, 1911. Pending the negotiations the selection of the present site on the south side of Church Street between Hogan and Julia was made and when the funds from the sale became available the lot was purchased and the erection of the church begun in June, 1912. The last service in the oldchurchwas held July 7,1912;the cengrecgatiouworshipped in the Jewish synagogue during the rebuilding. The new church wo under construction exactly a year. On March 9, 1913, a service was held in the assembly hall, but the church was not permanently occupied until June 15, 1910. It was dedicated by Rev. A. M. MacDonald, a former pastor, Jan- uary 17, 1904. The edifice is 102x0 feet over all, con- structed of white brick and terra cotta and represented at the time of building an outlay of about $90,000. The main auditorium is 60x60 and 26 feet high; as originally designed 30 rooms were provided to be used for Church purposes. The struggles of the trustees all during the early years to keep out of debt and at the same time progress reveal a wonderful example of Perseversce. They were frequently near the line, but seldom far below it At one time a legacy of land at Panama almost forced them into the real estate business to dispose of it and did involve the Church in a law suit-s  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 409 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 409 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 409 The work started by Rev. C. L. Woodworth was taken up by Rev. Henry F. Hyde, who remained during the most of 1876. Rev. Solon Cobb came in December, 1876, and served until June, 1878. Then in turn: Samuel Bell, 1878-79; H. L. Kendall, 1879-80; S. D. Paine, 1880-81; E. H. Curtie. 1881-82; S. F. Gale, May, 1883, to October, 1886. All of these were supply pastors. The first pastor regularly installed by the Church was Rev. Russell T. Hall in February, 1888, Dr. Ly- mean Abbott of Brooklyn taking part in the ceremonies. Mr. Hall resigned in December. 1891. Rev. C. L. Woodworth returned to the Church in 1892 and was its supply pastor until February, 1894. Rev. Angus M. MacDonald was in- stalled in October, 1894, and he served the Church until Jan- uary,1908. Thesucceedingpastorswore: Rev.F.A.Stevens (supply), 1903; Rev. E. Lyman Hood, January, 1904, to October 1908; Rev. George L. Hanscom, April, 1906, to March, 1912; Rev. H. T. Sell, May, 1912, to May, 1916 Rev. F. R. Marsh, October, 1916, to November, 1920; Rev. E. C. Gillette, December, 1920, to date. Lutheran During the first week of December, 1877, a number of German residents held a meeting for the purpose of organ- lng, a Lutheran Church in Jacksonville, to be known as the Evangelical Lutheran Church of St. John. Sufficient funds were soon raised in buy a lot at the northeast corner of Ashley and Laura Streets 12%x105 feet, facing Ashley. Work was begun on the church April 3, 1878, and the build. ing was finished and dedicated May 19, 1878. The ceremony of dedication was performed in both English and German. This was a neat frame chapel conting $1,700." It was do- stryed in the fire of May 3, 1901. On May 15,1901, services were held ataprivate residence, and afterward there was a meeting at which resolutions were panned to rebuild the church at the old site at once. InOcto- ber. 1901, the T abernacle Baptist temporary shack near Church and Hogan Streets was rented for $12.90 a month; bere regular services were held until the following July. In the meantime work on the new church at Ashley and Laura Streets was progressing, the corner-stone having been laid May 4, 1902, with regular ceremony and appropriate sermon by Rev. M. J. Eptig of Savannah. Pastor Rahn preached The work started by Rev. C. L. Woodworth was taken up by Rev. Henry F. Hyde, who remained during the most of 1876. Rev. Solon Cobb came in December, 1876, and served until June, 1878. Then in torn: Samuel Bell, 1878-79; H. L. Kendall, 1879-80; S. D. Paine, 1880-81; E. H. Curtis, 188t.82: S. F. Gale, May, 1883, to October, 1886. All of these were supply pastors. The first pastor regularly installed by the Church was Rev. Russell T. Hall in February, 1988, Dr. Ly- man Abbott of Brooklyn taking part in the ceremonies. Mr. Hall resigned in December, 1891. Rev. C. L. Woodworth returned to the Church in 1892 and was its supply pastor until February, 1894. Rev. Angus M. MacDonald was in- stalled in October, 1894, and he served the Church until Jan- nary, 108, The succeeding pstoroswere: Rev,.PA. Stevens (supply), 1903; Rev. eE Lya Hood, January, 1904, to October, 1905; Rev. George L. Hanscom, April, 1906, to March, 1912; Rev. H. T. Sell. Hay, 1912, to May, 1916; Rev. F. R. Marsh. October, 1916, to November. 1920; Rev. E. C. Gillette, December 1920, t date. Lutheran During the first week of December, 1877, a number of German residents held a meeting for the purpose of orean- iing a Lstheran Church in Jacksonville, to be known an the Evangelical Lutheran Church of St. John. Sufficient funds were soon raised to buy a lot at the northeast corner of Ashley and Laura Streets 52%x1u feet, facing Ashley. Work was begun on the church April 8, 1878, and the build- ing was finished and dedicated May 19, 1878. The ceremony of dedication was performed in both English and German. This was a neat frame chapel macting $1,700. It wan do. strayed in the fire of May 3, 1901. On May 15,1901, services were held ataprivate residence. and afterward there wasa meeting at which resolutiont were passed to rebuild the church at the old site at once. InOcto- ber, 1901, the Tabernacle Baptist tempoarsy shack near Church and Hagan Streets was rented for $12.90 a month; here regular services were held until the following July. In the meantime work on the new church at Ashley and Laura Streets was progressing, the corner-stone having bem laid May 4, 1902, with regular ceremony and appropriate sermon by Rev. M, J. Eoting of Savannah. Pastor Rahn preached The work started by Rev. C. L. Woodworth was taken up by Rev. Henry F. Hyde, who remained during the most of 1876. Rev. Solon Cobb came in December, 1876, and served until June, 1878. Then in turn: Samuel Bell, 1878-79; H. L. Kendall, 1879-80; S. D. Paine, 1880-81; E. H. Curtis, 1881-82; S. F. Gale, May, 1881, to October, 1886. All of these were supply pastors. The font pastor regularly installed by the Church was Rev. Russell T. Hall in February, 1888, Dr. Ly- man Abbott of Brooklyn taking part in the ceremonies. Mr. Hall resigned in December, 1891. Rev. C. L. Woodworth returned to the Church in 1892 and was its supply pastor until February, 1894. Rev. Angus M, MacDoneld was In- stalled in October, 1894, and he served the Church until Jan- uary,1803. The succeedingpastorswere: Rev.F. A.Stevens (supply). 1903; Rev. E. Lyman Hood, January, 1904, to October, 1905: Rev. George L. Hanscom, April, 1906, to March, 1912; Rev. H. T. Sell, May, 1912, to May, 1916; Rev. F. R. Marsh, Octobser, 1916, to November, 1920; Rev. E. C. Gillette, December, 1920, to date. Lutheran During the first week of December, 1877, a number of German residents held a meeting for the purpose of organ- iming a Lutheran Church in Jacksonville, to be known as the Evangelical Lutheran Church of St. John. Sufficient funds see soon rained to buy a lot at the northeast crner of Ashley and Laura Streets 52%x105 feet, facing Ashley. Work was begun on the church April 3, 1878, and the build- ing was finished and dedicated May 19, 1878. The ceremony of dedication was performed in both English and German. This was a neat frame chapel moting $1,700' It was do- strayed in the fire of May 8, 1901. On May 15,1901, services were held ataprivate residence, and afterward there was a meeting at which resolutions were passed to rebuild the church at the old site at once. In Octo ber, 1901, the Tabernacle Baptist temporary shack near Church and Hogan Streets was rented for $12.50 a month; here regulor services were held until the following July. In the meantime work on the new church at Ashley end Laura Streets was progressing, the corner-stone having been laid May 4, 1902, with regular ceremony snd appropriate sermon by Rev. M. J. Epting of Savannah. Puater Rahn preached  410 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 410 HISTORY OF JACKONVILLE, FLORIDA 410 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLOR1IDA the opening sermon in the Sanday School room of the new church October 12, 1902. Services were held there until December 24, 1905, when the auditorium was dedicated by Dr. A. G. Voight of the Lutheran Theological Seminary of Mt. Pleasant, S. C. This church is a red brick building with slate roof, and wa erected ot a coat of $12,000. It comprises a Sunday School room in the basement, auditorium, and a six- room parsonage built in. The equipment, including real stained glass windows, coot an additional $6,000.- Originally the congregation was alone and independent, conducted by a few members and a pastor until 1889, when it joined the Synod of Georgia and adjacent States. Since May, 1918, it has been governed by the Model Constitution of the Syod, which is Apostolic in its sense. The congrega- tion numbers about 290 members Paotors: Rev. C. F. Bansemer was the first pastor and remained until his death February 8, 1889.> Rev. J. Rein- hardt, May-July, 1889; Rev. A. G. Delfl, August, 1889-May, 1890; Rev. J. F. Probst, September, 1890-June, 1895; Rev. S. S. Rahn, January, 1896, to his death, July 1, 1911; Rev. T. G. Hartwig, October, 1911-July, 1915; Rev. W. H. Hilesr, November, 1915, to date.' Congregation Asavath Chesed Several of the more prominent Hebrews of this city met in the circuit court rooms in the LEngle building on January 18, 1882, and organised the Society Ahavath Chesed. M. A. Dzialynski was the first president. Steps were taken at once to raise funds to purchase the lot at the southeast corner of Laura and Union Streets. Soon sulicientfundswereinhand to purchase the lot and commence the synagogue. The building was dedicated September 8, 1882, by Rabbi Marx Moses. There were 24 members at that time. The syna. gogus cost $7,000. Theseate were of maple, with framework of ash and mountings of black walnut. There were 28 seats in two rows, giving three aisles and a seating capacity for 400 persna. The chandaliers were novel and beautiful, with acentral corona of 36 gas jets. The entrance was from a vestibule through three full swinging dosrs, This building was consumed in the fire of May 0, 1901. Immediately after the fire plans were laid for rebuilding thesynagogueonthesomesite. Thecorner-stoneofthenew the opening sermon in the Sunday School room of the new church October 12, 1902. Services were held there until December 24, 1905, when the auditorium was dedicated by Dr. A. G. Vaight of the Lutheran Theological Seminary of Mt. Pleasant, S. C. This church is a red brick building with slate roof, and was erected at a cost of $12,000. It comprises a Sunday School reom in the basement, auditorium, and a six- room parsonage built in. The equipment, including real stained glass windows, cost an additional $6,090? Originally the congregation was alone and independent, conducted by a few members and a pastor until 1889, when it joined the Synod of Georgia and adjacent States. Since May, 1918, it has been governed by the Model Constitution of the Synod, which is Apostolic in its sense. The congrega- tion numbers about 290 members o Pastors: Rev. C. F. Blansemer was the first pastor and remained until his death February 8, 1889/1 Rev . .Rein- hardt, May-July, 1889; Rev. A. G. Delfo, August, 1889-May, 1890; Rev. J. F. Probst, September, 1890-June, 1895; Rev. S. S. Rahn, January, 1896, to his death, July 1, 1911; Rev. T. G. Hartwig, October, 1911July, 1915; Rev. W. H. Hilier, November, 1915, to date : Congregation Ahavath Chesed Several of the more prominent Hebrews of this city met in the circuit court rooms in the LEngle building on January 18, 1882, and organised the Society Ahavath Chesed. M. A. Duialynski was the first president. Stepswere taken at once to raise funds to purchase the let at the southeast corner of Laura and Union Streets. Soon sufiRcient funds were in hand to purchase the lot and commence the synagogue. The building was dedicated September 8, 1882, by Rabbi Marx Moses. There were 24 members at that time. The syna- gogue cost$,000. Theneats wereof maple,withframework of ash and mountings of black walnut. There were 28 seats in two rows, giving three aisles and a seting capacity for 400 persons. The chandaliers were novel and beautiful, with acentrai corona of 86 gas jets. The entrance was froma vestibule through three ful swinging doors. This building was consumed in the fire of May 3, 1901, Immediately after the fire plans were laid for rebuilding the ynagogue on the same site. The corner-atone of the new the opening sermon in the Sunday School room of the new church Oetober 12, 1902. Services were held there until December 24, 1905, when the auditorium was dedicated by Dr. A. G. aoight of the Lutheran Theological Seminary of Mt. Pleasant, S. C. This church is a red brick buiding with slate roof, and was erected at a cost of $12,000. It comprises a Sunday School room in the basement, auditorium, and a six- room personage built in. The equipment, including real stained glass windows, cost an additional $6,000, Originally the congregation was alone and independent, conducted by a few members and a pastor until 1889, when it joined the Synod of Georgia and adjacent States. Since May, 1918, it has been governed by the Model Constitution of the Synod, which is Apostolic in its sense. The congrega- tion numbers about 290 members = Pastors: Rev. C. F. Bansemer was the first pastor and remained until his death February 8, 1889.' Rev. J. Rein- hardt, May-July, 1889; Rev. A. G. Delfl, August, 1889.May, 1890; Rev. J. F. Probst, September, 1890-omne, 1895; Rev. S. S. Rahn, January, 1896, to his death, July 1, 1911; Rev. T. G. Hartwig. October, 1911-July. 1915; Rev. W. H. Hiiler, November 1915, to date.' Congregation Ahavath Chesed Several of the more prominent Hebrews of this city met in the circuit court rooms in the LEngle building on January 18, 1882, and organized the Society Ahavath Chesed. M. A. Dzialynski was the first president. Steps were taken at once to raise funds to purchase the lot at the southeast corner of Laura and Union Streets. Soon sulicient funds were in hand to purchase the lot and commence the synagogue. The building was dedicated September 8, 1882, by Rabbi Marx Moses. There were 24 members at that time. The syna- goguecost $7,000. The seats were of maple, with framework of ash and mountings of black walnut. There were 28 seats ino two rows, giving three aisles and a seating caracity for 400 persona. The chandaliers were novel and beautiful, with a central ecrona of 36 gas jets. The entrance was from a vestibule through three full swinging doors.' This building was consumed in the fire of May 3, 1901 Immediately after the fire plans were laid for rebuilding the synagogue on the same site. The corner-stoneofthenew  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 411 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 411 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 411 building was laid November 15, 1901, and it was completed and occupied January 20, 1902. This was the first house of worshiprebuiltafterthefire. Theoeedsof'the congregation soon outgrew this synagogue, and it was sold to the Christian Scientists in January, 1908, who afterward sold it to the Greek Orthodox Church,' After selling the synagogue Congregation Ahavath Cheoed bought the aoutheast ocrner of Laura and Ashley Streets and began the erection of the present temple. The corner-tone was laid October 19, 1909, and the temple was dedicated September 23-24, 1910, Assisting the local rabbi, Piner Jacobs, in the twe-day ceremonies were Rabbi E. N. Caliuh of Richmond, Va., and Rabbi Harry Weiss' Rabbi Marx Moses was the first rabbi of the congregation and remained until 1885. Rabbi A. Rosenspite followed Dr. Moses, but served less than a year. Dr. Ignats Kaiser was rabbi from July, 1886, until the autumn of 1887. The con- gregation was withontarabbi from this time until July. 1888, when Rabbi J. Kahn was called. He was followed in 1890 by Rabbi S Rosenberg. Then followed the Rabbis: B. Babbine, 1893 to 1900; David H. Wittenberg, 1900 to August, 1905; Pier Jacobs, March, 1906, to January, 1912; Samuel Schwartz, September, 1912, to August, 1916; 1. L. Kaplan, September, 1916, to date.' Christian In March, 1883, a society of about 05 members who had reviously beenworshippingwith ethrChurceo, was formed as the Christian Women's Missionary Society and money was donated for the purpose of establishing and maintaining a Christian Church in Jaksonvlle. The society met regularly and a permanent organization was perfected January 27, 1884. The lower room of the Odd Fellows' hall was rented; then library hall at the southeast corner of Laura and Adams Streets became their place of worship.' On August 9, 1885, a Christian chapel was dedicated to the memory of Hal B. Smith, who the year before had been drowned while oailing on the river. It wan located at the northwest corner of Charles and Rossell Streets in Riverside and was erected at a cent of $800. Thin property was later sold., building was laid November 15. 1901, and it was completed and occupied January 20, 1902. This was the first house of worship rebuilt after the fire. Theneeds of the congregation sn outgrew this synagogue, and it was sold to the Christian Sientis in .January, 1908, who afterward sold it to the Greek Orthodox Church.' After selling the synagogue Congregation Ahavath Cheaed bought the southeast corner of Laura and Ashley Streets and began the erection of the presot temple. The corner-stone wao laid October 19, 1909, and the temple was dedicated September 23-24, 1910. Assisting the local rabbi, Pooer Jacobs, in the tw-day ceremonies were Rabbi K. N. Calish of Richmond, Va., and Rabbi Harry Weiss.e Rabbi Marx Moses was the first rabbi of the congregation and remained until 1885. Rabbi A. Rosenspit followed Dr. Mones, but served less than a year. Dr. Ignato Kaiser was rabbi from July, 1886, until the autumn of 1887. The on- gregation was withoutarabbi from this time until July, 1888, when Rabbi J. Kahn was called. He was followed in 1890 by Rabbi S. Rosenberg. Then followed the Rabbis: B. Babbino, 1893 to 1900; David H. Wittenberg, 1900 to August, 1905; Piaer Jacobs, March, 1906, to January, 1912; Samuel Schwarts, September, 1912, to August, 1916; . L. Kaplan, September, 1916, to date' Christian In March, 1883, a society of about 35 members who had previolybenworshippingwith etherChurcheswasformed as the Christian Women's Missionary Society and money was donated for the purpose of establishing and maintaining a Christian Church in Jacksonville. The society met regularly and a permanent organization was perfected January 27, 1884. The lower room of the Odd Fellows' hall was rented; then library hall at the southeast corner of Laura and Adams Streets became their place of warship.' On August 9, 1885, a Christian chapel was dedicated t the memory of Hal B. Smith, who the year before had been drowned while sailing on the river. It was located at the northwest corner of Charles and Russell Streets in Riverside and was erected at a cost of $800. This property was later sold.' building was laid November 15, 1901, and it was completed and occupied January 20, 1902. This was the first house of worship rebuilt after the fire. The needs of the congregation soon outgrew this synagogue, and it was sold to the Christian Scientists in January, 1908, who afterward sold it to the Greek Orthodox Church After aelling the synagogue Congregation Ahavath Cheed bought the southeast corner of Laura and Ashley Streets and began the erection of the present temple. The corner-stone was laid October 19, 1909, and the temple was dedicated September 23-24, 1910. Assisting the local rabbi, Mier Jacobs, in the to-day cereonie were Rabbi FJ. N. Calish of Richmond, Va., and Rabbi Harry Weiss' Rabbi Marx Moses was the first rabbi of the congregation and remained until 1885. Rabbi A. Rosenspits followed Dr. Moses, but served less than a year. Dr. Ignatz Kaiser was rabbi from July, 1886, until the autumn of 1887. The ean- gregation was withoutarabbi from this time unti July,1888, when Rabbi J. Kahn was called. He was followed in 1890 by Rabbi S. Rosenberg. Then followed the Rabbis: B. Babbino, 189 to 1900; David H. Wittenberg, 1900 to August, 1905; Pizer Jacobs, March, 1906, to January, 1912; Samuel Schwartz, September 1912, to August, 1916; 1. L. Kaplan, September, 1916, to date.' Christian In March, 1883, a society of about 35 members who had previouslybeenworshippingwith otherChurches, was formed os the Christian Women's Missionary Society and money was donated for the purpose of establishing and maintaining a Christian Church in Jacksonville. The society met regularly and a permanent organization was perfected January 27, 1884. The lower room of the Odd Fellows' hall was rented; then library hall at the southeast corner of Laura and Adams Streets became their place of worship. On August 9, 1885, a Christian chapel was dedicated to the memory of Hal B. Smith, who the year before had been drowned while sailing oa the river. It was located at the northwest corner of Charles and Rosenl Streets in Riverside and was erected at a cost of $800. This property was later sold  412 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 412 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 412 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA The parent Church continued to hold services in library hall in the morning and in Rivereide chapel in the afternoon and evening: until 1886, when a lot 42 x60 feet at the south- west corner of Main and Beaver Streets was purchased and a small wooden church was erected on it. The congregation worshipped here several years, but the property did not prove patisfactory and was sold to a negr congregation on time payments. After the sale the Christian congregation held their services in various places, first in a hall over Randolph's restaurant, Main and Adams Streets; then in library hall; in the board of trade rooms; in the dine room of the Oxford hotel across from the St. James; then in the Union building at Adams and Main Streets. Finally they went back to the church at Main and Beaver Streets, the colored congregation having failed in their paymentse This church was burned in the fire of May 3, 1901. Shortly before the fire the Chris- tian Church had bought the southeast corner of Monroe and Hogan Streets, its present location, and when the fire of May 3, 1901, came the foundation for the new church was being built. The Sunday School rooms of the present First Christian church were first used on JSne 1, 1902. The auditorium was completed a year later, the first services being held there June 7, 1903. A uniqne feature of the campaign for funds to complete the church was the selling of shingles to the public for 10 cents each, by which a substantial sum was raised. The cost of the completed edifice was in the neigh- borhood of $45,000 and it is now practically free of debt. It is built of the so-called Miami rock, some of which was in- ported from Nassau, N. P.; this material has now hardened to the suhtance of granite.s The services were conducted by Elder W. Bennett Young antil the arrival of a permanent pastor. Rev. T. H. Blenaus, in May. 1885. Mr. Blenus accepted a call to Savannah in June, 1S8M, and there was no permanent pastor until 1893, when Rev. John Friend was called ;e he however remained but four months. Rev. S. P. Benbrook was the pastor when the congregation went back to the church at Min and Beaver Streets. Rev. M. B. Ingle followed Mr. Benbrook and was pastor until November 1, 1895. Rev. J. J. Irvine woo pastor from February, 1896, to June, 1898. During the intervals between these pastors, Elder Rufus A. Russell usually con- The parent Church cnatinued to bold services in library hall in the morning and in Riverside chapel in the afternoon and evening until 1886, when a lot 42x69 feet at the south- west corner of Main and Beaver Streets was purchased and a small wooden church was erected on it. The congregation worshipped here several years, but the property did not prove satisfactory and was sold to a negrs congregation on time payments. After the sale the Christian congregation held theirervices in various places, first in a hall over Randolph's restaurant, Main and Adams Streets; then in library hall; in the board of trade rooms; in the dining room of the Oxford hotel across from the St. James; then in the Union building at Adams and Main Streets. Finally they went back to the church at Main and Beaver Streets, the colored congregation having failed in their payments. This church was burned in the fire of May 3,190. Shortly before the fire the Chris- tian Church had bought the southeast corner of Monroe and Hogan Streets, its present location, and when the fire of May ., 1901, came the foundation for the new church was being built., The Sunday School rooms of the present First Christian church were first used on June 1, 1902. The auditorium was completed a year later, the first services being held there June 7, 1903.- A unique feature of the campaign for funds to complete the church was the Bodlin of shingles to the public for 10 cents each, by which a substantial sum was raised. The cost of the completed edifice wan in the neigh- borhood of $45,000 and it is now practically free of debt. It is built of the st-called Miami roek, some of which was im- ported from Nassau, N. P.; this material has now hardened to the substance of granite., The services were conducted by Elder W. Bennett Young until the arrival of a permanent pastor, Rev. T. H. Bienus, in Stay, 1885. Mr. Blenus accepted a call to Savannah in June. 1888, and there was no permanent pator until 1893, when Rev. John Friend was called ;e he however remained but four months. Rev. S. P. Benbrook was the pastor when the congregation went back to the church at Main and Beaver Streets. Rev. M. B. Ingle followed Mr. Benbrook and was pastor until November 1. 1895. Rev. J. J. Irvine was pastor from Ferinary, 1896, to June, 1898. During the intervals between these pastors, EIder Rfus A. Russell sually con- The parent Church continued to hold services in library hall in the morning and in Riverside chapel in the afternoon and evening until 1886, when a lot 42x60 feet at the south. west corner of Main and Beaver Streets was purchased and a small wooden church was erected on it. The congregation worshipped here several years, but the property did not prove satisfactory and was sold to a negro rongregation on time payments. After the sale the Christian congregation held their services in various places, first in a hall over Randolph's restaurant. Malin and Adams Streets; then in library haill in the board of trade rooms; in the dining room of the Oxford hotel across from the St. James; then in the Union building at Adams snd Main Streets. Finally they went back to the church at Main and Beaver Streets, the colored congregation having failed in their paymentsa This church was burned in the fire at May 3. 1901. Shortly before the fire the Chris- tian Church had bought the southeast corner of Monroe and Hogan Streets, its present location, and when the fire of May 8, 1901, came the foundation for the new church was being built., The Sunday School rooms of the present First Christian church were first used on June 1. 1902. The auditorium was completed a year later, the first services being held there June 7, 1903? A unique feature of the campaign for funds to complete the church was the selling of shingles to the public for 10 cents each, by which a substantial sum was caised. The cost of the completed edifice was in the neigh- borhood of $45,000 and it is now practically free of debt. It is built of the so-called Miami rock, some of which was inm- ported from Nassau, N. P.; thin material has now hardened to the nsutonce of granite, The services were conducted by Elder W. Bennett Young until the arrival of a permanent pastor, Rev. T. H. Biensa, in May, 185. Mr. Blenus accepted a call to Savannah in June, I88, and there was no permanent pastor until 1893, when Rev. John Friend was ealled ;he however remained but four months, Rev. S. P. Benbrook was the pastor when the congregation went back to the church at Main and Beaver Streets. Rev. M. S. Ingle followed Mr. Benbrook and was pastor until November 1, 1895. Rev. J. J. Irvine was pastor from February, 1896, to June, 1898. During the intervals between these pastors. Elder Rufus A. Russell usnally con-  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FIORIDA 418 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLSRIDA 418 HlTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 413 ducted the servicese Rev. J. T. Boone, the present pastor. held his first service here December 4, 1898, and his pastorate of a quarter of a century has been marked by great achieve- ment. for from the parent Church have sprung three other Churches in the city and four in nearby settlements. Christian Science' The first record of a Christian Science Society in Jack- sonville was a notice in the local paper of October 1, 1892, as follows: The Christan Sfienc Bible Class will meet at the residence of Men, James Douglas, southwest corner of Libeery ad Chueb Streets, at 10 am., Soday, A lady from Atlanta is expected, who will lead the clas. Seuker afte trth are esoully saited. Although increasing in membership very slowly, the so- cietycoatinued to hold meetings at the homes of its members. The First Church of Christ, Scientist, was organised in 1897. and incorporated in June of that year, with a mere handful of people. Membership now began to increase, and in the latter part of 1m00 they purchased the property of the Pres- byterian Chunch at the southeast corner of Monroe and New- nan Streets for $5,000. The old building was repaired and put in good shape, and in January, 1901, the Christian Scientists held their first service in it. The fire of May 3, 1901, destroyed the building and scattered the congregation. Nevertheless, in the following September they built a small chapel on the lot and renewed efforts were made to reorgan- ze and build up the congregation. This was their home until 1908, ha January, 1908, the First Church of Christ, Scien- tist, bought the Jewish synagogue at the southeast corner of Laura and Union Streets and held their first service in it February 0,1908. The chapel at Monroe and NewnStreets was then used as a reading room until purchased by Morocco Temple in 1910. The Christian Science congregation, having outgrown the arcommodation ailorded by their small house of worship at Laura and Union Streets, sold the property to the Greek Or- thodox congregation in April, 1919. Until November, 1921, they had no permanent home and held their meetings prio- cipally in the Womans Club room. In the meantime, plans were carried forward for the handsome $80,000 house of ducted the services, Rev. J. T. Boone, the present pastor, held his first service here December 4, 1998, and his patnrate of a quarter of a century has been marked by great achieve- ment, for from the parent Church have sprung three other Churches in the city and four in nearby settlements. Christian Science' The first record of a Christian Science Society in Jaek- sonviUe was a notice in the local paper of October a, 1892, as follows: The Cistan sienre Bible Class will mat st the reaidence en ir. Jamee Douglas, sontwst oerner of Lierty ad Cwoheeos, at 10 asm., Snday. A lady from Atlanta is expected, whe will lead the clas. Seers aeteatrit re-odially isited. Although increasing is membership very slowly, the so- ietycontinued to hold meetings at the homes of its members. The First Church of Christ Scoentit, was organized in 1897, and incorporated in June of that year, with a mere handful of people. Membership now began to increase, and in the latter part of 1900 they purchased the property of the Pres- byterian Church at the southeast corner of Monroe and New- nan Streets for $5,000. The old building was repaired and put in good shape, and in January, 1901, the Christian Scientists held their first service in it. The fire of May 3, 1901, destroyed the building and scattered the congregation. Nevertheless, in the following September they built a small chapel on the lot and renewed efforts were made to reorgan- ise and build up the coneregatin. This woo their home until 1908. In January, 1908, the First Church of Christ, Scien- tist, bought the Jewish synagogue at the southeast corner of Laura and Union Streets and held their first service in it February ',1908. The chapel at Monre and Newan Streets was the. used as a reading room until purchased by Morocco Temple in 1910. The Christian Science congregation, having outgrown the accommdations airorded by their small house of worship at Laura and Union Streets, sold the property to the Greek Or- thodox congregation in April, 1919. Until November, 1921, they had no permanent home and held their meetings prin- cipally in the Woman's Club rooms. n the meantime, plane were carred forward for the handsome $80,000 house of ducted the services. Rev. J. T. Boone, the present pastor, held his frst service here December 4,1898, and his patorate of a quarter of a century has been marked by great achieve- nent, for from the parent Church have sprung three other Churches in the city and four in nearby settlements. Christian Science The first recurd of a Christian Science Society in Jack- aonvile was a notice in the local paper of October 1, 1892. as Rflluws: The Clu-istian Slence ibi, Clas will meet at the esidenceof Mrs. James Dougls, esothweat ore of hberty and Cheb treeta, at e as., Sundayc, A lady from Atlanta ia expeuted, who will ped the doss. eekers afte Iuh are ordialyi lited Although increasing in membership very slowly, the as- iety continued to hold meetings at the homes of its members. The First Church of Christ, Scientist, was organized in 1897, and incorporated is June of that year, with a mere handful of people, Membership now began to increase, and in the latter part of 1900 they purchased the property of the Pres- byterian Church at the southeast corner of Monroe end New- non Streets for $5,000. The old building was repaired and put in good shape, and in January, 1901, the Christian Scientists held their first service in it. The fire of May 3, 1901, destroyed the building and scattered the congregation. Nevertheless, in the following September they built a small chapel on the lot and renewed eforts were made to reorgan- a, and build up the congregation. This was their home until 1908. In January, 190$, the First Church of Christ, Scien- tit, bought the Jewish synagogue at the southeast corner of Laura and Union Streets and held their irst service in it Foriuary9,1908. 'The chapel at Monroe and Newnn Streets was then used as a reading room until purchased by Morocco Temple in 1910. The Christian Science congregation, having outgrown the accomodationa afforded by their emal house of worship at Laura and Union Streets, sold the property to the Greek Or- thodox congregation in April, 1919. Until November, 1921, they had no permanent home and held their meetings prin- cipally in the Womas'. Club rooms. in the enotimes, phase were carried forward for the handsome $80,000 house of  414 HISTORY OF JACKSONVLLE, FLORIDA 414 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 414 HISTORY OF JACKSONILLE, FLORIDA worship at Laura and First Streets, Springfield, ground for it being broken in May, 1921. Construction advanced rapid- ly and although the exterior and the auditorium had not been entirely completed at the time, the firat service was held there November 24, 1921, and regularly thereafter. Unitarian Rev. A. J. Coleman of Boston, Secretary for Florida of the American Unitarian Association, held the first service of the Unitarian Congregational Church in Jacksonville at No. 23 West Adams Street on February 4, 1906. Mr. Coleman remained in Jacksonville, bringing together the congregation and preaching to them regularly in different hill in the city. Early in 1908, plans were laid for a church and late in the spring ground was broken at the southeast corner of Hogan and Union Streets for it. Work progressed rapidly during the summer and fall, and on December 27, 1908, the firat nervie ws held in the vestry, as the auditorium was nat entirely completed. The church was dedicated February 3, 1909, a feature of the ceremonies being the participation by pastors of other denominations. The church is 72 feet long and 40 feet wide, with an aud- torium having a seating rapacity for 250 persons. The ar- chitecture is Roman Ionic and the construction concrete with copper trimmings. Rev. A. J. Coleman was pastor until May 1, 1911. He was followed in 19il by Rev. Samuel B. Nobbs, who resigned in 1913. Rev. W. C. Pierce came in 1914 and occupied the pulpit until 1919, and wat succeeded by Rev. A. J. Cole.an, who had served the church in the beginning. Mr. Coleman resigned in the summer of 1924, since which time the pulpit has remained vacant. ie oes. vnstaaSaoas f sat Ons .55 by , n . i h Ithec n ooemedafaa. worship at Laura and First Streets, Springfield, ground for it being broken in May, 1921. Construction advanced rapid- ly and although the exterior and the auditorium had not been entirely completed at the time, the first service was held there November 24, 1921, and regularly thereafter. Unitarian Rev. A. J. Coleman of Boston, Secretary for Florida of the American Unitarian Association, held the first service of the Unitarian Congregational Church in Jacksonville at No. 23 West Adams Street on February 4, 1906. Mr. Coleman remained in Jacksonville, bringing together the congregation and preaching to them regularly in different halls in the city. Early in 1908, plans were laid fora a curch and late in the spring ground was broken at the southeast eorner of Hogan and Union Streets for it. Work progressed rapidly during the summer and fall, and on December 27, 1908, the first service was held in the vestry, as the auditorium was not entirely completed. The church was dedicated February 3, 1909, a feature of the ceremonies being the participation by pastors of other denominations. The church is 72 feet long and 40 feet wide, with an audi- torium having a seating capacity for 250 persona. The ar-r chitctre is Roman Ionic and the construction concrete with copper trimmings. Rev. A. J. Coleman was pastor until May 1, 1911. He was followed in 1911 by Rev. Samuel B. Nobs, who resoigned in 1913. Rev. W. C. Pierce came in 1914 and occupied the pulpit until 1919, and was succeeded by Rev. A. J. Coleman, who had served the church in the beginning. Mr. Coleman resigned in the summer of 1924, since which time the pulpit has remained vacant. ba. veoleAuaphy oobednhconar, e aby Re. T. 1e e, a s- ze a. : mvsino Tiesno n, Ja. 18 a,t.l i u o var o puli.al worship at Laura and First Streets, Springfield, ground for it being broken in May, 1921. Construction advanced rapid- ly and although the exterior and the auditorium had not been entirely completed at the time, the first service woo held there November 24, 192l, and regularly thereafter. Unitarian Rev. A, P. Coleman of Boston, Secretary for Florida of the American Unitarian Association, held the first service of the Unitarian Congregational Church in Jacksonville at No. 23 West Adams Street an February 4, 1906. Mr. Coleman remained in Jacksonville, bringing together the congregation and preaching to them regularly in different halls in the city. Early in 1908, plans were laid for a church and late in the spring ground was broken at the southeast corner of Hogan and Union Streets for it. Work progressed rapidly during the summer and fall, and on December 27, 1908, the first service was held in the vestry, a the auditoriunm was not entirely completed. The church was dedicated February 3, 1009, a feature of the ceremonies being the particpation by pastors of other denominations. The church is 72 feet long and 40 feet wide, with an sudi- torium hang a seating capacity for 250 persons. The ar- chitecture is Roman Ionic and the construction concrete with copper trimmings. Rev. A. J. Coleman was pastor until May 1, 1911. He was followed in 1911 by Rev. Samuel B. Nobbs, who renigned in 1913. Rev. W. C. Pierce came in 1914 and occupied the pulpit until 1le, and was succeeded by Rev, A. J. Coleman, who had served the church in the beginning. Mr. Coleman resigned in the summer of 0924, since which time the pulpit has remained vacant. aionit f - svesbnt ; g bl0 gaph of .oihaou n.ed. s vH.T, urnae'.Jl.saber s. H.D:det1,M.Jnualtm&atrobyseranust 1914  HhlTORY OF JACKSONKLLE FRWA 415 HISTR OF JACSOVILLE FLOIDA 415 ISTR OF JACKOILLE, LORIDA 415 CalAPTER XXIII CHAP-TER XXrn CHAPTER XXIII The first record of a school in Jackonville was a notice in the Jacsnville Courter in 1835, that Alexander Graham wao thelcme osftrea "Male and Female' school here at that time. Possibly Jacksonille s first-lan white child attended ia, for she was then ten years of age. 'A Into hi roa sta tlut Ontisa arht, ean eel. p. Hesst ne, at boso ilOokssoith, ia Jhess, 1850; ssnass dheass'psIet t hissoasmerror I sea herad h- edigess ote aly..esde o here she Wee Iet-ar tt eses that the dsies a' being the iel chits chld seas is the ,xsaediaeid iit o Jesheeellle. bolosed to Sarsie Ass leeeoa. eaaosof L Z anssiberiloger. inhonahers 20l c, less, is, the Idogasa hosts sassated tae tha oeet ,aressof agengaadrorsAiarmaedl SmM1hAmsiasa oreldtriohpoeoleoasdlneedssde dels mJscotsakte. Maybe "Prafrosor" Graham redded "reading, writing and arithmnetis" Into the systems of a number of toys and girls whoeafterward beame prominent in the buoiness, profesion- at and sciaet life of the State. Unfertonately there is not esuffcient record he camptee the complete history of this early scheal, hut it seems to have been in existnce far several years. Fragmsentary records of the syotea of local edacation begin again shout 1840, following the ending of the ficot Seminole wa, The Odd yellows had built a two-etory nenoden structure at the sutheast corner of Adam, and Market Streets, hall below sod lodge rooms above, reached by steps on the outside of the building. For years this ball was used assa school room, and there in muchn traddadnal his- tory aboult it. It is said that the teetcher took advantage of any noise oep-stairs to remind the childrens that it was the Odd Follows' goat, aroused hr the reackoet they were making below, and this never failed to prsdsce the desired qucietude amn the boiteroes yongstral of early Jackas.v.ed. The Presbyterian chapel, near the southeast corner of Monroe and Ocean Streeto, was sed for echool purpoes far a loang time, and a lse a building that had been a ferry warehouse, The tirot record ef a school in Jacksnville weaant'ce in the Jacksonville Courier in 1835, that Alexander Graham was the conductor of a "Male and Female" school here at that time. Possibly Jacksonvilles first-born white child attended itfar she was then ten years of age. A late bisgrapber stases not Msuin M sea af I M. lus s oe r borei Jorhonoilla, s Jsorr, Iso", esslw s eeidtresoiteasleioaaserr. Dtwsthe eautner l- edga sl the cady esideta e the War Iotwsoa th States Than ltse dita eoson f loin lbs fest sats tid local the isaediat eoiit' cC Jashssville. belonged ta Sara Am loeo, datgbtac of L 3. sod Mia, Hogas. she ness bern Jely' 8, lens.1is the Hsger, hsome sitaniod neat the presost or1 Mleess 5sf Pyarth sosoel. Sara Am, oen scrdm triahsswdo sdedoaddied IJahssmedle Maybe "Professor" Gcheem rd ded 'rending, writing and arithmctic" into the systems of a number of bors and girls who afterward became prominent in the business, prafenajon- al and social life of the State. Ulnfortunately, there ia not stollint record to compile the complete history ef this early school, but it seems to have been in existee far several yearn. Fragmentary records of the system of local education begin nagain about n845, following the ending of the first Seminole wa' Tahe Odd Fellows had built a inventory weed en structure at the southeast corner of Adams and Market Streeto, haln below and lodge rooms abova, reached by stops on the outside of the building. For years this hail ness used ass sc hoot room, and there to much traditional hin- tory shout it. It is said that the teacher took advantage of any noise np-stairs to remoind the children that it wan the Odd Fellnwo' goat, aroused by the racket they were makring below, and this never failed ta produce the deoired quietuado .an the bterus youn...gstes. of oariy Jackasonille The Presbyterian chapel, scar the southeast core of Moeas and Ocean Streets was used for school purposes for a lsng time, and asn a building that had been a ferry warehos, he first recordof aseemedlinJaknville weese antice in the Jacksonville Courier in 183, that Alexander Graham was the condetro f a 'Macsand Femaleachool hRe altat time Possibly Jacksonville'. first-torn white child attended it, fnr she wao thes ten years of.a. "Alate hissetohe eae thatSM o Oteio Host. ea of I. D. hsoeis Jachotteills, in Jassory, 1ol -rshos edgo e meTe early esoidaesi, hefe tshe wsre Betwees O alto ase, That The diaisesina cf being the flees white ehild bom isth esoeiseedcssisy so Ja-secsoill,. helnsged hs Sara tAm Hoegas, datgter of Is Z. ad Maria Ioes.o, ass beos Jane 10, les. In the .."es, homo stoated Soar Sho pteen ss ncio Ie Msm d Forsyth gtsess. SardAm at ~gans msoroh Bdenadliedoad died io neseastine Maybe "Prafesser0 Graham redded 'reading, waiting and arithmetic' into the systems of a number of boye and girls who afterward became prominent in the businuess,prfesion- al and scoil life of ihe State. Unfortunately, there is not suficient record to compile the cosoplete history of this early achnel, but it seems to have been is existesce far several years Frgmontery records of the system of local education begin agai'n about 1045, following the ending of the first Seminole wr. The Odd Fellowo had built a two-stry womenstrscture at the souatheast corne of Adams sand Market Streets, hall below and lodge rooms above, reached by steps on the outoide of the building. Por years this hall was used sesc hool Trm, and theretos much traditienal his- tory about it. It is said that the teacher took advantage of aynoise nstalirs Onremind the children that it was the Odd Pellewa gnat, aroused by the racket they were making below, and this never failed to produce the desired quietuade among the boisteraus youngters of early Jacosonvll. The Poeabyterian chapel, near the snouthbeast coner of Monroe and Ocean Street, was used for school purposes fec a long time, and ale abiulding that bad been arry w rhoes  416 HISTORY OF JACSONVILLE, FIARIDA 416 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FIARIDA 416 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE FI)RIDA at the northwest corner of Bay and Liberty Streets. Con- nected with these schools as teachers, are the names Sam Doggett and Mrs. Hatch; and in the 1850's, Mrs. Daniel, Mr. and Mrs. DeOottes, Miss Phoebe Swart, and the Misses Kendrick, all kept schools for girls, while Mrs. Herbert and Mr. Sewell taught both boys and girls. There is also a trace of "LaVilla bnstitute", founded by J. Mclobert Baker, son of a Baptist preacher and once mayor of Jacksonville. But an "Institute" of the 1850's was a school furnishing the barest rudimentary foundation for an education. The his- tory of this school ceased with the beginning of the War Be- tween the Stateso Free public instruction (for white children only) had been advocated in the Territorial days, but the results achieved were discouraging, While not actively opposed to it, the people as a rule preferred to pay the moderate quar- terly fee and tend their children to a private school, and it was not until 1860 that an attempt was actually made to s- tablish a public school in Jacksonville; this school, however, never reached a solid fosndation, for the war came on and disrupted itA So it may be said thatprior to the War Between the States, the system in Jacksonville was private instrue- tion exclusively. It doe, not appear that the curriculum of any of theoe schools was higher than what we now call the grammar grades. Those citizens who could afford it sent their sas off to college. The girls do not seem to have had this advantage to any great extent, and the elementary education derived from the local schools served the iost of them as a foundation for their future experiences in life. The usual school term in those days woo ne months.0 After the War In the spring of 1864, a Mrs. J. H. Hawks opened in Jack- sonville the first free public school in the State, attended by both white and colored children-the effort of a Northern society. It opened with an .eal number of white and colored pupils, but by degrees the colored increased and the whites fell off, so that in three months only three white children remained,' *At this time, 64,. Jaclkonville wan socupied by the a- tery sores of the United Statet aod thee were so soutra white fsmilis her. at the northwest corner of Bay and Liberty Streets. Con- nected with these schools as teacher, are the naomes Sam Doggett and Mrs. Hatch; and in the 1850's, Mrs. Daniel, Mr. and Mrs. DeCotto, Miss Phoebe Swart, and the Misses Kendrick, all kept schoolas for girls, while Mrs. Herbert and Mr. Sewell taught both boys and girls? There is ason a trace of "LaVilla Institute", founded by J. McRobert Baker, con of a Baptist preacher and once mayor of Jacksonville But an "Institute" of the 1850's wos a school furnihing the harest rudimentary foundation for an education. The hia- tory of this school ceased with the beginning of the War Be- tween the Sttes? Free public instruction (for white children only) had been advocated in the Territorial days, but the results achieved were discouraging. While not actively opposed to it, the people as a rule preferred to pay the moderate quar- terly fee and send their children to a private school, and it was not until 1860 that an attempt woa actually made to es- tablish a public school in Jacksonville; this school, however, never reached a solid foundation, for the war came on and disrupted itd So it may be said thatprior to the War Between the States, the system in Jacksonville was private instruc- tion exclusIvely. It does not appear that the curriculu of any of these schools was higher than what we now call the grammar grades. Those citiens who could afford it sent their sons of to college. The girls do not seem to have had this advantage to any great extent, and the elementary education derived from the local schools served the most of them as a foundation for their future experiences in life. The usual school term in those days was nine monthsO Alter the War In the spring of 1864, a Mr. S M. Hawks opened in Jack- sonville the first free public school in the State, attended by both white and colored children-the effort of a Northern society. It opened with an equal number of white and colored pupils, but by degrees the colored Increased and the whites fell off, so that in three months only three white children remained. *At thi time, 1084, Jacksonville was mcspied by the al- tary orces of the sited staes ared there were no asuhea whit failioe hee at the northwest corner of Bay and Liberty Streets. Con- ected with these schools as teachers, are the names Sam Doggett and Mrs. Hatch land in the 1850's, Mrs. Daniel, Mr. and Mrs. DeCottes, Miss Phoebe Swart, and the Misses Kendrick, all kept schools for girls, while Mrs. Herbert and Mr. Sewell taught both boys and girlsl Thereis also a trace of "LaVilla Institute", founded by J. McRobert Baker, son of a Snptiot preacher and once mayor of Jacksonville. But an "Institute" of the 185b's was a schol furnishing the barest rudimentary foundation for an education. The his- tory of this school ceased with the beginning of the War Be- tween the Statese Free public instruction (for white children only) bad been advocated in the Territorial days, but the results achieved were discouraging. While not actively opposed to it, the people as a rule preferred to pay the moderate quar- terly fee and send their children to a private school, and it was not until 1860 that an attempt was actually made to s- tablish a public school in Jacksonville; this school, however, never reached a solid foundation, for the war came on and disrupted it So it may besaid thatprior to the War Between the States, the system in Jacksonville was private instruc- tion exclusively. It does not appear that the curriculum of ay of these schools was higher than what we now call the grammar grades. Those citizens who could afford it sent their sons off to college. The girls do not seem to have had this advantage to any great extent, and the elementary education derived from the local schools served the most of them as a foundation for their future experiences in life. The usual school term in those days was nine month.5 After the War In the spring of 1864, a Mrs. M. Hawks opened in Jack- sonville the first free public school in the State, attended by both white and colored children-the effort of a Northern society. It opened with aoequa number of white and colored pupils, but by degrees the colored increased and the whites fell off, so that in three months only three white chidren remained.' *At this time, 1ast, Jacksonvilih was ec.pied by the mill- tey forces of the UtVede State. cnd there wer re Soutern wite inm.Ils bee,  MTORY OF JACKSONILE, FLORIA 411 HITORY OF JACSONleLL, FXORIA 411 HIORY OF JASOV~ILE FLOSIA 611 After the return of the Southern famlie to Jackasonvflle at the close of the war, the old oystem of private instruction aoogradualiy revived. In most casesthe people were too poor to send their children to pay vacueblo, and They were tought at home or by some member of the family, who acted as tutor on the principle of community teacher. As the peo- ple besoo, better eftf inanciolly, the poy-ochool oyetem aga in beramneestablohed. The State conotitution of 1868 continedoaprovipieon for o ay,.e of public inotraction, hot provided uo revenue for maintaining it. A school low woo passed io 1869, toking cae of the deficiency. The generol situation to the follow- ing few yeses is described by T. E, Cochran, in Bulletin No. 1, History of Public Scheol Educationt in Florida ± The Slate so oat c oupty ielestlest of teboles ness oppoatod by the eeculives boodo of the stte, Cosoeurettly, te sou a ptmia- tes to ploy politie at the aosseu of tbe aesoolo, arsf tooea e this telataios poovod itssibl.e s. ee obto sot us tboheals. of ossa o c esrice, bul ecmb efecenee to porsy afistiost Oossoysowsla- meg disostouto eotlto it mce0 to the faniarl wnelts ab heouth of tse Slats. Tb [le eeoy too, ices ice 0, 0810, oat Jasoo, 1077, dseieg sehio tbto the wocest ot Se State seas the bhand sof a eltou ptory thee wooesandes ssets by. ass is feces with, fihe asjoiy of the mmtlugeat volces aaf prepety aes oftit Staat. It is difficult to determine jest what woo done in the way of public instruction in Jackonville during the period 1869- 1075. s achool recordo darin" this time were either net kept at all or were deotroyed, and such as are preserved in fragt- sentory slitrproaecery'ooo' led ae beyond their pool fwer to pay for anthe operations of teda government, the Southern people ofa Jk osril werebite- ly opposed tothe ad ditional scooal tax o f 5 to 5 mills, ease- cially an b0% .f the reventue derived from itwas deveted to egroachol AM that the white people of iacksnsville dcvl ever got su ot off thiostringof taaton for pubhlic eduin, was aost twe-atory, plain, brick boildiag, erected is 187n, one the lret at to the northwst corner of Liberty tad Church Grtedts facing Church. The hsool ws label "Duval Graded and High School"5, hut the ooroes of study werea- treanely elementary. Thins aeluol afterward devaele into After the retunm of the Southern families to Jacksanvile at the close of the seer, the old oyotem of privat instrction was gradually reived. In most crown, the peaple were tes oor to sendi their children to pay schools, aud they were taught at home or by stooe member of the family, who acted as tutor on the principle of community teacher. An the pe0- pie becamne belier off financially, the pay-school system again became estshliohedo The State consttution of 1868 contained a previsies for a system of public instruction, bat provided ao revenue for maintaintog it. A school law wan passed in 1869, taking care of the deficiency. The goseral situotion in the fellow- tog few years is described by T. Ei. Cochron, in Culletin No. 1, Hilotory of Public Scheol Education io Flridt: The State af Camat -In speis os of weher oes ated oy te soeolo heso te Stole soeseouseely thuese sa a tsopla- ao to play fauiio a0th usessw of lbs sobs, cod too feos this espisuetepovesoua""i.l o use ues oe ot th lboa so rle-a A foeoniSe but w'ith cnoes to farcy archo oro, thseshy e'so- aog fiestesmcolts ince othse cocernledessfeth yoth of th le. t i t ou ctiaLry re o oanee 0. 08ff, uso h eoecy 1, 0077, doctoc whiob aIbosm the goese-ss of srt Slate soe is bs hmea of a.paoml pooty tout wee aolc elano by, etc ms fever wish, the maurity o the leslicet weisad to pesaty sesaea of lsStat. Base these wns omet soop else sdN suet cepesas an tbefeoaeieos It is difficult to determnie jst what wses dose in the way of public instruction is Jackeenville during the period 1869- 1876, as school records during this time were either net kept at all or were deotroyed, andi sach as are preaorved tinog mer oflictalrorts are clearly 'colored0. Already taed beyond their power to pay for the eperations of the local government, the Southern seople of Jacksouville were bitter- ly appesed to the additional school tax of 5 to 5 millo, ease- cdolly as 80% ef the revenue derived from it was devoted to negro schools.. All that the white people of Jacksnville ever got out of this otring of taxation for puhlic education, was u a ll, twostory. plato, brick building, erected is 1il1, on the lot next to tho northwest wriner of Liberty and Church Streets, facing Charsh. The school was labeled "Duval Graded end High School", but the tource of study were ex- tremely elementary This ich-col afterward developed into After the return of the Southern families to Jockesonville at the close of the nor, the old ayetom of private instruction seas gradually revived. In moot canes, the people wer too poor to send their chidren to pay shoods, and they were taught at home or by some membher of the fanmily, who acted as tutor on he principle of community teacher. As the peo- pie became bettor toff financially, the pay-school oystenm again became eotabliohef>e The Stale constitution of 1868 eontained aprovisita fer a system of public tuotructien, bat provided so revonue for maintnining it, A school law woo passed in 1869, taking caeof the deficiency. The gpeneral situation in the follow- ingr few years it described by T. B. Cochran, in Bulletin No 1, History of Public School Education tn Florid., The State ad hersay otpsoisle eft f ohel noese appuislof by also exueie boe of uhe ewe, cosretosotlytore sea a -s,a- t..s to ploy puotics u ath eoesee of tbe iaee, ned too eoea thio rsoolispovef iseuble lore ee ch.-c not on the hawla o1 Olnoo Aecau-sis, but nih lb ee to psaty salats dhemo, woor- lnoc iess eustu on usec ise tile ecteseassssio sslfr so ths ysoth so the loots. Tna is eoperti ily ie Ocean Juts 5, Otaw, uatil jatoeocy 00177, do'iec which twol She govnees of the SlM ates is the hoods of a fou l sooty ehutem sa ser ceeted by eu. is fasts wieth, els 08051r af meoiultsol selecs cnd pespee'ty oneoc oils, Slte. BSeu shoes soese a mreet ay weho did ass sesosrata laths e of soana It is difficult to determ~ioc jest what was done in tho way of publoc instruction in Jacksanelle dlurtog the period 1809- 1875, as school records during this time were either not kept atnllor were destroyedfandsouch aore preaounved infrag- mentary ollicial reperts are clearly ecolured". Already taxed beyond their power to pay fer the operations of the looni governmseet, the Southern people of Jacksonville were bitter- lyeopposed tothenadditionaleschool taeof 8tos5mils,espe- cially as 90% of the revenue derived from it was devoted to negro achoolo,0 All that the white people of Jacksoenville ever got out of this sring of taxation for public education, was a omall, two-story, plIn, brick building, erected in 1871, on the lot next to the northweet sooner of Liberty and Church Streets, facing Church. The ..heal was labele "luet Graded and High School", hut the corce of study were sx- tremely elementary This school afterwad developed ta  418 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 418 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 418 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA the Jacksonville Grammar School. The first thorough public school in Florida was opened in Jacksonville in the fall of 1875; from this evolved Duval High School, the history of which will be traced separately. Local school affairs passed into the hands of the home people in 1B77. The greatest dificulty confronting public school olffiaals now, was to overcome the pronounced prejudice that existed among the people as a result of the system pre. vailing under the political influences of the so-called recon- otruction period. Their first act was to erect a building for Duval High School; this they did without the knowledge of the general public, and few knew of its erection until it was completed. They knew that thepublie would "kick" anyway; but they decided that it was better for the "kick" to come afterward What happened is not known, but this was the home of Djuval High School until it was destroyed by the fir of 1901. By 1885, public sentiment toward public schools had changed somewhat from opposition torlkewarnmnese. Schools for white children had been built in Brooklyn, LaVilla, East Jacksonville, and North Jacksonville (Springfield). River- side school on Gillmore Street, facing Riverside Park, was built in 1891 and occupied in November of that year. As the years went by, other school houses were built in the different community centers in and around Jacksonville, In nearly every case these were plain, wooden buildings. To meet growing attendance, wingo and extensions were added from time to time to many of the schools until some of them, es- pecially Springfeld (Fifth and Hubbard) and Riverside (Riverside Park) became great box-like structures, consti- tuting an extremely dangerous fire hazard. That Jackson- ville did not experience an appalling school fire in those days is certainly an example of genuine good luck. Prior to 1914, there were eight brick, or partly brick, school hosoes in Duval County, namely; Duval High, Central Grammar, West Riverside No. 12, West Springfield No. 11, Fairfield No. 9, Northeast Springfield No. 8, Fifth and Hub- bard (brick and frame), Lackawanna No. 10. Inmost cases, however, these schools were but a starting unit for the sub. sequent great enlargement. the Jacksonville Grammar School. The frat thorough public school in Florida was opened in Jacksonville in the fall of 1875; from this evolved Duval High School, the history of which will be taced separately. Local school affairs passed into the hands of the home people io 1877. The greatest difficulty confronting public school olficials noy, was to overcome the pronounced prejudice that existed among the people as a result of the system pre- vailing under the political influences of the so-called recon struction period. T'heir first act was to erect a building for Duval High School; this they did without the knowledge of the general public, and few knew of its erection until it was completed. 'They knew that the public would "kick" anyway l but they decided that it was better for the "rick" to come afterward., What happened is not known, but this was the home of Duval High School until it was destroyed by the fire of1901. By 1885, public pentiment toward public schools had changed somewhat from opposition to lukewarmneas. Schools for white children had been built in Brooklyn, LaVilla, East Jackasonville, and North Jacksonville (Springfield). River- side school on Gillmore Street facing Riverside Park, was built in 1891 and occupied in November of that year. As the years went by, other school houses were built in the different community centers in and arond Jacksonville? In nearly every case these were plain, wooden buildings. To meet growing attendanc, wings and extensions were added from time to time to many of the schools until some of them, en- pecially Springfield (Fifth and Hubbard) and Riverside (Riverside Park) become great box-like structures, consti- tuting an extremely dangerous fire hazard. That Jackson- ville did not experience an appalling school are in those days is certainly an example of genuine good lock Prior to 1914, there were eight brick, or partly brick, school houses in Duval County, namely,: Duval High, Central Grammar, West Riverside No. 12, West Springfield No. 11, Fairfield No. 9, Northeast Springfield No. 8, Fifth and Hub- bard (brick and frame), Lackawanna No.10. Inmost cases, however, these schools were but a starting unit for the sob- sqoent great enlargement. the Jackseoille Grammar School. The first thorough public school in Florida was opened in Jacksonville in the fall of 1875; from this evolved Duval High School, the history of which will be traced separately. Local schooi affairs passed into the hands of the home people in 1877- The greatest dificulty confronting public school olicialsnow, was to overcome the pronounced prejudice that existed among the people as a result of the system pre- railing under the political influences of the so-called recon- struction period. Their first act was to erect a building for Duval High Schooli this they did without the knowledge of the general public, and few knew of its erection until it was completed. They knew that the public would kick" anyway; but they decided that it was better for the lA"ck" to cme afterward. What happened is not known, but this was the home of fluval High School until it was destroyed by the fire of 1901. By 1885, public sentiment toward public schools had chasged suoew hat from opposition to iukewarmness. Schools for white children had been built in Brooklyn, Lavila, East Jacksonville, and North Jacksonville (Springfield). River- side school on Gillmore Street facing Riverside Park, was built in 191 and occupied in November of that year. As the years went by, other scheel houses were built is the different community centers in and around Jacksonville, In nearly every mar these were plain, wooden buildings. To meet growing attendance, wings and extensions were added from time to time to many of the schools until some of them, es- pecially Spriongield (Fifth and Hubbard) and Riverside (Riverside Park) became great box-like strctures, consti- tuting an extremely dangerous fire hazard. That Jackson- vole did not experience an appalling school fire in those days is certainly ou example of genuine good luck. Prior to 1914, there were eight brick, or partly brick, school houses in Duval County, namely: Duval High, Central Grammar, West Riverside No. 12, West Springfield No. 11, Fairfield No. 9, Northeast Springfield No. 8, Fifth and Hob- bard (brich and frame), Lackawanna No. to. In most cases, however, these schools were but a starting unit for the sob- sequent great enlargement.  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 419 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 419 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 419 The Modern Expansion The decade 1914-1924 stands out as a distinct period in the history of public instruction in Duval County, and really embraces the complete history of the school work that ad- vanced the County's position to the foremost rank. Three causes contributed to it, namely, the exceptional ability of the Superintendent of Public Instruction for the position, the constructive cooperation of the School Boards, and the in- creasing interest of the people in the work of the public schools. The awakening came in 1914, when the program for the modern expansion was drawn up. This led to a favorable vote of the people in 1915, for a bond issue of $1,000,000 to start the work. Then, one by one, most of the old wooden relics gave away to modem buildings, the smal, brick units then in existence, were reinforced and greatly enlarged, and lew school buildings erected in growing community centers. Two subsequent bond issues, $325,000 August 1, 1919, and $1,000,000 April 19, 1922, permitted the continuance of the program. There are, in and near the city, 24 schools for white children; all are brick and practically fireproof struc- tures, fully equipped in a modern way. There are five first- class brick schools for colored children in or near the city, Stanton school being perhaps the fmest negro school in the State; these schools are likewise fully equipped. Other schools have been built in the outlying settlements of the county. Ten years ago the visitor to Jacksonville was driven six blocks out of the way to keep him from seeing our school buldiings. Today he is driven ten blocks out of the way in order that he nay see them. Duval County has a right to point with pride to the accomplishments in school develop- ment. A program for further expansion to include high schools for Riverside, Springfield, and South Jacksonville, has been prepared by Professor Hathaway and accepted by the School Board. In 1877, public instruction became an educational rather than a political matter; the list of Superintendents of Public Instruction for Doval County since that time followo:- A. J. Russell, 1877 to February, 1884; W. B. Clarkson (temporarily), 1884; W. H. Babeock, 1885 to October, 1088 The Modern Faxpansion The decade 19141924 stands out as a distinct period in the history of public instruction in Duval County, and really embraces the complete history of the school work that ad- vanced the County's position to the foremost rank. Three causes contributed to it, namely, the exceptional ability of the Superintendent of Public Instruction for the position, the constructive cooperation of the School Boards, and the in- cresing interest of the people in the work of the public .chools. The awakening came in 1914, when the program for the modern expansion was drawn up. This led to a favorable vote of the people in 1915, for a bond issue of $1,000,00 to start the work. Then, one by one, most of the old wooden relics gave away to modern buildings, the small, brick units then in existence, were reinforced and greatly enlarged, and new school buildings erected in growing community centers. Two subsequent bond issues, $125,000 August 1, 1919, and $1,000,000 April 19, 1922, permitted the continuance of the program. There are, in and near the city, 24 schools for white children; all are brick and practically fireproof strue- tures, fully equipped in a modern way. There are five first- class brick schools for colored children in or near the city. Stanten school being perhaps the fMest negro ochool in the State; these schools are likewise fully equipped. Other schools have been built in the outlying settlements of the county. Ten years ago the visitor to Jacksonville was driven six blocks out of the way to keep him from seeing our school buildings. Today he is driven inn blocks oat of the way in order that he may see them. Duval County has a right to point with pride to the accomplishments in school develop- ment. A program for further expansion to include high schools for Riverside, Springfield, and South Jacksonville, has been prepared by Professor Hathaway and accepted by the School Board. In 1877, public instruction became an educational rather than a political matter i the list of Superintendents of Public Instruction for Dval County since that time follows : A. J. Russell, 1877 to February, 1884; W. B. Clarkson (temporarily), 1884; W. H. Babcock, list to October, 1888 The Modern Expansion The decade 1914-1921 stands out as a distinct period in the history of public instruction in Duval County, and really embraces the complete history of the school work that ad- vanced the County's position to the foremost cank. Three auses contributed to it, namely, the exceptional ability of the Superintendent of Public Instruction for the position, the constructei cooperation of the School Board, and the is- creasing interest of the people in the work of the public schools. The awakening came in 1914, when the program for the modern expansion was drawn up. This led to a favorable vote of the people in 1915, for a bond issue of $1,000,000 to start the work. Then, one by one, most of the old wooden relics gave away to modern buildings, the small, brick units then in existence, were reinforced and greatly enlarged, and noe school buildings erected in growing commonity centers. Two subsequent bond issues, $125,000 August 1, 1919, and $1,000,000 April 19, 1922, permitted the continuance of the program. There are, in and near the city, 24 schools for white children; all are brick and practically fireproof struc- tures, fully equipped in a modern way. There are five trst- class brick schools for colored children in or near the city, Steiaon school being perhaps the finest negro choot in the State; these schools are likewise fully equipped. Other schools have been built in the outlying settlements of the county. Ten years ago the visitor to Jacksonville was driven six blocks nut of the way to keep him from seeing our school buildings. Today be is driven ten blocks out of the way in order that he may see them. Duval County has a right to point with pride to the accomplishments in school develop- ment. A program for further expansion to include high schools for Riverside, Springfield, and South Jacksonville, has been prepared by Professor Hathaway and accepted by the School Board. In 1877, public instruction became an educational rather than a political matter; the list of Superintendents of Public Instruction for Duval County since that time follows: A. J. Russell, 1877 to February, 1884; W. B. Clarkson (temporarily), 1884; W. H. Babcock, 188 to October, 1888  420 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 420 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 420 HISTORY OF JACKSONVLLE, FLORIDA (died in ofce); W.M. Ledwith,1889 to (about) March, 1891; Joel D. Mead, 1891 to 1896; George P. Glen, 1897 to 1904; Frank Elzey, January to November, 1905; H. H. Palmer, November, 1905 to November, 1907 (died in office) ; James Q. Palmer, 1908 to November, 1910; Fons A. Hathaway, December, 1919 to 1924, inclusive. Duval High School In the fall of 1875, a public school, with a curriculum considerably higher than had previously been attempted in the State, was opened in Jackoenville in a small, twa-story, wooden building, occupying the inside of the lot at the south- west corner of Laura and Monroe Streets, facing the park. Prof. M. F. Swaim was the principal and Miss Isabella Tred- weli and Miss Anna Woods were his assistants. This school furnishing courses of study more advanced than any of the private schools of the city, many of the Southern residents, though greatly prejudiced against the system of public edu- cation as carried on at that time, seat their children to it. This was the beginning of Duval High School. Two terms were held in this building, 1875-6 and 1876-7. The fest graduating class was that of 1877, and there were three graduates, all boys, namely, John C. Cooper, J. Murdoch Barrs, and Matthew Mahaney. Early in 1877, A. J. Russell, who had just been appointed Superintendent of Public Instruction for Duval County, and L. L Fleming. Chairman of the School Board, realizing the urgent need for a better high School building, quietly laid plans for one at the northwest eaner of Liberty and Church Streets, next to the Graded School. Workwasstarted in the spring and the building was completed in time for the fall term of 1877. No notice of its erection had been published and the building was completed before the public knew any- thing about it.f Duval High School occupied the building in the fall of 1877, being the fSst, and for a number of years, the enly high school in the State with a building and faculty its own. It was a small, two-story, brick school, providing two recitation rooms on the ferst floor, with one large room above, reached by covered stairways from the outside. This, with subsequent additions, was the home of Duval High Sbeaol for nearly a quarter of a century. The first change was the partitioning aft of the upper room to provide addi- (died in office);W.M. Ledwith, 1889 to (about) March, 1891; Joel D. Mead, 1891 to 1896; George P. Glen, 1897 to 1904; Frank Elzey, January to November, 1905; H. H. Palmer, November, 1905 to November, 1907 (died in efoee) ; James Q. Palmer, 1908 to November, 1918; Fons A. Hathaway, December, 1913 to 5924, inclusive. Duval High School In the fall of 1875, a public school, with a curriculum considerably higher than bad previously been attempted In the State, was opened in Jacksonville in a small, two-story, wooden building, occupying the inside of the lot at the south- west corner of Laura and Monroe Streets, facing the park. Prof. M. F. Swaim was the principal and Miss sabella Trod. well and Miss Anna Woods were his assistants. This school furnishing courses of study more advanced than any of the private schools of the city, many of the Southern residents, though greatly prejudiced against the system of public edu- catioen as carried on at that time, sent their chldren to it. This was the beginning of Duval High School. Two terms were held in this building, 1875-0 and 1076-7. The tist graduating class was that of 1877, and there were three graduates, all boys, namely. John C. Cooper, J. Murdoch Barrs, and Matthew Mahosey., Early in 1877, A. J. Russell, who had just been appointed Supermnteodet of Public Instruction for Duval County, and L. L Fleming, Chaiman of the School Board, realizing the urgent need for a better High School building, quietly laid plans for one at the northwest corner of Liberty and Church Streets,nexttothe Graded School. Workwasstartedinthe spring and the building was completed in time for the fall term of 1877. No netice of its erection had been published and the ho ilding was completed before the public knew any. thing about it. Duval High School occupied the building in the fall of 1877, being the first, and for a number of years, the only high school in the State with a building ad faculty its own. It was a small, two-story, brick school, providing two recitation rooms on the first floor, with one large room above, reached by covered stairways from the outside. Thin, with subsequent additions, was the home of Duval High School for nearly a quarter of a century. The frst change was the partitioning off of the upper room to provide addi- (died in ofice) ;W. M. Ledwith,1889 to (about) Marh,1891; Joel D. Mead, 1891 to 1896; George P. Glen, 1897 to 1904; Frank Elsey, January to November, 1905; H. H. Palmer, November, 1905 to November, 1907 (died in office); James Q. Palmer, 1908 to November, 191; Fos A. Hathaway, December, 1913 to 1924, inclusive, Duval High School In the fall of 1875, a public school, with a curriculum considerably higher than had previously been attempted In the State, was opened in Jacksonville in a small, two-story, wooden building, occupying the inside of the lot at the south- west corner of Laura and Monroe Streets, facing the park. Prof. M. F. Swaim was the principal and Miss Isabella Trod- wel and Miss Anna Woods were his assistants. This school furnishing courses of study more advanced than any of the private schools of the city, many of the Southern residents, though greatly prejudiced against the system of public edu- ration as carried on at that time, sent their children to it. This was the beginning of Duval High School. Two terms were held in this building, 18756 and 1876-7. The first graduating class was that of 1877, and there were three graduates, all boys, namely, John C. Cooper, J. Murdoch Barrs, and Matthew Mahoney, Early in 1877, A. J. Russell, who had just been appointed Superintendent of Publie Instruction for Duval County, and L. L Fleming, Chairman of the School Board, realizing the urgent need for a better High School building, quietly laid plans for one at the northwest corner of Liberty and Church Streets, nextto the Graded School. Workwansatarted in the spring and the building was completed in time for the fall term of 1877. No notice of its erection had been published and the building was completed before the public knew any- thing about it. Duval High School occupied the building in the fall of 1877, being the first, and for a number of years, the only high school in the State with a building and faculty its own. It was a small, two-story, brick school, providing two recitation rooms on the first floor, with one large room above, reached by covered stairways from the outside. This, with subsequent additions, was the home of Duval High School for nearly a quarter of a century, The first change was the partitioning off of the upper room to provide addi-  HISTORY OF JACHSONVILLE, FLORIDA 421 HISTORY OF JACKSONVmT.T, FLORIDA 421 HISTORY OF JACSONVuTT , FLORIDA 421 tional recitation rooms; then a small, two-story, brick wing was added to the west side, and finally a one-story, frame addition of considerable size. was erected in the rear for use asa study hall. Two-story, brick wings hoad likewise been added to the Grammar school nearby. There was no archi- tectural beauty about these buildings. The conflagration of May 3,1901, swept the entire nestaway and closed thespring term for that year for Duval High School. LaVilla Grammar school was the home of Duval High be- ginning with the fall term of 1901, until Central Grammar school, at Liberty and Church Streets, was completed in No- vember, 1902, where it was assigned five rooms on the second floor. The arrengement was inadequate and unsatisfactory from the first and decided complaint arose about it. School funds at this time wore at a low ebb, and the erection of a separate building for Duval High was delayed, as it was thought inadvisable to foat a bond issue or increase the milles of taxation for the purpose, in view of the heavy losses sustained by the people in the conflagration of 1901. Nevertheless, D. H. S. Alumni Association became active in the matter and prepared a program to raise funds by its own efforts for the erection of a suitable High School building, and it was largely through the efforts of the Association, in keep- ing the matter alive, that the central unit of the present Duval High School on Ocean Street was builth- After two years of planning, the contract was awarded by the School Board December 26, 1906, to J. A. McDonald, for the erection of a brick and stone High School building on the east side of Ocean Street between Beaver and Ashley, for $64,770, completely equipped. Work was begun in Jau- soy, and on April 4, 1907, the coner-etene was laid with Masonic ceremonies, in the presence of school offeials, facul- ty and pupils of Duval High School, and a large coneourse of interested spectators. Sealed in the corner-stone as memen- toes were: Progras of the ceesoens; constitution and roer of D. A. 5 Alamen Associstio; roer or Board of Edoation; resers aod photo- graphs of D. H. S. faslty and senis, junia, sophomore and freshman eses in 1907; photogreph of Highi- Grammar School building atLiber- ty and Chc Stes;: Masonic stes; No. 1 of Vol. 1, Oracle of Mareh, 197 (firot iss); ertnt issen of locl iewspapers. tional recitation rooms; then a amll, two-story, brick wing was added to the west side, and finally a one-story, frame addition of considerable size, was erected in the rear for use ass study hall. Two-story, brick wings had likewise been added to the Grammar school nearby. There was no archi- tectural beauty about these buildings. The cenlagration of May 3,1901, sweptthe entire nestawayandclosed the spring term for that year for Duval High Srhol.a LaVilla Grammar school was the home of Duval High be- ginnisg with the fall term of 1901, until Central Grammar school, at Liberty and Church Streets, was completed in No- vember, 1902, where it was assigned five rooms on the second floor. The arrangement was inadequate and unsatisfactory from the irst and decided complaint arose about it. School funds at this time were at a low ebb, and the erection of a separate building for Duval High was delayed, as it was thought inadvisable to foat a bond hne or increase the millage of taxation for the purpose, in view of the heavy loses sustained by the people in the conflagration of 1901. Nevertheless, D. R. S. Alumni Association became active in the matter and prepared a program to raise funds by its own efforts for the erection of a suitable High School building, and it was largely through the efforts of the Association, in keep ing the matter alive, that the central unit of the present Duval High School on Ocean Street was built.' After two years of planning, the contract was awarded by the School Board December 26, 1906, to J. A. McDonald, for the erection of a brick and stone High School building on the east side of Ocean Street between Beaver and Ashley, for $64,770, completely equipped. Work was begun in Janu- ary, and on April 4, 1907, the corner-stone was laid with Masonic ceremonies, in the presence of school officials, facul- ty and pupils of Duval High School, and a large concourse of interested spectators. Sealed in the corner-atone as memen- toea were: Freganm of the ceronaies; consitution and roose of D. H. A Alumni AsscRiation; mser af BOard of Eduesosn; rsesers and phots- grapshe f D. H1. . fceulty and senior, juais, saphomoe and freshman slassesin 0019; phoengraph of High- Geommor Schosl buling at Liber- by and CLhuchstets; Saso ie.ses; No, 1 oS Vot 1, Oracle of Marca, 1907 (fost sae); erre.tisso sa of local newspaps.o tional recitation rooms; then a small, two-story, brick wing was added to the west side, and finally a one-story, frame addition of considerable size, was erected in the rear for use as astudy hal. Two-story, brick wings had likewise been added to the Grammar school nearby. There was o archi- tectural beauty about these buildings. The conflagration of May 3, 1901, sweptthe entire nestaway and closed theapring term for that year for Duval High Schoola LaVilla Grammar school was the home of Duval High he- ginning with the fall term of 1901, until Central Grammar school, at Liberty and Church Streets, was completed in No- cember, 1902, where it was assigned five rooms on the second floor. The arrangement was inadequate and unsatisfactory from the first and decided complaint arose about it School funds at this time were at a low ebb, and the erection of a separate building for Duval High was delayed, as it was thought inadvisable to float a bond issue or increase the millage of taxation for the purpose, in view of the heavy leses sustained by the people in the conflagration of 1901. Nevertheless, D. H. S. Alumni Association became active in the matter and prepared a program to raise funds by its own efforts for the erection of a suitable High School building, and it was largely through the efforts of the Association, in keel- ing the matter alive, that the central unit of the present Duval High School on Ocean Street was built? After two years of planning, the contract was awarded by the School Board December 26, 1906, to J. A. McDonald, for the erection of a brick and stone High School building on the east side of Ocean Street between Beaver and Ashley, for $64,770, completely equipped. Work was begun in Janu- ary, and on April 4, 1907, the corner-stoe was laid with Masonic ceremonies, in the presence of school oicials, facul- ty and pupils of Duval High School, and a large concourse of interested spectators. Sealed in the corner-stono as memen- toes were; Pogram of t aoes ; conetituten nd roser of D. H. 8. Alumni Aesasoallo; rster of Boac of Eduenton; rostes and photo- gryaps o D. r. . 1c1.y and senlor, junior, sophomore and freosms classes is n1; phoetoae of High-rammar school buildingat Llhe- ty and Church Streets; lasonic rostes; No. 1 of Vol. 1, Oracle sf sart, 1901 (frt tsue); carrest tames of loca newspapera  422 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 422 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 422 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA Contractor McDonald gave up the job when the building was about two-thirds completed, and it was completed under the supervision of the School Board in time for the opening of the fall term of 1908. The dimensions are 123x82 feet. The basement is constructed of Indiana limestone and the walls of light, premed brick, with heavy stone trimmings. As designed, the gymnaim grading, manual training and do- mestiesenre departmett; boiler andvertilatio rooms. and two shower baths, were in the basement. Eight elass rooms were provided for the frot floor, together with the library, office, reception and cloak rooms. On the second floor were chemical and physical laboratories, three closs rooms, high school and reception rooms. The third story was the audi- torium, 78x70 feet, with stage and dressing rooms. Such was the original plan of the central unit of Duval High School. Thearrangement has since been changed somewhat, and two annexes have been built to meet growing attendance. The north (Beaver Street) annex was completed in January, 1920, and the south (Ashley Street) annex in February, 1922. Duval High Schooi started in 1875 with a two-year course. It was changed to three years in 1877, and to four years in the fall of 1886. In 1923, the school system of 8.4 was changed to the 6-3-i, but it did not become operative until March 3, 1924, when the Junior High schools, John Gorrie (Riverside) and Kirby Smith (Springfeld) were opened. John Gorrie was named for the inventor of arti- fleial ice, whose home was Apalachicola, and Kirby Smith for the famous Confederate general, E. Kirby Smith of St. Au- gustine; both buildings are precisely alike and their plants are the last word in school equipment= Principol of Duval High School:5 M. F. Swaim, 1875-77 ; E. J. Hyde, 1877 until his death soon after the opening of the fall term of 1880; W. B. Clarkson, December, 1800 to Janu- ary, 1884; W. C. Thayer, February, 184 to 1886; Frederick Pasco, 1886 to February, 1897; W. T. Chapin, February, 1897 to 1898; W. E. Knlioe, 1898 to 1909; F. A. Hathaway, 1909 to December, 1913. R. B. Rutherford, December, 191 to date. Priucipal, Kirby Smith Junior High School, G. F. Siason, March, 1924 to date. Contractor McDonald gave up the job when the building was about too-thirds completed, and it was completed under the supervision of the School Board in time for the opening of the fall ter of 1908. The dimensions are 123x82 feet. The basement is constructed of Indiana limestone and the walls of light, pressed brick, with heavy stone trimmings. As designed, the gymnasium grading, manual training and do- meotiencience departments; boiler and ventilation rooms,and two hewer baths, were in the baemrct. Eight dco rose were provided for the first floor, together with the library, ofice, reception and cloak rooms. On the second floor were chemical and physical laboratories, three class rooms, high school and reception rooms. The third story was the audi- tarium, 78x70 feet, with stage and dressing rooms. Such was the original plan of the central unit of Duval High School. Thearrangement has sine been changed somewbat, and two annexes have been built to meet growing attendance. The north (Beaver Street) annex was completed in January, 1920, and the south (Ashley Street) annex in February, 1922 Duval High School started in 1875 with a two-year corse. It was changed to three years in 1977, and to four yearn in the fall of 1886. In 1923, the school system of 8-4 as changed to the 6-3-3, but it did not become operative until March 3, 1924, when the Junior High schools, John orrie (Riverside) and Kirby Smith (Springfield) were opened. John Gorrie was named for the inventor of arti- fical ice, whose home was Apalachicola, and Kirby Smith for the famous Confederate general, E. Kirby Smith of St. Au- gutine; both buildings are precisely alike and their plants are the last word in school equipment.' Principals of Duval High School;0 M. F. Swaim, 1875-77; E. J. Hyde, 1877 until his death soon after the opening of the fall term of 1880; W. B. Clarkson, December, 1880 to Janu- ary, 1884; W. C. Thayer, February, 1884 to 1806; Frederick Pasco, 1886 to February, 1897; W. T. Chapin, February, 1897 to 1898; W. E. Knibloe, 1898 to 1909; F. A. Hathaway, 1909 to December, 1913. R. B. Rutherford, December, 1910 to date. Principal, Kirby Smith Junior High School, G. F. Bissoen, March, 1924 to date. Contractor McDonald gave up the job when the buding wos about two-thirds completed, and it was completed under the supervision of the School Board in time for the opening of the fall term of 1908. The dimensions are 123x82 feet. The basement in constructed of Indiana limestone and the walle of light, pressed brick, with heavy stone trimmings. As deelgned, the gymnasium grading, masual training nd do- mastiacience dcpartments; boiler and ventilation roms, and two shower baths, were in the basement. Eight class rooms were provided for the first floor, together with the library, office, reception and eloak rooms. On the second floor were chemical and physical laboratories, three class rooms, high school end reception rooms. The third story was the audi- torium, 78x70 feet, with stage and dressing rooms. Such was the original plan of the central unit of Duval High School. The arrangement has since been changed somewhat, and two annexes have been built to meet growing attendance. The north (Beaver Street) annex wan completed in January, 1920, and the onuth (Ashley Street) annex in February, 1922 Duval High School started in 1875 with a two-year course. It was changed to three years in 1877, and to four years in the fall of 1986, In 1923, the school system of -4 was changed to the 6-3, but it did not become operative until March 3, 1924, when the Junior High schools, John Corrie (Riveraide) and Kirby Smith (Springfield) were opened. John Gorrie was named for the inventer of arti- ficial ice, whose home was Apalachicola, and Kirby Smith for the famous Confederate general, F. Kirby Smith of St. Au- gustine; both buildings are precisely alike and their plants are the last word in school equipment? Principals of Duval High School : M. F. Swaim, 1875-77; E. J. Hyde, 1877 until his death soon after the opening of the fall term of 1880; W. B,. Clarkson, December, 1880 to Janu- ary, 1884; W. C. Thayer, February, 1804 to 1886; Frederick Pasco, 1886 to February, 1897; W. T, Chapin, February, 1897 to 1998; W. E. Kndible, 1898 to 1909; F. A. Hathaway, 1909 to December, 1913. R. B. Rutherford, December, 1913 to dole. Principal, Kirby Smith Junior High School, G. F. Sison, March, 1924 to date.  o .t 4 .° bdT "4 oi° 4 0O U '0 y o a g 'a :s 's~t P ;f gEm e IN ajgi t FU1 1 k 5 AC WI iaO d it~: 94  424 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 44 HSTORY OF JACKSONVHLLE, FLORIDA 424 HISORY OF JACESONVILLE FLORIDA CHAPTER XIV PIONEER ORGANIZATIONS St. Luke's Hospital, 1873 In the autumn of 1872, an invalid fleeing from the rigors ofnorthernwinterarrived atthe depot inthis city. He took an omnibus and went from hotel to hotel and from house to house, only to find that they were all too full to accommodate him. After hours of fruitleso search the sick and wearied traveler did indeed find rest-in this city, on our streets. his spirit fled from Time to Eternity. A short while after this another invalid made weary by many hours of travel fally arrived and he, too, died without the ministrations of human hands. When these circumstances became known they deeply excited the sympathy of the community and offered a few noble women the opportunity of which they availed them- selves in the inatitution of the charity that is now called St. Luke's Hospital. The noble women referred to were Mrs. Theodore Hart- ridge, Mrs. Aristides Doggett and Mrs. J. D. Mitchell. They banded themselves together as the Ladies'Benevolent Society for the purpose of finding places that would accommodate the setk and destitute strangera that came to the city; but sn a few weeka the demand became so great that it was de- coded to establish a hospital. In February, 1878, the society held a fair from which sufficient funds were raised to rent two rooms; these were opened March 11, 1873, and named St. Luke's. The Jacksonville Tri-weekly Union of Tuesday, October 21, 1873, published this note: St Le's Prsuaent to aniucement previously made a nemaer of lhades met at Odd Feowes' hall en last Thornday (ot, i. 1078) for the per se of oganizing asoelety to eage forthe holding of a fair some- time during the coming einter, the proeeedo of which to be applied to the bulding of hospital. The meoot having been duly oranized, the following actis was eaken apsn the formation of the osiety: Presodnote, Mls. Hortide ond Mes. Magrde: vicepresidents, Mres. Burss, Mrs. Doggett, lrse. Peck, Mr. Mitchell, Mrs. Grelay se- retary eand treaser, lins Frw e lm CHAPTER XXIV PIONEER ORGANIZATIONS St. Luke's Hospital, 1873 In the autumn of 1872, an invalid fleeing from the rigors ofnerthernwinterarrived atthe depot inthis city. Hetook so omnibus and went from hotel to hotel and from house to house, only to find that they were all ton full to accommodate him. After hours of fruitless .sarch the sick and wearied traveler did indeed fid rest-In this city, on our streets, his spirit fled from Time to Eternity. A short while after this another invalid made weary by many hours of travel finally arrived and he, toe, died without the ministrations of human hands. When these ircumstances became known they deeply excited the sympathy of the community and offered a few noble women the opportunity of which they availed them- selves in the institution of the charity that is now called St. Luke's Hospital. The noble women referred to were Mrs. Theodore Hart- ridge, Mrs. Arlatides Doggett and Mrs. J. D. Mitchell. They banded themeselvestogether as the Ladies' Benevolent Society for the purpose of finding places that would accommodate the aick and destitute strangers that cane to the city; but in a few weeks the demand became an great that it was de, cided to establish a hospital. In February, 1878, the society held a fair from which sufficient funds were raised to rent two rooms; these were opened March 11, 1873, and named St. Luke's. The Jacksonvllle Tri-weekly Union of Tuesday, October 21, 187, published this note: 55. Lelr'. Psaseaat to anooneent peevioely made a unoee of ~le. metat Odd Fellows' hel onas st Thursday (Oct 1., u188) for the ps- eas of organleing a socety to acone for tet holding of a fair some- time during the coming wier the opreeds of wich to be tpped to Ihe uileg of a spieal. The mseetig having been Ably orgeneid, the following aotie wa m ths con the forection of the esoiety: Prssldent, rs. Hartridge ad Me. M-goder; vce-peidents. Mrs. lUama, Mrs. Doggett, Mrs. Pet, Mr Mimtcel. rio. eeley; - esry and treasrer. Mins reeland. CHAPTER XXIV PIONEER ORGANIZATIONS St. Lse's Hospiial, 1873 IN the autumn of 1872, an invalid fleeing from the rigor of northern winter arrived at the depot in thin city. He took an omnibus and went from hotel to hotel and from house to house, only to fmd that they were all too full to accommodate him. After hours of fruitles search the sick and wearied traveler did indeed fnd rest-in this city, on our streets, hoie spirit fled from Time to Eternity. A short while after this another invalid made weary by many hours of travel finally arrived and he, too, died without the miintrations of human hands. When these circumstanca became known they deeply excited the sympathy of the community and offred a few noble women the opportunity of which they availed them- selves in the institution of the charity that is now called St. Luke's Hospital. The noble women referred to were Mrs. Theodore Hart, ridge, Mrs. Aristides Doggett and Mrs. J. D. Mitchell. They banded themselvestogether as the Ladies'Benvolent Society for the purpme of finding places that would accommodate the sick and destitute strangers that came to the city; but in a few weeks the demand became so great that it was de- cided to establish a hospital. In February, 1870, the society held a fair from which auflicient funds were raised to rent two rooms; these were opened March 11, 1873, and named St. Luke's. The Jacksonville Tri-weekly Union of Tuesday, October 21, 1873. published this note: 5t. Ulek'. Pesosnt to ewa enee pressly cde a number e ladles et at Odd Fellows' hall on lost Thresday (ot. 18, 1870) for ohs puer pose of organisisg a sosity to ange for the holdng of a fI, some- tine during the coming winter, the proeeds of whieh to be opplied to the hildieg of a hospitlo. The meeting hano been duly orgained, the fnllowing cions nose taken upsn the formaonos of th society: President, Mr. artidge cnd Mr. Magruder; vi-pesidets, .lrs. Brs, les. Doggoett lrn. Peek, Mr. Mniehell, M. Geoley; see- .etary and treasure, Miss Frelesad.  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 42 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 4m5 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 426 This was the organization of St. Luke's Hospital Aseocia- tHon. The charity met with universal favor, both among the residents of Jacksonville and the tourists that Same here for the winter. By successive fairs and generous contributions the association obtained enough money to buy a lot at the northeast corner of Market and Ashley Streets as a site for a hospital building; then the building fund was started. The asociation had $687 in the Freedmen's bank, which failed in June, 1874, but the lady managers with renewed effort went ahead and by spring of 1876 had accumulated su cient funds ts build the hospital. Just as the building neared completion and before it was occupied, fire, said to have been of inen- diary origin, destroyed it at 3 a. m. July 22, 1876. After the fire a change of location for the hospital was decided upon. There was $6,000 insurance on the building burned and this with $800 derived from the sale of the lot enabled the association to start the work of rebailding. The two lots in East Jacksonville near Hogans Creek (on the west side of Palmetto Street running through from Monroe to Duval) were purchased for $800. Within a year the con- struction of a brick hospital building wan begun. The yellow fever epidemic of n87 interrupted the building operations, but it served to impress upon the people the need of a ho,- pital hero. The new st. Luke's woo dedicated Febroory 24, 1878, by Judge Thomas Settle; it was completed at a total cost of $0,350, and opened to the public in December. 1878. So after five years ofconstant effort and hampered by a number of serious setbackos, St. Luke's became a firmly estab- lished institution of Jacksonville. The assoeration was arm- ganizedin 1882, at which time it adopted its first constitu- tis; its first charter was granted June 10, 1885. In April, 188, wing was added to the main building in order to meet the growing needs of the institution. On January 12, 1900, a children's ward wan opened in a small building in the Ion- pital yard, by an organization of little girls known as the "Little Jewels". Organised as a non-sectarian, non-sectional charity, St. Luke's was operated and maintained excluoively by popular subscription until 1908, when the City Council authoried an annual appropriation of $5,000 to help with its support. On August 4, 1908, the City Council by ordinance donated in fee simple without restrictions to St. Luke's Hospital Asa This was the organization of St. Luke's Hospital Aasea- tieo. The charity met with universal favor, both among the residents of Jacksonville and the tourists that came here for the winter. By successive fairs and generous contributions the association obtained enough money to buy a lot at the northeast corner of Market and Ashley Streets as a site for a hospital building; then the building fund was started. The association had $687 in the Freedmen's bank, which failed in June. 1874, but the lady managers with renewed effort went ahead and by spring of 1876 had accumulated sulficient funds to build the hospital. Just as the building neared completion and before it was occupied, fire, said to have been of ineen- diary origin, destroyed it at 3 a. m. July 22, 1876. After the fire a change of location for the hospital was decided upon. There was $6,000 insurance on the building burned and this with $800 derived from the sale of the lot enabled the ssociation to start the work of rebuilding. The two lots in East Jacksonville near Hogans Creek (on the west side of Palmetto Street running through from Monroe to Duval) were purchased for $800. Within a year the con- struction of a brick hospital building was begun. The yellow fever epidemic of 1877 interrupted the building operations, but it served to impress upon the people the need of a hos- pital here. The new St. Luke's was dedicated February 24, 1878, by Judge Thomas Settle; it was completed at a total coot of $6,350, and opened to the public in December, 1878. So after five years of costaint effort and hampered by a number of serious setbacks, St. Luke's became a firmly erasb lished institution of Jacksonville. The association was reor- ganized in 1882, at which time it adopted its first constitu- tion; its first charter was granted June 10, 1885. I'n April, 1887, a wing was added to the main building in order to meet the growing needs of the institution. On January 12, 1900, a children's ward was opened in a small building in the hos- pital yard, by an organination of little irles known as the "Little Jewels". Organized as a non-sectrian, nen..sectinal charity, St. Luke's was operated and maintained exclusively by popular subscription until 1908, when the City Council authorized an annual appropriation of $5,000 to help with its Support On August 4, 1908. the City Council by ordinance donated in fee simple without restrictions to St. Luke's Hospital Asse- This was the organization of St. Luke's Hospital Associa- tin. The charity met with universal favor, both among the residents of Jacksonville and the tourists that came here for the winter By succeosive faire and generous contributions the association obtained enough money to buy a lot at the northeast corner of Market and Ashley Streets as a site for a hopital building; then the building fund wan started. The association had 5687 in the Freedmen's bank, which failed in June, 1874, but the lady managers with renewed effort went ahead and by spring of 1876 had accumulated isflcient funds to build the hospital. Justas the building neared completion and before it was occupied, fire, said to have been of incen- diary origin, destroyed it at 3 a. m. July 22, 1876. After the fire a change of location for the hospital was decided upon. There was $6,000 insurance on the building burned and this with $800 derived from the sle of the lot enabled the association to start the work of rebuilding. The two lots in East Jacksonville near Hogane Creek (on the west side of Palmetto Street runniug through from Monroe to Dvial) were purchased for $800. Within a year the con- struction of a brick hospital building was begun. The yellow fever epidemic of 1877 interrupted the building operations, but it served to impress upon the people the need of a hos- pital here, The new St. Luke's was dedicated February 24, 1878, by Judge Thomas Settle; it was completed at a total cout of $6,350, and opened to the public in December, 1878. So after five years of constant effort and hampered by a number of serious setbacks, St. Luke's became a firmly etab- lished institution of Jacksonville. The association was reer- ganied in 1882, at which time it adopted its first constito- tion; its first charter was granted June 10, 1885. In April, 1887, a wing was added to the main building in order to meet the growing needs of the institution. On January 12, 1900, a children's ward wan opened in a small building in the ho- pital yard, by an organization of little girls known as the "Little Jewels". Organized as a non-sectarian, nonnsectional charity, St. Luke's was operated and maintained exclusively by popular subscription until 1908, when the City Concil authorized on annual appropriation of $5,000 to help with its support. On August 4, 1908, the City Council by ordinance donated in fee simple without restrictions to St. Luke's Hospital Asso-  B. 6i i.v ii  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 427 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 27 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 427 ciation about 8% acres of land between Eighth and Tenth Streets west of Springfield boulevard. After the complaint that arose from property owners of that section was finally settled, the association started the preliminaries necessary for the erection of a modern hospital capable of supplying the needs of the growing city, which the old establishment in East Jacksonville had for years been unable to do. Up to this time the assciation had been composed entirely of women, but now that the work had become so great they felt that the men of the community should share it; this was In 190. In February, 1911, the association put on a stupen- dous drive for funds for buildinga new plant in Springfield and $226,000 wan subscribed. On July 1, 1911,the association was granted a neweharter to meet the reuiremento necessary in the erection of the new St. Luke's. Plans were drawn for a moden hospital of the pavilion type with connecting corridorn, comprising as a whole 12 unite. Ground was broken for the first block of eight units in July, 1912, and on January 26, 1914, the patients were removed from the old hospital in East Jackson- vlle tothenewonein Springfield. Theeightunita completed in 1914 were the administration and service buildings, public and private pavilions, nurses' home, power house, white ino- latio and colored isolation pavilions. The completion of these units represented an outlay of $221,687 including equipment. In October, 1923, a campaign was put on for funds for the erection of additional units and $52,000 was subscribed. Work on the children-maternity unit to cost $35,000 is about to begin, the remaining amount to be used for equipment. Ever since that winter more than half a century ago, when one of the sick strangers died in a hack on the street and the other on the steps of one of our churches, St. Luke's has been a by-word with the people of Jacksonville. Two of its founders-its real originators-were ladies of the Old South who arose above the bitter feeling of the time and in the spirit of true Christian charity laid the foundation for this time-honored institution, Four generations of patiente on every state of life and society and from all sections of the country have been eared for within its walls, Presidents of St. Luke's HospitaI Association: Prior to 1882 the Association was directed by its three founder. who ciation about 8% acres of land between Eighth and Tenth Streets west of Springfield boulevard. After the complaint that arone from property owners of that section was fmcally settled, the association started the preliminaries nocesary for the erection of a modern hoSpital capable of supplying the needs of the growing city, which the old establishment in East Jacksonville had for years been unable to do. p to this time the asociation had been composed entirely of women, but now that the work had become so great they felt that the men of the community should share it ; this was in 1909. In February, 1911, the association put on a stopen- dos drive for funds for building a new plant in Springfield and $226,000 was subscribed, On July 1, 1911,the association was granted a neweharter to meet the requirements necessary in the erection of the new St. Loke's. Plans were drawn for a modern hospital of the pavilion type with connecting corridors, comprising oo a whole 12 unite. Ground was broken for the first block of eight units in July, 1912, and on January 26, 1914, the patients were removed from the old hospital in East Jackson- ville tothenewoein Springfield. Theeightunits completed in 1914 were the administration and service buildings, public and private pavilions, nurses' home, power house, white iso- lation and colored isolation pavilions. The completion of these units represented an outlay of $221,637, including equipment. In October, 1923, a campaign was put on for funds for the erection of additional unite and $52,000 was oubscribed. Work on the children-maternity unit to cost $30,000 is about to becis, the remaining amount to be used for equipment. Ever since that winter more than half a century ago, when one of the sick strangers died in a hack on the street and the other on the steps of one of our churches, St. Luke'e has been a by-word with the people of Jacksonville. Two of its founders-its real originators-were ladies of the Old South who arose above the bitter feeling of the time and in the spirit of true Christian charity old the foundation for this time-honored institution. Four generations of patients in every state of life and society and from all sections of the country have been cared for within its walls. Presidents of St. Luke's Hospital Auociation: Prior to 1882 the Association was directed by its three foundero who ciation about 8% acres of land between Eighth and Tenth Streets west of Springfield boulevard. After the complaint that arose from property owners of that section was finally settled, the association started the preliminaries necessary for the ereetion of a modern hospital capable of supplying the needs of the growing city, which the old establishment in East Jacksonville had for years been unable to do Up to this time the association had been composed entirety of women, but now that the work had become so great they felt that the men of the community should share it; this was in 190. In February, 1911, the association put on a stupen- dou drive for funds for building a new plant in Springfield and $225,000 was subscribed. On July 1, 1911,the association was granteda newharter to meet the requirement, necessary in the erection of the new St. Luke's. Plaun were drawn for a modern hospital of the pavilion type with connecting corridors, comprising as a whole 12 unite. Ground was broken for the first block of eight units in July, 1912, and on January 26, 1914, the patients were removed from the old hospital in East Jaekon- ville to the newone in Springfield. The eight units completed in 1914 were the administration and service buildings, public and private pavilions, nurses' home, power house, white ioo- lation and colored isolation pavilions. The completion of these units represented an outlay of $221,637, including equipment. In October, 1921, a eampaign was put en for funds for the erection of additional units and $52,000 was subscribed. Work on the children-maternity unit to cst $35,000 is about to begin, the remaining amount to be used for equipment Ever since that winter more than half a century ago, when one of the sick strangers died in a hack on the street and the other on the steps of one of our churches, St. Luke's has been a by-word with the people of Jacksonville. Two of its founders-its real originators-were ladies of the Old South who arose above the bitter feeling of the time and in the spirit of tome Christian charity laid the foundation for this time-honored institution. Four generations of patients on every state of life and society and from all sections of the country have been cared for within its walls. Presidents of St. Luke's Iospitel Association: Prior to 1832 the Association was directed by its three founders who  428 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORiDA 42 HISTORY OF JACESONVILLE, FLORIDA 428 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA signed reports as "Directoresse," invariably in the order, Mrs. Susan A. Hartridge, Mrs. A. Doggett, Mrs. J.D.Mitchell. Upon the adoption of a constitution in 1882, Mrs. Alexander Mitchell was asked to become president; Mrs. Mitchell served from 1882 to February, 1899, and was succeeded by Mrs. D. G. Ambler. Mrs. Ambler was active president about a year, when upon her removal from the city she became honorary president and Mrs. J. H. Durkee active president. Mrs. Durkee was elected president in April, 1902, and served until 1910, since which time the following gentlemen have served as presidents: A. W. Cockrell, Jr., 1910-18; E. M. L'Engle, 1916-19; J. H. Mcinnon, 1919-20; Jay H. Durkee, 1920-21; J. H. Mc~inon, 1921-29; E. M. LEngle, 1920-24; H. P. Osborne, 1924-. Free Public Library, 1878 In the fall of 1877, two young ladies of Jacksonville, Miss Florence Murphy and Miss May Moore, originated the plan of starting a free public library and reading room in this city. Soon many prominent residents, both ladies and gentlemen, became identified with the movement, with the result that the Jacksonville Library and Literary Association was formed, ollicered as follows: Miss Florence Murphy, presi- dent; Mrs. Aristides Doggett, vice-president; Miss May Moore, secretary; Miss Lincie Clark, treasurer. The first regular meeting of the association was held Jannary 22, 1878. In order to provide funds for equipping and opening a reading room the assoclatian gave a number of entertain- ments, moonlight excursions, amateur concerts, lectures and plays. Among the last were "Pinafore", "Chimes of Nor- mandy", "Pirates of Penance" and'Sorcerer". Theseplays were the most popular social events of the time in Jackson- ville. "Pinafore" made an especial "hit", being repeated several times and was long afterward referred to as the beat local play of the decade. The at in "Pinafore" was: Frank Ely-Sir Joseph Porter; Miss Lola Ochu-Josephine; Geo. M. Parkep-Captain Corcoran; Miss Ida Griffin-Little But- tercup; J. C. Marcy, Jr.-Ralph; A. B. Campbell--Dick Deadeye. Sufsicient funds were netted from these entertainments to rent a room in the Astor building, southeast corner of Bay and Hogan, where in the winter of 1878-9 the first free public signed reports as "Directoresses" invariably in the order, Mrs. Susan A. Cartridge, Mrs. A. Doggett, Mrs. J.D.Mitchell. Upon the adoption of a constitution in 1882, Mrs. Alexander Mitchell wasasked to become president; Mrs. Mitchell served frem 1882 to February, 1899, and was succeeded by Mrs. D. G. Ambler. Mrs. Ambler was active president about a year, when upon her removal from the city she became honorary president and Mrs. J. H. Durkee active president. Mrs. Durkee was elected president in April, 1902, and served until 1910, since which time the following gentlemen have served as presidents: A. W. Cockrell, Jr., 1910-16; E. M. L'Enge, 1916-19; J. H. Mclinnon, 1919-20 ; Jay H. Durkee, 1920-21; J. H. Mlcinnon, 1921-23; E. . L'Engle, 1923-24; H. P. Osborne, 1924 Free Public Library, 1878 In the fall of 187?, two young ladies of Jacksonville, Miss Florence Murphy and Miss May Moore, originated the plan of startinga free public library and reading room in this city. Soon many prominent residents, both ladies and centlemen, became identified with the movement, with the result that the Jacksonville Library and Literary Association was formed, oficered as follows: Miss Florence Murphy, presi- dent; Mrs. Aristides Doggett, vice-president; Miss May Moore, secretary ; Miss Linie Clark, treasurer. The frst regular meeting of the association was held January 22, 1878. t order to provide funds for equipping and opening a reading room the association gave a number of entertain- ment, moonlight excursions, amateur concerts, lectures and plays. Among the last were "Pinafore", "Chimes of Nor- mandy","Pirates of Penance" and "Sorcerer". Theseplays were the most popular social events of the time in Jackson- otle. "Pinafore" made an especial "hit", being repeated several times and was long afterward referred to as the best local play of the decade. The cast in "Pinafore" was: Frank Ely-Sir Joseph Porter; Miss Lola Ochs.-Jsephine; Geo. M. Parker-Captain Corcoran; Miss Ida Grinin-Little But- tercup; J. C. Marcy, Jr. -Ralph; A. B. Campbell-Dick Deadey. Sullict funds were netted from these entertainments to rent a room in the Astor building, southeast corner of Bay and Hogan, where in the winter of 1878-8 the first free public signed reports as "Directoresses" invariably in the order, Mrs. Soan A. Harridge, Mrs. A. Doggett, Mrs. J.D.MitchelL. Upon the adoption of a constitution in 1882, Mrs. Alexander Mitchell was asked to become president; Mrs. Mitchell served from 1882 to February, 1899, and was succeeded by Mrs. D. G. Ambler. Mrs. Ambler was active president about a year, when upon her removal from the city she became honorary presidenl. and Mrs. J. H. Durkee active president. Mrs. Durkee was elected president in April, 1902, and served until 1910, since which time the following gentlemen have served as presidents: A. W. Cockrel], Jr., 1910-16; E. M. L'Engle, 1916-19; J. H. Mcxinnon, 1919-20; Jay H. Durkee, 1920.21; J. H. McEKinnon, 1921-23; E. M. L'Engle, 1923-24; H. P. Osborne, 1924-, Free Public Library, 1878 In the fall of 1877. two young ladies of Jacksonvlle, Miss Florence Murphy and Miss May Moore, originated the plan of starting a free public library and reading room in this city. Soon many prominent residents, both ladies and gentlemen, became identified with the movement, with the result that the Jacksonville Library and Literary Association was formed, officered as follows: Miss Florence Murphy, presi- dent; Mrs. Aristides Doggett, vice-president; Miss May Moore, secretary; Miss Linnie Clark, treasurer. The first regular meeting of the association was held January 22, 1878. to order to provide funds for equipping and opening a reading room the association gave a number of entertain- ments, moonlight excurseions, amateur concerts, le ture, and plays. Among the last were "Pinafore", "Chimes of Nor- mandy","PIratesof Penance"and"Sorcerer". These plays were the most popular social events of the time in Jackson- vie. "Piefore" made an especial "hit", being repeated several timee and was long afterward referred to as the best localplay Of the decade. The east in "Pinafore" was:Frank Ely-Sir Joseph Porter; Miss Lola Ochus-Josephine; Geo. M. Parker-Captain Corcoran; Miss Ida Grilin-Little But- tercup; J. C. Marcy, Jr.-Ralp; A. B. Campbell-Dick Deadeye. Sufficient funds were netted from these entertainments to rent a room in the Astor building, southeast corner of Bay and Hogan, where in the winter of 18789 the first free public  HISTORY OF IACESONVILLE, FLORIDA 429 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 429 HISTORY OF JACSONVL, FLORIDA 429 reading room in Jacksonville was opened. Books, papers and periodicals were provided by purchase and donation and though the assortment was not extensive the clss was the best. The room was oared for by members of the assacsation the trat winter, but in the following winter, 1879-80, a reg- ular librarian was appointed at a small salary; James Doug- lass was the frat regular librarian of the public library. After the establishment of the reading room on a firm basIs the social and literary features of the association were grad- ually dropped and interest in the work then began to wane. Taken at random from the necretary's minutes these names, besides those already mentioned, appear conaistently in the roll of "present" at the meetings of the association during its farmatian and early growth: Rev. W. H. Dodge, Rev. Frederick Pases, Mrs. J. D. Mitchell, Misses Elizabeth, Alice and May Long, Miss Belle Abell, Miss Eva Murphy. Miss Sue Patti Hartridge, R. H. Weller, Jr., H. H. Buckman, R. M. Call, Dr. H. R. Stout, B. H. Barnett, W. H. Ashmead, A. Doggett, Judge and Mrs. E. M. Randall, Miss Sue L'Engle, Julius Drew, Miss Luda Tucker, Mrs, F. A. Love, Miss Emma Hudnall, Miss Emmie Bours, Miss Lillie Hartridge, Dr. W. L. Baldwin, Misaem Broward, and many others. In 1888 the aseociation was reorganized as the Jackson, ville Library Association with J. Q. . Brbridge, a generous patron of the library, as its president. The objects of the new association as stated were: "To provide a public library and free reading reomu, with museum and art departments". Membership fees at this time were: Life, $25; ten years, $15; annual, $2. James Meegan was the librarian. In 1888 the Association, through the generosity of the citisens of Jack- sonville, was enabled to lease a lot at the southeast corner of Laura and Adams Streets and erect there a neat one-story fome building having a steep roof anda small entrece porch in front facing Adams Street; the building was completed early in 1884. The Associationwas incorporated inMay, 1885. The library building is time came to be the community house for Jacksonville, where social meetings of all kinds were held, while on Sundays many denominations from time io time used it for their religious services. This was the hnme of the library for exactly ten years, and in that period the libraria were, following James Meegan: Mr. James Meegan, Columbus Drew, and C. H. Smith. reading roominJacksonville was opened. Books,papersand periodicals were provided by purchase and donation and though the assortment was not extensive the class was the best. The room was cared for by members of the asociation the first winter, but in the following winter, 1879-80, a reg- ular librarian was appointed at a small salary; James Doug- lass was the first regular librarian of the public library. After the establishment of the reading room on a firm basis the social and literary features of the association were grad- ually dropped and interest in the work then began to wane. Taken at random from the secretary' minutes these names, besides those already mentioned, appear consistently in the roll of "present" at the meetings of the association during its formation and early growth: Rev. W. H. Dodge, Rev. Frederick Posce, Mrs. J. D. Mitchell, Misses Elizabeth, Alice and May Long, Miss Belle Abell, Mia Eva Murphy, Miss Sue Patti Hartridge, R. H. Weller, Jr., H. H. Buckman, R. M. Call, Dr. H. R. Stout, B. H. Barnett, W. H. Ashmead, A, Doggett, Judge and Mrs. E, M. Randall, Miss Sue L'Engle, Julius Drew, Miss Lula Tucker, Mrs. F. A. Love, Miss Emma Hudnall, Miss Emmie Baurs, Miss Lillie Hartridge, Dr. W. L. Baldwin, Misses Broward, and many others. In 1883 the assaciation was reorganized an the Jackson- vIle Library Association with J. Q. Burbridge, a generous patron of the library, as its president. The objects of the new association as stated were: "To provide a public library and free reading rooms, with museum and art departments". Membership fees at this time were: Life, $25; ten years, $15; annual, $2. James Meegan was the librarian. In 1888 the Association, through the generosity of the citles of Jaek- s.nville, was enabled to lease a lot at the southeast corner of Laura and Adams Streets and erect there a neat one-story frame buildinghaving asteep roof andasmall entrance porch in front facing Adame Street; the building was completed earlyin 1884. TheAssociationwas incorporated inMay, 1885, The library building in time came to be the community house for Jacksonvile, where social meetings of all kinds were held, while on Sundays many denominations from time to time used it for their religious services. This was the home of the library for exactly ten years, and in that period the librarians were, following Jame Meegan: Mrs. James Meegan, Columbus Drew, and C, K Smith. reading room in Jacksonville was opened. Books, paper and periodicals were provided by purchase and donation and though the assortment was not extensive the class wan the best. The room was cared for by members of the association the first winter, but in the following winter, 1879-80, a reg- ular librarian was appointed at a small salary ; James Doug. lass was the first regular librarian of the public library. After the establishment of the reading room on a firm basis the social and literary features f the associatin were grad- ually dropped and interest in the work then began to wane. Taken at random from the secretacy' minutes these names, besides those already mentioned, appoear consistently in the roll of "present" at the meetings of the association during its formation and early growth: Rev. W. H. Dodge, Rev. Frederick Pasco, Mrs. J. D. Mitchell, Misses Elizabeth, Alice and May Long, Miss Beile Abell, Miss Eva Murphy, Miss Sue Patti Hartridge, R. H Weller, Jr., H. H. Becran. R. M. Cal, Dr. H. R. Stout, B. H. Barnett, W. H. Ashread, A. Doggett, Judge and Mrs. E. M. Randall, Miss Sue L'Engle, Julius Drew, Miss Lula Tucker, Mrs. F. A. Love, Miss Emma Hudnali, Miss Emmie Bourn, Miss Lillie Hartridge, Dr. W. L, Baldwin, Misses Broward, and many others. In 188 the association was reorganized as the Jackson- ville Library Association with J. Q. Burbridge, a generous patron of the library, as its president. The objects of the new association as stated were: To provide a public library and free reading reoms, with museum and art departments". Membership fees at this time were: Life, $25; ten years, $15; annual, $2. James Meegan was the librarian. In 1888 the Association, through the generosity of the citizens of Jack- sonville, was enabled to lease a lot at the southeast corner of Laura and Adams Streets and erect there a neat one-story frame buildinghavingasteep roof andasmall entrance porch in front facing Adams Street; the building was completed earlyin 1884. TheAssociationwas incorporated inMay, 1885. The library building in time came to be the community house for Jaksonville, where social meetings of all kinds were held, while on Sundays many denominations from time to time used it for their religious services. This was the home of the library for exactly ten years, and in that period the librarians were, following James Meegan: Mrs. James Meegan, Columbus Drew, and C. H. Smith.  4a0 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 430 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 40 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA In thenummerof 1892,the LibraryAssciationthe Board of Trade, and the Elks Club entered into an agreement to combine in the erection of a suitable building adequate for the needs of the three organizations and on December 24, 1892, they were incorporated an the Union Building Asso- ciation. In the arrangement the Library Association was to sell its interest in the property at Adams and Laura Streets and purchase the site for the new building called the "Union" building. This they did, buying the half lot at tho northeast corner of Adams and Main Streets. Here the Union building wes built at a cent of $17,000; it was completed and occupied in the winter of 1894-5. As is usually the case in combina- tions of this kind it soon developed that the arrangement was not a satisfactory one. The secretary of the Board of Trade assumed the duties of librarian of the Public Library and the latter seemed to lose its separate identity to a certain extent. The widespread interest in the library while it owned its own building and had its own librarian had waned decidedly by 1901, when the fire of May 3d brought the history of the old institution to a close. In less than a year after the fire steps were taken to pro- cure a donation from the Andrew Carnegie fund for the pur- ponse of building a library here. In February. 1902, Mr. Car- negie notified the local association that he would give $50,000 for a building if the city would provide a site and appropriate not less than $5,000 annually for the support of the library. -Upon receipt of this offer, the library association held a meeting and unanimously advocated the acceptance of the offer, and agreed to buy the site for the building and give it to the city, if the city would meet the appropriation for main- tenance. This offer was made to the city concil andaSpecial city primary was calend for the public to express its desires in the matter; the primary was held November 4, 1902, and resulted 640 for and 625 against acceptance. The council then passed the resolution, accepting Mr. Carnegie' offer, al voting for it excepting one councilman. Fulfilling its promise, the Library Association sold its interest in the lot at corner of Main and Adams Streets and together with the in- haran money collected from the fire bought the lot 80xs feet at the northeast corner of Ocean and Adamo Streets and donated it to the city apasite for the library. On January 6, 1903, the council created a Public Library Board composed Inthesummerof 1892,the LibraryAssociationthe Board of Trade, and the Elks Club entered into an agreement to combine in the erection of a suitable building adequate for the needs of the thoce organizations and on December 24, 1892, they were incorporated as the Union Building Asso- ciation. In the arrangement the Library Association was to sell its interest in the property at Adams and Laura Streets and purchase the site for the new building called the "Union" building. Thio they did, buying the half lot at the northeast corner of Adams and Main Streets. Here the Union building wa built at a cost of $17,000; it was completed and occupied in the winter of 1894-5. As is usually the cane in combina- tions of this kind it soon developed that the arrangement was not a satisfactory one. The secretary of the Board of Trade assumed the duties of librarian of the Public Library and the latter seemed to lose its separate identity to a certain extent. The widespread interest in the library while it owned its own building and had its own librarian had waned decidedly by 1901, when the lire of May 3d brought the history of the old institution to a close, In less than a year after the fire steps were taken to pro- cure a donation from the Andrew Carnegie fond for the pur- pose of building a library here. In February, 1902, Mr. Car- egi notifed the local association that he would give $50,000 for abuilding if the city would provide a site and appropriate not less than $5,000 annually for the support of the library. Upon receipt of this offer, the library association held a meeting and unanimously advocated the acceptance of the offer, and agreed to buy the site for the building and give it to the city, if the city would meet the appropriation for main- tenance. This offer was made to the city cotnol and special city primary was called for the public to express its desire. in the matter; the primary was held November 4, 102, sad resulted 640 for and 625 against acceptance. The council then passed the resolution, accepting Mr. Carnegie's offer, all voting for it excepting one councilman. Fudiing its promise, the Library Asociation sold its interest in the lot at comer of Main and Adams Streets and together with the in- surance money collected from the tire bought the lot 80x8 feet at the northeast corner of Ocean and Adams Streets and donated it to the city asanite for the library, On January 6, 1903, the council created a Public Library Board composed In thesummerof 1892, the LibraryAociation, the Board of Trade, and the Elks Club entered into an agreement to combine in the erection of a suitable building adequate for the needs of the three organizations and on December 24, 1892, they were incorporated as the Union Building Asso- ciation. In the arrangement the Library Association was to sell its interest in the property at Adams and Laura Streets and purchase the site for the new building called the "Union" building. This they did, buying the half lot at the northeast corner of Adams and Main Streets. Here the Union building was built at a cost of 17,000; it was completed and occupied in the winter of 1894-5. As is usually the case in combina- tions of this kind it soon developed that the arrangement was not a satisfactory one. The secretary of the Board of Trade assumed the duties of librarian of the Public Library and the latter seemed to lose its separate identity to a certain extent. The widespread interest in the library while it owned its own building and had its own librarian had waned decidedly by 1901, when the lore of May 3d brought the history of the old institution to a close. In looss thansayear after the fire steps were taken to pro- cure a donation from the Andrew Carnegie fund for the pur- pose of building a library here. In February, 1902, Mr. Car- negie notified the local association that he would give $50,000 fors building if the city would provide a site and appropriate not less than $5,000 annually for the support of the library. Upon receipt of this oer, the library association held a meeting and unanimously advocated the acceptance of the offer, and agreed to buy the site for the building and give it to the city, if the city would meet the appropriation for main- tenance. Thin offer was made to the city council and a special city primary was called for the public to expreas its desire, in the matter ; the primary was held November 4, 1902, and resulted 640 for and 625 against acceptance. The council then psed the resolution, accepting Mr. Camegie'e offer, all votig for it excepting one councilman. Fullling its promise, the Library Association sold its interest in the lot at corner of Main and Adams Streets and together with the in- surance money collected from the fire bought the lot 80x85 feet at the northeast corner of Ocean and Adams Streets and donated it to the city as a site for the library. On January 6, 190l, the council created a Public Library Board composed  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 431 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 431 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 431 of E. J. LEngle, C, D. Rinehart, C. E. Garner, J. R. Parrott, W. W. Cummer, D. U. Fletcher, A. F, Perry. C. Drew, J. W. Archibald. These were the first Library Trustees. The contract for the library building was awarded to Owens Contracting Company for $44,897, and on October 3, 1903, ground was broken for it. The library was opened to the public June 1, 1905. The balance remaining from the building fund was used in improvements and shelving. The building is practically fireproof, the only woodwork being the flering, sash and doors. Moot of the shelving is steel. The style of the building is Greek Ionic, similar to all Carnegie libraries. Its official name is Jacksonville free Public Li- brary. George B. Utley, an experienced librarian of Baltimore, was appointed librarian of the new library here ; he and Mss Elisabeth V. Long were the first officers and they prepared the library for its opening in 1905, at which time there were 6,600 volumes on the shelves and 50 periodicals on the sub- scriptio list. The first year or two the city failed to meet its appropriation in full and considerable embarrassment eulted, but public-spirited citizens rame to the reenae by providing enough fonds to tide it over. Secondary only to the schools in the work of education, the library stands today a nmonumet to the citizens of Jacksonville who gave their time and money for the perpetuation of this valuable inoti- tution. In December, 1924, the library ' subscription list com- prised 20 prominent newspapers and 254 periodicals and it had 69,940 bound volumes on its shelves. The total number of active borrowers holding rords was 18,881. A statement of the mumber of visitors to the library during the year would be only an estimate, for many thousands use it for reading and reference without taking cards. It is the same with the children's room; more than 5,000 active borrowers are re- corded, but this represents but a small fraction of the young people that the library assists every year and especially dur- ing school terms. Librarians of the Jacksonville Free Public Library: George B. Utley to February, 1911+ Joseph L.Wheeler,March 1911, to October, 1912; Lloyd W. Jonselyn, November., 1912, to December, 1919; Joseph F. Marron, January, 1920, to date. of E. J. UEngle, C. D. Rinehart, C. E. Garner, J. R. Parrott, W. W. Cummer, D. U. Fletcher, A. F. Perry, C. Drew, J. W. Archibald. These were the first Library Trustees. The contract for the library building woo awarded to Owens Contracting Company for $44,897, and on October 3, 1903, ground was broken for it. The library was opened to the public June 1, 1905. The balance remaining from the building fund was used in improvements and shelving. The boilding is practically fireproof, the only woodwork being the fleoriny, sash and doors. Meet of the shelving is steel. The style of the building is Greek Ionic, similar to all Carnegie libraries. Its official name is Jacksonville Free Public Li- brary. George B. Utley, an experienced librarian of Baltimore, was appointed librarian of the new library here; he and Miss Elizabeth V. Long were the first officers and they prepared the library for its oeneing in 1905, at which time there were 6,000 volumes on the shelves and 50 periodicals on the sub- scription list. The first year or two the city failed to meet its appropriation in full and considerable embarrassment resuilted, but public-spirited citiceno came to the emcue by providing enough funds to tide it over. Secondary only to the schools in the work of education, the library stands today a monumest to the citizns of Jacksonville who gave their time and money for the perpetuation of this valuable insti- tution. In December, 1924, the library's subscription list com- priced 20 prominent newspapers and 254 periodicals and it had 60,940 bound volumes on its shelves. The total number of active borrowers holding cards was 18,881. A statement of the number of visitors to the library during the year would be only an estimate, for many thousands use it for reading and reference without taking cards. It is the same with the children's room; more than 6,000 active borrowers are re. corded, but this represents but a small fraction of the young people that the library assists every year and especially dur- ing school terms. Librarians of the Jacksonville Free Public Library: George a, Utley to February, 1911; Joseph L.WheelerMarch 1911, to October, 1912; Lloyd W. Jooselyn, November, 1912, to December, 1919; Joseph F. Marrn, January, 1920, to date. of E. J, LEngle, C. D. Rinehart, C. E. Garner, J, R. Parrott, W. W. Cummer, D. U. Fletcher, A. F, Perry, C. Drew, J. W. Archibald. These were the first Library Trustees. The contract for the library building was awarded to Owens Contracting Company for $44,897, and on October 3, 1903, ground was broken for it. The library was opened in the poblic June 1, 1905. The balance remaining from the building fund was used in improvements and shelving. The building is practically fireproof, the-only woodwork being the flooring, sash and doors. Most of the shelving is steel. The style of the building is Greek Ionic, similar to all Carnegie libraries. Its official name is Jacksonville Free Public Li- brary. George B. Utley, an experienced librarian of Baltimore, was appointed librarian ef the new library here; he and Mis Elizabeth V. Long were the first officers and they prepared the library for its opening in 1905, at which time there were 6,600 volumes on the shelves and 50 periodicals on the sub- scription list. The first year or two the city failed to meet its appropriation in full and considerable embarrassment resulted, but public-spirited citizens came to the rescue by providing enough funds to tide it over. Secondary only to the schools in the work of education, the library stands today aamument to the citicens of Jacksonville who gave their time and money for the perpetation of this valuable lonti- ltion. In December, 1924, the library's subscription list com- prised 20 prominent newspapers and 254 periodicals and it had 69,940 bound volumes on its shelves. The total number of active borrowers holding cards was 18,881. A statenent of the number of visitors to the library during the year would be soly as estimate, for many thousands use it for reading and reference without taking cards. It is the same with the children's room; more than 5,000 active borrowers are re- corded, but this represents but a small fraction of the young people that the library assists every year and especially dur- ing school terms. Librarians of the Jacksonville Free Public Library: George B. Utley to February, 1911; Joseph L.Wheeler,March 1911, to October, 1912; Lloyd W. Josselyn, November, 1902, to December, 1919; Joseph F. Marron, January, 1920, to date.  482 HISTORY OF JACKSONVLLE, FLORIDA 482 HISTORY OF JACKONVILLE, FLORIDA 48 HISTORY OF JACfSONVILLE. FLORIDA Chamber of Commerce, 1884 There is a record of a Board of Trade in Jacksonville in 1856; it was an advertisement published that year, setting forth the advantages of Jacksonville as a place of residence. Or. Theodore Hartridge was president of the organization and probably it was kept up until the beginning of the War Between the States. In 1866, an effort was made to revive the Board of Trade, and there are traces of it as late as 1872, The present Chamber of Commerce dates back to January 31, 1884, when a meeting was held in the office of J. Q. BOr- bridge for the purpose of forming a permanent Board of Trade in Jacksonville. Mr. Burbridge presided and Henry 8. Ely acted as secretary. Twenty boiness men attended that meeting, and after a general discussion of the necessity for such an organization a resolution was adopted declaring "the interests of Jacksonville demand the organizatien of a Board of Trade". At a meeting February 7. 1884, a consti- tution was reported and adopted. On February 18, 1884, er-Governor George F. Drew was chosen president, and J. Q. Burbridge, J. E. Hart, J. M. Schumacher and MA. Dzialynski were elected governors. Thesewerethe firstolficers. Forty names represented the first enrollment. The first secretary, J. P. Varnum, was appointed March 15, 1884. There were some defects in the original constitution and a new one was adopted May 14th and the by-laws May 21, 1884. The Board of Trade was incorporated July 8, 1893. The charter was greatly amended May 16, 1918, to meet the growing needs of the organization. The. name was changed to Chamber of Commerce January 6, 1915, and it was incorporated under that name March 24, 1915. On October 25, 1921, a new con- stitution and new by-laws were adopted. The record of the Chamber of Commerce since the organ- iatn in 184, is a constructive history of many pages in itself. It was successful in its first year in scourig an im- provement in the rail and mail facilities for Jacksonville; and started the agitation for a Federal building; it immediately took up the fight for bar and harbor improvement, an activity that was never afterward allowed to wane. Itwasinallofthe skirmishes and battles on the side of progress for Jackson- ville when the place was developing from the town class into that of city. It advocated without exception the measures for local advancement in those days and originated many of Chamber of Commerce, 1884 There is a record of a Board of Trade in Jacksonville in 1856; it was an advertisement published that year, setting forth the advantages of Jacksonville as a place of residence. Dr. Theodore Hartridge was president of the organization and probably it was kept up until the beginning of the War Between the States. In 1866, an effort was made to revive the Board of Trade, and there are traces of it as late as 1872. The present Chamber of Commerce dates back to January 31, 1884, when a meeting was held in the office of J. Q. Bur- bridge for the purpose of forming a permanent Board of Trade in Jacksonville. Mr. Barnbridge presided and Henry S. Ely acted as secretary. Twenty business men attended that meeting, and after a general discussion of the necessity for such an organization a resolution wao adopted declaring "the interests of Jacksonville demand the organization of a Board of Trade". At a meeting February 7, 1884, a consti- tution was reported and adopted On February 18, 1884. ex-Governor George F. Drew was chosen president, and J. Q. Burbridge, 1. E. Hart, J. M. Schumacher and M. A. Dzialynski were elected governors. These were the first of icers. Forty names represented the first enrollment. The first secretary, J, P. Varusm, was appointed March 15, 1884. There were some defeete in the original constitution and a new one was adopted May 14th and the by-laws May 21, 1884. The Board of Trade was incorporated July 8, 1898. The charter was greatly amended May 16, 1913, to meet the growing needs of the organization. The.name was changed to Chamber of Commerce January 6, 1915, and it was incorporated under that name March 24, 1915. On October 25, 191, a new ma- stitution and new by-laws were adopted. The record of the Chamber of Commerce ace the organ- ization in 1884, is a constructive history of many pages in itself. It was successful in its first year in securing an im- provement in the rail and mail facilities for Jacksonville; and started the agitation for a Federal building; it immediately took up the fight for bar and harbor improvement an activity thatwasneverafterwardallowedtwane. Itwasinallofthe skirmishes and battles on the side of progress for Jackson- vile when the place was developing from the town class into that of city. It advocated without exception the measures for local advancement in those days and originated many of Chamber of Commerce, 1884 There is a record of a Board of Trade in Jacksonville in 1856; it was an advertisement published that year, setting forth the advantages of Jackeonville as a place of residence. Dr Theodore Hartridge was president of the organization and probably it was kept op until the beginning of the War Between the States. In 1866, an effort was made to revive the Board of Trade, and there are traces of it as late as 1872. The present Chamber of Commerce dates back to January 31, 1884, when a meeting was held in the office of, . Br- bridge for the purpose of forming a permanent Board of Trade in Jacksonville. Mr. Burbridge presided and Henry 8. Ely acted as secretary. Twenty business men attended that meeting, and after a general discussion of the necessity for such an organization a resolution was adopted declaring "the interests of Jacksonville demand the organization of a Board of Trade". At a meeting February 7, 1884, a coosti- tution was reported and adopted. On February 18, 1884, er-Governor George F. Drew was chosen president, and J. Q. Burbridge, J. E. Hart, J.3M. Schumacher and M. A. Dzialynskl were elected governors. These were the first officers. Forty names represented the first enrollment. The first secretary, J. P. Varnm, was appointed March 15, 1884. There were some defects in the original constitution and a new oa was adopted May 14th and the by-laws May 21,1884. The Board of Trade was incorporated July 8, 1898. The charter was greatly amended May 16, 1913, to meet the growing needs of the organization. The. name was changed to Chamber of Commerce January 6, 1915, and it was incorporated under that name March 24, 1915, On October 25, 1921, a new con- otitution and new by-laws were adopted. The record of the Chamber of Commerce eince the organ- ization in 1884, is a constructive history of many pages in itself. It was successful in its first year in securing an iM- provementin the rail sad mail facilities for Jacksonville; and started the agitation for a Federal building; it immediately took up the fight for bar and harbor improvement, an activity thatwasneverafterwardallowed towane, It was inallof the skirmishes and battles on the side of progress for Jackson- ville when the place was developing from the town class into that of city. It advocated without exception the measures for local advancement in those days and originated many of  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 43 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLOIA 48g HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 43 them. Usually its efforts were successful, though often not until after a long and hard struggle. Years ago some statistical genius sat down before an array of figures which he added, multiplied, subtracted and divided and then drew a line on the map across the South. He called it the southern limit of profitable manufacturing enterprise. Waterpower, yellow fever epidemics and various other things were incorporated in the theorem. In the direr- tion of Jacksonville this theoretical line dipped to Augusta, Ga., and to a certain extent there did grow up in the North an idea that big boshiess enterprises would not be profitable in the far South as a year-round proposition, with the result that Northern capitalists were timid about investments here. In the years before the fire of 1901, the efforts of the Board of Trade hit this theoretical line and hammered it hard; since then its activities have swept it from the map. Perhaps the greatest achievement of the organization In a specific line was the part it played in river and harbor work for Jacksonville. From the very beginning its full power was constantly exerted for river and harbor appropriations. It was the father of the county bond issue of 1891 for deep- ening the channel at Dame's Point so that the full benefit of the government work at the mouth of the river might be available for this oity. It carried the agitation for deeper, and still deeper water for Jacksonville to a succsful end. It originated the idea for municipal doecks and advanced the money, $8,300, fora special session of the Florida Legislature in 1912 to authorize a bond issue for their construetion. As to its other activities its committees are designed to cover all the phases of industrial activity. Welded together an one body the Chamber of Commerce is a powerful factor in the advancement of Jackoonville as well as the State of Flor- ida. It is generally considered one of the most progressive. reganiations in the country. In 1924 a membership cam- paign was inauguratd which resulted in increasing the active membership to 3,100. For the first ten years the Beard of Trade had no per- manent home, holding its meetings in rented halls in the business section. In 1894, what was known as the "Union Building" was built at the northeast corner of Main and Adams Streets for the joint occupancy of the Board of Trade, Library Association, and Elks' Club. The arrangement did them. Usually its efforts were successful, though often not until after a long and hard struggle. Years age some statistical genius sat down before an array of figures which he added, multiplied, subtracted and divided and then drew a line en the map across the South. He called it the southern limit of profitable manufacturing enterprise. Waterpower, yellow fever epidemics and various other things were incorporated in the theorem. In the direr- tion of Jacksonville this theoretical line dipped to Augusta. Ga., and to a certain extent there did grow up in the North an idea that big boos enterprises would not be profitable in the far South as a year-round proposition, with the result that Northern capitalists were tinid about investments here. In the years boefore the fire of 1901, the efforts of the Board of Trade hit this theoretical line and hammered it hard; since then its activities have swept it from the map. Perhaps the greatest achievement of the organization in a specific line wan the part it played in river and harbor work for Jacksonville. From the very beginning its full power was contantly exerted for river and harbor appropriations. It was the father of the county bond issue of 1891 for deep- ening the channel at Dame's Point so that the full benefit of the government work at the mouth of the river might be available for this city. It carried the agitation for deeper, and still deeper water for Jacksonville to a successful end. It originated the idea for municipal docks and advanced the money, s$,300, fora special session of the Florida Legislature in 1912 to authorize a bond issue for their construction, As to its other activities its committees are designed to cover all the phases of industrial activity. Welded together in onu body the Chamber of Commerce is a powerful factor in the advancement of Jacksonville as well an the State of Flog ida. It is generally considered one of the most progressive organizations in the country. In 1924 a membership cam- paign pas inaugurated which resulted il inoreasing the active membeership to 3,100, For toe irst ten years the Board of Trade had no per- manent home, holding its meetings in rented hals in the business section. In 1894, what was known as the "Union Building" was built at the northeast corner of Main and Adams Streets for the joint occupancy of the Board of Trade, LIbrary Association, and Elko' Club. The arrangement did them. Usually its efforts were successful, though often not until after a long and hard struggle. Years age some statistical genius cat down before an array of figures which he added, multiplied, subtracted snd divided and then drew a line on the map across the South. He called it the southern limit of profitable manufacturing enterprise, Waterpower, yellow fever epidemics and various otherthingwereincorporated in the theorem. In the direr lion of Jacksonville this theoretical line dipped to Augusta, Ga., and in a certain extent there did grow ap in the North an idea that big busineso enterprises would not be profitable in the far South a year-round proposition, with the result that Northern capitalists were timid about investments here. In the years before the ire of 1901, the efforts of the Board of Trade hit this theoretical hi and hammered it hard; since then its activities have swept it from the map. Perhaps the greatest achievement of the organization in na specifc line was the part it played in river and harbor work for Jacksonville. From the very beginning its full power was constantly exerted for river and harbor appropriations. It was the father of the county bond issue of 1891 for deep- using the channel at Dame's Point so that the full benefit of the government work at the mouth of the river might be available for this city. It carried the agitation for deeper, and still deeper water for Jacksnlville to a successful end. It originated the idea for municipal docks and advanced the money, $8300, fora special session of the Florida Legislature in 1912 to authorize a bond issue for their construction. As to itso other ctivities committees are designed to cover all the phasen of in dustria activity. Welded together in one body the Chamber of Commerce is a powerful factor in the advancement of Jacksonville as well s the State of Fior- ida. It is generally considered one of the most progressv. organizations in the country. In 1924 a membrship cam- paign was isugurated which resulted in increasin the active membership to la100 or tine first ten years the Board of Trade had no per- manent home, holding its meetings in rented halls in the busines. section. In 1894, what was known as the "Union Building" was bouit at the northeast corner of Main and Adams Streets far the faint occupancy of the Beard of Trade Library Association, and Elks' Club. The arrangement did  434 HISTORY OF JACKONVILLE, FLORIDA 434 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 434 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA not prove satisfactory and the Elks' Club sold its interestand moved to anotherlocation. The nion Building wasdestroyed in the fire of May 3, 1901. After the fire the Board of Trade bought the interest of the Library Association in the prop- erty, which at that time comprised only the half let, and acquired by purchase the other half of the lot, issued bonds anderectedthepresentbuilding. Thisbuildingwoooccupied May 18, 1904. Presidents: Geo. F. Drew, 1884-5; J. J. Daniel, 1886-7; J. E. Hart, 18889; J. N. C. Stockton, 1890; J. S. Fairhead, 1891-2; A. B. Campbell, 1893-4; A. S. Baldwin, 1895; R. B. Archibald, 1896; J. G. Christopher, 1897; J. S. Fairhead, 1898; C. E. Garner, 1899 to 1907; W. A. Bours, 1908.9; F. P. Cenroy, 1910.11 ; G. L. Drew, 1912-13 (resigned) ; H.B.Bace, 1913; C. H. Monn, 1914-15; F. C. Groover, 1916-17; J. D. Baker, 1918; A. W. Cockrell, Jr., 1919-20; H. P. Adair, 1921,2 (resigned) ; C. H. Mann, 1922; G. H. Baldwin, 1923 to date. Managers: A. V. Sonell, October 1921, to date. Secretaries;: J. P. Varnum, 1884-85; J. M. Fairlie, 1885-88 died of yellow fever) ; C. H. Smith, 1889-95; T. H. Livingston, 1896-97; C. H. Smith, 1897-1908; H. H. Richardson, 1903- 1913; W. N. Conuley,1913-15 (diedin since); H.S. Kealhofer, 1915; G. E. Leonard, 1918.16; B. R. Keosler, 1916-21; A. J. Stowe, 1921 to date. The Junior Chamber of Commerce was organized Jan- uary 6,1922, with W. E. Arnold as president. It is composed of the younger business men of the city and is closely afili- ated with the parent trganiation. Daniel Memorial Orphanage, 1884 The first steps for the benefit of the orphan children of the city were taken late in 1883, at an entertainment given at the home of Mrs. A. L. Hungerford by the young people of the Sunday school of the Congregational Church, at which, partly from the proceeds and partly from private subscrip- tion, the sum of $60 was raised. The movement was not allowed to retrograde and on March 28, 1884, a number of ladies met and organized an association as a non-sectarian charity with the object "To receive into a suitable home, orphans and friendless persons, and by the help of Divine Providence, to support and provide for all who shall come under the provisions of the constitution, as far as our means not prove satisfactory and the Elks' Club sold its interest and movedto another location. The Union Building wasdestroyed in the fire of May 3, 1901. After the fire the Board of Trade bought the interest of the Library Association in the prop- erty, which at that time comprised only the half lot, and acquired by purchase the other half of the lot, issued bonds and erected the present building. Thisbuildingwas occupied May 18, 1904. Presidents: Geo. F. Drew, 1884-5; J. J. Daniel, 1886-7; J. E. Hart, 18889; J, N. C. Stockton, 1890; J. S. Fairhead, 1891-2; A. B. Campbell, 1893.4; A. S. Baldwin, 1895; R. B. Archibald, 1896; J. G. Christopher, 1997; J. S. Fairhead, 1898; C. E. Garner, 1899 to 1907; W. A. Hours, 1908.9; F. P. Conry, 1910-11; G. L. Drew, 1912-13 (resigned) ; I.B.Race, 1913; C. H. Mann, 1914-15; F. C. Groover, 1916-17; J. D. Baker, 1918; A. W, Coekrell, Jr., 1919-20; H. P. Adair, 1921-2 (reeigned) ; C. H. Mann, 1922; G. H. Baldwin, 1923 to date. Managers: A. V. Snell, October 1921, to date. Secretaries: J. P. Varnum, 1884-85; J. M. Fairiie, 1890-88 died of yellow fever) ; C. H. Smith, 1889-95; T. H. Livingston, 1896-97; C. H. Smith, 1897-1908; H. H. Richardson, 1908- 1913;W.N.Conoaley,1913-15(diedin ofice); H.S.Kealhofer, 1915; G. E. Leonard, 191516; B. R. Kessler, 1916-21; A, J. Stowe, 1921 to date. The Junior Chamber of Commerce was organized Jan- unary 6,1922, with W. E. Arnold a president. Itis composed of the younger business men of the city and ia closely ofuli- ated with the parent organization. Daniel Memorial Orphanage, 1884 The first steps for the benefit of the orphan children of the city were taken late in 1883, at an entertainment given at the home of Mrs. A. L. Hungerford by the young people of the Sunday school of the Congregational Church, at which, partly from the proceeds and partly frnm private subscrip- tion, the sum of $60 was raised. The movement was not allowed to retrograde and on March 28, 1884, a number of ladies met and organized an aosciation as a nonectarian charity with the object "To receive into a suitable home, orphans and friendless persons, and by the help of Divine Providence, to support and provide for all who shall come under the provisions of the constitution, as far a our meane not prove satisfactory and the Elks' Club sold its interestand moved to another location. The Union Building wasdestroyed in the firs of May 8, 1901. After the fire the Board of Trade bought the interest of the Library Association in the prop- erty, which at that time comprised only the half lot, and acquired by purchase the other half of the lot, issued bonds and erected the present building. This building wan occupied May 18, 1904. Presidents: Geo. F. Drew, 1884-5; J. J. Daniel, 1806-7; J. E. Hart, 18889; J. N. C. Stockton, 1890; J. S. Fairhead, 1891-2; A. B. Campbell, 1893-4; A. S. Baldwin, 1895; R. B. Archibald. 1896; J, G. Christopher, 1897; J. S. Fairhead, 1898; C. E. Garner, 1899 to 1907 ; W. A. Hours, 1908-9 ; F. P. Conry, 1910-11; G, L. Drew, 1912-18 (resigned) ; H.B.IRace, 1913; C. H. Mann, 1914-15; F. C. Groover, 1916-17; J. D. Baker, 1918; A. W. Cockrell, Jr., 1919-20; H. P. Adair, 1921-2 (resigned) ; C. H. Mann, 1922; G. H. Baldwin, 1928 to date. Managers: A. V. Snell, October 1921, to date. Secretaries: J. P. Varnumv, 1884-85; J. M. Fairlie, 1885-88 died of yellow fever) ; C. H. Smith, 1889-95; T. H. Livingston, 1896-97; C. H. Smith, 1897-1908; R. H. Richardson, 1908- 1913; W. N. Conoley,1913-15 (died in ollce); H. S. Kelofer, 1915; G. E. Leonard, 1916-16; B, B. Kessler, 1916-21; A. J. Stowr, 1921 to date. The Junior Chamber of Commerce was organized Jan- uary 6,1902, with W. E. Arnold as president. Itis composed of the younger business men of the city and is closely afbl- ated with the parent organization. Daniel Memorial Orphanage, 1884 The first steps for the benefit of the orphan children of the city were taken late in 1883, at an entertainment given at the home of Mrs. A. L. Hungerford by the young people of the Sunday school of the Congregational Church, at which, partly from the proceeds and partly from private aubserip- tipn, the sum of $0 was raised. The movement was not allowed to retrograde and on March 28, 1884, a number of ladies met and organized an asoiation as a non-sectarian charcity wsith the object "To receive into asuitable home, orphans and friendless persons, and by the help of Divine Providence, to support and provide for all who shall come under the provision of the constitution, as far us our means  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 435 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 436 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 4S6 and facilities will enable o". The name "Orphanage and Home for the Friendless" was adopted. The oficers elected at this meeting were: Mrs. O. L. Keene, president; Mrs. Susan A. Hartridge and Mrs. A. L. ungerford, vics-presi- dents; Mrs. W. B. Watson, secretary; Mrs. M. C. Washington, treasurer, together with a board of directors composed of nine members. The ladies held regular meetings every month. Before the end of the year they had accumulated enough money to rent a small cottage of two rooms and kitchen at the corner of Liberty and Ashley Street,; articles were liberally given to furnish this little home. It opened January 8, 1885, and was msintained until April 17, 1805, when the cottage was given up and the furniture stored, as suitable arrangements had been made fer each of the friendless ones (five children and several adults) cared for during that time. However it was decided to reserve all donations and moneys received by the asciatien for use as a building fund. Within a year the fund grew to $1,000 and the movement forapernoanent home was started under the association's first incorporation of February 23, 1886. Messrs. Campbell and Griffin generously donated two lots in Campbell's Addition at the corner of Evergreen Avenue and Center (Third) Street as a site; here a neat, well-built two-story frame building was erected, com- prising three roams on each floor, hat no kitchen and dining room. With the generous aid of lumbermen the home want built at a cost of $1,250. t was dedicated March 29, 1887, Rev. S. K. Lenavtt (Baptist) presiding at the ceremonies, assisted by local pastors of other denominationa. At the exercises the trenaurer's report was readand showed a deficit of$145; the amountto clear it off was raised on the spot. An addition to the original building of five rooms and bath was built later. In the spring of 1889, the mayor of New York City, Mr. Hewett, notified the Jacksonville Auxiliary Sanitary Aasscl- ation that he still had on hand $8,929 contributed in Jackson. ville's yellow fever relief fund and wished to know what din- aosition to make of it. The Relief Association replied that there were sufficient fundsi hand here. Mayor Hewetthen suggested that the amount held by him be returned to the party who had made the largest individual contribution, $12,000, when Jacksonville called for outside help during the epidemic. In reply the Relief Association wrote Mayor and facilities will enable us". The nae "Orpuanage and Home for the Friend les" was adopted. The oficers elected at this meeting were: Mrs. O. L. Keene, president; Mrs. Susan A. Hartridge and Mrs. A. L. Hungerford, vice-presi- dents; Mrs. W. B. Watson, secretary; Mrs. M. C. Washington, treasurer, together with a board of directers composed of nina members. The ladies held regular meetings every month. Before the end of the year they had accumulated enough money to rent a small cottage of two reoms and kitchen at the corner of Liberty and Ashley Streets; articles were liberally given to furnish this little home. It opened January 8, 1885, and was maintained until April 17, 1885, when the cottage was given up and the furniture stored, as suitable arrangements had been made for each of the friendless ones (five children and several adults) cared for during that time. However it was decided to reserve all donations and moneys received by the association for use as a building fund. Within a year the fund grew to $1,000 and the movement fora permanent home was started under the association'n first incorporation of February 23, 1886. Messrs. Campbell and Griffin generously donated two lots in Campbell's Addition at the corner of Evergreen Avenue and Center (Third) Street as a site; here a neat, well-built tw-story frame building was erected, com- prising three rooms on each floor, but no kitchen and dining room. With the generous aid of lumbermen the home was built at a cost of $1,250. at wan dedicated March 29, 1887, Rev. 5. K. Leavett (Baptist) presiding at the ceremonies, asisted by local pastors of other denominations. At the exereises the treasurer's report waa read and showedadeficit of$145;theamoanttsolear itoff wan raised on the spot. An addition to the original building of five rooms and bath was built later. to the spring of 1889, the mayor of New York City, Mr. Hewett, notified the Jacksonville Auxiliary Sanitary Asoaci- atlan that he still had on hand $8,929 contributed to Jackson- ville's yellow fever relief fund and wished to know what dis- position to make of it. The Relief Association replied that there were sufficient funds in hand here. Mayor Hewett then suggested that the amount held by him be returned to the party who had made the largest individual contribution, $12,000, when Jacksonville called for outside help during the epidemic. In reply the Relief Association wrote Mayor and facilities will enable us", The name "Orphanage and Home for the Friendless" was adopted, The officers elected at this meeting were: Mrs. O. L. Keene, president; Mrs. Susan A. Hartridge and Mrs. A. L. Hungerford, vice-prei- dents; Mrs. W. B. Watson, secretary; Mrs. M. C. Washington, treasurer, together with a board of directors composed of nine mebers. The ladies held regular meetings every month. Before the end of the year they had accumulated enough money to rent s small cottage of two rooms and kitchen at the corner of Liberty and Ashley Streets; articles were liberally given to furnish this little home. It opened January 8, 1885, and wan maintained unti April 17, 1885, when the cottae was given up and the furniture stared, as suitable arrangements had been mads for each of the friendless ones (five children and several adults) cared for during that time. However it was decided to reserve all donations and moneys received by the association for ane as a building fund. Within ayear the fund grew to $1,000 and the movemet fora permanent home was otarted under the association's first incorporation of February 2d, 1886. Mesars. Campbell and Grii generously donated two lots in Campbell's Addition at the corner of Evergreen Avenue and Center (Third) Street ass a site here neat, well-built two-sory frame building was eoeted, com- prising three omsa on sach floor, but no kitchen and dining ream, With the generous aid of lumbermen the home was built at a cost of s,250. It was dedicated March 29, 1887, Rev, S. K. Leavett (Baptist) presiding at the ceremonies. assisted by local pastare of other denominations. At the exercises the treasurer's report waredand showeda deficit of$145; the amount toor learit off was raised on the spot. Au addition to the original building of five rooms and bath was built later In the spring of 1889, the mayor of New York City, Mr. Hewett, notified the Jacksonville Auxiliary Sanitary Associ- atlan that he ntill had on hand $8,929 contributed to Jackson- villes yellow fever relief fund and wished to know what di'- position to make of it. The Relief Association replied that there were sulicientfunds in handhere Mayor Hewett then suggested that the ameurt held by him be returned to the party whe had made the largest individual contribution, $02,000, when Jacksonville called for outside help during the epidemic. an reply the Relief Association wrote Mayor  486 HISTORY OF JACKSONVI.LE, FLORIDA 436 HISTORY OF JACSONVILE, FLORIDA 486 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA Hewett that a memorial association had been formed here in honor of Col. J. J. Daniel, who had loot his life in the yellow fever epidemir; that the estate of Colonel Daniel owned prop orty against which there was an equity; that this equity could be purchased; that the funds held by Mr. Hewett would help materially in purchasing it; and that if so purchased the property would be transformed into an orphans' home Mr. Hewett conferred with the $12,000 donor, whose identity was unknown in Jacksonville (and remains unlouwn to this day), and notifed the asseciation here that that gentleman volunteered if the association would raise by popular sub- scription $10,000 of the $25,000 required to purchase the equity, he would add enough from his own purse to the funds held by Mr. Hewett to supply the balance. The necessary $10,000 was raised and on May 26, 190, the association re- ceived a check from the Commercial fBank of New York for $15,000. The home woo purchased and the deeds recorded June 8, 10. The property comprised 70 acres on the St. Johns River (where Cummer's mill is now) and included a large two-story house surrounded hy a nice orange grave recovering from the freeoze of 188. The Daniel Memorial Association sow began to negotiate with the Orphanageand Home for the FriendlessAssociation witha view of combining the two and transferring the inti- tution to the old Daniel place on the St. Johans, thus firmaly establishing the charity. The two asociations fially reached an agreementand on March 1891, they conolidated under the name "Dosed Memorial Orphanage and Home for the Friendleas" and were an incorporated on September 20, 1893. The orphanage was net moved to the Daniel home on the river on account of being too far in the country and too onaccesoible at that time, though it was occasionally used for outing epurposes for the children, It was finally decided to sell the property and invest the proceeds as an endowment. The sale was accomplished in December, 1896, to the umr Lomber Company. The orphanage at Evergreen (tonia) and Center (Third) Streets became inadequate and the opportunity arising for the purchase of a more suitable location the Orphanage Asso- elation purchased three lots at the northwest corner of Hub- bard and Seventh Streets in April, 1905. There was already a small building on this property which could be utilized as adining room in connectiev with the plans to build a home Hewett that a memorial association had been formed here in honor of Col. J. J. Daniel, who had lost his life in the yellow fever epidemic; that the estate of Colonel Daniel owned prop- erty against which there was an equity; that this equity could be purchased; that the funds held by Mr. Hewett would help materially in purchasing it; and that if so purchased the property would be transformed into an orphans' home. Mr. Hewett conferred with the $12,000 donor, whose identity was unknown in Jacksonville (and remains unknown to this day), and notified the association hero that that gentleman volunteered if the association would raiee by popular sub- scription $10,000 of the $25,000 required to purchase the equity, he would oadd enough from his own puree to the funds held by Mr. Hewett to supply the balance. The necessary $10,000 was raised and on May 26, 1890, the association re- ceived a check from the Commercial Bank of New York for $10,000. The home was purchased and the deeds recorded June 0, 1890. The property comprised 70 ares on the St. Johns River (where Cummer's mil is now) and included a large two-story house surrounded by a sice orange grove recovering from the freeze of 1886. The Daniel Memorial Association now began to negotiate with the Orphanage and Hoforthe Friendless Association with a view of combining the two and transferring the nst tution to the old Daniel place on the St. Johns, thus firmly ostablishing the charity. The two associations finally reached an agreement and on March 20, 100. they consolidated under the name "Daniel Memorial Orphanage and Home for the Friendless" and were so incorporated on September 20, 1893. The orphanage was not moved to the Daniel home on the rover on account of being too far in the country and too inaccessible at that time, though it was occasionally used for outing purposes for the children It was fimally decided to sell the property and invest the proceeds an an endowment, The sale was accompliahed in December, 1896, to the Cummer Lumber Company. The orphanage at Evergreen (tonia) and Center (Third) Streets beame inadequate and the opportunity arising for the purchase of a more sitable location the Orphanage AsAso- elation purchased three lets at the northwest csrner of Hub bard and Seventh Streets in April, 1905, There was already a small building on this property which couald be utilizd as a dining room in connection with the plams to build a home Hewett that a memorial association had been formed here mn honor of Col, J. J. Daniel, who had lost his life in the yellow fever epidemic; that the estate of Colonel Daniel owned prop- erty against which there was an equity; that this equity could be purchased; that the funds held by Mr. Hewett would help materially in purchasing it; and that if so purchased the property would be transformed into an orphans' home. Mr. Hewett conferred with the $12,000 donor, whose identity was unknown in Jacksonville (and remains unknown to this day), and notified the association here that that gentleman volunteered if the association would raise by popular sub- acription $10,000 of the $25,000 required to purchase the equity, he would add enough from his wnu curse to the funds held by Mr. Hewett to supply the balance, The necessary $10,000 was raised and on May 20, 1890, the association re- ceived a check from the Commercial Bank of New York for $15,000. The home was purchased and the deeds recorded June 3, 1890. The property comprised 70 acres on the St. Johns lliver (where Cummec's mili is now) and included a large two-story house surrounded by a nice orange grave recovering from the freee of 1886. The Daniel Memorial Association now began to negotiate with the Orphanage and Home for the Friendless Association with a view of combining the two and transferring the insti- tution to the old Daniel place on the St. Johns, thus firmly establishing the charity. The two asociations finally reached an agreement and on March 28, 1891, they consolidated under the name "Daniel Memorial Orphanage and Home for the Friendless" and were so incorporated on September 20, 1893. The orphanage was not moved to the Daniel home on the river en account of being too far in the country and too inaccessible at that time, though it was occasionally used for outing purposed for the children. It was fsally decided to sell the property and invest the proceeds as an endowment. The sale was accomplished in December, 1896, to the Cummer Lumber Company. The orphanage at Evergreen (Ionia) and Center (Third) Streets became inadequate and the opportunity arising for the purchase of a more suitable location the Orphanage Asso- ciation purchased three lots at the northwest corner of Hub. hard and Seventh Streets in April, 1905. There was already a small building on this property which could be utilized as a dining room in connection with the plans to bld a home  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 047 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLRIDA 437 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 437 costing $10,000. Theplanswere successfullycaniedoutand the orphanage was moved to its Hubbard Street loation in November, 1905. The property on onia Street was sold, the purchaser cutting the building in half and making two dwell- Igs out of it Presidents of the Orphanage Association: Mrs. O. L. Keene, 1884-5; Mrs. Susan A. Hartridge, 1885-1910 (died in offee); Mrs. J. C. L'Engle, 1910-1914; then in sequence, Mrs, M. H. Haughton, Mrs. E. C. Munoz, Mrs. W. E. Cummer; Mrs. Fleming Bowden; Mrs. S. B. Hubbard. Womns's Club of Jacksonville, 1897 After preliminary work of ceverl months, about thirty ladies met in the parlors of the Windsor Hotel on January 20, 1897, for the purpose of organizing a woman's dub in Jacksonville. On February 9, 1897, a permanent organiza- tion was perfected. During the irst year the membership increased to ninety-one. The dub was incorporated February 20, 1898; on May 20, 1910, the acrter was amended to meet the enlargement of the dub's activities to include literary, social, scientific, and philanthropic work and the Improve- ment, beneft, and advancement of womankind in the diree- tions named, and generally io give aid to all worthy objects. A building lot wan purchased in February, 1902, on the south side of East Duval Street, near Main, and two years later the club house was completed, and occupied February 8, 1904. Itianumbered1S. Duval Street. Fromtimetotime interior decorations have been added, and while the building on complete in its appointments and clear of debt, the growth of the dub membership has created the necesity for a larger building. From the beginning, the Woman's Club of Jacksonville reached out for the welfare of the child. In April, 1900, it raised nearly $1,000 by its own exertions and cave it to the local Board of Education for the purpose of keeping the schoolsfrom closing on accontof lack offunds. Itoriginated the movement for public playgrounds when, on April22, 1907, it seat a petition to the Board of Public Works asking that playgrounds be provided in the parks for children; and later was instrumental in bringing representatives of the Play- ground Association of America here for a campaign, from which developed the system of today. The club has kept in costing$10,000. Theplanswere successfullycarriedoutand the orphanage was moved to its Hubbard Street loation in November, 1905. The property on Ionia Street was sold, the purhaser cutting the building in half and making two dwell- ings out of it. Presidents of the Orphanage Association: Mrs. O. L. Keone, 1884-5 Mrs. Susan A. Hartridge, 1885-1910 (died in office) ; Mrs. J. C. L'Engle, 1910-1914; then in sequence, Mrn. M. H. Hlaughton, Mrs. E. C. Munoz, Mrs. W. E. Cummer; Mrs. Fleming Bowden; Mrs. S. B. Hubbard. Woman's Club of Jacksnvile, 1897 After preliminary work of several months, about thirty ladies met in the parlors of the Windsor Hiotel on January 20, 1891, for the purpose of organizing a woman's dub in Jacksonville. On February 9, 1897, a permanent organisa- tion was perfected. During the trst year the membership increased to ninety-one. The dub was incorporated February 20, 1898; on May 20, 1910, the charter was amended to meet the enlargement of the dub's activities to include literary, oial, scientific, and philanthropic work and the improve- ment, benefit, and advancement of womankind in the direc- aon named, and generally to give aid to all worthy objects. A building lot was purchased in February, 1902, on the south side of East Doval Street, near Main, and two years later the club hous was completed, and occupied February 8, 1904. It Is numbered 18 E. Duval Street. From time to time interior decorations have been added, and while the building is complete in its appointments and dear of debt, the growth of the club membership has created the necessity for a larger building. From the beginning, the Woman's Club of Jacksonville renched out for the welfare of the child. In April, 1900, it saised nearly $1,000 by its own exertions and gave it to the local Board of Education for the purpose of keeping the schoolsfrom closingonaccountof lackoffunds. Itoriginated the movement for public playgrounds when, on April 22,1907, it cent a petition togrou Board of Public Works asking that playgrounds be provided in the parks for children; and later was instrumental in bringing representatives of the Play- ground Association of America here for a campaign, from which developed the system of today. The cub has kept in coeting$10,000. The plans were successfully carried ut and the orphanage was moved to its Hubbard Street location in November, 1905. The property on Ionia Street was sold, the purchaser cutting the building in half and making two dwell- ings out of it. Presidents of the Orphanage Association: Mrs. 0, L. Keene, 1884-5; Mrs. Susan A. Hartridge, 1885-1910 (died in ofice); Mrs. J. C. L'Engle, 1910-1914; then in sequences, Mrs. M. H. Houghton, Mrs. E, C, Muno, Mrs. W. E. Cummer;Mrs. Fleming Bowden; Mrs. S. B. Hubbard. Woman's Club of Jaclksovile, 1897 After preliminary work of several months, about thirty ladies met in the parlors of the Windsor Hotel on January 20, 1897, for the purpose of organizing a woman's dub in Jacksonville. On February 9, 1897, a permanent organira- tion was perfected. During the frst year the membership sncreased tonietyone. The dub was incorporated February 20, 1898; on May 20, 1910, the charter was amended to meet the enlargement of the club's activities to include literary, social, scientific, and philanthropic work and the improve- mont beneit, and advancement of womankind in the direc- tions named, and generally to give aid to all worthy objects. A building lot was purchased in February, 1902, on the south aide of East Duval Street, near Main, and two years later the club house was completed, and occupied February 8, 1904. Itis numbered18 E. Duval Street. Fromtime to time interior decorations have been added, and while the building ss complete in its appointments and clear of debt, the growth of the dub membership has created the necessity for a larger building. From the beginning, the Woman's Club of Jacksonville reached out for the welfare of the child. In April, 1900, it raIsed nearly $1,000 by its own exertions and gave it to the local Board of Education for the purpose of keeping the sechoolsfrom closing on accountoflack of funds. Itoriginated the movement for public playgrounds when, on April 22;1907, it sent a petition to the Board of Public Works asking that playgrounds be provided in the parks for children; and later was instrumental in bringing representatives of the Play- ground Association of America hers for a campaign, from which developed the system of today. The dub has kept in  438 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 438 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 428 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA close touch with the schools and has often made substantial contributions, both financial and active, to the inauguration or perfection of some needed advance, such as the employ- ment of teachers of physical culture and music; fire drills; and in matters pertaining to the cleaning and repairing of school houses-duties now performed in large measure by the Mothers' Clubo, which themselves originated through the ef- forts of the Woman's Club. The Woman's Club at first gave a scholarsbip to the Southern Educational Associatios. This was afterward changed to a four years scholarship for a graduate of Duval High School to Women's College at Talls- hassee. The Club now gives two full-course scholarships to Tallahassee, and a six weeks' course to girls of rural schools. It has consistently worked hand-in-hand with local char- ities. It launched the Associated Charities upon its career December 8, 1909, and was a regular contributor to its main- tenance. One of its committees isin charge of rest rooms at railroad stations, while another activity is the renewing of traveling libraries. The Club holds out a helping hand to the working girl; it sent a petition to the merchants asking that seats be provided for the girls in their employ and the petition was granted; it cooperated in securing the summer half-holidays, and it advocated the early Christmas shopping idea. In health work the Woman's Club has been an important factor; it established the visiting nrses charity and set aside a fund for the support of the work; it helped in bringing to Jacksonville in February, 1909, the exhibition of the National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tubercalosis; and its comittee on Public Health works in close touch with the City Board of Health in all matters pertaining to the public health. Presidents of the Woman's Club: Mrs. J. S. Fairhead, 1897-99; Mrs. R. M. Pollard , 899-01; Mrs. J. H. Durkee. 1901-02; Mrs. W. W. Cummer, 1902-04; Mrs. D. U. Fletcher, 1904-06; Mrs. A. G. Cummer, 1906-08; Mrs. Beulah M. War- ner, 1908 (resigned) ; Mrs, G. H. Pride, 1908-09; Mrs. W. P. Corbett, 1909-10; Mrs. W. B. Young, 1911-1; Miss Louise C. Meigs, 1913-15; Mrs. F. E. Jeunings, 1915-17; Mrs. F. P. L'Engle, 1917-18; Mrs. N. B. Broward, 1918-20; Mrs. Beulah M. Warner, 1920-22; Mrs. Matilda O'Donald, 1922-4; Mrs. M. M. Lander, 1924-. close touch with the schools and has often made substantial contributions, both financial and active, to the inauguration or perfection of some needed advance, such as the employ- meat of teachers of physical culture and music; fire drills; and in matters pertaining to the clening and repairing of school houses-duties now performed in large measure by the Mothers' Clubs, which themselves origlnateded through the ef- fosrts of the Woman's Club. The Woman's Club at first gave a scholarship to the Southern Educational Association. This was afterward changed to a four years' scholarship for a graduate of Duval High School to Women's Colere at Talla- hassee. The Club now gives two full-course scholarships to Tallahassee, and at sieeks 'course to girls of rural schools. It has consistently worked hand-in-hand with local char ities, It launched the Associated Charities upeo its career December 8, 1909, and was a regular contributor to its main- tenance. One of its committees is in charge of rest roons at railroad stations, while another activity is the renewing of traveling libraries. The Club holds out a helping hand to the working girl; it sent a petition to the merchants asking that seats be provided for the girls in their employ and the petition was granted; it cooperated in securing the summer half-holidays, and it advocated the earsy Christmas shopping idea. In health work the Woman's Club has been an important factor; it established the visiting nurses charity and set aside a fund for the support of the work ; it helped in bringing to iacksonville in February, 1909, the exhibition of the National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis; and its committee on Public Health works in close touch with the City Board of Health in all matters pertaining to the public health. Presidenis of the Woman's Club; Mrs. J. S, Fairhead, 1897-99; Mrs. R. M. Pollard, 1899-01; Mrs. J H. Durkee, 1901.02; Mrs. W. W. Cummer, 1902-04 ; Mrs.. D.. Fletcher, 1904-06; Mrs. A. G. Cummer, 190..08; Mrs. eulalah M. War- ner, 0908 (resigned); Mrs. G. R. Pride, 1908-09; Mrs. W. P. Corbett, 1909-11; Mrs. W. B. Young, 1911-13; Miss Louise C. Meigs, 1913-15; Mrs. F. E. Jennings, 1915-17; Mrs. F. P. L' nrgle, 1907-18; Mrs. N. B. Broward, 1918-20; Mrs. Beulah M. Warner, 1920-22; Mrs. Matilda O'Donald, 1922-4; Mrs. M. M. Lander, 1924. close touch with the schools and has often made substantial coutributions, both financial and active, to the inauguration or perfection of some needed advance, such as the employ- ment of teachers of physical culture and music; fire drills; and in matters pertaining to the cleaning and repairing of school houseo-duties now performed in large measure by the Mothers' Clubs, which themselves originated through the ef- forts of the Woman's Club. The Woman's Club at rst gave a scholarship to the Southern Educational Association. This was afterward changed to a four years' scholarship for a graduate of Duval High School to Women's College at Talla- hassee. The Club now gives two full-course scholarships to Tallahasis, and a six weeks' course to girls of rural schools. It has consistently worked hand-in-hand with local char- itie. It launched the Associated Charities upon its career December 8, 1909, and was a regular contributor to its main- tenance. One of its committees is in charge of rest rooms at railroad stations, while another activity is the renewing of traveling libraries. The Club holds out a helping hand to the working girl; it sent a petition to the merchants asking that seats be provided for the girls in their employ and the petition was granted; it cooperated in securing the summer half-holidays, and it advocated the early Christmas shopping ides. In health work the Woman's Club has been an important factor; it established the visiting nurses charity and set aside a fund for the support of the work; it helped in bringing to Jacksonville in February, 1909, the exhibition of the National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis and its committee on Public Health works in close touch with the City Board of Health in all matters pertaining to the public health. Presidents of the Woman's Club: Mrs. J. S. Fairhead, 1897-99; Mrs. R. M. Pollard, 1899-01; Mrs. J. H. Durkee, 1901-02; Mrs. W. W. Conumer, 1902-04; Mrs. D. U. Fletcher, 1904-06; Mrs. A. G. Cummer, 1906-08; Mrs. Beulah M. War- ner, 1908 (resigned) ; Mrs. C. R. Pride, 1908-09; Mrs. W. P. Corbett, 1909-11; Mrs. W. B. Young, 1911-13; Miss Louise C. Meigs, 1913-15; Mrs. F. E. Jonnings, 1915-17; Mrs. F. P. L'Engl. 1917-18; Mrs. N. B. Broward, 1918.20; Mrs. Beulah M. Warner, 1920-22; Mrs. Matilda ODsald, 1922-4; Mrs. H, M. Lander, 1924-.  HISTORY OF JACKONVILL, FLORIDA m8 HISTORT OF JACKSONVLLE, FLOIDA 439 HISTORY OF JACKONVILLE, FLORID 439 Charter History of Some of the Others ti o 1, ieir omeew field, in Jeeknaooville, sieso of teh spaced American lecion, Edward C.IlnSauaure, P'ot No. 9f-e May 21, 1919, a number of es-service men holdsa meeting for teproeoorazigoAmicnLgopsti avolle. A tempoary charter was signed by 164 members June 3, 1919. A permaoent chaorter was jstued from Nstional Headquartero at Indianapolis Amount 2, 1923, and siganed by the Department of Florido on the 16th af that month. W.DB. Violent was the first Post Commander. The Home at No. 221 West Church Street woo accosted November 5, 1923; it was dedicated November 12, 1923, by Admiral W. S. Sims, Ut. S. N. The Peat is named Cor a Jaecsonville youang man who was killed at Sommeranro, France, in the Argoame Forest drive, Anmericon lRed Cross, Backsonville Chapter- The Jack- envillo branch was orgontzed March 20, 1914, with a mom- berohip of 64. The fleet alicers were: W. E. ommer, choir- man; Mica Lesion C. Meice and b. G. Hlaskell, vice-chairmen; M, T. Saelasten, secretory: C. R. Pelsuo se, teasrer. The tirot practical work at the chapter was in connection with the Confederate reunion in Jackonville in Maye l9id, Benevolent and Protective Ordep of Elks, Jacksuonville Lodge No, 21e-The Loe woo mate lied lDcernber 12,t891, with 1862 charter members, thte largest initial membeship of any badge in the ceentry up to that time. A delegationfrom the Savannah Locdge conducted the comoaiea. John E. Hmatridue wan the tirot Exlted Ruler, The ftrot club roams were ira what was then known as the Mohawk Hloc&, aouth- wet corer af Bayand Market Streets, This seas the first and farea number of yearn the only Elks Lodge in Florida. Boys' Borne Asoaiatin of Jueksonoville-Fsonded in April, 1914, through the efforts of J. C. bonier. Chartered in August, 1914, with 220 membern. Firot rflfrm: F. 0. Mille, precidet; l . H4. Sinmmona, vieepresidnt; RI. T. Dowell, secretary; J. C. homner, treasurer. Opend a hoe at Noa. 25 East Chtrch Street Accost 10t. 1914. Incorporated Charter H~istory of Some of the Others thcatianltcireepucieeoldoiJeolarnsei .1 eoase "icd theone ar atner oogonasOtoa hooabot the Stoor. American Legin, Edward C. Degauasor Post Ns. 1.-On May 21, 1919, a number of eservice men held a meeting far the purpose of orgaiing an American Legion pect in Jack- anvillo. A temporary charter was signed by l6d membters June 1, 1919. A permanent charter was mooued from National lleadqtsrteom at Indianapolio August 2, 1923, and plgned by the Department of Florida on the 16th of that imonth. W. D1. Vinant was the first Poet Commander. The Hsme t No. 221 West Chaurch Street waso cupied November 9, 1921; it was dedicated November 12, 1923, by Admiral W. S. Sims, U. S.N. The Post isnamed for aJacksnville youngnman who was killed at Somaceranee, France, in the Argonne Forest drive. Americon fled Cross, Jacksonville Chaplter,-The Jack- hovll ranch wns organised March 20. 1914, with a mem- herahip of ad. The first ofieers ware: W. E. Commer, cair- mn; Miss bouie C. Meigo and . C. Haskell, vice-chairmea t Rt. T. Seleneten, aecretary; C. Rt. tnea uret treasurer. The firot practical week at the chapter was in connection with the Canfederate reunion in Jacksonville in May, 19a4. Blenevolenst sod Protective Order of Ellkn, Jacksonville lauben No, 221 -The Lodge was installed December 12. 18391, with 152 charter members, the largest initial membership of any badge in the country up to that time. A delegation from the Savannah Lodge conducted the ceremoniec. John It. Ptenthiode was the terst Exalted Rnler. The teast club rooms wore in what wan then known an the Mohawk Block, suth wootlcgae at May and Market Streets. This was the fSeat and for anumecr of years the only E~lka Lodge in Florida. Hoys' Homen Asciation of Jechsaville- Founded in April, l91d, through the efforts of J. C. banter. Chartered in August, 1914, with 220 mnenmers. Firsteaffcern F. 0. Aille, precidealt; P. IL Simmons, vice-preoident; IL. T. Powell, cerory, J.3 C, tonier, treasurer Opened a home at Na 25 East Churelh Street Auut 15, 1914. Incorporated Charter Histlory of Some of the Oplena Fiet isanheieoageime olai Jaoaaaodlla, many, LO Olon e eel the ea5 seor ince oeawasuhrweasbtlhe Inane American Legion Edward C.Deliaaaaore Pout N. F-aOn May 21, 1919, a nombers f aecr/icee men holdsa meeting far the purpose of organizing an American Legion poet in Jack- naville. A temporary charter was sined hy 164 members lone 3, 1913. A permanent charter woo issued from National ioeadquarterooatndianoalie August 2, 1923, and cigned by the Department of Florids on the 16tlh of that mcntb1. We.D. Virnanwa the first Past Commander. The lame at N. 221 West Church Street was occupied November 5, 1922; it wan dedicated November 12, 1923, by Admiral W., S. Sims, Ui. S. N. The Poet in named for a Jacksonville you~ng man who was kiled at Som~merance, France, in the Argonne Forgot drive. American lIed Crosn, Jacksonville Chstatrh Jack- sonille branch wasanrganized March20, 1914, with amee. berwhip of A4T The Senst ollicers wrn; W. E. Commee ,ohair- ma; Misouose C.Meiesand. C. Hakell, vice-charoen Ri. . Soienten,sneoretary; G. Rt. DceSauesnr, treasurer. The teast practical work at the chapter wvas in caoection with the Confederate rennioan in Jacksnville in May, l191d. Caeoent ead Protectie Order of Elks, Jackionville Ladgs No.221t-The Lodge woo inetalled December 12, 1691. with 102 charter members, the Imrmaet initial memrbership of any Ledge in the country up to that time. A delegation from the Savonnah Leedge conducted the reremoniea. John It. Itartridge was the Sast Exalted Rulier. The tent club roams orawhat was then, known as the Mohawk Btock, ssnth- as swest corner of May and Market Steneta. Thin woo the Sirot and for a number of years the only Elks Lodge inr Florida. Boys' Hone Auaocaiatin of Juekaonville.Funded in April, l91d, through the efforts of J. C. baier. Chartered in August, 1914, with 220 members. Firot cfitcers : F 0. Miller, president; 11i. at. Simmons, vime-president; It. T. Powell, eetary; J. C. Lanier, treanoor. Opened a home at No. 25 Eoot Chupech Street August 10, 1914. Incorporated  440 HIST OF EACDSOIY LU, FLOID 40 HISTR OF JACKSONTLLE, FLORIA 440 HISTOR OF JACKOOLL, FLORIDA September 9, 1914. Moved to No. 33 West Sixth Street (Springfield) in May, 1920. Opened Boys' Club in old armory building in 1920. Based on the Big Brother movement. Boy Scouts of America, Jacksonville Council.-The Boy Seout movement in Jacksonville was started in 1911 with the organization of three troops of about 20 boys each; but it was not until February 0, 1920, when the Jacksonville Coun- cil was formed and became directly affiliated with the National organization, that the movement was firmly estab- lished. In 1924 the local council was composed of 32 troope, totalling 1289 Scouts. The Scout oath is: "On my honor I will do my beat: To do my duty to God and my Country, and to obey the Scout law; to help other people at all times; to keep myself physically strong, mentally awake, and morally straight". Children's Home Society of Florida.-Founded by Bev. D. W. Comstock, a retired Congregational minister of Chi- cago. Organizedand incorporated aasnon-sectarian charity November 2, 1902. The first oflicers: Rev. W. E. Roggs, president; Dr. R. H. Dean and D.U.Fletcher,vice-presidents; C. H. Smith, secretary; W. H. Baker and W. 1. Bryan, coun- sellers, all ofJacksonville. First Receiving Home wos opened at No. 2029 Main Street in January, 1910, in a building do- nated free of rent for two years by Frank Cary-Iwees. Known as "Florida's Greatest Charity" it has grown to be the largest of its kind in the Suth and the third in the United States under the splendid management of Marcos C. Fagg. Civitan Club of Jackoanvile.-Chartered December 15. 1920, with 50 charter members and installed the same date byKeneb F. Smith, ield representative of the International Association. Charter oflicers: Alfred C. Ulmer, president; Stockton Broome, vice-president ; George H. Ford, treasurer; Lyman P. Prisr, secretary. The club's motto in, "Buildero of Good Citizenship". Daughtersef theAmerican Revoltion,Jacksonvi]leChap- ter.-Through the efforts of Mrs. John C. Christopher the members of the National D. A. R. residing in Jacksonville were brought together at a meeting held April 2, 1895, when the local organization was formed with 13 members. They applied for a charter and it was granted February 14, 1996. September 9, 1914. Moved to No. 3 West Sixth Street (Springfleld) in May, 1920. Opened Boys' Club in old armory building in 1920. Based on the Big Brother movement. Boy Souts of America, Jackssnville Couneil.--The Boy Scout movement in Jacksonville was started in 1911 with the organizaison of three troops of about 20 boys each; but it was not until February 5, 1920, when the Jacksonville Coun- cii was formed and became directly affiliated with the National organiation, that the movement was firmly estab- lished. In 1924 the local council was composed of 32 troops, totalling 1,289 Scouts. The Scout oath is: "On my honor I will do my best: To do my duty to God and my Country, and to obey the Scout law; to. help other people at all times: to keep myself physically strong, mentally awake, and morally straight". Children's Home Society of Florida.-Founded by Rev. D. W. Comstock, a retired Congregational minister of Chi- cago. Organized and incorporated asanon-sectarian charity November 2, 1902. The first officers: Rev. W. E. Boggs, president; Dr. R. H. Dean and D. U.Fletchervice-presidents; C. H. Smith, secretary; W. H. Baker and W. J. Bryan, coun- sellors, all of Jacksonville. First Receiving Comewasopened at No. 2029 Main Street in January, 1910, in a building do- noted free of rent for two years by Frank Cary-Elwea. Known as "Florida's Greatest Charity" it has grown to be the largest of its kind in the South and the third in the United States under the splendid management of Marcus C. Fagg. Civitan Club of Jacksonvuiie.-Chartered December 15. 1920, with 50 charter members and installed the same date by enneth F. Smith, ield representative of the International Association. Charter otficers: Alfred C. Ulmer, president; Stockton Broome, vicepresident; George H. Ford, treasurer; Lyman P. Prior, secretary. The club's motto in, "Buolder of Good Citizenship". Daughtersof teAmerican Revoluin,JacksonvilleChap. ter.-Through the efforts of Mrs. John G. Christopher the members of the National D. A. R. residing in Jacksonville were brought together at a meeting held April 2, 1895, when the local organization was formed with 11 members, They applied for a charter and it was granted February 14, 196. September 9, 1914. Moved to No. 33 West Sixth Street (Springfield) in May, 1920. Opened Boys' Club in ald armory building in 1920. Based on the Big Brother movement. Boy Scouis of America, Jacksonville Council-The Boy Smut movement in Jacksonville was started in 1911 with the organization of three troops of about 20 boys each; but it was not until February 5, 1920, when the Jacksonville Coun- cil was formed and became directly affiliated with the National organization, that the movement was firmly estab- ashed. In 1924 the local council was composed of 32 troops, totalling 1,289 Scouts. The Scout oath is: "On my honor I will do my best: To do my duty to God and my Country, and to obey the Scout law; to help other people at all times to keep myself physically strong, mentally awake, and morally straight". Children's Home Soeiety of Florida.-Founded by Rev. D. W. Comstock, a reticed Congregational minister of Chi- cago. Organized and incorporated as anon-sectarian charity November 2, 1902. The first officers: Rev. W. E. Bogge, president; Dr. R. H. Dean and D. U.Fletcher,vie-president; C. H. Smith, secretary; W. 1H. Baker and W. J. Bryan, coun- sellars, allofJacksonville. First Receiving Home wan opened at No. 2029 Main Street in January. 1910, in a building do- nated free of rent for two years by Frok Cary-Elwee. Known as "Florida's Greatest Charity" it has grown to be the largest of its kind in the South and the third in the United States under the splendid management of Marcus C. Fagg. Civitan Club of Jacksonvie.-Chartered December 15, 1920, with 50 charter members and installed the same date by Kenneth F. Smith, fieldrepresentative of the International Association. Charter ofricers: Alfred C. Ulmer, president Stockton Broome, vice-preosident George H. Ford, treasurer; Lyman P. PrIor, secretary. The club's motto i, "Buildern of Good Citizenship". DaughtersoftheAmericn Revolution,JacksonrilleChap- ter.-Through the efforts of Mrs. John G. Christopher the members of the National D. A. R. residing in Jacksonville were brought together at a meeting held April, 1895, when the local organization was formed with 13 member. They applied for a charter and it was granted February 14, 1896.  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE. FLORIDA 441 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE. FLORIDA 1 HISTORY OF JACSONVILLE. FLORIDA 441 The charter officers of the Jacksonville chapter were: Mrs. . G. Christopher, regent; Mrs. Dennis Eagan, secretary; Mrs. H. H. Buekman, treasurer. This was the first D. A. R. chapter in Florida and is known as the "Mother Chapter" among the many since organized in the State. Elizabeth Edgar Home for Working Girls.-Founded by Mrs. Joseph H. Smith in 1910, and opened that year in a two- story old-fashioned frame building st the northwest corner of Catherine and Forsyth Streets. Mrs. M. C. Drysdale was the first president and Bishop EG.0 Weed the first subscrib- ing member. Object: To provide a home with home influ- ences for homeless working girls earning small salaries. Though beset by many financial storms in the early years. the institution proved its worth and was firmly established when, with the aid of generous citizens, it acquired the home at No. 119 West Beaver Street and opened it October 14 1920. Exchange Club.-Organized in November, 1923, and Is- stalled November 23, 1923, by R. C. Booth, with 25 charter members and the following officers: W. C. Cooper, Jr., presi- dent; H. R. Chapman, M. W. Pruitt, G. N. Patrick, vice-presl- dents; D. A. Deco, secretary; J. L. Odom, treasurer. The motto of the Club in, "Unity for Service". Federation of Mothers' Clubs of Jackoavile.-The fed- eration was formed April 28, 1913, at a meeting in the Board of Trade rooms, at which 8 local Mothers' Clubs were repre- sented. The first sficers of the Federation were: Mrs. J. A. Craig, president; Mrs. Frank Brown, Mrs. N. C. Wamboldt, Mrs. J. E. Merrill, Mrs. James McDonnell, vice-presidents; Mrs. C. L Capps, recording, and Mrs. O. Brownell, correspond- ing secretaries; Mrs. W. A. Redding, treasurer. Florida Country Club.-The St. Johns Golf Club was or- ganized February 29, 1896, and was the first golf club in Jacksonville. The olmeers at that time were: E. Sudlow, president; T. M. Day, Jr., vic-preseldent; W. Mucklow, secre- tary; B. B. Barnett, treasurer. This club was reorganized and chartered July 20, 1897, with J. G. Christopher, presi- dent; T. M. Day, Jr., vice-president; W. Muclow, secretary: H. G. Aird, treasurer. The reorganized club leased the old fairgrounds in Fairfield, built a club house and laid off a 7-hole golf course. The club was reorganized againand incar- poratedasthe Florida Country Club September5.1903. Golf The charter nificers of the Jacksonville chapter were: Mrs. J. G. Christopher, regent; Mrs. Dennis Sagan, secretary; Mrs. H. H. Buckman, treasurer. This was the first D. A. R. chapter in Florida and is known as the "Mother Chapter" among the many since organized in the State. Elizabeth Edgar Home for Working Girl.---Founded by Mrs. Joseph H. Smith in 1910, and opened that year in a two- story old-fashioned frame building at the northwest corner of Catherine and Forsyth Streets. Mrs. M. C. Drysdale was the first president and Bishop F. G. Weed the nrst subscrib- ing member. Object: To provide a home with home influ- ences for homeless working girls earning small oslaries. Though beset by many financial storms In the early years. the institution proved its worth and was firmly established when, with the aid of generous citizeuns, it acquired the home at No. 119 West Beaver Street and opened it October 14,1920. Exchange Club-Organied in November, 1923, and in- atalled November 23, 1923, by R. C. Booth, with 25 charter' members and the following officers: W. C. Cooper, Jr., presi- dent; H. R. Chapman, M. W. Pruitt, G. N. Patrick, vice-presi- dents; D, A. Deen, secretary; J. L. Odom, treasurer. The motto of the Club is, "Unity for Service" Federation of Mothers' Clubs of Jacksosnville.-The fed- eration was formed April 28, 1913, at a meeting in the Board of Trade rooms, at which S local Mothers' Clubs were repre- sented, The first ofiers of the Federation were: Mrs. J. A. Craig, president; Mrs. Frank Brown, Mrs. N. C. Wamboldt, Mrs. J. E. Merrill, Mrs. James McDonnell, vice-presidents; rs. C. I Capp, recording, and Mrs. O, Brownell, correspond- ing secretaries; Mrs. W. A. Redding, treasurer. Florida Country Club.-The St. Johns Golf Club was or- ganized February 29, 1896, and was the first golf club in Jacksonville. The officers at that time were: E. Sudlow. president: T. M. Day, Jr., vice-president; W. Mucklow, secre tary; . H. Barnett, treasurer. This club was reorganized and chartered July 20, 1897, with J. G. Christopher, presi- dent: T. M. Day, Jr., vice-president ; W. Macklow, secretary; H. G. Aird, treasurer. The reorganized club leased the old fairgrounds in Fairfield, built a club hoose and laid off a 7-hole golf course. The club was reorganized again and incr- yoratedastheFloridaCountry Club September 5,1908. Golf The charter ofiicers of the Jacksonville chapter were: Mrs. J. G. Christopher, regent; Mrs. Dennis Eagan, secretary; Mrs. H. H. Buckman, treasurer. This was the fiat D. A. R. chapter in Florida and is known as the "Mother Chapter" among the many since organized in the State. Elizabeth Edgar Hoefe for Working Girls.-Founded by Mrs. Joseph H. Smith in 1910, and opened thatyear in a two- atory old-fashioned frame building at the northwest corner of Catherine and Forsyth Streets. Mrs. M. C. Drysdale was the first president and Bishop E. G. Weed the first subscrib- ing member. Object: To provide a home with home inlu- ences for homeless working girls earning small salaries. Though beset by many financial storms in the early years. the institution proved its worth and was firmly established when, with the aid of generous citizens, it acquired the home at No. 119 West Beaver Street and opened it October 14,1920. Exchange Club.-Organized in November, 1923, and in- stalled November 23, 1923, by R. C. Booth, with 25 charter members and the following ofyicers: W. C. Cooper, Jr., presi- dent; H. R. Chapman, M. W, Pruitt, G. N. Patrick, vice-pesi- dental; D. A. Dees, secretary; J. L. Odom, treasurer. The motto a the Club is, "Unity for Service". Federation of Mothers' Clubs of Jacksonville.-The fed- eration was formed April 28, 1913, at a meeting in the Board of Trade rooms, at which 80 local Mothers' Clubs were repre- sented. The first spcors of the Federation were: Mrs. J. A. Craig, president; Mrs. Frank Brown, Mrs. N. C. Wamboldt, Mrs. J. E. Merrill, Mrs. James McDonnell, vice-presidents; Mrs. C. .Capps, recording, and Mrs. O. Brownell, correspond- ing secretaries; Mrs. W. A. Redding, treasurer. Florida Country Club.-The St. Johns Golf Club was or- ganized February 29, 196, and was the best golf club in Jacksonville. The ofcers at that time were: E. Sudlow, president; T. M. Day, Jr., vice-president; W. Mucklow, secre- tary; B. H. Banet, treasurer. This club was reorganized and chartered July 20, 1897, with J. G. Christopher, presi- dent; T. M. Day, Sr., vice-president ;W. Mucklow, secretary; H. G. Aird, treasurer. The reorganized club leased the old fairgrounds in Fairfield, built a dub house and laid off a 7-hole golf course. The dub was reorganized again and incur- porated as the Florida Country ClubSeptember 1, 1901. Golf  442 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 442 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FW DA 442 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA took hold slowly in Jacksonville and it was not until the club soved to Ortega that the game became establishel generally as a popular sport. The opening reception in the club house in Ortega was on June 4, 1910. Florida Yacht Club.-Organized April 28, 1877, with 17 charter members. J. H. Crosby, Jr., was the first Commo- dore. The first club house was erected over the water east of the foot of Market Street; it cost $3500 to build it, of which amount William Astor of New York donated the first 0500. The first meeting was held in the club house Decem- ber ll, 1877, and the fLrst ball given there was on the 27th of that month. The club was incorporated March 5, 1079. The club house was burned in the fire of May 3. 1901 The club was without a permanent home for several years after the fire, when it acquired property at the mouth of Willow Branch in Riverside and built its present club house, which was opened with a reception November 28, 1907. This is Jaeksonville'a oldest social organiation. Garden Club of Jacksouville.-Organized by Mrs. A. G. Cummer March 25, 1922, with 20 members. First officers; Mrs. A. G. Cummer, president ; Mrs. J. A. Ferguson and Mrs. Millar Wilson, vice-presidents; Mrs. Jonathan Yerkes, sec- tary-treasurer. The object of thin erganizatio in to esnour- age interest in gardens, their design and management; to cooperate in preserving wild flowers and native plants and troee; and to promote civic planting in general. In 1923 the Garden Cub inaugurated the annual flower show held in Jacksonville. The numerous local garden and flower clubs are the outgrowth of this organization. Home for Aged Women-A number of ladies interested in establishing a home for aged and homeless women met in the parlors of the W. C. T. U. February 21, 1890, to dicuss thematter. Thismeeting led to a permanent organization of the Home for Aged Women Association May 15, 1899, when the first officers were elected, namely: Mrs. J. D. Mitchell, president; Mrs. Dennis Eagan and Mrs. T. V. Porter, vice- presidents; Mrs. W. W. Cummer, treasurer; Mrs. Guy R. Pride, recording, and Mrs. Lawrence Maynes, corresponding secretaries. The Association on March 24, 1900, rented a 10-Rom house at No. 509 E. Duval Street. This was the first Home; it was burned is the fire of 1901. The name was took hold slowly in Jacksonville and it was not until the club moved to Ortega that the game became established generally an a popular sport. The opening reception in the club house in Ortega was on June 4, 1910. Florida Yacht Club.-Organized April 28, 1877, with 17 charter members. J. H. Crosby, Jr., was the first Commo- dore. The first club house was erected over the water east of the foot of Market Street; it cost $8,500 to build it, of which amount William Astor of New York donated the first $500. The first meeting was held in the club house Decem- ber 19, 1877, and the first ball given there was on the 27th of that month. The club was incorporated March 5, 1879. The club house was burned in the fire of May 3, 1901. The club was without a permanent home for several years after the fire, when it acquired property at the mouth of Willow Branch in Riverside and built its present club house, which was opened with a reception November 28, 1907. This is Jacksonville's oldest social organization. Garden Club of Jacksonville.-Organized by Mrs. A. G. Cummer March 25. 1922, with 20 members. First officers: Mrs. A. G. Cummer, president; Mrs. J. A. Ferguson and Mrs. Millar Wilson, vice-presidents; Mrs. Jonathan Yerkes, see- tary-treaurer. The object of this organination is to encour- age interest in gardens, their design and management; to cooperate in preserving wild flowers and native plants and trees; and to promote civic planting in general, In 1923 the Garden Club inaugurated the annual flower show held in Jacksonville. The numerous local garden and flower clubs are the outgrowth of this organization. Home for Aged Women.-A number of ladies interested in establishing a home for aged and homeless women met in the parlors of the W. C. T. U. February 21, 1899, to discuss thematter. This meeting led toapermanent organiatien of the Home for Aged Women Association May 15, 1099, when the flrt oficers were elected, namely: Mrs. J. D. Mitchell, president; Mrs. Dennis Eagan and Mrs. T. V. Porter, vice- presidents; Mrs. W. W. Cummer, treasurer; Mrs. Coy R. Pride, recording, and Mrs. Lawrence Haynes, corresponding secretaries. The Association on March 24, 1900, rented a 10-rom house at No. 509 E. Duval Street. This was the iret Heome; it was burned in the fir of 1901. The name was took hold slowly in Jaoksonville and it was not until the club moved to Ortega that the game became established generally a popular sport. The opening reception in the club house in Ortega was on June 4, 1910. Florida Yacht Club.-Organized April 28, 1877, with 17 charter members. J. H. Crosby, Jr., was the first Commo- dore. The first club house was erected over the water east of the foot of Market Street; it cost $1,500 to build it, of which amount William Astor of New York donated the first $000. The first meeting was held in the club house Docem- her 19, 1877, and the first ball given there was on the 27th of that month. The club was incorporated March 5, 1879. The dub house was burned in the fire of May 3, 1901. The club was without a permanent home for several year after the fire, whe it acquired property at the mouth of Willow Branch in Rmiveroi and built its present club house, which was opened with a reception November 28, 1907. This is Jacksonville's oldest social organization. Garden Club of Jacksonville.-Organized by Mrs. A. G. Cummer March 25, 1922, with 20 members. First officers: Mrs. A. G. Cummer, president; Mrs. J. A. Ferguson and Mrs. Millar Wilson, vicepreosidenta; Mrs. Jonathan Yerkes, secre- tary-treasurer. The object of this organization is to enmur- age interest in gardens, their design and management; to cooperate in preserving wild flowers and native plants and trees; and to promote civic planting in general. In 1923 the Gordon Club inaugurated the annual flower show held in Jacksonville. The numerous local garden and flower clubs are the outgrowth of this organization. Home for Aged Women.-A number of ladies interested is establishing a home for aged and homeless women met in the parlors of the W. C. T. U. February 21, 1899, to discess thematter. Thismeetingledtoapermanent organizationof the Home for Aged Women Association May 15, 1899, when the first oireers were elected, namely: Mrs. J. D. Mitchell, president; Mrs. Dennis Eagan and Mrs. T. V. Porter, vice presidents; Mrs. W. W. Cummer, treasurer; Mrs. Guy R. Pride, recording, and Mrs. Lawrence Haynes, corresponding ecretaries. The Association on March 24, 1900, rented a 10-room house at No. 509 E. Duval Street. This was the first Home; it was burned in the fire of 1901. The name was  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 448 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 448 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 443 changed to Home for the Aged April 5,1900,and incorporated under that name May 11, 1900. Improved Order of Red Men, Seminole Tribe No. 29.-- ganized and instituted February 7, 1902, by W. Harry Gage of Palatka. First oflcer:, E. Johnsan, sachem; R.P.Sher- idan, senior sagamore; C. C. Blake, junior sagamore; J. W. White, prophet. This Tribe was the successor of Iroquois of 1892, Cherokee No. 8 of 1894, and Suwanes No. 20 of 1898, all of which in turn had become defunct. Independent Order of Odd Fellows, Florida Lodge No. L- Organized at the town of Black Creek (Middleburg). Charter Issued by the Grand Lodge of the United States March 9, 1841. This Lodge was moved to Jacksonville in 1844, and was the first fraternal order having a Lodge here. Soon after the removal to Jacksonville the Lodge bought the lot at the southeast corner of Adams and Market Streets and built a two-story frame building with lodge rooms above and ball below. Being the only hall in the town fora long time itwas used as a school room and also as a sort of community meet- ing place. This Lodge is stil active. Junior League of America, Jacksonville Chapter.-Organ- ized November 8. 1928, as the Day Nursery Aid by 20 young society women of Jacksonville for the purpose of caring for the children of working mothers during work hours. The organizing officers were: Mrs. John L. Doggett, Jr., presi- dent; Mrs. W. R. McQuaid and Miss Alice Jones, vice-pri- dents; Miss Marion Adams, recording secretary ; Mrs. Ls- wood Jeffreys, corresponding secretary; Mrs. D. M. Barsett, treasurer. With a membership increased to 100, the Day Narery Aid became affiliated with the Junior League of America March 12, 1924; this was the frot chapter of the Junior League in Florida. It opened the Home at No. 226 East Church Street May 22, 1924. iwanias Club of Jacksonvile.-Chartered November 14, 1919, with 39 members, and installed the same day by A. J. Arrant, of Birmingham, Ala. First Officers; W. . Stedeford, president ; A. Y. Milam, vice-president C. A. Tutewiler, sac- retary; D. M. Barnett, treasurer. The motto of the Kiwanis Club is "We Build". changed to Home far the Aged April 5,1900,and incorporated under that name May 11. 1900. Improved Order of Red Men, Seminole Tribe No. 29.-Or- ganized and instituted February 7, 1902, by W. Harry Gage of Palatka. First officers: J. E. Johnson, sachem; R. P. Sher- ide anior sagamore; C. C. Blake, junior sagamore; J. W. White, prophet This Tribe was the successor of Iroquois of 1892, Cherokee No. 8 of 1894, and Suwanee No. 20 of 1898, all of which in turn had become defunct. Independent Order of Odd Fellows, Florida Lodge No. I Organized at the town of Black Creek (Middleburg). Charter sued by the Grand Lodge of the United States March 9, 184. This Lodge was moved to Jacksonville in 1844, and was the first fraternal order having a Lodge here. Soon after the removal to Jacksonville the Lodge bought the lot at the southeast corner of Adams sad Market Streets and built a two-story frame building with lodge rooms above and hall below. Beingthe only hall in thetownforalong time itwas used as a school room and also as a sort of community meet- ing place. Thin Lodge is still active. Janio League of America, Jacksonville Chapter.-Organ- laed November 8, 1928, as the Day Nursery Aid by 20 young society women of Jacksonville for the purpose of caring for the children of working mothers during work hours. The organizing officers were: Mrs. John L. Doggett, Jr., pres- dent; Mrs. W. R. McQuaid and Miss Alice Jones, vice-presi- dents; Miss Marion Adams, recording secretary; Mm. Lin- wood Jeffreys, corresponding secretary; Mrs. D. M. Barnett, treasurer, With a membership increased to 100, the Day Narney Aid became affiliated with the Junior League of America March 10, 1924; this was the first chapter of the Junior League in Florida. It opened the Home at No. 225 East Church Street May 22, 1924. Kiwanis Club of Jacksonville.-.-Chartered November 14, 1919, with 39 members, and installed the same day by A. J. Arrant, of Birmingham, Ala. First Officers: W. G. Stedeford, president; A. Y. Milam, vice-president ; C. A. Tutewiler, sec- retary; D. M. Barnett, treasurer. The motto of the Kiwanis Club is "We Build". changed to Home for the Aged April 5,1900, and incorporated under that name May 11, 1900. Improved Order of Red Men, Seminole Tribe No. 29.-Or- ganized and instituted February 7, 1902, by W. Harry Gage of Palatka. Firstofticera: J. E, Johnona, saehem; R.P.Sher- idan, senior sagamore; C. C. Blake, junior sagamore; J. W. White, prophet. This Tribe was the successor of Iroquois of 1892. Cherokee No. 8 of 1894, and Suwanee No. 20 of 1898, all of which in turn had become defunct. Independent Order of Odd Fellows, Florida Lodge No.1.- Organized at the town of Black Creek (Middleburg). Charter issued by the Grand Ledge of the United States March 9. 1840. This Lodge was moved to Jacksonville in 1844, and was the trst fraternal order having a Lodge here. Soon after the removal to Jacksonville the Lodge bought the lot at the southeast corner of Adams and Market Streets and built a two-story frame building with lodge rooms above and hall below. Being the only hall lathe town for along time it was used as a school room and also as a sort of community meet- ing place. This Lodge is still active. Junior League of Amerira, Jacksonvile Choapter-Organ.- ized November 8, 1923, as the Day Nursery Aid by 20 young society women of Jacksonville for the purpose of caring for the children of working mothers during work hours. The organizing officers were: Mrs. John L. Doggett, Jr., presi- dent; Mrs. W. R. Menaid and Miss Alice Jones, vice-presi- dents: Miss Marion Adams, recording secretary; Mrs. Lin, wood Jefreys, corresponding secretary; Mrs. D. M. Barnett, treasurer. With a membership increased to 100, the Day Nursery Aid became affiliated with the Junior League of Amercea March 1, 1924; this was the first chapter of the Junior League in Florida. It opened the Home at No. 225 East Church Street May 22, 1924. Kiwanis Club of Jacksonville.-Chartered November 14, 1919, with 39 members, and installed the same day by A. J. Arrant, of Birmingham, Ala. First O.cers. W. G. Stedeford, president; A. Y. Milam, vice-president; C. A. Tutewiler, aec- retary; D. M. Barnett, treasurer. The motto of the Kiwanis Club is "We Build".  444 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 444 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 444 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA Knights of Pytuhas.-The first lodge of K. of P. in Jack- sonville was Myrtle Lodge No. 2, instituted April 9, 1873, by J. E. Elliott, Deputy G. C. of Florida, assisted by D. B. Wood- ruf, G. C., and Felix Carput, P. C., both of Georgia. A fire early in 1876 burned out and broke up this Lodge, but it was reinstituted June 28, 1877, by Supreme Vice Chancellor Woodruf. Therevived Lodge howeverceased before the end of the year, and the K. of P. were without a Lodge here until October 7, 1885, when Montefiore Lodge No. 2 was instituted by Deputy Supreme Chancellor Cowan, with Jacob Burkheim, P. C.; 0. Z. Tyler, C. G.; Philip Walter, V. C., and M. M. Belissaro, M. A. Mdons Club of Jacksonvie.--Organized and installed May 8, 1924, by A. R. Mundorf, feld director of the National asso- eitie. There were 50 members. The olficers at organizs- ton were: J. R. Dunn, president; R. P. Marks and Burton Barre, vice-presidents; A. E. Adamson, secretary; G. A. Kirk, Jr., treasurer. The Club slogan is derived from the letters of the name Lions-."Liberty, Intelligence, Our Na. tion's Safety". Loyal Order of Moose, Jaeksonville Chapter No. 455.-In- atituted by Deputy Supreme Organiser W. H. Gage January 23, 1911, at which time the following oficers were installed: J. W. White, past dictator; L. B.Bennett, dictator; S.T.Sly. lor, vice-dictator; G. A. Maumon, prelate; C. A. Kelly, secre- tarp; W. S. Jordan, treasurer. National Society Coronial Dames in America in the State of Florida.-Organized in December, 1898, and incorporated January 31, 1899, with 16 charter members. Mrs. Robert I. Gamble was the fret president. A prevision of the charter Io that the annual elections shall always be held in the City of Jackoonville. There are no local chapters of the Society. Nationalnociety U. S. Daughters of 182-The Society is organized by States and the Florida charter dates from October 11, 1910, having been organized by Mrs. D. L. Gaul- den of DeLand. The charter provides that the annual meet- ings shall be held in the residence city of the president; Miss Ella M. Rorabeck having held the ofmice of president a total of eight years, the majority of the annual meetings have ben held in Jacksonville. Knights of Pythias.-The first lodge of K. of P. in Jack. sonville was Myrtle Lodge No. 2, instituted April 9, 1871, by J. E. Elliott. Deputy G. C. of Florida, asoisted by D, B. Wood- ruf, G. C. and Felix Coprut, P. C., both of Georgia. A fire early in 1876 burned out and broke up this Lodge, but it was reinstituted June 28, 1877, by Supreme Vice Chancellor Woodruff. Therevived Lodge howevercea sedbeforetheend of the year and the K. ofrP were without a Lodge here until October 7,1885, when Mantefiore Lodge No. 2 wos instituted by Deputy Supreme Chancellor Cowan, with Jacob Burkheim, P. C,; 0. Z. Tyler, C. G.; Philip Walter, V. C., and M. M. Belissario, M. A. Lins Club of Jacksonvile-Organized and installed Mgay 8, 1924, by A. R. Mundorff, field director of the National asso- elation. There were 50 members. The officers at organiza- tion were: J. R. Dunn, president; R. P. Marks and Burton Barrs, vice-presidents; A. E, Adamson, secretary; G. A. Kirk, Jr., treasurer, The Club slogan is derived from the lettera of the name Lions-"Liberty, Inteligence. Our Na- tion's Safety". Loyal Order of Moose, Jacksnville Chapter No. 455.-In-u stituted by Deputy Supreme Organiser W. H. Gage January 23, 1911, at which time the following oflicera were installed: J. W. White, past dictator; L. B.o Bnnett, dictator; S.T.Shay- lor, vice-dictator; G. A. Maumon. prolate; C. A. Kelly, secre- tary; W. S. Jordan, treaurer. National Society Colonial Dames in America in the State of Florida.-Organized in December, 1898, and incorporated January 31, 1899, with 16 charter members. Mrs. Robert H. Gamble was the trst president. A provision of the charter is that the annual elections shall always be held in the City of Jacksonville. There are no local chapters of the Society. National Suciety U. S. Daughters of 1812.-The Society is organized by States and the Florida charter dates from October 11, 1910, having been organized by Mrs. D. L. Gaul- den of Defand. The charter provides that the annual meet- hgs shall be held in the residence city of the president ; Mini Ella M. Romabeok having held the office of president a total of eight years, the majority of the annual meetings have been held in Jacksonville. Knights of Pythias.-The first lodge of K. of P. in Jack- s was Myrtle Lodge No. 2, instituted April 9, 1873, by J. E. Elliott, Deputy G. C. of Florida, assisted by D. B. Wood- rua, G. C., and Felix Corput, P. C., both of Georgia. A fire early in 1876 burned out and broke up this Lodge, but it was reinstituted June 28, 1877, by Supreme Vice Chancellor Woodruft. TherevivedLodgehoweverceasedbeforetheend of the year, and the K of P. were without a Lodge here until October?7, 188, when Montefiore Lodge No.2 was instituted by Deputy Supreme Chancellor Cowan, with Jacob Burkheim, P. C.; 0. Z. Tyler, C. t.; Philip Walter, V. C., and M. M. Belisoario, M. A. Lions Club of Jacksonvilue.-Organized and installed May 8,1924, by A. R, Mundorff, field director of the National asso- eation. There were 50 members. The oficers at organiza- tion were; J. R. Dunn, president; R. P. Marks and Burton Barre, vice-preoidente; A. E. Adamson, secretary; G. A. Kirk, Jr., treasurer. The Club slogan is derived from the letters of the name Lions-"Liberty, Intelligence, Our Na- tin's Safety". Loyal Order of Moose, Jacksonville Chapter No. 455-In- stituted by Deputy Supreme Organizer W. H. Gage January 28, 1911, at which time the following oflicers were installed: J. W. White, past dictator; L. B. Bennett, dictator; S.T.Shay- lor, vice-dictator; G. A. Maumon, prelate; C. A. Kelly, secre- tary ; W. S. Jordan, treasurer. National Society Coloial Dames in America in the State of Florida.-Organized in December, 1898, and incoporated January 31, 1899, with 16 charter members. Mrs. Robert H. Gamble was the first president. A prevision of the charter is that the asnual elections shall always be held in the City of Jacksonille. There are no local chapters of the Society. National Society U. S. Daughters of 1812.-The Society is organized by States and the Florida charter dates from October 11, 1910, having been organized by Mrs. D. L. Gaul- den of DeLand. The charter provides that the annual meet- ings shall be held in the residence city of the president; Miss Ella M. Reraeck having held the offee of president a total of eight years, the majority of the annual meetings have been held is Jacksonville.  HISTORY OF JACKBONVILLE, FLORIDA 446 HISTORY OF JACKSOILLE, FLORIDA 446 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 445 Masoni, Solomon Lodge No.20 P.&A.M-First Masonic organization in Jacksonville. Organized in 1848 under the authority of a dispensation granted by Joseph B. Lancaster, G. M. The charter was issued January 10, 1849, and the Lodge was installed (probably) by Judge Thomas Douglas. The first oficers were James W. Bryant, W. M.; Philip Cox, S. W.; Charles W. Downing, J. W. At the close of the first year there were 17 members. The lodge is still active and the largest in the State. Solary Club of Jacksonville.-Organized February 18, 1912, with 13 charter members. The Club was installed by E. R. Murphy of the Chicago Rotary Club. The first officers wer: George W. Clark, president; H. B. Minium and FO. Miller, vice-presidents; Clifford A. Payne, secretary; Myron L. Howard, treasurer. The local club was the first in Florida and the secondin the South, New Orleans having organized previously. The ologan of Rotary is "He profits most who serves best". St. Mary's Home for Orphan Girls.-Founded sad opened May 7, 1086, in a small building at the southeast corner of Ocean and Church Streets, with Sisters Mary Ann and Maria incharge. AnowandlargerbrickOrphanageandHomewas built on this site and dedicated February 2i, 1091, by Bishop Moore of St. Augustine. At that time the Home was in charge of Sisters Mary Ann, Sane Francis, and Aveilhe, with a8 little orphan girls under their core. This building was burned in the fire of May 3. 1901. Salvation Army-The Salvation Army held its first street service in Jacksonville January 11, 1891, at the corner of Ocean and Bay Streets; Adjutant J. C. Smith was in charge. The first hall was on the north side of Forsyth Street between Ocean sod Main. The Army's slogan is, "A man may be down, but he is never out"-.a fact that it has demonstrated times without number. Seaman's Institute-Founded by Rev. Karl J. Frost May 1, 1915, and permanently established through the efforts of Mr. Frost and Bishop E. G. Weed July 27, 1915, when the Home at No. 423 East Boy Street was opened. The frst president and chairmen of important committees were: Rev. W. A. Hobson, president; Rev. J. T. Boone, chairman of direc- Masonic, Solomon Lodge No.20 F.&A. M-First Masoic organication in Jacksonville. Organized in 1848 under the authority of a dispensation granted by Joseph B. Lanraster, G. M. The charter was issued January 10, 1849, and the Lodge was installed (probably) by Judge Thomas Douglas. The first oflcero were James W. Bryant, W. M.; Philip Cox, S. W.; Charles W. Downing, J. W. At the close of the first year there were 17 members. The lodge is still active and the largest in the State. Rosary Club of Jacksonville.-Organized February 13, 1912, with 13 charter members. The Club was installed by E. R. Murphy of the Chicago Rotary Club. The first oticer were: George W. Clark, president i H. B. Minlium and F. O. Miller, vice- presidents; Clifford A. Payne, secretary; Myron L. Howard, treasurer. The local club was the first in Florida and the secod-in the South, New Orleans having organized previously. The slogan of Rotary is "He profits most who serves best". St. Mary's Home for Orphan Girls..-Founded and opened May 7, 1886, in a small building at the southeast corner of Ocean and Church Streets, with Sisters Mary Ann and Maria incharge. Anew and larger briek Orphanage and Home was built on this site and dedicated February 25, 1891, by Bishop Moore of St. Augustine. At that time the Home was in charge of Sisters Mary Ann, Jane Francis, and Aveilhe, with 18 little orphan girls under their care. This building was burned in the lire of May 3, 1901. Salvation Army--The Salvation Army held its first street service in Jacksonville January 11, 1891, at the corner of Ocean and Bay Sheets; Adjutant J. C. Smith was in charge. Therfirt hail was on the north side of Forsyth Street between Oean and Main. The Army's slogan is, "A man may be down, but he is never out"-a fact that it has demonstrated times without number. Seaman's Istitute,-Founded by Rev. Karl L. Frost May 1, 1915, and permanently established through the efforts of Mr. Frost and Bishop E. G. Weed July 27, 1915, when the Home at No. 403 East Bay Street was opened. The frst president and chairmen of important committees were: Rev, W. A. Hobson, president: Rev. J. T. Boone, chairman of direc- Masonie, Solomon Lodge No. 20 F.&A.M.-First Masonie organization in Jacksonville. Organized in 1848 under the authority of a dispensation granted by Joseph B. Lancaster, G. Sl. The charter was issued January 10, 1849, and the Lodge was installed (probably) by Judge Thomas Douglas. The first ofhiers were James W. Bryant, W. M.; Philip Cox, S. W.; Charles W. Downing, S W. At the close of the first year there were 17 members. The lodge is still active and the largest in the State. Rotary Club of Jacksonville.- Organized February 13, 1912, with 13 charter members. The Club was installed by E. R. Murphy of the Chicago Rotary Club. The first saleers were; George W. Clark, president; 1. E, Minium and F. O. Miller, vice-presidents; Clifford A. Payne, secretary; Myron L. Howard, treasurer. The local club was the first in Florida and the second in the South, New Orleans having organized previously. The slogan of Rotary is "He profits most who serves best". St Mary's Home for Orphan Girls.-Founded and opened May 7, 1886, in a small building at the southeast corner of Ocean and Church Streets, with Sisters Mary Ann and Maria in charge. A new and larger brick Orphanage and Home was built on this site and dedicated February 25, 1891, by Bishop Moore of St. Augustine. At that time the Home was in charge of Sisters Mary Ann, Jane Francs, and Aveilhe, with 18 little orphan girls under their care. This building was burned in the fire of May 3, 1901. Salvation Army-The SalvationArmy held its first street service in Jacksonville January 11, 1891, at the corner of Oean and Bay Streets; Adjutant J. C. Smith was in charge. The first hall was on the north side of Forsyth Street between Ocean and Main. The Army's slogan is. "A man may be down, but he is never out"-a fact that it has demonstrated times without number. Seaman's nstitute.-Founded by Rev. Karl d. Frost May L 1915, and permanently established through the efforts of Mr. Frost and Bishop E G. Weed July 27, 1915, when the Home at No. 43 East Bay Street was opened. The frst president and chairmen of important committees were: Rev. W. A. Hobson, president; Rev. J. T. Boone, chairman of direc-  446 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 446 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 446 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA tors; A. D. Stevens, executive; A. B. Potter, fmance; Rev. W.C. Pierce, ocial. Object: The spiritual and temporal wel- fare and uplift of seamen of whatever religion and nation- ality. Seminole Club.-Organized April 19, 1887. Organizing oficers : F. R. Osborne, president; J. M. Barro, vice-president; A. C. Cowan, secretary; W. R. Dunter, treasurer. The Club secured temporary suarters in the Law Exchange building on Market Street. In July, 1887, the Randall house at the seutheast corner of Moiroe and Hogan Streets was leased, repaired and furnished; here the Club's fist public reception was given in the fall of 18B7. This was the Club's home until the spring of 1890, when it moved to the northeast corner of Main and Forsyth Street. It was burned out in the Main Street finre of 1891, but returned upon the rebuilding of block after the fre, and was again burned out in May, 1901. The Seminoe Club is next to the Yacht Club the oldest social or- ganization. Timuquna Country Club.-Organized January 11, 1923; chartered February 12, 1923, with John L. Hoe, president; Archer S. Hubbard, vice-president; Joel H. Tucker, Jr., sec- retary; George L Avent, treasurer. The membership is limited to 200; at the end of the first year the active mem- berhip was 195. Although prmoting athletics in general, this is mainly a golf club. The club house was opened with areception early in 1924. Derives its name from the Tim- neua Indian tribe that inhabited this section in Ponce deo Leon's day. United laughters of the Confederacy, Martha Reid Chap- ter.-Originally organized May 14, 1892, so the Woman's Confederate Home Asoeciation of Jacksonville, to afd in establishing a Home for destitute Confederate soldiers. It bore that name until 1894, when the general U. D. C. was founded for the purpose of combining all women's Confed- crate menmlorial associations in one confederation. The local association then applied for a charter, 31 members signing the application; a charter was granted November 8, 1895, as Martha Reid Chapter No. 19, U. D. C. It was the first chapter in Florida and 19th of the general organization now nuboer- ing almost 2,000 chapters, and the parent of the Florida Division U. D. C. The original ofiers of Martha Reid chap- tore; A. D. Stevens, executive; A. B. Potter, fiance; Rev. W.C. Pierce, social. Object; The spiritual and temporal wel- fare and uplift of seamen of whatever religion and nation- silty. Seminole Club.-Organized April 19, 1887. Organizing otfcers : F. R. Osborne, president ; J. M. Barr, vice-preoident A. C. Cowan, secretary ; W. . Hunter, treasurer. The Club secured temporary quarters in the Law Exchange building on Market Street. In July, 1887, the Randall house at the southeast corner of Monroe and Hogan Streets was leased, repaired and furnished ; bare the Club frst pu blic reception wasgiveninthefallof1887. This was the Club's home until the spring of :1890, when it moved to the northeast corner of Main and Forsyth Streets. It was burned out in the Main Street fire of 1891, but returned upon the rebuilding of block after the ire, and was again burned out in May, 1901. The Seminole Club is next to the Yacht Club the oldest social ar. ganaizationa. Timunana Country Club.-Organized January 11, 1923; chartered February 12, 1922, with John L. Roe, president; Archer S. Hubbard, vico-president; Joel H. Tucker, Jr., see- retary; George J. Avent, treasurer. The membership is limited to 200; at the end of the first year the active mem- bership was 195. Although promoting athletics in general. this is mainly a golf club. The club house was opened with areception early in 1924. Derives its name from the Tim- uqua Indian tribe that inhabited this section in Ponce do Leon's day. United Daughteres of the Confederacy, Martha Reid Chap- ter.-Originlly organiel May 14, 1892, as the Woman'e Confederate Home Association of Jacksonville, to aid in establishing a Home for destitute Confederate soldiers. It bore that name until 1894, when the general U. D. C. was founded for the purpose of combining all women's Confed- erate memorial associations in one confederation. The local association then applied for a charter, 31 members signing the application; a charter was granted November 8, 1891, as Martha Reid Chapter e. 19, U.D. C. Itwas the first chapter in Florida and 19th of the general organization now number- ing almost 2,000 chapters, and the parent of the Florida Division U. D. C. The original olicers- of Martha Reid chap. tors; A. D. Stevens, executive; A. B. Potter, finance; Rev. W. C. Pierce, social. Object The spiritual and temporal wel- fare and uplift of seamen of whatever religion and nation- alty. Seminole Club.-Orgnized April 19, 1887, Organizing ofloers: F.R. Osborne, president; J.M. Barr, vice-president . A. C. Cowan, seetary ; W. R. Hunter, treasurer. The Club secured temporary quarters in the Law Exchange building on Market Street. In July, 1887, the Randall house at the southeast corner of Monroe and Hogan Streets was leased, repaired and furnished; here the Club's first public reception wasgiven inthefallof 0887. This wasthe Club's home until the spring of 1890, when it moved to the northeast corner of Main and Forsyth Streets. It was burned out in the Main Street fire of 1891, but returned upon the rebuilding of block after the lire, and was again burned out in May, 190. The Seminole Club is next to the Yacht Club the oldest social or- ganization. Timanoa Country Club.-Organied January 11, 1923; chartered February 12, 1923, with John L. Roe, president; Archer S. Hubbard, vice-preuident; Joel H. Tucker, Jr., wee- retary; George J. Avent, treusurer. The membership is limited to 200; at the end of the first year the active mem- bership was 195. Although promoting athletics in general, this is mainly a golf club. The club house was opened with areception early in 1924. Derives its name from the Tim- uqua Indian tribe that inhabited this section in Ponce de Leon' day. United Daughters of the Confederacy, Martha Reid Chap- ter-Originsally organized May 14, 1892, as the Woman's Confederate Home Association of Jacksonville, to aid in establishing a Home for detitute Confederate soldiers. It bore that name until 1894, when the general U. D. C. was founded for the purpose of combining all women's Confed- orate memorial associations in one confederation. The local association then applied for a charter, 31 members signing the application; a charter was granted November 8, 1895, as Martha Reid Chapter N. 19, U. D. C. It was the first chapter in Florida and 19th of the general organization now number- ing almost 2,000 chapters, and the parent of the Florida Division U. D. C. The original soicers of Martha Reid chap-  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 447 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 447 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 447 ter were: Mrs. Susan Hartidge, president; Mrs. M. C. Drys- dale, vice-president; Mrs. J. 0. Bessent, secretary; Mrs. F. P. Fleming, treasurer. Woodmen of the World, Palmetto Camp No. 3-Organ- ised February 11, 1898; chartered April 22, 1893, with 17 members. The camp was installed by N. L. Bankroft, of Omaha. First officers: F. W. Ellis, consul commander; E. A. Ricker, advisory lieutenant; L. I. Green, banker; F. H. Heanne, clerk; C. D. Mills, escort; J. H. Kres, sentry; Fred Puckharber, watchman; J. P. Rhodes, Telfair Stockton and E. Tucker, auditors; Dr. H. R. Stout, physician. Y. M. C. A. of Jacksonville.-The forerunner of the pres- ent Y. M. C. A. in Jacksonville was the organization of 1870, with J. M. Baker, president; A. J. Russell and J. J. Daniel, vlce-preidents; A. M. Jones, corresponding secretary; D. V. N. Person, recording scribe; Rev. Frederick Pasco, treasurer. The history of this early Y. M. C. A. can be traced through 1876, but is lost thereafter. A. Y. M. C. A. (probably a re- organistion ewas formed January 10, 1886, and permanently established May 10, 1806, with 85 members: G. W. Garret, president; J. K. Williams and Ira Mowry, vice-presidents; 0. 0. Mitchell, secretary- At the end of the first year 225 names were enrolled. There hove been several reorgania- tions since 1886. Y. W. C. A. of Jacksonville.-Organized in February and chartered in April, 1911, with 960 subscribing members. Organizing sficers: Mrs. B. IH. Barnett, president; Mrs. W. B. Young and Mrs. J. H. Powell, vice-presidents; Mrs. F. N. Starnent, recsrding secretary; Miss Leila Ellis, correspond. ing secretary; Mrs. W. A. Lloyd, treasurer. Object: To fur- nish a safe and economical berding home and luch room for business girls where a general friendliness and sympa- thetic understanding of the problems confronting them may be acquired, along with instruction in the principles of health, recreatio and amusement, together with opportunities for educational and religious training. ter were: Mrs. Susan Hartridge, president; Mrs. M. C. Drys- dale, vice-president; Mr. J. O. Besosnt, secretary; Mrs. F. P. Fleming, treasurer. Woodmen of the World, Palmetto Camp No. 3.-Organ- iced February 11, 1899; chartered April 22, 1893, with 17 members. The camp was installed by N. L. Bankroft, of Omaha. First olicers: F. W. Ellis, consul commander; E. A. Ricker, advisery lieutenant; L. H. Green, banker; F. It. Hanne, clerk; C. D. Mills, escort; J. H. Krues, sentry; Fred Puckharber, watchman; J. F. Rhodes, Telfair Stockton and E. Tucker, auditors; Dr. H. R. Stout, physician. Y. M. C. A. of Jaeksonvilles.-The forerunner of the pres- ent Y. M. C. A. in Jacksonville was the organization of 187, with J. M. Baker, president; A. J. Russell and J. J. Daniel, vice-presidents; A. M. Jones, corresponding secretary; D. V. N. Person, recording scribe; Rev. Frederick Pasc, treasurer. The bistory of this early Y. M. C. A. can be traced through 1876, but is lost thereafter. A. Y. M. C. A. (probably a re- organization) was formed January 10, 1886, and permanently established May 10, 1886, with 85 members: G. W. Garret, president; J. K Williams and Ira Mowry, vice.presidente; 0. .Mitchell, secretary. At the end of the first year 225 names were enrolled There have been several reorganiza- tions since 1886. Y. W. C. A. of Jaksnonville.-Organized in February and chartered in April, 1911, with 960 subscribing members. Organising fficers: Mrs. B. H. Rrnett, president; Mrs. W. B. Young and Mrs. J. H. Powell, vice-presidents; Mrs. F. N. Starmot, recording seretary; Miss Lola Ellis, corespond- ing secretary; Mrs. W. A. Lloyd, treasurer. Object: To fur. nish a safe and economical boarding home and lunch room for business girls where a general friendliness and sympa- thetic understanding of the problems confronting them may be acquired, along with instruction in the principles of health, recreation and amusement, together with opportunities for educational and religious training. ter were: Mrs. Susan Harridge, president; Mrs. M. C. Drys- dale, vice-president; Mrs. J, 0. .essent, secretary; Mrs. F. P. Fleming, treasurer. Woodmen of the World, Palmetto Camp No. 3.-Organ- ized February 11, 1893; chartered April 22, 1893, with 17 members. The camp was installed by N. L. Bankreft, of Omaha. First officers: F. W. Ellis, consul commander; E. A. Ricker advisory lieutenant; L. I. Green, banker; F. H. Hanne, clerk; C. D. Mills, esecrt; J. IH. Krues, sentry; Fred Puckharber, watchman; J. F. Rhodes, Telfair Stockton and E. Tucker, auditors; Dr. H. R. Stout, physician. Y. M. C. A. of Jacksonville.-The fororunner of the pres- ent Y. M. C. A. in Jacksonville was the organization of 1870, with J. M. Baker, president; A. J. Russell and J. J. Daniel, vice-presidents; A. M. Jones, corresponding secretary; D. V. N. Person, recording scribe; Rev,. Frederick Pasco, treasurer. The history of this early Y. M. C. A. can be traced through 1876, but io lost thereafter. A. Y. M. C. A. (probably a se- erganization) was formed January 10,1886, and permanently established May 10, 1886, with 6 members: G. W. Garret, president; J. K Williams and Ira Mowry, vice-presidents; S. O. Mitchell, secretary. At the end of the first year 221 names were enrolled. There have been several reorganiza- nton, since 1886. Y. W. C. A. of Jaeksonville.-Organized in February and chartered in April, 1911, with 960 subscribing members. Organizing officers; Mrs. B. H. Barnett, president; Mrs. W. B. Young and Mrs. J. H. Powell, vice-presidents; Mrs. F. N. Starmont, recording secretary; Miss Leola Ellis, correspond- ing secretary; Mrs. W. A. Lloyd, treasurer. Object; To fur- nish a safe and economical boarding home and lunch room for business girls where a general friendliness and sympa- thetic understanding of the problems confronting them may be acquired, along with instruction in the principles of health, recreation and amusement, together with opportunities for educational and religions training.  448 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 440 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 4I HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA CHAPTER XXV JACKSONVILLE NEWSPAPERS Beginning in 1835, the record of local newspapers repre- sents a chain, the links of which are years. Rust spte, meaning temporary suspensions, appear here and there in the early years, but only in two places are the links com- pletely gone, in 1841 and 1862-5. A trace of a paper may yet be found for 1841. Jacksonville Courier-This was the first paper started in Jacksonville, in January, 1835. It was a weekly paper pub- lished by Lorenzo Crrier & Co., of Boston, with Elijah Wi- liams, a lawyer, as active editor. Mr, Williams died In about a year, and after a temporary suspension the paper reap- peared in the fall of 1836 under the ownership of Haslam, Dexter & Gregory> O. M. Dorman afterward became con- nected with the Courier, but in what capacity is not clear, On or before February 15, 1818, Weir & Richardson took charge of the Courier, with Rev. David Brawn (Rector of St. John's Church) in the editorial chair. The editor of the Pensacola paper "took a fling" at Mr. Brown's poetry, stating that "he wrote poetry as the fellow in the play wrote prose; his sentences are inverted as we find them in blank verse, as thus-'inverted are his sentences all'," So it seems that even at this early day editors were in the habit of paying their "respects" to ant another. Financial troubles, probably brought on by the Seminole war, beset the Courier and Jack- sonville's first newspaper want out of existence in 1em. Ease Florida Advocate.-The vacancy left by the Courier was filled by the Advocate, which appeared in 1839, Aaron Janes, Jr., editor. This paper was published until the end of 1840, Mr. Jones moving in January, 1841, to St. Augustine to accept a position with the News? Tropical Plant-George M. Gronard came to Jacksonville from Washington, D. C., and late in 1842 atarted the Tropical Plant." It may have been an agricultural paper carrying news items, for about that time there seems to have been a development scheme known as the Tropical Plant Nurery Development. This, however, is only an inference, as there CHAPTER XXV JACKSONVILLE NEWSPAPERS Beginning in 1835, the record of legal newspapers repre- cents a chain, the links of which are years. Rust spots, meaning temporary suspensions, appear here and there in the early years, but only in two places are the links com- pletely gone, in 1841 and 1862-3. A trace of a paper may yet be found for 1841. Jacksnville Courier-This was the first paper started in Jacksonville, in January, 1835. It was a weekly paper pub- lished by Larenzo Currier & Co., of Boston, with Elijah Wil- liams, a lawyer, as active editor. Mr. Williams died in about a year,- and after a temporary suspension the paper eap- peared in the fall of 1836 under the ownership of Hanlamn, Dexter & Gregory- O. M. Dormn afterward became con- certed with the Courier, but in what capacity is not cleara On or before February 15, 1838, Weir & Richardson took charge of the Ccurier, with Rev. David Brewn (Rector 4% St. John's Church) in the editorial chair, The editor of the Pensacola paper "took a fling" at Mr. Brown's poetry, stating that "he wrote poetry as the fellow in the play wrote prose; his sentences are inverted as we find them in blank verse, as thu-'inverted are his sentances all'." So it seems that even at this early day editors were in the habit of paying their "respects" to one another. Financial troubles, probably brought on by the Saminole war, beset the Courier and Jack- sonville's frst newspaper went out of existence in 1839. East Florida Advocate-The vacancy left by the Courier was filled by the Advocate, which appeared in 189, Aaron Janes, Jr., editor. This paper was published until the end of 1840, Mr. Jones moving in January, 1841, to St. Augustine to accept a position with the News?. Tropical Plan,-Ceorge M. Gronard came to Jacksonville froam Washington, D. C., and late in 1842 started the Tropical Plan.d It may have been an agricultural paper carrying news items, for about that time there seems to have been a development scheme known as the Tropical Plant Nursery Development. This, however, is only an inference, as there CHAPTER XXV JACKSONVILLE NEWSPAPERS Beginning in 1885, the record of local newspapers repre- sents a chain, the links of which are years. Rust spate. meaning temporary suspensions, appear here and there in the early years, but only in two places are the links cos- pletely gone, in 1841 and 1862-'. A trace of a paper may yet be found for 1841. Jacksonville Courier-This was the trst paper started in Jecksonville, in January, 1835. It was a weekly paper pub- lished by Lorenou Currier & Co., of Boston, with Elijah Wil- liams, a lawyer, as active editor. Mr. Williams died in about a year, and after a temporary suspension the paper reap- peared in the fall of 186 under the ownership of Haslam, Dexter & Gregory" 0'. M. Dorman afterward became con- nected with the Courier, but in what capacity is net cleary On or before February 15, 1838, Weir & Richardson took charge of the Courier, with Rev. David Brown (Rectar St. John's Church) in the editorial chair. The editor of the Pensacola paper "toik a ting" at Mr. Brown's poetry, stating that "he wrote poetry as the fellow in the play wrote prose; his sentences are inverted as we fmd them in blank verse, as thu-inverted are his sentences al'."a So it seems that even at this early day editors were in the habit of paying their "respects" to one another. Financial troubles, probably brought on by the Seminole war, beset the Courier and Jack- sonville's first newspaper went out of existence in 1839. ast Florida Advocate-The vacancy left by the Corier was filled by the Advocate, which appeared in 1839, Aaron Jones, Jr., editor, This paper was published until the end of 1840, Mr. Jones moving in January, 1841, to St. Augustine to accept a position with the News' Tropical Plant-George M. Grouard came to Jacksonville from Washington, D. C., and late in 1842 started the Tropical Plant.' It may have been an agricultural paper carrying news items, for about that time there seems to have been a development scheme known as the Tropical Plant Nursery Development. This, however. is only an inference, as there  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 449 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 449 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 449 are no known copies of the paper in existences The Trop- etl Plant was still gong in December, 1844. Sometimeafter this Ar. Grouard changed the name of the paper to the Flor- ida Statesman, and it was published under this name to at least September 13, 18405 the last definite record of it. Florida Whig and People's Advocate-About April, 1845, T. T. Russeil, formerly an editor of the St. Augustine News, came to Jak sonville to conduct a temporary political paper in the interest of L D. Hart, who was running for public office. This paper was called the Florida Whig and People's Advocate, but the length of its name had nothing to do with the length of its life, for it was in existence only about a month. Temporary political papers were by no means un- common i those dayss Florida News--The News was moved from St. Augustine to Jacksonville in the autumn of 1845 and published by A. C. Gillett and A. B. Hazzard. It was an old, well-estab- tihed paper, Democratic in politics and was the mouth-piece and did the newspaper fighting for the party in East Florida.' Among the early editors after removal to Jacksonville were, George Powers, Dr. Charies Byrne, and J. F. Rogers., The News plant was burned out in 1854, but the paper was after- word reestablished, followed by a change of ownership and Florida Republican-This was a Whig paper established in 1848 by Columbus Drew, who was its editor until 1855. Mr. Drew was on the editorial staff of the American before coming to Jacksonville in 1848. With the establishment of the Republican the town of Jacksonville had two of the beat newspapers in the State, one Democratic (News) and the other Whig ;they were often engaged in bitter political con- troversies and fought a political war that was sensational in character. The editors, however, do not seem to have been involved in any duels. The Republican plant was also burned out in the fre of 1854,1 but was reestablished, For a few months in 1856 the paper was issued as asemi-weekly, pM- sibly the first semi-weekly paper in Florida.0 Ownership changed to W. W. Mooree and about 1858 the name of the paper was chonged to St. Johns Mirror,' are no known colies of the paper in existence.e The Trop- ical Plant was still going in December, 1844. Sometime after this Mr. Groused changed the name of the paper to the Flor- ida Statesman, and it was published under this name to at least September 13, 184m5? the last definite record of it Florida Whig and people's Advocale-About April, 1845, T. T. Russell, formerly an editor of the St. Auguatine News, came to Jacksonville to conduct a temporary political paper in the interest of u. D. Hart, who was running for public oflice. This paper was called the Florida Whig and People's Advocate, but the length of its name had nothing to do with the length of its life, for it was in existence only about a month. Temporary political papers were by no means un- common in those days Florida News-The News was moved from St. Augustine to Jacksonville in the autumn of 1845 and published by A. C. Gillett and A, B. Hazzard. it was an old, well-eatab- lished paper, Democratic in politics and was the mouth-piece and did the newspaper fghting for the party in East Florida.' Among the early editors after removal to Jacksonvie were, George Powers, Dr Charles Byrne, and J. F. Rogers, The News plant was burned out in 1854, but the paper was after- ward reestablished, followed by a change of ownership and named Florida Republican.-This was a Whig paper established in 1848 by Columbus Drew, who was its editor until 1855. Mr. Drew was on the editorial staff of the American before coming to Jacksonville in 1848. With the establishment of the Republican the town of Jacksonville had two of the best ewpaer in the State, one Democratic (News) and the other Whig; they were often engaged in bitter political con- troversies and fought a political war that was sensational in character. The editors, however, do not seem to have been involved in any duels. The Republican plant was also burned oat in the fire of 1854,' but was reestablished. For a few months in 186 the paper was issued as a semi-weekly, pao- sibly the first semi-weekly paper in Florida.0 Ownership changed to W. W. Moore, and about 1858 the name of the paper was changed to St. Johns Mirror ' are no known copies of the paper xistence? The Trop- ical Plant was still going in December, 1844. Sometimeafter this Mr. Crouard changed the name of the paper to the Flor- ida Statesman, and it was published under this name to at least September 13, 1845,^ the last definite record of it. Florida Whig and People's Advocate-About April, 1845, T. T. Russell, formerly an editor of the St. Augustine News, came to Jacksonville to conduct a temporary political paper in the interest of L. D. Hart, who was running for public oilice. This paper was called the Florida Whig and People's Advocate, but the length of its name had nothing to do with the length of its life, for it was in existence only about a month. Temporary political papers were by no means Un- coon in those days Florida News-The News was moved from St. Augetine to Jacksonville in the autumn of 1845 and published by A. C. Gilett and A. B. Hauzard. It was an old, welleatab-. lished paper, Democratic in politics and was the mouth-piece and did the newspaper fighting for the party in East Florida' Among the early editors after removal to Jacksonville were, George Powers, Dr. Charles Byrne, and J, F. Rogers, The Nowa plant was burned oct in 1854, but the paper was after- ward reestablished, followed by a change of ownership and name,' Florida Republican.-This was a Whig paper established in 1848 by Columbus Drew, who was its editor until 1855. Mr, Drew was on the editorial staff of the American before coming to Jacksonville in 1848, With the establishment of the Republican the town of Jacksonville had two of the best newspapers in the State, one Democratic (News) and the other Whig; they were often engaged in bitter political con- troversies and fought a politial war that was sensational in character. The editors, however, dx not seem to have been involved in any duels. The Republican plant was also burned out in the fire of 1854,1 but was reestablished. For a few months in 1856 the paper was issued as a semi-weekly, po- sibly the first semi-weekly paper in Florida. Ownership changed to W. W. Moore,, and about 1858 the name of the paper was changed to St. Johns Mirror  .i HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 450 ISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 450 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA Jacksonville Standard.-There is a record of this paper for the forepart of the year 1869; nothing further is known of it., Southern Rights-This paper appeared shortly before the outbreak of the War Between the States and was an advocate of Southern principles. It was conducted by (Holmes) Steele and (Aristides) Doggettf The foregoing is according to the recollection of an old resident. There is a positive record of the Southern Confederacy published at Jacksonville March 15, 1861; it was Vol. 1, No. 9, a four-page, sx-column weekly published every Friday, It is possible that these papers werethe samewith only a change of name After the War Florida Times. -Started in 1865 and was published at least as late as May 16, 1867.0 Mercry .-A semi-weekly paper started in October, 1067, by J. E. Frost & Co. Though a Republican paper it was de- voted to conservative interests and according to the Floridian of Tallahassee. 'on that account should become very popular in a section (Duval County) where the necessity of such a paper has been felt for some time'. Florida Courier-Established in 1870 by William and J. P. Perry of Madison. In (probably) March, 1872, Harrison W. Clark gained control of the paper and changed its politics to Democratic; at that time it was the only Democratic paper in the County. Jacksonville Pressa-Establihed January 22, 1874, by H, B. McCallum and W. W. Douglass. In 1876 the ecirculation of the Press was 2,140. The paper was published as a semi- weekly, with a weekly edition also; it was combined with the Jacksonville Sun in June, 1877. Jacksonville Sun'-The Sunwasatrl-weeklypaperestab- lished by N. K. Sawyer & Son, January 22, 1876. It was Re- publican in politics. JacksonvillefDaily Sunand Press,-TheSunandthePress were consolidated June 13, 1877, the paper being issued every morning except Monday. It was a good paper for its day and appeared to be independent in politics, though its leaning Jacksonville Standard.-There is a record of this paper for the forepart of the year 1859; nothing further is known of ite Southern Rights.-This paper appeared shortly before the outbreak of the War Between the States and was an advocate of Southern principles. It wan conducted by (Hoines) Steele and (Aristides) Doggett. The foregoing is according to the recollection of an old resident. Thereis a positive record of the Southern Confederacy published at Jacksonville smarch 15,1861; it was Vol. 1, No. 9, a four-page, si-column weekly published every Friday It is possible that these papers were the same, with only a change of name,' After the War Florida Times.-Started in 1865 and was published at least as lots as May 16, 1867.' Merco-y.-A semi-weekly paper started in October, 1067, by J, C. Frost & Co. Though a Republican paper it was de- voted to econserative interests and according to the Floridian of Tallahassee, "on that account should become very popular in a sction (Duval County) where the necessity of such a paper has been felt for some time". Florida Courier'-Established in 1870 by William and J. P. Perry of Madine. In (probably) March, 1872, Harrison W. Clark gained control of the paper and changed its politics to Democratic; at that time it was the only Democratic paper in the County. Jacksonville Pressa-Established January 22, 1874, by 1. B. McCallum and W. W. Douglass. In1876 the circulation of the Press was 2,140. The paper was published as a emi- weekly, with a weekly edition also; it was combined with the Jacksonville Sun in June, 1877. Jacksonville Sun,-The Sun was a tri-weekly paper estab- lished by N. K. Sawyer & Son, January 22, 1876, It was Re- publican in politics. Jacksonville Dolly Sn and Press.-TheSunandthePres were consolidated June 11, 1877, the paper being issued every morning except Monday. It was a good paper for its day and appeared to be independent in politico, though its leaning Jacksovrie Standad.-There is a record of this paper for the forepart of the year 1859; nothing further is known of it.c Southern Rights.-This paper appeared shortly before the outbreak of the War Between the States and was an advocate of Southern principles. It was conducted by (Holmes) Steele and (Aristides) Doggett.5 The foregoing tsaccording to the recollection of an old resident. There is a positive record of the Southern Confederacy published at Jacksonville March 15, 1861; it was Vol. 1, No. 9 a four..page, six-column weekly published every Friday.' It is possible that these papers werethe same,with only achange of name. After the War Florida Time.-Started in 1865 and was published at least as late as May 16, 186"7 Mer.-y.-Asemi-weekly paper started in October, 187, by J. E. Frost & Co. Though a Republican paper it was de- voted to conservative interests and according to the Floridian of Tallahassee, "on that account should become very popular in a section (Duval County) where the necessity of such a paper has been felt for some time". Florida Courier,-Established in 1870 by William and J. P. Perry of Miadison. In (probably) March, 1872, Harrison W. Clark gained control of the paper and changed its politics to Democratic; at that time it was the only Democratic paper in the County. Jacksonville Press.-Established January 22, 1874, by H. B. McCallum and W. W. Douglass. In1876thecirculationof the Press was 2,140. The paper was published as a semi- weekly, with a weekly edition also; it was combined with the Jacksonville Sun in June, 1877. Jacksonville suns-The Sun was a tri-weekly paper eatab- lished by N. K. Sawyer & Son, January 22, 1876. It was Re- publican in politics. Jacksonville Daily Sun and Press:-TheSun andthePress wore consolidated June 18, 1877, the paper being issued every morning except Monday. It was a good paper for its day and appeared to be independent in politics, though its leasing  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 451 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 451 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 451 finally became Republican. The last positive record of the Sun and Press is the issue of September, 1880; N. K. Sawyer was laesee, Jacksonvie Daily Chronicle,-This was an afternoDn paper started July 24, 1877, by George F. Cubbedge and Har- roon W.Clark. The owners sold the paper to the proprietors of the Sun and Press November 19, 1877. The new owners continued its publication for a month or so only. The time was approaching, but had not then arrived for the successful publication of an afternoon daily in Jacksonville. The Breezel-On November 15, 1878, the Breeze made its appearance. It was an afternoon daily published by Reu- hen and M. R. Bowden, with A. J. Russell as editorial writer. The opening salutation was: "We hope to make the Breeze a permanent institution in our midst by masking it non-parti- san, non-sectarian, open-faced, open-hearted, live, liberal, level-headed, luminary; not sufiently brilliant to obliterate the San, nor "Breezy" enough to blind the wayside Traveler with the dust we raise". The Breoze ceased in 1880, being purchased by one of the larger papers. Florida Daily Times-The Daily Times was established by C. H.Jones November29,1881. Itwas Democratieandwas ably edited by Mr. Jones. In May, 1882, a partnership was formed of C. H. Jones, his brother, George W. Jones, and J. P. Varnum, with the frm- name Jones, Varnum & Co. In No- vember, 1882, a weekly edition was started. The Daily and the Weekly Times were noon classed among the most im- portant papers of the State. In February, 1883, the Times was consolidated with the Union under the name Times- Union. Jacksonville Evening Herald.--Asbmead Brothers started the Herald on Apri 13, 1888. In October, 1888, John Temple Graves and Harrison W. Clark formed a partnership and bought the Herald; Mr. Grave. was editor and Mr. Clark business manager. They continued the publication of the paper as an afternoon daily (except Sunday) at $6.00 a year. Here it was that Mr. Graves established his reputation as a great editor and writer, for his editorials in the Herald gained wide notice. The Herald was sold to the Stockton Brothero (owners of the Jacksonville Morning News) In 1887, and the papers combined as the News-Herald. fTnally became Republican. The last positive record of the Sun and Press is the issue of September, 1880; N. K. Sawyer was lessee, Jacksonville Dnily Chromilee---This was an afternoon paper started July 24, 1877, by George F. Cubbedge and Har- roon W. Clark. The ownerssold the paper to the proprietors of the Sun and Press November 19, 1877. The new owners continued its publication for a month or so only. The time was approaching, but had not then arrived for the successful publication of an afternoon daily in Jacksonville. The Breeze1-On November 15, 1878, the Breese made its appearance. It was an afternoon daily published by Reu- ben and M. R. Bowden, with A. J. Russell as editorial writer. The opening salutation was: "We hope to make the Breeze a permanent institution in our midst by making it non-parti- san, non-sectarian, open-faced, open-hearted, live, liberal, level-headed, luminary; not sufficiently brilliant to obliterate the Sun, nor "Breezy" enough to blind the wayside Traveler with the dust we raise". The Breeze ceased in 1880, being purchased by one of the larger papers, Florida Daily Times--The Daily Times was established by C. H.Jones November20,1881, Itws Democraticand was ably edited by Mr. Jones. In May, 1882, a partnership was formed of C. H. Jones, his brother, George W. Jones, and J. P. Varnum, with the firm name Jones, Vanum & Co. In No- vember, 1882, a weekly edition was started. The Daily and the Weekly Times were noon classed among the most im-. portant papers of the State. In February, 1881, the Times was consolidated with the Union under the name Times- Union. Jacksonville Evening Heralde-Ashmead Brothers started the Herald on April 13, 1883. In October, 1888, John Temple Graves and Harrison W. Clark formed a partnership and bought the Herald; Mr. Graves was editor and Mr. Clark business manager. They continued the publication of the paper as an afternoon daily (except Sunday) at $6.00 a year, Here it wan that Mr. Graves established his reputation se a great editor and writer, for his editorials in the Herald gained wide notice. The Herald was sold to the Stockton Brothers (owners of the Jacksonville Morning News) in 1887, and the papers combined as the Newn-Herald. finally became Republican. The last positive record of the Sun and Press is the issue of September, 1880; N. K. Sawyer was lessee. Jacksonville Doily Chroniele--Thin was n afternoon paper started July 24, 1877, by George F. Cubbedge and Har- risonW.Clark. The owners sold the paper to the proprietors of the Sun and Press November 19, 1877. The new owners continued its publication for a month or so only. The time was approaching, but had not then arrived for the successful publication of an afternoon daily in Jacksonville. The Breeze.'-On November 15, 1878, the Breeze made its appearance. It was an afternoon daily published by Reu- ben and H, R. Bowden, with A. J. Russell as editorial writer. The opening salutation was: "We hope to make the Breeze a permanent institution in our midst by making it non-parti- son, non-sectarian, open-faced, open-hearted, live, liberal, level-headed, luminary; not sufficiently brilliant to obliterate the Sun, nor "Breezy" enough to blind the wayside Traveler with the dust we raise". The Breeze ceased in 1880, being purchased by one of the larger papers. Florida Daily Times-The Daily Times was established by C. H.Jones November229,1881. Itwas Democraticand was ably edited by Mr. Jones. In May, 1882, a partnership was formed of C.. Jones, his brother, George W. Jones, and J, P. Varnum, with the firm name Jones, Varnum & Co. In No- vember, 1882, a weekly edition was started. The Daily and the Weekly Times were soon classed among the most im- portant papers of the State. In February, 1883, the Times was consolidated with the Union under the name Times- Union. Jacksonville Evening Heraid,-Ashmead Brothers started the Herald on April 13, 1888. In October, 1883, John Temple Graves and Harrison W. Clark formed a partnership and bought the Herald; Mr. Graves was editor and Mr. Clark business manager. They continued the publication of the paper as an afternoon daily (except Sunday) at $6.00 a year. Here it was that Mr. Graves established his reputation as a great editor and writer, for his editorials in the Herald gained wide notice. The Herald was sold to the Stockton Brothers (owners of the Jacksonville Morning News) in 1807, and the papers combined as the News-Herald.  452 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 452 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 452 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA Jacksonrille Morning News.e-Established February 2. 1886, by the News Printing and Publishing Company, com- posed of John P. Varnum and F. W. Hawthorne. Mr. Var- num was editor and Mr. Hawthorne business manager. It was a 4-page, 7-column morning paper, issued daily except Monday, subscription price, $6.00 a year. The News was in- dependent in politics. Early in 1887, Stockton Brothers (T. T., Telfair, and John N. C.) and a few asceiates, banded themselves together forthe purpose of buyingall of the daily papers in Jacksonville. Their first purchase was the Morning News; then they bought the Evening Herald. This was in May, 1887. These papers were combined and published as o morning daily, under the name Hows-Herald. The Stock- tons published the News-Herald about a year, in the mean- time incorporating as the Florida Publishing Company. The Florida Publishing Company parchased the Times-Union in 1888, and then discontinued the News-Herald. The Daily Florida Citizeu.-Etablished December 15, 1898, by Lorettus S. Metcalf, a veteran New York journalist, ine years business manager of the North American Review and founder of the Forum. Henry George, Jr., non of the single-tax advocate, was managing editor. The Citizen was a splendid paper sod at once took first rook in the State. Mr. MetcaIf continued as editor until February 24, 1697, being succeeded by George W. Wilson. Gaining a controlling in- terest in the stock of the Florida Publishing Company (pub- lihers of the Times-Union), the owners of the Citizen con- hined the papers September 9, 1897, as the Florida Times- Union and Citizen, with George W. Wilson as editor. Of the many newspapers of Jacksonville that were started and ceased, the foregoing were the most important of their day. There were numerous other ventures into the news- paper field in Jacksonville, and among the dailies may be mentioned: Daily Journal, Harrison Reed, 1884; Opinion, Charles L. Fildes, December, 1885; ran about a week and closed up, the publisher stating that the A. P. went back on him i Daily Standard, C. E. Merrill, 1890-92; Daily Florida Republican, B. C. Drake, 1892; Evening Call, W. L. May & Co., 18994900; Daily Son, Claude UEngle, 1904-5; spigy afternoon paper; Jacksonville Star, R. 1 E. Dunn, managing editor, winter of 19121; penny afternoon paper; Jackson. Jacksonville Morning News.-Established February 2, 1886, by the News Printing and Publishing Company, com- posed of John P. Varnum and F. W. Hawthorne. Mr. Var- num was editor and Mr. Hawthorne business manager. It was a 4-page, 7-column morning paper, issued daily except Monday, subscription price, $6.00 a year. The News was in- dependent in politics. Early in 1887, Stockton Brothers (T. T., Telfair, and John N. C.) and a few ssociates, banded themselves together for the purpose of buyingall of the daily papers inscksonville. Their first purchase was the Morning News; then they bought the Evening Herald. This was in May, 1887. These papers were combined and published an a morning daily, under the name News-Herald. The Stock- tons published the News-Herald about a year, in the mean- time incorporating as the Florida Publishing Company. The Florida Publishing Company purchased the Times-Union in 1888, and then discontinued the News-Herald. The Daily Florida Citizen.--Establshed December 16, 1893, by Loretntu S. Metcalf, a veteran New York journalist, nine years business manager of the North American Review and founder of the Form. Henry George, Jr., son of the single-tax advocate, was managing editor. The Citizen was asplendid paper and at once took first rank in the State. Mr. Metcalf continued as editor until February 2i, 1897, being succeeded by George W. Wilson, Gaining a controlling in- terest in the stock of the Florida Publishing Company (publ- ishers of the Times-Union), the owners of the Citizen com- bined the papers September 9, 1897, as the Florida Times- Union and Citizen, with George W. Wilson as editor. Of the many newspapers of Jacksonville that were started and ceased, the foregoing were the most iaportant of their day. There were numerous other venturen into the news- paper field in Jacksonville, and among the dailies may be mentioned: Daily Journal, Harrison Reed, 1884; Opinion, Charles L. Filde, December, 1885; ran about a week and closed up, the publisher stating that the A. P. went back on him; Daily Standard, C- E. Merrill, 1890-92; Daily Florida Republican, B. C. Drake, 1892; Evening Call, W. L. May & Co., 1899-1900; Daily Sun, Claude UEngle, 19045; spicy afternoon paper; Jacksonville Star, R. 1. E. Dunn, managing editor, winter of 1912-13; penny afternoon paper; Jackson- Jackonvile Morning News,-Established February 2, 1086, by the News Printing and Publishing Company, com- posed of John P. Vacnum and F. W. Hawthorne. Mr. Var- nm was editor and Mr. Hawthorne business manager. It wos a 4-page, 7-column morning paper, issued daily except Monday, subscription price, $6.00 a year. The News was in- dependent in politics. Early in 1807, Stockton Brothers IT. T., Telfair, and John N. C.) and a few associates, banded themselves together for the purpose of buying all of the daily papers in Jacksonville. Their first purchase was the Morning News; then they bought the Evening Herald. This was in May, 1887. These papers were combined and published as a morning daily, under the name News-Herald. The Stock- tons published the News-Herald about a year, in the mean- time incorporating as the Florida Publishing Company. The Florida Publishing Company purchased the Times-Union in 188, and then discontinued the News-Herald. The Daily Florida Citizen.i-Established December 15, 1898, by Lorettus S. Metcalf, a veteran New York journalist, ie years business manager of the North American Review and founder of the Forum. Henry George, Jr., son of the single-tax advocate, was managing editor. The Citizen was a splendid paper and at once took first rank in the State. Mr. Metcalf continued as editor until February 24, 1897, being succeeded by George W. Wilson. Gaining a contrlling in- terest in the stock of the Florida Publishing Company (pub- lishers of the Times-Union), the owners of the Citizen com- bined the papers September 9, 1897, as the Florida Times- Union and Citizen, with George W. Wilson as editor. Of the many newspapers of Jacksonville that were started and ceased, the foregoing were the most important of their day. There were numerous other vestsrs into the news- paper field in Jacksonville, and among the dailies may be mentioned: Daily Journal, Harrison Reed, 1884; Opinion, Charles L. Fildes, December, 1885; ran about a week and closed up, the publisher stating that the A. P. went back on him; Daily Standard, C. E. Merrill, 1890-92; Daily Florida Republican, H. C. Drake, 1892; Evening Call, W. L. May & Co., 1899-1900; Daily Sun, Claude LEngle, 19045; spicy afternoon paper; Jacksonville Star, R- 1. E, Dunn, managing editor, winter of 1912-13; penny afternoon paper; Jackson-  HITOR OF JASOPNY , FLRAm m5 HISOR OF JACSONULLE, LORIDA m5 HSTOR? OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORDA m5 ville News, C. B. & A. Hanson, 1918-14; lest venture into the daily field in Jacksonville. Florida Times-Union The Times-Union traces back through merger and pur- chase to the Florida Union, a 4-page, 6-column, weekly war news sheet, started in Jacksonville by John K. Stickney, Saturday, December31, 1864. Stickney published the paper until 1867, when he sold his plant to I M. Cheney, a new- comer to Jacksonille, who enlarged both the plant and the paper. In the hands of the new ownerit wos abitterpartisan paper all during the "reconstruction peried"? Cheney ad- vanced the paper to a semi-weekly, then to a tri-weekly, and for a short time he tried to make it a daily. The venture proved a financial failure and the paper was returned to tri- weekly. Peeved at his lack of success, Cheney sold the Florida Union early in 1873.* For several months in 1873, Walton, Fowle & Co. published the Union as a tri-weekly, with also a weekly edition, J. S. Adams occupying the edi- torial chair. In October, 1873, C. F. Mawbey & Co. were the proprietors of the Florida Union, with J. S. Adams still listed as editor. N. K. Sawyer assumed control of the paper Janu- ary 19, 1874/ and we learn from the Floridian of Tallahassee of March 10, 1874, that "The Jacksonville Union now issues a half-sheet extra every Monday, Wednesday and Friday morningo which, taken in connection with the regular tri- weekly edition on the alternate mornings, constitutes pras- tically a daily paper. The Union now receives all the As- sciated Press dispatches, market reports, etc., up to 2 a.m." In 1875, Mawbey & Co. were again the. proprieters of the paper. Early in 1876, the Daily Florida Union had an adver- tised cirulation of 1,000, and the subscription price was $10 ayear. Throughout all of this time, the politics of the paper never chaned from Republican. After the elections of 1876, when the Democrats gained control of the State, the Union collapsed as a daily, and then ownership passed to Stevens Brothers, who conducted it as a weekly for a number of montho.a In 1877, Rev. H. B. McCallum and W. W. Douglass pur- chased the Union from Stevens Brothers; the politics of the paper was now strongly Democratic. Under this ownership the Florida Union was advanced to an afternoon daily, and siIle News, C. B. & A. Hanan., 191-14; last venture into the daily field in Jacksonville Florida Tme-Union The Times-Union traces back through merger and pur- chase to the Florida Union, a 4-page, 6-column, weekly war news sheet, started in Jacksonville by Jehn K. Stickney, Saturday,December31,1864. Stickney published the paper until 167, when he sold his plant to E. M. Cheney, a new. comer to Jacksonville, who enlarged both the plant and the paper. In the hands of the new owner it was ablitterpartisan paper all during the 'reconstruction period"? Cheney ad- vanced the paper to a semi-weekly, then to a tri-weekly, and for a short time he tried to make it a daily. The venture proved a financial failure and the paper was returned to tri- weekly. Peeved at his lack of succes, Cheney sold the Florida Union early in 1873" For several months in 1873, Walton, Fowls & Co. published the Union as a tri-wekly, with also a weekly edition, J. S. Adams occupying the edi- torial chair. In October, 1873, C. F. Mawbey & Co. were the proprietors of the Florida Union, with J. S. Adams otill Hated as editor. N. K Sawyer assumed control of the paper Janu- ary 19,1 874; and we learn from the Floridian of Tallahassee of March 10, 1874, that "The Jacksonville Union now issues a half-sheet extra every Monday, Wednesday and Friday mornings, which, taken in connection with the regular tri- weekly edition on the alternate mornings, constitutes prac- tically a daily paper. The Union now receives all the As- sociated Press dispatches, market reports, etc., up to 2 a.m." In 1875, Mawbey & Co. were again the. proprietors of the paper. Early in 1876, the Daly Florida Union had an adver- tised circulation of 1,000, and the subscription price was $10 ayear, Throughout all of this time, the politics of the paper ever changed from Republican. After the electionsof1876, when the Democrats gained control of the State, the Union collapsed as a daily, and then ownership passed to Stevens Brothers, who conducted it as a weekly for a number of months.' In 1877, Rev. H. B. McCallum and W. W. Douglass pur- chased the Union from Stevens Brothers; the politics of the paper was now strongly Democratic. Under this ownership the Florida Union was advanced to an afternoon daily, and ville News, C. B. & A. Hanson, 1913-14; last venture into the daily field in Jacksonville, Florida Times-Union The Times-Union traces back through merger and pur- chase to the Florida Union, a 4-page, P-eluon, weekly war news sheet, started in Jacksonville by John K. Stickney, Saturday,December31,1864.e Stickney publishedthepaper until 1867, when he sold his plant to E. M. Cheney, a new- comer to Jacksonville, who enlarged both the plant and the paper. In the hands of the new owner it wasa bitterpartioan paper all during the "reconstruction period". Cheney ad- vanced the paper to a semi-weekly, then to a tri-weekly, and for a short time he tried to make it a daily. The venture proved a fmancial failure sad the paper was returned to tri- weekly. Peeved at his lack of success, Cheney sold the Florida Union early in 1872.' For several months in 1878, Walton, Fowle & Co. published the Union as a tr-weekly, with also a weekly edition, J. S. Adams occupying the edi- torial chair. In October, 1873, C. F. Mawbey & Co. were the proprietors of the Florida Union, with J. S. Adams still listed as editor. N. K. Sawyer assumed control of the paper Janu- ary 19, 1874 and we learn from the Floridian of Tallahassee of March 10, 1874, that "The Jacksonville Union now posues a half-sheet extra every Monday, Wednesday and Friday morninga, which, taken in connection with the regular tri- weekly edition on the alternate morning, constitutes pra- tically a daily paper. The Unio now receives all the As- sociated Preos dispatches, market reports, etc., up to 2 am." In 1875, Mawbey & Co, were again the. proprietors of the paper. Early in1876,theDaily Florida Union hadanadver- tised circulation of 1,000, and the subscription price was $10 ayear, Throughout all of this time, the politics of the paper neverchangedfrom Republican. After the elections of 1876, when the Democrats gained control of the State, the Union collapsed as a daily, and then ownership passed to Stevens Brothers, who conducted it as a weekly for a number of months." In 1877, Rev. H. B. McCallum and W. W. Douglass pur- chased the Union from Stevens Brothers; the politics of the paper was now strongly Democratic. Under this ownership the Florida Union was advanced to an afternoon daily, and  454 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 454 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 454 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA probably about November, 1879, to a permanent morning daily. In the meantime, W. W. Douglass had sold his in- terest in the paper0 H, B. McCallum published the Daily Florida Union until February, 1803, when he sold the prop- erty to Jones, Varna & Company, owners of the Florida Daily Timee. The two papero were combined an the Florida Times-Union, the first issue under this name being that of February 4, 1888. The new owners continued to publish a weekly edition also, under the old name Florida Weekly Times. In 1884, C. H. Jones purchased the interest of J. P. Varnum and changed the firm name to C. H. Jones &Brother." In 1888, C. H- Jones sold the Timer-Union to the Florida Publishing Company, publishers of the News-Herald, and in the consolidation of the plants, the News-Herald was dis- continued and the Times-Union retained.' The florida Publishing Company. publishers of the Times-Union, entered the afternoon field also, on January 22, 1891, with the first issue of the Evening Telegram. On March 10, 1894, the name of the evening edition was changed to Evening Times-Union, and on September 9, 1897, to Eve- ning Times-Union and Citizen, under which name it was pub- lished until January 6, 1898, when the evening edition was discontinued. Hamilton Jay was editor of the Evening Times-Union for a number of years, and to the time it was discontinued, Obtaining a controlling interest in the stock of the Flor- ida Publishing Company, publishers of the Times-Union, the owners of the Daily Florida Citizen consolidated the two papers as the Florida Times-Union and Citizen, the first is- sue under this name being that of September 9, 1897, The paper was issued with this title until January 19, 1908, and afterward as Times-Union, the "and Citizen" part being dropped to conserve unnecessary type-setting and also to me it easier for the newsboys to call. The editors of the Times-Union, after it became the prop- erty of the Florida Publishing Company in 1888, were: Ed- win Martin (died of yellow fever in 188) ; F. W. iawthorne, 1888 to 1898; various editorial writers, 1893 to 1891; George W. Wilson, September 9, 1897, until his death, June 2, 1908. Willis M. Ball succeeded Mr. Wilson as editor-in-chief of the Times-Union-' probably about November, 1879, to a permanent morning daily. In the meantime, W. W. Douglass had sold his in- terest in the paper. H. B. McCallum published the Daily Florida Union until February, 1883, when he sold the prop- erty to Jones, Varnum & Company, owners of the Florida Daily Times. The two papers were combined as the Florida Times-Union, the first issue under this name being that of February 4, 188. The new ownero continued to publish a wokly edition aloe, under the old name Florida Weekly Times. In 1884, C. H. Jones purchased the interest of J. P. Varnam andchanged the firm name toC. H. Jones &Brother,' In 1888, C. H. Jones sold the Times-Union to the Florida Publishing Company, publishers of the News-Herald, and In the conslidntion of the plants, the News-Herald was dis- continued and the Times-Union retained, The Florida Publishing Company, publishers of the Times-Union, entered the afternoon field also, on January 22. 1891, with the first issue of the Evening Telegram. On March 10, 1894, the name of the evening edition was changed to Evening Times-Union, and on September 9, 1897, to Eve- ning Times-Union and Citizen, under which name it was pub- lished until January 6, 1898, when the evening edition was discontinued. Hamilton Jay wan editor of the Evening Times-Union for a number of years, and to the time it was discontinued., Obtaining a controlling interest in the stock of the flor- ida Publishing Company, publishers of the Times-Union, the owners of the Daily Florida Citizen consolidated the two papers as the Florida Time-Union and Citizen, the first is- sue under this name being that of September 9, 1897. The paper was issued with this title until January 19, 1903, and afterward as Times-Union, the "and Citizen" part being dropped to conserve unnecessary type-setting and also to make it easier for the newsboys to call. The editors of the Times-Union, after it became the prop. erty of the Florida Publishing Company in 1888, were: Ed- win Martin (died of yellow fever in 1888) F. W. Hawthorne, 1888 to 18 1 9 vaSious editorial writers, 898 to 1897; Gorgoe W. Wilson, September 9, 1897, until Mo death, June 2, 1908. Willis H. Ball succeeded Mr. Wilson as editor-in-chief of the Times-Unio, probably about November, 1879, to a permanent morning daily. In the meantime, W. W. Douglass had sold his in- terest in the paper.0 H. B. McCallum published the Daily Florida Union until February, 1889, when he sold the prop- erty to Jones, Vamum & Company, owners of the Florida Daily Ties . The two papers wore combined as the Florida Times-Union, the firet issue under this name being that of February 4, 1888. The new owners continued to publish a weekly edition also, under the old name Florida Weekly Times, In 1884, C. H. Jones purchased the interest of J. P. Varnom and changed the finrm name toC. H. Jones &Brother, In 108, C. N. Jones sold the Times-Union to the Florida Publishing Company, publishers of the NewsHerald, and in the consolidation of the plants, the News-Herald was dis- continued and the Times-Union retained., The Florida Publishing Company, publishers of the Times-Union, entered the afternoon field also, on January 22, 1891, with the first issue of the Evening Telegram. On March 10, 1894, the name of the evening edition was changed to Evening Times-Union, and on September 9, 1897, to Eve- ning Times-Union and Citizen, under which name it was pub- lished until January 6, 1890, when the evening edition was discontinued. Hamilton Jay was editor of the Evening Timea-Union for a number of years, and to the time it was discontinoed, Obtaining a controlling interest in the stock of the Flor- ida Publishing Company, publishers of the Times-Union, the owne of the Daily Florida Citizen consolidated the two paper as the Florida Times-Union and Citizen, the firt is- cue under this name being that of September 9, 1897. The paper was issued with this title until January 19, 1903, and afterward as Timex-Union, the "and Citizen" part being dropped to onerve unnecensary type-setting and also to makhe it easier for the newsboys to gall,' The editors of the Times-Union, after it became the prop erty of the Florida Publishing Company in 1888, were: Ed- win Martin (died of yellow fever in 1888) i F. W. Hawthorne, 1888 to 1893; various editorial writers, 1893 to 1897 George W. Wilson, September 9, 1897, until his death, June 2, 1908. Willie M. Ball succeeded Mr. Wilson as editor-in-chief of the TimesUnion?.  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 455 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 455 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 455 Jacksonville Journal When the Morning News and the Evening Herald were combined in May, 18897, most of the employees of the Herald were thrown out of employment, among them W. R. Carter and Rufus A. Russell. Messrs. Carter and Russell formed a partnership for the publication of a Democratic afternoon paper to supply the field left vacant by the Herald. Gather- in up some odds and ends of printing material, they made a start on July 2, 1887, with a 4page, 8.column paper that they named the Florida Metropolis. Mr. Carter was editor and Mr. Russell business manager. Such was the birth of the prsesent Jackoonville Journal, in a small plant of ten rooms on Laura Street. The first week the receipts were frlicient to meet expenses.-omething unusual for a newspaper just starting with limited capital. From that time the paper was self-supporting, though the struggle at first was a trying one, owing to the yellow fever epidemic of the following year.s For more than a quarter of a century, the original pro- prietos. Carter & Russel, were continuously at the helm. The paper was iscsed every week-day in the year, with the exception of about two weeo during the yellow fever epi- demic; and on May 3, 1901, the day of the big fire by which the plant was burned, On the day after the fire the Metro- polis appeared, having been printed on the press of the Times-Union and Citizen, and it was so printed until its own plant was rebuilt. The Metropolis was developed by its owners into a splen- did investment, and when Carter & Russell sold it July 19, 1912, to George A. McClellan, the price agreed upon repre- sented a comfortable fortune. The new owner was not able to carry out his contract, however, and the plant was re- turned to Carter & Russell, who resumed the publication of the paper May 27, 1916. They published the paperuntl May 10, 1920, on which date S. A. Lynch (of the Lynch moving- picture enterprises) acquired the Metropolis by purchase, and issued it with Quimby Melton as editor. The property changed hands again June 1, 1922, coming into the owner- ship of a newspaper syndicate, headed by J. H. Perry and R. L. Jones, with the latter as editor. On June 6, 1922, the name of the paper was changed to Jacksonville Journal. Af- ter a few months Mr. Perry acquired the interest of his as- soialte and took personal charge of the paper as editor, Jacksonville Jornal When the Morning News and the Evening Herald were combined in May, 1887, most of the employees of the Herald were thrown out of employment, among them W. R. Carter and Rufus A. Russell. Messrs. Carter and Russell formed a partnership for the publication of a Democratic afternoon paper to supply the field left vacant by the Herald. Gather- ing up some odds and ends of printing material, they made a start on July 2, 1887, with a 4-page, 8-colunm paper that they named the Florida Metropolis. Mr. Carter was editor and Mr. Russell husiness manoger, Such was the birth of the present Jacksonv.lie Journal, in a small plant of two rooms on Laura Street. The frst week the receipts were suffiient to meet expenses-something unusul for a newspaper just starting with limited capital. From that time the paper was self-supporting, though the struggle at first was a trying one, wing to the yellow fever epidemic of the following year0 For more than a quarter of a century, the original pro- prietors, Carter & Russell, were continuously at the helm. The paper was issued every week-day in the year, with the exemption of about two weeks during the yellow fever epi- demic; and on May 8, 1901, the day of the big fire by which the plant was borned, On the day after the fire the Metro- polis appeared, having been printed on the press of the Times-Union and Citizen, and it was a printed until its owm plant was rebuilt. The Metropolis was developed by its owners into a splen.. did investment, and when Carter & Russell sold it July 19, 1913, to George A. McClellan, the price agreed upon repre- sented a comfortable fortune. The new owner was not able to carry out his contract, however, and the plant was re- turned to Carter & Russell, who resumed the publication of the paper May 27, 1916. They published the paper until May 10, 1920, on which date S. A, Lynch (of the Lynch moving. picture enterprises) acquired the Metropolis by purchase, and issued it with Quimby Melton as editor. The property changed hands again Jue 0, 1922, coming into the owner- ship of a newspaper syndicate, headed by 3. H. Perry and R. L. Jones, with the latter as editor. On June 6, 1922, the same of the paper was changed to Jacksonville Journal, Af- ter a few months Mr. Perry acquired the interest of his as- sociate and took personal charge of the paper as editor.- Jacksonville Journal When the Morning News and the Evening Herald were combined in May, 1887, most of the employees of the Herald were thrown out of employment, among them W. R. Carter and Rufus A. Russell. Messrs. Carter and Russell formed a partnership for the publication of a Democratic afternoon paper to supply the field left vacant by the Herald. Gather- ing up some odds and ends of printing material, they made a start On July 2, 187, with a 4-page, 8-column paper that they named the Florida Metropolis. Mr. Carter was editor and Mr. Russell business manager. Such was the birth of the oresent Jacksonville Journal, in a small plant of two rooms on Laura Street. The frst week the receipts were suilcient to meet expenoeosomething unusual for a newspaper just starting with limited capital. From that time the poar was self-supporting, though the struggle at iest was a trying one, owing to the yellow fever epidemic of the following year. For more than a quarter of a century, the original pro- prictors, Carter & Russell, were continuously at the helm. The paper was issued every week.eday to the year, with the exception of about two weeks during the yellow fever epi- demic; and on May 3, 1901, the day of the big fire by which the plant was burned. On the day after the fire the Metro- polis appeared, having been printed on the press of the Times-Union and Citizen, and it was so printed until its own plant was rebuilt. The Metropolis was doveloped by its owners Into a splen- did investment, and when Carter & Russell sold it July 19, 1913, to George A. McClellan, the price agreed upon repre- sented a comfortable fortune. The new owner was not able to carry out his contract, however, and the plant was re- turned to Carter & Russell, who resumed the publication of thepaper May27,1915. Theypublishedthepaperuntil May 10, 1920, on which date S. A. Lynch (of the Lynch moving- picture enterprises) acquired the Metropolis by purchase. and issued it with Quimby Melton as editor. The property changed hands again June 1, 1922, coming into the owner- ship of a ewspaper syndicate, headed by J. H. Perry and R. L. Jnese, with the latter as editor, On June 6, 1922, the name of the paper was changed to Jacksonville Journal. Af- tee a few months Mr. Perry acquired the interest of his as- eciate and took personal charge of the paper as editor,?  a6 ITR F AKOVLE wareD asw66 HSOR OF JACSaVILe FLORIA r06 - ITR Oe JACSONVILLE FLORIA A Sunday-morning edition ad the Metropolis was tartmd August 9, 1914, during the ownership of G3. A. McClellan; the Sunday edition was discontinued with the issue of July 28, 1916. by Carter & Russell, who had in the meantime resumed the owneroship af the Metropolis. 'to hi We-see ad Jasbassoilel souss eo attemspt lMs bees made 6to ase The hisesey of ageir~oalsa eapees or .ea Jeasalo, tmoe ha sWee weeky aecopupee aftec e dauae tWass- irmoly eslablitssed Ohes te -eeples Wey or Elleds . Jsesoula Is-,c.le, saee teshrt eslase of It tea almede bete sest.e by ref , .0. graet ti es "tlseae of Terriospa Florite Boesapone", all oa obee wil he {.- edodbd, neaeaas with thse issesetst parn they played is the hlatery ad O The se'. eeepmsat. Of the editors and editorial writers concocted with the paprs sesd periodicals of Jarkeenvslle since the War Hotwson the States. many died in this city. Amonog them may bar mentioned: A. N. Adams, Jolon S. Adam,. S. A. Adam,. W. H. Babcock, M. H. Bowden, Reuben Bewden, W. H, Chriat, Bar- neon W. Clark. W. W. Deeglass, John Frank, Albert Prie. Lionel Jacobs, Hamilton Jay (unaided), Claude L'Engle. It B. McCallum, Edwin Martin, Samuel R, Mattair, F.C. Powers. Dennis Redmond, Harrison Reed. Solon Robinson, A. J. Ruar sell, Willis B. Russell, N. K Sawyer, E. M. Thompson (u- cided), Sob. D. Tredwell, W. S. Wagstaff, George W. Wilson. These that died in other plts: E. H. Barker (Alsbama), B. M. Barrington (Alabama), S. T. Hates (Ohio), E. B, Chonay (Nebraska), C. C. Codrioogton (Deteand, Fla.), D. Hi. Elliott (Georgia). Jobn E. Elliott (StG Auguotice, Fla.), Hilton H. Helper (Waslolagon. D. C.), Edwin Higgins (Washington, D. C.), Hery Jones (New York), Camillu L'Encle (Al. ta), W. W. Moore (Stacks. Fla.), William and J. P. Perry (Main, Fli.), John P. VFostm (Massachusetts). C. H. Soess Italy. ir~m w. mma eoo n-.Z.oaw ehos A Sunday-mornlcg edition of the Metropolis was sagred August 9, 1914, during the ownership of G. A. Mcclellan; the Sunday edition was discontinued with the issue of July 25, 1916, by Carter & Hoaseal, who had la the meantime resumed the swntreship of the Metropolis. ) a l, eced a1 earauctiflke's .fweae saemapt los bemea de is toaes The bleosy of ae ialtasl pye op Seeds g-tesa ear oboeat th e eceky sewreeisee sthes daies becae fismly esebloeed. Whec tie oeomphaete dary d F'loridaiooaliso ices i itsdand tes .,eelsea. boo aleady bees wattee by Pest 5.O. Knaoso is Mei "lHstoen of TpieeAl. Flornda lisospase", all of Thees will be is dled. isgethe with The Impoetant pat they played is the biscey sa the sasses. de.elepmset. Of the editors and editorial writers connected with the papers sod periedicals of Jacksonville piece the War Between tMe States, many died in tise city. Among them may be mectioned: A, N. Adams., John S. Adaese, S. A. Adams W. H. Babcock, H. R. Bowden, Reuben Biowden, W. H. Christy, Har- rison W. Clark, W. W. Douglass, John Frank, Albert Eicoe, Lionel Jacobs, Hamilton Jay (eutrided), Claude L'Engle, H, H. McCallum, Edwin Mactie, Samell. Hattair, P.C. Powers, Deccis Redmond, Harrion Reed, Solon Robinson, A. J. Roer sell, Willis M. Russell, N. K. Sawyer, E. H. Thomupeon (elt- cided), Jon. D. Tredwell, W. S. Wagetnif, George W. Wilson. Thase that died in ocher places M. B. Barker (Alabama), B, H. Barrington (Alabama). S. P. Sates (Ohio), E.B. Cheney (Nebraska). C.C. Codringon (Detand, Fla.), D. H. Eliostt (Georgia), John E. Elliott (St. Augustice, Fl1a.), Hilton H. Helper (Washington, D. C.), Edwin Higgins (Washington, D. C.), Henry Jones (New York), Camilllus L'Rnglo (Atlan- Os), W. W. Moore (Stacke, Fla.), Willias and J. P. Perry (Madison, Frls.). John P. Varnum (Massachusetts), C. H. Joses (is Italy). T~~ecM sio enee ske ak O 0 'stam nn memo. muacaere.a ws Snesosa.b.co. -cs.; A Sunday-cnooning edlition of the Metropnlis was strted Auguast, 1914, during the ownership sf0G. A. McClellan; the Sunday edition was discontinued with the issue of July 28, 1916, by Carter & Ruasel, who had la the mentme resumed the ownership of the Metropolis.' a5 hseoead Jsbonip' so aees sasoempt has bees made stw thoc Oh Moose7 e eeslesoosl pee or topaiaeals, tsp Ohas uS the weekly teaapo seo nbe ais .beamefirmly e1oOaohlc. whet Te ns ecr.alem hit. sf Flseida isoaesaliam .s mooyed sod OhbeeeloeOi hass stead bes wEite byPa. , 0. aes t i Hiee of teeaes Floida pvwepr",0 fTes wll hobIs. sisey s th Oaris' deoolptaeo Of the editors and editorial writers connected with the ths Statues, many died in tis city. Among thorn may be mentioned: A. N. Admon, John S. Adams, S. A. Adams W. H Babcock, . R., Bowden, Reuben Bowdon, W. H. Christy, Bar. neon W. Clark, W. W. Douglass, John Frank, Albert Fries. Lionel Jacots, Hamoilton Jay (mu cdedl, Claude L'Eeds, B. B. McCallum, Edwic Mactie, Samuel R, Mactac, F.C. Powers, Dennis Redmond, Harriaon Reed, Solon Robinon, A. . Rus- sell Willis B. Russell, N. K Sawyer, E. H. Thompson (gui- aided), John D. Predwell, W. S. Wegotaff, George W. Wilson. Those that died in other places: E. B. Sacker (Alabama), B. M. Barrington (Alabama), S. T. Sate (Ohio). R. H. Choosy (Nebraska). C. C, Codrinoton (Deland, Fle.), D. H. Elliott (Georgia), John E. Elliott (St. Auguostine, Pla.), Hilton . Helper (Wasnmaoe D. C. Edwin Higgins (Wasoiagton, D. C.), Hemy Jones (New York), Cammlus L'Esgle (Ad.an Os), W. W. Moore (Stacks, Fla.), William and J. P. Perry (Madison, la.), John P. Varcyc (MassachusettS), C. H. Jame DoIntaly). sbere, mlueS fly _ Paa~.w sssa wa. msaeesfww e°mu S nao  HISOR OF IACSONULU, FLORIA 464 HISOR OF JASNVILLE FLOID 46 HISOR OS ZAKOULI, FLRIA 467 LOCAL MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS In 1835, when it was apparent that therewoauld heotruble with the Seminole Indians, a regiment of militia was aorn- med in northeast Florida, composed of men from Dova], Nay- sa and probably St. Johno Counties. It wao known as the Fourth Regiment of Florida Militia and wao commanded by Col. Sobs Warren, and the First Battalion by Lt. Cal. Win. S. Millse, both of the Jacksonville neighborhood. It is indicated that Company D, First Batiation, commanded by Capt. D. S. Gardner, wan composed of local men, but its roeter is not available. The Fourth Regiment was among the First he be ordered out, nearly three weeks before the actual cotbeak of hostilities. It mearched from Jacksonville for ihe frontier, December 9, 1835.' The Legislative Council of 1844 authorized the organiza- fan of the Jacksonville Guards; for what purpose is unknown, sno farther record or reference to the company hoo been found anywhere. Doyal County Mounted Volunteer Guard The organization of the Duval County Mounted Volunteer Coord was authorized by the Legislature in 1849, for service on the Indian River frontier in connection with Indian troubles. This company woo mustered into the service of the Statie August 7, 1849; the muster mU was ase follows: laesso Cuptais Tooaootedwitb. Liesiaasaolo Rehsea,,S.,Piphssi . liasrin- Oegaat Aafs ids. Suggoet. A. J. Olsase. Jose HOe. gisbathae. resies usue Cuor'lo SaeW. Higgiohthe,Bues- laso de as,; Bdwor Hichsll, Notbosio Wisgalo. Ceismarl Cloek, sidoc W. Goseis. LOCAL MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS In 1835, when it was apparent that there would be trouble with the Semin Indian a regiment of mili was organ- ized in oor theaat Flontda, composed of men from Doval, Nas snand probably St. Johns Countie. It wan knowen s the Fourth Regiment of Florida Militia and was commanded by Cal. Sobs Warren, and the First Battalon by Li. Col. Whn. S. Mill. both of the Saaenovlie nelighborhood. It is indicated that Company D>, First Battalion, commanded by Capt. D. S. Gardner, was composed of local men, but its roster io not available. The Fourth Regiment was, among the first to be ordered out, nearly three weeks before the actual outbreak of hostilities. It marche4 from .Isckonvle for the frontier. December 9,185." The Legislative Council of 1844 authorized the orgasms tion of the Jackkonviile Guards; for what purpose rI unknown. amn further record or reference to the company bas been found anywhere. Doval County Mounted Volunteer Garnd The organization of the Duval County Mounted Volunteer Gud was authorized by the Lesatr i oi 1849, for meomic so the Indian River frostier in connection with Indian troubles. This company wan muotored Into the service of the State August 7, 1849; the muster roll was, as follows:- Castei, Thoos Ladeith. isuesonia Joae loahanotJ,oEpbssla to fusesee. & aeaootn Anal~de Doggota, A S. inssoos,Soeslile gIabetbas, or.de Thrne. Copomilno Jose W. Higglobibsos, flea- sods Fclna. E~duord Oitohell, Nathaniel Wiagua. Cwompn y Coerk, LOCAL MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS In 185, when it was apparent that there would beatrouble with the Seminole Indians a regienot of miltia was organ- teed ina northeast Florida, composed of men from Duval, Nia sau and probably St. John Cautcls, It was known as the Fourth Regiment of Florida Millffs and was commnanded by Cal. John Warren, and the First Battalion by Li. Col. Win, J. Mills, both of the ,Iackionle neighiborhood. It le indicated that Company DO, Flirst Battalion, commanded by Capt. DS. S. Gardner woo composed of local coon, but its rostor is not available. The Fourth Xegimet was amg thelrastbob ordered out, nearly three weeks before the actual outbreak of hostilities. It march04 from Jackonville for the fronter, December 9, 1835.^ The Legislative Council of 1844 authorized the organiza tion of the Jacksonville Guards; for what ourpose in unknown, an no further record or reference is the company hse been found anywihere. Dloval County Mounted Volunteer Guardl The orgasimtios of the Duv.l County Mounted Volunte Guard wos authorized by the Legislature in 1849, foe service as the Indian River frostier in connection with Indian troubles. This company was mustered into the service of the State Anguat 7, 1049; the mounter coil was se follos, ele.Tisona LedorlOK Wiesssta: dse OHooaoq ., Epbroi 4o H-ots. Oogesta: Acisaidos Poggott, AS. Oionon, Jnas me, gieothseaase Toseec. Croelo Sasuo W.v muglastiza.,Boa- is mien,, Esed itehie, Natemaie Wivate. Osoasy Cock, iis moW. Grnie Hoes as- Elo~iedN Mel AeUteh Whopple Crusher, Rees As.ooc, Ioseh Duoliff.Abse Asieys Thoddess G Feloa, Bosser Hse, Wm. H. Griga, flAs Coisilag Geo. F. Grishea, Issue Heedsa, Sama R. OHarty, Saide, Ho.ges bosse Haga, leb- IBsees, Waeete Eslotd lMes Aies, Wippsle CreehceRosy Aodoowu, Soepb DooM1H.-o Asinoso. Thaddes. C palas, Hrter ae. Wa. 00L Geiger, Asre CWddig, Gus. p. crise, Iwo Heedn. Sauce K. HaoreI, Moerey Hedge, Samoa Hogan,, Rmeo Hogoos. woahsseeo Aldrioh, wosippa, Creshne Reese Aadeus, Josep Dali, Abna Asdrews, Thaddos c. Soasa, loon Sues, Wm. H. ude, Ases Ceddiag, Gee. F. lOouo I-no Hmea Saae K. Has, Iponecy Hicsgo, lwase Hioaeo, Seane preoe, Wahioslo,  6a HSORY OF JACKSONI~LLE, FLOID 458 HISOY OF JACKSONLLE FLRIA 458 HSTORY OF JACKSONILLE FLORIDA He.Is, .he-g. ii.n, I e-e D. voted~, James nesbey, Ge-tgo ..'ena Jeslee . Stnt I'-"' J- enbey. Genege OO'oaee Jahen D. Oleet, Jneeee Bngay, Job, Inict, Itsca Ca x regi ..g."e- JoM Oslagen, laerte St-'e Cenpien nzghey, Join lIstoge, ISttin Snacn, befople Sao', N-. iss, Ctegne, John Ie-,r Ann Bonier, William Ctogen, John Tever, Ast uctee William Oetngn, JoMn teee, Aen. Rne. Pae-, Fe-lk'- rtmat Tee, Jobs sHyes, peer ieter, Cennet ree, John Hye,. res oten. Coemet Testes, Jolt Lare, Jab, Pewees, Gee. C. 3e-beet Beseoe beatenJen Paeeee Get. C. Tiebent One-Oa Sa , Jobi Pee-a. Get. C. Toant, no.el Tese. ,-.-eole Royce. Cloodino Tbelo-,wnoc. am Lees, tmelie teys, Cltodine T nem .ss Jas F. Long. Ceenlis Royce, tiltedion Thenott, eamsn F. Moetfisid, J'.-t Penteide Wiliaon oee, Be-jainl Menaned. Joeben Royold., Wil.ns Te-1. tteJaBIs Meeold, Joshes acyisd Wiiss Tooter Besin Maseib,. CM-..s Bobeet, Cvowlell Petecs, Coeille ..oe-tie - Che.ctbet, C-...lin 1Teeeee vCene Mae-tie. Choflee Ribe-ta, C-delin Teet, Ceenelin, Mactee, 1010. ase. Cod.le Tvnee bres Mattes, JO 1. Bone, (wres Ten. bses Haileote. If 10. Bse, Caleo Tetese, bteee sifoosieb. T. I. lMoe-. Jobs Tosoelt Loelea liloC eneo, T. N. Rave. Jehe Tee Lewelss M ,ioi lb T. N. Roe. Jdln waee Le-welse lMiteleell, Wi-a Botee, Wiliteo To..se, Wee H. H~itl..,w ae v William 'R ille enee, We. 10 litohoil Willi-m Rowe. Wirknee Toer"c.Wee IH. Msse-i. F.R, Sole, Mice Wome, Thom Mos e.. F. K. s.o, Ali.n Woe-es, T omaso Mer-he.F. K. Santo Alia Wee-one Thosre Iiez, Cos... Smare-, toes Ti. Wesley, Slie Mmn, Cte Sat Jaste. It Wesley 01105 Sua, Cegelie Seet, Jaso. M4. Woe-le-, lshe Jachnonvills Light Infantry The Jecknornile Light Infantry wee organized Aurdl 30, 1857, with the following roster:0 Men Coplolet oles Sgemo. Llerisneta F. C. selies Geesge flags J. C Bnone" See- os:n We, Gmtun, 0. B. Flies, Wee. Beneeen. B. W. Fioe, A. W. Daroeha CeepoeaeeTS Wohb, S. Sti~gteaJn, C. N. Colle, L We-Ab ]rakensille Light Infantry The Jacksnnille Light Infantry wee organised April 50, 18657, with the following coning s DMfes Capteine Enses Sssle. llmeeenssz F. GC. ls, Gvoege . lgg . C. Bcsagiec. Soeageceee Wee, reks, S.DB. Flee, Wme. Be-shoe. B. W. Ficoh,, A. W. Deaoes. Cep-o le: T. CO. Webb. S. Dveneeson Jr., C. 10. vhie. L Wee-eec. JuckeonvAll Light Infantry The Jackeeanvile Light hafeotry -coli organized April I0e 1857, with the following reater :0 Oteen CaPieln Hesmee Steele. Lienae :s F. C. Sourse. Ovee fles, 3, C Bouenee. See-gontee We. Gothe, S. 5. Flie., Wee. Botaoae, B. w. itoh. A. W. D.Ila~eo CeeocelceT.1. Webb. B. HniMUglon Je., C. JO. Galile, 1. Woeteob Abeele C C. Be-ocen, P. Bailer, 5.0. Caoie. Was. lepte 10. Ileggeti, K Daget, S. F. Feries teee, W, K Floeing, L I. Badtek, W. lHieiloe-, F. G. B.noin. S. C. ee., C.4 Liingebe W. S. hoiy, $0. It NoeceW. W. Cob ..E. ose. lo, A. Ogh to A. A. Poppy F, 5. Rtebing, 10 5. Sited, S.D. St Beele,. D. P. Seith, Feech WainV.- S. Y. Wiete, J. L. Abuet, C. C. Aebtect, .et.. AebeeC, B. neese. . Snvioe-, J.C Beehaic, S. Conib, We. Ceote. F. Neeggett. OsggHtt S. F. Therst, W. K Flemng. L . looldik, W. Ultilee, F. 0 g me '0. te Steady, JO. S. Mae-co W. Cab, B.r E. Gob, E. A. Caoe, A. A. Paep, F. &. Pioe, CO It Sited J SMD It Smith, 10. P. teniti Coach Toli, P. B. Whie. S. 'F. Witee, S. I. Aboee, . C. Aenitnes, Writsv ..i,nL P. Ontler .0. Drac., Wme Dogget, F F. DePot W. K lac mg L I. Baddee@. W. Bie-te-, F. 0. Benn.tt J. C. Fecese 0.4S leisieesne, W. S. SMoedy, SO. St Maee, W. Otlo. H. .. Ctb, E. A OCohe, A. A. Peppy F. D. Btahing, A0 10 Sited, S.D. Si. Sith, 0. P. Se ttk Femit Teli. P. B. Wiloo, J.T. Wittee, S. L Seon after organizatien T. E. Bagleman, . . Daniel and others joined the compally. The firot street psrade wee held July 4, 1859, when the companry matroled Co the country,. about where Florida Avees anow, and htd target practice for tws heern. The armory wsea then in a hall inea frame busiding o the north aide of Beny Street between Hlogan and Jnola. Acrordinig te on of the charter members, they had elaborate uniformsa-coaiz of blue cloth with three roo of See after organization T. Et. Blezlknan, J. J. Daniel and other joined the company. The firt streetparade wet held July 4, 1869, when the tymopany nmarched to the country, about whore Florida Avenue i's now, and had target prartice for two he. The armory was then in a hall in a frmnl bueiding en the north side of Bay Street between Hogan and Jolla. According to one of the ehartor etembers, they had eleborote aniformn,-coats of blue cloth with three row, of Soon after eranhiattan T. E, Buckman, . . Daniel and others joined the company. The flrst street parade wee bald July 4, 1059, when the company archeed Ce the coentry, about where Flerida Avenue It now, and had target practice for two housar. The ervery, was then in a hall Ina frame building on the nerth eide of Bay Street between Hogan and Julla. Accor-dinig Co one of the charter members, they had elaborate uiform-ceats of blue cloth with three rows of  HISTORY OF JACKSONVIE, FODA m HIT OF JACKONVILL, FLORIDA 459 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 459 brass buttons down the front, high caps with pompons, pants of blue cloth and white pants for warm weather. In May, 1860, the ladies of the town presented the company with a silk fag, made by themselves, and a street parade was held in celebration of the event"e Upon the withdrawal of Florida from the Union, the Jack- sonville Light Infantry offered its services to the Governor and was the frst company officially accepted by the State. Detachments were sent to the mouth of the St. Johns River to erect fortifications at that peint. Four cannon from Fort Marion at St. Augustine were put on lag carts and hauled to the beach below Mayport, to a high sand dune west of the "Run". Here a fort of palmetto logs was built by the com.. rany under the direction of Captain John L'Engle, a retired U. S. Army ouficer. This post was named Fort Steele, in honor of Captain Steele above it floated another flag, made and presented by the ladies of Jackesonvile-the company's battle flag, inscribed "Let us alone" The company was ordered to Fort Steele in detachments, until April, when all were ordered there? About this time, a company known as the Duval County Cow Boys was formed and eccupied St, Johns Bluff. The long roll was sounded but once at Fort Steele. One night the sentinel observed an object coming in that be thought was a launch from a Federal gunboat, He gave the alarm and the company was hastily drawn up on the beach to repel the invader, but it proved to be a rile of brush floating in with the tide0 The Jacksonville Light Infantry was mustered into the Confederate service as Company A, Third Florida Infantry, August 10, 1861. It was stationed at Fort Steele until early in March, 1862, when on the approach of the Federal squad- ron, the guns wer spiked and the company returned to Jack. sonaille under orders. Most of the companies comprising the Third Florida Regiment thon went to Cedar Key, and in May, 1862, the entire regiment for the irot time was brought to- gather at Midway, Gadsden County, where it was reorgan- ized andsent to Mobile for several months. Early i August, 1862, it wont to Chattanooga. It went through the Kentucky campaign and was engaged in the battle of Perryvills, O, taber 8, 1862, where it lost heavily in offeers and men. The First Florida was also engaged and the losses were so heavy brass buttons down the front, high caps with pompons, pants of blue cloth and white pants for warm weather In May, 1860, the ladies of the town presented the company with a silk flag, made by themselves, and a. street parade was held in celebration of the event0 Upon the withdrawal of Florida from the Union, the Jack- sonville Light Infantry on'ered its services to the Governor and was the first company officially accertod by the State. Detachments were sent to the mouth of the St. Johns River to erect fortifications at that point. Four cannon from Fort Macion at St. Augustine were put on log carts and hauled to the beach below Mayport, to a high sand dune west of the "Run". Here a fort of palmetto logs was built by the com- pany under the direction of Captain John L'Engle, a retired U. S. Army oaicer. This post was named Fort Steele, in honor of Captain Steele above it floated another flag, made and presented by the ladies of Jacksonvie-the company's battle flag, inscribed "Let us alone". The company was ordered to Fort Steele in detachments, until April, when all were ordered there About this time, a company known as the Duval County Cow Boys was formed and occupied St Johns Bluff, The long roll was sounded but one at Frt Steele. One night the sentinel observed an object coming in that he thought was a launch from a Federal gunboat. He gave the alarm and the company was hastily drawn up on the beach to repel the invader, but it proved to be a pile of brush floating in with the tide.O The Jacksonville Light Infantry was mustered into the Confederate service as Company A, Third Florida Infantry. August 10, 1861 It was stationed at Fort Steele unti early in March, 1862, when on the approach of the Federal squad- ron, the guns were spiked and the company returned to Jack- sonvilleunderorders. Motofthecompaniescomprisingthe Third Florida Regiment then went to Cedar Key, and in Mac, 1862, the entire regiment for the firt time was brought to- gether at Midway, Gadsden County, where it was reorgan- ized and sent to Mobile for several months. Early in August, 1862, it went to Chattanooga. It went through the Kentucky campaign and was engaged in the battle of Perryville, Oc- tober 8, 1862, where it lost heavily in officers and men. The First Florida was also engaged and the losses were so heavy brass buttons down the front, high caps with pompons, pants of blue cloth and white pants for warm weather. In May, 1860, the ladies of the town presented the company with a silk flag, made by themselves, and a. street parade was held in celebration of the event." Upon the withdrawal of Florida from the Union, the Sack- sonville Light Infantry afered its services to the Governor and was the trst company officially accepted by the State. Detachments were sent to the mouth of the St. Johns River to erect fortifications at that point. Four cannon from Fort Marion at St. Augustine were out on log carts and hauled to the beach below Mayport, to a high sand dune west of the "Run". Here a fort of palmetto logs was built by the com- pany under the direction of Captain John L'Engle, a retired U. S. Army officer. This post was named Fort Steele, in honor of Captain Steele 0 above it floated another flag, made and presented by the ladies of Jacksonville-the company's battle flag, inscribed "Let us alone" The company was ordered to Fort Steele in detachments, until April, when all were ordered there.n About this time, a company known as the Duval County Cow Boys was formed and occupied St. Johns Bluff. The long roll was sounded but once at Fort Steele. One night the sentinel observed an object coming in that he thought was a launch from a Federal gunboat. He gave the alarm and the company was hastily drawn up an the beach to repel the invader, but it proved to be a pile of brush floating in with the tide0 The Jacksonville Light Infantry was mastered into the Confederate service as Company A, Third Florida Infantry, August 10, 1861. It was stationed at Fort Steele until early in March, 1862, when on the approach of the Federal a.uad- ron, the guns were spiked and the company returned to Jack- sonvilleunderorders. Moat of the companies comprising the Third Florida Regiment then went to Cedar Key, and in May, 1862, the entire regiment for the first time was brought to- gether at Midway, Cadsade County, where it was reorgan- aed and sent to Mobile for several months. Earlyin August, 1862, it went to Chattanooga. It went through the Kentucky campaign and was engaged in the battle of Perryville, Oc- tober 8, 1862, where it lost heavily in offiers and men. The First Florida was also engaged and the losses were so heavy  SHIST OF JAdKSONILLE, FLORDA RM HISORY OF JACSONILLE FLSRDA S6 HISORY1 OF IACUWD ILnS FLORDA that the two regiments, Fiet and Third Florida, were con- solidated., The consolidated regiment was in all of the subsequent moeents of Bragg's annoy; was in the battle of Meostres- borough; at the siege of Jackson; and after the cse of the Missiipspi caenpaigo, wan engaged at Chiekonoosga and Bin- nonnary Ridge, and in the engagements with Shernmans arrmy aosnd Atlanta The tattlescared remnant of the Jack- noville Light Infantry was mastered out near Greensboro, N. C., April 26, 1061.' Beginning with August 10, 1861, the roster of the Sack- sonnille Light Infantry in the War Between the States wan as follows A Captois'. Holsos Steele; esngmd N~ovemobe, 1851. Joho 0. Ollhoerl dlesedi Peryv,51s October 152. Arietides Doggelt; peomosed tO s ata. oveera. 080,. let Lieoteonos, Sobs 0. Blder; Jr.n oAtn Rd Llieoetsl Wqo, ICou; Feonoin B. lobo; Woo Haddock that the two regiments, Firot and Third Florida, were con- solidated.' The consolidated regiment was in all of the subsequent soove e of Brsag's army; wo in the battle of Maore- borough; at the siege ef Jock..,o and after the close of the Mississippi onompaign, was engaged at Cloiokamasgo and Mis sinary Ridge, and to the engagements with Shoruan'. army, aoond Atlanta The battle-ncarred remnant of the Jack- soville Light Infantry waa mastered nut near Greensboro, N. C., April 26, 1660.' Beginning with August 10, 161, the roster of the Jack- sonville Light Infantry in the War Between the States was as follows; Coptei- Hebaso Rteels; eeneed November, 1001. Joho 5. Olvers; diosblnd 00 Psoroille Ostoho, 1002. Aen..d. Doggeti pmnnted O Copti Nocembor, nane., ls itoet sme4 Jeba G..-e; Sobs Kiag a Leteeenno Woo Cosiht roondo 5. gein; Wms. Hoddooek. that the two regimeents, First and Third Florida, were con- eolidated The consolidatod regiment wan in all of thre subsequent neoento of Brogm army; wan in the bottle of Ibtrfes borough; at the stees of Jooloson; and after the close of the Miesinnppi canmpaig, was engaged at Chickamanga and is- nary Ridge, and in the engagements with Sherman'. eroy around Atlanta The battle-ecarred remnant of the l.Ak ovinle Light Infantry was mustered out near Greensboro, N. C., April 26, 1801.d Beginning with August 10, 1861, the roster of the Jack- sonville Light Infantry in the War Between the Staten woo ao fellown A Ossa Captains Holmes Steee; ecgnod rienbse. 0001, Sees 5. Oiv-o; disabled t Peoryeite, 0etshee, I5.. Aelntlds Doget; prooted s Coponi Nocemos,1894l. baO Lioeanms, Sobs 0. Hsdso; Jobs King Id Liooots, Wom. Cauiht Feons H. esbali Woo Hoddols. tile, wS. H. Asdess F. F 151050, Coils Ode.David .-Ieds, . da. Deodoms, 0. C. Cer-u V. A. C sks. A, A. tCehbago. A. Mt. Carsy. lBebi. Delver, Saobsr DOms,¢ toatd Decal Viriia Dolaa, R, B. Itollsld Boo aia, L 1. Fyd, A. V. Floyd Phaneis Floyd, J. H, Floyd, 5. Ai. silbrt, David Osayse 5.. Crel, Eldeah Itslo, fo.. Hosey, Al.W Hasney, S. S. Haoeoy, J. 8. Hemosig, C. C. Heen sees, ,ocA. Hophns, J. r7'ne H~o aloR. C. HsvaNtesOVm . H. Hsooass .. T. tslsyLo .soeon Y. ar, Keensa, Sobs xKesso, VS. A Ki(lle, eBoh naey, Joe Li~in.uo T. H. tesAssde Lord,. , r, lolodde0, . h ona, Fhilip Math,,-. Chus ..rdy H. a. Mossy. Huoth Paooosso. Thon. Perpnsi, Cihs. O resl W. 0. l'sse, Joae lefoes Sae, dUes. W. H. Anoer. F. F. Aodesc, lgsoncis eoth, Biobsed .'seeen Danad .sordn, RdwWe Bowen, w. a Devises. 50. C. Beta, VS A. Cease, ]AA Collies, C. B. Cobboge, A. Mt. Dlvr. Jobn eivar, lassoe Doobseonssel bseovan, Vlgss De-ts, LB.. FEdoaee, Bec. palesa, R,,aon Patio, L 1. Flsyd A V. Fisyd. Coons' hlspd J. H. Floyd. 5. A. Gilbert, D..i Cila-o' Bsreod Osayse, S. A. Geek, 05015 eatoem, Tha lls ,ed G. W. Haney, Aimr. Hersey, J. 5. Hemmnng C, C. Hrssandan, A. Hsrmoo, monkl as ues, J. C.mm H.ontoo, R. E. Honsea VS. H. Hsoking~n, M.g.MT. Seosey. loows isseigan, D. xeoses Jobs Keena, Pnoo Keem, V. A. Kill, Sobs Ki4lar Jobs Lary, Se Lcinon T. H. tepee, Jees Loed, S. By Manasa, Bhak Manesn, Homi dlt~ele, Wee Moody, H. lMt Idoony Hog Pesoson, moo. Peeps-s, Obha, .urol O. 0 Pinlhae, 0 Psoo, Ss,sre Otedma, Snoten AL-ee VS. H. Andewe F F. Biga, Coin tBseeen, Darid owee, E. ad 8ssidsa St. C, .oeedae, It. 0. ersn., VS. A Coans,A A. Cars, Oab Dav, JO. Defte, ]. bs Driver, eLss Deal Vigida. Woal I B, romeod, nn. rase, 0-main Fai. I. 1, Finyd, A. V. Fiord, eses Finyd. S. H. Floyd, S. A. C..'et David Go-,yoer.K Creeh, Elijah H-l a. D. .tsod 0, fPey Alrm. .tes,5 5- .vorvey, e. 3. Hemevieg, C. C Reessenden, A. H... odo. Fhwnk H.Pb.a. Alpho H..aes J. Seess Ri, E. Homm et . on H1. -oesey Le4 Jeega, I. Keess, Psese Kense, W. A Kill Jeba iller, Sobs asp. Joe tesee Tosep lada. Jap0. Msddas isn Mtars. Philip gMter, Chus Misekell Was, Mousy, J.5. Ontts, FLrede.nnev l'eeal, W.sa. Psepsl, VS.0 Puree. Jobsr Isedomw, Sasos  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 461 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORiDA 41 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 461 cshord, F M. lobian, S. G. Saills, nomatic Sheppard, W. D. Shackelford, A. W. Smvith, C. W5. Smith, H. K. Stewart Rebt. straouer, A. Sweet, H. M. Walker, G. A. Wason. C S. Wingate, Jerry Wingate, J. G. Wingate, J. J. Wigate J. W. Wingate, N. M, wild., Phin. Richurd, F. M. Rotlon, S . Sual, Domatio sheppard. W. D. Shackolford, A. W. smith, C. W. Smith, H.t Stwart, Robt. strausse,. A. Swee. t, . Walker, G, A. Wasasn, Ci. Rt. Wingate, Jerry Winmae, 1. G. Wingate, J. J. Winge, 1. W. WiNgote, N. M. Wilds, Phias Rihead, F. 14. RPbion, s. Sllius, Domtatis Sheppard, W. DI. Shaekelford, A. W. Smith, C, W. Smith. H. M. sesart, olabt. strer, A. Sweet, H. M. Walker,, GA. Wassn, . R. Wingate, Jerry Wingate, J. G. Wisgate J. J. Wigte, J. W. Wingate, N. M. Wilds, Phineas. An attempt was made to reorganize the Jacksonville Light Infantry on July 80, 1870, and again on July 12, 1877, but not a great deal of enthusiasm was manifested in either of these attempts. The mill riot of June, 1880, induced the reorganization of the company, which woo accomplished Sep- tember 20, 1880, with an aggregate strength of 60 men. At this time W. B. Young was elected captain; A. W. Owens, let lieutenant; Charles Stewart, 2d lieutenant. Thecompany was armed with improved Springfield rifles. The uniforma were U. S. regulation, with coat cut somewhat longer and three rows of buttones. The fatigue uniform wan regulation pattern, with grey panto, The Jacksonville Light Infantry volunteered for service in the Spanrish-American war and was accepted. It left Jacksonville for Tampa, May 12, 2898, in command of John S. Maxwell, captain; Braxton B, McDonnell, lot lieutenant; G. R. Weldon, 2d lieutenant. Arrivingat Tampa on the 13th, it pitched camp at Ft. Brooke, where it was muatered into the U. S. service as Company E, First Florida Infantry, May 23, 1898, and on the 27th was transferred to Camp Deooto. The company was not sent to Cuba, and on July 21, it en- trained for Fernandina, thence on August 23, for Huntsville, Ala. It remained at Huntsville until October 9, and then went to Tallahassee. Soon after arrival at Tallahassee, prac- tically the whole company wan granted a 3Oday leave and left for Jacksonville. On November 14, the men returned to Tallahassee and the company was mustered out there, De- cember 4, 1898, The Jacksonville Light Infantry was a company of the First Separate Battalion that entered the World war in 1917 and afterward sent to Camp Wheeler, where it was disbanded and its membersassigned to other commands. Mat of them naw servtice oversea, The company was not reorganized after the World war. So passed out of existence the historic command that had nerved its State in three warn. Several meetings of the "Old An attempt wan made to reorganize the Jacksonville Light Infantry on July 30, 1875, and again on July 12, 1877, but not a great deal of enthutiasm wa manifested in either of these attempts. The mill riot of June, 1880, induced the reorganization of the company, which was accomplished Sep- tember 20, 1880, with an aggregate strength of 60 men. At this time W. B. Young was elected captaIn; A. W. Owens, 1st lieutenant; Charles Stewart, 2d lieutenant. The company was armed with improved Springfield rifles. The uniforms were U. S. regulation, with cast cut somewhat longer and three roes of button,. The fatigue uniform was regulation pattern, with grey pants.e The Jacksonville Light Infantry volunteered for service in the Spanish-American war and was accepted. It left Jacksonville for Tampa, May 12, 1898, in command of John S. Maxwell, captain; Braxton B. McDonnell, lot lieutenant; G. R. Weldon, 2d lieuteant. Arriving at Tampa on the 18th, it pitched camp at Ft. Brooke, where it was mustered into the U. S, service as Company E, Firet Florida Infantry, May 23, 1898, and on the 27th was transferred to Camp Deot, The company was not sent to Cuba, and on July 21, it en- trained for Fernandina, thence on August 23, for Huntsville, Ala. It remained at Huntsville until October 9, and then went to Tallahassee. Soon after arrival at Tallahassee, pore tically the whole company was granted a 20-day leave and left for Jacksonville. On November 14, the men returned to Tallahassee and the company was mustered out there, De- cember 4, 1898.. The Jacksonville Light Infantry was a company of the First Separate Battalion that entered the World war in 1917 and afterward sent to Camp Wheeler, where it was disbanded and its member sassigned to other commando. Mootofthem tow service oversea.* The company was not reorganized after the World war, So passed out of existence the historic command that had nerved Its State in three wars. Several meetings of the "Old An attempt was made to reorganize the Jacksonville Light Infantry on July 80, 1875, and again on July 12, 1877, but not a great deal of enthusiasm was manifested in either of these attempts. The mill riot of June, 1880, induced the rorganization of the company, which was accomplished Sep tember 20, 1880, with an aggregate strength of 60 men. At this time W. B. Young was elected captain; A. W. Owens, 1t lieutenant; Charles Stewart, 2d lieuteent. The company was armed with improved Springfield rifles. The uniforms wore U. S. regulation, with coat cut somewhat longer and three rows of buttons. The fatigue uniform was regulation pattern, with grey pants.' The Jacksonville Light Infantry volunteered for service in the Spanish-American war and woo accepted. It left Jacksonville for Tampa, May 12, 1898, in command of John S. Maxwell, captain; Braxton B. McDonnell, lot lieutenant; G. R. Weldon, 2d lieutenant. Arriving at Tampa on the 13th, it pitched camp at Ft. Brooke, where it was mustered into the U. S. serviceas Company E. First Florida Infantry, May 28, 1898, and on the 27th was transferred to Camp Deota. The company was not sent to Cuba, and on July 21, it en- trained for Fernandina, thence en August 28, for Huntsville. Ala. It remained at Huntsville until October 9, and thean went to Tallahassee. Soon after arrival at Tallahassee,prac- tically the whole company woo granted a 30-day leave and left for Jacksonville. On November 14, the men returned to Tallahassee and the company was mustered out there, De- cember 4, 1898.1 The Jacksonville Light Infantry was a company of the First Separate Battalion that entered the World war in 1917 and afterward sent to Camp Wheeler, where it was disbanded and its members assigned to other commands. Meatefthem saw service oversea.e The company was not reorganized after the World war. So pasned out of existence the historic command that had served its State in three ware. Several meetings of the "Old  462 HIST 01 JACKONVLLE, FLOIDA 46 SORY OF JAC6021VILLU FLORIDA 42 HITORY OF 5ACRIO2IflLN. FLIDA Guard" were held in the summer of 1923, for the purpose of rorganizing the company, to he made up of descendants of former membero, hut it was not perfected at that time. Jackosonville would be glad to te the Jaoceonville Light ln- featry reorganized coder ito old name, and the perpsetuaton of its long nod honorable record, Te Coors in rteee stoad ing cood on tap of themo- nem is Henuie Prk. ospreert a soldier e is tolfusee of the scathee..nwneofers. leSa its I i r ia o delel tmn eo hetd foot a te deel h' hot 11-iecar e hitce no shwe the eulat-~u lueoa' u L. I.' Captains of the Jacksonville Light Infantry since 180n: W. B. Young, September, 18810 to August, 1884 (commla- ioned major) itR. M, Call. Auguot, 1984 to February, 1089 (promoted to major); A. W. Cockrell, Jr., February, 18489 (elected but declined) ; C. W. Stunsell, February ta July, 189; YI L. Dogget, Augos. Sle)8 to 1891; 9. C. Boylston, Jr., July, 1891 to June, 10104; W . J. Driotroll, June, 1094 to May, 1897; J. S. Maxwell, May, 18197 to May, 18099 (promoted to major) ; A. G1. Htoridge, Augusot, 18909 to Niovember, 1902; C. W. Tucker, Novembher, 11002 to April, 1903; J. Y. Wiloon, April, 1030 to July. 19005; H. 11, Payne, Auguot 1905 to January, 1906; Cromwell Gibbons, February, 19ao to Jan- uary, 1908 (promuted to major); M. C. Grceeley, February, 11008 to January, 191010; G.11R, Weldon, May, 1909 to December, 1911; A. WV. bileo, December, 1911 to 1917. St. ,lobna Grays July 11, 1900, ton companion were mustered into the Cnn- federate service at their rendezvous near Jackonville, to form the Second Florida Infantry. Among these wan Com- pony 0, St. Johos Grays, organioed by J. J. Dnniel, the router of which includes the names of many Jucksonville and Daval County mren. To dayo after the manter the regiment left by rail for Virginia, Ito first battle wan at the siege of York- townu, and then at Williamsburg. After one year's service. the regiment was reergusuined, on bMny 10, 1962. Captaio Canried resigned at this tie and returned to floid.i to be- come Colonel of First Florida R1enorves.' After reorganioation, the regiment taught t the battes of Seven Fnes, where it suffered af severe lose. in offiers and Guard" were held in the summer of 1928, for the puarpose of rorgonining the company, to be made up of deocendast of fermer moembers, but it woo not perfected at that time. Jacksonville twould be glad to tee the Jocksoonville Light In- fantry reorganized onder nos old name, and the ipersetuotion of its long and honorable record. -TW, Coors ino eocov steinar -i oee o the. otno- soent in luenetleg Port, coornta a soldlleoie.theounifsesaoO the000ht. Cfedenrr. 100 toesn nom iela b0teen thsot ou® he deested foesI lee idsnbu hoe Otin ens, on bussomP obur the wor-teo [,ese"L, I". Captains of the Jackcsonville Light Infantry ainco 18100:1 W. B, Voleg, Soptember, 1890 to August, 1584 (commie- oed esajtr ; Rt. M. Call, August, 1894 to February, 1889 (promoted to major) ;A. W. Cockrell, Jr., Februry, 1889 (elected but decline d) ; C W. Stunsell, February to Jell,, 1889; J. L. Doggett, August 10909 to 191; C. C. potloatct, Sc., July, 1891 to June, 18104; W. J. Driucoll, June, 194 to May, 1897; S. S. Maxwell, Boy, 1897 tu Moy, 1099 (prmoted to major) ;A. 0. IHartridge, August, 18991 to November 1902; C. W. icker, November, 1900 t April, 11003; S. Y. Wilson, Apri 11003 to July, 11008; H. R. basn, August 1905 to January, 11008; Cromell Gibbons, February, 1906 to Jan- nary, 19W0 (pnrmoted to major) : M0. C. Greeley, February. 1905 to January, l109; C. R. Weldon, Bay 1900 to December, 1911; A. WV. Ellis, December, 11011 to 1917. St. Joloas Grays July G9. 1061, ten cotpanics weere mustered into the Con- federate service at their rendezvous near Jackonville, to form the Second Florida Infantry, Among these was Cam punty 0, St. Johns Grays, organized by J. J. Daniel, the router af which includes the names of many Jacksonville and Duval County men. Two days afte the counter the regiment left by rail for Virginia. Ite first tattle was at tbe siege of York- twn0 and then at WVilliiamsburg. Alter one year's serice, the regiment won reorganized, on May 10, 1862. Captain Daniel resigned at thin time and returned to Florida to be.- cme Colonel of Float Florida Heaers,. oAfter rorganiaion, the regiment famgct in the b,att of Seven Pine, where it suffered ansevero loen in offioers and Guard were held in the summer of 1923, for the purpouc of reorganizing the comepany, to be made up of descendants of former members, but it was not perfected at that time. Jlaeksesei lie wold be glad tse the Jacksonville Light Inm fantry rerganized under its old name, and the perpetuation of it long and honorale record. 0THe Ons cit htaeae lt,1n9 is ed wet o of the mn n'onlaoo rc,oearstasodeioe unifom of tte louthee Csofeeeer. its ecao usi eacl sr dee t a b e daMeod Nam0 tM oe ai k; bet taee is , one toe cop above the Waier-AI, Litere J. I.r Captains of the Jackoonville Light Infantry since 1850 a W. B, Young, September, 1800 to August, 1884 (commIt. oned major) ; Rt. B. Call, Auguot, 1884 to February, 1889 (promoted to major) ; A, WV. Cockorell, Jr., February, 19810 (elected bet declind) ; C. W. Stonwed, February to Job', 1899; J. L. Dsoggoit, Augst 1880 to 1891: 5. C. BoyLetn Jr, July, 1991 to June 1804; W. J. Drisoell, June 1594 to May, 1897; J. S. Maxwell, Bay, 1807 to Moy, 1800 (promoted to major) ; A. 0. Itortd ge. August, 10109 to November. 1902; 01. . Lndern. November, 1902 to April, 1903; J. Y. Wilon', April, 1103 to July, 1100: H. R. Payne, August 1905 to January11006;i Cromwell Gibbons, February, 1900 to Jan- uary,.1908 (prmtd tomajor) ;M. C. GreeleyFebruacy, 19M9 t January, 1909;G. R. Weldon, May, 100 to December 1911;t A. WV. Ellis, December 1911 to 1917. St. Johns Grays July 11, 1881, ten comapaniet were mustered into the Conm federate ervie at their rondezvous near Jacksonville, to fuor the Second Florida Iofantry. Among these ores Coos- puny G, St. Johns Grayt, organized hy J. J. Daniel, tho rooter af which includes the nae of many Jlackonville and Duval County moo, Tw days after the counter the regimen left by rail for Virginia. Ito firet battle woo at the siege of York- bomn and then at Williamsburg, After one yeur'o service, the nrgien was reorganized, on M~ay 10, 1862. Ctptain Daniel resigned at this time and retorned to Florida ta be- come Colonel of First Florida lteoeroeo.0 After reorgonirzation, the regiment fought in the battles of Seven Pineo, where it aullered acsevere loane in 509m. and  HISORY OF JACKSONVLE LORIDA S6 HISTOY OF JACSONVILLE FLOIDA 468 HISOY OF JACKONVILLE, FLRIA 40 ano, Cold Harbor, Gaines' Mills, Frae's Farm, and Mlal- non Hill; it nos in the Maeryland esompaign, fought at Fred- ercour, hacelloranil and elttysur, andI in doithe lat battle s of the waro in VigA. The skeletn fteslni regiment sorondored at Alomsotos-7 canners anti 59 me..' Renter af the St. Johns Grays' S. S. Flol: Ry.d rdt scueginetsa noon Chon ate Fiaegg h-esd caPann Sc raegasisotion; niLen at S-an Pins,. Thoas M0 n Killed in bnttle, Jans.,0065. C e ton Flense Killo at Fiu Facr, 08N4. mTha, . en set (faosos no snerlin) C. SilneOe Fia "lpsantd Sn captaa, 91. A. Sans,, A. J-Oceania, A. J. Minn (dusd in hwpnitl), Mao-A. Knilot., Clarhoene is Weight ano, Cold athor, Camneo' Miles, Frunien's Foarm, and 05.1- ne Hill; it wa in the Maryland weanolgn, fought at Fnsd- ecsoueg, Chaneelloranille, and Octsbur, and in the last battles of the woe in Virginia. The skeleton of the slendid regieinnt aurreadod at Appsnatony-t officers and 59 mens losator of the St. John, Grays0 Caonhmo S. J_ - D Rise nineduat cant-siaisn, less, Cho'elo F. Felaggo Elsctd -wpsa at rcs eisii;n lined at 9non Thn,. Toaa 0. Bret:,'d., ciiln nal, San, 0002. C. Sess Fleming' Killed. at e tu asss, 0004, t'sa N.wSpa n 'pouc ecatain), C, moan Flesning (gatnd noaaa l 95m) . A Janhn A. J. Susanil, A. S. ahse (dle In haeital, M~iatb,, A. Knight, Cinybswno Ls Wight mes, Cold flarbor. Gains,' MJil, Frauier's Farm, andt 051- nen Hill; it wan in the Maryland campaign, fought at Fred. ernckohurg, Chateeelloranisle, and Cettysburg, and in the last battles of the wan in Virginia. Ths skeleton at the splendid regiment surrenderod sat Appomoatox-.7 officers and 59 men.sn flaster ot the St. Johns Grays' Castsias S. S. Daniel l'ctocel on i oasuti, sen.i Cllcaclcs. Flgg: Eleste eapais at nosgotieon geend no Sevens lies lhoo- 05. Scawn' 1 Kise btl, Son,. I8RS. C. sets Hessio gKilans sO Cold laches, 0064. Ileonean TIf-n M Orsec (aeroma no sopoti), C Sotn Fa eing l eanat so enptnna), 91. A 111cc A J. R....1, A. S. Mishls(died In sualptta), Mtatthew A. Knight Clsnrkuen Wright Aahsna, .S nenadu, 51. J, eant, Mle, Sooth, V. S. Dowdta,Ue Fs-.~t, S. A r-eo, . W ansa, 91. . Snoo, A. W wcais, G. R. i-u .d Bryas, W. P. Crea.L C- a G, . . Cnetl e, .5 Caa-,I. aa , d. Canton, amtoaln Enlianad Mon C..hc, Relad Dasih. W.teA. Doyle, D, W. .sns We E. Ednaoda, Richood Foster, Mgatteo reet, Joh erenul, J. C, Fscgtstsn, . S Fe-sm na. 0. A Fimr.s, W. M. Fl An3. 91 a'estA, Gned Gon,s W. aenre, A. S alassi, Roth Hampa, A. Jashoon Heeginoass Aaron tuseta a. 5. atoplhop, D. a. Sna-..n C. We -Snze Me C. Kososdr, Jansa LY0,rk, 5, Ol TlEOtge, J. C. naene Alca. Jae, Soh. fieiiaot, W. .. Lsng, 14. V. sac, t Msajata, Ir.nn Me~tal-ca, THen,, S.sCldoa, otn Motato, Bachls Mickler , 0 C, Mlickler, Sarah attest Davsid POisweo, Nenran rce, Steavy reaanst, at. A Oaken, Patid lsegso Jan nie, D. leInl, JoIst alos.'don Wan Abr Ihana Aolcoet, 0. J. nen don, St. S. ildon, 5, Is. Rotr, Stn. BocoS, miles Bossh, W J. ttede., Chalna BOtaic, Doink Brttle, . le Ostocn, . J. Srsee,5.W. Sps, W. P. Coaan, Wan. C-sova, C. P. Cans, Alla- Carp, J. W. Cc-loco. W. Rt C(1n J. S. Enlinned Men DntW. A. lioe, Clauo Foe, D. W0. Steal, W0. E. Sidsondo, ltiohacd Fai.c Mfattheo rarels,, J. C. Pegoly . 1 . Ftg.sn . . Peips, A. D. Osato, o. Natalie. Wan. Hnm i, A, . I StsiRntbhno Aaron aehncsp sa. jae Scss a. Fa. I ShsaC. We Ssrdan, 9. C. LTale, PS M Lery . W. Flog, m g V. Ltsaohsn, g, 0, Mi -n , fonk y ,~~clland, .ia. Sldhtead, Hasa s, lon., r.nn Misll, 0. C. Moatalo. Sara Mtio, Drned Nishol,, P~Newmo i~ur, Hey, ntia, l Ann Reary, 5. RlstJohn abishndata, Wan. Aire Thsna 0 ehict, R. J. nassGeC H. e aosh atM1. J. naot. dR. Bowden, Choos Sstwdeo, Co."la5 Baneer. A. Rot, h . WA Steen C. R. aBPans 91, W. Bnoxon . V. Blryat, w. P. Culeosna Wan. Ctces , C. P. Cape, Asse. Ints, . W. Cartlcto, We Rt Cae-. J,. B cjanao, ltsha, Ealnnled uses Dodcl W. A. Dad,, Chnesr Itoide D. We Deo-l W. E. Eo se, Risco-d Fasse, Maew roronl, Ssh. x'terl, S. C. F.er,- IcSO . d, rn-.letn,E, A. Fse, We H. Firs, S. 91. rtA. Ge Gtodoa, Claco Grlni, Sonp lladin, Wmn Hvnsi, A J. Ht,, High Harris, A.J. -aio Sognoth, a. a. Hosihoat, D. a Sohnoa, Saanno Sshnan, c. We Seedot, 9. C. Itooede, Smen L~asla, t he. [0r5g, 5, C. Leory, S. W. Ligo, W. K. L-nI, Ht V. L-ng, latid Loaskis, J. 0. ntsco, Funs MsClc~and, For-a M.aon-. amws Saickler, G. C. Miskle, Sasa. at isNuat, rapid n Par. Heart Foaasca, e0l A Renos Damd Reny, D, nse, Sohn Sisncdslsa, Won  1 HISOR OF JACKONVILLE, FLORIDA 19 HISh1R OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIA 416 HITOY OF flACKOILE, FLORID Bobort. Ugo Suborn Jil®e Sapp. L. 3. ...l,JStme SooTh, Wm, Bolyro Aai.i Itrout, 3. F. Beau, D. .'e, .os pyres. Jih 'eut, t. Tumoer. S. Hi. phose, Thai Theory W. T. n-We, Sorent Williareu, pots. Mum,.n Rx S wilia. IA. Wright, T. 0. Rosbi Edger Roberta. Seae Sape, 3. 3. Stun nese SoWth Wme lolayr., Anteads Stewar, 3. F. Boean D. Sysas, Rub[. Syso, Jahal Ta r , . Thsn, TunesY. W. T. flyjB, Beiest Willias, pee Wleso48 Pitis o H.G Wrtght, T. 0. tlbrn EdFga IthRi..e Sa Sapp, 3, 3. Seast, louses .ooth, Wm, Bolos An..s~ msteart. 3. F. Sor,,IS Sa,, RoO Tynes, Sob, Thitt tabs Tule. B. U. uoy. Thou Ton,W.T. Crumbc. Baemt WiliraPes Wilieun. .G WBight T. OC Dua Ceamy Cow Bays The Deaspa County Cow Boys was organized and mstered In the Third Florida Regimentsa Comniy F. At trot it wes stationed at St. Johns Bluff; it wee withdrawn from that point at the some time as the Jrksonvile tight Infatry from the mouth of the river, and after the regiment woo brought together at Midway, the two companies fought to- tether in the-bottles already mentioned in the history oa the Jack ...vle Light Infantry. The rmater of the Cmw Boyo follow,:- Cartel,. Wonic A Herder tenigaid at-rra'uiu,. Ma, map2. AWor Drysdalo: Looted aun Hay. 5182A sLuoouoseo S. B, Minller; J. a. %Ing; W. S. Heddeuk; EllaJ. lndu H, . Goude: Thoas gteatts,; S. C. Writ; S. H. Wienumn Duval Caunty Cow Boy. The Dunval County Cow Boys was orgaied and mutered mnthe Third Florida Regimentas Company F. AtfBrat itwas Moationad at St. Sobm Bluff; it was withdrawn frum that point at the ame time or the Jacrksonville tight Infantry from the mouth of the river, and after the regiment wan brought together at Midway the two companies fought to- gether in the battles already mentioned is the h~istory of the Jeceaunville Light Infantry. The mester of the Cow Boys tue A Heedee, Rteed at oosegaceoisa, Mlay, usil. AWor Dryaol Illosa eapial May, I0., Lu, it Os S. a Obtuse; I. . La; W. U. Buebe; luev lan; In. G oa; Thomsus Sain a; S. C. Wont; H U. Wiragre Anus, 3. C. Du." WI. J. . . .bnt rae Allee Lo D. ments,I, J amse,, P. H0. Hardin,lau Dowell Wm 3tm, W. L .s.e C . F, Edores. AWS. ow.-ua W. W. Bigea, C. P. Frie, Jabs King, P . noub, Clyar, Genls. fastes lint,, C.A. Sasb, F. F. hnow, Lee, fluigoa inuph Asn, 1. C Gooey, W. 3. .eol, C. W. Cal,, tooa Olurnott, A. C. Mmugo,, a, A. Cerise, Ehmu~ ltumnoid, Jolta torrie, A. S. asi,, Joseph lnsy , D. As. O'Neal, W. C. Cater, LB. Basal., F. 3. Outnas Thoup cuerb Ss ,. barai, J. 3. POsge, Mart, Crises Aissenis Hlame, .$ B. pageto, Stphee Ceewa, It 3. BurrO. 2, T. Pige, 3. W. Cree, A. 5. Holmsas, Jmos Qtonieuas, 0, 'T Cro, S. H, Bropwens. J. Qoorersto,, . C. Ht. DoleS, a.R i, lphs. H. rts., J. J. Duata, . . Snames. lor Saary, Wem Duval Cousity Cow Boys The Loval County Cuw Boys was organised and mattered In theThird Florida Regiment an Compay F. AtBrat itwas stationed at St. Jobno Bluff; it was wuithdrwn from that point at the same time as the ,Iaokonville Light Infantry from the month of the river, and after the regiment woo brought together at Midway, the two companies fought to- gepther in the battles already mentioned Is the history of the Jecolvool Light Infatry. The miter of the Cow Boy, caplain luirie A, Hardee: Osead a0 reorgtaailao. May. t8il Albert Drydale MHntd eapisis Map, was. ,. ias Ileisr A. C, Mog; W. St. eaddock; flUca Jtaaa In. B Caode; Thos Sats,; S . C. Went; an . Wleige Asn, 3. . Dali, W. 3. Iiuelbant, Frede Ales, So D, Dso ld, 3. K. Janie, P. M. Derd,, J-es Dlowell We. loses, W. i Bogus C. P. edwardo, 3. W. Jords,, W. W.V Miaps, G.. Fria. Jub Kiss, P. R, Boabk Ceayi Gieles, Jurie Liens, C A. Sb, F. F. .-"oy Lave ieabgutsa Jouiph nab.3J. C, Gary, WA1 MoD-etl, C.W. Cale, Dgoey' Garreth A. C. Soort, R. g. Carte, BEib lissossod Job, Monai, A. 8. GuMs, seph Inisoby, 0. A ...si W. C. Cares, Is H. Reaer, F. J. Otet, This Cubt, tsophee SHos. J. 3. Paet Igaytia Cr.,,, Aleusndor Busm,, oW E. Ista, moses Cee, B, J. iHare R. T PunRe W. Grew, 5. 5. Bolas, loess Qauteeis, R T Crow.t. ilaptlse, 31 QnuatsoeeasW,.K Dos,, 3. . Sop.ie, Sn. Ris., 31.3. Da, T. T. Sunaam, Siieea Rebr, st Ailrs, 3. G Alla., Ia D. Begge, CFP. Big, C P. Osb, F, F. Boe, 3. C, Cai,, Oro Gorier. 10Mp Carta, I. Curb, His.s Crewe, Alereitee Cres, 8n ]. ewe, 5. 55, Cear B. U. DevielI 5 Oasis T. T. Halt, W. J. 000Sed . 3, Dowel, Was Edwscds, 3. W. FXma, John G-re, Sere uCarey', W. J. Cuarret A. C. Inaacond, Jab, uebry 0. A. Fesle, F. 3. Hoor,, . J. J Sort,, OW, a Henrr, 2 T. Hiolsos Juaea Harps,, S. BoH a, H Hunran bano laie, linihaeo, FReami ans., P. K, 150.5 OW. Is o..d-, W., W. Kns. P. R. io., CA Doltsgus, Jsio Noggoewel, . WI. Merges. W I. 5. Mard,, A . Cited, W. C .r oWes Theeo Podgrtt, ari Podge4l, Breh PI g, A. W. Quatoeioan. B. T. Rans, , J. 1 Raloey, WM,  HISORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FIDA 4 HSTORY OF JASNVILLE FIA m6 HITOR OF JACKSONVILLE FLWIA 4S Otebard, e. hi. Blehtodr.., Edmund mebordaeo. Joha RSeMo, F. 50, Mlea.e M. Bohosa , R2. Illses 1'. W. p ros,5\F. Sparkemas. Wm. Stasell, N. We. Steat4so. OSses sa, apJoyls Sweet, H. hi. Thcou, Sosisie Theson,, AR~M Thesepsez, 1. Li Tboapesa, W. F, Tawmaod, ILF Thyse, Dem OUnge, Samuel Wavse., ws, W.l.aby T. Mi. wand tBey Weed Io Woen, Thomas Wet, RBehet Wueks, 1.A1 Wse. 0e, tbe wihomn, IL W. Wlttlt. 3I A. Rioband, F. hi. Raiebndos Edmund ltisbeees Soa liobosa F. 50, poSeto . Iluhsneta R. 2. Roera. T. W. Bas, . W. Sp-eimus, wen Stoail. N. W. Otrotes, Sauel anvet, lilphee Swent. H. N5. r ors , Soeon T~ieipsem, Ali- Theapeo, L, 4 TbnmpoeeJt.L Thaompsas W. F. T-vassd, B.F. Thyme, Beshi F.g., Samuel Walke, was. Welmaky, T. hi. Wend. Beauy wand, Soke Wn, Theme weat. Baleet Wek. L Wile, 5 B. Willasuon Ivy Wuuoee. LW. Witls.gte, 3.A Biubsed F. hi, tvijobeues Edmsnd Bohosutlee. Joke ilolhets, F. 55. Robet,w M. Sebses, R1. 2. Roibete, T. W. Bess, sw. Blseee, Win. Bhesll, N W. stab'te. K-1ue .-,eea.ephesI leat, . hi. Themes, Sloes Thempeca, Alias Theaepe,L L.I Themss, J. L TbomWeoe W. F. Tmse4 B F. Thormne, Bernaed huge', Saue Walker, Wa. Weleosap. T. hi, wand, Mauy ward, Jute Wanes. Tap.. Wet, gabert Weekl I wile., S. B. We .ssu lay Wisawt rk W. Witlin 3. .A Wilson's Battery The First Florida Light Artillery was orgaed in Jack- sonville July 17, 1877. with the following officers: Captain, George C.-Wilson; firot lietheat, Franklin Jordan; second lieutenant, Theodore Bell;l first sergeant, H1. Ernest Murphy; second sergeant. Henr' A. L~ngle; ordnance sergeant, W. A, Gilbert; firat corporal. Byron E. Oak; econd corporal, George Rl. Heynoldo; secretary, Arthur T. Willianos tres- orea, Bion If. Barnett; ourweon, 0.3J. Zenvorthy, M. 0. The comapany was organized with 30 enlisted mne, but the router was annicesed to fifty-five.' Oo July 4. 1878, the battery was presented with a hand- sne silk flue made by the ladles of Junkso..ville. The cere- many of presentation took place in front of the Windsor hotel, in the presence ofta throng of penple. Major A. S. But- sell presented the flag and in Ihis speech drew attention to the fact that among the members were those mwhs repreunted the gray and otloerithe blue in the lateconflict. The buttery ase well mintaine d, being armsed with aebres and side arms and two nZ-pouider brace pieces, with suitatle harness, rats enetc. Their uniforsus were light gray; afterward the artillery uniform of the -rebela army was adopted, Io 1884 it pnsessed the latest improved five-barrel, 45 alibre Gat- flog gunm On April 1, 188d, the name was choanged by unsatuu vote to Wileen's Battery On honsor of its commsandeg, aod ever afterward through the varioa rorgan eatlone of State troops, though gives n offhiia letter eldegation and later called First Battery, Field Artillery, F. S. T., It was known to Jacksonvile me iWilacn'i Battery". Its gene spoke the wel- ceme In all local relebratione and tine booming of 'Old Betay" Wisn. Battery The first Floeida Light Artillery was organized in Jerks- sonville July 17, 1877, with the following omilcers; Captain, George C. Wilson; Birat lieutenant, Fmankin Jordan; secod ileutenont, Theodore Ball: first sergeant, H., Ernest Murphy; scond sergeant, Henry A, L'Engle; ordnance sergeant, W. A. Gilbert; tirst cerperal, Byron E. Oak; second corporal. George R0. Reynolds; scretary, Arthur T. Williams l treac- orer, Bion It. Barnett; surgeon, C. 3. Itenwarthy, M. D. The cony was organized with 30 enlisted mn, but the renter wan soon ineed to Alfty-five.' On July 4 ,1878, the battery was presented with a haed- sielk flag made by the ladies sof Jackeonville. The cere- mony of presentatien took place in front of the Windsor hotel, in the presence of a throng of people. Major A.J.R.tun sell presented the flag sod in his seemch drew attention to the fact tat among the members were those who r uretsey the grayM sedother the e in the late cronfblicT.e The battery was well maintained, b.,eing armed with sabres and side arms and two il-poander bass pieceswith ollabe harea ctse enetc. Theftei uifom were light gray; afterward the artillery uniform of the regular army was adopted. Io 18,84II it possessed the latest improved five-barrel, 45 calibre Gat- On Api 1 nic, the wisme was changed by unanimous vote to Wilson's Batter nhnro t onnnesdee ftoewr through the varis geiataion State troops, though given an offlisiletter designationanlte called first Battery, Field Artillery, F, S. T., it was known to Jckeonille an Wasna Battery"'. Its ghn spoke thie wel- come .in all local elebrati foni and the booming of "Old Betsy" Wilson"s Battery The First Florida Light Artillery was organized in Jack- sonvilte July 17, 1877, with the following ofcers: Captain, George C. Wilson; Birat lieutenant, Franklin Jordan; second lieutenant, Theodore Ball; first inrgent, 00. Ernest Murphy; end sergeant, Henry A. L-Ingle; ordnanice sergeant, W. A. Gilbert; firat corporal, Byron H. Oak; second corporal. George R.. Rteynolds;- secretary, Arthur T. William,; treas- urer, Bion H. Barnett; aorgeon, C.3J. Kenwerthy, M. D. The cnlpany wo organised with 30 ednlitd mes, hut the reter was soinreed to fifty-fiv.' On July 4, 1878, the battery was presented with a hand- som silk flug made by the ladies of Jacksonville. The cere mony of presentation took place in front of the Windsor sell pretested the flag sod his n his ofspeech drew Matnon A.o the elpfact that an the members were those who represented tthe gray and others the blue is the late conflict. The atrys waa well maintained, being armed with sabres and sde arms sod two 12-pounder brasa pieces, with suitable harness,ca- sno, etce Their uniforms were ligh gray; afterward ptdthe artillery 'uniform ofthe regular army was adopted . In lst8 it pesoessed the lis test improved five-barrel, 45 calibre iatgn On April 1, 1884, the name men changeeder y unnious vote toWilsnn's Butter in honor of its cmander. and ever arfteward teooh h vaiu reorgaatons n State toptogh g ,teteivcu n officae ial letter deoignation and later cellied First Battery, field Artillery.,F S. T., it wu~ knw go Juckeonvilleos Wllsnn'u Battery". Ito guns spoke the wel- come in all local celebratlon' and aloe booming af "Old Betsy"  466 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 466 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 466 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA was frequently mentioned in the newspapers of the time. The battery answered the call for thirty years, in riot, epi- demicand fire. It offered itsservieo to the Government for the Spanish-American war, but it was not fortunate enough to be called with the first quota and its services were never required. A feud [roke out at Baxter, Baker County, in September, 1904. Wilson's Battery was sent there to arrest the ring- leaders and it awed them into surrendering, for s one of them said: "I looked down the muzle of a 38 revolver once and saw a hearse and four hacks; if I looked down one of them Gatlins I s'pose d see a whole cemetery fui of dead men Twenty of the feudalists were brought to Jackson- ville and it was a sight to remember when they were marched up Bay Street from the depot under guard, headed by a bat- tery of two Galing guns.' Wilson's Battery was an organization unique in the his- tory of the city and the first of its kind in Florida. A great deal of sentimest clustered around this command; looking backward upon its career, the members of the old company point with pride to the position it held in the community. Wilson's Battery, then oflicially known as First Battery, Field Artillery, F. S. T., was disbanded March 24, 1906. Captains of the battery s George C. Wilson, July, 1877, to 1886; W. D. Barnett, 1886 to 1888 (promoted to major); G. R. Reynold, 1889-90; M. P. Tuner, October, 1890, to June, 1898 (promoted to major) ; George Emery, June, 1893, to March, 1894; Jacob Gumbingor, March, 1894, to August, 1899 (promoted to major of artillery) ; C. B. Dulfy, August, 1899, to December, 1903; L. C. Moore, December, 190, to February, 1904; W. J. Driscoll, June, 1904, to March, 190; ; W. . Lyman, September, 1905, to March, 1906. Metropolitan Light Infantry The Metropolitan Light Infantry was organized in April, 1888, with the following officers: Captain, 0. J. Leite; first lieutenant, M. W. King; second lieutenant, George R. Foster. At organization there were 30 enlisted men. The uniforms of the company were blue sack coats and blue pants of a lighter shade with black side-stripe. It was armed with Springfield rifes was frequently mentioned in the sewsapers of the time. The battery answered the call for thirty years, in riot, epi- demi and fire. It offered its serviceo to the Government for the Spanish-American war, but it was not fortunate enough to be called with the first quota and its services were never required. A fed broke out at Baxter, Baker County, in September, 1904. Wilson's Battery was sent there to arrest the ring- leaders and it awed them into surrendering, for as one of them said: "I looked down the muzele of a 38 revolver once and saw a hearse and four hacks; if I looked down one of them Gatlings I s'pose I'd see a whole cemetery full of dead men". Twenty of the feodalion were brought to Jackson- ville and it wasasight to remember when they wore marched up Bay Street from the depot under guard, headed by a bat- tery of two Gatling guns.' Wilson's Battery was an organization unique in the his- tory of the city and the first of its kind in Florida. A great deal of sentiment clustered around this command; looking backward upon its career, the members of the old company point with pride to the position it held in the community. Wilson's Battery, then oflicially known to First Battery, Field Artillery, '. S. T., was disbanded March 24, 1906 Captains of the battery 0 George C. Wilson, July, 1877, to 1886; W. D. Barnett, 1886 to 1888 (promoted to major); G. R. eynolds, 1889-90; M. P. Turner, October, 1890, to June, 1893 (promoted to major) ; George Emery, June, 1893, to March, 1894; Jacob Gumbinger, March, 1894, to August, I899 (promoted to mojor of artillery) ; C. B. Duffy, August, 1899, to December, 1903; L. C. Moore, December, 1901, to February, 1904; W. J. Driscoll, June, 1904, to March, 1909; W.1, Lyman, September, 1905, to March, 1906. Metropolitan Light Infantry The Metropolitan Light Infantry was organized is April, 1883, with the following officers: Captain, 0. J. Leite; frast lieutenant, M. W. King; second lieutenant, George R. Foster. At organization thero were 80 enlisted men. The uniforms of the company were blue sack coats and blue pants of a lighter shade with black aide-stripe. It was armed with Springfield rifes?. was frequently mentioned in the newspapers of the time. The battery answered the call for thirty years, in riot, epi- demie and fire, It offered its services to the Government for the Spanish-American war, but it was not fortunate enough to be called with the first quota and its services were never required. A feud broke out at Barter, Baker County, in September, 1904, Wilson's Battery was sent there to arrest the ring- leaders and it awed them into surrendering, for as one of them said: "I looked down the muzzle of a 38 revolver once and saw a hearse and four hacks; if I looked down one of them Gatlin I 'pose I'd see a whole cemetery full of dead men', Twenty of the feudaliets were brought to Jackson- vile and it was a sight to remember when they were marched up Bay Street from the depot under guard, headed by a bat- tery of two Gating guns, Wilson's Battery wason organizatioen uique in the his- tory of the city and the first of its kind in Florida. A great deal of sentiment clustered around this command; looking backward upon its career, the members of the old company point with pride to the position it held in the community. Wilson's Battery, then oliicially known as First Battery, Field Artillery, F'. S. T., was disbanded March 24, 1906 Captains of the battery; George C. Wilson, July, 1877, to 1886; W. D. Barnett, 1886 to 1880 (promoted to major); G. R. Reynolds, 1889-90; M. P. Tumner, October, 1890, to Junoe, 1893 (promoted to major) ; George Emery, June, 1898, to March, 1894; Jacob Gumbinger, March, 1894, to August, 1899 (promoted to major of artilery) ; C. B. Duffy, August, 1899, to December, 1903; L. C. Moore, December, 1903, to February, 1904; W. J. Driaco, June, 1904, to March, 1905; W. 1. Lyman, September, 1905, to March, 19a Metropolitan Light Infantry The Metropolitan Light infantry was organized in April, 1883, with the following oficers: Captain, 0. J. Leite; first lieutenant, M. W. King; second lieutenant, George R. Foster. At organization there were 30 enlisted men. The uniforms of the company were blue sack coats and blue pants of a ighter shade with black side-stripe, It was armed with Springfield riffes  HISTORY OF JACKSONVLLE, FLORIDA 467 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 467 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 46 The history of the Metropolitan Light Infantry is inter- sperted with periods of lulls and fresh outbursts of enthus- acm among its members. Internal troubles produced rather a checkered career for the company. It did not re-enlist under the State military law of 1890, but was not officially din- banded and continued to exist, though in a badly disorgan- ized stale. It was reorganized after the law of 1891 was passed, requiring all military organizations to enlist or dis- band, but in the course of time the old troubles reappeared, and finally came to a climax on August 14, 1895, when all of the officer resigned ]. J. Maxwell, second lieutenant of the Jacksonville Light Infantry, was assigned by Major Tuner to the temporary command of the M. L. L, and he was theo- retically in command of the company until it was reorganized September 4, 1895, as the Jacksonville lifles,? Members of the Metropolitan Light Infantry possessed a fand of interesting and amusing anecdotes of instances in its history. They discussed the happenings during the en- campment at Pablo Beach in the Murray Hall days of 1886. With a twinkle in the eye they told of a momentons occasion when, spick and span in their white duck pants, they were ordered on dress parade and given the command to kneel and fire upon a dirty field; and further, as they executed that trder, about the ripping sound akin to the parting of seams, And many other occasions of fan and frolic during the eom- plny's career. But history also points out that whenever emergency called them they were there, and for that reason the people of Jacksonville always had a kindly feelingfor this company and viewed with regret the troubles that beset it from time to time. The company ebanged its uniform several tines. The most striking was the bottle-green uniform of 1889-90, mili- tia days when a company mold choose its own uniform. Far the officers the coat was rut frock-style, three rows of brass buttons, with gold epaulets and trimmings; gold pantsteipe, and a helmet decorated with a lowing white plume. En- listed men wore the name bottle-green ; but their coats were cut "swallow-tail", silver decorations instead of gold, and plumes of green instead of white.' 0. J. Leite was the first captein of the M. L. I. He was succeeded in 1884 by W. J. L'Engle, and Captain L'Engle by F. P. Fleming in 1885. Captain Fleming resigned in July, The history of the Metropolitan Light Infantry is inter- spersed with periods of lulls and fresh outbursts of enthus iasm aong its members. Internal troubles produced rather a checkered career for the company. It did net re-enlist under the State military law of 1890, but was not ollicially dis- banded and continued to exist, though in a badly disorgan- ized state. It was reorganized after the law of 1891 was passed, requiring all military organizations to enlist or din- band, but in the course ofl time the old troubles reappeared, and finally came to a climax eon August 14, 1895, when all of the officers resigned. J. S. Maxwell, second lieutensnt of the Jacksonville Light Infantry, was assigned by Major Tuoner to the temporary command of the M. L. L, iand he won theo- retically in command of the company until it was reorganized September 4, 1895, as the Jacksonville Rifles, Members of the Metropolitan Light Infantry possessed a fund of int.eting and amusing anecdotes of instanes in its history. They discussed the happenings during the en- campment at Pablo Beach in the Murray Hall days of 1886. With a twinkle in the eye they told of a momentos occaion when, spick and span in their white duck pants, they were ordered on dress Parade and given the command to kneel and fire upon a dirty field; and further, as they executed that order, about the ripping sound akin to the parting of seams. And many other occasions of fun and frolic during the co- pany's career. But history also points out that whenever emergency called them they were there, and for that reason the people of Jacksonville always had a kindly feeling for this company and viewed with regret the troubles that bease it from time to time. The company changed its uniform several times. The most striking was the botUle-gren uniform of 1889-90. mili- tiea days when a company could choose its own uniform. For the officers the coat was cut froc.style, three rows of brans bUttons, with gold epaulets and trimmings, gold pants-stripe, and a helmet decorated with a fCowing white plume. En- listed men wore the same bottle-green; but their coat were cut "swallow-tail", aiver decorations instead of gold, and plumes of green instead of white,' 0. J. Leite was the frst captain of the M. L. L. He wan succeeded in 1884 by W. J. LEngle, and Captain LEngle by F. P. Fleming in 1885. Captain Fleming resigned in July. The history of the Metropolitan Light Infantry is inter- spersed with periods of lulls and fresh autbursts of enthus- loom among its members. Internal troubles produced rather a checkered career for the company. It did not re-enlist under the State military law of 180 but wan not officially dis- banded and continued to exist, though in a badly disorgan- iced state. It was reorganized after the law of 1891 was posued, requiring all military organizations to enlist or dis- band, but in the course of time the old troubles reappeared, and fimally came to a climax on August 14, 1895, when all of the officeraresigne. J. S. Maxwell, second lieutenant of the Jacksonville Light Infantry, was assned by Major Turner to the temporary command of the M. . L, and he was theo- reticaly in command of the company until it was reorganised September 4, 189, as the Jacksonville Rifles, Members of the Metropolitan Light Infantry possessed a fund of interesting and amusing anecdotes of instances in its history. They discussed the happenings during the en- campment at Pablo Beach in the Murray Hall days of 1886. With a twinkle in the eye they told of a momentous occasion when, spick and span in their white duck pants, they were ordered on dress parade and given the command to kneel and lire upon a dirty field; and further, as they executed that order, about the ripping sound akin to the parting of seams. And many other ocsions of fun and frolic during the com- pany's career. But history also points out that whenever emergesy called them they were there, and foe that reason the people of Jacksonville always had a kindly feeling for this company and viewed with regret the trosble that beset it from time to time. The company changed its uniform several times. The most striking was the bottle-green uniform of 189-90, mili- tia days when a company could choose its own uniferm. For the officers the cat was cut freck-style, three rows of brass buttns, with gold epaulets and trimmings; gold pants-stripe. and a helmet decorated with a tlowing white plume. En- listed men wore the name bottle-green; hot their coats were rut "swallow-tail", silver decorations instead of gold, and plumes of green instead of white-i 0J.Leite was the first eaptaein of the M. L. Hewas aucceeded in 1884 by W. J. L'Engle, and Captain L'Engle by F. P. Fleming in 1880, Captatn Fleming resigned in July,  468 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 468 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FORIDA 468 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 1888, being engaged in a campaign for Governor: J. B. Morello was elected to fill the vacancy. J. E. McGinnis was captain in 1889 and the forepart of 1890. Failing to enlist under the law of 1890, the company was without a commis- aloned captain until it was reorganied under the law of 1891, when L. H. Mattair wan commissioned captain; he com- manded the company until August, 1895. Jacksonville Rifles The Jacksonville Rifles was a direct reorganization of the Metropolitan Light Infantry. This reorganization took place on September 4, 1895, with a new constitution and new by- laws, under the name Jacksonville Rifles. On September 18, 1895, the Rifles elected its erst officers, namely, Wm. LeFile, captanl; A. G. Hartridge, first lieutenant. The company immediately took on new life and ever af- terward was an important factor in the military life of the State, It was reorganised April 25, 1898, with 77 men, for service in the Spanish-American war and soon recruited to full war strength. Under the command of J. Y. Wilson, cap- tain; C. H. Chesnut and J. H. Stephens, first lieutenants, and T. C. Watts, second lieutenant, the company entrained for Fort Brooke (Tampa) May 12, 1898, and was there mustered into the United States service May 27. It was then trans- ferred to camp at Palmetto Beach. The company wan not sent to Cuba. On July 21 it entrained for Fernandina and remained there a month, going thence to Huntsville, Ala. It was mustered out of the U. S. service at Huntsville January 27, 1899. Returning to Jacksonville, the Rifles resumed its former designation in the Florida State troop,. Soon after ward its letter designation was changed from C. to F., as the latter wan its war designation and it wished to retain it. In the following years the company kept very well re- cruited and came to be one of the prine military companies of the State, and one of the most feared in competitive drills at State encampments. However, it felt the lack of interest that beset the other military organisation. preceding the World war, though it was succesoful in recruiting to full strength as required by the National Defense Act of 1916, and was preserved an a full company of the First Separate Battalion. This battalion formed the central unit about which was built the Florida regiment that was sent to Camp 1888, being engaged in a campaign for Governor; J. B. Morello was elected to fill the vacancy. J. E. McGinnis was captain in 1889 and the forepart of 1890. Failing to enlist under the law of 1890, the company was without a commis- saoned captain until it was reorganized under the law of 1891, when L. H. Mattair was commissioned captain; he com- manded the company until August, 1895. Jakeonville Rifles The Jacksonville Rifles was a direct reorganization of the Metropolitan Light Infantry. This reorganlzation took place on September 4, 1895, with a new monstitation and new by- laws, under the name Jacksonville Rifles. On September 18, 1895, the Riies elected its first officers, namely, Win, LeFila, captain; A.C. Hartridge, first lieuteant/n The company immediately took on new life and ever af- terward was an important factor in the military life of the State. It was reorganized April 25, 1898, with 77 men, for servie in the Spanish-American war and soon recruited to full war strength. Under the command of J. Y. Wilson, cap- taI ;C. H. Chesnut and J. Ii. Stephens, first lietenante, and T. C. Watts, second lieutenant, the company entrained for Fort Brooke (Tampa) May 12, 1898, and was there mustered into the United States service May 27. It was then trans- fered to camp at Palmetto Beach. The company was not sent to Cuba. On July 21 it entrained for Fernandina and remained there a month, going thencen oHuntsville, Ala. It was mustered out of the U. S. service at Huntsville January 27, 1899. Returning to Jacksonville, the Rifles resumed its former designation in the Florida State troops. Soon after- ward its letter designation was changed from C. to F., as the latter was its war designation and it wished to retain it. In the following years the company kept very well re- eruited and came to be one of the prize military companies of the State, and one of the most feared in competitive dries at State encampments. However, it felt the lack of interest that beset the other military organizations preceding the World war, though it was successful in recruiting to full strength as required by the National Defense Act of 1916, and wan preserved as a full company of the First Separate Battalion. This battalion formed the central unit about which was built the Florida regiment that was sent to Camp 1888, being engaged in a campaign for Governor; J. B. Morello was elected to fill the vacancy. J. E. McGinnis was captain in 1889 and the forepart of 1890. Failing to enlist under the law of 1890, the company was without a dommis- sioned captain until it was resoganized under the law of 1891, when L. H. Mattair was commissioned captain; he com- manded the company until August, 1895. Jacksonville Rifles The Jacksonville Rifles was adirect reorganization of the Metropolitan Light Infantry. This reorganization took place on September 4, 1895, with a new constitution and new by- laws, under the name Jacksonville Rifles. On September 18, 1895, the Rifles elected its first ofpicers, namely, Wm. LeFils, captain; A. G. Hartridge, first lieutenant. The company immediately took on new life and ever af- terward was an important factor in the military life of the State. It was reorganized April 25, 1898, with 77 men, for service in the Spanish-American war and noon recruited to full war strength. Under the command of J. Y. Wilson, cap- tain; C. H. Chesnut and J. H. Stephens, first lieutenants, and T. C. Watts, second lieutenant the company entrained for Fort Rrooke (Tampa) May 12, 1898, and was there mustered into the United States service May 27. It was then trans- ferred to camp at Palmetto Beach. The company was not sent to Cuba. On July 21 it entrained for Ferandiunt and remained there a month, going thence to Huntsville, Ala. It was mustered out of the U. S. service at Huntsville January 27, 1899. Returning to Jacksonville, the Rifles resumed its former designation in the Florida State troops. Soon after- ward its letter designation was changed from C. to F., as the latter was its war designation and it wished to retain it. In the following years the company kept very well re- cruited and came to be one of the pize military companies of the State, and one of the most feared in competitive drill, at State encampments. However, it felt the lack of interest that beset the other military organizations preceding the World war, though it was successful in recraiting to fall strength as required by the National Defense Act of 1916, and was preserved as a full company of the First Separate Battalion. This battalion formed the central anit about which was built the Florida regiment that was ace to Camp  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 469 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 469 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORTDA 469 Wheeler and was there broken up to become amalgamated with other commands, Captains of the Rifles:l Wm. LeFils, September, 1890 to April, 1898; James Y. Wilson, April, 1898 to March, 1899; T. C. Watts, April, 1899 to March, 1901; Wm. LeFils, April, 1901 to March. 1906; F. G. Yorkes, March to October, 1906; W. D. Vinzant, Jr., November-December, 1906+ George J. Cortis, June. 1907 to 1917. Metropollan Grays This company wan organized at a meeting August 8, 1901, when On application for muster into the State Troops wa drawn up and signed by 82 men. On September 4,1905, the company was mustered in as Co. D, First Regiment, F. S. T., Geo. L. Dancy, captain; S. C. Harrison, Jr., first lieutenant. The "Grays" was brought to a high state of military per- fection in the first years of its existence and won a number of prizes and two State ponats for effiiency; but like the other companies of the old First Florida Regiment, it ab- sorbed some of the feeling that disrupted the Regiment prior to the World war. It did not recruit to full strength as re- quired by the Defense Act of 1916, but it was saved by unit- ing with a platoon of the St. Augustine company. In this way the company became a unit of the First Separate Bat talion that went to Camp Wheeler during the World war. Captains:s G. L. Dancy, September, 1905 to January, 1906: S. C. Marries, Jr., March, 1906 to June, 1910 (pro- moted to major) ; Reuben Ragland, June, 1910 to December, 1911; G. R. Seavy (assigned temporarily); A. E. Barrs, April, 1912 in April, 1913; C. B. Duffy, Auguet, 1913 to Marck, 1914; W. M. McCrory, April to December, 1914; A. Y. Milam, January, 1915 to January, 1916; G. R. Seavy, 1916 to World war. Dixie Guards The company was organized June 19, 1908, and mustered into the State service as Company B, First Regiment, F. S. T., July 8,1908, with aroster of 02 men. Its first officers were: R. F. Metcalf, captain; W. E. Sweney, first lieutenant, and A.J.Bassett,.secondlieutnant. Therewasnotroamenough in the armory and the company occuped a room at No. 120 W. Bay Street until December, 1914, when it moved to a Wheeler and was there broken up to become amalgamated with other commands. Captains of the Rifles: Wm. LeFil, September, 1895 to April, 1898; James Y. Wilson, April, 1898 to March, 1899; T. C. Watts, April, 1899 to March, 1901; Wm. LeFild. April, 1901 to March, 1906; F. G. Yerkes, March to October, 1906; W. D. Vinzant, Jr., November-Deember, 1906; George J. Gareis, June, 1907 to 1917. Metropolitan Grays This company was organized at a meting August 3, 1905, when an application for muster into the State Troops was drawn up and signed by 32 men. On September 4, 1905, the company was mustered in an Co. D. First Regiment, F. S. T., Geo. L. Dancy, captain; S. C. Harrison, Jr., first lieutenant. The "Grays" was brought to a high state of military per- fection in the first years of its existence and won a number of priaes and two State penonts for efficiency; but like the other companies of the old First Florida Regiment, it ab- sorbed some of the feeling that disrupted the Regiment prior to the World war. It did not recruit to full strength as re- quired by the Defense Act of 1916, but it was saved by unit- ing with a platoon of the St. Augustine company. In this way the company became a unit of the First Separate Bat- talion that went to Camp Wheeler during the World war. Captains a G. L. Dancy, September, 1905 to January, 1906; S. C. Harrison, Jr,, March, 1906 to June, 1910 (pro- moted to major) ; Reuben Ragland, June, 1910 to December, 1911; G. R. Seavy (assigned temporarily); A. E. Barra, April, 1912 to April, 1911; C. B. Duffy, August, 1913 to March, 1914; W. M. McCrory, April to December, 1914; A. Y. Milam, January, 1915 to January, 1916; G. R. Seavy, 1916 to World war. Dixie Guards The company was organized June 19, 1908, and mustered into the State service as Company B, First Regiment, F. S. T., July 3,1908, with a roster of 62men. Its first officro were: R. F. Metcalf, captain; W. E. Sweney, rst lieutenant, and A. J. Maiatt, second lieutenant. There wa not room enough in the armory and the company occupied a room at No. 120 W. Bay Street until December, 1914, when it moved to a Wheeler and was there broken up to become amalgamated with other commands. Captains of the Rifles : Wm. LeFils, September, 1895 to April, 1898; James Y. Wilson, April, 1898 to March, 1899; T. C. Watts, April, 1899 to March, 1901; Wm. LeFtia, April, 1901 to March, 1906; F. G. Yorkes, March to October, 1906: W. D. Vinzant, Jr., November-December, 1906; George J. Garcia, June, 1907 to 1917. Metropolitan Grays This cmpany was organised at a meeting August 3, 1905, when an application for muster into the State Troops was drawn up and signed by 32 men. On September 4, 1905, the company woa mustered in as Co. D, First Regiment, F. S. T., Geo. L. Dancy, captain; S. C. Harrison, Jr., first lieutenant. The "Grays" was brought to a high state of military per- fection in the first years of its existence and won a number of prizes and two State penants for efficoency; but like the other companies of the old First Florida Regiment, it ab- sorbed some of the feeling that disrupted the Regiment prior to the World war. It did not recruit to full strength as re- quired by the Defense Act of 1916, but it was saved by unit- ing with a platoon of the St. Augustine company. In this way the company became a unit of the First Separate Bat talion that went to Camp Wheeler during the World war. Captainsr G. L. Dancy. September, 1905 to January, 1906; S. C. Harrison, Jr., March, 1906 to June, 1910 (pro- moted to major) i Reuben iagland, June, 1910 to December, 1911; G. R. Seavy (assigned temporarily); A. E. Bars, April, 1912 to April, 1913; C. B. Duffy, August, 1910 to March, 1914; W. M. McCrory, April to December, 1914; A. Y. Milam, January, 1915 to January, 1916; G. R. Seavy, 1916 to World war. Dixie Guards The company was organined June 19, 1908, and mustered into the State service as Company B, First Regiment, F. S.T., July 3,1908, witharoter of 62 men Its first ofleers were: R. F. Metcalf, capteiu; W. E. Sweney, frst lieutenant, and A. J. Mssett, second lieutenant. There snot room enough in the armory and the company occupied a room at No. 120 W. Bay Street until December, 1914, when it moved to a  47 lISTOR OF JACKNVLLE, LORIDA 40 HITORY OF JACKONILLEJ, FhLRID 40 HISTORY OF JACSNVILLE, FLOIDA building at Orange andi Main Streets. The Dixie (carse wes awell-drilled company and won sveral csopetitierbes It served on rietlduty during the street caretrike inJack- vinsle in 1912. The ecomny- war dseandedl in November, 1916, forfpenrs to recruitat full warstrength asorequired by the Nmaln Defense Act; some of thr sleobers then joined the other local cnmpanies. Captainsv 91 F. Metcalf,. July. 1955 is November, t909; WVEF. Sweney, November, l9ge to August, l9lt; Ht. L. Coy- tieten, Octeber, 1910 to March, 1912; Wt. A. Daniel, May, 1912 to Marcch, nouid II. 14. Payee, April, 1914 In November 1916. Jaglasoneille Blues Jaclesonville already had four infantry cusmpanies when thia company woe organized. To meet the requirements of the Way Departmeot that the F'irst Regiment bo increased to 12 companies, the Blocs wcoo the trot of the extra companies toneraie. Ifwas musaed in withfl seen anSeptember 12, 1913,-e Co. E, First Regiment, N. G1 F. The company was cooopsoedlargly yof yeung Ilebrewes olice oily. Ito history iaoshert, asthecomprany failed terecrsitas requiredhbythe Nations! Defense Act, ond ws dipended is November, lone. emonf itsnmembersagoingetothether localompaies ion order to save them. Captais-, Lewis Lenses, September a913 to January, 1914; G. Rt. Seavy (detfiled), January to June, 1914;E. F. Meoraw, Jung, 219Jl, to Novembor 1916. National Guard of Florida Prior to 1004, the military organizations of the State were detached, bcut in February of that year text were brought together in a battalion formation under the name First flor- iastslion. Anenamyruent es held at Magnolia Bluff, near Pensacola, in the summer of 1864, will: Captoinl W. B. unslg, of the Jaeksgnville Light Infantry, is omand. Shortly afterward Captain Young wa,'s coems;missed major of the battalion. Jute B, 1887: A militaro law wen canned by the legiola - tare creating the Plorida Stale Troopso.bdiidng them isto three hattalions. The Jseksonville c,;mpanico were asleaced ts the Firsit Battalin: Co. A, Jacksonville Light lIsfantry; baildiap at Orange and Mais Stres. The Dixie Osarda was awell-drllcd comney acid won several cempetitire poises. lItserwed on riot duty during thestreet caratrikeainak- aciaein tillS, Tos compaony-was disbanded in November, 1916, ear failure to recruit to full swar strength asnrequired by the Notional Defeolee Act; some of tine members then ,.tied the other local remponis Captan aR. F. Metcalf, July, 1908 to November, 1969; WV. E. Scner, November, 1900 to August, 19le ; H. 91. Cov- ington October, 11110 to March, 1912; W., A. Dsssil, May, 1sl2 te Mach, 1014; 14. R1. Payne, April, 1914 to November, 1916. Jaecksonville Moue. Jacksnville alreadr bud four infantry compranies when thin esOipaisy wan orgassoed1, To meet the reel cements of the War Department that the First Regiment be increased to 12 companies, the Blots seas the first of the extra cumpanies tomaraine. It was musteced in with 62 corn onsSetember 12, 1913, as Co. B4, First Rlegimenct N. G. F. The conmpony wan componad largely of young Hlebrewo of the city Its history is sheet, as the 0:oechr failed tor receita a requaired by the Natuioa De~fenne Act and was diesbanded in November fe1t, some of its nmembers go~ing te t~he other lsol companies in order to aave them. Coptais:, Lewis Icandes, September, 1911 to January, 194; 0,. RSeary (detailed). Jasnssry Ite Jim, 1914;I B. P. McGraw, June, 1014, to November, 1916. National Guared of Florida Prior to 1864. the-foilterorsnssiooations of the State were detached, bcut in Iebrnar of that year thces were brought togetlser in a blades formation under the name First FTarn ids Battalion. An ncampment wses held atl Magnolia Bluff, se Pensaesla, in the sammer of 1804, with Captain Wt. B. Young, of the Jacksonville Light Colanst,-, in comand. Shortly afterward Ceptain Young was commissioned mor of the battalion, June 8, 1687; A military lew ares passed b~y Ie legiola- tare sreotinte Florida State 'hops, dividing them into three battailions. The Jackonvilie companieswereaooigoncd to the First Bcattalions Coe A, Jacksonville Light Infanty hilding at (Orange and Main Streets, The Dixie Gaaidanwas awell drilledl company and won several cempetitive shoes. It nerved on rist silty daring ttce street cur strike it Jaek- nville in 1911. The eomposywaa disbanded in November, 1916, for failure to eceroil to ftll sear strength as required by the Natioal Defense Art; some of the members then jiiced the other local companien. Captains ,0 A F. Metcalf, July. 1908 to Novemlcer, 1969; WE . Sweaey, Novembcer, lie to Auguot, 191t; H. L., Cev- irgcon, Ocobber 1910 to March, It1S; Wt. A. Dand, Maly, 1012 to March 1914; H., B. Payne Apted, 1914 to November. 1916. Jaglaounsille Blece Jacksonville alr~eadtc had fear isfocte reanleg when this compny wee organized. To meet the requnirements of the War Department that the First Rlegitnt be increased to 12 companies, the Blaces wan lice fest of the extra companies go erganise, It was mustered ill with 62 oen on September 12. 1911, en Ce. E4, First Rtegimenct, N. On, F. The compasny was rsmpneol largely of young flebewv of the city. Its htstory isshoet, as the csmpanyftailed torecruit cit requairedhyl, he National Defense Act, and was disbanded in Nsvember, 1sle, oaof itsamembers goingtoathneother local cempanies in order to save them. Ceptaissto Lewis Leads,, Sa~peo~r, 1919 Ia Jatuary. 1914; G.MR. Scay (detailsd), January to Juno, 1014; B. F. McGraw, June, 1914, to November, 1916. National Card of Finrido Petor to 1884, the military orgasoloatioso of t.Ce State were detached. tbut in February of that year t hey were brught rteter in a battalion Snrmati on unde~r the eceme First Flor- ied Battalion. Anottcamrmest was held at Malgnolia Bluff, tar Peaoila. thenb snmmer of 1904, with Captain WV. B. o an, of tins Jacksonville Light tIntmy, in command. Shortly afterseard OCaptain Veungwasa commimoned major of the battalion. June 8, 1187: A military law woe cassed by the lanola-. tars creating the Floends Stale Tysocs, dieldiog them isto three battlalis. Tbo Jacksnvile cOmponino were anyitned to te Farct Battalion; Co. A, Juacscille Lcight Inaty  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 471 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 471 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 471 Co. B, Metropolitan Light Infantry; Co. F, Wilson's Battery. The term of enlistment was three years. The first oeamp- ment of Florida State Troops was at "Camp Pablo", Pablo Beach August 23-30, 1887. At the end of the three-year enlistment, in 1890, seine of the copapnies of the First Battalion refused to re-enlist, among them Jacksonville Light Infantry and Metropolitan Light Infantry. These, however, though disorganized, were not officially disbanded and continued to exist under the old volunteer enlistment act Wilson's Battery re-enlisted in July. 1890. In 189, another military law was passed, increasing the military companies of the State to twenty, divided into five battalions. Under this law all other military organizations in the State were requred to dioseand. The First Battalion as thus created, comprised Co. A, Jacksonville Light Infantry: Co. C, Metropolitan Light Infantry; and Co. F, Wilsor's Bet- tery, and two companies of St. Augustine troops. In August, 1899, son after the Spanish-American war, the Florida State troops wore re-ornized with two regi. ments of infantry and a battalion of artillery. The Jackson- ville infantry companies were assigned to the First Battalion, First Regiment, as Co. A, Jacksonvillc Light infantry ; C. C, Jacksonville Rifies; two St. Augustine companies com- pleted the battalion. Wilson's Battery heonme Co. A, Bat- talion of Light Artillery, Ce. B being at Pensacela. The des- ignation of Jacksonville Rifles was coon afterward changed to Co. F, that being its official letter in the Spanish-American war, and it wished to retain it. May 18, 1903, a brigade was formed of the Florida State Troops and the State was divided into regimental and bat- talion military districts. The designation Florida State Troops was changed to National Guard of Florida June 7, 1909. The local battalion first appeared in olive-drab uniforms in November, 1909. The National Defense Act of June 3. 1918, required mili- tary companies to recruit to a minimum strength of 65 men. An earoost effort was made by the flive local cmpanies to meet these requiremeits, bt. without success, and in ordor to save some of them, it was decided to merg the personnel of the Dixie Guards (Co. B) and the Jacksonville Blues (Co. E) Co. B, Metropolitan Light Infantry; Co. F, Wilson's Battery. The term of enlistment was three year. The first encamp- ment of Florida State Troops was at "Camp Pablo", Pablo Beach, August 23-30, 188.7 At the end of the three-year enlistment, in 1890, some of the companies of the First Battalion refused to re-enlist, among them Jacksonville Light Infantry and Metroolitasn Light Infantry. These, however, though disorganized, were not officially disbanded and continued to exist under the old volunteer enlistment act. Wilson's Battery re-enlisted in July, 1890. In 1391, another military law was passed, increasing the military companies of the State to twenty, divided into five battalions. Under this law all other militar*y omraitions In the State wererequired to disband. The First Battalionas thus created, comprised Co. A, Jaclsorville Light Infantry; Co. C, Metropolitan Light Infantry ; and Co. F, Wilson's Bat- tery, and two companies eof St. Augustine troops. In August, 0899, soon after the Spanish-American war, the Florida State troeps were re-organized with two regi- ments of infantry anda battalion of artillery. The Jackson- ville infantry compeanies were assigned to the First Battalion, First Regiment, no Cs. A, Jackonille Light Infantry; Co C. Jactsnville Rifles; two St. Augustine ecmpanies com-e pleted the battalion. Wilson's Battery became Co. A, Bat- talion of Light Artillery, C. B being at Pensacola. The des- ignation of Jacksonville Rifles was soon afterward changed to Co. F, that being its olacil letter in the Spanish-Americar war. and it wished to retain it. May 8,101, abrigade was formed of the Florida State Troops and the State was divided into regimental and lt- talion military districts. The designation Fiorida State Troops was ehangoed tos National Guard of Florida June 7, 190. The lcal battalion first appeared in olive-drab uniform' in November, 1009, The National Defense Act of Jtne ,116, required mili- tary companies to recrait te a minimum strength of 06 men. An earnest effort was made by the five local companies to meet these requirements but without success, and in order to mave some of tsem, it was deided to mergethe personnel of the Dine Guards (Co. B) and the Jacksonvlle Blues (Co. E) Co. B, Metropolitan Light Infantry; Cs, F, Wilson's Battery. The term of enlistment was three years. The first encamp. ment of Florida State Troops was at "Camp Pablo", Pablo Beach; August 28-30, 1887. At the end of the three-year enlistment, in 1890, some of the companies of the First Battal in refused to re-enlist. among them Jacksonville Light Infantry and Metropolitasn Light Infantry Theae, however, though disorganized, were not officially disbanded and continued to exist under the old volunteer enlistment act. Wilson's Btiery re-enlisted in Ju', 1890. In 1891, another military law was passed, fncreasing the military com.anies of the State to twenty, divided into five battalions. Under this law all ether military organizatiens intheStatewererequiredtodisband. The FirstBattalionas thus created, comprised Co. A, Jacksonville Light Infantry Co. C, Metropolitan Light Infantry ; and Co. F, Wilson's Bat- tery, and two companies of St. Augustine troops In August, 1899, soon after the Spanish-American war, the Florida State troops were re-organited with two rei- ments of infantry and a battalion of artillery. The Jackson- ville infantry companies were assigned to the First Battalion, First Regiment, as Co. A, Jacksonville Light Infantry; Co. C, Jacksonville Rifles; two St, Augustine companies eon- pleted the battalion. Wilson's Battery became Co. A, Bat talin of Light Artillery, Co. B being at Pensacola. The des- ignation of Jacksonville Rifles was soon afterward changed to Co. F, that being its oflcial letter in the Spanish-Ameriean war, and it wished to retain it. May 18, 1903, a brigade was formed of the Florida State Trosc and the State was divided into regimental and bat talion military districts. The designation Florida State Troops was changed to National Guard of Florida June 7. 1909. The local battalion first appeared in olive-drab uniforns in November, 1909. The National Defease Act of June 3, 1916, required mili- tary companies to recruit to a minimum strength of 06 men. An earnest effort as made by the five local companies to met then requirements, but without success, and inrderto save some of them, it was decided to merge the personnel of the Dixie Guards (Cs. B) and the Jacksonville Blues (C,. E)  472 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 472 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 472 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA with the older companies. By this method the Jacksonville Light Infantry (Co. A), the Jacksonville Rifles (Co. F) and a platoon of the Grays (Co. D), were preserved. The other platoon of Co. D (Grays) was formed from Co. G of St. Au- gustine. These, with Co.H (Blountstown and Chipley), were retained as the First Separate Battalion. All the other com- panies of the old First Regiment were disbanded as of No- vember 29, 1916. Ten days after war was declared with Germany the First Separate Battalion was mobilized at State Camp at Black Point, where it became the nucleus for the formation of the Florida regiment that went to Camp Wheeler and was there broken up and its men assigned to other commands for the World war. After the World war the National Guard of Florida was re-formed, but more on the order of a Federal Nationsl Guard, supported largely by the Federal Government, Sev- eral local companies have grown out of this reorganization. Though they stand ready, as in times past, to protect the community in case of need, the lack of a local name somehow seems to take away the sentiment clustering around the old commands. The booming of "Betsy", a gun of Wilson's Bat- tory, as it spoke the greeting in some important event; the street parades of the J. L. 1. and the M. L. L, the Rifles or the Grays; their battalion drills, and encaopments, where fun and frolic crept in to ease the strain of discipline; their foot- ball games and baseball games, "cake-walks" and quadrilles; thought of them as they stood shoulder to shoulder in the serious times of riot and fire, and some of them in war-all lead the memory back to them under their local names, and not as Co. A or Co. B of such-and-such an infantry. Aid to Civi Authorities' 1880, June 26-28: First Florida Light Artillery (Wilson's Battery) held under orders; strikers' riot at Clark's mill; service not needed. 1881, February: Jksnville Light Infantry went to Madison to protect prisoners in jail there and remained o duty four dayso then went to Tallahassee as a guard to the sheriff and his prisoners. 1881, July: Jacksonville Light Infantry went to Fernan- dina to restore order-strikers' (longshoremen's) riot. with the older companies. By this method the Jacksonville Light Infantry (Co. A), the Jacksonville Rifles (Co. F) and a platoon of the Grays (Co. D), were preserved. The other platoon of Co. D (Grays) was formed from Co, G of St. Au- gustine. These, with Co.H (Blountstown and Chipley), were retained as the First Separate Battalion. All the other com- panies of the old First Regiment were disbanded as of No- vember 29, 1916. Ten days after war was declared with Germany the First Separate Battalion was mobilized at State Camp at Black Point, whero it became the nucleus for the formation of the Florida regiment that went to Camp Wheeler and was there broken up and its men assigned to other commands for the World war. After the World war the National Guard of Florida was re-formed, but more on the order of a Federal National Guard, supported largely by the Federal Government. Sev- eral local companies have grown out of this reorganization. Though they stand ready, as in times past, to protect the community in case of need, the lack of a local name somehow seems to take away the sentiment clustering around the old commands. The booming of "Betsy", a gun of Wilson's Bat- tery, a it spoke the greeting in some important event; the street parades of the , L. . and the M. L. L, the Rifles or the Grays; their battalion drills, and encampments, where fun and frolic crept in to ease the strain of discipline; their foot- ball games and baseball gamnes, "coke-walks" and quadrilles; thought of them as they stood shoulder to shoulder in the scrious times of riot and fire, and some of them in war-all lead the memory back to them under their local names, and not as Co. A or Co. B of such-and-such an infantry Aid to Civd Authorities, 1880, June 26-28: First Florida Light Artillery (Wilson's Battery) held under orders; strikers' riot at Clark's mill; service not needed. 1881, February: Jackonville Light Infantry wen to Madison to protect prisoners in jail there and remained on duty four days; then went to Tallahassee as a guard to the sheriff and his prisoners. 1881, July: Jacksonville Light Infantry went to Fernan, dina to restore order-stikers' (longshoremen's) riot. with the older companies. By this method the Jackonville Light Infantry (Co. A), the Jacksonville Rifles (Co. F) and a platoon of the Grays (Co. D), were preserved. The other platoon of Co. D (Grays) was formed from Co. G of St. An- gustine. Thesewith Co. B(Blountatown and Chipley), were retained as the First Separate Battalion. All the other com- panies of the old First Regiment were disbanded as of No- sember 29, 1916. Ten days after war was declared with Germany the First Separate Battalion was mobilized at State Camp at Black Point, where it became the nucleus for the formation of the Florida regiment that went to Camp Wheeler and wan there broken up and its men assigned to other commands for the World war. After the World war the National Guard of Florida was re-formed, but more on the order of a Federal National Guard, supported largely by the Federal Government. Sev- eral local companies have grown out of-this reorganization. Though they stand ready, as in times past, to protect the community in case of need, the lack of a local name somehow seems to take away the sentiment clustering around the old commands,. The booming of "Betsy", a gun of Wilson's Bat- tery, as it spoke the greeting in some important event; the street parades of the J. L. I and the M. L. , the Rifles or the Grays; their battalion drills, and encampments, where fun and frolic crept in to ease the strain of discipline ; their foot- ball games and baseball games, "cake-walks" and quadrilles; thought of them as they stood shoulder to shoulder in the serleus times of riot and fire, and some of them in war-all lead the memory back to them under their local names, and not as Co. A or Co. B of such-and-such an infantry. Aid to Civi Authorities, 1880, June 26-28: First Florida Light Artillery (Wilson's Battery) held under orders; strikers' riot at Clark's mill; service not needed. 1881, February: Jacksnville Light Infantry want to Madison to protect prisoners in jail there and remained on duty four days; then went to Tallahassee as a gard to the sheriff and his prisonero. 1881, July: Jacksonville Light Infantry went to Fernan- dina to restore order-strikers' (longshoremen's) riot.  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 473 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILL,, FLORIDA 473 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 473 1888, August: Wilson's Battery carried out the concus- slon tests during yellow fever epidemic at Jacksonville. 1890, March 1-3: Jacksonoville Light Infantry, Metropoli- tan. Light Infantry and Wilson's Battery on duty at Jackson- vile protecting prisoner. 1892, July 4-9: Jacksonville Light Infantry, Metropolitan Light Infantry, Wilson's Battery (and other State troops) on riot duty at Jacksonville. 1894, January 23: Jacksonville Light Infantry, Metro- politan Light Infantry and Wilson's Battery under orders to prevent Corbett-Mitchell prize-fight; no service, enjoined- 1894, October 2: Jacksonville Light Infantry, Metropoli- tan Light Infantry and Wilson's Battery; at Jacksonville; election troubles. 1901, May 4-22: Jacksonville Light Infantry, Jackson- ville Rifles, Wilson's Battery (and other State troop.) ; at Jacksonville; fire duty. 1904, September 16-17: Wilson's Battery (and Live Oak company) arrested twenty prisoners at Baxter, Baker Coun- ty, and brought them to Jacksonville ; Baker County feud. 1904, September 2628: Jacksenville Rifles took the pris- oners mentioned above to Macchnny; guarded them through the trial; brought three prisoners back to Jacksonvile, 1908, April 11-20; Jacksonville Light Infantry and Jack- sonville Rifles (and other State troops) at Pensacola; street car trike. 1912, October 90 to November 12: Jacksonville Light n- fantry. Jacksonville Rifles, Metropolitan Grays and Dixie Guards (together with seventeen outside companies-prac- tically the entire military force of the State) at Jacksonville; street car strike. Armories' Prior to 1897 the local military companies occupied dif- ferent halls in the city as armories. The serious situation developed by the riot in 1892, nerved to convince the County 1888, August: Wilson's Battery carried out the concun- sion tests during yellow fever epidemic at Jacksonville. 1890, March 1-3: Jacksonville Light Infantry, Metropoli- tan. Light Infantry and Wilson's Battery on duty at Jackson- ville protecting prisoner, 1892, July 4-9: Jacksonville Light Infantry, Metropolitan Light Infantry, Wilson's Battery (and other State troops) on riot duty at Jacksonville. 1894, January 23: Jacksonville Light Infantry, Metro- politan Light Infantry and Wilson's Battery under orders to prevent Corbett-Mitchell prize-bght; no service, enjoined. 1894, October 2: Jacksonville Light Infantry, Metropoli- tan Light Infantry and Wilson's Battery; at Jacksonville; election troubles, 1901, May 4-22: Jacksonville Light Infantry, Jackson- ville Rifles, Wilson's Battery (and other State troops) ; at Jacksonville; fire duty. 1904, September 1-17: Wilson's Battery (and Live Oak company) arrested twenty prisoners at Baxter, Baker Coun- ty, and brought them to Jacksonville: Baker County feud, 1904, September 26-28: Jacksonville Rites took the pris- oners mentioned above to Macdenny; guarded them through the trial; brought three prisoner back to Jacksonville. 1908, April 11-20; Jacksonville Light Infantry and Jack- sonville Rifles (and other State troops) at Pensacola; street car strike. 1912, October 10 to November 12: Jacksonville Light In- fantry, Jacksonville Rifles, Metropolitan Grays snd Dixie Guards (together with seventeen outside companies-pra- tically the entire military force of the State) at Jacksonville; street car strike. Armories Prior to 1897 the local military companies occupied dif- ferent halls in the city an armories. The serious situation developed by the riot in 1892, served to convince the County 1888, August: Wilson's Battery carried out the concus- sion tests during yellow fever epidemic at Jacksonville- 1890, March 1-3: Jacksonville Light Infantry, Metropoli- tan. Light Infantry and Wilson's Battery on duty at Jackson- ville protecting prisoner. 1892, July 4-9: Jacksonville Light Infantry, Metropolitan Light Infantry, Wilson's Battery (and other State troops) on riot duty at Jacksonville. 0094, January 22: Jacksonville Light Infantry, Metro- politan Light Infantry and Wilson's Battery under orders to prevent Corbett-Mitchell prize-fght; no service, enjoined. 1894, October 2: Jacksonville Light Infantry, Metropoli- tan Light Infantry and Wilsoo's Battery; at Jacksonville; election troubles, 1901, May 4-22: Jacksonvile Light Infantry, Jackson- ville Rifles, Wilon's Battery (and other State troops) ; at Jacksonville; fire duty. 194, September 16-17: Wilson's Battery (and Live Oak company) arrested twenty prisoners at Boater, Baker Coun- ty, and brought them to Jacksonville ; Baker County feud. 1904, September 26,28: Jacksonville Rifles took the pris. oners mentioned above to Macdenny; guarded them through the trial; brought three prisoners back to Jacksonville. 1908, April 11-20; Jacksonville Light Infantry and Jack- onville Rifles (and other State troops) at Pensacola; street car strike. 1912, October 30 to November 12: Jacksonville Light In- fantry, Jacksonville Rifles, Metropolitan Grays and Dixie Guards (together with seventeen outside companies-prac- tically the entire military force of the State) at Jacksonville; street car strike. Annuorles Prior to 1897 the local military companies occupied dif- ferent halls in the city as armories The serious situation developed by the riot in 1892, served to convince the County  474 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA Commissioners of the necessity of a permanent home for the local troops. The lot at the southwest corner of Adams and Market Streete was purchased, and after months of discus- sion and delay, cenatruction began in October, 1896, and the local companies ocrupied the completed building July 80, 1897. In style the armory was Romanesque with battlement corniccs. It was 70x70 feet, 3 stories high, built of Georgii granite rock by T. S. Leonard for $24,000. The third floor was the isfantry drill hall, 26 feet in the clear. On the se- snd floor were club rooms and quarters. The ground floor was the drill hall of Wilon's Battery, company moms, masa- emne, and rooms for storage. Although supposed to be are.. proof, the armory crumbled like an eggshell in the fire of May 3, 1901. After the fire the former curthouse at the northeast corner of Forsyth and Market Streets, the walls of which re- massned intact, was reconstructed and turned over to the mili- tary for an armory. The building was not suitable for the purpose and became-entirely inadequate later, when two of the local companies were compelled to find quarters else- where. Again the question of a larger and better armory for the local troops arose and again it went through a a lengthy discussion, ending finally in floating a bond issue for$150,000 in January, 1914. From thesefundsthepresent armory was built by F. W. Lon & Co. It was completed and accepted by the County March 28, 1916; the troops moved in April 20, and it was formally opened with a public recep- tion May 2, 1916. The building is absolutely fireproof in every particular, well arranged and adequate, and a credit to the County. cthIrleiesphy Chooaptr L e dho tdIdeao r t tn rm 474 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA Commissioners of the necessity of a permanent home for the local troops. The lot at the southwest corner of Adams and Market Streets was purchased, and after months of discus- sion and delay, construction began in October, 1896, and the local companies occupied the completed building July 30, 1897. In style the armory wan Romanesque with battlement cornices, Ituwas 70x70 fee, t3 stories high, built of eoorgin granite rock by T. S. Lionard for $24,000. The third floor was the isfantry drill hall, 26 feet in the clear. On the see and foor were club rooms and quarters. The ground ioar was the drill hall of Wilson's flattery, company roams, maga- oine, and rooms for storage. Although supposed to be fire- pruef, the armory crumbled like an eggshell in the fire of May 3, 1901. After the fire the former courthouse at the northeast corner of Forsyth and Market Streets, the walls of which re- mained intact, was reconstructed and turned over to the mill- try for an armory. The building was not suitable for the purpose and became entirely inadequate later, when two o the local companies were compelled to fisd huarters else- where. Again the question of a larger and better armory fr the local troops arose and again it went through a a lengthy discusaon, ending finally in floating a bond issue for$150,000in January, 1914. Frem these fundsthe present armory was built by F. W. Long & Co. It was completed and accepted by the County March 28, 1916; the troops moved in April 20, and it was formally opened with a public recap- tion May 2, 1900. The building is absoutely fireproof in every particular, well arranged sod adequate, ad a credit to the County. nes~w~ispapr s. ]oneageesssuu ssatse,511sulyhose omeleslnste wpaars 474 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA Commissioners of the necessity of a permanent home for the local troops, The lot at the southwest aorner of Adams and Market Streets was purchased, and after months of discus- sion and delay, construction began in October, 1896, and the local companies eccupied the completed building July 30, 1897. In style the armory was Romanesque with battlement cornices. It was 70x70 feet, 3 atones high, built of Georgia granite rock by T. S. Leonard for $24,000. The third floor was the infantry drill hall, 26 feet in the clear. On the see- snd noar were club rooms and quarters. The ground floor was the drill hall of Wilson's Battery, company rooms, maga- zine, and rooms for storage. Although supposed to be fire. proof, the armory crumbled like an eggshell in the fire of May 3, 1901. After the ire the former courthouse at the northeast corner of Forsyth and Market Streets, the walls of which re- maied intact, was reconstructed and turned over to the mill, tary for an armory. The building was not suitable for the purpose and became entirely inadequate later, when two of the local companics were compelled to tiad quarters else where. Again the question of a larger and better armory for the local troops arose and gaedi it went through a a lengthy discussion, ending nally in fcoating a bond issue for$150,000 in January, 1914. From these funds the present armory was built by F. W. Long & Co. Itwas completed and accepted by the County March 28, 1916; the troops moved in April 20, and it was formally opened with a public recep- tion May 2, 1916. The building is absolutely fireproof in every particular, well arranged and adequate, and a credit to the County. a.m Bbogh. Chters vl ceo o  z- s s - '3 m d , v m .: w e f 'F 99 t   HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE. FLORIDA 475 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE. FLORIDA 476 HISTORY 0OF JACKSON VILLE, FLORIDA 4715 LOCAL RANKING INSTITUTIONS Before the War Beteeno the Slates flank of JachssssilEa-rly in 1835, Win. J. Mills of Jackaonville presented apetition to the Legislative Council praying the establiobmont of a bank at Jtckonville. The Bank of Jacksontville was authorized February 04, 1835: nminal capital. $75,000. Bonoks were opened for ubscrip tion of stock, hot it does not seem that the subacription was sufficient, for the Locislative Council, February 12, 1007, re newed the authority for stock subscription. The bank ,ornd in 1837, its condition loan afterward being repor ted an folows: LOCAL RANKING INSTITUITIONS Beorer Use War Between the Slates Bank of Jmesslle-Esrly in 1835, Woo. J1. Mills of Jooksonville presented a petition to the Legiolative Coul praying the stablisbhment of a tank at Jacksonville. The Bank of Jacksonville wan authorized February 04, 1830; noinl capital, $75,000. Books were opened for susarip- lion of otock, but it does not seem that the subscrption was nuficient, for the Legislative Council, February 12, 1807 re- newed the authority for stack subscription. The bank opened in 1837. its condition oos afterward being reported as folows LOCAL BANKING INSTITUTIONS Before Mas War Between the Slates Bask of Jaekemsoile,-Early in 1e3, Win. J. Mills of Jacksonville presented a petition to the Legislative Council praying the establishmoent of a bank at Jcksaonville. The Bank of Jacksonvillo wo authorized February 04, 1800; nminal capital, $5OsOs Bsook, were opened for sioscriro- tian of stock, but it does sot seem that the ssuoscription was atffioent, for the Legislative Council February 12, 18037, re- newed the autbority for stock subscription. The bank opened in 1007, its condition son afterward being reported .a follows: LeR. ensses 0 Ds by Brks .... fles Notm of Bansn 1. 4,880 noas .....,11,650 570,501 Linilisiso alsoial . $3..1,500 Ciwraaw...79,0 Deposte....31,470 rott & Lose 1,0 017,001 Baoe bor Brk . . .. 25,000 M ote f tasks ; 40661 Ble ..... ila1, Labsiliis, Capind .a.$07,500 Clroladlot . 7,0 D pet. 0 . 1"71 Scott & Lose .... 1410s ,$7401 la-es.,, ...$05,000 Oposie........11,560 Y.5.0 Capital ...$390700 Paontlose . 14A0 $,l7,dm The offcers at that time were J. B. Mtorcan, president, and J. Guteocman, cashier. The hank continued to do a snosll business until 1839, when it entirely "cxotd" and its bills sold at 10 canto on the dollar, Aa to ito failure, the St. An- gosotine Iferald of April 4, 1839, had this to say: flaueotessAbdsst e Tho Benk of JssIsoml iu "fan"-heitidafow.S in swsns ifk sossoiig isqit snitis is thlast sbs lo~si~ew $alsfnsaaiaesoilstdsossstst.lss o eTogioslsorsseshossennn hdssnews mstadmsit thit tbs Jaossills5Osk mssdess bonsa asate- totne LsOciias belor F [0 Wo~i Cc soreborknows 0-], wami so smtallauesi ositelal ana $110 aslil afton it failed. A Reosolution wan passed by the Torritorial Council in February, 1841, to revokotbe authority forthe Bank of Jack- sonille to do husiss and directing its affairs closed Here The offi cae at that timo were J.B. Norgan, president, ad J. Osteson, cashier. The bank continued to do a amall businesa until 1839, wbon it estirely "expoeded" and its bills sold at 10 cents n the dnllar. As to its failure, the St. Aso- goustine Herald of April 4, 1819, had this to say: asnslsesear. Mofe bad Tiss sa of soIdssille as "foil- the Paletent fobsns. Hi sdie- seoesoonew if ash sic esoling, in tove as nchonion as tihut sos losse Took wsaos. vehte "mowetoy of the Bank still.. oaethes b $iolfsoieilwost, depscens th Inns To glee booerho Law Iiso e. moot adosi that lt.e Jasstoill, Boak solo as bos. sttn metto lbs Legislator, bao-ositOsled Weoo,,ebef -,ws a,r rsosm aitf so small a eole caeil so $101 still hei, .failed. A Resolution was passed by the Territorial Council in February, 1841, to revoke the suthority for the Bank of Jack- senville to do basiso-suian directing its affair closed Here The officers at that tie wooeSJ. . Morganm president, and J. Cutteros, cashier. The bank continsed to do a.amell businoss unti 1839, when it entirely "exploded"5 and its bills sold at 10 cents on the dolla. As to its failure, the St. Au- gustine Herald of April 4, 180, had this to cay: soahe Noe... Abdasta The Beak of Ssohsositiofll - TauI ponifost floss. Has din- Nsppsao,ifsrots.ausitine,isqito a asyastssoiace tfb ie Nes Yosk sonsakbe. wiss hes"osossoy". o 1 Baenkto shtil continse $102 a spool a sl, deosost am. sot To gisa honor ebshonor ais sw most adosit thast the Jmsbust,, psesk sole as botnss mste sotto the Larssoat... hetorrit fsiled Wo-,se before bosona nk stedhf s od asn-aI a ryosie'.aspl aes 00 st J ap' it frled. A Rsoslution was pasced by the Territorial Council in Febrary, 1841, to revoke the authority for the Bank of Jack- sonville to do business and directing its affairs closed. Her  .2 $ wF~c QE roa s[ sz Lnn F e .5 F e y F Sr c yz~0 c.v - #Y0d~ -' c s U F W2 a 4o C o .0;'vs c Fi~ t _F 20  HISORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORDA 479 HISORY OF JACESONYILLE, FLORDA 47 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILL, FLIRIDA 4W7 until 1IBM, when the legislature passed a law affecting Inaik agencies of other bStte doing business in Flortda. Bank of Jseksouvtlle (No. Zt-With no record whatever ofasuch ahak, there is et tas of its dollar bils in existee (is the possession of B. B. Barnett), signed by John Clark s president, and George Washiogtis cashier, and issued July 7, 1851. This bill is an interestingt specimen of the en- gravers' art as well as being the only knsown stem in the bank's hickory. 'Th...iw eltheft dooh ac oomteati b anshia pseey nosased snffthis se Snlasbill lassreeaedolyousao bl cu rJuenssjlthsa th ceesoy p~senk stI thaloe held the bssftse.,1 hedor doini1 lb lltas, yt ob O N, ola bill be the Said, of Inaoessvie is setaisy ens- des arsme as o -in{Wslitlln htis-n, either, essteseeltd oeaetoal,dbarensthsi prid. flank af St. Johns (1858-1861).-Thio bask ws organ- ised by A. M.Reed in 1058, posoibly asosucreoeor to the Bank of Charleston Agency, Litrds is knew's of its corporate his- Wery, ao it does not see to have figured in any of the Legis- satie Acts of the periso), althugh it wssa said to haste bae oe eb twso banks ini Florida at tieed 1860 doeme bursines under the general bsskinig laws of the State. The Basksoef S4 Johsownt out of business upon the breaking out ofthe War Bectween the States and wee net afterward revited. It held aseonoiderahis omount at bonds of the Florids, Atlantic & Gulf Cenital Railroad (the first railroad built to Jackson- ville), and after ibe sear three were productive to a certain extent. Most of the foregoing to inereery" record of ald ritiseos, who always said that the Bank of St. Johns was cn dected in a curable woy by Mr. Reed. Atftee the War Freedeosis's Bask: Jackausretle brancek (1866.1874),- The followinag is as espy of an advrtisement in Hawks Jack- ounvifie Directory for 1870, until 1858, when the legislature passed a law affecting bank aenciesw of other States duing baolo.-o in Fierds. Bank of J-acOffil (NO. 2)-With no record whatever ofuch a hank, there is yet one of its dollar bills in existence (in the poooeseien of B, H. Barnctt), signed by Jobs, Clark as president and George Washingteo cier end issued July 1.851. aThis ll is an interesting th peoimes of these- grarno art ao well as being the only known item is the bank's itr, 'rho's is sslltes dubi suoe ietrsshs b uakag hstoeo --iearo 'nihW thi mar sllar bill ai os esodlyo totedia the old ..outs oJuokouss1ilithat ts aosa.eofs Co Wnk of thasfeass held she tortuiegftld here dosdsg its peesis, ysti del isit mf shex oa erJuaeoeaiee -Woissyi. des gsusot basking isettotiss by that sane sine sostessplassl te sini, darise nhbst erod Bank of fSt. Johns (1881-861)--Thio bank was orgool- teed by A. K. Rteed in 1858, possiblyaasucsessor ts the Bank of Charleston Agency. Little Is known of its corporate his- tory, as it does not soum to hasve figuredl in any of the Legis- latiee Acts of the period, although it woo said to have bees e of twe bank.uinFloridaatbtheeandsfl1860doing busness under the general hankoing laws of the State. The Bask of St. Johnos Went out of business upon the breakinsg out of the War Between the States ond was not afterward revived. It held a considerable amount of bonds of the Islorida, Atlantic & Gulf Centr-al Rasilroad (the first railroad built to Jackson- vueand after tbs 0-ar theose were productive to a certine extent. Moot of the foregoing to "memory'' record of old Oltiose,. who always said that the Bonk of tt Johnes was - darted in a capable way by Mr Reed. Aftee the War Freedmen's Bask: Jacksonville branchy (1866-a874).- The following is a espy of as advertisement an Hawks' Jock- sonville Dlirectory for 1870: until 1550, when the legislature lassed a law affecting bank agencies of other States doing buosatoos in Florida. Bsank of Jacksonville (leo 2). With no record whatever of such a bank, there is yet tone tof its dollar bims in existence (tn the possession of B. H,. Barnett), signed by John Clark as president, sand George Washington so cashier, and issued July 7, 18)0. This bill i-s as initeresting specimen of the en- graversortas well as bsisig the only knswn itemn in the bank's history. 'lhoscisotstodooutasse iatc~alsg baahiaelsintee eoinsetd siW this bar doubll. tssonoaesl tostdisi thoolda osuats ef Jlahsosstiiltheittebossy of toWx of cherleo hold oho oksiog hiead bars ion se its hifes y dosnoo inesot eth f n fJb~ril~ ..yevlac [,m basbise issaiotos by rsest brow" cidon, wssaoPlated meetml, doayinisspsrd. Bank of St. Joaus. f15-1861).-'Phiu bank wan argo- trod by A. M.Reed in 1858, possibly ass successor to the Baak of Charltoor Agency. Little is knoswn of it e crorate his- tory, s it does not seeml to have figure dins any of the Legis- letto Arts of the period, although it was samid to have bees ue tof two kooks is Florida at the end of 1850 doieg bueoos under the general honking Iowa of the Stte The Banok of StL Johas went out of buoomess non the breaking sun of the War Between the States and was ant afterward i-e-eved It held a considerable amousntof bonds of the Florid, Atlantis & Golf Censtral Railroad (the firet trilroad built to Jackson- vile), anid after the war these were productive to a certain extent Most of the foregoing is nmtory" record of old tios, who always said that the Bash of St Johns woe con- dsctedtinaeapable way by Afr, Reed, Afttr the War Freedmen', Bank: Jackesnille bragach (186-0874).- The foillswing is a espy of ass advertisement in Hawks' Jack- sanville Dlirectory far 1870;  4S HIST OF JACKSONILLE, FLORIDA 4- HISORY OF JACKbONVILLE, FLORD 478 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILE FLOIDA NATIONAL EBEEDMEX'S SAVINGS ArND 71UST CO. Chealcssd hy Cocgmen JoshamweilBer DEPOITS RECEIVED Oet ice ent openorde and INTBES6T CREDITcpbbmise.aoreatt.sneo rtof feer en. .pooI reso foed to etosino men ala dtea who Lenirs tw dh. Boy and otl nebe spa. Nwoseuk -n all paeisst point Wo. oSooth. Cotosflon toade at roablo sate. Gold and dilem eogho ard avid WI Io OAN. Caskes- Bookig meo, nego Blak, eermer Ocean nod Bay Steete. The bank jailed in Juoe, 1844 jr its history see paoe 141. F. Dibble:-Small institution, eotablished during' rern- strlctios" period. No record of it after 1810. Denny & Brow -Another private bonking institution, established during the "reconstruction" prked, probably in 1800 It failed in September, 1874, AmnbWoua Book (18708189)-In 1NT0. D. G. Ambler es- tablished a privet. banking heats in Jackonville. It weB Nomidncted aooe conservative lones and woo succesnful from the sart. Although only three yearn old when the money panic cme, it poised through that trying time it safety, he- n e of the very few banks in the Bath Alsntie states that did not suspend payment. On July 20, 1874, the book woo rorgacoled and its noose changed to the Ambler Na- t~onal Bank. Is October, 1881, Mr. Ambler took two of his empsloyees into partuerehip, John L. Marvin and J. N. 0. Stockton, the omoe of the tank was then changed to Ambler, Marvin o& Stockton. The businesn of the bank comptinnd to grow sod in Ocstober, 1888, n brooch was establiehed in Taut jon, supervised by Mr. Marvin. Ios 1885, the National Monk of the State of Florida was established, with Mr. Ambernas president nod Mr. Stockton as cashier, and it proved a sac- coastal undertaking, to 1800, the firm Ambler, Marvin & Stockton seas disoolved: Mr. Marvin bought out the interest of his partners in the old finn ond established the Merchants Nntiunl of Jacksonville Mr. Ambler and Mr. Stockton cn- NATIONAL Fd~NflssEe' SAVINGOS AND TRUST COm Cene..e. hr Conget Janloailen Braneb Io eOMTs RtECOIVOI ro n ve5 spacdn. oa INTEREST CREDITED nIece imne s year st ohe e aO icea pewens Speia cawv ee ws besines m roelad nssw, nkd.n tn do- eaioshootime Al deysilsnhiea e es s eight. Boy- aun eooiesu nee New oi ehnd al ceeominsnn noonn Wast so sth. Cajnada-n made at eaahale noa. Col 1 se nar he a55 555. I. I Co.J, Castle. Boong-a lee mes. emee Oseman d Boy.Sro.. The bank failed in June, 1874; oar its history see page 1.48. F. Dibble :-.Small institution, established during nrverel struoction" period. No record of it after 1870. Denny & Brown:-Another privato banking instituth s, entalised during the "reonstruction" period, probably in 8870, It failed in September. 8874. Ambhle'. Yasak (1870-19)-In 1870, D). G. Ambler no- tabliaed aprivate baning house in Jaclosnville. It wan conducted along conservative ines and woo gece sfo from the start. Although only thoree years old when the money panoto came, it psaseed through thot trying time us safety, be- ing ane of the very few banks in the Sauth Alantic satlese that did not suspend payment. On July 23, 1874, thte book was reorganized and its name changed to the Ambler Na- tional Rank. In October, 1881, Mr. Ambler took two of his employees into partnership, John L. Marvin and J. N. C. Stockton; the name of the Look was then changed to Ambler, Marvin & Stockoton. The tusiness of the bank continued to grow and in OAcor, 1881, a branch woe established in Tom- pa, nupereised by Mr. Marvin. Ino 1800. the National Bank, of the State of florida was esablishoed, with Mr. Ambler a president nod Mr. Stockten a cashier, and it proved a...c cesfo undertaking. In 1890, tho firm Ambler, Marvin & Staokton was disolved; Mr. Marvin bought nut the interest of his parters in the old firm end establiohed the Merchants Notionl of Jacksonville; Mr. Ambler sod Mr. Stockton e- NATIONAL FBEErdIENroS AVINGfS AND TMUST MO Chasrsod by Cactus gonhoansile gnanek DEPOSIT RECEIVED feen ee cnts nowos andINTEREST Cseorrop te ta ll a rem mm he satne I. oe wo snos crtAll doeil. wosibDbad s 10a Ln 001 wNen vak ed l ot. i dn a Seoth C.U.-lsn side at cesesible eatdn. oe-1 adiv wlouldo and oold. W. La COAlS, Cahir. caknnmon oeg a Bitch, manor Igna nod Ds, Stemo. The bank failed in June, 18744 for its history see page 141. F. Dibble:-Smal institution, established during 'rern- otruction" period. No record of it after, 1870. Denny & Brow, -Another private banking institotion. entablished during the areconotruotion" period, probably IN 1870 It foiled in Soptomber, 0074. Amoblsras Bank (1870180).In 1870, D. . Ambler es- tablished a private bsnkiog house in Jacksonville. It wsca conducted along conservotive lines and was successful from the start. Although only three yearo old when the money panic caneit passed through that frying time inseafely. be. ing one of the very few banks in the South Alnotir state that did not euspendl payment. On July 28, 1874, Tho banso was rearoanizod and it. name ch~anned to the Ambler Na- Uiual Bank. In October, 1881, Mr. Ambler took two of his employees into partnership, John La. Marvin and J. N. C. Stockton; the name of the bank was then changed to Ambler Marvin & Stockton, The busineso of the honk continued to grow aud io October, 1003, a branch woo established in Tao- pa, nupervied by Mr. Marvin. In 1885, the Natisnal Bank af the State of Florida woo eetablished, with Mr. Ambler a0 president nd Mr. Stockton n cashier, and it proved a sub- mosaful undertaking In 1890, the firm Ambler, Mlarvin & Stockton woe dissolved; Mr. Marvin bought out the interest of his partners in the old firm and ostoblished the Merehantn National of Jacksonville; Mr. Ambler -n Mr. Stocloton -  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE. FLORIDA 479 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 479 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 479 tinued in control of the National Bank of the State of Florida, as president and cashier, respectively. First National Bank of Florida (1874-1903).-The First National Bank of Florida was organized June 27, 1874, and incorporated the same month. Itopened September26,1874, with a capital of $50,000. This was the first National bani in East Florida. The bank was organised by J. M. Schu- macher; among the directora were F. E. Spinner, Secretary of the U. S. Treasury and father-in-law of Mr. Schumacher. and the Remingtons (gunmakers) of lion, N. Y. T. W. C. Moore was the bank's frst president; he died in 1879, and was succeeded by John Clark for several years, and he in turn by Mr. Schumacher. The bank first opened in the Freedmen's Bank Buildin at Pine (Main) and Forsyth Streets, moving thence to the northwest corner of Ocean and Bay, then No. 6 West Bay, and finally to its own building at the northeast corner of Ocean and Bay Streets. In the test few years of its existence the bank became involved with phosphate investments that finally caused its downfall. It failed March 10, 108. Florida Savings Bank and Resl Estate Exchange (1874- 185)-This institution was incorporated July 6, 1874, by J. H. Paine and J. C. Greeley, with a capital of $20,000. The first oficers were: J. H. Paine, president; Samuel Spearing, vice-president ; J. C. Greeley, treasurer. In 1878, Dr. Paine sold out to Mr. Greeley and it was usually known thereafter as Greeley's bank. This institution became involved in 1889, and was afterward operated by trusstees. Barnett National Bank of Jacksonville (1877-)-The arnett National Bank was organised by W. B. Barnett & Son, May 1, 1877, as the Barnett Bank. It opened in apart- mnts in the Freedmen's Bank Building at Oh ssouthwest cor- ner of Pine (Main) and Forsyth Streets, with a capital of $40.000. Jacksonville at that time was a place of 7,500 peo- ploe and there were already here two National and one private bank, but Mr. Barnett had confidence in the growth of the town and results verified his judgment. *.s Apsi 1, 187, a sneak tief esntrd the Barett bank nd whlle the sasier's beak was turned took 5,50D and es- caped. tshou cleaned the bak l of eas o and.. tinned in control of the National Bank of the State of Florida, as president and cashier, respectively. First National Bank of Florida (1874-1903). The First National Bank of Florida was organized June 27, 1874, and incorporated theosmonth ItopenedSeptember 26,1874, with a capital of $50,000. This was the first National bank in East Florida. The bank was organised by J. M. Schu- macher; among the directors were F. E. Spinner, Secretary of the U. S. Treasury and father-in-law of Mr. Schumacher, and the Remingtons (gunmakers) of Dion, N. Y. T. W. C. Moore was the bank's first president; he died in 1879, and wan succeeded by John Clark for several years, and he in turn by Mr. Schumacher. The bank first opened in the Freedmen's Bank Building at Pine (Main) and Forsyth Streets, moving thence to the northwest corner of Ocean and Bay, than No. 6 West Bay, and finally to its own building at the northeast corner of Ocean and Bay Streets. In the last few years of its existence the bank became involved with phosphate investments that finally caused its downfall. It failed March 16, 1083. Florida Savings Bank and Real Esiate Exchange (1874- 1895).-This institution was incorporated July 6, 1874, by J. H. Paine and J. C. Greeley, with a capital of $20,000. The first ofileers were: J. H. Paine, president; Samuel Spearing, vice-president; J. C. Greeley, treasurer. In 1878, Dr. Paine sold out to Mr. Greeley and it was usually known thereafter as Greeley's bank. This institution became involved in 1889, and was afterward operated by Sternes. Barnett National Bank of Jacksonville (1877- )-The Barnett National Bank was organized by W. B. Barnett & Sons, May 1, 1877, as the Barnett Bank. It opened in apart- ments in the Freedmen's Bank Building at th southwest cor- ner of Pine (Main) and Forsyth Streets, with a capital of $40,000. Jacksonville at that time was a place of 7,500 pe- ple and there were already here two National and one private bank, but Mr. Barnett had confidence in the growth of the town and results verified his judgment. 'Os Apsi 1.1878, a seak thief entered the Barnett lank sad wil the easshiers back ne toed took $74,0 ad es- coped. It abost cleand ths balk u of eash on eand. tinned in control of the National Bank of the State of Florida, as president and cashier, respectively. First National Bank of Florida (1874-190)-The First National Bank of Florida was organised June 27, 1874, and Incorporatedthesamemonth. Itopened September26,1874, with a capital of $50,000. This was the first National bank .in East Florida. The ban was organied by J. M. Schu- macher; among the directors were F. E. Spinner, Secretary of the U. S. Treasury and father-in-law of Mr. Schumacher, and the Remingtons (gunmakers) of rion, N. Y. T. W. C. More was the bank's first president l; he died in 1879, and was succeeded by John Clark for several years, and he in turn by Mr. Schumacher. The bank first opened in the Freedmen's Bank Building at Pine (Main) and Forsyth Streets, moving thence to the northwest corner of Ocean and Bay, then No. 6 West Bay, and fmally to its own building at the northeast corner of Ocean and Bay Streets. In the last few years of its existence the bank became Involved with phosphate investments that finally caused its downfall, It failed March 16, 1903, Florida Savings Bank and Real Estate Exchange (1874. 1895).-This Institution was incorporated July 6, 1874, by J. H. Paine and J. C. Greeley, with a capital of $20,000. The first ocers were: J. N. Paine, president; Samuel Spearing, vice-president; J. G. Greeley, treasurer. In 1878, Dr. Paine sold out to Mr. Greeley and it was usually known thereafter as Greeley's bank. This institution became involved in 1889, and was afterward operated by trustees, Barnett National Bank of Jacksonville (1877-)-The Barnett National Bank was organised by W. B. Barnett & Sons, May 1, 1877, as the Barnett Bank. It opened in apart- ments in the Freedmen's Bank Building at thi southwest ar- ner of Pine (Main) and Forsyth Streets, with a capital of $40,000. Jackonville at that time was a place of 7,500 peo- ple and there were already here two National and one private bank, but Mr. Barnett had confidence in the growth of the town and results verinfed his judgment. ale Aprl 1, 1I78, a snk tldef entered the namete ank sn owe te cashiesa back sas irned took $7,ao and es- caped. It sbone claned the book out of sash o kaed.  4m0 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 480 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 4-0 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA April 14, 1888, the name was changed under a National charter to National Bank of Jacksonville, and on April 14, 1908, under a new charter, the name was changed to Bar- nett National Bank. For 47 years this bank has been in the control of the same fmily-a remarkable record within it- self. It is one of the oldest banks in Florida. Its present home, at the northwest corner of Forsyth and Laura Streets. was erected in 1898, at a coot of $30,000. The building is 105x5S feet, with walls of solid masonry and Bedford sand- stone; the architecture reminds one of the design of the sub- treasuries of the United States. National Bank of the State of Florida (1885-1908).-.-This bank opened for business May 4, 1885, having been organized by D. G. Ambler and J. N. C. Stockton, of the firm of Ambler, Marvin & Stockton. The omeers were: D. G. Ambler, presi- dent J. P. Daniel, vice-president:; J. N. C. Stockton, cashier, Mr. Stockton afterward became president. This bank was the nucleon for the formation of the Atlantic National Bank, the business of which was purchased by the latter, July 1, 1903. State Bank of Florida (1885-1915).-Commenced busi- ness s a private bank in June, 1885, with Henry A. LEngle as manager. This bank was reorganized as the State Bank of Florida, February 2, 1895, with a capital of $50,000, John C. LEngle, president, The banking house was located at Bay and Main Streets. The business of the State Bank of Florida was bought by the Atlantic National Bank May 8, 1915. Southern Savines and Trust Co. (1889-1905).-Organized May 30, 1889, by S. B. Hubbard and assooiatee and opened for business in the Hubbard building at the southeast corner of Main and Forsyth Streets. The name was changed to Mer, catile Exchange Bank January 8, 1900. The Florida Bank and Trust Company (Florida National Bank later) purchased the business of the Mercantile Exchange Bank January 4, 1905. Merchents National Bank (890-1897).-Sohn L. Marvin bought out the interest of his partners in the firm of Ambler, Marvin & Stockton in 1890, and changed the same of the bank to Merchants National, which was chartered in June, April 14, 1888, the name was changed under a National charter to National Bank of Jacksonville, and on April 14, 1908, under a new charter, the name was changed to Bar- nett National Bank. For 47 years this bank has been in the control of the same family-a remarkable record within it- self. It is one of the oldest banks in Florida. Its present home, at the northwest corer of Forsyth and Laura Streets, wan erected in 1898, at acost of $10,000. The building is S105x5 feet, with walls of solid masonry and Bedford sand- stone; the architoctsre reminds one of the design of the su- treasuries of the United States. National Bank of the State of Florida (1885-1903)-Thia bank opened for busines May 4, 1885, having been organined by B. G. Ambler and JS. N. C. Stockton, of the firm of Ambler, Marvin & Stockton. The ofhcera were: D. G. Ambler, presi- dent; J. J. Daniel, vice-president; J. N. C. Stockton, cashier. Mr. Stockton afterward became president. This bank was the nucleus for the formation of the Atlantic National Bank, the business of which was purchased by the latter, July 31, 1903. State Bank of Florida (185-1915),-Commenced busi- ness as a private bank in June, 1885, with Henry A. L'Engle asmnager. This bank was reorganized as The State Bank of Florida, Fobruoay 2, 1895, with a capld of $50,000, John C. L'Engle, president. The banking house was located at Bay and Main Streets. The business of the State Bank of Florida was bought by the Atlantic National Bank May 8, 1915. Southern Savings and Trust Co. (1889-1905).-Organized May 30, 1889, by S. B. Hubbard and associates and opened for business in the Hubbard building at the southeast corner of Main and Forsyth Streets. The name was changed to Mer- matile Exchange Bank January 8, 1900. The Florida Bank and Trust Company (Florida National Bank later) purchased the business of the Mercantile Exchange Bank January 4, 1905. Merehas National Bank (1890-1897).-oehn L. Marvin bought aut the interest of hes partners in the firm of Ambler, Marvin & Stockton in 1890, and changed the name of the bank to Merchants National, which wan chartered in Jane, April 14, 1888, the name was changed under a National charter to National Bank of Jacksonville, and on April 14, 1908, under a new rharter, the name was changed to Bar- nett National Bank. For 47 years this bank has been in the control of the same family-a remarkable record within it- self. Itis one of the oldest banks in Florida. Its present home, at the northwest corner of Forsyth and Laura Streets. was erected in 1898, at a coot of $10,000. The building is 105x55 feet, with sills of solid masonry and Bedford sand- stone; the architecture reminds one of the design of the sub- treasuries of the United States. National Bank of he State of Florida (1S85-1903).-This bank opened for business May 4, 1885, having been orcanied by D. G. Ambler ind J. N. C. Stockton, of the firm of Ambler, Marvin & Stockton. The ofilcers were: D. G. Ambler, presi- dent; J. J. Daniel, vice-president; J. N. C. Stockton, cashier. Mr. Stockton afterward became president. This bank was the nucleus for the formation of the Atlantic National Bank, the business of which was purchased by the latter, July S1, 1903. Slate Bank of Florida (1885-1915)rommenced bui- e as a private bank in Jine, 1885, with Henry A. L'Engle as manager. This bank was reorganioed as the State Bank of Florida. February 2, 1895, with a capitol of $10,000, John C. UEngl, president. The banking housa was located at Bay and Main Streets. The business of the State Bank of Florida was bought by the Atlantic National Bank May 8, 1915. Southern Savings and Trust Co. (SS9-1905).-Organized May 30, 1889, by S. B. Hubbard and associates and opened for business in the Hubbard building at the southeast corner of Main and Forsyth Streets. The name was changed to Mer- cantile Exchange Bank January 8, 1900. The Florida Bank and Trust Company (Florida Nati'oal Bank later) purchased the business of the Mercantile Exchange Bank January 4, 1905. Merchanis National Bank (1890-1897).-John L. Marvin bought cut the interest of his partners in the firm of Ambler, Marvin & Stockton in 1890, and changed the name of the bank to Merchants National, which was chartered in June.  HISTORY OF JACSONVLLE, FLORIDA 481 HSTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 81 HISTORY OF JACKONVILLE, FLORIDA 481 1890. The Merchants National Banko cloNed its doors Febru- ary 16, 1897. Dime Savings Bank (1890-1898).-Incorporated January 1, 1890, W. P. Webster, president; E. . Robinson, vice-presi- dent. Mr. Webster later sold out to Mr. Robinson. The bank closed its doors August 21, 1899. Commercial Bank (1893-1915).-Organized and incor- porated May 9, 1893, as the Savings and Trust Bank of Flor- ida, with a capital of $50,000; H. Robinson, president; W. H. Harkisheimer, vice-president; Wm. Rawlinson, cashier. The name was changed to Commercial Bank in 18097. Control of the bank was gained by other parties February 17, 1911. Ownership afterward went into the hands of other offcials. The bank failed December 30, 1914.. Union Savings Bank (1902-1912)-Organized May 10, 1902; J. M. Stevens, president; W. B. Stevens, cashier. This institution was conoolidated with the People's Bask and Trust Company July 3, 1912. Atlatie National Bank (1903- ).-Formally orgas- iced April 30, 1903; National charter granted July 16, 1908. Opened for business August 1, 1903, in the banking rooms of the National Bank of the State of Florida, the business of which had been purchased the day before as a start. The capital at this time was $350,000 and the officers: E. W. Lane, president; F. W. Hoyt, vice-president; T.P. Denham, cashier. On March 29. 1904, the Atlantic National Bank opened the first savings department established by a National bank in Florids. It absorbed the business of the Fourth National Bank on November 27, 191:3; bought out the State Bank of Florida, which had deposits of $960,000, May 8, 1915; and on December 29, 1923, called in and absorbed the American Trust Company. The Atlantic National Bank erected the ten-story bank and ofiee building, next to the post office, which was completed and occupied in October, 1910. The annexin the Professional building on Adams Street was opened by the bank January 19, 1920. FloridaNational Bank (1905-).-Incorporated origin- ally in December, 1904, as the Florida Bak and Trust Com- pany, and opened January 5, 1905, in the banking roomas of the Mercantile Exchange Bank, at the northeast corner of 1890. The Merchants National Bank closed its doors Febru- ary 16, 1897. Dime Soaing Bank (1890-1893).-.-ocorporaed January 1, 1890, W. P. Webster, president; E. L Robinson, vice-prei- dent. Mr. Webster later sold out to Mr. Robinson. Thebank closed its doors August 21, 1893. Commercial Bank (1893-1915).-Organized and incor- porated May 9, 1893, as the Savings and Trust Bank of Flor- ida, with a capital of $50,000; H. Robinson, president; W. H. Barkisheiner, vice-president; Wm. Rawlinson, casher. The same wos changed to Commercial Bank in 1897, Control of the bank was gained by other parties February 17, 1911. Ownership afterward went into the hands of other officials. The bank failed December 30, 1914. Union Savings Bank (1902-1912).-Organized May 10, 1902;J . B.Stevens, president; W. B.Stevens, cashier. This institution woo consolidated with the People's Bank and Trust Company July 3, 1912. Atlantic National Bank (1903-).-Formally organ- iced April 30, 1903; National charter granted July 16, 1903. Opened for business August 1, 1903, in the banking cooms of the Notional Bank of the State of Florida, the business of which had been purchased the day before as a start. The capital at this time was $350,000 and the officers: E. W. Lone, president; F. W. Hoyt, vice-president; T.P. Denham, cashier, On March 29, 1904, the Atlantie National Bank opened the first savings department established by a National bank in Florida. It absorbed the business of the Fourth National Bank on November 27, 1913; bought out the State Bank of Florida, which had deposits of $960,000, May 8, 1915; and on December 29, 1923, called in and absorbed the American Trust Company. The Atlantir National Bank erected the ten-story bank and office building, next to the post office, which was completed and occupied in October, 1910. The anoexin the Professional building on Adams Street was opened by the bank January 19, 1920. FloridaNational Bank (1905 )-Icrorated origin- ally in December, 1904, as the Florida Bank and Trust Com- pony, and opened January 5, 1905, in the banking rooms of the Mercantile Exchange Bank, at the northeast corner of 1890. The Merchants National Bank closed its doors Febru- ary 16, 1897. Dime Savings Bank (1890-1893)-Incorporated January 1,1890 W. P. Webster, president; E. 1 Robinson, vice-presi- dent. Mr. Webster later sold out to Mr. Robinson. The bank closed its doors August 21, 1898. Commerceil Bank (1893-1915).-Organied and incor- porated May 9, 1893, as the Savings and Trust Bank of Flor- ida, with a capital of $50,000:; H. Robinson, president; W. H. Barkisheimer, vice-preident; Wmn. Rawlinson, cashier. The name was changed to Commercial Bank in 1897. Control of the bank was gained by other parties February 17, 1911. Ownership afterward went into The hands of other officials. The bank failed December 30, 1914, Union Savings Bnook (1902.1912)-Organized May 10, 1902;J.M. Stevens, president; W. B, Stevens, cashier. This institution wan consolidated with the People's Bank and Trust Company July 3, 1912. Atlantic National Bank (1903-). -Formaly organ- ized April 30, 1903; National charter granted July 16, 1903. Opened for business August 1, 1903, in the banking rooms of the National Bank of the State of Florida, the business of which had been purchased the day before as a start. The capital at this time was $350,000 and the officers: E. W. Lane, president; F. W. Hoyt, vice-president; T. P. Denham, cashier. On March 29, 1904, the Atlantic National Bank opened the first savings department established by a National bank in Florida, It absorbed the business of the Fourth National Bank on November 27, 1913; bought out the State Bank of Florida, which had deposits of $960,000, May 8, 1915; and on December 29, 192, called in and absorbed the American Trust Company. The Atlantic National Bank erected the ten-story bank and office building, next to the post office, which was completed and occupied in October, 1910. The annex in the Professional building on Adams Street was opened by the bank January 19, 1920. FloridaNational Bank (190E )-Incorporated origin- ally in December, 1904, as the Florida Bask and Trust Co®- pany, and opened January 5, 1905, in the banking rooms of the Mercantile Exchange Bank, at the northeast corner of  482 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 482 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 482 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA Forsyth and Laurs Streets, the business of which, with $1,- 219,900 deposits, had been purchased the day before as a start. The capital of the Florida Bank and Trust Company was $1,000,000 and its officers, W. F. Coachman, president; W. S. Jennings and Arthur F. Perry, vice-presidents; W. A. Bedding, cashier. The next step was the building of its own white marble home at the northeast comer of Forsyth and Laura Streets, which wa occupied August 9, 1906, and on the same day the bonk began to operate under its National charter and a change of name to Florida National Bank, with a capital of $00,000. The ofleers at that time were: C. E. Garner, president, Arthur F. Perry and C. B. Rogers, vice- presidents; W. A. Redding, cashier. In January, 1913, Cap- tain Garner retired on account of ill-health and was suc- ceeded as president by A. F. Perry. Enlargements were eventually made to the original banking house; and in 1919, the bank purchased the eleven-story Florida Life Building immediately in the rear of the bank, re-arranged the lower part, and moved some of its departments there. Guaranty Treat and Savings Bank (1905-21, 1922)- Organized March 14, 1905, ase the Guarantee Trust and Sav. ings Bank, with a capital of $100,000; J. W. Spratt, president; W. M. Bostwick, Jr., vice-president; Harlow Barnett, secre- tary-treasurer. The name was soon afterward changed to Guaranty Trust and Savings Banki there were also a number of changes from time to time in both oflicers and direters.. The bank closed September 6, 1921, and was placed in the handsofareceiver. Itreopenedunderadepositsrsagreement June 26, 1922. and remained open until July 15, 1922, when its liquid assets and active busineas were transferred to the U.1 . Trust Company. Citizens Bank (1905- ).-Organized November 30, 1905; and opened for business December 4,1906, at the north- east corner of Bridge (Broad) and Bay Streets, with a capi- tal of $0,000. Charter officers: D. U. Fletcher, president; D. H. Doig and C. H. Mann, vice-presidents; J. Denham Bird, cashier. Mr. Fletcher was succeeded by C. H. Mann as presi- dent of the bank January 12, 1909. Mr. Mann became chair- man of the board and was succeeded an president by C. H. Chesnut January 14,1920. The Citizens Bankmovedinto its own home at No. 11-13 Broad Street on April 1, 1914. Forsyth and Laura Streets, the business of which, with $1,- 313,900 deposits, had been purchased the day before as a start. The capital of the Florida Bank and Trust Company was $1,000.000 and its officers, W. F. Coachman, president; W. S. Jennings and Arthur F. Perry, vice-presidents; W. A. Redding, cashioer. The next step was the building of its own white marble home at the northeast comer of Forsyth and Laura Streets, which was occupied August 9, 1906, and on the same day the bank began to operate under its National charter and a change of name to Florida National Bank, with a cpital of $500,000. The efces at that time were: C. E. Garner, president, Arthur F. Perry and C. B. Rogers, vice- presidents; W. A. Bedding, cashier. In January, 1913, Cam tain Garner retired on account of ill-health and was su- ceeded as president by A. F. Perry. Enlargements were eventually made to the original banking house; and in 1919, the bank purchased the eleven-story Florida Life Building immediately in the rear of the bank, re-arranged the lower part, and moved some of its departments there, Guaranty Trust and Savings Bank (1905-21, 1922).- Organized March 14, 1905, as the rourantee Trest and Sav- ina Bank, with a capital of $100,000; J. W. Spratt, president; W. M. Bosrick, Jr., vice-president; Harlow Barnett, secre- tary-treaurer. The name wa soon afterward changed to Guaranty Trust and Savings Bank ; there were also a number of changes from time to time in both oficers and directors. The bank closed September 6, 1921, and was placed in the handsofareceivrr. Itreopenedunderadepositoraagreement June 26, 1922, and remained open until July 15, 1922, when its liquid assets and active business were transferred to the U. S. Trust Company. Citizens Bank (1905- )-Organized November 30, 1905; and opened for business December 4,1905, at thenorth- east cornet of Bridge (Broad) and Bay Streets, with a capl. tal of $0,000. Charter officers: D. U. Fletcher, president; D. H. Doig snd C. H. Mann, vice-presidents; J. Denham Bird, cashier, Mr. Fletcher was succeeded by C. H. Mann as presi- dent of the bank January 12, 1909. Mr. Mann became chair. man of the board and was succeeded as president by C. H. Chesnut January 14,1920. The Citizens Bankmovedito its own home at No. 11-13 Bread Street on April 1, 1914. Forsyth and Laura Streets, the business of which, with $1,- 313,900 deposits, had been purchased the day before as a start. The capital of the Florida Bank and Trust Company was $1,000,000 and its officers, W. F. Coachman, president; W. S, Jennings and Arthur F. Perry, vice-presidents; W. A. Redding, cashier. The next step was the building of its own white marble home at the northeast comer of Forsyth and Laura Streets, which was occupied August 9, 1906, and on the same day the bank began to operate under its National charter and a change of name to Florida National Bank, with a capital of $00,000. The offcers at that time were: C. E. Gamer, president, Arthur F. Perry and C. B. Rogers, vice- presidents; W. A. Bedding, cashier. In January, 1913, Cap tain Garner retired on account of ill-health and was ien ceeded as president by A. F. Perry. Enlargements were eventually made to the original banking house; and in 1919, the bank purchased the eleven-story Florida Life Building immediately in the rear of the bank, re-arranged the lower part, and moved some of its departments there. Guaranty Trust and Savings Bank (1905-21, 1922).- Organized March 14, 1905, as the Guarantee Trst and Sav- ings Bank, with a capital of $100,000; J.W. Spratt, president; W. M. Bostwick, Jr., vice-president; Harlow Barnett, sere- tary-treasuror. The name wan noon afterward changed to Guaranty Trust and Savings Bank; there were also a number of changes from time to time in both officers and directors. The bank closed September 6, 1921, and was placed in the hands of a receiver. Itrreopenedundera depositoreagreement June 26, 1922, and remained open until July 15, 1922, when its liquid assets and active business were transferred to the U. S. Trust Company. Citizens Bank (190 ).-).Orgaied November 30, 1905;and opened for husiness December 4,1905, at thenorth- east cornet of Bridge (Broad) snd Bay Streets, with a capi- tal of $0,000. Charter oicers: D. U. Fletcher, president; D. . Doig and C. H. Masn, vice-presidents; J. Denham Bird, cashier. Mr. Fletcher was succeeded by C B. Mann as presi- dent of the bank January 12, 1909. Mr. Mann became chair- man of the board and was succeeded as president by C. H. ChesnutJanuary 14,1920. The Citizens Bankmoveditoits own home at No. 11-13 Broad Street on April 1,1914.  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE. FLORIDA 483 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 483 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 483 Peoples Bank (1906-).-Organized January 13, 1906, Peoples Bank (190-).--Organized January 13, 1906, Peoples hank (1906- ). rganized January 13, 1906, as the Peoples Bank and Trest Company and opened for business in the Board of Trade building at the northeast cor- ner of Main and Adams Streets January 15, 1906; capital $100,000. First officers: Arthur T. Williams, president; L. J. Campbell and P. A. Holt, oice-sresidents; H. D. Watts, secretary and cahier,. The Peoples Bank and Trust Com- pany and the Union Savings Bank were merged July 3, 1912, and began business at the location of the former July 5, 1912, as the Peoples Bank of Jacksonville, E. A. Greover, president; T. S. Roberts, vice-president; M. V. Osborne, cashier. As- gust ,1914, A. P. Anthony and associates bought the bank; reorganized it; dropped the trustfeature, and placed the bank upon strictly a banking basis. American Exchange Bank (1908).-Opened for business at Main and Duval Streets May 1, 1908 ; capital $50,000. The bank was closed 18 days later as being inslvent. The officera and stockholders were non-residents. Fourth Natioal Bank (1910-1913).--Opened January 10, 1910, in the Dyal-Upchurch Building, Main and Bay Streets. The ofeiers were: W. C. Powell, president; J. H. Powell, vice- president; E. D. Walter, cashier. The Fourth National was absorbed by the Atlantic National Bank November 27, 1913. Florida Trust Company (1910-1913).-Opened October 18, 1910, at the southeast corner of Forsyth and Hogan Streets,with an advertised capital of $600,000. C.M.Barnes, president; O. H. L. Wernicke, M. M. Smith, J. E. Stillman, E. G. Phinney, vice-presidents; L. B, C. Delaney, secretary- treasurer. The alicer and directo of the Company after- ward changed. Thia institution closed March 19, 1913, and was placed in the hands of a receiver. U. S. Postal Savings Bank (1911--.-).The Jacksonville branch was opened August 28, 1911. Heard National Bank (1912-1917).-Organized with a capital of $1,000,000 and opened for business February 3, 1912, in temporary quarters, pending completion of the Heard Building at the southwest corner of Forsyth and Laura Streets, to which it moved in April, 1913. Ocers; J. J. Heard, president; W. B. Sadler and J. G. Boyd, vice-presi- dents; C. W. Hendley, cahier. It was one of the largest as the Peoples Bank and Trust Company and opened for business in the Board of Trade building at the northeast cor- ner of Main and Adams Streets January 15, 1906; capital $100,000. First officers: Arthur T. Williams, president; L. J. Campbell and P. A. Holt, vice-presidents; H. D. Watts, secretary and cashier. The Peoples Bank and Trust Com- pany and the Union Savings Bank were merged July 3,1912, and began business at the location of the former July 5, 1912, as the Peoples Bank of Jacksonville, E. A. Croover, president; T. S. Roberts. vice-president; M. V. Osborne, cashier. Au- gust 6, 1914, A. P. Anthony and asaociates bought the bank; reorganized it; dropped the trust feature, and placed the bal upon strictly a banking basis. American Exchange Bank (1908).-Opened for business at Main and Duval Streets May 1,1908; capital $50,000. The bank was closed 18 days later as being insolvent. The oieers and stockholders were non-residents. Fourth National Bank (1910-1913).-Opened January 10. 1910, in the Dyal-Upchurch Building, Main and Bay Streets. The oficers were; W. C. Powell, president; J. H. Powell, vice- president; E. D. Walter, cashier. The Fourth National was absorbed by the Atlantic National Ban November 27. 1913. Florida Trust Company (1910-1913).-Opened October 18, 1910, at the southeast corner of Forsyth and Hgan Streets, withan advertised capital of $600,000. C.H.Baracs. president; 0,. . L. Wernicke, M. M. Smith, J. E. Stillman, E. G. Plhinney, vice~presidento; L. B. C. Delaney, secretary- treasurer. The officers and directore of the Company after- ward changed. This institution closed March 19, 1913, and was placed in the hands of a receiver. U. S. Potal Savings Bank (1911-)-The Jacksonville branch was opened August 28, 1911. Heard National Bank (1912-1917).-Organized with a capital of $1,000,000 and opened for business February 3, 1912, in temporary quarters, pending completion of the Heard Building at the southwest corner of Forsyth and Laura Streets, to which it moved in April, 1913. Officers: J. J. Heard, president; W. B. Sadler and J. G. Boyd, vice-presi- dents; C. W. Hendley, cashier. It was one of the largest as the Peoples Bank and Trust Company and opened for business in the Board of Trade building at the northeast cor- ner of Main and Adams Streets January 15, 1906; capital $100,000. First officers: Arthur T. Williams, president; L. J. Campbell and P. A. Holt, vice-presidents; H. D. Watts, secretary and cashier. The Peoples Bank and Trust Com- pany and the Union Savings Bank were merged July 3, 1912, and began business at the location of the former July 5, 1912, s the Peoples Bank of Jacksonville, E. A. Groover, president; T. S. Roberts, vice-president; M. V. Osborne, cashier. Au- gust 5, 1914, A. P. Anthony and associates bought the bank; reorganized it; dropped the rust feature, and placed the bank upon strictly a banking basis. American Exchange Bank (1908).-Opened for business at Main and Duval Streets May 1,1908; capital $50,000. The bank was closed 18 days later as being insolvent. The olicers and stockholders were nen-residents. Fourth National Bank (1910-1913).-Opmed January 1, 1910, in the Dyal-Upchurch Building, Main and Bay Streets. The omfcers were: W. C. Powell, president ; J. H. Powell, vice- president; E. D. Walter, cashier. The Fourth National was absorbed by the Atlantic National Bank November 27, 1913. Florida Trust Company (1910-1913).-Opened October 18, 1910, at the southeast corner of Forsyth and Began Streets, with an advertised capital of$600,000. C.H.Barnes, president; 0. H. L. Wernicke, M. M. Smith, J. E. Stillman, E. G. Phinney, vice-presidents; L. B. C. Delany, sccretary- treasurer. The officers and directors of the Company after- ward changed. This institution closed March 19, 1913, and was placed in the hands of a receiver. U, S. Postal Savings Bank (1911--)-The Jacksonville branch was opened August 28, 1911. Heard National Bank (1912-1917).-Orgeniaed with a capital of $1,000,000 and opened for business February 3, 1912, in temporary quarters, pending completion of the Heard Building at the southwest corer of Forsyth and aours Streets, to which it moved in April, 1913. Oicers: J. J. Heard, president; W. B. Sadler and J. G. Boyd, vice-presi- dents; C. W. Hendley, cashier. It was one of the largest  484 HISTORY OF JACKSONVLLE, FLORIDA 484 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLO1UDA 484 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA banking institutions in the State at the time. With de- posits of $3,020,500 and $1,o40,000 cash on hand and due from other banks, the Heard National was closed January 16, 1917, by its president, who indicated in a public statement that the bank was positively solvent and that the closing was unnecessarily forced. The receiver of the bank paid the last dividend on September 24, 1920, and with it the depositors had received 10% on the dollar-a circumstasne unique in the history of banking in the United States and more as when an interest. dividend was later paid to the depositors. Germania Bank (1912-1915).-Organized April 13, 1912, this institution opened for business April 15, 1912, at the corner of Davis and Union Streets, with a capital of $50,000, and oflicered as follows: Bainbridge Richardson, president; F. W. Winharg and J. H. Patterson, vice-presidents; J. Den- ham Bird, cashier. The Germania Bank was consolidated with the First Savings Bank May 22, 1915, as First Germania Bank. First Savings Bank (1912-1915).-Opened July 1, 1912, at No. 34 West Forsyth Street; capital, $30,000. It was a oavings bank exclusively and did not do a general banking business. The officers were: D. J. Herrin, president ; C. H. Andres cashier. This bank was consolidated with the Ger- mania Bank May 22, 1915, as First Germania Bank. Bask of South Jacksonville (1912-)1 rganized July 18, 1912, and opened for business July 24, 1912; capital, 325,- 000; soicere, arry Mason, president; H. B. Philips and Marcus Conant, vice-presidets; Harry Botts, cashier. tUited States trust and Savings Bank (1913-1923)-. Opened January 2, 1913, at the sestheast corner of Lear. and Forsyth Streets, withacapital of $50,000. Ofiers: J.J. Logan, president ; Walter Mueklow, cashier and trust officer. There as a reorgasnization five years later and the name chanced to U. S. Trust Company. It absorbed the active business and liquid assets of the Guaranty Trust and Sav- ings Bank July 15, 1922. The U. S. Trust Company closed its doorm August 7, 1923. American Trust Company (1913-1923).-Organized Feb. ruary 9, 1913, and opened February 26, 1913, in the Florida Life Building; capital, $200,000 ; ofcers, F. W. Hoyt, presi- banking institutions in the State at the time. With de- posits of $3,020,500 and $1,040,000 cash on hand and due from other banks, the Heard National was closed January 16, 1917, by its president, who indicated in a public statement that the bank was positively solvent and that the dosing was unneceosarily forced. The receiver of the bank paid the last dividend on September 24, 1920, and with it the depositors had received 100% on the dollar-a circumstance unique in the history of banking in the United States and more so when an interest dividend was later paid to the depositors. Germania Bank (1912-1916)-Organized April 13, 1912, this institution opened for business April 15, 1912, at the corner of Davis and Union Streets, with a capital of $50,000, and amecred as follows: Bainbridge Richardson, president ; F, W. Wienbarg and J. H. Patterson, vice-presidents; J. Den- ham Bird, cashier. The Germania Bank was consolidated with the First Savings Bank May 22, 1915, asFirst Germania Bank. First Savings Bank (1912-1915),-pened July 1, 1912, at Ne. 34 West Forsyth Street; capital, $30,000. It was a savings bank exclusively and did not do a general banking business. The officers were: D. J. Herrin, president; C. H. Andress, cashier. This bank was consolidated with the Ger- mania Bank May 22, 1915, as First Germania unk, blank o' South Jacksonville (1912 ).--Organized Juoyb 18, 1912, and oered for business July 24, 1912; capital, S25,- 000; officers, Harry Mason, president; Ht. B. Philips and Marcus Conant, vice-presidents; Harry Botts, cashier. United Slates Trust and Savings Bank (1913-1923)- Opened January 2, 1913, at the southeast corner of Laura sud Forsyth Streets, witharapitalof $50,000. Officers: J.J. Logan, president ; Walter Muclsow, cashier and trust affecer, There was a reorganization five years later and the name changed to U. S. Trust Company. It absorbed the active business and liquid asset of the Guaranty Trust and Sav. ings Basnk July 15, 1922. The U. S. Trust Company closed its doors August 7, 1923. American Trust Company (1912-1923).-Organized Feb. roary 9, 1910, and opened February 26, 1913, in the Florida Life Building; capital, $200,000; oficers, F. W. Hoyt, prei- banking irnstitutions in the State at the time. With de- posits of P3,020,500 and $1,040,000 cash en hand and due from other banks, the Heard National was closed January 16, 1917, by its president, who indicated in a public statement that the bank was positively solvent and that the closing was snnecessarily forced. The receiver of the bank paid the last dividend on September 24, 1920, and with it the depositors had received 100% on the dollar-a circumstance unique in the history of banking in the nited States and more so when an interest dividend was later paid to the depositors. Geruania Bank (1912-1915)--Organized April 10, 1912, this institution opened for business April 15, 1912, at the corner of Davis and Union Streets, with a capital of $50,000, and officered as follows: Bainbridge Richurdson, president ; F. W. Wiebarg and J. H. Patterson, vice-presidents; J. Den- ham Bird, cashier. The Germania Bank was consolidated with the First Savings Bank May 22. 1915, as First Germania Bank. First Savings Bank (1912-1915).-Opened July 1, 1912, at No. 14 West Forsyth Sireet; capital $30,000. It was a eaving bank exclusively and did not do a general banking business. The officers were: D. J. Herrin, president ; C. H. Andress, cashier, This bank was consolidated with the Ger- manis Bank May 22, 1915, as First Germania Bank. Bank of South Jacksonville (1912-).-Organized July 18, 1912, and opened for business July 24, 1912; capital, 825,- 000; oflicers, Harry Mason, president; H. B. Philips and Marcus Conant, vice-presidents; Harry Botts, cashier. United States Trust and Savings Bank (1913-1923)- Opened January 2, 1913, at the southeast corner of Laurs and Forsyth Streets, with acapital of $00,00,. Officers: J.J. Logan, president; Walter Mucklow, cashier and trust officer. There was a reorganizatien five years later and the name changed ito U. S. Trust Company. It absorbed the active business and liquid assets of the Guaranty Trust and Sav- ins Hank July 15, 1922. The U. S. Trust Company closed its doors August 7, 1923. American Trust Company (1913-1923).-Organized Feb- rary 9, 1912, and opened February 26, 1913, in the Florida Life Building ; capital, $200,000; ofcers, F. W. Hoyt, presi-  HIISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 405 dent, J. H. Powell, vic~eaoident; Arthur T. Williams, ec- retaryl W. 0, Booer, treasurer. The booking rootms were later rentuvet to the Dyal-Upchurch Building, Main and Bay Streets. The Anuorican Troust Company wos organized with stock control hold fly directors of tho Atlantic Notional Batnk, and on December 29,10923, wau merged with that inntitoton. Exchange Sank and Trust Compony (191410915). Opened at the sotuthwent corner of Adamo and Laura Streets Jontary 8, 1914; capitol, $205,000; officers, W. H. Bilton, presitleot; C. R. Allen and J. A. Mc~hereon, vice-prestdents: D., A, Simmons, secretary. Thistinittuti on went into veln- tory ligmnitiun Dccembter so, 19i5, on account of exslting boniness conditioso it being the Peoriod through which Jock. ennvllofought ahard otruggie, F hatt Germania Bank (1915.09171,-Formed by the cotn- sulidation of the First Saving, Bunk and the Germania Bank, May 22, 1915; 0, J. Herrin, oceeldent; C. It. Andrea, cashier. Thisoinstitutt'unlored itn doom January 17. 1917. Morris laon Batik of Juolanoneille (19i7- .-Uprned for b~usiness June 5,,919, at No.112iW. Daval Street. Char- teruloihern: C. .Xendall, president;A.CG. Camne aud F. C, Grooner vio- president.; A. C. Martin, manager. Federal Rteserve Bank, Jacksnville Branch (191-). -ocsoavlle woo designoted for a brunch of the Federal Rteserve Bank Boy 31, 19ia, The local brooch woo opened Anugus G, 1S18, en the third floor of the Atlantic Notional Bank Banding; George B. Detoaonre, manoager. It was later moved to the former bnki' roam~ of the Heard No- tionl Bank, and remained there until remevol to its own butilding at the -eathwcot core of Hogan andt Church Streets, where it formally opened June 13, 1924. First Stote Bank of Pabslo (1921-)-Opened for buat- nes June 23, 1921; L. A. Coina, president; L. C. Sharp and B. C. Smith, vice-prenidonts; A. F. Piot, cashter. Brotherhood State Bank for Savings (1924.-.)_. Opeoned for buuiness Auguot 2, 1924, at the northeast earner of Bay and Ocean Streets, with a catltl of $25,000. tationonnk -1ni HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE. FLORIDA 480 dent; .0. H. Powell, oice-prenident ; Artbur T. Willioam, see' retryl W. 0. Beoner, treaurer. flue honking rooms wore later removed to the tsyalticurh Building, Main and Boy Streets. The American Traut Company wan organzed with aturk control held by director, of the Atlantic Notional Barkl, rad on Decmber 29.1923, was merged with that tontituteo.. Naortone Bank amid Trust Comnpsny (1914-1915).- Openeod at ihe sousthwest carner of A damn and Laura Steesto Jostncor 8, 1914; capitol, $290,000; othier,, W. H. Milton president; C. H. Allen and J. A. .Mouren vice oresidents;iimnsaeem i11,o con feitn, tory li.couidtion,,rlDetcoobe 20h 1.,on acounht of£ xs exiotin boinenoniiso itreige the Period through which Jock- sonville foughta hord struggle Firat Germania Bank (1915-1917)c. Formed by the can- atlidation of the Finst Savings Bank and the Germania Basic, Hay 22, 1910; D.3,. Herrin, President; C. H. Andress, caohier. Thin inn titution cloned it, doom .January 17, 1917. Morris Plan Sano of Jackonville (1912--)-pnd for bunineas Juone 5, 1917, at No. 111W. Dbuval Street Char. terofficers: C.P. Kendatlpresident; AC . Cummer andF. C. Crcover, vi ce.1reaidento; A. C. Matin, managser. Federal Reseove Bank, Jackonvile Branch (1918-...). '- hanville was desienated for abranch of the Federal lteoerve Book May 31, 1918. The loal branch wan opened Anugut 5. 1918l, en the third Sloar of the Atlantic National Bank Building; Ceorge B. DeSossaere, manager. It was later moved to the former honking roome of the Heard Na- tiona Bank, and remained there until removalitotaown building at the enathwost corner of Hogan and Church Street,, where 0t formally openodJne 13, 1924. First Slate Think nf Pablo (1921-.-). -Obod for busi'- aeo June 23, 1521; L. A. Comas, proms'dent; L. C. Sharp and H. C. Smith, vces-preou'dents; A. F. Piat, cahier. Brotherhood State Bank for Savings (1924-). Opened for business August 2, 1914, at the northeast corn of Bay and Ocean Street, with a capital of $21,000. HISTORY OF JACKfSONVILLE, FLORIDA 485 dent; J. H. Powell, vicoeprenident ; Arthur T. Willioamo, nec, rotary; Wv. 0. Sorer, treaourer 'rhe honking roomn were later roveyd to the Dyul-Upcburch Building, Blain and Say Streete. The American Troust Company woo porgioae with stock control held by dinectoro oa the Atlantic Notional Bank end oil Decembher 29. 1922, wao merged with that t'natitation. Eoehne Bank and Trat Coanny (191d.1915).- Opened at the southesot cotmer of Akdams and Laura Street Jonary< 8, 1914; ,'apotal, $200,000; officers, W. B. Milton president; C. B. Allen and 1. A. McLouren, vicm-lrenidentot D. A. Simmuons, secretory. Thioinattut'on went into vola.- tory liouidatimon Decembter 20 19i5, on account of exiating businesa conditions, it being the Period through which Jack- opte felight a hard otruggle. Flist Germania Rank (1915'19171,-Formed biy the con. oolidatio; of the First Savings Bank and the Ceatba Bank Hay 22, 1915; D. J. Herrn, President;i C. 11. Andres, cauhior. This inotitote.n eloood it, doom January 17, 0907. Moraris Plan Bt-tk of Jackoanville (1917-....),-Openel nor hool 0000 Jane 0, 1917, at No. nil Wg.¢navl Street Char' terosficers: C. P. Fendali. president; A, C. Camn and F. C Groover, vice-presidents; A. C. Martin. manager. Federal Rteserve Baok, Jacksonville Branch HH91-. -Jackeotoo;lle ovas designated for abranch of the Federal Reserve Bank May 31, 011. The local branch was opened Auguost, 191, on the third teaor of the Atlantic Natianal Bank Building; Ceorge B. Detcuoare manoger. It was later moved to the former barnleing room, of the Heard Na- tional Bank, and rm .and there until removal to it, awen building at the s.atoweat cor of Hogan and Church Streets, where it formnally opened June 13, 0914. Firat Statce Sank of Pablo (l921-)--naened for basi- neoa June 23,15921; L. A. Llama, president; L. C. Sharp and R1. C. Smeith, vice preoidentu; A. F. Piet cashier. Brotherhood State Bank for Saoinge (192-).- Opoled for bmoinles August 2, 1924, at the northeast corner nf Bay and Ocean Streets, with a capital of $21,000.  486 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 486 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE. FLORIDA 4m6 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA CHAPTER XXVIII HOTEL HISTORY BuMngton House It was not until late in the 1840's that Jacksonville could boast of a regular hotel. Oliver Wood built a hotel at the southwest corner of Adams and Newnan Streets, facing New- sal. It was called Wood's Hotel. Mr. Wood conducted it several years and then sold the property to Samuel Bulling- ton, who changed its name to the Buffington House. This was about 1851. The new owner built additions and made improvements until it became a house of nearly a hundred roas. It was a fashionable hotel and many prominent local people lived there. The Buffington House was burned in 1859, and was not rebuilt- There were two other hotels in Jacksonville as early as 1852, the Creepo House at the southeast corner of Adams and Ocean Streets, and the Coy House occupying the site of the old block house at the northeast corner of Monroe and Ocean Streets. These were much smaller than the Buflington, but they were classed as hotels then. The Cresapo burned and wao rebuilt, Judson Haose In 185. A. Judson Day, of Maine, came here and decided to erect a first-class hotel. He bought the west half of the block between Hogan and Julia Streets from Forsyth Street to the river from J. P. Sanderson for $3,000. Bringing me- chanies and builders down from Maine, he gave the contract for lumber to a local mill and set to work building the hotel. It was completed and opened in November, 1854. The Judson House, as it was named, was a three and a half story wooden building fronting 136 feet on Bay Street and extending back the same distance on Julia. There were 110 guest rooms, spacious parlors, and a dining room 80 feet in length. Broad piazzas were along the front of the first and second stories. The hotel complete and ready for business cost $125,000. It was burned March 11, 1862, by a mob of men whose identity never became known HOTEL HISTORY Buffington House It was not until late in the 1840's that Jacksonville could boast of a regular hotel. Oliver Wood built a hotel at the southwest corner of Adams and Newnan Streete,facing New- nan. It was caled Wood's Hotel. Mr. Wood conducted it several years and then sold the property to Samuel Bufling- ton, who changed its name to the Builington house. This was about 1851. The new owner built additions and made improvements until it became a house of nearly a hundred roos. Itwoa fashionablehotel and many prominent local people livivethere. The Buoongton House was burned in 1859, and was not rebu.it? Ther were two other hotels in Jacksonville as early as 1052, he Crepsp House at the sentheast corner of Adams and Ocean Streets, and the Coy House occupying the site of the old block hose at the northeast corner of Monurso and Ocean Streets. These were much smaller than the Bulllngton, but they were classed as hotels then. The Crespo burned and was rebuilt., Judson House In 1853, A. Judson Day, of Maine. came here and decided to erect a first-elass hotel. He bought the west half of the block between Hogan and Julia Streets from Forsyth Street to the river from J. P. Sanderoon for $3,000. Bringing me- chanics and builders down from Maine, he gave the contract for lumber to a local mill and set to work building the hotel. It was completed and opened in November, 1854. The Judson House, as it woo named, w a three and a half story wooden building fronting 136 feet on Bay Street and extending back the same distance on Julia. There were 110 guest roams, spacious parlors, and a dining room 80 feet in length, Broad pioazzs were along the front of the first and second stories. The hotel complete and ready for business cost $125,000. It was burned March 11, 1862. by a mob of men whose identity never became known. HOTEL HISTORY Bufington House It was not until late in the 1840's that Jacksonville could boast of a regular hotel. Oliver Wood built a hotel at the southwest corner of Adamasand Newnan Streets,facing New- nan. It was called Wood's Hotel. Mr. Wood conducted it several years and then sold the property to Samuel Builing- ton, who changed its name to the Buffington Hose. This was about 18L. The new owner built additions and made improvements until it became a house of nearly a hundred roome. It was a fashionable hotel and many prominent local people lived there. The Bufington House was burned in 1859, and was not rebuilt There were two other hotels in Jacksonville as early as 1852, the Crespo House at the southeast corner of Adams and Ocean Streets, and the Coy House occupying the site of the old black house at the northeast corner of Monroe and Ocean Streets. These were much smaller than the Butington, but they were classed as hotels then. The Creapo burned and was reb ilt. Judson House In 1853, A. Judson Day, of Maine, came here and decided to erect a first-class hotel. He bought the west half of the block between Mogan and Julia Streets from Forsyth Street to the river from J. P. Sanderson for $3,000. Bringing me- chanims and builders down from Maine, he gave the contract for lumber to s local mill and set to work building the hotel. Itwaseompletedandopenedin November,1854. The Judson Hrouse, as it was named, was a three and a half story wooden building fronting 136 feet on Bay Street and extending back the sams distanen Julia. There were 110 guest rooms, spacious parlors, and a dining room 80 feet in length. Broad piazzas were along the front of the first and second stories. The hotel complete and ready for business cost $125,000. It was burned March 11, 1862, by a mob of men whose identity never became known.   mV 6 E ,1 e 3 n m m t \. t t t ll . 3 ' ll ' It e H g. z JAW  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 487 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 487 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 487 St. Johns House With the destruction of the Judson House, Jacksonville was again without a regular hotel until at the close of the war in 1865, Mrs H. Hudnall built a two and a half story wooden structure o the north sideof Forsyth Street between Pine (Main) and Laura Streets. She named it the St. Johns House. This hotel had 40 guest rooms and a broad piazza along the front, The army officers stationed here made it their headquarters and this fact surrounded the place with military air.a Politicians congregated there, too, and doubt- less within its walls many of the political schemes of that day were hatched. This hotel was burned May 3, 1901, and was not rebuilt. St. James Hotel Capitalists from Boston and Pmphret, Conn., after look- ing the situation over here came to the conclusion that a large tourist hotel in Jacksonville would be a paying invest- ment. They bought the two lots on the west oide of Laura Street between Duval and Church Streets, paying $900 each forthem. Here they decided to build a hotel costing $30,000. The huilding was completed and opened to the public January 1 1869, This wt a wooden building three full stories and a fourth under a French roof. There were 120 guest rooms. Bot and cold baths were provided-an innovation ir that day; there were bowling alleys and a billiard room for the amusement of the guests. This building fronted 105 feet on Duval Street and extended along Laura 150 feet; in the rear fronting Church Street were the gardens.' The St, James iotel as dually completed was built in three units. in 1872 a brick addition three stories high was built toward Hogan Street, and to 1881 another wooden addi- tion four stories high was completed and the brick part in the center curried up another sory, so that now the whole was four stories and extended from Laura to Hogan Streets and had accommodations for 50 guests. The French roof onthe original unitwas removed. Wide promenades stretched along the entire front and a part of the sides of the first and second stories. During its lifetime, 1869-1901, the manage- ment of the St. James never changed, being continuously under the supervision of J. R. Campbell-I The whole strue-. St. Johns House With the destruction of the Judson lHouse. Jacksonville svas again without a regular hotel until at the close of the war in 1865, Mrs. E. Hudnall built a two and a half story wooden structure on the north sideof ForsythStreet between Pine (Main) and Laura Streets. She named it the St. Johns House, This hotel had 40 guest rooms and a broad piazm along the front> The army oficers stationed here made it their headquarters and this fact surrounded the place with a military air. Politicians congregated there, too, and doubt- less within its walls many of the political schemos of that day were hatched. This hotel was burned May 3, 1901, and was not rebuilt, St. James Hotel Capitalists from Boston and Pompbret, Cons., after look- ing the situation over bere came to the conclulion that a large tourist hotel in Jacksonville would be a paying invest- ment. They bought the two lots on the west side of Laura Street between Duval and Church Streets, paying $900 each forthem. Here they decided to hul dahotel rsting$30,000. The building was completed and opened to the public January 1, 1869. This was a wooden building three full stories and a fourth under a French roof. There were 120 guest rooms. Hot and cold baths were provided-an innovation in that day; there were bowling alleys and a billiard room for the amusement of the guests. This building fronted 105 feet on Duval Street and cxtaded along Laura 150 feet; in the rear fronting Church Street were the gardens,5 The St. James Hotel as finally completed was built in three units. In 1872 a brick addition three stories high was built toward Hogan Street, and in 1881 another wooden addi- tion four stories high was completed and the brick part in the center carried up another story, so that now the whole was four stories and extended from Laura to Hogan Streets and had accommodations for 500 guests. The French roof onthe original unitwas removed. Widepromenades stretched along the entire front and a part of the sides of the first and second stories. During its lifetime, 1869-1901, the manage- ment of the St. James never changed, being continuously under the supervision of J. R. Campbell> The whole stErc- St, Jobs House With the destruction of the Judson House, Jackaonville was again without a regular hotel until at the close of the war in 1865, Mrs. E. Hudnall built a two and a half story wooden structure on the north aideof Forsyth Street between Pine (Main) and Laura Streets, She named it the St. Johns House. This hotel had 40 guest rooms and a broad piazsa along the fronts The army ofieers stationed here made it their headquarters and this fact surrounded the place with a military air, Politicians congregated there, te, and doubt- less within its walls many of the political schemes of that day were hatched. This hotel was burned May 0, 1901, and was not rebuilt. St. James Hotel Capitalists from Boston and Pomphret, Conn., after look- ing the situation over here came to the conclusion that a large tourist hotel in Jacksonville would be a paying invest- ment They bought the two lots on the west side of Laura Street between Duval and Church Streets, paying $900 each for them. Here they decided to builda hotel costing $30,000. The building was completed and opened to the public January 1, 1869. This was a wooden building three full stories and a fourth under a French ,roof. There were 120 guest rooms. Hot and cold baths were provided-an innovation in that day ; there were bowling alleys and a billiard room for the amusement of the guests. This bulding fronted 105 feet on Duval Street and extended along Laura 150 feet ; in the rear fronting Church Street were the gSrden.. The St. James Hotel as finally completed was built in three units. In 1872 a brick addition three stores high was built toward Hogan Street, and in 1881 another wooden addi- tion four stories high was completed and the brick part in the renter carried up another story, so that new the whole was four stories and extended from Laura to Hogan Streets and had accommodations for 500 guests. The French roof onthe original unitwas removed. Wide promenades stretched along the entire front and a part of the sides of the first and second stories. During its lifetime, 1869-1901, the manage- ment of the St. James never changed, being continuously under the supervieion of J. R. Campbell." The whole atru-  m8 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 488 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 488 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA tare was destroyed in the fire of May 3, 1901, and was not rebuilt. Cohen's store naw occupies the site. The St. James grew to be the most fLoous hotel in the South and for a long time was the mecca of the wealthy tourist in Florida. Its fame was international; its registers carried the names of the prominent people of the time from the President of the United States down, with a sprinkling of dukes, counts and lesser dignitaries of Europe. Although a winter hotel, Jacksonville looked upon it as her own; here local society danced with famous personages from eIssy- where at the Saturday night hops; danced the ochottische, the polka, the tre waite and the reels-those beautiful, graceful dances that hke the St. James itself appear now to be a part of the past, The Everett In 1873 the Grand National was built on the nite of the old Judson House at the northeast corner of Bay and Julia Streets. When completed it was described as a mammoth pie of brick surmounted by a grand central clock tower from which a slew far and wide mold be obtained. The hotel con- tained 150 guest rooms. In front of it, across Bay Street, woasan attractive park extending to the river. The hotel did not prove a financial success and was allowed to run down until the failure of its proprietor resulted in its being closed for the period 1879-81, during which time it was seriously damaged by fire and became almost a wreck. In 1881 what was left of the property was purchased by Nathaniel Web- ster of Massachusetts, who repaired and refurnished it at a cost of $90,000 and renamed it The Everett. Mr. Webster conducted the hotel one year and then leased it to J. M. Lee of Madison, Wis. In 1885 Mr. Webster decided to enlarge the hotel and built a six-story addition on the Forsyth Street side at an approximoate coat of $100,000, On srder to carry out this improvement he borrowed $75,000 from the Penn Mutual Life Inrans Company and gave hack a mortgage. The mortgage resulted in considerable trouble and ended is a foreclosure sale on November 7,1898, to the Insurance Com- pany for the amount. The Penn Mutual sold the Bay Street side (now the Everett) to Harry Mason in November, and the Forsyth Street side (now the Aragon) to Dr. eel Mitchell in December, 1900; the published account stated ture was destroyed in the fire of May 3, 1901, and was not rebuilt. Cohen's store now occupies the site, The St. James grew to be the moat fLmos, hotel in the South and for a long time was the mecca of the wealthy tourist in Florida. Its foame was international; its registers carried the names of the prominent people of the time from the President of the United States down, with a sprinkling of dukes, counts and lesser dignitaries of Europe. Although a winter hotel, Jacksonville looked upon it as her own; here local society danced with famous personages from every- where at the Saturday night hops; danced the schottiscbe, the polka, the true waite and the reels-those beautiful, graceful dances that like the St. James itself appear now to be a part of the past. The Everett In 1873 the Grand National was built on the site of the old Judson House at the northeast corner of Bay and Julis Streets. When completed it was described as a mammoth pile of brick surmounted by a grand central clock tower from whichaview far and wide cold be obtained. The hotel con- tained 150 guest rooms. In front of it, across Bay Street, wa an attractive park extending to the river. The hotel did not prove a fnancial sccss and was allowed to ran down until the failure of its proprietor resulted in its being closed for the period 1879-81, during which time it was seriously damaged by fire and became almost a wreck. In 1881 what was left of the property was purchased by Nathaniel Web ster of Massachusetts, who repaired and refurnished it at a cost of $90,000 and renamed it The Everett. Mr. Webster conducted the hotel one year and then leased it to J. M. Lee of Madison, Wis. In 1885 Mr. Webster decided to enlarge the hotel and built a six-story addition on the Forsyth Street side at an approximate cast of $100,000. IN order to carry out this improvement he borrowed $75,000 from the Penn Mutual Life Insurance Company and gave back a mortgage. The mortgage resulted in considerable trouble and ended in a foreclosure sale on November 7,1898, to the Insurance Com- pany for the amount. The Penn Mutual sold the Bay Street side (now the Everett) to Harry Mason in November, and the Forsyth Street aide (now the Aragon) to Dr. Nel Mitchell in December, 1900; the published account stated ture was destroyed in the fire of May 3, 1901, and was not rebuilt. Cohen's store now occupies the site. The St. James grew to be the most famous hotel in the South and for a long time was the mcca of the wealthy tourist in Florida. Its fame was international; its registers carried the names of the prominent people of the time from the President of the United States down, with a sprinkling of dukes, counts and lesser dignitaries of Europe. Although a winter hotel, Jacksenville looked upon it as her ewn ; here local society danced with famous personages from every- where at the Saturday night hops; danced the achottische, the polka, the true walte and the reela-those beautiful, graceful dances that like the St. James itself appear now to be a part of the past. The Everett In 1873 the Grand National was built on the site of the old Judsn House at the northeast corner of Bay and Julia Streets. When completed it was described as a mammoth pile of brick surmounted by a grand central clock tower from whichaview far and wide could be obtained. The hotel con- tained 150 guest rooms. In front of it, across Bay Street, was an attractive park extending to the river. The hotel did not prove a finanal success and was allowed to run down until the failure of its proprietor resulted in its being closed for the period 1879-81, during which time it was seriously damaged by fire and became almost a wreck. In 1881 what was left of the property was purchased by Nathaniel Web- ster of Massachusetta, who repaired and refurnished it at a cast of $90,000 and renamed it The Everett. Mr. Webster conducted the hotel one year and then leased it to J. M. Lee of Madison, Wis. In 1885 Mr. Webster decided to enlarge the hotel and built a ix-story addition on the Forsyth Street side at an approximate cost of $100,000. In order to carry ot this improvement he borrowed $75,000 from the Penn Mutual Life Insurance Company and gave back a mortgage. The mortgage resulted in considerable trouble and ended in a foreclosure sale an November 7, 1898, to the Insurance Com- pany for the amount. The Penn Mutual sold the Bay Street side (on the Everett) to Harry Mason in November, and the Forsyth Street side (now the Aragon) to Dr. Neal Mitchell in December, 1900; the published account stated  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 489 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 489 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 89 that the price paid by Dr. Mitchell was $30,000. This prop- erty was not burned in the fire of 1901, and the Everett and the Aragon are still a part of Jacksonville. Duval Hotel The Nichols House, a three-story brick hotel, was built by W. M. Nichols at the northwest corner of Hogan and Forsyth Streets in 1875 at a cost of $63,000. It was conducted for several years by the owner, who then sold it to J. S. Turner. Mr. Turner leased the property to General B. Lewis, who renamed it Duval Hotel. In 1885 improvements costing $20,000 were made to the property. The Duval Hotel was burned March 15, 1892, at 1:00 a. m., all of the guests escap- ing without injury. In the following year the present Duval Hotel was built for the management of Dodge & Collins; they opened the new hotel December 11, 1893. This building was not burned in the fre of May 2, 1901. It oceupies the most historic spot in Jacksonville, for it stands partly on the site of the log-cabin home of L. Z. Hogans, the first house built within the limits of old Jacksonville. Windsor Hotel,' The Windsor was originally a three-etory wooden atrunc- tare occupying the full lot at the northwest corner of Hagan and Monroe Streets, built in 1875 by Scott & Moore. They conducted it during the first season and then sold it to Dr. N. B. Wolfe of Cincinnati, who died in possession, the prop- erty desnending to his daughter, Mrs. Van Ilaym, who sold to Dodge & Collins in April, 1897, as published, for $75,000, notwithstanding the fact that the property had been greatly enlarged and represented a total outlay of $250,000, In the original Windsor of 1875 the guest rooms were on the two upper flooro. On the first floor were located the sfres, ante.-room, parmorr, and dining rooms, together with a number of large sleeping apartments. In 1085 the hotel was enlarged by an addition extending along Hogan Street to Duval, which increased its capacity to 200 guests,. It was then a three-atory wooden building fronting 210 feet on Hogan Street and extending back 105 feet. Prior to 1897 other enlargements were made s that when Dodge & Cullins bought the property the hotel fronted 210 feet on Hogan, that the price paid by Dr. Mitchell was $30,000. This prop- erty was not burned in the fire of 1901, and the Everett and the Aragon are still a part of Jacksonville. Duval Hotel, The Nichols House, a three-story brick hotel, was built by W, M. Nichols at the northwest corner of Hogan and Forsyth Streets in 1875 at a ct of $63,000. It was conducted for several years by the owner, who then sold it to J. S. Turner, Mr. Turner leased the property to General H. Lewis, who reaamed it Duval Hotel. In 1885 improvements costing $26,000 were made to the property. The Duval Hotel was burned March 15, 1892, at 1:30 a. an., all of the guests escap- ing without injury. In the following year the present Duval Hotel was built for the management of Dodge & Cullins; they opened the new hotel December 11, 1893. This building was not burned in the fire of May 3, 1901. It occupies the most historic spot i Jaeckaonville, for it stand partly on the site of the log-cabin home of L. Z. Hogans, the first house built within the limits of old Jacksonville. Windsor Hotel.' The Windsor was originally a three-story wooden struc- ture occupying the full lot at the northwest corner of Hogan and Monroe Streets, built in 1875 by Scott & Moore. They conducted it during the first season and then sold it to Dr. N. B. Wolfe of Cincinnati, who died in passession, the prop- erty descending to his daughter, Mrs. Van Hamm, who sold to Dodge & Cullins in April, 1897 as published, for $75,000, notwithstanding the fact that the property had been greatly enlarged and represented a total outlay of $250,000. In the original Windsor of 1875 the guest rooms were on the two upper floors. On the first floor were located the oflces, ante-ros, parlors, and diniag rooms, together with a number of large sleeping apartments. In 1508 the hotel wan enlarged by an addition extending along Hgan Street to Duval, which increased its capacity to 200 guests. It was then a threetory wooden building fronting 210 feet on Hogan Street and extending back 105 feet. Frior to 1897 other enlargements were made so that when Dodge & Cullins bought the property the hotel fronted 210 feet on Hogan, that the price paid by Dr. Mitchell was $30,000. This prop- erty was not burned in the ire of 19, and the Everett and the Aragot are still a part of Jacksonville. Duval Hotels The Nichols House, a three-story brick hotel, was built by W. M. Nichols at the northwest corner of HOgan and Forsyth Streets in 1875 at a cost of $63,000. It was conducted for several years by the owner, who then sold it to J. 5. Turner. Mr. Turner leased the property to General B. Lewis, who renamed it Duval Hotel, Iu 1885 improvem nts costing $25,000 were made to the property. The Duval Hotel was barned March 15, 1892, at 1:80 a. m., all of the guests esap- cog without injury. In the following year the present Duval Hotel was built for the management of Dodge & Collins; they opened the new hotel December 11, 1893. This building was not burned in the fire of May 3, 1901 It ocpies the most historic spot in Jacksonville, for it stands partly on the site of the log-cabin home of L. Z. Hogans, the first house built within the limits of old Jacksonville, Windsor Hotel.- The Windsor was originally a three-story wooden strut- ture occupying the full lot at the northwest corner of Hogan and Monroe Streets, built in 1875 by Scott & Moore. They conducted it during the first season and then sold it to Dr, N. B. Wolfe of Cincinnati, who died in possession, the prop- erty descending to his daughter, Mrs. Van Hamm, who sold to Dodge & Cullins in April, 1897, as published, for $75,000, notwithstanding the fact that the property had been greatly enlarged and represented a total outlay of $250,000. In the original Windsor of 1875 the guest rooms were on the two upper loors. On the first floor were located the offces ante-rooms parlors, and dining rooms, together with a number of large sleeping apartments. In 1885 the hotel was enlarged by an addition extending along Hogan Street to Duval, which increased its capacity to 200 guesta. It was then a three-story wooden building fronting 210 feet on Hogan Street and extending back 105 feet. Prior to 1897 other enlargements were made so that when Dodge & Cullns bought the property the hotel fronted 210 feet on Hogan,  490 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 490 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 490 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 210 feet on Monroe, 315 an Dunv d 52 on Julia, with accm- 210 feet on Monroe, 315on Duval and 62 on Julia, with accm 210 feet on Monre, 315 on Duval and 52 on Julia, with ma. modations for 450 guests. This enormous structure was burned in the fire of May 3, 1901. The present beautiful Windsor Hotel was built by Dodge & Collins in replacement of the one destroyed by the fre. It wos started in August, 1901, and completed and formally opened to the public February 15, 1902. Ito otyle of architec- ture is Spanish Renaissance. The Windsor was the only large hotel destroyed by the fre that was rebuilt ; and it was the last built in Jacksonville upon the old plan of covering a large area instead of conserving ground space and building upward. It is a brick, stone and oteel structure, divided into sections by lire walls. The building covers the entire block and ha accommodations for 500 guests." Carleton Hoteld In 1875 a party of gentlemen, E. C. Stimpson, George A. Devnell and others, returning to their homes in Haverhill, Mass., from a trip to California, stopped in Jacksonville for awhile. Messrs. Stimpson and Devnell saw an oportity here foryet another first-claass hotel. Theyboughtthenarth- west corner of Bay and Market Streets, 137 feet on Bay and 105 on Market, for $8,600, and on this site they built the Carleton Hotel. Work was commenced in March, 1876. Face brick wore brought down from Ncw Hampshire and sash, doOrs and blinds from Haverhill. The hotel was completed and opened to the public November 20, 1870. It was four stories in height, contained 105 guest rooms, and cost $90,000, and with the furnishings represented an outlay of $125,000. The hotel was named in honor of James H. Carleton, a prom- inent citizen of Haverhill. For a long time the Carleton was one of Florida's famous hotels and its history is inseparably linked with that of Jack- sonvilie of former days. In 1889 the property was leased to A. W. Deter; it was sold to A. J. Michenor in 1891. and resold to J. M. Diven in 1894. Diven spent $25,000 in refurnishing the hotel. After this the property was again sold and the name changed to United States Hotel. To the people of Jack- sonville, however, it will always be known as the Carleton. The hotel was burned in the fire of May 8, 1901, and was not rebuilt. modations for 450 guests. This enormous structure was burned to the fire of May 3, 1901. The present beautiful Windsor Hotel was built by Dodge & Collins in replaement of the one destroyed by the fire. It was started in August, 1901, and completed and formally sopened to the public February 15, 1902. Its style of architec- ture is Spanish Renaissance. The Windsor was the only large hotel destroyed by the fire that was rebuilt ; and it was the last built in Jacksonville upon the old plan of covering a large area instead of conserving ground space and building upward. It is a brick, stone and steel structure, divided into sections by fire walls. The building coverns the entire block and has accommodations for 500 guests> Carleton Hotel In 1875 a party of gentlemen, E. C. Stimpson, George A. Devnell and others, returning to their homes in Haverhill. Mas,., from a trip to California, otopped in Jacksonville for awhile. Messrs. Stimpson and Devnell saw an opportunity here foryet another first-class hotel. They bought the north- west cone of Bay and Market Streets, 137 feet oan Bay and 105 on Market, for $8,600, and on this site they built the Carleton Hotel. Work was commncedin March, 1876. Face briek were brought down from New Hampshire and sash, doors and blinds from Haverhill. The hotel was completed and opened to the public November 20, 1876. It was four oroies in heigbt, contained 105 guest rooms,and cost $90,000. and with the furnishings represented an outlay of $125,000. The hotel was named in honor of James H. Carleton, a prom- inent citizen of Haverhill. For a long time the Carleton was one of Florida's famous hotels and its history is inseparably linked with that of Jack- ole of former days. In 18lh the property was leased to A. W. Deiterl it was sold to A. J. Michenor in 1891, and resold to J. M. Diven in 1894. Diven spent $25,000 in refurnishing the hotel. After this the property was again sold and the name changed to United States Iotel. To the people of Jack- nville, howeer, it will always be known as the Carleton. The hotel was burned in the ire of May 3, 1901, and was not rebuilt. modations for 450 guests. This termoun structure was burned in the fire of May 3, 1901. The present beautiful Windsor Hotel wasi built by Dodge & Cullis in replacement of the one destroyed by the fire. It was started in August, 1901, and completed and formally opened to the public February 15, 1902. Ito style of architee- ture is Spanish Renaissance The Windsor was the only large hotel destroyed by the fire that was rebuilt; and it was the last built in Jacksonville upon the old plan of covering a large area instead of conserving ground space and building upward. It is a brick, stone and steel structure, divided into sections by &re walls. The building covers the entire block and has accommodntions for 500 guestar Carleton lotel In 1875 a party of gentlemen, E. C. Stimpoon, George A. Devnell and others, returning to their homes in Haverhill. Mass., from a trip to California, stopped in Jacksonville for awhile. Messrs. Stimpson and Devnell saw an opportunity hereforyetanother frst-clna hotel Theyboughtthenorth- weot corner of Bay and Market Streets, 137 feet on Bay and 101 on Market, for 08,000, and on this site they built the Carleton oteL Work was commenced in March, 1876. Face brick were brought down from New Hampshire nd asas. doors and blindo fron Ic averhill. The hotel was completed and opened to the public November 20, 1870. It was four atories in height, contained 105 guest rooms, and cost $90,000, and with the furnishings ropresented an outlay of $325,000. The hotel was named in honor of James H. Carleton, a prom. inent ci izen of Haverhill For a long time the Carleton was one of Florida's famous hotels and its history is inseparably linked with that of Jack- nville of form medays. In 1080 the property was leased to A. W. Deiter; it was sold to A. J. Michenor in 189, and resld to J. M. Diven in 1894. iDiven spent $11.00 in refurnishing the hotel. After this the property was again sold and the name chanced to United States Hotel. To the people of Jack- sonville, however, it will always be known as the Carleton. The hotel was burned in the fire of May 3, 1901, and was not rehuilt  HSORY OF JACKSONVLLE, FLORDA 491 HITOR OF JACKSONVXLLE FLORIA a HIST0R? OF JACKSONILL, FLORID a9 Tourist Days In Jaelessdsville0 In the palnmy tourist days of 187686, when Jacksonville was known no the "Witer City in Surnmeylasd", the names "St. James". "Carleton". "Windsor', wer widely knoewn throughout the North and Est, for they were popular hotels and enjoyed as lucrative buness in the winter-time. It used to he the cuatorn of the locam papers to psblioh at the uloe of the wintoer oetso, the numbter of win ter visitors to Jarlenen- vills, compiled from the registers of the hotels and the large transient boardistehouses. The record for this eriod was a follows: 1882-83........... ......... ... ...139,810 183-8S ............................ 48,8 1884-85... ..................... 6,011 1880586. ......................... 65,193 1886-87............................ 68,460 Tlee fulgost-s in the siser, sl 1886-87 weas dae 55 the ."es. pee o l~y Colifesots to daee the nuonsa fersa ylorid, re that Slate, In aw-set shish lbs Shb-Teopina lCap sin xese.od. The guets of the large hotels were seldom seen an the stroes't before ten oe'clock in the mourning. Breakfast over, they turned toward Bay Street for shopping and aprmenade from the Eoerett to the Carleton, a distance of half a mile. Dluring these meorning hourn of the winter oe met onthse sireeto of Jackonville poole from every Northern and West- Sen State as well as nmany, Southeners and titled pernonageo fsrnm fore ig go nti. The bazaars, curio ohops, and steres which lined Bay Street were thronged with well-dtessed people en pleasure bnot. Rtepresentaotives of the New York and London society slabs, moey kings, literary relebties, dowagero and their doaotio, beridal cotoslen. asid Boheesians jootled on ather in their rond of pleasure Fress three to floe is the afternoon the scene wona repealed Ie the evenng life en the street won traesferred to the hotels, where good music by bands and faoes orchsotras invited the dance. Life at large hotels dorngr the wintr season was arond of pleasure an d fasoination, for every facility was provided for the en- joyment of thsevisitors. Fsr the convenience of foreignoers Tesr Days in Jackmmadki In the palmy tourist daya of 1876-S6, when Jacksonville was known no the "Winter City is Summerlsn&., the namaes 'St James', "Carleton", "Windsor, were widely known throughout the North and East, for they wee popular hotels and enjoyed alucrative boosines in tht winter-time. It used to be the eatern of the locanl papers to publish at the close of the winter season the number of win ter vioitrs to ackson- viub, compiled from the registers of the hoteels and the large transent boarding heuns. The recoddfor thin peledwanas follows: 1882-83 ..... .................... 398109 1884-85 ............ _........._ 60,01 1880-86 .......................... 66,198 1886-87 ............ ._....._...... Mond0 'The Sogole-of talk thiwer of Donor?7 wse dee to Do5 soperen, aes he Calfooaso alee ths tous.t fesm Fisrids Ns that Stoe, ts sf-t whisch Oihs SshTplml Bnes- sisio rase peudoovi. The gumins of the large hotels wore seldom seen on ths streeto before ten o'clock ins the morning. Breakfast aver, they turned toward Bay Street foe shopping and a promenade from the Everett to the Carleton, a distance of half a mile. Duarintg tiocc courning hoar, of the winter one met on the otreele of Jacksonville people from every Northern nod West- en State as well an mere3 Southernero, and titled peronages from foreignscounstre. The bazaats, curio shopn, and stores which lined Bay Street were thronged with well-dressed people en pleasure bent. Rep~resentatives of thte New York and London society clIs, oneyr kines. literary celobrities, dowageres sod their daughters, bridal couples, and Bohemins tootled on atnother to their rotund of ple-asure. From three to five in the afternoon the scene was repeated. In tius evening life on the street was trasferred to the hotels, where good music byhbandsoand famous ochestras invited the dance. Life at large hoedi doting the winie season wa a round of pieasre aod fasninatios, for every facility was provided for the en- joyment of the vinitors. Far the esovenience of forigsiner Tourist Days in Jaceonsvrles in the palmy tortst dayn of 1876-86, when Jscksonville asknown no the "inter City in Sumercond", the names "St. James, "Carleton', "Windsor", wer widely known throughout the North and East, for they wore popslor hotels nd enjoyed aslucrative businens in the winter-time. Btused to be the costom of the local papers to publish at the claoe of the win tor sesson the number of wineter visitors to Jackson- vIbe, comptiled from the cristed of the hoes and the large transient boarding heuses. Therecord for thispaedwas as follows: 1882-83.................. 39,810 1883-84............................ 482869 1884-85 ....----...................--60,011 1886-86................. ...... ...08,193 1886-87--------------------------..6.05,40 eTh eolo, -A is ths siter o sf064 ens don to 1hs sapi n pe by h Califria, os aet ese t Ooist fees, Oloit so that dretao swofeaet okthie Oh, nepiosle nopw' nities war prodased. The gucots of the large hotels w ee seldom seen an Ohs streets before ten o'clock to the morning. Breakfast aver, they turned toward Boy Street for esoppigaodsa promenade fromo the E'erett t, the Carleton, a distance of half a mile, Dur-ingthesmrighoursof thoewister ene met on the stret of Jacksonville people froms every Northrnp sod West. en State as welli as mny Samheroeio asd titled peronagen frum f oreigo countries. The beosaro, curio shops, antd stores which lined Bay Street were thronged with well-dressed people en pleasure bent. Reopresentatives of the New York and Load on society daubs, mosey kingo, literary celbsrities, dowages and their daughters, bridal couples, and Bohemian, jostled se another ho their round of pleasure From three to fine in the afteresten the scene wets epented. Ce the evening life on th tetwstruesferred to the hotel, where good msic by bonds and famous ohetras invited else dances. Life at large hotels dating the winter osasos was around of pleasure anod fascination,- for every facility woe provided for the en- joyment of the visitorn. Far the convenience of foreigners  492 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FWRDA 492 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 492 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA who did not understand English well the hotels, particularly the Carleton, employed a special corpe of waiters that could speak the principal foreign langages. Seminole Hod, Ten stories in height, the Seminole at the southeast corner of Forsyth and Hogan Streets is the pioneer "skyscraper hotel of Jacksonville. Built for the Florida Hotel Company, of which R. R. Meyer was president, the hotel was completed and opened to the public January 1,1910. The Seminole pre- sents a pleasing combination of grey granite, grey cut atone, and buff pressed brick, with carved panel decorationsa typify- ing its Indian name. In the lobby and connecting entrances the floors are laid in marble mosaic, while the walls are trimmed with white Alabama marble. The hotel has two dining rooms, the "Indian Room" opening off the rotunda being a popular place. The tenth floor was designed for con- ventions and large entertainments. There are 250 guest rooms. The Seminole has played an important part in the social life of the city and is popular with the clubs and societies of Jaconville as a place for luncheon meetings. Mason Hotel The Mason I a steel, granite and red tapestry brick struc- ture of 11 stories, French Renaissance in style; located on the northwest comer of Bay and Julia Streets, it dominates the sky-line in that section of the city, its dining room on the 11th floor furnishing an unobstructed and beautiful view of the St. Johns River for many miles. The building rests on concrete caissons anchored on bed-rock, and is fire and wind- proof. The lobby is finished in coen stone and mosaic tile upon which the skylight between the wings sheds an attra- tive mellow glow. The Mason was built for George H. Mason in 1912 at a cost, including furnishings and equipment, of approximately a million dollars. There are 250 guest rooms. all with private baths. The hotel was opened to the public December 31, 1913; it is one of Jackesonville's most popular hotels. who did not understand English well the hotels, particularly the Carleton, employed a special corps of waiters that could speak the principal foreign languages. Seminole Hotel, Ten stories inheight, the Seminoleat the southeast corner of Forsyth and Hogan Streets is the pioneer "skyscraper" hotel of Jacksonville. Built for the Florida Hotel Company, of which R. R. Meyer was president, the hotel was completed and opened to the public January 1,1910. The Seminole pre- sents a pleasing combination of grey granite, grey cut stone, and buff pressed brick, with carved panel decorations typify- ing its Indian name. In the lobby and connecting entrances the floors are laid in marble mosaic, while the walls are trimmed with white Alabama marble. The hotel has two dining rooms, the "Indian Room" opening off the rotunda being a popular place. The tenth Door was designed for con- ventions and large entertainments. There are 250 guest rooms, The Seminole has played an important part in the social life of the city and Is popular with the clubs and socleties of Jacksonville as a place for luncheon meetings., Mason Hotels The Mason is a steel, granite and red tapestry brick strac. ture of 11 atories, French Renaissance in style; located on the northwest comer of Bay and Julia Streets, it dominates the sky-line in that section of the city, its dining room on the 11th floor furnishing an unobstructed and beautiful view ofthe t Johns River for many miles. Thebouilding restson concrete caissons anchored en bed-rock, and is fire and wind- proof. The lobby is finished in caen stone and moaaic tile upon which the skylight between the wings sheds an attrac, tive mellow glow. The Mason was built for George H. Mason In 1913 at a cost, including furnishings and equipment, of approximately a million dollars. Thereare 250 guest rooms, all with private baths. The hotel was opened to the public December 31, 1913; it is one of Jacksonville's most popular hotels. who did net understand English well the hotes, particularly the Carleton, employed a special corps of waiters that could speak the principal foreign languages. Seminoe Hople, Ten stories in height, the Seminoleat the southeast Corner of Forsyth and Hogan Streets is the pioneer "skyscraper" hotel of Jacksonville. Built for the Florida Hotel Company, of which R. R. Meyer was president, the hotel was completed and opened to the public January 1,1910. The Seminole pre- sents a pleasing combination of grey granite, grey cut stone, and buff pressed brick, with carved panel decorations typify- ing its Indian name. In the lobby and connecting entrances the floors are laid in marble mosaic, while the walls are trimmed with white Alabama marble. The hotel has two dining rooms, the "Indian Room" opening off the rotunda being a popular place. The tenth foor was designed for con- ventions and large entertainments. There are 250 guest rooms. The Seminole has played an important part in the social life of the city and is popular with the clubs and societies of Jackeonville as a place for luncheon meetings. Mason Hoteld The Mason is a steel, granite and red tapestry brick struc- ture of 11 stories, French Renaissance in style; located no the northwest comer of Bay and Julia Streets, it dominates the sky-line in that section of the city, its dining room on the 11th floor furnishing an unobstneted and beautiful view of the St. Johns River for manymiles. The building rests on concrete caissons anchored on bed-rock, and is fire and wind- proof. The lobby is finished in caen stone and mosaic tile upon which the skylight between the wings sheds an aitrac- tivamellowglow. The Masonwas builtfor George H. Mason In 1913 at a cost, including furnishings and equipment, of approximately a million dollars. There are 210 guest rooms, all with private baths. The hotel was opened to the public December 31, 1913; it is one of Jacksonville's most popular hotels.  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 493 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 49 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 49 Burbridge Hotel. The Burbridge at the northeast corner of Forsyth and Clay Streets is a fireproof building of stone, concrete and buff-colored brick. It is seven stories high. The lobby is large and attractive, being finished in red and white tile with wainscoting of white Alabama marble and ceilings of stuco, There are 175 guest rooms each with a private bath. The hotel was opened to the public under the management of W. P. Kenney December 29, 1911. The Burbridge is a favorite with traveling men; and sportsmen find a delight in the lobby decorations--trophies of Bon Burbridge brought hack from Alaska and from several trips to the African wild. Resort Hotels Murray Hall Hotel at Pablo Beach The Murray Hal was built in 1886 by John G. Christopher of Jacksonville, at a cost, including furmnhings and equip- ment, of about $150,000. Though not entirely completed it was thrown open during the encampment of State troops at Pablo July 5-10, 1886. This was a large frame hotel, the ain portion and wings being three steries, with atower-like sectionofsixstoriesinfront, Anumberofsecondarytowers and look-outs gave it the appearance of an exhibition build- ing, especially when all of its flags were flying. Piazzas 15 feet wide extended along the front on all floors. The hotel was provided with steam heat and besiden had 58 open fire places, for it was designed as a year-round hotel. It was lighted throughout by electricity froin its own plant and had artesian water from its own wells. The grounds were elab- orately landscaped. The accommodations were for 200 guest. Murray Hall gained the reputation of being the moast attractive aeside resort hotel on the South Atlantic coast. About midnight of August 7, 1890, fire was discovered in the boiler room and despite every effort to put it out the building was consumed, together with the pavilion, pagodan and bulkheads. It was a total loss to its owner as there was practically no insurance on the property. C. H. French managed Murray Hall the first season; J. G. Christopher the following three seasons, and J. R. Campbell of the St. James Hotel in Jacksonville the season of the fire. Burbridge HotelU The Burbridge at the northeast corner of Forsyth and Clay Streets is a fireproof building of stone, concrete and but-colored brick. It is seven stories high. The lobby is large and attractive, being finished in red and white tile with wainoting of white Alabama marble and ceilings of stucco. Therea 175 guest rooms each with a private bath, The hotel was opened to the public under the management of W. P. Keiney December 29, 1911. The Burbridge is a favorite with traveling men; and sportsmen find a delight in the lobby decorations-trophies of Ben Burbridge brought back from Alacka and from several trips to the African wild. Resort Hotels Murray Hall Hotel at Pablo Beach' The Murray Hall was built in 1886 by John G. Christopher of Jacksonville, at a cat, including furnishings and equip- ment, of about $150,000. Though net entirely completed it wa thrown open during the encampment of State tropos at Pablo July 1-10, 1886. This was a large frame hotel, the main portion and wings being three stories, with a tower-likoe sectionof ixstories infront. Anumberofsecondarytowers and look-oute gave it the appearance of an exhibition build- ing, especially when all of its fags were flying. Pianos 15 feet wide extended along the front on all floors. The hotel was provided with steam heat and besides had 58 open fire places, for it was designed as a year-round hotel. It was lighted throughout by electricity fromn its own plant and had artesian water from its own wells. The grounds were elab- orately landscaped. The accomosnedations were for 200 guests. Murray Hall gained the reputation of being the moat attractive seaside resort hotel on the South Atlantic coast. About midnight of August 7, 1890, fire was discovered in the boiler room and despite every effort to put it out the building was consumed, together with the pavilion, pagodas and bulkheads. It was a total loss to its owner as there was practically no insurance on the property. C. H. French managed Murray Mall the frst season1 J. G. Cb ristopher the following three seasons, and J. R. Campbell of the St. James Hotel in Jacksonville the season of the fire. Burhridge Hotel. The Burbridge at the northeast corner of Forsyth and Clay Streets is a fireproaf building of stone, concrete and buft-colored brick. It is seven stories high. The lobby is large and attractive, being finished in red and white tile with wainscoting of white Alabama marble and ceilings of stcco. There are 175 guest rooms each with a private bath. The hotel was opened to the public under the management of W. P. Kenney December 29, 1911. The Burbridge is a favorite with traveling men; and sportsmen find a delight in the lobby decorations-trophies of Ben Burbridge brought back from Alaska and from several trips to the African wild Resort Hotels Murray Hall Hotel at Pablo Beackd The Murray Hall wm built in 1886 by John G. Christopher of Jacksonville, at a cost, including furnishings and equip- ment, of about $150,000. Thongh not entirely completed it was thrown open during the encampment of State troops at Pablo July 5-10, 1886. This was a large frame hotel, the main portion and wings being three storis, with a tower-like sectiono six stories in front. A numberof secondary towers and look-outs gave it the appearance of as exhibition build- ing, especially when all of its flags were flying. Piazzas 15 feet wide extended along the front on all floors. The hotel was provided with steam heat and besides bad 58 open fire- places, for it was designed as a year-round hotel. It was lighted throughout by electricity from its own plant and bad artesian water from its own wells. The grounds were elab- orately landscaped. The accommodations were for 200 guests. Murray Hall gained the reputation of being the mint attractive seaside resort hotel on the South Atlantic coast. About midnight of August 7, 1890, fire was discovered in the boiler room and despite every effort to put it out the building was consumed, together with the pavilion, pagodas and bulkheads. It was a total loss to its owner as there was practically no ineurance on the property. C. H. French managed Murray Hall the first season; J. G. Christopher the following three seasons, and J. R. Campbell of the St. James Hotel in Jacksonville the season of the fire.  494 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 494 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 494 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA Continental at Atlantic Beacha The Continental was built by the Florida East Coast Hotel Company (blagler interests) and opened its first season June ], 1901, This was an immense wooden structure 447 feethin length by 47 feet wide. The central rotunda was six stories in height; from the rotunda on each side north and south were two four-story wings at the extremity of which was a "T" of five stories. Detached 20 feet from the main building was a covered promenade 16 feet wide along the entire ocean front (east side), southern and western sides, with a total length of ,100 feet. There were 186 aleeping apartments (afterward increased to 220) and 56 baths. The dining room had a capacity for 30 peopleatatime. The Continental was painted a colonial yellow, with green blinds, and occupying an donated site it was animposing object visiblefor siles. This was ne of the chain ofFlorida east coast hotels. It was burnedto the ground September 20, 199,sjustaftersndown, The alueof the property at that tim ewasstatedasi300,000. In February, 1911, the Continental was leased by the F. E. C. Hotel Company to A. S. Stanford, representing the American Resort Hotel Co., for a term often years, In May, 1913, the hotel and all of the land northward to the south jetty, approximately 4,000 acres, was purchased from the F. E. C. Hotel Co., by E. R. Bracket and a party of New York capitalists, who formed the Atlantic Beach Corporation and renamed the hotel Atlantic Beach Hotel. The hotel property was sold at public auction ay 7, 1917, and was bought in by the F, E. C. Hotel Co. for $167,000. In November, 1917, the property was leased to W. H. Adams, About 1880, many Jacksonville residents had summer cot- tages along the ricer between Mayport and what is now the south jetty ; and Fort George Island on the north side was a popular resort with two hotels-one on the beach and the other facing the river inside the north jetty. These hotels were popular with tourists and the travel became so heavy that the side-wheel steamer Water Lily, which was on the con to Ft. George Island, could not handle the crowds. It was then that the fast propelersteamer, sate Spencer, was built for this service; she made two trips daily in the winter- time and was always crowded with visitsa. Withthe build- gof the railroads southward Fort George Island as atourist Continental at Atlantic Beach' The Continental was built by the Florida East Coast Hotel Company (Flagler interests) and opened its first season June 1, 1901. This was an immense wsoden structure 447 feet in length by 47 feet wide. The central rotunda was six stories in height ; from the rotunda on each side north and south were two four-story wings at the extremity of which was a "T" of five stories. Detached 20 feet from the smain building was a covered promenade 16 feet wide along the entire cean- front (ast side), southern and wentern sides, with a total length of 1,100 feet. There were 186 sleeping apartments (afterward increased to 220) and 56 baths. The dining room hadarapacityfor350peopleatatime. The Cotinentalwas painted a colonial yellow, with green blinds, and occupying an elevated site it wasanimposing object visiblefor miles. This was one of the chain of Florida east coast hetels. It was burned to the ground September 20, 1919,just after undown. The valuesf the property at thoattine was stated as 6800,000. In February, 1911, the Continental was leased by the F. E. C. Hotel Company to A. S. Stanford, representing the American Resort Hotel Co., fora term of ten years. In May, 1913, the hotel and all of the land northward to the south jetty, approximately 4,000 acres, was purchased from the F. E. C. Hotel Co., by E. R. Bracket and a party of New York capitalists, who formed the Atlantic Beach Corporation and renamed the hotel Atlantic Beach Hotel, The hotel property was sold at public auction May 7,1917, and was bought in by the F. E. C. Hotel Co. for $167,000. In November, 1917, the property was leased to W. H. Adams. About 1880, many Jacksonville residents had summer cot- tages along the river between Mayport and what is now the south jetty; and Fort George Island on the north side was a popular resort with tos hotelone on the beach and the other facing the river inside the north jetty. These hotels were popular with tourists and the travel became so heavy that the side-wheel steamer Water Lily, which was on the run to Ft. George Island, could nrt handle the crowds. It was then that the fast propeller-steamer, Sate Spencer, was built for this service; she made two trips daily in the winter- tinme and wasalways crowded with visitsct Withthe build- ingoftherailroadssouthward FortGeorgelslandasa tourist Continental at Atlantic Beach The Continental was built by the Florida East Coast Hotel Company (Flagler interests) and opened its first season June 1, 1901. This was an immense wooden structure 447 feet in length by 47 feet wide. The cntral rotunda was six stories in height; from the rotunda on each side north and south were two four-story wings at the extremity of which was a "T" of five stories. Detached 20 feet from the main building wasacovered promenade 16 feet wide along the entire ocean- front (east side), southern and western aides, with a total length of 1,100 feet. There were 186 sleeping apartments (afterward increased to 220) and 56 baths. The dining room had a capacity for 350 people ata time. The Continental was painted a coleonal yellow, with green blinds, and occupying an elevated site it wasan imposing object visiblefor miles. This was one of the chain of Florida mat coast hotels. It was burnedto the ground September 20, 1919,justafter sundow. The valeof the property at thattime was stated as 6300,000. In February, 1911, the Continental was leased by the F. E. C. Hotel Company to A. S. Stanford, representing the American Resort Hotel Co., fora term often years. In May, 1913, the hotel and all of the land northward to the south jetty, approximately 4,000 acres, was purchased from the F. E. C. Hotel Co., by E. R. Bracket and a party of New York capitalists, who formed the Atlantic Beach Corporation and renamed the hotel Atlantic Beach Hotel. The hotel property was sold at public auction May 7, 1917, and was bought in by the F. E. C. Hotel Co, for $107,000. In November, 1917, the property was leased to W. H. Adams. About 1880, many Jacksonville residents had summer col- lages along the river between Mayport and what is now the south jetty ; and Fort George Island on the nrth side was a popular resort with two hotels-one on the beach and the other facing the river inside the north jetty. These hotels were popular with tourists and the travel became o heavy that the side-wheel steamer Water Lily, which was on the run to Ft. George Island, could not handle the crowds, It was then that the fast propeller-steamer, Sate Spencer, was but for this service; she made two tries daily in the winter- time and was always crowdedwith visitors With the build- ingof the railroadssouthward Fort George Island as a tourist  HISTORY OF .JACKSOSNVILLE', FLORIDA 493 resort began to decline, the crest of the torist travel moving en ts the fronatier of eae tranaeoraotion. The hotes on Ft. Gearg. Island eve ntuall, borned. The Atlantc an the opposite side of th e river burned. Threnel at ivurstide Beach horned. The Continental at AtlantteBeach burned. Murray Hail and two other hotels at Pablo Beach at differutlimeskburd. Sachis tse record of frame hotels at the beach Fire sace started is soon fanned beyond the control of a sucket brigade by the nearly conetanat fresh breeze there. Tbe warning in thisorecordnseemsnow abont totbe heeded. far the Casa Marina nt Pablo. storied in Novem- ber, 1924, andunewnto urse of contction, wifllhe afire- reaeting hotel of cement aned tile, the firet of the kind to be built atJackaenvilie'ateaches. HIISTORT 1SF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 4915 resat began to decline, theeresteofthe torist travel moving en to the frontier of easyitransorttion., The hetels an Ft. George Island eventually burned. The Atlantic an the sppoaito aide of the river burned, The hotels at Burnside Beach burned. The Continental at Atlantic Beach buarned Murray Hlall and two other hotels at Pablo Beach nt different limes turned Such is the record of frame hotels si the teach. Fire onee started is soon fanned beyond the control of a hucket brigade by the nearly contnt fresh lore se there The varing ine this record seem ntarev abot li e heeded, far the Cast Marin at Sable , arted in Macem- her, 1924, and now is esetree if coatrocton, will be a fire- resisting lhotel of rement and tile, the tirot of ihe kind to be built at Jaocksnille's beaches. HItSTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 495 reourt began to deeline, the erest of the toaniat teasel mOving e to the frontier of easy trasrorttina. The hotelsoan F. George Sloed eventually horned. The Atlantic on the opposite aide of the river borned. The hotes at Burnside Beach learned, The Continental at AtlanticReach turned. Mturray H1all and two other hotels at Pablo Beach at different tlimes burned. Sach is tho record of frame hotels as the beach. Fioe once started in nou fansned beyeltd the rentrel of a hoeket brigade by the nearly constant freeh beeoe there Thew wing in this recerd seems no about toabe heeded, far the Coosa Staina at Sable, siarted in Nolvem- ber, 1924, and nowinmsofenstrction, willtbea fie, esting hotel of cement and tile, the first of the kind to be bucilt at Jachosville bac,,  m9 HISORY OF JACSONVLLE, uLORDA a9 HITRmY 01 JACKSONVILLE, LORIDA 49 HIORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLIDA CLIMATE AND HEALTH Climate) umrkhi wosaeoes sensed for J50k505- csl'epsstiellvotisuoos sies155w Judge 50. Oet rted it cd D,. A. S. loldemoaried it toforth Smith siajooli- tese0 he wauthor le.-ar coreia el ion statts ksem The lowest temperature ever recorded here wons on Feh- clary 8, 1835, when it fell to 8 degrees F. Sercnely awin- ter paser without a teometr at somoe time as low as freezing (92 degrees), but with a record of nearly a century to draw fromr it has fallen s lsw to 20 degrees only so indi- cated Is the following table. CHAPTER XXIX CLIMATE AND HEALTH Lieaist 'Theeomesn ahshi toeasr , sensd fe Joshesa- it sd AC.A, 5. saltlauis seeie it oee fee the oseithesas t ra lWie mrnrmsdovca-es 1 The lowest temperature ever recorded here was on Feb roary 8, 1835, whet it fell to 0 degrees F. Scarcely A wilo- ter passes without atemperature at Soae time s low as faree (22 degree)hut withsarcordsfnealyoacentury to draw from it has fallen as low s 20 degrees oly asfindi- eated On the following table CHAPTER XXIX CLIMATE AND HEALTH ClImaet 'These .'evsesroii a wrse -,J ofivee Jacx s eiispeetoic sowsliomeooteitoo v iStyle JiFa.. .......sara it lao, A.3. Sandals curned it os for tie OSdtheoeisslssti- otso ns l Ohs wath" es Osres ouihod its satas here The lowest tenmperaturo over reorded here was en Feb- roary 8, 185, when it fell toe8 degree, F, Scarcely a wsin- ter pssswithoutoatempnerature ataome time as lawas freeing (32 degrees), hut with a record of nearly a century to draw fross it hae follen as low as 20 degrees only asfini- -ated in the following table. 1oss tu lose 107 18ee 1070 1800 1894 Dsoah a .... Jsiay 10..55 (Jos no .no Deeesee E5.. H..E IJasar,.2.n o 1 Dembner29..0 4 leo 5500 1901 islo 1117 Date Dog, F. ( ranae ..05 j)Fehsoay no ..no (lleses . . S Feheeory . 55 18 Demssheal . 00 J-wsor 9..... 10 0 ODessohssl. 05- l505rorr 2 . 1 tlere,"'U s ... 05 Cal 127 1.e ,.I0 mat Deg. F. Faaoaa..I... 0 (Jawor 10 . no Deosaheeld. 00... . )Jaaaus...00 l Dasaesl"O. Id....l isle loin 10 Date Dg. F. Fehrary 14 ..10 oFebh21 Is.t O Fsh 28. ......51 Fsehs Ol. no...1 .w ~ 1 It 18.6 los 1w,0 Date Dee. F. ieb besey 0...... S Do-eassro ....uS Jasry IS . 20 Deovroe .....20 Daosmbsrsf ..IIc Dmeme e0 . 55 IJvae,, . no 5toao . oen Isis Dae Dee.F o Fehrary 5 .. 00.,,1 I Fohsrmy 15. . .. 10 oFehsay 10B ..00 1 re. . .. .1n D msesIru..0..1 Janehry~ 20......0I Daershers. 00.....1 Ftreme cold spells (known ao cold waves) ...ally last two days and then give way to more moderate tempiraturs. Snow (atostly light Mrait) haso errd at Jackonville on as vrage of sac every seren years. The overage fimt frost inAutumn romeo in the first week of Noviember anod the last in Spring the third week of March. Our winter climate has boon the sohject of son sod atoe so Song that it is well hotown throughouot the counitry; buht onr sumr climate is not oo well undereto-d, nor genecally ap- precitted eveno by ur native inhabitants. The name caeo that modify the cold of winter csntribate to tempring the summer climate. The vast water as-gao oe Extreme cold spois knwn an cold wavs) salle last two dayo and then give ways to mrer moderate trmperatores. Snow (mostly light flurmes) has recurred at Jacksonville on aaveage of once every sven years. The avrerage first frost in Autumn comes in the first week of Novenmber and the loot isn Spring the thfrd week of March. Our win ter climate has been the shbject of song and story so long that it is well known throughout the cesntr;n bot ouar summer climate is not so well understeed, nor generally ape- prediated even by ouri notive inhabitants. The same causs thst modify the cold of winter centribus totempetring the summer climate. The vaat water areson ints-ems osld spells (known as cold stares) wseally last two davo end then give way to mere moderate temperature. Snowt (mostly light tlurmis) has -ocured at Jacksonville on an average of once every seern years.- The aves-ago first frost in Astumn romeo in the first week of November and the last in Spring the third week of Ass-rh. Our winter climate has toeen the shbject af song and story so long that illis well knows throughout the country; but sos- oummer cimate is not swell understood, nor generally som preotaied even by or native inhabitants. The same muses that modify the cold of winter contribute to tempering the summer climate. The vaat watera as on  HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE FLOID 4S? HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIA 49 HISTR OF JACKSONVILhE FLORID 49 each aids of the Florida peninsula ensure a free circulation of air andl nearly a constat breece both night and day, giving as a summer climate almost oceanic in character. Midday temperatures in summer are usually well into the 9Oa F'., but aacount of the breeze the sesation of oppreasion is seldom felt Describing a characteristic summer afteronon: Soon after midday the clouds begin to bank is the west. After a wehile the distant rumble of thunder to heard as the ran cloud approaches;l then the shower beginis with a decided drep in the temperature of the air The storm mauoen on and the suit peps tsat from a clearing cloy, mapping its rainbow to the bock of the receding cloodo. The air io fresh and pleasant now; the sunbeams expend their energy in the evap- orationofosurfacesmoistoresand notassensible heat. Night cmse.A gentle breece is blowing. Unhampiered by clouds, radiation of brat from the grosnd proceeds and a the night advances there comes a chill in the air that often makes light cerieg.. ocary, for comfortable s leep. Finally morning dawns, to begin the general sequesce of the preced- igrday. When the cress despeatches tall us that The North or the Wool is suffering from the visitation of a summer hot wave and the people there are panting far breath;l that a pupalmo usable to rest at nigeht oit account of the heat necks the open lcsdistress sad fn on death resulting from the effects )of heat proes. trosad-then wve should r.cgoio how favored we are by the pleasant, rest ful nights that characterize ou summer- time Our summers are usually from the middle of May to the last of September, relatively loaf but not severs. There are no evy]lone rellaro is Jacksonville, becase there has been no nead for them. One instance only is of record when alocal storm aosmed the natu re of a well-defused tar. siede. -T easawm anw aas A, loss, weea silest wins and oos, ooesauatoser W~esit pentiidNagat ad hae silos sceib asuost el n assee fa woll-cased Nssodo that ra cuoe. rcrr fml iefo h em Aond is she S. Jobs, ives. usasge asses wem aoeod or tes slg,. sie. er es, s basso dmalisead nessoa poopl iised, sod su asset killed Tao goneo wdoe mosed daoesasIf by asoss. Om Ifahsssiltdov-e. naahaska soilassi d c a ahatia n a hsle Mbeadu onmnanmoges s each side of the Florida peninsula ensuresa free circulation of arand nearly aconstant breoce both night and day, giving uosmmor climate almost oceanic in character. Midday temperatures in summer ago usulily well into the stt F., but oncotof the Isreece the senoation of oppreasion iseeldons feltpnrDeribn arborsactcristic summer afternoon: So on after midday the clouds begin to banke in the went. After a while the distant rumble of thunder is hoard as the rain cloud dappreachesc thou ths shower begins with a deided drop in the temperature of the air The storm pasoes on and the oun peeps ot from a clearing sky, mapping its rainbow en the bock of the receding clouds. The air to fresh and pleasant now; t he sunbeams expend their energy in the evap- oration of fsurfaece mistore and set as sensible heat. Night cmse.A gentle breeze is blowing. Unhampered by msa.clouds. rodiation of heat from the ground proceeds sud as the night advances thanr esoton chill in the sir that often makes light covoring necemuaryfor conmfortableeleep. Finally morning dawns, to begin the general squence of the preads- ing day. When the press desliatches tell an that the North or the Went is sffering from the visitation of a summer hot wave and the people there are panting for breath;l that a populatioo unable to rest at night on accouint of the heat seeks the open plsa-ee nr ho fan asentl breooad finally the ory of diatress and death reaulting from the effects of heat proa- tseisn-..tbenweohould reogns how favored we ae by the pleasant, restful nights that charcterour summcer- timOne. Our smmero are sally from the middle of May to the lust of September relatively long but net severe. There are no cycl one cellars in Jacksonville, because there haa bets s need for them. Onst instanss only in of record when a local storm assumed the natu re of a well-defined tar- ass' as." leebI. 1050. wesoasbls niad and oats sosu allopt se 6,s e.1, .bosatelot end Obee selmesh naseoeela thea aotos of a vvelA iaud creals faet -ot a dloorssl, OSpessaisos se.. nesoids sobe she Pammsa Roal toebto. tJososle. twoses r Ossesssssoslsd Oted in.... a e sinks, o nr b hau sds deasulees aeesi madle lseeds, sod sins sah kiled Tall geran e ased eon seiO broo msor, Os, se Ohsod' ebvshnhi tek msauI500a.- bu a haeaeisseehadsae --oa.1fas each side of the Florida peninsula ensuresa free circulation of air andl nearly aconstant breeze both night and day, giving us asu mr climate almost oceanic inecharacter. Midday tsmpssratsree inosummeraorououslly well into the 90'. F., but on anust of the breeme the sensation of oppression in seldom felt. leoeribiews characerisiC ummer aftrnoon: Soon after midday the clouds begin to bank in the west. Afte.r awhile the distant rumble of thunder is heard as the rain cloud approaches; then the shower begins with a decided drop in the temperature ofahhesir. Thenstorm passes candd the sun peeps out from a clearing sky, mapping ito rainbow on the back of the eceding eods. The air in fresh and plesmat sry; tbs scantes, nox pod their energy in the oap- sraonof surface msisture and not aseaieheat Night cmse.A gentle lurec is blowing. Ujithmferedl by clouds, radiation of heat from the grund proeedsnand as the night adrancec thsere coms achl in the sir that often makes lighteorering.. noesarfor comfortable sleep. Ftnally morning daiwns, to begin the general sequsence of the preced- tog day, When the pres d....patce tell us that the North or the Went is suffering from the visitation of a summer hat wave and Ohs pople thoere1 posting far breath that.a population usable toestat night on account of the heatuseekathe open places in search of an absent breeze; and finally the story of disctreso aond dealth rs-ultisnc frem the effects of beat pros- tratton-the we should recognise hew favored we art by the pieos.t, restful nichus that characeie or summer- time. Our summers are useslly from the moiddlle of May to the last of September, relatively long but not severe. Thsereare ovelone cellars in Jacksonville, because there has been no need for the. One tnstane only in of reod when a tecal soerm assumed Ohs natr of a well-defised tar nao. mbihissmataeesxaa on Succo 10, 1800, wenolleisjd w ansinspollaeepl osseb te tabsosa siidgh adefaoe mlene ou melThenacseso sa welldelvedesearma that set aelsr psahaldormqses eae ei.eisathspnnaa oodatoabho SCJbnsnli. iooa treouarnesupestersm atenad s a soaks, at kisses sad harns dseuwlinbnsssusd pseiasces, sod eeoa esskd. smTse gross -a aeoed doer. i p ..aese 00 s smt esansakaklsgnss. caritseoskos esa. hins hiuhbMebasunsa capes, my oflnd  498 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 498 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 498 HISTORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA head car ried it eos the St. Johe River, where 1t wea afterward faod vudanend with the papes udiensturd. The hurricane season is in the fall, August to October, but sometimes years pass without a noticeable influence of these storms in this vicinity. The greatest damage that one has ever done here was in 1894, when the framing for the union station, then under construction, was blown down. Their full effect may be properily described as several days of extremely disagreeable weather-heavy rain and wind squalls. After that the return to normal weather is rapid, with a strong probability of no recurrence of storm conditions that season and posibly nat for several yearn. We have two rainy sad two dry seasons. The heaviest rain usually occur inAugust and Septemberwith a secondary rainy season in February and March. The dry months are April and November. In this section rainfall is more espe- cially an item of importance to agriculture. No rainfall in the watershed of the St. Johns River has ever been known to effect the river perceptibly, therefore we have no danger- us floods. A condition of perfect climate does not exist upon the earth, but when all phases are considered the year-round eli- mate of Jacksonville registers along with the best for com- fort and safety. It is not always June in Jacksonville; our houses are provided with furnaces and our citizens wear overcoats in the winter-time. Health Even in the log-cabin days of Cow Ford people of the North braved the tedious journey and came to this vicinity is search of health. The relative mildness of the winter climate and its abundant sunshine, permitting nrestricted out-of-door exercise, contributed immense benefits and the invalids returned to their homes greatly improved. Some of them played safe, settled here, and attained a ripe old agc filled with comfort and happiness. They were a part of the nucleus about which the town was built. In 1835 the editor of the Jacksonville Courier published: "This place (Jacksonville) bids fair to become the meat im- portant town in Florida, not only on account of its sleasant and healthy situation, but also its situation with respect to bead and are it aose te St Jhnsier , whee it was aftersrd 0Ausd undamaged with the popes undiurlehed. The hurricane season is in the fall, August to October, but sometimes years pass without a noticable influence of these storms in this vicinity. The greatest damage that one has ever done here was in 1894, when the framing for the union station, then under construction, was blown down. Their full effect may be properly described as several days of extremely disagreeable weather-heavy rain and wind sqouall After that the return to normal weather is rapid, with a strong probability of no recurrence of storm conditions that season and possibly not for several years. We have two rainy and two dry seasns. The heaviest rainsu sally occur iAugust and Septemberwith asecondary rainy season in February and Mearch. The dry months are April and November. In this section rainfall is mors espe- ially an item of importance to agriculture. No rainfall in the watershed of the St. Johns River has ever been known to effect the river perceptibly, therefore we have no danger- os floods. A condition of perfect climate does not exist upon the earth, but when all phases are considered the year-round cli- mate of Jacksonville registers along with the bent for com- fort and safety. It is not always June in Jacksonville; ou n houses are provided with furnaces end our citizens wear overcoats in the winter-time. Health Even in the log-cabin days of Cow Ford people of the North braved the tedious journey and came to this vicinity inoech of health. The relative mildness of the winter' climate and its abundant sunshine, permitting imresticted sut-of-door exercise. contributed immense benefits and the invalids returned to their homes greatly improved. Some of them played safe, settled here, and attained a ripe ol age filled with comfort and happiness. They were a part of the nucleus about which the town was built. In 1835 the editor of the Jacksonville Courier published: "This place (Jacksonville) bids fair to become the most im- portant town in Florida, nut only on account of its pleasant and healthy situation, but also its situation with respect to hied and carried it aeros the St. Johns River, where is was afoerward Ound undamaged with the papers undistobed The hurricane season is in the fall, August to October, but sometimes years pass without a noticeable influence of these storms in this vicinity. The greatest damage that one has ever done here was in 1894, when the framing for the union station, then under construction, was blown down. Their full effect may be properly described as several days of extremely disagreeable weather-heavy rain and wind squalls. After that the return to normal weather is rapid, with astrong probability of no recurrence of storm conditions that season and possibly not for several years We have two rainy and two dry seasons. The heaviest rainssually occur inAugust and Septemberwith a secondary rainy aeason in February and March. The dry months ace April and November, In this section rainfall is more espe- cially an item of importance to agriculture. No rainfall in the watershed of the St. Johns River has ever been known to effect the river perceptibly, therefore we have no danger- usa floods. A condition of perfect climate does not exist upon the earth, but when all phases are considered the year-round cli- mate of Jacksonville registers along with the best for com fort and safety. It is not always June in Jacksonville; our houses are provided with furnaces and our citizens wear overcoats in the winter-time. Health Eves in the log-cabin days of Cow Ford people of the North braved the tedios journey and came to this vicinity in search of health. The relative mildness of the winter climate and its abundant sunshine, permitting unrestricted out-of-dor exercise, contributed immense benefits and Ohe invalids returned to their homes greatly improved, Some of them played safe, settled here, and attained a ripe old age filled with comfort and happiness. They were a part of the nucleus about which the town was built. In nuns the editor of the Jacksonville Courier published: "This place (tacksoneille) bids fair to become the most im- portant tows in Florida, not only on accsunt of its pleasant and healthy situation, but also its situation with respect to  ISTORY Or JACKSONILLE, FR I 499 ISTORY Or JACKSONVILLE, FLORDA 49 HISTORY OF JACKSONILL, FLOIDA 499 ord' hr re at thsis time more experts and imports freon thin seeion thsn easy other part of F~act F~lorida'', Captain ObndiahA~aacar, one of the pioneers, seven years later wroate bes bollm in Sew Jersev: With respect to health and climate thereineso place anywhere in the cot.try better elf than Jaekeocecile''. In all of lice material examined, prinedo ad written in tie early period, ihe hseslthfalss of the place is stresed. Between 1849 and it57 a seems of epidemics of sickness introduced from eutsido anires swept Jackksonville, amoosg themnanaeoercoepidemicf yellow fever. Medical scienceof that day was unable ho rpe with them and the climate wan reaoencf iceisg the culprait. About thin ime there wa beginnin g to fvrnw ip in the Noreh ha poulnc helter thai the atmnosphcere nc te coast veetie of the Southern Staten daring the warm msostho of the year wa polloted with all sortsh deas, and Jacksonville came now to he included. This idea prevailed for many years andl it was not an anres- senenlecit alse view of the cireoma tancees of those times. The medical profeasioe griped aroundin I.eaech ofa cone, but epideicso continued to bc reported hee and there, one sum- macn n pince and thne next in asother, until microhes and clai.ie pub 1 becm ba-wnds synsesysassa with the thanehi of lifecin the Seouth dring summcr-time. The trst warm spell1 in springe tent the tois tc and win ter visiol ac enrpiag to their hameo. The loot yellow fever epi demice is. Jacknsonville erw i l888, and it was lhe worst of them all, Fifteen yearn later the secret of the Santh's coeres had hae disclosed and the deadl yac wor liceo mooqaitoe vi need s'stheut the thadowe of a doobt. It took the publie some time to realize the maning at this Itoeceered a deep-seated impressian or habsit cannot be eradicatedvouddelevy, ocltrie caalv frefrmer genera tion existed intheaNorth t aeneertain extent fer along time afterward. We have nonn o year-rosnd residents from nearly eeor' selion of the United States and many from foreigns lends and t,'e renensusn of their opinion is expressed in the language of te 0ieneers when they wrote to their felksc hock home, "Prohahly nlosehere iaa the enuntry coo he foand a mare healthsfil place to his ein than here in Jacksonviile, Florida." leads I here are at this time more exports ead emporta from thio ctiesn than any other part of East Florida". Captain Obadlish Cencoe one of the pionero., eaves years later wrote hio siste in New Jersey : "With convect to health and climate there is ''o pl,'c anywehoec is the coontry hotter off than Jachsonv'ille''. ln all of tematerileamined, printed and writico in Ohio early pce],l the healthfalnesa of the place in streseed. Botee 119 teed il -7a serien of epidemics of sickness ie redelcd from eoltside sources sontpt Jacksonville, amon themaasevere epidemic of yellow fever Miedical science of that tiny wva mantel to ceele neith them and the climsate wase aes a dot being the coipril. Ahocet this time thee wa hbieuno teo wi-nw op in the Noerthasepopalar belief that the atmospihere in t he ceoastal vertices of the Soatherns States dosing thewarma monthsof the year was polluted with all sorb ol diocese, and1 Jack~onclle en me now to be included. This slo', peeailed foe many yonra and it mat net san midoei iwo tee~us ao n times. a-h medical profession gropeaoupndinosearchof acaooe,hout epinemiv-ceairseed tee he reacoted haere and thereoea- mrionr plnveand theonextmnanother, ontil nairobos and etniles yule beenma br-words asynonmpan with the thooght cI life i thsc Sott durig cemsr-ie The lest aom spell inspring sent the toariots asd itrwinter visitors scurrying to their hoen. The loot yellow fever epidemic in Jaeksnnvill es in 1888, and it wan tho ofes of cthem al1. Fifteen years latery lheaectofth lahsacoarge hod been dinelesed and the deadly wock of the meecoit eviacted witheout the ahadow of oadooht. It tec ah hde some timae to rses the mecaningt ef is isurove ly, ay dpseated impreoia o abit cannot hoer diet tdeny Nost d the legacy of ha former genea- ion existed athe North iona certain extent forta long time afterward. We have among no wear-reanti resdet lerim nearly eeerysacticaof the niedttaadm.any-fromfit e lands and thme pionseeroa whe Oseir opeyc is expressed In the oeih wh yroeatthifokbakhome, peorlahe tnowhere is, the ncntry eabe found -a mare healthfol place to lee in than here ire Jacksonville, Florida"' trade, there are at this time more exports and imparts from this section than sany other pact of East Florida". Captain Obaodiah Cougs ar, one of the pioneer, seven yearn later wrote hisster in Newt Jersey: "With rpect to health sad climate thee is sno place anywhere in the country hotter off than Jachnenville" In all of the material remasined, printed atd writtenl ii l-hio early period lthe healthfulss of the place in streened Between 1F49 and le54 oseries of seieis of ickens, in trodoced from otside seorces swept Jacksonville, among them a ececcpinlem of yeo fevee Moedit-al scec of vtal deny 'as ounable to cope w'ith them and the climate was nerasd of Crier the coiprit Abeont this time 0n. wea'o beginning to girow optsn the North a popalor belief that the atmose heac en the resatl eetions of the leathers States dorineg these-arm mesnths of the year wa- poloted with all sortsnofdiease, sand Jacksnville came pn'w to he included, Thissidea perevaled for many years and itwdas not a cn eoei iwo h icmt ancso hs ies.The mediaobprc'essm g'roedaropnd innsearchof amooue,hbt epid emics contisnued to be reported here aod there, one sum- mee, e sel ned the e t catl another, until mierohes and qoloene pells becans by words synonyousn with the thought of life ina the South durna ammer-ime. The tirot worm spell iO spr-ing sent the tourists tand evinterevisitoars scurrying to their homes. 'The last yellow fever epidemic in Jacksonvilie was in to8t, and itwoe lice onrt elf them nil. Fiteen years late the secreteof the Sonuth's scourge hod hoes discolaed and the deadly weck of the e'eccpete ecied without tise shadow of adeiuco. It each the poblir came time to realiga the meaning of this disoery; adlcp-etdimexpressiinsor hahitrcannot he eradicated soddenly, and the legacy of a former .re- lion existed is the North lee a ce-an a etn far ae long time afterward. We have oec as iceor-rosad resideneto from nearly nvr ectioof the United Staten and many from feereias, laeds arid the ceosesusof their opinion is expressed in the lamng. a the pinnees whes they wrote to their folks bach home, "Proably now here in the cuntry ran be Lond a mare healthfol place te Iinl than here is Jacksnville, Florida,"  mN HSORYTO CKSO~NoVILLE, FLWA I0C HSORY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLRIA I00 HSORY OIF JACKSNVLL, FLOIA CONCLUSION Jacksonville did not spring up by accident. A careful analysis of its history shown that the fores operating in its behalf in the beginning were founded ton sound principles of climate, health, and location for trade, The same forces are with us still, The first has under gone no chance. The second, though po.sin thrsoughoaperisd of distress, was finally lsrought by medical discovery andrcontro to astate of per, 'sanes perfection greeter thas lesows before. The pans ra of the lost, trsase. is that of a developmeost hosed upon natural advactages through slow, Then moderate stages up to the great fire of last; and after that the present Jackson- ville-a meodern city of brick cod stone, throbbing wth sub. stsnotid asn... and industry and charged with the thought of mere. The growth of Jaekssnvillo is shown by the following tablec the 11, S. Cocn u Bureau did sot maoke separate returns for the town ustil 1350: Onehosoaea ..nas is laplalos tntl ....... ass 1 'So .0...............Iota 184is...............ass' lean........... la4 Imo5 ..............---2,ne is'l...........6 ,0115 Ill............ one, t'90 ....... n7,5OiV uses .............. 48420 Isle...............stoop0 isle............. ..incas tall..... .....IcOedle CONCLUSION Jacksonvile did not spring up by accident. A careful analysis of its history shows that the forces operating is its behalf in the beginninng were founded on setsd principles of climate, health. and location for trade. The name forces are with us still. The firt has undergone co changre. The ascend, though poosiso though aperiod of distress, was finally brought by medicl dicovery and control toastateof per- sant Isefectics greater than known before. The pass- ra of thc, last, trade, is that of a development booed upon satural advantages through slew, then moderate stages spito the great fire sf 1901;0 and after that the present akdos vifld-, modero city of brick anod stone, throb bing with ash- stasltinltbsicoo ond induntry and charged with the thought of moe The growth of Jackosonville is shown by the following table;l the t. S. Cocoon Bureau did sot make separalmterern far the town until 1850: OuoslnesllI,'a 650db in ropsl aion n9Ess................Iss coos ................loss lae................ 1,040 .,500 .............. 2,111 tots .............. .'011 tees................. 1550 180 ...............5720's noes............00.20 3910b .... ... pow tale ................. $a 10ola..............150,5400 CONCLUSION00 Jacksnville did sot springs up byoaccident. A csreful analysis of its history shows that the forces operating in Its behalf in the beginning were founded on sound principles of climate, health, and location for trade The same forces are with us still. The first has snderoe no chance. The secend, though pssing through aperiod of dintress, was finally brought by motedcu disoecy and control tooi stats of per- manat perfection greater than known befere. The pose. cma of the last, trade, is that of adevelopsment based uon natlerel advrantagee through slow, then moderate stages up in the groat firs of 1001;t and after that the present Jackson- ville-s modern city of brick and stone, throbbing with sub- santial business end industry end charged with the thought ooeThe gowth of Jaclesonville in shown by the following tables the U. S, Census Purees did not mae separat retursa far the townt until 18505 Jseelllaas wbbl Is rosslaina to@m........ 18ens........ 1.00]W nets ....... als. lest .. .. .. .. 1, 1s0I................ 2,Ols to.............galls1 tees .............. teo-1 tos.................. el tOSS ........ 10400R~e tsmo ................ wee ,a'55 ..... 51,O5ld t82Ess.............-SOXgd1c  III > V ' 1vS t ..3 mCVV ml< .'M. °"sS *\a hVa rA ' 4 ^a - '1 0.u ' P  IN HITY OF JACONVIULLE, FLORIA 602 ISTOY OF IAaMNoILu,LnORIDA 5Mga npSOR OF~x~ uAKOVLLFIDA vl. m nm. mm.m:e4 nnm" " y10 ep" fb artin- f wreuincthe, 10;s o eve of detue R- baul arrivswit rele,1. Rib1ulta aen voyae Ar- rie tFrt Caroline with 600olonists,1;brings wom- iad hsFch vesel to sea, 11;a iaul ecd Meno t- takSairs ne ee- tomake ta he agttaek, 1]nd his hip ar rekedl by a hurri- Meenl z Pla to destroy French colony, 12rlgfn te preext 12; 1 arie att. Agsie, 12; chuse Ri- bault's ships t -e,13; plane La attac on Forth C aroin 13; marches ourds during cmhurricane, 18; camps ad hd conil near Fort CIr- mm,1;gnrl mac re; ..fI the Hugu ot, 14 ome f i rie ese , paerd "Ntam rnhe, de b reun bt t Augustie, 1;mvler Riut and the shipwrecked Frneme,15 Fotpcoline:Biltby Laudao_ ne :e; named for boy king women adcildren in U. s. adr a t, 11, 21; fort Iob mn cp- ne.de ches name of fort to SanMateu, 17. Ft Sa MateI: Burne by alc- cWidet, 17; rebi, 17 d- stroe by De Gourgues, 2; reu. , 24, De Iourgues: Orgnies e:pe- in Florida 18saptu. Span_ oan Mateo (formerly Ft. Car- ine), 2-21 hageSa- nard, 21; reunm oFac, 21 os pct lr gue in Foria's ealy histfory; brief 1I9, 21N List of damaging freze. 496, Gala W'eek, 2"4, 230, 2SL" Gadner Buidings, 203, Cao .mrer, 202. Geogia Suthern. Florida Rail. Gldemor 241. Gofcusmniaia|l. ly Fort George Island, touit cen- Forte t Carl ne, a Mateo, and river ee French Colony; Frt San Ncholas, 28, 36, 27. 139.140; activiie f, 140; chnrhe ,ad scool, 140; banks, 140-141; it, end, 141. Frenh Co.ony on River May (St. Jon). Ibaul' dbrt oyage: Objleet rivr ay 4 e; first ProM- tatpae n U. s.5;i' Ii;lur of gold and pb-l, ; sLs nothward .a leaes hnflo mnat plae he ealOharlesfort, 7;retrs tomFac. 7; fate of Charle- fot, 7' Colonists arriat, Rveay (St. Jon)t; colon plaed l'or tCar; ~oline 9;cb ns" rie9;trouble with the Ian- dian, 9; coloist deie o reur o Frace,10;visit of Sir John Hawk~ns, 10; pe 10;on ev f departure RF- Ribault'srt seon vye : IIAr- sa11; ibault decdes to at- teak S6pwanirx1ne Mene- dez vat t.Augustine 1 lls to mk the attack, and his sisre r bedly a .rr- Fnchabboy, 12; reliin thewpetext, 12: ariet St. UDEX French Colony (COn~tind) Augustine 12; ehase Ri- bvult's ships to sea, 13; plana Lad attac on Fort Carline, 13; marces fou da efrig la hurcn , 3emp nd lie 3 atrsFort Caro im, 4; geea m~easar of the Hugmuets , 14a some plaar "Not as Frenchmen, but a:Luten",15;Menen- des rensa tt. Auguinec 1 mers. Rbsult Indth hipwreckedo Frnchm, I15,e , ~I ir, ;nmdfrby kin badd. t -1, 1b frcp tured I a by Menede 14 Me-'-b;¢.II l nedecanges me of for soyed by De Goures, 21; reul,24, in loida, 18; captues S,. ibSh'.orts amouth therier (St. Jfohns),19;ture FortV anM e (rmeryF.C- olin),2021 hag Sp- F'lorids- eartly history; breft 189 16 it of dlamagirg fr.eee, 490, Gala .1 Wek 04," 23 2SLle H Gad ,e .u1dn, 203. Georgia Souther & Flord Ral- way51 Gliddntor24 Gofcore mnicpi,.37,  HISTORY OF~ SAORSOOVILZ ITORIDA 60 HISTORY OF 3ACXSONYIL, Ft4)85IDA ICY HISTORY OF JA ONVILLE, FLORIDA 604 01, 88r 20 8,27, e0980r0, 7, 0,094mm 3,smo, fis,0. 67.Mu 029.24 592288. 174. C4, C. 27. 9., booooat s8, 08882, 88.2, 8780, 08w884. 4CIV 28t, 273. 118i088, 2022 23. 82908g 208822,C., 23 Ha82,. 83 ., 2882780, 53: 8o rof 11oo2844, ~ F Ot 088, 88eath, 408. 112m8788 k, , ' 82'5..... 188g 87240 of L92Io, 22, 70 t88 747: J2210,85,4112Ltk, City, 21,1. Sot 320020,247222,4,24. 119880 87 2.,vlv 222222 21sfrtM Age4, 442. It-08 S2, W.,r~s 0121,, 441. 192,h77 r7, 48 92. Cis Ilotol 82 2,,8 1- g8 12, 4,8: Au49,909: 49,5,2 228077254, 028, 492: 420808 22.22)0 4)5: 44 n0., 48: Fosst, )) 0,2, 029,22 7:7l8,d, 4,84 492 2444,8, I02, 4)0: 229,9, 492; amts2,2 )m82. 423: 20. 3,82820 427: It. I,2t, 4):22 t. 024 427 89228 8122 415 4188 89285, 84.We nnv i8Tr4ttssse. 233. 8)59,8828222,8.7291. Tin,sqo: 2182808 sod ttttso. 2,23: 8598088 .-m8i5 802 08888 sIy 4 17: 82280 287 p sf45 so te of 38288. Sl;10 t 24C. . M 888008 78:m 89884 22 ,8808 24:d 8 ,0 2, M 2 8. 7 , 0 0o48g M88892288188, 3,882, I80880ist29hnl, 410.1. lag898402889.0282, 229.t. T e,22.W898a, 33, 04, 57, Y.g8 -082i 4 rt, it802 92 . 882. 54:i M829 80 9 C,288 , 8): x 99, 80t-9, 80:in 0,oO 788 08888098, 8: 02858. 57 2. 83n1,880,40. 2 0. 27.del Wt 8,202mll 48820 me89022 88'e 0028888200 .880,:e292, e*0Mu 08094 J8,7, 02.0, 60, 67. 42.06, 0G0. U. 2., 1.28828 988 8822, 170. 0,8099., loo. 8888798408,899. 028 CIob, 873, Osogivgo, 822 828985421. 80824192, eee 2 72..23 frt,4 8. 04., .90788 83: 888228 388220002 07: hie .ml 2m,969. 682228180S0, Six 1988, 70. 1108102, 4 9. s1o88 oma.. nee 89092. RgS0 87992 o0 io~og, 252, 270, 978. 818,92 axe at 52:28,2:0,22 , "14 2022802C8 928222 822222, 23: 3822220044.-Ct889 P822t 347; .000288289:772L082 City, S.. :99832la2lev7e9-02484. Oogon; , 877, 820 0,24,r,. 2889208228h2 Aged4,40. 112 .2 ,28 01,7,gc4, 447. 110228, , iot,0 82, 406.401 , 830 2:,97 222 38mm Asoo,87 420: At t2 782:2 192722282 228, 420 d80 U022 422: 494:t 831, 499: 402,288 0,92 O'29 797884. 494, 48:; 510282 80817,493: 98 89, 245, 492: T Wm422 402 2:22nl q10288 No14 , Ii- 0) 7 8898220o:2 20 6 08 80. )1; ea, 2. F PppulationoftJacksonvile,600. Port Coemmission, ys Boad Prt of Jxackonville, Mratory of, Pt ae, Ilirt v[.,840. Poti OCffii Be, hisor of, 838. Prmais e leetloria Irthad IIbr, see Settlers, iso Farm, B10. PiefightCorbttMitchell,199. Prohibiton17,29,27L Ptestnpae, iirstin.S.5 PblicLbay hitr f, 428-431. PubHli Works, aee Boards. Quaantne. 102 163, 166, I16 T16,204,.217. Races hoe Aaer171. Pr- f -ina,14,40 e e f,40. Raios, 288. Railroads: As eve er, 161-162; nt tJaknvle, 34]; firs through train from the North, portan terinu , Corpo- rat hitur 1: Alantic Coast Le,345-348;AtlntiVados Ea &feten il2 Es Floida a Centra cal Wsern 44; FloridF a Central& Pensul- 344; Florida East oat 84- 351; Flor d Raly & Nav .iga & Jackonvlle,35 Georg~a Souten 343; Jacksonvalle & Atlan' (t abo, ; lr- IIut 135 Alanti & Gul Cetral, 41; Jacksonville Myot & &PAl, SS Jako-ille, Tampa & &e et li47; Jakov11, 349 Jacsovil & Soutwest ern 348; Plant System merger Sav a, Fli a & Western 345;Seaboard Air ine,343-345 Waers & 3loIda 345. Riin - road depots, 56 waefrn .rancies, 365; Pint ystem  HISTORY OF JACESONVILLeE, FLORIDA 611 HIS9TORY OF JACKSONVrl., FIA)RIDA 611 HISTORY OF JACESONVILE, FIQRIDA 511 Itailrod (Continueb~d): az St.Johns Riv¢er,361. Ralty travter®, iirset in .lacksn- ville, 66. Reconstriction of eivil gover- ment after War Betwenthe State1114;iitrami- 1strtionI142 148 C Jhn T. Sp~rgsue,4;govenmettned a e ve tote "earet..bFagers", 14.t ( Rord r, City '01e cread 287. Re Cr.s. x439. Red-,h disric c1oed, 247. Red Me, rdrol', 44.. Republic of Florda 26. Ribault, see Fr ench Cololy. RibEl Plc,4,21. RifE matches, National, 249. 250. Rifes, ]rcksonville, see Military- Ring, Huguent, found in Inn w Riots, 16], 156; Clark's Mill, 162; riot of 1892, 196-198; Street Railway, 242' River Navigain 868-371; nrst seamboat "'n' .n Job 38; reord of early steamboatn the rive, (886; the . H. Mou, 1Jcksonile-avn- nh evc,358, 81;, Jako- ville-Charletnrvc,5,3; St. JhnRie lies after the War Retwe teSte,86- 66;e ery boats, 066; Malley chants&MinerLin,86I;Jack- sonlle-Mlami Line, 2I6 Chris- topher N. Y. Line, 1;faeof bus 96 the S. Johns River River,uvnderground.24, It. Riversid~e, 42. Roads, pavedl, see Highways. 279, 471. Bt 39FmY] Roomvel4tTeodore22. Rotary club, 44n. Rottent Row, 168. t.Johns bar, 6, 104, 383-8. t.Jo BlumIm-aiof firt suatiamlr atmpt to colni- in U. S., see F .nh Colony; as Anrt knwo thewiem ,9; ter zo, 116, 126; Spaish MIl. 8 8 America wa bter,21; S.Jhnsiver:of DiscaeryR- bault 4; itsx vrous ams,7; Safety mone, street, 864. . Salvation Arm, 445. awmill, 95. Searlet Feer 10. Shs System o educton be- 415416; I il Institute, 44, 41; eiol ,Ifollowing the etablIshmet" of public schools, 417-08; modiern eioh 410; 419-d20 I. Dul Hih Schol, hitr of, 42-2; list of Prnm ipaisI 422 Theo Juio High Setaond , 22-423. t Senlof Jacksonilte,292. Seameda "ICStiu, 8445 Seminole Cib.446. - Setlers, Eirt at Cw Ford (Jack sonville): Rebedk PRdehd, 40, 61; L. Z. Hogans, 61; Jun Mamestr 51; John Brdy 52; 61t WilimG Dawson,6;Sehn E.PBuelee, 52; L D. H,art, IS; Darniel C. Hart, 63; Mms. Sarah W eema nd cldr~en, 5: Josp Anrws4. Shad. tow I-n 45, speed recorn-~t, 34;bidg cos St Johnm River, 851.a ~ tuy.Pa nJeo- .ecoItrctin, f civiI goern- m Wenafter War B.etwe the 1 149 u RoreCty, iie reate, 2.- Red Cross. 39. REfgt district dlosed 247. Red Awnrd of,, 44.. Republic of Florida, 86' Ribawt, sesFrenh Colony. Ribaut Place, 48, 281. Riflema.te,tioal2 , 249,250-. Rifle, 1acksoville, see Mil lt.,y- inR, IInRnent found in Indian Riot, 151, 166; Clark's Mill, 162; rt of 189 lI, 161,8 SEreet Railway, 242. steamot onm~ 6 St.F onsA:8; reorIf arly m steamboats on. the river, 35-911 h D - Mount, 61; JaksonvlleSvn 6 nah eie , BS , 1 J6aeo- St on ive lie fterte WarBteen te State, A0 y 28; ?errybt,,3,, Mallory Line,87;Clyde LineBl67;Mr - I m .v21 , snill-imiLine, 236; Chrit- t-pe N. Y. Line, 195; fate of he St.~f Johns iver baerid, 425. 27u 479 00 t RoosvltTedre22 U Rotar Cub, 445. y Rottee Ro, 18.: SJhns bar, 6, 104,384886 ii .Ibt.AB¢:.fyItrI nt suanta atempt to- olonize inf IL S., se Frnc Cooy; a1 'irs known o y ieite mam9; tey n,16,; 126; Spaih America war' lattey 21. 2t. 3 rlt 4; yit vit. namesa ; staboat nviga tion on. 358- 37U: kanc ol',360-361. SCLuk's H ospital, h~istory of' St. May'2 om,44. Safety zones, stee,28. SIn Jane, oulvar, 284 J S Salvation Army44. 6awmill, 95. Eca nwa y,,fit 744 Scar t Feve r 102 Schools: System of edcaio b- 4615-16 IaVilla Institte, 44. 16shool orairs following the wa, 416-418;miedcools,416; establisment of public echoos, 417-418 modere paion419; lt of Con F Sueitnet, cals, 422. The Junior yig, Schools 422-423. Seabord Air lin Railway. S43- 345. Sealofacksonville,292. Semen's Institte 44. Seminol lb, 446. Sottlers, firat at Cow Ford(Jack- Aovlle): Robert Pitehard, 40. 51; L.Z o 61; Juan Maestre 1; AJohn Brady, 52; W illimk G. Dawso,E2; Stphen E.Bcls O2 . Hart, 58; DIaie C. Hart, 63; Mrs. Sarah Waterma and childen, 58; Joseph Andrews, 54. Shadow Lawn, 45. spee epr, 31; erig pens 81, John River, 85L. Realty trnfer, first in Jackson- vile16. States,141-,141;i.itaradmi- itation,12 1420; Cot h. I vrto the "carpet-bagers", Recd~er, City, oce mested, 297. Red1Cross 439. Redlm.ht o dtrict clsed, 247. Ed Men, Odrf, 448. Reubi ofFlrd,6. Riault, se rnhColony, Ribault Place,9 48E8. Rifl 1a-yhe,Natoa, Y49, 250. Rifles, JSonviltle, uee Military- Ringa Hugenot, found mn Indin rft t5f 189, 96-19Steet River Navigaion, 6!i8471; firt samboat on St. Jofhns, 8A8; word of early steamb aon the rie, %58.%0; the D. H. M "t 361 Jacsnil-aa- na sevc, 8 61 Jakso. vile-halestnsevie,39,S3; 8S, JonsRie lines afe the War i~ ie Between theSates. , M363- 166 ; neryots, 36;Malry ch~watsMiners ine, 36B;Jak 4 onvll-Miami Line, 2M6; Chris-. topher N. Y..Lie,195 fate of i 3 -te St. Jolms River Riverqunergrod, 24, BR. Rivesie 42- Roads, paved, s'ee Hil.ha-yx- Robberies: Hotll, 159; Fank, 247, 279, 479. Roosevelt,Thleodore, 282. Rotary Clu b, 446. Rotten Row, 100. St. Johns bar, 6, 1l4, a%3-86. St Jolms BaIt. LialiEy of E.rs htntial attempt to coloniae in U. S., see Frene Colvny; as ,r,, known to the Wite. man, 9: