NOTICES NOTICES NOTICES   NOTICES NOTICES NOTICES oF OT Nr A FACSIMILE REPRODUCTION of the 1822 EDITION with INTRODUCTION and INDEX by GEORGE E. BUKER. A FACSIMILE REPRODUCTION of the 1822 EDITION with INTRODUCTION and INDEX by GEORGE E. BUKER. A FACSIMILE REPRODUCTION of the 1822 EDITION with INTRODUCTION and INDEX by GEORGE E. BUKER. BICENTENNIAL FLORIDIANA FACSIMILE SERIES. BICENTENNIAL FLORIDIANA FACSIMILE SERIES. BICENTENNIAL FLORIDIANA FACSIMILE SERIES. University of Florida Press. Gainesville, 1973. University of Florida Press. Gainesville, 1973. University of Florida Press. Gainesville, 1973.  Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data [Simmons, William Hayne] 1784-1870. Notices of East Florida, with an account of the Seminole Nation of Indians. (Bicentennial Floridiana facsimile series) Includes bibliographical references. 1. Florida-Description and travel-To 1865. 2. Seminole Indians. 3. Seminole language- Glossaries, vocabularies, etc. I. A recent trav- eller in the province. II. Title. III. Series. F315.S59 1822a 970.3 73-2820 ISBN 0-8130-0400-4 BICENTENNIAL FLORIDIANA FACSIMILE SERIES f1 published under the sponsorship of the NTENNIAL COMMISSION OF FLORIDA SAMUEL PROCTOR, General Editor. FACSIMILE REPRODUCTION OF THE 1822 EDITION WITH PREFATORY MATERIAL, INTRODUCTION AND INDEX ADDED. NEW MATERIAL COPYRIGHT © 1973 BY THE STATE OF FLORIDA, BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE INTERNAL IMPROvEMENT TRUST FUND. PRINTED IN FLORIDA Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data [Simmons, William Rayne] 1784-1870. Notices of East Florida, with an account of the Seminole Nation of Indians. (Bicentennial Floridiana facsimile series) Includes bibliographical references. 1. Florida-Description and travel-To 1865. 2. Seminole Indians. 3. Seminole language- Glossaries, vocabularies, etc. I. A recent trav- eller in the province. II. Title. III. Series. F315.S59 1822a 970.3 73-2820 ISBN 0-8130-0400-4 BICENTENNIAL FLORIDIANA FACSIMILE SERIES 3v published under the sponsorship of the . NTENNIAL COMMISSION OF FLORIDA * SAMUEL PROCTOR, General Editor. FACSIMILE REPRODUCTION OF THE 1822 EDITION WITH PREFATORY MATERIAL, INTRODUCTION AND INDEX ADDED. NEW MATERIAL COPYRIGHT © 1973 BY THE STATE OF FLORIDA, BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT TRUST FUND. PRINTED IN FLORIDA Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data [Simmons, William Hayne] 1784-1870. Notices of East Florida, with an account of the Seminole Nation of Indians. (Bicentennial Floridiana facsimile series) Includes bibliographical references. 1. Florida-Description and travel-To 1865. 2. Seminole Indians. 3. Seminole language- Glossaries, vocabularies, etc. I. A recent trav- eller in the province. II. Title. III. Series. F315.S59 1822a 970.3 73-2820 ISBN 0-8130-0400-4 BICENTENNIAL FLORIDIANA FACSIMILE SERIES a published under the sponsorship of the NTENNIAL COMMISSION OF FLORIDA *" SAMUEL PROCTOR, General Editor. * FACSIMILE REPRODUCTION OF THE 1822 EDITION WITH PREFATORY MATERIAL, INTRODUCTION AND INDEX ADDED. NEW MATERIAL COPYRIGHT © 1973 BY THE STATE OF FLORIDA, BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT TRUST FUND. PRINTED IN FLORIDA  BICENTENNIAL COMMISSION OF FLORIDA. Governor Reubin O'D. Askew, Honorary Chairman Lieutenant Governor Tom Adams, Chairman Pat Dodson, Vice Chairman N. E. (Bill) Miller, Executive Director George I. Baumgartner, North Miami Beach Floyd T. Christian, Tallahassee Johnnie Ruth Clarke, St. Petersburg A. H. Craig, St. Augustine Henry Dartigalongue, Jacksonville John D. Gordon, Miami Beach Warren S. Henderson, Sarasota Richard S. Hodes, Tampa Joe Lang Kershaw, Miami Ney C. Landrum, Tallahassee Mrs. E. D. Pearce, Miami Charles E. Perry, Miami W. E. Potter, Lake Buena Vista Samuel Proctor, Gainesville Ted Randell, Fort Myers Blair Reeves, Gainesville Bob Saunders, Gainesville George E. Saunders, Winter Park Don Shoemaker, Miami Harold W. Stayman, Tampa Richard Stone, Tallahassee Alan Trask, Fort Meade BICENTENNIAL COMMISSION OF FLORIDA. Governor Reubin O'D. Askew, Honorary Chairman Lieutenant Governor Tom Adams, Chairman Pat Dodson, Vice Chairman N. E. (Bill) Miller, Executive Director George I. Baumgartner, North Miami Beach Floyd T. Christian, Tallahassee Johnnie Ruth Clarke, St. Petersburg A. H. Craig, St. Augustine Henry Dartigalongue, Jacksonville John D. Gordon, Miami Beach Warren S. Henderson, Sarasota Richard S. Hodes, Tampa Joe Lang Kershaw, Miami Ney C. Landrum, Tallahassee Mrs. E. D. Pearce, Miami Charles E. Perry, Miami W. E. Potter, Lake Buena Vista Samuel Proctor, Gainesville Ted Randell, Fort Myers Blair Reeves, Gainesville Bob Saunders, Gainesville George E. Saunders, Winter Park Don Shoemaker, Miami Harold W. Stayman, Tampa Richard Stone, Tallahassee Alan Trask, Fort Meade BICENTENNIAL COMMISSION OF FLORIDA. Governor Reubin O'D. Askew, Honorary Chairman Lieutenant Governor Tom Adams, Chairman Pat Dodson, Vice Chairman N. E. (Bill) Miller, Executive Director George I. Baumgartner, North Miami Beach Floyd T. Christian, Tallahassee Johnnie Ruth Clarke, St. Petersburg A. H. Craig, St. Augustine Henry Dartigalongue, Jacksonville John D. Gordon, Miami Beach Warren S. Henderson, Sarasota Richard S. Hodes, Tampa Joe Lang Kershaw, Miami Ney C. Landrum, Tallahassee Mrs. E. D. Pearce, Miami Charles E. Perry, Miami W. E. Potter, Lake Buena Vista Samuel Proctor, Gainesville Ted Randell, Fort Myers Blair Reeves, Gainesville Bob Saunders, Gainesville George E. Saunders, Winter Park Don Shoemaker, Miami Harold W. Stayman, Tampa Richard Stone, Tallahassee Alan Trask, Fort Meade  vi BICENTENNIAL COMMISSION. W. Robert Williams, Tallahassee Lori Wilson, Merritt Island Sherman S. Winn, Bal Harbour vi BICENTENNIAL COMMISSION. W. Robert Williams, Tallahassee Lori Wilson, Merritt Island Sherman S. Winn, Bal Harbour vi BICENTENNIAL COMMISSION. W. Robert Williams, Tallahassee Lori Wilson, Merritt Island Sherman S. Winn, Bal Harbour  GENERAL EDITOR'S PREFACE. IN 1974, two years prior to the Ameri- can Revolution Bicentennial, Florida will celebrate the sesquicentennial of the es- tablishment of Tallahassee as its first capital. When Florida became an American territory and the civil government was created, the Legislative Council of the territory held its first session in Pensacola in June 1822. The St. Augustine delegates made the long journey by water around the Keys and through the Gulf of Mexico. It was nearly two months before they arrived. In 1823 the council met in St. Augustine, and the West Florida dele- gates, traveling by land, were twenty- eight days en route. A site more centrally located was obviously a paramount and immediate need. John Lee Williams of Pensacola and Dr. William Hayne Sim- mons, a South Carolinian who had settled in East Florida in 1822, were appointed GENERAL EDITOR'S PREFACE. IN 1974, two years prior to the Ameri- can Revolution Bicentennial, Florida will celebrate the sesquicentennial of the es- tablishment of Tallahassee as its first capital. When Florida became an American territory and the civil government was created, the Legislative Council of the territory held its first session in Pensacola in June 1822. The St. Augustine delegates made the long journey by water around the Keys and through the Gulf of Mexico. It was nearly two months before they arrived. In 1823 the council met in St. Augustine, and the West Florida dele- gates, traveling by land, were twenty- eight days en route. A site more centrally located was obviously a paramount and immediate need. John Lee Williams of Pensacola and Dr. William Hayne Sim- mons, a South Carolinian who had settled in East Florida in 1822, were appointed GENERAL EDITOR'S PREFACE. IN 1974, two years prior to the Ameri- can Revolution Bicentennial, Florida will celebrate the sesquicentennial of the es- tablishment of Tallahassee as its first capital. When Florida became an American territory and the civil government was created, the Legislative Council of the territory held its first session in Pensacola in June 1822. The St. Augustine delegates made the long journey by water around the Keys and through the Gulf of Mexico. It was nearly two months before they arrived. In 1823 the council met in St. Augustine, and the West Florida dele- gates, traveling by land, were twenty- eight days en route. A site more centrally located was obviously a paramount and immediate need. John Lee Williams of Pensacola and Dr. William Hayne Sim- mons, a South Carolinian who had settled in East Florida in 1822, were appointed  viii PREFACE. as a two-man commission to recommend a site for a capital. The area between the Suwannee and Ochlockonee rivers south of the Georgia border was explored. The men were particularly impressed with Tallahassee, the Indian settlement where Neomathla, chief of the Tallahassees, lived. It was here that the Legislative Council held its 1824 session in a small wooden log building, and Tallahassee has been the capital of Florida ever since. Dr. Simmons is remembered in Florida history mainly because he helped select the capital site. However, he was a physician, politician, and author. After receiving his medical degree at the University of Pennsylvania, he lived in Charleston, devoting himself to politics and to his writing. He served a term in the South Carolina legislature, and then, after touring the Creek Indian frontier, he wrote Onea: An Indian Tale, a lyrical work that established his reputation as a poet. His Notices of East Florida, published in Charleston in 1822, is one of the volumes in the Bicentennial Floridiana Facsimile Series that is being published by the Florida Bicentennial Commission to ob- serve the two-hundredth anniversary of the United States. viii PREFACE. as a two-man commission to recommend a site for a capital. The area between the Suwannee and Ochlockonee rivers south of the Georgia border was explored. The men were particularly impressed with Tallahassee, the Indian settlement where Neomathla, chief of the Tallahassees, lived. It was here that the Legislative Council held its 1824 session in a small wooden log building, and Tallahassee has been the capital of Florida ever since. Dr. Simmons is remembered in Florida history mainly because he helped select the capital site. However, he was a physician, politician, and author. After receiving his medical degree at the University of Pennsylvania, he lived in Charleston, devoting himself to politics and to his writing. He served a term in the South Carolina legislature, and then, after touring the Creek Indian frontier, he wrote Onea: An Indian Tale, a lyrical work that established his reputation as a poet. His Notices of East Florida, published in Charleston in 1822, is one of the volumes in the Bicentennial Floridiana Facsimile Series that is being published by the Florida Bicentennial Commission to ob- serve the two-hundredth anniversary of the United States. viii PREFACE. as a two-man commission to recommend a site for a capital. The area between the Suwannee and Ochlockonee rivers south of the Georgia border was explored. The men were particularly impressed with Tallahassee, the Indian settlement where Neomathla, chief of the Tallahassees, lived. It was here that the Legislative Council held its 1824 session in a small wooden log building, and Tallahassee has been the capital of Florida ever since. Dr. Simmons is remembered in Florida history mainly because he helped select the capital site. However, he was a physician, politician, and author. After receiving his medical degree at the University of Pennsylvania, he lived in Charleston, devoting himself to politics and to his writing. He served a term in the South Carolina legislature, and then, after touring the Creek Indian frontier, he wrote Onea: An Indian Tale, a lyrical work that established his reputation as a poet. His Notices of East Florida, published in Charleston in 1822, is one of the volumes in the Bicentennial Floridiana Facsimile Series that is being published by the Florida Bicentennial Commission to ob- serve the two-hundredth anniversary of the United States.  PREFACE. ix Notices of East Florida includes a his- tory of the Seminoles, one of the earliest and fullest accounts of the Indians who moved into Florida during the early part of the eighteenth century. The book also includes sections from a journal that Dr. Simmons kept of a trip through Florida during the winter of 1822. Throughout his life, Dr. Simmons avoided publicity, and most of his writings were published anonymously. This was one of the reasons for the failure on the part of the scholarly community to recognize the value of his Notices of East Florida when it first appeared. Only later did those scholars interested in Florida Indian affairs realize its worth. The Bicentennial Floridiana Facsimile Series will include twenty-five out-of-print books covering the 450 years of Florida's rich and exciting history. Most, if not all, of these books are very rare. Their repub- lication will not only make a substantial contribution to the scholarship of Florida history but will make them available again. Specialists, such as Professor George E. Buker, the editor of Notices of East Florida, are writing introductions and compiling indexes for each book. The series is one of the many programs PREFACE. ix Notices of East Florida includes a his- tory of the Seminoles, one of the earliest and fullest accounts of the Indians who moved into Florida during the early part of the eighteenth century. The book also includes sections from a journal that Dr. Simmons kept of a trip through Florida during the winter of 1822. Throughout his life, Dr. Simmons avoided publicity, and most of his writings were published anonymously. This was one of the reasons for the failure on the part of the scholarly community to recognize the value of his Notices of East Florida when it first appeared. Only later did those scholars interested in Florida Indian affairs realize its worth. The Bicentennial Floridiana Facsimile Series will include twenty-five out-of-print books covering the 450 years of Florida's rich and exciting history. Most, if not all, of these books are very rare. Their repub- lication will not only make a substantial contribution to the scholarship of Florida history but will make them available again. Specialists, such as Professor George E. Buker, the editor of Notices of East Florida, are writing introductions and compiling indexes for each book. The series is one of the many programs PREFACE. ix Notices of East Florida includes a his- tory of the Seminoles, one of the earliest and fullest accounts of the Indians who moved into Florida during the early part of the eighteenth century. The book also includes sections from a journal that Dr. Simmons kept of a trip through Florida during the winter of 1822. Throughout his life, Dr. Simmons avoided publicity, and most of his writings were published anonymously. This was one of the reasons for the failure on the part of the scholarly community to recognize the value of his Notices of East Florida when it first appeared. Only later did those scholars interested in Florida Indian affairs realize its worth. The Bicentennial Floridiana Facsimile Series will include twenty-five out-of-print books covering the 450 years of Florida's rich and exciting history. Most, if not all, of these books are very rare. Their repub- lication will not only make a substantial contribution to the scholarship of Florida history but will make them available again. Specialists, such as Professor George E. Buker, the editor of Notices of East Florida, are writing introductions and compiling indexes for each book. The series is one of the many programs  x PREFACE. xC PREFACE. xC PREFACE. being developed by the Florida Bicenten- nial Commission, a 27-member board, set up by legislative enactment, with Governor Reubin Askew as honorary chairman. Ten members represent the legislature, seven represent state boards and agencies, and ten persons are appointed by the governor as public members. Professor Buker, a graduate of the University of Florida, is professor of history at Jacksonville University. He has also taught at the St. Johns River Junior College, Palatka, Florida. His articles have appeared in the Florida Historical Quarterly and the American Neptune. His book, Swamp Sailors: Riverine Warfare in the Everglades 1835-1842, will be pub- lished by the University of Florida Press. Professor Buker retired from the United States Navy with the rank of commander. SAMUEL PROCTOR General Editor of the BICENTENNIAL FLORIDIANA FACSIMILE SERIES University of Florida being developed by the Florida Bicenten- nial Commission, a 27-member board, set up by legislative enactment, with Governor Reubin Askew as honorary chairman. Ten members represent the legislature, seven represent state boards and agencies, and ten persons are appointed by the governor as public members. Professor Buker, a graduate of the University of Florida, is professor of history at Jacksonville University. He has also taught at the St. Johns River Junior College, Palatka, Florida. His articles have appeared in the Florida Historical Quarterly and the American Neptune. His book, Swamp Sailors: Riverine Warfare in the Everglades 1835-1842, will be pub- lished by the University of Florida Press. Professor Buker retired from the United States Navy with the rank of commander. SAMUEL PROCTOR General Editor of the BICENTENNIAL FLORIDIANA FACSIMILE SERIES University of Florida being developed by the Florida Bicenten- nial Commission, a 27-member board, set up by legislative enactment, with Governor Reubin Askew as honorary chairman. Ten members represent the legislature, seven represent state boards and agencies, and ten persons are appointed by the governor as public members. Professor Buker, a graduate of the University of Florida, is professor of history at Jacksonville University. He has also taught at the St. Johns River Junior College, Palatka, Florida. His articles have appeared in the Florida Historical Quarterly and the American Neptune. His book, Swamp Sailors: Riverine Warfare in the Everglades 1835-1842, will be pub- lished by the University of Florida Press. Professor Buker retired from the United States Navy with the rank of commander. SAMUEL PROCTOR General Editor of the BICENTENNIAL FLORIDIANA FACSIMILE SERIES University of Florida  INTRODUCTION. WHILE a few men live their lives in the glare of the public spotlight, most remain hidden in the shadows of obscurity. Dr. William Hayne Simmons lived, either through design or accident, on the fringe of public illumination. He came from a rather distinguished family, received a good education, was a friend and associate of men who achieved local or national fame, participated in significant events in the early history of Florida after it be- come an American possession, but his literary and historical repute is slight. Throughout his life, events seemed to illus- trate his position between renown and the obscurity which became his lot. He was born in Charleston, South Caro- lina, in January 1784, a descendant of Dr. Henry Woodward, the first English settler of South Carolina. His paternal family has been traced back to John Simmons (1658- 1738) of Dorchester, Massachusetts, one INTRODUCTION. WHILE a few men live their lives in the glare of the public spotlight, most remain hidden in the shadows of obscurity. Dr. William Hayne Simmons lived, either through design or accident, on the fringe of public illumination. He came from a rather distinguished family, received a good education, was a friend and associate of men who achieved local or national fame, participated in significant events in the early history of Florida after it be- come an American possession, but his literary and historical repute is slight. Throughout his life, events seemed to illus- trate his position between renown and the obscurity which became his lot. He was born in Charleston, South Caro- lina, in January 1784, a descendant of Dr. Henry Woodward, the first English settler of South Carolina. His paternal family has been traced back to John Simmons (1658- 1738) of Dorchester, Massachusetts, one INTRODUCTION. WHILE a few men live their lives in the glare of the public spotlight, most remain hidden in the shadows of obscurity. Dr. William Hayne Simmons lived, either through design or accident, on the fringe of public illumination. He came from a rather distinguished family, received a good education, was a friend and associate of men who achieved local or national fame, participated in significant events in the early history of Florida after it be- come an American possession, but his literary and historical repute is slight. Throughout his life, events seemed to illus- trate his position between renown and the obscurity which became his lot. He was born in Charleston, South Caro- lina, in January 1784, a descendant of Dr. Henry Woodward, the first English settler of South Carolina. His paternal family has been traced back to John Simmons (1658- 1738) of Dorchester, Massachusetts, one  xii INTRODUCTION. of the New England pilgrims. On his mother's side (Hayne), his ancestors came to South Carolina from England in 1700.' He received a classical education, was well versed in modern languages, and studied medicine at the University of Pennsylvania.2 Pennsylvania's medical school records show that William Hayne Simmons, or Symonds, born in 1785, entered the school in 1804-5, and grad- uated with the class of 1806, but he ap- parently never practiced medicine. He was described as a poet who had published two books: Onea, an Indian poem, and A His- tory of the Seminoles.3 There is no men- tion of his first work, An Essay on Some of the Effects of Contusions of the Head, pub- lished in Philadelphia in 1806.4 Not much is known of Simmons' activi- ties just after he left the University of Pennsylvania. He returned to Charleston where he devoted himself to politics and literature. He served a term, 1816-18, in the South Carolina legislature with his good friend Robert Y. Hayne, who became famous in the United States Senate for his part in the Hayne-Webster debate of 1830.' In 1819 Simmons toured the frontier country of the Creek Indian nation. He had read William Bartram's Travels, and xii INTRODUCTION. of the New England pilgrims. On his mother's side (Hayne), his ancestors came to South Carolina from England in 1700.' He received a classical education, was well versed in modern languages, and studied medicine at the University of Pennsylvania.2 Pennsylvania's medical school records show that William Hayne Simmons, or Symonds, born in 1785, entered the school in 1804-5, and grad- uated with the class of 1806, but he ap- parently never practiced medicine. He was described as a poet who had published two books: Onea, an Indian poem, and A His- tory of the Seminoles.3 There is no men- tion of his first work, An Essay on Some of the Effects of Contusions of the Head, pub- lished in Philadelphia in 1806.4 Not much is known of Simmons' activi- ties just after he left the University of Pennsylvania. He returned to Charleston where he devoted himself to politics and literature. He served a term, 1816-18, in the South Carolina legislature with his good friend Robert Y. Hayne, who became famous in the United States Senate for his part in the Hayne-Webster debate of 1830.5 In 1819 Simmons toured the frontier country of the Creek Indian nation. He had read William Bartram's Travels, and xii INTRODUCTION. of the New England pilgrims. On his mother's side (Hayne), his ancestors came to South Carolina from England in 1700.' He received a classical education, was well versed in modern languages, and studied medicine at the University of Pennsylvania.2 Pennsylvania's medical school records show that William Hayne Simmons, or Symonds, born in 1785, entered the school in 1804-5, and grad- uated with the class of 1806, but he ap- parently never practiced medicine. He was described as a poet who had published two books: Onea, an Indian poem, and A His- tory of the Seminoles.3 There is no men- tion of his first work, An Essay on Some of the Effects of Contusions of the Head, pub- lished in Philadelphia in 1806.+ Not much is known of Simmons' activi- ties just after he left the University of Pennsylvania. He returned to Charleston where he devoted himself to politics and literature. He served a term, 1816-18, in the South Carolina legislature with his good friend Robert Y. Hayne, who became famous in the United States Senate for his part in the Hayne-Webster debate of 1830.1 In 1819 Simmons toured the frontier country of the Creek Indian nation. He had read William Bartram's Travels, and  INTRODUCTION. xiii he had been particularly impressed by Bartram's description of the flight of the Yamasee Indians into the Okefenokee Swamp to escape their enemies. This passage and Simmons' own trek into Creek country stirred him to write and to pub- lish anonymously Onea; An Indian Tale in Charleston in 1820.6 It was this work that established his reputation as a poet. During this period negotiations were taking place for the transfer of Florida from Spanish to American control. Al- though the treaty of cession was drawn up in 1819, the two nations bickered over technicalities until February 1821, when it was finally ratified. Formal ceremonies of transfer were held in July of that year. The long drawn-out negotiations caused many Americans, including Simmons, to chafe over the delay which kept them from taking possession of the Floridas. Whatever the cause, his frontier tour or the rising fever of speculation over the opportunity available in the new lands to the south, Dr. Simmons, at age thirty- seven, decided to pull up his roots and leave Charleston. Therefore, as soon as the terri- tory was ceded by Spain, he moved to East Florida, settling in St. Augustine. He was so impressed with the community that he INTRODUCTION. xiii he had been particularly impressed by Bartram's description of the flight of the Yamasee Indians into the Okefenokee Swamp to escape their enemies. This passage and Simmons' own trek into Creek country stirred him to write and to pub- lish anonymously Onea; An Indian Tale in Charleston in 1820.6 It was this work that established his reputation as a poet. During this period negotiations were taking place for the transfer of Florida from Spanish to American control. Al- though the treaty of cession was drawn up in 1819, the two nations bickered over technicalities until February 1821, when it was finally ratified. Formal ceremonies of transfer were held in July of that year. The long drawn-out negotiations caused many Americans, including Simmons, to chafe over the delay which kept them from taking possession of the Floridas. Whatever the cause, his frontier tour or the rising fever of speculation over the opportunity available in the new lands to the south, Dr. Simmons, at age thirty- seven, decided to pull up his roots and leave Charleston. Therefore, as soon as the terri- tory was ceded by Spain, he moved to East Florida, settling in St. Augustine. He was so impressed with the community that he INTRODUCTION. xiii he had been particularly impressed by Bartram's description of the flight of the Yamasee Indians into the Okefenokee Swamp to escape their enemies. This passage and Simmons' own trek into Creek country stirred him to write and to pub- lish anonymously Onea; An Indian Tale in Charleston in 1820.6 It was this work that established his reputation as a poet. During this period negotiations were taking place for the transfer of Florida from Spanish to American control. Al- though the treaty of cession was drawn up in 1819, the two nations bickered over technicalities until February 1821, when it was finally ratified. Formal ceremonies of transfer were held in July of that year. The long drawn-out negotiations caused many Americans, including Simmons, to chafe over the delay which kept them from taking possession of the Floridas. Whatever the cause, his frontier tour or the rising fever of speculation over the opportunity available in the new lands to the south, Dr. Simmons, at age thirty- seven, decided to pull up his roots and leave Charleston. Therefore, as soon as the terri- tory was ceded by Spain, he moved to East Florida, settling in St. Augustine. He was so impressed with the community that he  xiv INTRODUCTION. informed his friend Robert Hayne of his intention "to spend the remainder of his days there."' Although he was not a wealthy man he did possess a small in- come, and he felt well equipped to meet the challenge of the frontier. He spoke Spanish, he had some political experience, and these attributes, plus his literary ability, would be needed, he believed, in this new country. Americans, interested in any informa- tion about this newly acquired land, re- ceived a flurry of magazine and newspaper articles concerning the Floridas. Simmons, on the scene, submitted to the Charleston City Gazette his views about Florida. This article, republished in Niles' Register for a national audience, contained perceptive observations on the Seminole Indians., In addition to newspaper accounts, at least three books on Florida were produced in 1821 and 1822, and Simmons was the author of one of these volumes. James Grant Forbes' Sketches, Historical and Topographical of the Floridas was pub- lished in New York in 1821, and William Darby's A Memoir on the Geography and Natural and Civil History of Florida was published in Philadelphia in the same year. Although all three authors were attempt- xiv INTRODUCTION. informed his friend Robert Hayne of his intention "to spend the remainder of his days there." Although he was not a wealthy man he did possess a small in- come, and he felt well equipped to meet the challenge of the frontier. He spoke Spanish, he had some political experience, and these attributes, plus his literary ability, would be needed, he believed, in this new country. Americans, interested in any informa- tion about this newly acquired land, re- ceived a flurry of magazine and newspaper articles concerning the Floridas. Simmons, on the scene, submitted to the Charleston City Gazette his views about Florida. This article, republished in Niles' Register for a national audience, contained perceptive observations on the Seminole Indians., In addition to newspaper accounts, at least three books on Florida were produced in 1821 and 1822, and Simmons was the author of one of these volumes. James Grant Forbes' Sketches, Historical and Topographical of the Floridas was pub- lished in New York in 1821, and William Darby's A Memoir on the Geography and Natural and Civil History of Florida was published in Philadelphia in the same year. Although all three authors were attempt- xiv INTRODUCTION. informed his friend Robert Hayne of his intention "to spend the remainder of his days there." Although he was not a wealthy man he did possess a small in- come, and he felt well equipped to meet the challenge of the frontier. He spoke Spanish, he had some political experience, and these attributes, plus his literary ability, would be needed, he believed, in this new country. Americans, interested in any informa- tion about this newly acquired land, re- ceived a flurry of magazine and newspaper articles concerning the Floridas. Simmons, on the scene, submitted to the Charleston City Gazette his views about Florida. This article, republished in Niles' Register for a national audience, contained perceptive observations on the Seminole Indians.* In addition to newspaper accounts, at least three books on Florida were produced in 1821 and 1822, and Simmons was the author of one of these volumes. James Grant Forbes' Sketches, Historical and Topographical of the Floridas was pub- lished in New York in 1821, and William Darby's A Memoir on the Geography and Natural and Civil History of Florida was published in Philadelphia in the same year. Although all three authors were attempt-  INTRODUCTION. xv ing to enlighten the reading public about the territory, their styles and coverage were quite different. Forbes' work was basically a historical view of the territory, with a strong pro- motional leaning. The Floridian, a weekly Pensacola newspaper, sharply criticized the book. The editor said that "this work contains about two hundred pages, chiefly extracted from Bartram, Romans, and Ellicot.... And certainly we do not mean to accuse Mr. Forbes of the sin of origi- nality in his production. He has been ex- tremely successful in hunting up and scraping together, the accounts contained in old magazines and gazetteers."' Nathan Hale was more impressed than that writer and commented favorably on it in the North American Review.10 Darby's work was confined almost ex- clusively to a detailed examination of the topography of the territory. Niles' Regis- ter reported on it straightforwardly, with neither comment nor interpretation." Nathan Hale, in the North American Re- view, was not very complimentary. He wrote, "of Mr. Darby's book we cannot speak with so much commendation [as Forbes' Sketches]. It is principally a loose compilation, drawn up with an air of INTRODUCTION. xv ing to enlighten the reading public about the territory, their styles and coverage were quite different. Forbes' work was basically a historical view of the territory, with a strong pro- motional leaning. The Floridian, a weekly Pensacola newspaper, sharply criticized the book. The editor said that "this work contains about two hundred pages, chiefly extracted from Bartram, Romans, and Ellicot. . . . And certainly we do not mean to accuse Mr. Forbes of the sin of origi- nality in his production. He has been ex- tremely successful in hunting up and scraping together, the accounts contained in old magazines and gazetteers."0 Nathan Hale was more impressed than that writer and commented favorably on it in the North American Review.10 Darby's work was confined almost ex- clusively to a detailed examination of the topography of the territory. Niles' Regis- ter reported on it straightforwardly, with neither comment nor interpretation." Nathan Hale, in the North American Re- view, was not very complimentary. He wrote, "of Mr. Darby's book we cannot speak with so much commendation [as Forbes' Sketches]. It is principally a loose compilation, drawn up with an air of INTRODUCTION. xv ing to enlighten the reading public about the territory, their styles and coverage were quite different. Forbes' work was basically a historical view of the territory, with a strong pro- motional leaning. The Floridian, a weekly Pensacola newspaper, sharply criticized the book. The editor said that "this work contains about two hundred pages, chiefly extracted from Bartram, Romans, and Ellicot.... And certainly we do not mean to accuse Mr. Forbes of the sin of origi- nality in his production. He has been ex- tremely successful in hunting up and scraping together, the accounts contained in old magazines and gazetteers."' Nathan Hale was more impressed than that writer and commented favorably on it in the North American Review.'" Darby's work was confined almost ex- clusively to a detailed examination of the topography of the territory. Niles' Regis- ter reported on it straightforwardly, with neither comment nor interpretation." Nathan Hale, in the North American Re- view, was not very complimentary. He wrote, "of Mr. Darby's book we cannot speak with so much commendation [as Forbes' Sketches]. It is principally a loose compilation, drawn up with an air of  zvi INTRODUCTION. precision, but without the accuracy in de- tails which can command confidence."2 Simmons' work, perhaps because it was anonymous, was not deemed worthy of notice by these publications. It is regrettable that neither of these nationally circulated journals reviewed Simmons' book. Of the three works, his Notices of East Florida, with an Account of the Seminole Nation of Indians, is unique because of its emphasis upon the native peoples of Florida. In the same vein as the other two books, and in a style widely practiced by nineteenth-century authors, Simmons' work opened with a geographic description. In this instance, however, his portrayal of the territory's physiography was terse, almost laconic, as if he was only doing what was expected of him. He wrote briefly about the soil and climate of East Florida, with a digression on yellow fever. He transcribed from his journal the events of a trip through the territory during the winter of 1822, and then he devoted himself to his major interest and thesis, the story of the Semi- nole Indians. This section dealing with the Seminoles is the most significant part of his book, and it became the mainstay of later xvi INTRODUCTION. precision, but without the accuracy in de- tails which can command confidence."2 Simmons' work, perhaps because it was anonymous, was not deemed worthy of notice by these publications. It is regrettable that neither of these nationally circulated journals reviewed Simmons' book. Of the three works, his Notices of East Florida, with an Account of the Seminole Nation of Indians, is unique because of its emphasis upon the native peoples of Florida. In the same vein as the other two books, and in a style widely practiced by nineteenth-century authors, Simmons' work opened with a geographic description. In this instance, however, his portrayal of the territory's physiography was terse, almost laconic, as if he was only doing what was expected of him. He wrote briefly about the soil and climate of East Florida, with a digression on yellow fever. He transcribed from his journal the events of a trip through the territory during the winter of 1822, and then he devoted himself to his major interest and thesis, the story of the Semi- nole Indians. This section dealing with the Seminoles is the most significant part of his book, and it became the mainstay of later xvi INTRODUCTION. precision, but without the accuracy in de- tails which can command confidence."" Simmons' work, perhaps because it was anonymous, was not deemed worthy of notice by these publications. It is regrettable that neither of these nationally circulated journals reviewed Simmons' book. Of the three works, his Notices of East Florida, with an Account of the Seminole Nation of Indians, is unique because of its emphasis upon the native peoples of Florida. In the same vein as the other two books, and in a style widely practiced by nineteenth-century authors, Simmons' work opened with a geographic description. In this instance, however, his portrayal of the territory's physiography was terse, almost laconic, as if he was only doing what was expected of him. He wrote briefly about the soil and climate of East Florida, with a digression on yellow fever. He transcribed from his journal the events of a trip through the territory during the winter of 1822, and then he devoted himself to his major interest and thesis, the story of the Semi- nole Indians. This section dealing with the Seminoles is the most significant part of his book, and it became the mainstay of later  INTRODUCTION. xvii recognition. Similar to the childhood game of whispering a sentence around a group to note the changes wrought in the re- telling, the title Notices of East Florida disappeared and the final portion with an Account of the Seminole Nation of Indians became a History of the Seminoles. Specu- lation coupled with a few known facts might explain this change of title. When William Simmons moved to Florida, William Gilmore Simms was only fifteen. During the 1820s, James Wright Simmons, William's younger brother, joined Simms in a newspaper venture, and it is possible that James brought the Notices of East Florida to Simms' attention. Years later Simms may have provided his friends Evert and George Duyckinck with some material for their Cyclopaedia of Ameri- can Literature, published in 1866. At the time of the compilation of the cyclopaedia, Simms remembered only that the subject matter of Simmons' book concerned the history of the Seminoles, and the Duyc- kincks accepted this without further checking. This possibility is strengthened by Simms' own comments a few years later when he wrote, "He [Simmons] published a volume, the title of which we forget, but it embodied a series of valuable sketches of INTRODUCTION. xvii recognition. Similar to the childhood game of whispering a sentence around a group to note the changes wrought in the re- telling, the title Notices of East Florida disappeared and the final portion with an Account of the Seminole Nation of Indians became a History of the Seminoles. Specu- lation coupled with a few known facts might explain this change of title. When William Simmons moved to Florida, William Gilmore Simms was only fifteen. During the 1820s, James Wright Simmons, William's younger brother, joined Simms in a newspaper venture, and it is possible that James brought the Notices of East Florida to Simms' attention. Years later Simms may have provided his friends Evert and George Duyckinck with some material for their Cyclopaedia of Ameri- can Literature, published in 1866. At the time of the compilation of the cyclopaedia, Simms remembered only that the subject matter of Simmons' book concerned the history of the Seminoles, and the Duyc- kincks accepted this without further checking. This possibility is strengthened by Simms' own comments a few years later when he wrote, "He [Simmons] published a volume, the title of which we forget, but it embodied a series of valuable sketches of INTRODUCTION. xvii recognition. Similar to the childhood game of whispering a sentence around a group to note the changes wrought in the re- telling, the title Notices of East Florida disappeared and the final portion with an Account of the Seminole Nation of Indians became a History of the Seminoles. Specu- lation coupled with a few known facts might explain this change of title. When William Simmons moved to Florida, William Gilmore Simms was only fifteen. During the 1820s, James Wright Simmons, William's younger brother, joined Simms in a newspaper venture, and it is possible that James brought the Notices of East Florida to Simms' attention. Years later Simms may have provided his friends Evert and George Duyckinck with some material for their Cyclopaedia of Ameri- can Literature, published in 1866. At the time of the compilation of the cyclopaedia, Simms remembered only that the subject matter of Simmons' book concerned the history of the Seminoles, and the Duyc- kincks accepted this without further checking. This possibility is strengthened by Simms' own comments a few years later when he wrote, "He [Simmons] published a volume, the title of which we forget, but it embodied a series of valuable sketches of  xviii INTRODUCTION. the Seminoles, with a partial vocabulary of their language."" After the Duyckincks' Cyclopaedia appeared, others copied their information. The article on William Hayne Simmons in Appleton's Cyclopaedia of American Biography bears a strong re- semblance to the Duyckincks' work, and the University of Pennsylvania's archivist reported that in Dr. Simmons' biography folder the write-up which had appeared in Appleton's Cyclopaedia was included." This change of title has persisted into the present. The Library of Southern Literature (1907-13) lists Simmons as the author of A History of the Seminoles, and the more recently published work The Letters of William Gilmore Simms (1952) also credits him with writing a History of the Seminoles. It is obvious that some of the authors and editors were not familiar with Simmons' book from first- hand knowledge. The avoidance of publicity which Sim- mons presumably sought by publishing anonymously, a title change to a nonexist- ent book, and a limited circulation have all contributed to the lack of recognition of this book by later scholars interested in Florida's Indian affairs. In an Indian bibliography published in 1873 there was xviii INTRODUCTION. the Seminoles, with a partial vocabulary of their language."" After the Duyckincks' Cyclopaedia appeared, others copied their information. The article on William Hayne Simmons in Appleton's Cyclopaedia of American Biography bears a strong re- semblance to the Duyckincks' work, and the University of Pennsylvania's archivist reported that in Dr. Simmons' biography folder the write-up which had appeared in Appleton's Cyclopaedia was included." This change of title has persisted into the present. The Library of Southern Literature (1907-13) lists Simmons as the author of A History of the Seminoles, and the more recently published work The Letters of William Gilmore Simms (1952) also credits him with writing a History of the Seminoles. It is obvious that some of the authors and editors were not familiar with Simmons' book from first- hand knowledge. The avoidance of publicity which Sim- mons presumably sought by publishing anonymously, a title change to a nonexist- ent book, and a limited circulation have all contributed to the lack of recognition of this book by later scholars interested in Florida's Indian affairs. In an Indian bibliography published in 1873 there was xviii INTRODUCTION. the Seminoles, with a partial vocabulary of their language."" After the Duyckincks' Cyclopaedia appeared, others copied their information. The article on William Hayne Simmons in Appleton's Cyclopaedia of American Biography bears a strong re- semblance to the Duyckincks' work, and the University of Pennsylvania's archivist reported that in Dr. Simmons' biography folder the write-up which had appeared in Appleton's Cyclopaedia was included." This change of title has persisted into the present. The Library of Southern Literature (1907-13) lists Simmons as the author of A History of the Seminoles, and the more recently published work The Letters of William Gilmore Simms (1952) also credits him with writing a History of the Seminoles. It is obvious that some of the authors and editors were not familiar with Simmons' book from first- hand knowledge. The avoidance of publicity which Sim- mons presumably sought by publishing anonymously, a title change to a nonexist- ent book, and a limited circulation have all contributed to the lack of recognition of this book by later scholars interested in Florida's Indian affairs. In an Indian bibliography published in 1873 there was  INTRODUCTION. xix no mention of William Simmons, but his Notices of East Florida was catalogued anonymously with this annotation: "The author kept a journal of his observations during his travels in the Seminole country, and on pp. 55 to 96, he gives 'An Account of the Seminole Nation of Indians,' drawn from his notes. As the results of the per- sonal intercourse of an intelligent observer of the character and peculiarities of that interesting people, it possesses more than common interest. 'A vocabulary of the Seminole Language,' occupies pp. 97 to 105, a portion of which is in MS. obtained (as a MS. note informs us), from the 'unfortunate Arbuthnot, hanged as a British spy, by order of General Jack- son.'"" Evidently the copy in question in- cluded manuscript information deleted by Simmons from the note he had intended to insert on page 96. By the twentieth cen- tury even this limited recognition of the Notices seems to have faded. Neither F. W. Hodge's Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico nor John R. Swanton's books on the same subject mention Sim- mons or his work in their extensive bibli- ographies.S More than half of the first chapter of the Notices of East Florida contains a dis- INTRODUCTION. xix no mention of William Simmons, but his Notices of East Florida was catalogued anonymously with this annotation: "The author kept a journal of his observations during his travels in the Seminole country, and on pp. 55 to 96, he gives 'An Account of the Seminole Nation of Indians,' drawn from his notes. As the results of the per- sonal intercourse of an intelligent observer of the character and peculiarities of that interesting people, it possesses more than common interest. 'A vocabulary of the Seminole Language,' occupies pp. 97 to 105, a portion of which is in MS. obtained (as a MS. note informs us), from the 'unfortunate Arbuthnot, hanged as a British spy, by order of General Jack- son."'5 Evidently the copy in question in- cluded manuscript information deleted by Simmons from the note he had intended to insert on page 96. By the twentieth cen- tury even this limited recognition of the Notices seems to have faded. Neither F. W. Hodge's Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico nor John R. Swanton's books on the same subject mention Sim- mons or his work in their extensive bibli- ographies.16 More than half of the first chapter of the Notices of East Florida contains a dis- INTRODUCTION. xix no mention of William Simmons, but his Notices of East Florida was catalogued anonymously with this annotation: "The author kept a journal of his observations during his travels in the Seminole country, and on pp. 55 to 96, he gives 'An Account of the Seminole Nation of Indians,' drawn from his notes. As the results of the per- sonal intercourse of an intelligent observer of the character and peculiarities of that interesting people, it possesses more than common interest. 'A vocabulary of the Seminole Language,' occupies pp. 97 to 105, a portion of which is in MS. obtained (as a MS. note informs us), from the 'unfortunate Arbuthnot, hanged as a British spy, by order of General Jack- son.""' Evidently the copy in question in- cluded manuscript information deleted by Simmons from the note he had intended to insert on page 96. By the twentieth cen- tury even this limited recognition of the Notices seems to have faded. Neither F. W. Hodge's Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico nor John R. Swanton's books on the same subject mention Sim- mons or his work in their extensive bibli- ographies." More than half of the first chapter of the Notices of East Florida contains a dis-  xx INTRODUCTION. cussion concerning the cause and preven- tion of yellow fever. From this exposition, it is apparent that there were then two schools of medical thought: Dr. David Hosack's of New York, who stressed the importance of contagion, and Dr. Matthew Irvine's of Charleston, who championed a theory that the fever was not contagious but brought upon man by a combination of local circumstances. Dr. Simmons, a proponent of Dr. Irvine's hypothesis, felt that yellow fever struck when three conditions were present: a specific state of the air which allowed for a sickly season, the effluvia of a crowded city, and some other maritime ingredient not yet discovered. He felt that when these conditions were present there was great possibility of an epidemic. It is obvious that even though Dr. Simmons did not practice medicine, he kept himself in- formed, for he quoted from Dr. Hosack's paper which had been published in 1815, and from Dr. Irvine's book printed in 1820.17 St. Augustine in 1821 had been sub- jected to a severe epidemic which had inflicted great loss of life upon the inhabit- ants. In fact, when the fever carried off Dr. Charles N. M'Coskey, the army sur- xx INTRODUCTION. cussion concerning the cause and preven- tion of yellow fever. From this exposition, it is apparent that there were then two schools of medical thought: Dr. David Hosack's of New York, who stressed the importance of contagion, and Dr. Matthew Irvine's of Charleston, who championed a theory that the fever was not contagious but brought upon man by a combination of local circumstances. Dr. Simmons, a proponent of Dr. Irvine's hypothesis, felt that yellow fever struck when three conditions were present: a specific state of the air which allowed for a sickly season, the effluvia of a crowded city, and some other maritime ingredient not yet discovered. He felt that when these conditions were present there was great possibility of an epidemic. It is obvious that even though Dr. Simmons did not practice medicine, he kept himself in- formed, for he quoted from Dr. Hosack's paper which had been published in 1815, and from Dr. Irvine's book printed in 1820."7 St. Augustine in 1821 had been sub- jected to a severe epidemic which had inflicted great loss of life upon the inhabit- ants. In fact, when the fever carried off Dr. Charles N. M'Coskey, the army sur- xx INTRODUCTION. cussion concerning the cause and preven- tion of yellow fever. From this exposition, it is apparent that there were then two schools of medical thought: Dr. David Hosack's of New York, who stressed the importance of contagion, and Dr. Matthew Irvine's of Charleston, who championed a theory that the fever was not contagious but brought upon man by a combination of local circumstances. Dr. Simmons, a proponent of Dr. Irvine's hypothesis, felt that yellow fever struck when three conditions were present: a specific state of the air which allowed for a sickly season, the effluvia of a crowded city, and some other maritime ingredient not yet discovered. He felt that when these conditions were present there was great possibility of an epidemic. It is obvious that even though Dr. Simmons did not practice medicine, he kept himself in- formed, for he quoted from Dr. Hosack's paper which had been published in 1815, and from Dr. Irvine's book printed in 1820.17 St. Augustine in 1821 had been sub- jected to a severe epidemic which had inflicted great loss of life upon the inhabit- ants. In fact, when the fever carried off Dr. Charles N. M'Coskey, the army sur-  INTRODUCTION. xxi geon stationed at St. Augustine, in early September, Dr. Simmons volunteered his services gratuitously to Colonel Abraham Eustice, USA, post commander, to run the military hospital until an army doctor could be provided. This duty gave Dr. Sim- mons an opportunity to employ the sugar of lead treatment so strongly recommended by Dr. Irvine, and he was able to report that in at least one case it had produced a cure. He further noted that even in the cases where the victims died, the treatment relieved the stricken men from some of their suffering. This is the only known in- stance where he utilized his medical train- ing in Florida. Not only did this epidemic make an im- pression on him, but his digression was also designed to stem the ill effects that the news of this sickness might have upon future immigration to St. Augustine and East Florida, for Dr. Simmons was an avid booster of his new home. Therefore, he pointed out that the conditions of 1821 were not likely to happen again: he was astute enough to observe that the Spanish inhabitants of the city, well aware that the transfer of sovereignty would take place soon causing some of them to leave, had ceased to enforce many basic health INTRODUCTION. xxi geon stationed at St. Augustine, in early September, Dr. Simmons volunteered his services gratuitously to Colonel Abraham Eustice, USA, post commander, to run the military hospital until an army doctor could be provided. This duty gave Dr. Sim- mons an opportunity to employ the sugar of lead treatment so strongly recommended by Dr. Irvine, and he was able to report that in at least one case it had produced a cure. He further noted that even in the cases where the victims died, the treatment relieved the stricken men from some of their suffering. This is the only known in- stance where he utilized his medical train- ing in Florida. Not only did this epidemic make an im- pression on him, but his digression was also designed to stem the ill effects that the news of this sickness might have upon future immigration to St. Augustine and East Florida, for Dr. Simmons was an avid booster of his new home. Therefore, he pointed out that the conditions of 1821 were not likely to happen again: he was astute enough to observe that the Spanish inhabitants of the city, well aware that the transfer of sovereignty would take place soon causing some of them to leave, had ceased to enforce many basic health INTRODUCTION. xxi geon stationed at St. Augustine, in early September, Dr. Simmons volunteered his services gratuitously to Colonel Abraham Eustice, USA, post commander, to run the military hospital until an army doctor could be provided. This duty gave Dr. Sim- mons an opportunity to employ the sugar of lead treatment so strongly recommended by Dr. Irvine, and he was able to report that in at least one case it had produced a cure. He further noted that even in the cases where the victims died, the treatment relieved the stricken men from some of their suffering. This is the only known in- stance where he utilized his medical train- ing in Florida. Not only did this epidemic make an im- pression on him, but his digression was also designed to stem the ill effects that the news of this sickness might have upon future immigration to St. Augustine and East Florida, for Dr. Simmons was an avid booster of his new home. Therefore, he pointed out that the conditions of 1821 were not likely to happen again: he was astute enough to observe that the Spanish inhabitants of the city, well aware that the transfer of sovereignty would take place soon causing some of them to leave, had ceased to enforce many basic health  xxii INTRODUCTION. measures. This had caused an accumula- tion of garbage and filth within the city- and an increase of effluvia. Chapter II is concerned principally with speculation on the geography of the un- known interior of Florida. It is neither accurate nor very interesting, and it ap- pears that once again Simmons was writ- ing what was expected. The next two sections (chapter III and a portion desig- nated as "Journal") narrate Simmons' travels in Florida from St. Augustine to the Alachua prairie. This trip, made in February 1822, provided information on conditions encountered while journeying in the interior, which should have been of interest to prospective immigrants. Scattered throughout his "Journal" he provided glimpses of the Negroes who lived among the Indians. As for the Seminoles, earlier reports had presented a more attractive life for the natives than did Simmons' work. However, as he pointed out, his contact with the Florida Indians came shortly after their defeat at the hands of General Andrew Jackson during the First Seminole War, and soon after- wards the territory had been transferred from Spain to the United States. Thus it was a period during which there was great xxii INTRODUCTION. measures. This had caused an accumula- tion of garbage and filth within the city- and an increase of effluvia. Chapter II is concerned principally with speculation on the geography of the un- known interior of Florida. It is neither accurate nor very interesting, and it ap- pears that once again Simmons was writ- ing what was expected. The next two sections (chapter III and a portion desig- nated as "Journal") narrate Simmons' travels in Florida from St. Augustine to the Alachua prairie. This trip, made in February 1822, provided information on conditions encountered while journeying in the interior, which should have been of interest to prospective immigrants. Scattered throughout his "Journal" he provided glimpses of the Negroes who lived among the Indians. As for the Seminoles, earlier reports had presented a more attractive life for the natives than did Simmons' work. However, as he pointed out, his contact with the Florida Indians came shortly after their defeat at the hands of General Andrew Jackson during the First Seminole War, and soon after- wards the territory had been transferred from Spain to the United States. Thus it was a period during which there was great xxii INTRODUCTION. measures. This had caused an accumula- tion of garbage and filth within the city- and an increase of effluvia. Chapter II is concerned principally with speculation on the geography of the un- known interior of Florida. It is neither accurate nor very interesting, and it ap- pears that once again Simmons was writ- ing what was expected. The next two sections (chapter III and a portion desig- nated as "Journal") narrate Simmons' travels in Florida from St. Augustine to the Alachua prairie. This trip, made in February 1822, provided information on conditions encountered while journeying in the interior, which should have been of interest to prospective immigrants. Scattered throughout his "Journal" he provided glimpses of the Negroes who lived among the Indians. As for the Seminoles, earlier reports had presented a more attractive life for the natives than did Simmons' work. However, as he pointed out, his contact with the Florida Indians came shortly after their defeat at the hands of General Andrew Jackson during the First Seminole War, and soon after- wards the territory had been transferred from Spain to the United States. Thus it was a period during which there was great  INTRODUCTION. xxiii uncertainty and apprehension on the part of both the Indians and the Seminole- Negroes concerning their position under the new regime. To make matters worse, unscrupulous white men had played upon these fears to the extent that many Indians and Negroes had abandoned their fields and fled into the wilderness to escape what they thought would be American ven- geance. Simmons felt that a good part of the charges of laziness and shiftlessness leveled at these people stemmed from their uncertainty about their status rather than any innate characteristic. In the final division of his work Sim- mons presents his major thesis, and, if the appendix (a sketchy vocabulary of the Seminole language) is included, it repre- sents half of the book's material. It is un- fortunate that the earlier portion of the book is so trivial both from an intellectual and a literary point of view. It encourages the reader to skim superficially through the book, and such a cursory approach is ill advised when dealing with this final essay. Briefly, Simmons believed that the Seminoles had a cultural heritage which, even though different from the Western European, was worthy of study and re- INTRODUCTION. xxiii uncertainty and apprehension on the part of both the Indians and the Seminole- Negroes concerning their position under the new regime. To make matters worse, unscrupulous white men had played upon these fears to the extent that many Indians and Negroes had abandoned their fields and fled into the wilderness to escape what they thought would be American ven- geance. Simmons felt that a good part of the charges of laziness and shiftlessness leveled at these people stemmed from their uncertainty about their status rather than any innate characteristic. In the final division of his work Sim- mons presents his major thesis, and, if the appendix (a sketchy vocabulary of the Seminole language) is included, it repre- sents half of the book's material. It is un- fortunate that the earlier portion of the book is so trivial both from an intellectual and a literary point of view. It encourages the reader to skim superficially through the book, and such a cursory approach is ill advised when dealing with this final essay. Briefly, Simmons believed that the Seminoles had a cultural heritage which, even though different from the Western European, was worthy of study and re- INTRODUCTION. xxiii uncertainty and apprehension on the part of both the Indians and the Seminole- Negroes concerning their position under the new regime. To make matters worse, unscrupulous white men had played upon these fears to the extent that many Indians and Negroes had abandoned their fields and fled into the wilderness to escape what they thought would be American ven- geance. Simmons felt that a good part of the charges of laziness and shiftlessness leveled at these people stemmed from their uncertainty about their status rather than any innate characteristic. In the final division of his work Sim- mons presents his major thesis, and, if the appendix (a sketchy vocabulary of the Seminole language) is included, it repre- sents half of the book's material. It is un- fortunate that the earlier portion of the book is so trivial both from an intellectual and a literary point of view. It encourages the reader to skim superficially through the book, and such a cursory approach is ill advised when dealing with this final essay. Briefly, Simmons believed that the Seminoles had a cultural heritage which, even though different from the Western European, was worthy of study and re-  xxiv INTRODUCTION. spect. In spite of his protestation in the opening lines that the work was hurried, a close reading will demonstrate otherwise. It is a well-developed essay on the Semi- noles' philosophy of life, and Simmons continually points out the antithetical positions between the worlds of the red and white men. This presentation is a product of the romantic literary mood of the early nineteenth century, including the Rousseauan concept of the noble savage, but it is well grounded in factual informa- tion on the Seminoles rather than upon flights of fancy. He developed his theme step by step. The work opens with a history of the im- migration of the Seminoles into Florida in the early eighteenth century, followed by descriptions of the development of their system of justice, philosophy, family life, and finally their motivational values. Dr. Simmons used a variety of methods to demonstrate his thesis: he made his point through personal observations, through hearsay from some native or pioneer he had talked with, or by extracts drawn from a host of earlier writers who had studied American Indians. Gradually the reader is made aware of the depth and vitality of the Seminole world. xxiv INTRODUCTION. spect. In spite of his protestation in the opening lines that the work was hurried, a close reading will demonstrate otherwise. It is a well-developed essay on the Semi- noles' philosophy of life, and Simmons continually points out the antithetical positions between the worlds of the red and white men. This presentation is a product of the romantic literary mood of the early nineteenth century, including the Rousseauan concept of the noble savage, but it is well grounded in factual informa- tion on the Seminoles rather than upon flights of fancy. He developed his theme step by step. The work opens with a history of the im- migration of the Seminoles into Florida in the early eighteenth century, followed by descriptions of the development of their system of justice, philosophy, family life, and finally their motivational values. Dr. Simmons used a variety of methods to demonstrate his thesis: he made his point through personal observations, through hearsay from some native or pioneer he had talked with, or by extracts drawn from a host of earlier writers who had studied American Indians. Gradually the reader is made aware of the depth and vitality of the Seminole world. xxiv INTRODUCTION. spect. In spite of his protestation in the opening lines that the work was hurried, a close reading will demonstrate otherwise. It is a well-developed essay on the Semi- noles' philosophy of life, and Simmons continually points out the antithetical positions between the worlds of the red and white men. This presentation is a product of the romantic literary mood of the early nineteenth century, including the Rousseauan concept of the noble savage, but it is well grounded in factual informa- tion on the Seminoles rather than upon flights of fancy. He developed his theme step by step. The work opens with a history of the im- migration of the Seminoles into Florida in the early eighteenth century, followed by descriptions of the development of their system of justice, philosophy, family life, and finally their motivational values. Dr. Simmons used a variety of methods to demonstrate his thesis: he made his point through personal observations, through hearsay from some native or pioneer he had talked with, or by extracts drawn from a host of earlier writers who had studied American Indians. Gradually the reader is made aware of the depth and vitality of the Seminole world.  INTRODUCTION. xxv INTRODUCTION. xxv Notices of East Florida was published in Charleston in June 1822. That same month the following advertisement ap- peared in the Charleston Courier: "EAST- FLORIDA A professional gentleman, about to proceed to St. Augustine, for the purpose of investigating and locating grants for several individuals in East- Florida, will undertake similar business on reasonable terms. For further particulars, apply at this office."" There is no way to ascertain if this notice was placed in the paper by William Simmons, but it is an interesting speculation, for he had become involved in land development during the course of his travels throughout the terri- tory on his first visit to Florida. In his Notices he mentioned the possi- bility of opening up the Diego Plains via the St. Sebastian Creek which flowed into St. Augustine. Returning to Florida he turned his attention to local politics and land development. He became an alderman from the Barracks Ward of St. Augustine in 1825, and again in 1827-28. At the beginning of his second term as alderman he purchased from Benjamin K. Pierce "all that certain house and lot in Barracks Ward fronting on Royal Street 52 Spanish yards, west by lot of Clarissa Fish, south Notices of East Florida was published in Charleston in June 1822. That same month the following advertisement ap- peared in the Charleston Courier: "EAST- FLORIDA A professional gentleman, about to proceed to St. Augustine, for the purpose of investigating and locating grants for several individuals in East- Florida, will undertake similar business on reasonable terms. For further particulars, apply at this office."" There is no way to ascertain if this notice was placed in the paper by William Simmons, but it is an interesting speculation, for he had become involved in land development during the course of his travels throughout the terri- tory on his first visit to Florida. In his Notices he mentioned the possi- bility of opening up the Diego Plains via the St. Sebastian Creek which flowed into St. Augustine. Returning to Florida he turned his attention to local politics and land development. He became an alderman from the Barracks Ward of St. Augustine in 1825, and again in 1827-28. At the beginning of his second term as alderman he purchased from Benjamin K. Pierce "all that certain house and lot in Barracks Ward fronting on Royal Street 52 Spanish yards, west by lot of Clarissa Fish, south INTRODUCTION. xxv Notices of East Florida was published in Charleston in June 1822. That same month the following advertisement ap- peared in the Charleston Courier: "EAST- FLORIDA A professional gentleman, about to proceed to St. Augustine, for the purpose of investigating and locating grants for several individuals in East- Florida, will undertake similar business on reasonable terms. For further particulars, apply at this office."'8 There is no way to ascertain if this notice was placed in the paper by William Simmons, but it is an interesting speculation, for he had become involved in land development during the course of his travels throughout the terri- tory on his first visit to Florida. In his Notices he mentioned the possi- bility of opening up the Diego Plains via the St. Sebastian Creek which flowed into St. Augustine. Returning to Florida he turned his attention to local politics and land development. He became an alderman from the Barracks Ward of St. Augustine in 1825, and again in 1827-28. At the beginning of his second term as alderman he purchased from Benjamin K. Pierce "all that certain house and lot in Barracks Ward fronting on Royal Street 52 Spanish yards, west by lot of Clarissa Fish, south  xxvi INTRODUCTION. by estate of Michael Crosby and east by Joseph Noda."10 During his first term as alderman he supported the construction of a bridge across St. Sebastian Creek. Later, in 1828, he joined with two other men in offering to donate land to the government on both sides of the creek provided that a bridge was built. Three years later he entered into a venture with John Lee Williams and Daniel S. Greswold to form the Planter and Citizens Company to build a canal from Matanzas River to Smith's Creek, a tributary of the Halifax River, for the purpose of opening up interior lands west of St. Augustine. By the 1830s he owned 1,800 acres on the banks of the St. Johns River about eleven miles below Picolata upon which he had established an orange grove.20 When the first Legislative Council of the territory met in Pensacola in June 1822, Dr. Simmons was in Charleston at- tending to the publication of his Notices. Florida, at the time, contained two centers of population, St. Augustine and Pensa- cola, at the extremes of east and west, separated by wilderness. This presented the St. Augustine delegates with the al- ternatives of a hazardous voyage by sea xxvi INTRODUCTION. by estate of Michael Crosby and east by Joseph Noda."19 During his first term as alderman he supported the construction of a bridge across St. Sebastian Creek. Later, in 1828, he joined with two other men in offering to donate land to the government on both sides of the creek provided that a bridge was built. Three years later he entered into a venture with John Lee Williams and Daniel S. Greswold to form the Planter and Citizens Company to build a canal from Matanzas River to Smith's Creek, a tributary of the Halifax River, for the purpose of opening up interior lands west of St. Augustine. By the 1830s he owned 1,800 acres on the banks of the St. Johns River about eleven miles below Picolata upon which he had established an orange grove20 When the first Legislative Council of the territory met in Pensacola in June 1822, Dr. Simmons was in Charleston at- tending to the publication of his Notices. Florida, at the time, contained two centers of population, St. Augustine and Pensa- cola, at the extremes of east and west, separated by wilderness. This presented the St. Augustine delegates with the al- ternatives of a hazardous voyage by sea xxvi INTRODUCTION. by estate of Michael Crosby and east by Joseph Noda."19 During his first term as alderman he supported the construction of a bridge across St. Sebastian Creek. Later, in 1828, he joined with two other men in offering to donate land to the government on both sides of the creek provided that a bridge was built. Three years later he entered into a venture with John Lee Williams and Daniel S. Greswold to form the Planter and Citizens Company to build a canal from Matanzas River to Smith's Creek, a tributary of the Halifax River, for the purpose of opening up interior lands west of St. Augustine. By the 1830s he owned 1,800 acres on the banks of the St. Johns River about eleven miles below Picolata upon which he had established an orange grove.20 When the first Legislative Council of the territory met in Pensacola in June 1822, Dr. Simmons was in Charleston at- tending to the publication of his Notices. Florida, at the time, contained two centers of population, St. Augustine and Pensa- cola, at the extremes of east and west, separated by wilderness. This presented the St. Augustine delegates with the al- ternatives of a hazardous voyage by sea  INTRODUCTION. xxvii around the peninsula through an area in- fested with pirates and subjected to sudden and violent storms, or an arduous trek along the Indian trails between the two settlements. They chose the water route, which delayed them two months. At one time their vessel was reported lost when a storm blew up and swept it out in the gulf just as it was preparing to cross the bar into Pensacola Bay. At the second council meeting, held in St. Augustine in May 1823, the Pensacola contingent traveled overland, spending twenty-eight days on the trail. It was decided, as one of the first orders of busi- ness, to select a site more centrally located. Dr. Simmons, who was one of the mem- bers of the council, suggested the Indian town of Micconope, a place he had already noted as suitable in his Notices, but that was too far from Pensacola to be accept- able.21 The council appointed a two-man com- mission, John Lee Williams from Pensa- cola and Dr. Simmons, one from each city, to search out a satisfactory location for the future capital. The area to be studied was bounded on the east and west by the Suwannee and Ochlockonee rivers, and north and south by the Georgia border INTRODUCTION. xxvii around the peninsula through an area in- fested with pirates and subjected to sudden and violent storms, or an arduous trek along the Indian trails between the two settlements. They chose the water route, which delayed them two months. At one time their vessel was reported lost when a storm blew up and swept it out in the gulf just as it was preparing to cross the bar into Pensacola Bay. At the second council meeting, held in St. Augustine in May 1823, the Pensacola contingent traveled overland, spending twenty-eight days on the trail. It was decided, as one of the first orders of busi- ness, to select a site more centrally located. Dr. Simmons, who was one of the mem- bers of the council, suggested the Indian town of Micconope, a place he had already noted as suitable in his Notices, but that was too far from Pensacola to be accept- able.21 The council appointed a two-man com- mission, John Lee Williams from Pensa- cola and Dr. Simmons, one from each city, to search out a satisfactory location for the future capital. The area to be studied was bounded on the east and west by the Suwannee and Ochlockonee rivers, and north and south by the Georgia border INTRODUCTION. xxvii around the peninsula through an area in- fested with pirates and subjected to sudden and violent storms, or an arduous trek along the Indian trails between the two settlements. They chose the water route, which delayed them two months. At one time their vessel was reported lost when a storm blew up and swept it out in the gulf just as it was preparing to cross the bar into Pensacola Bay. At the second council meeting, held in St. Augustine in May 1823, the Pensacola contingent traveled overland, spending twenty-eight days on the trail. It was decided, as one of the first orders of busi- ness, to select a site more centrally located. Dr. Simmons, who was one of the mem- bers of the council, suggested the Indian town of Micconope, a place he had already noted as suitable in his Notices, but that was too far from Pensacola to be accept- able.21 The council appointed a two-man com- mission, John Lee Williams from Pensa- cola and Dr. Simmons, one from each city, to search out a satisfactory location for the future capital. The area to be studied was bounded on the east and west by the Suwannee and Ochlockonee rivers, and north and south by the Georgia border  xxviii INTRODUCTION. and the Gulf of Mexico. The two men were to keep separate journals which were to be submitted to Governor William P. DuVal if they failed to reach a unanimous deci- sion. It was further agreed that the two would meet in the fall of the year at St. Marks to begin their investigation. When Dr. Simmons left St. Augustine on September 26, 1823, he decided to go overland, and his trip is reminiscent of his earlier treks in Florida. At Alachua he hired two Indian-Negro guides and bought provisions for ten days. Because he was a peaceful man with a keen interest in the Seminoles as people, he did not bur- den himself with excessive equipment, not even a tent, trusting that he would find lodgings in the Indian camps and villages en route. He reached St. Marks on the tenth of October and found that his com- panion from Pensacola had not yet arrived. Williams was enduring a harrowing twenty-eight day voyage in a small boat coasting along the gulf shore from Pensa- cola to St. Marks. Simmons waited impatiently for a week before he struck out on his own, for his time was limited. He rode around the general area before finally meeting John Lee Williams on October 25 at a farm a xxviii INTRODUCTION. and the Gulf of Mexico. The two men were to keep separate journals which were to be submitted to Governor William P. DuVal if they failed to reach a unanimous deci- sion. It was further agreed that the two would meet in the fall of the year at St. Marks to begin their investigation. When Dr. Simmons left St. Augustine on September 26, 1823, he decided to go overland, and his trip is reminiscent of his earlier treks in Florida. At Alachua he hired two Indian-Negro guides and bought provisions for ten days. Because he was a peaceful man with a keen interest in the Seminoles as people, he did not bur- den himself with excessive equipment, not even a tent, trusting that he would find lodgings in the Indian camps and villages en route. He reached St. Marks on the tenth of October and found that his com- panion from Pensacola had not yet arrived. Williams was enduring a harrowing twenty-eight day voyage in a small boat coasting along the gulf shore from Pensa- cola to St. Marks. Simmons waited impatiently for a week before he struck out on his own, for his time was limited. He rode around the general area before finally meeting John Lee Williams on October 25 at a farm a xxviii INTRODUCTION. and the Gulf of Mexico. The two men were to keep separate journals which were to be submitted to Governor William P. DuVal if they failed to reach a unanimous deci- sion. It was further agreed that the two would meet in the fall of the year at St. Marks to begin their investigation. When Dr. Simmons left St. Augustine on September 26, 1823, he decided to go overland, and his trip is reminiscent of his earlier treks in Florida. At Alachua he hired two Indian-Negro guides and bought provisions for ten days. Because he was a peaceful man with a keen interest in the Seminoles as people, he did not bur- den himself with excessive equipment, not even a tent, trusting that he would find lodgings in the Indian camps and villages en route. He reached St. Marks on the tenth of October and found that his com- panion from Pensacola had not yet arrived. Williams was enduring a harrowing twenty-eight day voyage in a small boat coasting along the gulf shore from Pensa- cola to St. Marks. Simmons waited impatiently for a week before he struck out on his own, for his time was limited. He rode around the general area before finally meeting John Lee Williams on October 25 at a farm a  INTRODUCTION. xxix few miles from St. Marks. Two days later they set out and traveled through rolling country which impressed both men. On the afternoon of the twenty-eighth they arrived at an Indian settlement where Neomathla, the chief of the Tallahassees, lived. They explained that the governor was looking for a site on which to build a council house midway between Pensacola and St. Augustine, and the chief invited them to spend the night as his guests. The following day, October 29, Neomathla re- turned with an interpreter to question them more closely about their task. Finally he gave his permission for them to select a site, but he warned them not to tell the other Indians of his action. Both men were impressed with old Tallahassee, an area of only a few Indian huts, set amidst fine fields and peach orchards, to the southwest of Neomathla's village. However, Simmons insisted that they examine the region around the Suwannee River since he felt an obligation to his friends in St. Augustine to investi- gate a site closer to home. A ten-day trek eastward convinced him that old Talla- hassee was the proper place for the territorial capital 22 This mission was the basis for Sim- INTRODUCTION. xxix few miles from St. Marks. Two days later they set out and traveled through rolling country which impressed both men. On the afternoon of the twenty-eighth they arrived at an Indian settlement where Neomathla, the chief of the Tallahassees, lived. They explained that the governor was looking for a site on which to build a council house midway between Pensacola and St. Augustine, and the chief invited them to spend the night as his guests. The following day, October 29, Neomathla re- turned with an interpreter to question them more closely about their task. Finally he gave his permission for them to select a site, but he warned them not to tell the other Indians of his action. Both men were impressed with old Tallahassee, an area of only a few Indian huts, set amidst fine fields and peach orchards, to the southwest of Neomathla's village. However, Simmons insisted that they examine the region around the Suwannee River since he felt an obligation to his friends in St. Augustine to investi- gate a site closer to home. A ten-day trek eastward convinced him that old Talla- hassee was the proper place for the territorial capital.22 This mission was the basis for Sim- INTRODUCTION. xxix few miles from St. Marks. Two days later they set out and traveled through rolling country which impressed both men. On the afternoon of the twenty-eighth they arrived at an Indian settlement where Neomathla, the chief of the Tallahassees, lived. They explained that the governor was looking for a site on which to build a council house midway between Pensacola and St. Augustine, and the chief invited them to spend the night as his guests. The following day, October 29, Neomathla re- turned with an interpreter to question them more closely about their task. Finally he gave his permission for them to select a site, but he warned them not to tell the other Indians of his action. Both men were impressed with old Tallahassee, an area of only a few Indian huts, set amidst fine fields and peach orchards, to the southwest of Neomathla's village. However, Simmons insisted that they examine the region around the Suwannee River since he felt an obligation to his friends in St. Augustine to investi- gate a site closer to home. A ten-day trek eastward convinced him that old Talla- hassee was the proper place for the territorial capital.22 This mission was the basis for Sim-  xxx INTRODUCTION. mons' historical reputation. The circum- stances surrounding the founding of Talla- hassee are found in most histories of Florida, and Dr. Simmons receives a brief acknowledgment for his role in selecting Tallahassee to be the capital. When James Gadsden, better known for his Mexican activities (including Gads- den's Purchase) than for his Florida episodes, resigned his position as a mem- ber of the Legislative Council in 1824, he recommended Dr. Simmons for the post. President Monroe, accepting Gadsden's ad- vice, wrote to Simmons, but two weeks later Simmons submitted his resignation without giving any specific reason for his refusal.2 During the first decade and a half that Dr. Simmons spent in Florida, he partici- pated, or had an opportunity to partici- pate, in a number of ventures, none of which proved successful or lasting. Sim- mons sampled a variety of undertakings in his lifetime, but he did not seem to have the tenacity that was needed to assure great success. The only known instance when Dr. Simmons practiced medicine was during the yellow fever epidemic in St. Augustine in 1821. Months later, when he was appointed president of the board of xxx INTRODUCTION. mons' historical reputation. The circum- stances surrounding the founding of Talla- hassee are found in most histories of Florida, and Dr. Simmons receives a brief acknowledgment for his role in selecting Tallahassee to be the capital. When James Gadsden, better known for his Mexican activities (including Gads- den's Purchase) than for his Florida episodes, resigned his position as a mem- ber of the Legislative Council in 1824, he recommended Dr. Simmons for the post. President Monroe, accepting Gadsden's ad- vice, wrote to Simmons, but two weeks later Simmons submitted his resignation without giving any specific reason for his refusal.23 During the first decade and a half that Dr. Simmons spent in Florida, he partici- pated, or had an opportunity to partici- pate, in a number of ventures, none of which proved successful or lasting. Sim- mons sampled a variety of undertakings in his lifetime, but he did not seem to have the tenacity that was needed to assure great success. The only known instance when Dr. Simmons practiced medicine was during the yellow fever epidemic in St. Augustine in 1821. Months later, when he was appointed president of the board of xxx INTRODUCTION. mons' historical reputation. The circum- stances surrounding the founding of Talla- hassee are found in most histories of Florida, and Dr. Simmons receives a brief acknowledgment for his role in selecting Tallahassee to be the capital. When James Gadsden, better known for his Mexican activities (including Gads- den's Purchase) than for his Florida episodes, resigned his position as a mem- ber of the Legislative Council in 1824, he recommended Dr. Simmons for the post. President Monroe, accepting Gadsden's ad- vice, wrote to Simmons, but two weeks later Simmons submitted his resignation without giving any specific reason for his refusal.23 During the first decade and a half that Dr. Simmons spent in Florida, he partici- pated, or had an opportunity to partici- pate, in a number of ventures, none of which proved successful or lasting. Sim- mons sampled a variety of undertakings in his lifetime, but he did not seem to have the tenacity that was needed to assure great success. The only known instance when Dr. Simmons practiced medicine was during the yellow fever epidemic in St. Augustine in 1821. Months later, when he was appointed president of the board of  INTRODUCTION. xxxi health for that city, he declined for some reason to act in that capacity; yet in 1828 when the territorial legislature created a medical board to examine prospective phy- sicians for the protection of the general public, he was among the doctors listed to serve. This board was evidently not very active, and it was disbanded by the Legis- lative Council three years later.24 When a serious yellow fever epidemic struck St. Augustine again in 1841, un- doubtedly Dr. Simmons' skill as a physician was sorely needed. Along with Charles Byrne and S. F. Jones, he published a signed testimony in the two local papers insisting that the city was a healthful place and that the epidemic was not as widespread as rumored.25 The report em- phasized that from personal knowledge the three could certify that out of a total popu- lation of 2,800 there had been only eight deaths, a number considerably below what was generally believed. This statement suggests that Dr. Simmons may have prac- ticed temporarily as a physican again dur- ing this emergency. Two years after the epidemic there was a series of ten letters published in the National Intelligencer, August 16 to November 25, 1843, stressing in great de- INTRODUCTION. xxxi health for that city, he declined for some reason to act in that capacity; yet in 1828 when the territorial legislature created a medical board to examine prospective phy- sicians for the protection of the general public, he was among the doctors listed to serve. This board was evidently not very active, and it was disbanded by the Legis- lative Council three years later.24 When a serious yellow fever epidemic struck St. Augustine again in 1841, un- doubtedly Dr. Simmons' skill as a physician was sorely needed. Along with Charles Byrne and S. F. Jones, he published a signed testimony in the two local papers insisting that the city was a healthful place and that the epidemic was not as widespread as rumored.25 The report em- phasized that from personal knowledge the three could certify that out of a total popu- lation of 2,800 there had been only eight deaths, a number considerably below what was generally believed. This statement suggests that Dr. Simmons may have prac- ticed temporarily as a physican again dur- ing this emergency. Two years after the epidemic there was a series of ten letters published in the National Intelligencer, August 16 to November 25, 1843, stressing in great de- INTRODUCTION. xxxi health for that city, he declined for some reason to act in that capacity; yet in 1828 when the territorial legislature created a medical board to examine prospective phy- sicians for the protection of the general public, he was among the doctors listed to serve. This board was evidently not very active, and it was disbanded by the Legis- lative Council three years later.24 When a serious yellow fever epidemic struck St. Augustine again in 1841, un- doubtedly Dr. Simmons' skill as a physician was sorely needed. Along with Charles Byrne and S. F. Jones, he published a signed testimony in the two local papers insisting that the city was a healthful place and that the epidemic was not as widespread as rumored.25 The report em- phasized that from personal knowledge the three could certify that out of a total popu- lation of 2,800 there had been only eight deaths, a number considerably below what was generally believed. This statement suggests that Dr. Simmons may have prac- ticed temporarily as a physican again dur- ing this emergency. Two years after the epidemic there was a series of ten letters published in the National Intelligencer, August 16 to November 25, 1843, stressing in great de-  xxxii INTRODUCTION. tail the unhealthiness of Florida, and the tremendous toll which yellow fever had inflicted upon the military serving in the territory during the Indian War. The ninth letter quoted Simmons' public state- ment of 1841, and then challenged the claim of only eight deaths. These letters were signed "Physician Second" and were in response to "A Physician" who had re- quested in the issue of May 1, 1843, that the editors reveal how healthy St. Augus- tine really was.26 There is no indication that Dr. Simmons responded to these charges. Dr. Simmons' medical writings failed to achieve widespread recognition. Not only was the University of Pennsylvania un- aware of his first publication on con- tusions, but when Rufus King Sewall wrote his Sketches of St. Augustine with a view of its History and Advantages as a Resort for Invalids in 1848, and devoted a section to the testimony of physicians about the healthful climate of the city, he made no mention of Dr. Simmons, who had continually defended St. Augustine's healthful climate. There were other opportunities open to Simmons besides medicine. His good friend Joseph M. Hernandez, a former xxxii INTRODUCTION. tail the unhealthiness of Florida, and the tremendous toll which yellow fever had inflicted upon the military serving in the territory during the Indian War. The ninth letter quoted Simmons' public state- ment of 1841, and then challenged the claim of only eight deaths. These letters were signed "Physician Second" and were in response to "A Physician" who had re- quested in the issue of May 1, 1843, that the editors reveal how healthy St. Augus- tine really was.20 There is no indication that Dr. Simmons responded to these charges. Dr. Simmons' medical writings failed to achieve widespread recognition. Not only was the University of Pennsylvania un- aware of his first publication on con- tusions, but when Rufus King Sewall wrote his Sketches of St. Augustine with a view of its History and Advantages as a Resort for Invalids in 1848, and devoted a section to the testimony of physicians about the healthful climate of the city, he made no mention of Dr. Simmons, who had continually defended St. Augustine's healthful climate. There were other opportunities open to Simmons besides medicine. His good friend Joseph M. Hernandez, a former xxxii INTRODUCTION. tail the unhealthiness of Florida, and the tremendous toll which yellow fever had inflicted upon the military serving in the territory during the Indian War. The ninth letter quoted Simmons' public state- ment of 1841, and then challenged the claim of only eight deaths. These letters were signed "Physician Second" and were in response to "A Physician" who had re- quested in the issue of May 1, 1843, that the editors reveal how healthy St. Augus- tine really was.2 There is no indication that Dr. Simmons responded to these charges. Dr. Simmons' medical writings failed to achieve widespread recognition. Not only was the University of Pennsylvania un- aware of his first publication on con- tusions, but when Rufus King Sewall wrote his Sketches of St. Augustine with a view of its History and Advantages as a Resort for Invalids in 1848, and devoted a section to the testimony of physicians about the healthful climate of the city, he made no mention of Dr. Simmons, who had continually defended St. Augustine's healthful climate. There were other opportunities open to Simmons besides medicine. His good friend Joseph M. Hernandez, a former  INTRODUCTION. xxxiii Spanish subject who had elected to re- main in St. Augustine after 1821 and who became active in the affairs of the terri- tory, appointed him quartermaster-general of the Second Brigade of the Florida Militia in July 1823. There are no records showing that Simmons actively partici- pated in that organization.27 During the Second Seminole War, Hernandez engaged in combat operations in a colorful, flam- boyant manner, but by then Dr. Simmons was devoted to peaceful civilian pursuits. With the support of Alexander Hamil- ton, second son of the former secretary of the treasury, Secretary of State John Q. Adams appointed Dr. Simmons and Edward R. Gibson as keepers of the Spanish archives in St. Augustine in August 1824. This appointment became a political issue when the former archivist, William Reynolds, refused to turn over the official papers to Simmons and Gibson when the two men presented their creden- tials. Reynolds insisted on holding on to the records until an index had been com- pleted and until he received a receipt. Because of the chaotic manner in which the Spaniards kept their archives, this could be a herculean task. In the mean- time, powerful political forces supported INTRODUCTION. xxxiii Spanish subject who had elected to re- main in St. Augustine after 1821 and who became active in the affairs of the terri- tory, appointed him quartermaster-general of the Second Brigade of the Florida Militia in July 1823. There are no records showing that Simmons actively partici- pated in that organization.27 During the Second Seminole War, Hernandez engaged in combat operations in a colorful, flam- boyant manner, but by then Dr. Simmons was devoted to peaceful civilian pursuits. With the support of Alexander Hamil- ton, second son of the former secretary of the treasury, Secretary of State John Q. Adams appointed Dr. Simmons and Edward R. Gibson as keepers of the Spanish archives in St. Augustine in August 1824. This appointment became a political issue when the former archivist, William Reynolds, refused to turn over the official papers to Simmons and Gibson when the two men presented their creden- tials. Reynolds insisted on holding on to the records until an index had been com- pleted and until he received a receipt. Because of the chaotic manner in which the Spaniards kept their archives, this could be a herculean task. In the mean- time, powerful political forces supported INTRODUCTION. xxxiii Spanish subject who had elected to re- main in St. Augustine after 1821 and who became active in the affairs of the terri- tory, appointed him quartermaster-general of the Second Brigade of the Florida Militia in July 1823. There are no records showing that Simmons actively partici- pated in that organization.27 During the Second Seminole War, Hernandez engaged in combat operations in a colorful, flam- boyant manner, but by then Dr. Simmons was devoted to peaceful civilian pursuits. With the support of Alexander Hamil- ton, second son of the former secretary of the treasury, Secretary of State John Q. Adams appointed Dr. Simmons and Edward R. Gibson as keepers of the Spanish archives in St. Augustine in August 1824. This appointment became a political issue when the former archivist, William Reynolds, refused to turn over the official papers to Simmons and Gibson when the two men presented their creden- tials. Reynolds insisted on holding on to the records until an index had been com- pleted and until he received a receipt. Because of the chaotic manner in which the Spaniards kept their archives, this could be a herculean task. In the mean- time, powerful political forces supported  xxxiv INTRODUCTION. Reynolds, and before the year was out Simmons and his cohort were removed and Reynolds was once more the keeper of the archives.28 In 1825, when the Legislative Council became interested in the possibility of a cross-Florida canal, Simmons, James Gads- den, and Edward R. Gibson were named as commissioners to study the matter. Ap- parently Simmons refused to accept this position, or he resigned, since the memorial to Congress did not include his name.29 In 1832, after the United States had adopted the policy of Indian removal to lands west of the Mississippi River, Joseph White, Florida territorial delegate to Congress, recommended to the Presi- dent that Dr. Simmons be appointed a commissioner to negotiate with the Semi- noles concerning the transfer. White felt that Simmons was well qualified for such a mission, but, according to White, politi- cal considerations again led to the appoint- ment of another man, James Gadsden. White voiced grave concern about Gads- den's usefulness, for he had been a com- missioner of the earlier Treaty of Moultrie Creek which had been poorly received by the Seminole nation.0 Gadsden, who had accompanied Jackson into Florida in the xxxiv INTRODUCTION. Reynolds, and before the year was out Simmons and his cohort were removed and Reynolds was once more the keeper of the archives.28 In 1825, when the Legislative Council became interested in the possibility of a cross-Florida canal, Simmons, James Gads- den, and Edward R. Gibson were named as commissioners to study the matter. Ap- parently Simmons refused to accept this position, or he resigned, since the memorial to Congress did not include his name.29 In 1832, after the United States had adopted the policy of Indian removal to lands west of the Mississippi River, Joseph White, Florida territorial delegate to Congress, recommended to the Presi- dent that Dr. Simmons be appointed a commissioner to negotiate with the Semi- noles concerning the transfer. White felt that Simmons was well qualified for such a mission, but, according to White, politi- cal considerations again led to the appoint- ment of another man, James Gadsden. White voiced grave concern about Gads- den's usefulness, for he had been a com- missioner of the earlier Treaty of Moultrie Creek which had been poorly received by the Seminole nation.0 Gadsden, who had accompanied Jackson into Florida in the xxxiv INTRODUCTION. Reynolds, and before the year was out Simmons and his cohort were removed and Reynolds was once more the keeper of the archives.28 In 1825, when the Legislative Council became interested in the possibility of a cross-Florida canal, Simmons, James Gads- den, and Edward R. Gibson were named as commissioners to study the matter. Ap- parently Simmons refused to accept this position, or he resigned, since the memorial to Congress did not include his name.29 In 1832, after the United States had adopted the policy of Indian removal to lands west of the Mississippi River, Joseph White, Florida territorial delegate to Congress, recommended to the Presi- dent that Dr. Simmons be appointed a commissioner to negotiate with the Semi- noles concerning the transfer. White felt that Simmons was well qualified for such a mission, but, according to White, politi- cal considerations again led to the appoint- ment of another man, James Gadsden. White voiced grave concern about Gads- den's usefulness, for he had been a com- missioner of the earlier Treaty of Moultrie Creek which had been poorly received by the Seminole nation.0 Gadsden, who had accompanied Jackson into Florida in the  INTRODUCTION. xxxv 1818 expedition against the Seminoles, supported removal of the Indians from Florida. He resigned his army commission in 1820 to become the Indian commis- sioner, and from the first he took a hard line against the Seminoles. How different from the peaceful view expressed by Sim- mons in his Notices when he wrote, "Whenever our population presses upon their's, it would be more just that we should give way and emigrate, than that they should be ultimately annihilated-as if our existence and their's were incom- patible."3' Relations between the Indians and whites deteriorated steadily, and fighting broke out in December 1835. It was rather ironic and somewhat poignant that Dr. Simmons, a gentle man who wrote so per- ceptively, sympathetically, and respect- fully about the Florida Indians, should suffer the destruction of his dwellings, the loss of his slaves, and the ruination of his orange grove in 1836 as a result of an attack by a Seminole war party.2 This destruction seemed to be a turning point in Dr. Simmons' life. He was fifty- two, and, although he still owned acreage on the St. Johns River, he gave up his land development schemes and politics and INTRODUCTION. xxxv 1818 expedition against the Seminoles, supported removal of the Indians from Florida. He resigned his army commission in 1820 to become the Indian commis- sioner, and from the first he took a hard line against the Seminoles. How different from the peaceful view expressed by Sim- mons in his Notices when he wrote, "Whenever our population presses upon their's, it would be more just that we should give way and emigrate, than that they should be ultimately annihilated-as if our existence and their's were incom- patible."" Relations between the Indians and whites deteriorated steadily, and fighting broke out in December 1835. It was rather ironic and somewhat poignant that Dr. Simmons, a gentle man who wrote so per- ceptively, sympathetically, and respect- fully about the Florida Indians, should suffer the destruction of his dwellings, the loss of his slaves, and the ruination of his orange grove in 1836 as a result of an attack by a Seminole war party.2 This destruction seemed to be a turning point in Dr. Simmons' life. He was fifty- two, and, although he still owned acreage on the St. Johns River, he gave up his land development schemes and politics and INTRODUCTION. xxxv 1818 expedition against the Seminoles, supported removal of the Indians from Florida. He resigned his army commission in 1820 to become the Indian commis- sioner, and from the first he took a hard line against the Seminoles. How different from the peaceful view expressed by Sim- mons in his Notices when he wrote, "Whenever our population presses upon their's, it would be more just that we should give way and emigrate, than that they should be ultimately annihilated-as if our existence and their's were incom- patible."" Relations between the Indians and whites deteriorated steadily, and fighting broke out in December 1835. It was rather ironic and somewhat poignant that Dr. Simmons, a gentle man who wrote so per- ceptively, sympathetically, and respect- fully about the Florida Indians, should suffer the destruction of his dwellings, the loss of his slaves, and the ruination of his orange grove in 1836 as a result of an attack by a Seminole war party.2 This destruction seemed to be a turning point in Dr. Simmons' life. He was fifty- two, and, although he still owned acreage on the St. Johns River, he gave up his land development schemes and politics and  xxxvi INTRODUCTION. sought security in a more sedentary life in St. Augustine. The following year he received an appointment as Register of Public Lands for the St. Augustine Land Office, a position he held until October 1850.33 During this period he supple- mented his livelihood by writing. Most of Simmons' writings were sub- mitted to his friend William Gilmore Simms for publication. When Simms brought out The Charleston Book in 1845, there were four selections by Simmons: "The Bell- Bird of Brazil" (which was reprinted in the Duyckincks' Cyclopaedia), "National Views," "The Fountain of Youth," and "The Wilderness."34 In addition, he also submitted articles for the Southern Quarterly Review, edited by Simms, but as most of the items in this publication were unsigned it is difficult to determine the exact number. However, through letters of Simms, it is possible to identify at least three articles: "Rail Road and Canal Routes to California" (April 1849), "The Constitution of France, Mo- narchial and Republican" (January 1850), and "The Phonetic Bible" (April 1852).31 In 1857 Simmons republished Onea; An Indian Tale under the new title Alasco, An Indian Tale: Two Cantos; With Other xxxvi INTRODUCTION. sought security in a more sedentary life in St. Augustine. The following year he received an appointment as Register of Public Lands for the St. Augustine Land Office, a position he held until October 1850.33 During this period he supple- mented his livelihood by writing. Most of Simmons' writings were sub- mitted to his friend William Gilmore Simms for publication. When Simms brought out The Charleston Book in 1845, there were four selections by Simmons: "The Bell- Bird of Brazil" (which was reprinted in the Duyckincks' Cyclopaedia), "National Views," "The Fountain of Youth," and "The Wilderness."34 In addition, he also submitted articles for the Southern Quarterly Review, edited by Simms, but as most of the items in this publication were unsigned it is difficult to determine the exact number. However, through letters of Simms, it is possible to identify at least three articles: "Rail Road and Canal Routes to California" (April 1849), "The Constitution of France, Mo- narchial and Republican" (January 1850), and "The Phonetic Bible" (April 1852). In 1857 Simmons republished Onea; An Indian Tale under the new title Alasco, An Indian Tale: Two Cantos; With Other xxxvi INTRODUCTION. sought security in a more sedentary life in St. Augustine. The following year he received an appointment as Register of Public Lands for the St. Augustine Land Office, a position he held until October 1850.13 During this period he supple- mented his livelihood by writing. Most of Simmons' writings were sub- mitted to his friend William Gilmore Simms for publication. When Simms brought out The Charleston Book in 1845, there were four selections by Simmons: "The Bell- Bird of Brazil" (which was reprinted in the Duyckincks' Cyclopaedia), "National Views," "The Fountain of Youth," and "The Wilderness."34 In addition, he also submitted articles for the Southern Quarterly Review, edited by Simms, but as most of the items in this publication were unsigned it is difficult to determine the exact number. However, through letters of Simms, it is possible to identify at least three articles: "Rail Road and Canal Routes to California" (April 1849), "The Constitution of France, Mo- narchial and Republican" (January 1850), and "The Phonetic Bible" (April 1852) 3 In 1857 Simmons republished Onea; An Indian Tale under the new title Alasco, An Indian Tale: Two Cantos; With Other  INTRODUCTION. xxxvii Poems, in Philadelphia; he dedicated it to his friend General James Gadsden." In Simmons' advancing years there was a worsening of his financial situation, for there was a touching letter from Simms acknowledging his "embarrassments" and allowing Simmons to present a draft for $25.00 upon the publishers of the Southern Quarterly Review, even though he had not earned the money since his article had not yet been published.37 Throughout his life Simmons had an interest in education. In 1830 he signed a petition to Congress to establish a high school in St. Augustine to educate children in literature and modern languages. Two years later he became one of the trustees for a free school open to all white children, male and female, provided that their parents or guardians paid their city taxes.u Years later he was one of the charter members of the Historical Society of Florida which was founded in St. Augustine in 1856."3 This organization was the forerunner of the present-day Florida Historical Society. Dr. Simmons returned to Charleston sometime in the late 1860s. When Duyc- kincks' Cyclopaedia was published in 1866, he was referred to as a resident of INTRODUCTION. xxxvii Poems, in Philadelphia; he dedicated it to his friend General James Gadsden.a' In Simmons' advancing years there was a worsening of his financial situation, for there was a touching letter from Simms acknowledging his "embarrassments" and allowing Simmons to present a draft for $25.00 upon the publishers of the Southern Quarterly Review, even though he had not earned the money since his article had not yet been published.37 Throughout his life Simmons had an interest in education. In 1830 he signed a petition to Congress to establish a high school in St. Augustine to educate children in literature and modern languages. Two years later he became one of the trustees for a free school open to all white children, male and female, provided that their parents or guardians paid their city taxes.38 Years later he was one of the charter members of the Historical Society of Florida which was founded in St. Augustine in 1856.39 This organization was the forerunner of the present-day Florida Historical Society. Dr. Simmons returned to Charleston sometime in the late 1860s. When Duyc- kincks' Cyclopaedia was published in 1866, he was referred to as a resident of INTRODUCTION. xxxvii Poems, in Philadelphia; he dedicated it to his friend General James Gadsden." In Simmons' advancing years there was a worsening of his financial situation, for there was a touching letter from Simms acknowledging his "embarrassments" and allowing Simmons to present a draft for $25.00 upon the publishers of the Southern Quarterly Review, even though he had not earned the money since his article had not yet been published.37 Throughout his life Simmons had an interest in education. In 1830 he signed a petition to Congress to establish a high school in St. Augustine to educate children in literature and modern languages. Two years later he became one of the trustees for a free school open to all white children, male and female, provided that their parents or guardians paid their city taxes.'8 Years later he was one of the charter members of the Historical Society of Florida which was founded in St. Augustine in 1856." This organization was the forerunner of the present-day Florida Historical Society. Dr. Simmons returned to Charleston sometime in the late 1860s. When Duyc- kincks' Cyclopaedia was published in 1866, he was referred to as a resident of  xxxviii INTRODUCTION. East Florida. Later, in 1869, Simms wrote that the two held frequent conversations and reminiscences in Charleston." It was here in the city of his youth that he spent the last days of his life. There are few recorded descriptions of Dr. Simmons, yet these reports do help to flesh out his personality and confirm the record of his life as a passive, gentle man, with a keen mind, but with very little drive. John Lee Williams noted when he first met him, on the trek to select the site of the Florida capital, that he was "a man of learning and culture, of good breeding and gentle manners, and of strict in- tegrity. . . . A very pleasant traveling companion. .. . However, totally unfit for the wood, and seemed lost in the wilder- ness of trees."" When Alexander Hamilton recom- mended him for the position of keeper of the archives, he stated that "the purity of Mr. Simmons character his intelligence and patriotic feelings qualify him in my estimation most peculiarly for a trust of delicate confidence, while an inactivity of disposition renders him less fit for a situa- tion of constant attention." 2 In the last year of his life William Gil- more Simms noted that when his friend xxxviii INTRODUCTION. East Florida. Later, in 1869, Simms wrote that the two held frequent conversations and reminiscences in Charleston.40 It was here in the city of his youth that he spent the last days of his life. There are few recorded descriptions of Dr. Simmons, yet these reports do help to flesh out his personality and confirm the record of his life as a passive, gentle man, with a keen mind, but with very little drive. John Lee Williams noted when he first met him, on the trek to select the site of the Florida capital, that he was "a man of learning and culture, of good breeding and gentle manners, and of strict in- tegrity. . . . A very pleasant traveling companion. .. . However, totally unfit for the wood, and seemed lost in the wilder- ness of trees."" When Alexander Hamilton recom- mended him for the position of keeper of the archives, he stated that "the purity of Mr. Simmons character his intelligence and patriotic feelings qualify him in my estimation most peculiarly for a trust of delicate confidence, while an inactivity of disposition renders him less fit for a situa- tion of constant attention." 2 In the last year of his life William Gil- more Simms noted that when his friend xxxviii INTRODUCTION. East Florida. Later, in 1869, Simms wrote that the two held frequent conversations and reminiscences in Charleston.0 It was here in the city of his youth that he spent the last days of his life. There are few recorded descriptions of Dr. Simmons, yet these reports do help to flesh out his personality and confirm the record of his life as a passive, gentle man, with a keen mind, but with very little drive. John Lee Williams noted when he first met him, on the trek to select the site of the Florida capital, that he was "a man of learning and culture, of good breeding and gentle manners, and of strict in- tegrity. . . . A very pleasant traveling companion. .. . However, totally unfit for the wood, and seemed lost in the wilder- ness of trees."" When Alexander Hamilton recom- mended him for the position of keeper of the archives, he stated that "the purity of Mr. Simmons character his intelligence and patriotic feelings qualify him in my estimation most peculiarly for a trust of delicate confidence, while an inactivity of disposition renders him less fit for a situa- tion of constant attention."2 In the last year of his life William Gil- more Simms noted that when his friend  INTRODUCTION. xxxix moved to Florida he divided himself be- tween his attention to his orange planta- tion "and the attractions of his muse.... His muse, however, had been indolent, and the reproach lies at his doors, of leaving unused, large resources of mind and knowledge, which might have brought him equal fame and profit."" William Hayne Simmons, a life-long bachelor, died on October 4, 1870, and the attending physican, Dr. Peter Porcher, recorded that death was simply a result of old age.44 He was buried in Charleston's Magnolia Cemetery with a marker which is symbolic of his life: his first name is given in the French abbreviation for William (Guillerme), representing a liter- ary flare; the inscriptions are in the Latin of his classical education; and the epitaph records completely yet obscurely his life's endeavors. GUIL. HAYNE SIMMONS M.D. LITTERATUS POETA OB. OCT 4, 1870 AET. 86 GEORGE E. BUKER Jacksonville University INTRODUCTION. xxxix moved to Florida he divided himself be- tween his attention to his orange planta- tion "and the attractions of his muse.... His muse, however, had been indolent, and the reproach lies at his doors, of leaving unused, large resources of mind and knowledge, which might have brought him equal fame and profit.""2 William Hayne Simmons, a life-long bachelor, died on October 4, 1870, and the attending physican, Dr. Peter Porcher, recorded that death was simply a result of old age.44 He was buried in Charleston's Magnolia Cemetery with a marker which is symbolic of his life: his first name is given in the French abbreviation for William (Guillerme), representing a liter- ary flare; the inscriptions are in the Latin of his classical education; and the epitaph records completely yet obscurely his life's endeavors. GUIL. HAYNE SIMMONS M.D. LITTERATUS POETA OB. OCT 4, 1870 AET. 86 GEORGE E. BUKER Jacksonville University INTRODUCTION. xxxix moved to Florida he divided himself be- tween his attention to his orange planta- tion "and the attractions of his muse.... His muse, however, had been indolent, and the reproach lies at his doors, of leaving unused, large resources of mind and knowledge, which might have brought him equal fame and profit."2 William Hayne Simmons, a life-long bachelor, died on October 4, 1870, and the attending physican, Dr. Peter Porcher, recorded that death was simply a result of old age.44 He was buried in Charleston's Magnolia Cemetery with a marker which is symbolic of his life: his first name is given in the French abbreviation for William (Guillerme), representing a liter- ary flare; the inscriptions are in the Latin of his classical education; and the epitaph records completely yet obscurely his life's endeavors. GUIL. HAYNE SIMMONS M.D. LITTERATUS POETA OH. OCT 4, 1870 AET. 86 GEORGE E. BUKER Jacksonville University  xl xl xl NOTES. NOTES. NOTES. 1. George Armstrong Wauchope, The Writers of South Carolina (Columbia, S.C., 1910), p. 351. Genealogical file prepared by Mrs. T. Ritchie Simmons of Charleston, copy in William H. Sim- mons' file, St. Augustine Historical Society Library, St. Augustine, Florida. 2. Robert Y. Hayne to Richard K. Call, May 1, 1824, Letters of Application and Recommenda- tion, James Monroe, 1817-25, Record Group 59, National Archives. 3. Frances R. Houston, Medical School Li- brary, University of Pennsylvania, to Dr. Web- ster Merritt, October 8, 1948. Copy in Simmons file, St. Augustine Historical Society Library. 4. Ralph Shaw and Richard H. Shoemaker, comps., American Bibliography: A Preliminary Checklist, 22 vols. (New York, 1958-65), 6:172. 5. Hayne to Call, May 1, 1824; E. L. Ina- binett, University of South Carolina, to George E. Buker, July 28, 1972, in possession of editor. 6. In the advertisement of Ones, Simmons quotes from Bartram the passage which inspired the poem. It may be found on p. 24 of Bartram's Travels, commencing, "The river St. Mary has its source from a vast lake ..." and ends on p. 26 with "an here found an asylum, remote and secure from the fury of their proud conquerors." There are several editions of Bartram's work. The quote here is from Francis Harper, The Travels of William Bortram (New Haven, 1958), pp. 17-18; William Matheson, Library of Con- gress, to George E. Buker, July 25, 1972, in possession of editor; William H. Simmons, Notices of East Florida with an Account of the Seminole Nation of Indians (Charleston, 1822), p. 71; Simmons, Onea; An Indian Tale (Charles- ton, 1820). pp. iii-iv. 1. George Armstrong Wauchope, The Writers of South Carolina (Columbia, S.C., 1910), p. 351. Genealogical file prepared by Mrs. T. Ritchie Simmons of Charleston, copy in William H. Sim- mons' file, St. Augustine Historical Society Library, St. Augustine, Florida. 2. Robert Y. Hayne to Richard K. Call, May 1, 1824, Letters of Application and Recommenda- tion, James Monroe, 1817-25, Record Group 59, National Archives. 3. Frances R. Houston, Medical School Li- brary, University of Pennsylvania, to Dr. Web- ster Merritt, October 8, 1948. Copy in Simmons file, St. Augustine Historical Society Library. 4. Ralph Shaw and Richard H. Shoemaker, comps., American Bibliography: A Preliminary Checklist, 22 vols. (New York, 1958-65), 6:172. 5. Hayne to Call, May 1, 1824; E. L. Ina- binett, University of South Carolina, to George E. Baker, July 28, 1972, in possession of editor. 6. In the advertisement of Ones, Simmons quotes from Bartram the passage which inspired the poem. It may be found on p. 24 of Bartram's Travels, commencing, "The river St. Mary has its source from a vast lake ..." and ends on p. 26 with "an here found an asylum, remote and secure from the fury of their proud conquerors." There are -several editions of Bartram's work. The quote here is from Francis Harper, The Travels of William Bartram (New Haven, 1958), pp. 17-18; William Matheson, Library of Con- gress, to George E. Buker, July 25, 1972, in possession of editor; William H. Simmons, Notices of East Florida with an Account of the Seminole Nation of Indians (Charleston, 1822), p. 71; Simmons, Onea; An Indian Tale (Charles- ton, 1820). pp. iii-iv. 1. George Armstrong Wauchope, The Writers of South Carolina (Columbia, S.C., 1910), p. 351. Genealogical file prepared by Mrs. T. Ritchie Simmons of Charleston, copy in William H. Sim- mons' file, St. Augustine Historical Society Library, St. Augustine, Florida. 2. Robert Y. Hayne to Richard K. Call, May 1, 1824, Letters of Application and Recommenda- tion, James Monroe, 1817-25, Record Group 59, National Archives. 3. Frances R. Houston, Medical School Li- brary, University of Pennsylvania, to Dr. Web- ster Merritt, October 8, 1948. Copy in Simmons file, St. Augustine Historical Society Library. 4. Ralph Shaw and Richard H. Shoemaker, comps., American Bibliography: A Preliminary Checklist, 22 vols. (New York, 1958-65), 6:172. 5. Hayne to Call, May 1, 1824; E. L. Ina- binett, University of South Carolina, to George E. Baker, July 28, 1972, in possession of editor. 6. In the advertisement of Onea, Simmons quotes from Bartram the passage which inspired the poem. It may be found on p. 24 of Bartram's Travels, commencing, "The river St. Mary has its source from a vast lake .. " and ends on p. 26 with "an here found an asylum, remote and secure from the fury of their proud conquerors." There are several editions of Bartram's work. The quote here is from Francis Harper, The Travels of William Bartram (New Haven, 1958), pp. 17-18; William Matheson, Library of Con- gress, to George E. Buker, July 25, 1972, in possession of editor; William H. Simmons, Notices of East Florida with an Account of the Seminole Nation of Indians (Charleston, 1822), p. 71; Simmons, Onea; An Indian Tale (Charles- ton, 1820). pp. iii-iv.  NOTES. xzi 7. Hayne to Call, May 1, 1824. 8. Niles' Register 21 (September 29, 1821): 69-70. 9. Pensacola Floridian, reprinted ibid. (Sep- tember 22, 1821) :51. 10. North American Review 12 (July 1821): 62-98. 11. Niles' Register 20 (May 26, 1821) :203. 12. North American Review 12 (July 1821): 98-100. 13. William Gilmore Simms, "Intellectual Progress in the South," Nineteenth Century 5 (October 1869) :338-39. 14. Francis James Dallett, University of Pennsylvania, to George E. Buker, May 15, 1972, in possession of editor. 15. Thomas W. Field, An Essay Towards an Indian Bibliography Being a Catalogue of Books, Relating to the History, Antiquities, Languages, Customs, Religion, Wars, Literature, and Origin of the American Indians, in the Library of Thomas W. Field (New York, 1873), p. 294. 16. F. W. Hodge, ed., Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, 2 vols. (Washington, 1907-10) ; John R. Swanton, Early History of the Creek Indians and Their Neighbors (Washing- ton, 1922), The Indians of the Southeastern United States (Washington, 1946), The Indian Tribes of North America (Washington, 1953). 17. David Hosack, "Observations on the Laws Governing the Communition of Contagious Diseases, and the Means of Arresting Their Prog- ress," read before the Literary and Philosophical Society of New York, June 9, 1814, and published in Transactions of the Literary and Philosophical Society 1 (1815) :201-80; Matthew Irvine, Treaty on the Yellow Fever (Charleston, 1820). 18. Charleston Courier, June 25, 29, July 4, 1822. 19. St. Johns County Court Archives, Deed NOTES. xli 7. Hayne to Call, May 1, 1824. 8. Niles' Register 21 (September 29, 1821): 69-70. 9, Pensacola Floridian, reprinted ibid. (Sep- tember 22, 1821) :51. 10. North American Review 12 (July 1821): 62-98. 11. Niles' Register 20 (May 26, 1821):203. 12. North American Review 12 (July 1821): 98-100. 13. William Gilmore Simms, "Intellectual Progress in the South," Nineteenth Century 5 (October 1869) :338-39. 14. Francis James Dallett, University of Pennsylvania, to George E. Buker, May 15, 1972, in possession of editor. 15. Thomas W. Field, An Essay Towards an Indian Bibliography Being a Catalogue of Books, Relating to the History, Antiquities, Languages, Customs, Religion, Wars, Literature, and Origin of the American Indiano, in the Library of Thomas W. Field (New York, 1873), p. 294. 16. F. W. Hodge, ed., Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, 2 vols. (Washington, 1907-10) ; John R. Swanton, Early History of the Creek Indians and Their Neighbors (Washing- ton, 1922), The Indians of the Southeastern United States (Washington, 1946), The Indian Tribes of North America (Washington, 1953). 17. David Hosack, "Observations on the Laws Governing the Communition of Contagious Diseases, and the Means of Arresting Their Prog- ress," read before the Literary and Philosophical Society of New York, June 9, 1814, and published in Transactions of the Literary and Philosophical Society 1 (1815):201-80; Matthew Irvine, Treaty on the Yellow Fever (Charleston, 1820). 18. Charleston Courier, June 25, 29, July 4, 1822. 19. St. Johns County Court Archives, Deed NOTES. xli 7. Hayne to Call, May 1, 1824. 8. Niles' Register 21 (September 29, 1821): 69-70. 9. Pensacola Floridian, reprinted ibid. (Sep- tember 22, 1821) :51. 10. North American Review 12 (July 1821): 62-98. 11. Niles' Register 20 (May 26, 1821):203. 12. North American Review 12 (July 1821): 98-100. 13. William Gilmore Simms, "Intellectual Progress in the South," Nineteenth Century 5 (October 1869) :338-39. 14. Francis James Dallett, University of Pennsylvania, to George E. Buker, May 15, 1972, in possession of editor. 15. Thomas W. Field, An Essay Towards an Indian Bibliography Being a Catalogue of Books, Relating to the History, Antiquities, Languages, Customs, Religion, Wars, Literature, and Origin of the American Indians, in the Library of Thomas W. Field (New York, 1873), p. 294. 16. F. W. Hodge, ed., Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, 2 vols. (Washington, 1907-10) ; John R. Swanton, Early History of the Creek Indians and Their Neighbors (Washing- ton, 1922), The Indians of the Southeastern United States (Washington, 1946), The Indian Tribes of North America (Washington, 1953). 17. David Hosack, "Observations on the Laws Governing the Communition of Contagious Diseases, and the Means of Arresting Their Prog- ress," read before the Literary and Philosophical Society of New York, June 9, 1814, and published in Transactions of the Literary and Philosophical Society 1 (1815) :201-80; Matthew Irvine, Treaty on the Yellow Fever (Charleston, 1820). 18. Charleston Courier, June 25, 29, July 4, 1822. 19. St. Johns County Court Archives, Deed  xlii NOTES. Book H, 37, extract in Simmons' file, St. Augus- tine Historical Society Library. 20. Clarence E. Carter, ed., Territorial Papers of the United States: Territory of Florida, 26 vols. (Washington, 1956-62), 23:190, 1031, 24: 435, 592-93; extracts from St. Augustine City Council minutes, 1820s, in Simmons' file, St. Augustine Historical Society Library. 21. Pensacola Floridian, June 21, 1823. 22. "Journal of Dr. W. H. Simmons," Florida Historical Quarterly 1 (April 1908) :28-36; "Journal of John Lee Williams," ibid., pp. 37-44, and (July 1908) :18-29. 23. Carter, Territory of Florida, 22:913; Sim- mons to John Quincy Adams, September 23, 1824, General Records of the Department of State, Letters of Resignation and Declination of Federal Office, Record Group 59, National Archives. 24. Simmons, Notices, p. 13; Hayne to Call, May 1, 1824; Carter, Territory of Florida, 22: 359; W. T. Cash, The Story of Florida, 4 vols. (New York, 1938), 1:703. 25. St. Augustine Florida Herald and South- ern Democrat, November 5, 1841; St. Augustine News, November 6, 1841. 26. Washington National Intelligence, August 16-November 25, 1843. 27. Carter, Territory of Florida, 22:721. 28. Ibid., 23:48-49, 85-87. This episode is ex- plained in George C. Whatly and Sylvia Cook, "East Florida Land Commission; A Study in Frustration," Florida Historical Quarterly 50 (July 1971):39-52. 29. Carter, Territory of Florida, 23:401. 30. Tallahassee Floridian, March 6, 1832. 31. Simmons, Notices, p. 96. 32. Niles' Register 50 (July 30, 1836):361- 62; Simms, "Intellectual Progress in the South," p. 338. 33. General Land Office, Washington, Com- xlii NOTES. Book H, 37, extract in Simmons' file, St. Augus- tine Historical Society Library. 20. Clarence E. Carter, ed., Territorial Papers of the United States: Territory of Florida, 26 vols. (Washington, 1956-62), 23:190, 1031, 24: 435, 592-93; extracts from St. Augustine City Council minutes, 1820s, in Simmons' file, St. Augustine Historical Society Library. 21. Pensacola Floridian, June 21, 1823. 22. "Journal of Dr. W. H. Simmons," Florida Historical Quarterly 1 (April 1908):28-36; "Journal of John Lee Williams," ibid., pp. 37-44, and (July 1908) :18-29. 23. Carter, Territory of Florida, 22:913; Sim- mons to John Quincy Adams, September 23, 1824, General Records of the Department of State, Letters of Resignation and Declination of Federal Office, Record Group 59, National Archives. 24. Simmons, Notices, p. 13; Hayne to Call, May 1, 1824; Carter, Territory of Florida, 22: 359; W. T. Cash, The Story of Florida, 4 vols. (New York, 1938), 1:703. 25. St. Augustine Florida Herald and South- ern Democrat, November 5, 1841; St. Augustine News, November 6, 1841. 26. Washington National Intelligence, August 16-November 25, 1843. 27. Carter, Territory of Florida, 22:721. 28. Ibid., 23:48-49, 85-87. This episode is ex- plained in George C. Whatly and Sylvia Cook, "East Florida Land Commission; A Study in Frustration," Florida Historical Quarterly 50 (July 1971):39-52. 29. Carter, Territory of Florida, 23:401. 30. Tallahassee Floridian, March 6, 1832. 31. Simmons, Notices, p. 96. 32. Niles' Register 50 (July 30, 1836):361- 62; Simms, "Intellectual Progress in the South," p. 338. 33. General Land Office, Washington, Com- xlii NOTES. Book H, 37, extract in Simmons' file, St. Augus- tine Historical Society Library. 20. Clarence E. Carter, ed., Territorial Papers of the United States: Territory of Florida, 26 vols. (Washington, 1956-62), 23:190, 1031, 24: 435, 592-93; extracts from St. Augustine City Council minutes, 1820s, in Simmons' file, St. Augustine Historical Society Library. 21. Pensacola Floridian, June 21, 1823. 22. "Journal of Dr. W. H. Simmons," Florida Historical Quarterly 1 (April 1908) :28-36; "Journal of John Lee Williams," ibid., pp. 37-44, and (July 1908):18-29. 23. Carter, Territory of Florida, 22:913; Sim- mons to John Quincy Adams, September 23, 1824, General Records of the Department of State, Letters of Resignation and Declination of Federal Office, Record Group 59, National Archives. 24. Simmons, Notices, p. 13; Hayne to Call, May 1, 1824; Carter, Territory of Florida, 22: 359; W. T. Cash, The Story of Florida, 4 vols. (New York, 1938), 1:703. 25. St. Augustine Florida Herald and South- ern Democrat, November 5, 1841; St. Augustine News, November 6, 1841. 26. Washington National Intelligence, August 16-November 25, 1843. 27. Carter, Territory of Florida, 22:721. 28. Ibid., 23:48-49, 85-87. This episode is ex- plained in George C. Whatly and Sylvia Cook, "East Florida Land Commission; A Study in Frustration," Florida Historical Quarterly 50 (July 1971) :39-52. 29. Carter, Territory of Florida, 23:401. 30. Tallahassee Floridian, March 6, 1832. 31. Simmons, Notices, p. 96. 32. Niles' Register 50 (July 30, 1836):361- 62; Simms, "Intellectual Progress in the South," p. 338. 33. General Land Office, Washington, Com-  NOTES. xliii missioner's Letters, St. Augustine, 2 vols., P. K. Yonge Library of Florida History, University of Florida, Gainesville, passim. 34. Mary C. Simms Oliphant, Alfred Taylor Odell, T. C. Duncan, eds., The Letters of William Gilmore Simms, 5 vols. (Columbia, S.C., 1952), 3:357. 35. Ibid., 3:11-12, 113-15. 36. Virginia Rugheimer, Charleston Library Society, to George E. Buker, August 1, 1972, in possession of editor. 37. Oliphant et al., Letters, 3:113-15. 38. Carter, Territory of Florida, 24:402; Frank Lewis, "Education in St. Augustine, 1821- 1845," Florida Historical Quarterly 30 (January 1952) :252. 39. J. C. Yonge, "Minutes of Organization in 1856 and List of Members," Florida Historical Quarterly 3 (July 1924) :8. 40. Evert A. and George L. Duyckinck, Cyclopaedia of American Literature, 2 vols. (New York, 1866), 2:557; Simms, "Intellectual Prog- ress in the South," p. 339. 41. Caroline Mays Brevard, A History of Florida, 2 vols. (Deland, Florida, 1924-25), 1:77. 42. Carter, Territory of Florida, 23:11-13. 43. Simms, "Intellectual Progress in the South," pp. 338-39. 44. Magnolia Cemetery Burial Records, Mag- nolia Cemetery, Charleston, S.C. NOTES. xliii missioner's Letters, St. Augustine, 2 vols., P. K. Yonge Library of Florida History, University of Florida, Gainesville, passim. 34. Mary C. Simms Oliphant, Alfred Taylor Odell, T. C. Duncan, eds., The Letters of William Gilmore Simms, 5 vols. (Columbia, S.C., 1952), 3:357. 35. Ibid., 3:11-12, 113-15. 36. Virginia Rugheimer, Charleston Library Society, to George E. Buker, August 1, 1972, in possession of editor. 37. Oliphant et al., Letters, 3:113-15. 38. Carter, Territory of Florida, 24:402; Frank Lewis, "Education in St. Augustine, 1821- 1845," Florida Historical Quarterly 30 (January 1952):252. 39. J. C. Yonge, "Minutes of Organization in 1856 and List of Members," Florida Historical Quarterly 3 (July 1924) :8. 40. Evert A. and George L. Duyckinck, Cyclopaedia of American Literature, 2 vols. (New York, 1866), 2:557; Simms, "Intellectual Prog- ress in the South," p. 339. 41. Caroline Mays Brevard, A History of Florida, 2 vols. (Deland, Florida, 1924-25), 1:77. 42. Carter, Territory of Florida, 23:11-13. 43. Simms, "Intellectual Progress in the South," pp. 338-39. 44. Magnolia Cemetery Burial Records, Mag- nolia Cemetery, Charleston, S.C. NOTES. xliii missioner's Letters, St. Augustine, 2 vols., P. K. Yonge Library of Florida History, University of Florida, Gainesville, passim. 34. Mary C. Simms Oliphant, Alfred Taylor Odell, T. C. Duncan, eds., The Letters of William Gilmore Simms, 5 vols. (Columbia, S.C., 1952), 3:357. 35. Ibid., 3:11-12, 113-15. 36. Virginia Rugheimer, Charleston Library Society, to George E. Buker, August 1, 1972, in possession of editor. 37. Oliphant et al., Letters, 3:113-15. 38. Carter, Territory of Florida, 24:402; Frank Lewis, "Education in St. Augustine, 1821- 1845," Florida Historical Quarterly 30 (January 1952):252. 39. J. C. Yonge, "Minutes of Organization in 1856 and List of Members," Florida Historical Quarterly 3 (July 1924) :8. 40. Evert A. and George L. Duyckinck, Cyclopaedia of American Literature, 2 vols. (New York, 1866), 2:557; Simms, "Intellectual Prog- ress in the South," p. 339. 41. Caroline Mays Brevard, A History of Florida, 2 vols. (Deland, Florida, 1924-25), 1:77. 42. Carter, Territory of Florida, 23:11-13. 43. Simms, "Intellectual Progress in the South," pp. 338-39. 44. Magnolia Cemetery Burial Records, Mag- nolia Cemetery, Charleston, S.C.   NOTICES NOTICES NOTICES OE PE OE WITH AN ACCOUNT .sminoUa Nation of )nulau. BY A RECENT TRAVELLER IN THE PROVINCE. WITH AN ACCOUNT sminoIa Nation of Wriiano. EY A RECENT TRAVELLER IN THE PRVINCE. WITH AN ACCOUNT .%ainolt Ntion of Knfans. ET A RECENT TRAVELLER IN THE PROVINCE. CHARLESTON, PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR, EP A. E. MLEE, 4 rRdt-tI. 1822. CHARLESTON, PRINTED POE THE AUTHOR, BY A. E. MEIE, 4 Boad-stre. 1822. CHARLESTON, PRINTED FOR TEE AUTHOR, BE A. E. MfEET,E4 road-street. 1 822.   .ADVERTISEMEINT. THE author of the ensuing Notices hav- ing travelled in East Florida, and had op- portunities of associating with persons well acquainted with the country, is induced to hope, that the information here offered to the public, will not prove unacceptable at this time, when much attention is drawn towards the new territory, by its recent ad- dition to our Union. Charleston, June, 1822. AIDVE RTISEMENT. THE author of the ensuing Notices hav- ing travelled in East Florida, and had op- portunities of associating with persons well acquainted with the country, is induced to hope, that the information here offered to the public, will not prove unacceptable at this time, when much attention is drawn towards the new territory, by its recent ad- dition to our Union. Charleston, June, 1822. A DVERTISEMENT. THE author of the ensuing Notices hav- ing travelled in East Florida, and had op- portunities of associating with persons well acquainted with the country, is induced to hope, that the information here offered to the public, will not prove unacceptable at this time, when much attention is drawn towards the new territory, by its recent ad- dition to our Union. Charleston, June, 1822.   NOTICES NOTICES NOTICES of- o9- oP CHAPTER L. THE portion of Florida, lying to the east of the St. John's, having been long known, has been often and pretty accurately described. Such, in fact, is its uni- formity of surface, that a very few words would serve to give a correct idea of its general character, and of the nature of its chief vegetable productions. While the sea-coast is much broken and indented by short streams, creeks, and inlets; the rest of the country, with the exception of one or two rich swamps, and the narrow hammocks* along the rivers, may be described as an immense and sterile forest of firs, interspersed with cypress and pine ponds, and a few inconsiderable lakes. Though there be thus a deficiency of good lands, what there is of these, compensates by its value, for its com- parative scarcity; being capable of producing a greater variety of staples, than soils of similar quality, in any other part of the union; while even the extensive pine * According to Noah Webster, hemmoc is the proper ortho- graphy of this word. CHAPTER L THE portion of Florida, lying to the east of the St. John's, having been long known, has been often and pretty accurately described. Such, in fact, is its uni- formity of surface, that a very few words would serve to give a correct idea of its general character, and of the nature of its chief vegetable productions. While the sea-coast is much broken and indented by short streams, creeks, and inlets; the rest of the country, with the exception of one or two rich swamps, and the narrow hammocks* along the rivers, may be described as an immense and sterile forest of firs, interspersed with cypress and pine ponds, and a few inconsiderable lakes. Though there be thus a deficiency of good lands, what there is of these, compensates by its value, for its com- parative scarcity; being capable of producing a greater variety of staples, than soils of similar quality, in any other part of the union; while even the extensive pine * According to Noah Webster, hsmmoc is the proper ortho- graphy of this word. 1t CHAPTER 1. THE portion of Florida, lying to the east of the St. John's, having been long known, has been often and pretty accurately described. Such, in fact, is its uni- formity of surface, that a very few words would serve to give a correct idea of its general character, and of the nature of its chief vegetable productions. While the sea-coast is much broken and indented by short streams, creeks, and inlets; the rest of the country, with the exception of one or two rich swamps, and the narrow hammocks* along the rivers, may be described as an immense and sterile forest of firs, interspersed with cypress and pine ponds, and a few inconsiderable lakes. Though there be thus a deficiency of good lands, what there is of these, compensates by its value, for its com- parative scarcity; being capable of producing a greater variety of staples, than soils of similar quality, in any other part of the union; while even the extensive pine * According to Noah Webster, kommo is the proper ortho- graphy of this word. 1*  6 NOTICES OF barrens are not without their utility, as they afford excellent grazing grounds for cattle, and from the nature of the climate, are not altogether insusceptible of cul- tivation. The lands included in the bend of the St. John's, at the head of the Diego Plains, are fertile and tolerably well settled; and are abundantlystocked with oak tim- ber, which forms a valuable store-house of materials for ship-building ; and has already afforded considerable supplies to our Navy. The Diego Plains, which commence a few miles from the head of the North river, and extend for twelve or fourteen miles, until intersected by the hammock lands about Pablo Creek, are said to afford good pas- turage; and from, their extent, would maintain large herds of cattle. They are bordered on the west, by a Cabbage Swamp, or region of low hammock, which might be easily drained and reduced to cultivation. To the south of this, occurs Twelve-Mile Swamp, which runs nearly parallel with the coast, and is distant about tourteen miles from St. Augustine. This is a very fer- tile tract, overshadowed with a rich growth of the various species of laurel, oak and bay, and cypresses of extraordinary girth and altitude. By means of St. Sebastian's Creek, which heads near it, it might be easily connected by navigation with St. Augustine ; and its produce thus, at once, conveyed to a market, or to a point where it might be conveniently shipped. The soil, immediately within the vicinity of St. Au- gustine, though light, is good and lasting, and is con- sidered as remarkably fine garden ground, producing most kinds of vegetables and fruits in great perfection. On the small peninsula which extends in the rear of the city, several flourishing Orange Farms are cultivated, which are said to yield a good profit to their owners. If, indeed, the usual calculation be correct, that each tree is annually worth ten dollars, and that an hundred of these can be raised to the acre, the orange, as far as the demand for it goes, would prove a more valuable 6 NOTICES OF barrens are not without their utility, as they afford excellent grazing grounds for cattle, and from the nature of the climate, are not altogether insusceptible of cul- tivation. The lands included in the bend of the St. John's, at the head of the Diego Plains, are fertile and tolerably well settled; and are abundantly stocked with oak tim- ber, which forms a valuable store-house of materials for ship-building ; and has already afforded considerable supplies to our Navy. The Diego Plains, which commence a few miles from the head of the North river, and extend for twelve or fourteen miles, until intersected by the hammock lands about Pablo Creek, are said to afford good pas- turage; and from, their extent, would maintain large herds of cattle. They are bordered on the west, by a Cabbage Swamp, or region of low hammock, which might be easily drained and reduced to cultivation. To the south of this, occurs Twelve-Mile Swamp, which runs nearly parallel with the coast, and is distant about fourteen miles from- St. Augustine. This is a very fer- tile tract, overshadowed with a rich growth of the various species of laurel, oak and bay, and cypresses of extraordinary girth and altitude. By means of St. Sebastian's Creek, which heads near it, it might be easily connected by navigation with St. Augustine ; and its produce thus, at once, conveyed to a market, or to a point where it might be conveniently shipped. The soil, immediately within the vicinity of St. Au- gustine, though light, is good and lasting, and is con- sidered as remarkably fine garden ground, producing most kinds of vegetables and fruits in great perfection. On the small peninsula which extends in the rear of the city, several flourishing Orange Farms are cultivated, which are said to yield a good profit to their owners. If, indeed, the usual calculation be correct, that each tree is annually worth ten dollars, and that an hundred of these can be raised to the acre, the orange, as far as the demand for it goes, would prove a more valuable 6 NOTICES OF barrens are not without their utility, as they afford excellent grazing grounds for cattle, and from the nature of the climate, are not altogether insusceptible of cul- tivation. The lands included in the bend of the St. John's, at the head of the Diego Plains, are fertile and tolerably well settled; and are abundantly stocked with oak tim- ber, which forms a valuable store-house of materials for ship-building ; and has already afforded considerable supplies to our Navy. The Diego Plains, which commence a few miles from the head of the North river, and extend for twelve or fourteen miles, until intersected by the hammock lands about Pablo Creek, are said to afford good pas- turage; and from, their extent, would maintain large herds of cattle. They are bordered on the west, by a Cabbage Swamp, or region of low hammock, which might be easily drained and reduced to cultivation. To the south of this, occurs Twelve-Mile Swamp, which runs nearly parallel with the coast, and is distant about fourteen miles from- St. Augustine. This is a very fer- tile tract, overshadowed with a rich growth of the various species of laurel, oak and bay, and cypresses of extraordinary girth and altitude. By means of St. Sebastian's Creek, which heads near it, it might be easily connected by navigation with St. Augustine ; and its produce thus, at once, conveyed to a market, or to a point where it might be conveniently shipped. The soil, immediately within the vicinity of St. Au- gustine, though light, is good and lasting, and is con- sidered as remarkably fine garden ground, producing most kinds of vegetables and fruits in great perfection. On the small peninsula which extends in the rear of the city, several flourishing Orange Farms are cultivated, which are said to yield a good profit to their owners. If, indeed, the usual calculation be correct, that each tree is annually worth ten dollars, and that an hundred of these can be raised to the acre, the orange, as far as the demand for it goes, would prove a more valuable  EAST-FLORIDA. 7 expert than either cotton or sugar, and will doubtless, attract the attention of American settlers. As it is said to require ten years to establish a grove, there is, therefore, no danger of the market becoming suddenly overstocked. The beauty of these groves, their evergreeiashades, and boughs laden with vegetable gold, that recall to the imagination, the classical fable of the orchards of the Hesperides, cannot fail to occa- sion their being extensively multiplied, if only as orna- mental objects, and pleasant summer retreats. To the south of St. Augustine, there is some very good land on Matanza River, which, though having in some places, the poor appearance of beach sand, yet produces cotton of the finest quality, equalling in firmness, and length of staple, the best sea-islands, and surpassing the latter in silkiness of texture, so that it has commanded five cents more per pound than the cotton of St. Simons, in the markets of Liverpool. The hammocks along the Musquitto, Tomoka, and other rivers and inlets further south, are thought by competent judges, to be peculiarly adapted to the cultiva- tion of sugar, and afford also considerable bodies of live oak-the value of which, as a material for our Navy, I have already adverted to. On the banks of Haw and Dunslake Creeks, there occur,-some small but rich savannas, which might be made to produce abundantly, any of the southern sta- ples, or would form fine ranges for cattle. The eastern banks of the St. John's, as far up as Bonavista, are generally high, and consist of narrow and insulated strips of hammock, well suited to the growth of cotton and provisions. Beyond Bonavista, the river loses somewhat, of its lake-like character, and winds in reaches, bordered by partially inundated swamps, and interspersed with small and low islands. These islands and swamps, with but few interruptions, continue to characterize the stream to its source, while at Little Lake it resumes its embayed form, which it preserves to its termination, ending, as has been EAST-FLORIDA. 7 expert than either cotton or sugar, and will doubtless, attract the attention of American settlers. As it is said to require ten years to establish a grove, there is, therefore, no danger of the market becoming suddenly overstocked. The beauty of these groves, their evergreershades, and boughs laden with vegetable gold, that recall to the imagination, the classical fable of the orchards of the Hesperides, cannot fail to occa- sion their being extensively multiplied, if only as orna- mental objects, and pleasant summer retreats. To the south of St. Augustine, there is some very good land on Matanza River, which, though having in some places, the poor appearance of beach sand, yet produces cotton of the finest quality, equalling in firmness, and length of staple, the best sea-islands, and surpassing the latter in silkiness of texture, so that it has commanded five cents more per pound than the cotton of St. Simons, in the markets of Liverpool. The hammocks along the Musquitto, Tomoka, and other rivers and inlets further south, are thought by competent judges, to be peculiarly adapted to the cultiva- tion of sugar, and afford also considerable bodies of live oak-the value of which, as a material for our Navy, I have already adverted to. On the banks of Haw and Dunslake Creeks, there occur,-some small but rich savannas, which might be made to produce abundantly, any of the southern sta- ples, or would form fine ranges for cattle. The eastern banks of the St. John's, as far up as Bonavista, are generally high, and consist of narrow and insulated strips of hammock, well suited to the growth of cotton and provisions. Beyond Bonavista, the river loses somewhat, of its lake-like character, and winds in reaches, bordered by partially inundated swamps, and interspersed with small and low islands. These islands and swamps, with but few interruptions, continue to characterize the stream to its source, while at Little Lake it resumes its embayed form, which it preserves to its termination, ending, as has been EAST-FLORIDA. 7 expert than either cotton or sugar, and will doubtless, attract the attention of American settlers. As it is said to require ten years to establish a grove, there is, therefore, no danger of the market becoming suddenly overstocked. The beauty of these groves, their evergreenmshades, and boughs laden with vegetable gold, that recall to the imagination, the classical fable of the orchards of the Hesperides, cannot fail to occa- sion their being extensively multiplied, if only as orna- mental objects, and pleasant summer retreats. To the south of St. Augustine, there is some very good land on Matanza River, which, though having in some places, the poor appearance of beach sand, yet produces cotton of the finest quality, equalling in firmness, and length of staple, the best sea-islands, and surpassing the latter in silkiness of texture, so that it has commanded five cents more per pound than the cotton of St. Simons, in the markets of Liverpool. The hammocks along the Musquitto, Tomoka, and other rivers and inlets further south, are thought by competent judges, to be peculiarly adapted to the cultiva- tion of sugar, and afford also considerable bodies of live oak-the value of which, as a material for our Navy, I have already adverted to. On the banks of Haw and Dunslake Creeks, there occur,-some small but rich savannas, which might be made to produce abundantly, any of the southern sta- ples, or would form fine ranges for cattle. The eastern banks of the St. John's, as far up as Bonavista, are generally high, and consist of narrow and insulated strips of hammock, well suited to the growth of cotton and provisions. Beyond Bonavista, the river loses somewhat of its lake-like character, and winds in reaches, bordered by partially inundated swamps, and interspersed with small and low islands. These islands and swamps, with but few interruptions, continue to characterize the stream to its source, while at Little Lake it resumes its embayed form, which it preserves to its termination, ending, as has been  8 NOTICES OF demonstrated by the late expedition of Captain Le- conte, in an extensive lake. As the St. John's is not subject to freshes or violences of any kind, but has a remarkably gentle and equable current ; it is the opinion of most of the residents of the country, that the low hammocks and islands along its course, might be veryeasily banked in, and so far freed of water, as to admit of their beingplanted in rice, which cultivation, having a tendency to elevate the soil, would ultimately prepare these lands for the reception of the sugar cane. Colonel Forbes, in his Sketches, observes-" The planting of rice has the singular and double advantage of elevating the lant, by the stocks it leaves, and of subduing it, by draving off the subtle juices. When the rice cea s to be productive, the sugar cane re- places it very advantageously." The practicability of reclaiming all these tracts, seems, indeed, to be demonstrated, by the fact of rice having been cultivated on a large scale, during the Bri- tish time, at Mount Tucka ; a plantation lying on both sides of the river, near the mouth of the Ocklewahaw. The remains of a canal, cut into the swamp, for facili- tating the harvest of the crop, are still to be seen at this place. The timber of the pine barrens that abound in the country, is not of a very good quality. The trees are often below the usual height, and grow so sparsely, that the sun, in their regions, has nearly as much power as on an open plain ; and the traveller, in the midst of a wilderness, often experiences the want of shade. The usual undergrowth is the fan palmetto-the roots of which, protruding lengthways out of the soil, give the ground, in many places, the appearance of being floored, or rather, logged over, in every direction, and renders the footing very bad for travelling. These districts, however, afford very good pasturage, and are said by many, to produce corn, potatoes, and the up- land rice, very well. They would, undoubtedly, be 8 NOTICES OF demonstrated by the late expedition of Captain Le. conte, in an extensive lake. As the St. John's is not subject to freshes or violences of any kind, but has a remarkably gentle and equable current ; it is the opinion of most of the residents of the country, that the low hammocks and islands along its course, might be very easily banked in, and so far freed of water, as to admit of their being-planted in rice, which cultivation, having a tendency to elevate the soil, would ultimately prepare these lands for the reception of the sugar cane. Colonel Forbes, in his Sketches, observes-" The planting of rice has the singular and double advantage of elevating the la J, by the stocks it leaves, and of subduing it, by drat ing off the subtle juices. When the rice cea s to be productive, the sugar cane re- places it very advantageously." The practicability of reclaiming all these tracts, seems, indeed, to be demonstrated, by the fact of rice having been cultivated on a large scale, during the Bri- tish time, at Mount Tucka; a plantation lying on both sides of the river, near the mouth of the Ocklewahaw. The remains of a canal, cut into the swamp, for facili- tating the harvest of the crop, are still to be seen at this place. The timber of the pine barrens that abound in the country, is not of a very good quality. The trees are often below the usual height, and grow so sparsely, that the sun, in their regions, has nearly as much power as on an open plain ; and the traveller, in the midst of a wilderness, often experiences the want of shade. The usual undergrowth is the fan palmetto-the roots of which, protruding lengthways out of the soil, give the ground, in many places, the appearance of being floored, or rather, logged over, in every direction, and renders the footing very bad for travelling. These districts, however, afford very good pasturage, and are said by many, to produce corn, potatoes, and the up- land rice, very well. They would, undoubtedly, be 8 NOTICES OF demonstrated by the late expedition of Captain Le- conte, in an extensive lake. As the St. John's is not subject to freshes or violences of any kind, but has a remarkably gentle and equable current ; it is the opinion of most of the residents of the country, that the low hammocks and islands along its course, might be very easily banked in, and so far freed of water, as to admit of their being-planted in rice, which cultivation, having a tendency to elevate the soil, would ultimately prepare these lands for the reception of the sugar cane. Colonel Forbes, in his Sketches, observes-" The planting of rice has the singular and double advantage of elevating the land, by the stocks it leaves, and of subduing it, by dra ing off the subtle juices. When the rice cea s to be productive, the sugar cane re- places it very advantageously." The practicability of reclaiming all these tracts, seems, indeed, to be demonstrated, by the fact of rice having been cultivated on a large scale, during the Bri- tish time, at Mount Tucka; a plantation lying on both sides of the river, near the mouth of the Ocklewahaw. The remains of a canal, cut into the swamp, for facili- tating the harvest of the crop, are still to be seen at this place. The timber of the pine barrens that abound in the country, is not of a very good quality. The trees are often below the usual height, and grow so sparsely, that the sun, in their regions, has nearly as much power as on an open plain ; and the traveller, in the midst of a wilderness, often experiences the want of shade. The usual undergrowth is the fan palmetto-the roots of which, protruding lengthways out of the soil, give the ground, in many places, the appearance of being floored, or rather, logged over, in every direction, and renders the footing very bad for travelling. These districts, however, afford very good pasturage, and are said by many, to produce corn, potatoes, and the up- land rice, very well. They would, undoubtedly, be  EAST-FLORIDA. 9 suitable to the olive, and perhaps the vine-both of which, delight in a poor and sandy soil. This poverty of a great proportion of the country, is further coun- terbalanced by the extraordinary abundance of the seas along the coasts, which are stocked with a greater va- riety and quantity of fish, than are to be found upon the coasts of any other parts of the United States. The fisheries along the rivers and inlets, would alone supporta considerable population. I think it, then apparent, that, notwithstanding the unfavourable aspect of the country to the east of the St. John's, it will be found, upon examination, that the soil possesses capabilities, which, if properly called forth, would place this division of Florida on a level, in advantages, with any other portion of the Union, of similar extent. We have seen, that the richest staples, and most of the tropical fruits can be produced upon its best lands; while the poorer districts are well adapted to grazing, so that both exports and provisions; both the means of commerce, and abundant living, might be readily drawn forth from this really favoured region. The present condition of the Province, affords no criterion by which to judge of its capacities for improvement. Thorevolutionary movements of the soi-disant Pa- triots, and the marauding conduct of many of General. M'Intosh's followers, affected the total destruction of most of the settlements of the country. And the sub- sequent negotiations for the transfer of the Province to the American government, occasioned the Spaniards, who intended to remove, as soon as this event took place, to neglect all cultivation, or further improvement of their property. Hence, the new acquired territory came into our pos- session in an impoverished and depreciated state ; from which, it will require some time for it to recover. That this country is capable of being rendered highly productive, and valuable, there can be no rational doubt entertained ; andan extensive inter-communication EAST-FLORIDA. 9 suitable to the olive, and perhaps the vine-both of which, delight in a poor and sandy soil. This poverty of a great proportion of the country, is further coun- terbalanced by the extraordinary abundance of the seas along the coasts, which are stocked with a greater va- riety and quantity of fish, than are to be found upon the coasts of any other parts of the United States. The fisheries along the rivers and inlets, would alone support~a considerable population. I think it, then apparent, that, notwithstanding the unfavourable aspect of the country to the east of the St. John's, it will be found, upon examination, that the soil possesses capabilities, which, if properly called forth, would place this division of Florida on a level, in advantages, with any other portion of the Union, of similar extent. We have seen, that the richest staples, and most of the tropical fruits can be produced upon its best lands; while the poorer districts are well adapted to grazing, so that both exports and provisions; both the means of commerce, and abundant living, might be readily drawn forth from this really favoured region. The present condition of the Province, affords no criterion by which to judge of its capacities for improvement. The revolutionary movements of the soi-diuant Pa- triots, and the marauding conduct of many of General. M'Intosh's followers, affected the total destruction of most of the settlements of the country. And the sub- sequent negotiations for the transfer of the Province to the American government, occasioned the Spaniards, who intended to remove, as soon as this event took place, to neglect all cultivation, or further improvement of their property. Hence, the new acquired territory came into our pos- session in an impoverished and depreciated state ; from which, it will require some time for it to recover. That this country is capable of being rendered highly productive, and valuable, there can be no rational doubt entertained ; and an extensive inter-communication EAST-FLORIDA. 9 suitable to the olive, and perhaps the vine-both of which, delight in a poor and sandy soil. This poverty of a great proportion of the country, is further coun- terbalanced by the extraordinary abundance of the seas along the coasts, which are stocked with a greater va- riety and quantity of fish, than are to be found upon the coasts of any other parts of the United States. The fisheries along the rivers and inlets, would alone support a considerable population. I think it, then apparent, that, notwithstanding the unfavourable aspect of the country to the east of the St. John's, it will be found, upon examination, that the soil possesses capabilities, which, if properly called forth, would place this division of Florida on a level, in advantages, with any other portion of the Union, of similar extent. We have seen, that the richest staples, and most of the tropical fruits can be produced upon its best lands; while the poorer districts are well adapted to grazing, so that both exports and provisions; both the means of commerce, and abundant living, might be readily drawn forth from this really favoured region. The present condition of the Province, affords no criterion by which to judge of its capacities for improvement. The revolutionary movements of the soi-disant Pa- triots, and the marauding conduct of many of General M'Intosh's followers, affected the total destruction of most of the settlements of the country. And the sub- sequent negotiations for the transfer of the Province to the American government, occasioned the Spaniards, who intended to remove, as soon as this event took place, to neglect all cultivation, or further improvement of their property. Hence, the new acquired territory came into our pos- session in an impoverished and depreciated state ; from which, it will require some time for it to recover. That this country is capable of being rendered highly productive, and valuable, there can be no rational doubt entertained ; and an extensive inter-communication  10 NOTICES OF between its different parts, may be readily affected, by means of the numerous navigable waters with which it is every where intersected. By a canal of not more than six miles, the head waters of the North River may be connected through Pablo Creek, with the St. John's; and an excavation, or ditch, of no greater extent, would, by means of Six-Mile Creek, divert the latter stream into the harbour of St. Augustine.* The St. John's penetrates through the very centre of the Province, and answers all the ends of the most judiciously contrived canals, running in a direction the best adapted to the purposes of internal trade. A town, therefore, of some commercial consequence, must soon arise upon the banks of that majestic stream. Though St. Augustine, from the shallowness of its bar, will probably never attain to much importance as a sea-port ; it yet seems likely to become a great sum- mer resort, both for health and pleasure, from the ex- traordinary salubrity and amenity of its climate.- Those who arrive there in an invalescent state, never fail to derive immediate benefit from its temperate and restorative air; and pulmonary patients experience a remarkable relief, by even a short visit to the place, and are generally cured by a prolonged residence in it. Colonel Forbes, in his Sketches, remarks-" That the climate of East-Florida is more uniform, than in any part of the continent, without either extreme ; being too remote from the north, to admit the dominion of the cold winds to prevail long enough for any sensible effect, while its proximity to the south, affords the mild and refreshing coolness of the trade winds. Accounts from all quarters, correspond in representing St. Augustine as the Montpelier of North-America ; to which the healthy repaired for refreshment, and invalids for health. * It is thought by many, that bringing the waters of the St. John's into the harbour of St. Augustine, would have the effect of deepening the bar, by the increased momentum that would thus be given to the tide, at its ebbing. 10 NOTICES OF between its different parts, may be readily affected, by means of the numerous navigable waters with which it is every where intersected. By a canal of not more than six miles, the head waters of the North River may be connected through Pablo Creek, with the St. John's; and an excavation, or ditch, of no greater extent, would, by means of Six-Mile Creek, divert the latter stream into the harbour of St. Augustine.* The St. John's penetrates through the very centre of the Province, and answers all the ends of the most judiciously contrived canals, running in a direction the best adapted to the purposes of internal trade. A town, therefore, of some commercial consequence, must soon arise upon the banks of that majestic stream. Though St. Augustine, from the shallowness of its bar, will probably never attain to much importance as a sea-port ; it yet seems likely to become a great sum- mer resort, both for health and pleasure, from the ex- traordinary salubrity and amenity of its climate.- Those who arrive there in an invalescent state, never fail to derive immediate benefit from its temperate and restorative air; and pulmonary patients experience a remarkable relief, by even a short visit to the place, and are generally cured by a prolonged residence in it. Colonel Forbes, in his Sketches, remarks-4 That the climate of East-Florida is more uniform, than in any part of the continent, without either extreme ; being too remote from the north, to admit the dominion of the cold winds to prevail long enough for any sensible effect, while its proximity to the south, affords the mild and refreshing coolness of the trade winds. Accounts from all quarters, correspond in representing St. Augustine as the Montpelier of North-America ; to which the healthy repaired for refreshment, and invalids for health. * It is thought by many, that bringing the waters of the St. John's into the harbour of 3s. Augustine, would have the effect of deepening the bar, by the increased momentum that would thus be given to the tide, at its ebbing. 10 NOTICES OF between its different parts, may he readily affected, by means of the numerous navigable waters with which it is every where intersected. By a canal of not more than six miles, the head waters of the North River may be connected through Pablo Creek, with the St. John's; and.an excavation, or ditch, of no greater extent, would, by means of Six-Mile Creek, divert the latter stream into the harbour of St. Augustine.* The St. John's penetrates through the very centre of the Province, and answers all the ends of the most judiciously contrived canals, running in a direction the best adapted to the purposes of internal trade. A town, therefore, of some commercial consequence, must soon arise upon the banks of that majestic stream. Though St. Augustine, from the shallowness of its bar, will probably never attain to much importance as a sea-port ; it yet seems likely to become a great sum- mer resort, both for health and pleasure, from the ex- traordinary salubrity and amenity of its climate.- Those who arrive there in an invalescent state, never fail to derive immediate benefit from its temperate and restorative air; and pulmonary patients experience a remarkable relief, by even a short visit to the place, and are generally cured by a prolonged residence in it. Colonel Forbes, in his Sketches, remarks-" That the climate of East-Florida is more uniform, than in any part of the continent, without either extreme ; being too remote from the north, to admit the dominion of the cold winds to prevail long-enough for any sensible effect, while its proximity to the south, affords the mild and refreshing coolness of the trade winds. Accounts from all quarters, correspond in representing St. Augustine as the Montpelier of North-America ; to which the healthy repaired for refreshment, and invalids for health. * It is thought by many, that bringing the waters of the St. John's into the harbour of St. Augustine, would have the effect of deepening the bar, by the increased momentum that would thus be given to the tide, atits ebbing.  EAST-FLORIDA. 11 EAST-FLORIDA. 11 EAST-FLORIDA. 11 This does not depend upon bare assertion, but can be substantiated directly by facts. One of these facts to be relied upon, was the extraordinary healthiness of the 9th British regiment, which quarteted and per- formed garrison duty there, fer eighteen months, and never lost a man by natumal death. A detachment of artillery, which arrived from the West Indies, in a sickly state, soon recruited, and left no traces of the contagion." The usual range of the mercury, is from seventy- four to eighty-eight degrees, and rarely or never sinks below thirty. The fatal sickness of the last season, was undoubtedly occasianed by a combination of cir- cumstances, that can scarcely ever occur again, without the most wilful neglect on the part of those, who are charged with regulating the police of the city. Previous to the transfer of the place to the Ame- rican authority, the Spaniards having contemplated quitting it as soon as the event took place, had neglected most of the precautions of cleanliness which they usually adopt, so that great accumulations of filth were formed in the streets, and different yards and lots. The removal of these was injudiciously attempted in the midst of the heats, and when there existed a great degree of moisture, from an unusually rainy season. The stirring of these sources of disease, at a time when the city was filled with strangers, who were mostly from high northern latitudes, and when the effect of the efliuvia was aided by an uncommonly sickly season, unquestionably gave rise to the dreadful epidemic which desolated the town during the last summer ; and im- paired, in the minds of those who had no opportunities of examining into the subject, its long established repu- tation for healthfulness. Dr. Irvine, in his Treatise on the Yellow Fever, was the first, I believe, among our Physicians, who noticed the fact, that whenever the Yellow Fever occurred in any of our cities, it was always in combination with a season of general unhealthiness. His remarks upon this subject, are deserving of great attention, as leading to This does not depend upon bare assertion, but can be substantiated directly by facts. One of these facts to be relied upon, was the extraordinary healthiness of the 9th British regiment, which quartered and per- formed garrison duty there, fer eighteen months, and never lost a man by natural death. A detachment of artillery, which arrived from the West Indies, in a sickly state, soon recruited, and left no traces of the contagion." The usual range of the mercury, is from seventy- four to eighty-eight degrees, and rarely or never sinks below thirty. The fatal sickness of the last season, was undoubtedly occasioned by a combination of cir- cumstances, that can scarcely ever occur again, without the most wilful neglect on the part of those, who are charged with regulating the police of the city. Previous to the transfer of the place to the Ame- rican authority, the Spaniards having contemplated quitting it as soon as the event took place, had neglected most of the precautions of cleanliness which they usually adopt, so that great accumulations of filth were formed in the streets, and different yards and lots. The removal of these was injudiciously attempted in the midst of the heats, and when there existed a great degree of moisture, from an unusually rainy season. The stirring of these sources of disease, at a time when the city was filled with strangers, who were mostly from high northern latitudes, and when the effect of the efiluvia was aided by an uncommonly sickly season, unquestionably gave rise to the dreadful epidemic which desolated the town during the last summer ; and im- paired, in the minds of those who had no opportunities of examining into the subject, its long established repu- tation for healthfulness. Dr. Irvine, in his Treatise on the Yellow Fever, was the first, I believe, among our Physicians, who noticed the fact, that whenever the Yellow Fever occurred in any of our cities, it was always in combination with a season of general unhealhiness. His remarks upon this subject, are deserving of great attention, as leading to This does not depend upon bare assertion, but can be substantiated directly by facts. One of these facts to be relied upon, was the extraordinary healthiness of the 9th British regiment, which quartered and per- formed garrison duty there, fer eighteen months, and never lost a man by natural death. A detachment of artillery, which arrived from the West Indies, in a sickly state, soon recruited, and left no traces of the contagion." The usual range of the mercury, is from seventy- four to eighty-eight degrees, and rarely or never sinks below thirty. The fatal sickness of the last season, was undoubtedly occasioned by a combination of cir- cumstances, that can scarcely ever occur again, without the most wilful neglect on the part of those, who are charged with regulating the police of the city. Previous to the transfer of the place to the Ame- rican authority, the Spaniards having contemplated quitting it as soon as the event took place, had neglected most of the precautions of cleanliness which they usually adopt, so that great accumulations of filth were formed in the streets, and different yards and lots. The removal of these was injudiciously attempted in the midst of the heats, and when there existed a great degree of moisture, from an unusually rainy season. The stirring of these sources of disease, at a time when the city was filled witO strangers, who were mostly from high northern latitudes, and when the effect of the efliuvia was aided by an uncommonly sickly season, unquestionably gave rise to the dreadful epidemic which desolated the town during the last summer ; and im- paired, in the minds of those who had no opportunities of examining into the subject, its long established repu- tation for healthfulness. Dr. Irvine, in his Treatise on the Yellow Fever, was the first, I believe, among our Physicians, who noticed the fact, that whenever the Yellow Fever occurred in any of our cities, it was always in combination with a season of general unhealthiness. His remarks upon this subject, are deserving of great attention,as leading to  12 NOTICES OF the true rationale of the formation of the disease. They are as follows :" The doctrine of the non-contagion of the disease in question, is at once so rational, and is supported by so many obvious facts, that, it had at one time made its way to almost universal reception ; but, some distrust of its correctness, has latterly been entertained, from its having been observed, that our cities often enjoy an exemption from the pestilence, during those seasons, when the causes which are ordinarily supposed to be most concerned in its production, (such as the effluvia from docks, drains, sinks, &c.) exist in full ope- ration, while, vice versa, some of its severest visitations have occurred at periods, when the circumstances of the climate, and the strict execution of our police laws, seemed to promise us a freedom from its attacks ; and that, finally, in seasons of totally opposite character, either wet, ar-very dry, it has still made its appearance. The medical world has been much puzzled by these phenomena ; and while some few adopt the notion of contagion, a majority of those who have speculated on the point, though they admit the disease to be of indi- genous formation, seem to have come to the conclusion, that its real cause is altogether inscrutable, or is involved in some occult principle, or unknown condition of the general body of the atmosphere. All the above diffi- culties are, however, I conceive, to be solved, or in a measure reconciled, by advertence to a single fact, which has hitherto been unaccountably overlooked ; at least, as respects its bearing upon this question. It is this: that at every period in which the Yellow Fever has appeared in Charleston, the summer, or season at large, has been unusually sickly ; that is, the country, as well as the town, has been afflicted by fevers of a fatal and violent type. I am enabled, from my own experience and observation, in the course of the last twenty years, to bear testimony to this circumstance, the philosophical application of which, seems at once obvious. It is easy to perceive, that if to an atmos- phere, which has already, from various causes, become so deleterious, as to occasion general unhealthiness, be 12 NOTICES OF the true rationale of the formation of the disease. They are as follows :-" The doctrine of the non-contagion of the disease in question, is at once so rational, and is supported by so many obvious facts, that, it had atone time made its way to almost universal reception ; but, some distrust of its correctness, has latterly been entertained, from its having been observed, that our cities often enjoy an exemption from the pestilence, during those seasons, when the causes which are ordinarily supposed to be most concerned in its production, (such as the effluvia from docks, drains, sinks, &c.) exist in full ope- ration, while, vice versa, some of its severest visitations have occurred at periods, when the circumstances of the climate, and the strict execution of our police laws, seemed to promise us a freedom from its attacks ; and that, finally, in seasons of totally opposite character, either wet, orvery dry, it has still made its appearance. The medical world has been much puzzled by these phenomena ; and while some few adopt the notion of contagion, a majority of those who have speculated on the point, though they admit the disease to be of indi, goous formation, seem to have come to the conclusion, that its real cause is altogether inscrutable, or is involved in some occult principle, or unknown condition of the general body of the atmosphere. All the above diffi- culties are, however, I conceive, to be solved, or in a measure reconciled, by advertence to a single fact, which has hitherto been unaccountably overlooked ; at least, as respects its bearing upon this question, It is this: that at every period in which the Yellow Fever has appeared in Charleston, the summer, or season at large, has been unusually sickly; that is, the country, as well as the town, has been afflicted by fevers of a fatal and violent type. I am enabled, from my own experience and observation, in the course of the last twenty years, to bear testimony to this circumstance, the philosophical application of which, seems at once obvious. It is easy to perceive, that if to an atmos- phere, which has already, from various causes, become so deleterious, as to occasion general unhealthiness, be 12 NOTICES OF the true rationale of the formation of the disease. They are as follows :-" The doctrine of the non-contagion of the disease in question, is at once so rational, and is supported by so many obvious facts, that,it had at one time made its way to almost universal reception ; but, some distrust of its correctness, has latterly been entertained, from its having been observed, that our cities often enjoy an exemption from the pestilence, during those seasons, when the causes which are ordinarily supposed to be most concerned in its production, (such as the effluvia from docks, drains, sinks, &c.) exist in full ope- ration, while, vice versa, some of its severest visitations have occurred at periods, when the circumstances of the climate, and the strict execution of our police laws, seemed to promise us a freedom from its attacks ; and that, finally, in seasons of totally opposite character, either wet, orevery dry, it has still made its appearance. The medical world has been much puzzled by these phenomena ; and while some few adopt the notion of contagion, a majority of those who have speculated on the point, though they admit the disease to be of indi- genous formation, seem to have come to the conclusion, that its real cause is altogether inscrutable, or is involved in some occult principle, or unknown condition of the general body of the atmosphere. All the above diffi- culties are, however, I conceive, to be solved, or in a measure reconciled, by advertence to a single fact, which has hitherto been unaccountably overlooked ; at least, as respects its bearing upon this question. It is this: that at every period in which the Yellow Fever has appeared in Charleston, the summer, or season at large, has been unusually sickly; that is, the country, as well as the town, has been afflicted by fevers of a fatal and violent type. I am enabled, from my own experience and observation, in the course of the last twenty years, to bear testimony to this circumstance, the philosophical application of which, seems at once obvious. It is easy to perceive, that if to an atmos- phere, which has already, from various causes, become so deleterious, as to occasion general unhealthiness, be  EAST-FLORIDA. 13 cuperadded, all those efmuvia which, from foul streets, sewers, &c. are constantly contaminating the air of cities, a malignant disease must necessarily be produced; and where the system is probably thrown open to its attacks, by the relaxing effects of the moisture, always prevalent in maritime sitauations, (for it is to such that the disorder is confined,) the fatal consequences may he readily anticipated. Accordingly, under such circum- stances, the Yellow Fever has invariably broken out, with greater or less violence, in proportion to the sick- liness of the country, or season generally. The causes arising within the city, acting alone, that is during healthy summers, are never sufficient to produce the fever ; Charleston being always healthy, when the coun- try around it has continued free from any remarkable mortality. The fevers of the town and country being thus always concomitant, surely indicates beyond the possibility of dispute, that they have a common origin, or are congenerous to the climate; though, indeed, widely distinguished from each other in symptoms and character." The correctness of this doctrine, was remarkably confirmed by the history of the fever in Florida. Many persons died of Country Fever at the time the epidemic prevailed in St. Augustine, though these individuals had been previously accustomed to visit their planta- tions on the St. John's, or in other situations, with im- punity.* - * Owing to the unfortunate death of Dr. M'Coskry, a young man of fine talents and promise, who was the Assistant Surgeon of the detachment of the 4th Regiment of Artillery, stationed at St. Augustine, Colonel Eustis, commander of the Post, re. quested the author to take charge of the Military Hospital. But few cases of the fever occurred after his entering upon this duty, as the season was much advanced ; but, in these mstances, he had opportunities of testing the good effects of the sugar of lead, so strongly recommended by Dr. Irvine. The first patient who came under his care, was cured by this remedy. And in other cases, that occured out of the Hospital, he had occasion to witness its efficacy in mitigating the symptoms of the disease, even where it failed to produce a cure. It was observed, in the midst of the pestilence, that children enjoyed a remarkable 2 EAST-FLORIDA. 13 EAST-FLORIDA. 13 superadded, all those effluvia which, from foul streets, sewers, &c. are constantly contaminating the air of cities, a malignant disease must necessarily be produced; and where the system is probably thrown open to its attacks, by the relaxing effects of the moisture, always prevalent in maritime situations, (for it is to such that the disorder is confined,) the fatal consequences may be readily anticipated. Accordingly, under such circum- stances, the Yellow Fever has invariably broken out, with greater or less violence, in proportion to the sick- liness of the country, or season generally. The causes arising within the city, acting alone, that is during healthy summers, are never sufficient to produce the fever ; Charleston being always healthy, when the coun- try around it has continued free from any remarkable mortality. The fevers of the town and country being thus always concomitant, surely indicates beyond the possibility of dispute, that they have a common origin, or are congenerous to the climate; though, indeed, widely distinguished from each other in symptoms and character." The correctness of this doctrine, was remarkably confirmed by the history of the fever in Florida. Many persons died of Country Fever at the time the epidemic prevailed in St. Augustine, though these individuals had been previously accustomed to visit their planta- tions on the St. John's, or in other situations, with im- punity.* - 'Owing to the unfortunate death of Dr. M'Coskry, a young man of fne talents and promise, who was the Assistant Surgeon of the detachment of the 4th Regiment of Artillery, stationed at St. Augustine, Colonel Eustis, commander of the Post, re- quested the author to take charge of the Military Hospital. But few cases of the fever occurred after his entering upon this duty, as the season was much advanced ; but, in these instances, he had opportunities of testing the good effects of the sugar of lead, so strongly recommended by Dr. Irvine. The first patient who came under his care, was cured by this remedy. And in other cases, that occurred out of the Hospital, he had occasion to witness its efficacy in mitigating the symptoms of the diseasea even where it failed to produce a cure. It woe observed, in the midst of the pestilence, that children enjoyed a remarkable 2 superadded, all those efiuvia which, from foul streets, sewers, &c. are constantly contaminating the air of cities, a malignant disease must necessarily be produced; and where the system is probably thrown open to its attacks, by the relaxing effects of the moisture, always prevalent in maritime situations, (for it is to such that the disorder is confined,) the fatal consequences may be readily anticipated. Accordingly, under such circum- stances, the Yellow Fever has invariably broken out, with greater or less violence, in proportion to the sick- liness of the country, or season generally. The causes arising within the city, acting alone, that is during healthy summers, are never sufficient to produce the fever ; Charleston being always healthy, when the coun- try around it has continued free from any remarkable mortality. The fevers of the town and country being thus always concomitant, surely indicates beyond the possibility of dispute, that they have a common origin, or are congenerous to the climate; though, indeed, widely distinguished from each other in symptoms and character." The correctness of this doctrine, was remarkably confirmed by the history of the fever in Florida. Many persons died of Country Fever at the time the epidemic prevailed in St. Augustine, though these individuals had been previously accustomed to visit their planta- tions on the St. John's, or in other situations, with Im- punity.. - *Owing to the unfortunate death of Dr. M'Coskry, a young man of fine talents and promise, who was the Assistant Surgeon of the detachment of the 4th Regiment of Artillery, stationed at St. Augustine, Colonel Eustis, commander of the Post, re- quested the author to take charge of the Military Hospital. But few cases of the fever occurred after his entering upon this duty, as the season was much advanced ; but, is these instances, he had opportunities of testing the good effects of the sugar of lead, so strongly recommended by Dr. Irvine. The first patient who came under his care, was cured by this remedy. And in other cases, that occurred out of the Hospital, he had occasion to witness its eficacy in mitigating the symptoms of the disease, even where it failed to produce a cure. It was observed, in the midst of the pestilence, that children enjoyed a remarkable 2  14 NOTICES OF I know, that the. disease was referred to a foreign origin ; but, as I believe this to be a mistake, and as it is literally of vital importance, that such an error should be corrected, I hope I may be excused for going into a short examination of the subject, on the present occa- sion. Dr. Hosack of New-York, is, I believe, the chief champion of the doctrine of importation; and, as this idea is somewhat elaborately set forth in his Di- course on Contagion, printed two summers ago, I shall refer to that work, in the following remarks upon his opinions. In Charleston, where there has occurred greater op- portunities for observing the disease, than could ever have been afforded to the Physicians of New-York, the opinion is uniformly in favour of the local origin of the fever ; and it happens, that the professional men of the former place, can discover nothing, either in the facts or reasons brought forward by Dr. Hosack, that are at all calculated to shake their belief in this doctrine. The idea of the New-York Professor, that the disease can be conveyed three thousand miles across the ocean, to Cadiz, Malaga, &c. but cannot be propagated fifty miles beyond those places, although there exists no interior quarantine, or non-intercourse, to arrest its progress; certainly does not, by any consistency it can boast of, or the facts advanced in its support, recommend itself so strongly to adoption, as to render those who may reject it, obnoxious to the charge which the Doctor brings against some of his opponents, of being deficient in judgment and gentlemanly candour. . As the Doctor admits, that the disease never spreads beyond the influence of the sea, we cannot copenive of any explanation that will reconcile this fact with the exemption from its attacks ; and that those of all ages, were uncommonly healthy during the whole summer. The disease, as I had an opportunity of seeing, was, in all respects, similar to the Yellow Fever of Charleston, only running a somewhat shorter course; as is always the case, in proportion, as the theatre of its ravages is removed more southwardly. 14 NOTICES OF I know, that the. disease was referred to a foreign origin ; but, as I believe this to be a mistake, and as it is literally of vital importance, that such an error should be corrected, I hope I may be excused for going into a short examination of the subject, on the present occa- sion. - : Dr. Hosack of New-York, is, I believe, the chief champion of the doctrine of importation ; and, as this idea is somewhat elaborately set forth in his Dig- course on Contagion, printed two summers ago, I shall refer to that work, in the following remarks upon his opinions. In Charleston, where there has occurred greater op- portunities for observing the disease, than could ever have been afforded to the Physicians of New-York, the opinion is uniformly in favour of the local origin of the fever ; and it happens, that the professional men of the former place, can discover nothing, either in the facts or reasons brought forward by Dr. Hosack, that are at all calculated to shake their belief in this doctrine. The idea of the New-York Professor, that the disease can be conveyed three thousand miles across the ocean, to Cadiz, Malaga, &c. but cannot be propagated fifty miles beyond those places, although there exists no interior quarantine, or non-intercourse, to arrest its progress; certainly does not, by any consistency it can boast of, or the facts advanced in its support, recommend itself so strongly to adoption, as to render those who may reject it, obnoxious to the charge which the Doctor brings against some of his opponents, of being deficient in judgment and gentlemanly candour. As the Doctor admits, that the disease never spreads beyond the infnuence of the sea, we cannot copceive of any explanation that will reconcile this fact with the exemption from its attacks ; and that those of all ages, were uncommonly healthy during the whole summer. The disease, as I had an opportunity of seeing, was, in all respects, similar to the Yellow Fever of Charleston, only running a somewhat shorter course; as is always the case, in proportion, as the theatre of its ravages is removed more southwardly. 14 NOTICES OF I know, that the disease was referred to a foreign origin ; but, as I believe this to be a mistake, and as it is literally of vital importance, that such an error should be corrected, I hope I may be excused for going into a short examination of the subject, on the present occa- sion. Dr. Hosack of New-York, is, I believe, the chief champion of the doctrine of importation ; and, as this idea is somewhat elaborately set forth in his Dis- course on Contagion, printed two summers ago, I shall refer to that work, in the following remarks upon his opinions. In Charleston, where there has occurred greater op- portunities for observing the disease, than could ever have been afforded to the Physicians of New-York, the opinion is uniformly in favour of the local origin of the fever ; and it happens, that the professional men of the former place, can discover nothing- either in the facts or reasons brought forward by Dr. Hosack, that are at all calculated to shake their belief in this doctrine. The idea of the New-York Professor, that the disease can be conveyed three thousand miles across the ocean, to Cadiz, Malaga, &c. but cannot be propagated fifty miles beyond those places, although there exists no interior quarhtine, or non-intercourse, to arrest its progress; certainly does not, by any consistency it can boast of, or the facts advanced in its support, recommend itself so strongly to adoption, as to render those who may reject it, obnoxious to the charge which the Doctor brings against some of his opponents, of being deficient in judgment and gentlemanly candour. As the Doctor admits, that the disease never spreads beyond the influence of the sea, we cannot copceive of any explanation that will reconcile this fact with the exemptfon from its attacks ; and that those of all ages, were uncommonly healthy during the whole summer. The disease, as I had an opportunity of seeing, was, in all respects, similar to the Yellow Fever of Charleston, only running a somewhat shorter course; as is always the case, in proportion, as the theatre of its ravages is removed more sathwardly.  EAST-FLORIDA. 15 doctrine of contagion. Though communication goes on, during Yellow Fever summers, with sea-ports and inland towns, without the interference of health officers and resident Physicians, the subtle contagion is yet in- variably restricted to a particular range, in the same way that marsh fevers are circumscribed within certain dis- tricts, favourable to the evolution of unwholesome efiluvia. As the local history of the last mentioned diseases necessarily refers them to a local origin, does not the like confined sphere of Yellow Fever, equally point to a domestic source? Does Dr. Hosack know of any other contagion, that like the latter, can be transported from one side of the globe to the other : but becomes radicated immediately on landing, in particular districts, beyond which it never extends? Is there any other contagion, against which the natives of warm climates enjoy an exclusive security? Finally, are we acquaint- ed with any other contagious disease, which is arrested by the access of cold weather, and can only be propa- gated in the heat of tropical latitudes ? To say that the Yellow Fever has never made its appearance in any of our sea-ports, but as immediately connected with the arrival of infected vessels, is, we conceive, an unfair method of stating the question ; for the fact chiefly to be regarded, is, that during certain seasons, the arrival of vessels from infected ports, has been attended with no evil consequences: our cities having been often exempt from the fever, while their intercourse with the Mexican Archipelago has continued open, and has even been briskly carried on, as was the case during the American Revolution, whtn frequently whole fleets and armies arrived in the United States from the sea-ports of the West-Indies. Dr. Hosack concedes, that a foul atmosphere is ne- cessary for the propagation of the disease ; yet, why does it terminate when carried within the influence of the contaminated air of marshy districts, which gives birth to bilious fevers of a fatal and malignant type ? I humbly think that all this goes far to conlrm the theory EAST-FLORIDA. 15 doctrine of contagion. Though communication goes on, during Yellow Fever summers, with sea-ports and inland towns, withou, the interference of health officers and resident Physicians, the subtle contagion is yet in- variably restricted to a particular range, in the same way that marsh fevers are circumscribed within certain dis- tricts, favourable to the evolution of unwholesome efiluvia. As the local history of the last mentioned diseases necessarily refers them to a local origin, does not the like confined sphere of Yellow Fever, equally point to a domestic source ? Does Dr. Hosack know of any other contagion, that like the latter, can be transported from one side of the globe to the other : but becomes radicated immediately on landing, in particular districts, beyond which it never extends? Is there any other contagion, against which the natives of warm climates enjoy an exclusive security? Finally, are we acquaint- ed with any other contagious disease, which is arrested by the access of cold weather, and can only be propa- gated in the heat of tropical latitudes ? To say that the Yellow Fever has never made its appearance in any of our sea-ports, but as immediately connected with the arrival of infected vessels, is, we conceive, an unfair method of stating the question ; for the fact chiefly to be regarded, is, that during certain seasons, the arrival of vessels from infected ports, has been attended with no evil consequences: our cities having been often exempt from the fever, while their intercourse with the Mexican Archipelago has continued open, and has even been briskly carried on, as was the case during the American Revolution, whin frequently whole fleets and armies arrived in the United States from the sea-ports of the West-Indies. Dr. Hosack concedes, that a foul atmosphere is ne- cessary for the propagation of the disease ; yet, why does it terminate when carried within the influence of the contaminated air of marshy districts, which gives birth to bilious fevers of a fatal and malignant type ? I humbly think that all this goes far to condrm the theory EAST-FLORIDA. 15 doctrine of contagion. Though communication goes on, during Yellow Fever summers, with sea-ports and inland towns, withoun the interference of health officers and resident Physicians, the subtle contagion is yet in- variably restricted to a particular range, in the same way that marsh fevers are circumscribed within certain dis- tricts, favourable to the evolution of unwholesome effluvia. As the local history of the last mentioned diseases necessarily refers them to a local origin, does not the like confined sphere of Yellow Fever, equally point to a domestic source ? Does Dr. Hosack know of any other contagion, that like the latter, can be transported from one side of the globe to the other : but becomes radicated immediately on landing, in particular districts, beyond which it never extends? Is there any other contagion, against which the natives of warm climates enjoy an exclusive security? Finally, are we acquaint- ed with any other contagious disease, which is arrested by the access of cold weather, and can only be propa- gated in the heat of tropical latitudes ? To say that the Yellow Fever has never made its appearance in any of our sea-ports, but as immediately connected with the arrival of infected vessels, is, we conceive, an unfair method of stating the question; for the fact chiefly to be regarded, is, that during certain seasons, the arrival of vessels from infected ports, has been attended with no evil consequences: our cities having been often exempt from the fever, while their intercourse with the Mexican Archipelago has continued open, and has even been briskly carried on, as was the case during the American Revolution, whin frequently whole fleets and armies arrived in the United States from the sea-ports of the West-Indies. Dr. Hosack concedes, that a foul atmosphere is ne- cessary for the propagation of the disease ; yet, why does it terminate when carried within the influence of the contaminated air of marshy districts, which gives birth to bilious fevers of a fatal and malignant type ? I humbly think that all this goes far to con rm the theory  16 NOTICES OF I am advocating, that a single case is not sufcient to pro- duce the disease ; but that a season generally sickly, or a state of the air, predisposing the constitution to disease, in combination with the putrescent eluvia of a crowded city, and the moisture, or some other circumstance con- nected with maritime situations, constitute, at least, a part of the causes and variousjuvantia, which go to the formation of the pestilence. Dr. Hosack lays much stress upon the case of Mid- dleton, where the disease appeared to be consequent, upon the arrival of a tainted ship. But, it appears by the statement of Dr. Beck, that one half of the patients recovered. This, unfortunately, is not the history of the Yellow Fever, in any part of the world; but, answers very well to the more manageable character of a bilious disorder ; and the severe chills, spoken of by Dr. Beck, decide the question. For, as far as our experi- ence goes, the Yellow Fever is, in no instance, ushered in by violent rigours; while Bilious Remittents inva- riably are ; so that severe chills may be considered as, in a measure, distinctive of the two diseases. I am the more surprised at Dr. Hosack's error here, as with his usual intelligence, he, in general, carefully distinguishes between the two disorders ; while many of his brethren of New-York, continue obstinately to confound them. It has been mentioned, that accord- ing to observation here, a season, generally sickly, is a necessary accompanyment of the Yellow Fever; but, we are told in the discourse, that, contrary to this, during many of the visitations of the disease, New- York has, in other respects, enjoyed an unusual portion of health. In this statement, Dr. Hosack seems some- what at war with himself; for he has admitted, that a foul atmosphere is necessary for the propagation of the contagion ; and, surely, it is not likely, that unusual health should exist in acontaminated atmosphere. What other proof is required of a sickly state of the air, than the prevalence of a desolating pestilence? By unbiased minds, the presence of other diseases, 16 NOTICES OF I am advocating, that a single case is not sufficient to pro- duce the disease ; but that a season generally sickly, or a state of the air, predisposing the constitution to disease, in combination with the putrescent eluvia of a crowded city, and the moisture, or some other circumstance con- nected with maritime situations, constitute, at least, a part of the causes and variousjuvantia, which go to the formation of the pestilence. Dr. Hosack lays much stress upon the case of Mid- dleton, where the disease appeared to be consequent, upon the arrival of a tainted ship. But, it appears by the statement of Dr. Beck, that one half of the patients recovered. This, unfortunately, is not the history of the Yellow Fever, in any part of the world; but, answers very well to the more manageable character of a bilious disorder ; and the severe chills, spoken of by Dr. Beck, decide the question. For, as far as our experi- ence goes, the Yellow Fever is, in no instance, ushered in by violent rigours; while Bilious Remittents inva- riably are ; so that severe chills may be considered as, in a measure, distinctive of the two diseases. I am the more surprised at Dr. Hosack's error here, as with his usual intelligence, he, in general, carefully distinguishes between the two disorders ; while many of his brethren of New-York, continue obstinately to confound them. It has been mentioned, that accord- ing to observation here, a season, generally sickly, is a necessary accompanyment of the Yellow Fever; but, we are told in the discourse, that, contrary to this, during many of the visitations of the disease, New- York has, in other respects, enjoyed an unusual portion of health. In this statement, Dr. Hosack seems some- what at war with himself; for he has admitted, that a foul atmosphere is necessary for the propagation of the contagion ; and, surely, it is not likely, that unusual health should exist in acontaminated atmosphere. What other proof is required of a sickly state of the air, than the prevalence of a desolating pestilence? By unbiased minds, the presence of other diseases, 16 NOTICES OF I am advocating, that a single case is not sufficient to pro- duce the disease ; but that a season generally sickly, or a state of the air, predisposing the constitution to disease, in combination with the putrescent elluvia of a crowded city, and the moisture, or some other circumstance con- nected with maritime situations, constitute, at least, a part of the causes and variousjuvantia, which go to the formation of the pestilence. Dr. Hosack lays much stress upon the case of Mid- dleton, where the disease appeared to be consequent, upon the arrival of a tainted ship. But, it appears by the statement of Dr. Beck, that one half of the patients recovered. This, unfortunately, is not the history of the Yellow Fever, in any part of the world; but, answers very well to the more manageable character of a bilious disorder ; and the severe chills, spoken of by Dr. Beck, decide the question. For, as far as our experi- ence goes, the Yellow Fever is, in no instance, ushered in by violent rigours; while Bilious Remittents inva- riably are ; so that severe chills may be considered as, in a measure, distinctive of the two diseases. I am the more surprised at Dr. Hosack's error here, as with his usual intelligence, he, in general, carefully distinguishes between the two disorders ; while many of his brethren of New-York, continue obstinately to confound them. It has been mentioned, that accord- ing to observation here, a season, generally sickly, is a necessary accompanyment of the Yellow Fever; but, we are told in the discourse, that, contrary to this, during many of the visitations of the disease, New- York has, in other respects, enjoyed an unusual portion of health. In this statement, Dr. Hosack seems some- what at war with himself; for he has admitted, that a foul atmosphere is necessary for the propagation of the contagion ; and, surely, it is not likely, that unusual health should exist in acontaminated atmosphere. What other proof is required of a sickly state of the air, than the prevalence of a desolating pestilence? By unbiased minds, the presence of other diseases,  EAST-FLORIDA. 17 would only be regarded as additional proof of the fact; while the absence of this superfluous testimony is relied on by Dr. Hosack, as giving support to the extravagant doctrine of contagion. But, whatever may be the case in New-York, no one acquainted with the history of the Yellow Fever in the south, will deny the correctness of our doctrine, that a sickly season invariably accom- panies the disease. If it be otherwise more north- wardly, and the prevalence of other disorders connected with the climate, has not been observed during the visi- tations of Yellow Fever, still it is an unavoidable infer- ence, from the fact above mentioned, that a malignant constitution of the atmosphere existed at such periods, which predisposed the human system to the reception of disease. Dr. Hosack gives great weight to the circumstance, of the fever's having "often originated at the water's side, and in the immediate vicinity of a tainted ship." But if, as is more rational to conclude, there prevailed, in these instances, a state of the air favourable to the production of disease, the addition, (if I may so express it) of the foul atmosphere of an uncleansed ship, would render such ship the exact point of commencement, and apparent source of the fever. We are asked in the discourse, to account for the circumstance of the fever's breaking out at Cadiz, Gibraltar, and other places, at a comparatively recent period ; this being a proof with Dr. Hosack, that the disease was imported from the West-Indies. We ask, in turn, whether other formidable diseases have not appeared at particular epochs, without any traceable cause, except a malignant constitution of the air, the exact nature of which defies elucidation. It is attempted to be shown in the discourse, that neither animal nor vegetable putrefaction, have any thing to do with the origination of the disease, because, separately, they have been found inadequate to this effect. But, it is no where proved, that these causes, conjointly with heat and moisture, are not capable of 2* EAST-FLORIDA. 17 would only be regarded as additional proof of the fact; while the absence of this superfluous testimony is relied on by Dr. Hosack, as giving support to the extravagant doctrine of contagion. But, whatever may be the case in New-York, no one acquainted with the history of the Yellow Fever in the south, will deny the correctness of our doctrine, that a sickly season invariably accom- panies the disease. If it be otherwise more north- wardly, and the prevalence of other disorders connected with the climate, has not been observed during the visi- tations of Yellow Fever, still it is an unavoidable infer- ence, from the fact above mentioned, that a malignant constitution of the atmosphere existed at such periods, which predisposed the human system to the reception of disease. Dr. Hosack gives great weight to the circumstance, of the fever's having "often originated at the water's side, and in the immediate vicinity of a tainted ship." But if, as is more rational to conclude, there prevailed, in these instances, a state of the air favourable to the production of disease, the addition, (if I may so express it) of the foul atmosphere of an uncleansed ship, would render such ship the exact point of commencement, and apparent source of the fever. We are asked in the discourse, to account for the circumstance of the fever's breaking out at Cadiz, Gibraltar, and other places, at a comparatively recent period ; this being a proof with Dr. Hosack, that the disease was imported from the West-Indies. We ask, in turn, whether other formidable diseases have not appeared at particular epochs, without any traceable causs, except a malignant constitution of the air, the exact nature of which defies elucidation. It is attempted to be shown in the discourse, that neither animal nor vegetable putrefaction, have any thing to do with the origination of the disease, because,, separately, they have been found inadequate to this effect. But, it is no where proved, that these causes, conjointly with heat and moisture, are not capable of 2* EAST-FLORIDA. 17 would only be regarded as additional proof of the fact; while the absence of this superfiuous testimony is relied on by Dr. Hosack, as giving support to the extravagant doctrine of contagion. But, whatever may be the case in New-York, no one acquainted with the history of the Yellow Fever in the south, will deny the correctness of our doctrine, that a sickly season invariably accom- panies the disease. If it be otherwise more north- wardly, and the prevalence of other disorders connected with the climate, has not been observed during the visi- tations of Yellow Fever, still it is an unavoidable infer- ence, from the fact above mentioned, that a malignant constitution of the atmosphere existed at such periods, which predisposed the human system to the reception of disease. Dr. Hosack gives great weight to the circumstance, of the fever's having "often originated at the water's side, and in the immediate vicinity of a tainted ship." But if, as is more rational to conclude, there prevailed, in these instances, a state of the air favourable to the production of disease, the addition, (if I may so express it) of the foul atmosphere of an uncleansed ship, would render such ship the exact point of commencement, and apparent source of the fever. We are asked in the discourse, to account for the circumstance of the fever's breaking out at Cadiz, Gibraltar, and other places, at a comparatively recent period ; this being a proof with Dr. Hosack, that the disease was imported from the West-Indies. We ask, in turn, whether other formidable diseases have not appeared at particular epochs, without any traceable cause, except a malignant constitution of the air, the exact nature of which defies elucidation. It is attempted to be shown in the discourse, that neither animal nor vegetable putrefaction, have any thing to do with the origination of the disease, because, separately, they have been found inadequate to this effect. But, it is no where proved, that these causes, conjointly with heat and moisture, are not capable of 2*  18 NOTICES OF engendering the fever. On the contrary, wherever these agents are brought into combined operation, we invariably have Yellow Fever, or they, at least, always co-exist with the disease, which evinces and illustrates the connection between them so strongly, that the advo- cates of contagion must find other supports for their doctrine, than those they have hitherto brought forward, in order to maintain it successfully, in the face of the above facts. With Dr. Hosack, the fever is a tropical disease, and cannot originate out of certain equatorial latitudes ; but, tropical circumstances, (with the exception of heat) have no agency in giving rise to it. In the midst of these chaotic inconsistencies, the only light which is afforded us, breaks forth in the following passages :-From various facts, the Professor tells us, " he is led to the inference, that long continued heat, aching on the northern man, is the exclusive source of the Yellow Fever.* Here we have Dr. Hosack's ablast, in propria per. sona, not referring us, as is usual with him, to authority for his opinions ; and that most commonly, the authority of foreign Physicians; but, his own particular theory of the disease. This hypothesis, if hypothesis it can be called, (for there is no philosophical explanation given of it) is, unfortunately, opposed by the fact, of children being * The fever's having sometimes appeared, when there existed no extraordinary degrees of heat, is considered, by Dr. Hosack, as strong evidence of the agency of contagion, and local pecu. lisrities in producing the disease. But, we have often bed occa- si ,i to observe, that where other circumstances have not come in aid of extraordinary degrees of heat, the existence of even such temperature is not sufficient to originate the fever. But, where those other causes, which have been indicated, happen to co- operate, the disease will appear though only the ordinary de- grees of heat, may prevait. According to the discourse, high degrees of heat have no agency in the case ; but, it seems, long continued heat is the exclusive source of the disease. O ! won- derful distinction! 18 NOTICES OF engendering the fever. On the contrary, wherever these agents are brought into combined operation, we invariably have Yellow Fever, or they, at least, always co-exist with the disease, which evinces and illustrates the connection between them so strongly, that the advo- cates of contagion must find other supports for their doctrine, than those they have hitherto brought forward, in order to maintain it successfully, in the face of the above facts. With Dr. Hosack, the fever is a tropical disease, and cannot originate out of certain equatorial latitudes ; but, tropical circumstances, (with the exception of heat) have no agency in giving rise to it. In the midst of these chaotic inconsistencies, the only light which is afforded us, breaks forth in the following passages :-From various facts, tihe Professor tells us, " he is led to the inference, that long continued heat, acling on the northern man, is the exclusive source of the Yellow Fever."s* Here we have Dr. Hosack's ablast, in propria per- sona, not referring us, as is usual with him, to authority for his opinions ; and that most commonly,the authority of foreign Physicians ; but, his own particular theory of the disease. This hypothesis, if hypothesis it can be called, (for there is no philosophical explanation given of it) is, unfortunately, opposed by the fact, of children being *The fever's having sometimes appeared, when there existed no extraordinary degrees of heat, is considered, by Dr. Hosack, as strong evidence of the agency of contagion, and local pecu- liarities in producing the disease. But, we have often had occa- si ito observe, that where other circumstances have not come in aid of extraordinary degrees of heat, the existence of even such temperature is not sufficient to originate the fever. But, where those other causes, which have heen indicated, happen to co- operate, the disease will appear though only the ordinary de- trees of heat, may prevail. According to the discourse, high degrees of heat have no agency in the case ; but, it seems, long coninued heat is the exclusive source of the disease. O ! won- derful distinction! 18 NOTICES OF engendering the fever. On the contrary, wherever these agents are brought into combined operation, we invariably hsave Yellow Fever, or they, at least, always co-exist with the disease, which evinces and illustrates the connection between them so strongly, that the advo- cates of contagion must find other supports for their doctrine, than those they have hitherto brought forward, in order to maintain it successfully, in the face of the above facts. With Dr. Hosack, the fever is a tropical disease, and cannot originate out of certain equatorial latitudes ; but, tropical circumstances, (with the exception of heat) have no agency in giving rise to it. In the midst of these chaotic inconsistencies, the only light which is afforded us, breaks forth in the following passages :-From various facts, the Professor tells us, " he is led to the inference, that long continued heat, acTing on the northern man, is the exclusive source of the Yellow Fever."* Here we have Dr. Iosack's ablast, in propria per- sona, not referring us, as is usual with htim, to authority for his opinions ; and that most commonly~the authority of foreign Physicians; but, his own particular theory of the disease. This hypothesis, if hypothesis it can be called, (for there is no philosophical explanation given of it) is, unfortunately, opposed by the fact, of children being *The fever's having sometimes appeared, when there existed no extraordinary degrees of beat, is considered, by Dr. Hosack, as strong evidence of the agency of contagion, and local pecau- liarities in producing the disease. But, we have often had soca- si , to observe, that where other circumstances have not come in aid of extraordinary degrees of heat, the existence of even such temperature is not sufficient to originate the fever. But, where those other causes, which have been indicated, happen to co- operate, the disease will appear though only the ordinary de- grees of heat, may prevail. According to the discourse, high degrees of heat have no agency in the case ; but, it seems, tang continued heat is the exclusive source of the disease. O ! won- derful distinction !  EAST-FLORIDA. 19 liable to Yellow Fever in Charleston, until twelve years of age ; which evinces, that the disease can originate in persons, other than those from northern latitudes ; and also in places exterior to that tropical demarcation, which the Professor has laid down with such geogra- phical and scientific accuracy. The exposure of the northern man to long continued heat, would, indeed, in all cases, multiply his chances of escape ; for the longer he is subjected to the action of a tropical temperature, the greater is the likelihood of his becoming climated, and placed on the same footing of safety as a native. The theory, then, is contradicted by fact, and is with- out explanation or plausibility to sustain it ; and is, in truth, neither more, nor less, than the barren ipse dixit of a sturdy disputant, who has not the candour to ac- knowledge his ignorance, nor ingenuity enough to conceal it. Dr. Hosack disregards the opinions of his profes- sional bretheren in the United States, who have had constant experience in the disease ; and refers us to the authorities of Haygartb, Currie, and others, writers on Typhus Fever, a disease that has no analogy, what- ever with Yellow Fever, and which is, at any rate, as well understood in the United States, as in any other part of the world. To conclude, we must say, that we have met with nothing in the discourse, but dogmatic assertion without proof ; and a set of opinions, which lag most lamentably behind the intelligence of the age ; and the present im- proved state of our knowledge, respecting the disease of which it treats. We wish to be understood, that we highly appreciate the science and abilities of Dr. Hosack, and subscribe as fully as possible, to his claims, both as a man of worth, and as an accomplished Physician ; but, we really consider him as labouring under a species of hallucination, in respect to the subject we have been discussing, which obscures his otherwise clear percep- EAST-FLORIDA. 19 liable to Yellow Fever in Charleston, until twelve years of age ; which evinces, that the disease can originate in persons, other than those from northern latitudes ; and also in places exterior to that tropical demarcation, which the Professor has laid down with such geogra- phical and scientific accuracy. The exposure of the northern man to long continued heat, would, indeed, in all cases, multiply his chances of escape ; for the longer he is subjected to the action of a tropical temperature, the greater is the likelihood of his becomtng climated, and placed on the same footing of safety as a native. The theory, then, is contradicted by fact, and is with- out explanation or plausibility to sustain it ; and is, in truth, neither more, nor less, than the barren ipse dixit of a sturdy disputant, who has not the candour to ac- knowledge his ignorance, nor ingenuity enough to conceal it. Dr. Hosack disregards the opinions of his profes- sional bretheren in the United States, who have had constant experience in the disease ; and refers is to the authorities of Haygarth, Currie, and others, writers on Typhus Fever, a disease that has no analogy, what- ever with Yellow Fever, and which is, at any rate, as well understood in the United States, as in any other part of the world. To conclude, we must say, that we have met with nothing in the discourse, but dogmatic assertion without proof; and a set of opinions, which lag most lamentably behind the intelligence of the age ; and the present im- proved state of our knowledge, respecting the disease of which it treats. We wish to be understood, that we highly appreciate the science and abilities of Dr. Hosack, and subscribe as fully as possible, to his claims, both as a man of worth, and as an accomplished Physician ; but, we really consider him as labouring under a species of hallucination, in respect to the subject we have been discussing, which obscures his otherwise clear percep- EAST-FLORIDA. 19 liable to Yellow Fever in Charleston, until twelve years of age ; which evinces, that the disease can originate in persons, other than those from northern latitudes ; and also in places exterior to that tropical demarcation, which the Professor has laid down with such geogra- phical and scientific accuracy. The exposure of the northern man to long continued heat, would, indeed, in all cases, multiply his chances of escape ; for the longer he is subjected to the action of a tropical temperature, the greater is the likelihood of his becoming climated, and placed on the same footing of safety as a native. The theory, then, is contradicted by fact, and is with- out explanation or plausibility to sustain it ; and is, in truth, neither more, nor less, than the barren ipse dixit of a sturdy disputant, who has not the candour to ac- knowledge his ignorance, nor ingenuity enough to conceal it. Dr. Hosack disregards the opinions of his profes- sional bretheren in the United States, who have had constant experience in the disease ; and refers us to the authorities of Haygarth, Currie, and others, writers on Typhus Fever, a disease that has no analogy, what- ever with Yellow Fever, and which is, at any rate, as well understood in the United States, as in any other part of the world. To conclude, we must say, that we have met with nothing in the discourse, but dogmatic assertion without proof ; and a set of opinions, which lag most lamentably behind the intelligence of the age ; and the present im- proved state of our knowledge, respecting the disease of which it treats. We wish to be understood, that we highly appreciate the science and abilities of Dr. Hosack, and subscribe as fully as possible, to his claims, both as a man of worth, and as an accomplished Physician ; but, we really consider him as labouring under a species of hallucination, in respect to the subject we have been discussing, which obscures his otherwise clear percep-  20 NOTICES OF tion, and occasions him to support with a perverted ingenuity, a doctrine, which daily and justly loses ground, opposed, as it is, to reason, the conclusions of experience, and the opinion of a great majority of his professional bretheren. While the doctrine of the domestic formation of the fever, is most consistent with reason, experience, and facts, it also tends to put us on our guard against the sources of disease ; and to induce our attention to those measures of police, which are best calculated to pro- mote the health of communities ; whereas the contrary opinion, occasions a delusive reliance to be placed on quarantine regulations, and a system of non-intercourse, interruptive of, and greatly vexatious to commerce. The success which has attended a strict attention to cleanliness in Philadelphia and New-York, affords an example, that ought to be closely followed up by all other cities, liable to the attacks of Yellow Fellow. Dr. Irvine, on this point, observes-" Another argu- ment that I shall urge in proof of its non-contagious nature, is deduced from the success, which has attended the application of police measures to its prevention, in the case of Philadelphia. Though that city has resorted to the experiment of quarantine laws, sporadic cases of Yellow Fever, take place there every summer ; yet the disease, as we have seen, never spreads itself, but is kept down, or confined to very narrow limits, certainly by no other conceivable means, than by the vigilance with which every thing is removed, that might favour its extension, or impair the general state of the air." If an early and strict attention be paid to these hints, there is no doubt, that St. Augustine can be effectually secured against any further visitations of Yellow Fever; and that the character it once so justly enjoyed, of being the Montpelier of North-America, will be restored, and render it, once more, the resort, not only of invalids, but of all who desire the enjoyment of an agreeable climate. 20 NOTICES OF tion, and occasions him to support with a perverted ingenuity, a doctrine, which daily and justly loses ground, opposed, as it is, to reason, the conclusions of experience, and the opinion of a great majority of his professional bretheren. While the doctrine of the domestic formation of the fever, is most consistent with reason, experience, and facts, it also tends to put us on our guard against the sources of disease ; and to induce our attention to those measures of police, which are best calculated to pro- mote the health of communities ; whereas the contrary opinion, occasions a delusive reliance to be placed on quarantine regulations, and a system of non-intercourse, interruptive of, and greatly vexatious to commerce. The success which has attended a strict attention to cleanliness in Philadelphia and New-York, affords an example, that ought to be closely followed up by all other cities, liable to the attacks of Yellow Fellow. Dr. Irvine, on this point, observes-" Another argu- ment that I shall urge in proof of its non-contagious nature, is deduced from the success, which has attended the application of police measures to its prevention, in the case of Philadelphia. Though that city has resorted to the experiment of quarantine laws, sporadic cases of Yellow Fever, take place there every summer; yet the disease, as we have seen, never spreads itself, but is kept down, or confined to very narrow limits, certainly by no other conceivable means, than by the vigilance with which every thing is removed, that might favour its extension, or impair the general state of the air." If an early and strict attention be paid to these hints, there is no doubt, that St. Augustine can be effectually secured against any further visitations of Yellow Fever; and that the character it once so justly enjoyed, of being the Montpelier of North-America, will be restored, and render it, once more, the resort, not only of invalids, but of all who desire the enjoyment of an agreeable climate. 20 NOTICES OF than, and occasions him to support with a perverted ingenuity, a doctrine, which daily and justly loses ground, opposed, as it is, to reason, the conclusions of experience, and the opinion of a great majority of his professional bretheren. While the doctrine of the domestic formation of the fever, is most consistent with reason, experience, and facts, it also tends to put us on our guard against the sources of disease ; and to induce our attention to those measures of police, which are best calculated to pro- mote the health of communities ; whereas the contrary opinion, occasions a delusive reliance to be placed on quarantine regulations, and a system of non-intercourse, interruptive of, and greatly vexatious to commerce. The success which has attended a strict attention to cleanliness in Philadelphia and New-York, affords an example, that ought to be closely followed up by all other cities, liable to the attacks of Yellow Fellow. Dr. Irvine, on this point, observes-" Another argu- ment that I shall urge in proof of its non-contagious nature, is deduced from the success, which has attended the application of police measures to its prevention, in the case of Philadelphia. Though that city has resorted to the experiment of quarantine laws, sporadic cases of Yellow Fever, take place there every summer; yet the disease, as we have seen, never spreads itself, but is kept down, or confined to very narrow limits, certainly by no other conceivable means, than by the vigilance with which every thing is removed, that might favour its extension, or impair the general state of the air." If an early and strict attention be paid to these hints, there is no doubt, that St. Augustine can be effectually secured against any further visitations of Yellow Fever; and that the character it once so justly enjoyed, of being the Montpelier of North-America, will be restored, and render it, once more, the resort, not only of invalids, but of all who desire the enjoyment of an agreeable climate.  EAST-FLORIDA. 21 EAST-FLORIDA. 21 EAST-FLORIDA. 21 Its general salubrity, renders it an eligible seat for a great seminary of learning, whither our southern youth might be sent, with manifest advantage; as they would preserve at this place, that peculiar habit and consti- tution, which affords a protection against the diseases of warm latitudes ; a security which they lose, by being placed at the Northern Colleges ; from whence, they often return, only to fall victims to the climates from which they have been estranged. Its general salubrity, renders it an eligible seat for a great seminary of learning, whither our southern youth might be sent, with manifest advantage ; as they would preserve at this place, that peculiar habit and consti- tution, which affords a protection against the diseases of warm latitudes ; a security which they lose, by being placed at the Northern Colleges ; from whence, they often return, only to fall victims to the climates from which they have been estranged. Its general salubrity, renders it an eligible seat for a great seminary of learning, whither our southern youth might be sent, with manifest advantage ; as they would preserve at this place, that peculiar habit and consti- tution, which affords a protection against the diseases of warm latitudes ; a security which they lose, by being placed at the Northern Colleges ; from whence, they often return, only to fall victims to the climates from which they have been estranged.  CHAPTER H. OWING chiefly to the jealous and occlusive system of Spain, East-Florida, though among the earliest dis- covered portions of America, seems to have been des- tined to be last known; being even at the present mo- ment but very imperfectly explored. Below the 28th degree of latitude, we have but little acquaintance with its interior geography or natural pro- ductions, though some information on these points, has been recently afforded to us, by means of the enterprise and intelligence of Captain Leconte, a United States' Officer of Engineers, who, under the orders of the government, lately penetrated to the head of the St. John's. Mr. Vignoles, also, a surveyor of the Province, a gentleman of talents and science, guided chiefly by an enlightened curiosity, made an excursion into the in- terior of the country, as soon as its transfer to the Ame- rican authority, rendered it safe to do so, and collected much geographical information, which he embodied in a short description, that appeared in some of our daily gazettes. He, subsequently, visited most of the rivers and inlets of the eastern coast, to the south of St. An- gustme, so far as the Cape of Florida. In the course of the last winter, the author of the present work, also travelled into Alachua, and made a voyage down the St. John's, from Volusia, the most southern settlement upon the river, to Picolata, which lies due west of St. Augustine. He had the pleasure of CHAPTER II. OWING chiefly to the jealous and occlusive system of Spain, East-Florida, though among the earliest dis- covered portions of America, seems to have been des- tined to be last known; being even at the present mo- ment but very imperfectly explored. Below the 28th degree of latitude, we have but little acquaintance with its interior geography or natural pro- ductions, though some information on these points, has been recently afforded to us, by means of the enterprise and intelligence of Captain Leconte, a United States' Officer of Engineers, who, under the orders of the government, lately penetrated to the head of the St. John's. Mr. Vignoles, also, a surveyor of the Province, a gentleman of talents and science, guided chiefly by an enlightened curiosity, made an excursion into the in- terior of the country, as soon as its transfer to the Ame- rican authority, rendered it safe to do so, and collected much geographical information, which he embodied in a short description, that appeared in some of our daily gazettes. He, subsequently, visited most of the rivers and inlets of the eastern coast, to the south of St. Au- gustine, so far as the Cape of Florida. In the course of the last winter, the author of the present work, also travelled into Alachua, and made a voyage down the St. John's, from Volusia, the most southern settlement upon the river, to Picolata, which lies due west of St. Augustine. He had the pleasure of CHAPTER H. OWING chiefly to the jealous and occlusive system of Spain, East-Florida, though among the earliest dis- covered portions of America, seems to have been des- tined to be last known ; being even at the present mo- ment but very imperfectly explored. Below the 28th degree of latitude, we have but little acquaintance with its interior geography or natural pro- ductions, though some information on these points, has been recently afforded to us, by means of the enterprise and intelligence of Captain Leconte, a United States' Officer of Engineers, who, under the orders of the government, lately penetrated to the head of the St. John's. Mr. Vignoles, also, a surveyor of the Province, a gentleman of talents and science, guided chiefly by an enlightened curiosity, made an excursion into the in- terior of the country, as soon as its transfer to the Ame- rican authority, rendered it safe to do so, and collected much geographical information, which he embodied in a short description, that appeared in some of our daily gazettes. He, subsequently, visited most of the rivers and inlets of the eastern coast, to the south of St. Au- gustine, so far as the Cape of Florida. In the course of the last winter, the author of the present work, also travelled into Alachua, and made a voyage down the St. John's, from Volusia, the most southern settlement upon the river, to Picolata, which lies due west of St. Augustine. He had the pleasure of  NOTICES, &c. 23 being accompanied in. these excursions by Mr. Horatio S. Dexter, a planter of the Province, whose intelligence, long tesidence in the country, and inquiring mind, had put him in possession of a great deal of information, which was liberally imparted to the author ; who avails himself of this opportunity, to acknowledge the further obligations which he owes to this gentleman, whose boats, horses, and other facilities for travelling, were freely placed at his command ; and at whose house, he was long most kindly and hospitably entertained. By means of the communications of the persons abovementioned, and by his own personal investigation, the writer has been enabled to collect many particulars of the geography and history of the interior of the newly acquired territories, which, he hopes, may prove acceptable to the readers of this work, Captain Leconte, after encountering much difficulty from the intricacies of the navigation, succeeded in fol- lowing out the channel of the river, and found it to head about fifty miles beyond Lake George, in a lake sur- rounded by a savanna, to which there was no visible boundary. He often sounded the channel, and found it to afford six feet water to its source ; thus furnishing a fine interior navigation of great extent. Being a scientific Botanist, he made many botanical acquisitions ; and, among other vegetable productions, discovered a species of indigenous olive, which proves the adaptation of the climate, to the cultivation of this invaluable tree, which may be made to flourish in poor districts, and sustain a population where no other staple can be produced. Captain Leconte testified to the geographical and botanical accuracy of Bartram, which he had frequent opportunities of ascertaining in his voyage up the river. His description of the source of the St. John's, corres- ponds very exactly with the information given by a pre- vious explorer of the river. Dr. Turnbull, the founder of New Smyrna, upwards of forty years ago, dispatched an expedition over land, NOTICES, &c. 28 being accompanied in these excursions by Mr. Horatio S. Dexter, a planter of the Province, whose intelligence, long residence in the country, and inquiring mind, had put him in possession of a great deal of information, which was liberally imparted to the author ; who avails himself of this opportunity, to acknowledge the further obligations which he owes to this gentleman, whose boats, horses, and other facilities for travelling, were freely placed at his command ; and at whose house, he was long most kindly and hospitably entertained. By means of the communications of the persons abovementioned, and by his own personal investigation, the writer has been enabled to collect many particulars of the geography and history of the interior of the newly acquired territories, which, he hopes, may prove acceptable to the readers of this work. Captain Leconte, after encountering much difficulty from the intricacies of the navigation, succeeded in fol- lowing out the channel of the river, and found it to head about fifty miles beyond Lake George, in a lake sur- rounded by a savanna, to which there was no visible boundary. He often sounded the channel, and found it to afford six feet water to its source ; thus furnishing a fine interior navigation of great extent. Being a scientific Botanist, he made many botanical acquisitions ; and, among other vegetable productions, discovered a species of indigenous olive, which proves the adaptation of the climate, to the cultivation of this invaluable tree, which may be made to flourish in poor districts, and sustain a population where no other staple can be produced. Captain Leconte testified to the geographical and botanical accuracy of Bartram, which he had frequent opportunities of ascertaining in his voyage up the river. His description of the source of the St. John's, corres- ponds very exactly with the information given by a pre- vious explorer of the river. Dr. Turnbull, the founder of New Smyrna, upwards of forty years ago, dispatched an expedition over land, NOTICES, &c. 23 being accompanied in. these excursions by Mr. Horatio S. Dexter, a planter of the Province, whose intelligence, long residence in the country, and inquiring mind, had put him in possession of a great deal of information, which was liberally imparted to the author; who avails himself of this opportunity, to acknowledge the further obligations which he owes to this gentleman, whose boats, horses, and other facilities for travelling, were freely placed at his command ; and at whose house, he was long most kindly and hospitably entertained. By means of the communications of the persons abovementioned, and by his own personal investigation, the writer has been enabled to collect many particulars of the geography and history of the interior of the newly acquired territories, which, he hopes, may prove acceptable to the readers of this work. Captain Leconte, after encountering much difficulty from the intricacies of the navigation, succeeded in fol- lowing out the channel of the river, and found it to head about fifty miles beyond Lake George, in a lake sur- rounded by a savanna, to which there was no visible boundary. He often sounded the channel, and found it to afford six feet water to its source ; thus furnishing a fine interior navigation of great extent. Being a scientific Botanist, he made many botanical acquisitions ; and, among other vegetable productions, discovered a species of indigenous olive, which proves the adaptation of the climate, to the cultivation of this invaluable tree, which may be made to flourish in poor districts, and sustain a population where no other staple can be produced. Captain Leconte testified to the geographical and botanical accuracy of Bartram, which he had frequent opportunities of ascertaining in his voyage up the river. His description of the source of the St. John's, corres- ponds very exactly with the information given by a pre- vious explorer of the river. Dr. Turnbull, the founder of New Smyrna, upwards of forty years ago, dispatched an expedition over land,  24 NOTICES OF to the head of the stream. He employed his relation, Mr. Andrew Turnbull; who, accompanied by native guides, pursued the eastern bank of the river, until he reached the great savanna, mentioned by Captain Le- conte ; and although he could not here see the river, as- certained that it terminated in this savanna. This im- mense waste is mostly inundated ; and from recent investigations, appears to form a very important feature in the geography of East-Florida. Mr. Vigneles, in his recent excursion to the south, met with many Indians and Negroes, who had often crossed it, and who stated, that it was of such extent, that in passing down from Tampa to the cape, they were generally three days in journeying over it ; and their usual rate of travelling, is never less than forty miles a day. They mentioned, that in the whole of this dis- tance, there was no spot sufficiently elevated to form a dry encampment upon. I was informed, from another source, that, in this journey, they were obliged to defend their horses' feet with wrappings of cow-hide, in order to prevent their being injured by the sharp saw grass, a species of tri- angular reed, with which this watery desart is thickly overgrown. Mr. Vignoles mentioned, that below Indian River, he found the coast to consist of a narrow strip of high land; its average breadth being from five to seven miles.- That in penetrating up the creeks or inlets, or over land, he was uniformly arrested by this submerged tract, which extends to within five miles of Cape Sable. That this is the character of the greater part of the interior country, below the St. John's, I have reason to believe, from other sources. I was informed in Alachua, that the Indians reported the existence of great savannas to the south of Tampa Bay, portions of which formed their chief hunting grounds. In confirmation of the open nature of the country, it was observed, that, when setting out on their hunting 24 NOTICES OF to the head of the stream. He employed his relation, Mr. Andrew Turnbull; who, accompanied by native guides, pursued the eastern bank of the river, until he reached the great savanna, mentioned by Captain Le- conte ; and although he could not here see the river, as- certained that it terminated in this savanna. This im- mense waste is mostly inundated ; and from recent investigations, appears to form a very important feature in the geography of East-Florida. Mr. Vigneles, in his recent excursion to the south, met with many Indians and Negroes, who had often crossed it, and who stated, that it was of such extent, that in passing down from Tampa to the cape, they were generally three days in journeying over it ; and their usual rate of travelling, is never less than forty miles a day. They mentioned, that in the whole of this dis- tance, there was no spot sufficiently elevated to form a dry encampment upon. I was informed, from another source, that, in this journey, they were obliged to defend their horses' feet with wrappings of cow-hide, in order to prevent their being injured by the sharp saw grass, a species of tri- angular reed, with which this watery desart is thickly overgrown. Mr. Vignoles mentioned, that below Indian River, he found the coast to consist of a narrow strip of high land; its average breadth being from five to seven miles.- That in penetrating up the creeks or inlets, or over land, he was uniformly arrested by this submerged tract, which extends to within five miles of Cape Sable. That this is the character of the greater part of the interior country, below the St. John's, I have reason to believe, from other sources. I was informed in Alachua, that the Indians reported the existence of great savannas to the south of Tampa Bay, portions of which formed their chief hunting grounds. In confirmation of the open nature of the country, it was observed, that, when setting out on their hunting 24 NOTICES OF to the head of the stream. He employed his relation, Mr. Andrew Turnbull; who, accompanied by native guides, pursued the eastern bank of the river, until he reached the great savanna, mentioned by Captain Le- conte ; and although he could not here see the river, as- certained that it terminated in this savanna. This im- mense waste is mostly inundated ; and from recent investigations, appears to form a very important feature in the geography of East-Florida. Mr. Vigneles, in his recent excursion to the south, met with many Indians and Negroes, who had often crossed it, and who stated, that it was of such extent, that in passing down from Tampa to the cape, they were generally three days in journeying over it ; and their usual rate of travelling, is never less than forty miles a day. They mentioned, that in the whole of this dis- tance, there was no spot sufficiently elevated to form a dry encampment upon. I was informed, from another source, that, in this journey, they were obliged to defend their horses' feet with wrappings of cow-hide, in order to prevent their being injured by the sharp saw grass, a species of tri- angular reed, with which this watery desart is thickly overgrown. Mr. Vignoles mentioned, that below Indian River, he found the coast to consist of a narrow strip of high land; its average breadth being from five to seven miles.- That in penetrating up the creeks or inlets, or over land, he was uniformly arrested by this submerged tract, which extends to within five miles of Cape Sable. That this is the character of the greater part of the interior country, below the St. John's, I have reason to believe, from other sources. I was informed in Alachua, that the Indians reported the existence of great savannas to the south of Tampa Bay, portions of which formed their chief hunting grounds. In confirmation of the open nature of the country, it was observed, that, when setting out on their hunting  EAST-FLORIDA. 25 expeditions, they were in the habit of packing their horses with small bundles of sticks made of the sweet- bay tree, which they use in roasting their meat, to which they say, this wood imparts a pleasant flavour. They were obliged thus to provide themselves, as nothing of this kind could be procured in the prairies where they hunted. For fuel, they used the cabbage tree, which is thinly scattered over these regions. It would thus appear, that below the St. John's, the peninsula consists of an immense basin, which, pro- bably, forms the chief supply of the latter stream, and gives origin to most of the rivers to the south. Mr. Chazotte, a gentleman of Philadelphia, who re- cently explored some part of this country, in order to find land suitable to the cultivation of coffee, is said, in some of the public papers, to have reported favourably on this subject. In the present state, however, of our knowledge of this part of the world, it is difficult to con- ceive, where he could have found such situations and soils as he is said to describe. Even, however, were there a sufficiency of terra firma in this quarter, for the establishment of coffee plantations, it is now known, that in the course of every two or three years, the influence of frost is felt as far down as the Cape of Florida, and often on the Keys beyond. This circumstance totally precludes the cul- tivation of coffee, as this plant is not merely nipt, but entirely killed by the slightest frosts. The influence of the sea air, also, which extends over most parts of the peninsula, is proven to be very on- favourable to this plant ; while it is highly beneficial to the growth of the sugar cane. While, therefore, there is no likelihood of coffee being ever introduced into Florida, the cane will, undoubtedly, be cultivated there to a great extent.' * The cane will probably flourish in Florida, better than even on the Mississippi, as u great portion of the country lies to the south of the latter stream, while the air is drier, and of less in temperature than in any part of Louisiana. 3 EAST-FLORIDA. 25 expeditions, they were in the habit of packing their horses with small bundles of sticks made of the sweet- bay tree, which they use in roasting their meat, to which they say, this wood imparts a pleasant flavour. They were obliged thus to provide themselves, as nothing of this kind could be procured in the prairies where they hunted. For fuel, they used the cabbage tree, which is thinly scattered over these regions. It would thus appear, that below the St. John's, the peninsula consists of an immense basin, which, pro- bably, forms the chief supply of the latter stream, and gives origin to most of the rivers to the south. Mr. Chazotte, a gentleman of Philadelphia, who re- cently explored some part of this country, in order to find land suitable to the cultivation of coffee, is said, in some of the public papers, to have reported favourably on this subject. In the present state, however, of our knowledge of this part of the world, it is difficult to con- ceive, where he could have found such situations and soils as he is said to describe. Even, however, were there a sufficiency of terra firma in this quarter, for the establishment of coffee plantations, it is now known, that in the course of every two or three years, the influence of frost is felt as far down as the Cape of Florida, and often on the Keys beyond. This circumstance totally precludes the cal- tivation of coffee, as this plant is not merely nipt, but entirely killed by the slightest frosts. The influence of the sea air, also, which extends over most parts of the peninsula, is proven to be very un- favourable to this plant ; while it is highly beneficial to the growth of the sugar cane. While, therefore, there is no likelihood of coffee being ever introduced into Florida, the cane will, undoubtedly, be cultivated there to a great extent.* * The cane will probably flourish in Florida, better than evce on the Mississippi, as a great portion of the country lies to the south of the latter stream, while the air is drier, and of less in temperature than in any part of Louisiana. 3 EAST-FLORIDA. 25 expeditions, they were in the habit of packing their horses with small bundles of sticks made of the sweet- bay tree, which they use in roasting their meat, to which they say, this wood imparts a pleasant flavour. They were obliged thus to provide themselves, as nothing of this kind could be procured in the prairies where they hunted. For fuel, they used the cabbage tree, which is thinly scattered over these regions. It would thus appear, that below the St. John's, the peninsula consists of an immense basin, which, pro- bably, forms the chief supply of the latter stream, and gives origin to most of the rivers to the south. Mr. Chazotte, a gentleman of Philadelphia, who re- cently explored some part of this country, in order to find land suitable to the cultivation of coffee, is said, in some of the public papers, to have reported favourably on this subject. In the present state, however, of our knowledge of this part of the world, it is difficult to con- ceive, where he could have found such situations and soils as he is said to describe. Even, however, were there a sufficiency of terra firma in this quarter, for the establishment of coffee plantations, it is now known, that in the course of every two or three years, the influence of frost is felt as far down as the Cape of Florida, and often on the Keys beyond. This circumstance totally precludes the cul- tivation of coffee, as this plant is not merely nipt, but entirely killed by the slightest frosts. The influence of the sea air, also, which extends over most parts of the peninsula, is proven to be very un- favourable to this plant ; while it is highly beneficial to the growth of the sugar cane. While, therefore, there is no likelihood of coffee being ever introduced into Florida, the cane will, undoubtedly, be cultivated there to a great extent.* * The cane will probably flourish in Florida, better than even on the Mississippi, as a great portion of the country lies to the south of the latter stream, while the air is drier, and of less in temperature than in any part of Louisiana. 3 -  26 NOTICES, &c. The Coolisihatchie, a stream that falls into the Gulf of Mexico, heads within twenty miles of the St. John's, and the intervening country, is said to be an open prairie ; so that a communication between the two streams might be easily formed. The latter is also approached by Indian River on the east, the distance between them being only eighteen miles. The head of the St. John's, doubtless communicates, or may be easily connected, with Lake Mayaco to the south ; by which, and the abovementioned streams, an extensive inland navigation may be opened throughout the peninsula. Captain Leconte doubts the reality of Lake Mayaco ; but, Mr. Chazotte, who recently visited the southern extremity of the country, and explored some of the rivers in that direction, appears to be satisfied, that it really exists, occupying the position assigned to it, by Romans and others. 26 NOTICES, &c. The Coolisihatchie, a stream that falls into the Gulf of Mexico, heads within twenty miles of the St. John's, and the intervening country, is said to be an open prairie ; so that a communication between the two streams might be easily formed. The latter is also approached by Indian River on the east, the distance between them being only eighteen miles. The head of the St. John's, doubtless communicates, or may be easily connected, with Lake Mayaco to the south ; by which, and the abovementioned streams, an extensive inland navigation-may be opened throughout the peninsula. Captain Leconte doubts the reality of Lake Mayaco ; but, Mr. Chazotte, who recently visited the southern extremity of the country, and explored some of the rivers in that direction, appears to be satisfied, that it really exists, occupying the position assigned to it, by Romans and others. 26 NOTICES, &c. The Coolisihatchie, a stream that falls into the Gulf of Mexico, heads within twenty miles of the St. John's, and the intervening country, is said to be an open prairie ; so that a communication between the two streams might be easily formed. The latter is also approached by Indian River on the east, the distance between them being only eighteen miles. The head of the St. John's, doubtless communicates, or may be easily connected, with Lake Mayaco to the south ; by which, and the abovementioned streams, an extensive inland navigation may be opened throughout the peninsula. Captain Leconte doubts the reality of Lake Mayaco ; but, Mr. Chazotte, who recently visited the southern extremity of the country, and explored some of the rivers in that direction, appears to be satisfied, that it really exists, occupying the position assigned to it, by Romans and others.  CHAPTER III. ON the twenty-ninth of December, the author left St. Augustine on a visit to Volusia ; at that time, the most southern settlement on the St. John's. The country through which he passed, having already been suffi- ciently described in the first chapter of this publication, he deems it unnecessary to give the particulars of his journey. Volusia is about sixty-five miles to the south of St. Augustine, and is a very fine tract, lying on both sides of the St. John's-the greater portion being on the western side of the river. A good part of it is suitable for cotton; and the rest is highly valuable, from its adaptation to the culture of the sugar cane. The settle- ment was made nearly three years ago, under circum- stances of great difficulty and danger, by Mr. Horatia S. Dexter, its present proprietor. It has the advantage of lying immediately adjacent to the fine navigation of the St. John's. A vessel of thirty tons, has recently been up to its landing ; and were it not for the bar of Lake George, a ship of the line might ride here, on either side of the river. The stream at this point, is reduced to about two hundred yards in width, but soon resumes its expanded character, and preserves it to its source, which is fifty miles to the south of this place. The banks of the river, from Buffalo Bluff upwards, are singularly cha- racterized by immense accumulations of the periwinkle shells, the exuvio of an insect, that is often found upon the shores of the stream. CHAPTER IIL, ON the twenty-ninth of December, the author left St. Augustine on a visit to Volusia ; at that time, the most southern settlement on the St. John's. The country through which he passed, having already been suffi- ciently described in the first chapter of this publication, he deems it unnecessary to give the particulars of his journey. Volusia is about sixty-five miles to the south of St. Augustine, and is a very fine tract, lying on both sides of the St. John's-the greater portion being on the western side of the river. A good part of it is suitable for cotton; and the rest is highly valuable, from its adaptation to the culture of the sugar cane. The settle- ment was made nearly three yeats ago, under circum- stances of great difficulty and danger, by Mr. Horatia S. Dexter, its present proprietor. It has the advantage of lying immediately adjacent to the fine navigation of the St. John's. A vessel of thirty tons, has recently been up to its landing ; and were it not for the bar of Lake George, a ship of the line might ride here, on either side of the river. The stream at this point, is reduced to about two hundred yards in width, but soon resumes its expanded character, and preserves it to its source, which is fifty miles to the south of this place. The banks of the river, from Buffalo Bluff upwards, are singularly cha- racterized by immense accumulations of the periwinkle shells, the exuvim of an insect, that is often formd upon the shores of the stream. CHAPTER IHI. ON the twenty-ninth of December, the author left St. Augustine on a visit to Volusia ; at that time, the most southern settlement on the St. John's. The country through which he passed, having already been suffi- ciently described in the first chapter of this publication, he deems it unnecessary to give the particulars of his journey. Volusia is about sixty-five miles to the south of St. Augustine, and is a very fine tract, lying on both sides of the St. John's-the greater portion being on the western side of the river. A good part of it is suitable for cotton; and the rest is highly valuable, from its adaptation to the culture of the sugar cane. The settle- ment was made nearly three years ago, under circum- stances of great difficulty and danger, by Mr. Horatio S. Dexter, its present proprietor. It has the advantage of lying immediately adjacent to the fine navigation of the St. John's. A vessel of thirty tons, has recently been up to its landing ; and were it not for the bar of Lake George, a ship of the line might ride here, on either side of the river. The stream at this point, is reduced to about two hundred yards in width, but soon resumes its expanded character, and preserves it to its source, which is fifty miles to the south of this place. The banks of the river, from Buffalo Bluff upwards, are singularly cha- racterized by immense accumulations of the periwinkle shells, the exuvia of an insect, that is often foumd upon the shores of the stream.  28 NOTICES OF At Volusia, the ground appears, in many places, as if covered with snow, from the abundance of these shells scattered over the surface, while they are found by digging at twenty feet below the level of the soil. The cliffs on the river often exhibit a complete shell- work, from the vast congeries of these remains ; or rather appear as if stuck full of birds' eggs, half buried in the clay. From this place, to its head, the current is lined by an equatic plant, with floating roots, here called the wild lettuce, which very much adorns the river, giving a deep green margin to its dark and ample stream. The alligators are uncommonly numerous in the St. John's, being to be met with, on a warm day, at every hundred yards, basking or reposing on its rushy banks. The roots of the bonnet leaf, a species of lotus, often of the thickness of a man's leg, and jointed somewhat like the sugar cane, is frequently seen lying in heaps upon the water. It is said, that they are thus uprooted by the alligator, who feeds upon them when much pressed by hunger. On these rafts, the wild ducks, and other waterfowl, make their roost at night, and are often seen perched on them during the day. Game is abun- dant on the river ; and the snake-bird, here sometimes called the water-turkey, from the resemblance of its tail, and manner of flying to the latter bird, is fre- quently to be met with, but is very shy, and difficult te be shot. It is said, that both fresh and salt-water fish are found in the river ; and that sheephead have been taken as far up as Silver Spring on Lake George, one hundred and fifty miles from the sea. I made an excursion to this famous fountain, of which so romantic an account is given by Bartram, and found it well worth the trouble of a visit. It is situated on the west side of Lake George. The water has somewhat of a mineral taste ; but is, nevertheless, pleasant and re. frshing, and is as transparent as air, or melted chrystal. Even where it bails up with a considerable jet, the 28 NOTICES OF At Volusia, the ground appears, in many places, as if covered with snow, from the abundance of these shells scattered over the surface, while they are found by digging at twenty feet below the level of the soil. The cliffs on the river often exhibit a complete shell- work, from the vast congeries of these remains ; or rather appear as if stuck full of birds' eggs, half buried in the clay. From this place, to its head, the current is lined by an equatic plant, with floating roots, here called the wild lettuce, which very much adorns the river, giving a deep green margin to its dark and ample stream. The alligators are uncommonly numerous in the St. John's, being to be met with, on a warm day, at every hundred yards, basking or reposing on its rushy banks. The roots of the bonnet leaf, a species of lotus, often of the thickness of a man's leg, and jointed somewhat like the sugar cane, is frequently seen lying in heaps upon the water. It is said, that they are thus uprooted by the alligator, who feeds upon them when much pressed by hunger. On these rafts, the wild ducks, and other waterfowl, make their roost at night, and are often seen perched on them during the day. Game is abun- dant on the river ; and the snake-bird, here sometimes called the water-turkey, from the resemblance of its tail, and manner of flying to the latter bird, is fre- quently to be met with, but is very shy, and difficult te be shot. It is said, that both fresh and salt-water fish are found in the river ; and that sheephead have been taken as far up as Silver Spring on Lake George, one hundred and fifty miles from the sea. I made an excursion to this famous fountain, of which so romantic an account is given by Bartram, and found it well worth the trouble of a visit. It is situated on the west side of Lake George. The water has somewhat of a mineral taste ; but is, nevertheless, pleasant and re- freshing, and is as transparent as air, or melted chrystal. Even where it boils up with a considerable jet, the 28 NOTICES OF At Volusia, the ground appears, in many places, as if covered with snow, from the abundance of these shells scattered over the surface, while they are found by digging at twenty feet below the level of the soil. The cliffs on the river often exhibit a complete shell- work, from the vast congeries of these remains ; or rather appear as if stuck full of birds' eggs, half buried in the clay. From this place, to its head, the current is lined by an equatic plant, with floating roots, here called the wild lettuce, which very much adorns the river, giving a deep green margin to its dark and ample stream. The alligators are uncommonly numerous in the St. John's, being to be met with, on a warm day, at every hundred yards, basking or reposing on its rushy banks. The roots of the bonnet leaf, a species of lotus, often of the thickness of a man's leg, and jointed somewhat like the sugar cane, is frequently seen lying in heaps upon the water. It is said, that they are thus uprooted by the alligator, who feeds upon them when much pressed by hunger. On these rafts, the wild ducks, and other waterfowl, make their roost at night, and are often seen perched on them during the day. Game is abun- dant on the river ; and the snake-bird, here sometimes called the water-turkey, from the resemblance of its tail, and manner of flying to the latter bird, is fre- quently to be met with, but is very shy, and difficult to be shot. It is said, that both fresh and salt-water fish are found in the river ; and that sheephead have been taken as far up as Silver Spring on Lake George, one hundred and fifty miles from the sea. I made an excursion to this famous fountain, of which so romantic an account is given by Bartram, and found it well worth the trouble of a visit. It is situated on the west side of Lake George. The water has somewhat of a mineral taste ; but is, nevertheless, pleasant and re- freshing, and is as transparent as air, or melted chrystal. Even where it bails up with a considerable jet, the  EAST-FLORIDA. 29 smallest object may be discerned at the bottom, at a depth of twenty feet. It at once forms a wide creek of a mile in length, emptying into Lake George, and bor- dered on each side by stately forests. The stream is perfectly straight for the greater part of its course, but forms a short curve near its fountain. The Sun may be seen shining, with undiminished brightness, on the sand at the bottom of the spring. The genius of clas- sical antiquity, would have represented this by the alle- gory of a water-nymph, yielding to the embraces of Apollo. We observed many fish darting about, or sus- pended in the stainless element, but not in the numbers described by Bartram. A snow-white bluff and beach of periwinkle shells, the height crowned by a beautiful orange grove, mark the southern side of the outlet into the lake. There is a salt spring a lttle further north, but we had not time to visit it. It has been observed, that none of the plants called wild lettuce, are ever found to the north of Lake George, though abundant just above its southern bar. This is probably owing to the violence of the lake, which is easily thrown into commotion by the winds ; at which time, it is very dangerous for small craft. The frequent agitation of the waters, it is supposed, prevents the plants from taking root, or being propagated farther north. The river often presents a very strange scene after a storm, from the fields of this herb, which are detached from the banks by the winds, and float down in such quantities, as to give the stream the appearance of a floating savanna. The bonnet leaf, a species of lotus, also abounds in the dead water formed by the meeting currents of the river and the creeks, that fall into it. Their appear- ance, therefore, indicates from a distance, the influx of some tributary of the main stream. The water is generally deep where these plants are found, their stems being of great length. Under their green canopies, the fish take shelter; and these spots are considered the best for angling. Their umbrella-llie 3* EAST-FLORIDA. 29 smallest object may be discerned at the bottom, at a depth of twenty feet. It at once forms a wide creek of a mile in length, emptying into Lake George, and bor- dered on each side by stately forests. The stream is perfectly straight for the greater part of its course, but forms a short curve near its fountain. The Sun may- be seen shining, with undiminished brightness, on the sand at the bottom of the spring. The genius of clas- sical antiquity, would have represented this by the alle- gory of a water-nymph, yielding to the embraces of Apollo. We observed many fish darting about, or sus- pended in the stainless element, but not in the numbers described by Bartram. A snow-white bluff and beach of periwinkle shells, the height crowned by a beautiful orange grove, mark the southern side of the outlet into the lake. There is a salt spring a lttle further north, but we had not time to visit it. It has been observed, that none of the plants called wild lettuce, are ever found to the north of Lake George, though abundant just above its southern bar. This is probably owing to the violence of the lake, which is easily thrown into commotion by the winds ; at which time, it is very dangerous for small craft. The frequent agitation of the waters, it is supposed, prevents the plants from taking root, or being propagated farther north. The river often presents a very strange scene after a storm, from the fields of this herb, which are detached from the banks by the winds, and float down in such quantities, as to give the stream the appearance of a floating savanna. The bonnet leaf, a species of lotus, also abounds in the dead water formed by the meeting currents of the river and the creeks, that fall into it. Their appear- ance, therefore, indicates from a distance, the influx of some tributary of the main stream. The water is generally deep where these plants are found, their stems being of great length. Under their green canopies, the fish take shelter; and these spots are considered the best for angling. Their umbrella-lke 3* EAST-FLORIDA. 29 smallest object may be discerned at the bottom, at a depth of twenty feet. It at once forms a wide creek of a mile in length, emptying into Lake George, and bor- dered on each side by stately forests. The stream is perfectly straight for the greater part of its course, but forms a short curve near its fountain. The Sun may be seen shining, with undiminished brightness, on the sand at the bottom of the spring. The genius of clas- sical antiquity, would have represented this by the alle- gory of a water-nymph, yielding to the embraces of Apollo. We observed many fish darting about, or sus- pended in the stainless element, but not in the numbers described by Bartram. A snow-white bluff and beach of periwinkle shells, the height crowned by a beautiful orange grove, mark the southern side of the outlet into the lake. There is a salt spring a lttle further north, but we had not time to visit it. It has been observed, that none of the plants called wild lettuce, are ever found to the north of Lake George, though abundant just above its southern bar. This is probably owing to the violence of the lake, which is easily thrown into commotion by the winds ; at which time, it is very dangerous for small craft. The frequent agitation of the waters, it is supposed, prevents the plants from taking root, or being propagated farther north. The river often presents a very strange scene after a storm, from the fields of this herb, which are detached from the banks by the winds, and float down in such quantities, as to give the stream the appearance of a floating savanna. The bonnet leaf, a species of lotus, also abounds in the dead water formed by the meeting currents of the river and the creeks, that fall into it. Their appear- ance, therefore, indicates from a distance, the influx of some tributary of the main stream. The water is generally deep where these plants are found, their stems being of great length. Under their green canopies, the fish take shelter ; and these spots are considered the best for angling. Their umbrella-Ile 3*  So NOTICES OF leaves are exceedingly stiff; and the smaller land-birds are often seen walking very securely upon them. The lands on the eastern side of the river, are gene- rally much higher than on the western, which is mostly bordered by low hammocks. The swamp, however, seldom extends more thag a half a mile in breadth. This side of the river is, therefore, generally speaking, much the richest. From Buffalo Bluff to the head of the stream, the cabbage tree, or palmetto, often shows itself in the low grounds along the banks, and is considered as an indi- cation of good land. It is sometimes seen very much torn and broken by the bear, who is fond of feeding on its purple berries. The cabbage, or pulpy termination of its stem, is very delicate eating. As the trees are numerous, they afford a great supply to the Indians, who also easily construct a hut, that will keep out the weather with its stiff and palmated leaves. Orange groves also abound along the banks of the river, being generally situated on the high headlands that point into the stream, though they are also found growing on the low grounds. We landed in one of these, which we found very beautiful, being extensive, and quite free from underbrush; while an immense mulberry tree, the monarch of the spot, occupied the centre, and rose like a dome above the surrounding grove. We surprised an opossum and an alligator in this orchard, who were probably feeding on the fruit- of which, a considerable quantity lay upon the ground. Having mentioned the alligator, I will.state a fact respecting it, which I had from the best authority.- Mr. Wanton, a gentleman of the Province, well known for his integrity of character, assured me, that he had seen one of these animals opened, in whose stomach was found, a large quantity of what was, at first, sup- posed to be pebles, but which, on examination, proved to be hickory nuts, which had been swallowed whole. Some of these, my informant mentioned, were in a very dingular state, approaching to petrifaction. Their real 30 NOTICES OF leaves are exceedingly stiff ; and the smaller land-birds are often seen walking very securely upon them. The lands on the eastern side of the river, are gene- rally much higher than on the western, which is mostly bordered by low hammocks. The swamp, however, seldom extends more thag a half a mile in breadth. This side of the river is, therefore, generally speaking, much the richest. From Buffalo Bluff to the head of the stream, the cabbage tree, or palmetto, often shows itself in the low grounds along the banks, and is considered as an indi- cation of good land. It is sometimes seen very much torn and broken by the bear, who is fond of feeding on its purple berries. The cabbage, or pulpy termination of its stem, is very delicate eating. As the trees are numerous, they afford a great supply to the Indians, who also easily construct a hut, that will keep out the weather with its stiff and palmated leaves. Orange groves also abound along the banks of the river, being generally situated on the high headlands that point into the stream, though they are also found growing on the low grounds. We landed in one of these, which we found very beautiful, being extensive, and quite free from underbrush; while an immense mulberry tree, the monarch of the spot, occupied the centre, and rose like a dome above the surrounding grove. We surprised an opossum and an alligator in this orchard, who were probably feeding on the fruit- of which, a considerable quantity lay upon the ground. Having mentioned the alligator, I will.state a fact respecting it, which I had from the best authority.- Mlr. Wanton, a gentleman of the Province, well known for his integrity of character, assured me, that he had seen one of these animals opened, in whose stomach was found, a large quantity of what was, at first, sup- posed to be pebles, but which, on examination, proved to be hickory nuts, which had been swallowed whole. Some of these, my informant mentioned, were in a very ingular state, approaching to petrifaction. Their real 30 NOTICES OF leaves are exceedingly stiff; and the smaller land-birds are often seen walking very securely upon them. The lands on the eastern side of the river, are gene- rally much higher than on the western, which is mostly bordered by low hammocks. The swamp, however, seldom extends more thag a half a mile in breadth. This side of the river is, therefore, generally speaking, much the richest. From Buffalo Bluff to the head of the stream, the cabbage tree, or palmetto, often shows itself in the low grounds along the banks, and is considered as an indi- cation of good land. It is sometimes seen very much torn and broken by the bear, who is fond of feeding on its purple berries. The cabbage, or pulpy termination of its stem, is very delicate eating. As the trees are numerous, they afford a great supply to the Indians, who also easily construct a hut, that will keep out the weather with its stiff and palsated leaves. Orange groves also abound along the banks of the river, being generally situated on the high headlands that point into the stream, though they are also found growing on the low grounds. We landed in one of these, which we found very beautiful, being extensive, and quite free from underbrush; while an immense mulberry tree, the monarch of the spot, occupied the centre, and rose like a dome above the surrounding grove. We surprised an opossum and an alligator in this orchard, who were probably feeding on the fruit- of which, a considerable quantity lay upon the ground. Having mentioned the alligator, I will.state a fact respecting it, which I had from the best authority.- Mr. Wanton, a gentleman of the Province, well known for his integrity of character, assured me, that he had seen one of these animals opened, in whose stomach was found, a large quantity of what was, at first, sup- posed to be pebles, but which, on examination, proved to be hickory nuts, which had been swallowed whole. Some of these, my informant mentioned, were in a very sagular state, approaching to petrifaction. Their real  EAST-FLORIDA. 31 nature could only be discovered by their internal struc- ture, which bore marks of the former divisions of the nut-the whole being of stony hardness. When one of these creatures dies, or is killed, the river sometimes exhibits a singular sight. As the body floats down, the buzzards and carrion crows, light upon to devour it ; and the whole, at a distance, looks like a canoe filled with people. The orange groves are another great support to the Indians, who generally roast the orange previous to eating it. With this fruit, the palmetto cabbage, and the wild potatoe, they are often enabled to live, without either hunting or cultivation. They frequently encamp for months along the river, -sometimes in the deepest swamps, subsisting on these wild provisions, as they usually term them. Their being enabled to exist m this way, will prove a great obstacle in any attempt to wean them from their erratic habits. The St. John's is a truly magnificent stream, pre- serving an average breadth of upwards of two miles, for an hundred miles from its mouth, and often enlarging itself into beautiful expanses or lakes of four or five miles in width. Its banks, or rather coasts, at present, exhibit an unbroken line of towering forests, that will doubtless soon bow their proud heads to the axe, and open new avenues to the march of civilization. By recent inves- tigation, more water has been found upon its bar, than it was previously supposed to afford. It is navigable for vessels of thirty tons, as high up as the bar of Lake George, where there is six feet water in ordinary seasons. Beyond this, it deepens again, and is navigable for ves- sels of the same size, up to its source. EAST-FLORIDA. 31 nature could only be discovered by their internal struc- ture, which bore marks of the former divisions of the nut-the whole being of stony hardness. When one of these creatures dies, or is killed, the river sometimes exhibits a singular sight. As the body floats down, the buzzards and carrion crows, light upon to devour it ; and the whole, at a distance, looks like a canoe filled with people. The orange groves are another great support to the Indians, who generally roast the orange previous to eating it. With this fruit, the palmetto cabbage, and the wild poatoer, they are often enabled to live, without either hunting or cultivation. They frequently ecamp for months along the river, 'sometimes in the deepest swamps, subsisting on these wild provisions, as they usually term them. Their being enabled to exist so this way, will prove a great obstacle in any attempt to wean them from their erratic habits. The St. John's is a truly magnificent stream, pre- serving an average breadth of upwards of two miles, for an hundred miles from its mouth, and often enlarging itself into beautiful expanses or lakes of four or five miles in width. Its banks, or rather coasts, at present, exhibit an unbroken line of towering forests, that will doubtless soon bow their proud heads to the axe, and open new avenue to the march of civilization. By recent inves- tigation, more water has been found upon its bar, than it was previously supposed to afford. It is navigable for vessels of thirty tons, as high up as the bar of Lake George, where there is six feet water in ordinary seasons. Beyond this, it deepens again, and is navigable for ves- sels of the same size, up to its source. EAST-FLORIDA. 31 nature could only be discovered by their internal strue- ture, which bore marks of the former divisions of the nut-the whole being of stony hardness. When one of these creatures dies, or is killed, the river sometimes exhibits a singular sight. As the body floats down, the buzzards and carrion crows, light upon to devour it ; and the whole, at a distance, looks like a canoe filled with people. The orange groves are another great support to the Indians, who generally roast the orange previous to eating it. With this fruit, the palmetto cabbage, and the wild potatoe, they are often enabled to live, without either hunting or cultivation. They frequently tcamp for months along the river, 'sometimes in the deepest swamps, subsisting on these wild provisions, as they usually term them. Their being enabled to exis m this way, will prove a great obstacle in any attempt to wean them from their erratic habits. The St. John's is a truly magnificent stream, pre- serving an average breadth of upwards of two miles, for an hundred miles from its mouth, and often enlarging itself into beautiful expanses or lakes of four or five miles in width. Its banks, or rather coasts, at present, exhibit an unbroken line of towering forests, that will doubtless soon bow their proud heads to the axe, and open new avenues to the march of civilization. By recent inves- tigation, more water has been found upon its bar, than it was previously supposed to afford. It is navigable for vessels of thirty tons, as high up as the bar of Lake George, where there is six feet water in ordinary seasons. Beyond this, it deepens again, and is navigable for ves- sels of the same size, up to its source.  [The Author had intended to abridge the ensuing Journal, and digest it into the form of the foregoing Chapters ; but his en. gagement with the Printer, has not allowed him time to do so: He hopes therefore, that the reader will excuse the many personal particulars tntroduced, and the perhaps unnecessary expansion of this part of the Work.] JOURNAL. F EBRUARY 5th, 1822.-Set out from Volusia, on a visit to Alachua, accompanied by an Indian Negro, as a guide-the same who had attended us on our journey from St. Augustine. I much regretted, that business prevented Mr. Dexter from beating me company on this excursion ; as I felt both the loss of his society, and of the information which he could have imparted, of the country through which I was to pass. I still, however, experienced the benefit of his friendly kindness, in having the use of his horses, and the aid of every convenience for the rough route I was to pursue, which it was in his power to provide for my accommodation. The horses having been swam over the St. John's the sight before, I was enabled to set forward without delay. After passing through the low hammock that borders the western side of the river, 1 entered upon a tract of flat pine barren, interspersed, as usual, with small ponds and lakes. The first, and most considerable of these, [The Author had intended to abridge the ensuing Journal, and digest it into the form of the foregoing Chapters ; but his en. gagement with the Printer, has not allowed him time to do so: He hopes therefore, that the reader will excuse the many personal particulars Introduced, and the perhaps unnecessary expansion of this part of the Work.] JOURNAL. F EBRUARY 5th, 1822.-Set out from Volusia, on a visit to Alachua, accompanied by an Indian Negro, as a guide-the same who had attended us on our journey from St. Augustine. I much regretted, that business prevented Mr. Dexter from bearing me company on this excursion ; as I felt both the loss of his society, and of the information which he could have imparted, of the country through which I was to pass. I still, however, experienced the benefit of his friendly kindness, in having the use of his horses, and the aid of every convenience for the rough route I was to pursue, which it was in his power to provide for my aceommodation. The horses having been swam over the St. John's the right before, I was enabled to set forward without delay. After passing through the low hammock that borders the western side of the river, 1 entered upon a tract of flat pine barren, interspersed, as usual, with small ponds and lakes. The first, and most considerable of these, [The Author had intended to abridge the ensuing Journal, and digest it into the form of the foregoing Chapters ; but his en- gagement with the Printer, has not allowed him time to do so: He hopes therefore, that the reader will excuse the many personal particulars Introduced, and the perhaps unnecessary expansion of this part of the Work.] JOURNAL. FEBRUARY 5th, 1822.-Set out from Volusia, on a visit to Alachua, accompanied by an Indian Negro, as a guide-the same who had attended us on our journey from St. Augustine. I much regretted, that business prevented Mr. Dexter from bearing me company on this excursion ; as I felt both the loss of his society, and of the information which he could have imparted, of the country through which I was to pass. I still, however, experienced the benefit of his friendly kindness, in having the use of his horses, and the aid of every convenience for the rough route I was to pursue, which it was in his power to provide for my accommodation. The horses having been swam over the St. John's the right before, I was enabled to set forward without delay. After passing through the low hammock that borders the western side of the river, 1 entered upon a tract of flat pine barren, interspersed, as usual, with small ponds and lakes. The first, and most considerable of these,  NOTICES, &c. 33 lying on the right of a road I called Lake Wortola.* It is about three quarters of a mile in length, and probably a half a mile in width. This district of country, crossed in one place by a small scrub, continued for six miles, when it was terminated by an immense cypress swamp, which presents a novel and picturesque object, from the amazing altitude of the trees, and the almost palpable darkness of its recesses, which, being thickly crowded with bays, has an unusually benighted and even awful appearance. Immediately to the northwest of this, begins what is called the Little Scrub, which is said to be five but, I think, is not less than seven miles in width. It is an untimbered region, covered with dwarf firs, oak, and myrtle, and the prickly pear. Soon after entering this, a line lake presented itself on the left. It is spotted with shady islands, and bor- dered in many places with rich hammocks. Having no appellation as yet affixed to it, I took the liberty, as I have done with other nameless beauties of nature, which I met with on my route, to provide it with a cognomen, and called it Lake Senufky, after the old Chief of the Ocklewahaw Indians, who resides upon its banks, and plants in the fertile islands scattered over its surface. I had a conversation with this old man at Mr. Dex- ter's, which I thought somewhat remarkable. I observed to him, that he would find the Americans to be his friends-that we were all the children of one great Father, and ought, therefore, to live in peace and har- mony together. He replied, that he had no doubt of our friendship-that he was not such afool as to believe, that there was any more than one Great Spirit, who created all things-and that, if it was not for the bad- ness of mankind, they might live very happily together. On going away, he came up and shook hands with me, and bade the interpreter tell me, that he was happy to *The Indian name for the whooping crane. NOTICES, &c. 33 lying on the right of a road I called Lake Wortola.* It is about three quarters of a mile in length, and probably a half a mile in width. This district ofcountry, crossed in one place by a small scrub, continued for six miles, when it was terminated by an immense cypress swamp, which presents a novel and picturesque object, from the amazing altitude of the trees, and the almost palpable darkness of its recesses, which, being thickly crowded with bays, has an unusually benighted and even awful appearance. Immediately to the northwest of this, begins what is called the Little Scrub, which is said to be five but, I think, is not less than seven miles in width. It is an untimbered region, covered with dwarf firs, oak, and myrtle, and the prickly pear. Soon after entering this, a fine lake presented itself on the left. It is spotted with shady islands, and bor- dered in many places with rich hammocks. Having no appellation as yet affixed to it, I took the liberty, as I have done with other nameless beauties of nature, which I met with on my route, to provide it with a cognomen, and called it Lake Senufky, after the old Chief of the Ocklewahaw Indians, who resides upon its banks, and plants in the fertile islands scattered over its surface. I had a conversation with this old man at Mr. Dex- ter's, which I thought somewhat remarkable. I observed to him, that he would find the Americans to be his friends-that we were all the children of one great Father, and ought, therefore, to live in peace and har- mony together. He replied, that he had no doubt of our friendship-that he was not such afool as to believe, that there was any more than one Great Spirit, who created all things-and that, if it was not for the bad ness of mankind, they might live very happily together. On going away, he came up and shook hands with me, and bade the interpreter tell me, that he was happy to *The Indian name for the whooping crane. NOTICES, &c. 33 lying on the right of a road I called Lake Wortola.* It is about three quarters of a mile in length, and probably a half a mile in width. This district ofcountry, crossed in one place by a small scrub, continued for six miles, when it was terminated by an immense cypress swamp, which presents a novel and picturesque object, from the amazing altitude of the trees, and the almost palpable darkness of its recesses, which, being thickly crowded with bays, has an unusually benighted and even awful appearance. Immediately to the northwest of this, begins what is called the Little Scrub, which is said to be five, but, I think, is not less than seven miles in width. It is an untimbered region, covered with dwarf firs, oak, and myrtle, and the prickly pear. Soon after entering this, a fine lake presented itself on the left. It is spotted with shady islands, and bor- dered in many places with rich hammocks. Having no appellation as yet affixed to it, I took the liberty, as I have done with other nameless beauties of nature, which I met with on my route, to provide it with a cognomen, and called it Lake Senufky, after the old Chief of the Ocklewahaw Indians, who resides upon its banks, and plants in the fertile islands scattered over its surface. I had a conversation with this old man at Mr. Dex- ter's, which I thought somewhat remarkable. I observed to him, that he would find the Americans to be his friends-that we were all the children of one great Father, and ought, therefore, to live in peace and har- mony together. He replied, that he had no doubt of our friendship-that he was not such afool as to believe, that there was any more than one Great Spirit, who created all things-and that, if it was not for the bad- ness of mankind, they might live very happily together. On going away, he came up and shook hands with me, and bade the interpreter tell me, that he was happy to The Indian name for the whooping crane.  34 NOTICES OF have formed my acquaintance ; and evinced in his con- versation and deportment, a degree of sense and cour- tesy, that I did not expect to find in the forest ; and that is but rarely to be met with in the rough outerborder of civilized society. On emerging from this dreary region, we rode for about three miles through a district of pine land, when we reached the commencement of the Big Scrub, which is seven miles wide. It extends, I was told, a great way northeast and southwest, a part of it showing itself on the western borders of Lake George. Nothing can be more sterile than the soil ; and these tracts are, in fact, concealed deserts, as they are too poor to admit of cultivation, and afford nothing that is lit, even for the browsing of cattle. It had begun to rain just before I entered the scrub, and the bushes being charged with drops, I underwent a double aspersion in passing through it, by which I was completely wet. The growth upon these places, from its tough and stunted character, forms a complete live fence, which, probably, would never have been penetrated through, but by the Indians, who made the present trail, for the purpose of hunting the bear ; that animal frequenting these spots at certain seasons of the year, in order to feed on the acorns that abound in them. It is his habit to stop when he comes to a path, and reconnoitre it before he crosses ; and the Indians, aware of this, formed these trails, which afford them an opportunity of killing him with great certainty. Some of the hun- ters station themselves along the path, while others go into the thickets, and drive the bear towards the ambus- caded spot, where, stopping, he is easily shot down.- The wild turkies, also, are said to be numerous here. There are here many spots covered with a yellow broom-grass, and resemble the old deserted fields of the Southern States. I, at first, supposed that they had been planted by the Indians ; but, from the small circles of water often found in them, I am inclined to think, 34 NOTICES OF have formed my acquaintance ; and evinced in his con- versation and deportment, a degree of sense and cour- tesy, that I did not expect to find in the forest ; and that is but rarely to be met with in the rough outerborder of civilized society. On emerging from this dreary region, we rode for about three miles through a district of pine land, when we reached the commencement of the Big Scrub, which is seven miles wide. It extends, I was told, a great way northeast and southwest, a part of it showing itself on the western borders of Lake George. Nothing can be more sterile than the soil ; and these tracts are, in fact, concealed deserts, as they are too poor to admit of cultivation, and afford nothing that is lit, even for the browsing of cattle. It had begun to rain just before I entered the scrub, and the bushes being charged with drops, I underwent a double aspersion in passing through it, by which I was completely wet. The growth upon these places, from its tough and stunted character, forms a complete live fence, which, probably, would never have been penetrated through, but by the Indians, who made the present trail, for the purpose of hunting the bear ; that animal frequenting these spots at certain seasons of the year, in order to feed on the acorns that abound in them. It is his habit to stop when he comes to a path, and reconnoitre it before he crosses ; atn the Indians, aware of this, formed these trails, which afford them an opportunity of killing him with great certainty. Some of the hun- ters station themselves along the path, while others go into the thickets, and drive the bear towards the ambus- caded spot, where, stopping, he is easily shot down.- The wild turkies, also, are said to be numerous here. There are here many spots covered with a yellow broom-grass, and resemble the old deserted fields of the Southern States. I, at first, supposed that they had been planted by the Indians ; but, from the small circles of water often found in them, I am inclined to think, 34 NOTICES OF have formed my acquaintance ; and evinced in his con- versation and deportment, a degree of sense and cour- tesy, that I did not expect to find in the forest.; and that is but rarely to be met with in the rough outerborder of civilized society. On emerging from this dreary region, we rode for about three miles through a district of pine landr when we reached the commencement of the Big Scrub, which is seven miles wide. It extends, I was told, a great way northeast and southwest, a part of it showing itself on the western borders of Lake George. Nothing can be more sterile than the soil ; and these tracts are, in fact, concealed deserts, as they are too poor to admit of cultivation, and afford nothing that is lit, even for the browsing of cattle. It had begun to rain just before I entered the scrub, and the bushes being charged with drops, I underwent a double aspersion in passing through it, by which I was completely wet. The growth upon these places, from its tough and stunted character, forms a complete live fence, which, probably, would never have been penetrated through, but by the Indians, who made the present trail, for the purpose of hunting the bear ; that animal frequenting these spots at certain seasons of the year, in order to feed on the acorns that abound in them. It is his habit to stop when he comes to a path, and reconnoitre it before he crosses ; and the Indians, aware of this, formed these trails, which afford them an opportunity of killing him with great certainty. Some of the hun- ters station themselves along the path, while others go into the thickets, and drive the bear towards the ambus- caded spot, where, stopping, he is easily shot down.- The wild turkies, also, are said to be numerous here. There are here many spots covered with a yellow broom-grass, and resemble the old deserted fields of the Southern States. I, at first, supposed that they had been planted by the Indians ; but, from the small circles of water often found in them, I am inclined to think,  EAST-FLORIDA. 85 that they are filled-up ponds, the soil in them being, generally, a white sand, similar to that of the higher grounds, from which, it has been probably washed down. Beyond the scrub, a region of high rolling pine land occurs, and continues to within a short distance of the Ocklewahaw. Some of this land, I should suppose to be good, as it is often mingled with the black jock; and the soil, where it is turned up, (as it frequently is in heaps, by a reptile, here called the salamander,) exhibits a yellow appearance, indicating a clay foundation. We passed, in this day's ride, an Indian tomb, con- sisting of pine logs, laid on eech other to the height of about three feet, and lashed together by grape vines. The body could be seen tirough the interstices, ex- tended on the ground. They seem to have no fixed mole of disposing of the dead, as they sometimes scaf- fold them, and at others, place the body in hollow trees. Mr. Dexter told me, that he once cut down a large cypress tree, in which, he found the remains of an In- dian; and Isaw near I ibrillia, a gum, in which a corpse baa been thus placed the feet being visible, on looking a little way up the hollow. At night, I encamped near a pond, about eight miles from the Ockiewahaw. It rained heavily, yet we were enabled to kindle a fire without difficulty, by the help of the lightwood, wbich lay in abundance around. This fuel is, truly, the traveller's friend, as it affords him a hearth in the wilderness in the worst wea- ther, burning, inextinguishably, in the heaviest showers. I had provided myself with a cow-hide, to protect our baggage, and also for the purpose of forming a boat, with which to ferry over the Ocklewahaw. Under the edge of this, I contrived to shelter my head, and hoped, with my surtout, and a blanket, to keep myself dry; but, the continued rain soaked both coverings through in a fhw hours, and I passed a very unpleasant night. Towards morning, the horses charged at full speed by the camp, frightened, as we had reason to believe EAST-FLORIDA. 35 that they are filled-up ponds, the soil in them being, generally, a white sand, similar to that of the higher grounds, from which, it has been probably washed down. Beyond the scrub, a region of high rolling pine land occurs, and continues to within a short distance of the Ocklewahaw. Some of this land, I should suppose to be good, as it is often mingled with the black jerk ; and The soil, where it is turned up, (as it frequently is in heaps, by a reptile, here called the salamander,) exhibits a yellow appearance, indicating a chry foundation. We passed, in this day's ride, an Indian tomb, con- sisting of pine logs, laid on each other to the height of about three feet, and lashed together by grape vines. The body could be seen tlirough the interstices, ex- tended on the, ground. They secem to have no fixed sitwa of disposing of the dead, as they sometimes scaf- fold them, and at others, place the body in hollow trees. Mr. Dexter told me, that he once cut down a large repress tree, in which, he found the remains of an In- dian: and Isaw near Vibrillia, a gum, in which a corpse had bees thus placed the feet being visible, on looking a little iay up the hollow. At night, I encamped near a pond, about eight miles from the Ockiewahaw. It rained heavily, yet we were enabled to kindle a fire without difficulty, by the help of the lightwood, which lay in abundance around. T his fuel is. truly, the traveller's friend, as it affords him a hearth in the wilderness in the worst wea- ther, burning, inextinguishably, in the beaviest showers. I had provided myself with a cow-hide, to protect our baggage, and also for the purpose of forming a boat, with which to ferry over the Ocklewahaw. Under the edge of this, I contrived to shelter my head, and hoped, with my surtout, and a blanket, to keep myself dry ; but, the continued rain soaked both coverings through in a few hours, and I passed a very unpleasant night. Towards morning, the horses charged at full speed by the camp, frightened, as we had reason to believe EAST-FLORIDA. 35 that they are filled-up ponds, the soil in them being, generally, a white sand, similar to that of the higher grounds, from which, it has been probably washed down. Beyond the scrub, a region of high rolling pine land occurs, and continues to within a short distance of the Ocklewahaw. Some of this land, I should suppose to be good, as it is often mingled with the black-jaek ; and the soil, where it is turned up, (as it frequently is in heaps, by a reptile, here called the salamander,) exhibits a yellow appearance, indicating a clay foundation. We passed, in this day's ride, an Indian tomb, con- sisting of pine logs, laid on each other to the height of about three feet, and lashed together by grape vines. The body could be seen tirough the interstices, ex- oed on the ground. They seem to have no fixed sice of disposing of the dead, as they sometimes scaf- fold them, and at others, place the body in hollow trees. Ar,. Dexter told me, that he once cut down a large eypress tree, in which, he found the remains of an In- dian; and Isaw near V ibrillia, a gum, in which a corpse hae beex thus placed the feet being visible, on looking a little way up the hollow. At night, I encamped near a pond, about eight miles frot the Ockuewahaw. It rained heavily, yet we were enabledl to kindle a fire without difficulty, by the help of the lightwood, which lay in abundance around. This fuel is, truly, the traveller's friend, as it affords him a hearth in the wilderness in the worst wea- ther, burning, inextinguishably, in the heaviest showers. I had provided myself with a cow-hide, to protect our baggage, and also for the purpose of forming a boat, with which to ferry over the Ocklewahaw. Under the edge of this, I contrived to shelter my head, and hoped, with my surtout, and a blanket, to keep myself dry ; but, the continued rain soaked both coverings through in a few hoors, and I passed a very upleasant night. Towards morning, the horses charged at full speed by the camp, frightened, as we had reason to believe  36 NOTICES OF afterwards, by a wolf, for we heard one howl at day- break, not very far from us. The guide set out early in pursuit of them, and was gone so long, that I had begun to fear that they had taken the road home, and that I should have to walk back to Volusia. He, how- ever, found them, and resuming our journey, we arrived in about an hour, on the banks of the Ocklewahaw. This stream runs, generally, a north eastern course, until near its disemboguement into the St. John's. The In- dians and Negroes say, that it heads in a lake* larger than Lake George, at about sixty miles from the point where I crossed it, which is forty miles from its mouth, by water. The Ocklewahaw, runs, for a great part of its course, through a fresh marsh, which is very wide in many places, and would afford fine rice fields, if sufficient embankments can be formed against the inundations of the river. The streams in this country, not being subject to sudden or violent overflows, there would not, I con- ceive, be much difficulty, in reclaiming all the low lands that border upon them. We found the river extended much beyond its usual bounds; and the hide we had brought for a conveyance overt was so much soaked by the previous night's rain, nI have called thi. Lake Duval, in houour of the present Gov- ernor of the Territory. I Them being no ferries in this country, skins are used for noose, m abovementioned. The hide is stretched upon the ground, and two stout sticks placed crosswise upon it ; and the edges being loop-holed, a cord is passed rond i; by which, the sidesare drawn up to the necessary height-the sticks keeping it sufficiently extended to receive the passenger. A cord is then attached to one end. which the guide takes in his mouth, and swims across, drawing the traveller after him. I passed several streams in this way, without accident. having always had the luck to get over in a whot, akin. was, however, I must coa- fess, always very glad to land ; and am inclined to think, that the phrase ofjumping out of the skin forjoy, must have originated with some traveller, who chanced to be conveyed io this way. 36 NOTICES OF afterwards, by a wolf, for we heard one howl at day- break, not very far from as. The guide set out early in pursuit of them, and was gone so long, that I had begun to fear that they had taken the road home, and that I ssould have to walk back to Volusia. He, how- ever, found them, and resuming our journey, we arrived in about an hour, on the banks of the Ocklewahaw. This stream runs, generally, a north eastern course, until near its disemboguement into the St. John's. The In- dians and Negroes say, that it heads in a lake* larger than Lake George, at about sixty miles from the point where I crossed it, which is forty miles from its mouth, by water. The Ocklewahaw, runs, for a great part of its course, through a fresh marsh, which is very wide in many places, and would afford fine rice fields, if sufficient embankments can be formed against the inundations of the river. The streams in this country, not being subject to sudden or violent overflows, there would not, I con- ceive, be much difficulty, in reclaiming all the low lands that border upon them. We found the river extended much beyond its usual bounds ; and the hide we had brought for a conveyance overt was so much soaked by the previous night's rain, b Iare called thi. Lake Duval, in honour of the present Gov. ernor of the Territory. J There being no ferries in this country, skins are used for Doats, os abovementioned. The hide is stretched upon the ground, and two stout sticks placed crosswise upon it ; and the edges being loop-holed, a cord is passed round it by which, the sidesam drawn ep to the necessary height-the sticks keeping it sufliently extended to receive the passenger. A cord is then attached to one end. which the guide takes in his mouth, and swims across, drawing the traveller after him. I passed several streams in this way, without accident. having always had the luck to get over in a whole skin, t was, however, I must con- fess, always very glad to land; and am inclined to think, that the phrase ofjumping out of the skin for joy, must have originated with some traveller, who chanced to be conveyed in this way. 36 NOTICES OF afterwards, by a wolf, for we heard one howl at day break, not very far from as. The guide set out early in pursuit of them, and was gone so long, that I had begun to fear that they had taken the road home, and that I asould have to walk back to Volusia. He, how- ever, found them, and resuming our journey, we arrived in about an hour, on the banks of the Ocklewahaw. This stream runs, generally, a north eastern course, until near its disemboguement into the St. John's. The In- dians and Negroes say, that it heads in a lake* larger than Lake George, at about sixty miles from the point where I crossed it, which is forty miles from its mouth, by water. The Ocklewahaw, runs, for a great part of its course, through a fresh marsh, which is very wide in many places, and would afford fine rice fields, if sufficient embankments can be formed against the inundations of the river. The streams in this country, not being subject to sudden or violent overflows, there would not, I con- ceive, be much difficulty, in reclaiming all the low lands that border upon them. We found the river extended much beyond its usual bounds t and the hide we had brought for a conveyance over,t was so much soaked by the previous night's rain, * I have called thi. Lake Duval, in honour of the present Gov- ernor of the Territory. t There being no ferries in this country, skins are used for aoats, as abovementioned. The hide is stretched upon the ground, and two stout sticks placed crosswise upon it ; and the edges being loop-hole', a cord is passed round it i by which, the sidesare drawn up to the necessary height-the sticks keeping it safficiestly extended to receive the passenger. A cord is thea attached to one end. which the guide takes in his mouth, and swims acmss, drawing the traveller after him. I passed several streams in this way, without accident, having always had the luck to get over in a whole skin. I was, however, I must con. fess, always very glad to land ; and am inclined to think, that the phrase ofjumping out of the skin for joy, must have originated with some traveller, who chanced to be conveyed in this way.  EAST-FLORIDA. 37 as not to be sea-worthy, we were, therefore, obliged to make use of our live craft, and swim over on horse- back. We stript off our clothes, to prevent their get- ting wet. As it continued to rain, I found undressing in a shower a very unpleasant part of the undertaking. About midway, on the left side, there is a spot where horses can touch, and where it is usual to rest them ; but, the one I rode became so ungovernable, as soon as he found a foot-hold, that I was obliged to turn him off into the deep channel, and swim him the whole way, which tried his wind and strength not a little. On the northwestern side of this river, the land is generally more elevated, and of a better quality, than the portion on its southeastern side ; the pine being more mingled with oak; and the soil, though light and sandy, reposing, generally, on a clay foundation. Numerous ponds and lakes are found here, as on the southeastern side. The first of these of any note, that occurs, is Lake Ware, which lies in the picturesque form of a crescent, and is about eight miles over in the widest part. The road runs along the beach, which forms the chord of hbis watery bow, and is bordered with bays and pal- mettos, that are, in many places, so regularly set, as to have the appearance of an artificial enclosure. The banks of the lake are, in some places, elevated, and appeared to consist, generally, of very good land. The forest, at present, forms a virgin cestus around it; and its pure waters, unpassed, as yet, but by the wing of the eagle, or the wild-ducks are so extremely clear, as to admit the Sun's rays to a considerable depth ; and the light may, for some distance, be seen, playing upon its bed of silver sand. The next large lake that is met with, is about two miles further on. It appears to be something more than six miles in length, by a mile in breadth ; and is adorned with several pretty islands. I called it Lake Worthington, after the then acting Governor of the Province. 4 EAST-FLORIDA. 37 as not to be sea-worthy, we were, therefore, obliged to make use of our live craft, and swim over on horse- back. We stript off our clothes, to prevent their get- ting wet. As it continued to rain, I found undressing in a shower a very unpleasant part of the undertaking. About midway, on the left side, there is a spot where horses can touch, and where it is usual to rest them ; but, the one I rode became so ungovernable, as soon as he found a foot-hold, that I was obliged to turn him off into the deep channel, and swim him the whole way, which tried his wind and strength not a little. On the northwestern side of this river, the land is generally more elevated, and of a better quality, than the portion on its southeastern side ; the pine being more mingled with oak ; and the soil, though light and sandy, reposing, generally, on a clay foundation. Numerous ponds and lakes are found here, as on the southeastern side. The first of these of any note, that occurs, is Lake Ware, which lies in the picturesque form of a crescent, and is about eight miles over in the widest part. The road runs along the beach, which forms the chord of the watery bow, and is bordered with bays and pal- mettos, that are, in many places, so regularly set, as to have the appearance of an artificial enclosure. The banks of the lake are, in some places, elevated, and appeared to consist, generally, of very good land. The forest, at present, forms a virgin restus around it; and its pure waters, unpassed, as yet, but by the wing of the eagle, or the wild-ducks are so extremely clear, as to admit the Sun's rays to a considerable depth ; and the light may, for some distance, be seen, playing upon its bed of silver sand. The next large lake that is met with, is about two miles further on. It appears to be something more than six miles in length, by a mile in breadth ; and is adorned with several pretty islands. I called it Lake Worthington, after the then acting Governor of the Province. 4 EAST-FLORIDA. 37 as not to be sea-worthy, we were, therefore, obliged to make use of our live craft, and swim over on horse- back. We stript of our clothes, to prevent their get- ting wet. As it continued to rain, I found undressing in a shower a very unpleasant part of the undertaking. About midway, on the left side, there is a spot where horses can touch, and where it is usual to rest them ; but, the one I rode became so ungovernable, as soon as he found a foot-hold, that I was obliged to turn him off into the deep channel, and swim him the whole way, which tried his wind and strength not a little. On the northwestern side of this river, the land is generally more elevated, and of a better quality, than the portion on its southeastern side ; the pine being more mingled with oak ; and the soil, though light and sandy, reposing, generally, on a clay foundation. Numerous ponds and lakes are found here, as on the southeastern side. The first of these of any note, that occurs, is Lake Ware, which lies in the picturesque form of a crescent, and is about eight miles over in the widest part. The road runs along the beach, which forms the chord of ths watery bow, and is bordered with bays and pal- mettos, that are, in many places, so regularly set, as to have the appearance of an artificial enclosure. The banks of the lake are, in some places, elevated, and appeared to consist, generally, of very good land. The forest, at present, forms a virgin cestus around it; and its pure waters, unpassed, as yet, but by the wing of the eagle, or the wild-ducks are so extremely clear, as to admit the Sun's rays to a considerable depth ; and the light may, for some distance, be seen, playing upon its bed of silver sand The next large lake that is met with, is about two miles further on. It appears to be something more than six miles in length, by a mile in breadth ; and is adorned with several pretty islands. I called it Lake Worthington, after the then acting Governor of the Province. 4  38 NOTICES OF A few miles further on, four small, bt very pretty sheets of water are found, enwreathed, as it were, by bays and dwarf palmettos; and these I have named The Beada, as they succeed each other at short dis- tances, and in regular order, and are almost perfectly oval. - I 91sl not attempt to note the endless succession of the lakes, ponds, and savannas, which I continued to meet with, until within about fifteen miles of the Big Swamp, when they suddenly disappeared, though the face of the country, to the borders of the hammock, on the edge of the swamp, does not, in other respects, vary very materially. The number of these pieces of water, which gleam upon the traveller's eye, from a distance, or lie along his route, in this direction, is scarcely credible, and presents a singularity that, I believe, is not to be met with in the topography of any other region of the world. The same peculiarity, I was told, appears upon the road to Pulacklicaka, (signifying scattered hammocks) a distance of twenty-five miles from the crossing place on the Ocklewahaw, and also on the road from Picofata to Alachua, a distance of forty miles. The St. John's itself, is, in fact, but a continued range of these lakes ; thus exhibiting, in its chief fea- tures, a striking analogy to the nature of the country through which it flows. So much is this the case, that a stream, similar in all respects to this river, might, I am convinced, be formed, by merely connecting the various bodies of water that lie parallel to its course. As it preserves this lake-like form through its whole extent, and ends in a lake, it may, from analogy, be concluded, that all the unknown re- gion between it, and the ocean on the west, is also like the country I have just described-a land of lakes, and innumerable sheets of water. Some new term in geography must be invented to describe this extraordinary land of many waters, which 38 NOTICES OF A few miles further on, four small, but very pretty sheets of water are found, enwreathed, as it were, by bays and dwarf palmettos; and these I have named The Beads, as they succeed each other at short dis- tances, and in regular order, and are almost perfectly oval. - I shall not attempt to note the endless succession of the lakes, ponds, and savannas, which I continued to meet with, until within about fifteen miles of the Big Swamp, when they suddenly disappeared, though the face of the country, to the borders of the hammock, on the edge of the swamp, does not, in other respects, vary very materially. The number of these pieces of water, which gleam upon the traveller's eye, from a distance, or lie along his route, in this direction, is scarcely credible, and presents a singularity that, I believe, is not to be met with in the topography of any other region of the world. The same peculiarity, I was told, appears upon the road to Pulacklicaka, (signifying scattered hammocks) a distance of twenty-five miles from the crossing place on the Ocklewahaw, and also on the road from Picofata to Alachua, a distance of forty miles. The St. John's itself, is, in fact, but a continued range of these lakes ; thus exhibiting, in its chief fea- tures, a striking analogy to the nature of the country through which it flows. So much is this the case, that a stream, similar in all respects to this river, might, I am convinced, be formed, by merely connecting the various bodies of water that lie parallel to its course. As it preserves this lake-like form through its whole extent, and ends in a lake, it may, from analogy, be concluded, that all the unknown re- gion between it, and the ocean on the west, is also like the country I have just described-a land of lakes, and innumerable sheets of water. Some new term in geography must be invented to describe this extraordinary land of many waters, which 38 NOTICES OF A few miles further on, four small. but very pretty sheets of water are found, enwreathed, as it were, by bays and dwarf palmettos; and these I have named The Beads, as they succeed each other at short dis- tances, and in regular order, and are almost perfectly oval. I shall not attempt to note the endless succession of the lakes, ponds, and savannas, which I continued to meet with, until within about fifteen miles of the Big Swamp, when they suddenly disappeared, though the face of the country, to the borders of the hammock, on the edge of the swamp, does not, in other respects, vary very materially. The number of these pieces of water, which gleam upon the traveller's eye, from a distance, or lie along his route, in this direction, is scarcely credible, and presents a singularity that, I believe, is not to be met with in the topography of any other region of the world. The same peculiarity, I was told, appears upon the road to Pulacklicaka, (signifying scattered hammocks) a distance of twenty-five miles from the crossing place on the Ocklewahaw, and also on the road from Piculata to Alachua, a distance of forty miles. The St. John's itself, is, in fact, but a continued range of these lakes ; thus exhibiting, in its chief fea- tures, a striking analogy to the nature of the country through which it flows. So much is this the case, that a stream, similar in all respects to this river, might, I am convinced, be formed, by merely connecting the various bodies of water that lie parallel to its course. As it preserves this lake-like form through its whole extent, and ends in a lake, it may, from analogy, be concluded, that all the unknown re- gion between it, and the ocean on the west, is also like the country I have just described-a land of lakes, and innumerable sheets of water. Some new term in geography must be invented to describe this extraordinary land of many waters, which  EAST-FLORIDA. 39 has, I believe, less of a terraqueous character, than any other region ofcountry, perhaps in the known world. Not far from Lake Worthington, we put up two Whooping cranes in the pine barren. This being an unusual haunt for a bird, which I supposed to be alto- gether equatic in its habits, I made some inquiries of my guide respecting its history. He said, that itfed like a deer; and was as often to be found in the high lands as in the savannas. I was, subsequently, informed, upon better authority, that it very much frequented the drier grounds, for the purpose of getting gravel and is sometimes termed by the inhabitants of the country, the Sand-hill crane. It is never seen in the rivers ; but haunts the swamps and savannas, feeding chiefly on the root of a plant, which it pulls up with its beak. It also unearths and eats the worms and insects that are found in these situations. A person, who once kept two of the young ones for some time, informed me, that he fed them upon worms and insects." Soon after seeing these cranes, we observed an opos- sum retreat from the side of a lake near the road, and ascend a pine tree of no great height, that grew near the bank. On coming up to the spot, it was a con- siderable time before we were enabled to discover where it had concealed itself ; but, at length, perceived * This bird is very fte eating. Its estraardinary croak or whoop, may be heard echoing from a great distance. It is said to be sometimes six feet is height. It is called Wrtola-lacha, by the Indians. Thee is said to be a still nose gigantic crae, which they call Wortola hatb.. This bird is white, with black tipt wings. It has a very plaintive and pleasing note, which it utters when flying. This is, no doubt, the speries slbaded to by tartram, when he speaks in his strange language, of the " Sera- phic Cranes." They are supposed not to breed in the Province, as their nests have never been found. When the time for incu. bation approaches, they sre a4served to depart towards the orthwest, soaringto a prdigious height. Their haunts are sn the islands and bars of the sea coosts, on the western side of the peninsula. The Indian name for the como tn crae, is ItWorteo- msas i. EAST-FLORIDA. 39 has, I believe, less of a terraqueous character, than any other region ofcountry, perhaps in the known world. Not far from Lake Worthington, we put op two Whooping cranes in the pine barren. This being an unusual haunt for a bird, which I supposed to be alto- gether equatic in its habits, I made some inquiries of my guide respecting its history. He said, that itfed like a deer; and was as often to be found in the high lands as in the savannas. I was, subsequently, informed, upon better authority, that it very much frequented the drier grounds, for the purpose of getting gravel q and is sometimes termed by the inhabitants of the country, the Sand-hill crane. It is never seen in the rivers ; but haunts the swamps and savannas, feeding chiefly on the root of a plant, which it pulls up with its beak. It also unearths and eats the worms and insects that are found in these situations. A person, who once kept two of the young ones for some time, informed me, that he fed them upon worms and insects.n Soon after seeing these cranes, we observed an opos- sum retreat from the side of a lake near the road, and ascend a pine tree of no great height, that grew near the bank. On coming up to the spot, it was a con- siderable time before we were enabled to discover where it had concealed itself ; but, at length, perceived * This bird is very fmie eating. Its estraurdinaty croak or whoop, may be heard echoing from a great distance. It is said to be sometimes six feet in height. It is called Wortola-lach, by the Indians. There is said to be a still more gigaitic crane, which they call Wortoa hatki. This bird is white, with black tipt wings. It has a very plaintive rnd pleasing sote, which it utters when flying. This is, no doubt, the speries alluded to by Bartram, when he speaks in his strange language, uf th Sera. phic Cranes." They are supposed not to breed in the Province, s their nests have never been found. When the time for incu. bation approaches, they are observed to deport towards the nothwest, saoriegtoa prdigious height. Their haunts are on the islands and bars of the sea coasts, on ite western side of the peninula. The Indian name for tlie emmon sne, is Wtortoa. ma0 I EAST-FLORIDA. 39 has, I believe, less of a terraqueous character, than any other region ofcountry, perhaps in the known world. Not far from Lake Worthington, we putt op two Whooping cranes in the pine barren. This being an unusual haunt for a bird, which I supposed to be alto- gether equatic in its habits, I made some inquiries of my guide respecting its history. He said, that itfed like a deer; and was as often to be found in the high Iands as in the savannas. I was, subsequently, informed, upon better authority, that it very much frequented the drier grounds, for the purpose of getting gravel; and is sometimes termed by the inhabitants of the country, the Sand-hill crane. It is never seen in the rivers; but haunts the swamps and savannas, feeding chiefly on the root of a plant, which it pulls up with its beak. It also unearths and eats the worms and insects that are found in these situations. A person, who once kept two of the young ones for some time, informed me, that he fed them upon worms and insects." Soon after seeing these cranes, we observed an opos- sum retreat from the side of a lake near the road, and ascend a pine tree of no great height, that grew near the bank. On coming op to the spot, it was a con- siderable time before we were enabled to discover where it had concealed itself ; but, at length, perceived * This bird is very line eating. Its extraordinary croak or whoop, may be heard echoirig from a great distance. It it said to be sometimes six feet in height. It is called Wortolo-la-ha, by the lndians. Thre is said to be a still mare gigaintic crate, which they call Wortola hatk. This bird is white, with black tipt wings. It has a very plaintive and pleasing note, which it asters when flying. This is; no doubt, the species olilded to by tartram, when he speaks in his strange language, of the 1 Sera- phic Lornes." They are supposed not to breed in the Province, as their nests have never been found. When the time for incs bation approaches, they are observed to deprt towards the northwest, soaringto a prdigious height. Their haunts are oe the islands and bars of the sea coasts,on tite western side of the peninsula. The Indian name for tie common crane, is It sto- ma..  40 NOTICES OF it, nestled closely in the topmost brush of the tree. My guide fired four or five times at it, without bringing it down, though he evidently hit it each time. He was, finally, compelled to give up the attempt to kill it, attri- buting his failure to the weakness of his powder ; but, the extraordinary vivaciousness for which this animal is distinguished, was, probably, the true cause of our not getting it. After being severely wounded, they have been known to lie for several hours as if dead ; and when anopportunity has occurred, have made their escape. Hence, the expression of " playing possum," is common among the inhabitants, being applied to those who act with cunning and duplicity. Some of the lakes of which I have spoken, though fine sheets of water, are without any other beauty, owing to their being surrounded by melancholy and monotonous forests of pine. The waters of all of them are remarkably clear; hence, they are termed in the country, " Clear Water Ponds." In summer, when diminished by drought, the edges that are left dry, are covered with a fmae verdure ; which renders the districts that they occupy, the finest grasing country in the world, affording both stock, water and pasturage, as they never become completely dry. Some of them are said to be unfathomable ; and it is pretended, that a rise and fall of water of several inches has been observed in them. It has also been conjectured, that a subterraneous intercommunication exits among them, from various phenomena, which have been noticed by the inhabit- ants ; while the waters of others are supposed to be discharged under ground, into the sea. It is asserted, that a spring of fresh water rises in the ocean, opposite to the south end of Anastatia Island, five or six miles from the coast. I have met with per- sons who averred, that they had seen this fountain, and drank fresh water from it. They further said, that they had sounded round it, and had obtained seven fathoma water ; while in the middle, they could find no bottom. 40 NOTICES OF it, nestled closely in the topmost brush of the tree. My guide fired four or five times at it, without bringing it down, though he evidently hit it each time. He was, finally, compelled to give up the attempt to kill it, attri- buting his failure to the weakness of his powder ; but, the extraordinary vivaciousness for which this animal is distinguished, was, probably, the true cause of our not getting it. After being severely wounded, they have been known to lie for several hours as if dead ; and when an opportunity has occurred, have made their escape. Hence, the expression of " playing possum," is common among the inhabitants, being applied to those who act with cunning and duplicity. Some of the lakes of which I have spoken, though fine sheets of water, are without any other beauty, owing to their being surrounded by melancholy and monotonous forests of pine. The waters of all of them are remarkably clear; hence, they are termed in the country, " Clear Water Ponds." In summer, when diminished by drought, the edges that are left dry, are covered with a fmae verdure ; which renders the districts that they occupy, the finest gracing country in the world, affording both stock, water and pasturage, as they never become completely dry. Some of them are said to be unfathomable ; and it is pretended, that a rise and fall of water of several inches has been observed in them. It has also been conjectured, that a subterraneous intercommunication exits among them, from various phenomena, which have been noticed by the inhabit- ants ; while the waters of others are supposed to be discharged under ground, into the sea. It is asserted, that a spring of fresh water rises in the ocean, opposite to the south end of Anastatia Island, five or six miles from the coast. I have met with per- sons who averred, that they had seen this fountain, and drank fresh water from it. They further said, that they had sounded round it, and had obtained seven fathoms water ; while in the middle, they could find no bottom. 40 NOTICES OF it, nestled closely in the topmost brush of the tree. My guide fired four or five times at it, without bringing it down, though he evidently hit it each time. He was, finally, compelled to give up the attempt to kill it, attri- buting his failure to the weakness of his powder ; but, the extraordinary vivaciousness for which this animal is distinguished, was, probably, the true cause of our not getting it. After being severely wounded, they have been known to lie for several hours as if dead ; and when an opportunity has occurred, have made their escape. Hence, the expression of " playing possum," is common among the inhabitants, being applied to those who act with cunning and duplicity. Some of the lakes of which I have spoken, though fine sheets of water, are without any other beauty, owing to their being surrounded by melancholy and monotonous forests of pine. The waters of all of them are remarkably clear; hence, they are termed in the country, " Clear Water Ponds." In summer, when diminished by drought, the edges that are left dry, are covered with a fine verdure ; which renders the districts that they occupy, the finest grasing country in the world, affording both stock, water and pasturage, as they never become completely dry. Some of them are said to be unfathomable ; and it is pretended, that a rise and fall of water of several inches; has been observed in them. It has also been conjectured, that a subterraneous intercommunication exits among them, from various phenomena, which have been noticed by the inhabit- ants ; while the waters of others are supposed to be discharged under ground, into the sea. It is asserted, that a spring of fresh water rises in the ocean, opposite to the south end of Anastatia Island, five or six miles from the coast. I have met with per- sons who averred, that they had seen this fountain, and drank fresh water from it. They further said, that they had sounded round it, and had obtained seven fathoms water ; while in the middle, they could find no bottom.  EAST-FLORIDA. 41 This spring may be one of the outlets of the great in- terior mass of waters, for which, there seems to be no sufficient exit on the surface. I had expected to reach the Negro settlement at the Big Swamp before night ; but, it became dark, without any signs of our being near our destination. My guide had never been at the place, and proceeded merely by the directions he had received ; which, I feared, the darkness of the night would prevent his following cor- rectly. We frequently lost the trail, and were obliged to return upon our steps, in order to retrace it. We, at length, arrived at a smaflIndian town, where we found only one family, the rest having gone out a hunting. We here got directions to the Negro settlement, which we reached at about eleven o'clock at night. The Negroes said, they were apprized of our approach by the crowing of the fowls ; which we had also noticed, as being unusual at that hour. At the house of Cudjoe, one of the principal charac- ters of the place, I took up my lodging for the night, on a bunk by the fire-side. The smoke, however, and the conversation of the Negroes, who sat up till a late hour, prevented me from getting much rest. These people were in the greatest poverty, and had nothing to offer me ; having, not long before, fled from a settlement further west, and left their crop ungathered, from an apprehension of being seized on by the Cow- etas, who had recently carried off a body of Negroes, residing near the Suwaney. There was, also, a general impression among them, that the Americans would seize upon all the Negro property of the Indians ; and the latter were also in- duce to believe, by designing persons, that the Ame- ricans would rob and treat them with every degree of injustice and oppression. I, several times, in my route, saw the sites of Indian towns, which had been recently broken up, and the crops left standing on the ground. These were chiefly settlements of Lower Creek Indians, who, after their 4. EAST-FLORIDA. 41 This spring may be one of the outlets of the great in- terior mass of waters, for which, there seems to be no sufficient exit on the surface. I had expected to reach the Negro settlement at the Big Swamp befoe night ; but, it became dark, without any signs of our being near our destination. My guide had never been at the place, and proceeded merely by the directions he had received ; which, I feared, the darkness of the night would prevent his following cor- rectly. We frequently lost the trail, and were obliged to return upon our steps, in order to retrace it. We, at length, arrived at a small Indian town, where we found only one family, the rest having gone out a hunting. We here got directions to the Negro settlement, which we reached at about eleven o'clock at night. The Negroes said, they were apprized of our approach by the crowing of the fowls ; which we had also noticed, as being unusual at that hour. At the house of Cudjoe, one of the principal charac- ters of the place, I took up my lodging for the night, on a bank by the fire-side. The smoke, however, and the conversation of the Negroes, who sat up till a late hour, prevented me from getting much rest. These people were in the greatest poverty, and had nothing to offer me ; having, not long before, fled from a settlement further west, and left their crop ungathered, from an apprehension of being seized on by the Cow- etas, who had recently carried off a body of Negroes, residing near the Suwaney. There was, also, a general impression among them, that the Americans would seize upon all the Negro property of the Indians ; and the latter were also in- duce to believe, by designing persons, that the Ame- ricans would rob and treat them with every degree of injustice and oppression. I, several times, in my route, saw the sites of Indian towns, which had been recently broken up, and the crops left standing on the ground. These were chiefly settlements of Lower Creek Indians, who, after their 45 EAST-FLORIDA. 4I This spring may be one of the outlets of the great in- terior mass of waters, for which, there seems to be no sufficient exit on the surface. I had expected to reach the Negro settlement at the Big Swamp before night ; but, it became dark, without any signs of our being near our destination. My guide had never been at the place, and proceeded merely by the directions he had received ; which, I feared, the darkness of the night would prevent his following cor- rectly. We frequently lost the trail, and were obliged to return upon our steps, in order to retrace it. We, at length, arrived at a small Indian town, where we found only one family, the rest having gone out a hunting. We here got directions to the Negro settlement, which we reached at about eleven o'clock at night. The Negroes said, they were apprized of our approach by the crowing of the fowls ; which we had also noticed, as being unusual at that hour. At the house of Cudjoe, one of the principal charac ters of the place, I took up my lodging for the night, on a bank by the fire-side. The smoke, however, mid the conversation of the Negroes, who sat up till a late hour, prevented me from getting much rest. These people were in the greatest poverty, and had nothing to offer me ; having, not long before, fled from a settlement further west, and left their crop ungathered, from an apprehension of being seized on by the Cow- etas, who had recently carried off a body of Negroes, residing near the Suwaney. There was, also, a general impression among them, that the Americans would seize upon all the Negro property of the Indians ; and the latter were also in- duce to believe, by designing persons, that the Ame- ricans would rob and treat them with every degree of injustice and oppression. I, several times, in my route, saw the sites of Indian towns, which had been recently broken up, and the crops left standing on the ground. These were chiefly settlements of Lower Creek Indians, who, after their 4.  42 NOTICES OF defeat by General Jackson, in the late war, came down among the Seniholes, and supposing themselves pecu- liarly obnoxious to the Americans, dispersed themselves in the woods, or retired to remote situations, as soon as the transfer of the Province took place. The unprincipled persons who spread these on- Pounded alarms, weere enabled, by these means, to pur- chase the Negroes and other property of the Indians, at a cheap rate, and defrauded these ignorant people, to a very considerable extent. The indulgent treatment of their slaves, by which the Spaniards are so honourably distinguished : and the am- ple and humane code of laws which they have enacted, and also enforce, fbr the protection of the blacks, both bond and free, occasioned many of the Indian slaves, who were apprehensive of falling into the power of the Americans, and also most of the free people of colour who resided in St. Augustine, to transport themselves to Havana, as soon as they heard of the approach of the American authorities. I wish, that this satire upon us could be considered as undeserved. It is, however, a fact, but too notorious, tat the laws in the Southern States, respecting slaves, are most lamentably imperfect, and but little operative, bearing no comparison with the legisation and conduct of the Spaniards ; where the latter hold the same kind of property. It is with great reluctance that I touch upon this sub- ject but, as years roll on, without any regard being paid to a point of such moment, both to our interest and lsaracter, I should deem it criminal, its adverting to the topic, not to mark with reprobation, however little it may be calculated to produce effect, the callous indif- ference evinced in all the slave holding states, upon this subject. February 7th.-In the morning I parted with my guide, who was to go from hence to Vibrillia, with horses, to meet some settlers, who were on their way to 42 NOTICES OF defeat by General Jacksor, in the late war, came down among the Semiholes, and supposing themselves pecu- liarly obnoxious to the Americans, dispersed themselves in the woods, or retired to remote situations, as soon as the transfer of the Province took place. The unprincipled persons who spread these on- funded alarms, were enabled, by these means, to pur- chase the Negroes and other property of the Indians, at a cheap rate, and defrauded these ignorant people, to a very considerable extent. The indulgent treatment of their slaves, by which the Spaniards are so honourably ortoa Lorhs, Wortola Hatkhi, Cheyaocka, Hantasacotsi, Lamhi, Catacwei, Sochoahaka, Tushaotka, Fawn. Fox. Wild Cat. Snake. NAMESO Or nIRDS. Bird. Wild Torkey. Goose. Dock. Red-Bird. IMockhird. (Maysa signifies Mockery, so that the name in Indian is she same as in English. Bluejay. Curlew. Red Curlew or Heron. Owl. Crow. Parroquet. Dove. Common Crone. Whooping Crane. SCrane with black tipt wing, a gigantic species. Hawk. SHummiog-Bird, (the same meaning as in English.) Eagle. Gonet. Pelican. Indian Pullet. NAMSIF FISH. Trout Mullet. TAMES OF FISH. Chal/o, Trout_ lao/sawo. Mallet, NAMtES OF FISH. Chal/o, Trout Tocksano. Mallet, Chalo, Tocksawo.  THE SEMINOLE LANGUAGE. 10I Slastoe/Ia/i, Bass. Hoitiko, Oysters. Okennueaw, Cat-Fish. Notesasci, Shark. Eoopuaote, Gar. Oynpofeka, Porpoise. Hatc/Iastalaha, Stingray. Opeloweaw, Hammock. Acassihiapa, Savanna. NAMES OF TREES AND VEGETABLES. It to, Tree. Ittomaico, Loblolly Bay. Tola, Bay. Helocoppi, Guns. Tolaliockos, Laurel. Chuli, Pine. C/In/i-tali, Dry Pine. Atclicna, Cedar. Atcheasnahor, Cypress. Ki, Mulberry. Tofomopa, Cherry. Haino, Maple. SeophIo, Palmetto. Assi, Cassina. PaSoa, Snake-Root. Ta'olulochoa, Cabbage. Huhna, Potatoes. Aloes, Rice. Aopeon, (Seminole) Corn. Atsce, (Creek) Do. Atr/cehotowaw', Corn-flour. Chaa, Pumpkins. Heitc, Tobacco. Isopopoco, Flower. Yallako, Sweet Orange. Yallahaaotompa, Bitter Sweet. Yn/!o/Iarcooa Sons Orange. 9* THE SEMINOLE LANGUAGE. 101 SlastochIali, Bass. Hoitliko, Oysters. Okeauwno,, Cat-Fish. Notesaeci, Shark. Esupanote, Gar. Oyopofcka, Porpoise. Hatchasotalaha, Stingray. Opcloweaw, Hammock. Acassihiapa, - Savanna. NAMES OF TREES AND VEGETABLES. Itlo, Tree. Itto'siro, Loblolly Bay. To/a, Bay. Helocoppi, Gum. Tolaliocko, Laorel. Chul/i, Pine. Chu/i-tl/i, D~ry Pine. Atcenaco, Cedar AtchIeaoe, Cypress. .Kei, Mullberry. Tofompa, Cherry. Haino, Maple. SeophIo, Palmetto. Assoi, Cassina. Paaoa, Snake-Root. TaulochIo, Cabbage. Hun, Potatoes. Atozo, Rice. Anpeen, (Seminole) Corn. Atsoe, (Creek) Do. AtchIehotowa, Corn-flour. Cassa, Pumpkins. Hilt/c, Tobacco. Imapopuoco, Flower. Yalla/Ia, Sweet Orange. YollakIatsompa, Bitter Sweet. Yalla/Iaor/eoo, Sour Orange. 9. THE SEMIN SlastochIali, Hoiliko, Okeauowaw, lNoteoaoci, Esapaotel, Oyoufeko, Hatchasotala/Ia, Opelowaow, AcassihIiapa, NAMES OF TREE Ito, Ittomico, To/a, Helocopp, Toliocko, C/io, C/In/i-tali, Atc/Iena, AtchIeanah/oe, Kei, TCofom pa, Hoino, .\rop/Io, Assoi, Passoa, Ta/n/oc/Io, Ho/I., Alozo, Aspeen, (Seminole) Atsc/Ie, (Creek) AtchIehotowaw, Chassa, Hilt/c, Impopoco, 1 al/a, Yalo/Iaompa, Yallahaaurcen, OLE LANGUAGE. Bass. Oysters. Cat-Fish. Shark. Oar. Porpoise. Stingray. Hlammock. Savanna. S AND VEGETABLES. Tree. Loblolly Bay. Bay. Gum. Laurel. Pine. Dry Pine. Cedar. Cypress. Muolberry. Cherry. Maple. Palmetto. Cassina. Snake-Root. Cabbage. Potatoes. Rice. Corn. Do. Corn-floor. Pumopkins. Tobacco. Flower. Sweet Orange. Bitter Sweet. Sons Ornge. 9. 10I  .03 VOCABULARY OF ~I}Z OCABLARY F uO VOCABULARY OF 2 VCAUAYO :l2 VOCABULARY OF Otche, Sockc ha, A, an th, Chsal, i, Connala lakho, Tasllak, Hickory Not. Acorn. Willow. Melon. Alusk-Melon. Peas. NAMES OF THINGS. Otche, Sockcha, Awannsah, Chastati, Conna~latako, Tallako~ Hickory Nut. Acorn. Willow. Melon. Alsk-Melon. Peas. NAMES OF THINGS. Otche, Sockcha, Awaenah, Chastanli, Connatlaako, Tallako~, Hickory Not. Acorn. Willow. Melon. MAlsk-Melon. Peas. NAMES OF THItNGS. Soko, Topa, Pit hio, PiisloIhseo, Etsa, Aodelahat hi, Tdotchrgfolka, Tarkfoloa, Tohoboowa, Tapototcoche, Atoschopro, Hiidhoo,, ,4yncophclo, Shiocotoisi, Ita, Halo, flaaoela, Itsoahihi, Each f hrta. lelapoohi, Achetotaoti, Opu aka, Choeksaku, Chaotehnonowaow, Csowaw, Pohota, tlospuoche, T onithee, AMiski, Hoose. Bed. Boat. Vessel. Gu.. Blanket. Homespan Binding. Powder. Pistol. Sword. Physic. Clothing. Bow. Arrow. Ti,. Quort. Osnaburgs. Rifle. Spars. Shot. Strowds. Soddle. Bridle. Money. Beads. Berswox. Breakfast Thand-r Year. .Soko, Topsa, iPithlo, iPitlls/cta, Etos, Aodholhat hi, Totrhrsfolha, Torkfolos, Tohobosra,, Tapototcoche, Ataschopco, Iiillsnr, .4yrucopdr/ss, Slracotoisi, Ila, Hobo, flanaoela, Itssahidi, Eordif eir, K~lelaposki, .4chetatsti, Opotahn, Chocksaka, Chaeknhonowaw, tionowwoaw, P'ohota, 1&ussche, P ,sithe, Mioici, Hoose. Bed. Boat. Vessel. Gun.. Blanket. Homsespun Binding. Powder. Pistol. Sword. Physic. Clothing. Bow. Arrosw. Ti,. Qoort. Osnaborgsn Rifle. Spors. Shot. Stroseds. Soddle. Beidile. Money. Beads. Beeswox. Breakfast. Thsunder- Year. Topa, Pit hlo, Pith/lolhucla, Etsa, And rtahat hi, Totchrafsla, Torkfooe, Toshobowa,, 'rapototeoche, A4taschopco, Hiiseao, 4yacophela, .iKncotoiai, It., Halo, iIOSOwels, Itssahihi, Eord Wheta. Kir ispoohi, 4rchetataoti, Op staha, Chocksa, Chaeknonowaww Conowea, Pohota, Hsoapoohe,, T ,itkhe, ME/ohi House. Bed. Boat. Vessel. Gao.. Blanket. Honmespun Binding. Powder. Pistol. Sword. Physic. Clothing. Bow. Arrosw. Tic. Qoart, Osnahurgs. Rifle. Spurs. Shot. Strows. Saddle. Bridle. Money. Beads. Beeswax. Breakft. Thu~nder- Year.  THE SEMINOLE LANGAUOE. 103 THE SEMINOLE LANGAUGE. io~ ~ THE SEMINOLE LANGAUOE. 10 H SMNLELNAUE o THE SEMINOLE LANGAUOE. 103 Ockhassie, Wepjaalokesi or- Itteakagh, Wcleaeo or' Wel kg, Eyoppi, Aoiwae', Esarpolrs, Oakaawow, Assokolla, Foinsampi, Ecfsrpuckawao, Taloof a, Slafkosw, Ilicco, Miconope, Apetosee, Focka, 4Aowki, Adkosakotka, Chatto, Capa, Assoka, Haska, Cossatalki, .Slaolochati, Echkohothlepi, Tafa, Hascotalka, Chati, Soper, iNatkatit, Loot at it, Orkolatst, Lanite, Pond. Lake. Spring. Horns. Thread. Needles. Salt. Suar. Hoaey. Pipes. Towno. Knife. - Head Chief or Governor. Yaog Chief. Shade. Rope. The aperture of a Door. The Door. Rock. Jacket. File. Music. Drum. Brass. Skins. Feathers. Ear-Rings. COLO.s Red. Bku~e. White. Black. Green. Yellow. PHRASES. Z How do ye do-addressed Sto the sik. Ochassie, Wepofokeoi or Ittruatnk, Wc/aesa or af i Evsppi, Oakaaonwaw, Assokolla, Psonasapi, Echepuckawao, Tolaojo, Slafko, Miceo, Miceosrope, A4petosee, Facka, Ahowrki, Adouekisakotka, Chatto, Asoka, Cossatalki, Slolochli, )Ekhohothlepi, Haoaka, Chati, .Iactkotit, Lastatit, Ockoatat, Lanite, Pond. Lake. Spring. Horns. Thread. Needles. Salt. Sugar. Homey. Pipes. Towen. Knife.- Head Chief or Governor, Yaog Chief. Shade. Rape. Trhe aperture of a Door. The Door. Rock. 3 acket. File. Rhiasic. Dram. Brass. Skins. Feathers. Ear-Rings. COLOURS. Red. Bhu. White. Black. Green. Yellow. PRoASES. SHow do yr do-addressed to the sick. Ochassie, Wepalokesi or Ittenigzk, Wekla ao Wdiki, Es; pots, Oaaawow, Asookolla, Faonsaopi, Echepukawea, Slofkawo, Miceo, Mhiceonope, Focka, .dAhowki, Adoarkisakotko, Chatto, Cawrpa, Asooka, Ha jaka, Coaotalki, Slaolochali, Echohoathlepi, Tafa, Hancotolka, Chati, Sopa, Na katit, Lastat it, Oekolatat, Lanite, Pond. Lake. Spring. Horns. Thread. Needles. Salt. Sagar. Honey. Pipes. Town. Knife.- Head Chief or Governor. Young Chief. Shade. Rope. The aperture of a Door. The Door. Rock. Jacket. File. I-isic. Drusm. Brass. Skins. Feathers. Ear-Rings. OOU.ou Red. Blue. White. Block. Green. Yellow. PRASES 505 Z How do ye do-addressed Cxto the sick. Cheselseli,  104 VOCABULARY OF 104 OCAULAR OF104 VOCABULARY OF10 VOAURYO 104 VOCABULARY OF Likasche, Cosapi, Enca, Attache, Lop ko, Atiarowdnneele, Estidrn-bucke-naoknmsle, Apo, ksi, .lilkateoo, Ouateluasce, jlrsoqunthlcneca, Istekhaoawkit, Imnpetechepectalea, Irlslelv~ettet, Ocdeepreao, Cnanpnorrre, Hnganrrree, Scknlasemooche, Chawnrrrri-Alash~e, IstenreeiWu, Iistrfotosee, Lattxematnata. Tustanuggie, Mistehoka, Sit dowvn. Used fisr begging antd alnso for praying. Yes. No. All gone. Hake baste. Come in. A good person. A bod or cruiel person. To-Aloe, on. Salutation after long absence Stood up. Wise. Foolish. Friendk Maod. Revenge. Pride. Forgiveness. Strength. Cold. lint. Histger. Thirst. Lore. Honest. Lie. Wsar-Leader. Religious ceremony-also, the Itouse of God. Liasch/e, Coanpi, Ena, Hicoschin, Ateoche, Lopko, Ark -ce/e, Atiorehre, Enticko-hackr-snawhansle, Apovkri, Ailkatesa, Ouateluashe, Intehaooth lens, 1r~d.,thleneca, Ahem, Istehachohawrkit, Imrptecdepectalea, Islehelvettet, Orheeptrno, Iste/Ienawhee, Cnanpnnerde, Hnganuaeite, Scehalnarooorde, Cbnnwnwnki-Maushe, lotenntedeiWr, u~tsiotsete, Lauxeemauotn, Tuanusggie, Miotehoka, Sit down. Used for begging and aiso S for praying. Yes. No. All goor. Make hsaste. Come in. A good person. A bad o~r crutel person. To-Morton. Saltaotion after long absene Stand up. Witse. Foolirit. Friend. Maod. Revenge. Pride. Forgiveness. Strength. Cold. Hot. Hutnger. Tbirst. Love. lionest. Lie. War-Leader. Reiigious ceremony-also, te house of Glod. .Likanshe, Coonpi, Encea, Hicoocha, Atesche, Lspko, Achoesche, Atiasltnece, Eati -buhcke-nasrdanslr, Apacsti, sAilkateon, Ootetkeke, Istrdarotlrnc, Aiteoni, Istehachohawokit, Impetecdepectla, loleheltvettet, Ochtriresnh, Casonpamovcr/e, Hoganarke, Srdolasemnnorde, C/taoawenki-Alaushe, lotearaeheilst, isctrsete, tnouvemtt Tustanuggie, Mistehoka, Sit down. Used for ibegging and alaso 5for praying. Yes. No. All gone. Make baste. Come in. A goodl persont. A bad or crsuel person. To-Morrow. Salutation after iong absence Stand up. Wise. Foolish. Friend.k Mlad. Revenge. Pride. Forgiveness. Strentrgh. Cold.a Hot. Hunger. Thirst. Love. Honest, Lie. WVar-Leader. Religious ceremony-also, tbe bouse of God. Tbe following numrerical words are Creek, and ore generally ttsed by tbe Seminoles, tbougb the latter sanme- times employ pbrases of thteir areas wbicb I hrad nor an opportunity of obtaining. Homk in, One. tlojaka/i, Two. Tbe following nunrerical words ore Creek, anti are generally sed by tbe Seminoles, tihought the laster some- times employ phrases of threir arn, nwhich I hrad or an opportunity of obtaining. Homkin, One. Hopakohn, Two, The following numrericai wards are Creek, and ore generally used by the Seminoles, though rthe laster some- times employ phrases of thteir arwa, n-hich I bad not an oppotunity of obtaining. Homkcin, One. Hopk.&ia, Two.  THE SEMINOLE LANGUAGE. 105 THE SEMINOLE LANGUAGE. 105 THE SEMINOLE LANGUAGE. 105 Tuschanin, Ostin, Chaekspiu, EFponwkin, Colojpnnkin, Chenapokin, Ostaupokin, Prtrin, Talihomukin, Hopcolaukakin, Tuchanocakin, Osticakin, Chachkopicakin, Euporekikin, Colosoorkin, Chenopokakin, Ost apoka kin, Parli hopkholin, Omulka, Three. Four. Five. Six. Seven. Eight. Nine. Ten. Eleven. Twelve. Thirteen. Fourteen. Fifteen. Sixteen. Seventeen. Eighteen. Nineteen. Twenty. All. Tuschanin, Ostin, Chackspin, .Epawekin, Colopawekin, Chenapokin, Ostaupokin, Partin, Tali homnkin, Hopcolatkakin, Tuchanocakin, Oticakin, Chachopicakin, Eupateki kin, Colooocaki, Chenopokaekin, Ostapokakin, Parli hopkoli~n, Omulka, Three. Four. Five. Six. Seven. Eight. Nine. Ten. Eleven. Twelve. Thirteen. Fourteen. Fifteen. Sixteen. Seventeen. Eighteen. Nineteen. Twenty. All. Tuschanin, Ostia, Chackspin, .Epawekin, Golajpaekiu, Chenopokin, Otpokin, Parti,, Talihomkin, Hopcolaka kin, Tuchanocakin, Ostirtukin, Chachopicakin, Eupawki kin, Colosoocaki, Chenopokakin, Ostatpokakin, Parlihopkoli~n, Omulka, Three. Four. Five. Six. Seven. Eight. Nine. Ten. Eleven. Twelve. Thirteen. Fourteen. Fifteen. Sixteen. Seventeen. Eighteen. Nineteen. Twenty. All.  ERRATA. Page 1, liar 11, for stirlr, read steril. 10, 11, for canalsa, " " canl. 18, 20, part of the editiont for ablet,.. at lat. 30, 36, for pebtar, " prtuble. 60, 2, for roary, mr 60, 38, for co,,jdtioe, " ouodjrjoa. 62, 10, for unequally, "" inquality. 65, 3, aeperote pltural fram to,. 81, 2, for stop, ataslpt. ERRATA. Page 1, line 11, for etirilc, read teril. 10, 11, for canals, roootna. 18, 20, part of the edition far abltest, " at last. 36, 36, for prbt., "probble. 60, 2, for ranay, ..may. 60, 38, for rocadtion',, condition. 62, 10, for unerqoatly, " "inquality. 65, 3, seperate plual from ttn. 81, 2, for stop, atoslpt. ERRATA. Page 1, tine 1t, for stirlr, read steril. 10, 1t, for cralt, co"anal. 16, 20, part of the edition far ablest, " at last. 36, 36, for patitr, ""probte. 60, 2, for many, ..may. 60, 38, for coaidlior, " " ondition. 62, 10, for tarqouatt, " inqaty. 65, 3, arparoar plturod fram ine. 81, 2, forsop, .. atapt. 3 " 2.9(; 32 936 32,)s  INDEX. INDEX. INDEX. Adair, James, 69, 80-81, 82, 84, 92 Adams, John Q., xxxiii, xliin23 Alabama, 49, 85 Alachua, xxviii, 22, 24, 32, 38, 43, 46, 51, 52, 89 Alachua prairie, xxii, 46, 47 Alasco, An Indian Tale: Two Cantos: With Other Poems, xxxvi Alatamahaw, 55 American Bibliography: A Preliminary Checklist, xtn4 Anastatia Island, 40 Appleton's Cyclopaedia of American Biography, xviii Arbuthnot, [Alexander], xix Athens, Greece, 90 Atlantic, 53 Bartram, William, xii, xv, xln6, 23, 28, 39, 46, 55, 56, 64n Beads, The, 38 Beaufort, 55 Beck, Dr. John Brodhead, 16 Big Hammock, 43 Big Scrub, 34 Big Swamp, 38, 41, 43, 44, 67 Bonavista, 7 Bowlegs, early Seminole chief, 51, 62, 75, 77 Adair, James, 69, 80-81, 82, 84, 92 Adams, John Q., xxxiii, xliin23 Alabama, 49, 85 Alachua, xxviii, 22, 24, 32, 38, 43, 46, 51, 52, 89 Alachua prairie, xxii, 46, 47 Alasco, An Indian Tale: Two Cantos: With Other Poems, xxxvi Alatamahaw, 55 American Bibliography: A Preliminary Checklist, xtn4 Anastatia Island, 40 Appleton's Cyclopaedia of American Biography, xviii Arbuthnot, [Alexander], xix Athens, Greece, 90 Atlantic, 53 Bartram, William, xii, xv, xln6, 23, 28, 39, 46, 55, 56, 64n Beads, The, 38 Beaufort, 55 Beck, Dr. John Brodhead, 16 Big Hammock, 43 Big Scrub, 34 Big Swamp, 38, 41, 43, 44, 67 Bonavista, 7 Bowlegs, early Seminole chief, 51, 62, 75, 77 Adair, James, 69, 80-81, 82, 84, 92 Adams, John Q., xxxiii, xliin23 Alabama, 49, 85 Alachua, xxviii, 22, 24, 32, 38, 43, 46, 51, 52, 89 Alachua prairie, xxii, 46, 47 Alasco, An Indian Tale: Two Cantos: With Other Poems, xxxvi Alatamahaw, 55 American Bibliography: A Preliminary Checklist, xtn4 Anastatia Island, 40 Appleton's Cyclopaedia of American Biography, xviii Arbuthnot, [Alexander], xix Athens, Greece, 90 Atlantic, 53 Bartram, William, xii, xv, xtn6, 23, 28, 39, 46, 55, 56, 64n Beads, The, 38 Beaufort, 55 Beck, Dr. John Brodhead, 16 Big Hammock, 43 Big Scrub, 34 Big Swamp, 38, 41, 43, 44, 67 Bonavista, 7 Bowlegs, early Seminole chief, 51, 62, 75, 77  £ INDEX. 2 INDEX. 2 INDEX. Bowlegs' Town, 50 Brevard, Caroline Mays, xliiin4l Buffalo Bluff, 27, 30 Buker, George E., xl ff. no 5, 6, 14, 36 Byrne, Charles, xxxi Cadiz, 14, 17 Call, Richard K., xl ff. no 2, 5, 7 Cape of Florida, 22, 25 Cape Sable, 24 Carter, Clarence E., xlii ff. on 20, 23, 24, 27-29, 38, 42 Cash, W. T., xliin24 Charleston, S.C., xi, xii, xiii, xx, xxv, xxvi, xxxvii, xxxviii, xxxix, 12, 13, 14, 19 Charleston Book, The, xxxvi Charleston City Gazete, xiv Charleston Courier, xxv, xlin18 Charlevoix, Pierre de, 67, 73-74, 89-90, 95n Chazotte, a gentleman from Philadelphia, 25, 26 Clavigero, Francisco Javier, 87 Colden, Cadwallader, 73, 74n, 89 Commissioner's Letters, St. Augustine, xliin33 Cook, Sylvia, xliin28 Coolisihatchie, 26 Creek Indian Nation, xii Crosby, Michael, xxvi Cross-Florida canal, xxxiv Cudjoe, Seminole-Negro leader, 41 Currie, Dr. [both James and William wrote about fevers], 19 Cuscowilla Lake, 46 Cyclopaedia of American Literature, xvii, xxxvi, xxxvii, xliiin40 Dallett, Francis James, xlin14 Darby, William, xiv, xv Dexter, Horatio S., 23, 27, 32, 35, 47, 62, 70, 77, 84, 85, 88, 90, 91 Diego Plains, xxv, 6 Bowlegs' Town, 50 Brevard, Caroline Mays, xliiin4l Buffalo Bluff, 27, 30 Buker, George E., xl ff. on 5, 6, 14, 36 Byrne, Charles, xxxi Cadiz, 14, 17 Call, Richard K., xl ff. nn 2, 5, 7 Cape of Florida, 22, 25 Cape Sable, 24 Carter, Clarence E., xlii ff. nn 20, 23, 24, 27-29, 38, 42 Cash, W. T., xliin24 Charleston, S.C., xi, xii, xiii, xx, xxv, xxvi, xxxvii, xxxviii, xxxix, 12, 13, 14, 19 Charleston Book, The, xxxvi Charleston City Gazete, xiv Charleston Courier, xxv, xlin18 Charlevoix, Pierre de, 67, 73-74, 89-90, 95n Chazotte, a gentleman from Philadelphia, 25, 26 Clavigero, Francisco Javier, 87 Colden, Cadwallader, 73, 74n, 89 Commissioner's Letters, St. Augustine, xliin33 Cook, Sylvia, xliin28 Coolisihatchie, 26 Creek Indian Nation, xii Crosby, Michael, xxvi Cross-Florida canal, xxxiv Cudjoe, Seminole-Negro leader, 41 Currie, Dr. [both James and William wrote about fevers], 19 Cuscowilla Lake, 46 Cyclopaedia of American Literature, xvii, xxxvi, xxxvii, xliiin40 Dallett, Francis James, xlin14 Darby, William, xiv, xv Dexter, Horatio S., 23, 27, 32, 35, 47, 62, 70, 77, 84, 85, 88, 90, 91 Diego Plains, xxv, 6 Bowlegs' Town, 50 Brevard, Caroline Mays, xliiin41 Buffalo Bluff, 27, 30 Buker, George E., xl ff. on 5, 6, 14, 36 Byrne, Charles, xxxi Cadiz, 14, 17 Call, Richard K., xl ff. on 2, 5, 7 Cape of Florida, 22, 25 Cape Sable, 24 Carter, Clarence E., xlii ff. no 20, 23, 24, 27-29, 38, 42 Cash, W. T., xliin24 Charleston, S.C., xi, xii, xiii, xx, xxv, xxvi, xxxvii, xxxviii, xxxix, 12, 13, 14, 19 Charleston Book, The, xxxvi Charleston City Gazete, xiv Charleston Courier, xxv, xlinl8 Charlevoix, Pierre de, 67, 73-74, 89-90, 95n Chazotte, a gentleman from Philadelphia, 25, 26 Clavigero, Francisco Javier, 87 Colden, Cadwallader, 73, 74n, 89 Commissioner's Letters, St. Augustine, xliin33 Cook, Sylvia, xliin28 Coolisihatchie, 26 Creek Indian Nation, xii Crosby, Michael, xxvi Cross-Florida canal, xxxiv Cudjoe, Seminole-Negro leader, 41 Currie, Dr. [both James and William wrote about fevers], 19 Cuscowilla Lake, 46 Cyclopaedia of American Literature, xvii, xxxvi, xxxvii, xliiin40 Dallett, Francis James, xlin14 Darby, William, xiv, xv Dexter, Horatio S., 23, 27, 32, 35, 47, 62, 70, 77, 84, 85, 88, 90, 91 Diego Plains, xxv, 6  INDEX. 3 INDEX. S INDEX. 3 Dorchester, Massachusetts, xi Duncan, T. C., xliii nn 34, 35, 37 Dunslake Creek, 7 Duval, William P., xxviii Duyckinck, Evert A. and George L., xvii, xxxvii, xliiin40 Early History of the Creek Indians and Their Neighbors, xlin16 "Education in St. Augustine, 1821-1845," xliiin38 Ellicot, Andrew, xv England, xii Essay on Some of the Effects of Contusions of the Head, An, xii Essay Towards an Indian Bibliography Being a Catalogue of Books, Relating to the History, Antiquities, Languages, Customs, Religion, Wars, Literature, and Origin of the American Indians, in the Library of Thomas W. Field, xlin15 Europe, 95 Eustice, Col. Abraham, USA, xxi, 13n Field, Thomas W., xlin15 Fish, Clarissa, xxv Florida [including East, West, and the Flori- das], xi, xiii, xiv, xvi, xvii, xxi, xxii, xxiv, xxv, xxvi, xxviii, xxx, xxxii, xxxiv, xxxviii, xxxix, 1, 22, 24, 25, 45, 47, 49, 52, 55, 56, 57, 59, 75 Florida Herald and Southern Democrat (St. Augustine), xdiin25 Florida Historical Quarterly, xlii if. nn 22, 28, 38, 39 Florida Keys, 25 Florida Legislative Council, xxvi, xxvii, xxx, xxxi, xxxiv Floridian (Pensacola), xv, xliin2l Floridian (Tallahassee), xliin30 Forbes, James Grant, xiv, zo, 3, 10 Dorchester, Massachusetts, xi Duncan, T. C., xliii on 34, 35, 37 Dunslake Creek, 7 Duval, William P., xxviii Duyckinck, Evert A. and George L., xvii, xxxvii, xliiin40 Early History of the Creek Indians and Their Neighbors, xlin16 "Education in St. Augustine, 1821-1845," xliiin38 Ellicot, Andrew, xv England, xii Essay on Some of the Effects of Contusions of the Head, An, xii Essay Towards an Indian Bibliography Being a Catalogue of Books, Relating to the History, Antiquities, Languages, Customs, Religion, Wars, Literature, and Origin of the American Indians, in the Library of Thomas W. Field, xlin15 Europe, 95 Eustice, Col. Abraham, USA, xxi, 13n Field, Thomas W., xlin15 Fish, Clarissa, xxv Florida [including East, West, and the Flori- das], xi, xiii, xiv, xvi, xvii, xxi, xxii, xxiv, xxv, xxvi, xxviii, xxx, xxxi, xxcm, xxxviii, xxxix, 1, 22, 24, 25, 45, 47, 49, 52, 55, 56, 57, 59, 75 Florida Herald and Southern Democrat (St. Augustine), xlin25 Florida Historical Quarterly, xlii if. nn 22, 28, 38, 39 Florida Keys, 25 Florida Legislative Council, xxvi, xxvii, xxx, xxxi, xxxiv Floridian (Pensacola), x, xliin2l Floridian (Tallahassee), xliin30 Forbes, James Grant, xiv, xv, 3, 10 Dorchester, Massachusetts, xi Duncan, T. C., xliii nn 34, 35, 37 Dunslake Creek, 7 Duval, William P., xxviii Duyckinck, Evert A. and George L., xvii, xxxvii, xliiin40 Early History of the Creek Indians and Their Neighbors, xlin16 "Education in St. Augustine, 1821-1845," xliiin38 Ellicot, Andrew, xv England, xii Essay on Some of the Effects of Contusions of the Head, An, xii Essay Towards an Indian Bibliography Being a Catalogue of Books, Relating to the History, Antiquities, Languages, Customs, Religion, Wars, Literature, and Origin of the American Indians, in the Library of Thomas W. Field, xlin15 Europe, 95 Eustice, Col. Abraham, USA, xxi, 13n Field, Thomas W., xlin15 Fish, Clarissa, xxv Florida [including East, West, and the Flori- das], xi, xiii, xic, xvi, xvii, xxi, xxii, xxiv, xxv, xxvi, xxviii, xxx, xxxii, xxxiv, xxxviii, xxxix, 1, 22, 24, 25, 45, 47, 49, 52, 55, 56, 57, 59, 75 Florida Herald and Southern Democrat (St. Augustine), xliin25 Florida Historical Quarterly, xlii if. on 22, 28, 38, 39 Florida Keys, 25 Florida Legislative Council, xxvi, xxvii, xxx, xxxi, xxxiv Floridian (Pensacola), xv, xliin2 Floridian (Tallahassee), cliin30 Forbes, James Grant, xiv, xv, 3, 10  4 INDEX. France, 73, 74 Free Negroes in the South, 86 Friday, Seminole Indian, 70 Gadsden, James, xxx, xxxiv, xxxvii Gadsden's Purchase, xxx Georgia, xxvii, 55 Gibson, Edward R., xxxiii, xxxiv Grant, James, 56 Great Britain, 73, 95 Greece, 89 Greswold, Daniel S., xxvi Gibraltar, 17 Guiana, 66 Gulf of Mexico, xxviii, 26, 43, 44 Hale, Nathan, xv Halifax River, xxvi Hamilton, Alexander, xxxiii, xxxviii Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, xix, xlinl6 Harper, Francis, xn6 Havana, 42 Haw Creek, 7 Haygarth, J., 19 Hayne, Robert Y., xii, xiv, xl ff. nn 2, 5, 7 Hayne-Webster Debate, xii Hernandez, Joseph M., xxxii Historical Society of Florida, xxxvii History of Florida, A, xliiin4l History of the Seminoles, xii, xvii, xviii Hodge, F. W., xix, xlin16 Hosack, Dr. David, xx, xlinl7, 14-19 Houston, Frances R., xln3 Humboldt, Baron Alexander von, 66, 87 Inabinett, E. L., xtn5 Indian River, 24, 26 Indians of the Southeastern United States, The, xlinl6 4 INDEX. France, 73, 74 Free Negroes in the South, 86 Friday, Seminole Indian, 70 Gadsden, James, xxx, xxxiv, xxxvii Gadsden's Purchase, xxx Georgia, xxvii, 55 Gibson, Edward R., xxxiii, xxxiv Grant, James, 56 Great Britain, 73, 95 Greece, 89 Greswold, Daniel S., xxvi Gibraltar, 17 Guiana, 66 Gulf of Mexico, xxviii, 26, 43, 44 Hale, Nathan, xv Halifax River, xxvi Hamilton, Alexander, xxxiii, xxxviii Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, xix, xlin16 Harper, Francis, xln6 Havana, 42 Haw Creek, 7 Haygarth, J., 19 Hayne, Robert Y., xii, xiv, xl ff. no 2, 5, 7 Hayne-Webster Debate, xii Hernandez, Joseph M., xxxii Historical Society of Florida, xxxvii History of Florida, A, xliiin4l History of the Seminoles, xii, xvii, xviii Hodge, F. W., xix, xlin16 Hosack, Dr. David, xx, xlinl7, 14-19 Houston, Frances R., xtn3 Humboldt, Baron Alexander von, 66, 87 Inabinett, E. L., xln5 Indian River, 24, 26 Indians of the Southeastern United States, The, xlinl6 4 INDEX. France, 73, 74 Free Negroes in the South, 86 Friday, Seminole Indian, 70 Gadsden, James, xxx, xxxiv, xxxvii Gadsden's Purchase, xxx Georgia, xxvii, 55 Gibson, Edward R., xxxiii, xxxiv Grant, James, 56 Great Britain, 73, 95 Greece, 89 Greswold, Daniel S., xxvi Gibraltar, 17 Guiana, 66 Gulf of Mexico, xxviii, 26, 43, 44 Hale, Nathan, xv Halifax River, xxvi Hamilton, Alexander, xxxiii, xxxviii Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, xix, xtin16 Harper, Francis, xn6 Havana, 42 Haw Creek, 7 Haygarth, J., 19 Hayne, Robert Y., xii, xiv, xl if. nn 2, 5, 7 Hayne-Webster Debate, xii Hernandez, Joseph M., xxxii Historical Society of Florida, xxxvii History of Florida, A, xliiin4l History of the Seminoles, xii, xvii, xviii Hodge, F. W., xix, xlin16 Hosack, Dr. David, xx, xlinl7, 14-19 Houston, Frances R., xln3 Humboldt, Baron Alexander von, 66, 87 Inabinett, E. L., xln5 Indian River, 24, 26 Indians of the Southeastern United States, The, xlinl6  INDEX. 5 INDEX. 5 INDEX. 5 Indian Tribes of North America, The, xlinl6 "Intellectual Progress in the South," xli ff. nn 13, 32, 40, 43 Irvine, Dr. Matthew, xx, xxi, xlin17, 11, 13n, 20 Jackson, Andrew, xix, xxii, xxxiv, 42, 75 Jones, S. F., xxxi King Hijo's sons, 47 King Payne, Seminole chief, 57, 62, 77 Lake Duval, 36 Lake George, 23, 27, 28, 29, 31, 34, 36 Lake Mayaco, 26 Lake Senufky, 33, 59 Lake Ware, 37 Lake Worthington, 37, 39 Lake Wortola, 33 Leconte, Capt. John, USA, 3, 22, 23, 24, 26 Letters of William Gilmore Simms, The, xvii, xliii nn 34, 35, 37 Lewis, Frank, xliiin38 Library of Southern Literature, xviii Little Lake, 7 Little Scrub, 33 Liverpool, 7 Loatchaway, Town of, 46 Long Swamp, 43 Louisiana, 25 M-, 46, 48 M'Coskey, Dr. Charles N., USA, xx, 13n M'Intosh, General John, 9 M'Intosh, William, Chief of Creeks, 71, 75 Magnolia Cemetery, Charleston, xxxix Malaga, 14 Maryland, 94 Matanzas River, xxvi, 7 Matheson, William, xln6 Memoir on the Geography and Natural and Civil History of Florida, A, xiv Indian Tribes of North America, The, xlinl6 "Intellectual Progress in the South," xli ff. nn 13, 32, 40, 43 Irvine, Dr. Matthew, xx, xxi, xlin17, 11, 13n, 20 Jackson, Andrew, xix, xxii, xxxiv, 42, 75 Jones, S. F., xxxi King Hijo's sons, 47 King Payne, Seminole chief, 57, 62, 77 Lake Duval, 36 Lake George, 23, 27, 28, 29, 31, 34, 36 Lake Mayaco, 26 Lake Senufky, 33, 59 Lake Ware, 37 Lake Worthington, 37, 39 Lake Wortola, 33 Leconte, Capt. John, USA, 3, 22, 23, 24, 26 Letters of William Gilmore Simms, The, xvii, xliii nn 34, 35, 37 Lewis, Frank, xliiin38 Library of Southern Literature, xviii Little Lake, 7 Little Scrub, 33 Liverpool, 7 Loatchaway, Town of, 46 Long Swamp, 43 - Louisiana, 25 M-, 46, 48 M'Coskey, Dr. Charles N., USA, xx, 13n M'Intosh, General John, 9 M'Intosh, William, Chief of Creeks, 71, 75 Magnolia Cemetery, Charleston, xxxix Malaga, 14 Maryland, 94 Matanzas River, xxvi, 7 Matheson, William, xln6 Memoir on the Geography and Natural and Civil History of Florida, A, xiv Indian Tribes of North America, The, xlinl6 "Intellectual Progress in the South," xli ff. nn 13, 32, 40, 43 Irvine, Dr. Matthew, xx, xxi, xlin17, 11, 13n, 20 Jackson, Andrew, xix, xxii, xxxiv, 42, 75 Jones, S. F., xxxi King Hijo's sons, 47 King Payne, Seminole chief, 57, 62, 77 Lake Duval, 36 Lake George, 23, 27, 28, 29, 31, 34, 36 Lake Mayaco, 26 Lake Senufky, 33, 59 Lake Ware, 37 Lake Worthington, 37, 39 Lake Wortola, 33 Leconte, Capt. John, USA, 3, 22, 23, 24, 26 Letters of William Gilmore Simms, The, xvii, xliii nn 34, 35, 37 Lewis, Frank, xliiin38 Library of Southern Literature, xviii Little Lake, 7 Little Scrub, 33 Liverpool, 7 Loatchaway, Town of, 46 Long Swamp, 43 Louisiana, 25 M-, 46, 48 M'Coskey, Dr. Charles N., USA, xx, 13n M'Intosh, General John, 9 M'Intosh, William, Chief of Creeks, 71, 75 Magnolia Cemetery, Charleston, xxxix Malaga, 14 Maryland, 94 Matanzas River, xxvi, 7 Matheson, William, xln6 Memoir on the Geography and Natural and Civil History of Florida, A, xiv  6 INDEX. Merritt, Dr. Webster, xln3 Mexican Archipelago, 15 Micconope, Chief of Seminoles, 57, 59, 62, 77 Micconope, Town of, xxvii, 46, 47, 50, 52 Middleton, 16 "Minutes of Organization in 1856 and List of Members," xliiin39 Mississippi, 25 Mitchell, David Brydie, 71, 76 Mitchell, Peter, 47 Monroe, President James, xxx, xln2, 57 Mount Tucka, 8 Musquitto River, 7 National Intelligenceer, xxxi, xliin26 Negroes. See Free Negroes; Seminole-Negroes; Slave, Negro Neomathla, Chief of Tallahassee, xxix Newland, Col., 46 New Mexico, 87 News (St. Augustine), xliin25 New Smyrna, 23 New York, xiv, xx, 14, 16, 17, 20 Niles' Register, xiv, xv, xli if. nn 8, 9, 11, 32 Nineteenth Century, xlin31 Noda, Joseph, xxvi North American Review, x, xli no 10, 12 North River, 6, 10 Notices of East Florida, with an Account of the Seminole Nation of Indians, xvi, xvii, xix, xxv, xxvi, xxvii, xt if. no 6, 24, 31 Oakihumki Spring, 44 "Observations on the Laws Governing the Com- munition of Contagious Diseases, and the Means of Arresting Their Progress," xin17 Ochlockonee River, xxvii Ocklewahaw River, 8, 35, 36, 38, 44, 52, 59 Odell, T. C., xliii nn 34, 35, 37 6 INDEX. Merritt, Dr. Webster, xln3 Mexican Archipelago, 15 Micconope, Chief of Seminoles, 57, 59, 62, 77 Micconope, Town of, xxvii, 46, 47, 50, 52 Middleton, 16 "Minutes of Organization in 1856 and List of Members," xliiin39 Mississippi, 25 Mitchell, David Brydie, 71, 76 Mitchell, Peter, 47 Monroe, President James, xxx, xln2, 57 Mount Tucka, 8 Musquitto River, 7 National Intelligencer, xxxi, xliin26 Negroes. See Free Negroes; Seminole-Negroes; Slave, Negro Neomathla, Chief of Tallahassee, xxix Newland, Col., 46 New Mexico, 87 News (St. Augustine), xliin25 New Smyrna, 23 New York, xiv, xx, 14, 16, 17, 20 Niles' Register, xiv, xv, xli if. nn 8, 9, 11, 32 Nineteenth Century, xlin13 Nods, Joseph, xxvi North American Review, xv, xli no 10, 12 North River, 6, 10 Notices of East Florida, with an Account of the Seminole Nation of Indians, xvi, xvii, xix, xxv, xxvi, xxvii, xl if. nn 6, 24, 31 Oakihumki Spring, 44 "Observations on the Laws Governing the Com- munition of Contagious Diseases, and the Means of Arresting Their Progress," xlin17 Ochlockonee River, xxvii Ocklewahaw River, 8, 35, 36, 38, 44, 52, 59 Odell, T. C., xliii nn 34, 35, 37 6 INDEX. Merritt, Dr. Webster, oln3 Mexican Archipelago, 15 Micconope, Chief of Seminoles, 57, 59, 62, 77 Micconope, Town of, xxvii, 46, 47, 50, 52 Middleton, 16 "Minutes of Organization in 1856 and List of Members," xliiin39 Mississippi, 25 Mitchell, David Brydie, 71, 76 Mitchell, Peter, 47 Monroe, President James, xxx, xn2, 57 Mount Tucka, 8 Musquitto River, 7 National Intelligencer, xxxi, xliin26 Negroes. See Free Negroes; Seminole-Negroes; Slave, Negro Neomathla, Chief of Tallahassee, xxix Newland, Col., 46 New Mexico, 87 News (St. Augustine), xliin25 New Smyrna, 23 New York, xiv, xx, 14, 16, 17, 20 Niles' Register, xiv, xv, xli f. non 8, 9, 11, 32 Nineteenth Century, xlin3 Nods, Joseph, xxvi North American Review, xv, xli on 10, 12 North River, 6, 10 Notices of East Florida, with an Account of the Seminole Nation of Indians, xvi, xvii, xix, xxv, xxvi, xxvii, xl if. no 6, 24, 31 Oakihumki Spring, 44 "Observations on the Laws Governing the Com- munition of Contagious Diseases, and the Means of Arresting Their Progress," xin17 Ochlockonee River, xxvii Ocklewahaw River, 8, 35, 36, 38, 44, 52, 59 Odell, T. C., xliii no 34, 35, 37  INDEX. 7 INDEX. 7 INDEX. 7 Okefenokee Swamp, xiii, 51, 56 Oliphant, Mary C. Simms, xliii nn 34, 35, 37 Onea; An Indian Tale, xii, xiii, xxxvi, xln6 Orange groves, 6-7, 30, 31 Orange Lake, 52 Pablo Creek, 6, 10 Pacific islands, 66 Pensacola, xv, xxvi, xxvii, xxviii, 47, 53 Pensacola Bay, xxvii Philadelphia, xii, xiv, xxxvii, 20 Picolata, xxvi, 22, 38 Pierce, Benjamin K., xxv Pike, Gen. Zebulon M., 87 Planter and Citizens Company, xxvi Porcher, Dr. Peter, xxxix Pulacklicaha, 38, 59, 77 Ramsay, David, 56, 86n Raynal, Guillaume Thomas Frangios, 95n Reynolds, William, xxxiii, xxxiv Romans, Bernard, xv, 26 Rome, 89 Rugheimer, Virginia, xliiin36 St. Augustine, xiii, xx, xxi, xxii, xxv, xxvi, xxvii, xxviii, xxix, xxx, xxxi, xxxiii, xxxvi, xxxvii, 6, 10, 13, 20, 22, 27, 32, 42, 47, 56; Barracks Ward in, xxv; Royal Street in, xxv St. Johns River, xxvi, 1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 31, 32, 36, 38, 43, 44, 52, 59 St. Marks, xxviii, xxix St. Mary's River, 52 St. Sebastian's Creek, xxv, xxvi, 6 St. Simons, 7 Sanste, Chief of Yemasee, 56 Savannah River, 55 Sea-Islands, 55 Seminole Indians, xiv, xvi, xviii, xxii-xxiv, xxxiv, xxxv, 36, 41, 48, 49 Abandoned towns, 41-42, 51 Okefenokee Swamp, xiii, 51, 56 Oliphant, Mary C. Simms, xliii nn 34, 35, 37 Onea; An Indian Tale, xii, xiii, xxxvi, xln6 Orange groves, 6-7, 30, 31 Orange Lake, 52 Pablo Creek, 6, 10 Pacific islands, 66 Pensacola, xv, xxvi, xxvii, xxviii, 47, 53 Pensacola Bay, xxvii Philadelphia, xii, xiv, xxxvii, 20 Picolata, xxvi, 22, 38 Pierce, Benjamin K., xxv Pike, Gen. Zebulon M., 87 Planter and Citizens Company, xxvi Porcher, Dr. Peter, xxxix Pulacklicaha, 38, 59, 77 Ramsay, David, 56, 86n Raynal, Guillaume Thomas Frangios, 95n Reynolds, William, xxxiii, xxxiv Romans, Bernard, xv, 26 Rome, 89 Rugheimer, Virginia, xliiin36 St. Augustine, xiii, xx, xxi, xxii, xxv, xxvi, xxvii, xxviii, xxix, xxx, xxxi, xxxiii, xxxvi, xxxvii, 6, 10, 13, 20, 22, 27, 32, 42, 47, 56; Barracks Ward in, xxv; Royal Street in, xxv St. Johns River, xxvi, 1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 31, 32, 36, 38, 43, 44, 52, 59 St. Marks, xxviii, xxix St. Mary's River, 52 St. Sebastian's Creek, xxv, xxvi, 6 St. Simons, 7 Sanute, Chief of Yemasee, 56 Savannah River, 55 Sea-Islands, 55 Seminole Indians, xiv, xvi, xviii, xxii-xxiv, xxxiv, xxxv, 36, 41, 48, 49 Abandoned towns, 41-42, 51 Okefenokee Swamp, xiii, 51, 56 Oliphant, Mary C. Simms, xliii nn 34, 35, 37 Ones; An Indian Tale, xii, xiii, xxxvi, xln6 Orange groves, 6-7, 30, 31 Orange Lake, 52 Pablo Creek, 6, 10 Pacific islands, 66 Pensacola, xv, xxvi, xxvii, xxviii, 47, 53 Pensacola Bay, xxvii Philadelphia, xii, xiv, xxxvii, 20 Picolata, xxvi, 22, 38 Pierce, Benjamin K., xxv Pike, Gen. Zebulon M., 87 Planter and Citizens Company, xxvi Porcher, Dr. Peter, xxxix Pulacklicaha, 38, 59, 77 Ramsay, David, 56, 86n Raynal, Guillaume Thomas Franios, 95n Reynolds, William, xxxiii, xxxiv Romans, Bernard, xv, 26 Rome, 89 Rugheimer, Virginia, xliiin36 St. Augustine, xiii, xx, xxi, xxii, xxv, xxvi, xxvii, xxviii, xxix, xxx, xxxi, xxxiii, xxxvi, xxxvii, 6, 10, 13, 20, 22, 27, 32, 42, 47, 56; Barracks Ward in, xxv; Royal Street in, xxv St. Johns River, xxvi, 1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 31, 32, 36, 38, 43, 44, 52, 59 St. Marks, xxviii, xxix St. Mary's River, 52 St. Sebastian's Creek, xxv, xxvi, 6 St. Simons, 7 Sanute, Chief of Yemasee, 56 Savannah River, 55 Sea-Islands, 55 Seminole Indians, xiv, xvi, xviii, xxii-xxiv, xxxiv, xxxv, 36, 41, 48, 49 Abandoned towns, 41-42, 51  8 INDEX. Seminole Indians (cont.) Avoid abandoned towns, 46-47 Comparison of savage and civilized states, 68- 69, 72-74, 76 Crossing the southern savanna (Everglades), 24-25 Fear of Americans, 41, 42, 44 Friendship for British, 50 Honesty, 90-91 House construction, 44 Hunting: bear hunting, 34; hunting grounds, 78; training for military prowess, 81-84 Laws: general, 59-63, 69-72; inheritance, 62. See also Punishment Marriage: general, 63-65; divorce, 65-66; widows, 65-66; child care, 67; child naming, 79-81 Monroe doctrine (that Indian tribes are not independent nations), 57-58 Oratory, 88-90 Origins of Seminoles, 54-57, 59 Picture writing, 78-79 Punishment: general, 59-60; constancy of, 60; violation of custom, 60-61; murder, 62; theft, 62 Religion: conversation with Chief Senufky about God, 33-34; tomb described, 35; attitude toward religion, 91-94; Green Corn festival, 93 Roast oranges, 31 Speculation: upon the effect of American color- caste system on the Seminoles, 86-87; upon future American treatment of Indians, 95-96 Treatment of slaves, 50, 76, 77 Tribes: Creek, 54, 56, 77, 97; Yemasee, iii, 55, 57, 97; Ocklewahaw, 57, 59; Micasukies, 59; Uchees, 59 United States safe from foreign designs to use Indians against U.S., 53 Vocabulary, 97-105 8 INDEX. Seminole Indians (cont.) Avoid abandoned towns, 46-47 Comparison of savage and civilized states, 68- 69, 72-74, 76 Crossing the southern savanna (Everglades), 24-25 Fear of Americans, 41, 42, 44 Friendship for British, 50 Honesty, 90-91 House construction, 44 Hunting: bear hunting, 34; hunting grounds, 78; training for military prowess, 81-84 Laws: general, 59-63, 69-72; inheritance, 62. See also Punishment Marriage: general, 63-65; divorce, 65-66; widows, 65-66; child care, 67; child naming, 79-81 Monroe doctrine (that Indian tribes are not independent nations), 57-58 Oratory, 88-90 Origins of Seminoles, 54-57, 59 Picture writing, 78-79 Punishment: general, 59-60; constancy of, 60; violation of custom, 60-61; murder, 62; theft, 62 Religion: conversation with Chief Senufky about God, 33-34; tomb described, 35; attitude toward religion, 91-94; Green Corn festival, 93 Roast oranges, 31 Speculation: upon the effect of American color- caste system on the Seminoles, 86-87; upon future American treatment of Indians, 95-96 Treatment of slaves, 50, 76, 77 Tribes: Creek, 54, 56, 77, 97; Yemasee, iii, 55, 57, 97; Ocklewahaw, 57, 59; Micasukies, 59; Uchees, 59 United States safe from foreign designs to use Indians against U.S., 53 Vocabulary, 97-105 8 INDEX. Seminole Indians (cont.) Avoid abandoned towns, 46-47 Comparison of savage and civilized states, 68- 69, 72-74, 76 Crossing the southern savanna (Everglades), 24-25 Fear of Americans, 41, 42, 44 Friendship for British, 50 Honesty, 90-91 House construction, 44 Hunting: bear hunting, 34; hunting grounds, 78; training for military prowess, 81-84 Laws: general, 59-63, 69-72; inheritance, 62. See also Punishment Marriage: general, 63-65; divorce, 65-66; widows, 65-66; child care, 67; child naming, 79-81 Monroe doctrine (that Indian tribes are not independent nations), 57-58 Oratory, 88-90 Origins of Seminoles, 54-57, 59 Picture writing, 78-79 Punishment: general, 59-60; constancy of, 60; violation of custom, 60-61; murder, 62; theft, 62 Religion: conversation with Chief Senufky about God, 33-34; tomb described, 35; attitude toward religion, 91-94; Green Corn festival, 93 Roast oranges, 31 Speculation: upon the effect of American color- caste system on the Seminoles, 86-87; upon future American treatment of Indians, 95-96 Treatment of slaves, 50, 76, 77 Tribes: Creek, 54, 56, 77, 97; Yemasee, iii, 55, 57, 97; Ocklewahaw, 57, 59; Micasukies, 59; Uchees, 59 United States safe from foreign designs to use Indians against U.S., 53 Vocabulary, 97-105  INDEX. 9 INDEX. 9 INDEX. 9 Seminole Indians (cont.) Wars: Yemasee War (1715), 56-57; in 1776, 75; in 1814, 51; in 1818, 74-75 Wealth, 75 Work: attitude toward, 83-86; types of skills, 87-88 Seminole-Negroes, xxii, xxviii Adopt Indian habits, 76 Crossing (Everglades), 24 Description of, 45 Distrust Americans, 41, 42, 44 Guides, 32, 36 36n, 39-40, 42, 43, 47, 51 House for Christmas dance, 44 Hunters, 48 Micconope's Negroes, 59 Numbers among the Seminoles, 75 Settlement of Cudjoe, 41-42 Settlements, 44-45, 67 Soldiers, 44, 75 Traveling, 44 Senufky, Chief of Ocklewahaw, 33 Sewall, Rufus King, xxxii Shaw, Ralph, xln4 Shoemaker, Richard H., xcn4 Silver Spring, 28 Simmons, James Wright, xvii Simmons, John, xi Simmons, Mrs. T. Ritchie, xlnl Simmons, William Hayne Appointments: Keeper of the Spanish Archives, St. Augustine, xxxiii; member of a com- mission to investigate a cross-Florida canal, xxxiv; member of Territorial Medical Board, xxxi; president of the St. Augustine Board of Health, xxx; Quartermaster General, 2d Brigade, Florida Militia, xxxiii; to select the site for the capital, xxvii-xxx Charter member of the Historical Society of Florida, xxxvii Death, xxxix Seminole Indians (cont.) Wars: Yemasee War (1715), 56-57; in 1776, 75; in 1814, 51; in 1818, 74-75 Wealth, 75 Work: attitude toward, 83-86; types of skills, 87-88 Seminole-Negroes, xxii, xxviii Adopt Indian habits, 76 Crossing (Everglades), 24 Description of, 45 Distrust Americans, 41, 42, 44 Guides, 32, 36 36n, 39-40, 42, 43, 47, 51 House for Christmas dance, 44 Hunters, 48 Micconope's Negroes, 59 Numbers among the Seminoles, 75 Settlement of Cudjoe, 41-42 Settlements, 44-45, 67 Soldiers, 44, 75 Traveling, 44 Senufky, Chief of Ocklewahaw, 33 Sewall, Rufus King, xxxii Shaw, Ralph, xln4 Shoemaker, Richard H., xln4 Silver Spring, 28 Simmons, James Wright, xvii Simmons, John, xi Simmons, Mrs. T. Ritchie, xln Simmons, William Hayne Appointments: Keeper of the Spanish Archives, St. Augustine, xxxiii; member of a com- mission to investigate a cross-Florida canal, xxxiv; member of Territorial Medical Board, xxxi; president of the St. Augustine Board of Health, xxx; Quartermaster General, 2d Brigade, Florida Militia, xxxiii; to select the site for the capital, xxvii-xxx Charter member of the Historical Society of Florida, xxxvii Death, xxxix Seminole Indians (cont.) Wars: Yemasee War (1715), 56-57; in 1776, 75; in 1814, 51; in 1818, 74-75 Wealth, 75 Work: attitude toward, 83-86; types of skills, 87-88 Seminole-Negroes, xxii, xxviii Adopt Indian habits, 76 Crossing (Everglades), 24 Description of, 45 Distrust Americans, 41, 42, 44 Guides, 32, 36 36n, 39-40, 42, 43, 47, 51 House for Christmas dance, 44 Hunters, 48 Micconope's Negroes, 59 Numbers among the Seminoles, 75 Settlement of Cudjoe, 41-42 Settlements, 44-45, 67 Soldiers, 44, 75 Traveling, 44 Senufky, Chief of Ocklewahaw, 33 Sewall, Rufus King, xxxii Shaw, Ralph, xln4 Shoemaker, Richard H., xin4 Silver Spring, 28 Simmons, James Wright, xvii Simmons, John, xi Simmons, Mrs. T. Ritchie, xln1 Simmons, William Hayne Appointments: Keeper of the Spanish Archives, St. Augustine, xxxiii; member of a com- mission to investigate a cross-Florida canal, xxxiv; member of Territorial Medical Board, xxxi; president of the St. Augustine Board of Health, xxx; Quartermaster General, 2d Brigade, Florida Militia, xxxiii; to select the site for the capital, xxvii-xxx Charter member of the Historical Society of Florida, xxxvii Death, xxxix  10 INDEX. Simmons, William Hayne (cont.) Description of, xxxviii-xxxix Destruction of property during the Second Seminole War, xxxo Early life, xi-xiii Education, xii Interest in education, xxxvii Later years in Charleston, xxxvii-xxxix Member of Second Legislative Council of Florida, xxvii Member of South Carolina Legislature, xii Move to Florida, xiii Return to Charleston, xxxvii-xxxviii Travels in Creek country, xii-xiii -books published Alasco, An Indian Tale: Two Cantos; With Other Poems, xxxvi Essay on Some of the Effects of Contusions of the Head, xii, xxxii [History of the Seminoles], xvii-xviii Notices of East Florida, with an Account of the Seminole Nation of Indians, xvi Onea; An Indian Tale, xiii, xxxvi -newspaper articles Charleston City Gazete, xiv Niles' Register, xiv -magazine articles and other publications Charleston Book, The: "The Bell-Bird of Brazil," xxxvi; "The Fountain of Youth," xxxvi; "National Views," xxxvi; "The Wilderness," xxxvi Florida Herald and Southern Democrat, xxxi "Journal kept while selecting a site for the Florida capital," xliin22 News, xxxi Southern Quarterly Review: "The Constitution of France, Monarchial and Republican," xxvi: "The Phonetic Bible," xxxvi; "Rail Road and Canal Routes to California," xxxvi D-3-92 10 INDEX. Simmons, William Bayne (cont.) Description of, xxxviii-xxxix Destruction of property during the Second Seminole War, xxxv Early life, xi-xiii Education, xii Interest in education, xxxvii Later years in Charleston, xxxvii-xxxix Member of Second Legislative Council of Florida, xxvii Member of South Carolina Legislature, xii Move to Florida, xiii Return to Charleston, xxxvii-xxxviii Travels in Creek country, xii-xiii -books published Alasco, An Indian Tale: Two Cantos; With Other Poems, xxxvi Essay on Some of the Effects of Contusions of the Head, xii, xxxii [History of the Seminoles], xvii-xviii Notices of East Florida, with an Account of the Seminole Nation of Indians, xvi Onea; An Indian Tale, xiii, xxxvi -newspaper articles Charleston City Gazete, xiv Niles' Register, xiv -magazine articles and other publications Charleston Book, The: "The Bell-Bird of Brazil," xxxvi; "The Fountain of Youth," xxxvi; "National Views," xxxvi; "The Wilderness," xxxvi Florida Herald and Southern Democrat, xxxi "Journal kept while selecting a site for the Florida capital," xliin22 News, xxxi Southern Quarterly Review: "The Constitution of France, Monarchial and Republican," xxvi: "The Phonetic Bible," xxxvi; "Rail Road and Canal Routes to California," xxxvi D-3-92 10 INDEX. Simmons, William Rayne (cont.) Description of, xxxviii-xxxix Destruction of property during the Second Seminole War, xxxv Early life, xi-xiii Education, xii Interest in education, xxxvii Later years in Charleston, xxxvii-xxxix Member of Second Legislative Council of Florida, xxvii Member of South Carolina Legislature, xii Move to Florida, xiii Return to Charleston, xxxvii-xxxviii Travels in Creek country, xii-xiii -books published Alasco, An Indian Tale: Two Cantos; With Other Poems, xxxvi Essay on Some of the Effects of Contusions of the Head, xii, xxxii [History of the Seminoles], xvii-xviii Notices of East Florida, with an Account of the Seminole Nation of Indians, xvi Onea; An Indian Tale, xiii, xxxvi -newspaper articles Charleston City Gazete, xiv Niles' Register, xiv -magazine articles and other publications Charleston Book, The: "The Bell-Bird of Brazil," xxxvi; "The Fountain of Youth," xxxvi; "National Views," xxxvi; "The Wilderness," xxxvi Florida Herald and Southern Democrat, xxxi "Journal kept while selecting a site for the Florida capital," xliin22 News, xxxi Southern Quarterly Review: "The Constitution of France, Monarchial and Republican," xxvi: "The Phonetic Bible," xxxvi; "Rail Road and Canal Routes to California," xxxvi D-3-92  INDEX. 11 Simms, William Gilmore, xvii, xxxvi, xxxvii, xxxviii, xl if. no 13, 32, 40, 43 Sitarky, early Seminole chief, 62, 89 Sketches, Historical and Topographical of the Floridas, iv Sketches of St. Augustine with a View of Its History and Advantages As a Resort for In- valids, xxxii Slave, Negro American seizure of Seminole slaves, 84 Comparison of Spanish with American treat- ment, 42 Mr. Dexter's, 91 Refugee slaves, 44 Seminole attitude toward, 50 Seminole treatment of, 76-77 Southern slaves safe with acquisition of Flor- ida, 53 Southern slave population increase, 96 Smith's Creek, xxvi Smyth, J. F. D., 72, 74, 89 South America, 88, 93 South Carolina, xi, xii, 49, 55, 56 Southern Quarterly Review, xxxvi Spain, xiii, xxii, 57 Spring Gardens, 59 Story of Florida, The, xliin24 Suwannee River, xxvii, xxix, 41, 47, 59, 77 Swanton, John R., xix, xlin16 Talapoosa, 49 Tallahassee, xxix, xxx Tampa Bay, 24, 43, 44, 47, 51, 53, 59, 77 Tennessee, 49 Territorial Papers of the United States: Territory of Florida. See Carter, Clarence E. Tomoka River, 7 Transactions of the Literary and Philosophical Society, xlin17 INDEX. 11 Simms, William Gilmore, xvii, xxxvi, xxxvii, xxxviii, xl ff. on 13, 32, 40, 43 Sitarky, early Seminole chief, 62, 89 Sketches, Historical and Topographical of the Floridas, iv Sketches of St. Augustine with a View of Its History and Advantages As a Resort for In- valids, xxxii Slave, Negro American seizure of Seminole slaves, 84 Comparison of Spanish with American treat- ment, 42 Mr. Dexter's, 91 Refugee slaves, 44 Seminole attitude toward, 50 Seminole treatment of, 76-77 Southern slaves safe with acquisition of Flor- ida, 53 Southern slave population increase, 96 Smith's Creek, xxvi Smyth, J. F. D., 72, 74, 89 South America, 88, 93 South Carolina, xi, xii, 49, 55, 56 Southern Quarterly Review, xxxvi Spain, xiii, xxii, 57 Spring Gardens, 59 Story of Florida, The, xliin24 Suwannee River, xxvii, xxix, 41, 47, 59, 77 Swanton, John R., xix, xin16 Talapoosa, 49 Tallahassee, xxix, xxx Tampa Bay, 24, 43, 44, 47, 51, 53, 59, 77 Tennessee, 49 Territorial Papers of the United States: Territory of Florida. See Carter, Clarence E. Tomoka River, 7 Transactions of the Literary and Philosophical Society, xlin17 INDEX. 11 Simms, William Gilmore, xvii, xxxvi, xxxvii, xxxviii, xl ff. nn 13, 32, 40, 43 Sitarky, early Seminole chief, 62, 89 Sketches, Historical and Topographical of the Floridas, iv Sketches of St. Augustine with a View of Its History and Advantages As a Resort for In- valids, xxxii Slave, Negro American seizure of Seminole slaves, 84 Comparison of Spanish with American treat- ment, 42 Mr. Dexter's, 91 Refugee slaves, 44 Seminole attitude toward, 50 Seminole treatment of, 76-77 Southern slaves safe with acquisition of Flor- ida, 53 Southern slave population increase, 96 Smith's Creek, xxvi Smyth, J. F. D., 72, 74, 89 South America, 88, 93 South Carolina, xi, xii, 49, 55, 56 Southern Quarterly Review, xxxvi Spain, xiii, xxii, 57 Spring Gardens, 59 Story of Florida, The, xliin24 Suwannee River, xxvii, xxix, 41, 47, 59, 77 Swanton, John R., xix, xlin16 Talapoosa, 49 Tallahassee, xxix, xxx Tampa Bay, 24, 43, 44, 47, 51, 53, 59, 77 Tennessee, 49 Territorial Papers of the United States: Territory of Florida. See Carter, Clarence E. Tomoka River, 7 Transactions of the Literary and Philosophical Society, xlin17  12 INDEX. Travels of William Bartram, The, xtn6 Travels Through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, The Cherokee Country, The Extensive Territories of Mus- coqut es or Creek Confederacy and The Country of The Choctaws, xii, xln6 Treaty on the Yellow Fever, xlinl7 Turnbull, Andrew, 24 Turnbull, Dr. Andrew, 23 Tuscowilla Lake, 48 Twelve-mile Swamp, 6 United States, xxii, xxxiv, 19, 51, 52, 74, 95 United States Congress, xxx, xxxvii University of Pennsylvania, xii, xviii, xxxii Vtirillia. 42 Vignoles, Charles, 22, 24 Vsigima, 6 Volusia, 22, 27, 28, 32, 36, 46, 59, 70, 77, 84, 90 Wanton, Edward M., 30, 46, 47, 49, 50 Waucahutche Savanna, 51 Wauchope, George Armstrong, xln1 Webster, Noah, In West-Indies, 15, 17, 75 Whatly, George C., xliin28 White, Joseph, xxxiv Williams, John Lee, xxvi, xxvii, xxviii, xxxviii, xliin22 Withlacouchy Creek, 44 Woodbine, Capt. George, Br. Army, 44, 75 Woodward, Dr. Henry, xi Wright, Congressman Robert, 94 Writers of South Carolina, The, xlnl Yellow Fever, xvi, xx, xxxi, xxxii Yonge, J. C., xliiin39 12 INDEX. Travels of William Bartram, The, xn6 Travels Through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, The Cherokee Country, The Extensive Territories of Mus- cooutses or Creek Confederacy and The Country of The Choctaws, xii, xln6 Treaty on the Yellow Fever, xlinl7 Turnbull, Andrew, 24 Turnbull, Dr. Andrew, 23 Tuscowilla Lake, 48 Twelve-mile Swamp, 6 United States, xxii, xxxiv, 19, 51, 52, 74, 95 United States Congress, xxx, xxxvii University of Pennsylvania, xii, xviii, xxxii Vltrillis. 42 Vignoles, Charles, 22, 24 Vsignsm, wx Volusia, 22, 27, 28, 32, 36, 46, 59, 70, 77, 84, 90 Wanton, Edward M., 30, 46, 47, 49, 50 Waucahutche Savanna, 51 Wauchope, George Armstrong, xlnl Webster, Noah, In West-Indies, 15, 17, 75 Whatly, George C., xliin28 White, Joseph, xxxiv Williams, John Lee, xxvi, xxvii, xxviii, xxxviii, xliin22 Withlacouchy Creek, 44 Woodbine, Capt. George, Br. Army, 44, 75 Woodward, Dr. Henry, xi Wright, Congressman Robert, 94 Writers of South Carolina, The, xln1 Yellow Fever, xvi, xx, xxxi, xxxii Yonge, J. C., xliiin39 12 INDEX. Travels of William Bartram, The, xln6 Travels Through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, The Cherokee Country, The Extensive Territories of Mus- coon~ses or Creek Confederacy and The Country of The Choctaws, xii, xln6 Treaty on the Yellow Fever, xlin17 Turnbull, Andrew, 24 Turnbull, Dr. Andrew, 23 Tuscowilla Lake, 48 Twelve-mile Swamp, 6 United States, xxii, xxxiv, 19, 51, 52, 74, 95 United States Congress, xxx, xxxvii University of Pennsylvania, xii, xviii, xxxii Vihrillia. 42 Vignoles, Charles, 22, 24 Virg0ua, 6 Volusia, 22, 27, 28, 32, 36, 46, 59, 70, 77, 84, 90 Wanton, Edward M., 30, 46, 47, 49, 50 Waucahutche Savanna, 51 Wauchope, George Armstrong, xlnl Webster, Noah, In West-Indies, 15, 17, 75 Whatly, George C., xliin28 White, Joseph, xxxiv Williams, John Lee, xxvi, xxvii, xxviii, xxxviii, xliin22 Withlacouchy Creek, 44 Woodbine, Capt. George, Br. Army, 44, 75 Woodward, Dr. Henry, xi Wright, Congressman Robert, 94 Writers of South Carolina, The, xlnl Yellow Fever, xvi, xx, xxxi, xxxii Yonge, J. C., xtiiin39